Η Ευρώπη του Ψυχρού Πολέμου, 1945-1991: Πολιτική Ιστορία

, , '80T8Pll Kat OUYXPOVll JOHN W. , lOTOpta YOUNG H EupW1tl] 'tOU WUXpou IToAE!1-0U, 1945-1991 , , ') 1tOl\...

Author: John W. Young | Γιώργος Δεμερτζίδης (μετάφραση)

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ME"CaSu "Cwv 0Yl!100lEUOEWV "Cou 1tEplAa!1�cXvoV"Cal "Ca axoAou8a �l�Aia: Britain, France and the Unity

of Europe, 1945-51 (Leicester:

Leicester University Press

, France, the Cold War and

1984),

the Western Alliance, 1944-49 (Leicester: Leicester University Press,

1990),

Britain and Eurn...- -

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JOHN W. YOUNG

H ErpOIIH TOr wrxpor IIoAEMor, 1945-1991: IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

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1945-1991: JIo;'mx� [uTOpia

TL'tAOC; 7rpw'to'tU7rou: Cold War Europe. 1945-1991: A Political History (second edition)

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Monas: I1CXVCXYlW't'I]C; Lcxpa'tOYjC;

Copyrighte John W. Young 1991. 1996 Copyrighte YlCX 't'I]V EAA'I]VlX� YAWOOCX ExMoElC; I1cxTax'I]. 2001 I1pW't'I] EX()OO'l] o't'l]v CXYYAlX� YAWOOCX 1991. ilEU'tEP'l] EX()OOYj CX1tO 'tlC; ExMoElC; Arnold. AOV()LVO. 1996 I1pw't'l] EX()OOYj o't'l]v EAA'I]VlX� YAWOOCX CX1tO 'tlC; EX()OOElC; I1cx'tax'I]. A6�vcx. Mawc; 2002 AXOAOu6'1]oCXV Ol cxvCX'tU1tWOElC; Mcxp'dou 2003. IouvLou 2003. Mcx'tou 2004 H 1tCXpOUOCX e:LVCXl 'I] 1tE[l1t't'l] EX-CU1tWOYj. Icxvouapwc; 2006

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Web site: http://www.palakis.gr

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IIEPIEXOMENA

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�HMEmMA riA THN EAAHNIKH EK.10�H ................................................... 15 EI�ArorH

............................................................................................................. ...

AVOLxo06!J-Y)O"Y), 1945-1952

H

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19

................................................................... 20

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1ttptOOOc; 't"Y)C; CXVcX1t't"u�Y)c;, 1952-1964 ...................................................................... 22

A!J-CPL60AttC;, OUO"IXPEO"XtLCX XCXL Y) OLOAt0"6Y)0"Y) O"'t"o 0"'t"IXO"L!J-01tAY)6wpLO"!J-O, 1965-1979 ............................................................................................................... 26 H «VECX .1t�LcX» XCXL 't"o 't"EAOC; 't"ou xO!J-!J-OUVLO"!J-OU, 1980-1991 ................................... 31 KEcI>AAAIO IIPOTO: 'l'YXPO� IIOAEMO� KAI YcI>E�H ................................. 37 H OLcXO"'t"CXO"y) !J-t't"cx�u AVCX't"OA-i)C;-MO"y)c;, 1945-1949 .................................................... 37

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'l'uxpoc; IIoAt!J-oc;, 1950-1962 ................................................................................. 49

H 1tpOOOOC; 't"Y)C; tuPW1tIX'LX ' -i)C;

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«VEOC;» 'l'uxpoc; IIoAt!J-oc; XIXL Y) tm6twO"Y) 't"Y)C; tuPW1tCXtx-i)c; ucptO"Y)c;, 1976-1991 ............................................................................................................... 71

KEcI>AAAIO .1EYTEPO: H .1YTIKOEYPOIIAIKH ENOTHTA .......................... 85

H

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YEWY)o"Y) 't"ou LOIXVLXOU, 1945-1950 .......................................................................... 85 tOpuO"Y) 't"Y)C; Eupw1tIX'ix�c; Kowo't"y)'t"cxc;, 1950-1957 ................................................ 95 XOLVO't"Y)'t"CX 't"wv 'E�L, 1958-1972 ............................................................................ 104 OLtupU!J-EVY) XOLVO't"y)'t"CX, 1973-1991 ........................................................................ 116

H ErporrH Tor '¥rxpor rroAEMor, 1945-1991: rroAITIKH I�TOPIA

8

KEil>AAAIO TPITO: AYTIKH rEPMANIA - H AHMOKPATIA THI: BONNHI:

....... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .... ........... . . . . ........... . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......... .. . . . . . . . . . . 131

H tOpuO"Y) 't"Y)e; OY)(J.OxpIX'ttIXe; 't"Y)e; BovvY)e;, 1945-1949 ............................................... 131 H e7tox� Avuvelouep, 1949-1966 ............................................................................. 141 H elVOOOe; XIXL Y) XUPLIXP'XtlX 'tou SPD, 1966-1982 ..................................................... 153

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KOA XIXL Y) e7tIXVevwO"y), 1982-1990 ....................................................................... 167

KEil>AAAIO TETAPTO: rAAAIA . .... .. .. . .. . . . . .. . . ..... ...... . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 AV't"tO"'tIXO"y), IXvIXvewO"y) XIXL Y) NeIX AY)(J.OXPIX'ttIX, 1944-1947 .................................... 175 H 7tIXPIXX(J.� 'tY)e; Ti't"IXp'tY)e; AY)(J.OXpIX't"tIXe;, 1947-1958 ............................................. 184 H OY)(J.OXPIX'ttlX 'tou Nu rXWA, 1958-1969 .............................................................. 193 H I1e(J.7t'ty) LlY)(J.oxpIX'ttlX (J.e'tel 'tov Nu rXWA, 1969-1993 ..................................... 204 KEil>AAAIO IIEMIITO: MErAAH BPETANIA

... .. .. . . . . .. .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 216

..

OL xubepv�O"eLe; A't'tAY), 1945-1951 ........................................................................... 216 H XUpLIXP'XtlX 'twv O"uV't"Y)PY)'tLXWV, 1951-1964 ........................................................... 227 H E7t0'X� 'tY)e; XUPLIXp'XtIXe; 't"wv epYIX't"LxWV, 1964-79 ................................................. 239 TIX 'XPOVLIX 'tou 6IX't"O"epLO"(J.ou, 1979-1990 ................................................................... 251 KEil>AAAIO EKTO: ITAAIA - TO XPII:TIANOAHMOKPATIKO KPATOI:

......

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 265

H tOpuO"Y) 't"Y)e; LlY)(J.OXpIX'ttIXe;, 1943-1948 ................................................................... 265 TIX 'XPOVLIX 'tou OLXOVO(J.LXOU 6IXU(J.IX't"0e;, 1948-1963 ................................................... 276 XpOVLIX OOXL(J.IXO"tIXe;, 1964-1979 ................................................................................. 283 'EvlX veo «6IXu(J.IX» XIXL 'to 'teAOe; 'tY)e; OY)(J.OXpIX'ttIXe; 'tou DC, 1980-1993 ................ 292 KEil>AAAIO EBAOMO: 0 8PIAMBOI: THI: AHMOKPATIAI: NOTIA EYPOIIH . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . .. . . . . . 301 H qnAeAeu6epy) OY)(J.OXPIX'ttlX XIXL 'to 7tpObAY)(J.IX 'tY)e; VO't"LIXe; Eupw7tY)e; EAAelOIX

. . . ... . . . . .... 301

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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303

. . . . ... .. . . . . . . . ..... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 315

.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 328

. . . ......

KEil>AAAIO orAOO: H I:OBIETIKH ENOI:H

..........

.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 341

To O"'tIXALVLXO O"UO"'tY)(J.IX XIXL Y) IXVIXO"uyxpO'ty)O"Y), 1945-1953 ..................................... 341

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>, 1953-1964 ......................................... 353

9

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o M7tpE!;Vtecp XlXt 'Y] O''tIXO't(J-O't'Y]'tIX, 1964-1982 ....................................................... 366 H XPtO''Y] 'tou xO(J-(J-OUVtO'(J-ou XlXt 'Y] 7tepeO''tpotxlX 'tou rXOp(J-7tIX'tO'WCP, 1982-1991

. . ...... .......... ................... .............. ........ . . . . . ... . . ......... . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

380

KE�AAAIO ENATO: H AIIOTYXIA TOY KOMMOYNI:EMOY :ETHN ANATOAIKH EYPOIIH ............................. . . . . . .. .. ..... ...... . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 399 KO(J-(J-ouvtO'(J-o� XlXt O''tIXAtV07tOt'Y]O''Y], 1945-1953

.

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........ ......... ... ........ .........................

399

H «1X7tOO''tIXAtV07tot'Y]O''Y]» XlXt 't1X e7tlXxoAou6ci 't'Y]�, 1953-1964 ................................ 418 H AVIX'tOAtX� Eupw7t'Y] U7tO 'to OOY(J-IX M7tpE!;Vtecp, 1964-1982 ................................ 433 H OtciAUO''Y] 'tou O'obte'ttXOu O'UO''t�(J-IX'tO�, 1982-1991 ............................................... 449 BIBAIorpA�IA

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... . . . . . . . . . . 471

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EYPETHPIO IIPO:EOIION . . . . . ............................................................................. . . . 479

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H EYPOllH TOY '¥YXPOY llOAEMOY, 1945-199 1 : llOAITIKH IETOPIA

opoc; 7tpoCT't"t6EfJ-e:Vl]C; CX�(CXC; KOfJ-fJ-CX Au't"txoye:PfJ-CX\lWV IIpoCT�uywv �OCTtCXAtCT't"tXO XCXt Al]fJ-oxpcx't"tXO KEV't"pO (IIop't"0ycxA(CX) XptCT't"tCXVOOl]fJ-OXPCX't"tXYj 'EVWCTl] (Au't"txYj re:pfJ-CXv(cx) I't"cxAtxo e:Pycx't"tXO CTUVOtXCXAtCT't"tXO x(\ll]fJ-cx �UVOfJ-OCT7tOVO(CX e:pycx't"w\I r CXAA(CXC; Ke:v't"ptxYj Y7tl]pe:CT(CX IIAl]poq)QptWV (HIlA) EXCT't"PCX't"e:iCX ytCX 't"ov IIupl]\ltxO A�07tAtCTfJ-O (M" Bpe:'t"cx\l(cx) XptCT't"tCX\ltXYj Kotvw\ltxYj 'EVWCTl] (Au't"txYj re:pfJ-CXv(cx) XptCT't"tCX\100l]fJ-0xpcc.'t"tXO KOfJ-fJ-cx (I't"CXA(CX) (Au't"txo)ye:PfJ-CXVtXO K0fJ-fJ-0U\ltCT't"tXO KOfJ-fJ-cx EAe:u6e:pot Al]fJ-oxpa't"e:c; (Au't"txYj re:pfJ-CX\l(cx) E6vtxo A7te:Ae:u6e:pw't"txO ME't"W7tO (AAye:p(CX) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (re:VtxYj CTUfJ-�W \I(cx ACXCTfJ-WV XCXt EfJ-7top(ou) Ke:\I't"ptxYj Y7tl]pe:dcx OtXO\l0fJ-tXOU �Xe:OtCXCTfJ-OU (E��) Atl]7te:tpw't"tXOC; BCXAtCT't"tXOC; IIupcxuAoc; Intermediate Nuclear Forces IpAcx\lotXOC; Al]fJ-oxpcx't"tXOC; �'t"pcx't"oc; I\lCT't"t't"ou't"o ytCX 't"l] BtofJ-l]xcxvtxYj A\lCXCTUYXpO't"l]CTl] (hCXA(CX) E7tt't"po7tYj Kpcx't"txYjc; ACTtpaAe:tCXC; (E��) K(vl]fJ-cx E\107tAWV AU\lafJ-e:w\I (IIop't"0ycxA(cx) " Acx r.xo Pe:7tOUfJ-7tAtXCX\ltXO K(vl]fJ-cx (r CXAA(CX) I't"cxAtxo KOfJ-fJ-OUVtCT't"tXO KOfJ-fJ-cx Al]fJ-oxpcx't"tXO KOfJ-fJ-cx 't"l]C; AptCT't"e:pac; (hCXA(CX) �OCTtCXAtCT't"tXO KOfJ-fJ-cx (r CXAA(CX) I 't"CXAtXO �OCTtCXAtCT't"tXO KOfJ-fJ-cx �uvcxye:PfJ-OC; 't"ou rCXAAtXOU Acxou (YXWAtXO(-rCXAA(CX) �uvcxye:PfJ-OC; ytCX 't"l] Al]fJ-oxpcx't"(cx (YXWAtXO(-rCXAA(CX) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty �OCTtCXAOl]fJ-OXpcx't"tXO KOfJ-fJ-cx (M" Bpe:'t"cxvtcx) �OCTtCXAtCT't"tXO KOfJ-fJ-cx Evo't"l]'t"cxc; (A\lCX't"OAtXYj re:pfJ-CX\l(cx) �OCTtCXAtCT't"tXO XCXt tAe:Ae:u6e:po Al]fJ-oxpcx't"tXO KOfJ-fJ-cx ( M " Bpe:'t"cxv(cx) �OCTtCXAOl]fJ-OXpCX't"tXO KOfJ-fJ-cx (Au't"txYj re:pfJ-CXv(cx) Strategic Arms Reduction Talks Al]fJ-oxpcx't"txYj 'E\lWCTl] KEV't"pOU (ICT7tCXV(CX) 'EVWCTl] ytCX 't"l] rCXAAtXYj Al]fJ-oxpcx't"(cx (rCXAA(CX) Western European Union (Au't"txoe:uPW7tcx"r.xYj 'E\lWCTl])

IlPoAoro� KAI ErXAPI�TIE�

rIA THN IIp[JTH EKL10�H

Et!J-ctL LOLctt'tEPct EU"(\IW!J-WV O''tov Dr John Stevenson, !J-E 'tov 01toto O'UVEP yaO''tl)xct O''tO IIctvEmO''t�!J-LO 'tou �€CPLAV't , E1tELO� 1tpw'toe; !J-E 1tctpctXtvl) O'E Vct ypa\jJw !J-Lct YEVLX� LO''tOptct 'tl)e; !J-E'tct1tOAE!J-LX�e; Eupw1tl) e; , XctL O''tov Christopher Wheeler O''tO Edward Arnold, 1tOU Ev6appuvE 'to €pyo . H 1tctpouO'ct !J-EA€'tl) OEV ct1tO'tEAd 1tpo·�ov 1tPW'toyEvoue; €pEUVcte; . E�ayE'tctL ct1tO 'tl) yvwO'l) 'tou O'uyypctcp€ct yLct 'tl) bPE'tctVLX� XctL yctAALX� 1tOAL'tLX� XctL 'tl) OLE6v� LO''tOptct, ctAAa bctO't�E'tctL xuptWc; O'E Ol)!J-oO'LEU!J-€VEe; EPYct O'tEe; aAAwv EpEUVl)'tWV , 1tOU ctVctCP€POV'tctL O''tl) bLbALOypctcptct O''to 't€AOe; 'tou bLbAtoU. IIoAuapL6!J-oL cptAOL XctL O'uvaoEAcpOL, E1ttO'l) e; , O'u��'tl)O'ctV oLacpopct �l)'t�!J-ct'tct !J-ct�t !J-OU XctL dXctv Xa1tOLct E1ttOpctO'l) O''to bLbAto, ctAAa 6ct �6EAct LOLctt'tEPct Vct EUXctpLO''t�O'W 'tov Dr Michael Burleigh, 'tov Dr John Kent XctL 'tov Dr David Stevenson 'tou London School of Economics, 'tov Dr Philip Taylor 'tou IIctvEmO''tl)!J-tou 'tou Al)V'te; , 'tl)V Dr Judy B att 'tou IIctvEmO''tl)!J-tou 'tou A€O'up XctL OUO ct1tO 'toue; !J-E'tct1t'tUXLctXOUe; !J-ou CPOL'tl)'t€e; , 'tov Klaus Larres XctL 'tov Euav6l) Xct't�l)bctO'LAdou . To XEL poypctcpo Octx'tuAoypctcp�6l)XE ct1tO 'tl)V Janet Smith, 'tl) Mary McCormick XctL 'tl) Lindy Brownbridge XctL 'to Xd!J-EVO Em!J-EA�6l)XE l) Brigette Vale. II€pct o!J-we; ct1tO 'tl) !J-qaAl) !J-ou OCPELA� O'E OAct ctu'ta 'tct 1tpoO'W1tct, 'to 'tEALXO ct1tO't€AEO'!J-ct dVctL OLXO !J-ou €pyo XctL d!J-ctL EyW u1tEu6uvoe; yLct 'tLe; 01tOLEe; ct't€AELEe; 1tctpct!J-€VOUV 0" ctu'to. John W. Young 2 LE1t'tE(-LbptOU 1 990

rIA TH LlEYTEPH EK,WEH

H oe:u.. e:pY) exooCTY) cw"ou .. ou 6t6Atou exp ote:upuv6d xat e:v fJ-epe:t �ava ypacpd, WCT.. e: va CTUfJ-1te:ptAa6e:t ye:yovo.. a 1tOU otaopafJ-a.. tCT ..Y)xav fJ-e: ..a .. 0 1 9 89, xat xuptw<; "Y)v e:1taVevwCTy) "Y)<; r e:pfJ-avta<; , "Y) OtaAuCTy) "Y)<; LO6te: ..txi)<; 'EVWCTY)<; xat .. 0 .. eAo<; "Y)<; xuptapxta<; ..wv xptCT .. taVooY)fJ-oxpa .. wv CT"Y)V haAta . H e:CT..taCTy) 1tapafJ-eve:t XUptw<; CT"Y)V 1te:ptOOO .. ou "Ifu Xpou IIoAefJ-0u , aAAa xa1tOta ye:yovo ..a .. ou 1990 xat 1 9 9 1 exouv 1tapou CTtaCT.. d fJ-e: 1toM fJ-e:yaM.. e:pY) AE:7t"ofJ-epe:ta, WCT .. e: va cpw .. tCT.. d 1tAy)peCT .. e: pa .. 0 .. eAo<; au ..i)<; "Y)<; 1te:ptooou . 'Exouv e:1ttCTy)<; AY)cp6d U1to\jJy) .. a CTXO Ata .. wv Xpt .. tXWV xat OCTWV dXav "Y)v e:uye:vi) xaAoCTuvy) va ypa\jJouv CTe: e:fJ-eva i) CT .. OV e:x06 ..Y) fJ-0u, .. ov Christopher Wheeler, .. ou e:xoo .. txou OtXOU Arnold. 'Eva veo xe:cpaAaw exe:t 1tpoCTn6d yta "Y)V haAta · au .. o yta "Y)V Ava"oAtxi) Eupw1tY) exe:t fJ-e:yaAwCTe:t CTY)fJ-antXa, XUptw<; yta va e:�e:.. a CT ..OUV Ot e:�e:At�e:t<; CT"Y) rWUyxoCTAa6ta · Y) e:tCTaywyi) exe:t E:7ttCTY)<; e:1te:x .. a6d, xa6w<; otve:.. at fJ-e:yaAu .. e:pY) 1tPOCToxi) CTe: XOtvwvtxe<; xat OtXovofJ-txe<; e:�e:At�e:t<; · xat oAa .. a U1tOAOma xe:cpaAata exouv e:Aacppw<; e:mfJ-Y)xuv6e:L Atye:<; tCT .. optXe<; 1te:ptOOOt .. e:Ae:tWVOuv CTe: eva CTuyxe:xptfJ-evo xPOVtXO CTY) fJ-do , xat .. 0 .. eAo<; .. ou "lfuxpou IIoAefJ-ou oe:v a1to .. e:Ad e:�atpe:CTY) . 'E"CTt, cpavY)xe: CTWCT.. O va .. e:Ae:tWVOuv otacpope: ..txa xe:cpaAata CTe: e:Aacppw<; otacpo pe: .. txe<; Y)fJ-e:pofJ-Y)vte:<; . Au .. a yta "Y) re:pfJ-avta xat "Y) Bpe: ..avta OUCTtaCT.. t xa xAdvouv CT.. O ..eAo<; .. ou 1990, fJ-e: "Y)v e:1taVevwCTy) "Y)<; re:pfJ-avta<; xat "Y)v 1t .. WCTY) "Y)<; Mapyxape:.. 8a..CTe:p av.. tCT.. OtXa, .. 0 xe:cpaAaw yta "Y) L06te: .. txi) 'EVWCTY) mo cpUCTwAoytXa .. e:Ae:tWVe:t .. 0 �e:xefJ-6pw .. ou 1 9 9 1 , e:vw au .. o yta "Y)V I .. aAta -xa .. e:�atpe:CTY)- cp .. ave:t w<; .. t<; e:xAoytXe<; fJ-e: ..appu6fJ-tcre:t<; .. ou 1 99 3 . L ' au ..i) "Y) oe:u .. e:pY) exooCTY) 6eAw va e:uXapt CT .. i)CTW totat.. e:pa "Y)v xupta Janet Smith yta "Y) oax"uAoypacpY)CTY) ..wv OWp6WCTe:WV, "Y) yuvatxa fJ-ou Brigette yta "Y)V U1tOCT..i)pt�i) "Y)<; xat ..0 1tpOCTWmXo xat .. ou<; cpOt..Y) .. e<; .. ou TfJ-i)fJ-a.. o<; IIoAt .. txwv EmCT"Y)fJ-wv .. ou IIave:mCT"Y)fJ-toU .. ou AeCTnp, fJ-e: .. ou<; 01tOtou<; exw CTuve:pyaCT .. d .. a .. e: Ae:u ..ata xpovta, yta ..a CTXOAta xat .. t<; CTufJ-60uAe<; ..ou<; . ·

John W. Young 3 1 IavouIXptou 1 9 9 5

�H MEIOMA r IA THN EAAHNIKH EKLlO�H

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e:�eA��lJ XexPfJ.0(J'uvlJ exAAa. xex� xoAexxW't�X� . IIpw'tov, e:1te:�o� xa.8e: (J'UY wexcpeexe; , u1t08e'tw, ex�(J'8a.ve:'tex� �o�ext'te:PlJ xexpa. o'texv oe:� evex epyo 'tou olJfJ.o(J'�wfJ.evo (J'e: fJ.tex a.AAlJ yAW(J'(J'ex . Lle:u'te:pov, e:1te:�o� lJ 1tpo'tex(J'lJ 1tpo�A8e: ex1tO evexv 1texAex�o CPot'tlJ't� fJ-0U , 'tov Eua.v8lJ Xex't�lJbex(J'�Adou , 1tOU e:X1tO VlJ(J'e: 'tlJ o�oexx'top�x� 'tou o�ex'tP�b� fJ-ex�t fJ-OU (J''t0 London School of Economics, xex� (J'�fJ-e:pex (J''texOtOOpofJ-e:t (J''t0 xwpo 'tou e:AAlJV�XOU 1texve:m (J''tlJfJ-tou . AAAa. xuptwe; e:1te:�o� -�o�ext'te:pex y�ex evexv e:�o�xo 'tlJe; 1tOA�'t�X�e; �(J''toptexe;- dvex� �o�ext'te:PlJ 't�fJ-� lJ fJ-e:'tcXcppex(J'lJ e:voe; epyou 'tou (J''tlJV e:AAlJ v�x�, 'tlJ YAW(J'(J'ex 'tou IIAcX'twvex xex� 'tou Ap�(J''to'teAlJ , 'tou Hpooo'tou xex� 'tou 80uxuotOlJ . 8ex �8e:Aex, exx0fJ-lJ , vex e:xcppcX(J'w 't�e; wxexp�(J''tte:e; fJ-OU (J''to fJ-e:'texcppex(J''t� r�wpyo Lle:fJ-e:p't�tolJ xex� (J''tov e:xoo'tlJ �'tecpexvo IIex'tcXxlJ , y�ex 'tlJ cppov'tt oex 'toue; w(J''te: vex xexp1tocpop�(J'e:� exu't� lJ e:xoo't�x� (J'uve:pyex(J'tex. Lle:v fJ-1t0pw 1texpcX vex e:A1tt�w o't� xex� 'to e:AAlJV�XO XotVO 8ex 8e:wp�(J'e:� o't� 'to b�bAtO 1tpo(J'cpepe:� fJ-tex Xp�(J'�fJ-lJ , e:uXPlJ(J''tlJ xex� OAOxAlJpwfJ-evlJ e:�xovex 'tlJe; wpw1tex·ix�e; 1tOA�'t�X�e; �(J''toptexe; . John W Yo ung 5 e:bpouexptou 2002

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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

20

H ErporrH TOr '¥rxpor rroAEMor, 1945 - 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH IETOPIA

o cpOpcXe:; YLa crUYXptcrELe:; aVcX!-,-Ecra cr'tLe:; cr1tOUOaLo'tEpEe:; OU'tLXOWpW1ta LXEe:; o"y]!-,-oxpa'ttEe:; , 't"Y] �U'tLX-Y) rEp!-'-aVta, 't"Y] raAAta, 't"Y]v haAta xaL 't"Y] BPE'taVLa o ,

ANOIK0L10MH�H, 1945-1952

To McXLO 'tou 1945, cr'tO 'tEAoe:; 'tou !-,-EyaAU'tEpou 1tOAE!-'-OU cr't"Y]v Lcr'topta, !-,-EYcXAO !-, - EpOe:; 't"Y]e:; Eupw1t"Y]e:; -Y)'tav xaucr'tpa!-'-!-'-Evo �EXcXOEe:; Exa'to!-,-!-,-u pLa cXV6PW1tOL dXav 1tE6cXVEL, 1toAU 1tEpLcrcrO'tEPOL axo!-'-a dXav 'tpau!-,-a'tL crUt -Y) !-,-E cXAAov 'tP01tO 1tA"Y]yd xaL dXE 0"y]!-,- LOupy"Y]6Et Eva 'tEpcXcr'tLO 1tpO crCPUyLXO 1tpM'>A"y]!-,-a o Y1t-Y)PXav crobapEe:; EAAd\jJELe:; crE 'tpocpL!-,-a xaL xaucrL� !-,-a, ELXav oLaX01tEL, OL E1tLXOLVWVLEe:; .... ' .... ' .... ' , ' , OI\OXI\"Y]PEe:; 1tOI\ELe:; XEL'tOV'tav crE EPEL, ma xaL "Y] bLO!-'-"y]xaVta (ocro !-,-EpOe:; 't"Y]e:; OEV dXE xa'tacr'tpacpd) EtXE 1tpO crap!-'-ocrut cr'tLe:; aVcXyxEe:; 'tou 1tOAE!-'-OU H avaxcXAu\jJ"Y] 'twv va�Lcr'tLxWV cr'tpa't01tEOWV 6avcX'tou , 01twe:; 'tou AoucrbL'te:; , cXcp"Y]crE cXvauooue:; axo!-'-"y] xaL au'toue:; 1tOU dxav crXA"Y]pUVEL !-,-E'tcX a1to E�L xpovLa !-'-axwv o Ava1tocpwx'ta, 'ta 1tpw'ta !-,- E'ta1tOAE!-,- LXcX xpovLa acpLEpw6"Y]xav cr't"Y]v avoLxo06!-'-"y]cr"y] , o xa6we:; OL WpW1ta LxEe:; XWPEe:; 0XL !-'-OVO EmOtW�av va �avaX'ttcrouv xaL va EXcrUI'XPOVtcrouv 'tLe:; OLXOVO!-'-tEe:; 'toue:; xaL 'tLe:; acr'tLxEe:; 'toue:; 1tEPLOXEe:; , aAAcX E1ttcr"y]e:; , crE 1tOAAEe:; 1tEpm'twcrELe:; , O"y]!-'-LOupy"y]crav VEOUe:; 1tOAL'tLXOUe:; 6E cr!-'- oue:; , YLa va av'tLxa'tacr't-y)crouv au'toue:; 1tOU dxav a1to'tuXEL cr't"Y] OOXL !-'-acrta 'tou 1tOAE!-'-ou o To !-,-EyaAuupo !-, - EpOe:; 't"Y]e:; "Y]1tELPW'tLX-Y)e:; Eupw1t"Y]e:; dXE u1to'tayd crE OAOXA"y]PW'tLXcX xa6Ecr'tw'ta 1tpLV a1to 'to 1939 , xaL cr'tLe:; XWPEe:; 1tOU 'twpa dxav xaLvoupLa �uv'tcXy!-,-a'ta crU!-'-1tEpLAa!-'-bcXvov'tav xaL OL Em'tL6E!-,-EVOL 'tou 1939-40 , "Y] rEp!-'-aVta xaL "Y] haAta o Au't-Y) "Y] 1tEptOOOe:; 't"Y]e:; avoLxo06!-,-"y]cr"y]e:; cr"y]!-'-aoEu't"y]xE E1ttcr"y]e:; a1to !-,-La ',lEa OLE6v-Y) 'tcX�"Y] cr't"Y]v Eupw1t"Y], !-,-E 'tLe:; H VW!-'-EVEe:; IIoAL'tdEe:; xaL 't"Y] �ObLE'tLX-Y) 'Evwcr"Y] va 1tpO bcXAAouv we:; OL xUptapXEe:; OUVcX!-,-ELe:; 't"Y]e:; "Y]1tdpou, E�aL'ttae:; 't"Y]c; 1tapax!-'--y)c; 'twv WpW1taoLXWV !-,-EycXAwv OUVcX!-'-EWV xaL 't"Y]e:; -Y)'t'tae:; 'tou cpacrLcr!-'-ou o o «'IfuXpoe:; IIoAE!-,-oe:;» , 1tOU EXO"Y]AW6"Y]XE aVcX!-,-Ecra cr'tLe:; OUO au'tEe:; OUVcX!-,-ELe:;, OLatpEcrE 't"Y]V -Y)1tELpO o M1topd, bEbaLa, va U1tocr't"y]Pt�EL XcX1tOLOe:; O'tL !-, - La OLatpEcr"y] 't"Y]e:; Eupw1t"Y]e:; crE Ava'toA-Y) xaL �ucr"Y] OEV -Y)'tav XcX'tL xaLvoupLO : Exdv"Y] 't"Y]v E1t0X-Y) EyLVE 1tapaAA"Y]ALcr!-,-Oe:; !-, - E 't"Y] OLatpEcr"y] 't"Y]e:; "Y]1tdpou , xa'tcX 't"Y]V apxaLo't"Y]'ta, crE pw!-'-aoLxo xaL «bapbapLxo» xocr!-'-o' 0 1to'ta!-,-oe:; 'EAbae:; cr't"Y] r Ep!-'-aVta dXE AEL'tOUpr-Y)crEL YLa !-'-EYcXAO oLcXcr't"y]!-,-a we:; oLaxwpLcr'tLX-y) ypa!-'-!-'--y) aVcX!-,-Ecra crE 1tEPLOXEe:; 01tOU cXV6L�E "Y] OOuA01ta°

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E�EAt�W; Xat €7tEx"Ca6'Y)xav cr"C'Y)v xa"CacrxwY) xa"CotxtWV , opo!J-wv, crxo Adwv, xa"Cacr"C'Y)!J-a"Cwv , vocroxo!J-dwv xat Epyocr"CacrtWv . Ot OEXaE"CtEe; "Cou 1950 xat 1960 Y)"Cav xpovta EV"COVO"CEp'Y)e; acr"Ctxo1t0t'Y)cr'Y)e;, xa6we; Ot XW!J-01t0AEte; xat Ot 1t0AEte; otwpuv6'Y)xav yta va cr"CE yacrouv "Cov au�avo!J-Evo 1tA'Y)6ucr!J-0. L"C'Y)V €7t0XY) au"Cy) , Ot 1t0At"CEe; ayo pa�av OAO xat 1tEptcrcro"CEpa au"Coxtv'Y)"Ca xat aAAa xa"CavaAw"CtXa aya6a, 01tWe; 'Y)AEx"CptXee; crxOU1tEe; , �uyda, 1tAuv"CY)pta xat "C'Y)AwpacrEte; . Te"Cota 1tpo·t·ona cruv"Co!J-a eytvav 1tpocrt"Ca cr"Ca Etcrooy)!J-a"Ca "C'Y)e; Epya"CtXY)e; 01tWe; xat "C'Y)e; !J-Ecratae; "Ca�'Y)e;, xa6we; !J-EtWvo"Cav 'Y) avaAoyta "Cwv 'Y)!J-Epo!J-tcr6twv 1t0U �OoEuov"Cav yta ota"Cpoc:py) , cr"Ceyacr'Y) xat pouxtcr!J-o . To Epya"CtXo ou va!J-txo cr"C'Y) btO!J-'Y)xavta au�Y)6'Y)xE !J-E "C'Y)V a1t0ppoc:p'Y)cr'Y) Epya"Cwv a1t0 "C'Y) YEwpyta. Axo!J-'Y) xat cr"C'Y) du"CtxY) rEp!J-avta, !J-E"Ca "Cov 1t0AE!J-0, 1tEpt1t0U 'to eva 'te'tap'to 'tou 1tA'Y)6ucr!J-ou xepOt�E "Ca 1tpOe; "Co �'Y)v a1t0 'tov «1tpW 'tOYEVY)>> 'to!J-ea "C'Y)e; Otxovo!J-tae; , "C'Y) YEwpyta xat "C'Y)V aAtda . MeXpt "Co 1970 'Y) avaAoyta au'tY) e1tEcrE xa'tw a1t0 "Co 10 'tOte; Exa"Co. Ka"Ca "C'Y)v 1tEptOOO au"CY) , crE !J-qaAo !J-epoe; 't'Y)e; du'ttxY)e; Eupw1t'Y)e;, aAAa XUptWe; cr'tte; bOpEtEe; 1tEptOxee; , 'ta aypox"CY)!J-a'ta eytvav !J-qaAu"CEpa xat 1ttO a1t0oo'ttxa, xP'Y)crt!J-01t0twv"Cae; "Cpax"Cep, 6Ept�OaAWVtcr"Ctxee; !J-'Y)xavee; xat X'Y)!J-txa At7tacr!J-a"Ca yta 't'Y) bEA"Ctwcr'Y) "C'Y)e; 1tapaywyY)e; , EVW 1tapaAA'Y)Aa a1tacrxoAoucrav AtyO'tEpOUe; Epya"CEe; . Mta cr'Y)!J-av'ttxY) E�eAt�'Y) cr"C'Y) du"Ct xY) Eupw1t'Y) Y)"Cav 'Y) OtEUpuVcr'Y) "Cou «'tPt"CoyEvoue; "Co!J-ea» 't'Y)e; Epyacrtae; - au'twv o'Y)AaoY) 1t0U Epya�ov'tav cr'tte; !J-E"Cac:popee; xat crE aAAEe; U1t'Y)PE crtEe; , crU!J-1tEptAa!J-bavo!J-ev'Y)e; xat "C'Y)e; o'Y)!J-ocrtae; OtOtx'Y)cr'Y)e; . L't'Y)V haAta, ava!J-Ecra cr"Co 1954 xat cr'tO 1980, "Co 1t0crocr"C0 "Cou Epya'ttXou ouva!J-txou 1t0U a1tacrxoAouv'tav cr"C'Y) YEwpyta xat cr"C'Y)v aAtda !J-Etw6'Y)XE a1t0 "Co 43 (j"E !J-OAte; 1 4 "COte; Exa'to. AX0!J-'Y) , "CO 1t0crocr't0 'twv Epya�o!J-evwv cr't'Y) btO !J-Tixavta a1t0 30 ec:p"CacrE cr'tO 38 'tOte; Exa'to, EVW "CO 1t0crocr't0 au"Cwv 1t0U a1tacrxoAounav cr"Cte; !J-E"Cac:popee; xat cr"Cte; U1t'Y)pEcrtEe; Ex'ttvaX"C'Y)xE a1t0 27 cr'tO 48 'tOte; Exa"Co . MeXpt 'ta !J-ecra "C'Y)e; oExaE"Ctae; "Cou 1980 1tEptcrcron po a1t0 'to !J-tcro "Cou Epya'ttXou ouva!J-txou 't'Y)e; r Ep!J-avtae; , 't'Y)e; raAAtae; , 'tTie; BpE"Cavtae; xat "C'Y)e; haAtae; Epya�o"Cav cr"Cov "Cpt'toyEVY) "Co!J-ea . H du 'ttxY) Eupw1t'Y) WC:PEAY)6'Y)XE a1t0 'tte; E!J-1t0ptXee; cruvaAAayee; !J-E !J-ta !J-qa AU'tEP'Y) ayopa, au"CY) 'twv HIlA, a1t0 "C'Y) !J-dwcr'Y) 'twv E!J-1t0ptXWV 7tEPtO ptcr!J-wv cr't'Y) ducr'Y) bacrEt "C'Y)e; rEVtXy)e; LU!J-c:pwvtae; dacr!J-wv xat E!J-1t0ptou (General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade - GATT) xat a1t0 't'Y) cr'ta6Epy) 1tpOcrY)AWcr'Y) "Cwv 1tEptcrcrO'tEPWV XUbEPVY)crEWV cr"Co cr'toxo 't'Y)e; ava1t'tu�'Y)e; . Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOIIH TOY 'VYXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945-1991: IIOAITIKH IETOPIA

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H p.e:'t"a7tOAe:p.tX� ote:u6€'tYJerYJ , p.e:'t"� 7te:p(7tOU 'to 1965 , a7te:tAOuv't"av OAO xat e:V'tovo'te:pa. H a(er6YJerYJ 'tYJe; ap.cptboA(ae; erxe:'t"tx� p.e: 'tYJv e:uYJp.e:p(a 't"YJe; i1uerYJe; erxe:'t"t�o'tav p.e: x�7tota e:A�'t'twerYJ er'toue; U�YJAOUe; odx't"e:e; av�7t't"u�YJe;, YJ o7to(a dXe: owere:t 't"YJv e:uxatp(a ere: 't"oeroue; 7tOAAOUe; va xe:p o(erouv 'toera 7tOAA� xa't� 'ta oe:xa7t€v'te: 7tpoYJ,,(oup.e:va xpovta . '07tWe; xat p.e: 'ta a('t"ta 'tYJe; av�7t't"u�YJ e; , U7t�PXe:t erYJp.av'ttx� OtXo"(vwp.(a xat erXe:'tt x� p.e: 't"o "(ta't"( e:Aa't't"w6YJxav Ot pu6p.o( 'tYJe; xa't"' au'to 't"ov 'tp07t o . 'Ierwe; va E:7tpoxe:t't"o "(ta €va cpuertoAo"(tXO 't€AOe; er't"YJv 7te:p(ooo 't"YJe; p.e:'ta7tOAe:p.t x�e; avaeru,,(xpo'tYJerYJe; xat 't"ou e:xeru"(xpovterp.ou, xa't� 'tYJv o7to(a Ot Eu pw7ta(ot e:7tavop6werav 7tpo"(e:v€er't"e:pe:e; a7to't"ux(e:e; E7t(erYJe;, YJ 7tAYJ6uerp.ta · x� aU�YJerYJ , €va x(vYJ't"po oYJAao� ,,(ta Otxovop.tX� av�7t't"u�YJ , npp.a't(er'tYJ xe: er't"YJv Eupw7tYJ xa't� 'tte; oe:xae:'t(e:e; 'tou 1960 xat 'tou 1970, e:vw V€Ot aV'ta,,(wvter't"€e; e:p.cpav(�ov't"av, p.e: e:mxe:cpaA�e;, er'tYJv ava't"oAtX� Aer(a, 'tYJv Ia7twv(a. Qer't"oero, dvat erYJp.aV'ttxo va "((ve:t xa'tavoYJ'to o'tt YJ aV�7t'tu�YJ -av xat ere: XaP.YJAO't"e:pOUe; pu6p.oue;- eruve:Xt�o'tav axop.YJ xat P.€Xpt 'tte; apx€e; 'tYJe; oe:xae:'t(ae; 'tou 1970 xat o't"t P.e:"(�AO p.€pOe; 'tYJe; ouerap€erxe:tac; er'ta 't€AYJ 'tYJC; oe:xae:'t(ae; 't"ou 1960 acpopouere: 'tov 't"p07tO p.e: 'tov 07to(0 ,,(tvo't"av YJ xa'tavop.� 't"ou 7tAOU'tOU . E�at't(ae; 'tYJe; (otae; 'tYJe; cpuerYJe; 'twv 7tAOUpaAter't"tXWv 0YJp.oxpa'ttwv, u7t�pxav terxup€e; op.�oe:e; 7t(e:erYJe; xat erup.-

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7tAOU't'OU, avox� a7tEVaV't't G''t''Y)V aV€pyta Xat G''t''Y) O'Y){J-wupyta (J-ta� a7tO XaAOU{J-€V'Y)� «xa't'w't'a't''Y)�» 't'lX�'Y)� . AAAlX OU't'€ xat m XUb€PV�G'€t� (J-7t0pouG'av va a7tO't'pE�OUV 't''Y)v €(J-CPlXVtG''Y) VEWV 7tpObA'Y){J-lX't'WV G''t'o 7tpOG'x� VW. �'t'a 't'EA'Y) 't''Y)� o€xa€'t'ta� 't'ou 1980 au��6'Y)x€ 't'0 'Y)6txo €VOtacpEpov yta 't''Y) (J-lXG''t'tya 't'wv vapxw't'tXWV, 't'ov to 't'ou Aids xat 't''Y) (J-OAUVG''Y) 't'ou 7t€PtblXAAOV't'O� . To 1 9 89 , 'Y) xa't'lXppwG''Y) 't'wv xO{J-{J-ouVtG''t'tXWV xa6€G''t'w't'wv G''t''Y)v Ava't'oAtX� Eupw7t'Y) E{J-Ota�€ va a7to't'€Ad 't''Y)v U7tEp't'a't''Y) otxatwG''Y) 't'ou ou't'tXOU cptA€AW6€ptG'{J-ou. Ot Otxovo{J-t€� 't'wv xO{J-{J-OUVtG''t'tXWV xwpwv dXav €7ttG''Y)� {J-dv€t G''t'lXG't{J-€� G''t'a (J-EG'a 't''Y)� o€xa€'t'ta� 't'ou 1970, aAAlX, G'€ aV't't6€G''Y) (J-€ 't''Y) duG''Y) , O€V dXav avaxlX{J-�€t G''t''Y) o€xa€'t'ta 't'ou 1 980. H �Obt€'t'tX� 'EvwG''Y) , 7tOU 't'aAaVt�o't'av a7to opyavw't'tXlX 7tpObA�{J-a't'a, €7ttbapuv6'Y)x€ U7t€PbOAtXlX a7to a{J-uv't'tXE� Oa7tlXV€� · avtxav'Y) va oWG'€t xtv'Y)'t'pa G''t'ou� 7tOAt't'€� 't''Y)� , O€V xa't'op6wG'€ va av't'€7t€�EA6€t (J-axpo7tpo6€G'{J-a G''t'ov av't'aywvtG'{J-o 't'ou Xa7tt't'aAtG'{J-ou . Ot ava't'oAtxowpw7tai·xot AaOt a7to't'tva�av Eva �EVO 7tpO� au't'ou� 7tOAt't'tXO G'uG''t''Y){J-a, xEpOtG'av vEa o'Y){J-oxpa't'tXlX otxatw{J-a't'a, Ot€v�py'Y)G'av 7tOAuxo{J-{J-a't'tXE� €XAOYE� xat axoAou6'Y)G'av 't''Y) ou't'tX� mxovo{J-ta 't''Y)� ayoplX� . E7ttG''Y) � , (J-€'t'lX 't''Y)V xa 't'lXPPWG''Y) 't'wv au't'apxtxwv axpoo€�tWV xa6€G''t'w't'wv 't''Y)� N o't'ta� Eupw7t'Y)� G''t''Y) o€xa€'t'ta 't'ou 1 9 70, CPlXV'Y)X€ va dvat €CPLX't'� (J-La vEa 7taVWpw7ta·tx� G'uvatv€G''Y), xa6w� OL o'Y){J-oxpa't'tXE� a�t€� 6ptlX{J-bwG'av 7tav't'ou, 0 'IfuXpo� IIoA€{J-o� 't'€p{J-a't'tG''t''Y)x€ xaL 'Y) �7t€LPO� lXPXLG'€ YLa (J-La axo{J-'Y) CPOPlX va A€L't'OUpyd w� G'UvoAo . IIaplX 't'L� 't'EG'G'€PL� o€xa€'t't€� 't''Y)� OLat P€G''Y)�, 'Y) Eupw7t'Y) dX€ oLavuG'€L (J-La (J-qlXA'Y) a7toG''t'aG''Y) a7to 't'o 6lXva't'0 xat 't''Y)V xa't'aG''t'pocp� 't'ou 1 9 4 5 . H �7t€LPO� 7t€PL€AlX{J-baV€ 't'L� 7tEV't'€ {J-€yaAU't'€p€� mxovo{J-t€� G''t'ov xOG'{J-o (J-€'t'lX 't''Y)v A{J-€ptx� xat 't''Y)v Ia7twvta - 't''Y)v E�� I , 't''Y) dU't'LX� r €p{J-avta, 't''Y) raAAta, 't''Y)v haAta xaL 't''Y) Bp€'t'avta . �u{J-cpwva (J-€ 't'o xa't'lX X€cpaA�v AEI1, m G'xavoLVabtXE� XWP€� xat 'Y) M7t€V€AOU�, 'Y) AUG''t'pta, 'Y) EAb€'t'ta, 'Y) dU't'LX� r €p{J-avta xaL 'Y) raAAta bptG'xov't'av aVlX{J-€G'a G''t'L� 7tAOUG'LO't'€P€� G''t'ov xOG'{J-o , (J-€ 't''Y)v haAta xat 't''Y) Bp€'t'avta va axoAou60uv Atyo 7tt0 7ttG'w . H Eupw7ta·tx� KOLvo't''Y)'t'a, 7tap ' OAO 7tOU 7t€pt€AlX{J-baV€ 't'L� CP't'wX0't'€P€� OU't'LxoWpW7ta·t-

I OL O"ObLe:'t"DtEe; O"'t"CX't"LO"'t"LXEe; e:LVCXL OUO"XOAO vcx O"uyxpL60uv fJ-e: 't"o OU't"LXO AEII, CXAArx 't"o 1 9 8 7 Y) E�� cxxofJ-CX U7tOAOyL�O't"CXV we; Y) 't"Pt't"Y) fJ-E:YCXAU't"e:py) OLXOVOfJ-tcx. QO"'t"oO"o, j'VWPLO"e: O"y)fJ-CX\l't"LX� u
Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

34

H ErPorrH Tor '¥rxpor rroAEMor, 1945- 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH 11:TOPIA

xec; XWPEC; hYJv IO"reavta, 'tYJv EAAaoa xaL, 'tYJ
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35

xlX't"l)yopY)6l)xav o'tt EytVaV 1tEptererO'tEpO aOta
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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

KE�AAAIO IlPOTO: vrxpo� IlOAEMO� KAI r�E�H

H JIAl:TAl:H METASY ANATOAHl:-JYl:Hl:, 1945-1949 H eru!J-!J-axta 't""Y)e; A!J-e:ptx1je;, 't""Y)e; Pwertae; xat 't""Y)e; Bpe:'t"avtae;, 't"wv «Tptwv

Me:Y<XAWV» ouv<X!J-e:wv 1tOU vtx"Y)erav 't"ov Xt't"Ae:p, ye:vv1j6"Y)xe: x<X't"w a1to erxA"Y)p1j avayxato't""Y)'t"a 't"o 1941. MEXpt 't"o't"e: "Y) Bpe:'t"avta 6pterxo't"av ere: 1tOAe:!J-O !J-e: 't""Y) re:p!J-avta yta OUO xpovta, aAA<X "Y) �06te:'t"tx1j 'Evwer"Y) CX1tAWe; erup6"Y)xe: er't""Y) eruyxpouer"Y) 't"ov IouvtO e:�at't"tae; 't""Y)e; �aqlVtx1je; ye:p !J-avtx1je; e:ter60A1je;, e:vw Ot HilA !J-1t1jxav er't"ov 1tOAe:!J-O 't"o Ae:XE!J-6ptO, !J-e:'t"<X 'tl)v ta1twvtx1j e:1ttee:er"y) er't"o Ile:pA X<Xp!J-1tOp. Ka't"<X 't"a xpovta 't"ou !J-e:ero1tOAE!J-OU Ot erXEere:te; !J-e:'t"a�u 't"wv oU't"tXWV ouv<X!J-e:wv xat 't""Y)e; Moerxae; EtXav eruxv<x e:v't"a6e:t: Ot HilA a1tOxa't"Eer't""y)erav Ot1tAw!J-a't"tXEe; erXEere:te; !J-e: 'to xa6e:er't"we; 't"wv !J-1toAere:6txwv !J-OAte; 't"0 1933. Em1tAEOV, er't""Y)v 1te:ptooo 1939-41, 0 �06te:'t"txoe; Otx't"<X't"opae; Iwer1jqJ �'t"<XAtV e:tXe: eruv<x�e:t eruv61j

xl) !J-e: 't"ov Xt't"Ae:p, "Y) o1tota Eowere: 't""Y) ouva't"o't""Y)'t"a er't""Y) Pwcrta va 1tpO erap't"1jere:t 't"te; xwpe:e; 't""Y)e; BaA't"tX1je; (At60uavta, Ae:'t"ovta xat Eer60vta) xat !J-e:Y<XAO !J-EpOe; 't""Y)e; IloAwvtae;. H EV't"OV"Y) ouermer't"ta !J-e:'t"a�u Ava't"o A1je; xat Auer"Y)e; eruve:xter't""Y)xe: ere: OA"Y) 't""Y) Ot<xpxe:ta 't"ou 1tOAE!J-OU. 0 �'t"<XAtv ouerape:er't"1j6l)xe: totat't"e:pa a1to 't""Y)v aouva!J-ta 't"wv AYYAoa!J-e:ptxavwv va avot�ouv xat Eva oe:unpo !J-E't"W1tO er't""Y) ou't"tx1j Eupw1t"Y) 1tptV 't"ov IouvtO 't"ou 1944, xa6we; u1to�ta�o't"av o't"t au't"o 1j't"av !J-ta e:x 1tp06Eere:We; a1to1te:tpa va e:�av't"A"Y)6e:t e:V't"e:Awe; "Y) Pwerta, 1tOU av't"t!J-e:'t"wm�e: 't"ov xUptO O,XO 't"ou ye:p!J-avtxou er't"pa't"ou. 0 XOtVOe; aywvae;, wer't"oero, e:v<XV't"ta er't"o va�t er!J-o 1tP<XY!J-a't"t xp<X't""Y)ere: 't"oue; Tpe:te; Me:Y<XAOUe; e:VW!J-EVOUe; !J-EXpt va e:m 'twx6e:t "Y) Vtx"Y) xat U1t1jpxav 1tOAAEe; e:A1ttOe:e; yta ota't"1jp"y)er"y) 't""Y)e; eru!J-!J-a xtae; xat xa't"<X 't"l)V 1te:ptOOO 't""Y)e; e:tp1jv"Y)e;. 0 1tpoe:opoe; 't"wv HilA pa-

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H Erporr H TOr 'l'rxpor rroAEMor, 1945- 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH IETOPIA

yXAtVOe; POUO"bEA't (Franklin Roosevelt) EAm�E o't� 'Y) E�PY)V'Y) 6a fJ-1tOpOU O"E va Eopa�w6d U1tO Eva ',lEO Opyav�O"fJ-o HVWfJ-EVWV E6vwv (ORE ) . 0 POUO"bEA't xa� 0 BpE'tavOe; 1tpw6u1toupyoe; OutvO"'tov To"WP'to"�A (Winston Churchill) dXav aop�O"'ta 1tpO'tdVE� 't'Y) O"uyxpo't'Y)O"'Y) EVOe; 'tE'tO�OU O"wfJ-a 'toe; 'tov AuyouO"'to 'tou 1 94 1 , o'tav o'Y)fJ-oO"twO"av 'to «Xap't'Y) 'tou A'tAa v't�xou» , Eva 1tpo1tayavo�O"'t�xo o'Y)AaoY) Eyypacpo 1tOU mtO"'Y)e; U1toO"xo'tav 't'Y)V a1toxa'taO"'taO"'Y) 't'Y)e; aVE�ap't'Y)O"tae; y�a 'toue; xa'tax't'Y)fJ-EVOUe; 1tA'Y)6u0" fJ-O ue; , O"uva�vE't�XEe; Eoacp�XEe; fJ-E'taboAEe; xa� fJ-dwO"'Y) 'twv EfJ-1tOp�XWV 1tE ptoP�O"fJ-wv fJ-E'ta 'tov 1tOAEfJ-O . Y1tY)PXE 'Y) EA1ttOa O't� 0 ORE 6a OEO"fJ-WE OAEe; 't�e; XWpEe; O"'to �oav�xo 't'Y)e; «O"UAAoy�XY)e; aO"cpaAE�ae; » , 01tOU 'ta O�E6vY) 1tpObAy)fJ-a'ta 6a EmAUov'tav XuptWe; fJ-E O"UfJ-b�baO"fJ-o xa� o�a�'t'Y)O"ta 1tapa fJ-E 't�e; 1tapaooO"�axEe; fJ-E6oooue; 't'Y)e; �O"oppo1ttae; ouvafJ-Ewv, 'twv O"ufJ- fJ-ax�wv xa� 'tou 1tOAEfJ-OU . O� RIlA, fJ-axpav 'Y) mo 1tAouO"�a xa� �O"xupY) xwpa 'tou xOO"fJ-OU , Em6ufJ-ouO"av mtO"'Y)e; fJ-�a 0"'ta6Epy), o�WpUVOfJ-EV'Y) 1ta yxoO"fJ-�a o�xovofJ-ta, 01tOU 'to EAEU6EpO EfJ-1tOPto 6a a1tE'tpE1tE 't'Y)v EmO"'tpo CPY) O"'t'Y)v UcpEO"'Y) xa� O"'t'Y)v aVEpyta, 1tOU dXav OO'Y)yY)o"E� O"'tO fJ-ax'Y)'t�xo E6v�x�0"fJ-O 't'Y)e; oExaE'ttae; 'tou 1 9 3 0 . To 1 9 4 4 , 0"'t'Y) O"uvo�aO"xE�'Y) 'tou M1tPE't'tOV r ouV"Ce; , xa'taO"'tpw6'Y)xav o"XEo�a y�a Eva ',lEO EfJ-1tOp�XO xa� o�xovofJ-�xo O"uO"'t'Y)fJ-a fJ-E 't'Y) o'Y)fJ-toupyta 'tou Ll�E6voue; N ofJ-�O"fJ-a't�xou TafJ-EtOU (�NT-International Monetary Fund), WO"'tE va aV't�fJ-E'twm O"'touv 1tpObAy)fJ-a'ta vOfJ-�O"fJ-a't�xwv �O"o't�fJ-�wv, xa� 't'Y)e; IIayxoO"fJ-�ae; T pa1tE�ae; , WO"'tE va Ev�O"xu6d 'Y) o�xovofJ-�xY) E�EA��'Y) . T'Y)v avo��'Y) 'tou 1945 , O"E 1tOA�'t�XO E1tt1tEOO, O"uv'tax6'Y)xE 0 Ka'taO"'ta't�xoe; Xap't'Y)e; 'tou ORE O"E fJ-�a O"uvo�aO"xE�'Y) O"'tO Lav <.I>pavO"to"xo, 01tOU 1tapwpi6'Y)xav oAEe; ot O"ufJ-fJ-aX�XEe; XwpEe; . AxofJ-'Y) xa� 1tP�V 'to Lav <.I>pavO"to"xo, ot TpE�e; MEyaAot Y)'tav o�xaO"fJ-E ',lot we; 1tpOe; 't�e; bAE�E�e; 'toue; y�a 't'Y) fJ-E'ta1tOAEfJ-�XY) Eupw1t'Y) . 0 L'taA�v , we; XOfJ-fJ-OUV�O"'tY)e; , OEV a1tOOEX0'tav 'tov afJ-Ep�xav�xo 0P�O"fJ-o 't'Y)e; o'Y)fJ-o xpa'ttae; , OU'tE fJ-1tOpOUO"E va oEX'td Eva 1tayxoO"fJ-to O"uO"'t'Y)fJ-a y�a 't'Y)V aO"cpaAE�a xa� 't'Y)V o�xovofJ-ta o�afJ-0pcpwfJ-ivo O"ufJ-cpwva fJ-E OU't�XEe; a�tEe; . Av'Y)O"uXwV"Cae; y�a 't'Y) O"Ob�E't�XY) aO"cpaAE�a, Em6ufJ-ouO"E va o�a't'Y)pY)o"E� 'ta Eoacp�xa XEpO'Y) 1tOU a1tOxofJ-�o"E fJ-E 't'Y) O"uv6Y)x'Y) 'tou fJ-E 'tov XhAEp . To 1 9 4 4 , o'tav �EXtV'Y)o"E 'Y) a1tEAW6EpWO"'Y) 't'Y)e; Eupw1t'Y) e; , Y)'tav O"acpEe; o't� 0 L'taA�v 6a fJ-1tOpOUO"E va XP'Y)O"�fJ-01tO�Y)o"E� 't'Y) O"'tpa't�w't�xY) 'tou U1tEPOXY) O"'t'Y)v Ava'toA�xY) Eupw1t'Y) y�a va o'Y)fJ-toUpyY)o"E� Exd Cp�AOO"Ob�E't�xa xa6EO"'tw'ta. AVExu�av Ev'tovo'ta'tEe; o�acpwVtEe; , �OtWe; o"XE't�xa fJ-E 'to fJ-EA AOV 't'Y)e; IIoAwvtae; , 't'Y)e; 1tpw't'Y)e; fJ-EyaA'Y)e; xwpae; O"'t'Y)v o1tota E�0"Y)A6E 0 Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

'¥rXPO:E rrOAEMO:E KAI rcIiE:EH

39

Epu6poe; �'tpa'toe; . H IIoAw\lia 6ptcrxo'ta\l crE cr'tpan)"(tXO cr"Y)!J-do a\la. !J-Ecra cr't"Y) Pwcria Xat cr't"Y) r Ep!J-a\lia Xat yta atW\lEe; dXE a7to'tEAEcrEt 'to !J-�AO 't"Y)e; 'Eptoae; !J-E'ta�u 'tOue; . H BpE'ta\lia xat "Y) raAALa dxa\l X"y)pU�Et 'to\l 7tOAE!J-O yta Xa.p"y) 't"Y)e; IIoAw\liae; o'ta\l EtcrE6aAE cr' aU't�\I 0 Xi'tAEP 'to 1 93 9 , u7t�pxa\l 7toAua.pt6!J-ot IIoAw\loa!J-Eptxa\loL 7tOU a\l"Y)cruxoucra\l yta 'to !J-EAAO\l 't"Y)e; xwpae; xat, E7tt7tAEO\l, U7t�PXE �o"Y) cr'to AO\loi\lo !J-ta E�O ptcr't"Y) 7tOAW\ltX� XU6Ep\l"Y)cr"Y) . Ocr'tocro, 'to\l IouAto 'tou 1944, 0 Epu6poe; �'tpa'toe; c:yxa'tEcr't"y)crE !J-ia o!J-a.oa a7to EX7tatOw!J-E\lOUe; cr't"Y) MocrXa x0!J-!J-0U\ltcr'tEe; cr't"Y)\I 7tOA"y) AOU!J-7tAt\l we; XU6Ep\l"Y)cr"Y) 't"Y)e; IIoAw\lLae; . O t PwcrOt �'ta\l a7tOAu'ta a7to<pacrtcr!J-E\lOt \l a np!J-a'ticrou\I Xa.6E 7tOAW\ltX� 7tpocr7ta.6Eta yta a\lE�ap't"Y)cria, 7tapaAd7to\l'tae; , yta 7tapa.oEtY!J-a, \la 60"Y)6�crou\I 't"Y)\I E�EyEpcr"Y) 'tW\I IIoAw\lw\I cr't"Y) Bapcr06La E\la.\I'tta cr'tOue; r Ep !J-a\lOUe; I . To q)E6poua.pto 'tou 1945 0 �'ta.At\l, 0 Poucr6EA't xat 0 Tcrwp'tcrtA cru\lan�6"Y)xa\l cr't"Y) rta.A'ta 't"Y)e; Kpt!J-aiae; , 07tOU 'to 7tt0 cr"Y)!J-a\l'ttxo 6E!J-a cru��'t"Y)cr"Y)e; �'ta\l "Y) IIoAw\lia . H r ta.A'ta E7ttXPL6"Y)XE xa'to7tt\l a7to 7tOA AOUe; we; a7tOOEt�"Y) 't"Y)e; 7tpooocriae; 'tW\I �u'ttXW\I 7tpOe; 't"Y)\I A \la'toAtX� Eupw7t"Y) , E�icrou 6apta.e; !J-E au't� 'tou MO\la.xou 'to 1938*: 0 POUcr6EA't, cr't"Y) 6tacru\I"Y) 'tou \la otacr<paAicrEt 't"Y)\I 7tayxocr!J-ta EtP�\I"Y) , E�a7ta't�6"Y)xE , 67twe; Et7tw6"Y)XE, a7to 'to\l �'ta.At\l . Ocr'tocro, OE\I U7t�p�E xa.7toto E7tLcr"y)!J-O Eyypa<po cr't"Y) r ta.A'ta 7tOU \la otatpoucrE 't"Y)\I Eupw7t"Y) crE cr<paipEe; E7ttp po�e; . H OtaipEcr"y) , 6E6ata, �o"Y) U7t�PXE cr'tO mi7tEOO 't"Y)e; crxA"Y)p�e; cr'tpa 'ttw'ttX�e; AOytX�e; . 0 Epu6poe; �'tpa'toe; dXE xEpoicrEt 'to\l EAEYXO 't"Y)e; A\la'toAtX�e; Eupw7t"Y)e; !J-E 't"Y) oU\la!J-"Y) 'tW\I 07tAW\I cr'tte; apXEe; 'tou 1945 xat !J-0\lO "Y) ou\la!J-"Y) 'tW\I 07tAW\I 6a !J-7tOpoucrE \la 'to\l EXOtW�Et . 'O!J-we; Xa\lELc; cr't"Y) �ucr"Y) OE\I !J-7tOpoucrE \la ota\lo"y)6d cr06apa. E\la\l 7tOAE!J-O !J-E 't"Y) Pwcria Exd\l"Y) 't"Y) cr'ttY!J-� . Ani yt' au'to, a\laxot\lW6"Y)XE cr't"Y) r ta.A'ta !J-ta 'tU7tt xou xapax't�pa �tax�pu�"Y) yta 't"Y)\I A7tEAW6EPW!J-E\I"Y) EupW7t "Y) , 7tOU E7ta\laAa.!J-6a\lE 'tte; apXEe; 'tou Xa.p't"Y) 'tou A'tAa\l'ttxou yta a\lE�ap't"Y)cria xat E6\1tx� xuptapxia, aAAa. xwp(c; \la 7tP06A€7tEt 'ta !J-€cra yta \la yi\lou\l 7tpa.�"Y) au'ta. 'ta 6apuyoou7ta toa\ltxa.. 'Eyt\lE, E7ticr"y) e; , !J-ia cru!J-
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rLa 1tAYjpEO"-.EpYj 1tpaY(J.a'tEUO"Yj , bA. xEqlaAaw 9 . Aqlopa O"'tYj O"u(J.qlwvta 'tou Movaxou 'tou 1 9 3 8 , (J.E'ta�u BpE'taVtae; , faAAtae; , ha Atae; xaL rEp(J.aVtae; , (J.E 'tYjv o1tota 1tapaoLoo'tav Yj TO"EX0O"AobaXta O"'tLe; OpE�ELe; 'tou XhAEP xaL Yj o1tota EX'tO'tE xa'tanEA6YjXE O"'tYj ,MO"Y] we; 1tpa�Y] v'tpo1t�e; (� . 't . M .) . •

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ETPOIIH TOr 'I'rxpor IIoAEMor, 1945-1991: IIOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

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'ta, 0 L'taAtV, [J.E 7ttXp€e; aVa[J.VYjO'Ete; a7tO 'tYJV 7tOAt'ttXYj 'tYJe; �UO'YJe; O''tYJv Ava'toAtxYj Eupw7tYJ 0''t0 [J.EO'07tOAE[J.O, Yj'tav Otan6Et[J.€VOe; va OEt�Et E[J.7tt O''tOO'uvYJ [J.OVO O'E XUbEpVYjO'Ete; U7tO XO[J.[J.OUVtO''ttXYj YJYEO'ta . 3 EXtVYJO'E AOt7tOV [J.ta O''taOtaxYj OtaOtxaO'ta O'E 'X,WpEe; 7tOU a7tEAW6€pWO'E 0 Epu6poe; �'tpa'toe; , YJ o7tota d'X,E we; 'tEAtxo a7tO't€AEO'[J.a 'tYJv E7ttbOAYj XUbEPVYjO'EWV, a7tO axpYJ O'E axpYJ 'tYJe; Ava'toAtXYje; Eupw7tYJe; , 7tOU 'X,PYJO't[J.o7totOuO'av [J.E6000ue; aO''tuvo[J.tXOU xpa'toue; xat 7tOU Ecpap[J.o�av otXOvo[J.tX€e; [J.E'tappu6[J.tO'Ete; O'ObtE'ttXOU 'tU7tOU , EV'tEAWe; av'tteE'tEe; oYJAaoYj [J.E 'tYJ cptAEAEU6EPYJ o'Y][J.oxpa'tta . 0 pu6[J.0e; [J.E 'tov 07tOtO O'uV€bYJO'av aU't€e; Ot aAAay€e; Ot€CPEPE a7to 'X,wpa O'E 'X,wpa : YJ IIoAwvta, YJ Pou[J.avta xat YJ BouAyapta ouO'taO''tt xa Yj'tav avopdxEAa 'twv LObtE'ttXWV a7to 'to 1 9 4 6 , aAAa YJ Ouyyapta 1tEptYjA6E O''tov €AEY'X,O 'tYJe; MoO''X,ae; [J.0Ate; O''ta [J.€O'a 'tou 1947 xat O''tYJv TO'E'X,OO'AObaXta [J.ta XUb€PVYJO'YJ O'uvaO'7ttO'[J.ou E7ttbtWO'E [J.€'X,pt 'to q)Ebpoua plO 'tou 1 9 4 8 . H nAtxYj O'XAYjpUVO'YJ 'tou EA€y'X,OU cpatVE'tat o'tt Yj'tav [J.ta a1tav'tYJO'YJ O''tte; EV€pYEtEe; 'twv �u'ttxwv . Ta YEVtXo'tEpa, wO''toO'o, XtvYJ 'tpa 'tou L'taAtV yta 'tYJv a7toppocpYJO'YJ 'tYJe; Ava'toAtXYje; Eupw7tYJe; €'X,ouv 1tpOXaA€O'Et [J.EyaAYJ O'u�Yj'tYJO'YJ . 'H'tav apayE a7tAWe; €vae; 07tOp'tOUVt O''tYje; , 0 07tOtOe; , acpou d'X,E xa'tax'tYjO'Et au't€e; 'tte; 'X,wpEe; xa'ta 'tov 7tOAE [J.o, a7tocpaO'tO'E va EX[J.E'taAAw'td 'tte; 7tEptO''taO'Ete; 7tpOe; OcpEAOe; 'tYJe; Pw O'tae; , Yj [J.Yj7tWe; d'X,E xa7tota 7tt0 [J.EyaAE7tYjboAa O''X,€ota 0''t0 [J.uaM 'tOU; Eav et'X,E Eva O'UVOAtXO O''X,€OtO, Yj'tav 'ta xtvYJ'tpa 'tou a[J.uv'ttxa Yj E7tt6E 'ttxa - [J.E 'tYJV Ava'toAtxYj Eupw7tYJ va a7to'tEAd a7tAWe; 'to EcpaA'tYjptO yta 1tEpat't€pw E7t€x'taO'YJ ; Au'ta 'ta �YJ'tYj[J.a'ta O'u�YJ'touv'tav YjoYJ €v'tova, o'tav 'to �EbPoUaptO 'tou 1946 0 T�wp't� K€wav (George Kennan), €vae; Ot1tAw[J.a'tYJe; 'twv H IlA O''tYJ MoO''X,a, 7tapouO'taO'E [J.ta avaAuO'YJ 'tYJe; O'ObtE 'ttxYje; 7tOAt'ttXYje; 7tOU d'X,E [J.EyaAo aV'ttx'tu7tO O''tov 'tp07tO O'X€tfYJe; 'tYJe; OuaO'tj'x'tov . 0 K€wav dOE 'tYJv E�� we; Eva E7tEx'ta'ttXo xpa'toe; 't00'0 E1tEtOYj au'tYj a7to'tEAoUO'E 'to O''taupocpopo 'tYJe; [J.ap�tO''ttxYje; tOEOAoytae; 00'0 xat E�at'ttae; 'tYJe; 7tapaooO'taxYje; pwO'txYje; xa'X,u7totftae; 7tpOe; 'toue; �€VOue; . H tOEOAOj'tXYj baO'YJ 'tYJe; 7tOAt'ttXYje; 'tou KPE[J.AtVOu cpavYJxE va E7ttbEbatW VE'tat Exdvo 'tov xatpo a7to 'tov L'taAtV , 7tOU OYjAWO'E O'E [J.ta o[J.tAta 'tou 'to �EbPoUaptO 'tou 1946 o'tt 0 �EU'tEpOe; IIayxoO'[J.tOe; IIoAE[J.oe; d'X,E Ot XatwO'Et 'to O'ObtE'ttXO O'uO''tYJ[J.a OtaXUb€pVYJO'YJ e; . To Map'ttO 'tou 1946 O''to �OUA'tOV 'tou MtO'O'oupt, 0 OutvO''tov TO'WP'tO'tA OYjAWO'E o'tt Eva «O'toYJpouv 1tapa7t€'taO'[J.a» d'X,E a7tAw6d xa'ta [J.Yjxoe; 'tYJe; Eupw7tYJe; xat o'tt €7tPE7tE va O'uj'xpo'tYJ6d [J.ta ayyAoa[J.EptXaVtxYj O'u[J.[J.a'X,ta yta va O''ta[J.a'tYjO'Et 'toue; �ObtE'ttXOUe; . H o[J.tAta au'tYj EVO'X,AYJO'E €v'tova 'tov L'taAtv . H �uO'YJ o[J.we; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErporrH TOr '¥rxpor rroAEMor, 1945- 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH I:ETOPIA

TtOAU AtyC1. !J-Ttopouere: VC1. xave:t ytC1. VC1. e:Ae:u6e:pwere:t 't'Y)V AVC1.'tOAtXYj Eupw Tt'Y) , !J-e: oe:oo!J-ivo o'tt 0 Epu6poe; L'tpC1.'tOe; TtC1.pi!J-e:ve: TtOAU terXupo'te:poe; C1.TtO 'tte; ou'ttxie; er'tpC1.'ttw'ttxie; ouva!J-e:te; er't'Y)v xe:V'tptxYj EupwTt'Y) . 'E'tert, 'to e:bPouapw 'tou 1947 , eruvYjcp6'Y)erC1.v eruv6Yjxe:e; e:tpYjv'Y)e; !J-e: 't'Y) Pou!J-C1.VtC1., 't'Y) BOUAYC1.ptC1. XC1.t 't'Y)v OUYYC1.ptC1. (OAe:e; 'toue; Ttpw'Y)v eru!J-!J-C1.Xot 'tou Xt't Ae:p) , !J-e: 'tte; OTtOte:e; Ot Xwpe:e; C1.u'tie; ouertC1.er'ttxa C1.cpYjvov'tC1.V er'to iAe:oe; 'tou L'taAtv . AAAa 'tC1. ye:yovo'tC1. er't'Y)v Tte:pwXYj e:tXC1.V TtpOerbaAe:t 'tte; o'Y)!J-OXpC1. 'ttxie; e:uC1.ter6'Y)erte:e; 't'Y)e; Lluer'Y) e; , !J-e: C1.TtO'tiAe:er!J-C1. va 't'Y)e; TtpoxaAierouv xat cpObOue; yta 'tte; !J-e:AAOV'ttxie; erobte:'ttxie; Ttp06iere:te; . H r e:p!J-C1.VtC1., 'to XUpto'te:po Ttpw'Y)v e:X6ptXO xpa'toe; , er't'Y)v xC1.pota 't'Y)e; EupwTt'Y)e; , Ttapouerta�e: Tte:ptTtAOXC1. TtPObAYj!J-C1.'tC1. 'to 1945 , C1.V !J-'Y) 'tt aAAo e:rte:toYj e:tXe: Tte:ptiA6e:t er't'Y)v XOtvYj XC1.'tOXYj 'twv Tptwv Me:yaAwv XC1.t 't'Y)e; r aAAtae; , TtOU eruve:pya�ov'tC1.v er't'Y) LltC1.eru!J-!J-axtxYj Em'tpoTtYj EAiyxou (LlEE Allied Control Council) . Ot raAAOt iAabav !J-ta �wv'Y) xa'toxYje; , XUptWe; xap'Y) er't'Y) Bpe:'tC1.vtC1.. O t Bpe:'tC1.vot 6e:wpouerav o'tt 'Y) raAAta 6C1. Yj'tav aTtapC1.t't'Y)'t'Y) yta 'tov iAe:yxo 't'Y)e; re:p!J-avtC1.e; er'to !J-iAAOV, totat'tE:pC1. acpou ava!J-e:vo'tav o'tt 'tC1. C1.!J-e:ptxC1.vtxa er'tpC1.'te:u!J-a'tC1. 6a icpe:uyav aTto 't'Y)V EupwTt'Y) we; 'to 1 9 4 7 . Oer'toero, 0 'Y)yi't'Y)e; 't'Y)e; raAAtC1.e; , er'tpC1.'t'Y)yoe; N'te: rXWA (Charles de Gaulle) , e:tXe: 'toue; OtXOue; 'tou er't0xoue; er't'Y) re:p!J-avtC1. XC1.t, xC1.'ta 'tPOTtO e:tpWVtXO, 'Y) raAAtC1. Ttapa 'Y) Pwerta Yj'tav UTte:u6uv'Y) yta 't'Y)V C1.pXtxYj C1.Tto'tuXtC1. 't'Y)e; XOtvYje; eru!J-!J-axtxYje; owtx'Y)er'Y) e; . 0 N'tE: r XWA, aTtocpaerter!J-ivoe; VC1. C1.TtOouvC1.!J-were:t 't'Y) r e:p!J-C1.VtC1. !J-e:'ta C1.TtO 'tpe:te; e:terbOAie; 't'Y)e; er't'Y) rC1.AAta axo!J-'Y) �wv'tC1.vie; er't'Y) !J-vYj!J-'Y) ( 1 870, 1 9 1 4 XC1.t 1 940), Yj6e:Ae: VC1. xa'taer'tpi�e:t xa6e: tXVOe; xe:v'tptxYje; otC1.xubipv'Y)er'Y)e; 't'Y)e; re:p!J-C1. vtae; xat i6e:ere: bi'to ere: C1.TtOTte:tpe:e; 't'Y)e; LltC1.eru!J-!J-C1.xtxYje; Em'tpoTtYje; EAiy XOU VC1. xe:tpter'te:t 't'Y) XWpC1. we; TtOAt'ttXYj e:vo't'Y)'tC1.. Oe; C1.TtO'tiAe:er!J-C1., Ot �wve:e; er'tpC1.'ttw'ttxYje; xa'toxYje; e:�e:Atx6'Y)xav ere: 'tierere:pte; �e:xwpter'tie; TtoAt'ttxie; ov'to't'Y)'te:e; , OTtOU 'Y) xa6e: xC1.'tixouera 06vC1.!J-'Y) TtpoerTta6'Y)ere: va e:cpap!J- oere:t 't'Y)V TtOAt'ttXYj TtOU C1.V'tC1.VC1.XAouere: 'tte; otxie; 't'Y)e; a�te:e; , !J-e: 't'Y) «erObte:'tOTtOt'Y)er'Y)>> 't'Y)e; Otxovo!J- tae; er't'Y)v Ava'toA Yj, 't'Y)V e:vterXuer'Y) 'tou xam'tC1.Ater!J-ou er't'Y) �wv'Y) 'twv HIlA XC1.t 't'Y)v e:v6appuver'Y) erOertaA0'Y)!J-0XPC1. 'ttXWV !J-e:'tC1.ppu6!J-tere:wv er't'Y) bpe:'tC1.VtxYj �wv'Y) . L'tO !J-e:'ta�u, avixu�av xat aAAe:e; er'Y)!J-C1.v'ttxie; otC1.cpopie; !J-e:'tC1.�U Ava'toAYje; XC1.t Lluer'Y)e; . Ot LObte:'tt XOt, TtOU uTtier't'Y)erC1.v !J-e:yaAe:e; xC1.'tC1.er'tpocpie; C1.TtO 't'Y) r e:p!J-avtC1. xC1.'ta 'tov TtOAe:!J- O, iAm�av ere: !J-e:yaA'Y)e; XAt!J-C1.XC1.e; e:rtC1.vop6w'ttxie; C1.Tto�'Y)!J- twere:te; aTto 'to vtx'Y)!J-ivo e:X6po, yta va XP'Y)!J-a'tooo'tYjerouv 't'Y) OtxYj 'toue; C1.VOtXO06!J-'Y)er'Y) . L't'Y)V A!J-e:ptxYj XC1.t er't'Y) Bpe:'tC1.vtC1. wer'toero, UTtYjPXav CPObOt TtWe; -

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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A7to 'to 1 9 5 0 Y) otaxwpter'ttx-y) ypap.p.-Y) p.e:'ta�u Ava'toA-y)C; xat duerY)c; er'tY)v Eupw7tY) ELXe: 7taytw6e:t, aAAtX evac; 7tOAe:P.OC; er'tY)v -Y)7te:tpO -Y)'tav P.tXAAoV a7tt6avoc; . To Be:poAtvo -Y)'tav eva e:voe:xop.e:vo erY)p.ELo aVtXcpAe:�Y)C; xat Opt erp.evat 7tter'te:uav o'tt Y) r e:pp.avta 6a p.7topouere: va 7tapap.ELve:t yta 7ttXv'ta otatpe:p.evY) . AAAtX xa'ttX p.ta evvota xat at 060 7tAe:upec; -Y)'tav txaV07tat"y) !J.eve:c; p.e: oera xa'tELxav : Y) Pwerta ELXe: 'to OtXO 'tY)C; ap.uv'ttXO avtXxwp.a er'tY)v Ava'toA-y) · "Y) Ap.e:ptx-Y) ELXe: 7tpoercpepe:t au't07te:7tot6y)er"y) xat 7tpoer'ta erta er't"Y) du'ttx-Y) Eupw7t"Y) p.e: 't"Y) 60-Y)6e:ta 'tou erXe:Otou MtXperaA xat p.e: 'tov Opyavterp.o 'tou Bope:wa'tAav'ttXOu �up.cpwvou . IIaptX 'tY)V 7te:'tuxy)p.evy) OOXtp.-Y) 't"Y)c; er06te:'ttx-Y)c; a'top.tx-Y)c; 60p.6ac; , "Y) Ap.e:ptx-Y) ota't"Y)pouere: eva eracpec; 7tp06tXoterp.a er'ta a'top.txtX 07tAa . Oer'toero, e:vw at Pt�e:c; 'tou ,¥uXpou IIoAep.ou 6pterxov'tav XUptWC; p.eera er't"Y)v Eupw7t"Y) , Y) ev'taery) 7ttXv'ta e:x OY)Awvo'tav ere: tXAAe:C; 7te:pwxec; . H M oerxa ouercpopY)ere: 7tOU a7tOXAELer'tY) XE, yta 7taptXoe:typ.a, a7to 'tY) p.e:'ta7tOAe:p.tX-y) xa'tox-y) 'ty)c; Ia7twvtac; , e:vw Y) OutXertyx'tov avY)eruxY)ere: a7to 'ty)V e:mxptX'tY)er"Y) 'twv xop.p.ouvter'twv er'tY)v Ktva 'to 1949 . H e:ter60A-Y), 'tov Iouvw 'tou 1950, 't"Y)C; xop.p.ouvter'ttx-Y)c; Bope:tac; Kopeac; er't"Y) CPtAOOU'ttX-Y) N o'tta a7teoe:t�e: p.e: 'tp07tO opap.a'ttxo o'tt Ot �UXp07tOAe:p.tXec; e:v'ttXere:tc; e�w a7to 'ty)v Eupw7t"Y) p.7topouerav va exouv P.e:ytXAO aV'ttx'tu7tO xat p.eera er'ty)v -Y)7te:tpo. 0 7tOAe:P.OC; 't"Y)c; Kopeac; !J.E'ta'tomere: 'to e:votacpepov 'tY)e; UCPY)AtOu 7tpOe; 't"Y)v A7tw Ava'toA-y) , oO-Y)y"Y) erE 'ttC; H IlA ere: p.ta P.e:ytXA"Y) 7tpOer7ttX6Eta e:7tave:�07tAterp.ou xa6we; 0 7tpoe: opOC; T poup.av a7tocptXertere: va 60Y)6-Y)ere:t 't"Y) No'tta Kopea, au�"Y)ere: er'tY)v AP.EptX-Y) 'ty)v a7t-y)xy)ery) 'twv cpava'ttxtX aV'ttxop.p.ouvter'ttxwv 6eere:wv 'tou YEpOUertaer't-Y) T�o MaxtXp6u (Joe McC arthy) xat, er'to 'teAOe; 'tou Xpovou, ecpe:pe: 't"Y)v xop.p.ouvter'ttx-Y) Ktva er'tov 7tOAEP.O we; eva veo erxA"Y)po aV'tt7ta AO 'tY)e; duerY) e; . Eu'tuxwe; "Y) Pwerta 7to'te oe:v avap.e:tx6Y)xe: tXp.e:era xat 0 7tOAe:P.OC; 7t e:pwpter'tY)xe: er'tY) Xe:perov"Y)ero 'tY)C; Kopeae; , aAAtX at e:m7t'twere:te; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErPOIIH TOr '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1 945- 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH I};TOPIA

'tOU C1'tY)V Eupc{)7ty) Yj'tav C1Y)!J.av'ttXE<; . EVtC1'X,uov'ta<; 'tY) �Yj'ty)C1Y) C1'ty)V 1tayxOC1!J.ta OtXovo!J.ta , a1t ' 'tY) !J.ta 1t),EUpa C1UVEbaAE: C1'tY)V avooo 'tOU 1tAY)6WptC1!J.OU Xt a1t ' 'tY)v aAAY) , 'tY) 6E:'ttx Yj , boYj6Y)C1E: 'tY)v EUpw1ta'ixYj bto!J.Y)'X,aVtxYj 1tapaywyYj va C1UVE:'X,tC1E:t 'ty)v ava1t'tu�Yj 'ty)<; axo!J.Y) xat !J.E:'ta 'tY)v OAOXAYjpWC1y) 'tY)<; !J.E:'ta1tOAE:!J.tXYj<; avotxo06!J.Y)C1Y)<; . AAAa xat Ot 1t0At'ttXE<; E:m1t'tWC1E:t<; 'tOU 1tOAE!J.OU Yj'tav E:�tC10U C1Y)!J.av'ttXE<; . H BpE:'tavta xat Y) raAAta, xat Ot OUO !J.E: a1totXtaxE<; X'tYjC1E:t<; C1'tY)V AC1ta, EC1'tE:tAaV ouva!J.E:t<; yta va 1tOAE:!J.YjC10UV C1'tY)V KOpEa, E:VW C1'tY) rE:p!J.avta E:xcppaC1'tY) xav CPObOt O'tt Ot xO!J.!J.OUVtC1'tE<; tC1W<; 'X,Py)C1t!J.01tOtouC1av 'tax'ttXE<; «6E:p!J.oU 1tOAE!J.OU» mo xov'ta C1'ty)V 1ta'tptoa : Y) KOpEa, 01tW<; xat Y) rE:p!J.avta, d'X,E: otatpE:6E:t !J.E:'ta a1tO !J.ta XOtvYj xa'to'X,Yj Ava'toAtXWV xat du'ttxwv ouva !J.E:WV · cpatvo'tav m6avo o'tt Ot Ava'toAtXoYE:p!J.avot tC1W<; !J.t!J.ounav 'tY) B opE:ta KopEa xat E:m'X,E:tpOUC1av 'tY)v E:1taVEvwC1y) 'ty)<; rE:p!J.avta<; !J.E: 'tY) bta. 0 Kovpav't AnE:vaouE:p, 0 xaYXE:Aapto<; 'ty)<; du'ttxYj<; rE:p!J.avta<; , u1tot\lta�o'tav o'tt 0 �'taAtV C1'X,E:Ota�E: va 'X,Py)C1t!J.01tOtYjC1E:t 'ty)v KopEa w<; 'tE'X,vaC1!J.a, WC1'tE: va a1tOC11taC1E:t 'tY)v 1tP0C10'X,Yj C1'ty)V A1tw Ava'toAYj , E:VW o tOto<; 6a 1tpo'X,WpOUC1E: C1E: btatY) opaC1Y) C1'tY)V Eupw1tY) . TE'tOtOu doou<; aVY)C1u'X,tE:<; avayxaC1av 'to NATO va aC1'X,oAY)6d !J.E: 'ty) C1'tpa'ttw'ttxYj 'tou aouva!J.ta . 0<; C1'tpa'ttw'ttxYj C1u!J.!J.a'X,ta, 'to NATO Yj'tav 'to 1 9 5 0 C1'X,E:06v Eva aOE:to XEAUCPO<; . Ot Eupw1tatot otE6E:'tav 1tE:ptoptC1!J.Eva C1'tpa'ttw'ttxa !J.EC1a xat 'ta a!J.E:ptxavtxa C1'tpa'tE:u!J.a'ta, 'ta !J.ova a�tOAoya, Yj'tav OtaC1XopmC1!J.Eva, E:mcpop'ttC1!J.Eva !J.E: xa6Yjxov'ta ouva!J.E:wv xa'to'X,Yj<; C1'ty) r E:p!J.avta . A1tO 'tou<; 1 1 7 .000 A!J.E:ptxavou<; C1'tpa'ttW'tE:<; C1'tY)V Eu PW1ty) 'tY)v avot�Y) 'tou 1950, ot 9 8 .000 bptC1Xov'tav C1'tY) rE:p!J.avta. H C1U!J. ba'ttxYj tC1'X,U<; 'tou Epu6pou �'tpa'tou C1'ty)V Eupw1tY) Yj'tav C1unpm'ttxYj. Axo!J.Y) xat W<; a1tAYj E:1ttOE:t�Y) 'tY)<; !J.axp01tp06E:C1!J.Y)<; UC1!J.EUC1Y)<; 'twv A!J.E:ptxavwv yta 'ty)v EUpw1ta'ixYj aC1cpaAE:ta, 'to NATO Yj'tav !J.ta a1toyoYj 'tEUC1Y) . Ot H Il A !J.1tOpOUC1av va C1'tE:tAOUV boYj6E:ta C1'tOU<; C1u!J.!J.a'X,ou<; 'tou<;, av au'tot U'X,ov'tav E:1tt6E:C1y) , !J.ovo C1u!J.cpwva !J.E: 'to a!J.E:ptxavtxo �uv'tay !J.a, 'to 01toto acpY)vE: 'tt<; a1tocpaC1E:t<; yta 1tOAE:!J.O xat E:tPYjvY) C1'tY) r E:pOuC1ta . E�at'tta<; au'tou, Ot Eupw1tatot E:m6u!J.ouC1av E:vaywvtw<; va xpa'tYjC1ouv !J.ovt!J.a 'ta C1'tpa'tE:u!J.a'ta 'twv HIlA C1'tY)V Yj1tE:tpO, C1'X,E:06v W<; o!J.Yjpou<; , !J.E: 'tY) AoytXYj o'tt Y) rE:pOuC1ta 6a Yj'tav U1to'X,pE:W!J.EVY) va xY)pU�E:t 1tOAE:!J.O C1'tOV E:m'tt6E!J.E:VO E:av C1XO'twvov'tav C1'tpa'ttW'tE:<; 'twv H IlA C1'ty)V Eupw1ty) . ME: 'ty)v KopEa 1tp0C1'tE6Y)xE: xat 0 CPObO<; o'tt Y) A!J.E:ptxYj !J.1topd va E:!J.1tAE:XO 'tav C1'tt<; aC1ta'ttXE<; U1t06EC1E:t<; 1tpo<; �Y)!J.ta 'twv EUpW1ta"t'xwv C1u!J.cpE:pOnwv . r ta va xa6Y)C1u'X,aC1ouv 'tou<; C1u!J.!J.a'X,ou<; 'tou<; aAAa xat yta va E:�tC10ppODigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

'¥TXP01: rrOAEM01: KAI TE1:H

1t�aOUv 'to auaXE't�a�o ouva�Ewv �E 'tov Epu6po �'tpc;t'to, o� A�Ep�xaVOt 1tpo'tE�vav va a'tEtAouv x� aAAEe, a'tpa't�w't�xEe, �ovaOEe, a't"Y)v Eupw1t"Y) xa� va optaouv Evav A�Ep�xavo avw'ta'to ow�x"Y)'t� y�a 'to NATO . Oa'toao, we, av'taAAay�a, "Y) A�EP�X� Em6u�ouaE WpU'tEP"Y) auvatVEa"y) aXE't�xa �E 'to ��'t"Y)�a 'tou E1taVE�01tA�a�OU 't"Y)e, �u't�x�e, rEp�avtae, . A1to 't"Y)v 01t't�x� 'twv HITA Eva 'tE'tOW at't"Y)�a E�ota�E AOy�XO . H Pwata, xa� 0X� "Y) rEp flavta, �'tav 'twpa 0 EX6poe, 't"Y)e, �ua"Y) e, · 0 Av'tEvaouEp E�cpav��o'tav we, ma'toe, au��axoe, 't"Y)e, �ua"Y)e, 1tOU �1tOpOUaE va 1tapa'ta�E� a"Y)�av't�xo ap�6�0 a'tpa't�w't�xwv ouva�Ewv a't"Y)v 1tpw't"Y) ypa�� a1tEVav't� a't"Y) Pwata · xa� E1tmAEOV , 0 a�Ep�xav�xoe, Aaoe, �6EAE va OE� o't� o� Eupw1tato� 6a auvE�aEcpEpav x� au'tot y�a va U1tEpaama'touv 'toue, Eau'toue, 'toue, (xa�, xa't� E�taOu a"Y)�aV't�xo, E1tE�O� 'to KoyxpEao EtXE Aa6E� 't"Y) o�a6E6atwa"Y) 'to 1949 o't� 'to NATO Ogy a1to'tEAouaE ��a 1tOAUOa1tav"y) , �axp01tp06Ea�"Y) oEa�wa"Y) 'twv H ITA a't"Y)v a�uva 't"Y)e, Eupw1t"Y)e,). rta 'toue, Eupw1tatoue, o�we" "Y) 1tpo'taa"y) y�a 'tov E1taVE�01tA�a�O 't"Y)e, rEpflavtae" 'toao auv'to�a �E'ta 'to 1945 , �p6E we, Eva EV'tOVO aox . Axo�a x.a� o� tOW� o� r Ep�aVOt o�a't"Y)pouaav a06apoue, cp060ue, y�a ��a EVOEXO�E V"Y) ava6twa"Y) 'tou ��A�'tap�a�ou a't"Y) Xwpa 'toue" xa� "Y) 1tpo'taa"y) au't� 't"Y)e, A�EP�X�e, 1tupo06't"Y)aE �ta �axpoxpov�a o�acpwvta �Eaa a'to NATO . Io�at 'tEpa o� raAAo� av'tL'tax6"Y)xav a't"Y)v avao"Y)�wupyta 'tou yEp�av�xou a'tpa 'tou : 'tov Ox'tw6pw 0 1tpw6u1toupyoe, PEVE IIAE6EV (Rene Pleven) ava XOtVWaE o't� "Y) raAAta 6a OEX'tEt 'ta YEp�avLxa a'tpa'tEu�a'ta �ovo we, 't��a EVOe, «Eupw1ta·�xou �'tpa'tou» 0 01tOtoe" �E 't"Y) o"Y)�wupyta o�o a1tovo�axwv a�uv't�xwv 6Ea�wv, 6a E�1tOO��E 't"Y) r Ep�aVta va E1tavax't� aE� o1to�aO�1to'tE �opcp� a'tpa't�w't�x�e, aVE�ap't"Y)a[ae, . IIapa 't�e, a�cp�60A[Ee, aXE't�xa �E 't"Y)v a1to'tEAEa�a't�xo't"Y)'ta EVOe, 1tapo�owu Eupw1ta·�xou �'tpa'tou, 'to �E1t'tE�6pw au�cpwv�6"Y)XE va 1tpOXWp�aE� 'to aXE ow IIAE6EV we, "Y) �ov"Y) 006e, 1tpoe, 'tov E1taVE�01tA�a�O 't"Y)e, r Ep�avtae, . �'taA6"Y) xav 'to'tE xa� aAAa a'tpa'tEu�a'ta 'twv H ITA a't"Y)v Eupw1t"Y) xa� 'to 1 9 5 1 o N'toua�'t AC�EvxaouEp (Dwight Eisenhower) Ey�VE 0 1tpw'toe, avw'ta'toe, ow�x"Y)'t�e, 'tou NATO . MEXp� 'to 1953 u1t�pxav auvoA�xa 4 1 0.000 a'tpa 't�W'tEe, 'twv H ITA a't"Y)v Eupw1t"Y) (a1to 'toue, 01t0[oue, 254 .000 a't"Y) rEp flavta) . IIap ' OAO 1tOU 'to 1tpoypa��a 60�6E�ae, 'tou aXEo[ou MapaaA 'te:p�a'tta't"Y)xE 'to 1 9 5 2 , ot H ITA auvEx�aav va 1tapEXOUv Ev[axua"y) a't�e, ou't�xowpW1ta·�xEe, Xwpe:e, · a1to 'ta oExaE�� o�aExa'to��up�a oOAap�a 1tOU 1tapaaXE6"Y)xav ava�Eaa a'to 1953 xa� a'to 1 9 6 1 , owoExa o�aExa'to��u p�a o06"Y)xav �E �opcp� a'tpa't�w't�x�e, 60�6E�ae, . Ta �EA"Y) 'tou NATO , a'to Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErpOl1H TOr 1¥rXPor 110AEMOr, 1945- 199 1 : 110AITIKH I:ETOPIA

01t0(0 't'0 1952 e:v't'ax6rpCav "t) EAAaoa xat "t) Toupx(a, aV€AabaV 't'"t) U CTfJ.e:UCT"t) yta fJ.ta e:x't'e:'t'afJ.€v"t) 1tpoCT1ta6e:ta e:1tave:�01tAtCTfJ.OU 't'ou<; . To MatO 't'ou 1952 u1toypac:p't'"t)xe: 't'e:AtXa a1to 't'"t) raAA(a, 't'"t) �u't'tx-Y) re:pfJ.av(a, 't'"t)v haA(a xat 't't<; xwpe:<; 't'"t)<; M1te:Ve:AOU� "t) CTuv6-Y)x"t) (OpUCT"t)<; 't'"t)<; Eu pW1ta'ix-y)<; AfJ.uv't'tx-Y)<; Kotvo't'"t)'t'a<; (European Defence Community EDC EAK) , 01tw<; €ytve: YVWCT't'O 't'0 CTX€OtO IIAe:b€v . Ot AfJ.e:ptxavo( €A1tt�aV o't't 6a 't'e:6d CTe: tCTXU 't'0 CTUV't'OfJ.O't'e:po ouva't'o, WCT't'e: va e:1tt't'pa1td "t) e:1taVaCT't'pa't'oAoy"t)CT"t) 't'wv ye:pfJ.avtxwv e:V01tAWV ouvafJ.e:wv . r ta va UAo1tot"t)6d ofJ.w<; "t) EAK, €1tpe:1te: va e:1ttxupw6d a1t ' oAa 't'a fJ.€A"t) 't'"t)<; , X t au't'o CTUV't'OfJ.a a1toodx6"t)xe: 1tOAU OUCTXOAO , tota('t'e:pa CT't'"t) raAA(a. IIoAAo( raAAOt dXav e:1ttc:puAa�e:t<; yta 't'"t) CT't'pa't'E:UCT"t) 't'wv re:pfJ.avwv , axofJ.a xat fJ.€CTa CTe: fJ.(a e:upw1ta'ix-Y) ouvafJ."t) , e:vw 1tOAAO( oe:v €bAE:1taV yta 1tOtO AOYO 6a €1tpE:1te: va xaCTouv Ot yaAAtX€<; €V01tAe:<; ouvafJ.e:t<; 't'"t) CT't'pa 't'tw't'tx-Y) 't'ou<; ave:�ap't'"t)CT(a e:V't'aCTCT0fJ.e:Ve:<; CT't'"t)V EAK . Y1t-Y)PXav e:1t(CT"t)<; aV"t)CTux(e:<; CTxe:'t'txa fJ.e: 't'o a1to't'€Ae:CTfJ.a 1tOU 6a dXe: 0 e:1tave:�01tAtCTfJ.O<; 't'"t)<; �u't'tx-Y)<; r e:pfJ.av(a<; CT't'"t) CTUfJ.1te:ptc:popa 't'wv L.Obte:'t'tXwv . O t PWCTOt av't't't'ax6"t)xav €V't'ova CT't'OV E:1tave:�01tAtCTfJ.O 't'"t)<; �u't'tx-Y)<; r e:pfJ.av(a<; , e:1ttCT"t)fJ.a(voV't'a<; o't't xa't't 't'€'t'OtO 1tapab(a�e: 't'"t) CTufJ.c:pwv(a 't'ou IIo't'CToafJ. 't'ou 1945 . To MatO 't'ou 1952 "t) MOCTXa, fJ.e: 't'"t)v a1tOXaAoufJ.e:v"t) «�taxo(vwCT"t) L.'t'aAtv » , dXe: avave:wCTe:t 't't<; 1tt€CTe:t<; 't'"t)<; yta OtabouAe:u CTe:t<; CTxe:'t'txa fJ.e: fJ.(a CTuv6-Y)x"t) e:tp-Y)v"t)<; yta 't'"t) re:pfJ.av(a . Au't'o 1tapOUCTta CT't'"t)Xe: w<; fJ.ta a1to1te:tpa va a1to't'pa1td "t) u1toypac:p-Y) 't'"t)<; L.uv6-Y)x"t)<; EAK xat "t) �UCT"t) e:fJ.c:pav(cr't'"t)xe: a1toc:paCTtCTfJ.€V"t) va fJ."t)v 1tapaCTup6d CT't'"t)V 1tay( oa. OCT't'OCTO, 0 6ava't'0<; 't'ou IwCT-Y)c:p L.'t'aAtV 't'0 Map't'tO 't'ou 1953 c:pav"t)xe: va o(ve:t fJ.ta xaAu't'e:p"t) e:uxatp(a yta CTUV0fJ.tA(e:<; xat €C:Pe:pe: e:1taVaCT't'aCT"t) CT't'"t) ote:6v-Y) CTX"t)V-Y) . Ot otaooxot 't'ou otx't'a't'opa, U1tO 't'"t)v "t)ye:CT(a 't'ou rxe:opyXt MaA€Vxwc:p , fJ.(A"t)CTav yta 't'"t)v avayx"t) va e:1ttAu60uv Ot otac:pop€<; fJ.e:'t'a�u Ava't'OA-Y)<; xat �UCT"t)<; xat u1t-Y)p�av odYfJ.a't'a U1t0XWP"t)CT"t)<; 't'"t)<; €v't'aCT"t)<; - av fJ."t) 't't aAAo fJ.e: 't'ov 't'e:PfJ.a't'tCTfJ.o 't'ou 1tOA€fJ.OU 't'"t)<; Kop€a<; 't'ov IoUAtO . 'Eva<; a1to au't'ou<; 1tOU e:votac:p€pov't'av tota('t'e:pa yta 't't<; E:Uxatp(e:<; e:x't'o VWCT"t)<; -Y)'t'av 0 OU(VCT't'OV TCTWP't'CTtA, yta aAA"t) fJ.ta c:popa 1tpw6u1toupyo<; 't'"t)<; Bpe:'t'av(a<; , 0 01t0(0<; €ytve: 0 1tpw't'o<; fJ.e:yaAo<; Eupw1ta(o<; 1tOAt't'tXO<; 1tOU U1tOCT't'-Y)Pt�e: 't'"t) xaAapwCT"t) 't'wv e:v't'aCTe:wv fJ.e: 't'"t) PWCT(a . H 6€CT"t) 't'ou U1t€P 't'"t)<; Uc:pe:CT"t)<; fJ.1topd va c:pavd 1tapa�e:v"t) CTe: CTX€CT"t) fJ.e: 't't<; 1tpo"t)you fJ.e:ve:<; e:1ttXp(CTe:t<; 't'ou yta 't'o «CTtO"t)pouv 1tapa1t€'t'aCTfJ.a», aAAa 0 T CTWP 't'CTtA, €xov't'a<; e:1t(YVWCT"t) 't'"t)<; 't'pw't'o't'"t)'t'a<; 't'"t)<; Bpe:'t'av(a<; CTe: 1te:p(1t't'WCT"t) e:1tWe:CT"t) <; , av"t)CTuxoUCTe: yta 't'ov x(vouvo e:vo<; 1tayxoCTfJ.(ou 1tOA€fJ.OU {to(w<; -

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

'l'rxpo� IIOAEMO� KAI nE�H

53

fJ.E'tti 'tY)V 7tE'tuXY)(J.ivy) OOXL(J.-Yj 'tY)e; bO(J.bae; uopoyovou a7tO 'ty)V A(J.EpLX-Yj XaL 'tY) PWO"ta, 'to 1 9 5 2 xaL 'to 1953 av'ttO"'toLxa)- dXE 'tY)v EA7ttoa va XEPOtO"EL 'tY) cp-Yj(J.Y) 'tou ELPy)V07tOLOU, wO"n va 'tY) O"UVOUtiO"EL (J.E au't-Yjv 'tou 1tOAEfJ.LXOU Y)yi'tY) · xaL 7ttO"'tWE, E:7ttO"y)e; , O'tL Y) BpE'taVta fJ.7tOpOUO"E va 7tat �EL iva O"Y)(J.aV'tLxo pol..o we; oLaL'tY)'t-Yje; avti(J.EO"a 0"'tY) MoO"xa xaL O"'tY)V Outi o"LyX'tOV . To Mtiw 'tou 1953 7tpO'tELVE (J.La O"uvtiv'ty)O"Y) fJ.E'ta�u 'twv y)YE 'twv 'tY)e; Ava'toA-Yje; xat 'tY)e; duO"Y)e; xaL 'to 1954 EmOtW�E va opyavwo"Et fJ.La 7tpoO"wmx-Yj 'tou O"uvtiV'tY)O"Y) (J.E 'tov MaAivxwcp . 0 TO"wp'tO"tA, ivae; 1tpWL(J.Oe; u7tip(J.axoe; 'tY)e; UcpEO"Y) e; , U7tOO"'t-YjpL�E O'tL, (J.EO"W O"uvofJ.LALwv (J.E 'toue; xO(J.(J.ouvLO"'tie; xaL (J.E 'ty)v avti7t'tu�Y) E(J.7tOpLXWV O"XEO"EWV (J.a�t 'toue; , 6a -Yj'tav ouva'tov va xa'tappEuO"e:L Y) oAoxAY)pw'tLx-Yj 'toue; oLaxubEpvY)O"Y) : o Aaoe; 'tY)e; LObLe:'ttX-Yje; 'EvwO"Y)e; 6a ibAE7tE O'tL Y) duO"Y) OEV a7to'te:Ad a1tEtA-Yj yL' au'toue; xaL O'tL 6a (J.7topouO"av va 7tpOXU�ouv 7tOAAti oCPEAY) a7to 'ty) O"uve:pyaO"ta . IIoAAot AoyoL O"uV'tiAe:O"av WO"'tE va (J.Y)v WOOXL(J.-YjO"OUV au'tEe; OL 7tPO'ttiO"e:Le; . 0 tOWe; 0 TO"wp'to"LA 7tAY)O"ta�e: 'ta oy06v'ta xaL Y) uyEta 'tou O"UVEXWe; XELpO'tipwe:. OL LObLe:'tLXOt ixavav �Y)(J.Lti O"'tov e:au'to 'toue; fJ.E 'to va O"uv'tpt�ouv, YLa 7taptioe:LY(J.a, (J.La Epya'tLx-Yj e:�Eye:pO"Y) O"'to Ava 'toALxo Be:poAtvO 'tov Iouvw 'tou 1953 . KaL Y) AfJ.e:PLX-Yj, 'tY)e; o7totae; Y) cpLAta �'tav 7ttiV'tO'tE 6E(J.EALwooue; O"Y)(J.aO"tae; YLa 'tov TO"wp'tO"LA, oLivue: axo(J.Y) 'tY) fJ.axap6tx-Yj 'tY)e; 7te:ptooo . 0 AC�e:vXtioue:p , 7tOU dXe: ytVEL 7tpoe:opoe; 'twv HIlA 'tov Iavoutipw 'tou 1953 , e:voLacpip6Y)xe: yta 'tov iAe:yxo 'twv a'to fJ.LXWV 07tAWV , aAAti 0 U7tOupyoe; 'tou 'twv E�W'tEPLXWV T�wv <J>oO"'te:p N'ttiAAEe; (John Foster Dulles) -Yj'tav aOLtiAAax'ta aV'ttO"obLe:'tLXoe; . 0 N'ttiAAe:e; 7ttO"'tWE O'tL Ot P WO"OL Y)yi'te:e; e:m6ufJ.ouO"av 'ty)v ucpe:O"Y) YLa LOW 'tEAEte; A6youe; , YLa va e:opaLw60uv OL tOWL o"'tY)V e:�ouO"ta (J.E'tti 'to 6tiva't0 'tou L'ttiALV -Yj YLa va EVO"7tdpouv 'to oLxaO"(J.o O"'ty) duO"Y) . 0 'tEAw'tatOe; au'toe; XtVOuvoe; ifJ.OLa�E 7tOAU aAY)6tvoe; xa6we; OL rtiAAOt e:mxpL'tEe; 'tY)e; EAK 'twpa U7tOO"'t-YjpL�av O'tL 6a E7tPE:7tE va qxa'taAe:tcp6d 0 E7tavE�o7tAt0"fJ.0e; 'tY)e; r e:p(J.avtae; wO"'te: va (J.7topiO"e:t va Emnux6d Y) UcpEO"Y) . L'tO xti'tw XIX'tW, av 'twpa -Yj'tav ouva't-Yj Y) e:Lp-YjVY) (J.e: 'ty) PWO"ta, 7tOLa Y) avtiyxY) va E1tavE�o7tALO"'td Y) re:p(J.avta; OL O"uvo(J.LAte:e; 'twv du'ttxWV U7toupywv E�W'tEPtXWV fJ.e: 'toue; PwO"oue; iytvav O"'to Be:poAtvO O"'tte; apxie; 'tou 1 9 5 4 , aAAti a7toodX'ty)xe: xat 7ttiAt aouva'ty) Y) 7tpOOOOe; yta fJ.ta O"uv6-YjxY) e:Lp-YjVY)e; YLa 'tY) r Ep(J.aVta . OL Y)yi 'tEe; 'tY)e; duO"Y)e; -Yj'tav a7tocpaO"LO"(J.ivOL va e:v'tti�ouv 'ty) r Ep(J.aVta O"'ty) O"u(J. fJ.axta 'tou e; ' OL LObLE'ttXOt, fJ.E'tti 'ty)v e:�iye:pO"Y) 'tou Be:pOAtvou, 7tpoO"7ta60uO"av va e:VLO"XUO"Ouv 'tY)v XO(J.(J.ouVtO"'tLX-Yj E�ouO"ta O"'tY)v Ava'toALx-Yj Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H EYPOrrH TOY '¥YXPOY rrOAEMOY, 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH IETO PIA

r Ep(J-aVta . AAAYJ (J-ta OLcl.Cn{E�YJ U1tOUPi'WV E�W-'EPLXWV cruv�A6E Ati'OUe; (J-�VEe; api'O-'Epa cr-.YJ r EVEUYJ , o-.av -.Ep(J-a-.tcr-'YJXE 0 a1tOLXLaXOe; 1tOAE(J-Oe; -'YJe; raAAtae; cr-.YJV Ivooxtva. AAAcl. -.on �ecr1tacrE (J-ecra cr-.o NATO (J-La 'lea XptcrYJ , YJ o1tota xa-.ecr-'YJcrE -'Le; 1tEpaL-.epw cruVO(J-LAtEe; (J-E -'YJ Pwcrta aouva-.Ee; : (J-E-'cl. a1to -.ecrcrEpa xpovLa crU�YJ-.�crEWV crXE-.LXcl. (J-E -'0'1 E7ta VE�01tALcr(J-O -'YJe; .:lU-'LX�e; r Ep(J-aVtae; , cr-'Le; 3 0 Aui'0ucr-.ou -'0 i'aAALxo KOLVObOUAW a1teppL�E , nALXcl., -'YJ �uv6�xYJ -'YJe; EAK. 0 N-,cl.AAEe; dXE �oYJ 1tpOELOO1tOL�crEL O-'L (J-ta EVOEXO(J-EVYJ a1to-.uxta -'YJe; EAK 6a 1tpO�E vOUcrE «opa(J-a-'Lx� ava1tpocrap(J- 0i'�» -'YJe; a(J-unLX�e; 1tOAL-'LX�e; -.wv RITA, U1tovowv-.ae; -'YJv U1tOXwPYJcrYJ a1to -'YJv Eupw1tYJ 1ttcrw cr-.o «
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'¥rxpo� rrOAEMO� KAI rE�H

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m8avo oX:Y){J.a Yla 't'"Y) o"Y){J.wupy[a EVOC; EUpw7ta'6wu er't'pa't'lW't'lxOU opya Vler{J.Ou, XpElaer't'"y) XE, wer't'oero, va wp (Edgar Faure) bp€8"Y)xav er't'"Y) rEVEU"y) Yla 't'"Y)V 7tpw't'"Y) eruvav't'"Y)er"Y) xopu
H ETPOrrH TOT '¥rX PO T rrOAEMOr, 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH I�TOPIA

O''t"tXO Xa6EO''t"We; O'E OMXAYJf)"Y) 't"YJ xwpa . E7t0fJ-EVWe; , EVW YJ MoO'Xa E7tt XdpYJO'E va 7tapouO'taO''t"d we; U7tEpfJ-aXOe; 't"YJe; EVO't"YJ't"ae; 't"YJe; r EpfJ-avtae; , YJ �UO'YJ xat mXAt 7tapouO'taO''t"YJXE we; 0 U7tEpaO'7ttO''t"-Y)e; 't"YJe; YEpfJ-aVtX-Y)e; EAw6Eptae; , U7tOO''t"YJPt�oV't"ae; O't"t YJ E7taVEVWO'YJ E7tpE7tE va ytVEt fJ-OVO fJ-E't"a a7tO EAEU6EpEe; 7tavE6VtXEe; EXAOYEe; xat O't"t YJ rEpfJ-avta 6a E7tpE7tE va EXEt 't"YJ ouva't"o't"YJ't"a va E7ttAEYEt fJ-OVYJ 't"YJe; 't"OUe; O'UfJ-fJ-aXOue; 't"YJe; . (Au't"-Y) 7ta pEfJ-EtVE YJ 6EO'YJ 't"WV �u't"tXWV yta 't"YJV E7taVEVWO'YJ 't"YJe; r EpfJ-aVtae; fJ-EXpt 't"0 1 9 89 .) Ot PwO'Ot OEV fJ-7topouO'av va O'UfJ-cpwv-Y)O'ouv fJ-E au't"Ee; 't"te; 7tpO 't"aO'Ete; , acpou -Y)'t"av O'XEOOV bEbato o't"t fJ-ta cptAEAEU6EPYJ OYJfJ-oxpa't" tx-Y) r EpfJ-avta 6a EV't"aO'O'o't"av 0''t"0 NATO . IIap' OAO 7tOU Ot E7tacpEe; Ava't"o A-Y)e;-�UO'YJe; O'UVExtO''t"YJxav xat fJ-E't"a 't"YJ r EVEUYJ . 't"o «7tVEUfJ-a 't"YJe; UCPE O'YJe; » 7tapEfJ-EvE a7tAWe; 7tVEufJ-a. Ot OtabOuAEUO'Ete; 't"wv U7touPYwv E�w 't"EptXWV , apyo't"Epa 't"ov tOto Xpovo , a7tE't"uxav va oOYJY-Y)O'ouv O'E a7t't"a a7to't"EAEO'fJ-a't"a. 0 AV't"EVaOUEp, EX't"oe; a7to fJ-ta E7ttO'XE�-Y) 't"ou O''t"YJ Mo O'Xa 't"0 �E7t't"EfJ-bpto, xa't"a 't"YJv o7tota YJ PwO'ta xat YJ �u't"tx-Y) rEpfJ-avta avayvwptO'av afJ-Otbata 't"YJv u7tap�YJ YJ fJ-ta 't"YJe; aAAYJe;, 7tapEfJ-EvE ba6ta xaxu7t07t't"oe; yta 't"te; 7tp06EO'Ete; 't"wv �ObtE't"tXWV . MExpt 't"a fJ-EO'a 't"YJe; oExaE't"tae; 't"ou 1 9 5 0 0 "'¥uxpoe; IIoAEfJ-oe; dXE E7ttbAYJ6d O''t"YJv Eupw7tYJ we; fJ-ta axafJ-7t't"YJ AoytX-y), YJ o7tota ExavE ouO'xo AYJ 't"YJ yEcpUpWO'YJ 't"wv otacpopwv . H afJ-Otbata ouO'7ttO''t"ta 0''t"0 �-Y)'t"YJfJ-a 't"YJe; r EpfJ-aVtae; dXE oYJfJ- toUPY-Y)O'Et fJ-ta xa't"aO''t"aO'YJ O''t"YJv o7tota Ot 7tpo't"aO'Ete; Etp-Y)VYJe; 't"YJe; xa6E 7tAWpae; OEV dXav xafJ-ta EA7ttOa va ytvouv a7tOOEX't"Ee; a7to 't"YJv aAAYJ . Kat Ot OUO 7tAWpEe; -Y)'t"av a7tocpaO'tO'fJ-EVEe; va EfJ-fJ-dvouv O''t"a XEx't"YJfJ-Eva 't"oue; xat va ota7tpaYfJ-a't"w't"ouv fJ-ovo a7to 6EO'YJ to'xuoe; . AAAa YJ Evo't"YJ't"a 't"ou xa6E O'uvaO'7ttO'fJ-ou baO't�o't"av XuptWe; O''t"YJV EX6pO 't"YJ't"a 7tpOe; 't"ov aAAo xat, o't"av �EXtvOuO'av O'UVOfJ-tAtEe; , EfJ-cpaVt�o't"av YJ 't"aO'YJ va a7tOXaAU7t't"ov't"at Ot OtacpopEe; eV,.6t; 't"wv 060 O'uvaO'7ttO'fJ-wv , 7tpaYfJ-a 7tOU fJ-E 't"YJ O'Etpa 't"ou oUO'XEpatvE 't"YJ O'UVEXtO'YJ 't"ou otaMyou . na 7tapa OEtYfJ-a, 't"a YEyovo't"a yupw a7to 't"YJV a7to't"uxta 't"YJe; tOEae; 't"ou Eupw7ta'i xou �'t"pa't"ou O''t"a xpovta 1 9 5 3 -54 EOEt�aV �Exa6apa fJ-E 7tOWV 't"p07tO YJ fJ-dwO'YJ 't"wv �UXp07tOAEfJ-tXWV EV't"aO'Ewv fJ-7tOPOUO'E va a7tOXaAu�Et 't"te; av't"t6EO'Ete; fJ-EO'a 0''t"0 NATO , YEyovoe; 't"0 07tOtO xa't"o7ttv U7tOV0fJ-WO'E 't"te; E7tacpEe; Ava't"oA-Y)e;-�UO'YJe; . To 1 9 5 6 U7t-Y)P�E fJ-ta aV't"tO''t"OtXYJ 7tEpt7t't"WO'YJ 0''t"0 ava't"oAtXO fJ-7tAOX , o't"av , 7tapaAAYJAa fJ-E 't"YJv 7tOAt't"tX-y) UcpEO'YJe; fJ-E 't"YJ �uO'YJ , 0 XpouO''t"O'wcp axoAou6YJO'E fJ-ta 7tOAt't"tX-y) «a7toO''t"aAtV07totYJO'YJe; » . H xa't"aotxYJ 't"ou �'t"aAtV a7to 't"ov XpouO''t"O'wcp YEVVYJO'E EA7ttOEe; yta pt �oO'7taO''t"tXEe; aAAaYEe; O''t"YJv Ava't"oAtx-y) Eupw7tYJ . Oe; a7to't"EAEO'fJ-a, oYJDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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fJ-toup'Y�6'Y)xe: O'0bap� ava'tapax� O''t'Y)V I1oAWV(a 'YLa OAO 'to XaAOXa(pL, e:VW O''t'Y)V OU'Y'Yap(a 0 'Ip.pe: Na'Yxu (Imre Nagy) Exave: b�fJ-a'ta 1tpo,:; 't'Y) o'Y)fJ-toup'Y(a 1tOAuxop.p.a'tLxou xpa'tou,:; xaL 't'Y)V a1t0XWP'Y)O''Y) 't'Y)':; Xwpa,:; cmo 'to �up.cpwvo 't'Y)':; BapO'ob(a,:; . TE'toLe:,:; XLV�O'e:L':; op.w,:; �'tav U1te:pbO ALxa axpa(e:,:; 'YLa 'to Kpe:P.A(VO, xaL 'to N OEP.bpto 0 Epu6po,:; �'tpa'to,:; O'UVE'tPL�e: ave:AE'Y)'ta 't'Y)V a1t01te:Lpa 't'Y)':; OU'Y'Yap(a,:; 'YLa ave:�ap't'Y)O'(a, p.e: XOO''tO':; XLALaoe:,:; �WE,:; . I1ap ' OAO 1tOU 0 N'taAAe:,:; dXe: O'uxva xave:L AO'YO YLa «a1te:Ae:u6EPWO''Y)>> 'twv xOP.P.OUVLO''tLXWV xpa'twv, �'tav aouva'to va bO'Y)e�O'e:L 'Y) �UO''Y) 'tou,:; O U'Y'Ypou,:; xwpk va 1tpOXaAEO'e:L 'tov App.a'Ye:oow va. Axop.a Xe:Lpo'te:pa, 'Y) xp(cr'Y) au't� O'UVE1te:O'e: p.e: 't'Y)V e:xO''tpa'tda O''tO �OUE�, 't'Y)V a'tux� o'Y)Aao� a1tObaO''Y) 'AY'YAWV xaL raAAwv O''t'Y)V A(yu1t't0, 'Y) o1to(a xa'taoLxaO''t'Y)xe: a1to 't'Y) MOO'Xa w,:; «LfJ-1te:pLaALO''tLxO» e:y xe:(p'Y)fJ-a . H OUY'Yap(a Ae:L'tOUP'Y'Y)O'e: 'YLa p.(a axofJ-'Y) cpopa w,:; 1tpOO'bOA� O''tL':; o'Y)p.oxpa'tLxE,:; e:uaLO'6'Y)O'(e:,:; 't'Y)':; �UO''Y) ':; , XL E'tO'L �e:X(V'Y)O'e: fJ-La mo OUO'XOA'Y) cpaO''Y) 'tOU '¥UXpou I10AEP.OU . I1apa 'ta Ae:yOfJ-e:va YLa «e:LP'Y)VLX� O'UVU1tap�'Y)>> p.e: 't'Y) �UO''Y) , OL oLaoo XOL 'tOU �'taALV 1tO'tE oe:v dXav O'X01tO va e:yxa'taAd�ouv 't'Y)v LOe:oA0'YLX� 1taA'Y) e:vaV'tLa O''tOV xam'taALO'p.O . OL �ObLe:'tLXO( 'Y)'YE'te:,:; yvwpL�av O'tL �'tav aOLavo'Y)'to,:; Eva,:; 1tOAe:P.O':; p.e: 't'Y)V AP.e:PLX� : 'to NATO oe:v dXe: 't'Y) ouva 'to't'Y)'ta va O'uvaywvLO''td 't'Y) O'up.ba'tLx� O''tpa'tLw'tLx� LO'XU 'twv �Obte:'tt xwv O''t'Y)V Eupw1t'Y) AO'YW XOO''tOU':; , aAAa 0 N'taAAe:,:; a1te:(A'Y)O'e: fJ-e: «p.a �txa av't(1totva» p.e: a'tofJ-txa 01tAa O''t'Y)V 1te:p(1t'tWO''Y) 1tOU m �Obte:'ttXO( a1te:tAOUO'av �w'ttxa O'up.cpEpoV'ta 'twv HIlA fJ-EXpt 'to 1955 dXe: 'Y(ve:t 1tAEOV xa'tavo'Y)'to O'tL fJ-La O'U'YXpOUO''Y) p.e: a'tofJ-txa 01tAa O''t'Y)V Eupw1t'Y) 6a xa'tEO''tpe:cpe: OAOXA'Y)pw'ttXa 't'Y)v �1te:tpo . E1t0fJ-EVW':; , 'to Kpe:fJ-A(VO e:m6u fJ-0UO'e: va O'UVe:XtO'e:t 'tov av'taywVtO'p.O xwp(,:; EV01tA'Y) O'UyxpOUO''Y), Xt E'tO't a1to 'ta p.EO'a p.EXpt 'to 'tEAO':; 't'Y)':; oe:xae:'t(a,:; 'tou 1950 0 '¥uXpo,:; I10Ae: fJ-0,:; 1tpOO'EAabe: VEe:,:; OtaO''taO'e:t,:; xat fJ-ta 1tpa'Yp.a'ttxa 1ta'YxoO'p.ta ucp�, xa6w,:; 0 XpOUO''tO'WCP 1tpOO'app.o�o'tav O''tt,:; VEe:,:; O'uv6�xe:,:; xaL cpav'Y)xe: E'tOtfJ-O':; , 'Yta 1tapaoe:t'Yp.a, va O'UfJ-p.ax�O'e:t fJ-e: op.aoe:,:; a1to 'tov avaouop.e:vo «Tp('to KOO'P.O» Ot 01t0(e:,:; aV'ttp.axoV'tav 't'Y)V xam'taAtO''ttX� xat a1tOt xtoxpa'ttx� �UO''Y) . To 1 9 5 7 'Y) PWO'ta acp'Y)O'e: avauo'Y) 't'Y) �UO''Y) p.e: 't'Y)v e:X'tO�e:uO''Y) e:vo,:; Ot'Y)1te:LPW'ttXOU baALO''ttXOU 1tUpaUAOu (ICBM) xat 'tou 1tpw'tou OtaO''t'Y)p.tXOU Oopucpopou , 'tou «�1tOU'tVtx» . AU'tE':; Ot 'te:XVOAOYL XE':; e:m'tux(e:,:; 1tPOO'EOWO'av a�tomO''t[a O''tOU':; LO'XUptO'P.OU,:; 'tou Xpou O''tO'WCP o'tt 'ta xoP.P.OUVtO''ttXa xpa't'Y) 6a P.1t0pOUO'av 'te:AtXa va �e:1te:pa O'0UV 't'Y)v Otxovop.tX� ava1t'tu�'Y) 'twv xam'taAtO''twv . 'EO'b'Y)O'av, e:1t(O''Y)':;, -

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOIIH TOY WYXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

xat Xa6E EA7doa a7tEp.7tAOX-Yj<; 'twv H ITA xat 'tYJ<; LObtE'ttX-Yj<; 'EVWCTYJ<; a7tO 'tYJV KEnptX-Yj EUpW7tYJ Xat, aV'tWE'ta , W6YJCTaV 'tYJV AP.EptX-Yj va Emo06d CT'tYJV EVtCT'X,UCTYJ 'tOU 7tUPYJvtXOU 'tYJ<; 07tAoCT'taCTtou . To CTobapo'tEpo 7tpObAYJp.a 'tou 1Jfu'X,pou IIoAEp.ou CT'tYJV Eupw7tYJ 7ta PEP.EVE YJ r Epp.avta. A7to 'to 1954 Ot LObtE'ttXOt d'X,av aVa7t'tu�Et p.ta ',lEa 7tpo'taCTYJ yta 'tYJV E7ttAUCTYJ 'twv 7tpObAYJp.a'twv 'tYJ<; wpw7ta't'x-Yj<; aCT<pa AEta<; , CTup.
3 To /loY{Joa XcXAAcr'tai\/ -a7to 'to ovo{Joa 'tou E{J o 7tVe:ucr't� 'tou oox'topa BcXA'tEp XcXA Acr'ta'iv (Dr Walter Hallstein), cr'tEVOU cruvEpyh1] 'tou AV'tEvcXouEP- OO�Y1]crE cr't1]V E7ttodvwcr1] 'twv cr'l.f.crEWV {JoE 't1] r tOuyxocrAabta 'to 1 9 5 7 xat {JoE 't1]v Kouba 'to 1 9 63 . Ocr'tocro, Ot crxecrw:, {JoE 't1] �ObtE'ttX� 'Evwcr1] 7tape{JoEtVaV aVE7t1]peacr'tEC; .

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1¥TXPO:E rrOAEMO:E KAI HlE:EH

59

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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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1tOAU(JoEpOUe:; 1tUp'Y)VlX-Yje:; OtJva(Jo'Y)e:; (JoEO'a O''tO NATO . 0 N'tE rXWA EbAE1tE oAa au'ta 'ta O'XEola we:; Evav 'tP01tO va 1tapEl aAA'Y) (Joopcp-Yj 'Y) xuplapx[a 'twv H ITA 1tavw O''t'Y) �U'tlX-Yj Eupw1t 'Y) . MEXpl 'to 1 9 63 0 N'tE rXWA dXE Eopalw6d O''t'Y)v E�ouO'[a we:; 1tpOEOpOe:; 't'Y)e:; raAA[ae:; xal dXE pU6(Jo[O'El 'to mo mEO''tlxo 1tpObA'Y)(Joa, 'tov a1tmXlaXO 1tOAE(JoO O''t'Y)v AA'YEp[a . E1tO(Jo E VWe:; , -Yj'tav E'tOl(Jo Oe:; va axoAou6-YjO'El (Jola mo 1tpOW6'Y)(JoEV'Y) E�W'tEPlX-Yj 1tOAl'tlX-Yj . Tov Iavouapw 'tou 1 9 63 1tpOEbaAE bE'tO O'E (Jola a['t'Y)O''Y) 1tOU ExavE 0 mo mO''toe:; O'u(Jo(Joaxoe:; 't'Y)e:; A(JoEplX-Yje:;, 'Y) BpE'tav[a, va Ev'tax6d cr't'Y)v wpw1ta·ix-Yj Kmv-Yj A'Y0pa xal E1t[cr'Y)e:; U1tE'Ypa�E (Jo[a O'uv6-Yjx'Y) (JoE 't'Y) �U'tlX-Yj r Ep(Joav[a 1tOU acpopoucrE O'uvEp'YaO'[a O'E O''tpa'tlW'tlxa, omAW(Joa 'tlxa xal (Jo0pcpW'tlxa 6E(Joa'ta . Mla 'tE'tma O'u(Jo(Joax[a, (JoE 'tov 1tpOalWVW EX6po 't'Y)e:; raAA[ae:; , a1tEOEl�E 't'Y)v lxavO't'Y)'ta 'tOU N'tE rXWA va 1tpoO'ap (JoO�E'tal O''tle:; VEEe:; O'UV6-YjXEe:; xal, 'tau'toxpova, lO'XUP01tO['Y)O'E 'to POAO 't'Y)e:; raAA[ae:; O''t'Y)v EupW1t'Y) xal O''t'Y) OU'tlX-Yj O'u(Jo(Joax[a. To 1 9 64 -Yjp6E aAAo Eva 1tapaoEl'Y(Joa 1tOU cpavEpwvE 'to pEaAlO'(Joo 'tou cr'tpa't'Y)'You, o'tav, 1tpoe:; oucrapEO'xEla 'tocro 't'Y)e:; A(JoEplX-Yje:; 00'0 xal 't'Y)e:; PwO'[ae:; , a1tOxa'tEO''t'Y)crE omAw(Joa'tlxEe:; O'XEO'Ele:; (JoE 't'Y)v K[va . H P#'Y) 't'Y)e:; K[vae:; (JoE 't'Y) Mocrxa xa6we:; xal aAAEe:; Evod�Ele:; 'Yla XAOVlO'(JoO 'tOU O'OblE'tlXOU EAE'YXOU O''tO X0(Jo(Jo0UVlO''tlXO (Jo1tAOX dxav Ev6appuvEl 't'Y)v 1tOAl'tlX-Yj 'tOU N'tE rXWA 'Yla fJ-E'YaM'tEp'Y) aVE�ap't'Y)O'[a (JoEO'a O''t'Y) OU'tlX-Yj O'u(Jo(Joax[a . �'t'Y)v ava'tOAlX-Yj EupW1t'Y) 'Y) r WU'YxoO'Aab[a dXE a1tO xalpo a1taAAa'Yd a1t ' 't'Y) O'OblE'tlX-Yj Emxuplapx[a xal (JoEXPl 'ta (JoEO'a 't'Y)e:; OExaE't[ae:; 'tou 1 9 60 Xl aAAEe:; XWPEe:; -fJ-E mo xapaX't'Y)plcr'tlX-Yj 1tEp[1t'tWO''Y) 't'Y) Pou(Joav[a- aO'xouO'av (JoE Em'tU x[a fJ-la O'XE'tlxa au'tovo(Jo'Y) E�W'tEPlX-Yj 1tOAl'tlX-Yj . '01twe:; xal (JoE 't'Y)v K[va, o N'tE rXWA 6E(JoEA[wcrE mxovOfJ-lXOUe:; xal 1tOAl'tlO''tlXOUe:; OEO'(JoOUe:; xal fJ-E XWPEe:; 't'Y)e:; Ava'tOAlx-Yje:; EupW1t'Y)e:; . E[XE 't'Y)v EA1t[oa, (Joaxp01tp06EO'(Joa, O'tl 6a xa'tEppEE 0 O'OblE'tlXOe:; EAE'YXOe:; 1taVW 'tOU e:; , Em'tpE1tOV'tae:; 't'Y)v avao'Y)(JowuP'Y[a (Jolae:; xmv-Yje:; 'tau'to't'Y)'tae:; O''t'Y)v EupW1t'Y) «a1tO 'tov A'tAa V'tlXO fJ-EXpl 'ta OupaAla» . �'tle:; 7 Ma·Lou 'tou 1 9 6 6 0 Nn rXWA, O''t'Y)v mo EV'tU1twO'lax-Yj (JoEXPl Exdv'Y) 't'Y) O''tl'Y(Jo-Yj EVEP'YEla 'tOU, 1tA'Y)pOCPOp'Y)O'E 'tov 1tpOEOpO T�ovcrov O'tl 'Y) raAA[a, EVW 1tapE(JoEvE (JoEAOe:; 'tou A'tAaV'tlxou �u(Jo cpwvou , qxa'tEAEl1tE 'to O''tpa'tlw'tlxO O'XEAOe:; 't'Y)e:; cru(Jo(Joax[ae:; . �'to NATO 1tpOXA-Yj6 'Y)XE craAoe:; . O l 'YaAAlxEe:; ouva(JoEle:; Ecpu'Yav a1to 't'Y)v EVla[a ow[x'Y)cr'Y) , m ouva fJ-Ele:; 'tou NATO E'Yxa'tEAEl�av 'to 'YaAAlxo Eoacpoe:; xal 'ta apX'Y)'Yda 't'Y)e:; crufJ-fJ-ax[ae:; E1tpE1tE va (JoE'taxo(Jo[crouv a1to 'to ov'tawE(Jo1tAW O''tle:; BpU�EA AEe:; . Ol olacpwvouV'tEe:; EmO'-Yj(Joavav O'tl, av oAm O'U(Jo1tEplcpEpoV'tav 01twe:; 0 Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 9 45 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH LETOPIA

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pav O'UnO(J.a 't"t<; €1tt1t't"WO'€t<; 't"OU<; O''t"O NATO . �'t"a 't"eA"y) 't"ou 1 9 79 0 Kap't"€p 1tL€O'€ (J.€ €1tt't"UXLa 't"o NATO va ava1t't"u�€t O''t""Y)V 1)1t€tpO (J.ta vea bO(J.6a V€'t"pOVtou . H 60(J.6a au't"1) , 't""Y)e; 01tOLa<; "Y) «xa6a(1)>> paot€vep"(€ta (J.1tOpOUO'€ va O'XO't"WO'€t av6pw1toue; XWPLc; va xa't"aO''t"pecp€t x't"Lpta, 1)'t"av yta 1tOAAOUe; "Y)6txa a1tOXpouO''t"tx1) , aAAa e(J.ota�€ 't"0 toavtxo 01tAO "(ta va XP"Y)O't(J.01tot"Y)6d €vav't"ta O''t"a 't"€6WpaXtO'(J.eva 't"ou �u(J.cpwvou 't""Y)<; BapO'o bLa<; . Acpou Ot "y),,(e't"€<; 't""Y)e; du't"tx1)<; Eupw1t"Y)e; (J.0Ate; xat (J.€'t"a 6Lae; dXav a1too€X't"d aU't"1) 't""Y)V 1tpo't"aO'"y) , 0 Kapnp aAAa�€ yvw(J."Y) xat aVaXaA€O'€ 't""Y)v ava1t't"u�"Y) 't"ou 01tAOU . O t "Y)"(en<; 't""Y)<; r aAALa<; xat 't""Y)<; du't"tx1)<; r€p(J.avLa<; BaA€pU Z tO'Xap v't"' EO''t"aLV (Valery Giscard d'Estaign) xat XeA(J.ou't" �(J.t't" (Helmut Schmidt), ot 01tOLot ota't""y)pouO'av (J.€'t"a�u 't"oue; xaAe<; 1tpOO'W1ttXe<; O'XeO'€t<; , 1)'t"av tOtaLnpa av1)O'uXOt "(ta 't""Y)V a(J.cpt't"aAa v't"€Uo(J.€v"Y) O'U(J.1t€ptcpopa 't"ou Kap't"€p . A1t ' 't""Y) (J.ta (J.€pta, Ot Eupw1tatot 1tpO't"t(J.ouO'av 't""Y)v UCP€O'"Y) , aAAa, a1to 't""Y)v aAA"y) , dXav €1tLO'"Y)<; avayx"Y) xat 't""Y)v 1tpoO''t"aO'La 't"wv RITA xat cp060unav o't"t, av "Y) xa't"aO''t"aO'"y) ecp't"av€ O'€ optaxo O'"Y)(J.do €1ttOdVwO'"y)e; , 0 Kapnp O€V 6a 1)'t"av 1tpO€'t"ot(J.aO'(J.evo<; va cp't"aO'€t O'€ 1tOA€(J.O "(ta va O'WO'€t 't""Y)v Eupw1t"Y) . Au't"ou 't"ou ELOOU<; Ot cp060t, 1tOU 1)'t"av tOtaL't"Epa to'XUPOL O''t""Y) du't"tx1) rEp(J.avLa, xopucpw6"Y)xav o't"av "Y) E��Ll aVe1t't"u�E O''t""Y)V Eupw1t"Y) 't"OU<; veou<; 1tUpauAou<; 88-20, 't""Y)v €1tOx1) 1tOU Ot 1tUP"y)VtXOL 1tUpauAOt (J.eO'ou 6EA"Y)VEXOU<; 't"ou NATO (o"Y)Aao1) 1tUpaUAot (J.E 6EA"Y)vExe<; (J.tXpO't"EPO a1to 't"OU<; Ot"y)1tEtPW't"tXou<;) 1)'t"av 1tAeOV a1tapxatw(J.evot . H 1tOAt't"tX1) 't""Y)<; «xAt(J.axou(J.Ev"Y)<; » a1tav't""Y)O'"Y)<; a1tEtAOU v't"av : Ot �06t€'t"tXOL LO'W<; va 1)'t"av O'E 6eO'"Y) va a1tEtA1)O'OUV 't""Y) du't"tx1) Eupw1t"Y) XWPL<; 't"o NATO va ota6ent xa1tota a�t01ttO''t""Y) a1tav't""Y)O'"Y) . To d€xe(J.6pw 't"ou 1 9 79 't"o NATO E1ttXdp"Y)O'E va E1ttAUO'Et 't"a OtA1)(J. (J.a't"a 't"ou O'XE't"tXa (J.E 't""Y)v UcpEO'"Y) xat 't"a 1tup"Y)vtxa 01tAa (J.€ 't""Y)v uw6e't""Y) O'"Y) (J.ta<; 1tOAt't"tX1)e; «omA1)<; 1topda<; » . H O'u(J.(J.axLa 1)'t"av e't"ot(J."Y) va 1tpOXW(1)O'Et O'E O'UVO(J.tALE<; (J.E 't""Y) PWO'La "(ta (J.EtWO'Et<; 't"wv 1tUp"Y)VtXWV 01tAWV (J.eO'ou 6EA"Y)VEXOU<; ( INF) O''t""Y)V EupW1t"Y) , aAAa, 't"au't"oxpova, 6a €XO'U"(XpOVt�E xat 't""Y) Otx1) 't""Y)<; a(J.uva (J.€ 't""Y)v EtO'a"(w"(1) 1tUpaUAWv «Kpou�» (Cruise) . Ot Kpou�, (J.€ 't""Y)V toto't""Y)'t"a 't"ou<; va (J."Y)V aVtXVEuov't"at a1to 't"a O'06tE't"tXa pav't"ap , 6Ew(1)6"Y)xav w<; EUO''t"OX"Y) a1tav't""Y)O'"Y) O''t"OU<; 8820 xat LO'we; u1tOxpewvav 't""Y) MoO'xa va 1tp06d O'E OUO'taO''t"tXe<; 1tapaxw (1)O'Ete; . A(J.eO'w<; (J.E't"a WO''t"OO'O, 1)p6E "Y) EtO'60A1) O''t"O Acp,,(aVtO''t"av, 1tOU 0"Y) fJ.WUp'Y"YJO'E Xt aAAa 1tp06A1)(J.a't"a O''t""Y)V UCPEO'"Y) xat O''t"t<; O'xeO'Et<; RITA Eu-

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOIIH TOY 'l'YXPOY IIOAEMOr, 1945-1991: IIOAITIKH I:l:TOPIA

pW7tY) � . IIoAAOt Eupwmxtot �-.a.V Ota.-.e6et!J.EVot va. 6ewp�crouv -'Y)v -.ocro !J.a.XPtV� a.U-'� cr06te-.tx� em'X,dpY)crY) w� a.!J.UV-.tX� evEpyeta., crU!J.cpWVY) !J.e -'0 Lloy!J.a. M7tpf�vtecp . 0 Ztcrxap V-.' E cr-.a.tv , !J.aAtcr-.a., 7t�ye va. crUva. v-.�cret -.OV M7tpE�Vtecp -'0 Maw -.ou 1 980, yta. va. !J.e-.ptacret -'Y)v a.tcr6Y)crY) -'Y)� xptcrY)� . 0 tOW� 0 M 7tpE�Vtecp !J.aAAov d'X,e -'Y)v eA7ttoa. o-.t -'0 Acpya. vtcr-.av 6a. �-.a.v !J.ta. yp�yopY) , em-.u'X,�� em'X,dpY)crY) , 07tW� -'Y)� Tcre'X,o crA06a.xta.� -'0 1 9 68, Y) 07tOta. oev 6a. e7tEcpepe !J.a.xpo'X,pOVta. 6Aa6Y) cr-.y) ote6v� 6Ecry) -'Y)� Pwcrta.� . �-'Y)v A!J.eptx� o!J.w� , oy)!J.wupy�6Y)xe EV-.OVy) a.vY)cru'X,ta. a.7t ' a.u-.o -'0 yeyovo� , a.7tO -'Y)v 7tpw-'Y) OY)Aa.O� 7tpow6Y)crY) -.ou Epu6pou �-.pa.-.ou 7tEpa. a.7tO -.a. eoacpY) 7tOU et'X,e xa.-.a.x-.�cret cr-.o Lleu-.e po IIa.yxocr!J.w II oAe!J.o xa.t Y) 07tota. !J.7topoucre va. excppa�et xa.t xa7tota. a.7tetA� 7tpO� -.ov �oY) -.a.pa.Y!J.EVO IIepcrtxo KOA7tO . 0 Kap-.ep 7ta.pa.OE 'X,-.Y)xe a.vot'X,-.a 7tW� Y) 7tpoy)you!J.evY) e!J.mcr-.ocruvY) 7tOU EOet�e cr-.y) Pwcrta. d'X,e a.7tooet'X,nt Aa60� xa.t Ot emXpt-'E� -'Y)� ucpecrY)� E!J.ota.�a.V va. Otxa.tW vona.L Ka.6w� Ot �06te-.txot eVe7tAaxY)cra.v cr' EVa. !J.a.xpo'X,povw a.ywva. !J.e -.ou� Acpya.vou� a.nap-.e� , 7ta.po!J.ow a.7tO xa7tote� 7tAWPE� !J.e -'Y)V e!J.7tAOX� -'Y)� A!J.eptx�� cr-.o Bte-.va!J., 0 Kapnp ap'X,tcre va. uw6e-.d a.v-.t7totva. eva.ntov -'Y)� Mocr'X,a.� , a.AAa 'X,wpk va. crU!J.60UAW-.d 7tA�PW� -.ou� cru!J.!J.a'X,ou� -.ou cr-.o NATO . H mo yvwcr-.� -.ou evEpyeta., -'0 !J.7to·t·xo-.a� -.wv OAu!J.ma.xwv a.ywvwv -'Y)� Mocr'X,a.� -'0 1 9 80, !J.tXp� !J.ovo U7tocr-.� pt�Y) 6p�xe ex-.o� A!J.eptx�� . Ocr-.ocro, a.v Ot Eupw7ta.tot e�opytcr-.Y)xa.v !J.e -.ov Kap-.ep, cr-.OU� 7teptcr cro-.epou� oev apecre ou-.e Xt a.u-.o� 7tOU -.ov Ota.OE'X,-,y)xe !J.e-.a -.t� eXAoYE� -.ou N oe!J.6ptou 1 9 80. 0 pova.An PEY)yXa.V , !J.e -.t� 'X,ov-'pOxo!J.!J.Eve� Y)6tXOAoytXE� em6Ecret� -.ou 7tpO� -'Y) pwcrtX� «a.u-.oxpa.-.opta. -.ou xa.xou» , !J. e -'Y)v 7tp06u!J.ta. -.ou va. 7tpo'X,wpd cr e cr-.pa.-.tw-.tX� opacrY) (07tW� cr-.Y)v etcr60A� cr-.y) rpevaoa., cr-.Y)v Ka.pa.·t6tx� , -'0 1983) xa.t !J.e -'Y)v npacr-.ta. a.u�Y)crY) 7tOU Ecpepe cr-.t� cr-.pa.-.tW-.tXE� oa.7tave� (7tOU cruvE6a.Aa.V cr-.o va. 6u6tcr-.d Y) A!J.eptx� cr-.a. 'X,PEy)) , cpa.tvo-.a.v va. 7tpo�evd a.vY)cru'X,ta. cre 7tOA AOU� Eupw7ta.tou � . �uv-,o!J.a. a.VEXU�a.V Ota.cpwvte� !J.e-.a.�u -.ou PEY)yXa.V xa.t, tota.t-.epa., -.ou XEA!J.OU-. �!J.t-. cr'X,e-.txa !J.e -'0 6E!J.a. -'Y)� o�uvo!J.evY)� XPtcrY)� cr-.Y)v IIoAwvta., 07tOU, xa.-.a -'Y) otapxeta. -.ou 1 9 80 , d'X,e �ecr7tacret !J.ta. cretpa a.7tO a.7tepyte� 7tOU 7tUpooo-.�6Y)xa.v a.7tO -'Y)v avooo -.wv -.t!J.wv xa.t a.7tO -.t� eAAd�et� cr-.a. -.pocpt!J.a. . Ot a.7tepyte� d'X,a.v 7tpocrAa6et cry) !J.a.v-.tX� 7tOAt-.tX� otacr-.a.crY) o-.a.v ot epya-.e� cr'X,Y)!J.a-.Y)cra.v EVa. eAeu6e po epya.-.tXO cruvotxa-.o , -'Y)V «AAAY)AqyUY)>> , xa.t -'0 1 9 8 1 cpa.tvo-.a.v o-.t 6a. 'X,peta�ov-.a.v -.a. cr06te-.txa -.a.vx� yta. va. a.7toxa.-.a.cr-.�crouv -'Y)v -.a�Y) . Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

'¥rxpo� nOAEMO� KAI nE�H

77

H e:7tEfJ-baO"Y) a1toep€u'X,6y)x€ xa6we; , 't"ov OX't"WbpW , Y) IIoAwvia bP-YjX€ 't"0 OtXO 't"Y)e; O"'t"pa't"tw't"tXO Y)yE't"Y) , 't"0 O"'t"pa't"Y)yo BOt't"O"€x napOU�EAo"Xt, 0 o1toioe; €1tEbaA€ O"'t"pa't"tw't"tXO VOfJ-O . AAAa au't"-Yj Y) o"XAY)p-Yj €VEpy€ta xa 't"aOtXaO"'t"Y)X€ a1tO 't"OV PEy)yxav, 0 o1toioe; a1tai't"Y)O"€ va AY)ep60uv fJ-E't"pa we; av't"i1tmva €vav't"iov 't"ou ava't"OAtXOU fJ-1tAOX , a1tdAY)O"€ va otaxoljJ€t xa6€ O"uvofJ-tAia fJ-€ 't"Y) M oO"'X,a xat �-Yj't"Y)O"€ va O"'t"afJ-a't"-YjO"ouv Ot �u't"txoi va boY)60uv O"'t"Y)v xa't"aO"xw-Yj 't"ou aywyou 1t€'t"p€Aaiou-epuO"tXOU a€piou a1to 't"Y) I:Obt€'t"tX-Yj I:tbY)pia fJ-E'X,pt 't"Y)v Eupw1tY) . Oe; 1tpOe; au't"o, Ot �u't"txoy€P fJ-avoi xat aAAOt Eupw1taim a1taV't"y)O"av o't"t Y) IIoAwvia 6a 1tPE1t€t va aep€6d va aV't"tfJ- €'t"w1tiO"€t fJ-ovY) 't"Y)e; 't"a €O"w't"€ptxa 't"Y)e; 1tPObA-YjfJ-a't"a . O t �u't"txowpw1taim O€V d'X,av xafJ-ia €m6ufJ-ia v a otaxoljJouv 't"oue; ava1t't"uO" O"ofJ-€VOUe; OtXOVOfJ-tXOUe; 't"oue; O€O"fJ-oue; fJ-€ 't"o ava't"OAtXO fJ-1tAOX , oun xat o I:fJ-t't" -Yj6€A€ va xa't"aO"'t"paepd Y) o"'X,Eo"Y) 1tOU 'X,'t"iO"'t"Y)x€ a1to 't"ov M1tpav't" xat 't"ov iow fJ-€ 't"Y)v Ava't"oAtx-Yj r€pfJ-avia . Ex 't"wv UO"'t"EPWV , Y) 1tOAt't"tX-Yj 1tOU axoAou6Y)0"€ 0 PEY)yxav fJ-1topd va a1t0't"tfJ-y)6d we; 6€'t"tx-Yj . IIpoO"Eep€P€ O"'t"Y)V AfJ-€ptx-Yj fJ-ta aVaV€wfJ-EvY) €fJ-m O"'t"oO"uvy) xat O"tyoupta fJ-€'t"a a1to OUO o€xa€'t"i€e; 1tPObAy)fJ-a't"WV, m O"'t"pa 't"tW't"tXEe; 't"ou €VEpy€t€e; -Yj't"av 1t€PWptO"fJ-EVY)e; xAifJ-axae; xat 0"'t"0 't"EAOe; epavY)x€ E't"mfJ-Oe; va €fJ-1tAaxd O"€ O"uvofJ-tAi€e; fJ-€ 't"Y) MoO"'X,a . 0 «VEOe; » 'If u'X,poe; II oA€fJ-oe; 't"Y)e; 1t€ptooou 1 9 79 -85 O€V d'X,€ 1tOA€fJ-tXEe; xpiO"€te; avaAOYYJe; O"obapo't"Y)'t"ae; fJ-' €xdvY) 't"ou B€POAivou 't"ou 1948 -Yj 't"Y)e; Kou bae; 't"ou 1 9 6 2 , m o1toi€e; E6€O"av 't"te; U1t€pouvafJ-€te; a1tw6dae; 't"Y) fJ-ta aV't"t fJ-E't"W1tY) fJ-€ 't"Y)v aAAY) . 0 av't"txofJ-fJ-OUVtO"fJ-Oe; 't"ou PEY)yxav bp-YjX€ U1tO O"'t"-YjPt�Y) O"'t"Y)v Eupw1ty) a1to 't"Y) Mapyxap€'t" 8a't"0"€p xat, fJ-€'t"a 't"0 1982, a1to 't"o VEO �u't"txoy€pfJ-avo xaYX€AapW , 't"ov XEAfJ-OU't" KOA ( Helmut Kohl). Em1tAEOV , 0 VEoe; 'Ifu'X,poe; IIoA€fJ-oe; O€V aVEO"'t"€tA€ OA€e; 't"te; e:7ta epEe; Ava't"oA-Yje;-�UO"Y)e; . Ka't"a 't"Y)v 1t€piooo 1 9 8 1 -83 O"uv-YjA6€ 0"'t"Y) Maopi 't"Y) axofJ-Y) fJ-ia �taO"x€ljJY) yta 't"Y)v AO"epaA€ta xat 't"Y) I:uv€pyaO"ia O"'t"Y)v Eupw1ty) (LlA:EE), yta va O"uv€'X,iO"€t 't"te; otaotxaO"i€e; 1tOU �€xivY)O"av O"'t"o EAO"ivxt. IIoM Aiya EytVaV 0"'t"Y) vEa au't"-Yj O"uvaV't"Y)O"Y) , 1tEpa a1to aAAy) Aoxa't"Y)yopi€e; O"'X,€'t"txa fJ-€ 't"o 1tma 1tAWpa d'X,€ 1tapabtaO"€t 1t€ptO"O"o't"€PO 't"Y)v T€AtX-Yj IIpa�Y) 't"ou 1 9 75 · aAAa 't"o y€"(ovoe; xat fJ-ovov o't"t Y) otaO"x€ljJy) O"UVE'X,tO"€ 't"te; €pyaO"i€e; 't"Y)e; xpa't"Y)O"€ �wv't"av-Yj 't"Y)v €A1tioa yta mo xap1to epop€e; O"uvofJ-tAi€e; 0"'t"0 fJ-EAAOV . A1tEO€t�€, aX0fJ-Y) , 1tWe; -Yj't"av ouva't"ov, O"'t"a 't"EAY) 't"ou 1 9 8 1 , va �€Xtv-YjO"ouv m O"uvofJ-tAi€e; yta 't"oue; 1tUpaUAOUe; fJ-EO"OU b€AY)V€XOUe; (INF) , 't"te; o1toi€e; €moiwx€ 't"0 NATO : 0 PEY)yxav -Yj't"av €xd Voe; 1tOU 1t-YjP€ 0"' au't"Ee; 't"Y)v mo €v't"u1twO"tax-Yj 1tPW't"obouAia, fJ-€ fJ-ia 1tpODigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErPClllH TOr 1¥rXPor llOAEMor, 1945- 1 99 1 : llOAITIKH IETOPIA

'taO'y) va xa'taO''tpacpouv OAOL OL afJ-e:p�xav�xot xa� o� O'ob�e:'t�XOt 7tUpaUAO� fJ-EO'OU be:AY)Ve:XOUe:; O''ty)v EupW7tY) - 'ty)v a7tOXaAoufJ-e:vy) «fJ-Y)oe:v�xYj e:m AoyYj » . IIapcX 'to O't� Y) O'ufJ-cpwvta SALT II oe:v e:mxupwElY)xe:, wO''toO'o xa� OL ouo U7te:pouvcXfJ-e:�e:; O'UfJ-fJ-opcpwElY)xav fJ-e: 'toue:; opoue:; 'tY)e:; O'uvElYjxY)e:; (x� e:�axoAouElY)O'av va xcXvouv 'to tOW fJ-EXP� 'to 1986), e:vw O''ta fJ-EO'a 'tou 1 9 82 �e:XtvY)O'e: Evae:; VEOe:; yupoe:; o�abouAe:uO'e:WV y�a 'ta O''tpa'tY)y�xa 07tAa, OL O'uVOfJ-�Ate:e:; START, xa� OL 07tOte:e:; dXav we:; O''toxo 0X� a7tAwe:; va ElEO'ouv op�a O''ta O''tpa'ty)y�xcX 07tAa, aAAcX va 'ta fJ-e:�wO'ouv . Av 0 PEY)yxav a7tooe:tX'ty)xe: 7tpcXYfJ-a't� e:mEle:'t�xoe:; xa'tcX 'ty) o�cXpxe:�a 'tY)e:; 7tpw'tY)e:; 7tpoe:op�xYje:; 'tou ElY)'tdae:; , 'to tOW e:mEle:'t�xYj, to'we:; xa� 7te:p�O' O'o'te:po, a7toodX'tY)xe: xa� Y) MoO'xa, o� ye:paO'fJ-EvOL Y)YE'te:e:; 'tY)e:; o7totae:; e:fJ-cpavtO''tY)xav aVtxavo� va avaAcXbouv 07tOLaoYj7t0'te: Ele:'t�xYj 7tPW'tObOU Ata . 0 M7tPE�V�e:cp 7tEElave: 'to NOEfJ-bpW 'tou 1982, 0 o�cXooxoe:; 'tou, 0 rtOUp� AV'tpo7twcp, E�Y)O'e: Atyo 7te:p�O'O'O'tE:pO a7to Eva Xpovo, e:vw xa� 0 KwvO''ta V'ttV TO'e:pV�EVXO E:7tE�Y)O'e: fJ-OA�e:; fJ-EXP� 'to 1 9 85 . H e:�W'tE:p�xYj 7tOA�'t�XYj y�a OAY) au'tYj 'ty)v 7te:ptOOO 7tapEfJ-e:�ve: O''ta XEp�a 'tou 7taAatfJ-axou U7tOUP you E�w'te:p�xwv , 'tou AV'tPE� rxpofJ-uxo, 7tOU xa'tE:txe: 'to a�twfJ-a au'to a7to 'to 1 9 5 7 xa� U7toO''tYjp��e: fJ-�a O'xAY)PYj ypafJ-fJ-Yj 7tpoe:; 'ty)v OucXO'�yx'tov . �'t�e:; apXEe:; 'tY)e:; oe:xae:'ttae:; 'tou 1 9 80 Y) MoO'xa apvYjElY)xe: va 7tapaoe:X'td o't� o� VEOL 'tY)e:; 7tUpaUAO� SS-20 aVE'tpe:7taV 'ty) O''tpa't�w't�xYj �O'oppo7tta O''tY)v Eupw7tY), mO''te:uov'tae:; to'we:; o't� o� EV'tOVe:e:; aV'tmupY)v�xEe:; o�aoY)AwO'e:�e:; O''ty) du't�xYj Eupw7ty) Ela a7tE'tpe:7taV 'ty)v e:yxa'tcXO''taO'y) O''ty)v Yj7te:�po VEWV afJ-e:p�xav�xwv 07tAWV . 'O'tav cXPx�O'e:, 7tap ' oAa au'tcX, Y) aVcX7t'tu�Y) 'twv 7tUpaUAWv Kpou� 'to 1 9 83 , o� �Ob�e:'t�XOt a7toxwpY)O'av a7to 't�e:; O'uv0fJ-� Ate:e:; 'toO'o y�a 'toue:; 7tUpauAoue:; fJ-EO'oU be:AY)Ve:XOUe:; (INF) 00'0 xa� a7t ' au'tEe:; y�a 'tY) fJ-dwO'Y) 'twv O''tpa'tY)y�xwv 07tAWV (START), x� E'tO'� 'to 1984 OL e:v'tcXO'e:�e:; EfJ-O�a�av Xe:�po'te:pe:e:; a7to 7tO'tE. O� xwpe:e:; 'tou ava'toA�xoU fJ-7tAOX apvYjElY)xav va Aabouv fJ-EpOe:; O''toue:; OAUfJ-maxoue:; aywve:e:; 'tou Aoe:; AV't�e: Ae:e:; , 0 'Ep�X Xove:xe:p ( Erich Honecker), 0 Y)YE'tY)e:; 'tY)e:; Ava'toA�xYje:; r e:pfJ-avtae:; , axupwO'e: fJ-ta e:7ttO'xe:�Yj 'tou O''tY) du't�xYj re:pfJ-avta, x� e:m7tAEOV, 0 PEY)yxav e:7tave:�e:AEyY) 7tpoe:opoe:; 'twv H Il A . Y7tYjPXav wO''toO'o xa� odYfJ-a'ta fJ-�ae:; O'uve:X��ofJ-e:vY)e:; e:mElufJ-tae:; y�a ucpe:O'Y) axofJ-Y) xa� O''ty)v Ava'toA�xYj Eupw7ty) . H Ava'toA�xYj re:pfJ-avta xa� Y) Ouyyapta, y�a 7ta pcXoe:�YfJ-a, e:�EcppaO'av xaElapcX 'tY)v e:mElufJ-ta va ava7t'tu�ouv OLXOVOfJ-�xoue:; oe:O'fJ-oue:; fJ-e: 'tY) du't�xYj Eupw7tY) xa� ouO'cpopY)O'av y�a 'ty)v 7tOA�'t�XYj 'tou Kpe:fJ-AtVOU , e:vw Y) PoufJ-avta EO'7taO'e: 'ty)v 7tapcX'ta�Y) x� EO''te:�Ae: fJ-ta OAU fJ-maxYj aElAY)'t�xYj ofJ-cXoa O''tY)v AfJ-e:p�xYj . Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

'¥YXPOl: rrOAEMOl: KAI nEl:H

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To McXp'no 'tou 1 9 85 cruvib'Y)crav 060 cr'Y)!J.av'ttxie; aAAayie; cr't'Y) crobt€ 'ttxij 7tAWpcX, 7tOU boijO'Y)crav va !J.€'tptacr'td 'Y) €V'tlI7tWcr'Y) €VOe; axa'tcX7tau cr'tou aywva !J.€'ta�u Ava'toAije; xat �ucr'Y)e; . IIpw'tov, acpou O€V xa'tcXcp€p€ va a7to'tpi�€t 't'Y)v cXcpt�'Y) 'twv Kpou�, 'Y) Mocr'X,a €7tavijAO€ cr'tte; cruVO!J.tAt€e; yta 'toue; 7tUpaUAOUe; !J.icrou b€A'Y)V€XOUe; (INF) . �€u't€POV , xat cr'Y)!J.av'ttXO 't€PO, ijpO€ 'Y) aVcXo€t�'Y) 'tou Mt'X,aijA rxop!J.7ta'tcrwcp cr't'Y) crobt€'ttXij 'Y)Y€ crta. '07tWe; xat 0 Xpoucr'tcrwcp 'tptcXv'ta 'X,povta vwpt't€pa, 0 rxop!J.7ta'tcrwcp �'tav iva cr'X,€'ttXcX !J.tXpije; 'Y)Atxtae; ouva!J.txo cX'to!J.o , 7tOU cruv06a�€ a7to cpacrtcr'ttxo't'Y)'ta yta !J.€'tappuO!J.tcr€te; !J.icra cr't'Y) �Obt€'ttXij 'Evwcr'Y) , !J.a�t !J.€ 't'Y)V €mOu!J.ta yta uCP€cr'Y) cr'to ot€Ovie; €7tt7t€oo . Av'tto€'ta o!J.we; a7to 'tov Xpoucr'tcrwcp , 0 rxoP!J.7ta'tcrwcp d'X,€ ava'tpacpd !J.€'tcX 't'Y)V €7tavcXcr'tacr'Y) 'tou 19 1 7 , Xt i'tcrt O€V 'tov a7tacr'X,oAoucr€ xat 'tocro 0 tOEOAoytXOe; pt�ocr7tacr'tt cr!J.oe; , €VW €votacp€p0'tav 7t€ptcrcrO't"EPO yta 't'Y)v 7tpocr'tacrta xat 't'Y)v tcr'X,u p07tot'Y)cr'Y) 't'Y)e; E��Ll 7t apcX yta !J.ta opacr'tijpta 7tOAt'ttXij cr'tov Tpt'to Kocr!J.o . O t €vipy€tie; 'tou !J.icra cr't'Y) Pwcrta 7tpOe; 't'Y)v xa't€uOuvcr'Y) 't'Y)e; «otacpcXv€tae; » (YXAcXcrvocr't), xaOwe; cruvOo€u't'Y)xav a7to mo €A€UO€p€e; €xAoyie; xat a7to 't'Y)v a7t€AwOipwcr'Y) 'twv aV't"tcppovouv'twv (avcX!J.€cra cr' aU'toue; xat 'tou Za'X,cXpwcp 'to 1 9 8 6 ) , €v'tu7twcrtacrav 't'Y) ou'ttxij XOtvij yvw!J.'Y) . 0 rxoP!J.7ta'tcrwcp 't"EAtXcX a7tood'X,'t'Y)x€ 7tpoOu!J.oe; o'X,t !J.ovo va xa'taotxcXcr€t 'tov �'tcXAtV yta 'tte; cpuAaXtcr€te; xat 'tte; €x't"EAicr€te; vO!J.o'ta ywv P wcrwv cr't'Y) o€xa€'tta 'tou 1930, aAAcX axo!J.'Y) xat va 7tapao€'X,'td 7tWe; 0 �'tcXAt\I d'X,€ !J.ucr'ttXcX !J.OtpcXcr€t 't'Y)v Ava'toAtxij Eupw7t'Y) !J.€ 'tov Xt'tA€P 'to 1 93 9 . 0 vioe; 'Y)yi't'Y)e; 7t€ptOptcr€ 't'Y) crobt€'ttXij avcX!J.€t�'Y) cr'tte; cruyxpoucr€te; 'tou Tpt'tou Kocr!J.ou xat axo!J.'Y) a7ticrup€ 'tov EpuOpo �'tpa 'to a7to 'to Acpyavtcr'tcXv cr'tte; ap'X,ie; 'tou 1 9 89 , acpijvov'tae; 'to €xd XO!J. !J.OUVtcr'ttXO xaO€cr'twe; va 'ta bYcXA€t 7tipa !J.ovo 'tou . �'tte; cr'X,icr€te; 'tou !J.€ 't'Y)v O UcXcrtyx'tov , 0 rxoP!J.7ta'tcrwcp cruv'to!J.a a7tood'X,'t'Y) x€ o€�w'ti'X,v'Y)e; cr'tte; o'Y) !J.ocrt€e; cr'X,icr€te; , UwO€'twv'tae; !J.ta a!J.€ ptxavtxou cr'ttA 7tpO€Optxij €txova xat avaxotvwvov'tae; €v'tu7twcrtaxie; !J.ovo!J.€pde; 7tapa'X,wpijcr€te; , 07tWe; iva !J.opa'topwu!J. cr'tte; 7tup'Y)vtxie; OOXt !J.ie; . Micra cr€ Atya 'X,povta !J.€ptXOt 7tapa't'Y)p'Y) 'tie; cXp'X,tcrav va bAi7touv cr'tte; !J.€'tappuO!J.tcr€te; 'tou 'to Opta!J.bo 'tou xam'taAtcr!J.0u cr€ bcXpoe; 'tou xO!J.!J.ou Vtcr!J.ou, xaOwe; 'Y) E��Ll cpatvo'tav va u wO€'td ou'ttxie; !J.€OOOoue; . r ta cXAAOUe; o!J.we; , 'Y) 7tOAt'ttXij au'tij 'tou rxoP!J.7ta'tcrwcp a7to't€Aoucr€ !J.ta €moi�ta a7to7t€tpa va a7tox'tijcr€t 't'Y)V 7tPW'tobouAta cr'tO ot€Ovie; €7tt7t€OO, va Oicr€t 'tiAOe; cr'to !J.€,(cXAO €�07tAtcr'ttXO 7tpoypa!J.!J.a 'tou Pi'Y)yxav xat va €m'tpi�€t cr't'Y)V E��Ll va €xcruy'X,povtcr'td xat va tcr'X,upo7tot'Y)Od yta va Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

80

H ErPOIIH Tor '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1945- 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945- 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH I1:TOPIA

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6pou �'tpa'tou Eyxa'tEAEt�aV 'to AcpyavtO''tcXv, 't"Y) MoyyoA1a xat 't"Y)v Ouyyap1a. Ev'tou'tote; , "Y) O'u'(f)'t"Y)O'"Y) yta (J-ta v1x"Y) 't"Y)e; LluO'"Y)e; O''tov "'If uXpo IIoAE(J-o OEV O'UVE:7tayo'tav O'tt 'ta 1tpObA�(J-a'ta 't"Y)e; LluO'"Y)e; (J-1topouO'av va Au60uv EUxoAa. H rEp(J-av1a 1tpcXy(J-a'tt E1taVEvw6"Y)XE (J-E E:7tt'tuX1a 'to 1990 we; (J-EAOe; 'tou NATO · 'to �u(J-cpwvo 't"Y) e; BapO'ob1ae; OEV a1to'tEAoUO'E 1tta a1tEtA� · (J-EXpt 'to 'tEAOe; 'tou 1990 Ot O'ObtE'ttXEe; OUVcX(J-Ete; dXav Eyxa'ta Ad�Et OA"Y) 't"Y)v Ava'toAtX� Eupw1t"Y) EX'tOe; a1to 't"Y) r Ep(J-av1a xat 't"Y)v IIoAwv1a · 'to N OE(J-bplO U1toypcXcp't"Y) XE 0''t0 IIap10't (J-1a O'u(J-cpwv1a 1tOU EAcX't'tWVE opaO''ttxcX 'tte; O'u(J-ba'ttXEe; O''tpa'ttw'ttXEe; OUVcX(J-Ete; O''t"Y)v Eupw1t"Y) . xat 'to 199 1 'to �u(J-cpwvo 't"Y)e; BapO'obiae; , 1tapcXAA"Y)Aa (J-E 't"Y)v Ko (J-EXOV , ouO'taO''ttxcX otaAu6"y) xE. AAAcX 1tOlO �'tav 'to (J-EAAOV 'tou NATO -1tOU avax"Y)puX't"Y)XE a1to 'toue; "Y)YE'tEe; 'tou we; «"Y) 1tt0 E1tt'tUX"Y)(J-EV"Y) a(J-u V'ttX� O'u(J-(J-ax1a O''t"Y)v IO''top1a»- o'tav 0 XUplOe; aV'ti1taAOe; 'tou E1ta�E va U1tcXPXEt, o'tav 'ta (J-EA"Y) 'tou 1tpoO'1ta60uO'av va E�apyupwO'ouv 'to a1toxa AOU(J-EVO «(J-EptO'(J-a 't"Y)e; Etp�V"Y)e;» (J-E 't"Y)v 1tEPtX01t� 'twv a(J-uV'ttXWV oa1ta vwv, Xt E1tt1tAEOV o'tav OptO'(J-EVOt (xat a1to 'tte; 060 1tAWpEe; 'tou A'tAav'tt xou) cXpXtO'av va a(J-cptO'b"Y)'tOUV 't"Y)v avcXYx"Y) 1tapa(J-ov�e; 'twv OUVcX(J-EWV 'twv RITA O''t"Y)v Eupw1t"Y) ; �'t"Y)v A(J-EPtX�, 1tOU 1tAEOV E(J-EtVE "Y) (J-ovaotx� U1tEP ouva(J-"Y) , 1tUpooO't�6"Y)XE (J-ta EV'tOV"Y) aAAcX O'UyXEXU(J-EV"Y) O'u��'t"Y)O'"Y) O'XE'tt xcx (J-E 'to VEO POAO 't"Y)e; Xwpae; , EVW O''t"Y)v Eupw1t"Y) EXcppcXO''t"Y)xav EA1tioEe; o'tt "Y) Eupw1ta·t"x� Kotvo't"Y ) 'ta 6a avaAcX(J-bavE 'twpa Evav "Y)yE'ttXO POAO yta 't"Y)v aO'cpcXAEta 't"Y)e; 1tEplOx� e; . 0 x1vouvoe; 1tUp"Y)VtXOU 1tOAE(J-OU cpatvo 't"av va EXEt (J-Etw6d xa'tcX 1tOAU, xat 'tov IOUAlO 'tou 199 1 U1toypcXcp't"Y)XE (J-1a �u(J-cpwvia IIEplOptO'(J-ou 'twv �'tpa't"Y)ytXWV '01tAWV (START) (J-E'ta�u 't""Y)e; A(J-EptX�e; xat 't"Y)e; E��d, "Y) o1toia E6E'tE vEa opta O''toue; 1tUpaUAOue; (J-EYcXAOU bEA"Y)VEXOUe; . 'O(J-we; o'tav, 0''t0 'tEAOe; 'tou Xpovou, "Y) �ObtE'ttX� 'EvwO'"Y) otaM6"Y) xE, u1t�p�av av"Y) O'Ux1Ee; yta 't"Y)v 'tUX"y) 'tou 1tUp"Y)VtXOU 't"Y)e; o1tAoO''taO'iou, EVW EtOtXcX "Y) PwO'tX� O (J-oO'1tovoia ota't"y) pouO'E axo(J-"Y) Evav 1tEAWplO apt6(J-o 01tAwv . H O'uvEpyaO'ia �ObtE'ttXWV xat LluO'"Y)e; cXV'tE�E O''t"Y)v xpiO'"Y) O''to KOUbEt't 'tou 1 9 9 0-9 1 , 1tOU xopUCPW6"Y)XE o'tav Evae; O'uvaO'1ttO'(J-oe; U1tO 't"Y)v xa60o�y"Y)0'"Y) 'twv RITA a1tW6"Y)O'E 'tte; tpaXtVEe; OUVcX(J-Ete; E�W a1to 'to 1tAOUO'lO O'E 1tE'tpEAalO xpa'tiolO 'tou IIEpO'txOU KOA1tOU, aAAcX O''ta (J-EO'a 'tou 199 1 aVExu�av O'obapcX 1tpObA�(J-a'ta xa6we; cXPXtO'E "Y) OtcXAUO'"y) 't"Y)e; r lOuyxoO'Aabiae; . Ka'tcX 'ta E1to(J-Eva xpovta o at(J-a't"Y) poe; E(J-cpUAlOe; 1tOAE(J-Oe; , toiwe; 0''t"Y) BoO'vta, bP�XE 'tov ORE , 't"Y)v Eupw1ta·t"x� 'EvwO'"Y) xat 'to NATO O'E a(J-"y)xavia yta 'to 1tWe; va OtaXEtDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ETPOrrH TOT '¥TXPOT rrOAEMOT. 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH IETOPIA

ptCT'tOU\I CXU'tO 'to 1tpObAYl(J.CX 1t0U OYl(J.wupy-Y)6YlXE CT'tO XEV'tpO 'tYle; Eupw1tYle; , E\lW 1tCXpE(J.E\lE 1tIiV'tcx m6cx\l-Y) (J.tCX XptCTYl CT'tte; CTXECTEte; HIlA -P WCTtCXe; " E\I 'tW (J.E'tCX�U, Yl �AEE, E\lCX CTYl(J.CX\l'ttXO cpopou(J. ytCX CTU\lEPYCXCTtCX (J.E'tCX�U " 'tW\I WPW1tcxt"XW\I xpcx'tW\I, EtXE CTXE06\1 �EXCXCT'tEt, xcx6we; at 1tpwYl\l oopu cpopat 'tW\I �ObtE'ttXW\I EmOtWXCX\l 'tYl\l E\I'tCX�-Y) 'tOUe; CT'tYl\l Eupw1tcx"tx-Y) 'E\lWCTYl XCXt CT'tO NATO " H otE6\1-Y)e; xcx'taCT'tcxCTYl EtXE (J.E'tCXbAYl6Et 'to 1 9 89 XCXt 'tO 1990 1tEpCX CX1t0 xa6E 1tpObAE�Yl XCXt 1t0U6E\la 1tEPtCTCTO'tEpO CX1t' OCTO CT'tYl\l Eupw1tYl " 'O(J.we; Ot YlYE'tEe; 'tYle; A\lCX'tOA-y)e; XCXt 'tYle; LlUCTYle; EtXCX\l bPE6Et E\I'tEAWe; CX1tPOE'tOt(J.CXCT'tOt yt' cxu'to 'to yqO\lOe; , E\lW 'to 'tEAOe; 'tou "'If uXpou IIoAE(J.ou CT-Y)(J.CX\lE E1ttCTYle; XCXt 'to 'tEAOe; 'tW\I 1tCXACXtO'tEPW\I bEbCXW 't-Y)'tW\I CTXE'ttXa (J.E 'tte; otE6\1Ete; OO(J.Ee; CT'tYl\l Eupw1tYl , 'tYl CTU\lOX-Y) 'tW\I CTU(J.(J.CXXtW\I XCXt 'tcx CT'tcx6Epa CTYl(J.EtCX cx\lcxcpopae; CTE 1tEptOOOUe; XptCTEW\I " T cx 1tpObA-Y)(J.CX'tCX 'tW\I CXpXW\I 'tYle; OEXCXE'ttCXe; 'tou 1990 EOEt�CX\l o'tt EXEt\lOt 1t0U XAYlPO\lO(J.YlCTCX\l OCTCX acpYlCTE 1ttCTW 'tou 0 "'Ifuxpoe; IIoAE(J.oe; OE\I (J.1t0pOUCTCX\l \lCX 1tPOCTOOXOU\I CT' E\lCX (J.EAAO\l CPW'tEt\lO'tEpO -Y) CX1tAOUCT'tEPO CX1t0 'to (J.EAAO\l EXEt\lW\I 1t0U CXV'ttXPtCTCX\l 'tte; CTU(J.cpOpEe; 1t0U acpYlCTE 0 Xt'tAEP 'tECTCTEptCT-Y) (J.tCTt OEXCXE'ttEe; \lWPt'tEpCX"

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

KEAAAIO �ErTEPO : H �rTIKOErpO ilAr KH ENOTHTA

H TENNHEH TOY IL1ANIKOY, 1945-1950 To LoavLxo 'H)e; wpw7ta"t'x�e; EV07tOt"y)er"y)e; U7t�PXE 7tOAU 7tpLV .. 0 1 9 4 5 , apXLxa , 07tWe; !J-7topd v a u7toer""y)pLx6d, er .."Y) !J-EeraLwvLx� LUa .."Y) e; XpL er.. LavoeruV"y)e; · 7tOAL..LXOt cpLAoerocpoL 07tWe; 0 Zav-Zax Pouererw xaL 0 T�e pE!J-U M7tev6a!J- dxav E7tLVO�erEL erxeoLa YLa wpw7ta'�x� eruvEpyaerta . AAAa "Y) wpw7ta'�x� 7tOAL"LX� 7tpaY!J-a"Lxo.."Y) .. a !J-expL .. ov ELxoer.. o aLwva xapa X""Y)pL�o .. av a7to OLXOVOLEe; xaL oLa!J-aXEe; , 7tOU xopucpw6"Y)xav er .. oue; OUO , ""I ' '0 " ""I ""I '""I aU .. OL" OL 7tOI\E!J-0L erUV .. EI\E7tayxoer!J-LOUe; 7tOI\E!J-0Ue; . 7tWe; ELvaL WI\OYO, erav erE 7toM !J-EyaAo ba6!J-o er.."Y) yevv"Y)er"Y) .. ou LoavLxou .."Y)e; Evo.."Y) .. ae; . To 19 1 8 cpLAEAEU6EpOL oLE6vLer.. ee; 7tpo.. ELvav ""Y)v topuer"Y) .."Y)e; KOLVWVtae; ..wv E6vwv, EVoe; cpopou!J- er .. o 07tOtO 6a E7tLMov ..av OL oLacpopee; !J-E ELp"Y)vLxa !J-eera erE o!XOUfJ-€vtX� XAt!J-axa, aAAa ELoLxa ""Y)v wpw7ta'�x� Evo.."Y) .. a ""Y)v ELer"Y)y�6"Y)xav E7tter"y)e; xaL a .. o!J-a 07tWe; 0 Auer .. ptaxOe; XO!J-"Y)e; Kouvnvxo bE-KaAepyt (Coudenhove-Kalergi) . � ..a xpovta 1 929-3 0 "0 LOaVtXO au.. o !J-7t�XE, E7tL .. eAOUe; , er .."Y)v 7tOAL"LX� "y)!J-Ep�erLa oLa.. a�"Y) we; !J-ta erobap� 7tpO ..aer"Y) o ..av 0 r aAAOe; U7tOupyoe; E�W"EPLXWV ApLer.. tv.. M7tpLaV (Aristide Briand) ELer"Y)y�6"Y)xE ""Y)V evwer"Y) .."Y)e; Eupw7t"Y)e;, wer.. E, 7tpw.. ov, va cp ..a erEL ""Y)V au�avo!J-Ev"Y) OtXOVO!J-LX� ouva!J-"Y) .. wv H ITA xat, OEU .. EpOV , va EAEy6d "Y) 7tOAL"LX� ouva!J-"Y) .."Y)e; r Ep!J-aVtae; !J-eera er .."Y)v Eupw7t"Y) . duer.. u xwe; , .. 0 erxeoLO .. ou M7tptav 7toM yp�yopa E7tLerXLaer,,"y)xE a7to .. te; E7tL7t .. werELe; .."Y)e; OLXOVO!J-LX�e; xpter"Y)e; xaL ""Y)V avooo .. ou !J-aX"y) .. LxoU E6vLXL er!J-ou er .."Y) OExaE..ta .. ou 1 9 3 0 . o dEU .. EpOe; I1ayxoer!J-LOe; 7tOAE!J-Oe; ecpEpE er .. o 7tpOerX�VLO Xa7tOLEe; 7tpO ..aerELe; YLa Evo,,"y) .. a, OL 07tOtEe; 7tpoepxov..av a7to a7tpoer!J-Eva avo!J-OLEe; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

86

H ErporrH Tor '¥rxpor rroAEMor, 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH IETOPIA

7t"Y)yEe; . 0 Xt'tAEP E7tLOtW�E va o"Y)p.WUpy�O'E� p.ta «'lEa 'ta.�"Y)) O''t"Y)v Eu PW7t"Y) xa� va 7tapouO'�a.O'E� 't"Y)V E�O'60A� 'tou O''t"Y) PWO'ta we; p.�a O'uYXpo V"Y) O''taupocpopta xa'ta. 'tou P.7tOAO'E6�x�O'p.ou. Tov Iouvw 'tou 1940 "y) BPE 'tavta 7tpO'tE�VE p.�a «ao�a.pp"Y)x't"Y) EVWO'"y)) O''t"Y) raAAta, O'E p.�a 'tEAEU'tata a7tEA7tLO'p.EV"Y) a7t07tE�pa va xpa't�O'E� 't"Y) OEU'tEP"y) O''tov 7tOAEP.O . Av't�O''ta O'�axEe; op.a.OEe; O''t"Y)v �7tE�pO O'uxva. Exavav O'XEo�a y�a p.�a EUpW7ta'�'x� oop.� 7tOU Oa �'tav O'E OEO'"y) va a7to'tpE�E� Evav a.AAO 7tOAEP.O, xa� xa.7tmEe; p.a.A�O''ta �'tav E'tO�p.Ee; va o"Y)p.wupy�O'ouv p.ta 7tOA�'t�X� op.oO'7tovota P.E 'ta�u 'toue; . :E'to Aovotvo, EX7tp0O'W7tm 'twv E�Op�O''twv XU6EPV�O'EWV 'tou B EAytOU , 't"Y)e; OAAaVOtae; xa� 't"Y)e; Nop6"Y)ytae; dxav 't"Y)V EA7ttOa O't� "Y) B pE'taVta Oa "Y)y"Y)Od O'E Eva p.E'ta7tOAEp.�XO O'uO''t"Y)p.a O'up.p.axtae; xaL 7tOAAOt BpE'taVOt a�Lwp.a'touxoL xa� U7toupYOt Ecp'taO'av va 7tLO''tEUOUV 7tWe; Evae; OU't�XoEUpW7ta'�xoe; O'uvaO'7tLO'p.oe; Oa p.7t0POUO'E 'toO'o va EAEYXE� 't"Y) r Epp.aVta O''tO P.EAAOV 00'0 xa� va EV�O'XUO'E� 't"Y) OEO'"y) 't"Y)e; BpE'taVtae; O''tov xOO'p.o a7tEvaV't� O''t"Y)V AP.EP�X� xa� O''t"Y) PwO'ta. O� BpE'taVOt, 07tWe; xa� o Tpuyx6E A� (Trygve Lie), U7tOupyoe; E�W'tEP�XWV 't"Y)e; Nop6"Y)ytae; (7tOU O'uvEAa6E 't"Y)v �OEa EVOe; «a'tAaV't�xOU» ap.uV't�xou O'uO''t�p.a'toe;), apx�xa. av't�Aap.6a.vov'tav 't"Y)v EVWO'"y) XUptWe; P.E opoue; p.�ae; O''tpa't�w't�x�e; O'up. p.axtae; · p.a xa.7tow� a.AAO�, 07tWe; 0 ITwA-Avpt :E7ta.ax (Paul-He nri Spaak) , �'tav 7tpoO'ava'toA�O'p.EVO� O''t"Y)V o�XOVOP.LX� O'uvEpyaO'ta . To :EE7t'tEp.6pw 'tou 1 9 44 o� "Y)yE'tEe; 'tou BEAytOu , 't"Y)e; OAAaVOtae; xa� 'tou AOU�EP.60upyou avaxotvwO'av 't"Y)v 7tpOOEO'� 'toue; va O'uyxpo't�O'ouv 't"Y)v 'tEAwvE�ax� EVWO'"y) 't"Y)e; M7tEVEAou� . :E'to p.E'ta�u, o� EAEUOEPO� ra.AAO� 'tou :EapA V'tE rXWA E7ttO'"Y)e; a7tE6AE7taV O''t"Y)v EUpW7ta'�x� O'uvEpyaO'ta . O � a��wp.a'touxo� 'tou x�v�p.a'toe; Evo�acpEpov'tav E�O�Xa. y�a 't�e; ouva'to't"Y)'tEe; 't"Y)e; o�xovop.�x�e; EUpW7ta'�x�e; Evo't"y)'tae; , 7tOU Oa p.7t0POUO'E va O'UP.6a.AE� O''t"Y) p.E'ta7tOAEp.�X� avmxo06p."Y)O'"Y) 't"Y)e; raAAtae; , xaOwe; E7ttO'"Y)e; xa� O''tov EAEYXO 't"Y)e; r Epp.aVtae; p.EO'a O'E Eva EUpW7ta'�xo 7tAatO'w. ITapa. 't�e; 7tPO'ta.O'ELe; au'tEe; , 0 xOO'p.oe; 'to 1945 cpa�vo'tav va E7tLO''tPECPE� O'E 7taAa�o'tEpOUe; 'tpo7tOUe; O'XE�"Y)e; . O� p.Eya.AEe; OUVa.p.E�e; , "Y) AP.EP�X� , "Y) BpE'taVta xa� "Y) PWO'ta, xup�apxouO'av O''t"Y)v E�P"Y)VEU't�X� o�ao�xaO'ta, EVW m EA7ttOEe; y�a 7tayxoO'p.�a E�p�V"Y) O''t"Y)pt�ov'tav O''tov O�XOUP.EV�XO ORE . H BpE'taVta xa� "Y) raAAta, o� ouo XWpEe; 7tOU OEwpouv'tav a7tapat't"Y)'tEe; y�a 't"Y)v EUpW7ta'�x� O'uvEpyaO'ta, Cp�AOv�xouO'av y�a 'ta O'UP.cpEpOV'ta. 'toue; O''t"Y) MEO'"Y) Ava'toA� xa� y�a 'toue; opoue; E�p�V"Y)e; 7tOU Oa E7tE6aAAav O''t"Y) r Epp.aVta · E'tO'�, "Y) O''tpa't�w't�x� O'up.p.axta BpE'taVtae;-raAAtae; OEV O'U v�cpO"Y) 7tP�V a7to 'to Ma.p'tw 'tou 1947 . Axop.a xa� "Y) a7tA� EVWO'"y) 't"Y)e; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H �YTIKOEypnrrAlKH ENOTHTA

M7tE:Ve:AOU� iytve: oe:x-.� fJ-e: erxE:1t-.txterfJ-0 a7to o'Y)fJ-oeriou� U7taAA�AOU� -.ou B e:Ayiou xat oe:v e:cpapfJ-oer-''Y)xe: iva e:vtaio -.e:Awve:taXo eruer-''Y)fJ-a a7to -.a -.pia -''Y)� fJ-iA'Y) 7tptv a7to -'0',1 Iavouapw -.ou 1 9 4 8 . H eruv6�x'Y) yta -''Y) o'Y) fJ-wupyia fJ-ta� 7tA�pOU� OtXOVOfJ-tX�� ivwer'Y)� -''Y)� M7te:Ve:AOU� oe:v opter-.t x07tot�6'Y)xe: 7tapa fJ-ovo oixa xpovta apyo-.e:pa . To 1945 Ot 'Y)yi-.e:� -''Y)� �u-.tX�� Eupw7t'Y)� �-.av 7tOAU oter-.ax-.txoi er-.o va 7tpow6�erouv -''Y)v 7tOAt-.tX� -''Y)� eruve:pyaeria� , e:�at-.ia� -.ou CPObOU o-.t xa-.t -.i-.ow 6a 7tpO �e:vouere: -''Y) ouerapierxe:ta -''Y)� Pweria� , 7tOU ierw� va -'0 6e:wpouere: w� fJ-ta erufJ-fJ-axia e:vaniov -''Y)� , � -''Y)� AfJ-e:ptx�� , 7tOU �-.av ani6e:-.'Y) ere: ercpaipe:� e:mppo�� xat ere: xAe:ter-.ou� e:fJ-7tOptXOU� eruvaermerfJ-ou� . M ovo fJ-e:-.a -.a -.iA'Y) -.ou 1 9 4 6 , acpou e:v fJ-ipe:t e:v6appuv6'Y)xe: xat a7to fJ-ia ofJ-tAia -.ou Terwp-.ertA er-.'Y) Zupix'Y) , 'Y) u7toer-.�pt�'Y) er-.'Y)v e:upw7ta·tx� e:vo-''Y)-.a apxtere: 7tpaYfJ-a-.txa va xe:poi�e:t ioacpo� . Au-.o eruvib'Y) yta 7tOA AOU� AOyoU� . Ot mo cpave:poi �-.av 0 xAOVterfJ-O� -.wv afJ-e:ptXaVoerObte:-.t xwv erxiere:wv xat 'Y) aouvafJ-ia -.ou OHE va ota-''Y)p�ere:t -''Y)v e:tP�v'Y) . O t Eupw7taiOt dXav -' 0 CPObO o-.t 6 a erUnptbOUv a7to -.t� e:v-.aere:t� -.ou Wu Xpou IIoAifJ-ou xat opterfJ-ivOt iAm�av o-.t, fJ-ierw fJ-e:yaAu-.e:p'Y)� e:vo-''Y)-.a� , 6a fJ-7topouerav va erX'Y)fJ-a-.ierouv fJ-ia «-.pi-.'Y) ouvafJ-'Y) >> , 7tOU 6a eruvayw vt�o-.av -''Y)v AfJ-e:ptx� xat -''Y) Pweria . To :Ee:7t-.ifJ-bpw -.ou 1 9 4 7 , 0 U7tOUP yo� E�w-.e:ptXWV -''Y)� Bpe:-.avia� 'Epve:er-. M7tibtv xat 0 7tpw6u7toupyo� -''Y)� raAAia� IIwA PafJ-anti (Paul R amadier) eru��-''Y)erav -'0 e:voe:xo fJ-e:vo va e:vo7tOt�erouv -.t� a7tOtxtaxi� -.ou� x-.�ere:t� , e:vw xat eroertaAter-.i� 7tOAt-.txoi, erUfJ-7te:ptAafJ-bavofJ-ivou xat -.ou Bpe:-.avou 7tpw6u7toupyou, -.ou KAifJ-e:n ih-'A'Y) 1 (Clement Attlee), iAm�av va 7tpoerowerouv er-.'Y)v «-.pi -''Y) ouvafJ-'Y)>> xat fJ-ia tOe:OAoytX� otaer-.aer'Y) : a7tivav-.t er-.ov afJ-e:ptxavtxo xam-.aAterfJ-0 xat er-.o erObte:-.tXO XOfJ-fJ-ouvterfJ-o , 'Y) Eupw7t'Y) 6a �-.av 0 u7tipfJ-axo� -.ou o'Y)fJ-oxpa-.txou erOertaAterfJ-0u, eruvoua�ona� cptAe:Ae:u6e:pa 7tOAt-.tXa otxatwfJ-a-.a fJ-e: pt�oer7taer-.txi� XOtvwvtxi� fJ-e:-.appu6fJ-iere:t� . IIoAAoi avifJ-e:vav o-.t 'Y) e:upw7ta·tx� OtxovofJ-tX� OAoxA�pwer'Y) 6a cpipe:t -.e:paer-.ta OcpiA'Y) , xa6w� 'Y) eruer-.aer'Y) fJ-ta� e:x-.e:-.afJ-iv'Y) � , e:vtaia� �wv'Y)� e:fJ-7topiou (avaAoY'Y)� fJ-e: au-.�v 7tOU U7t�PXe: er-.'Y)v AfJ-e:ptx�) 6a E:1ti-.pe:7te: bWfJ-'Y)xaVtx� 7tapaywy� fJ-e:yaAU-.e:p'Y)� xAifJ-axa� xat fJ-e:yaAunp'Y) a7tooo -.txo-''Y)-.a .

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88

H ErporrH Tor '¥rxpor rroAEMor. 1 9 4 5 - 199 1 : rrOAITIKH I�TOPIA

O L LUe:� ,LCX fJ-LCX 'tPt'tY) OUVCXfJ-Y) CX7toodX'tY)xcxv CXV€CPLX'te:� , 'touAfxXLa'tOV b PCXXu7tpo6e:afJ-cx . H EupW7ty) �'tCXV U7te:PbOALXfx 'taCXXLafJ-€VY) CX7tO 'tOV 7tOAe:fJ-O, U7te:pbOALXfx CX7to6cxppY)fJ-€VY) ae: �UXOAO,LXO E:7tt7te:OO XCXL U7te:pbO ALXfx xcx'te:a'tpcxfJ-fJ-€Vy) UALXfx ,LCX VCX auvcx,wvLa'td 'ty)V AfJ-e:pLX� � 'tY) PwatCX a'to XOV't'LVO fJ-€AAOV . OL 7tpO'tfxae:L� , e:�fxAAOU , vcx cxv'tAY)6ouv 7tOpOL CX7tO 'tL� CX7tOLXte:� 'tWV xwPWV 'tY)� �U'tLX�� EupW7tY)� oe:v e:tXCXV XCXfJ-tCX m6cxvo'tY)'tCX UA07tOtY)aY)� . Y 7t�PXCXV 'tWpCX 7tA€OV ae: e:�€AL�Y) m€ae:L� ,LCX CX7tOCX7tOLXL07tOty)ay) XCXL, e:v 7tfxaY) 7te:pm'twae:L, Y) OLXOVOfJ-LX� e:XfJ-e:'tfxAAe:U aY) 'tWV CX7tOLXLWV 6cx CX7tCXL'touae: fJ-tCX 'te:pfxa'tLCX OCX7tfxvY) Xe:CPCXACXtWV, 'tY)V 07tOtCX m6cxvov Y) EupW7ty) oe:v �'tCXV ae: 6€aY) vcx XPy)fJ-CX'toOO't�ae:L E�fxA AOU , fJ-LCX aoaLCXAOy)fJ-OXpCX'tLX� 'tphY) OUVCXfJ-Y) CX7toodX6Y)xe: CXV€CPLX'tY) , XCX6w� , 7tpO� ,e:VLX� €X7tAY)�Y) , 'tCX xpLa'tLCXVOOy)fJ-OXPCX'tLXfx XOfJ-fJ-CX'tCX e:fJ-cpCX vta'ty)xcxv w� Y) e:mxpcx't€a'te:py) 7tOAL'tLX� OUVCXfJ-Y) a'tY) �U'tLX� EupW7tY) fJ-e:'tfx 'to 1945 . To 6e:fJ-e:ALwoe:� 7tPObAY)fJ-CX fJ-e: 'ty)v 'tPt'ty) ouvcxfJ-Y) , wa'toao, �'tcxv O'tL OL �UXp07tOAe:fJ-LX€� e:V't'fxae:L� €,LVCXV 'to 1 9 4 7 U7te:pbOALXfx me: a'tLX€� , fJ-e: CX7tO't€Ae:afJ-cx vcx fJ-Y)v fJ-7topd Y) Eupw7tY) VCX 'tL� CX7tOCPU,e:L To 1 9 4 6 Xfx7tOLOL 7tta'te:ucxv cxxofJ-Y) 7tW� Y) e:vo'tY)'tcx OA6XAY)PY)� 'tY)� Eupw7tY)� , AVCX'tOALX�� XCXL �U'tLX�� , taw� �'tcxv ouvcx'tov vcx e:m'te:ux6e:L M€acx a'tou� e:7tofJ-e:vou� fJ-�ve:� Xfx'tL 't€'tOLO cx7toodX6Y)xe: cxu'tcx7tfx'ty) . AV'tt vcx e:moLw�e:L vcx auvcx,wvLa'td 'ty) OUVCXfJ-Y) 'tY)� AfJ-e:pLX�� , Y) �U'tLX� Eupw7tY) auV't'ofJ-cx a'tpfxcpY)xe: 7tpO� 'ty)v OufxaL,x'tov ,LCX 7tpoa'tcxatcx CX7tO 'ty) :Eo bLe:'tLX� 'EvwaY) . Au'to, b€bCXLCX, oe:v a�fJ-CXLve: O'tL Y) e:vo'tY)'tcx e:,xcx'tcxAd cp6Y)xe: e:�CXL'ttCX� 'twv AfJ-e:pLXCXVWV , OL 07tOtOL �'tcxv xfx6e: fxAAO 7tcxpfx cxV't't6e:'toL 7tpO� 'tY)v e:upw7tcx'ix� OLXOVOfJ-LX� e:vo7toty)ay) , xcx6w� fxpXLacxv vcx 'tY)v CXV'tLfJ-e:'tW7ttZ:ouv w� 'to fJ-OVO 'tp07tO ,LCX vcx oy)fJ-LOup,y)6d €VCX� a'tcx6e:po� cPpcx,fJ-o� a'tY)v xOfJ-fJ-ouvLa'tLx� e:7t€x'tcxay) . IIcxpcx06�w� , �'tcxv fJ-LCX CXfJ-e:pL XCXVLX� 7tpo'tcxay) , 'to ax€OLO MfxpacxA, 7tOU ouaLcxa'tLxfx �e:xtvY)ae: 'tL� OLCX oLXCXate:� 7tpO� 'ty)v e:upw7tcx'ix� OAoxA�pwaY) 'to XCXAOXCXtpL 'tou 1 9 4 7 , 7tCXP ' OAO 7tOU, 'ty)v tOLCX a'tL,fJ-�, €xcxve: aXAY)po'te:pY) 'tY) OLCXtpe:aY) 'ty)� Y)7tdpou fJ-e:'tcx�u AVCX'tOA�� XCXL �uaY)� . Tcx fJ-€AY) 'tou Ko,xp€aou 'twv H IlA 6e:w pY)acxv 7tW� Y) OLXOVOfJ-LX� e:vo7toty)ay) , xcx6w� 6cx oOy),ouae: ae: fJ-e:,CXAU'te: PY) CX7tOOO'tLXO'tY)'tCX, 6cx CX7to'te:Aouae: e:" uy)ay) O'tL Y) bo�6e:Lcx 'tou axe:otou MfxpacxA oe:v 6cx 7t�,CXLVe: xcxfJ-€vy) , XCXL fJ-fxALa'tCX cx7tcxhY)acxv CX7t't€� e:vod �e:L� O'tL 6cx 7tpow6d'to Y) 7tAY)p€a't'e:py) auve:p,cxatcx XCXL OAoxA�pwaY) 7tpLV aUfJ-cpwv�aouv vcx e:yxptvouv 'tL� ocx7tfxve:� ,LCX 'tY) bo�6e:Lcx 'tou axe:otou MfxpacxA. To 1949 7tOAAfx ou'tLxoe:upw7tcx'ixfx xpfx'tY) cxxoAou6Y)acxv 'tL� H Il A a'ty) Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H �rTIKoEYPorrAIKH ENOTHTA

89

CTUVCXtjJY) 'ty)� CTufLfLCXXtCX� 'tou NATO XCXL U7tY)P�cxv fLEpLXOt Exdvo 'tov XCXtpO 7tOU 7ttCT'tEtjJCXV o'tt CT
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H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945- 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH IETOPIA

O"y) fJ-wup'Y"y)erav 'tov 0p'YaVterfJ-0 Eupw7tai'x�e; OtXOVOfJ-tX�e; LUVEp'Yaertae; (OEEC-OEO�) 'Yta va E7t07t'tEUEt 'to 7tpo'YpafJ-fJ-a 't"Y)e; bO�ee:t(Xe; MaperaA, Ot AfJ-EptXaVOt EVOXA�e"Y)xav , OtO'tt �'tav €va OtaXUbEpv"Y)'ttXO erWfJ-a 7tOU AEt'tOUP'YouerE er't"Y) baer"Y) 't"Y)e; OfJ-o
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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H t.YTIKOErPOIIAIKH ENOTHTA

95

H !L1PYJ;H THJ; EYPDIIAiKHJ; KOINOTHTAJ;, 1950-1957 TY)v avot�Y) 'tou 1950, Y) BpE'taVta 1tapEfJ-EVE 'to 1tt0 to"Xupo Xp(i'toe; 'tY)e; Eupw1tY)e; . H 6EO"Y) 'tY)e; Ita OtaXUbEpvY)'ttXYj wpw1ta·t"xYj O"uvEp,aO"ta fJ-EO"a O"E Eva WpU'tEPO a'tAav'ttXO 1tAatO"to EfJ-ota�E va EXEt U1tEptO"XUO"Et Evav'tt 'twv O"XEOtWV Ita 1tt0 O"'tEVYj fJ-opcpYj O"uvEp,aO"tae; . E1tt1tAEOV , Y) afJ-Otbata av'tmaAO'tY)'ta fJ-E'ta�u 'tY)e; raAAtae; xat 'tY)e; r EpfJ-aVtae; Yj'tav 't00"0 EV'tO VY) , WO"'tE, xa'ta XOtvYj 1tapaooxYj , fJ-OVO Y) BpE'taVta 6a fJ-1tOPOUO"E va EVEP ,YjO"Et we; afJ-EpoAY)1t't0e; fJ-EO"oAabY)'tYje; txavoe; va 'tte; O"UfJ-btbaO"EL T O'tE wO"'toO"o , Ot raAAOt EcpEpav E1tavaO"'taO"y) O"'tte; E�EAt�Ete; fJ-E 'to «O"'X.€Oto �oufJ-av » , 1tOU XOtV01tOtYj6y)XE a1to 'tov U1tOUP,O E�W'tEPtXwv O"'tte; 8 Ma"tou . To O"XEOto �oufJ-av baO"t�o'tav O"E tOEEe; 1tOU XUXAOcpopouO"av E1tt xatpo , aAAa xa'taO"'tpw6Y)XE AE1t'tOfJ-Epwe; a1to 'tov Zav MO\l\lE (Jean Monnet) , E1ttXEcpaAYje; 'tou 1tpo,pafJ-fJ-a'toe; EXO"U,XPOVtO"fJ-0u 'tY)e; ,aAAt xYje; otxovofJ-tae; . To baO"tXO O"XEOto 1tPOEbAE1tE 'tY) oy)fJ-toup,ta fJ-tae; Avw 'ta'ty)e; ApxYje; 1tOU 6a EAqXE 'tte; btofJ-y)xaVtEe; av6paxa xat xaAuba 'tY)e; raAAtae; , 'tY)e; r EpfJ-aVtae; xat xa6E aAAY)e; xwpae; 1tOU 6a Yj6EAE va O"UfJ- fJ-E'taO"XEL �X01tOe; 'tou O"XEOtOU Yj'tav va E1tt'tUXEt Y) raAAta otacpopoue; a\l'ttXEtfJ-EVtXOUe; O"'t0xoue; 'tY)e; O"E O"XEo"Y) fJ-E 'ty) rEPfJ-aVta. �UVEvwvov'tae; 'toue; OUO 1tt0 O"Y)fJ-av'ttXOUe; xAaoOUe; baptae; btofJ-y)xavtae; O"E fJ-ta O"u,Xpovy) otxovofJ-ta, 'to O"XEOto �oufJ-av 6a xa6tO"'touO"E aotavoY)'to 'tov 1tOAEfJ-O fJ-E 'ta�u 'twv 060 xwpwv xat 6a Ev6appuvE 'tY)V 1tPOO"E" tO"y) fJ-E'ta�u 'toue; . Au'to fJ-E 'tY) o"Etpa 'tou 6a E" uo'tav 'tY) O"UVEXYj 'tpoqlO06'ty)O"Y) 'tY)e; ,aA AtXYje; xaAuboUp,tae; 0"'tY) AwpatvY) fJ-E ,EpfJ-aVtXo ,atav6paxa, aAAa 6a 'to 1tE'tuxatVE fJ-E Eva E6EAOV'ttXO O"uO"'tY)fJ-a O"'to 01tOtO Y) rEPfJ-aVta 6a O"UfJ- fJ-E'tEtXE we; to"Y) 1tapa fJ-E 'ta opaxov'tEta fJ-E'tpa EAE,XOU 1tOU dXE E1ttOtW �Et 1taAato'tEpa Y) raAAta. To O"XEOto a1toO"x01tOUO"E va OWO"Et O"'ty) raAAta 'ty)V 1tPW'tobOUAta O"'tte; ,EpfJ-aVtXEe; U1t06EO"Ete; , Y) o1tota dXE �ECPU,Et a1to 'ta XEpta 'tY)e; . AXOfJ-Y) , 'to O"XEOto �oufJ-av dXE xat WpU'tEPy) ouvafJ-txYj . A1t00dX6Y)XE Eva fJ-E,aAo bYjfJ-a 1tpOe; 'ty)v U1tEpE6vtxYj O"uvEp,aO"ta O"'ty)v Eupw1ty) . 'ExavE 1tt0 a1to'tEAEO"fJ-a'ttXYj 'ty) otaxdptO"Y) 'tY)e; 1tapa,w,Yje; 'tou av6paxa xat 'tou xaAuba O"'ty)V Yj1tEtpO, WO"'tE va a1tocpEu,E'tat Y) U1tEp1ta pa,w,Yj , Y) aVEp,ta Yj Y) U1tEp'ttfJ-Y)O"Y) xat xwpk va a1tat'touv'tat 1tEptopt O"'ttxa fJ-E'tpa a1to xap'tEA E1ttXEtPy)fJ-a'ttwV, avaAo,a fJ-E Exdva 1tOU dxav O"u,xpo'tY)6d a1to btofJ-Y)xavoue; xaAuba xa'ta 'ta xpovta 'tou 1tOAEfJ-OU . Kat E1tmAEOV, 'to O"XEOto au'to 6a E�aO"cpaAt�E O"'toue; Eupw1tatOUe; Eva 1tAatO"to Ita opaO"'tY)pto1tOtY)O"Y) 1tOU OEV ucptO"'ta'to O"'toue; op,avtO"fJ-OUe; 1tOU oY)fJ-toupDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

96

H ETPOIIH Tor '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

y-Y)6YJxav YLa va oLaXELpLer'touv 'tov "'¥uXpo II OAe: fJ.0 H raAAta 'twpa 1tpoercpe:pe: er'tYJ re:pfJ.avta eva opofJ.o 1tpOe; 'to fJ.eAAOv 0XL we; 'tfJ.-Y)fJ.a fJ.Lae; ye:pfJ.avoer06Le:'tLX-y)e; erufJ.fJ.axtae; -Y) we; 1tpofJ.axwva 'twv AfJ.e:pLxavwv er'tYJv Eupw1tYJ , aAAa we; fJ.eAOe; fJ.Lae; e:upu'te:pYJe; e:upW1taoLX-Y)e; oV'to'tYJ'tae; 'Eva 'te:Ae:u'tatO erYJfJ.av'tLxo er'tOLxeto etvaL O'tL 'to erxeow LOUfJ.av oe:v a1taL'touere: 'tYJ 6pe:'tavLx-y) erufJ.fJ.e:'t0X-Y) YLa va 1te:'tUXe:L: fJ.1topouere: va 1tpoxwp-Y)ere:L et'tE: e:v'taerero'tav YJ BpE'taVta et'te: 0XL H I'taAta xaL 'to B eAyw eoe:L�av afJ.eerwe; e:voLacpepov YLa 'to erxeow LoufJ.av OL 1tpoye:veer'te:pe:e; erUvOfJ.LAte:e; YLa 'tE:Awve:Lax-y) evwerYJ raAAtae; o haAtae; M 1tEVe:AOU� EtXaV 1tEVLxpa a1to'tEAeerfJ.a'ta, e:v fJ.epEL E7tELO-Y) OL OLXOVOfJ.te:e; 'twv xwpwv 1tOU e:fJ.1tAexoV'tav -Y)'tav u1tEp60ALxa aV'taYWVL er'tLxee; H raAAta xaL YJ haAta, YLa 7tapaoe:LYfJ.a, -Y)'tav afJ.e:erOL av'tayw vLer'tee; er'tYJv OLV07tapaywy-Y) xaL er'tYJv au'toxLVYJ't06wfJ.YJxavta o AAAa fJ.e: 'tYJV E1tex'taerYJ 'tYJe; eruve:pyaertae; xaL er'tYJ re:pfJ.avta fJ.7tOpOUerE va oYJfJ.WUP YYJ6e:t fJ.La fJ.e:yaAU'tEpYJ , mo LerOpp07tYJ , OLXOVOfJ.LX-Y) evwerYJ o OL OAAavOot -Y)'tav fJ.aAAOv oLer'tax'tLXOt va e:V'tax60uv ere: evav opyavLerfJ.o xwptc; 'tYJ Bpe: 'tavta, aAAa, 'te:ALxa, axoAou6YJerav 'to 7tapaoe:LYfJ.a 'tou Be:Aytou H OA o AavOta etXe: e:7te:VOU'tLXO EvoLacpepov va ava6Lwere:L YJ r EPfJ.aVta we; ayopa o H AfJ.e:PLX-Y), acpou EtXe: a1to'tuxe:L va 7teterEL 'tYJ Bpe:'tavta -Y) 'tov OEOL va e:moLw�ouV fJ.La 'tEAwvELax-y) evwerYJ , u7tOer't-Y)pL�e: er6Evapa 'to erxeow LOU fJ.av o IIw erYJfJ.aV'tLx-y) a7t' oAa -Y)'tav YJ er'taerYJ 'tYJe; LlU'tLX-Y)e; r EpfJ.aVtae; , 'tYJe; o7totae; YJ erUfJ.fJ.E'toX-Y) -Y)'tav 6e:fJ.e:ALWOOUe; erYJfJ.aertae; YLa 'tYJV e:m'tuxta 'tou erXe:OtOU OL LlU'tLxoye:pfJ.avot etXav e:voXAYJ6et a7to 'tLe; fJ.e:'ta7tOAe:fJ.Lxee; 7tpOer7ta6e:Le:e; 'tYJe; raAAtae; va 'toue; xpa't-Y)ere:L U7tO er'te:vo eAEYXo xaL oe:v o -Y)'tav au'tovoYJ'to O'tL 6a erufJ.cpwvouerav va e:V'tax 60uv erE e:upW7ta LXOUe; 6EerfJ.OUe; o To O'tL YJ LlU'tLX-Y) r e:pfJ.avta 7tpaYfJ.a'tL e:v'tax6YJxE er'to erxeow LoufJ.av Ocpe:LAO'tav erE fJ.EyaAo 6a6fJ.o er'tov xayxe:Aapw Kovpav't Av'te: vaouEp, 7tOU etXe: ExoYJAwerEL EvoLacpepov YLa 'tYJV e:upW7taoLox-y) e:vo'tYJ'ta xa'ta 'to fJ.Eer07tOAe:fJ.O o IIter'te:ue: O'tL fJ.OVO av eruvoe:o'tav YJ r e:pfJ.avta fJ.e: 'tLe; aAAe:e; cpLAe:Ae:u6Epe:e; oYJfJ.oxpa'tLxee; XWpEe; 6a -Y)'tav ouva'to va LerXUP07tOLYJ6et YJ ve:oyevvYJ'tYJ oYJfJ.oxpa'tta 'tYJe; xwpae; '01tWe; 0 LoufJ.av xaL 0 AAertv'te: V'te: r Xaer7te:pL, e'terL xaL 0 AV'te:vaoue:p -Y)'tav evae; xpLer'tLavooYJfJ.oxpa'tYJe; 7tOU a1tooe:xo'tav 'tYJV avayxYJ va 7tpoer'ta'te:u'tet 0 PWfJ.awxpLer'tLavLXOe; 7tOAL'tL erfJ.oe; 'tYJe; LlU'tLX-Y)e; Eupw1tYJe; a1to 'to «6ap6apLerfJ.o» 'tYJe; Ava'toA-Y)e; 'HoYJ etXe: Excpwv-Y)ere:L OfJ.LAte:e; u7tep 'tYJe; e:upW7taoLoX-y)e; eruve:pyaertae; , axofJ.YJ xaL u1tep fJ.Lae; yaAAoye:PfJ.aVLX-y)e; evwerYJe; o AV'tEvaoue:p eowerE 'tYJV eyxpLer-Y) 'tou er'to erxeow LOUfJ.av axofJ.YJ xaL °

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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H LlYTIKOErPOIIAlKH ENOTHTA

97

npo'tou xotvonatY)6d. I:'t"ov 'Epve:er't" Mn€b�V, wer't"oero , oe:v 066Y)xe: Y) 1t(X pafJ-�xp� €voe:��Y) np�v ano 't"Y)v e:nterY)fJ-Y) avaxotvwerY) 't"Y)e; npo't"aerY) e; . O� Bpe:'t"avot fJ-e:)..€'t"y)erav 't"o erX€OlO X� e:x't"tfJ-Y)erav 't"Y) ernouoa�o't"Y)'t"eX 't"OU y�a 't"Y) be:A't"tWery) 't"wv yaAAoye:pfJ-av�XWv erx€ere:wv . AAAeX 't"o Aovotvo anooo xtfJ-a<:e: 't"ov opo 't"ov onoto 0 I:oufJ-eXv dXe: 6€ere:� we; fJ-Y) o�anpaYfJ-a..-e:uer�fJ-y) beXerY) y�a erUVOfJ-�Ate:e; e:nt 't"OU erXe:OtOU 't"OU , O't"� OY)AaO� OAa 't"a xPeX't"Y)-fJ-€AY) €npe:ne: va anooe:x60uv 't"Y)V apx� 't"Y)e; une:pe:6v�x�e; eruve:pyaertae; . To y�a't"t at reXAAat e:n€fJ-e:vav er' au't"o 't"ov opo �'t"av OAO
98

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H ErPOIIH TOT 1JfTXPOr IIOAEMOr, 1 9 45 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH I:ETOPIA

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1 06

H ErpOIIH Tor '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH IETOPIA

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H t.TTIKOETPOI1AIKH ENOTHTA

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1 08

H ETPOI1H TOT '¥TXPOT 110AEMOY, 1 945- 199 1 : 110AITIKH I�TOPIA

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1 10

H ETPnrrH TOT 'l'TXPOT rrOAEMOT, 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH I.ETOPIA

a'J't�'tax6d CT'tY)\I EAK xa� 1tO).)..o[ <pobY)6Y)xa\l O't� 6a Xa'tECT'tpe:e:bpouapw) xa� CT'tO M7ta'J't rxo'J'te:CTfJ-7te:pyx ('to\l IouAw) , CTUfJ-OUCTE (Christian Fouchet), y�a \la e:�e:'taCTe:� 'to �Y)'tY)fJ-a 'tY)e;; 7tOA�'t�XY)e;; e:\107tOtY) CTY)e;; . MEXP� 'to de:XEfJ-bPW 'tou 1 9 6 1 Y) e:m'tpo1ty) OUCTE, Y) o7tota CTU\le: opta�e: a\le:�ap'tY)'ta a1to 'ta opya\la 'tY)e;; EOK, e:tXe: o�afJ-opOUCTE» ) fJ-e: 'to 07tOtO 7tpOXWPY)CTe: 7tEpa a7to 't�e;; 7tpoY)youfJ-e:\le:e;; 6ECTe:�e;; 'tou xa� 7tpo'te:�\le: o't�, fJ-e: fJ-�a \lEa CTu\l6Y)xY) 'tW\I 'E��, 6a E7tpe:1te: \la 'te:6d xa� Y) O�XO\lOfJ- �XY) CTU\le:p yacrta U7tO 'to\l EAe:yxo 'tY)e;; E\lWCTY)e;; 'tW\I xpa'tw\I . Au'to Y)'ta\l 7tapa 7tOAU y�a 'toue;; a\l'tmaAOUe;; 'tou, O� 07tOtot doa\l 7tAEO\l �e:xa6apa o't� 0 N'te: rXWA Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H �rTIKOErPOIIA'iKH ENOTHTA

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Evav't"tWvo't"av CJ't"'Y)V « KOtvo't"tX� 1tpOCJ€yytCJ'Y)>> CJe: OAOU� 't"OU� 't"o(J-d� , CJU(J-1tEptAa(J-6avo(J-€v'Y)� Xat 't"'Y)� Otxovo(J-ia� . M€'X,pt 't"'Y)V aVot�'Y) , ot 'E�t d'X,av Ot'X,aCJ't"e:i €V't"ova . 0 N't"E: rXWA xa't"aOiXaCJE 't"'Y)V U1tEpE6VtX� 1tpO CJ€yytCJ'Y) W� «(J-u60 Xat cpaV't"aCJia» , e:VW Ot aV't"i1taAOi 't"OU CJE aAAE� XU6EPV�CJEt� 't"'Y)� Kotvo't"'Y)'t"a� (J-tAOUCJaV yta CJUV€'X,tCJ'Y) 't"'Y)� 1topda� 1tpO� (J-ta «otXOVO(J-tX� €VWCJ'Y)>> . XP'Y)CJt(J-01tOt�6'Y)XE 't"O't"E 'Y) E�€'t"aCJ'Y) 't"'Y)� 6pE't"aVt X�� ai't"'Y)CJ'Y)� yta €V't"a�'Y) CJ't"'Y)V EOK CJav (J-ta 60AtX� OtxawAoyia WCJ't"E va 1tapa(J-EptCJ't"d 'Y) 1tEpat't"€pw E:1tiCJ'Y)(J-'Y) CJu��'t"'Y)CJ'Y) 't"ou CJ'X,Eoiou ouCJ€ ' H a1to't"u'X,ia 't"ou CJ'X,Eoiou ouCJ€ OEV €OWCJE 't"€AO� xat CJ't"t� otacpwviE� 't"ou N't"e: rXWA (J-E 't"ou� Eupw1taiou� E't"aipou� 't"ou . To 1962 0 CJ't"pa't"'Y) "(o� CJUV€'X,t�E va aV'Y)CJu'X,d yta 't"0 POAO 't"'Y)� A(J-EptX��, ota 't"ou NATO, CJ't"'Y)v Eupw1t'Y) , a1toooxi(J-a�E 't"0 «(J-EyaAo CJ'X,€ow» 't"ou 1tpO€OpOU K€VVEV't"U yta 't"'Y)v ava6a6(J-tCJ'Y) 't"'Y)� a't"Aav't"tX�� CJuvEpyaCJia� xat EVO'X,A�6'Y)XE CJ06apa o't"av Ot Bpe:'t"avoi ayopaCJav a1to 't"'Y)v OuaCJtyx't"ov tva V€O CJuCJ't"'Y)(J-a 1tU p'Y)VtXWV 01tAWV, 't"ou� 1tUpaUAOu� « IIoAapt� » . To yqovo� au't"o 't"ou €OW CJE 't"'Y) otxawAoyia, 't"ov Iavouapw 't"ou 1 9 63 , va aCJx�CJEt 6€'t"0 CJ't"'Y)v ai 't"'Y)CJ'Y) 't"'Y)� BpE't"avia� yta €v't"a�'Y) CJ't"'Y)v EOK, tCJ'X,Upt�O(J-EVO� o't"t 'Y) BpE 't"avia 6a a1to't"EAoUCJE 't"0 «�OUpEW 'l7t1to» 't"'Y)� A(J-EptX�� CJ't"'Y)v Eupw1t'Y) . To 6€'t"0 e:VO'X,A'Y)CJE €v't"ova oAa 't"a aAAa (J-€A'Y) 't"'Y)� Kotvo't"'Y)'t"a� , EtOtXa 't"o B€Ayw xat 't"'Y)V OAAavoia . :E'X,E06v a(J-€CJw� wCJ't"oCJo, 0 CJ't"pa't"'Y)yo� xa't"a cpEpE va EOpatwCJe:t xat 1taAt 't"'Y) 6€CJ'Y) 't"ou , Em6E6atwvov't"a� 't"'Y)V «EtOtX� CJ'X,€CJ'Y)>> 't"ou (J-e: 't"ov KovpaV't" AV't"EvaouEp (J-E (J-ia yaAAoYEp(J-aVtX� CJuv6�x'Y) CJuve:pyaCJia� . M €'X,pt 't"ov A1tpiAW U1to'X,wP'Y)CJe: 't"0 aiCJ6'Y)(J-a 't"'Y)� xpiCJ'Y)� ava(J-e:CJa CJ't"ou� 'E�t, o't"av CJu(J-CPWV�6'Y)XE va Em't"a'X,uv6d axo(J-a 1tEptCJCJO't"EpO 'Y) 1topda 1tpO� 't"'Y)V 't"EAWVEtaX� €vwCJ'Y) . Au't"� 't"'Y)V 1te:piooo 0 N't"E rXWA avu1to(J-oVOUCJE va 1tpO'X,Wp�CJEt 0 CJ'X,EOtaCJ(J-o� 't"'Y)� KAIT xat cpatvo't"av o't"t e:�at't"ia� au't"ou iCJw� va €xave: 1tapa'X,wp�CJEt� 1tpO� 't"ou� E't"aipou� 't"ou . :E't"t� ap'X,€� 't"ou 1 9 64 o(J-w� , ot CJ'X,€CJe:t� e:moEtvw6'Y)xav �ava, o't"av ot 'E�t OEV xa't"op6wCJav va CJu(J-cpwv�CJouv CJe: (J-ta 1tpo't"aCJ'Y) , yvwCJ't"� W� «CJ'X,€OW MavCJ'X,oA't"» , wCJ't"e: va 1tpO'X,Wp�CJEt axo(J-a yP'Y)yopo't"e:pa 'Y) KAIT . 0 N't"E r XWA �'t"av E:1tiCJ'Y)� a1toyo'Y)'t"w(J-€VO� (J-E 't"'Y)v 1tOAt't"tX� 't"'Y)� �u't"tX�� rEp(J-avia� (J-E't"a 't"'Y)v 1tapai't"'Y)CJ'Y) 't"ou AV't"e:vaoue:p a1to 't"'Y) 6€CJ'Y) 't"ou 't"O 1 9 63 xat EVO'X,A�6'Y)XE tOtai't"Epa a1to 't"0 ,,(Ep(J-aVtXo EvOtacp€pov 1tpO� tva a(J-EptXaVtxo CJ'X,€OW yta 1tOAU(J-EP� 1tUP'Y)VtX� ouva(J-'Y) CJ't"o NATO . Ev (J-€pEt E�at't"ia� 't"'Y)� av't"i6ECJ'Y)� 't"wv BpE't"avwv CJ't"O va 'X,aCJouv 't"'Y)v 1tUP'Y) VtX� 't"ou� aVE�ap't"'Y)CJia xat 't"wv faAAwv CJ't"o va ava1t't"u'X,60uv CJ't"Evo't"e:pm oECJ(J-oi (J-E't"a�u HITA xat Eupw1t'Y)�, ot H ITA oUCJtaCJ't"txa qxa't"€AWvaV Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

1 12

H ErporrH Tor 'l' rx po r rr OAEMor, 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH IETOPIA

IXU'tO 'to crXEOto cr'to 'tEAO<:; 'tou 1 9 64 XIX� 'to Lle:XEP.bpto ot 'E�� XIX't(Xc.pe:pIXV VIX crup.CPWV'l)crouv mxvw cre: EVIX cr"Y)P.IXV'ttXO cr'to�Xdo 't"Y)<:; KAIl 't�<:; xo� VE<:; 't�P.E<:; 'twv o"Y)P."Y)'tP�IXXWV . 'Op.w<:; P.EXP� 'to'te: , U7t'l)PXe: 7tAEOV blX6�a oucrmcr'ttlX P.e:'tIX�U 't"Y)<:; rIXAAtlX<:; XIX� 'twv U7tOAOmWV P.e:AWV 't"Y)<:; Kotvo 't"Y)'tIX<:; . �'t�<:; IXPXE<:; 'tou 1 9 65 0 N'te: rXWA e:VO�lXcpe:pO'tIXV 7tpOCPIXVW<:; A�yO'te:po y�1X 't"Y) ye:v�x'l) o�xovop.�x'l) cruve:PYlXcrtlX XIX� 7te:p�crcro'te:po y�1X 't"Y)v KAIl (p.e: 't1X e:ue:pye:'t'l)p.IX'ta 't"Y)<:; y�1X 'tou<:; r aAAou<:; lXyp0'te:<:;) XIX� y�1X 'tov 7te:ptop� crp.o 't"Y)<:; OUVIXP."Y)<:; 'twv HIlA cr't"Y)v Eupw7t"Y) . To 'te:Ae:u'tlXtO 'tou crXEOto IXCPO poucre: 't"Y) crucr'tlXcr"y) e:uPW7tIX'�X'l)<:; e:mcr't"Y)p.ov�x'l)<:; cruVe:PYlXcrtlX<:; , 7tOU 61X o�e:u XOAUVe: 'tt<:; e:uPW7tIX'�XE<:; e:mxe:�p'l)cre:�<:; VIX 1XV'tlXywv�cr'touv 't�<:; H Il A cr't�<:; 0�e:6vd<:; IXYOpE<:; . IIavw 1X7t ' OAIX, 0 N'te: rXWA IXV"Y)cruxoucre: e:7tE�0'l) , crup. CPWVIX p.e: 'tou<:; opou<:; 't"Y)<:; �uv6'l)x"Y)<:; 't"Y)<:; Pwp."y)<:;, "Y) EOK e:7tpoxe:�'to, 1X7t0 'tov IlXvouapto 'tou 1 9 6 6 , VIX AIXp.bave:� 't�<:; 7te:p�crcro'te:pe:<:; lX7tocpacre:�<:; 't"Y)<:; p.e: 7tAe:to�"y)CPtlX, 7tpayp.1X 7tOU tcrw<:; U7t0XPEWVe: 't"Y) rlXAAtlX VIX 1X7t00e:X6d 7tOA�'t�XE<:; lX7tocpacre:�<:; p.e: 't�<:; 07tOte:<:; O�IXCPWVOUcre:. Exdvov IXXP�bW<:; 'tov XIX�PO "Y) Em'tpo7t'l) , U7tO 't"Y)v 7tpOe:OptlX 'tou BaA'te:p XaAAcr'tIX'�V (Walter Hallstein) . o"Y)p.toup'Y"Y)cre: EVIX crXEOto y�1X 't"Y) XP"Y)P.IX'tOOO't"Y)cr"Y) 't"Y)<:; KAIl . To crXEOto IXU'tO 'l)'tIXV �(t)'t�x'l)<:; cr"y)P.lXcrtlX<:; e:7te:to'l) . P.EXP� 'to'te:, 0 Kotvo't� xo<:; 7tpOU7tOAoy�crP.O<:; 'l)'tIXV p.�xpo<:; XIX� XP"y)P.IX'tOOO'tOUV'tIXV 1X7t0 e:6VtXE<:; e:�crCPOPE<:; : "Y) KAI1 61X e:mbapuve: cre: 7tOAU p.e:yaAo b1X6p.0 'tov 7tpOU7tOAoy� crp.o . 'Op.w<:; 'to crXEOto XaAAcr'tIX'�'v e:VOXA"Y)cre: 'tov N'te: rXWA cre: OUO cr"y) p.dlX : 7tpw'tov , e:7te:�0'l) , e:�lXcrCPIXAt�OV'tIX<:; cr't"Y)V EOK �Otou<:; 7tOpou<:; 1X7t0 lXypo't�xou<:; cpopou<:; XIX� 'te:AWVe:�lXxou<:; OlXcrP.OU<:; , 61X EO�Ve: cr't"Y)V Em'tpo7t 'l) P.e:YIXAU'te:p"Y) IXVe:�IXP't"Y)crtlX XIX�, oe:u'te:pov, e:7te:�0'l) 7tpo'te:�ve: VIX 0�e:upuv60uv o� e:�oucrte:<:; 'tou Eupw7tIX'�xou KotVObOUAtOU e:7tt 'tou 7tpOU7tOAOY�crp.ou, e:v OUVIXP.WVOV'tIX<:; �lXva 'to U7te:pe:6VLXO cr'totxdo cr't"Y)V EOK, 7tpo<:; 'to 07tOtO 0 cr'tPIX't"Y)yo<:; 'l)'tIXV IXV'ttee:'tO<:; . �e: P.�IX crucrxe:�"Y) 'tou �UP.bOUAtOU Y7toupywv cr'tlX 'tEA"Y) Iouvtou , OL raAAot e:vlXv'tLw6"Y)XIXV cr6e:vlXpa cr'tO crXEOto XaAAcr'tIX'�V ' p.e:'ta, cr't�<:; 6 Iou AtOU, apx�crlXv VIX p.7to·�xo'tapouv 't1X Kotvo't�xa 0PYlXvlX. Au't'l) "Y) 7tOA�'t�X'l) , yvwcr't'l) W<:; «7tOAL'tLX'l) 't"Y)<:; xe:v 'l)<:; XIXPEXAIX<:; » , xpa't"Y)cre: 6 p.'l)ve:<:; XIX� 'l)'tIXV "Y) P.e:yIXAU'te:p"y) Xptcr"Y) 7tOU IXv't�p.e:'twmcre: 7tO'tE "Y) EO K . 0 N'te: rXWA, cre: P.tlX crUVEV'te:u�"Y) 'tU7tOU cr't�<:; 9 �e:7t'te:P.bptOU , EOe:��e: o'tt "Y) xup�o'te:p"Y) IXV"Y) crUXtlX 'tou 'l)'tIXV "Y) xIX6�EPWcr"Y) cr'tO P.EAAOV 7tAe:to�"Y)CP�xwv �"Y)cpocpoptWV y�1X 7te:p�crcrO'te:plX 6EP.IX't1X cr't"Y)v Kotvo't"Y)'t1X XlXt o't� IXU'tO 'l)'tIXV IXXptbW<:; 'to cr"Y)p.do cr'tO 07tOtO e:m6up.oucre: 7te:PLcrcrO'te:pe:<:; IXAAlXyE<:; . O� 7tEV'te: e:'tlXtpO� -

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pode; 1tapaxwp�cre:Le; a1tO 'tOUe; AcppLxavOUe; . �'ta 'tEAY) 'tY)e; oe:xae:'ttae; 'tou 1960 Y) crUfJ-bacrY) be:A'tLW6y)xe: xaL 'to 1 9 75 Y) 1tpw'tY) �ufJ-bacrY) 'tou AOfJ-E crUfJ-1te:pLEAabe: E:1ttcrY)e; xaL 1tpwY)v bpe:'tavLxEe; a1tOLxte:e; . Au't� Y) crUfJ-bacrY) , YLa 'toue; opoue; 'tY)e; o1totae; �a\l(i:yLvav OLa1tpaYfJ-a'te:ucre:Le; 'to 1980 xaL 'to 1985 , e:�acrcptXALcre: fJ-e:yaAU'te:pY) bo�6e:La cr'tLe; xwpe:e; 'tou Tpt'tQU KocrfJ-ou, OfJ-We; Y) a�ta 'tY)e; YL' au'tEe; �'tav 1te:pLOpLcrfJ-EVY) e:�aL'ttae; 'twv E:1tL7t'twcre:wv 'tou 1tAY)6wpLcrfJ-OU aAAtX xaL 'twv 1te:pLOpLcrfJ-WV cr'tY)v e:fJ-1topta aypo'tLxWV 1tpoi·o'J'twv fJ-e: 'tY)v Eupw1tY) , OL 01tOtOL OcpdAov'tav cr'ty)v KAII . H e:fJ-1tOPLX� ouvafJ-Y) 'tY)e; EOK oe:v cruvooe:u'tY)xe: oucr'tuxwe; a1to fJ-e:ya AU'te:py) 1tOAL'tLX� e:mppo� xa'ttX 'ty) oe:xae:'tta 'tou 1970. To ye:yovoe; au'to Ocpe:LAo'tav XuptWe; cr'tY)V a1to'tuxta va e:m'twx6d fJ-e:yaAu'te:pY) OLXOVOfJ-LX� xaL 1tOAL'tLX� e:vo'tY)'ta . �'tY) oe:xae:'tta 'tou 1 9 70 u1t�p�av oucrxOAte:e; cre: OLtXcpOpOUe; 'tofJ-de; cruve:pyacrtae; . H WpW1ta·L·x� afJ-Uv'tLx� cruve:pyacrta EyLVe: ALyO'tE:pO m6av� 'to 1 9 73 fJ-e: 'tY)v dcrooo 'tY)e; OUOE'te:py)e; IpAavotae; cr'tY)v EOK. H KOLV� AALW'tLX� ITOAL'tLX� �'tav fJ-La crXe:'tLxtX ',lEa e:�EAL�Y) cr'ty)V EOK, Y) o1tota fJ-e: 'ty) OLe:UPUVcrY) a1tEx'tY)cre: fJ-e:yaAU'te:pY) cr1tOUOaLo'ty)'ta . �Xe:OLtXcr'tY)Xe: YLa va e:�acrcpaAtcre:L O'tL oe:v 6a U1ttXpxouv oLaxptcre:Le; cr'ta oLxaLwfJ-a'ta aALdae; avtXfJ-e:cra cr'ta xptX'tY)-fJ-EAY) xaL YLa va 6E'tE:L opLa cr'tLe; 1tocro'tY)'te:e; aALwfJ-tX'tWV xaL, o'tav 'tOUAtXXLcr'tOV �e:xtvY)crav OL cruVOfJ-LAte:e; e:1tt 'tou 6EfJ-a't0e; 'to 1 9 70, oe:v 1tpo�e:v�6Y)xav cry)fJ-av'tLXEe; av'tLOptXcre:Le; . H 1tOAL'tLX� au't�, wcr'tocro, 1tpOxtXAe:cre: 'tY) oucrapEcrxe:La 'tou AovotvoU fJ-e:'ttX 'to 1 9 73 , xa6we; Y) Bpe:'tavta dXe: e:X'tE:'tafJ-EVe:e; ax 'tEe; xaL fJ-e:ytXAY) aALW 'tLX� bLOfJ-Y)xavta . ITap' OAO 1tOU cr'ta ',lEa fJ-EAY) 066Y)xe: 1tp06e:crfJ-ta OExa Xpovwv YLa va 1tpocrapfJ-ocr'touv cr'ty)v AALW'tLX� IToAL'tLX� , 'to 1tpObAY)fJ-a e:moe:Lvw6y)xe: 'to 1 9 7 7 fJ-e: 'ty)v E:1tEx'tacry) 'twv oLe:6vwv aALw'tLxWV OptWV cr'ta 200 fJ-tALa, ye:yovoe; 1tOU U1t0XPEWcre: 'ty)v EOK va e:AEYXe:L fJ-La 'te:ptX cr'tLa 1te:pLOX� . OL Bpe:'tavot oLafJ-ap'tup�6Y)xav o'tav 'toue; 066Y)xe: fJ-OALe; 'to Eva 'tE'tap'to 'tY)e; vEae; aALw'tLX�e; 1tocrocr'twcry)e; 'tY)e; EOK, 1tap' OAO 1tOU 'toue; 1tapaxwp�6Y)xe: 'to 60 'tOLe; e:xa'to 'twv aALw'tLxWV e:x'ttXcre:wv . MEXpL 'tov IavoutXpLO 'tou 1983 , 1tOU Y) Bpe:'tavta 1tpaYfJ-a'tLxtX a1tEx'tY)cre: 'to Eva 'tPt'to 'tY)e; aALw'tLX�e; 1tocrocr'twcry) e; , oe:v dXe: e:m'tE:ux6d fJ-La crUVOALX� oLw6E'ty)crY) au'tou 'tou 1tpObA�fJ-a'tOe; . �e: fJ-La tXAAY) ',lEa 1tPW'tobOUAta, U1tO 'ty)v 1tte:cry) 'tY)e; Bpe:'tavtae; , 'tY)e; haAtae; xaL 'tY)e; IpAavotae; , Y) EO K a1to oEX6Y)xe: 'tY)v tOpucrY) e:voe; TafJ-e:tou ITe:PLcpe:pe:Lax�e; A VtX1t'tu�Y) e; . �'tY) �uv6�xY) 'tY)e; PWfJ-Y)e; dXe: oLamcr'tw6d Y) avtXyxY) va fJ-e:Lw60uv OL 1te:PL cpe:pe:LaxEe; aVLcro'tY)'te:e; xaL Y) 1te:pLcpe:pe:Lax� 1tOAL'tLX� cptXvY)xe: va dvaL 0 LoavLxoc; 'tp01tOe; YLa 'tY) OY)fJ-LOupyta fJ-Lac; OtXaLY)e; xaL uyLOUC; wpw1ta·�x�e; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H ErPnrrH Tor 'I'rxpor rroAEMor, 1945-199 1 : rrOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

OtXovof-l-ta<; . 'Oo'ov acpopa 'rl) Bpe:'ravta, 7tOU 7tAiov -Yj'rav f-I-ta a7tO 'rt<; Cp'rWXo're:pe:<; 7te:pwXi<; 'rl)<; EupW7tl) <; , 'r0 7tpoypaf-l-f-I-a au'ro 6a 'rl) bOl)60u O'e: E:7ttO'l)<; va 7tape:t 7ttO'w iva f-I-ipo<; 'rwv f-I-e:yaAwv OtXOVOf-l-tXWV O'uve:tO'CPO pwv 7tOU xa'ribaAe: O''rl)V EOK. 1:'rl) oe:xae:'rta 'rou 1 9 60 'ra 7te:ptcpe:pe:taxa 7tpoypaf-l-f-I-a'ra dXav 7tapaf-l-dve:t U7tO e:6vtxo iAe:yXO . re:vv-Yj6l)xav Xa7tOLe:<; cppouoe:<; e:A7ttOe:<; o'rt Ot U�l)AOt pu6f-1-ot ava7t'ru�l)<; 'rl)<; EOK 6a f-I-7t0pouO'av aU'rof-l-a'ra va avaba6f-1-tO'ouv 'r0 e:7tt7te:oo �w-Yj<; O''rt<; Cp'rwxo're:pe:<; 7te:pwXi<; ' of-l-w<; f-I-iXpt 'r0 1970 optO'f-l-ive:<; 7te:pwXi<; 'rl)<; vO'rta<; I'raAta<; -Yj'rav i�t cpopi<; cp'rwxonpe:<; a7to 'rt<; 7tAOUO'te:<; 7te:pwXi<; 'rl)<; EOK, 07tw<; , yta 7tapaoe:ty f-I-a, a7to 'rl)V 7te:ptcpipe:ta 'rwv IIaptO'twv . Ot r e:pf-l-avot wO''roO'o (Ot 07tOtOt -YjOl) O'uve:tO'icpe:pav 'roO'o 7tOAU yta 'rl)V KAIl) -Yj'rav a7tp06uf-I-ot w<; 7tpO<; 'rl)V tOpuO'l) e:vo<; f-I-e:yaAou IIe:ptcpe:pe:taxou Taf-l-dou , E:7te:to-Yj 6a i7tpE:7te: xa'ra xupw AOYO va 'r0 XPl)f-I-a'rooo'r-YjO'ouv Ot tOWL H ol)f-I-wupyta 'rou IIe:ptcpe: pe:taxou Taf-l-dou 'r0 Map'rw 'rou 1975 oe:v xa'racpe:pe: va oOl)y-YjO'e:t O'e: xa7tow O'uv'rapax'rtxo a7to'riAe:O'f-l-a. AV'rtO''rOLXOUO'e: O'e: iva f-I-tXpO 'rf-l--Yjf-l-a 'rou 7tpOU7tOAoytO'f-l-ou 'rl)<; EOK xat O'xe:otaO''rl)xe: yta va O'Uf-I-7tAl)PWO'e:t, OXt yta va aV'rtxa'raO''r-YjO'e:t, 'rl)V 7tOAt'rtX-Yj 'rwv xpa'rwv . MOAt<; 'r0 1984 l) Em'rpo7t-Yj a7tix'rl)O'e: 7tpaYf-l-a'rtx-Yj e:�ouO'ta va xa'rw6uve:t 'rl) bo-Yj6e:ta f-I - e: O'uyxe:xpt f-I-iva 7tpoypaf-l-f-I-a'ra 7tpo<; 'rt<; cp'rwxonpe:<; 7te:pwXi<; . o xupw<; oyxo<; 'rou 7tpOU7tOAoytO'f-l-ou 'rl)<; KOLvo'rl)'ra<; O'uviXtO'e: xat f-I-e:'ra 'ro 1 9 73 va �ooe:ue:'rat yta 'rl)v KAIl , 7tOU iywe: mo oa7tavl)p-Yj a7to 7to'ri . H ayp0'rtx-Yj 7tapaywy-Yj 'rl)<; EOK O'uviXtO'e: va au�ave:'rat 7tapa 'rl)v 'raO'l) 'rwv e:pya'rwv va f-I-e:'raxtvounat a7to 'rl) ye:wpyta 7tpo<; 'rou<; 'rof-l-d<; 'rl)<; bWf-I-l)xavta<; xat 'rl)<; 7tapox-Yj<; U7tl)pe:O'twv . Au'r-Yj l) aU�l)O'l) e:mba puve: axof-l-l) 7te:ptO'O'onpo 'r0 xOO''ro<; 'rl)<; KAIl . Ka7tOLe:<; 7tp07tayavotO''rt xi<; 7tPW'rObOUAte:<; , 07tw<; OL XptO''rouye:vvta'rtxe:<; e:X7t'rwO'e:t<; O''ra 7tAe:ova O'f-l-a'ra bOU'rUpou, oe:v xa'rop6wO'av va O''raf-l-a'r-YjO'ouv 'rt<; otaf-l-ap'rupte:<; yta 'rl)v 7tOAt'rtX-Yj au'r-Yj : o'rt, Ol)Aao-Yj, dXe: 'rl)v 'raO'l) va bOl)6ae:t 7te:ptO'O'o're:po 'ra f-I-e:yaAa aypox'r-Yjf-l-a'ra, 7tOU f-I-7t0pouO'av va uw6e:'r-YjO'ouv e:v'ra'rtxi<; f-I-e:60oou<; 7tapaywy-Yj<; , 7tapa aU'ra 7tOU dxav 7tpaYf-l-a'rtx-Yj avayxl) ' o'rt O''rpi bAwve: 'rt<; ote:6ve:t<; ayopi<; xat 7tpo�e:vouO'e: 'rov e:XVWptO'f-l-o 'rwv H IlA, 7tOU a7te:tAl)O'av 'rl)v EOK f-I-e: e:f-I-7tOptXO 7tOAe:f-I-O yta 'r0 �-Yj'rl)f-I-a 'rl)<; KAIl 'r0 1986-87 ' 8 'riAO<; , o'rt ibAa7t're: 'r0 7te:ptbaAAov e:v6appuvov'ra<; 'rl) Xp-YjO'l)

8

E�cu'ttCX� 'tOU o'tt O''tCXfJ-cl't'YJO'CXV Ot e:�cxywye:� CXfJ-e:ptXCXVtXWV OYJfJ-YJ'tptCXXWV 1tpO� 'tYJV I0'1tIXVtCX o'tCXV CXU'ty) e:ncX.x 6YJxe: O''tYJv EO K . Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H �YTIKOEypnrrAIKH ENOTHTA

1 19

'X'YlfJ-tXWV AmaO"fJ-�'twv . MOAte; O"'ta fJ-EO"a 't"Y)e; OEXaE't[ae; 'tou 1 9 80 "y) Em 'tp07tT) �EX[V"Y)o"E va av'ttfJ-E'tW7t[�Et fJ-E a7tocpaO"tO"'ttxo't"y)'ta 'to 7tpObA"Y)fJ-a 't"Y)e; U7tEp7tapaywyT)e; . r ta �AA"Y) fJ-ta cpop� "Y) xwpa 7tOU otafJ-ap'tupT)6"Y) XE EV'tovo'tEpa yta au'tT) 't"Y)v 7tOAt'ttXT) T)'tav "Y) BpE'tav[a, "Y) o7to[a bPE6"Y)XE fJ-E't� 'to 1 9 73 va 7tA"y) PWVEt 7tOAU 7tEPtO"O"o'tEpa a7to oO"a a7tOxOfJ-t�E . Au'to ocpEtAO'tav EV fJ-EpEt 0"'t0 yqovoe; o'tt "Y) BpE'tav[a, we; 7tayxoO"fJ-ta EfJ-7tOpt XT) OlJVafJ-"y) , 7tpOO"EcpEPE O"'t"Y)v EOK Eva O""Y)fJ-av'ttxo fJ-EpOe; 'twv EO"OOWV 't"y) e; , 7tOU 7tPOEPxov'tav a7tO 'toue; bpE'taVtXOUe; 'tEAWVEtaXOUe; oaO"fJ-oue; . O CPEl Ao'tav E7t[O""y)e; xat 0"'t0 YEyovoe; o'tt "Y) BpE'tav[a, we; xwpa 7tOU "Y) OlXOv0fJ-[a 't"Y)e; O"'t"Y)pl�o'tav 0"'t"Y) bapt� bLOfJ-"y)xav[a, A�fJ-bavE EA�XtO"'ta we; aV't�A AaYfJ-a a7to 'tte; BpU�EAAEe; fJ-EO"W 'twv Emoo'tT)o"EWV 't"Y)e; KAII . H O"UV't"Y) p"Y)'ttxT) XUbEPV"Y)o""Y) 'tou 'Ev'touapV't X"Y)6 OEX6"Y) XE Emxp[O"Ele; yta 't"Y)V a7toooXT) au'tT)e; 't"Y)e; xa't�O"'taO""Y)e; 'to 1973 xat xa't� 't"Y)v 7tEp[OOO 1 9 7475 "Y) YEa XUbEPV"y)o""y) 'tou Epya'ttxou KOfJ-fJ-a'toe; E7tavaota7tpaYfJ-a'tEu6"Y) XE 'toue; opoue; O"ufJ-fJ-E'toXT)e; 't"Y)e; BpE'tav[ae; O"'t"Y)V EOK . rta 'toue; VEOUe; au'toue; opoue; EytVE 'to'tE 0"'t"Y) BpE'tav[a o"y) fJ-o�T)cptO"fJ-a, O"'to 07to[0 fJ-[a 7tAELO�"Y)cp[a ouo 'tp['twv 't�X6"Y)XE U7tEP 't"Y)e; 7tapafJ-ovT)e; O"'t"Y)V EOK. IIap ' oAa au't�, Ot VEOt OPOt OEV T)'tav apxE'to[ WO"'tE va EfJ-7tOO[O"ouv 't"Y) BpE'tav[a va Y[VEt 0 fJ-qaAU'tEpOe; XP"y) fJ-a'to06't"y)e; O"'tov 7tpOU7tOAoytO"fJ-O 't"Y)e; EOK fJ-EXpt 'to 1 9 79 , o'tav "Y) M�pyxapE't e�'to"Ep aVEAabE 't"Y)v E�oua[a xat �EX[V"Y) o"E fJ-la a7tocpaO"tO"'tlxT) EXO"'tpa'tda yta 7tEptX07tT) 'twv bpE'taVtXWv O"UVEtO"CPOpwv 7tpOe; 't"Y)v Kotvo't"Y) 'ta . Ta �AAa fJ-EA"Y) U7toO"'tT)pt�av o'tt OEV T)'tav u7tEu6uv"Y) "Y) EOK av "Y) BpE'tav[a 7tAT)PWVE 7tEPtO"O"o'tEpa a7to �AAOUe; O"ufJ-cpwva fJ-E 'toue; opoue; O"ufJ-fJ-E'toXT)e; xat u7tT)p�av o�u'ta'tEe; otacpwV[Ee; fJ-EXpl va Em'twx6d fJ-ta 7tpoO"wptvT) (yta 'tp[a xpovta) pu6fJ-tO""Y) 'tou 6EfJ-a'toe; , O"'tO �Ex[v"y)fJ-a 't"Y)e; otxaO"'ttxT)e; Ol�o"XE�"Y)e; xopucpT)e; 'tou AOU�EfJ-bOupyou 'tou A7tptA[OU 'tou 1980, o'tav "Y) BpE'tav[a E�aO"cp�Alo"E x�7tota EmO"'tpocpT) XP"y) fJ-�'twv . To M�LO 'tou 1982 "Y) BpE'tav[a 7tpoO"7t�6"Y)o"E va a7toO"7t�o"Et X�7tOtEe; 7tapa XWpT)o"Ete; xa6uO"'tEpwv'tae; fJ-ta avacpop� 'twv 'ttfJ-wv 't"Y)e; KAII , ofJ-we; "Y)'t'tT)6"Y)XE O"E �"Y) cpocpop[a a7to 'ta �AAa fJ-EA"Y) , yqovoe; 7tOU E6EO"E U7tO afJ-cptO"bT)'t"Y)O""Y) 'to �UfJ-btbaO"fJ-O 'tou AOU�EfJ-boupyou xat EOEl�E O'tl "Y) e� 'to"Ep OEV fJ-7tOPOUO"E va EVEpyd we; Evae; VEOe; N'tE rXWA. H 'tEAtXT) pu6fJ-tO""Y) 'tou bpE'taVtXOu 7tpObAT)fJ-a'tOe; OEV E7tE'tEUX6"y) 7tap� fJ-ovo 'tOY IouvLO 'tou 1 9 84 0"'t"Y) Ot�o"XE�"Y) xopucpT)e; 'tou q>ov'tatVEfJ-7tAW, o'tav Eva O"uO"'t"Y)fJ-a EmO"'tpOcpT)e; xpa'tT)o"Ewv fJ-dWO"E 'tEAtX� 0"'t0 fJ-tO"o 't"Y)V xa6apT) Elo"CPOp� 't"Y)e; BpE'tav[ae; . MEXpt 'to'tE, Ot bpE'taVtXo[ odxne; OtXOvofJ-txT)e; av�7t'tu�"Y)e; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H EYPOllH TOY '¥rxpor 1l0AEMOr, 1 9 4. 5 - 1 9 9 1 : 1l0AITlKH I�TOPIA

dXav p.E'tap.opcpwOd a1tO 'to 1 9 73 xaL �E1tEpacrav, xa'ta 'ta E'tY) 1 9 8 1 -85 , 'tou<; oEix't'e:<; OAWV 'twv u1toAoi1twV P.EAWV 'ty)<; EOK EX'tO<; a1to 'tY)<; Llavia<; xaL 'tou AOU�EP.()OUpyou . E1ticry) <; , 'to P.LcrO EP.1tOpW 'tY)<; BpE'ta via<; YLvo'tav 1tAEOV P.E 'ty)v EOK, crE crUyXPLcrY) P.E 'to 1tEpi1toU Eva 'tpi'to 'tou 1 9 73 . IIap' oAa au'ta, 'to axaOapLcr'to xa'ta xEcpaAYjv EOVLXO 1tpo'�ov 'tY)<; BpE'tavia<; 1tapEp.ELvE P.LXpO'tEPO a1to au'to 'twv 1tEPLcrcrO'tEPWV a1to 'ta E�L apXLxa P.EAY) 'ty)<; EOK . MEyaAo P.EpO<; 'ty)<; avooou 'tou ()pE'tavLxou Ep.1topiou P.E 'tY)v Eupw1tY) OcpELAo'tav cr'tL<; E�aywyE<; 1tE'tpEAaiou xaL, cr'tY)v 1tpayp.a'tLxo'tY)'ta, Y) BpE'tavia 1tapoucria�E EAAELp.p.a cr'tO EP.1tOpLXO 'tY)<; LcrO�UyW, xaL ELoLxa P.E 'tY) LlU'tLXYj r Epp.avia, ocrov acpopa 'ta ()wp.y)xa vLxa 1tpo·�ona . H ()pE'tavLxYj ()wp.y)xavia E1tOP.EVW<; OEV ana1toXpiOY)XE xaAa cr'ty)v e:upw1ta"t·xYj 1tpOXAY)crY) , XL E'tcrL Y) BowY) xaL 'to IIapicrL 1tapE p.Ewav 'ta 1tAEOV Lcrxupa cr'tOLXda cr'ty)v EOK, xaOw<; EiXav a1toxa'tacr'tYj crEL p.La cr'tEVYj crXEcry) cruvEpyacria<; U1tO 'tov XEAP.OU't �P.L't xaL 'tov ZL crxap n' Ecr'taiv cr'ta 'tEAY) 'tY)<; OExaE'tia<; 'tou 1970. H p.EyaAu'tEpY) a1to'tuxia 'tY)<; EOK cr'tY) oExaE'tia 'tou 1 9 70 Yj'tav Y) aouvap.ia 'tY)<; va 1tpOXWpYjcrEL 1tpo<; 'tY)v ONE . Axop.Y) xaL 1tPW a1to 'ty) cpLA6oo�Y) a1tocpacry) 1tOU EAYjcpOY) cr'ty) cruvanY)crY) xopucpYj<; cr'to IIapicrL 'to 1 9 7 2 , oY)AaoYj va EmoLwxOd Y) OAOXAYjpwcry) 'tY)<; ONE P.EXpL 'to 1 9 80, OL e:uxaLpiE<; YLa p.La Em'tuxy)p.EVy) vop.Lcrp.a'tLxYj cruvEpyacria U1tOvop.Eu'ty)xav a1to 'tY)v acr'taOELa cr'tO OLEOVE<; OLXOVOP.LXO xaL xpy)p.a'tomcr'tw'tLxO cru cr'tY)p.a . Tov A1tpiAW 'tou 1 9 7 2 , OL XEV'tPLXE<; 'tpa1tE�E<; 'twv 'E�L, 'tY)<; BpE'tavia<; , 'tY)<; Llavia<; xaL 'tY)<; IpAavoia<; crxy)p.a'tLcrav Eva cruvaAAay p.a'tLxo «cpiOL», P.E 'to 01tOtO U1tOA6yL�av 'tY)v Lcro'tLp.ia 'twv vop.Lcrp.a'twv 'tou<; crE crXEcry) P.E p.La crUYXEXPLP.EVY) avaAoyia P.E 'to oOAapw 'twv H Il A . 'Op.w<; 'to crucr'tY)p.a 'twv cr'taOEpwv cruvaAAayp.a'tLxwv LcrO'tLP.LWV 1tOU xaOLEpwOY)XE p.E'ta 'tov 1tOAEP.O xaL ()acrL�o'tav cr'ty)v 'tLP.Yj 'tou oOAapiou dXE YjoY) oLaAuOd P.EXpL ExdvY) 'tY)v E1tOXYj . OL H IlA, av'tLp.E'tW1tE<; P.E 'ty)v ava()iwcrY) 'tou e:upw1ta'�xou xaL La1tWVLXOU av'taywvLcrp.OU, 'tov 1tAY) OWpLcrP.O xaL 'to U'-J;Y)AO xocr'to<; 'tou 1tOAEP.OU 'tou BLE'tvap., OEV p.1topoucrav 1tAEOV va 1tapap.dvouv 0 OEP.EAW<; AteO<; 'tou 1tayxocrp.wu vop.Lcrp.a'tLxou crucr'tYjp.a'to<; , EVW xaL 'to oOAapw dXE , a1to 'tov Auyoucr'to 'tou 1 9 7 1 , a1tWAEcrEL 'ty) cr'taOEpo'tY)'ta 'tou . OL BpE'taVOt, OL Llavot xaL OL IpAavooi crXEOOV ap.Ecrw<; e:yxa'tEAEL'-J;av 'to «cptOL», 'to o1toio cruVEXLcrE va 'taAaL1tWpd'taL a1to 'tY)v EnEwop.EvY) 1tayxocrp.La OLXOVOP.LXYj ucpe:crY) xaL xupw AEx'tLxa xa'tEppe:ucrE 'to 1 9 73 , E�aL'tia<; 'ty)<; au�Y)crY)<; 'twv 'tLP.WV 'tou 1tE 'tpEAaiou p.E'ta 'tov apa()o'�crpaY)ALvo 1tOAEP.O 'tou Ox'tw()piou . H raAAia Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

121

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U7tOXp�w6'Y)x� va a7toxwp-Y)cr�t, xa't'07ttv �7tav-Y)A6� , fJ-�'t'1i xat 7tIiAt a7tO XWP'Y)cr� xat, €'t'crt, cr't'O «CP[Ot» xa't'€A'Y)�� va crUfJ-fJ-�'t'€X�t fJ-ta fJ-tXp-Y) ofJ-lioa Xwpwv , U7tO 't''Y)v xuptapx[a 't''Y)C; r�pfJ-av[ac; L't'O «CP[Ot» o�v U7t-Y)PX� 'Y) 07tOtao-Y)7t0't'� 7tpObA��'Y) wcr't'� Ot vOfJ-tcrfJ-a't'txli tcrXUP€C; xwp�c; va �Vtcrxuouv 't'tC; acr6�v€cr't'Ep�C; , ou't'� ��acrcpaAt�O't'av 'Y) �vapfJ-ovtcr'Y) 't''Y)C; �6vtx-Y)c; OtXO VOfJ-tx-Y)C; 7tOAt't'tX-Y)C; Tov A7tp[Ato 't'ou 1 9 73 topu6'Y)x� Eva TafJ-do N OfJ-t crfJ-a't'tx-Y)c; Luv�pyacr[ac; , yta va �Vtcrxucr�t 't'a acr6�v€cr't'�pa vOfJ-[crfJ-a't'a, aAM. a7too�[x6'Y)x� 7t�ptoptcrfJ-€v'Y)c; a�[ac; o H Ot�Upuvcr'Y) 't''Y)C; EOK dX�' a7tAoucr't'a't'a, €A6�t cr't''Y) X�tpo't'�P'Y) fJ-€Xpt 't'wpa ouva't'-Y) cr't'tYfJ--Y) , xa6wc; Ot 7tayxocrfJ-t�C; OtxovofJ- tX€C; cruv6-Y)x�c; -Y)'t'av aV'Y)cruX'Y)'t'tX€C; , Xt €'t'crt o�v €CP� p� 't''Y) ouvafJ-tx-Y) avli7t't'u�'Y) 't''Y)V 07t0[a 7tpocrooxoucrav Ot Eupw7ta[ot. To �votacp€pov yta 't'0 «CP[Ot» 't'EAtxli ava6�pfJ-liv6'Y)x� xat 't'o Mlip't'to 't'ou 1979 , fJ-�'t'1i a7to OUcrxoA�C; ota7tpaYfJ-a't'Eucr�tC; , xa6t�pw6'Y)x� Eva 7tOAU xaAU't'�po Eupw7taoixo NOfJ-tcrfJ-a't'txo Lucr't''Y)fJ-a (EN�-EMS) o To EN�, cr't'O 07t0[0 �v't'IiX6'Y)x� xat 't'0 TafJ-do NOfJ-tcrfJ-a't'tx-Y)c; Luv�pyacr[ac; , o'Y)fJ-toUp Y1]cr� 't'1]V Eupw7taoix-Y) Aoytcr't'tx-Y) Movlioa (ECU) , 'Y) a�[a 't''Y)C; o7to[ac; xa60p[cr't''Y)x� fJ-� blicr1] Eva �fJ-7toptxli cr't'a6fJ-tcrfJ-€vO «xaAIi6t» vOfJ-tcrfJ-Ii't'wv, wcr't'� va a7to't'�A€cr�t fJ-[a vOfJ-tcrfJ-a't'tx-Y) fJ-ovlioa yta cruyx�XPtfJ-€V�C; opa cr't'1]Pto't'1]'t'�c; 't''Y)C; EOK, crUfJ-7t�ptAafJ- bavOfJ-€VwV , yta 7taplio�tYfJ-a, 't'wv «'t'tfJ-wv 7tap€fJ-bacr1]C; » 't''Y)C; KAII o IIap' oAa au't'li, 't'o xuptO cr't'OtXdo cr't'O EN� -Y)'t'av 0 M1]XavtcrfJ-oC; LuvaAAaYfJ-a't'txWV Icro't'tfJ-tWV (M�I - ERM), fJ-� 't'ov 07t0[0 Ot XWP�C;-fJ-€A'Y) U7tOAoyt�aV 't''Y)V a�[a 't'wv vOfJ-tcrfJ-Ii't'wv 't'ouc; fJ-€crw fJ-tac; cruyx�XPtfJ-€v'Y)C; 7tocrocr't'tatac; avaAoytac; 't''Y)C; ECU M� 't'o M�I , Ot xwp�c; fJ-� tcrxupo vOfJ-tcrfJ-a -Y)'t'av avayxacrfJ-€v�c; va bO'Y)60uv 't'tC; acr6� V€cr't'�P�C; yta va �7tavacp€pouv 't''Y)V tcroppo7tta 't'ou crucr't'-y)fJ-a't'OC; , 7tap ' OAO 7tOU xli7tot�C; fJ-�yIiA1]C; xA[fJ-axac; otaxufJ-livcr�tC; fJ-7topoucrav va o01]Y-Y)crouv cr� fJ-�'t'aboA-Y) 't''Y)C; x�v't'Ptx-Y)c; tcro't'tfJ-[ac; To crucr't''Y)fJ-a au't'o Ii'J't'�� cr't'1] via 6pav croua Mt't''t'�pliv (Fran90is Mitterand) avayxlicr't''Y)x� va aAAIi��t 't''Y)v Ot°

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H ErpOIIH TOr 'l'rxpor IIOAEMor, 1 9 45 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH IETOPIA

XO\lO(J.tX� 't'Y)e; 1tOAt'ttX� 'to 1983 , E\I (J.€PEt yta \la G'WG'Et 'to ENL xat 'tte; XaA€e; 't'Y)e; G'X€G'Ete; (J.E 't'Y) Llu'ttx� rEp(J.a\lta, 'Y) o1tota �'ta\l 'Y) Emxpa't€ G''tEp'Y) oLNa(J.'Y) G''t0 MLI . Kt o(J.we; , yta 1toAAfI. XPo\lta ot 1tEptG'G'O'tEpot Eupw1tatot OE\I y\lwpt�a\l yta 't'Y)\I Ll1tap�'Y) 'tou G'uG''t�(J.a'toe; , 'to 01tOtO OE\I �'ta\l u1toxa'tfl.G''ta'to 't'Y)e; 1tA�poue; otXO\lo(J.tX�e; \lo(J.tG'(J.a'ttX�e; €\lwG''Y)e; . 'E'tG't, (J.E'tfl. 'to 1 9 86 E1ta\l�AflE 'to E\lOtacp€po\l yta 't'Y)\I O N E , 'Y) o1tota flEWp�fl'Y) XE we; €\lae; 'tp01tOe; \la ooflou\I xt\l'Y) 'tpa yta a\lfl.1t'tu�'Y) xat yta baflu'tEp'Y) E\101tOt'Y) G''Y) , E\lW 'to 1988 'Y) Otfl.G'XEIjJ'Y) xopucp�e; 'tou A\lObEPOU G'U\I€G''t'Y)G'E (J.ta axo(J.'Y) Em'tp01t� yta \la E�E'tfl.G'Et au't� 't'Y)\I tOEa . 0 Zax N'tEAOP (Jacques Delors) , 0 1tpOEOpOe; 't'Y)e; Em'tpo1t�e; 't'Y)e; Kot\lo't'Y) 'tae; , €OWG'E 'to O\lo(J.fI. 'tou G''t'Y) \I€a a\lacpopfl. 1tOU 1tapouG'tfl.G''t'Y)XE 'to\l A1tptAW 'tou 1989 . '01tWe; xat 'Y) a\lacpopfl. BEP\l€P 'tou 1970, €'tG't Xt au't� a1t€bAE1tE (J.axp01tpOflEG'(J.a G'E (J.ta 1tA�p'Y) ONE, (J.E EAEUflEP'Y) otaxt\l'Y)G''Y) xEcpa AatW\I, (J.E xafloptG'(J.€\lEe; G'u\laAAaY(J.a'ttX€e; tG'O'tt(J.tEe; (� tG'we; Xt €\la Xot\lO \lo(J.tG'(J.a) xat (J.E €\la XE\I'tptXO opya\lo ap(J.oow yta 'to\l Kotvo'ttxO 1tpOU1tOAoytG'(J.O . �E 1tpw'to G''tfl.ow o(J.we; , 1tpO'tEt\lE (J.O\lO 'to G''tE\lOnpO G'U\I'tO \ltG'(J.o 'tW\I \lo(J.tG'(J.fI.'tW\I 't'Y)e; EOK (J.€G'w 'tou MLI . �'t'Y) Otfl.G'XEIjJ'Y) xopu cp�e; 't'Y)e; EOK 'to\l Iou\lw 'tou 1989 G'u(J.CPW\I�fl'Y) XE \la UAo1tot'Y) fld au'to 'to 1tpw'to G''tfl.ow (J.€Xpt 'to\l IouAw 'tou 1990 xat 'to ��'t'Y)(J.a 1tEpmA€xfl'Y)xE (J.E 'tte; E�EAt�Ete; 1tOU oO�'Y'Y)G'a\l G''t'Y) �u\lfl�x'Y) 'tou Mfl.aG''tptX't, 1tOU a\la, , "). 1tapaxa'tw. I\UE'tat Kfl.1totEe; fl.AAEe; 1tPOG'1tfl.flEtEe; , 1tOU a1toG'xo1touG'a\l G''t'Y)\I E\lOU\lfI.(J.wG''Y) 'tou 1tOAt'ttXOU xat otXO\lo(J.tXOU POAOU 't'Y)e; EOK, E1ttG''Y)e; a1toodxfl'Y)xa\l OUG'XOAEe; G''t'Y)\I 1tpay(J.a'to1tot'Y)G'� 'tOUe; . �'t'Y) Otfl.G'XEIjJ'Y) xopucp�e; 'tW\I 'Y) yE'tW\I 't'Y)e; Kot\lo't'Y)'tae; 'to LlEX€(J.bpW 'tou 1 9 74 G''to IIaptG't, �'Y) 't�fl'Y) XE a1to 'to B€Ayo 1tpwflu1toupyo AEo Tt\l't€(J.a\le; (Leo Tindemans) \la G'XEOtfl.G'Et (J.ta 1tpoG'wmx� a\lacpopfl. G'XE'ttXfI. (J.E 't'Y) (J.EAAO\l'ttX� (J.opCp� (J.tae; Eupw1ta·t"x�e; 'E\lwG''Y) e; . E1ttG''Y)e; G'u(J.CPW\I�fl'Y)XE E1tt 't'Y)e; apx�e; \la E\I oU\la(J.wfld 'to Eupw1tai:xo Kot\lObOUAW (J.E 'to \la EXA€YE'tat a1twfldae; a1to 'toue; 1tOAt'tEe; . H G'u\laljJ'Y) au't�e; 't'Y)e; G'u(J.cpw\ltae; €yt\lE EcptX 't� (J.E'tfl. a1to (J.axpOxpO\ltEe; a\l'ttpp�G'Ete; 'tW\I r fl.AAw\I xat 1tapfl. 'tte; a(J.cptbOAtEe; 'tW\I BpE'ta\lw\I xat 'tW\I Lla\lw\I . �'to IIaptG't E\lou\la(J.wfl'Y) xE E1ttG''Y)e; xat o pOAOe; 'tW\I XUbEp\l�G'EW\I (J.E 't'Y)\I E1ttG''Y)(J.'Y) o'Y) (J.wupyta E\lOe; «Eupw1ta·t" xou �U(J.bOUAtOU» a1to'tEAoU(J.E\lOU a1to 'toue; EmxEcpaA�e; 'tW\I XUbEp\l� G'EW\I xat 'toue; U1tOupyoue; E�W'tEPtXW\I , 'to 01tOtO fla G'U\lEOpta�E 'tpEte; cpop€e; 'to xpO\lo . Ot G'u\la\l't�G'Ete; 'Y)yE'tW\I dxa\l �0'Y) yt\lEt, bEbatWe; , Xot \I� 1tpax'ttx� xat dxa\l a1tOx't�G'Et G''Y)(J.aG'ta (J.eyaAUnp'Y) xat a1to aU't�\I Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H �rTIKOErpnrrAIKH ENOTHTA

123

'tou LU(J-bOUAtOU rnoupywv aAAa. Xat 'tWV (J-e:AWV 't'Y)e; ypacpe:wxpa'ttae; 't'Y)e; EOK (<<Eupwxpa.'te:e; ») O''tte; BpU�EAAe:e; ° H avacpopa. Ttv'te:(J-ave; na pouO'ta.O''t'Y)xe: 'tov Iavoua.pw 'tou 1 9 7 6 xat npo'te:tVE 't'Y) OtEUPUVO''Y) 'twv opaO''t'Y)pw't�'twv 't'Y)e; EOK O'e: e:ntne:oo otXOvo(J-tX� e; , XotVWVtX�e; xat ne: Ptcpe:pe:tax�e; nOAt'ttX�e; ° Z'Y)'touO'e: ano 't'Y)v Kotvo't'Y)'ta va e:motw�e:t (J-ta XotV� e:�w'te:ptX� nOAt'ttX�, va avan'tu�e:t (J-ta «Eupwn'Y) 'twv nOAt'twv» e:cpap(J-o�o\l'tae; (J-E'tpa yta 't'Y)v e:Ae:u6e:p'Y) otaxtv'Y)O''Y) xat va to'xuponot�O'e:t 'tte; e:�ouO'te:e; 't'Y)e; Em'tpon�e; ° 'O(J-we; E:1ttO''Y) e; , avayvwpt�e: o'tt to'we; 6a Enpe:ne: va una.p�e:t «otacpopOnot'Y)(J-Ev'Y) npooooe;» (J-e:'ta�u 'twv (J-EAWV O''t'Y)v nope:ta 'toue; npoe; 'toue; XOtVOUe; O''t0xoue; ° Ot onaoot 't'Y)e; o(J-oO'novotae; (Ot cpe:v'te:paAtO''tEe;) unooEx6'Y)xav 6e:p(J-a. 't'Y)v avacpopa., 'Y) onota o(J-we; O'uv'to (J-a bPE6'Y)xe: (J-npoO''ta. O'e: noAua.pt6(J-e:e; OUO'XOAte:e; ° H Otxovo(J-tX� ucpe:O''Y) e:tXe: nA#e:t ba6ta. 'to 'Y)6txo 'twv Eupwnatwv , ot XUbe:pV�O'e:te; O''t'Y)v npa. �'Y) �'tav anp06u(J-e:e; va e:ne:x'te:tVOUv 'tte; e:�oucrte:e; 'twv Kotvo'ttxWV opya. vwv xat 'to tOW 'to O'XEOW �'tav xat une:pbOAtXa. CPtAOOO�O O''toue; ye:VtXOue; 'tou O''toxoue; aAAa. xat noM aO'acpEe; 00'0',1 acpopa. O'uyXe:Xpt(J-EVEe; npo'ta. O'e:te; yta opa.O''Y) o To NOE(J- bPW 'tou 1 9 7 6 'to Eupwnaoixo LU(J-bOUAW, nou O'uve:opta�e: 0''t'Y) Xa.'Y'Y) , e:�EcppaO'e: anAwe; «(J-e:ya.AO e:vOtacpEpov» yta 't'Y)v avacpopa. ° TIapo(J- ota 'tuX'Y) e:tXav xat a.AAe:e; ava.Aoye:e; npo'ta.O'e:te; O''ta e:no(J-e:va xpovta ° To 1 98 1 , yta napa.oe:tY(J-a, ot unoupyot E�w'te:ptxWV 't'Y)e; �u'ttX�e; r e:p(J-avtae; xat 't'Y)e; haAtae; Xave;-N'tt'tptX r XEVO'e:p (Hans Dietrich Genscher) xat E(J-tAW KOAo(J-no (Emilio Colombo) npow6'Y)O'av Eva O'XEOW yta 't'Y)V to'xuponot'Y)O''Y) xat avaO'uyxpo't'Y)O''Y) 't'Y)e; EOK o Au'to 'to O'XEOW anAWe; oO�y'Y)O'e: 'tov Iouvw 'tou 1 9 83 O'e: (J-ta «EntO''Y)(J-'Y) �ta ° o x�pu�'Y) yta 't'Y)v Eupwna ix� 'EvwO''Y)>> ano 'to Eupwna"txo LU(J- bOUAW, 'Y) onota oe:v Exave: 'ttno'ta napana.vw ano 'to va e:navaota'tunwO'e:t, (J-e: nEpt'te:xV'Y) YAwO'O'a, au'ta. nou �o'Y) to'xuav O''t'Y)v npa.�'Y) ° O t e:VEpye:te:e; O'uve:nwe; npoe; 't'Y)v nOAt'ttX� EVWO''Y) xa'ta. 't'Y) oe:xae:'tta 'tou 1 970 xat 'tte; apXEe; 't'Y)e; oe:xae:'ttae; 'tou 1 980 ne:pwpt�o\l'tav (J-a.AAOV O'e: AOyta napa. O'e: Epya xat 'Y) e:�ouO'ta 'twv e:6vtxwv XUbEPV�O'e:wv napE(J-e:ve: U�tO''t'Y)e; O'nou oato't'Y)'tae; ° L'ta 'tEA'Y) 't'Y)e; oe:xae:'ttae; 'tou 1 9 70 'Y) npoO'ox� e:mxe:v'tpw6'Y)xe: O''t'Y)v anocpaO''Y) 't'Y)e; O'uva.v't'Y)O''Y)e; xopucp�e; 'twv TIaptO'twv va ytvo\l'tat a.(J-e:0'e:e; EXAOYEe; yta 'to Eupwna"ixo KOtvObOUAW o H anocpaO''Y) e:cpap(J-oO''t'Y)xe: 'to 1975 , 't'Y)v tota XPOVta. nou o'Y)(J-wupy�6'Y)XE 'to Eupwnaoixo N o(J-tO'(J-a'ttxo LuO''t'Y)(J-a o rn�pxav O'UVOAtXa. 5 1 8 EOpe:e; , nou (J-otpa.�o\l'tav O''ta (J-EA'Y) ava.Aoya (J-e: 'tov nA'Y)6uO'(J-o 'toue; ° Ka.6E xwpa Xp'Y)O't(J-onot'Y)O'e: otacpope:'ttDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H ErpO II H TOr 'l'rxpor IIOAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

xo e:XAOYlXO CTUCT"'Y)fMX, .. 0 Aciixo e:vOlae:bpOUcXPLO .. ou 1 984 e:yxpt6'Y)xe: a1to .. 0 KOlVObOUALO Eva 1tPOCTXEOLO CTuv6�x'Y)<; oy06v ..a e:n .. cX cXp6pwv , 1tOU 1te:pldXe: 6e:CTfJ-lXE<; fJ-e: ..appu6fJ-tCTe:l<; Yla "'Y)V EOK, wCTn va YLVe:l mo o'Y)fJ-oxpa"lx� xal a1to .. e:Ae:CTfJ-a"lx�, xal 1tPOEbAe:ne: "'Y)V e:nEx ..aCT'Y) ..ou POAOU "'Y)<; CTe: 7te:plCTCTonpou<; "ofJ-d<; "'Y)<; e:upw1ta'ix�<; OlxovofJ-ta<; . H CTuv6�x'Y) , 01tw<; avafJ-e:vo.. av , oe:v uL06e:.. �6'Y) xe: a1to ..a xpcX"'Y)-fJ-EA'Y) . ofJ-w<; 1tapaXtv'Y)CTe: .. l<; XUbe:PV�CTe:l<; va e:1tave:�e: 'tcXCTOUV .. l<; 1tPO ..cXCTe:l<; Yla fJ-e:.. appU6fJ-lCT'Y) . Me:yaAunp'Y) 1tpo .. e:palo"'Y) ..a 066'Y)xe: CT .. O ��"'Y)fJ-a "'Y)<; fJ-e: .. appu6fJ-lCT'Y)<; "'Y)<; EOK xa.. cX "'Y) oe:xae:.. ta .. ou 1 980 fJ-e: "'Y)v a7tOXaAoufJ-e:v'Y) «Ole:UPUVCT'Y) 1tpo<; vo.. o» xal "'Y)v Ev .. a�'Y) "'Y)<; EAAcXoa<; , "'Y)<; ICT1tavta<; xal "'Y)<; IIop .. oyaAta<; . Kal m .. pe:l<; au .. E<; xwpe:<; � ..av

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AtyO'tEpO 0"'ta6EpEe; oY)[J-oXpa'ttXEe; 1tapa06cJ'Ete; . H EAAcl:oa dXE ytVEt 'to 1tPW'tO O"UVOEOE[J-EVO [J-EAOe; 'tY)e; EOK 'to 1 9 6 2 xat �0Y) dXE [J-EtWo"Et 'tOUe; oaO"[J-oue; xat Evap[J-oVto"Et 'ty)v aypo'ttx� 'tY)e; 1tOAt'ttX� [J-E 'tY)v KOtvo'tY)'ta . H otx'ta'topta 'twv O"uv'taY[J-a'tapxwv a1to 'to 1 9 67 EWe; 'to 1 9 7 4 dXE bAa�Et 'tte; O"XEO"Ete; 'tY)e; EAAaoae; [J-E 'ty)v EOK- EV [J-EPEt o[J-we; yta va 0"'ta6Ep01totY)6d Y) oY)[J-oxpa'tta O"'tY)v EAAaoa, u1toypacpY)xE Y) �uv6�xY) IIp0O"Xwp�o"Ewe; 'to 1 9 79 , 1tOU OO�yY)o"E O"'tY)v Ev'ta�� 'tY)e; 'to 1 98 1 . Ka'tt m:xpo[J-oto O"UVEbY) xat [J-E 'ty)v IO"1tavta xat 'ty)v IIop'toyaAta· xat Ot OUO aU'tEe; XWpEe; dxav a1tOx't�o"Et oY)[J-oxpa'ttxo 1tOAt'tw[J-a O"'ta [J-EO"a 'tY)e; oExaE'ttae; 'tou 1 9 7 0 xat EV'tax6Y)xav O"'tY)v EOK 'to 1986. �'to ba6[J-o 1tOU Y) OtEUPUVO"y) 1tpOe; vO'to OtEOWO"E 'to wpw1ta·ixo toavtxo, oY)[J-toUpYY)o"E [J-qaM'tEpY) ayopa aya6wv xat 1tpoO"'ta'twE 'tY) oY)[J-oxpa'tta, 6a [J-1tOpOU O"E va 6EWpY)6d E1tt'tuxta . 'O[J-we; u1t�pxav 1toMa 1tpObA�[J-a'ta . H EAAY) VtX� Otxovo[J-ta, 1tapa 'ty)v 1tE'J'taE't� [J-E'taba'ttX� 1tEptOOO , OEV �'tav O"E 6EO"Y) va O"uvaywvtO"'td to"o'tt[J-a 'ty)v EOK xat O"u'J'to[J-a bPE6Y)XE [J-1tpoO"'ta O"E Eva [J-qaAo E[J-1tOptXO EAAEt[J-[J-a· E'tO"t, Y) O"oO"taAtO"'ttX� XUbEPVy)o"y) 'tY)e; A6�vae; axoAou6Y)O"E yta 1tOAAa xpovta [J-ta apvY)'ttx� 1tOAt'ttX� 1tpOe; 'ty)V EOK . H E'J'ta�Y) 'tY)e; IO"1tavtae; xat 'tY)e; IIop'toyaAtae; 1tpay[J-a't01tOt�6Y) XE [J-E'ta a1to [J-axpEe; O"U�Y)'t�o"Ete; xat ava[J-Evo'tav va 1tpOXaAEO"Et [J-Eya AU'tEPy) 1ttEo"Y) O"'ta Kotvwvtxa xat IIEptcpEpEtaXa Ta[J-da, 01tWe; E1ttO"Y)e; xat va aU��o"Et 'to xOO"'toe; 'tY)e; KAIT . H IO"1tavta �'tav Xwpa [J-E [J-qaAY) 1tapaywy� xpaO"tou xat AaotQu , 1tpo"io'J'twv 1tOU Y) EOK dXE �0Y) O"E acp60vta . H IIop'toyaAta EytVE Y) CP'tWX0'tEPY) xwpa 'tY)e; EOK [J-E O"XE06v 'to Eva 'tE'tap'to 'tou 1tAY)6uO"[J-ou 'tY)e; va �Et a1tO 'ta 1tpo·io'J'ta 'tY)e; yY)e; 'tY)e; . Ka'ta O"uVE1tEta, 'to 1 9 84 au��6Y)xav Ot 1tAY)pW[J-Ee; 'tou cpopou 1tPOO"'tt6E [J-EVY)e; a�tae; (q> ITA) a1to oAa 'ta xpa'ty) -[J-EAY) 1tpOe; 'ty)v EO K yta va av'tt[J-E'tW1ttO"'tEt 'to E1tt1tAEOV xOO"'toe; 'tY)e; E'J'ta�Y)e; 'tY)e; IO"1tavtae; xat 'tY)e; IIop'toyaAtae; . IIapa 'ty) oExaE't� [J-E'taba'ttX� 1tEptOOO, xat Ot OUO XWpEe; dxav 1tpObA�[J-a'ta O"'to to"o�uyto 1tAy)PW[J-WV [J-E'ta 'ty)v E'J'ta�� 'tOUe; O"'ty)v Kotvo'tY)'ta. H OtEUPUVO"y) 'tou 1986 �'tav Eva [J-ovo O"'totXdo O"'tY)V avayEwY)O"Y) 'tY)e; EOK O"'ta [J-EO"a 'tY)e; oExaE'ttae; 'tou 1980. ME'ta 'tte; a1toyoY)'tEUo"Ete; 'tY)e; oExaE'ttae; 'tou 1 9 7 0 xat 'twv apxwv 'tY)e; oExaE'ttae; 'tou 1 9 80, Y) EOK cpcmo'tav va a1tox'ta xat 1taAt 1tpay[J-a'ttx� 0p[J-� 1tpOe; 'ta E[J-1tpOe; , bOy)60U[J-EVY) a1to 'tY) bEA'ttWo"Y) 'twv Otxovo[J-tXWV O"uv6Y)xwv , a1to 'tY) AUO"Y) 'tou �Y)'t�[J-a'toe; 'tY)e; bPE'taVtX�e; O"UVEtO"cpopae; O"'tov 1tpOU1tOAoytO"[J-O xat a1to 'tov avavEw[J-EvO Ev60uO"taO"[J-o 'tY)e; r aAAtae; xat 'tY)e; r Ep[J-aVtae; yta 'tY)v Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H ErporrH TOr '¥rxpor rroAEMor. 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : rroAITIKH 11:TOPIA

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H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

't"av[a, m[ery) e; , apv�OY)xe: va u1toypa�e:� 't"ov Kotvwv�xo Xap't"Y) 't"0 1989 , 1tOU E:Jyuo't"av tva eruyxe:xp�fL€VO fL[v�fLoufL xo�vwv�xwv o�xa�wfLa't"wv er't"oue; 1tOA['t"e:e; 't"Y)e; EOK 1tpoxe:�fL€VOU va aV't"�er't"aOfL�er't"d 0 aV't"[x't"U1tOe; a1to 't"ov e:V't"e:�vofLe:vO aV't"aywv�erfLo 1tOU 1tpOXA�OY)Xe: a1to 't"Y)v e:v�a[a ayopa. '01tO�e:e; Xt av �'t"av Ot otacpop€e; 't"Y)e; fLe: 't"Y)v EOK ere: aAAa O€fLa't"a, Y) 8a't"ere:p �'rav acpoertwfL€vY) er't"Y)v 1tpOO1t't"tX� 't"Y)e; e:vta[ae; ayopae; , 1tOU av't"a1toxptvo't"av xat er't"Y) OtX� 't"Y)e; 1tpo't"[fLy)ery) y�a tOtw't"tX� 1tPW't"obouA[a xat e:Ae:UOe:pO av't"aywvterfLo. 'OfLWe; 't"o opafLa 't"Y)e; �'t"av fL�a Kotvo't"Y)'t"a e:OVtXWV xpa� 't"wv 1tOU £Iva av't"aywvt..,ov't"at 't"o e:va 't"0 aAAO «XOtVO, yY)1te:oo» yta ' 'y , , '\ '\ ere: e:va ' , 't"0 e:fL1tOPW, 1tOU Oa xaOte:pwvo't"av a1to 't"Y)v Evta[a Eupw1ta'r:x� IIpa�Y) . 'H't"av, e:1t0fL€VWe; , e:1ttcpuAax't"tX� a1t€vav't"t er't"te; a1to1te:tpe:e; yta fLe:yaAu 't"e:po eruyxe:v't"pw't�erfLo, 'tov 01to[0 av'tmpoerw1twe: 0 erOertaAter'ttXOu 't"U1tOU 1tape:fLba'tterfLOe; 'tou KotvwvtxOU Xap't"Y) xat Y) avave:wfL€vY) 1topda 1tpOe; 't"Y)v O N E , 1tOU e:xcppa�o'tav a1to 'to erX€OW N'te:AOp . Ta eruv'tapax'ttxa ye:yovo't"a er'ta 't€AY) 'tou 1989 er'tY)v Ava'toAtX� Eupw1ty) oo�yY)erav 't"Y) 8a'tere:p va u1toer'tY)p[�e:t o'tt Y) EOK Oa €1tpe:1te: va e:1te:x't"aOd 1tpOe; 't�e; V€e:e; oy)fLoxpa't"[e:e; e:vterxuov'tae; 'toue; cptAe:Ae:UOe:pOue; Oe:erfLoue; 'tou e; , 01tWe; dXe: e:vterxuere:t xat au't"oue; 'tY)e; haA[ae; , 'tY)e; re:PfLav[ae; , 'tY)e; Ier1tav[ae; xat 'tY)e; IIop'toyaAtae; . atvo'tav, m[ery)e;, o't"t Y) xa'tappwerY) 'tou xOfLfLouvterfLou 1ttOavov va U1tovofLwe: 'ty) yaAAoye:PfLavtx� erufLfLax[a, 1tOU U1t�p�e: 1tav'ta Y) XtvY)'t�pta ouvafLY) 1t[erw a1to 'tY) fLe:yaAY) 1tpOOOO 'tY)e; EOK. Excppaer'ty) xav CPObOt o'tt Y) �u'ttX� re:pfLav[a [erwe; va e:er't[a�e: 'to e:votacp€pov 't"Y)e; er'to 1tpObAY)fLa 't"Y)e; e:1tav€vwer�e; 'tY)e; fLe: 'tY)v Ava'toAtX� re:PfLav[a, va e:1ttxe: v't"pwvo't"av er't"Y) er'taOe:po1to[y)ery) 't"wv V€WV oY)fLoxpa'ttwv er'ta ava'toAtXa 't"Y)e; eruvopa, va Ote:upuve: 'ty)v (�oY) 'te:paer't"ta) ouvafL� 'tY)e; xat, €'tert, va e:1ttbpaouve: 'tY)v wpw1ta'r:x � OAoxA�pwerY) . Oe; tva baOfLo, 'to xup[apxo ye:yovoe; 'tou 1990 �'rav Y) ye:pfLavtx � e:1tav€vwery) , ofLwe; er'ty) eruvav't"Y)erY) xopucp�e; 'tou �'tpaerboupyou 'tou �e:Xe:fLbP[OU 'tou 1989 0 xayxe:AapWe; KOA u1toerX€Oy)xe: o'tt Oa 1tpaYfLa't"o1tOwuV't"av OtaXube:pVY)'t"tX€e; eruvofLt A[e:e; fLe:'ta a1to tva Xpovo , yta va eru�Y)'ty)Oouv Ot 1te:pat't€pw xtv�ere:te; yta 'tY)v OAoxA�pwerY) 'tY)e; EOK, xat e:�otxa 't"Y)e; O N E . Au't� Y) o�AwerY) xa OY)eruxaere: 't"ov Mt't'te:pav xat 't"oue; aAAOUe; Y)Y€'te:e; , Ot 01tOtOt fLe: 'ty) ere:tpa 'toue; u1toerx€Oy)xav OtXOVOfLtX� bo�Oe:ta er't"Y)v Ava'toAtX� Eupw1tY) xat avayvwpterav o'tt 0 ye:pfLavtXOe; AaOe; dXe: 'to otxatwfLa «va mavax't�ere:t 'tY)v e:vo'tY)'t"a 'tou fL€erw 'tou au'to1tpoerowp�erfLou» . �'ty)v 1tpa�Y) , Y) mav€vwery) 't"Y)e; r e:pfLav[ae; dXe: ouerfLe:vde; e:1tt1t'twere:te; yta 'tY)v wpw1ta'r:x� OAoxA�pwerY) , oXt ofLWe; yta 'toue; AOyoue; 1tOU 1tOAAOt Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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m:pt(J-E:VCXV . To xocr'to<; 't"Y)<; E:mXVEvwcr"y)<; OOyry"y) crE: cr't"Y)V cxu�"Y)cr"Y) 'twv yE:p (J-CXVtXWV E:7tt'toxtwv XCXt 1tpOXaAE:crE: 'tE:pacr'ttcx 1ttE:cr"y) cr'to M "Y) XCXVtcr(J- 0 �UVCXAACXy(J-CX'ttXWV Icro'tt(J-tWV , 0 01toto<; oucrtcxcr'ttxa XCX'tEPPWcrE: 'to 1993 , (J-E:'ta CX1tO 060 XPOVtCX cxu�cxvo(J-E:v"Y)<; vO(J-tcr(J-cx'ttX�<; cxcr'ta6E:tcx<; cr't"Y)v Eupw1t"Y) . �'t"Y)v xcx'tacr'tcxcr"y) crUV'tEAE:crE: E:1ttcr"y)<; cxpv"Y) 'ttxa XCXt "Y) E:mcr'tpocp� 't"Y)<; ODWVO(J-tX�<; uCPE:cr"Y)<; cr'tO ou'ttXO xocr(J-o (J- E:'ta 'to 1 9 89 , yE:yovo<; 1tOU -01tw<; XCXt cr't"Y) OE:XCXE:'ttCX 'tou 1 9 70- EXCXVE: 1tOAU oucrxOA"Y) 't"Y)v 1tpocr1ta6E:tcx ytCX (J-E:ycxAU'tE:P"Y) E:V01tOt"Y)cr"Y) . IIpay(J-cx'tt, "Y) cxuy� 't"Y)<; VECX<; OE:XCXE:'ttcx<; cx1t00etx6"Y) xE: 1tE:ptooo<; (J-E:yaAwv 1tpOxA�crE:WV ytcx 't"Y)v KOtvo't"Y) 'tcx . Ot aA AE:<; oucrxOAtE:<; 1tE:ptE:Aa(J-bcxvcxv : EVCX VEO yupo cruVO(J-tAtWv GATT ytCX (J-E:tW crE:t<; 'twv E:(J-1tOptXWV 1tE:PWptcr(J-wv crE: 1tcxyxocr(J-w E:1tt1tE:oo ' 't"Y)v 1tpo'tcxcr"y) ytCX (J-tCX «Eupw1tcx'�x� O txovo(J-tX� Z wv"Y) >> E:AE:u6E:poU E:(J-1tOptou (J-E: 'tt<; XWpE:<; 't"Y)<; EFTA· (J-tCX 7tt6cxv� E:1tEX'tCXcr"y) 't"Y)<; Kotvo't"Y)'tcx<; 1tpo<; 't"Y)v Aucr'tptcx, 't"Y) �ou"Y)OtCX, 't"Y)
H ErpOIlH TOr 'l'rxpor IloAEMor, 1945- 199 1 : IlOAITIKH I�TOPIA

xatWfJ-a va a1toxwp-Y)erouv xat a1tO 'r'Y)v 'rPt'r'Y) qJcXer'Y) 'r'Y)� ONE xat a1to 'r0 KotvwvtXO KEqJcXAato, fJ-E 'r'Y)v EA1ttOa va 1tEptopterouv er'ro EAcXXter'ro 'r'Y)v a1tWAEta 'r'Y)� bPE'raVtx-Y)� aVE�ap'r'Y)erta� xat va xa'rEUvcXerouv 'rou� 6a'rerE' " H aV'rtopaer'Y) '� "'I ' EtXE , '"'I A ' 'rEl\tXa, ptXOu� W� a1tO'rEI\EerfJ-a er'r'Y) uavta, va XEPOterEt E1tter'Y)� xat au'r-Y) 'Y) xwpa 'r0 otxatWfJ-a 'r'Y)� E6EAOV'rtX-Y)� a1tOXwp'Y) er'Y)� " AxofJ-'Y) xat er'r'Y) raAAta, 'r0 erXE'rtXO O'Y)fJ-ol);-Y)qJterfJ-a EOEt�E O'tt fJ-OVO fJ-ta optax-Y) 1tAEtol);'Y)qJta Em6ufJ-ouerE 't'Y) vEa OtEUpuver'Y) 'twv E�OuertWv 'r'Y)� E E . IIap' OAO 1tOU 'Y) �uv6-Y)x'Y) 'tou McXaer'tptx't Emxupw6'Y)XE 'tEAtXcX a1tO OAE� 'tt� XWPE�-fJ-EA'Y) , -Y)'tav �ExcX6apo O'tt OEV a1tO'tEAouerE a1tapat't'Y)'ta " xat 'rov 1tPOcX'Y'YEAO fJ-ta� VEa� E1t0X-y)� 'Yta 't'Y)V EUpw1taix-Y) OAoxA-Y)pwer'Y) " o 'tOAfJ-'Y)pO� er'toxo� 't'Y)� ONE erXE06v afJ-Eerw� 'tE6'Y)XE U1tO afJ-qJterb-Y)'t'Y) er'Y) , E�at'tta� 't'Y)� xa'tcXppEUer'Y)� 'tou M 'Y)xavterfJ-0u �uvaAAa'YfJ-a'rtxwv lero 'ttfJ-twv " Ka'tcX EX1tA'Y)X'ttX-Y) OfJ-oto't'Y)'ta fJ-E 't'Y) oExaE'tta 'tou 1 9 70, 'Y) ot XOVOfJ-tx-Y) UqJEer'Y) , 0 erXE1t'ttXterfJ-o� 't'Y)� Xotv-Y)� yvwfJ-'Y)� xat Ot OtatpEerEt� fJ-E'ta�u 'twv XWpWV-fJ-EAWV dXav oAa 'to 1toeroer'to EU6uv'Y)� 'tou� er't'Y) o'Y)fJ-touP'Yta 't'Y)� apv'Y)'ttx-Y)� au't-Y)� xa'tcXer'raer'Y)� " AAAcX xat 1tcXAt, a1to fJ-ta EX 'twv uer'tEpwv E�E'taer'Y) , -Y)'tav �ExcX6apo O'tt 'Y) 'tEAWVEtax-y) Evwer'Y) 1tOU �Extv'Y)erE 'to 1 958 dXE a1tooEtx6d erE fJ-E'YcXAO ba6fJ-0 Em'tux-Y)� " Ot fJ-E'ta1tOAEfJ-tXE� EA1ttOE� 'Yta O'Y)fJ-touP'Yta fJ-ta� er'ta6Ep-y)� , EU'Y)fJ-Epouera� , aV'tt XOfJ-fJ-ouvter'ttx-Y)� Eupw1t'Y)� dXav erE fJ-E'YcXAO ba6fJ-0 EX1tA'Y)pw6d, 'Y) EOK dXE a1tooEtx6d Eva terxupo erufJ-bOAo 't'Y)� Em'tuXta� 'tou ou'ttXOU xam'ta AterfJ-ou xa'tcX 'tov WuXpo IIOAEfJ-O xat Ot XUbEpv-Y)erEt� 1tOAAWV xwpwv fJ-EAWV -Y)'tav aqJoertwfJ-EvE� er'to er'toxo 't'Y)� 1tEpat'tEpw EfJ-bcX6uver'Y)� 'r'Y)� OAoxA-Y)pwer'Y)� o'tav 6a 1tapouertcX",ov'tav xat 1tcXAt Ot xa'tcXAA'Y)AE� eruv6-Y) XE� "

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

KE�AAAIO TPITO : LlYTIKH rEPMANIA - H LlHMOKPATIA TH� BONNH�

H L:1PYl:H THl: i1HMOKPA TIAl: THl: BONNHl:, 1945-1949 To M&w 't'ou 1945 "f) r EpfJ-CXV(CX "f)'t''t'�erp<E OAOXA"f)PW't'D<& CX7tO 't'OUC; �ufJ- fJ-&'X,OUC; . �E CXV't'(eEer"f) fJ-E 't'o N OEfJ-bpW 't'ou 1 9 1 8 , o't'cxv 't'o fJ-E"'(CXM't'EpO fJ-EpOC; 't'"f)C; 'X,wpCXC; d'X,E CX7tOCPUyE� 't'"f)v E�erboA� , O� erob�E't'�XEC; xcx� O� oU't'� XEC; OUV&fJ-E�C; 7tpOEACXercxv er't'"f)v xcxpo�& 't'ou yEPfJ-CXV�xou EO&cpOUC; . H AfJ-E p�x�, "f) Pwer(cx, "f) BpE't'CXV(CX xcx� "f) rcxAA(cx o�cx(pEercxv 't'"f) 'X,WpCX erE �WVEC; XCX't'O'X,�C; , XCX't'Eer't'pE�CXV 't'CX 't'EAW't'CX(CX CX7tOfJ-E�V&p�CX 't'"f)C; E�OUer(CXC; 't'WV VCX�( XCX� EyxCX't'Eer't'"f)erCXV 't'"f) O�X� 't'OUC; er't'pcx't'�w't'�X� XUbEpV"f)er"f) . o� rEpfJ-CXVO( 7tOA('t'EC; , �O�CX('t'EpCX er't'cx CXVCX't'OA�X&, U7tEer't'"f)erCXV XCXXOfJ-E't'cx'X,dp�er"f) CX7tO 't'OV Epuepo � 't'pCX't'O , OfJ-WC; OEV U7t�p'X,E , O�EeVWC; , X&7tO�CX erUfJ-7t&eE�CX y�cx CXU't'OUC; fJ-E't'& CX7tO E�� 'X,POV�CX 7toAEfJ-OU . H CXVEAE"f)'t'"f) 7tOA�'t'�X� XCX't'O'X,�C; 't'OU A06Acpou X('t'AEP erE OA"f) 't'"f)V EUpW7t"f) XCX� "f) CXvcxX&Au�"f) 't'WV er't'pcx 't'07tEOWV eruyxEV't'pWer"f)C; 7tpOX&AEerCXV 't'"f)V CX7tE'X,eE�CX XCX� 't'O fJ-(erOC; 7tpOC; 't'OUC; rEpfJ-CXVOUC; : "f) xcx't'cxer't'pocp� 7tOU U7tEer't'"f)erCXV CPCX�VO't'CXV vcx 't'OUC; CX�( �EL MEP�XEC; 7tOAE�C; , 07tWC; "f) �pEerO"f), d'X,cxv OAOer'X,EpWC; xcx't'cxer't'pcxcpd CX7tO «OAOXA"f)PW't'�XOUC; bOfJ-bCXpO�erfJ-ouc; » · 't'CX 't'p(CX 't'E't'CXP't'CX 't'WV X't'�p(WV er't'"f)v 7tPW't'EUOUerCX, 't'O BEpOA(VO, d'X,cxv xcx't'cxer't'pcxcpd. o� �UfJ-fJ-CX'X,O� d'X,cxv erufJ- cpWV�erE� VCX eEerOUV 't'CX EO&cp"f) CXVCX't'OA�x& 't'"f)C; ypCXfJ-fJ-�C; 'OV't'EP-N &�ererE «U7tO 7tOAWV�X� ow(x"f)er"f)>> , XCX� m 7tEptererO't'Epm rEpfJ-CXVO( 7tOU �ouercxv Exd EyXCX't'EAEt�CXV 't'CX er7t('t'tCX 't'OUC; , O"f)fJ-wupyWV't'CXC; 't'Ep&er't'W 7tpoercpuytXO 7tPObA"f)fJ-CX er't'tC; OU't'tXEC; 7tEPW'X,EC; 't'"f)C; rEpfJ-CXV(CXC; . II&vw CX7tO E�t EXCX't'OfJ- fJ-UptCX rEpfJ-CXVO( d'X,cxv 'X,&erEt 't'"f) �W� 't'OUC; XCX't'& 't'"f) O�&pXE�CX 't'OU 7tOAE fJ-OU , Ot fJ-tero( 7t Ep(7tOU CX7tO CXU't'OUC; er't'pCX't'�W't'EC; XCXt Ot 7tEptererO't'EpOt "f)A� X(CXC; fJ-E't'CX�U 1 8 XCXt 3 5 . Excx't'ofJ-fJ-up�cx er't'pcx't'tw't'EC; �'t'cxv CXt'X,fJ-&AW't'Ot 7toAEfJ-OU · 7tOAAO( &AAm rEPfJ-CXVO( 't'Ee"f)XCXV U7tO 7tEpWpterfJ-o CX7tO 't'"f)v 7tODigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErPOrrH TOY 'l'YXPOY rrOAEMOY, 1 945- 199 1 : rrOAITlKH IETOPIA

At't'tX-Y) 't'wv �u[J-[J-axwv yta «a1tOVa�tO"'t'tX01tOtY)(nl», EVW €ytVaV €PWVEC; yta 't'tC; opaO"'t'Y)pto't'Y)'t'€C; 't'OUC; xa't'a 't'O Xa6EO"'t'WC; 't'OU Tpkou patX. H yE't'tXa [J-€AY) 't'wv Va�t OtXaO"'t'Y)xav 0"'t'Y) N UPE[J-b€p'YYJ 't'o 1946 xat 1tOAAOt a1to au't'ouc; xa't'aotxaO"'t'y)xav O"E 6ava't'o . �'t'o [J-E't'a�u, Y) a1to[J-axpuvO"Y) 't'wv va�t U1taAA-y)Awv a1to 't'tC; 6€O"EtC; 't'OUC; 1tpOXaAEO"E OtOtxY)'t'tXO XEVO, EVW Y) otaotxaO"ta 't'Y)C; «a1tova�tO"'t'tX01tOtY)O"Y)C;» a1toodx6y)XE apy-Y) O"'t'Y)v Ecpap[J-oy-Y) 't'Y)C; xat aotxY) O"'t'a a1to't'EA€O"[J-a't'a 't'Y)c; . Ot 't'€O"O"EptC; ouva[J-EtC; xa't'0X-Y)C; Ecpap[J-o�av 't'Y)v 1tOAt't'tX-y) au't'-Y) [J-E OtacpopE't'tXOUC; 't'P01tOUC; , Xt €'t'O"t a6wot av6pw1tot 1t€paO"av [J--Y)VEC; [J-€O"a 0"'t'Y) cpuAax-y) , EVW 't'au't'oxpova 1tOAAOt a1t ' 't'OUC; EVOXOUC; opa1t€'t'wO"av . Y1t-Y)PXE xat [J-ta 6E't'tX-Y) 1tAWpa O"'t'Y)v 1tOAt't'tX-y) 't'wv �u[J-[J-axwv, [J-E 't'Y)v 1tpoO"1ta6Eta va «E1taVEX1tatOEU O"ouv» 't'OUC; r Ep[J-avouc; O"'t'tC; oY)[J-oxpa't'tx€c; a�tEC; , wO"'t'oO"o [J-1topd va U1toO"'t'Y)ptX6d o't't Y) 1ttO"'t'Y) 0"'t'Y) va�tO"'t'tx-Y) tOEOAoyta dXE xa't'aO"'t'pacpd oXt a1to 't'Y)v E1taVEX1tatOWO"y) , aAAa a1to 't'Y)v au't'ox't'ovta 't'ou Xt't'AEP, 't'Y)v -Y)'t''t'a xat 't'a 1tpObA-Y)[J-a't'a 1tOU axoAou6y)O"av . Ot 1tEptO"O"O't'EPOt r Ep[J-aVOt 't'wpa 1tA€ov OEV €OEtXVav tOtat't'Epo EVOtacp€pov yta 't'Y)v 1tOAt't'tX-y) , aV't't[J-E 't'w7tt�av [J-E XUVtO"[J-o 't'tC; a1tOAu't'apxtx€c; xat [J-tAt't'aptO"'t'tx€C; a�tEC; 't'ou 1tapEA6ov't'oc; , aAAa OEV #Epav xat [J-E 't't va 't'tC; aV't'txa't'aO"'t'-y)O"ouv . �'t'a 1tpw't'a xpovta [J-E't'a 't'ov 1tOAE[J-O -Y)'t'av OUO"xoAo axo[J-a xat va [J-dVEt xavdc; �wv't'avoc; · Ot [J-EptOEC; 't'pocpt[J-wv -Y)'t'av [J-tXP€C; , U1t-Y)PXE €AAEt�Y) xauO"t[J-wv xat Y) Otxovo[J-ta AEt't'oupyOUo"E O"E aV't'aAAax't'tx-y) baO"Y) AOYW 't'Y)C; a1tou O"tac; 0"'t'a6Epou vO[J-tO"[J-a't'oc; . Ot �u[J-[J-axot apxtO"av va Aa[J-bavouv E1tavop6WO"EtC; xat Y) btO[J-Y)XaVtx-Y) 1tapaywy-Y) [J-Etw6Y)XE xa't'a 1toAU : aXD[J-Y) xat 't'O 1 9 4 7 Y) 1tapaywy-Y) -Y)'t'av [J-tXPD't'EPY) a1to 't'o [J-tO"o 't'wv aV't'tO"'t'otXWV E7tt1t€OWV 1tptV 't'ov 1tDAE[J-O . H Otxovo[J-tx-Y) ouO"1tpayta, 0 6ava't'oc; xat Y) xa't'aO"'t'pocp-y) 1tOU 1tpOXA-Y)6Y)xav a1tD 't'ov 1tDAE[J-O, xa6wc; xat Y) €AAEt�Y) E[J-7ttO"'t'OO"uvY)c; 1tpOC; 't'OUC; Eau't'ouc; 't'OUC; xa't'€O"'t'Y)O"av 't'O O"'t'DXO 't'Y)C; avotxo06[J-Y)O"Y)c; 't'po[J-Epa ouO"xo AO yta 't'ouc; r Ep[J-avouc; . Ta cpaV't'aO"[J-a't'a 't'ou 1tOA€[J-OU O"uv€XtO"av va xa't'aotwxouv 't'Y) xwpa xat O"'t'tC; xa't'o7ttv€c; oExaE't'tEC; . Ot OtXEC; 't'wv [J-EyaAu't'€pWV va�t e:yxAY)[J-a't'tWv 1tOA€[J-OU, D1tWC; 't'ou KAaouc; M1tap[J-7tt (Klaus Barbie) 0"'t'Y) raAAta 't'O 1987, ota't'-y)py)O"av �wv't'av€c; 't'tc; [J-V-Y)[J-EC; 't'wv cpptXaAEo't'-y)'t'WV 't'ou 1tOA€[J-OU . IIavw a1tD o€xa Exa't'o[J-[J-upta EXOtW X6€V't'EC; a1tD 't'Y)v ava't'oAtx-y) DX6Y) 't'wv 'OV't'EP xat NatO"O"E �ouO"av 0"'t'Y) Llu't'tx-Y) r Ep[J-aVta xa't'a 't'Y) oExaE't'ta 't'ou 1960. E1tt1tA€OV, xa1tota a1tD 't'a O"u[J-[J-axtxa xa't'0xtxa otxatw[J-a't'a aXD[J-Y) E7ttbtWVav O"'t'O B EpOAtVO 't'ou 1 9 89 . Ot r Ep[J-aVOt €1tpE1tE va 1tpoO"1ta6-Y)O"ouv va O"u[J-btbaO"'t'ouv [J-E 't'O Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

LlYTIKH r E P MANIA

1 33

1tpObAl]!J.a "l]� «crUAAO"(tXYj� €VOXYj�» "(ta .. a ,,(€,,(ovo.. a "l]� Xt"A€PtXYj� mptOOou . IIaptX .. a A€,,(O!J.€Va "(ta «a1t€Aw6Epwcrl]» xat OXt "(ta «Yj .... a» 'to 1945 , ALYOt rep!J.avoL dXav 7tpaY!J.a'ttxtX av'ttcr'taed cr'tOUC; va�£. ITo'A Aoi 1tpocr1ttX6l]crav a1tAW� va apvl]60uv OA€C; .. tC; !J.vYj!J.€C; a1to .. 0 Tpi .. o PtXtx Yj, aAAtW� , va a!J.qncrbl]"Yjcrouv "l]v av .. [Al]�l] "l]C; cruAAO"(tXYj� €voXYj� ' tXAAot cpobouv .. av o .. t ot 1taAtE� a1tOAu ..apXtXE� a�i€� €1ttbiwcrav XtX .. w a1to "'Y)v €1ttcptXv€ta, o .. t Ot Ol]!J.ocrtot U1ttXAAl]Aot 1tapE!J.€tVaV cr .. t� 6Ecr€t� .. OU� mxp' OAO 1tOU U1tl]pE"l]crav .. OU� va",i xat o.. t €1tO!J.EVW� O€V dXav .. €6d Ot btXcr€t� "(ta !J.ta 1tpa,,(!J.a.. txtX vEa ol]!J.oxpa .. ia !J.€"tX .. ov 1tOA€!J.O . E�icrou O''Y)!J.av .. txYj !J.€ "l]v apvl] .. txYj au ..Yj XAl]POVO!J.ttX .. ou Tpi.. ou PtXtX Yj ..av xat 'Y) otaip€crl] "l]� r€p!J.avia� 1tOU 1tpoxAYj6l]x€ a1to "l]v xa.. oxYj : !J.EXpt .. 0 1947 l] xwpa dX€ 1tEcr€t 6u!J.a "l]� Ev.. acrl]� .. ou "¥UXpou IIoAE!J.ou xat oucrtacr.. txtX xwpicr"l]x€ cr.. a 060 . Axo!J.a xat l] ....l]!J.EVl] , l] r €p!J.avia Yj .. av €�atp€ .. txtX 1tOAU.. t!J.l] --cr.. pa"l],,(txtX xat otxovo!J.tXtX- xat "(ta "l]v Ava .. o AYj xat "(ta "l] Llucrl] , "(ta va "l]v acpYjcrouv Ot !J.€V va 1tEcr€t cr .. a XEpta .. wv O€. Evw Ot LObt€.. txoi OAOxAYjpwvav "l]v avaotavo!J.Yj "l]� 'YlJ � , "l]v €6vt x01toil]crl] "l]� b to!J.l]xavia� xat "l] !J.€.. abibacrl] "l]� 1tOAt.. tXYj� €�oucria� O'''ou� r €p!J.avou� xO!J.!J.OUVtcr"E� , Ot "P€t� OU .. tXE� OUVtX!J.€t� crUV€p,,(tX",o nav OAO xat 1t€ptcrcro.. €PO "(ta "l] ol]!J.toup,,(ia €VO� 0!J.0cr1tovotaxou, cptA€ A€u6€pou xat ol]!J.oxpa.. txou XptX.. ou� cr"l] Llucrl] . To 1946 Ot A!J.€ptxavoi xat Ot Bp€ ..avoi cru!J.cpwvl]crav va €vwcrouv .. t� ",WV€� xa ..oxYj� .. ou� crt !J.ta «Llt",wvia» ' .. 0 1 9 4 7 .. 0 ou .. tXO !J.EpO� "l]� r €p!J.avia� 1t€pt€AYjcp6l] cr .. o O''Y..EOto MtXpcraA "(ta "l]v wpw1ta'�xYj Otxovo!J.txYj avacru,,(xpo"l]crl] ' xat ..ov Iouvto .. ou 1 9 4 8 , !J.€"tX a1to OttXcrX€�l] cr .. o Aovoivo, €AYjcp6l] l] a1tocpacrl] va Ol]!J.toup"(l]6d XUbEPVl]crl] "l]� Llu .. txYj� r €p!J.avia� . H avtX"(xl] va U1tocr"l]ptX60uv a1to "l] r€p!J.avia cr ..ov "¥uXpo IIoA€!J.o €1tEOpacr€ wcr.. € va avatp€6d l] apxtxYj a1tocpacrl] .. wv LU!J.!J.tXXWV va 1ttX pouv €xoixl]crl] "(ta .. t� xa.. acr"pocpE� .. ou 1tOAE!J.OU . To 1943 .. 0 Y1toup"(do Otxovo!J.tXWV ..wv H IlA dX€ xa..acr"pwcr€t ..0 crXEOto Mop"(x€v..tXou, "(ta va !J.€..a.. pa1td l] r €p!J.avia crt xwpa !J.€ a,,(po.. txYj otxovo!J.ia· o!J.w� ..0 xa Aoxaipt ..ou 1947 Ot A!J.€ptxavoi xat ot Bp€..avoi cru!J.cpwvl]crav va au�Yjcrouv "'Y)v 1tapa"(w"(Yj XtXAuba cr"l] Llt",wvia . 'E"(tvav 1tpocr1ttX6€t€� va 1tapa!J.€pt O'''ouv €xdvot Ot €1ttX€tpl]!J.a.. i€� 1tOU cr ..Yjpt�av .. ov Xi..A€P xat va OtaAU60uv ..a bto!J.l]xaVtxtX xap"EA 1tOU 1tapdxav .. a UAtxtX "(ta "l]v 1tOA€!J.tXYj 1tpocr1ttX6€ta "l]� r€p!J.avia� . L"l] OttXcrX€�l] .. ou IIo.. croa!J., .. ov IOUAto ..ou 1945 , OA€� Ot OUVtX!J.€t� xa.. oxYj� cru!J.cpwvl]crav va acpo1tAtcr.. d l] r€p!J.avia xat "E6l]xav 1t€ptoptcr!J.oi cr ..a dOl] .. wv a,,(a6wv 1tOU €1tt"p€1to.. av va 1taDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

payouv 't"a yepfJ-aVtXa epyocr't"acna, wcr't"e va fJ-Y)v a1tox't"y)cret 1to't"€ Y) rep fJ-av[a 't"Y) ouva't"o't"Y)'t"a va ote�ayayet ex V€OU 1tOAefJ-o . :E't"o ou't"tXO fJ-€pOe; 't"Y)e; r epfJ-av[ae; , wcr't"ocro, Ot totw't"ee; emxetpY)fJ-a't"[ee; cruV't"ofJ-a a1toxa't"acr't"a6Y)xav cr't"Y)v 1taAta 't"oue; 6€crY) . H emxetpY)fJ-a't"txY) efJ-mcr't"ocruvY) evtcrxu6Y) xe cre fJ-eyaAo ba6fJ-o fJ-e't"a 't"ov Iouvto 't"ou 1948 fJ-e 't"Y)v etcraywyY) evoe; V€OU cr't"a6epou v0fJ-[crfJ-a't"oe; xat Y) bapta btOfJ-Y)XavtxY) 1tapaywyY) em't"axuv6Y)xe fJ-e 't"Y) boY)6eta 't"ou crXeo[ou MapcraA. To 1947 Y) yepfJ-avtxY) 1tapaywyY) av6paxa xat xaAuba bptcrxo't"av cr't"a 130 exa't"ofJ-fJ-upta xat crXe06v 3 exa 't"ofJ-fJ-upta 't"ovoue; av't"tcr't"o[xwe; - fJ-€Xpt 't"0 1952 't"a aV't"[cr't"otXa voufJ-epa Y)'t"av 208 xat 1tep[1tou 1 6 exa't"ofJ-fJ-upta 't"ovot. Ot AfJ-eptxavo[ xat Ot Bpe 't"avo[ t6uvov't"ee; 6ewpoucrav 't"Y) ou't"txY) 1tAWpa 't"Y)e; r epfJ-av[ae; we; iva crY)fJ-av't"txo 1tpofJ-axwva evav't"ta cr't"O crobte't"tXO xOfJ-fJ-OUVtcrfJ-o, we; fJ-ta xwpa Y) o1to[a, xa6we; bptcrxo't"av cr't"Y)V 1tpw't"Y) ypafJ-fJ-Y) a1t€vaV't"t cr't"ov Epu6po :E't"pa't"o, 6a €1tpme va cruvoe6d cr't"a6epa fJ-e 't"Y) LlucrY) . Ot raMOt, e1tetoy) u1tY)p�av 6ufJ-a't"a 't"Y)e; yepfJ-avtxY)e; xa't"oxy)e;, Y)'t"av 1tOAU Atyo't"epo cr[youpOt yt' au't"Y) 't"Y)V 1tOAt't"tXY). Em6ufJ-oucrav va XpY)crtfJ-01tOtOUV 't"te; yepfJ-avtX€e; 1tpw't"ee; uAee; , xwpk ofJ-we; va �avaoy)fJ-toupYYJ6d iva tcrxupo yepfJ-avtxo xpa 't"oe; . 'OfJ-we; Y) e�ap't"Y)crY) 't"Y)e; r aAA[ae; a1to 't"Y)V OtxovofJ-txY) U1tocr't"Y)pt�Y) 't"wv H IlA 1teptopt�e 't"Y) ouva't"o't"Y)'t"a 't"Y)e; va av't"topacret cr' au't"Y) 't"Y)v ayyAoa fJ-eptxavtxY) 1tOAt't"tXY). Tov Iouvto 't"ou 1948 Y) AfJ-eptxY) xat Y) Bpe't"av[a u1tocrx€6Y)xav cr't"Y) raM[a o't"t 6a 't"e60uv otacpopot 1teptoptcrfJ-o[ cr't"Y)v ave �ap't"Y)cr[a 't"Y)e; repfJ-av[ae; : Ot btofJ-y)xaVtxo[ 1teptoptcrfJ-o[ 6a 1tap€fJ-evav ' tOpU6Y)xe fJ-ta «Llte6vY)e; ApXY)>> yta va eA€yxet 't"oue; 1tOpOUe; cre av6paxa xat xaAuba 't"Y)e; XotAaOae; 't"ou Poup --'t'Y)e; xapotae; 't"Y)e; yepfJ-avtxY)e; btofJ-y)Xa v[ae;- xat oY)fJ-toupyY)6Y)xe fJ-ta :E't"pa't"tw't"txY) Em't"po1tY) AcrcpaAetae; yta va eyyuY)6d 't"ov acp01tAtcrfJ-O. Ot 1tapaxwpY)crete; au't"€e; 1tpoe't"o[fJ-acrav 't"0 €oa cpoe; yta 't"Y) cruyxwvwcrY) xat 't"wv 't"ptWV ou't"tXWV �wvwv cre fJ-ta evta[a ov't"o't"Y)'t"a xat 't"Y)V [opucrY) evoe; ou't"txoyepfJ-avtxou xpa't"oue; . H oy)fJ-oxpa't"[a apXtcre va evouvafJ-wve't"at xat 1taAt cr't"Y) repfJ-av[a 1toM 1tptV oY)fJ-toupyY)6d fJ-[a evta[a XUb€pVY)crY) 't"Y)e; �u't"txY)e; r epfJ-av[ae; . O t 1tpw't"ee; eAeu6epee; eXAoy€e; fJ-e't"a 't"ov 1tOAefJ-o Y)'t"av cre iva Xw I' to 't"Y)e; Bauap[ae; , 't"0 BOAfJ-0U't"crouA, cr't"Y) �wvY) 't"wv HIlA, 't"ov Auyoucr't"o 't"ou 1945 , yta 't"Y) 6€crY) 't"ou oY)fJ-apxou . H oY)fJ-oxpa't"[a cruv€Xt�e va e1tave opatwve't"at «a1to xa't"w» fJ-e 1tapofJ-otee; eXAoy€e; , XAtfJ-aXOUfJ-evee; ba6fJ-ta[a cr't"O e1t[1teoo 't"wv Lander - wpu't"epwv OtotxY)'t"tXWV evo't"Y)'t"wv . H Land (mapx[a) 't"Y)e; IIpwcr[ae; , fJ-e 't"Y)v tcr't"optxY) 't"Y)e; xuptapx[a e1t[ 't"Y)e; r ep fJ-av[ae; xat 't"Y) crX€cry) 't"Y)e; fJ-e 't"o fJ-tAt't"aptcrfJ-o, xa't"apyY)6Y)xe, evw �avaDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

t; YTIKH rEPMANIA

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/:,. YTIKH rEP MANIA

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�'tav Eva<; �crxupoyvWfJ-Wv o7ta06<; 'tY)<; Xo�vwv�X�<; fJ-e:'tappuOfJ-�crY)<; xa� av't�xofJ-fJ-Ouv�cr't�<; , OfJ-W<; Y) e:ve:p'YY) 't �XO'ty)'t&. 'tou dXe: e:�acrOe:vtcre:� a7tO 'ta xp6v�a 7tOU 7tEpacre: cre: cr'tpa't07te:oa cruyxe:npwcre:wv U7tO 'to xaOe:cr'tw<; 'twv va�t· apv�OY)xe: va cruve:pyacr'td fJ-e: 'ta acr't�x&. 7tOA�'t�X&. xOfJ-fJ-a'ta � fJ-e: 'ty)v KaOOA�X� EXXAY)crta xa� dXe: 'tpaxu, aO�&'AAax'tO 7tpocrW7ttXO xapax't�pa . H 7ttcr'ty) 'tou O't� 'to SPD Oa y�vo'tav avafJ-CfHcrb�'tY)'ta xOfJ-fJ-a 'tY)<; 7tAe:to�y)cpta<; a7toodxOY)xe: AavOacrfJ-Evy) , xaOw<; Eva &'AAO xOfJ-fJ-a e:fJ-<pavtcr'tY)xe: y�a va 'to anaywv�crnt, fJ-e: 'tY) fJ-opCp� 'tY)<; Xp�cr't�avooy)fJ-o xpa't�x�<; 'EvwcrY)<; (CDU) , xa� fJ-e: 'to bauap�xo 7tapaxA&'o� 'tou , 'ty) Xp� cr't�av�x� Ko�vwv�x� 'EvwcrY) (CSU) . H CDU oy)fJ-toUpy�OY)xe: 'to 1945 w<; a7to7te:�pa va oY)fJ-toupyY)Od Eva e:v�ato fJ-e:'tappuOfJ-�cr't�xo aAA&' fJ-Y) crocr�aA�cr't�xO xOfJ-fJ-a, fJ-e: U7tocr't�p��Y) xa� a7to xaOoA�xoU<; xa� a7to 7tpo'te:cr't&'vn<; . �X07te:ue: OfJ-w<; cre: fJ-�a 7tOAU e:upu'te:pY) Aa'r:x� a7t�xY)crY) a7t ' o ,'t� 'to 7taA�O KaOoA�xo Ke:v'tpwo KOfJ-fJ-a, 'to 07tOtO e:�acrOEvY)cre: cr'tao�ax&. fJ-e:'t&' 'tov 7tOAe:fJ-O . H ye:'t�xo fJ-EAO<; 'tou fJ-e:'t&' 'to 1 9 48 �'tav 0 Kovpav't Av'te:v&'oue:p , o�fJ-apxo<; 'tY)<; KOAWVta<; (j'ta xpov�a 1 9 1 7-33 , av'tt7taAo<; 'twv va�t, 0 07tOto<; dXe: e:7ttcr'tPE�e:� cr'tY) OEcry) 'tou w<; o�fJ-apxo<; 'to 1945 fJ-ovo xa� fJ-ovo y�a va e:xo�wXOe:t a7to 'to a�twfJ-a au'to a7to 'tou<; Bpe:'tavou<; , 7tOU U7tocr't�p��av 'to SPD. Acp�e:pw vona<; 'tov e:au'to 'tou cr'tY)v e:Ov�x� 7tOA�'t�X� , 0 Avnv&.oue:p dXe: ytve:� 7tpoe:opo<; 'tou KO�VObOUAe:U't�xou �UfJ-bOUAtOU 'to 1948-49 . IIap&' 'ty)v Y)A�Xta 'tou (ye:w�OY)xe: 'to 1 876), Y) U7tOfJ-OVe:'t�X�, 7tpax't�x� xa� a�to7tpe:7t�<; Y)ye:crta 'tou XEpO�cre: e:upu cre:bacrfJ-o. O � U7tocr'tY)P�x 'tE<; 'tou e:fJ-7t0o�crav 'to SPD va xa'tayp&.�e:� cr'tO 8e:fJ-e:AWOY) N 0fJ-0 't�<; �OEe:<; 'tou y�a XOLVWV�X� xa� O�xovofJ-�x� fJ-e:'tappuOfJ-�crY) , o�acrxop7ttcrav 't�<; e:A7ttOe:<; 'tou SPD y�a 'tY)v e:VtcrxucrY) 'twv e:�oucr�wv 'ty)<; xe:v'tP�x�<; XUbEPVY)crY)<; xa� apyo'te:pa (,.o N OEfJ-bP�O 'tou 1949) e:�acrcp&'A�crav o't� Y) ye:vEOA�a 7tOAy) 'tou M7te:'tObe:V , Y) B owy) , Oa y�vo'tav Y) 7tpw'te:uoucra 'ty)<; vEa<; oY)fJ-oxpa'tta<; . IIOAAOt dXav U7tocr'tY)Pt�e:� 'tY) CPpayxcpoup'tY) , fJ-�a 7t OAy) fJ-e:yaAu'te:pY) , (jy)fJ-av't�xo o�xovofJ-�xo xEnpo xa� Eopa 'tou 7tpw'tou 7t avye:pfJ-av�xou KOLVObOUAtOU 'to 1 84 8 . H BowY) a7tOXaAouv'tav 7te:p�cppovY)'t�x&. «7tpW 'te:uoucra-xwp�o» . Ocr'tocro, Y) 7tOAy) bP�crxo'tav 7tt0 xov't&' cr'ty) 6&.crY) 'tY)<; �(jXuo<; 'tou AV'te:v&'oue:p , oe:v �'tav XEV'tpO U7tocr't�p��Y)<; 'tou SPD xa� fJ-7t0poucre: e:uXoAo'te:pa va Oe:wpY)Oe:t w<; 7tpocrwp�v� 7tpwnuoucra fJ-EXP� va e:yxa'tacr'taOd �av&. cr'to B e:pOAtVO fJ-�a 7t avye:pfJ-av�x� XUbEpVY)crY) . 0 Av'te:v&'oue:p , e:7ttcry) <; , xa't&.cpe:pe:, fJ-Ecra cr'ta 7tAatcr�a 'ty)<; CDU, va a7top p�
1 40

H ErPOIlH TOr 'I'rxpor IlOAEMor, 1 945- 199 1 : IlOAITIKH IETOPIA

E6\1tx01t0["l')CJ"l') <; , 1tOU dXa.\I Ep.cpa.\ltCJ'td CJ'tO «IIpoypa.p.p.a. 'AAE\I» 'tOU xOp. p.a.'t0<; 'to 1 9 4 7 . AV't[ yt' a.u'tli, 0 A\In\lliOUEp U1toCJ't�Pt�E p.ta. OtXO\lop.[a. «xm\lW\ltx�<; a.yopli<;» 1tOU 6a. eOt\lE 'teAo<; CJ'tou<; xpa.'ttxou<; EAeyxou<; xa.t 6a. O"l')p.wUpyOUCJE p.ta. o"l')p.oxpa.'ttX� p.opcp� Xa.1tt'ta.AtCJP.OU , ba.CJtCJp.e\l"l') CJ't"l')\I a.'top.tX� EAW6Ep[a. , CJ't"l')\I 1tpoCJW1ttX� towx't"l')CJ[a. xa.t CJ't"l')\I EAEU6EP"l') a.)'opli . Au'te<; m tUE<; 1tpoepxo\l'ta.\I a.1tO 'to\l AouV'tbtX 'EpXa.p't, 1tOU e1ta.t�E "l')yE'ttXO, CJE OtXO\lop.tXO E1t[1tEOO, POAO CJ'tO �UP.bOUAW 't"l')<; Llt�W \I[a.<; xa.t eyt\lE p.eAo<; 't"l')<; CDU 'to\l Iou\lw 'tou 1949 . �'tt<; EXAoye<; 'tou AuyouCJ'tou 'tou 1949 0 yEPP.a.\ltXo<; Aa.O<; 1tpo't[p."l') CJE 't"l') CDU (3 1 'tOt<; EXa.'tO) a.1tO 'to SPD (29 'tm<; EXa.'tO), E\lW xa.t liAAa. xop.p.a.'ta. a.1toodX6"l')xa.\I E1t[CJ"l')<; 1tpo6up.a. \la. U1toCJ't"l')p[�OU\l 'to\l A\ln \lliOUEp )'ta. 't"l')\1 Xa.YXEAa.p[a. . To 1tW CJ"l')p.a.\I'ttXO �'ta.\I 'to Kop.p.a. 'tW\I EAEU6EPW\I Ll"l')p.oxpa.'tw\I ( 1 2 'tm<; EXa.'tO), 1tOU dXa.\I XA"l')pO\lOP.�CJEt 'to xwpo 'tW\I 1ta.Aa.tW\I cptAEAw6epw\I . LlE\I �'ta.\I 6p"l')CJxw'ttxli 1tpoCJa.\la.'tOAt CJp.e\lo, �'ta.\I a.\I'ttCJOCJta.AtCJ'ttXO xa.t U1toCJ't�Pt�E 't"l') cptAEAEU6Ep"l') OtXO\lop.[a. 'tou l aissez-faire. Ot EAEu6Epm Ll"l')p.oxpli'tE<; (FDP) xa.t 'to CJuV't"l')P"l')'ttXO r EpP.a.\ltXO Kop.p.a., 1tOU dXE 't"l')\1 eopa. 'tou CJ'to A\lObEPO, CJuyxpo't"l')CJa.\I p.a.�[ P.E 't"l') CDU e\la. CJU\la.CJ1ttCJp.o, U1tEptCJXUO\l'ta.<; EUxoAa. 'tou SPD. Axo p.a. xa.t e'tCJt, "l') EXAoy� 'tou A\I'tE\llioUEP w<; Xa.YXEAlipwu �'ta.\I Opta.x� 202 ��cpm a.1tO 'tt<; 404 . r1t�pXa.\I liAAa. OWOEXa. p.txpli xop.p.a.'ta. CJ't"l')\I Bundestag, 1tOU Exn[\lO\l'ta.\I CJE OAO 'to 1tOAt'ttXO cpliCJp.a., a.1tO 'tou<; XOP. p.ou\ltCJ'te<; xa.t 'ta. u1toAdp.p.a.'ta. 'tou 1ta.Aa.wU KEV'tPWOU Kop.p.a.'to<; p.e Xpt 'tou<; CJU\I't"l')P"l')'ttxou<; 't"l')<; lixpa.<; OE�tli<; . IIa.pli 'tt<; a.CJcpa.AtCJ'ttXe<; Ot xAdoE<; 1tOU U1t�PXa.\I CJ'tO 8EP.EAtWO"l') N op.o, P.EptXO[ cpob�6"l')xa.\I a.xop."l') xa.t E1ttCJ'tpocp� CJ't"l')\I XOWObOUAW'ttX� a.CJ'tli6Eta. 't"l')<; Ba."tp.lip"l')<; . '0'ta.\I "l') \lea. O"l')p.oxpa.'t[a. Ecpa.PP.OCJ't"l')XE xa.t 'tu1ttxli CJ't"l')\I 1tpli�"l') 'to �E1t'tep.bPw, dXE 1tpliyp.a.'tt \la. a.V'ttP.E'tW1t[CJEt 1tOAAe<; OUCJxoA[E<; . H Llu'ttx� r EpP.a. \I[a. �'ta.\I a.xop.a. a.V'tma.6�<; CJ'tO E�W'tEPtXO, "l') mxo\lop.tX� a.\la.CJuyxpo't"l') CJ"l') dXE P.OAt<; a.PX[CJEt, 0 p.EyliAO<; a.pt6p.o<; 1tpoCJcpuyw\I dXE owyxWCJEt 'to\l a.pt6p.o 'tW\I a.\lepyw\I, 1tOAAO[ 1tOAt'ttXO[ OE\I E[Xa.\I XUbEp\l"l')'ttX� EP.1tEtp[a. a.\I't[CJ'tOtX"l') 'tW\I 6eCJEw\I 'tou<; , "l') xUbep\l"l')CJ"l') OE\I dXE 1tA�p"l') E6\1tx� xu pta.px[a. xa.t, E1tmAeO\l, "l') Ota[pECJ"l') P.E 't"l')\1 A\la.'tOAtX� r EpP.a.\I[a. dXE a.1to'tEAeCJEt 'tpa.up.a.'ttX� EP.1tEtp[a. . LlE\I U1t�Pxa.\I Aomo\l EyyU�CJEt<; o'tt 6a. o"l')p.wupyouV'ta.\I 'to 1tAOUCJW, CJ'ta.6EPO, o"l')p.oxpa.'ttXO Xa.6ECJ'tW<; 'tW\I xa. 't01tt\lW\I xpO\lW\I . -

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ΔΙΤΙΚΗ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΑ

Η ΕΠΟΧΉ ΑΝΤΕΝΑΟΥΕΡ, 1949-1966 Το γεγονός ότι η Δυτική Γερμανία απέκτησε πλούτο και σταθερότητα στις όεκαετίες του 1950 και του 1960 οφειλόταν εν μέρει στη μακρο χρόνια και σταθερή ηγεσία του «γέρου» Κόνραντ Αντενάουερ. Παρά την ηλικία του και την οριακή εκλογή του ως καγκελάριου, σύντομα εόραιώθηκε στη Βόννη κυριαρχώντας στο νέο του υπουργικό συμ�oύτα εκτος αουναμοι: κυοερνη' λοι ηταν ' �' ' Ρ λιο, ενω ' οι πολιτικοι' του αντιπα τικού συνασπισμού κόμματα στην Bundestag ήταν όιαιρεμένα μεταξύ τους και ούτε οι κομμουνιστές ούτε οι πολυάριθμες συντηρητικές ομά όες αποόείχθηκαν πρόθυμες να συνεργαστούν με το SPD, του οποίου το σοσιαλιστικό πρόγραμμα απωθούσε πολλούς. Όσο προχωρούσε η όεκαε τία του 1950, τα μικρότερα συντηρητικά κόμματα σταόιακά εξασθένι ζαν και οι ψηφοφόροι τους έτειναν να υποστηρίξουν τη CDU, η οποία, κατά συνέπεια, εόραιώθηκε στην κυ�έpνηση. Όπως συνέ�η και στη Γαλλία κατά την Πέμπτη Δημοκρατία, η Δυτική Γερμανία απομακρύν θηκε από το σύστημα στο οποίο τα πολιτικά κόμματα ήταν �ασισμένα στις όιαφορές των κοινωνικών τάξεων, των θρησκευτικών όογμάτων και των συνταγματικών απόψεων. Το σύστημα της Βα·ίμάρης, με κομμου νιστές, σοσιαλόημοκράτες, φιλελεύθερους, κεντρώους καθολικούς και συντηρητικά κόμματα -που όιαιρούνταν με �άση τις όιαχωριστικές γραμμές του ταξικού, θρησκευτικού και τοπικιστικού προσανατολι σμού-, έόωσε τη θέση του σε ένα ευρύ όικομματικό σύστημα, σαν αυτό που υπήρχε ήόη στη Βρετανία, ενώ το FDP κατείχε τη θέση του μικρού τρίτου κόμματος. Τόσο η CDU όσο και το SPD επιζητούσαν μαζική συμμετοχή κομματικών μελών, οργάνωση σε εθνικό επίπεόο και ευρύ λα·ι·κό έρεισμα, αν και η CDU αποόείχθηκε στην αρχή πολύ καλύτερη στην επίτευξη του τελευταίου στόχου. Η �ασική όιαφορά ανάμεσα στη Δυτική Γερμανία και στη Βρετανία ήταν ότι, εξαιτίας του γερμανικού συστήματός της, έστω μερικής, αναλογικής αντιπροσώπευσης, η CDU έπρεπε να �ασιστεί στην υποστήριξη του FDP, όίνοντας έτσι στο τρίτο κόμμα μείζονα πολιτικό ρόλο και σημαντική ρυθμιστική λειτουργία. Ένα πρώτο σημάόι των κερόών που θα μπορούσε να περιμένει το FDP από αυτόν το ρυθμιστικό του ρόλο ήταν η εκλογή ενός από τους ηγέτες του, του Τέοντορ Χόυς (Theodor Heuss), στη θέση του ομοσπονόιακού προέόρου το Σεπτέμ�pιo του 1949. Το πρόγραμμα του Αντενάουερ ως καγκελάριου περιελάμ�ανε πολλά Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOIIH TOY -qrYXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945-199 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

bacnxa O'YJfJ-e:ta . L'tO eO'w'teptXO €7tpe:m: WT. e:VO'WfJ-a'tWO'e:t O''tYJ ye:pfJ-aVtx-Yj XOLVWV[a owoexa e:xa'tOfJ-fJ-Upta 7tpOO'cpuye:e; xat va e:moe:t�e:t 'ta OCP€AYJ 'tYJe; XOLVWVtX-Yje; ayopae; O'e O'X€O'YJ fJ-e: 'tYJv e:6vtxo7to[YJO'YJ 7tOU 7tpo'ttfJ-OuO'e: 'to SPD. 'OO'ov acpopa 'tte; O'x€O'e:te; fJ-e: 'toue; LUfJ-fJ-aXOue; , €Am�e va e:7te:x'te:tvet O'e: 7tA-YjPYJ e:6vtx-Yj xuptapx[a 'ta otxatwfJ-a'ta 'tYJe; XUb€pvYJO'-Yje; 'tou , aAAa fJ-€O'W fJ-tae; 7tOAt'ttX-Yje; cptA[ae; xat O'UfJ-btbaO'fJ-ou fJ-aAAov 7tapa fJ-€O'W 'tOU a7tat'tYJ'ttXOU 'tp07tOU otexotx-YjO'e:wv 7tOU 7tpo'ttfJ-OuO'e: 0 LOUfJ-aXe:p . LXe:'tt xa fJ-e 'ta �YJ't-YjfJ-a'ta 7tOU acpopouO'av 'to O'uvoAo 'twv r epfJ-avwv, 0 Ane: vaoue:p -Yj'tav a7tocpaO'tO'fJ-€VOe; va 7tapouO'taO'e:t 'tYJ B ovvYJ we; 'tYJ fJ-ovYJ VO fJ-tfJ-YJ XUb€PVYJO'YJ 'tYJe; r epfJ-av[ae; : 7tapa 'tYJv eyxa6(opuO'YJ 'tOU xa6e:0''tw 'toe; 'tYJe; Ava'toAtX-Yje; r e:pfJ-av[ae; 'to 1 949 , OL �u'ttxoye:pfJ-avo[ e�axoAou60uO'av va a7tOXaAOUv 'tYJv ava'toAtx-Yj r ePfJ-av[a «YJ '(wvYJ» . Le ote6v€e; e:7t[7teoo 0 Av'tevaouep -Yj6e:Ae va a7toxa'taO''t-YjO'et 'to ovofJ-a 'tYJe; xwpae; 'tOU , o[vov'tae; a7to�YJfJ-twO'e:te; O''ta xupta 6ufJ-a'ta 'tou X['tAe:p, 'toue; Ebpa[OUe; , e:motwxov'tae; 'tYJv 7tpoO'€yytO'YJ fJ-e 'tYJ raAA[a xat 'toue; aAAoue; Eupw7ta[oue; ye:t'tovee; xat xavov'tae; 'tYJ BovvYJ mO''to O'ufJ-fJ-axo 'twv H VWfJ-€VWV IToAt'te:twv . ITap ' OAO 7tOU oe:v 7tPObAe:7to'tav va aO'xe:t YJ �u'ttx-Yj r e:pfJ-av[a ave:�ap'tYJ'tYJ e�w'teptx-Yj 7tOAt'ttX-Yj , 0 xayxe:AapWe; Xe:tp(O''tYJxe: fJ-e: a7to'te Ae:O'fJ-a'ttxo'tYJ'ta ote:6v-Yj 6€fJ-a'ta a7to 'tYJ Otx-Yj 'tou 6€O'YJ , fJ-e: 'tYJ O'ufJ-fJ-e:'toX-Yj xat 'tou bOYJ60u 'tou X€pfJ- 7te:p't M7tAavxe:vxopv (Herbert Blankenhorn) . H cptAOOU'ttX-Yj 7tOAt'ttX-Yj 'toue; O'uv'tofJ-a €CPe:Pe: 6e'ttxa a7to'te:A€O'fJ-a'ta . To N O€!J.bpW 'tou 1 949 , fJ-e: 'tte; LUfJ-cpwv[e:e; 'tou IT €'tepO'fJ-7te:pyx , Ot LUfJ-fJ-aXOL fJ-e:twO'av 'to 7toO'o 'twv e:7tavop6wO'ewv 7tOU 6a AafJ-bavav a7to 'tY) re:pfJ-a v[a ' 'to 1 9 5 1 , XapY) O''tY)v U7toO''t-YjPt�Y) 'tou A v'te:vaoue:p 7tpOe; 'tY) v€a Eu pW7ta'ix-Yj Kowo'tY)'ta Av6paxa xat XaAuba 2 , OAe:e; Ot e:7tavop6wO'ete; O''ta fJ-a'tY)O'av 'teAe:tWe; , xat 'to Maw 'tou 1 9 5 2 , !J.e: 'ty) Luv6-YjxY) 'tY)e; Bovvy) e; , O t LUfJ-fJ-aXOL av€AabaV 'te:Atxa v a a7toxa'taO''t-YjO'ouv 'ty)v e:6vtx-Yj xuptap x[a 'tY)e; r e:pfJ-av(ae; . 17t-YjPXe: ofJ-we; Eva 't(fJ-Y)fJ-a 7tOU €7tpe7te va xa'tabAy)6e:t yta 't€'towu e:tooue; 7tapaxwp-YjO'e:te; . 17toO''tY)p[�ov'tae; 'ty)v EKAX, 0 Av'te:vaouep e:tXe: O'UfJ-cpwv-YjO'e:t va e:xxwp-YjO'e:t 'tov €Ae:yxo 060 baO'tXWV bW!J.y)xaVtxwv 'to fJ-€WV O'e: fJ-ta u7tepe6vtx-Yj e:upw7ta't·x-Yj apx-Yj . M e'ta 'to Le7t't€!J.bpW 'tou 1 9 5 0 , 0 Av'tevaouep e[xe e7t[O'y)e; O'ufJ-cpwv-YjO'e:t fJ-e: 'ty)v 7tpo'taO'y) 'twv H IlA yta e7tave:�07tAtO'fJ-O 'tY)e; r epfJ-av[ae; , 7tapa 'tY)v aV't(opaO'y) 7tOU au't-Yj 7tpO-

2

BAE7tE: xe:cpaAIXw 2. Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

�rTIKH r EPMANIA

1 43

XaA€O'€ . 0 Av't€vaou€p 1ttO''t€U€ o'n 6a {J-1tOpouO'€ va o"Y){J-wupy"Y)6d Evae; VEOe; o"Y){J-oxpa't�xoe; y€p{J-av�xoe; O''tpa'toe; , o{J-we; xa1tOWt O€V �'tav 'toO'o dyoupm {J-€'ta 't�e; €{J-1t€�pt€e; 'tou 1tap€A6oV'toe; . 0 U1tOupyoe; EO'w't€ptxwv , o €tp"Y)voqnAoe; rXEopyx Xa�v€{J-av (Geor g Heinemann), 1tapat't�6"Y)x€ €�at'ttae; aU't�e; 't"Y)e; 1tpo'taO'"y)e; xa� apyo't€pa 1tpoO'xwp"Y)O'€ O''tO SPD. IIoAAot aAAm aV'tt'tax6"y)xav O''tov €1taV€�01tA�O'{J-O {J-€ 'to O'uv6"Y){J-a «Ohne Mich» (Xwpte; E{J-Eva) . Ka'tomv, 'to Maw 'tou 1 9 5 2 , "Y) �O'xue; 't"Y)e; LUV6�x"Y)e; 't"Y)e; Bow"Y)e; O'uvoE6"y)x€ (J-€ 't"Y)v 1tapaxwp"Y)O'"Y) O''tpa'tw{J-a'twv a1to 't"Y) r €p{J-avta y�a va U1t"Y)P€'t�O'ouv O'€ Evav Eupw1ta"t·x o L'tpa'to. 0 Av't€ vaou€p 1ttO''tW€ o't� "Y) L1u't�x� r €p{J-avta E1tP€1t€ O'€ xa6€ 1t€pt1t'twO'"Y) va O'uvo€6d (J-€ 't"Y)v A'tAaV't�x� LU{J-{J-axta wO''t€ va o�aO'cpaAtO'€� 't"Y)v U1tO O''t�p��"Y) 't"Y)e; L1uO'"Y)e; Evav't� 't"Y)e; PwO'tae; . Ka'ta 't"Y)v 1t€ptOOO 'tou 1tOAE{J-OU 't"Y)e; KopEae; 'to 1950 av"Y)O'uxouO'€ y�a (J-�a €VO€X0{J-€v"y) 0'06�€'t�x� €�0'60A� xat 6€wpouO'€ o't� "Y) E:E:E� 6a O'u{J-cpwvouO'€ yta 't"Y)v €1taVEvwO'"y) 't"Y)e; r€p {J-avtae; {J-ovo {J-€ 'tOUe; o�xoue; 't"Y)e; opoue; , y€yovoe; 1tOU 6a (J-1tOpouO'€ €UXOAa va xa'taA��€� O'€ EAqxo 't"Y)e; xwpae; a1to 'toue; xO{J-{J-OUV�O''tEe; . 0 Av't€ vaou€p �'tav a1tocpaO'�O'{J-EVOe; va o�acpuAa�€� 't"Y) VWYEWY)'t"Y) o"Y){J-oxpa'tta xa� 't"Y) 6EO'"Y) 't"Y)e; O''tO pW{J-awxp�O''t�avtxo 1tOA�'t�O'{J-O, o"Y){J-wupywV'tae; O''ta6€poue; O€O'{J-oue; ava{J-€O'a 0''t"Y) xwpa 'tou xa� O''t�e; aAA€e; OU'ttXEe; o"Y){J-o xpa'tt€e; . IItO''tw€ o't�, €av "Y) L1uO'"Y) 1tapE{J-€V€ �O'Xup� , 'to 1tapavo{J-o xa6€0''twe; 't"Y)e; Ava'toA�X�e; r €p{J- avtae; 't€A�Xa 6a xa'tEpp€€ . OO''toO'o , "Y) 1tOA�'t�X� 'tou au't� oO�'Y"Y)O'€ O''to va xa't"Y)yop"Y)6d a1to 'tov Lou{J-ax€p we; «xaYX€AapWe; 'twv LU{J-{J-axwv» . To SPD 1ttO''tW€ o't� 0 AV't€vaou€p 6a E1tp€1t€ va a�w1tm�O'€� 't�e; wxa�pt€e; y�a O'UVO{J-tAt€e; (J-€ 'toue; L06�€'t�xoue; , €totxa 't"Y)v 1tpo'taO'"y) 'tou L'taA�v 'to Map'tw 'tou 1 9 5 2 y�a €1taV€Vw{J-EV"Y) aAAa OUOE't€p"y) r€p{J-avta h"Y)v o1tota m OU't�XEe; ouva{J-€�e; 6€wp"Y)O'av a1tAWe; we; (J-�a 1tpoO'1ta6€ta 'twv PWO'wv va a1to'tpa1td 0 €�01tA�O'{J-oe; 't"Y)e; r€p (J-avtae;) . H 1tOA�'t�X� 'tou Av't€vaou€p E{J-maZ:€ va o�a't"y)p€t o�a�p€{J-Ev"Y) 't"Y) r€p{J-avta. M€p�xot r €p{J-avot €1ttcr"Y)e; 'tapaX't"Y)xav a1to 't"Y)v a1tOOOX� a1to 'tov AV't€vaou€p 'twv a1ta�'t�O'€WV 'twv IO'pa"Y)A�vwv y�a a1toZ:"Y){J-�wO'€�e; (J-€'ta 't"Y)v «'t€AtX� ALlO'"Y)>> 'tou Xt'tA€p . M€ 'tte; LU{J- cpWVt€e; 't"Y)e; Xay"Y)e; 'tou Iouvtou 'tou 1 9 5 2 xa'ta6A�6"Y)xav a1toZ:"Y){J- �wO'€�e; O''tO IO'pa�A, €VW axoAou6"y)O'av xa� aAA€e; 1tA"Y)pW{J-Ee; O'€ E6patoue; (J-€ 'toue; N o{J-oue; E1ta vop6wO'"Y)e; 'tou 1953 . IIap' oAa au'ta, 0 Av't€vaou€p �'tav a1tocpaO'�O'{J-EVOe; va avaAa6€� 't"Y)v w6uv"Y) yta 'ta Aa6"Y) 'tou 1tap€A6ov'toe; xat 1tpOe; au'tov 'to O'X01tO O'u{J-cpwv"Y)O'€ €1ttcr"Y)e; xat va o�w6€'t�0'€� 'ta 1tpO 'tou 1945 XPE"Y) 't"Y)e; r €p{J-avtae; . Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945- 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

L.'t"'Y]V CX1t01tA'Y]PW!J.-Y) 't"WV Xpo.WV bo-Y)6'Y]O'o. xcx� 'Y] yo.P!J.CXV�X-Y) OLXOVO!J.�X-Y) CXVa1t't"u�'Y] 't"'Y]� Oo.xCXo.'t"icx� 't"ou 1950, 'Y] o1toicx O'uxva 't"cxu't"i�o.'t"cx� !J.o. 't"ov U1toupyo E6v�x-Y)� O �xovo!J.icx� 'Epxcxp't" . To 1950 'Y] o.�xovcx O''t"cx OLXOV0!J.� xa
!:J. YTIKH fEPMANIA

1 45

yEPfJ.aVtX� bWfJ. y)xavia 'ta otxatwfJ.a'ta 'twv Epya'tWV , av Xat au't� Y) EV€pYEta OEV €OW(],E 'tY)V iota ouva'to'tY)'ta Emppo�<; (]''tou<; U1tOAOmou<; Epya'tE<; fJ.E au't� 1tOU E�a(]'cpaAi(]''tY)xE yta 'tou<; Epya�ofJ.EvoU<; (]''tt<; bW fJ.y)XaviE<; avElpaxa xat xaAuba. Ta iota 'ta Epya'ttXa (]'wfJ.a'tda OEV �'tav xa't' avayxY)v EUXapt(]''tY)fJ.€va, E1tEtO� au't� Y) 1tOAt'ttX� €'tEtVE va U1tO baElfJ.i�Et 'to POAO 'twv (]'wfJ.a'tEiwv xat va xaVEt 'tou<; Epya'tE<; AtYO'tEpO fJ.aXy)'ttxou<; , OfJ.w<; Y) (]'UfJ.fJ.E'tOX� (]''tt<; a1tocpa(],Et<; €OEt�E O'tt OAE<; ot 'ta �Et<; (]''ty) r EpfJ.avia Ela fJ.1topou(]'av va (]'ufJ.fJ.E't€XOUV (]''ta 1tAe:ovEx't�fJ.a'ta 'ty)<; XotVWVtX�<; ayopa<; , EVW (]'uV€baAE (]''to va oY)fJ.wupyY)Elouv xaA€<; EP ya(]'tax€<; (]'X€(],Et<; (]''ty) bWfJ.Y)xavia xat fJ.dW(],E 'tov xivouvo xa1tota<; ba Elta<; 'ta�tx�<; OtaipE(],Y)<; fJ.E'ta�u 'ty)<; CDU xat 'tou SPD. M€Xpt 'to �E1t't€fJ.bpW 'tou 1953 , Y)fJ.EpofJ.Y)via OtE�aywy�<; 'twv OEU'tE pwv fJ.E'ta1tOAEfJ.tXWV EXAOYWV 'ty)<; �u'ttX�<; r EpfJ.avia<; , Y) XUb€PVY)(],Y) 'tou Av'tEvaouEp fJ.1tOPOU(],E va t(]'xupt(]''td o'tt EiXE 1tE'tUXEt 1toAAa . 0 (]'ufJ.fJ.a Xtxo<; €AEYX0<; dXE 1tEpwpt(]''td xat 'to �uv'taYfJ.a'ttxo �txa(]''t�pw dXE a1tOppi�Et 'tov t(]'XUpt(]'fJ.o 'tou SPD o'tt Y) YEPfJ.aVtX� (]'UfJ.fJ.E't0X� (],E €vav Eupw1ta·t·xo �'tpa'to �'tav aV'tt(],uv'taYfJ.a'ttx� . H yEPfJ.aVtX� bWfJ.y)xavia dXE El€(],Et 'tt<; ba(],Et<; yta 'ty)v xa'tomv� 'ty)<; ava1t'tu�Y) (]''tY)v 1tapaywy� xaAuba, Xy)fJ.tXWV xat Y)AEX'tptXWV 1tpo·r:ov'twv, 'to EfJ.1tOptXO t(]'o�uyw dXE 'twpa 1tAEova(]'fJ.a xat ot puElfJ.oi ava1t'tu�Y)<; av€Pxov'tav (],E 1to(]'o(]''to 1tavw a1to 8 'tot<; Exa'to E'ty)(]'iw<; . H aVEpyia dXE fJ.EtwEld (]''to 6 'tot<; Exa'to, ot fJ.t(]'Eloi au��ElY)xav xat Y) OtXOVOfJ.tX� ava1t'tu�Y) (]'uV't€AE(],E (]''to va E�a (]'cpaAt(]''td (]''t€yy) xat Em06fJ.a'ta aVEpyia<; yta 'tOU<; 1tpO(],CPUYE<; a1to 'tt<; ava'toAtX€<; 1tEpWX€<; . To Maw 'tou 1 9 5 2 , fJ.E 'tY)v IIpa�Y) EmfJ.Ept(],fJ.OU 'tou Ko(]''tou<; , E�a(]'cpaAi(]''tY)xE Y) 1tAY)pWfJ.� a1to�y)fJ.tW(],EWV (]''tou<; 1tPO (],cpUYE<; yta 'tt<; a1tWAEtE<; 1tOU U1t€(]''ty)(]'av E�at'tia<; 'tou 1tOA€fJ.OU . Au't€<; Ot a1to�y)fJ.tW(],Et<; XPy)fJ.a'tOOo'touv'tav a1to €vav EtOtXO cpopo xat Y) xa'ta bOA� 'tOU<; (]'uvEXi(]''ty)XE fJ.€Xpt 'to 1 9 79 . 0<; a1to'tEAE(]'fJ.a, 'to xOfJ.fJ.a 'tou BHE OEV E�EAiXElY)XE (]''to OE�tO EElVtXt(]''ttXO xOfJ.fJ.a 01tw<; dxav cpobY)Eld 1tOAAoi (Eva ve:ova�t(]''ttXO xOfJ.fJ.a 1tOU oy)fJ.wupy�ElY)XE 'to 195 1 , 'to �o(]'ta At(]''ttXO KOfJ.fJ.a 'tou PatX, (]'uV'tofJ.a a1tayopEu'tY)XE a1to 'to �uv'taYfJ.a'tt xo �txa(]''t�pw) . �'tt<; EXAOYE<;, 'to BHE XEpOt(],E dxo(]'t E1t'ta EOPE<; , aAAa 'ta 1tEpt(]'(]'O'tEpa a1to 'ta aAAa fJ.txpa xOfJ.fJ.a'ta, (],UfJ.1tEptAafJ.baVOfJ.EVWV xat 'twv x0fJ.fJ.0UVt(]''twv, Exa(]'av OAE<; 'tt<; EOpE<; 'tOU<; xat Y) CDU (fJ.E 45 'tot<; Exa'to 'twv ��cpwv) EOpE�E 'to EXAOytXO XEpOO<; . To FDP (9 ,5 'tOt<; Exa'to) 1tapEfJ.EtVE (],E (]'uva(]'m(]'fJ.o fJ.E 'ty) CDU xat 'to SPD (29 'tOt<; Exa'to) a1to yoY)'tEU'tY)XE xat 1taAL To SPD otacpop01tot�ElY)XE 'to(]'o a1to 'ty) (]''taElEpa Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErpOI1H TOr '¥rxpor I10AEMOr, 1945- 199 1 : I10AITIKH I�TOPIA

CPtAOOU'!tX-Yj E�W'!EPtX-Yj 1t0At'!tX-Yj '!OU AV'!EvaOUEp ocro xat a1tO '!Y)v XotVW Vtx-Yj ayopa '!ou 'EpXap'!. 'OfJ-we; Y) aVEA€Y)'!Y) an[opacrY) '!wv L06tE'!tXWV cr'!Y)v E�€yEpcrY) '!OU Ava'!oAtXOU BEpOA[VOU '!ov Iouvto '!ou 1 953 cpavY)xE va otXatWVEt '!Y) CPtAOOU'!tX-Yj 1t0At'!tX-Yj '!ou AV'!EvaouEp xat, fJ-E'!a '!o 6a va'!o '!ou LOUfJ-aXEp '!ov Auyoucr'!o '!ou 1 9 5 2 , cr'!Y)v y)YEcrta '!ou SPD aV€6Y)xE 0 aya6wv 1tP06€crEWV aAAa axpwfJ-oe; 'EptX OAAEvaouEp (Erich Ollenhauer) . EvtcrxufJ-€VOe; a1to '!Y) OEU'!EPy) EXAoytX-Yj '!ou v[xY) , 0 AnEvaouEp €fJ-Et ',IE cr'!a6EpOe; cr'!te; 1t0At'!tX€e; '!ou EmAoy€e; , ot 01t0tEe; crUV€Xtcrav va a1t0OtOouv . Ot pu6fJ-0[ ava1t'!u�Y)e; Em6paouv6Y)xav A[YO cr'!a fJ-€cra '!Y)e; OExaE '![ae; '!ou 1950, crUV€Xtcrav ofJ-we; va 6p[crxov'!at 1tavw a1to '!o 7 '!Ote; Exa'!o. IIEptcrcrO,!EPOt a1to ,!ptafJ-tcrt Exa'!ofJ-fJ-upta rEpfJ-aVOt xa'!ecpuyav cr'!Y) xwpa a1to '!Y)v Ava'!oAtx-Yj r EpfJ-aVta cr'!Y) oExaE'!ta '!ou 1 9 5 0 , aAAa a1t0ppocp-Yj6Y)xav crXE'!tXa EuxoAa, xa6we; Ot 1tEptcrcrO,!EpOt -Yj'!av V€Ot xat EtOtXWfJ-e ',lot . H aVEpy[a cruveXtcrE va fJ-EtWvE'!at xat -Yj'!av cr'!a6Epa XafJ-Y)AO,!EPY) a1to 1 '!Ote; Exa'!o xa'!a '!Y)v 1tEp[OOO 1 9 6 1 -6 6 . To 1tP06AY)fJ-a '!Y)e; cr'!eyacrY)e; dXE 1tA-YjpWe; EmAu6d fJ-eXpt '!o 1 9 63 . Au'!ee; ot EV'!U1twcrtaxee; otxovofJ-t xee; Em'!uXtEe; eowcrav ',lea aU'!01tE1t0teY)cry) cr'!Oue; �U'!tXoYEPfJ-aVOUe; xat E1te,!pEt/Jav '!Y)v E1tex'!acry) '!wv XotVWVtXWV 1tapoxwv fJ-E fJ-ta fJ-e:yaAY) fJ-E '!appu6fJ-tcrY) cr'!Y)v 1t0At'!tX-Yj '!wv cruv'!a�Ewv '!o 1 9 5 7 , o'!av YEVtXEu'!y)xav ot cruv'!a�Ete; y-Yjpa'!oe; xat '!o ut/Joe; '!oue; crUVU6Y)XE fJ-E '!o xocr'!oe; �w-Yje; . Au'!-Yj Y) crY)fJ-antx-Yj fJ- E'!appu6fJ-tcrY) eOEt�E, yta fJ-ta axofJ-a cpopa, o'!t Y) Em'!uXta '!Y)e; XOtVWVtx-Yje; ayopae; fJ-1t0pOUcrE va cpepEt xepoY) yta OAOUe; '!oue; �U'!tXoyEPfJ-avOUe; , aVE�ap'!Y)'!a a1to '!a�Y) , 6pY)crxda -Yj 7tEPtoX-Yj . H E�W ,!EptX-Yj 1t0At'!tX-Yj '!ou Av'!EvaouEp cpavY)xE va a1tEtAd'!at '!ov Auyoucr'!o '!ou 1 9 5 4 , o'!av fJ-ta t/JY)cpocpop[a '!ou yaAAtXOU Kotv060UA[OU e6EcrE '!€AOe; cr'!o crX€Oto yta '!ov Eupw1ta't'xo L'!pa'!o xat xa6ucr'!€pY)crE '!Y)v a1t0xa'!a cr'!acry) '!Y)e; YEpfJ-aVtX-Yje; E6vtx-Yje; xuptapxtae; . IIap ' oAa au'!a, '!o Mato '!ou 1 9 5 5 Y) �u'!tx-Yj r EpfJ-aVta '!EAtXa E7taVE�01tAtcr'!Y)XE we; tcro'!tfJ-o fJ-eAOe; '!ou NATO . TY)v tota E1t 0 X-Yj , axpt6we; Uxa xpovta fJ-E'!a '!Y)v -Yj'!'!a cr'!o �EU'!EpO IIayxocrfJ-to IIOAEfJ-O, Y) �u'!tx-Yj rEPfJ-av[a xa'!acpEpE va a1t0x'!-Yj crEt 1tA-YjpY) E6vtx-Yj xuptapxta xat Eyxa'!€cr'!Y)crE eva 1tpaYfJ- a'!txo 1tAeOV y1t0upydo E�W'!EPtXWV . MeXpt '!o 1 9 68 Ot LUfJ-fJ- aXOt ota'!-YjpY)crav '!o otxatwfJ-a va Xpy)crtfJ-01totOUV E�oucr[Ee; ex'!ax'!Y)e; avayxY)e; yta va 1tpocr'!a '!EUcrOUV '!te; eV01tAEe; ouvafJ-Ete; '!oue; , xa'!a '!a aAAa ofJ-we; Y) xa'!ox-Yj dXE A-Yj�Et. 0 AV'tEVaOUEp -Yj'!av E1t[cry)e; txav01t0tY)fJ-eVOe; E1tEtO-Yj A[YO xatpo apyo'!Epa, '!ov Ox'!w6pto '!ou 1955 , Ot xa'!otxot '!Y)e; 1tAoucrtae; crE av6paDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

LlTTIKH rEP MANIA

1 47

Xet m:pwx-Y)e; 'tOU �aetp, 'Y] 07tOtet dXE et7t0Xwptcr'td et7tO 't'Y] rEPfJ-etVtet 'to 1946 (fJ-E'ta et7tO E7ttfJ-OV'Y] et7tett't'Y]cr'Y] 'twv raAAwv) , et7tEPPt�etV 'tet crXEOtet 7tOU EXetVE 'Y] retAAtet ytet 'to fJ-EAAOV 'toue; . N wptnpet 0 Av'tEvaouEp dXE �OEtr.,Et '1: Vet etVEXE'tett "\ "\ " EI\EYXO "\ �, , ' E7tt, 'tou ,,-,etetp, 'to yetlV\tXO 7tpOXEtfJ-EVOU Vet �otet't'Y]p-Y)crEt 't'Y] qltAtet fJ-E 'to IIetptcrt, etAAa 'tov Ietvouapw 'tou 1 9 5 6 fJ-tet VEet cptAOYEpfJ- etVtX-Y) XUbEPV'Y]cr'Y] 'tou �aetp �-Y)'t'Y]crE 't'Y]v metVEvwcr'Y] fJ-E 't'Y] Llu'ttx-Y) r EpfJ-etvtet . Au'to E7tt'tEUX6'Y]XE 'tov Ietvouapw 'tou 1957 . H E�W'tEPtX-Y) 7tOAt'ttX-y) 'tou Av'tEvaouEp crUVEXtcrE Vet o'Y]fJ-toupyd xa7tOtEe; etv'ttOpacrEte; Xett vet 7tpoxetAd etxofJ-'Y] Xett otacr'tetcr'Y] fJ-E'tet�U 't'Y]e; CDU Xett 'tou FDP fJ-EXpt 'to 1 95 7 . IIoAAot rEp(J.etVot etv'Y]cruxoucretV fJ-E'ta 'to 1953 ytet 'to yqovoe; o'tt 'Y] Llucr'Y] betcrt�O'tetV OAO Xett 7tEptcrcrO'tEpO cr'tet 7tup'Y]vtxa 07tAet . To SPD Xett 'tet Epyet'ttXa crwfJ-et'tdet crUVEXtcretV Vet EVetV'ttWvoV'tett cr'tov E7tetVE�07tAtcrfJ-O 't'Y]e; rEpfJ-etVtete; Xett Vet Excppa�ouv EvOtetcpEpOV ytet EVet EVWfJ-EVO , OUOE'tEpO YEpfJ-etVtXO xpa'toe; . 0 Av'tEvaouEp Xett Ot oU'ttXOt crufJ- fJ-etXOt E7tEfJ-EvetV o'tt 'Y] r EpfJ-etvtet 6et (J.7tOpOUcrE Vet E7tetVEVw6d fJ-ovo fJ-EcrW EAEU6EPWV , E6vtxwv EXAOYWV Xett fJ-E 't'Y] OUVet'to't'Y]'tet Vet etxOAou6-Y)crEt cptAOOU'ttX-y) 7tOAt'ttX-Y) ' etx0fJ-'Y] , 0 Av'tEvaouEp et7tEPPt�E oAocrXEpwe; 't'Y]V tOEet o'tt 'Y] AVet'tOAtX-y) r EpfJ-etvtet 6et fJ-7tOpoucrE Vet et7tO'tEAEcrEt xuptetpXO xpa 'toe; , 07tWe; 't'Y]V dXetv etVetX'Y]pU�Et Ot �ObtE'ttXOt 'to �E7t'tEfJ-bpW 'tou 1955 . To 1 9 5 5 , 0 A vnvaouEp 7tpOXWP'Y]crE cr't'Y]V opyavwcr'Y] EVOe; r7tOUPYEtOU l\.fJ-UVete; Xett cr't'Y] o'Y]fJ-toupytet EVOe; VEOU cr'tpet'tou 't'Y]e; Bundeswehr, 'tet 7tpw'tet (J.EA'Y] 'tou 07tOtou Xet'tE'taY'Y]cretv 'to NOEfJ-bptO . �ufJ-CPWVet fJ-E 'toue; XetVOVtcrfJ-oue; 'tou Metp'ttou 'tou 1 9 5 6 , 0 VEOe; cr'tpet'toe; E7tpOXEt'tO Vet et7tO 'tEAd'tett et7tO «Evcr'tOAOUe; 7tOAtne; » , fJ-E xet6-Y)xov Vet U7tEPetcr7tt�ov'tett 't'Y] o'Y]fJ-OXpet'ttet, Ot 07tOtOt 6et Otet't'Y]poucretV 7tA-Y)P'Y] 7tOAt'ttXa OtXettWfJ-et'tet Xett 6et dXetv etXOfJ-et Xett 't'Y] OUVet'to't'Y]'tet Vet cruVOtXetAtcr'tOUV . 'OfJ-we; 'Y] cr'tpet 'ttw'ttx-Y) etu't-Y) 06vetfJ-'Y] crUVEXtcrE Vet 7tpoxetAd etv'Y]cruXtet, Xett 'to SPD, 'to Mato 'tou 1 9 5 6 , etV'tt'tax6'Y]xE cr't'Y]v Xet6tEpWcr'Y] 't'Y]e; cr'tpa'twcr'Y]e; . E7tt cr'Y]e; , 7tOAAa fJ-EA'Y] 'tou FDP fJ-EXpt Exdv'Y] 't'Y]v E7t0X-Y) dXetv crobetpEe; etfJ-cpt bOAtEe; we; 7tpOe; 'to etV 'Y] 7tOAt'ttX-y) 'tou A V'tEvaouEp ytet 't'Y]V E7tetVEVWcr'Y] Xett 'tov E7tetVE�07tAtcrfJ-O -Y)'tetV crwcr't-Y) . E7tt7tAEOV, 'to FDP etfJ-CPEbetAAE ytet 'to etV 'Y] U7tocr't-Y)Pt�'Y] 'tou AvnvaouEp 7tpOe; 't'Y]V EV07tOt'Y]cr'Y] 't'Y]e; du'ttx-Y)e; Eupw7t'Y]e; OEV E7ttodvWVE 't'Y] OtettpEcr'Y] 't'Y]e; r EpfJ-etVtete; . To FDP oucrcpopou crE E�ett'ttete; 't'Y]e; XUptetpxtete; 'tou AV'tEvaouEp cr't'Y]V XUbEPV'Y]cr'Y] Xett 'tWV crxEOtWV 'tou ytet fJ-E'tet'tp07t-Y) 'tou EXAOytXOu VOfJ-OU, 'Y] 07tOtet 6et EXetVE etXOfJ-et 7tt0 oucrXOA'Y] 't'Y]V EXAOY-y) fJ-tXPWV XOfJ-fJ-a'tWV cr't'Y]V Bundestag. H 7tOAt'ttX-y) OUcretPEcrxEtet 'tou FDP dXE ytVEt 'tocro fJ-EyaA'Y] fJ-EXpt 'to EbpouaDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ETPOrrH TOT 'l'TXPOT rrOAEMOT, 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH I:ETOPIA

pLO 'tou 1 9 5 6 , WCT'tE 'ta 7tEptCTCTo'tEpa (J-EA'Y) 'tou qxa'tEAEt\jJav 'to CTUVaCT7tt CT(J-O . Tov A7tptALO 'tou 1 9 5 7 , CTE aV't"map<x6ECT'Y) 7tAEOV, 'to FDP xa'taotxa CTE 't'Y)v toea 't'Y)C; a7tooo'X;y)C; 7tUp'Y)VtXWV 07tAwv CTE YEp(J-aVtXo Eoaq)Oc; , Xt E'tCTt CTuV't"<x'X,6'Y)XE (J-E 'to SPD xat (J-E 6P'Y)CTXW'ttXEC; xat E7ttCT't'Y)(J-OVtXEC; O(J-<XOEe; 7tOU Evav'ttWvov'tav CT't'Y) 7tOAt'ttXy) 'tou AV'tEV<XOUEP U7tEp 'twv 7tUp'Y)VtXWV 07tI\WV ' .... . Eu'tu'X,we; yta 'tov AV't"EV<XOUEP , apxE't<X (J-EA'Y) 'tou FDP CTuvE'X,tCTaV va U7tOCT't'Y)pt�ouv 'to CTUVaCT7ttCT(J-o (J-E't<X 'to �EbpOU<XpLO 'tou 1 9 5 6 - xat 'tEAt X<X Ev't<x'X,6'Y)xav CT't'Y) CDU, 'Y) o7tota 7tapE(J-EtvE, E'tCTt, CT't'Y)V E�oucrta . �'tte; EXAOYEe; 'tou �E7t'tE(J-bptou 'tou 1957 'to FDP C:P<XV'Y)XE va E'X,Et E7ttAE�Et A<x60e; , xa'tEU' 6UVCT'Y) o'tav ' 'to EXI\OytXO .... ' 7tOCTOCT'tO" 'tou E7tECTE xa'tw a7to' 'to 8 'tote; Exa'to, 't'Y) CT'ttY(J-Y) 7tOU 'Y) CDU -EVtCT'X,U(J-EV'Y) a7to 't'Y) CTuv'ta�LOoo'ttXY) (J-E 'tappu6(J-tCT'Y) 'tou 1 9 5 7- XEPOtCTE AtYEe; 7tEptCTCTO'tEpEe; a7to 'tte; (J-tCTEe; CTUVO AtXEe; \jJY)c:poue; . To SPD, (J-E 'Y)yE't'Y) axo(J-a 'tov OAAEV<XOUEp xat (J-E 7toAt 'ttxY) baCTtCT(J-Ev'Y) XUptWe; CT't'Y)V apv'Y)'ttxY) Xpt'ttxY) 7tpOe; 'tov AV'tEV<XOUEP, (J-OAte; 7tOU �E7tEpaCTE 'to 32 'tOte; Exa'to. To FDP CTuv'to(J-a CTU(J-(J-<X'X,'Y)CTE �av<x (J-E 't'Y)V XUbEpV'Y)CT'Y) . rta X<X7tOLOV xatpo (J-E't<X a7to au'tY) 't'Y)V 'tpt't'Y) CTUVE 'X,O(J-EV'Y) EXAoytXY) 'tou y)'t'ta, 'to SPD CTUVE'X,tCTE va aCTxd Xpt'ttxY) CT't'Y)V xu bEPV'Y)CT'Y) yta 'ta 7tUp'Y)Vtx<x 07tAa xat 'to 1958 �EXtV'Y)CTE 't'Y)v «ExCT'tpa'tda xa't<X 'tou 7tUp'Y)VtXOU 6av<x'tou» , (J-E (J-ta CTEtp<x a7to Ota0'Y)AWCTEte; . IIap' oAa au't<X, 'Y) a7tEtA'Y)'ttXY) 7tOAt'ttXy) 'tou NtxY)'ta XPOUCT'tCTWC:P, 'tou �ObtE'ttXOU 'Y)YE't'Y) , boY)6'Y)CTE xat 7t<xAt 'tov AV'tEV<XOUEP , Xt E'tCTt 7tOAA<x 'Y)yE'ttX<X (J-EA'Y) 'tou SPD 6Ewp'Y)CTav o'tt 7tAEOV 'to xO(J-(J-a E7tpE7tE va a7tOx'tY)CTEt WpU'tEp'Y) a7tY)'X,'Y)CT'Y) . To LlEXE(J-bpLO 'tou 1958, Eva (J-Y)va (J-E't<X 'tte; 7tpW'tEe; AEX'ttXEe; a7tEtAEe; 'tou XpOUCT'tCTWC:P xa't<X 'tou oU'ttXOU 'to(J-Ea 'tou BEpoAtvOU , 0 BtAAu M 7tpaV't" 'tou SPD E7taVE�EAEy'Y) oY)(J-ap'X,oe; 't'Y)e; 7t OA'Y) e; , (J-ta 6ECT'Y) 7tOU xa'td'X,E a7tO 'to 1 9 5 7 . 0 M7tpav't av'tmpOCTW7tWE (J-ta «ava6Ewp'Y)'ttXY)>> <X7t0\jJ'Y) (J-ECTa CT'tO SPD. 'H'tav C:PAOYEP<X c:ptAOOU'ttXOe; xat aV'ttCTObtE'ttXOe; , E7tt6u(J-OUCTE WpU'tEp'Y) XotVWVtxY) (J-E'tappu6(J-tCT'Y) CT't'Y) r Ep(J-aVta, aAA<x Y)'tav E7ttCT'Y)e; xat E'tOt(J-Oe; va a7tooE'X,'td xa7tt'taAtCT'ttx<x CT'tot'X,da CT't'Y) ota'X,dpt CT'Y) 't'Y)e; otxovo(J-tae; . 'AAAot 'Y)yE't"Ee; 'tou xO(J-(J-a'toe; , 07tWe; 0 7tpw'Y)v XO(J- (J-OUVtCT'tY)e; XEP(J-7tEp't BEvEl' (Herbert Wehner), CTU(J-c:pwv'Y)CTav O'tt Y)'tav avayxata (J-ta aAAayY) xat 'to NOE(J-bpLO 'tou 1 9 59 Ot a7to\jJEte; 'tOUe; U7tE ptCT'X,uCTav CT'tO 7tpoypa(J-(J-a 'tou M7tav't rXOV't"ECT(J-7tEpyX, 7tOU CT'X,EOt<XCT't'Y) XE CTE EX'tax't'Y) Ot<XCTXE\jJ'Y) 'tou xO(J-(J-a'toe; . To 7tpoypa(J-(J-a CT'Y)(J-a'to06't'Y)CTE (J-ta a7t07tEtpa va otwpuv6d 'Y) a7tY)'X,'Y)CT'Y) 'tou SPD xat 7tEpa a7to 'to 6E(J-E Ataxo 'tou EpEtCT(J-a, 't'Y)V Epya'ttxY) 't<X�'Y) . IIoAA<x CT'Y)(J-da 'tou 7tpoyp<X(J-(J-a,

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

!:J. TTIKH rEPMANIA

't'0� Yj't'av aeraqJYj , wer't'oero €6EerE 't'€AO� er't''Y)v 1tapaOOertaxYj 1tpOerXOAA'Y)er'Y) er't''Y) fJ-ap�ter't'txYj p'Y)'t'OptXYj , €XaVE Myo yta «xpter't'tavtxYj 'Y)6txYj» xat Eyxa't'€AEt�E erUfJ-bOAterfJ-OU� 01tW� 'Y) XOXXtv'Y) er'Y)fJ-a[a xat 'Y) avu�WfJ-€V'Y) yp06tti . To SPD 6a EqJtipfJ-O",E 't'ov xpa't'txo erXEOtaerfJ-O 01tOU Yj't'av a1tapa[ 't''Y)'t'0, aAAti a1t00Ex6'Y)XE o't't 'Y) xmvwvtxYj ayopti 't'ou 'Epxap't' dXE 't'a 6E't'tXti 't''Y)� a1to't'EA€erfJ-a't'a . Tov Iouvw 't'ou 1 9 60, fJ-E't'ti a1to au't'Yj 't''Y)v a1toooxYj 't''Y)� «1tpaYfJ-a't'txo't''Y) 't'a�» er't''Y)v Eerw't'EptxYj 1tOAt't'tXYj , 0 B€VEP d1tE er't''Y)v Bundestag o't't xat 't'o SPD E1t[er'Y)� a1tOOEX0't'av 't'a xupta er't'ot xda 't''Y)� E�W't'EPtXYj� 1tOAt't'tXYj� 't'ou AV't'EVtiOUEP, 01tW� 't''Y) erufJ-fJ-E't'oXYj er't'o NATO xat er't''Y)v EOK. To NO€fJ-bpW 't'ou 1 9 60 't'0 SPD, e';01tAterfJ-€VO fJ-E 1tOAt't'tXYj 1tOU Yj't'av erXEOtaerfJ-€v'Y) yta va xEpo[erEt 't''Y)v E�OUerta xat OXt a1tAW� yta va 1tpoer't'a't'EuerEt 't''Y)v tOEoAoytXYj xa6ap0't''Y)'t'a, E1t€AE�E 't'0 O'Y)fJ-OqJtAYj M1tpav't' w� 't'ov U1tO�YjqJtO 't'ou yta 't''Y) 6€er'Y) 't'ou xayxEAtipwu er't't� E1tOfJ-EVE� ExAoy€� . (L't'O YEpfJ-aVtXo eruer't''Y)fJ-a 0 U1tO�YjqJw� EVO� xOfJ-fJ-a't'o� yta 't''Y) 6€er'Y) 't'ou xayxEAtipwu OEV dvat a1tapak'Y)'t'a 0 1tPOE opo� 't'ou xOfJ-fJ-a't'o� . ) To 1 9 6 1 , 1tapti 't't� eruVEXt",OfJ-EVE� OtXOVOfJ-tX€� 't'ou Em't'uX[E� , U1tYjp �av er'Y)fJ-tiota o't't 'Y) 6€er'Y) 't'ou AV't'EvtiouEP a1tEtAOuv't'av . To 1tpObA'Y)fJ-a OEV Yj't'av 't'oero 'Y) 'Y)AtXta 't'ou Yj xti1tota a1tWAEta qJuertxYj� ouvafJ-'Y) � , aAAti 't'o yEyOVO� o't't Yj't'av 1tOAU aU't'apXtxo� , ota't''Y) pouv't'av er't''Y)v E�ouer[a 't'oero 1tOAU xatpo xat fJ-1tOpOUerE va Exvwp[erEt axofJ-'Y) xat 't'ou� mo er't'Evou� 't'ou eruvEpyti't'E� . E[XE eruyxpouer't'd, yta 1taptioEtYfJ-a, erE 1tOAA€� 1tEpm't'W erEt� fJ-E 't'ov 'Epxap't', 0 01tOtO� qJatvo't'av w� 0 qJuertXO� 't'ou OttiooXO� . 'O't'av o T€oV't'op Xou� a1toerup6'Y)xE a1tO 't''Y) 6€er'Y) 't'ou 1tpO€OPOU 't'0 1 9 5 9 , 0 AV't'EVtiOUEP Yj6EAE va xaAU�Et 0 'Epxap't' 't''Y)v XEVYj 6€er'Y) , xti't't 1tOU 6a 't'ov EfJ-1tOOt",E va ytVEt xayxEAtipW� . Ka6w� 'Y) xp[er'Y) fJ-E't'a�u A va't'oAYj� xat �uer'Y)� erXE't'txti fJ-E 't'0 B EPOAtVO ytvo't'av ba6u't'Ep'Y) , XAUOWVt",o't'av E1tter'Y)� xat 'Y) YEpfJ-aVtxYj E�W't'EPtXYj 1tOAt't'tXYj : axofJ-'Y) xat 0 AV't'EVtiOUEP qJobYj6'Y)XE o't't ot AfJ-EptXaVOt [erw� va 1tp06ufJ-01towuv't'av va erufJ-btbaer't'ouv fJ-E 't'ov Xpouer't'erwqJ . 'O't'av X't'ter't''Y)xE 't'0 Tdxo� 't'ou BEPOAtVOU 't'ov Auyou er't'o 't'ou 1 9 6 1 , Ot AfJ-EptXavo[ €fJ-ma",av av[erxupm, xat Yj't'av 0 M 1tpav't', OXt 0 AV't'EvtiOUEP , au't'o� 1tOU , w� oYjfJ-apxo� 't'ou BEpOAtVOU, eruyx€v't'PW erE 't'a qJw't'a 't''Y)� o'Y)fJ-oerto't''Y) 't'a� , aV't't't'aererOfJ-Evo� er't'ou� �ObtE't'tXOU� xat er't'ou� Ava't'oAtXoyEPfJ-avou� . 0 AV't'EVtiouEP avaodx6'Y)xE xat 1ttiAt 6ptafJ- bW't'Yj� er't't� EXAoy€� 't'ou �e:1t't'EfJ-bPtOU 't'ou 1 9 6 1 , aAAti 'Y) CDU €1tEerE er't'o 45 't'Ot� Exa't'o 't'wv �YjqJwv, EVW 't'0 SPD aV€b'Y)xE er't'o 3 6 't'm� Exa't'o xat 't'0 FDP er't'o 1 3 't'Ot� Exa't' o . 0 'Y)y€'t''Y)� 't'ou FDP 'EptX M €V't'E (Erich Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H ETPClIIH TOY 'l'YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH IETOPIA

FDP U1tOO''t-Y)Pt�E 'tOV U1tO�-Y)CPto 'tOU SPD yto; 'ty)V 1tPOEOptCX, 'tOV rXOUO''tCXb XatVE[J.CXV (Gustav Heinemann) , 0 01tOtOC; 6pta[J.bwO'E E1tt 'tou U1tO�Y) cptOU 'tY)C; CDU �pEV'tEp . T O'tE 0 [J.qaAoc; O'uvcxO'7ttO'[J.Oc; 1tCXPEAUO'E XCXt 1tCXP' OAO 1tOU Y) CDU cxvcxod'X,6Y)XE 1tpw'ty) O''tte; EXAOYEe; [J.E EVCX O'd�cxO''to 46 'tOtC; EXCX'tO, �E1tEpaO''tY)xE O'E cxpt6[J.0 EOpWV CX1tO 'to a6potO'[J.cx 'twv bOUAW 'twv 'tou SPD (1tOU O'uyxEV'tPWO'E 'to 43 'tOte; EXCX'tO) XCXt 'tou FDP (1tOU E1tEO'E O''to 6 'tOte; EXCX'tO, 'to 'X,CX[J.Y)AO'tEpO 1t00'00''t0 1tOU EACXbE 1tO'tE) . Ot E6vtxot �Y)[J.oxpa'tEe; OEV xcx'tacpEpcxv vcx XEPOtO'ouv EOpCX. ME'ta 'tte; EXAoyEe;, 1tcxpa 'ttC; 01tOtEC; CX[J.cptbOAtEe; O''X,E'ttXa [J.E 'tY)v CX�tO7ttO''ttCX 'tou FDP, 0 M 1tpcxV't XtV-Y)6Y)XE CX[J.EO'We; 1tpOe; 'ty) O'uyxpo'tY)O'Y) O'uvcxO'1ttO'[J.ou [J.E'tCX�U 'tou SPD XCXt 'tou FDP . O t O'OO'tCXAOY)[J.OXpCX'ttXEe; 1tOAt'ttXEC; xcx'tW6UVO'Ete; 1tpOe; 'ty)v xpcx'ttx-Y) 1tCXpE[J.bCXO'Y) XCXt 'ty)v 00''t1t0At'ttX d'X,cxv 'twpcx 'ty)v EUVOtCX 'tou EXAoytXOU O'w[J.cx'toe; , tOtCXt'tEpCX 'twv VEWV cxv6pw1twV XCXt, [J.E'ta 'tte; cptAEAEU6EpEe; [J.E'tcxppu6[J.tO'Ete; O''to �EU'tEpO �u[J. bOuAtO 'tou Bcx'ttxcxvou, cxxo[J.cx XCXt Ot pW[J.CXtoXCX60AtXOt �Y)cpocpopOt -Y)'tcxv 1tAEOV E'tOt[J.Ot vcx U1toO''tY)Pt�ouv 'to SPD. Y1t-Y)p'X,cxv, bEbCXtCX, Xt Exdvot 1tOU 1ttO''twcxv o'tt 0 VEOe; xcxyxEAaptoc; OEV Et'X,E 'tov CX1tCXt'tOU[J.EVO ouvcx[J.tO'[J.o XCXt 'ty)v txcxvo'ty)'tcx WO''tE vcx Y)yY)6d 'tY)e; XUbEpVY)O'Y) e; , 1tOU 6cx -Y)'tcxv 1tOAU [J.qcxAU'tEPy) 1tpOXAY)O'Y) CX1tO 'ty)v 1tpOY)yOU[J.EVY) E[J.1tEtptCX 'tou 0''tY) OtCXXU bEPVy)O'y) 'tou �u'ttxou BEPOAtVOU . 'O[J.we; 0 M 1tpcxv't, 1tOU YEw-Y)6Y)XE '1060e; , 1tOU E�OptO''tY)XE CX1tO 'tOUe; VCX�t, 1tOU d'X,E ytVEt cxxo[J.cx XCXt N OpbY)YOC; 1tOAt'ty)e; ytcx EVCX otaO''tY)[J.cx [J.E'ta 'tov 1tOAE[J.O , d'X,E �E1tEpaO'Et 1tOAAEe; OUO'XOAtEe; . 'H'tcxv [J.E'tpto1tcx6-Y)e; , AoytXOe; XCXt ouvcx[J.tXoe; . �topt�oV'tcxe; U1touPYo E�W'tEPtXWV 'tov Y)YE'tY) 'tou FDP BaA'tEp �EEA (Walter Scheel) XCXt [J.E 'ty)v CX1tO'tEAEO'[J.CX'ttX-y) O'uvopo[J.-Y) 'tou 'Eyxov M1tcxp (Egon Bahr), o M 1tpCXV't CXVE1t'tU�E 'tY)V OO''t1tOAt'ttX [J.E 1tOAU 7tt0 EV'tU1tWO'tCXXO 'tP01tO O'E O''X,EO'Y) [J.E cxu'ta 1tOU [J.1tOpOUO'E vcx xaVEt we; U1touPY0C; 'tY)e; XUbEpVY)O'Y)e; 'tou [J.EyaAou O'uvcxO'7ttO'[J.ou. E�aAAou , bptO'XO'tcxv XCXt O'E [J.tCX O'uYXUptCX xcx'ta 'tY)V 01tOtCX Y) UCPEO'Y) [J.E'tCX�U AVCX'tOA-Y)e; XCXt �uO'Y)e; -Y)'tcxv OAO XCXt 1tto W1tpOO'OEX'ty) CX1tO 'tte; H IlA XCXt U1t-Y)p'X,E 1tOAU [J.EyaAY) cxvayxY) vcx [J.Y)v 'tE6d O'E Xtvouvo Y) EVO'ty)'tCX 'tY)e; �uO'Y)e; . IIcxpa 'to u�Y)A6 otE6vEe; 'tou xupoe; , 'ty)v CX1tocpcxO'tO''ttxo'tY)'ta 'tou vcx OtCX'tY)p-Y)O'Et 'ty) O'uvo'X,-y) 'tY)C; A'tAcxv'ttX-Y)e; �u[J.[J.cx'X,tCXe; XCXt 'to BPCXbdo N O[J.1tEA Etp-Y)vY)e; 1tOU XEPOtO'E 'to 1 9 7 2 , Y) 1tOAt'ttX-y) 'tou M 1tpcxv't 1tpOXaAEO'E cxvY)O'u'X,tCX O''tOue; XUXAOUC; 'tY)e; CDU, 1tOU CX[J.cpEbCXAACXV ytCX 'to xcx'ta 1t00'0 Ot «AVCX'tOAtXEe; �UV6-Y)XEe; » 6cx oOY) youO'cxv 1tpcxy[J.cx'ttxa O'E xa1totcx 'X,cxAapwO'Y) 'tou O'ObtE'ttXOU EAEy'X,OU O''tY)V AVCX'tOAtX-y) r Ep[J.CXvtCX . Ot O'U[J.cpWvtEe; 'tou 1 9 70 [J.E 'ty) PwO'tcx XCXt 'ty)v IIoDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

tlYTIKH rEP MANIA

1 59

AWVLa 1tEp�EAap.bavav 't"Y)V ap.mbaLa a1tOx�pu�"Y) 't"Y)<; bLa<; , OP.W<; er"y)p.a'to oO'touerav E1tLer"y)<; xa� 't"Y)V a1tOOOX� 'tou status quo er't"Y)v EupW1t"Y) (eru p.1tEp�Aap.bavop.ev"Y)<; xa� 't"Y)<; o�aLpEer"Y)<; 't"Y)<; rEpp.avLa<;) xa� 't"Y)<; ypap. p.�<; 'OV'tEP-N a�ererE . AAAa xa� 1taA� "Y) oer't1tOA�'tLX 'tou M1tpav't �'tav 0"Y) p.oq)tA�<; er'tou<; r Epp.avou<; �"Y)<po<popou<; xa� �'tav ouerxoAo y�a 't"Y) CDU va EvaV't�w6e:L er'to p.EyaAu'tEpo E1tL'tEuyp.a a1to oAa, 't�<; erup.
1 60

H EYPOIlH TOY '¥YXPOY IlOAEMOY, 1945-199 1 : IlOAITIKH n:: T OPIA

XYje; o LXOVO(J-tae; , 0 AAE� MiAAEp (Alex Moller) , 7tapaL'tYjEh)XE xaL 'Y) 6iO"'Y) 'tou 006'Y)XE O"'tov LtAAEP , 0 07totoe; 7tapi(J-ELvE E7ttO"'Y)e; xaL U7tOup'Y0e; OL XOVO(J-LXWV . To omAo «U7tEPU7tOUP'Ydo» 'tou LtAAEP , wO"'toO"o , 7tpOXaAEO"E E7tLXptO"ELe; , OL 7tpoO"7ta6ELie; 'tou WI. EAi'Y�EL 'tLe; O'Y)(J-Oo"LEe; Oa7taVEe; 7tpo�i v'Y)O"av 't'Y) Aa'LxYj ouO"apiO"xELa xaL 'Y) au'tapXLxYj 'tou O"U(J-7tEpL<popa o'Y)(J-wup 'Y'Y)O"E 7tOAAOUe; Ex6poue; . Tov Iouvw 'tou 1 9 72 XL au'toe; E7ttcr'Y)e; ava'Yxa O"'t'Y)XE va 7tapaL't'Y)6d, EVW 'to «U7tEPU7tOUP'Ydo» XA'Y)pOVO(J-'Y)o"E 0 XiA(J-OU't L(J-L't . H 7tapat't'Y)O"'Y) 'tOU LtAAEP Yjp6E At'YO (J-E'ta 't'Y)V xa60pLO"'tLXYj �'Y)<po<po pta 't'Y)e; Bundestag 'YLa 'tLe; «Ava'toALxie; Luv6YjXEe; » xaL ixavE 'tov M7tpav't va 7tEpao"EL OUO"XOAEe; WpEe; O"'ta (J-iO"a 'tou 1 9 7 2 . A7to 'to 1 9 70 Xa7tOLa (J-iA'Y) 'tou FDP 7tOU E7tixpLVav 't'Y)v EO"W'tEPLXYj xaL E�W'tEPLXYj 'tou 7tOAL'tLXYj dxav a7toO"'ta'tYjO"EL a7to 'tov XUbEPV'Y)'tLXO O"uvaO"7tLO"(J-o 7tpOe; 't'Y)v CDU. Tov Iavouapw 'tou 1 9 72 a7toO"'ta't'Y)O"E E7ttO"'Y)e; xaL iva (J-iAOe; 'tou SPD 7tOU dXE 'YEw'Y)6d ava'toALxa 'tou 'OV'tEP-NaLO"O"E xaL 0 'Y)'Yi't'Y)e; 't'Y)e; CDU, 0 PaLvEp M7tap�iA (Rainer Barzel) , 7ttO"'tE�E O'tL 6a (J-7tOpOUo"E va E7tL'tUXEL 't'Y)V �Yj
161

ΔΥΤΙΚΗ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΑ

' ροελτιωσε το ποσοστο" του. Ηταν το αποκορυφωμα , τοις εκατο') επισης '

μιας αξιοσημείωτης ανόδου του

SPD από τα τέλη της δεκαετίας του

1950, όταν είχε χάσει σε διαδοχικές εκλογικές αναμετρήσεις. Ο ρεα

λισμός και η μετριοπάθεια του προγράμματος του Μπαντ Γκόντε σμπεργκ, η αποτυχία της ψυχροπολεμικής πολιτικής του Αντενάουερ, η μεταbολή στη στάση της κοινής γνώμης απέναντι στα κοινωνικοοι κονομικά ζητήματα στη δεκαετία του 1960, η συμμαχία με το

FDP και

η δημοτικότητα του ίδιου του Μπραντ είχαν συνδυαστεί για να εξασφα λίσουν την παραμονή του

SPD στην κυbέρνηση.

Ωστόσο, όπως συνέbη και στον Έρχαρτ μετά τις εκλογές του 1965, η εμφανιζόμενη ως ακλόνητη θέση του Μπραντ σύντομα αποδυναμώ θηκε. Παρά την ολοκλήρωση της «Βασικής Συνθήκης» με την Ανα τολική Γερμανία και την υπογραφή συνθήκης με την ΤσεχοσλΟbακία το 1973, η οστπολιτίκ δεν έφερε κάποια σημαντική αλλαγή στην κομ Ιλουνιστική εξουσία στην Ανατολική Ευρώπη. Η αριστερή πτέρυγα του

SPD ήταν υπέρ της ουδετερότητας και εναντίον των Αμερικανών περισ σότερο από όσο οι ηγέτες του κόμματος και ανυπομονούσε να δει πιο ριζοσπαστικές εσωτερικές μεταρρυθμίσεις αλλά ο Μπραντ φΟbήθηκε ότι κάτι τέτοιο θα απομάκρυνε το εξαρτόταν ακόμα το

FDP, από την υποστήριξη του οποίου SPD στην Bundestag. Η αύξηση της τιμής του

πετρελαίου τον ΟκτώbΡΙΟ του 1973 αποτέλεσε σΟbαρό χτύπημα για τη Βόννη, όπως και για άλλα δυτικοευρωπα·ίκά κράτη. Έγιναν περικοπές στο πρόγραμμα οδοποιίας και απαγορεύθηκε η χρήση αυτοκινήτων τις Κυριακές, σε μια προσπάθεια να μειωθεί η κατανάλωση καυσίμων. Ο πληθωρισμός και η ανεργία αυξήθηκαν, όπως και οι απαιτήσεις για αυξήσεις μισθών. Αλλά και πάλι, δεν ήταν προγραμματισμένες άλλες εκλογές για κάποιο διάστηΙλα· το

FDP παρέμεινε πιστό στο συνασπισμό

και το διεθνές κύρος του Μπραντ bρισκόταν υψηλά. Η πτώση του καγκελάριου, τελικά, ήρθε πολύ γρήγορα, μετά από τη σύλληψη ενός ατόμου από το ιδιαίτερο γραφείο του στις 24 Απριλίου 1974 ως κατα σκόπου της Ανατολικής ΓεΡΙλανίας. Η εμπιστοσύνη στον Μπραντ κλονίστηκε· οι επικριτές του μέσα στο

SPD, όπως ο Χέρμπερτ Βένερ,

ενισχύθηκαν και αυτός ο ίδιος πληγώθηκε προσωπικά από τις διαρκώς αυξανόμενες επικρίσεις. Στις 6 Μα·Ιου παραιτήθηκε ξαφνικά από τη θέση του καγκελάριου (ενώ παρέμεινε στη θέση του ως πρόεδρος του

SPD).

Παρ' όλο που κατηγορήθηκε ως ο καγκελάριος που είχε αποδεχθεί τη διαίρεση της ΓεΡΙλανίας, είχε ενισχύσει σημαντικά τη θέση της χώρας Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErpOIlH TOr 'l'rxpor IlOAEMor, 1945- 1 99 1 : IlOAITIKH I�TOPIA

'tOU a'tov xoafJ-o , e+XE: E:1tE:X'tdVE:L 'tLe; mxpOXEe; XOLVWVLX-y)e; 1tpOVOLae; aE: fJ-e:yaA"Y) XAtfJ-axa xaL dXE: OWaE:L a'to xOfJ-fJ-a 'tOU 'tOV "Y)yE:'tLXO POAO a't"Y) B ovv"Y) . o OLaOOXOe; 'tOU M1tpaV't" avaodx6"Y)xE: a'tLe; 1 6 Ma·tou 1974 : 0 XEA fJ-ou't �fJ-L't, Evae; 1tpaYfJ-a'tLa't-Y)e; , E:Ucpu-Y)e; av6pw1t0e; , 1tOU U1t-Y)p�E: Xa1tOLE:e; cpOpEe; E:mXpL'tLXoe; 1tpOe; 't"Y)v "y)YE:ata 'tou M 1tpav't xaL 1tOU fJ-1topouaE: va ytVE:L a1to'tOfJ-Oe; xaL avu1tofJ-ovoe; . 0 �fJ-L't, YE:VV"Y)fJ-EVOe; 'to 1 9 1 8 , dXE: oLa 'tE:AEaE:L fJ-EAOe; 't"Y)e; XL'tAE:pLX-Y)e; v€OAatae; xaL U1tOAoxayoe; 'tou a'tpa'tou xa'ta 't"Y) OLapXE:La 'tou 1tOAEfJ-OU, aAAa E:v'tax6"Y)xE: a'to SPD afJ-EaWe; fJ-E:'ta 'tov 1tOAE:fJ-O xaL EYLVE: fJ-EAOe; 't"Y)e; Bundestag a1to 'to 1953 . �'t"Y) oE:xaE:'tta 'tou 1 9 5 0 OE:V xa'tacpE:pE: va avaba6fJ-taE:L 't"Y) 6Ea"y) 'tou a'to xOfJ-fJ-a aE: E:6VL xo mt1tE:oo, E:VW, av'tt6E:'ta, dXE: a1tOx't-y)aE:L Cp-Y)fJ-"Y) we; U1tOupyoe; Eaw'tE: pLXWV a't"Y) Land (mapXta) 'tou AfJ-bOUPYOU fJ-E:'ta 'to 1 9 6 1 . H E:ma'tpocp-Y) 'tou a't"Y)v Bundestag 'to 1 9 65 auvooE:u't"y)XE: a1to 'taxda avooo : 1tpOE:OpOe; 't"Y)e; XOLVObOUAE:U'tLX-y)e; ofJ-aoae; 'to 1 9 6 7 · aVa1tA"y) pW't-Y)e; 1tpOE:OpOe; 'tou SPD a1to 'to 1 9 6 8 · U1tOupyoe; AfJ-uvae; , 1 9 69 - 1 9 7 2 · xaL U1tOupyoe; O LXOV0fJ-L xwv , 1972- 1974 . EtXE: u1toa't"Y)pt�E:L 'to 1tpoypafJ-fJ-a M1taV't" rxov'tE:afJ-1tE:P yx xaL -Y)'tav ma'toe; a't"Y)v A'tAaV't" Lx-y) �ufJ-fJ-axta. 'O'tav EyLVE: xaYXE:Aa pLOe; , -Y)'tav a1tocpaaLafJ-EVOe; va E:�aacpaAtaE:L 1tE:pLaao'tE:pE:e; mE:VOUaE:Le; xaL 6EaE:Le; E:pyaatae; YLa 't"Y) YE:pfJ-avLx-Y) OLxov0fJ-ta, va oLa't"Y) p-Y)aE:L 't"Y)v oa't1to AL'ttX xaL va aV'tLa'ta6d aE: Eva 'lEO xUfJ-a 'tpofJ-oxpa'ttae; a1to 't"Y) q,pa�La 'tou KOXXLVOU �'tpa'tou. Ka6we; 0 BaA'tE:p �EE:A E:�E:AEY"Y) a'tLe; 15 Ma"tou 1tpOE:OpOe; , U1tOupyoe; E�W't"E:PLXWV 'tou �fJ-L't -Y)'tav 0 VEOe; "Y)YE't"Y)e; 'tou FDP, o Xave;-N'tt'tpLX rXEVaE:p , 0 01tOtOe; avaodx6"Y) xE:, fJ-EXPL 'to 1 9 89 , we; 0 U1tOupyoe; E�W'tE:PLXWV fJ-E: 't"Y) fJ-axpo'tE:P"Y) 6"Y)'t"E:ta a'to OU'tLXO xoafJ-o . 0 �fJ-L't xaL 0 rXEVaE:p OE:V fJ-1topouaav va E:1taVaAabouv 't"Y)v E:v'tU1tWaLax-y) 1tpOOOO a't"Y)v E:�W'tE:PLX-Y) 1tOAL'tLX-y) 1tOU EyLVE: U1tO 'tov M1tpav't xaL Xa1tOLOL r E:pfJ-avot 1tapEfJ-E:LVaV ouaapE:a't"Y) fJ-EvOL a1to 'to ye:yovoe; O'tL OE:V EYLvav 1tOAL'tLXEe; fJ-E:'taboAEe; a't"Y)v Ava'toA-Y) , aAAa "Y) Cp-Y)fJ-"Y) 'tou rXEVaE:p we; U1toupyou E�W'tE:PLXWV au�-Y)6"Y)xE: E:VLaxuov'tae; 't"Y) O"y) fJ-O'tLxo't"Y)'ta 'tou FDP. O L 1tpOaWmXEe; E:1tacpEe; avafJ-E:aa a'toue; 1tOAt'tE:e; 't"Y)e; Ava'toALX-y)e; xaL 't"Y)e; �U'tLX-Y)e; rE:pfJ-avtae; auvEXLaav va au�avoV't"aL xaL "Y) �U'tLX-Y) rE:pfJ-avta xa 'tacpE:pE: va E:1tE:X'tdVE:L 'to E:fJ-1tOpLO xaL 'toue; OLXOVOfJ- LXOUe; oE:afJ-OUe; 't"Y)e; fJ-E: 't"Y)v Ava'toALx-y) Eupw1t"Y) . H YE:pfJ-avLx-Y) OLxOvOfJ-ta 'to 1 9 74 aV't"LfJ-E:'twm�E: axofJ-"Y) 1tpObA-y)fJ-a'ta E:�aL'ttae; 't"Y)e; au�"Y)a"Y)e; 't"Y)e; 'tLfJ--Y)e; 'tou 1tE:'tpE:AatOU 'to 1973 . Xap"Y) a'ta fJ-E'tpa E:vaV't"tov 'tou 1tA"Y)6wpLafJ-ou, "Y) Bovv"Y) OE:V E�"Y)aE: 't"Y)v E:fJ-1tE:Lpta 'twv Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

�rTIKH r EPMANIA

p.EyaAYJe; XAtp.a.Xa.e; EP.1tOptXWV EAAEtp.p.a'tWv xa.t 'tOU 1tAYJ6wpterp.ou 'twv aAAWV XWpWV 'tYJe; �uerYJ e; , a.AAa YJ a.VEpyta. a.v�A6E er'to 4,7 'tOte; EXa.'tO 'to 1 9 75 xa.t 0 1tAYJ6wpterp.0e; �'ta.v 1tavw a.1t0 5 'tote; EXa.'tO, E1ttOoerYJ Xa.P.YJA� erE eruyxpterYJ P.E 'to 1ta.pEA60v . Y1t�PXE EX6pO'tYJ'ta. 1tpOe; 'tOUe; �EVOUe; Epya'tEe; , 1ta.pa 'tte; 1tpOer1ta6EtEe; 'tYJe; XU6EpVYJerYJe; (a.1t0 'to 1 9 73 ) va. p.EtWerEt 'tov a.pt6p.0 'twv «
3

HVWfJ-Evec; IIOAL1:E:tec; , IcutwvtCl., IlU'tLX.-Yj repfJ-Cl.vtCl., rCl.AAtCl., Bpe'tCl.vtCl., hCl.AtCl. X.Cl.L KCl.vCl.OQ:c; . Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

164

H ETPOIIH TOT '¥TXPOT IIOAEMOT. 1945-1991: IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

rCtAAtCt� Ztaxlip V't"' Ecr't"Cttv, 0 XCtyXEAliptO� t)0�6l)crE E7ttcrl)� Vct tOpU6d 't"0 EUpW7tCt·tXO N OfJ-tcrfJ-Ct't"tXO �ucr't"l)fJ-Ct 't"o 1979. ME't"1i 't"t� 7ttXPE� EfJ-7tEt ptE� 't"ou 7tCtpEA60v't"0�, xli7totot rEpfJ-CtVot �'t"ctV Otcr't"Ctx't"txot cr't"o Vct CtVct Alit)Et l) XWpct EVEpyO otE6v� POAO, CtAAIi 0 �fJ-t't" �6EAE 7tOAU Vct E7tt't"UXEt cruVCtAACtYfJ-Ct't"tX� cr't"Ct6EPO't"l)'t"Ct, Vct CtntfJ-E't"W7ttcrEt 't"o 7tPOt)Al)fJ-Ct 't"l)� CtU�l)crl)� 't"l)� 't"tfJ-�� 't"l)� EVEpyEtCt� XCtt Vct Ct7tO't"PEt¥Et fJ-tCt EVOEXOfJ-EVl) 7tOAt't"tX� 7tpocr't"Ct't"w't"tcrfJ-ou cr't"t� OU't"tXE� Ol)fJ-OXpCt't"tE�. r7t�pXCtV wcr't"o cro OptCt ocrov Ctcpopli fJ-EXpt 7tOW crl)fJ-do �'t"ctV otCt't"E6EtfJ-EVO� vct 't"ovwcrEt 't"l) ��'t"l)crl) cr't"l) Llu't"tx� rEpfJ-CtVtCt ytCt Vct t)0l)6�crEt liAAE� XWPE� XCtt �'t"ctV E7ttXPt't"tXO� 7tpO� 't"OU� AfJ-EPtXCtVOu�, 't"OU� BPE't"CtVOu� XCtt liAAOU�, &o't"t EXCtvCtV 7tOAU AtyCt ytCt vct Ctv't"tfJ-E't"W7ttcrouv 't"ov 7tAl)6wptcrfJ-0. H Llu't"tx� rEpfJ-CtvtCt, 07tW� XCtt l) ICt7twvtCt, crE fJ-qliAO t)Ct6fJ-0 Ct7tEcpUYE 't"OV Ut¥l)AO 7tAl)6WptcrfJ-0, 't"l)V CtVEpytCt XCtt 't"l)V CtU�l)crl) 't"WV E7tt't"OXtWv (XCt't"licr't"Ctcrl) cruvOAtXIi yvwcr't"� W� cr't"CtcrtfJ-07tAl)6WptcrfJ-0�), 7tpOt)A�fJ-Ct't"Ct Ct7tO 't"Ct 07tOtCt OEV fJ-7tOpOUcrE Vct �EcpUyEt 0 OU't"tXO� xocrfJ-O� cr't"ct 't"EAl) 't"l)� OEXCtE't"tCt� 't"ou 1970. 'OfJ-W� ytCt 't"l) rEPfJ-CtVtCt, 7tCtp' OACt Ctu't"li, Ctu't"� �'t"ctV fJ-tCt E7tOX� fJ-EyliAl)� CtVl)cruXtCt� XCtt CtfJ-CPtt)OAtCt� fJ-E't"1i 't"Ct XPOVtCt 't"l)� fJ-qliAl)� Ctvli7t't"u�l)� XCt't"1i 't"t� OEXCtE't"tE� 't"ou 1950 XCtt 1960. H l)6tx� cruyxucrl) 7tOU 7tpoXA�6l)XE cr't"ct 't"EAl) 't"l)� OEXCtE't"tCt� 't"ou 1960 7tCtpEfJ-EVE XCtt l) Ctptcr't"EP� 7t't"EPUyCt XEpOt�E 06vCtfJ-l) fJ-EcrCt cr't"O SPD Ctcrxwv't"ct� XPt't"tX� cr't"l) crufJ-fJ-Ct xtCt fJ-E 't"t� HIlA, cr't"ov Ct7tOAU't"CtPXtcrfJ-0 fJ-EcrCt cr't"O xpli't"o� XCtt cr't"ct 7tEpt t)CtAAOV't"txli 7tpOt)A�fJ-Ct't"Ct. To �E7t't"EfJ-t)pW 't"ou 1977 't"o OEU't"EPO xUfJ-Ct 't"pofJ-OXpCt't"tCt� Ct7tO 't"l)v opylivwcrl) M 7tliCtV't"EP- Mlitvxocp Ecp't"CtcrE cr't"O cppt XtCtcr't"tXO Ct7toxopucpwfJ-1i 't"ou: 0 E7ttXEtPl)fJ-Ct't"tCt� XctV� - Mlip't"tv �AEyEp

(Hans-Martin Schleyer) Ct7t�X6l) XCtt ooAocpov�6l)XE· IICtACttcr't"tvWt XCtt rEpfJ-CtVOt 't"pofJ-OXpli't"E� EXCtVCtV fJ-tCt fJ-li't"Cttl) 7tpocr7tli6EtCt Vct 7tE't"UXOUV 't"l)V Ct7tEAW6EPWcrl) 't"ou M7tliCtV't"EP XCtt liAAWV Ct7tO 't"l) CPUACtX�, XCt't"CtACtfJ-t)Ii vOV't"ct� EVCt CtEP07tAlivo 't"l)� Lufthansa· Xt O't"ctV l) oU't"tXOyEPfJ-CtVtX� Ctcr't"u vOfJ-tCt 't"EPfJ-li't"tcrE t)tCttCt 't"l)V CtEP07tEtPCt't"dCt, 0 M 7tliCtV't"EP XCtt

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crunpocpot

't"ou Ctu't"ox't"ovl)crCtv. MEtw6l)XE 't"on l) Ct7tEtA� Ct7tO 't"l) <J)pli�tCt 't"ou Kox XtVOU �'t"pCt't"ou, CtV XCtt crUVEXtcrCtV vct ytvov't"Ctt cpOVOt crE OAl) 't"l) OtliPXEtCt 't"l)� OEXCtE't"tCt� 't"ou 1980, EVW xCtt Xli7tOtE� t)licrEt� 't"wv HIlA cr't"l) Llu't"tx� rEpfJ-CtVtCt OEX6l)xCtv t)ofJ-t)tcr't"tXE� E7tt6EcrEt�. Ot vOfJ-Ot 't"l)� XUt)EPVl)crl)� ytCt 't"l)v CtcrcpliAEtCt, 7tOU t¥l)cptcr't"l)XCtV ytCt Vct Ctv't"tfJ-E't"W7ttcrouv 't"l)v 't"pofJ-OXpCt 't"tCt, 7tPOXliAEcrCtV Ctv't"tOplicrEt�, Etotxli o't"ctV Ctptcr't"EPOt Ctx't"tt)tcr't"E� Ct7toXAd cr't"l)XCtV Ct7tO 6EcrEt� ol)fJ-ocrtWV U7tl)pEcrtWV. �'t"ct 't"EAl) 't"l)� OEXCtE't"tCt� 't"ou 1970 l) Llu't"tx� rEpfJ-CtVtCt crUVEXtcrE Vct Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

!:J. rTIKH f EPMANIA

y\lWpC�O:l (J-o:yaA'Y) w'Y){J-o:pta, 'to bW'tlXO o:7tt7to:OO bO:A'tlW\lO'ta\l xal 0 �(J-l't xa'tarpo:po: \la 7tO:pWPtO'O:l 'ta 7tpObA�{J-a'ta 0''t'Y)\I OlXO\l0{J-ta, axo{J-'Y) xal a\l O'uX\la E{J-Ola�o: O'tl (J-aAAO\l a\l'tlOpouO'o: 0'0: yo:yo\lo'ta 7tapa O'tl xanu6u\l0: 7tpay{J-a'tlxa 't'Y) xwpa 7tpO� Xa7tOla 7topda. To 1 9 79 o{J-w� , 0''Y){J-O:lw6'Y)xo: 'Y) oo:unp'Y) O''Y){J-a\l'tlx� au�'Y)O''Y) 't'Y)� 'tl{J-�� 'tou 7to:'tpO:AatOU (J-EO'a 0''t'Y) 00: xao:'tta, yo:yo\lo� 7tOU O:7tErpo:po: yO:\llX� urpO:O''Y) 0''t'Y) LluO''Y) . na 7tpw't'Y) rpopa a7to 'ta (J-EO'a 't'Y)� oo:xao:'tta� 'tou 1 9 60 'Y) Bow'Y) a\l'tl{J-o:'tW7tlO'o: O:{J-7tOPlXO EAAO:l{J-{J-a . Ot o:7tO:\lOUO'O:l� bptO'xO\l'ta\l 0'0: xa{J-'Y)Aa t:7tt7to:oa, 'ta o:7tl'toxla au��6'Y)xa\l, U7t�PXO: a\l'Y)O'uXta Yla 't'Y) (J-dwO''Y) 'tou 7tA'Y)6uO'{J-ou 0'0: O'XEO''Y) {J-O: 't'Y)\I xopurpwO'� 'tou xa'ta 'to 1 9 7 4 , 7tOU Erp'taO'o: 'ta 62 o:xa'to{J-{J-upla, xal Eyl\la\l O:XXA�O'O:l� Yla 7tO:plX07tE� O''tl� (J-o:yaAO:� oa7ta\lO:� Yla 't'Y)\I XOl\lW\llX� 7tpO\lOla, 7tOU owyxw6'Y)xa\l a7to 'tl� XUbO:p\l�O'O:l� 'tou SPD. AAAa xal O''tl� o:�wnplxE� U7t06EO'O:l� u7t�pxa\l o:7ttO''Y)� 7tpObA�{J-a'ta . 0 �(J-l't �'ta\l �0'Y) O:\lOXA'Y){J-E\lO� a7to 't'Y)\I EAAO:l'-¥'Y) a7torpaO'lO''tlxo't'Y)'ta� 0''t'Y)\I 7t0Al'tlX� 'tou 7tpOEOpOU 'tW\I H ITA T�t{J-{J-u Kap'tO:p . To'tO:, (J-O:'ta 't'Y)\I O:lO'bOA� 0''t0 Arpya\llO''ta\l 'to LlO:XE{J-bpW 'tou 1979 , 'Y) 7tOAl'tlX� 'tou Kap'to:p a\l'tl O''tparp'Y)xo: a7to'to{J-a, 0 WuXpo� IloAO:{J-o� a\labtwO'o: xal Ol ro:p{J-a\lot a\la XaAU'-¥a\l O'tl 'Y) OO''t7tOAl'ttX 'tE6'Y)xo: o:7ttO''Y)� 0'0: xt\lOU\lo . 0 �(J-l't wO''toO'o, 07tW� 0 Z lO'xap 0''t'Y) r aAAta, t:7tEOO:l�O: 't'Y)\I a\lo:�ap't'Y)O'ta 'tou a7to 't'Y)\I A{J-O:plX� O'U\lo{J-lAW\l'ta� (J-O: 'tOU� �OblO:'tlXOU� 'Y)YE'tO:� 0''t'Y) MoO'Xa 'to\l IouAw 'tou 1980 xal o:7tEO''tpo:'-¥o: Yla \la 6pla{J-bo:uO'O:l O''tl� yO:\llXE� O:XAO yE� . H CDU, (J-O: 'to\l �'tpaou� W� a{J-rplAO:yO{J-O:\lo U7tO,-¥�rpw Yla 't'Y) 6EO''Y) 'tou xayxO:Aapwu , E7to:O'o: O''to 44,5 'tOl� o:xa'to, O:\lW 'to FDP 'tou rXE\lO'O:p ( 1 1 'tOl� o:xa'to) 0:\llO'xu6'Y)xo: xal 'to SPD (43 't0l� o:xa'to) ola't�p'Y)O'O: 'tl� OU\la{J-O:l� 'tou . Ilap ' oAa au'ta, �'ta\l 7ta\l'ta �o:xa6apo O'tl 'Y) 'tPt't'Y) 6'Y)'tda 'tou �(J-l't 6a a7tOoO:lX\lUo'ta\l 7tOAU OUO'XOA'Y) . MO:'ta 'tl� O:XAoyE� 'tou 1 9 80, a\lEXU'-¥a\l 7tOAUapl6{J-a 7tpObA�{J-a'ta, 7tOU xa'tEO''t'Y)O'a\l O'tyoup'Y) 't'Y)\I 7t'twO''Y) 'tou �(J-l't xal 'tou SPD. �'t'Y)\I O:�W'tO:pl x� 7tOAl'tlX� , 7tapa 't'Y)\I o:x'tt{J-'Y)O'� 'tou Yla 't'Y) 0''ta60:po't'Y)'ta 'tou \lEOU 7tpOEOpOU 'tW\I HITA PO\laA\I't PE'Y)yxa\l (Ronald R eagan) , 0 xayxO:Aa pw� O'U\lEXlO'O: \la EPXO:'tal 0'0: a\l'tl7tapa60:0''Y) (J-O: 'tou� A{J-o:plxa\lou� . To NOE{J-bPW 'tou 1 9 8 1 'Y) B ow'Y) xal 'Y) MoO'xa U7tEypa'-¥a\l O'u{J-rpw\lta Yla 't'Y)\I xa'taO'xw� 0:\l0� aywyou ao:ptou 7tpoc:; 't'Y) LlU'tlX� Eupw7t'Y) a7to 't'Y) �lb'Y) pta, yo:yo\lo� 7tOU 7tpOxaAO:O'O: 't'Y) ouO'apEO'xO:la 'tW\I HITA. E\I 'tW (J-o:'ta�u, 'Y) a7torpaO''Y) 'tou NATO \la a\la7t'tu�O:l 7tUp'Y)\llXa 07tAa (J-EO'OU bO:A'Y)\lO:XOU� 0''t'Y) LlU'tlX� ro:p{J-a\lta O:�OpylO'O: 'tou� o7taoouc:; 't'Y)� ouoO:'to:po't'Y)'ta� {J-EO'a 0''t0 SPD, 7tOU apXlO'a\l \la ola{J-ap'tupO\l'tal OAO xal O:\l'to\lonpa xat \la Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

1 66

H ETPOrrH TOT '¥TXPOT rrOAEMOT, 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH IETOPIA

ytvonat aVe:�EAe:yX'tOt . E1ttcr"y) e; , au�-Y)6"Y)xe: "Y) U1tocr't-Y)Pt�"Y) 1tpOe; p.ta '.lEa 1tOAt'ttX-y) Xtv"y)cr"y) , 'toue; otxoMyoue; , opyavwp.EVOUe; cr'tO Kop.p.a 'twv ITpa crtvwv. To Kop.p.a e:tXe: au�-Y)cre:t 't"Y)V a1t-y)X"y)cr-y) 'tou p.e: apyo pu6p.o a1to 't"Y) oe:xae:'tta 'tou 1 9 60 xat XEPOtcre: Atyonpo a1to 2 'tOte; e:xa'to 'twv �-Y)cpwv cr'tte; e:XAOYEe; 'tou 1980. 'H6e:Ae: oXt p.ovo va A"Y)cp60uv p.E'tpa xa'tcX 't"Y)e; P.OAuvcr"y)e; xat 'twv 1tUP"y)VtXWV , aAAcX, e:1ttcr"y)e; , va �avaytve:t "Y) �u'ttx-Y) r e:pp.avta aypo'ttx-Y) Otxovop.ta · Xt op.we; , "Y) a1t-y)x"Y)cr-y) 'tou au�-Y)6"Y)xe: yp-Y) yopa p.e:'tcX 'to 1 9 8 1 xat 1tPOcrEAxucre: 't"Y) crup.1tcX6e:ta 'twv aptcr'te:ptcr'twv , 1tOU -Y)'tav a1toyo"Y)'tWP.EVOt a1to 't"Y) p.e:'tpt01tcX6e:ta 'tou SPD. Ta Otxovop.tXcX 1tpObA-Y)p.a'ta cruvEXtcrav E:1ttcr"y)e; va o�uvov'tat. To 1 9 80 "Y) ave:pyta -Y)'tav 3 ,8 'tOte; e:xa'to, aAAcX 'to 1 9 8 1 au�-Y)6"Y)xe: cr'to 5 ,5 'tOte; e:xa'to xat 'to 1983 -Y)'tav 9 ,2 'tOte; e:xa'to. H �u'ttx-Y) r e:pp.avta oe:v dXe: oe:t 'tE'tOta 1tocrocr'tcX a1to 'tte; apXEe; 't"Y)e; oe:xae:'ttae; 'tou 1950 xat, 01tWe; xat aAAou cr't"Y)v Eu PW1t"Y) , "Y) baptcX btOp."y)xavta OEX't"Y)Xe: 'to Xe:tpo'te:po 1tA-Y)yp.a. H ou'ttxoye:p p.avtx-Y) 1tapaywy-Y) XcXAuba dXe: cp'tcXcre:t cr'ta avw'ta'ta e:1tt1te:ocX 't"Y)e; 'to 1 9 74 p.e: 1tcXVW a1to 53 e:xa'top.p.upta 'tovoue; , 'to 1 9 79 -Y)'tav 46 e:xa'top. p.upta, aAAcX p.EXpt 'to 1983 dXe: 1tEcre:t cr'ta 3 6 e:xa'top.p.upta . Ta e:moo p.a'ta ave:pytae; oo-Y)y"Y)crav cr't"Y)v au�"Y)cr"Y) 'twv xpa'ttxwv oa1tavwv xat 'ta e:pya'ttxcX crwp.a'tda -Y)6e:Aav va aV'ttp.e:'twmcr'touv 'ta 1tpObA-Y)p.a'ta 't"Y)e; �u 'ttx-Y)e; r e:pp.avtae; p.e: U�"Y)AO'te:pOUe; p.tcr60ue; , yta va e:vtcrxu6d "Y) �-Y)'t"Y)cr"Y) , xa6we; xat p.e: p.dwcr"Y) 'twv wpwv e:pyacrtae; xat 'tou Optou "Y)AtXtae; cruv'ta �tOoo't"Y)cr"Y)e;, yta va p.e:tw6d "Y) ave:pyta . Ocr'tocro, xcX1tota cr'te:AEX"y) 'tou FDP ('to 01toto antp.e:'twm�e: 1tpObA-Y)p.a'ta a1to Eva Otxovop.tXO crxcXvoaAo 'to 1 9 8 1 ) 1ttcr'twav o'tt Ot XUbe:PV"Y)'ttXEe; oa1tcXve:e; E1tpe:1te: 'twpa va 1te:ptXO1tOUV xat Ot cpopOt va p.e:tw60uv . �tacpope:'ttXcX, U1tocr't-Y)pt�av , "Y) ye:pp.avtx-Y) btOp."y)xavta 6a xa'tEppe:e: oAOXA"Y)PW'ttXcX. Tov A1tptAtO 'tou 1 9 82 'to cruVEOPtO 'tou SPD �-Y)CPtcre: U1tEp 't"Y)e; au�"Y)cr"Y)e; 'twv cpopwv xat 'tou p.e:yaAU'te:pou xpa'ttxou EAe:yxou cr't"Y) btOp."y)xaVta, aAAcX au'tEe; ot a1tat't-Y)cre:te; a1top.cXxpuvav 'toue; p.e:'tpt01ta6de; 'tou FDP xat EOe:t �av o'tt 0 �p.t't EXave: 'tov EAe:yxo 'tou xop.p.a'toe; 'tou . Ta p.E'tpta a1to'te: AEcrp.a'ta cr'tte; 'tomxEe; e:XAOYEe; w6"Y)crav 'toue; "Y)yE'te:e; 'tou FDP cr't"Y)v antA"Y)�"Y) o'tt 'twpa 1tAEOV -Y)'tav 1te:Ptcrcro'te:po e:m6up."Y)'t-Y) "Y) crup.p.axta p.e: 't"Y) CDU xat cr'tte; 1 7 �e:1t'te:P.bptou a1t0xwp"y)crav a1to 'to cruvacrmcrp.o. 0 �p.t't, e:�opytcrp.EVOe; a1to 't"Y) At7to'ta�ta 'tou FDP, 1tpocr1tcX6"Y)cre: va p.e:60oe:ucre:t 1tpOwpe:e; e:XAoyEe; , aMcX 't"Y)v 1"Y) OX'tWbptou 0 "Y)yE't"Y)e; 't"Y)e; CDU XEAP.OU't KOA 1tE'tUXe: au'to 1tOU 0 PcXtve:p M1tap�EA oe:v dXe: xa'tacpEpe:t oExa xpovta 1tptv: va xe:pOtcre:t p.ta e:1tOtxooop."Y)'ttx-Y) 1tpo'tacr"y) p.op.cp-Y)e; xa'tcX Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

MTIKH rEPMANIA

'tou �p.t't. To SPD Em:CTe: cmo 't'Y)V e:�OUCTtIX p.e:'ta IX1tO Oe:XIXE�t XPOVtIX, P.ECTIX ere: EV'tOVe:e; e:CTW'te:ptXEe; OtIXtpECTe:te; XIXt CTe: P.tIX 't"IXpIXYP.EV'Y) Otxovop.tX � erx'Y)v� . H IXPtCT't"e:p� 1t't"EpuyIX 't"ou SPD CTUVEXtCTe: VIX IXV'Y)CTUXe:t ytIX 't"IX 1tup'Y)vtxa 01tAIX XIXt 't"o 1te:ptbaAAov XIXt e:meUP.OUCTe: VIX e:mAUeOUV 't"IX 1tpO bA�P.IX't"IX 't"'Y)e; �u't"tX�e; r e:pp.IXVtIXe; p.e: 1tIXPEP.bIXCT'Y) 't"ou xpa't"oue; . H CDU op.we; , 01tWe; XIXt OL CTUV't"'Y)P'Y)'t"tXOt 't"'Y)e; MapyxIXpe:'t" 8a'tCTe:p CT't'Y) Bpe:'tIX VtIX, IXV't"mpOCTW1tWIXV 't"'Y)V IXVIXyEVV'Y)CT'Y) 't"wv CTUV't"'Y)P'Y)'t"tXWV IX�tWV , 't"'Y)V 1ttCT't"'Y) CT't"'Y)V A't"AIXV't"tX� �UP.P.IXXtIX XIXt 't"'Y)V 1tE:1tOte'Y)CT'Y) o't"t 'Y) XPIX't"tX� 1tIXPEP.bIXCT'Y) E1tpe:1te: VIX p.e:tWee:t ytIX VIX e:m't"pEIjJe:t CT't"'Y)V OtXOVOP.tIX VIX IXVIX �woyov'Y)ee:t. 0 VEOe; xIXyxe:AapWe; , 0 KOA, EP.OLIX�e: p.E't"pWe; CTe: 1tpOCTWmXo e:1tt1te:oo , IXAAa 'Y) IjJ'Y)CPOCPOptIX 't"'Y)e; 1 'Y)e; OX't"WbptOU EOe:t�e: o't"t P.1t0POUCTe: E:1ttCT'Y)e; VIX e:tVIXt o�uoe:px�e; XIXt IX1tOCPIXCTtCT't"tXOe; , e:vw e:tXe: XIXt EVIX e:V't"U1tW ertIXxo 1tOAt't"tXo tCT'tOptXO . EtXe: ytve:t p.EAOe; 't"'Y)e; CDU 't"0 1946 CTe: 'Y)AtXtIX p.OAte; Oe:XIXE�t e:'t"wv, CT't"IX XPOVtIX 1969 -76 dXe: OtIX't"e:AECTe:t U1toupyoe; -1tpoe: opoe; 't"ou XpIX't"tOtOU 't"'Y)e; P'Y)vIXvtIXe;-IIIXAIX't"wa't"ou, �'t"IXV 1tpoe:opoe; 'tou xop. p.IX't"Oe; p.e:'t"a 't"0 1 9 73 XIXt 'Y)yE't"'Y)e; CT't"'Y)V Bundestag 't"ptIX XpoVtlX IXpyo't"e:plX. o �pe:p.oe; XIXPIXX't"�pIXe; 't"ou CT't"'Y)Pt�O't"IXV CTe: P.tIX bIXeta ep'Y)CTXW't"tX� 1ttCT't'Y) .

o KOA KAI H EIIANENDl:H, 1982-1990

H 1tOAt't"tX� WcpU·CIX 't"ou KOA XIXt 'Y) IXAAIXy� XAtp.IX't"Oe; CT't"IX 1tOAt't"tXa 1tpayp.IX't"IX 't"'Y)e; r e:pp.IXVtIXe; e:mbe:bIXtWe'Y)XIXv CT't"te; e:XAOYEe; 't"'Y)e; 6'Y)e; MIXp 'ttOU 1 983 . 0 KOA, 01twe; XIXt 0 M1tpIXV't" 't"0 1 9 7 2 , P.e:eOOWCTe: 't"'Y)v 1tpO x�pu�'Y) e:XAOYWV xavoV't"IXe; CTxomp.1X P.tIX 1tpO't"IXCT'Y) e:p.mCT't"oCTUV'Y)e; CT't'Y)V Bundestag. H IXve:pytIX �'t"IXV UIjJ'Y)A�, e:VW 'Y) OLXOVOP.tX� 1tOAt't"tX� 't'Y)e; CDU oe:v IXVIXP.e:VO't"IXV o't"t eIX 't"'Y) p.e:twve: CTUV't"OP.IX . Y1t�PXIXV, e:1ttCT'Y) e; , EV't"OVe:e; CTU�'Y)'t"�CTe:te; CTxe:'t"txa p.e: 't"IX 1tup'Y)vtxa 01tAIX XIXt 't"IX 1te:ptbIXAAoV't"tXa �'Y)'t� P.IX't"IX, p.e: 't"o Kop.p.1X 't"wv IIpIXCTtvwV VIX e:�IXCTCPIXAt�e:t CTXe:06v 6 'tOLe; e:XIX't"O 'twv ljJ�cpwv , Xt E't"CTt VIX e:tCTEPXe:'t"IXt CT't"'Y)V Bundestag: 1tpw't"'Y) cpopa p.e:'t"a 't'Y) Oe:XIXe:'t"tIX 't"ou 1 9 5 0 EVIX 't"E'tIXP't"O XOP.P.IX CT'Y)p.dwve: Xa1tOLIX e:XAoytX� e:m't"uxtIX . Me:'t"a 't"'Y)v 1t't"WCT'Y) 't"ou �p.t't", 't"o SPD e:1tEAe:�e: we; U1toljJ�cpw XIX yxe:Aapw EVIXV P.e:'t"pW1tIXe� , 't"ov XIXVe;-r toXe:v BoYXe:A (Hans-Iochen Vogel) , IXAAa 't"0 XOP.P.IX �'t"IXV U1te:pbOAtXa OtXIXCTP.EVO, 0 BoYXe:A oe:v p.1t0POUCTe: VIX e:P.1tVe:UCTe:t e:VeOUCTtIXCTP.O XIXt 0 KOA �'t"IXV 't"OCTO CTtyoupoe; ytIX 't"'Y)v e:m't"uxtIX 't"'Y)e; CDU, 1tOU ECP't"IXCTe: CT't"O CT'Y)p.do VIX CTUP.bOUAe:Ue:t 't"oue; e:XAO yde; VIX OWCTOUV 't"te; oe:u't"e:pe:e; ljJ�cpoue; 't"oue; CT't"OUe; U1toljJ'Y)cptOUe; 't"ou FDP Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H ErporrH Tor '¥rxpor rroAEMor, 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH I�TOPIA

- yta va a7t0€pv"Y)O'"Y) O'uvaO'mO'(J-0u 'tou SPD xat 'tou KO(J-(J-a'toe; 'twv IIpaO'tvwv . To 7toO'oO''to 'tou 49 'tote; Exa'to 'twv ��E "Y) CDU �'tav 'to OEU'tEPO xaAU'tEpo 7tOU dXE 7tE'tUXEt 7t0't€, EVW 'to SPD (38 'tOte; Exa'to) xat 'to FDP (7 'tote; Exa'to) €xaO'av €oa<poe; . 0 7taAatOe; aV'taywvtO''t�e; 'tou KOA, 0 �'tpcXoue; , 'tov 07totO axo(J-"Y) a7tEx6a vO'tav 'to FDP, �'tav 'twpa XWpte; XUt>EpV"Y)'ttXO a�tw(J-a, aAAcX 0 rX€VO'Ep 7tap€(J-EwE we; U7tOupyoe; E�w'tEptxwV xat �'tav O'E 6€O'"Y) va O'UVEX(O'Et 't"Y)v OO''t7tOAt't(X . To (J-EyaAu'tEpo (J-€poe; 't"Y)e; CDU �'tav 'twpa €'tOt(J-o va oEX6d 't"Y)V OO''t7tOAt't(X, OEOO(J-€V"Y)e; 't"Y)e; o"Y)(J-o'ttXo't"Y)'tcXe; 't"y)e; , axo(J-"Y) xat av 'to xa6EO''tWe; 't"Y)e; Ava'toAtX�e; rEp(J-av(ae; O''ta (J-€O'a 't"Y)e; oExaE't(ae; 'tou 1 9 80 , , ' ,� a7tOl\u'tapXtXO �, , II EptO'O'o'tEpa ... ' 00'0 7tav'ta. oaVEta xa'tE:U 6uv"Y)'tav 'to toW ' 6"Y)xav 7tpOe; 't"Y)v Ava'toAtX� rEp(J-avta, EVW t>EA'ttw6"Y)xav xat 'ta 't"Y)AE mxotvwvtaxcX otx'tua. �'tov EO'W'tEptXO 'to(J-€a "Y) xut>€pv"Y)O'"Y) KOA axoAou6"Y)O'E 7tOAt'ttX� 7tE PWptO'(J-ou 'twv o"Y)(J-oO'twv oa7tavwv, aV€x6"y)xE Eva u�"Y)A6 m(7tEOO aVEp y(ae; xat Emo(w�E va a7toxa'taO''t�O'Et 't"Y)V EmXEtp"Y)(J-a'ttx� E(J-mO''toO'uv"Y) (J-E EA'ttWO'"Y) 'tou E(J-7tOptOU xat (J-dwO'"Y) 'tou 7tA"Y)6wptO'(J-ou, €'tO't WO''tE "Y) r Ep(J-aVta O''ta 't€A"Y) 't"Y)e; oExaE'ttae; 'tou 1 9 80 va ytvEt xat 7tcXAt Xwpa (J-E E(J-7tOptXO 7tAEovaO'(J-a xat to'Xupo vO(J-tO'(J-a, (J-E an('tt(J-o o(J-we; XcX7tOtEe; XOtVWVtX€e; otatp€O'Ete; . H pt�oO'7taO''ttx� 7t't€puya 'tou FDP �'tav ouO'apEO''t"Y)(J-€V"Y) (J-E au't� 't"Y)v 7tOAt'ttX� , aAAcX U7t�PXE aV€Xa6EV O''to xO(J- (J-a (J-ta to'Xup� 7tapaooO'tax� 7tpOO'�AWO'"Y) O''t"Y)v Otxovo(J-ta 'tou l ai s s ez f aire xat, E�cXAAOU, 'to SPD �'tav 7tA€OV 7tOAU otxaO'(J-€vo WO''tE va a7to 'tEAd xa'tcXAA"Y)AO O'UVEpycX't"Y) yta O'X"Y)(J-a'ttO'(J-o xut>€pv"Y)O'"Y)e; . ME 't"Y)v a7to XWP"Y)O'"Y) 'tou �(J-t't xat 'tou X€P(J-7tEp't B€vEp a7to 't"Y)v 7tOAt'ttX� O'x"Y)v� 'to 1 983 , 0 M7tpan, 0 7tpOEOpOe; 'tou xO(J-(J-a'toe; , �'tav yta (J-ta axo(J-a <popcx "Y) "Y)yE nx� ouva(J-"Y) O''tO SPD, aAAcX a7t€'tuXE va 6€O'Et U7tO €AEYXO 't"Y)v apt O''tEpcx. H cXvoooe; 'tou KO(J-(J-a'toe; 'twv IIpaO'(vwv EtXE pw 'tou 1 9 83 , O'E (J-ta 7tEptOOO (J-a�txwv Otao"y)AwO'EWV xa'tcX 'twv 7tUP"y) VtXWV 07tAWV, 'to O'UV€OpW 'tou SPD ��EA"Y)VEXOUe; . Ka'tcX 't"Y)v 7tEptOOO 1 985-86 'to xO(J-(J-a O'UV€XtO'E va a7tat'td (J-dwO'"Y) 'twv E�07tAtO'(J-WV . �EV a7to't€AEO'E Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

!:J. TTIKH r E P MANIA

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EX1t);Y]�Y) "to yt:yOVOe, O"t� fJ-E "tov r toxaVVEe, Paou (Johannes R au) we, u1to�Y]qno xayxEAap�o "ta 1tY]yE axofJ-Y) XE�pO"tEpa CT"t�e, EXAOYEe, "tou 1987 (fJ-E 37 "tOLe, Exa"to "twv �Y]
1 70

H ErporrH TOr 'I'rxpor rrOAEMor, 1945- 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH IETOPIA

6pciixou OtwyfJ.OU 't"wv va�O , 't"ov 07tOtO xa7tOWt 6e:wpl')O'av O't"t -f]'t"av qnAt XOC; 7tpOC; 't"O va�tO'fJ.o . H 7taAta a7te:tA-f] 't"ou axpatou e:6vtxtO'fJ.OU dXe: -f]ol') e:7tave:fJ.cpavtO''t"d mo 7tptV, o't"av 0 �pavc; �evxoufJ.7te:p (Franz Schonhuber) O'Xl')fJ.a't"tO'e: 't"O oe:�tO, aV't"tfJ.e:'t"avaO''t"E:U't"tXO PE:7tOufJ.7tAtXaVtXo KOfJ.fJ.a xat dXe: xa7tote:c; e:m't"uxte:c; O''t"tC; 't"omxec; e:xAoyec; . Apxe:'t"ec; e:7ttO'l')C; a7to 't"tC; xu6e:pvl')'t"txec; 7tOAt't"tXec; e:mAoyec; aV't"tfJ.e:'t"wm�av 7tP06A-f]fJ.a't"a. 0 KOA avayxaO''t"l')xe: va e:yxa't"aAdtjJe:t fJ.ta 7tpo't"a6dO'a cpOpoAoytX-f] fJ.e:'t"appu6fJ.t O'l') (7tOU e:7tl')pea�e: 't"tC; 7tAl')PWfJ.EC; e:m't"oxtwv), e:�at't"tac; 't"l')C; Aa·ix-f]c; xa 't"axpauy-f]C; e:vav't"tov 't"l')C; , xat avatpe:O'e: E:7ttcrl')C; fJ.ta a7tocpaO'l') yta e:7tex't"a O'l') 't"l')C; otapxe:tac; 't"l')C; O''t"pa't"tw't"tx-f]c; 6l')'t"dac; O'e: oe:xaox't"w fJ.-f]ve:c; , 7tOU a7toO'xo7tOuO'e: va a7to't"petjJe:t 't"l')V a7toou\llx fJ.wO'l') 't"ou O''t"pa't"e:ufJ.a't"oc; AOYW 't"l')C; fJ.dwO'l')C; 't"ou 7tAl') 6uO'fJ.ou. H xu6epvl')0'l') O'uve'1.}O'e: 't"tC; 7te:ptxo7tec; oa7tavwv xat e:tO'-f]yaye: afJ.cptAe:yOfJ.e:va fJ.e't"pa, 07tWC; Ot aU�l')fJ.eve:c; Xpe:wO'e:tC; yta ta't"ptx-f] 7te:pteaAtjJl') . 0 KOA e:tXe: 7taV't"a va aV't"tfJ.e:'t"w7ttO'e:t 't"o 7tpoO'w mxo 't"ou 7tp06Al')fJ.a, va fJ.l')V e:x7tefJ.7te:t Ol')Aao-f] AafJ.tjJl') xat ouvafJ.tO'fJ.o, xat 't"o 1 988 axofJ.l') xat O''t"e:VOt 't"ou O'uve:pya't"e:c; dXav afJ.cpt60Ate:C; yta 't"o av 6a fJ.7tOpouO'e: va 7tapafJ.dve:t xayxe:Aapwc; yta 7tOAU axofJ.l') . To cp6tvo7twpO 't"ou 1 9 89 wO''t"oO'o, O'apav't"a xpovta fJ.e:'t"a 't"l')v tOpuO'-f] 't"l')C; , 't"o fJ.eAAov 't"l')C; ol')fJ.oxpa't"tac; 't"l')C; B owl')c; e:7tava7tpoO'owPtO''t"l')xe: �acpvtxa fJ.e: E:7tavaO''t"a't"txo 't"p07to . Ta ye:yovo't"a O''t"l')V Ava't"oAtx-f] Eupw7tl'), xat mo O'uyxe:xptfJ.eva O''t"l')V Ava't"oAtx-f] r e:pfJ.avta -fJ.e: 't"l')V 7t't"wO'l') 't"ou Tdxouc; 't"ou Be:POAtVOU O''t"tC; 10 N oe:fJ.6ptoU xat 't"l')V U7toO'Xe:O'l') yta e:Ae:u6e:pe:c; e:xAoyec;-, cpavepwO'av veouc; Xtvouvouc; aAAa xat E:Uxatpte:c; . 0 KOA dXe: xa't"acpepe:t va ota't"l')pl')6d O''t"l')V l')ye:O'ta 't"l')C; CDU O''t"a 1 9 88-89 , 6ol')6oufJ.e:voC; a7to evav xu6e:pvl')'t"tXO avaO'Xl')fJ.a't"tO'fJ.o xat a7to 't"o 6ava't"o 't"ou 7taAWU 't"ou aV't"maAou, 't"ou �pav't"c; rto�e:cp �'t"paouc; . Ka't"omv, l') opaO''t"-f]pta aAAa 7tpoO'e:x't"tx-f] av't"topaO'l') 't"ou xayxe:Aapwu O''t"a ye:yovo't"a 't"l')C; Ava't"oA-f]C; eowO'e: w6l')0'l') O''t"l') fJ.e:twfJ.evl') ol')fJ.o't"txo't"l')'t"a 't"ou . To SPD dXe: xa't"a xa7towv 't"p07tO xl')Atow6d a7to 't"tC; a7to7te:tpec; 't"ou xa't"a 't"l') otap xe:ta 't"l')C; oe:xae:'t"tac; 't"ou 1980 va xa6te:pwO'e:t oe:O'fJ.OUC; fJ.e: 't"o �oO'taAtO''t"tXO KOfJ.fJ.a Evo't"l')'t"ac; 7tOU xu6e:pvouO'e: O''t"l')v Ava't"oAtx-f] re:pfJ.avta . 'H't"av ouva't"ov, 6e6ata, va U7toO''t"l')Pt�e:t o't"t l') OO''t"7tOAt't"tX dXe: 't"e:AtXa O'uV't"e:Ae O'e:t O''t"l')v U7tOVOfJ.E:UO'l') 't"ou xa6e:0''t"w't"oc; 't"l')C; Ava't"oAtx-f]C; r e:pfJ.avtac; fJ.e: 't"O va e:VtO'xuO'e:t O''t"l') O'xetjJl') 't"wv Ava't"oAtXoye:pfJ.avwv 't"l')V e:vaAAax't"tx-f] AUO'l') 't"l')C; cptAe:Ae:u6e:pl')c; ol')fJ.oxpa't"tac; evav't"t 't"ou xOfJ.fJ.OUVtO'fJ.ou. AAAa 't"o SPD oe:v fJ.7tOpouO'e: 't"wpa 7tAeOV va 6pe:t txavo7tOtl')'t"tx-f] e:vaAAax't"tx-f] 7tpO 't"aO'l') O''t"l')V 7tOAt't"tX-f] 't"ou KOA va U7tooe:X6d 6e:'t"txa 't"l')V 7t't"wO'l') 't"ou SED, Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

t.YTIKH rEPMANIA

Em'tpbtoV'ta� 't'YJv derooo er'tou� 7tpOercpUYE� a7tO 't'YJV Ava'toALxo1 r EpfJ.a ',Ita xaL OLEpWVWV'ta� m6avE� xLVo1erEL� 7tpO� 't'YJV maVEvwer'YJ 't'YJ� r EpfJ.a Vta� �'to 'tEAO� 'tou 1 9 89 'YJ 0'YJfJ.0'tLxo't'YJ'ta 'tou xayxEAapLOu ap'X,LerE va avaXafJ.7t'tEL. 0 opofJ.o� o1'tav 7tAEOV avOL'X,'to� YLa 'tov npfJ.a'tLerfJ.o 't'YJ� «7tpoerwpLvo1�» o'YJfJ.oxpa'tta� 't'YJ� Bow'YJ�, 't'YJv Evwer'YJ fJ.E 't'YJv Ava'toALxo1 rEpfJ.aVta xaL 't'YJv E7taVao'YJfJ.LOupyta EVO� EVLatou YEpfJ.avLxou xpa'tou� OU'tE OAOL OL r EpfJ.avOt, aAAa OU'tE xaL OAOL OL �EVOL 7tapa't'YJP'YJ'tE� 7tter'twav O'tL au'to1 o1'tav 'YJ 7tAEOV Em6ufJ.'YJ't01 E�EAL�'YJ o IIap' oAa au'ta, fJ.La 'tE'tOLa 7topda o1'tav YEvLxa a7tooEx'to1 er't'YJ �u'tLxo1 rEpfJ.aVta, 7tapa 't'YJv EV'tOV'YJ aV'YJeru'X,ta er'X,E'tLxa fJ.E 'to EVOE'X,0fJ.EVO xoer'to� YLa 'tov Exeruy'X,povLerfJ.0 't'YJ� Ava'toALxo1� r EPfJ.aVta� , fJ.E 't'YJ fJ.'YJ a7tooo'tLxo1 't'YJ� bLOfJ.'YJ'X,aVta, 'ta 'X,afJ.'YJ Aa ELero001fJ.a'ta xaL 'tLC; aVE7tapxd� XOLVWVLXE� U7t'YJPEertE� 'H'tav EfJ.cpa VE� O'tL 'YJ r EPfJ.avta 6a fJ.7tOpouerE va xEpOterEL 7toAAa a7to 'to avoLYfJ.a 'twv ayopwv 't'YJ� Ava'toALxo1� Eupw7t'YJ� er'tov xam'taALerfJ.O xaL 6a fJ.7tOpouerE va fJ.E'tabaAEL fJ.E E7taVaer'ta'tLxo 'tp07tO 't'YJ 6Eer'YJ 't'YJ� er't'YJv Eupw7t'YJ fJ.E 'to va ytVEL 'YJ yEcpupa fJ.aAAov fJ.E'ta�u 't'YJ� Ava'toALxo1� xaL 't'YJ� �u'tLxo1� Eupw7t'YJ� 7tapa 'to OpLO avafJ.Eera erE 060 aV'tt7taAa fJ.7tAOX o KoA E7tpmE va dvaL 7tpOerEx'tLxo� er't'YJv 7tpow6'YJer'YJ 't'YJ� 7tOAL'tLxo1� 'tou 7tpO� 't'YJv E7taVEvwer'YJ , 'YJ o7tota o1'tav ertyoupo O'tL 6a 7tpOXaAOuerE CPO o bOU� er'ta aAAa wpw7taixa xpa't'YJ er'X,E'tLxa fJ.E 'tL� CPLAOOO�tE� 't'YJ� r EpfJ.a vta� �UYXEXpLfJ.Eva, E7tPE7tE va xa6'YJeru'X,aerEL 't'YJ �obLE'tLxo1 'Evwer'YJ O'tL 'YJ mavEvwer'YJ OEV a7to'tEAouerE o7toLa0017to'tE a7tELAo1 YLa 't'YJv aercpaAELa 't'YJ� , acpou, 'touAa'X,Ler'tov 'to 1990, 'YJ E��Ll EOEL'X,VE O'tL 7tapEfJ.EvE Eva� Ler'X,upo� 7tpw'taywvLer'to1� er'tL� wpW7taor:x E� U7t06EerEL� xaL, cpuerLxa, axofJ.'YJ oLa't'YJ pouerE er'YJfJ.aV'tLxO apL6fJ.o er'tpa'twfJ.a'twv er't'YJv Ava'toALxo1 r EpfJ.avta o 0 KOA E7tpE7tE , mter'YJ� , va EmbEbaLwerEL EX VEOU 't'YJ UerfJ.wero1 'tou er't'YJv Eupw7taor:xo1 KOLvo't'YJ'ta, 7tPOXELfJ.EVOU va xa6'YJeru'X,aerEL 'tou� r aAAOu� : 7tpaYfJ.a'tL, 'YJ E7taVEvwer'YJ , xa6w� xaL 'to EVOE'X,0fJ.EVO 7tOU 'YJ E�EAL�'YJ au'to1 O'YJfJ.LOupy'YJerE YLa E7taVEfJ.cpaVLer'YJ 'tou E6vLXLerfJ.0U er't'YJ rEpfJ.avta xa'tEer't'YJ erE YLa 'tOV xayxEAapLO �w'tLxo1 't'YJV avayx'YJ YLa ernvo'tEp'YJ erUVOEer'YJ 'tou 7tpoercpa'ta EV07tOL'YJfJ.EVOU xpa'tou� 'tou fJ.E 'tL� aAAE� CPLAEAEU6EPE� 0'YJfJ.0xpa'ttE� Ap'X,Lxa OEV o1'tav �Exa6apo 'to 7tW� axpLbw� E7tpOXEL'tO va O'YJ fJ.LOupYrJ6d Eva EVLatO xpa'to� IIoM YPo1yopa, 'to N OEfJ.bpLO 'tou 1 9 89 , ° KOA 0'YJfJ.0erL07tOt'YJerE Eva er'X,EoLO YLa eruv0fJ.0er7tovota 'twv 060 r EpfJ.avLwv, aAAa xa'tL 'tE'tOLO a7tood'X,6'YJXE 7tPOWPO Tov IavouapLO 'tou 1990 'YJ xu bEpv'YJer'YJ 't'YJ� Ava'toALxo1� rEPfJ.aVta� 7tpO'tELVE 't'YJv LOEa -7tOU E�E'taer't'YJ XE YLa 7tpw't'YJ cpopa er'ta fJ.Eera 't'YJ� oExaE'tta� 'tou 1 9 5 0- YLa fJ.La EVWfJ.E°

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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErPOIIH TOY 'l'YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

v'Y) , ouOe"rep07rOtYlP·.evYl r EpfJ.aVta, aAAa 'Y) AfJ.EplXTj Tj"tav a7tocpacrlcrfJ.tv'Y) va xpa"tTjcrEl "t'Y) r EPfJ.aVta EV"taYfJ.tv'Y) cr"tO NATO . TEAlxa, cr"tle; 1 0 E bpouaptou , crE E7ttcrXE\jJTj "tou cr"t'Y) Mocrxa, 0 KOA a7ttcr7tacrE "t'Y)v tYXPlcr'Y) "tou �OblE"tlXOl) 'Y)yt"t'Y) MlxaTjA rXOPfJ.7ta"tcrWcp Yla "t'Y)v E7tavtvwcr'Y) . 'Eva fJ.Tjva apyo"tEpa, �EXtv'Y)crav cruVOfJ.lAtEe; Yl' au"to "to "Tj"t'Y)fJ.a fJ.E"ta�u "twv aV"tmpocrw7tWV "t'Y)e; LlU"tlXTje; xal "t'Y)e; Ava"toAlXTje; r EpfJ.avtae; . 'H"tav 7tAtOV �Exa6apo fJ.tXPl "to"tE O"tl 'Y) OlXOvOfJ.ta "t'Y)e; Ava"toAlXTje; r EpfJ.avtae; 7t EpvOUcrE fJ.EyaA'Y) ooxlfJ.acrta xal O"tl 'Y) xUbtpV'Y)cr'Y) Tj"tav avtxav'Y) va EfJ.7tVEUcrEl EfJ.mcr"tocruv'Y) cr"tO Aao "t'Y)e; , fJ.EyaAo fJ.tpoe; "tou 07tOtOU crUVtXlcrE va fJ.E"tavacr"tEuEl 7tpOe; "t'Y) Llucr'Y) . Au"to cruvtbalvE 7tapa "to YEyovoe; O"tl, cr"ta "ttA'Y) "tou 1 989 , 7tOAAOt Ava"toAlxoYEPfJ.aVOt Em6ufJ.oucrav va xavouv o'Y)fJ.oxpa"tlxo "to OlXO "toue; "tp07tO olaxubtpV'Y)cr'Y)e; xal OEV avtfJ.Evav ypTj yopEe; E�EAt�Ele; 7tpOe; "t'Y)v E7tavtvwcr'Y) . 0 KOA tfJ.0la"E 7tAtov a7tocpacrl crfJ.tvoe; va ytVEl 0 7tpw"toe; xayxEAapwe; "t'Y)e; mavEvwfJ.tV'Y)e; rEpfJ.avtae; . Ka"ta60pub'Y)crE "toue; 7tavne; o"tav, cr"tle; apxte; Ma'tou, EfJ.cpaVtcr"t'Y)xE va afJ.cplcrb'Y)"td "t'Y)v E')'xupo"t'Y)"ta "twv 7tOAWvoYEPfJ.avlxwv cruvopwv , 07tWe; crXEolacr"t'Y)xav "to 1945 , aAAa ypTjyopa U7t0XWP'Y)crE cr' au"to "to 6tfJ.a . H au"t07tE7tote'Y)crTj "tou cruv"tofJ.a EVlcrxu6'Y)XE, Yla fJ.la axofJ.a cpopa, a7to "t'Y) vtx'Y) cr"tle; 7tpwne; EAEU6EpEe; EXAoyte; "t'Y)e; Ava"toAlXTje; r EpfJ.aVtae; , "t'Y)e; «�ufJ.fJ.axtae; Yla "t'Y)v IIpoooo » , 'Y)yt"t'Y)e; "t'Y)e; o7totae; Tj"tav 0 A06ap vn ME"ltp (Lothar de Maziere) , xal "t'Y)e; o7totae; 'Y) 7tpOExAOylXTj Excr"tpa"tEta dXE U7tocr"t'Y)plX6d a7to "toue; xplcr"tlavoo'Y)fJ.oxpa"tEe; "t'Y)e; Llucr'Y)e; . Ol cruvo fJ.lAtEe; fJ.E"ta�u Ava"toAlXTje; xal LlU"tlXTje; r EpfJ.aVtae; ooTj')"Y)crav, cr"tle; 1 8 Ma·tou, cr E fJ.la crufJ.cpwvta OlXOVOfJ.lXTje; tvwcr'Y)e;, 'Y) 07tOta apXlcrE v a lcrXUEl "t'Y)v 1 'Y) IouAtou, o"tav "to OU"tlxoYEpfJ.aVlXO fJ.apxo tylVE "to vOfJ.lcrfJ.a xal "twv 060 xpa"twv . Ol LlU"tlxoYEpfJ.avot ava7tocpwx"ta xuplapX'Y)crav cr' aU"tte; "tle; cruVOfJ.lAtEe; , aAAa 'Y) blacr"tlxTj o'Y)fJ.wupyta "t'Y)e; OlXOVOfJ.lXTje; tvwcr'Y)e; E7tpOXEl"tO va a7tOOElx6Et 7tOAU oa7tav'Y)pTj xal Yla "ta 060 "tfJ.TjfJ.a"ta "t'Y)e; r EpfJ.aVtae; . ME "to avolYfJ.a "t'Y)e; cr"to OU"tlXO av"taywvlcrfJ.O, 'Y) Ava"toAlxTj cruV"tofJ.a YVWPlcrE fJ.E')'aA'Y)e; XAtfJ.axae; aVEpyta, xAdcrlfJ.O Epyocr"tacrtwv , axofJ.'Y) xal 7t"twcr'Y) "tou b W"tlXOU E7tmtoou . H LlU"tlXTj , avayxacrfJ.tv'Y) va XP'Y)fJ.a"tOOO"tTjcrEl "t'Y) olaolxacrta xal va E�acrcpaAtcrEl U7t'Y)pEcrtEe; XOlVWVl xTje; 7tpOVOlae; cr"toue; Ava"toAlXOUe; , cruv"tofJ.a av"tlfJ.E"twmcrE U\jJ'Y)"AO"tEpa Em"toxla xal cpopoue; . Ta E7tofJ.Eva Atya xpovla a7toodx6'Y)xav 7tOAU 06crxoAa, "tocro Yla "t'Y) YEpfJ.avlxTj OlxovofJ.ta ocro xal Yla "t'Y)v XOlVWVlXTj cruvoxTj "tou vtou xpa"toue; . A7to "t'Y)v 7tOAl"tlXTj "t'Y)e; 7tAWpa, 'Y) E7tavtvwcr'Y) OEV 6a fJ.7tOpOUcrE a7tAWe; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

IlYTIKH r E P MANIA

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H ETPOITH TOT '¥TXPOT ITOAEMOT, 1 945- 199 1 : ITOAITIKH I�TOPIA

xOfLfLa'ta, 0fLW� , 'tOU� axoAou60uO'av xa'ta 7tOOa� . Ot O'oO'taAtO''tE� (24 ,5 'tOt� exa'to) etxav e�e'taO'et 'ty)v 7tt6avo'tY)'ta va O'u,xwvw60uv fLe 'tou� xOfLfLouVtO''tE� o'tav 'teAdwO'e 0 7toAefLo� , Ita va oy)fLtouP,�O'ouv Eva evtato xOfLfLa 'ty)� ep,a'ttx�� 'ta�Y)�, aAAa Ot Y),E'te� 'tou� , 07tW� 0 Aeov M7tAOUfL (Leon Blum), 7ttO''twav o'tt 0 opofLo� 7tpO� 'to O'oO'taAtO'fLo fLaAAov 7tepvaet fLEO'a a7to Eva cptAeAeu6epo oY)fLoxpa'ttxo 7tOAt'ttXO crUO''tY)fLa 7tapa a7to Eva O'obte'ttXOu 'tU7tOU xa6eO''tw� . H xptO''ttavooy)fLoxpa'ttx� Aa·t·x� Pe7tou fL7tAtXaVtX� KtvY)O'Y) (MRP) dXe O'Xy)fLa'ttO''td 'to NOEfLbpto 'tou 1944 W� Eva VEO fLe'tappu6fLtO''ttXO xOfLfLa, aAAa acpoO'tWfLEVO O''ty)v u7tepaO'7ttO'Y) fLta� Xotvwvta� 7tOU 6a 7tpoO''ta'twe 'ta otxatWfLa'ta 'tou a'tofLou . Ot Xpt O''ttavooy)fLoxpa'te� 'ta 7t�,av axofLa xaAu'tepa a7to 'tou� O'oO'taAtO''tE� O''tt� eXAo,E� (25 ,5 'tOt� exa'to) , ex'to� 'twv aAAwv xat ,ta'tt 7tapdxav exAo ,tX� O''tE,y) O''tou� O'uv'tY)PY)'ttxou� . AAAa Ot pt�oO'7taO''te� , 'to to'xupo'tepo xOfLfLa xa'ta 'ty)v Tpt'ty) Lly)fLoxpa'tta, �y)fLtw6Y)xav AO,W 'tou o'tt 'tau'tt �ov'tav fLe 'tt� a7to'tuxte� 'tY)� oexae'tta� 'tou 1930 xat 7tPOO'EAxuO'av At ,o'tepe� a7to fLta O''tt� oExa ��cpou� . Ta OtXovofLtxa 7tpObA�fLa'ta, Y) e�av'tAY)O'Y) 7tOU e7tEcpepe 0 7t OAefLO� xat Ot OtafLaxe� fLe'ta�u 'twv 7tOAt'ttXWV xOfLfLa'tWV oy)fLtoup,y)O'av OuO'xoAte� O''tov N'te r XWA. H eA7ttOa 'tou O''tpa'ty),ou o'tt Y) raAAta 6a fL7topouO'e va 7tat�et xa7toto O'Y)fLav'ttxO ote6v� POAO u7tovofLeu6Y)xe a7to 'ty)v Otxovo fLtX� xat O''tpa'ttw'ttx� aouvafLta 'ty)� xwpa� . To 1 9 44-45 0 U7tOUp,O� O tXOVOfLtXWV 'tou N'te r XWA, 0 IItep Mev'tE�-pav� , etO'Y),�6Y)xe Eva ,evvato OtXOVOfLtXO 7tPo,pafLfLa Ita 'ty)v to'xup07toty)O'Y) 'ty)� xwpa� , fLe ecpapfLo,� fLE'tpWV At'to'tY)'ta� xat e6vtxou OtXOVOfLtXOU O'xeotaO'fLou . QO''to0'0 0 N'te rXWA, 'tou 07tOtou Ot ,vwO'et� 7tavw O'e OtXOvOfLtXa 6EfLa'ta �'tav 7teptoptO'fLEve� , 7tdO''tY)xe a7to aAAou� U7tOUp,OU� o'tt 0 ,aAAtXO� Aao� oev �'tav E'tOtfLO� va O'Y)xwO'et 'to cpop'tto evo� 7tpo,pafLfLa'to� At'to'tY)'ta� xat o'tt 6a u7t�pxe xa7tota cpuO'tX�, av xat O''taotax� , beA'ttwO'y) 'twv fLe'ta7toAefLtxwv OtXOVOfLtXWV O'uv6Y)xwv xat xwPt� 'ta fLE'tpa 'tou Mev'tE� pav� . L'ty)V 7tpa,fLa'ttxo'tY)'ta, evw xa7totot 't0fLd� 'ty)� otxovofLta� , totat 'tepa 'to O'uO''tY)fLa fLe'tacpopwv, ov'tw� beA'ttw6Y)xav 'to 1945 , wO''toO'o 0 7tAY)6wptO'fLo� au��6Y)xe axofLa 7teptO'O'o'tepo . IIpa,fLa'ttxa, 'tov Iavoua pto 'tou 1946 0 N'te rXWA eVEXptVe fLta etO'�,Y)O'Y) 'tou Zav MOVVE, e7tt xetpY)fLa'tta xat t6uvoV'ta fLe ote6v� efL7tetpta, va ex7tovY)6d Eva O'XEOto avaO'u,xpo'ty)O'Y)� xat exO'u,xpOVtO'fLou . AAAa, O''to fLe'ta�u, Y) Aa·tX� ou O'apEO'xeta Ita 'ta OtXovofLtxa 7tpObA�fLa'ta 'ty)� raMta� dXe ,evtxw'td. MEXpt 'tov Iavouapto 'tou 1946 0 N'te rXWA dXe, e7t[O'Y)�, 60pUbY)6d a7to Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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't"Y)v au�avop.EV"Y) E1ttPpO� 'tWV XUptO'tEpWV 1tOAt'ttXWV xop.p.a'twv p.E'ta 'tt<; EXAOYE<; 'tou OX'tw()ptou 1 945 yta �uV'tax'ttx� �uvEAEUI:r"Y) , "Y) o1tota E1tpO XEt'tO va erXEOtaerEt VEO �uv'tayp.a . 0 Nn rXWA �'tav er'tpa'ttw't"Y) <; , OXt xop.p.a'ttxo<; . IIEptcppovouerE 'tou<; 1tEpterero'tEpou<; a1to 'tou<; 1tOAt'ttXOU<; "Y)YE'tE<; xat EA1tt�E va oWerEt er't"Y) raAAta Eva terxupo �uv'tayp.a P.E p.ta 1tavterxup"y) 1tpOEOpta, p.ta OEer"y) 't"Y)v o1tota, cpuertxa, Ela 'tou 'tatpta�E va avaAa()Et. H vEa �uvEAEUer"Y) , wer'toero , OEV erup.p.Ept�o'tav xaEloAou au'tE<; 'tt<; a1tO�Et<; . Ot xop.p.ouVter'tE<; xat Ot erOertaAter'tE<; �ElEAav p.ta aouvap."Y) 1tpOEOpta Xt Eva terxupo KOtVO()OUAto P.E Eva p.ovo erwp.a (xwpt<; r EpOU erta), txavo va 1tpowEl�erEt pt�oer1taer'ttXE<; p.E'tappuOp.terEt<; . 'Ho"Y) 'to N OEP. ()pto , 0 N'tE r XWA EtXE avayxaernt va a1tEtA�erEt P.E 1tapat't"Y)er"Y) , yta va ElEerEt 'tEAO<; er'tt<; a1tat't�erEt<; 'twv xop.p.ouvter'twv yta Opterp.EvE<; ElEerEt<; XAEtOta er'to U1toupytXO erup.()oUAto . 'E1tEt'ta, 'to �EXEP.()Pto , av"Y)erux"Y)erE EV'tova a1to 't"Y)V E1ttElup.ta 'twv erOertaAter'twv va ytvouv 1tEptX01tE<; er'tt<; er'tpa'ttw'ttXE<; Oa1tavE<; . Tov Iavouapto E�E1tA"Y) �E 'tou<; 1tav'tE<; xat 1tpay p.a'ttxa 1tapat't�El"Y)xE . IIpocpavw<; EA1tt�E O'tt xa'tw a1to 't"Y) Aa·�x� a1tat 't"Y)er"Y) Oa E1taVEPX0'tav er't"Y)v E�Ouerta xat o'tt 'ta xop.p.a'ta Ela �'tav avtxa, XWpt<; , au'tov " E'tert 1tter'tEUE, ' . •I\a ' 00<; . , , va va Epyaer'touv ExaVE p.Eyal\o ' . E av Ta p.qaAa xop.p.a'ta �'tav EUxapter't"Y)p.Eva 1tOU dXE a1tOXAEter'td a1to 't"Y)V XU()Epv"y) er"y) p.ta 'tE'tOta a1tOAu'tapxtx� cpuertoyvwp.ta xat 0 N'tE rXWA EP.EtVE p.axpta a1to 't"Y)v E�Ouerta yta owoExa xpovta . ME 't"Y)v a1t0X wp"Y) er"Y) 'tou N'tE rXWA ot xop.p.oUVter'tE<; , Ot erOertaAter'tE<; xat Ot xpter'ttavoo"y) p.oxpa'tE<; eruVEXteraV va eruvEpya�ov'tat erE Evav «'tpt P.EP�» eruvaer1tterp.o U1tO 'to erOertaAter't� <1?EAt� rXOUEV (Felix Gouin) . O t xpter'ttavoo"y) p.oxpan<; otacpwvouerav P. E 't a aAAa xop.p.a'ta, xaElw<; 1tpO'tt p.ouerav BOUA� P.E 060 �wp.a'ta, 1ttO terxup� 1tpOEOpta xat va 1tpoer'ta'tEU Eld "Y) Pwp.atoXaEloAtX� ExxA"Y) erta . �EV otacpopo1totouv'tav wer'toero erE oAa 'ta ElEp.a'ta: oAa 'ta xop.p.a'ta, yta 1tapaOEtyp.a, p.E'ta 'tt<; ooXtp.aertE<; 'tou 1tOAEP.OU , 1tter'tEUav er't"Y)v avayx"Y) va avaeruyxpo't"Y) Od xat va E1tEx'taEld 'to eruer't"Y)p.a XotVWVtX�<; aercpaAter"Y) <;, wer'tE va o"Y)p.toupy"Y) Od p.ta 1ttO Ot' ' f> , E 1tt Elup.ouerav, " otoxat"Y) xotvwvta. E1tter"Y) <; , va xpa'ttX01tOt"y) 0 ouv Opterp.EVOt p."y) xavtxot 'tOP.Et<; . H xpa'ttxo1tot"Y)er"Y) OEV �'tav xa'tt 'to xatVoupto yta 't"Y) raAAta -ot erto"Y) poopop.ot dXav 1tEpaerEt er't"Y)v totox't"Y)erta 'tou xpa'tou<; 'to 1 9 3 7-, aAAa "Y) u1toer't�pt�"Y) 1tpo<; 'tov xpa'ttxo otxovop.tXO 1tpoypap.p.a'tt erp.o dXE au�"Y) Eld xa'ta 't"Y) OtapXEta 'tou 1tOAEP.OU, xaElw<; ElEWp�O"Y) XE W<; P.EEloOO<; yta 't"Y)v E1tt'tEU�"Y) EElVtX�<; avavEwer"Y) <; , p.EyaAU'tEpwv E1tEV06erEWv xat () EA'ttWer"y)<; 'twv eruvEl"Y)xwv Epyaerta<; xat, E1tter"Y) <; , W<; 'tP01to<; va 'ttDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H ErpOIIH TOr wrxpor IIoAEMor, 1945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH IETOPIA

tJ.wp'Y)60uv OL EmXELp'Y)tJ.a't[E� 1tOU dxav O'uvEpyaeJ"'td tJ.E 'tOU� va�L H xpa 'tLX01tO['Y)O''Y) dXE apX[O'EL E1t[ N'tE rXWA xaL dXE 1tEpLAabEL 'tL� bLOtJ.'Y)xa V[E� av6paxa, CPUO'LXOU aEp[ou xaL 'Y)AEX'tpLO'tJ.OU, 'tL� aEp01tOpLXe� ypatJ. tJ.e� , 'tL� tJ.EyaAE� 'tpa1tE�Lxe<; xaL aO'cpaALO''tLxe� E'taLpdE<; xaL 't'Y)v au'to XLV'Y)'tobLOtJ.'Y)xav[a 't'Y)� R enault. To 1946 E/XaLvLaO''t'Y)xE E1t[0''Y)� eva veo E6vLXO O'uO''t'Y)tJ.a aO'cpaALO''Y)� , 1tOU dXE W� O''t0Xo va 1tapeXEL aO'cpaAELa uyda� , O'uv'ta�EL� y�pa'to� xaL OLXoYEvELaxa EmootJ.a'ta xaL tJ.expL 'to 'teAo� 'tou e'tou� OAOXA'Y)pw6'Y)XE 'to O'xeoLO Movve YLa avaO'uyxpo't'Y)O''Y) xaL EXO'UYXPOVLO'tJ.0 . IIOAAO[ OLXOVOtJ.LXO[ 'totJ.Ek , 01tW� OL oOLxe� tJ.E'tacpo pe� � 0 O'[o'Y)po� xaL 0 xaAuba� , 1tapetJ.ELvav O'E LOLW'tE� , EVW xaL au'to[ 1tOU xpa'tLX01tOL�6'Y)xav O'uveXLO'av va XP'Y)O'LtJ.01tOLOUV 1taALe� tJ.E60oou� oLaxdpLO''Y)� . H E6vLX� aO'cpaALO''Y) OEV EcpaptJ.oO''t'Y)XE W� OAOxA'Y)pwtJ.evo 1tpoypatJ.tJ.a YLa 1tEp[1tOU dXOO'L xpovLa, E�aL't[a� 't'Y)� xaxu1tmIAa� 'tou Aaou xaL 't'Y)� eAAEL\¥'Y)� 1tOpWV xp'Y)tJ.a'to06't'Y)O''Y)� . To O'xeoLO Movve, wO''toO'o, E�aO'cpaALO'E 't'Y)V OLXOVOtJ.LX� ava1t'tu�'Y) 't'Y)� raAA[a� 6e'tov'ta� w� O''t0Xo va �E1tEpaO''touv 'ta tJ.eYLO''ta 1tp01tOAEtJ.Lxa E1t[1tEOa bLOtJ.'Y)xavLx�� 1tapa ywy�� tJ.expL 'to 1950, XL e'tO'L O''Y)tJ.a'to06't'Y)O'E tJ.La E1tavaO''ta'tLx� aAAay� av'tLA��EWV O'E O'xeO''Y) tJ.E 't'Y)V OLXOVOtJ.LX� O''taO'LtJ.o't'Y)'ta 't'Y)� T p['t'Y)� �'Y)tJ.oxpa't[a� . To O'xeoLO e6EO'E O''t0Xou� YLa O'uyxExpLtJ.evou� 'totJ.Ek xAELoLa 't'Y)� OLxovotJ.[a� (01tW� 0 xaAuba� , 0 'Y)AEX'tPLO'tJ.O� xaL 'to 'to'LtJ.e v'to) av't[ va baO'LO''tE[ 0''t'Y) O''tEV� xpa'tLx� OLEU6uvO''Y) , dXE w� O'X01tO va Ev6appuvEL 't'Y)V EmO''tpocp� 'twv xEcpaAaLOuxwv EmXELp'Y)tJ.a'tLWV O'E 6eO''Y) LO'XUO� xaL baO'L�o'tav O'E oavELa a1to 'to E�W'tEPLXO, LOLakEpa a1to 't'Y)V AtJ.EPLX� . Ev6appuvoV'ta� 't'Y)V E1tEx'taO''Y) , 'tov au'totJ.a'tLO'tJ.o xaL 't'Y)V xaLvo't0tJ.[a, a1toodx6'Y)XE �W'tLX�� O''Y)tJ.aO'[a<; YLa 't'Y)V LO'XUP01to['Y)O''Y) 't'Y)� raAA[a� , 1tapa 'tL� 1tOAL'tLxe� aouvatJ.[E� 't'Y)� Te'tap't'Y)� �'Y)tJ.oxpa't[a� . MexpL 'to MaLO 'tou 1 9 4 6 dXE EX1tov'Y)6d 'to 1tpoO'xeoLO EVO� �uv'tay tJ.a'to� 1tOU O'utJ.cpWVOUO'E tJ.E 't'Y)v xOtJ.tJ.OUVLO''tLX�-O'oO'LaALO''tLx� av't[A'Y)�'Y) YLa 't'Y)v 1tOAL'tLX� , tJ.E tJ.La LO'XUp� xa'tw BOUA� . AAAa OL xpLO''tLavoo'Y)tJ.o xpa'tE� aO'x'Y)O'av XPL'tLX� 0''t0 �uv'taYtJ.a xaL 0 yaAALxo� Aao� , 1tOU XA�6'Y)XE va ExcppaO'EL tJ.E o'Y)tJ.O��cpLO'tJ.a 't'Y) OLX� 'tou a1to�'Y) E1t[ 'tou 6etJ.a't0� , 'to a1teppL� E . To YE/ovo� au'to OO�/'Y)O'E O'E EXAoye� YLa 't'Y)V avaoEL�'Y) vea� �uv'tax'tLx�� uveAwO''Y)� , O''tL� 01t0[E� OL xpLO''tLavoo'Y)tJ.oxpa'tE� avaod x6'Y)xav 'to LO'XUpO'tEpO xOtJ.tJ.a, Exavav Evav a1to 'tou� 'Y)ye'tE� 'tou� -'tov Z wp� Mmv'tw- 1tpw6u1toupyo xaL �'tav 1tAeOV O'E 6EO''Y) va O'XEoLaO'ouv eva �uV'taytJ.a 1tOU va aV'ta1tOxp[vE'taL 1tEPLO'O'O'tEPO O''tL� 1tpO'tLtJ.�O'EL� 'tou� . IIap' oAa au'ta, xaL 'to veo au'to 1tPOO'XEOLO, 1tOU Eyxp[6'Y)XE a1to Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H EYPOIIH TOY 'l'YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 194 5 - 199 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

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H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

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H IIAPAKMH TH� TETAPTH� L1HMOKPATIA�, 1947-1958 H a.1t01t0fJ-1tY) 'twv xOfJ-fJ-OUVtCT'tWV a.1tO 't'Y)V XUbEPV'Y)CT'Y) boY)6'Y)CTe 't'Y) ra.A Ata. va. e�a.CTcpa.AtCTet 't'Y)V OtXOVOfJ- txY) boy)6€ta. 'twv HIlA fJ-ECTW 'tou CTxeOtOU McXPCTa.A 'tou Iouvtou 1 9 4 7 , a.AAcX oOY)y'Y)CTe €1ttCT'Y)<; CT€ ba.6u PY)YfJ-a. 't'Y)v 1tOAt'ttXy) �wY) 't'Y)<; xwpa.<; : Ot X o fJ-fJ-0uvtCT'tE<; , 1ta.p ' OAO 1tOU dXa.v 't'Y)v U1tOCT'tY)Pt�'Y) 'tou €vo<; n'tcXp'tou xa.t 1tAEOV 'tou 1tA'Y)6uCTfJ- OU, OUCTta.CT'ttXcX a.1t0fJ-ovw6'Y)xa.v 1tOAt'ttXcX (fJ-ta. 6ECT'Y) 1ta.pOfJ-Ota. fJ-€ a.u'tY) 1tOU dXa.v xa.t CT't'Y)V ha.Ata.) . na. fJ-eptxou<; fJ-Y)V€<; Ot xOfJ-fJ- OUVtCT'tE<; EAm�a.v o'tt tCTW<; va. Y)'ta.v m6a.vY) 'Y) emCT'tpocpy) 'tOU<; CT't'Y)V €�OuCTta., a.AAcX, fJ-€'tcX 'to CTX'Y)fJ-a.'ttCTfJ-O 't'Y)<; KOfJ- tvcpopfJ- a.1tO 'ta. XUpto't€Pa. XOfJ-fJ-OUVtCT'ttXcX XOfJ-fJ-a.'ta. 't'Y)<; Eupw1t'Y)<; 'to �m'tEfJ-bPto 'tou 1947 , a.xoAou6'Y)CTa.V 1tOAt'ttXY) OAO xa.t mo EV'tOV'Y)<; a.V'tt1ta.pcX6€CT'Y)<; xa.'tcX 't'Y)<; XUbEPV'Y)CT'Y)<; : xa.'ty)yyetAa.v 't'Y)v «fJ-1tOUp�OUcXOtx'Y)>> o'Y)fJ- oxpa.'tta., U1tOXtV'Y)CTa.V CT'ta. 'tEA'Y) 'tou 1947 xa.t 'to Xa.AOXa.tpt 'tou 1948 fJ-ta. CTetpcX a.1tO a.1t€pyte<; xa.t xa.'ta.OtXa.CTa.V 'tOU<; a.u�a.vofJ-evou<; oeCTfJ-ou<; 't'Y)<; r a.AAta.<; fJ-€ 'tOU<; ou'ttxou<; CTUfJ-fJ-cXxou<; . To �€XEfJ-bpto 'tou 1 9 4 7 , xa.'tcX 't'Y) OtcXPX€ta. 'tou 1tpw'tou fJ-qcXAou a.1tepyta.xou XUfJ-a.'to<; , XcX1tOtOt fJ-e'tpto1ta.6d<; CTUVOtXa.AtCT'tE<; a.1tOCTXtCT't'Y)Xa.V a.1tO 't'Y)v eA€yxofJ- ev'Y) a.1tO 'tOU<; xOfJ-fJ-OUVtCT'tE<; CTUV0fJ-0CT1tOVOta. epya.'twv, 't'Y) CeT, yta. va. CTX'Y)fJ-a.'ttcrouv fJ-ta. Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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via xtvY)erY) , 't"Y) Force Ouvriere. IIap ' oAa au't"cX, Ot xOfJ-fJ-ouvter't"ie; €�a XOAouOy)erav va X€POt�ouv er€ a�tOAoyo baOfJ-o 't"Y) erufJ-7tcXO€ta 't"Y)e; €P ya't"tX�e; 't"cX�Y)e; xat 't"wv otavooufJ-ivwv, erufJ-7t€ptAafJ-baVofJ-ivwv avOpw7tWV 07tWe; 0 �wypcXcpoe; IIcXfJ-7tAO IItxcXerero, 0 eruyypacpiae; Zav IIWA I:ap't"p (Jean-Paul Sartre) xat 0 7tUpY)VtXOe; €7tter't"�fJ-ovae; P€v't"€ptX Z OAtO-Koupt (Frederic Ioliot-Curie) . M ovo er't"aotaxcX cXpxterav Ot erufJ-7taOouV't"€e; va a7t0fJ-axpuvov't"at, €�at't"tae; XcX7tOtWV €V€py€tWV 't"wv I:obt€'t"tXWV , 07tWe; Y) €terbOA� 't"ou 1 9 5 6 er't"Y)v Ouyyapta, 't"Y)v o7tota axofJ-Y) xat Y) CeT apv�OY) X€ va €7ttooxtfJ-cXer€t. Ev 't"W fJ-€'t"a�u, Y) p��Y) fJ-€ 't"oue; xOfJ-fJ-ouvter't"ie; 7tpO XcXA€er€ totat't"€pa 7tpObA�fJ-a't"a er't"oue; eroertaAter't"ie; . H apter't"€p� 7t't"ipuya 't"ou xOfJ-fJ-a't"oe; xa't"Y)yopY)er€ 't"Y)v y)y€erta 't"wv erOertaAter't"wv o't"t O€V xa't"cX cp€P€ va u7toer't"Y)pt�€t a7to't"€A€erfJ-a't"txcX 't"te; XOtvwvtxie; xat OtXovofJ-txie; fJ-€ 't"appu0fJ-ter€te; . Au't"� Y) a7to't"uxta O€WP�OY)X€ Y) at't"ta yta 't"Y) fJ-dwerY) 't"ou €XAoytXOU 7toeroer't"ou 't"wv erOertaAter't"wv fJ-€'t"a�u 't"wv €XAOYWV 't"ou Ox't"w bptOU 1 945 xat 't"ou NO€fJ-bptOU 1 9 4 6 . To 1946 0 apter't"€pOe; rxu MOAAi (Guy Mollet) dX€ ytV€t Y€VtXOe; ypafJ-fJ-a't"iae; 't"ou xOfJ-fJ-a't"oe; . 0 MOAAi otacpwvouer€ fJ-€ 't"Y)v a7to7tofJ-7t� a7to 't"ov PafJ-av't"ti 't"wv xOfJ-fJ-ouvter't"wv xat, 't"o NOifJ-bptO 't"ou 1 9 4 7 , bO�eY)er€ va 7tier€t Y) xubipvY)erY) . M€'t"cX a7t ' au't"o, 7tOAAot cXAAOt eruvaer7tterfJ-ot xa't"ippwerav €�at't"tae; 't"wv afJ-cptbOAtWV 't"wv erOertaAter't"wv yta erY)fJ-av't"txie; 7toAt't"txie; a7tocpcXer€te; , €tOtXcX yt' au't"ie; 7tOU acpopouerav OtxovofJ-tXcX OifJ-a't"a, afJ-uv't"txie; oa7tcXV€e; xat XOtvwvtxie; fJ-€ 't"appu0fJ-ter€te; . To €bPOucXptO 't"ou 1950 Ot eroertaAter't"ie; a7toxwpY)erav a7to 't"Y)v xUbipvY)erY) 't"ou Zwp� M7ttv't"w (Georges Bidault) , Y) o7tota €7ttbtWer€ yta apx€'t"oue; fJ-�V€e; Xwpte; au't"oue; . ' H't"av iva erY)fJ-cXot yta oera Oa axo AouOouerav . TY)v cXVOt�Y) 't"ou 1 9 4 7 xat cXAAa 7tpObA�fJ-a't"a �pOav €7ttery)e; va a7ta erxoA�erouv 't"Y) oy)fJ-oxpa't"ta, €�at't"tae; 't"ou erXy)fJ-a't"terfJ-ou fJ-tae; viae; 7tOAt 't"tX�e; ouvafJ-Y)e; 't"Y)e; �€�tcXe; , Y)yi't"Y)e; 't"Y)e; o7totae; �'t"av 0 er't"pa't"Y)yoe; N't"€ rXWA. « Y7t€PcXvw» -U7to't"tO€'t"at- xOfJ-fJ-a't"tX�e; 7tOAt't"tX�e; , 0 I:uvay€p fJ-Oe; 't"ou raAAtXOU Aaou (RPF) io€tXv€ va iX€t vwcpaerter't"txcX er't"otxda. EtX€ iva xapterfJ-a't"txo €Ovtxter't"� Y)yi't"Y) , 7tpOeriAXUer€ O€�tOUe; , av't"txofJ- fJ-ouvter't"ie; �Y)cpocpopoue; -xa't"cX €tpWVtXO 't"P 07t 0 , 7tOAAOUe; a7to 't"oue; 7ta AtOUe; u7toer't"y)ptx't"ie; 't"ou II€'t"atv- xat €7ttOtwX€ 't"Y) oY)fJ-tOupyta fJ-tae; 7ttO a7tOAu't"apXtX�e; xubipvY)erY)e; . Ot btat€e; €Xoy)AWer€te; er€ XcX7tOt€e; a7to 't"te; eruyx€v't"pwer€te; 't"ou, 't"O y€yovoe; o't"t 't"O xOfJ-fJ-a 't"ou N't"€ rXWA O€V dX€ eruyxpo't"Y)fJ-ivo XUb€PVY)'t"tXO 7tpoypafJ-fJ-a xat xcX7tota cXfJ-bAuverY) 't"wv OtXO vOfJ-tXWV 7tPObAy)fJ-cX't"WV 't"Y)e; xwpae; eruv't"iA€eraV, 't"€AtXcX, er't"Y) fJ-dwerY) 't"Y)e; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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oY)p.o'nxo'tY)'tae; 'tou RPF, 'to 07tOtO op.we; O"'tte; oy)p.o'ttxie; e:xAoyie; 'tou OX'tWbptOU xipotO"e: iva a7ttO"'te:u'to 38 'tote; e:xa'to 'twv �y)cpwv ' otacp&vY) xe: 'to'te: 7tpayp.a'ttx& 0 XtVOUvoe; va xa'tappe:uO"e:t Y) xUbipvY)O"Y) , ye:yovoe; 7tOU to"we; va ooY)youO"e: O"e: e:P.cpUAW 7tOAe:P.O, p.e: 'toue; o7taOOUe; 'tou N'te: rXWA va ipxov'tat O"e: av'tmap&6e:0"Y) p.e: 'toue; xop.p.ouvtO"'tie; . Ta xop.p.a 'ta 'tou O"uvaO"mO"p.ou, 7tOU aU'to7tapouO"t&�ov'tav we; Y) «'tPt'tY) ouvap.Y)>> p.e:'ta�u 'twv &xpwv 'tou yXWAtO"P.OU xat 'tou xop.P.OUVtO"p.ou , xa't&cpe:pav va xpa'tY)60uv O"'tY)V e:�ouO"ta, e:v p.ipe:t e:7te:toY) oe:v e:7tpoxe:t'to va ytvouv ye:vtxie; e:xAoyie; 7tptv 'to 1 95 1 . AAA& 'to RPF dXe: x&7tota e:7ttopaO"y) O"'ty)v E6vtxY) �UViAe:uO"Y) , e:7te:toy) optO"p.ivot e:X7tp0O"W7tot Y)'tav 7tp06up.ot va a7to XWPY)O"ouv a7to 'ta xop.p.a't& 'toue; xat va 7tp0o"Xwpy)O"ouv O"'to xop.p.a 'tou N"t"E: rXWA. O t xptO"'ttavooY)p.oxp&'te:e; Y)'tav totat'te:pa 'tpw'tOt O"'tte; e:m6i O"e:te; a7to 'to RPF, 'to 07tOtO Ote:XOtxouO"e: 'ty)v U7toO"'tY)Pt�Y) 7tapop.otWV 7tAY)6uO"p.taxwv op.&owv . �'ty)v 7tp&�Y) , e:7tpoxe:t'to yta p.ta xa't&O"'taO"y) aV&Ao yY) p.e: au'ty) 7tOU antp.e:'twm�av ot O"oO"taAtO"'tie; O"'tov av'taywvtO"p.o 'toue; p.e: 'toue; xop.p.ouvtO"'tie; . MiXpt 'to 1 9 5 1 ot xptO"'ttavooY)p.oxp&'te:e; 7tapip.e:tvav Y) paxoxoXaAt& OAWV 'twv XUbe:PVY)O"e:wv 'tY)e; «'tpt'tY)e; O6vap.Y) e; » , O"uvY)6we; p.a�t p.e: 'toue; O"oO"taAtO"'tie; . AAA& O"'tte; e:xAoyie; 'tou IouvLou 'tou 1 9 5 1 'to 7toO"oO"'to 'twv �Y)cpwv 'tou MRP i7te:O"e: O"'to p.OAte; 1 3 ,5 'tote; e:xa'to, O"e: O"uyxPtO"Y) p.e: 'to 26 'tOte; e:xa'to 'twv xop.P.OUVtO"'twv, 'to 2 1 ,5 'tote; e:xa'to 'tou RPF xat 'to 1 5 ,5 'tote; e:xa'to 'twv O"oO"taAtO"'twv . To U7tOAOmO 'twv �Y)cpwv p.otp&O"'tY)xe: p.e:'ta�u p.tXpo'te:pwv xop.p.&'twv, ye:Vtx& 'tY)e; xe:v'tpooe:�t&e; . Ev p.ipe:t yta va anaywvtO"'td p.e: 'to RPF yta 'tte; �Y)cpoue; 'twv pwp.awxa60AtXWV, 'to �e:7t'tiP.bpW 'tou 1 9 5 1 , 'to MRP, U7toO"'tY)Pt�op.e:vo a7to &AAe:e; O"unY)pY)'tt xie; op.&oe:e; , 7tipaO"e: 'toue; Nop.oue; 'tou M7tapav�i xat Mapt, p.e: 'toue; 07tOtOUe; 066Y)xav x&7tota p.tXp& 7toO"& xpa'ttxY)e; e:vtO"xuO"y)e; O"e: 6pY)O"xe:u 'ttx& O"xoAda. Au'to, wO"'toO"o, O"UV'tiAe:O"e: O"'tO va a7top.axpuv6d 'to MRP a7to 'toue; antXAY)ptXOUe; O"oO"taAtO"'tie; . Ta 060 xop.p.a'ta oe:v P.Otp&O"'tY)xav �av& 'ty)v e:�ouO"ta O"e: x&7tow U7toupytXO O"UP.bOUAW O"uvaO"mO"p.ou p.iXpt 'to 1 9 5 7 , 7tap ' OAO 7tOU xat 'ta 060 O"uvixtO"av va 7tpoO"cpipouv O"'tY)v «'tPt'tY) ouvap.Y) >> 'ty) O"'tY)Pt�Y) 'toue; O"'tte; XOtvObOUAe:U'ttxie; �Y)cpocpopte:e; . �'tY)v 7tpayp.a'ttxo'tY)'ta, ot O"oO"taAtO"'tie; Y)'tav e:x'toe; XUbe:PVY)O"e:wv yta OAY) 'tY)v 7te:ptooo 1 9 5 1 -5 6 . O t e:xAoyie; 'tou 1 9 5 1 au�Y)O"av 'tte; OUO"XoAte:e; 'tou O"xy)p.a'ttO"p.ou xu bipvY)O"Y) e; . Axop.Y) xat 7tptV a7to au'tie; , Y) Ti'tap'tY) �Y)p.oxpa'tta dXe: 7tapouO"t&O"e:t cpatvop.e:va 7tOAt'ttXy)e; aO"'t&6e:tae; , xat p.&AtO"'ta 7tOAU op.ota Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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!J.E au'tcX 'tY)e; T pt'tY)e; �y)!J.oxpa'ttae; . EtXE ytVEt 1tPOCT1tcXOEta va Otaq:lOpo1toty)Od 'to !J.E'ta1tOAE!J.tXO a1tO 'to 1tp01tOAE!J.tXO EXAOytXO CTUCT'tY)!J.a, !J.E 'to 01tOtO EXAEyov'tav CT'ty) BOUA1) 1tOAAOt aVE�cXp'tY)'tOt 't01ttXOt av'tt1tpo CTW1tOt . To 1946 Ot U1tO�1)cptOt EXAEyov'tav !J.E «xo!J.!J.a'ttXEe; AtCT'tEe;» CTE 1tOAUEOptXEe; EXAoytXEe; 1tEptcpEpEtEe; . Au'to 'to CTuCT'tY)!J.a 1tE'tUXE we; Eva baO!J.o. TouAcXXtCT'tov !J.dWCTE 'tov aptO!J.o 'twv aVE�cXp'ty)'twv bOUAEU'tWV xat E'tEtVE va EVtCTXUEt 'ta 'tpta !J.EYaAU'tEpa xO!J.!J.a'ta . To 1 9 4 6 , EVW 0 xO!J.!J.OuVtCT't1)e; U1tO�1)cptOe; xpEta�o'tav !J.ovo 3 3 .000 �1)cpoue; xa'tcX !J.ECTO opo yta va EXAEyd, Evae; pt�OCT1tcXCT'tY)e; xpEta�o'tav 45 .000 �1)cpoue; . 'O!J.we; axo!J.a u1t1)Pxav !J.tXpcX xO!J.!J.a'ta, Xt E'tCTt 'to 195 1 , !J.E !J.ta EvnAWe; xu Vtx1) XtVY)CTY) 'twv U1tOCT'ty)ptX'twv 'tY)e; «'tpt'tY)e; O6va!J.Y)e; » , 'to EXAoytXO CTU CT'tY)!J.a cXAAa�E 1tpOXEt!J.EVOU va !J.EtWOOUV Ot EOpEe; 1tOU Oa xEpOt�aV 'ta 060 " ' xat 'to RPF . Y 1t0' 'to VEO , CTUCT'ty)xO!J.!J.a'ta 'twv axpwv, Ot xO!J.!J.OUVtCT'tEe; !J.a 'ta xO!J.!J.a'ta Oa !J.1tOpOUCTav va 1tPOXWP1)CTOUV CTE EXAoytXEe; CTU!J.!J.a XtEe; CT'tte; EXAOytXEe; 1tEptcpEpEtEe; xat Oa XEpOt�aV OAEe; 'tte; EOpEe; 'tY)e; 1tE ptcpEpEtae; EcXV AcX!J.bavav 'ty)v 1tAEtO�Y)cpta 'twv �1)cpwv . Au'to 'to CTUCT'tY)!J.a xat 1tcXAt EX1tA1)PWCTE 'to baCTtXO 'tOU CT'tOXO : Ot XO!J.!J.OUVtCT'tEe; xat 'to RPF CTuvcXV'tY)CTav OUCTXOAtEe; CT'tO va AcXbOUV !J.EpOe; CTE EXAOytXEe; CTU!J.!J.axtEe; , Xt E'tCTt ExaCTav EOpEe; . IIapcX 'to !J.EycXAO 'tOUe; 1tOCTOCT'tO, Ot XO!J.!J.OUVtCT'tEe; xa'tEAabav 'tov tOtO aptO!J.o EOpWV !J.E 'tOUe; CToCTtaAtCT'tEe; CT'tY) vEa EOvtx1) �UVEAEUCTY) . 0 pt�OCT1tcXCT'tY)e; U1tO�1)cptOe; xpEta�o'tav 'twpa xa'tcX !J.ECTO opo !J.ovo 25 .000 �1)cpoue; CTE CTUYXptCTY) !J.E Evav XO!J.!J.OUVtCT't1), 1tOU xpEta�O 'tav 5 1 .000 . AAAcX !J.ta 'tE'tOta EXAoytX1) !J.EOOOEUCTY) OEV (01)OY)CTE 'to xa OECT'tWe; va XEpOtcrEt 'tY)v EX'tt!J.y)CTY) 'tou Aaou xat dXE we; a1tO'tEAECT!J.a !J.ta OtaCT1taCT!J.EvY) EOvtx1) �UVEAEUCTY) . r EVtXcX, Ot XUbEpV1)CTEte; 1)'tav 1tOAU 1tt0 CTUV'tY)pY)'ttXEe; a1tO 1tptV , OXt !J.OVO E1tEt(1) OEV CTU!J.!J.E'tdxav CT' aU'tEe; ot CTOCTtaAtCT'tEe; , aAAcX E1ttCTy) e; , !J.E'tcX 'tY)V 1tpwOU1toupyta 'tou Av'toucXv IItVE (Antoine Pinay) 'to 1 9 5 2 , yta va XEPOtCTOUV 'tY)v U1tOCT't1)Pt�Y) XcX1tOtWV cmo 'ta !J.EAY) 'tou RPF. To RPF, 1tOU OEV xa'tcXcpEpE va XEPOtCTEt 'tte; EXAO yEe; 'tou 1 9 5 1 , dXE xat 'to tOtO otxaCTnL IIpcXY!J.a'tt, 'to McXtO 'tou 1953 o N'tE r XWA OtEAUCTE 'to xtvY)!J.a, aAAcX Ot o1taoot 'tou 1tapE!J.EtVaV !J.ta CTY) !J.av'ttx1) 1tapcX!J.E'tpOe; CT'ty)V aptO!J.Y)'ttx1) 'twv XOtVObOUAEU'ttXWV 1tAEtO�Y) q:nwv . H u1tap�Y) OUO xO!J.!J.cX'twv CT'ta cXxpa xat Y) 1tAY)Owpa 'tWV O!J.cXOWV 'tY)e; «'tpt'tY)e; ouva!J.Y)e;» CTUVE'tEAECTav CT'ty) OY)!J.tOupyta EVOe; CTUCT't1)!J.a'tOe; ota XUbEpVY)CTY)e; baCTtCT!J.EvOU CTE Ecp1)!J.EpOUe; , aCT'taOde; CTUVaCT1ttCT!J.OUe; . ME'ta �U 'tOU �EXE!J.bptOu 1947 xat 'tOU Ma"fou 1958 Y) Thap'ty) �y)!J.oxpa'tta ,

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1 88

H Erporr H Tor 'l'rxpor rr oAEMor, 1945- 199 1 : r OAITIKH I�TOPIA r

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'Y)YE't"Ee; 't'Y)e; TE'tap't'Y)e; �'Y) fJ.oxpa'ttae; , xal fJ.ovo m fJ.lO"Ot U7toupyot Yj'tav 7tAEOV fJ.EA'Y) 'tOU KOlv060UAtOU . To U7tOUPYlXO O"UfJ.60UAW 7te:ple:AafJ.6ave: 'to O"uyypacpEa AV'tPE MaApw (Andre Malraux) , we; U7toupyo 7tOAl'tlO"'tl xwv 6e:fJ.a'twv, xal xu6e:PV'Y)'tlXoUe; U7taAAYjAOUe; 07tWe; 'tov Mwpk Kou6 V't"E Mup6tA (Maurice Couve de Murville ) , 0 07tOtOe; EylVe: U7tOupyoe; E�W't"EPlXWV . Me: au'to 'tov 'tp07tO 0 N'te: rXWA xa'tEO"'t'Y)O"e: cpave:po O'tl fJ.aAAov 'Y) XU6EPV'Y)0"'Y) 6a EAe:'Y'X,e: 7tAEOV 'to KOlv060UAW 7tapa 'to aV'tt O"'tpOcpO . T o 1958 0 N'te: rXWA e:tXe: xave:l Yjo'Y) al0"6'Y)'tYj 't'Y)v 7tapouO"ta 'tou 0"'t'Y) ole:6vYj O"x'Y)vYj a7tal'twv'tae; lO"O'tlfJ.ta fJ.e: 't'Y)v AfJ.e:PlXYj xal 't'Y) Bpe:'tavta we; 'Y)yE't'Y) e; 'tou NATO xal e:lO"ayov'tae; 'to �e:xEfJ.6pw 0"'t0 mxovofJ.lXO 7te:OtO 'to «VEO cppayxo» - fJ.e: a�ta 1 00 7taAla cppayxa xal fJ.e: O"X07tO va e:VlO"XU O"e:l 't'Y)v e:fJ.mO"'toO"uv'Y) O"'t'Y)v OlxovOfJ.ta . To 6aO"lxo 7tp06A'Y) fJ.a, wO"'toO"o, 7ta pEfJ.e:lVe: 'to 6EfJ.a 't'Y)e; AAye:ptae; xat xpe:laO"'t'Y)xe: 'tEO"O"e:pa xpovla Yla va e:mAu6d. 0 N'te: r XWA avol�e: 'to opOfJ.o Yla 't'Y)V ave:�ap't'Y)O"ta 't'Y)e; AAye: ptae; fJ.EO"W 't'Y)e; 7t OAt'tlXYje; 7tOU axoAou6'Y)0"e: 0"'t'Y) vO'ttWe; 't'Y)e; Laxapa AcpptxYj . KavEva aV'tt-a7totxwxpa'ttxo xtv'Y)fJ.a aV'tap'twv oe:v e:tXe: e:fJ.cpa vlO"'td e:xd yta va aV'tt'tax6d O"'toue; raAAOUe; , aAAa Ot Bpe:'tavot dXav 7tapaxwpYjO"e:t ave:�ap't'Y)O"ta O"'t'Y)V rxava 'to 1 9 5 7 xat, axofJ.a xal 7tptV 't'Y)v e:mO"'tpocpYj 'tou O"'tpa't'Y)you O"'t'Y)v e:�ouO"ta, 'Y) yaAAlxYj 7tOAt'ttXYj dXe: fJ.e: 'ta6aAe:t 'tov xupw O"'toxo 't'Y)e; : a7to 'to va e:mXe:tpd va ola't'Y) pYjO"e:t 'tte; cmmxte:e; 't'Y) e; , 7tpoO"7ta60uO"e: 7tAEOV va e:yxa'taO"'tYjO"e:t O"'t'Y)v e:�ouO"ta cptAl xoue; 't07ttXOUe; 'Y)YE'te:e; , Ot 07tOtOt 6a 60'Y)60uO"av O"'t'Y)v 7tpoO"'taO"ta 'twv yaAAtXWV O"UfJ.cpe:pov'twv 0"'t0 fJ.EAAOV . To LE:7t'tEfJ.6pw 'tou 1958 'to yaA AtXO O"uv'taYfJ.a'ttXO o'Y) fJ.O�YjcptO"fJ.a 7te:pte:AafJ.6ave: E:7ttO"'Y)e; xal fJ.ta �'Y) cpo cpopta O"'tte; acpplxavlXEe; a7tmxte:e; , fJ.e: 't'Y)v o7tota m V'tomot 6a fJ.7topouO"av va e:mAE�ouv d'te: 7tAYjp'Y) ave:�ap't'Y)O"ta d'te: O"ufJ.fJ.e:'toXYj 0"'t'Y) vEa «raAAt xYj Kmvo't'Y) 'ta» . H Kotvo't'Y) 'ta, 'Y) o7tota av'tlxa'tEO"'t'Y) O"e: 't'Y) r aAAtxYj 'EvwO"'Y) 'tou 1 9 4 6 , 6a EOtVe: O"'toue; y'Y) ye:ve:te; xa'totxoue; au'toowtx'Y)O"'Y) , aAAa 6a acp'Y)ve: 0"'t0 IIaptO"t 'tov EAe:yxo 't'Y)e; e:�w'te:ptxYje; 7tOAt'ttXYje; xat 't'Y) e; afJ.uvae; . L't'Y)V �'Y) cpocpopta fJ.OVO 'Y) rOUtvEa, e:7t'Y)pe:aO"fJ.Ev'Y) a7to 'tov Ev'tova aV'tufJ.7te:ptaAtO"'tYj Le:XOU ToupE ( Sekou Toure) , E:7tEAe:�e: 't'Y)v 7tAYj p'Y) ave:�ap't'Y) O"ta. Ot aAAe:e; xwpe:e; Yj6e:Aav va ota't'Y)pYjO"ouv 't'Y)v OtXOVOfJ.lXYj U7toO"'tYjpt�'Y) 't'Y)e; raAAtae; . TO'te:, 'to 1 9 60, 0 N'te: rXWA aAAa�e: xal 7taAl 6Eo"'Y) xal 7tapaxwp'Y)O"e: O"e: OAe:e; 'tte; a7totXte:e; 't'Y)e; fJ.aup'Y)e; AcpPlXYje; 7tAYjp'Y) ave:�ap't'Y) O"ta. 'H'tav fJ.ta 6appaAEa a7tocpaO"'Y), 'Y) o7tota e:v6appuve: 'toue; Bpe: 'tavoue; xal 'toue; BEAyoue; (aAAa 0Xl xal 'toue; IIop'toyaAoue;) va e:m'taDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945- 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

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O'tw6d O''t'"Y)V av't'tp.e:'t'(.�>1ttO'"Y) iAAwv f 7tpObA"Y)p.a't'WV O''t'o e:O'wnptXO xat O''t'"Y)V Eupw7t"Y) . Me:'t'a�u 't'ou 1 9 5 8 xat 't'ou 1 9 6 2 0 Nn rxwA dXe: opaO'e:t «u7te:pavw» xop.p.a't'tx-Y)<; 7tOAt't'tx-Y)<; , 07tw<; -Y)'t'av 7tapaooO'"Y) yta 't'ou<; 7tpOEOpOU<; 't'"Y)<; raAAta<; . A7tEcpuye: va 't'au't'tO''t'd p.e: 't'0 xop.p.a 't'wv yXWAtxwv xat aVE Aabe: 't'a e:�w't'e:ptxa, 't'a ap.uv't'txa xat 't'a a7totxtaxa �"Y)'t'-Y)p.a't'a, e:vw 0 N 't'e:P.7tpE Xe:tpt�o't'av 't't<; e:O'W't'e:ptXE<; U7t06EO'e:t<; . 0 YXWAtXO<; Zax �a p.7tav-N't'e:Ap.a<; (Jacques Chaban-Delmas) p.tA"Y)O'e: axop.a xat yta 7tpoe: opo 7tOU EXe:t otxatoooO'ta p.ovo O''t't<; ote:6ve:k U7t06EO'e:t<; xat O''t'"Y)V ap.uva . �tyoupa 't'o �uV't'ayp.a 't'ou 1958 oe:v O'X07te:ue: va o"Y)p.toUpy-Y)O'e:t p.ta 7ta v't'oouvap."y) 7tpoe:opta, av xat 7tapaxwpouO'e: Ote:uPUP.EVe:<; e:�ouO'te:<; O''t'ov 7tpoe:opo xat 7te:ptOpt�e: 't'a otxatwp.a't'a 't'ou KOtVObOuAtOu . 0 7tpoe:opo<; e:xAe:yo't'av yta e:7t't'a xpovta, p.7tOpouO'e: va mave:xAEye:'t'at, dXe: 't'"Y) ouva 't'o't'"Y)'t'a va e:7ttAEye:t 7tpw6u7toupyo XWpt<; 't'"Y)v EyXPtO'"Y) 't'ou KOtVObOUAtOU, dXe: 't'0 otxatwp.a va avaAap.bave:t OptO'P.EVe:<; e:�ouO'te:<; Ex't'ax't'"Y)<; avayx"Y)<; xat p.7tOpouO'e: va 7tpox"Y)pu�e:t ye:VtXE<; e:XAOyE<; . H avw BOUA-y), "Y) re:pou O'ta, e:xAe:YP.EV"Y) a7to Eva e:XAoytXO O'wp.a otaxe:xptp.EVWV 7tpoO'W7ttxo't'-Y) 't'wv , oe:v dXe: ouO'taO''t'tXE<; e:�ouO'te:<; . To �uV't'ayp.a Opt�e: 't'ou<; 't'op.d<; O''t'ou<; 07tOtou<; p.7tOpouO'e: va vop.06e:'t'-Y)0'e:t 't'0 KOtVObOUAto, EOtVe: O''t'"Y)V XUbEPV"Y) O'"Y) 't'ov EAe:yxo 't'ou XOtvObouAe:u't'tXOU Xpovootaypap.p.a't'o<; xat 7te:ptOpt�e: 't'"Y) ouva't'o't'"Y)'t'a 't'wv e:XAe:yP.EVWV aV't't7tpoO'w7tWV va ava't'pEl./JouV 't'"Y)v XUbEpV"y)O'"y) . 'OAa au't'a, cpuO'txa, a7to't'e:AouO'av av't'topaO'"Y) 7tpO<; 't't<; 7tpa X't'tXE<; 't'"Y)<; TE't'ap't'"Y)<; �"Y)p.oxpa't'ta<; . H E6vtx-Y) �UVEAe:uO'"Y) , op.w<; , p.7t0pouO'e: axop.a va 7tpOXaAEO'e:t ouO'xOAte:<; O''t'"Y)v XUbEpV"Y)O'"Y) . To ye:yovo<; o't't Ot e:XAOYE<; yta 't'"Y)V E6vtx-Y) �UVEAe:uO'"Y) E7tpe:7te: va 7tpox"Y)puO'O'ov't'at 't'ou AaXtO''t'ov xa6e: 7tEV't'e: xpovta p.e:yaAwve: 't'ov Xtvouvo va e:xAe:yd Eva KOt VObOUAto e:X6ptXO 7tpO<; 't'ov 7tpoe:opo, 0 07tOto<; oe:v p.7tOpouO'e: va 7tpox"Y)pu �e:t 7te:ptO'O'o't'e:pe:<; a7tO p.ta cpopa e:XAOYE<; O'e: otaO''t'"Y)p.a owoe:xa p."Y)vwv . 0 7tpoe:opo<; oe:v p.7tOpouO'e: va aO'x-Y)O'e:t bE't'O 0''t'"Y) vop.06e:O'ta xat xpe:ta�o't'av 't'"Y)V 7tAe:tol./J"Y)cpta O''t'"Y)V E6vtx-Y) �UVEAe:uO'"Y) yta va vop.06e:'t'-Y)0'e:t a7tO't'e:Ae: O'p.a't'txa . To 1 9 6 2 , wO''t'oO'o , a7te:Ae:u6e:pWP.EVO<; a7to 't'"Y)v aAye:ptv-Y) e:P.7tAox-Y) , 0 N't'e: rXWA apxtO'e: va Ote:xotxd p.e:yaAU't'e:p"Y)<; XAtp.axa<; 7tpOe:OptXE<; e:�ou O'te:<; O''t't<; e:crW't'e:ptXE<; U7t06EO'e:t<; . Tov A7tptAto a7tEAuO'e: 't'ov 7ttO''t'o N't'e: P.7tpE xat 't'ov av't'tXa't'EO''t'"Y)O'e: p.e: 't'ov axop.a 7tt0 7ttO''t'o Zwp� IIop.7t tv't'ou, O''t'e:vo O'uve:pya't'"Y) 't'ou O''t'pa't'"Y)you , p.e: p.tXP-y) 6"Y)'t'da O''t'"Y)v E6vtx-Y) �UVE Ae:uO'"Y) . To MRP, -Y)0"Y) ouO'ape:O''t'"Y)p.EVO AOYW 't'ou 7te:ptoptO'p.ou 't'wv e:�ouDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

1 98

H ErpOIIH TOr 'Yrxpor IIoAEMor, 1945-199 1 : IIOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

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Η ΕΥΡΩΠΗ ΤΟΥ ΨΥΧΡΟΥ ΠΟΛΕΜΟΥ, 1945-1991: ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ

σιμοποίησε την ήττα σαν δικαιολογία για να παραιτηθεί. Όπως το 1946, η απόφασή του προκάλεσε έκπληξη και αναστάτωση. Αλλά σε αντίθε ση με το 1946, δεν θα επέστρεφε ξανά.

Η ΠΕΜΠΤΗ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ ΜΕΤΑ ΤΟΝ ΝΤΕ ΓΚΩΛ, 1969-1993 Η αποχώρηση του στρατηγού Ντε Γκωλ αναπόφευκτα προκάλεσε ερωτηματικά σχετικά με το αν η Γαλλία θα επέστρεφε στην αστάθεια της Τρίτης και Τέταρτης Δημοκρατίας και αν το κόμμα των γκωλικών θα διαλυόταν. Ή ταν ίσως το μεγαλύτερο επίτευγμα του Ντε Γκωλ ότι το πολιτικό σύστημα που είχε δημιουργήσει επέζησε και μετά από αυτόν, ακόμη κι αν, όπως ο ίδιος ανακάλυψε το 1968, δεν μπορούσε να επιλύσει με ευκολία όλα τα προ6λήματα ενός σύγχρονου 6ιομηχανικού κράτους. Στις προεδρικές εκλογές του Ιουνίου του 1969 δεν αποτέλεσε έκπληξη το γεγονός ότι τον Ντε Γκωλ διαδέχθηκε ο πρώην πρωθυ πουργός του, ο Ζωρζ Πομπιντού, ο υποψήφιος των γκωλικών, έστω κι αν αναγκάστηκε να προχωρήσει και σε δεύτερη Ψηφοφορία με αντίπαλο τον Αλαίν Ποέρ (Alain Poher), ο οποίος, ως πρόεδρος της Γερουσίας, είχε γίνει «μετα6ατικός» πρόεδρος μετά την παραίτηση του Ντε Γκωλ. Η Αριστερά ήταν ακόμα διαιρεμένη μετά τα γεγονότα των προηγούμε νων χρόνων, ενώ, αντίθετα, οι γκωλικοί έδειχναν να αντιπροσωπεύουν την εθνική ενότητα, την ισχυροποίηση του κράτους, τον οικονομικό εκ συγχρονισμό και την ανεξάρτητη εξωτερική πολιτική. Ο Ζακ Σαμπάν Ντελμάς έγινε σύντομα πρωθυπουργός και μίλησε για τη δημιουργία μιας «νέας κοινωνίας», στην οποία θα 6ελτιωνόταν η κοινωνική πρό νοια, θα αυξανόταν ο 6ασικός μισθός και θα επεκτεινόταν η μετοχική ιδιοκτησία. Ο Ζισκάρ ντ' Εσταίν επέστρεΨε ως υπουργός Οικονομικών και σύντομα αποφασίστηκε να γίνει αυτό που ο Ντε Γκωλ είχε αρνηθεί: υποτίμηση του φράγκου. Στα 1969 και 1970 συνεχίστηκαν οι απεργίες, η μαχητικότητα των φοιτητών και οι διαμαρτυρίες από ομάδες όπως οι αγρότες και οι καταστηματάρχες, που αισθάνονταν ότι απειλούνταν από τις αλλαγές στα οικονομικά. Αλλά ένα δάνειο από το Διεθνές Νομισμα τικό Ταμείο, οι περικοπές των κυ6ερνητικών δαπανών και άλλα αντι πληθωριστικά μέτρα 60ήθησαν να διασφαλιστεί ότι, μέχρι τη στιγμή που πέθανε ο στρατηγός Ντε Γκωλ το Νοέμ6ριο του 1970, η Γαλλία συνερχόταν γρήγορα από τις επιπτώσεις του 1968. Η 6ιομηχανική Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 199 1 : IIOAITIKH I:ETOPIA

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2 08

H ETPOrrH TOT 1¥TXPOT rrOAEMOT, 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

tJ-OW tJ-� CW'tO 7tOU aV'tttJ-�'twmaav a'tYj Bp�'tavta xat a'tYjv haAta . O t 7t�Ptcp�p�taXEe; �XAOyEe; 'tou Map'ttou 'tou 1 9 7 6 , a'tte; 07tOt�e; o t 7t�ptaao 't�p�e; y;-Y)cpOt 7t-Y)yav a'tYjv Apta't�pa, -Y)'tav tJ-ta 7tpO�too7totYjaYj o'tt Ot �7tO tJ-�v�e; y�VtXEe; �xAoyEe;, 7tOU �7tpOX�t'to va ytvouv 'to 1978, 6a -Y)'tav ou axoA�e; yta 'tYjv XubEpvYjaYj . H aouvatJ-ta xat Ot OtXOVOt�e; tJ-�'ta�u 'twv YXWAtXWV , xuptae; ouvatJ-Yje; 'tYje; ��tae; , -Y)'tav tOtat't�pa aVYjauXYj'ttxa cpatvotJ-�va, xat 'tov Auyoua'to 'tou 1 9 7 6 , aV'tttJ-�'tw7tt�ov'tae; �mxpta�te; tJ-Eaa a7to 'to tOW 'tou 'to xotJ-tJ-a xat Exov'tae; 7tpOaWmXEe; otacpwVt�e; tJ-� 'tov 7tpO�OpO, 0 �tpax 7tapat't-Y)6Yjx� a7to 7tpw6u7toupyoe; . IIpocpavwe; , o�v �m6utJ-oua� va otaxtvouv�ua�t 7t�ptaao't�po 'tYj oYjtJ-o'ttxo'tYj'ta 'tou tJ-� ou aap�a'ta OtXovotJ-txa tJ-E'tpa. To VEO U7toupytXO autJ-boUAtO , U7tO 'tov P�utJ-ov M7tap ( R aymond Barre) , -Y)'tav mo x�v'tpwo a'tte; a7tocpaa�te; 'tou xat 0 tOWe; 0 7tpw6u7toup yoe; -Y)'tav a7tocpaatatJ-EVOe; va aV'tttJ-�'tw7tta�t 'tYjV av�pyta, 'tov 7tAYj6wpt atJ-o xat 'to �tJ-7tOptXO EAA�ttJ-tJ-a, tJ-� 'tYjV �A7ttOa va €7tavacpEp�t 'tYj a'ta6� po'tYj'ta tJ-Eaa a� 'tpta xpovta . To EbOOtJ-O OtxovotJ-tXO aXEow, 'to «aXEOtO M7tap» 'twv �'twv 1 9 76-80, a't0X€u� a� 7t�pWptatJ-EvYj OtxovotJ-tx-Y) ava7t'tu�Yj , tJ-� auyxEv'tpwaYj 'twv �7t�voua�wv a� OptatJ-EVOUe; VEOUe; bwtJ-Yjxa VtXOUe; 'totJ-de; , 07tWe; Yj YjA�X'tpOVtx-Y) 't�XvoAoyta, 7tOU 6�wp-Y)6Yjx� we; Yj xaAu't�pYj �7tEVouaYj yta 'to tJ-EAAOV . MEXpt 'to 1 9 7 8 Yj 7tOAt'ttX-y) au't-Y) cpatvo'tav va EX�t xa7tota �m'tuxta . TYj xpovta �xdvYj aYjtJ-�tw6Yjx� 'to 7tpw'to yaAAtXO �tJ-7tOPtXO 7tA�OvaatJ-a tJ-�'ta 'tYjv 7t�'tp�Aa'ix-Y) xptaYj . �� 7tOAt'ttXO €7tt7t�OO otJ-we; , 'to aXYjvtxo -Y)'tav abEbaw . To ��XEtJ-bpW 'tou 1 9 7 6 Ot YXWAtXOt dxav �mX�tp-Y)a�t va ava�woyov-Y)aouv 'to xotJ-tJ-a 'toue; tJ-�'tovotJ-a�ov'tae; 'to xat 7taAt a� «�uvay�ptJ-o yta 'tYj �YjtJ-oxpa'tta» (RPR) , tJ-� apxYjYo 'tov �tpax . Ot YXWAtXOt aaxouaav auxva XPt'ttx-Y) a'tov M7tap , aAAa 'ta apt6tJ-Yj'ttxa O�ootJ-Eva 'tou KOtVObOUAtOU avayxaaav 'tov 7tpw6u7toupyo va owpta�t 7t�ptaao't�poue; YXWAtXOUe; a'to U7toupytXO 'tou autJ- bOUAW 'to Map'tw 'tou 1 9 7 7 , xat 'to't� a'tatJ-a'tYjaav Ot tJ-�'tappu6tJ-ta�te; 'tYje; 7tpw'tYje; 7t�Ptooou 'tYje; 7tpo�optae; 'tou Ztaxap . (Ka'ta �tPWVtXO 'tpo7tO, Ot tJ-�'tappu6tJ-ta�te; EytVaV mo ouaxoA�e; �7tt 7tpw6u7toupytae; M7tap a7t' oao -Y)'tav �7tt �tpax ) . Ev 'tw tJ-�'ta�u, 0 �tpax �vtaxua� 'tYj Otx-Y) 'tou 6EaYj a'tYj xwpa tJ-� 'tYjv �XAOy-y) 'tou we; oYjtJ-apxou 'twv IIaptatwv . rta va av'tt a'ta60uv a'tYjv xuptapxta 'twv YXWAtXWV, Ot Av��ap'tYj'tot �YjtJ-oxpa't�e; xat Ot x�V'tPWOt �vw6Yjxav 'to ((>�bPouapw 'tou 1 9 7 8 xat aXYjtJ-a'ttaav 'tYjv «'EvwaYj yta 'tYj raAAtx-Y) �YjtJ-oxpa'tta» (UDF) , ma't-Y) a'tov Z taxap . AAAa 'to RPR xat Yj UDF xa'tEbYjxav xat 7taAt we; aUtJ-tJ-axot a'tte; y�VtXEe; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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€XAoy€� 'tOU A7tp�AtOu 'tou 1978 xa� by�xav v�X"1)'t€� , xa6w� o� ap�G''t€ pot aV'tt7taAot 'tOU� a7toodx6"Y)xav axop.a 7tW o�xaG'p.€vo� . To 1 9 7 7 "Y) G'up.p.axta p.€'ta�u 'tou PS xa� 'twv xop.p.ouv�G''twv, p.€ 't"Y)v o7tota dXav xa't€bd G''t�� €XAOy€� 'tou 1 9 73 , o�aAU6"Y)x€. O � xop.p.ouv�G''t€� <pob�6"Y) xav p.�7tW� a<pop.OLw60uv a7to 'tou� G'oG'�aA�G''t€� xa� 7tpoG'7t(x6"y)G'av va €7tava7tp0G'owptG'ouv 't"Y)v 'tau'to't"y)'ta 'tou� 'taG'G'op.€VOL U7t€P 't"Y)� G'Ob�€'t� x�� 7tOA�'t�X�� xa� �G'xup�<:OP.€VOL o't� dva� 'to p.ovo «aA"Y)6�vo» G'oG'�aA� G''t�xo xop.p.a . I:'t�� €XAoy€� xa� 'ta 't€G'G'€pa p.eyaAa xop.p.a'ta x€po�G'av 'to xa6€va Atyo 7t€ptG'G'o't€PO a7to 'to Eva 7t€P.7t'to 'twv \jJ�
2 10

H ErpOIlH TOr '¥rxpor IloAEMor, 1945 - 1 9 9 1 : IlOAITIKH IETOPIA

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apx€'rOC; yta va €mcp€p€t pt�tX€C; aAAay€c; xat O'rt 'YJ raAAta O€V fL7tOpouO'€ va a7tofLovw6d a7to 'rtC; ot€6vdc; O'uv6�x€c; . Tov Iouvto 'rou 1 984 Ot O'oO'ta AtO''r€C; o€x6'YJxav tva axofL'YJ O'ox, o'rav tva €Xa'rofLfLupto av6pw7tot ota o�AwO'av O''rO IIaptO't €vantov fLtac; 7tpo'raO''YJC; €x7tatow'rtx�C; fL€'rappu6fLtO''YJC; 'YJ o7tota 6a €6€'r€ 'ra €XxA'YJO'taO''rtxa O'xoAda U7tO 'rov 7tA�p'YJ €A€y XO 'rou xpa'rouc; . H fL€'rappu6fLtO''YJ 7tpOXaA€O'€ Aa·�x� aV'YJO'uxta O'X€'rtxa fL€ 'r0 €7tt7t€OO 'r'YJC; €x7tatowO''YJC;, 7tupo06'r'YJO'€ xat 7taAt 'rtC; 7taAt€C; 6p'YJ O'xw'rtX€C; aV'rt6€O'€tc; O''r'YJv Xotvwvta xat €owO'€ O''rOUC; YXWAtXOUC; 'r'YJv toavtx� acpoPfL� yta va xa'raotxaO'ouv 'r'YJv xu6€pv'YJO''YJ . Tov tOto fL�va, O''rtC; e:XAOY€C; yta 'r0 Eupw7ta·�xo Kotv060uAto, 7t€ptO'O'o'r€POt a7to €vac; O''rOUC; oExa �'YJcpocpopouC; U7toO''r�pt�av 'r0 axpooe:�tO xOfLfLa 'rou E6vtxou M €'rw7tOU 'rou Zav-Mapt A€ IIe:v (Jean-Marie Le Pen) . 0 A€ IIe:v e:xfL€'raA A€U'r'YJXe: 'rtC; aV'YJO'uxte:c; O'xe:'rtxa fL€ 'r'YJ fL€'ravaO''rwO''YJ , 'r0 VOfLO xat 'r'YJV 'ra�'YJ aAAa xat 'r'YJV OtXOVOfLtX� uCP€O''YJ , 7tp06aAAov'rac; a7tAEC; , a7tOAu'rap XtX€C; AuO'e:tC; . L'rtC; apXEC; Iouvtou 0 Mt'r're:pav, aV'YJO'uxwnac; yta 'r'YJV ava 'tapax� O''rO IIaptO't, a7tEO'up€ 'to €7ttfLaxo e:x7tatow'rtXO VOfLoO'X€Oto . Au'ro oO�Y'YJO'€ O''r'YJV 7tapat'r'YJO''YJ oXt fLOVO 'rou U7touPYou IIatodac; , 'rou AAatV La6apu (Alain Savary), aAAa mtO''YJC; xat 'rou Mwpoua. o V€OC; 7tpw6u7toupyoc; Awpav afLmouc; (Laurent Fabious) , 0 07tOtOC; �'rav V€OC; xat 'r€xvoxpa'r'YJ C; , cpatvo'rav mo m6avo va e:cpapfLoO'€t fL€'tpa At'to'r'YJ'rac; xat otXOVOfLtxou cptAe:AW6€ptO'fLou . Ot xOfLfLOUVtO''tEC; ofLwC; , �o'YJ a7toyo'YJ'rwfL€VOt a7to 'r'YJV xu6€pv'YJ'rtX� 7tOAt'rtX� , apv�6'YJxav va O'ufLfLe: 'taO'xouv O''rO U7toupytXO 'rou O'ufL60UAto . L'ra 1984-86 €ytvav 7tpoO'7ta6e:te:c; va 7t€ptX07tOUV Ot xu6e:pv'YJ'rtX€C; oa7tave:c; xat va €mx€v'rpw6d 'YJ 7tapox� 60�6€tac; fLoVO 7tpOC; 'rtC; 6tofL'YJxavt€C; ava7t'ru�'YJC; · aAAa, 7tapa 'r'YJ fLdwO''YJ 'tou 7tA'YJ6wptO'fLou xat xa7tota 6e:A'rtwO''YJ O''tO €fL7tOPto, 0 7tPOU7tO AoytO'fLoC; e:fLcpavt�€ axofLa EAA€tfLfLa, 'YJ ava7t'ru�'YJ �'rav xafL'YJA� xat 'YJ ave:pyta 7tapEfL€v€ 7tavw a7to 1 0 'rotC; €xa'ro. L'rO fL€'ra�u, yta va 7tpoO''ra 'te:uO'€t 'r'YJ 6€O''YJ 'tou , 0 Mt'r'te:pav E7ta�€ va avafLe:tyvue:'rat O''r'YJv e:O'w'r€ PtX� 7tOAt'rtX� . IIpow60uO'e: 'rwpa 'r'YJv e:txova €VOC; 7tpO€OPOU «u7t€pavw» xOfLfLa'rtx�c; 7tOAt'rtX�C; xat a7toO''raO'to7tot�6'YJxe: a7to 'rtC; OtXOVOfLtX€C; xat 7tOAt'rtX€C; a7to'ruxte:C; 'r'YJC; xu6€pv'YJO''YJC; . IIpoA'YJ7t'rtxa wO''roO'o, 'rov Iouvto 'tou 1985 , fL€ 'r0 6A€fLfLa 'rou O''rpafLfL€vo O''ttC; mOfL€v€c; ye:VtX€C; €XAOY€C; , aAAa�€ xat 'rov e:XAoytXO vOfLo O'€ tva O'uO''r'YJfLa avaAoytX�C; aV'rt7tpoO'w7te:uO''YJC; fLe: 7tOAUe:OptX€C; 7t€ptCP€P€te:C; , 7tapOfLOto fL€ au'to 't'YJC; T €'rap'r'YJC; �'YJfLoxpa'rtac; . Au'r� 'YJ fLe:'rappu6fLtO''YJ , 7tOU xa'raotxaO''r'YJxe: WC; 7tpa�'YJ xpauyaA€OU xatpoO'xomO'fLou, �'rav O'xe:otaO'fL€v'YJ yta va 60'YJ6�O'€t 'r'YJv Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH IETOPIA

Ap�G"'te:pa e:VW 6a o�a�pouG"e: 'tOUe; aV'tmaAOUe; 't""Y) e; : fJ.�a oe:��a 1tAe:�O�'Y)cpta €fJ.ota�e: G"Xe:OOV aVa1t0cpe:ux't'Y) 'to 1986, e:�o�xa acpo'tou 0 ��pax dXe: ava fJ.opcpwG"e:� xa� �G"xup01totY)G"e:� 'toue; yxwA�xoUe;, aMa U1tY)PXe: aV't"aywv�G"fJ.oe; fJ.e:'ta�u 'twv 'Y)ye:'twv 't'Y)e; �e:��ae; , ��pax, Z�G"xap xa� M1tap : uw6e:'twv'tae; Aomov €va e:XAoy�xo crUG"'t'Y)fJ.a fJ.e: �hcpocpopta 'tou e:voe; yupou, 0 M�'t'te:pav fJ.1tOpouG"e: va e:A1tt�e:� o't� 6a €6Aa1t'tav fJ.OVot 'toue; 0 €vae; 'tov aAAov G"'tov av'taywv�G"fJ.o y�a 't'Y)v xa'tax't'Y)G"'Y) 1te:p�G"G"o't€PWV e:opwv . Ka1tow� avaAu 't€e; 1tp06Ae:�av o't� 'Y) fJ.e:'tappu6fJ.�G"'Y) 6a e:v6appuve: fJ.�xpo'te:pa xOfJ.fJ.a'ta, 6a av€'tpe:1te: 'to omoA�G"fJ.O 't'Y)e; 1tOA�'t�XY)e; �wY)e; , x� €'tG"� 6a oO'Y)youG"e: G"'t'Y)v e:mG"'tpocpy) 't'Y)e; 1tOA�'t�XY)e; aG"'ta6e:�ae; 't'Y)e; T€'tap't'Y)e; �'Y)fJ.oxpa'ttae; . �'t�e; e:XAoy€e; 'tou Map'ttou 'tou 1986, 0 omoA�G"fJ.Oe; 1tpaYfJ.a't� e:1t€�'Y) G"e:, aMa o� U1toG"'t'Y)p�x't€e; 'tou M�'t'te:pav €xaG"av . O� YXWA�xOt xa� 'Y) UDF xa't€6'Y)xav G"'t�e; e:XAoy€e; fJ.e: e:v�ate:e; AtG"'te:e; , xe:pot�oV't"ae; 4 1 'tote; e:xa'to 'twv �Y)cpwv xa� 277 €Ope:e; . O� G"oG"�aA�G"'t€e; xa� aAAot ap�G"'te:pOt €xavav 'to tOW, xe:pot�ov'tae; 35 'tote; e:xa'to 'twv �Y)cpwv xa� 2 1 6 €Ope:e; . H 6aG"�xY) o�acpopa Y)'tav 'Y) e:fJ.cpav�G"'Y) 'twv o1taowv 'tou Ae: IIe:v, o� 01totot x€po�G"av 1 0 'to�e; e:xa'to 'twv �Y)cpwv xa� 35 €Ope:e; , axp�6we; oG"e:e; xa� o� xOfJ.fJ.ou" V�G"'te:e; , 'twv 01totWV OfJ.We; 'to 1tOG"OG"'tO" G"uve:X�G"e: va fJ.e:�wve:'taL ' O M �'t'te:pav 6a fJ.1tOpouG"e: va dva� G"xe:'t�xa �xavo1to�'Y)fJ.€VOe; a1to 't'Y)V e:m'tuxta 'tou Ae: IIe:v, xa6we; au'ty) €CPe:pve: G"e: OUG"XOA'Y) 6€G"'Y) 't'Y) yVY)G"�a �e:��a. �e:v e:tXe: ofJ-we; aAA'Y) e:mAoyy) 1tapa va XaA€G"e:� 'tov ��pax va avaAa6e:� 't'Y) 6€G"'Y) 'tou 1tpw6u1toupyou, �e:x�vwv'tae; €'tG"� fJ.�a 1te:ptOOO «G"uyxa'totx'Y)G"'Y)e; » e:voe; 1tpO€OPOU xa� e:voe; 1tpw6u1toupyou a1to o�acpope:'t�X€e; 1tAe:Up€e; 'tou 1tOA� 't�xou cpaG"fJ.a'toe; , y�a 1tpw't'Y) cpopa xa'ta 't'Y)V II€fJ.1t't'Y) �'Y)fJ.oxpa'tta . Y1tY)PXav au'tot 1tOU 1ttG"'te:uav o't� 'Y) G"uyxa'totx'Y)G"'Y) 6a fJ.1tOpouG"e: va dva� e:ue:pye:'t�xY) , aAAa ot G"X€G"e:�e; fJ.e:'ta�u 'tou M�'t'te:pav xa� 'tou ��pax a1to odx6'Y)xav OUG"XOAe:e; . O� e:XAoy€e; 'tou 1986 cpav'Y)xav va G"'Y)fJ-a'tooo'touv fJ.�a xa1to�a a1topp��'Y) 't'Y)e; 1tOA�'t�XY)e; 'twv G"oG"�aA�G"'twv . 0 M1tap , 'tou AaX�G"'tov, 1ttG"'te:ue: o't� 0 1tpoe:opoe; 6a €1tpe:1te: va 1tapa�'t'Y)6d xa� 0 ��pax cp�AOOO�OUG"e: va xe:pOtG"e:� 't�e; 1tpoe:op�X€e; e:XAoy€e; 'to 1988. 0 M �'t'te:pav dXe: axofJ.a G"'Y)fJ.av't�X€e; e:�ouG"te:e; : dXe: 'tov €Ae:yxo 't'Y)e; afJ.uv't�xY)e; 1tOA� 't�xY)e; xa� 0 ��pax oe:v Y)'tav G"e: 6€G"'Y) va G"uyxpouG"'td fJ.a�t 'tou, e:1te:�oY) xa't� 't€'tow 6a fJ.1tOpouG"e: va oUG"ape:G"'tY)G"e:� 'to e:XAOy�XO G"wfJ.a, 'to 01tOtO e:m6ufJ-ouG"e: a1to'te:Ae:G"fJ.a't�xY) o�axu6€pv'Y)G"'Y) . M�a a1to 't�e; 1tpw'te:e; a1to cpaG"e:�e; 1tOU €Aa6e: 'to V€O U1toupy�xo G"UfJ.60UAW Y)'tav 'Y) aAAayY) 'tou e:XAO y�xou G"uG"'tY)fJ.a'toe; xa� 'Y) e:mG"'tpocpy) G"e: au 'to 1tOU tG"xue: 1tP�V 'to 1 9 85 . 0 ��pax G"uyxaAouG"e: U1tOupy�X€e; G"uve:op�aG"e:�e; xwpic; 'tov 1tpoe:opo. 0 M�'tI

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rAAAIA

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't"Epav ana7tltoWCrE:, apVOU(J.EVO<; va qXp[VEt optCT(J.iva XUt)EpVl]'t"tXa (J.i 't"pa, CTU(J.1tEptAa(J.t)avo(J.ivl]<; 't"l]<; E1ttCT't"pOCPY)<; 't"WV t)to(J.l]xaVtWv CTE xa6E CT't"W<; a't"o(J.txY)<; tOlOx't"l]CT[a<; . To �Exi(J.t)plO 't"ou 1986 dXE m[CTl]<; 't"l]v txaV01to[l]CTl] va OEt 't"l]v xUt)iPVl]CTl] 't"ou LtpaX va a1tOCTUpEt (J.ta via EX1tatow't"txy) (J.E't"appu6(J.tCTl] (J.E't"a a1tO Ota(J.ap't"up[E<; 't"WV CPOt't"l]'t"Wv . Au't"o cpaVl]xE W<; 't"atptaCT't"Y) EXO[Xl]CTl] yta 't"a yqovo't"a 't"ou 1984. o yaAAtXo<; Aao<; dXE W<; 't"0 1 9 88 a1tocpaCT[CTEt o't"t l] CTuyxa't"o[xl]CTl] OEV Y)'t"av 1tAiov E1tt6u(J.l]'t"Y) xat 't"o MalO E1taVE�iAE�E yta 1tpOEOpO 't"OV Mt't"'t"Epav, (J.E xa6apY) 1tAElO�l]cp[a (54 't"Ot<; Exa't"o) ivav't"t 't"ou Ltpax . 0 LtpaX E1ti(J.EVE va 1tti�Et yta 't"l]v U1tO�l]cpto't"l]'t"a 't"OU , 1tapa 't"t<; Evod�Et<; o't"t 0 PEU(J.OV M1tap 6a (J.1tOpOUCTE va 1tPOCTEAXUCTEt 1tEPtCTCTCTO't"EpOU<; XE v't"pwou<; �l]cpocpopou<; . Axo(J.a xat l] 't"ax't"txY) 't"l]<; ouva(J.txY)<; CT't"pa't"tW 't"txY)<; xa't"aCT't"oAy)<; 't"wv aV't"t-a1totxlOxpa't"wv E1taVaCT't"a't"wv CT't"l] N ill. KaAl]oov[a4 OEV xa't"acpEpE va CTWCTEt 't"ov Ltpax . Ot 1tpoCT1ta6EtE<; 't"ou Mt't"'t"Epav va 1tapOuCTtaCTEt 't"ov Eau't"o 't"ou w<; 't"ov EX1tPOCTW1tO 't"ou E6vtxou CTu(J.cpipono<; «U1tEpavw» 1tOAt't"tXWV CTX01tt(J.O't"Y)'t"wv dxav E1tt't"UXEt xat E1taviAat)E 't"l]V 't"ax't"txY) 1tOU dXE Ecpap(J.oCTEt 't"0 1 9 8 1 : acpou OtOptCTE 't"ov Mtcr€A Poxap (Michel Rocard) CT't"l] 6iCTl] 't"ou 1tpw6u1toupyou, 1tpoxY)pu �E YEvtxi<; EXAoyi<; yta 't"ov Iouvto . Au't"i<; OEV icpEpav axptt)w<; 't"a [ota a1to't"EAiCT(J.a't"a 01tw<; 't"0 1 98 1 , aAAa Ot CTOCTtaAtCT't"i<; xat Ot CTu(J.(J.axo[ 't"OU<; xipOtCTaV 275 iOpE<; CTE CTUYXptCTl] (J.E 't"t<; 130 't"wv YXWAtXWV, 1 3 1 't"wv o1taowv 't"ou ZtCTXap xat 't"wv CTu(J.(J.axwv 't"OU<; , 27 't"wv xO(J.(J.OUVtCT't"WV xat (J.ovo (J.ta<; 't"ou E6vtxou ME't"W1tOU . H 1tAEtO�l]cp[a 't"wv CTOCTtaAtCT't"wv Y)'t"av (J.tXPY), aAAa l] �E�ta OtXaCT't"l]XE (J.E't"a 't"l]v Y)'t"'t"a 't"l]<; , yta 't"l]v o1to[a 1tOAAo[ xa't"l]yopl]CTav 't"ov LtpaX, xat (J.EptXO[ XEV't"PWOt u1tixu�av CT't"OV 1tEtpaCT(J.o va CTuvEpyaCT't"ouv (J.E 't"l]v xUt)iPVl]CTl] Poxap . H aVEpy[a, l] 1tapax(J.Y) 't"wv t)to(J.l]xavtwv av6paxa xat xaAut)a CT't"a t)0pElOava't"oAtXa xat l] E�acpaVtCTl] 't"l]<; 1taAto't"Epl]<; 1tOAt't"tXy)<; vO(J.t(J.OCPpOCTUVl]<; 't"wv o1taowv 't"OU<; dXav ava't"pi�Et 't"OU<; xO(J.(J.ouvtCT't"i<; a1to xup[apXl] ouva(J.l] 't"ou aptCT't"EpOU xwpou xat 't"o (J.iAAov yta 't"o xO(J.(J.a 't"ou Mt't"'t"Epav iOEtXVE aCTcpaAi<; . To 1 9 89 l] raAA[a ytOp't"aCTE 't"l]v E1ti't"ElO 't"wv OUO atwvwv a1to 't"l]v E1taVaCT't"aCTl] . 0 Mt't"'t"E:pav 1tpOY)OPWCTE CTE (J.EyaAou<; e:op't"aCT(J.ou<; , U1tO OEX6l]XE �ivou<; l]yi't"E<; CT't"O IIap[CTt xat Eyxatv[aCTE otacpopa EV't"U1tWCTta xa OtXooo(J.Y)(J.a't"a CT't"l]V 1tPW't"EuouCTa, CTXEOtaCT(J.iva va 1tapOUCTtaCTOuv 't"l]

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A1tOLXtCt 'n]c:; rCtAAtCtc:; (j,!ov EtpYJvtx6. Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

2 16

H ErpOIIH TOr '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

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MEfAAH BPETANIA

221

MapO'CXA 1tpOO'cpEpE Xa1tOLCX CXVCXXOUcptO''Y) !J-E'ta 'to 1 9 4 7 , Ot EpYCX'ttXo[ ot X6'Y)xcxv aAAo evcx 1tA�Y!J-CX 'to 1:E1t'te!J-6pto 'tou 1949 , o'tcxv 'Y) cxyyAtX� A[pCX U1to'tt!J-�6'Y)XE CX1tO 'tcx 4,03 O''tcx 2 ,80 OoAaptcx. H w6uv'Y) ytCX 't'Y)v U1tO't[ fJ-'Y)0''Y) cx1to066'Y)xE O''t'Y)v Otxovo!J-tX� UcpEO''Y) O''tte:; HITA- cxAAa cxcpou 'Y) UcpEO''Y) cxu't� cx1toodX6'Y)XE !J-ovo 6pcxxu1tp06EO'!J-'Y) , 'Y) xu6epv'Y)0''Y) E!J-CPCXV[O''t'Y)XE vcx eXEt 1tCXVtX06A'Y)6d, Xt E1tt1tAeOV 'to !J-eYE60e:; 't'Y)e:; U1tO't[!J-'Y)O''Y)e:; cpav'Y)xE u1tEp60AtXO . IIcxp' OAEe:; 'tte:; E1ttXp[O'Ete:; , O t EPYCX'ttXo[ dxcxv oV'twe:; Xa1tOtEe:; O''Y)!J-cxv'tt xee:; E1tt'tUX[Ee:; . 0 eAEyxoe:; XCXt 0 1tpoypcx!J-!J-cx'ttO'!J-oe:; 't'Y)e:; Otxovo!J-[cxe:; xcx'ta 't'Y) OtapXEtCX 'tou 1tOAe!J-ou dxcxv 60'Y)6�O'Et vcx y[vouv CX1tOOEx'tee:; Ot OtXO vO!J-txee:; !J-e60oot 'tou Keuve:;, Xt e'tO't 'Y) xu6epv'Y)0''Y) xcx'tacpEpE vcx ECPCXP!J-OO'Et 1tOAt'ttX� 1tA�pOUe:; CX1tcxO'XOA'Y)O''Y)e:; !J-E'ta 'to 1 9 4 7 xwp[e:; vcx 1tpoxA'Y)6d u�'Y)A6e:; 1tA'Y)6wptO'!J-0e:; . H 1tOAt'ttX� EV[O'XUO''Y)e:; 'twv E�cxywywv E1t[O''Y)e:; 1te'tuXE vcx cxvcx6cx6!J-[O'Et 't'Y) 6eO''Y) 't'Y)e:; BpE'tCXV[CXe:; O''to 1tcxyxoO'!J-tO E!J-1tOptO xcx'ta 't'Y)v 1tEp[OOO 1948-50, EVW XCXt 'Y) cx1toO''tpa'twO''Y) 1tpcxY!J-cx't01tot�6'Y) XE !J-E E1tt'tUX[CX . Au'ta o!J-we:; 'tcx 1tOAt'ttXa 1tpoypa!J-!J-cx'tcx o'Y)!J-tOUpy'Y)O'cxv 't'Y)v cxvayx'Y) ytCX !J-e'tpcx At'tO't'Y)'tcxe:; , 01twe:; cxu�'Y)O''Y) 't'Y)e:; cpOpoAoY[CXe:; , 1tEPtO ptO'!J-oue:; O''tte:; EtO'cxywyee:; XCXt 1tcxpa'tcxO''Y) 't'Y)e:; XP�O''Y)e:; 'tou OEA't[OU O''t'Y)v 1tpo!J-�6EtCX cxycx6wv . M 1t0pE[ xcxvde:; vcx U1toO''t'Y)p[�Et o'tt 'to O''Y)!J-do CX1tO 'tuX[cxe:; 'twv EpyCX'ttXWV OEV �'tcxv 't00'0 'Y) 6pcxxu1tp06EO'!J-'Y) otcxXdptO''Y) 't'Y)e:; Otxovo!J-[cxe:; , 00'0 'Y) cxouvcx!J-[cx 'tou 1tpoypa!J-!J-cx'toe:; 'toue:; vcx 1tE'tUXEt !J-EYCX AU'tEP'Y) xpcx'ttX� 1tCXpe!J-6cxO''Y) WO''tE vcx EXO'UYXpOVtO''tE[ opcxO''ttxa 'Y) 6PE'tCX VtX� 6tO!J-'Y)Xcxv[cx XCXt vcx cxvcxO''tpcxcpouv Ot !J-cxxp01tP06EO'!J-Ee:; Evod�Ete:; 1tCX pcxx!J-�e:; 't'Y)e:; O'E O'xeO''Y) !J-E 'toue:; XUptO'tEpOUe:; cxV'tcxywvtO''tee:; 't'Y)e:; . H BpE 'tcxv[cx, 'Y) 1tpw't'Y) xpovtxa 6tO!J-'Y)xcxvtX� Otxovo!J-[cx, cxv'tt!J-E'tW1tt<:E OAO XCXt 1tt0 ev'tovo cxv'tcxYWVtO'!J-o CX1tO XWPEe:; 01twe:; 'Y) A!J-EPtX�, 'Y) rEp!J-CXV[CX XCXt 'Y) Icx1twv[cx �o'Y) CX1tO 'tCX 'teA'Y) 'tou otxcx'tou evcx'tou CXtwvcx . (IIoAAo[ 6cx 'to1t06E'tOUO'CXV xpovtxa 't'Y)v CXCPE't'Y)p[CX 't'Y)e:; E6vtx�e:; 1tCXpcxx!J-�e:; 0''t'Y) OEXCXE't[CX 'tou 1 870.) Ot EpYCX'ttXo[ dxcxv U1t00'XE6d xpcx'ttX01tOt�O'Ete:; 'touAaXtO''tov CX1tO 'to 1 9 1 8 . Kpcx'ttxoe:; eAEyxoe:; O'E 1tEptOptO'!J-ev'Y) XA[!J-CXXCX U1t�PXE �o'Y) 1tptV 'to 1939 O'E opYCXVtO'!J-oue:; 01twe:; 'to BBC , Ot CXEpoypcx!J-!J-ee:; XCXt Ot O'U yxOtVWV[Ee:; 'to Aovo[vou , XCXt !J-aAtO''tcx Ot 'tEAW'tCX[Ee:; xpcx'ttxo1tot�6'Y)xcxv CX1tO 'tov Xep!J-1tEp't MopptO'ov, 0 01to[0e:; , we:; CXV'tt1tpOEOpOe:; 'tou U1toupyt xou O'U!J-60UA[OU U1tO 'tov ih'tA'Y) !J-E'ta 'to 1945 , dXE 't'Y) O'UVOAtX� E1tO1t'tdcx 'tou 1tpoypa!J-!J-cx'toe:; EO'W'tEPtX�e:; 1tOAt'ttX�e:; 'twv EpyCX'ttXwv . 1:'tte:; xpcx'ttX01tOt�O'Ete:; 't'Y)e:; xu6epv'Y)0''Y)e:; A't'tA'Y) O'U!J-1tEptAcx!J-6avoV'tcxv 'Y) Tpa1tE<:CX 't'Y)e:; AyYA[CXe:; XCXt 'tcx opuXdcx av6pcxxcx 'to 1946, Ot O'to'Y)poopo!J-Ot, Ot Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

222

H ErpOIIH TOr '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1945-199 1 : IIOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

OOtxE� U7t"Y)pe:O'[e:� XCXt Ot e:'tcxtpde:� "Y)Ae:X'tptO'fJ-OU 'to 1 9 4 7 , 'to UypCXEpto 'to 1948 XCXt, fJ-e:'ta CX7tO cxv'ttopaO'e:t� , Ot 6tofJ-"y)xcxv[e:e; O'toT)pou XCXt xaAu6cx 'to 1949 . H 7tOAt'ttXT) cxu'tT) CPtAOOO�OUO'e: vcx e:m'tuxe:t 7tOAAOU� O''toxoue; : ytCX 'toue; e:pycx�ofJ-e:vou� , ecx 6e:A't[WVe: 'tte; e:pYCXO'tCXXEe; O'uveT)xe:� , ecx fJ-dwve: 't"Y)v cxve:py[cx XCXt ecx e:�cxO'cpaAt�e: O'UfJ-fJ-e:'toXT) O''tcx x EpO"Y) . ytCX 'tte; [Ote:e; 'tt� 6tofJ-"y)xcxv[e:e; , ecx O'UV'te:AOUO'e: O''t"Y)v cxvcx6aefJ-tO'"Y) 'twv e:7te:vouO'e:wv XCXt 'twv e:pycxO'tcxxwv O'XEO'e:wv' ytCX 't"Y) xwpcx O'uvOAtXa, ecx cxcpCXtpouO'e: 't"Y)v Otxovo fJ-txT) ouvcxfJ-"Y) CX7tO 'toue; A[youe; to'xupoue; e:mXe:tP"Y)fJ-cx't[e:e; XCXt ecx o"Y)fJ-toUP youO'e: fJ-[cx fJ-e:tx'tT) Otxov0fJ-[cx, O''t"Y)v 07t0[cx "Y) XU6EPV"Y)0'"Y) ecx fJ-7tOpouO'e: vcx cxvcxAa6e:t 'tov EAe:yxo vwpcxAytXWV 6tofJ-"y)xcxvtXWV 'tOfJ-EWV XCXt vcx OtcxfJ-op cpwO'e:t EVCX mo opeoAoytXa O'Xe:OtCXO'fJ-EVO fJ-EAAOV ytCX 't"Y)v OtxovofJ-[cx . Ot xpcx'ttX07tOtT)O'e:te; , wO''toO'o, oe:v Ecpe:pCXV xa7totcx fJ-e:yaA"Y) e:7tcxvaO''tcxO'"y) . IIoAAEe; xpcx't tX07tOt"y)fJ- EVe:� 6tofJ-"Y)xcxv[e:� T)'tcxv T)0"Y) �"y)fJ-toyove:e; XCXt Ot tOto x'tT)'te:� 'tou� O'e: fJ-e:ptXEe; 7te:pt7t'twO'e:te; T)'tcxv 7te:ptO'O'o'te:po Xt CX7tO 7tpOeufJ-Ot vcx e:tO'7tpa�ouv 't"Y)v CX7tO�"y)fJ-[wO'"Y) 7tOU 't oue; 7tpoO'cpe:po'tcxv ytCX 't"Y)v xpcx'tt X07tO["Y)O'"Y) . H otcxXdptO'"Y) wO''toO'o 7tCXpEfJ-e:tVe: "Y) [Otcx ' 'tcx e:pycx'ttxa O'wfJ-cx 'tdcx E7tpe:7te: vcx O'uve:X[O'ouv vcx cxywv[�ov'tCXt ytCX 't"Y) 6e:A't[WO'"y) 'twv CX7tO OOXWV XCXt 'twv O'uve"Y)xwv e:pycxO'[cxe; ' 'tcx O'XEOtCX ytCX O'ufJ-fJ-e:'toXT) 'twv e:p yCX�OfJ-EVWV O''tcx XEpO"Y) XCXt 0''t"Y) otcxXdptO'"Y) oe:v UA07tOtT)e"y)xcxv . Em7tAEOV, fJ-e: 't"Y)v e:yyu"Y)O'"Y) 't"Y)e; fJ-e:AAOV'ttXT)e; OtxovofJ- txT)� 60T)ee:tcx� CX7tO 'to xpa'toe; , Ot xpcx'ttX07tOtT)O'e:te; YEVV"Y)O'CXV 'tov e:cp"Y)O'uxcxO'fJ-o . OU'te: OfJ-We; XCXt Ot xpcx 'ttX07tOt"Y)fJ-EVe:e; e:'tcxtpde:e; O'uv'tov[O''t"y)xcxv fJ-e: 't"Y)v e:cpcxpfJ-oYT) xa7totou opeo AoytXOU O'Xe:OtcxO'fJ- ou . Av't[ee:'tcx, Ot U7toupyo[ O txovofJ-txwv O'UVEXtO'CXV vcx OtWeUvouv 't"Y)v OtXOV0fJ-[cx fJ-e: CXAACXYEe; 0''t"Y) CPOPOAOY[CX, O''tCX e:m'toxtcx XCXt O''toue; mO''tw'ttXOue; e:AEyxoUe; . Kt E'tO't, Ot otacpope:e; 6tofJ-"y)xcxv[e:e; e:VEpye:tCXe; XCXt fJ-e:'tcxcpopwv O'UVEXtO'cxv vcx cxV'tcxywv[�ov'tCXt "Y) fJ-[cx 't"Y)v aAA"Y) . O t e:pycx't txo[ 7tpaYfJ-cx'tt xcx'tacpe:pcxv vcx 6e:A'ttWO'ouv 'to €7t[7te:00 otcx6[w0'"Y)e; O''tcx 'tEA"Y) 't"Y)� oe:xcxe:'t[cxe; 'tou 1 940 fJ-e: 'to 7tpoypcxfJ-fJ-a 'toue; ytCX XOt VWVtXT) fJ-e:'t cxppuefJ-tO'"Y) . To 1946 0 U7toupyo� Yydcx� , 0 Avtouptv M7tE6cxv (Aneurin Bevan) , EVCXe; opcxO''tT)ptoe; 7tpw"Y)v cxvepcxxwpuxoe; , e:YXCXtv[cxO'e: fJ-e: e:m'tux[cx 'to Eevtxo �uO''t"y)fJ-cx Yydcxe; (NHS) . To NHS, 7tOU ee:wpT)e"Y)xe: we; 'to O'7tOUOCXto'te:po e:7t['twYfJ-CX 'twv e:pycx'ttXWV, oe:v XCX'tEO''tpe:�e: 't"Y)v tOtw'ttxT) tcx't ptxT) , cxAAa o"y)fJ-toUpy"Y)O'e: EVCX 7tAT)pe:e; O'uO''t"Y)fJ-cx owpe:av tcx'tpt xT)e; 7te:p[eCXA�"Y)e; XCXAOU e:m7tEOou . H CXPXT) 't"Y)e; XOtVWVtxT)e; 7tpOVOtCXe; ytCX OAOUe; , cxve:�ap't"Y)'tcx CX7tO 'tte; 7tpcxYfJ-CX'ttXEe; cxvayxe:e; , EytVe: e:7t[0'"y)e; opcx'tT) XCXt 0''t0 N ofJ-o 7te:p[ EevtxT)e; AO'cpaAtO'"Y)� 'tou 1 9 4 6 , fJ-e: 'tov 07t0[0 7tcxytW e"Y)xe: XCXt OtWpuve"y)xe: "Y) u7tapxouO'cx v0fJ-0ee:O'[cx ytCX 't"Y)v 7tCXPOXT) e:moofJ-aDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ΜΕΓΑΛΗ ΒΡΕΤΛΝΙΑ

223

των ανεργίας και ασθένειας, ενώ επεκτάθηκαν οι συντάξεις γήρατος και τα επιδόματα μητρότητας και χηρείας. Η «καθολικότητα» επικρίθηκε επειδή δεν κατεύθυνε την ενίσχυση προς εκείνους που ήταν πραγματικά φτωχοί· αλλά οι εργατικοί επιθυμούσαν να τερματίσουν την ταπεινωτι κή διαδικασία των «τεστ ανέχειας» της δεκαετίας του 1930, όταν τα άτομα έπρεπε να αποδείξουν ότι χρειάζονταν bοήθεια. Ο Νόμος του 1946, πάντως, δεν παρείχε τελείως δωρεάν bοήθεια. Οι υπηρεσίες

πληρώνονταν από εισφορές των εργαζομένων και των εργοδοτών για την εθνική ασφάλιση και σε πολλές περιπτώσεις χορηγούνταν bοήθεια για μια καθορισμένη χρονική περίοδο μόνο σε όσους είχαν καταbάλει αρκετές ασφαλιστικές εισφορές. Στις υπόλοιπες μεταρρυθμίσεις των εργατικών συμπεριλαμbανόταν η κατάργηση του Νόμου για τις Εργα τικές Ενώσεις του 1927, ο οποίος είχε θέσει περιορισμούς στη χρημα τοδότηση των συνδικάτων, και η αύξηση στα δεκαπέντε χρόνια του ορίου ηλικίας για την υποχρεωτική σχολική φοίτηση. (Είχε ήδη γίνει μία μεγάλη εκπαιδευτική μεταρρύθμιση το 1944.) Στις εξωτερικές υποθέσεις ο ισχυρός άνδρας των εργατικών ήταν ο Έρνεστ Μπέbιν, ένας πρώην συνδικαλιστής ηγέτης. Ο Μπέbιν δέχτη κε επικρίσεις από την αριστερή πτέρυγα των εργατικών το 1946 για τις διαφωνίες του με τη ΣΟbιετική Ένωση και για την αποτυχία του να διευθετήσει το πρόbλημα της έντασης μεταξύ ΕbΡαίων και ΑΡάbων στη bρετανική «εντολή» της Παλαιστίνης, από την οποία το Λονδίνο υπο χρεώθηκε να αποσυρθεί το 1948. Ο ίδιος ο Μπέbιν είχε την ελπίδα να διατηρηθεί έντονη η επιρροή της Βρετανίας στον κόσμο, κάνοντας το Λονδίνο ηγετικό πόλο όχι μόνο της αυτοκρατορίας-Κοινοπολιτείας, αλλά και των κρατών της Δυτικής Ευρώπης. Στα 1947-49 ωστόσο, η σο bιετική απειλή έγινε υπεΡbολικά πιεστική, ενώ η Δυτική Ευρώπη παρέμεινε υπεΡbολικά αδύναμη για να συγκροτήσει μία «τρίτη δύναμη» ανάμεσα στη Μόσχα και στην Ουάσιγκτον. Αντίθετα, ο Μπέbιν έπαιξε σημαντικό ρόλο στην Ευρώπη στα ζητήματα της παροχής αμερικανι κής οικονομικής bοήθειας μέσω του σχεδίου Μάρσαλ και της εξασφά λισης μίας αμερικανικής στρατιωτικής εγγύησης μέσω του ΝΑΤΟ. Μέχρι το 1950 η πολιτική του bασιζόταν στη συνεργασία της Κοινο πολιτείας και στην «ειδική σχέση» με την Ουάσιγκτον· για να διατη ρήσει την ανεξαρτησία της Βρετανίας, απέφυγε τη συμμετοχή σε δυ τικοευρωπα·ι·κά υπερεθνικά σχήματα, όπως το σχέδιο Σουμάν. Επί σης, για να ενισχύσουν ακόμη περισσότερο τη Βρετανία, ο Μπέbιν και Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErpOIlH TOr '¥rxpor IloAEMor, 1 945- 199 1 : IlOAITIKH I�TOPIA

o A't''t'A'Y) 1tpoxwp'Y)G'av fJ-UG''t'LXcX G''t''Y)V xa't'aG'xwy) a't'OfJ-LxY)C; 6ofJ-6ac; . L't'a 6efJ-a't'a 't''Y)C; au't'oxpa't'optac; 'Y) xu6epv'Y)G''Y) 't'wv e:pya't'Lxwv efJ-e:Lve: G''t''Y)V LG''t'opta YLa 't''Y)V a1tocpaG'y) 't''Y)C; va 1tapaxwpY)G'e:L 't'axewc; ave:�ap't''Y) G'ta G''t''Y)V Ivota, 1tapcX 't'O ye:yovoC; O't'L 'Y) xwpa au't'Y) Y)'t'av fJ-e:YcXA'Y) , 1tAOU G'La xaL G''t'pa't''Y)YLxY)C; G''Y)fJ-aG'tac; YLa 't''Y) oLe:6vY) 6eG''Y) 't''Y)C; Bpe:'t'avtac; . r1tY)p�av 1tOAAot AOYOL 1tOU G'uv't'eAe:G'av wG''t'e: va a1tocpuye:L 'Y) Bpe:'t'avta 't'a 1tP06Ay)fJ-a't'a 1tOU aV't'LfJ-e:'t'W7tLG'av OL OUVcXfJ-e:LC; 1tOU 1tpoG'1tcX6'Y)G'av va av't'L G''t'a6ouv G''t'a e:6VLXcX XLvy)fJ-a't'a 't''Y)C; AG'tac; fJ-e:'t'cX 't'o 1945 OL OAAavOOt G''t''Y)v Ivoov'Y)G'ta xaL ot rcXAAOt G''t''Y)v Ivooxtva . H au't'ovofJ-ta 't''Y)C; Ivotac; e:tXe: a1tOnAeG'e:t G'o6apo 1tOAt't'tXO �Y)'t''Y)fJ-a xa't'cX 't'O fJ-e:G'01tOAe:fJ-O xaL 1tOAAOt 1tOAL't'tXOt 't'wv e:pya't'Lxwv, xat 1tpw't'OC; aVcXfJ-e:G'cX 't'OUC; 0 A't''t'A'Y), Y)o'Y) Y)'t'av G'UfJ-cpWVOL E:1tt 't''Y)C; apxy)c; yta 't''Y)v 1tapaxwP'Y)G''Y) ave:�ap't''Y)G'tac; ' cpatvo't'av e:V't'e:AWC; aouva't'o yta 't''Y) Bpe:'t'avta va xpa't'Y)G'e:t u1to't'aYfJ-ev'Y) fJ-ta xwpa e:xa't'ov't'cXowv e:xa't'ofJ-fJ-uptWv xa't'otxwv' e:6vLXtG''t'ec; 'Y)ye't'e:c; 01tWC; 0 MaXcX't'fJ-a rXcXv't't dXav e:cpapfJ-oG'e:t fJ-ta e:7tLot�ta aAAcX fJ-'Y) 6tat'Y) e:xG''t'panta yta ave:�ap't''Y)G'ta ' xat Ot Y)'t'nc; 't'wv Bpe:'t'avwv a1to 't'OUC; IcX1twve:c; G''t'a 1 9 4 1 -4 2 dXav fJ-e:LWG'e:t 't'O G'e:6aG'fJ-o 't'wv Ivowv 1tpOC; 't''Y)V a1tOLXtaxy) Ototx'Y)G''Y) . 0 6pe:'t'avLxoc; G''t'pa't'oc; , av't't6e:'t'a fJ-e: 't'o yaAAtXO G''t'pa't'o G''t''Y)V Ivooxtva (Y) apyo't'e:pa G''t''Y)V AAye:pta) , a1toodx6'Y)xe: 7tLG''t'OC; G''t''Y)V xu6epv'Y)G'Y) 't'ou xa't'cX 't''Y)V a1toxwp'Y)G''Y) xaL, 1tapcX 't'LC; afJ-CPL6oAte:C; 't'ou TG'Wp't'G'LA, oe:v U1tY)p�e: G''t'o e:G'wnpLxo xcX1tota G'o6apY) aV't'topaG''Y) YLa 't''Y) fJ-e:'t'a6t6aG''Y) 't''Y)C; e:�ouG'tac; 't'ov AuyouG''t'o 't'ou 1947 . Ta fJ-e:YcXAa 1tpO6Ay)fJ-a't'a oe:v acpopouG'av 't''Y)v a1toxwp'Y)G''Y) 't'wv Bpe:'t'avwv, aAAcX 't''Y)v e:7tL fJ-ovY) 't'wv Ivowv fJ-OUG'OUAfJ-cXVWV va xcXvouv OLXO 't'ouc; ave:�cXp't''Y)'t'o xpcX't'OC; - 't'O IIaxLG''t'cXv . IIapaxwpY)6'Y)xe: e:1ttG''Y)C; ave:�ap't''Y)G'ta xaL G''t''Y)V Ke:UAcX V'Y) xaL G''t''Y) BtpfJ-avta ( 1948) ' OAe:C; au't'ec; Ot xwpe:C; e:x't'OC; a1to 't''Y) BLpfJ-a vta G'UfJ-cpwv'Y)G'av va e:V't'ax6ouv G''t''Y)v KOtv01tOAL't'da . H u1tap�'Y) 't''Y)C; Kot V01tOAL't'dac; Y)'t'av G''Y)fJ-av't'txY) w6'Y)G''Y) yta 't''Y)v 1topda 't'wv a1tOLXLWV 1tpOC; 't''Y)v ave:�ap't''Y)G'ta, xa6wc; OL Bpe:'t'avot eA7tL�aV va oLa't''Y)py)G'ouv OUG'LaG''t'L xY) G'uve:pyaG'ta fJ-e: 't'LC; 1tpw'Y)v a1tOLXte:C; 't'OUC; G'e: fJ-La veou 't'U1tOU G'xeG''Y) 't'wv fJ-e:AWV 't''Y)C; KOLV01tOAL't'dac; , 1tapofJ-ota fJ-e: au't'Y) 1tOU U1tY)PXe: fJ-e: 't'LC; 1taALo't'e:pe:C; «Awxec; x't'Y)G'e:tC; » , 01tWC; fJ-e: 't''Y)v AUG''t'paAta, 't'ov KavaocX xaL 't''Y) Nea Z'Y)AavOta . OL e:A1ttOe:C; aU't'ec; ava1t't'e:pw6'Y)xav a1to 't''Y)v e:7tL 't'UXta 't''Y)C; OtcXG'xe:t/J'Ylc; 't'ou 1950 G''t'o KOAOfJ-1tO yta 't'tC; e:�e:At�e:LC; G''t''Y)v AG'ta . Le: xcX6e: 1te:pt1t't'wG''Y) , oe:v 1tpe1te:L va 6e:wp'Y)6d wc; oe:oofJ-evo O't'L 'Y) ave:�ap 't''Y)G'ta 't''Y)C; Ivotac; 6a oO'Y)youG'e: au't'ofJ-cX't'WC; G''t''Y)V 1tAY)p'Y) ava't'po1ty) 't''Y)C; oLe:6vouc; 6eG''Y)C; 't''Y)C; Bpe:'t'avtac; . AxofJ-'Y) xat G''t'a 't'eA'Y) 't''Y)C; oe:xae:'t'tac; 't'ou -

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ΜΕΓΑΛΗ ΒΡΕΤΑΝΙΑ

225

1940, για παράδειγμα, αναμενόταν ότι η αποικιακή διακυ6έρνηση στην

Αφρική θα διατηρούνταν για δεκαετίες. Οι εργατικοί δεν τα πήγαν καλά στις γενικές εκλογές του Φε6ρουα ρίου του 1950. Έπεσαν στις 315 έδρες, ενώ οι συντηρητικοί ανέκαμψαν στις 298 και οι φιλελεύθεροι κέρδισαν μόλις 9 (παρ' όλο που διατήρησαν το 9 τοις εκατό των Ψήφων). Το πρόγραμμα λιτότητας, η συνέχιση της χρήσης δελτίου αγορών και η υποτίμηση, όλα αυτά ζημίωσαν τους εργατικούς. Μέσα σε κλίμα γενικής απογοήτευσης από τα κυ6ερνητι κά μέτρα ελέγχου, πολλοί ψηφοφόροι της μεσαίας τάξης επέστρεψαν στο στρατόπεδο των συντηρητικών, οι οποίοι, μετά το σοκ του 1945, είχαν 6ελτιώσει την οργάνωση του κόμματός τους. Νεότερα μέλη του κόμματος όπως ο Ήνοκ Πάουελ (Enoch PoweII) και ο Ρέτζιναλντ Μώντλιγκ (Reginald Maudling) αλλά και ηγετικές προσωπικότητες όπως ο Ρ. Α. Μπάτλερ (R. Α. Butler) επιλέχθηκαν για να στελεχώσουν το ανανεωμένο «τμήμα έρευνας του Συντηρητικού Κόμματος» και συ νέταξαν πολιτικά προγράμματα όπως το «Καταστατικό για τη Βιομη χανία», το οποίο εκπονήθηκε για να αποδείξει ότι το κόμμα δεν ήταν εναντίον της εργατικής τάξης και ότι αποδεχόταν την ιδέα μίας μει κτής οικονομίας. Ο λόρδος Γούλτον (Lord Woolton), ως διευθυντής του κόμματος μετά το 1946, συνέ6αλε στο να αποκατασταθεί το ηθικό του, 6ελτιώνοντας τη συγκέντρωση εισφορών, ενθαρρύνοντας τους νεαρούς συντηρητικούς και αυξάνοντας σημαντικά την εγγραφή νέων μελών. Με απόλυτη πλειοψηφία μόλις 6 εδρών, η κυ6έρνηση Άττλη της περιόδου 1950-51 αποδείχθηκε πολύ λιγότερο 6έ6αιη για τον ευαυτό της από ό,τι πριν. Ακόμη και άρρωστοι 60υλευτές έπρεπε να μεταφερθούν στη Βουλή των Κοινοτήτων, για να ψηφίσουν προκειμένου να κρατη θούν οι εργατικοί στην εξουσία. Ο Άττλη ήταν ασθενής' ο Μπέ6ιν πέ θανε τον Απρίλιο του 1951. Τον ίδιο μήνα ο Χιου Γκέιτσκελ (Hugh GaitskeII), ο υπουργός Οικονομικών, συγκρούστηκε με τον Μπέ6αν, γε γονός που οδήγησε τον τελευταίο, μαζί και τον Χάρολντ Ουίλσον, σε παραίτηση. Η αφορμή για την παραίτηση ήταν η πρόταση του Γκέι τσκελ να χρεώνονται οι ασθενείς για ορισμένες υπηρεσίες του δημόσιου συστήματος υγείας, ώστε να εξασφαλιστούν πόροι για την αντιμετώπι ση των οικονομικών πρ06λημάτων που προέκυψαν από την αύξηση των εισαγωγών και των αμυντικών δαπανών μετά το ξέσπασμα του πολέ μου της Κορέας. Οι προτεινόμενες χρεώσεις ήταν μικρές, αλλά για τον Μπέ6αν η αρχή της δωρεάν ιατρικής περίθαλψης ήταν θεμελιώδης. Η Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ETPOI1H TOT '¥TXPOT I10AEMOT, 1 9 4 5 - 199 1 : I10AITIKH IETOPIA

XUbEPVy)CJ'Y) U1tEcr'ty) e:1ticry)e; Q:AAY) (J-La 'ta1tdvwcry) cr'tY) MEcry) AVa'tOA� 'to 1 9 5 1 , o'tav Y) e:6VLXLcr'tLX� XUbEPVy)crY) Mocrcra\l't"Ex cr'to IpQ:v xpa'tLxo1toiy) cre: 1te:'tpe:AaW1ty)'YEe; bpe:'tavLxwv cru{J-cpe:pov'twv . ITap' oAa au'tQ: 'ta 1tpO bA�{J-a'ta, OL e:P'Ya'tLxoi xa'tQ:cpe:pav va au��crouv 'to e:XA0'YLXO 'toue; 1tocro cr'to o'tav 0 A.'t'tAY) 1tpOX�pu�e: e:XAO'YEe; 'tov OX'tWbpW xaL va b'YOUV 1tPW'tOL cre: apL6{J-0 \j;�cpwv (49 'tOLe; e:xa'to Evav'tL 48 'tOLe; e:xa'to 'twv crU\I't"Y)PY)'tL xwv) . AAAQ: XQ:pY) cr'tO bpe:'taVLXO 1tAe:W\j;Y)cpLXO e:XA0'YLXO crucr'tY){J-a, 1tOU bacrL�O'tav cre: {J-0VOe:OpLXEe; 1te:PLcpEpe:Le:e; , OL cru\I't"Y)pY)'tLxoi EAabav 3 2 1 EOpe:e; Evav'tL 295 'twv e:P'Ya'tLXWV . OL CPLAe:Ae:u6e:pOL, (J-e: 6 EOpe:e; , dXav XQ:cre:L 1tOAAOUe; \j;Y)cpocpopoue; 'toue; cre: crU'YXPLcrY) {J-e: 'to 1950 ho 1tocrocr'to 'tOUe; �'tav 'twpa (J-OALe; 2 ,5 'tOLe; e:xa'to) xaL 1tOAAOi dXav 1tpocpavwe; cr'tpacpd 1tpOe; 'toue; cruV'tY)PY)'tLXOUe; . A1to 'to 1945 , OL e:P'Ya'tLxoi dXav e:X1tAY)PWcre:l cre: (J-e:'YQ:AO ba6{J-0 'tle; 1tPOe:XA0'YlXEe; 'toue; U1tocrxEcre:le; . H xa6lEpwcrY) 'tY)e; XOWWVlX�e; 1tpOVOlae; 'YLa OAOUe; , Y) oY){J-wuP'Yia 'tou E6vLXOU �ucr't�{J-a'toe; r'Ydae; xal Y) e:cpap {J-0'Y� 'twv OlXOVO{J-LXWV (J-e:60owv 'tou KEUVe; 1tOU cr't0XE:Uav cr'ty)v 1tA�pY) a1tacrxoAY)crY) �'tav crY){J-av'tlXEe; e:�e:Ai�e:le; . Oe; Eva ba6{J-0 OL (J-e:'tappu6{J-i cre:Le; aU'tEe; a1to'tEAe:crav 'tY) cruvExe:la 1tpoy)'Y0u{J-e:vwv XOLVWVlXWV (J-e:'tap pU6{J-lcr'tLXWV 1tp0'Ypa{J-{J-Q:'twv, cr'tY)piX'tY)xav cr'ty) Aa'�x� e:vo'tY)'ta xal 'tY)V a1tooox� 'tou crucr't�{J-a'toe; 'tou xpa'tlxou OLXOVO{J-lXOU crxe:olacr{J-0u 1tOU e:cpap{J-ocr'tY)xe: xa'tQ: 'tov 1tOAe:{J-O, xal {J-Q:ALcr'ta XQ:1tOWL icrwe; va U1tocr't� pl�av O'tl, av (J-Y) 'tl Q:AAO , oe:v 1tpoxwpY)crav apxe:'tQ: (J-axpLQ: : oe:v xa6Le:pw6Y)xe: Y) cru{J-{J-e:'t0X� 'twv e:P'Ya'twv cr'tY) olaxdplcrY) 'twv bW{J-y)xavlwv, oe:v E'YWe: xQ:1tOLa crY){J-a\l't"lX� (J-e:'tappu6{J-lcrY) 'tou e:X1talOE:U'tlxOU crucr't�{J-a'toe; 'tY)e; Bpe:'taviae; , ou'te: xal xQ:1tOLa crY){J-av'tLx� avaoLav0{J-� 'tou 1tAOU'tOU . Ocr'tocro, OL XUbe:pv�cre:le; A.'t'tAY) a1toodx6Y)xav 1tW lxavEe; cr'tO va UAO1tOl�crOUV Eva {J-e:'YQ:AO (J-e:'tappu6{J-lcr'tlXO 1tpo'Ypa{J-{J-a cre: crXEcry) (J-e: 'tle; xa 'tomvEe; XUbe:pv�cre:le; 'twv e:P'Ya'tlXWV, dXav e:1tavacpEpe:l cre: crY){J-a\l't"LXO ba6{J-0 'ty) xwpa cre: xa'tQ:cr'tacry) o{J-aAO'tY)'tae; xaL, a1to (J-ia e:x 'twv Ucr'tE pwv 6e:wpY)crY) -xal Exov'tae; xa'tQ: ',IOU 'ty) oucrxoAia 'tY)e; OAY)e; OLaOLxa criae;-, Y) 1te:pioooe; 1 9 45-5 1 ({J-a�i (J-e: 'tY)v XUbEPVY)crY) cruvacrmcr{J-ou xa'tQ: 'tov 1tOAe:{J-O) dXe: oY){J-wUP'Y�cre:l xQ:1tOLa «cruvaive:crY) ) cr'ty)v 1tOAl'tlX� �w� 'tY)e; Bpe:'taviae; . H cruvaive:crY) acpopoucre: 'ty) cru{J-{J-axia (J-e: 'tle; HIlA, 'tov a\l't"lxo{J-{J-OUvLcr{J-O xaL 'tY)v a1toa1tOLxw1toiy)cry) cr'ta e:�W'te:plXQ: 6E{J-a'ta ' cr'ta e:crW'te:PlXQ:, 1te:Ple:AQ:{J-bave: 'tLe; OLXOVO{J-LXEe; (J-e:60ooue; 'tou KEUVe; , 'ty)v 1tA�pY) a1tacrxoAy)cry) , 'tY)v ava'YvwplcrY) 'tY)e; ouva{J-y)e; 'twv e:P'Ya'tlXWV e:vw cre:wv xal 'to xpQ:'toe; 1tpOVOLae; . 'OAa au'tQ: bpicrxov'tav cre: 1tA�pY) av't(6e:cry) Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

MErAAH BPETANIA

2 27

fJ-E 'tr)V OtXOVOfJ-tX-Y) UCPEcr1'), 't1')V aVEpy[a, 't1')V XOtVWVtX-Y) oucrapEcrxEta Xat 't1')V a7tOOUVafJ-wcr1') 't1')e:; OtE6voue:; 6EO'1')e:; 't1')e:; xwpae:; xa'ta 't1') OEXaE't[a 'tou 1930 xat E�aO'cpaAtO'av yta 't1') BpE'tav[a 'to 7tt0 E�EAtYfJ-EVO O'uO''t1')fJ-a XOt VWVtx-Y)e:; 7tpovotac; O''t1')v Eupw7t1') .

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2 28

H EYPOrrH TOY 'l'YXPOY rrOAEMOY, 194 5 - 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH IETOPIA

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MErAAH B P ETANIA

2 29

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2 3°

H ETPOIIH TOr '¥rxpor nOAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : nOAITIKH IETOPIA

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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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MErAAH B PETANIA

a1tO'tUXLa au't�<; 't"Y)<; OtE6vou<; O'uO'O'w(J-a'twO'"Y) <; : 'to (J-OVO apabtXO xpa'to<; 1tOU Ev'tax6"Y)XE O''to LU(J-CPWVO 't"Y)<; Bayoa't"Y)<; �'tav 'to E�ap't"Y)(J-EVO a1tO 't"Y) BpE'taVLa Ipax, EVW 1tPW't01tOpO<; 't"Y)<; aV'tLOpaO'"Y)<; �'tav "Y) pt�oO'1ta O''ttX� XUbEPV"y)O'"y) 't"Y)<; Atyu1t'tou U1tO 'to O''tpa't"Y)Yo N aO'O'Ep . To 1 9 5 6 0 Atyu1t'tto<; "Y)YE't"Y)<; 1tpOXaAEO'E (J-e:yaAu'tEpE<; E1ttXPLO'Et<; a1to 'tou<; Llu'ttxou<; o'tav a1toOEx6"y)XE O''tpa'ttw'ttXO E�01tAtO'(J-O a1to 'to O'ObtE 'ttXO (J-1tAOX . Ot HIlA, 'to'tE, a1tEO'upav 't"Y) bo�6Eta 1tOU 'tou dxav U1tO O'XE6d yta 't"Y)v xa'taO'xEU� EVO<; cppay(J-a'to<; O''to NdAO , O''t"Y)v 1tEptoX� , � , WO''tOO'O, a1taV't"Y)O'E xpa'ttX01totwv'ta<; 't"Y) otW'tou AO'ouav ' . 0 N aO'O'Ep, ' puya 'tou LOUE�. H otwpuya �'tav (J-ta O'LyOUp"Y) 1t"Y)y� EtO'oo�(J-a'to<; , aAAa av�xE XUPLW<; 0''t"Y) BpE'tavLa xat 0''t"Y) raAALa xat "Y) xpa'ttX01tOL"Y)O'"Y) a1to 'tEAEO'E (J-EyaA"Y) 1tpOO'bOA� 1tpO<; 'tt<; ouva(J-Et<; aU'tE<; . IIapa 'tt<; otE6vd<; 1ttEO'Et<; , 0 NaO'O'Ep OEV aAAa�E 't"Y)V a1tocpaO'� 'tou . MaAtO''ta, XEPOtO'E 't"Y) O'u(J-1ta6Eta xpa'twv 'tou TpL'tou KOO'(J-ou xat 'tou ava'toAtXOU (J-1tAOX E�at 'tLa<; 't"Y)<; av'tLO''taO'�<; 'tou 1tpo<; 'tt<; OU'ttXE<; a1totxtoXpa'ttXE<; ouva(J-Et<; xat, E1tLO'"y)<;, 1tpoO'1ta6"Y)O'E va cpEp6d (J-E (J-E'tpto1ta6Eta, 1tpOO'cpEpov'ta<; a1to�"Y) (J-LWO'"Y) O''tou<; tOtoX't�'tE<; 't"Y)<; xat E1tt'tpE1tO\l'ta<; 't"Y)V aVE(J-1tOOtO''t"Y) vauO't1tAo"ta (J-EO'W 't"Y)<; otwpuya<; 'tou LOUE�. ME 'ta O'XEOta 'tou<; (J-a'tatw(J-Eva a1to au't� 't"Y)v 'tax'ttx� 'tou NaO'O'Ep, Ot BpE'tavoL xat Ot raAAOt -O"E (J-u O''ttX� O'UVEWO"Y)O'"Y) (J-E 'tov EX6po 't"Y)<; Atyu1t'tou , 'to IO'pa�A- a1tocpaO'tO'av va a1toxa'taO''t�O'ouv 't"Y)v E�ouO'La 'tou<; (J-E 't"Y) bLa. L'ta 'tEA"Y) OX'tWbPLOU Ot IO'pa"Y)AtvoL EtO'EbaAav O''t"Y)v ALYU1t'tO · Ot BpE'tavoL xat Ot raAAOt XP"Y) O't(J-01tOL"Y)O'av 'to yEyOVO<; au'to w<; OtXatoAoYLa yta va EtO'baAouv O''t"Y)v AL YU1t'to xat va «1tpoO''ta'tEuO'ouV» 't"Y) Otwpuya. OO''toO'o, "Y) EtO'bOA� 1tpO xaAEO'E yEVtX� xa'taxpauy� OXt (J-ovo a1to ava(J-Evo(J-EVE<; 1t"Y)yE<; 01tw<; "Y) LObtE'ttX� 'EvwO'"y) , aAAa E1tLO'"Y)<; xat a1to 't"Y)v av'tt1tOAL'tEUO'"y) 'twv Epya 'ttXWV, 't"Y)v KOtV01tOAt'tda, axo(J-"Y) xat a1to 'tt<; H VW(J-EVE<; IIoAt'tdE<; . H av'tL6EO'"y) 'twv H VW(J-EVWV IIoAt'tEtwV 1tpOXaAEO'E XPLO'"Y) O''t"Y)v a�La 't"Y)<; O''tEpALva<; xat O''tt<; 5 N OE(J-bPLOU "Y) BpE'tavLa xat "Y) r aAALa O''ta(J-a't"Y)O'av 't"Y)v ExO''tpa'tda 'tou<; . To cptaO'xo 'tou LOUE� �'tav (J-EyaA"Y)<; O'"Y)(J-aO'La<; yta 't"Y) bPE'taVtX� to''topLa yta 1tOAAOU<; Myou<; . IO'xupo1tOL"y)O'E 't"Y) 6EO'"Y) 'tou NaO'O'Ep 0''t"Y) MEO'"Y) Ava'toA� xat O'uvEbaAE O''t"Y)V xa'taO''tpocp� 't"Y)<; bPE'taVtX�<; E1ttp po�<; O''t"Y)V 7tEPtoX�' tOtaL'tEpa acpo'tou, 'to 1958, Eva 1tpa�txo1t"Y)(J-a O''tO Ipax avE'tpEI.)JE 't"Y) CPtAObPE'taVtX� 'tou (J-ovapxLa . H a1tocpaO'"y) 't"Y)<; BPE 'tavLa<; va 'tEp(J-a'tLO'Et 't"Y)V E1ttXdp"Y)O'"Y) EVOXA"Y)O'E 'tou<; r aAAou<; , Ot 01tOLOt 'twpa acpoO'tw6"Y)xav O''t"Y)V 1tpow6"Y)0'"Y) 't"Y)<; EUpW1ta·tx�<; Kotv�<; Ayopa<; . "

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

232

H ETPQIIH TOr '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1945 - 199 1 : IIOAITIKH IETOPIA

H XPtG'"Y) ELXE: U1t0,PCXfJ-fJ-tG'E:t 't"Y)V 1tCXpCXXfJ-Y), G'u,xpt'ttxa fJ-E: 'to 1tcxpE:A60V, 't"Y)<; BpE:'tcxvtcx<; G''to OtE:6vY) Xwpo XCXt CX1t0XaAU�E: 't"Y)V CXOUVCXfJ-tCX 't"Y)<; vcx E:7ttbaAE:t 'tOU<; opOU<; 't"Y)<; CXXOfJ-"Y) XCXt G'E: XWpE:<; 'tOU Tpt'tou KOG'fJ-ou . E1ttG'"Y) <; , EOE:t�E: O'tt "Y) BpE:'tcxvtCX bCXG't�O'tCXV G''tt<; H VWfJ-EVE:<; IIOAt't"€tE:<; , OtXCXG'E: 't"Y) Xwpcx XCXt 1tpOXaAE:G'E: fJ-tCX VECX OtXOVOfJ-txY) XptG'"Y) . Kcxt CXXOfJ-"Y) , boY)6"Y)G'E: VCX Ep6E:t 1tpOWPCX 'to 'tEAO<; 't"Y)<; 1tpw6U1t0up,tCX<; 'tOU 'Hv'tE:V, 0 01t0tO<; , 1t0At'ttXa CX1t0fJ-OVWfJ-EVO<; XCXt appwG''to<; , E:,XCX'tEAE:t�E: 'to CX�tWfJ-a 'tOU 'tOV Icxvouapto 'tou 1 9 5 7 . .1taooxo<; 'tou Y)'tcxv 0 XapoAv't MCXXfJ-tAACXV . o VEO<; 1tpw6u1t0up,o<; E:tXE: E:7ttXptVE:t 't"Y)v 1t0At'ttXy) 'twv G'uv't"Y)P"Y)'tt xwv xcx'ta 't"Y) OE:XCXE:'ttCX 'tou 1930 XCXt E:tXE: XWpt<; OtG''tcx,fJ-o E:,XCX'tCXAEL�E:t 'tov 'HV'tE:V . 0 MCXXfJ-tAACXV OfJ-w<; CPCXtvo'tcxv E:1ttG'"Y)<; E:U1tCXpouG'tcxG''t0<; , bE bCXto<; ,tCX 'tov E:cxu'to 'tou XCXt opcxG''tY)pto<; , 0 tOCXVtxo<; "y),E't"y)<; ,tCX vcx bO"y)6Y)G'E:t 'to XOfJ-fJ-cx vcx cxvcxxafJ-�E:t CX1tO 't"Y)v xcx'tcxG''tpocpy) G''to �OUE� . .1pcx G''t"Y)pto1t0tY)6"Y)xE: CXfJ-EG'W<; ,tCX VCX CX1t0xcx'tcxG''ty)G'E:t 't"Y) G'ufJ-fJ-cxXtCX fJ-E: 'tOU<; AfJ-E:ptxcxvou<; , fJ-E: G'uvcxv'tY)G'E:t<; fJ-E: 'tov 1tCXAtO 'tou cptAO, 'tov AL�E:VxaOuE:p, XCXt CXVE1t'tU�E: fJ-tCX «VECX 6E:wp"Y)G'"Y)>> (new look)* G''t"Y)v cxfJ-uv'ttxY) 1t0At'ttXy) 'to 1 9 5 7 , bCXG't�OfJ-E:vo<; 1tE:PtG'G'o'tE:pO G''tt<; bOfJ-bE:<; uopo,ovou XCXt 7tE:ptopt �ov'tcx<; 'tt<; 1t0AUOa1tCXVE:<; G'UfJ-bCX'ttXE<; G''tpcx'ttW'ttxE<; ouvafJ-E:t<; (,E:,ovo<; 1t0U E:1tE'tPE:�E: 't"Y)v xcx'tap'Y"YJG'"Y) 't"Y)<; U1t0XPE:w'ttxy)<; 6"Y)'tELcx<; fJ-E:'ta 'to 1 960) . XpE:taG''t"Y)xcxv 7ttG''tw'ttXOt EA€'YXOt ,tCX vcx cxv'ttfJ-E:'tW7ttG''touv 'tCX OtxovofJ-t xa E:1tcxXOAou6cx 'tou �OUE� XCXt, E:7tt1tAEOV, 'to 1 9 5 7 "Y) BpE:'tcxvtCX cxvcx,xa, �, ' . H CXVCX1t'tU' N ofJ-tG'fJ-cx'ttXO' T cxfJ-E:to ' A 6VE:<; G''t"Y)XE: VCX 1tCXpE:t oCXVE:to CX1t0, 'to utE: �"Y) E:7ttbpcxouv6"Y)xE: XCXt 'tov Icxvouapto 'tou 1958 'tCX G'XEOtCX 't"Y)<; XUbEPV"y) G'"Y)<; VCX cxu�Y)G'E:t 'tt<; o"y)fJ-oG'tE:<; ocx1tavE:<; oOy),"y)G'cxv G''t"Y)v 1tCXpCXt't"Y)G'"Y) 'tou U1t0UP,OU O txovofJ-tXWV, 'tou IIY)'tE:p 8opvuxpocp't (Peter Thorneyeroft), o 01t0to<; cpobY)6"Y)xE: o'tt xa'tt 'tE'tOto 6cx E:1tEcpE:pE: avooo 'tou 1tA"Y)6wptG'fJ-ou . H cxu't01tE:1t0t6"Y)G'"Y) fJ-E: 't"Y)v 01t0tCX 0 MCXXfJ-tAACXV cxv'ttfJ-E:'tW7ttG'E: 't"Y)v 1tCXPCXt 't"Y)G'"Y) 1tpOXaAE:G'E: 'to ,E:VtXO G'E:bCXG'fJ-O XCXt 0 otaoox0<; 'tou 8opvuxpocp't, 0 N'tEPE:X Xy)6xoou't-'EtfJ-0pu (Deree He atheoat-Amory) , 'to 1 9 5 9 , 1tpO XaAE:G'E: fJ-tCX VECX CXVCX1t'tu�tcxxY) EXP"Y)�"Y) . To ,E:,ovo<; cxu'to E:1tE'tPE:�E: G''tov MCXXfJ-tAACXV VCX XE:POtG'E:t 'tt<; E:XAO,E<; 'tou 1959 fJ-E: CXXOfJ-"Y) 7tt0 E:V't"U1tWG'tCX XO 'tP01t0 CX1tO 't"Y) Vtx"Y) 'tou 'Hv'tE:v 'to 1955 . Ot G'uv't"Y)P"Y)'ttXOt ELXCXV 'twpcx 3 65 EOpE:<; EVCXV'tt 258 'twv E:p,cx'ttxwv . To 1tPO,pcxfJ-fJ-cx fJ-E:'tcxppu6fJ-tG'E:wV

* Are o 'tYlV ovop.aO'ta 'tYlC; aV'ttO''totXYlC; ap.e:ptxavtxTjc; ap.uV'ttxTjc; reOAt'ttxTjc; e:ret Ai' �e:vxaoue:p (� . 't . M . ) .

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

MErAAH BPETANIA

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'twv e:pya'ttXWV q>avY)xe: va a7te:tAd p,e: au�Y)O'Y) 'tY)e:; q>0poAoy[ae:; , Xt €'tO't €vae:; O'Y)p,aV'ttxoe:; apt6p,0e:; 1.\JY)q>oq>opwv e:7t€Ae:�e: 'toue:; q>tAe:Ae:u6e:poue:; ('twv 07to[wv 'to e:xAoytXO 7toO'oO''to dXe: ot7tAaO'taO''te:[ a7to 'to 1955) we:; e:vaA Aax'ttx� AUO'Y) yta 'toue:; O'uV'tY)PY)'ttxoue:; . H 7tOAt'ttX� avaxap,l.\JY) 'tou Maxp,[}.Aav a7to 'ty)v xp[O'Y) 'tou �ouf� �'tav a�toO'Y)p,dw'ty) xat Y) 7tpoO'W7ttX� 'tou 6€O'Y) q>atvo'tav aXAovY)'ty) xa6we:; Ot e:pya'ttxo[ -p,e:'ta 'tY)v 'tp['tY) 'toue:; otaooXtx� �'t'ta- apXtO'av 7tpOoow'ttxa va otxa�oV'tat 01.0 xat e:V'tovo'te:pa . Ot p,e:'tpto7ta6de:; , O'uva O'mO'p,€vot yupw a7to 'tov Xtou rX€t'tO'xe:A, €A7tt�av (xa'ta 'tp07tO Op,Oto p,e: 'ta p,e:'tpto7ta6� O''totxe:[a O''tO ye:pp,avtxo SPD O''ta 't€AY) 'tY)e:; oe:xae:'t[ae:; 'tou 1 9 50) va a7top,axpuvouv 'toue:; e:pya'ttxoue:; a7to 'ty)v e:txova 'tou xop, p,a'toe:; 'tY)e:; e:pya'ttx�e:; 'ta�Y)e:; xat va 7te:ptop[O'ouv 'tY)v €p,q>aO'Y) 7tOU OtVO 'tav O''ty)v 7tOAt'ttX� 'twv xpa'ttxo7tot�O'e:wv . Me:ptxo[ €A7tt�av va 'tP07tO7tOt�O'ouv 'to ap6po 't€O'O'e:pa 'tou xop,p,a'ttxou xa'taO''ta'ttxou 'tou 1 9 1 8 , 'to 07to[0 UO'p,we: 't o xop,p,a O' e: p,ap�tO''ttX€e:; apx€e:; O' e: 'top,de:; 07twe:; 0 oY)p,oO'toe:; €A€:"(xoe:; 'twv P,€O'wv 7tapaywy�e:; , Y) otavop,� 'tou 7tAou'tou xat Ot O'uvaAAay€e:; . Ot e:pya'ttxo[ �'tav e:7t[O'y)e:; OtXaO'P,€VOt O'xe:'ttxa p,e: 'to ��'tY)p,a 'twv 7tUpY)VtXWV 01tAwv . To <J>e:6pouapto 'tou 1958 opyavw6Y)xe: p,[a ExO''tpa'tda yta 'tov IIupY)vtxO Aq>o1tAtO'p,o (eND) , Y) o1to[a 'tov A1tp[}.to 1tpayp,a'to1to[y)O'e: p,e: e:m'tux[a 'ty)v 1tpw'tY) 'tY)e:; 1topda 1tpoe:; 'to [opup,a €pwvae:; 1tUpY)VtXWV 01tAWV O''tO AAvnpp,aO''tov . Ta P,€AY) 'tY)e:; 6e:wpouO'av o'tt 'to 1tUpY)VtXO o1tAoO''taO'to 'tY)e:; Bpe:'tav[ae:; �'tav av�6txo, e:mx[vouvo ('to e:mxdpY)p,a €Ae:ye: o'tt �'tav «xaAu'te:pa XOXXtVOt 1tapa ve:xpo[») � o'tt 6aO't�0'tav O''tY)v �e:m:paO'p,€vY) 1te:7toWy)O'y) 1twe:; Y) xwpa �'tav axop,Y) U7te:pouvap,Y) . �'to O'UV€Opto 'twv e:pya'ttxwv 'tou 1 9 6 0 Y) aptO''te:p� 7t't€puya 'tou xop,p,a'toe:; xat 'ta e:pya'ttxa O'uvotxa'ta 1t€paO'av, p,e: P,tXp� 1tAe:tol.\Jy)q>[a, p,ta 1tpo'taO'y) e:vaV't[ov 'toO'o 'tY)e:; bPe:'taVtx�e:; 60p,6ae:; uopoyovou 00'0 xat 'twv 6aO'e:wv 'twv H IlA 1tOU 6p[O'xoV'tav e:rc[ 6pe: 'tavtxou e:oaq>oue:; . H oe:�ta 1t't€puya a7tav'tY)O'e: p,e: 'tY) O'uyxpo'tY)O'Y) 'tY)e:; «ExO''tpa'tdae:; yta 'to �Y)p,oxpa'ttxo �oO'taAtO'p,o» , aAAa 'to 1 9 6 1 0 rX€t'tO'xe:A P,1tOpe:O'e: va 1te:'tuXe:t p,ta p,e:ptX� p,ovo p,e:'ta60A� 'twv a1toq>a O'e:wv 1tOU €Aa6e: 'to xop,p,a 'to 1 9 60 . IIapa 'ty)v e:xAoytX� 'tou e:m'tux[a 'tou 1 9 5 9 xat 'tte:; otatp€O'e:te:; 'twv e:pya'ttxwv, 0 Maxp,[}.Aav oe:v P,1tOpe:O'e: va e:�ouoe:'te:pwO'e:t 'ty)v a[O'6Y)O'Y) 'tY)e:; e:6vtx�e:; e:�aV'tAY)O'Y)e:; , 1tOU ytvo'tav 01.0 xat 6a6u'te:pY) p,e:'ta 'to �OU€t o 1tpw6u1toupyoe:; e:1t€p,e:ve: o'tt «'to p,e:yaAu'te:po P,€poe:; 'tou Aaou p,ae:; 1to't€ oe:v 7te:pvouO'e: 'toO'o xaAa» xat u1t�pxav 1toAAa O''tOtXda yta va e:VtO'xuDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H ErpOIlH Tor '¥rxpor IloAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IlOAITIKH IETOPIA

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Ta at't'ta 't'l)e; 1tapax(J.-f)e; 't'l)e; BpE't'avtae; O'E O'uyxPtO'l) (J.E OtXOVO(J.tEe; iAAWV f xwpwv 1tpo�€vl)O'av €V't'OVEe; OtacpWVtEe; xat O'UVEXt�OUV va a1to't'e: AOUV av't'tXd(J.EVO O'u�-f)'t'l)O'l)e; . H 1tOAt't'tX-f) 't'OU «�EXtva-O''t'a(J.a't'a» a1tO 't'oue; U1tOupyoue; O tXOVO(J.tXWV 't'WV O'UV't'l)Pl)'t'tXWV €OEtXVE O't't l) XUb€P Vl)O'l) OEV yvWPt�E xat 't'00'0 xaAa 't'oue; VO(J.oue; 't'l)e; OtXovo(J.tae; xat O't't OtO''t'a�E va AabEt O'XAl)pa (J.€'t'pa 1tOU to'we; 't'l)e; O''t'OtXt�av 't'te; e:1tO(J.EVEe; ExAoy€e; . 0 tOtoe; 0 Max(J.tAAaV dXE O'UVEXWe; 't'0 CPObO 't'l)e; EmO''t'pOcp-f)e; O''t'l)V otXOVO(J.tx-f) UCPEO'l) 't'l)e; OExaE't'tae; 't'ou 1930 xat -f)'t'av €'t'Ot(J.oe; va aVEx6Et UtjJl)A€e; XUbEPVl)'t'tX€e; Oa1taVEe; xat xa1toto 1t00'00''t'0 1tAl)6wpt O'(J.ou . Ka6E cpopa o(J.we; 1tOU ot O'U'I/'t'l)Pl)'t'tXOt EmXEtpouO'av va ava6Ep(J.a vouv 't'l)v Otxovo(J.ta, 't'o E(J.1tOptXO to'o�uyto XEtpO't'€PWE xat -f)'t'av avayxata 't'a a'l/'t't1tAl)6wptO''t'txa (J.€ 't'P a , 't'a o1tota €bAa1t't'av 't'te; E1tEVOUO'Ete; xat E�a'l/'t'AouO'av 't'l)v E(J.mO''t'oO'uvl) . Au't'a, b€bata, O'uV€batVaV (J.E't'a 't'l) ota XUb€PVl)O'l) 't'wv Epya't'tXwv, Ot 01tOtOt (O'E a'l/'t'teEO'l) (J.E 't'l) r aAAta) OEV dxav xa't'acp€pEt va ava1t't'u�ouv €va a1to't'EAEO'(J.a't'tXo O'uO''t'l)(J.a (J.axpo1tp06EO'(J.OU Otxovo(J.txou O'XEOtaO'(J.0u . AAAa l) 1tOAt't'tX-f) 't'ou «�EXtVa-O''t'a (J.a't'a» OEV (J.1topd va 6EWPl)6d we; 't'0 6E(J.EAtWOEe; at't'to yta 't'l)v aouva(J.ta 't'l)e; Otxovo(J.tae; . H tota l) XUb€PVl)O'l) a1t€OwO'E (J.EyaAo (J.€pOe; 't'l)e; Eu6u Vl)e; yta 't'te; a1to't'UxtEe; 't'l)e; bpE't'aVtX-f)e; Otxovo(J.tae; O''t'l) opaO'l) 't'wv Epya 't'tXWV EVWO'EWV , xat aO'cpaAWe; l) BpE't'aVta Ot€6E't'E €va O'uVOtXaAtO''t'tXO O'uO''t'l)(J.a 't'o 01toto (J.aO''t't�o't'av a1to 1tpObA-f)(J.a't'a xa't'aO''t'a't'txou xat ap (J.OOto't'-f)'t'wv , xa't'aXPl)O''t'tX€e; a1tEpytEe; xat (J.l) aV't't1tp0O'W1tw't'tx-f) l)YE O'ta . Ot BpE't'aVOt Epya't'Ee; E(J.cpavt�ov't'av a1tocpaO'tO'(J.€VOt va a(J.dbO'l/'t'at 1tEPtO'O'O't'e:po a1t ' 00'0 dxav 1tpay(J.a't'txa a1tOowO'Et xat, yupw O''t'a 1 9 60, va O'UVEXtO'OUV 't'l)v ayopaO''t'tx-f) (J.avta �OoEuov't'ae; yta v€a xa't'avaAw't'tXa aya6a, 01tWe; tjJuyda xat 1tAuv't'-f)pta, 't'a o1tota O'uxva EtO'ayov't'av a1to 't'o E�W't'EPtXO. Ot EpyaO'tax€e; O'X€O'Ete; , 1ta'l/'t'We; , OEV cpatvE't'at va dxav 1tpO XaA€O'Et 1tOAU 1tEptO'O'O't'EpEe; a1tEpytEe; a1t ' OO'Ee; dxav ;"l)(J.Etw6Et O'E aAAEe; XWpEe; 't'l)e; LluO'l) e; , EVW (J.EyaAo E1ttO'l)e; (J.€pOe; 't'l)e; w6uvl)e; 6a (J.1tOpOUO'E va a1too06d xat O''t'a otEu6uv't'txa O''t'EA€Xl) 't'wv bpE't'aVtXWv EmXEtp-f)O'EWV, 't'a o1tota, O'E av't't6EO'l) (J.E 't'OUe; rEp(J.avOUe; O'uvaO€AcpOUe; 't'oue; , O'uxva OEV dxav 't'l)v xa't'aAAl)Al) EX1tatOWO'l) , OEV xa't'acpEpvav va av't'aywvtO''t'ouv ouva(J.txa 0''t'0 E�W't'e:ptXO xat OEV 1tapaxwpl)O'av O''t'oue; Epya�o(J.€VOUe; 't'oue; xa1toto (J.EptOto O'U(J.(J.E't'0x-f)e; O''t'te; OtotXl)'t'tX€e; a1tocpaO'Ete; -f) O''t'a X€pol) 't'wv EmXEtp-f)O'EWV . Ka1totot 1tpoO'1ta6l)O'av va 1tapouO'taO'ouv we; at't'ta 't'l)e; 1tapax(J.-f)e; 't'ov 1tOAE(J.O, 0 01tOtoe; dXE E�av't'A-f)O'Et 't'00'0 1toM 't'te; ouva(J.Ete; 't'l)e; BpE't'avtae; . AAAot, 1taAt, U1toO''t'-f)pt�av o't't l) xa't'aO''t'pocp-f) 't'l)e; bto(J.l)Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErpOIIH TOr '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 199 1 : IIOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

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MErAAH BPETANIA

2 37

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H EYPOrrH TOY 'PTXPOY rrOAEMOY, 194.5- 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH I�TOPIA

va EmbaAEt 'to 1 9 6 2 1tEptoptO"fJ-oue; O"'tYJv EtO"pO-Y) �EVWV O"'tYJ xwpa . To KOfJ- fJ-a 'twv �tAEAW6EPWV �aVa1tpObaAE we; O"YJfJ-aV'ttx-Y) 1tOAt'ttX-y) ouvafJ-YJ O"E aVa1tAYJpwfJ-a'ttXEe; EXAOyEe; . Ot U1t06EO"Ete; xa'taO"xo1tdae; BaO"O"aA, M 1tAEYJX xat � tAfJ-1tU U1tov0fJ-wO"av 'tYJV EfJ-mO"'tOO"uvYJ O"'tte; U1tYJpEO"tEe; aO"cpaAEtae; . 0 XUVtO"fJ-oe; yta 'to bpE'taVtXo O"uO"'tYJfJ-a OtaXUbEpVYJO"YJe; xat yta 'tYJV xotvwvta 'tYJe; BpE'taVtae; Ecp'taO"E O"E vEa xopucpwO"YJ o'tav 0 U1tOUP yoe; AfJ-uvYJe;, 0 T"wv IIpocptoufJ-o (John Profumo) , EVE1tAaxYJ O"E Eva EPW 'ttxo O"xavoaAo yta 'to 01tOtO IjJEu0"6YJXE O"'tYJ BOUA-Y) 'twv Kotvo't-Y)'twv . 0 MaxfJ-tAAaV, appwO"'toe; xat fJ-E 'tYJ 6EO"YJ 'tou OAO xat mo aO"'ta6-y), 1tapat 't-Y)6YJXE 'tov OX'tWbpto 'tou 1 9 63 . TYJ O"'ttYfJ--Y) ExdvYJ OptO"fJ-EVOt O"uv'tYJPYJ 'ttXOt 1tpoO"ooxouO"av va avaoEtx6Et xa1tOtoe; VEO'tEpYJe; YJAtxtae; YJYE'tYJe;' aA Aot 6EwpouO"av o'tt 0 P . A . M 1ta'tAEp -Y)'tav 0 mo xa'taAAYJAOe; otaooxoe; . AV'tt yt' au'toue; , YJ YJyE'ttX-Y) ofJ-aoa 'tou xOfJ-fJ-a'toe; O"'tpacpYJxE 1tpOe; 'tov U1toupyo E�W'tEPtXWV, 'to Mpoo XooufJ- (Lord Home)1 . 00"'t00"0, xa1totot O"uV'tYJPYJ'ttXOt apv-Y)6YJxav va U1tYJPE't-Y)O"OUV we; U1toupYOt U1tO 'tov XooufJ-, o 01tOtOe; EOEtXVE aO"cpaA-Y)e; , a�tomO"'toe; , aAAa XWptc; EfJ-1tVWO"YJ , Evae; 1tPW6u1toupyoe; «avayxYJe; » yta va xaAuljJEt 'to XEVO. L'tO fJ-E'ta�u, ot Epya'tt xOt dXav bEA'ttWO"Et 'tYJV a1to'tEAEO"fJ-a'ttXo'tYJ'ta 'toue; we; av'tt1tOAt'tWO"YJ a1to 'to 1 9 6 2 , o'tav 0 rXEt'tO"XEA dXE txaV01tot-Y)O"Et 'tYJv aptO"'tEp-Y) 1t'tEPU ya 'tou xOfJ-fJ-a'toe; aV'tt'taO"O"ofJ-EVOe; O"'tYJv dO"ooo 'tYJe; xwpae; O"'tYJv Kotv-Y) Ayopa. 0 rXEt'tO"XEA 1tE6aVE �acpvtxa 'tov Iavouapto 'tou 1 9 63 . Tov ota OEX6YJXE 0 XapoAv't OUtAO"ov, Evae; 1tpaYfJ-a'ttO"'t-Y)e; 1tOAt'ttXoe; 1tOU -Y)'tav OYJfJ-OcptA-Y)e; O"'tYJv AptO"'tEpa, otE6E'tE XUbEPVYJ'ttX-Y) EfJ-1tEtpta, dXE xaA-Y) 'tYJAE01t'ttX-Y) 1tapouO"ta xat xa'tacpEpE va 1tapouO"taO"Et 'tov Eau'to 'tou we; ouvafJ-txo YJYE'tYJ 1tOU U1toO"xo'tav va EXO"uYXpOVtO"Et 'tYJ BpE'taVta xat va a1toxa'taO"'t-y)O"Et 'tYJ "YJfJ-ta a1to 'ta «oExa'tpta xafJ-Eva xpovta» 'tYJe; ota XUbEpVYJO"YJe; 'twv O"uV'tYJPYJ'ttxwv . Ot YEVtXEe; EXAOYEe; 'tou OX'tWbptOu 'tou 1 9 64 OtEVEpy-Y)6YJxav fJ-E'ta 'tYJv E�aV'tAYJO"YJ 'tYJe; 6YJ'tdae; 'tYJe; BOUA-Y)e; . A�toO"YJfJ-dw'to -Y)'tav 'to YEyovoe; o'tt o OutAO"OV OEV xa'tacpEpE va xa'ta'tp01twO"Et 'tOUe; av'tt1taAOUe; 'tou . 0 XooufJ- dXE cpavd txavoe; 1tpw6u1toupyoe; ' E1tt1tAEOV , 'to KOfJ-fJ-a 'twv �t AEAW6EPWV dXE O"UVEXtO"Et 'tte; xaAEe; 'tou EfJ-cpaVtO"Ete; , 1tOU apxtO"av a1to 'tYJ oExaE'tta 'tou 1950, xat 1t-Y)PE 1tOAAEe; ljJ-Y)cpoue; aV'ttopaO"YJe; xa'ta 'twv

I rw: va YLVEt 1tpw6u1toupyae; , 0 XaoufJ. 1tapat'tY)6Y)xE a1ta 'tov 'tL'tAO 'tou xat EtO'Y)A6E O''ty) BOUAY) 'twv Kotvo'ty)'twv we; AAEX N'tliyxAae;-XaOufJ. (Ale c Dou g l as-Home).

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

2 39

MErAAH B P ETANIA

O"UV't'Y)p"y)'ttXWV ( 1 1 'tOte; €xcx'to O"'tte; €XAoYEe; , cxv XCXt 'to XOfJ-fJ-cx XEPOtO"€ fJ-ovo 9 EOp€e;) . Ot O"uv't'Y)P'Y)'ttXOt (3 03 EOp€e;) EXCXO"CXV 't'Y)v €�ouO"tCX, cxAAa €fJ-7tOOtO"cxv 'toue; €pycx'ttXOUe; (3 1 7 EOp€e;) vcx xcx'tcxx't�O"ouv fJ-tcx fJ-€yaA'Y) XOtVObouAw'ttX� 7tA€to�'Y)CPtcx.

H ErrOXH THl: KrPIAPXIAl: TON EPTA TIKDN, 1964-79 M€'ta 'tCX O€xcx'tptCX XPOVtCX 't'Y)e; O"uV't'Y)p'Y)'ttX�e; OtCXXUbEpV'Y)O"'Y)e; CX7tO 'to 195 1 , cxxoAou6'Y)0"€ fJ-tCX mox� O€XCX7tEV1:€ €'twv O"'tcx 07totcx o t €pycx'ttXOt EYtvCXV, 07tWe; 'to E6€O"€ 0 OUtAO"ov, «'to cpuO"tXO XOfJ-fJ-cx 't'Y)e; XUbEpV'Y)O"'Y) e; » . Ot vtX€e; 'tou OUtAO"ov O"€ 'tEO"O"€pte; Y€VtXEe; €XAoYEe; OtCXX07t'Y)xcxv fJ-OVO CX7tO 't'Y) Vtx'Y) EX7tA'Y)�'Y) 'twv O"uv't'Y)P'Y)'ttXWV 'to 1970, 'Y) 07totcx cxV'ttO"'tpacp'Y)x€ O"€ Atyo't€ po CX7tO 'tEo"o"€PCX XPOVtcx . 'OfJ-we; fJ-OVO O"€ fJ-tcx 7t€pt7t'twO"'Y) , 'to 1 9 6 6 , xcx'ta CP€P€ 0 OUtAO"ov VCX X€POtO"€t fJ-€ O"'Y)fJ-cxV'ttX� XOtVObouAw'ttX� 7tA€to�'Y)CPtcx · 'to Epycx'ttxO KOfJ-fJ-cx O"uxva €fJ-CPCXVt�o'tcxv OtXCXO"fJ-EVO· XCXt Ot U7tOO"XEO"€te; 'tou OUtAO"ov vcx €xO"uYXpOVtO"€t 't'Y)v OtXOVOfJ-tcx, vcx b€A'ttwO"€t 't'Y) Ototx'Y)O"'Y) XCXt 'tov 7tpoypcxfJ-fJ-cx'ttO"fJ-O XCXt vcx 7tpow6�0"€t 't'Y)v €7tt0"'t�fJ-'Y) XCXt 't'Y)v 't€ xvoAoytCX EfJ-€tVCXV O"€ fJ-€yaAo 7t00"00"'t0 CXV€X7tA�pw't€e; . H Bp€'tcxvtcx 'to 1 9 79 CPCXtvo'tcxv 7tOAU 7tto CXOUVCXfJ-'Y) CX7t ' o,'tt 'to 1964 'Y) OtxovofJ-tX� 't'Y)e; to"xue; O"uyxpt'ttxa fJ-€ aAA€e; XWp€e; 't'Y)e; LluO"'Y)e; O"UVEXtO"€ vcx fJ-€tWV€'tCXt, 'to 7tOAt'ttXO 't'Y)e; O"uO"'t'Y)fJ-cx bptO"XO'tcxv U7tO OOXtfJ-cxO"tCX XCXt CXXOfJ-CX XCXt Ot cptAO Oo�t€e; 't'Y)e; ytCX EVCX O"'Y)fJ-cxV'ttXO ot€6v� pol.. o dxcxv otcxAu6d. 0 tOtoe; 0 OUtAO"ov cx7toodX6'Y)x€ cxpx€'ta O"uv't'Y)p'Y)'ttXOe; O"'t'Y)v 7tOAt'ttX� O"ufJ-7t€ptcpo pa 'tou XCXt €7ttOtw�€ vcx Otcx't'Y)P�O"€t 'tOUe; €pycx'ttXOUe; O"'t'Y)v €�ouO"tCX, 0"'t'Y) Pt�OfJ-€VOe; 0"'t'Y) O"UfJ-fJ-cxxtcx fJ-€ 'tte; HIlA ytCX 'tcx €�w't€ptxa 6EfJ-CX'tcx XCXt 0"'t'Y) «O"UVCXtV€'ttX� 7tOAt'ttX�» ytCX 'tcx €O"w't€ptxa. o OutAO"ov cxv�A6€ O"'t'Y)v €�ouO"tcx 'to 1 9 64 fJ-€ U7toO"XEO"€te; ytCX EVCX OUVCXfJ-tXO 7tpoypCXfJ-fJ-CX «€xcx'to 'Y)fJ-€pwv » . Ot CXptO"'t€POt �'tcxv tXCXV07tOt'Y) fJ-E VOt fJ-€ CXpX€'tEe; 'Y)y€'ttXEe; 6EO"€te; O"'t'Y)V XUbEPV'Y)O"'Y) XCXt 'Y) CX7tOCPCXO"tO"'ttXO't'Y) 'tCX 'tWV €pyCX'ttXWV VCX b€A'ttWO"OUV 'to bP€'tCXVtXO OtXOVOfJ-tXO O"X€OtCXO"fJ-0 cpav'Y)X€ CX7tO 't'Y) O'Y)fJ-toUpytcx €VOe; TfJ-�fJ-cx'toe; O tXOVOfJ-tXWV Y7t06EO"€WV ho 07tOto XCX'tEO"'tpWO"€ EVCX E6VtXO IIpoypCXfJ-fJ-CX) U7tO 't'Y) Ot€U6uvO"'Y) 'tOU fJ-€ 'tpto7tCX60Ue; T�wp't� M7tpaouv (Geor g e Brown) XCXt €VOe; Y7toupydou T €XVoAoytcxe; (ytCX vcx €VtO"xuO"€t VEOUe; btofJ-'Y)XCXVtXOUe; 'tofJ-de; , 07tWe; 'twv 'Y)A€x'tPOVtXWV XCXt 'twv U7tOAoytO"'twv) fJ-€ U7touPYo EVCX O"UVOtXCXAtO"'t� 'Y)yE't'Y) , 'tov q)pcxvx Ka�tve; (Frank Cousins) . Ll€v �'tcxv wO"'toO"o €UXOAO -

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ETPOrrH TOT 1¥TXPOT rrOAEMOT, 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH I:ETOPIA

ytCX 'rOV OUtAG'OV VCX CXV'rtG''rPE�Et 'r'Y)V el:G'X'Y)fJ-'Y) Ot)WVOfJ-tX� XCX'rel:G''rCXG''Y) 1tOU XA'Y)pOVOfJ-'Y)G'E CX1tO 'rOUe; G'UV'r'Y)P'Y)'rtXOUe; XCXt CXfJ-EG'We; el:pXtG'CXV 'rCX 1tp06A� fJ-CX'rCX . 0 OtOptG'fJ-Oe; 'rOU IIel:'rptX rXOpV'rOV-rOUWXEp (Patrick Gordon Walker) we; U1toupyou E�W'rEPtXWV G'uv'rofJ-cx VCXUel:y'Y)G'E . 0 rxopv'rov rOUWXEp dXE Xel:G'Et 'r'Y)V XOtV060UAEU'rtX� 'rou EOpCX G''rte; EXAOYEe; XCXt fJ-tCX 1tPOG'1tel:6EtCX 'rou OUtAG'ov VCX 'rov E1tCXVCX> 1tEptuAE'rtXEe; �XEG'Ete; , 0 01tOtOe; 1tOtVtX01tOtOUG'E 'r'Y)V U1tOOCXUAt G''Y) 'rou pcx'rG'tG''rtXOU fJ-tG'oue; . H XU6EPV'Y)G''Y) 1tpOXWP'Y)G'E el:fJ-EG'CX G''r'Y)V EX1tA�pWG''Y) OUO 1tPOEXAOytXWV 'r'Y)e; U1tOG'XEG'EWV : 'r'Y)V CXU�'Y)G''Y) 'rWV G'unel: �EWV y�pCX'roe; XCXt 'r'Y)V XCX'rel:py'Y)G''Y) 'rWV XPEWG'EWV ytCX 'rte; tCX'rptXEe; G'U.. ' OCX1tCXV'Y)pEe; .. .. ' , WG''rOG'O, 'Y)'rCXV 1tOI\U � V'rCXyEe; CXI\I\CXyEe; ' . T E'rOtEe; ' ' . M E fJ-tCX ' G''Y)fJ-CXV'rtX� yp�yop'Y) CX1tO
Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

MErAAH BPETANIA

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H ErpOIlH TOr '¥rxpor IloAEMor, 1945-199 1 : IlOAITIKH IETOPIA

va a1tO't'pE�OUV fJ-�a fJ-€'t'appu6fJ-�G"'Y] 't''Y]e; BOUA-Y)e; 't'wv Aopowv : O� G"uv't''Y] P'Y]'t'�XOt €m6ufJ-ouG"av va o�a't''Y]p'Y]6d 'Y] ap'X,-Y) 't'OU XA'Y]pOVOfJ-�XOU 't't't'AOU, €VW O� ap�G"'t'€pOt 6€wpouG"av fJ-�a 01to�aG"o-Y)1to't'€ fJ-Opcp-Y)e; BOUA-Y) 't'wv Aop OWV we; aV't'�o'Y]fJ-oxpa't'�x-Y) . L't'a €�w't'€P�xeX 6EfJ-a't'a 'Y] U1tOA'Y]�'Y] 't'OU OUtA G"ov O€V €v�G"'X,u6'Y]X€, a1tO 't''Y]v aouvafJ-ta 't'OU va €mAUG"€� 't'O �-Y)'t''Y]fJ-a fJ-€ 't''Y] Poo€G"ta, a1tO 't''Y] fJ-eX't'a�'Y] a1t01t€�peX 't'OU va €v't'eX�€� 't''Y] 'X,wpa G"'t''Y]v Eupw1ta'�'x-Y) Kmvo't''Y]'t'a 't'o 1 967 -Y) a1to 't'�e; a1to't'uX'Y]fJ-EV€e; 't'ou 1tpoG"1teX6€�€e; va fJ-€G"oAab-Y)G"€� G"'t'ov 1tOA€fJ-O 't'ou B�€'t'veXfJ-. L't'O €G"w't'€p�xo 't'o «1tpO€OP�xo» G"'t'�A 'Y]y€G"tae; 't'ou 1tpw6u1toupyou oo-Y)y'Y]G"€ G"'t''Y]v 1tapat't''Y]G"'Y] 't'ou T�wp't'� M1tpeXouv (George Brown) a1to 't''Y]V XUbEPV'Y]G"'Y] . Ka't'eX 't''Y] o�eXpx€�a 't'ou 1 9 68 'Y] Bp€'t'avta a1tEcpuy€ G"€ fJ-€YeXAo ba6fJ-o 't''Y] y€V�x-Y) cpo�'t''Y]'t'�x-Y) ava 't'apax-Y) 1tOU 1tapa't''Y]p-Y)6'Y]x€ G"'t''Y] Llu't'�x-Y) r €pfJ-avta, 't''Y] raAAta xa� aA AOU . ITap ' oAa au't'eX, G"'Y]fJ-€�w6'Y]xav xa't'aA-Y)�€�e; 1tav€mG"'t''Y]fJ-�axwv x't'� ptWV , o�ao'Y]AWG"€�e; xa't'eX 't'ou 1tOAEfJ-OU 't'ou B �€'t'veXfJ- xa� fJ-EXP� xa� O� 1tpw't'€e; €VEpy€�€e; €Voe; 't'pofJ- oxpa't'�xou x�v-y)fJ-a't'oe; 't''Y]e; « Opy�G"fJ-EV'Y]e; Ta��ap'X,tae; » ('Y] o1tota O€V €�ap6pw6'Y]x€ 1tP�V a1to 't'O 1 9 7 1 ) . IToM fJ-€,,(a M't'€p'Y]e; G"'Y]fJ-aG"tae; fJ-axpo1tpo6€G"fJ-a -Y)'t'av O� 1topd€e; y�a 't'a 1tOA�'t'�xeX o�xa�wfJ-a't'a a1to 't''Y] pWfJ- atOXa6oA�x-Y) fJ-€tO�'Y]cpta 't'ou 1tA'Y]6uG"fJ-ou 't''Y]e; Bop€�ae; IpAavotae; , 1t€PtO'X,-Y) 1tOU d'X,€ 1tapafJ-dv€� G"'t'o bP€'t'av�xo xpeX't'oe; fJ-€'t'eX 't''Y] o'Y]fJ-tOupyta 't''Y]e; IpAavotae; 't'o 1 9 2 2 . O� 1topd€e; 1tpoxeXA€G"av 't''Y]v av't'topaG"'Y] 't''Y]e; 1tpo't'€G"'t'av't'�x-Y)e; 1tA€tO�'Y]cptae; , 1tOU xup�ap'X,ouG"€ G"'t''Y]v 1tOA�'t'�X-Y) xa� mxovofJ-�x-Y) �w-Y) 't''Y]e; €1tap'X,tae; ' 't'o 1 9 69 'Y] bP€'t'av�x-Y) xu bEPV 'Y]G"'Y] a1tEG"'t'€�A€ G"'t'pa't'€ufJ- a't'a y�a va o�a't''Y]p-Y)G"ouv 't''Y]v 't'eX�'Y] . 'Evae; AOyoe; y�a 't''Y]v au�avofJ-€v'Y] oUG"apEG"X€�a -Y)'t'av 'Y] a1to't'uxta 't'wv €pya't'�xwv va €�aG"cpaAtG"ouv U�'Y]AOUe; pu6fJ- oue; mxovofJ-�x-Y)e; aveX1t't'u�'Y]e; . H aVeX1t't'u�'Y] o'J't'we; G"UV€'X,tG"'t''Y]X€ 'x a't'eX 't''Y] o€xa€'t'ta 't'ou 1 9 60 xa� 't'o btO't'�XO €1tt1t€OO aVEb'Y]X€, aAAeX xa� 1teXA� O� pu6fJ-ot -Y)'t'av bpaou't'€pm a1to o,'t'� G"'t'OUe; aV't'aywv�G"'t'Ee; 't''Y]e; Bp€'t'avtae; ' 01tWe; xa� m G"uv't''Y]P'Y]'t'�XOt, 'Y] XUbEPV'Y]G"'Y] EO€�XV€ avtxav'Y] va a'J't'�fJ- €'t'w1ttG"€� 't'a o�xovofJ-�xeX 1tpObA-Y)fJ-a 't'a . Tov louAtO 't'ou 1 9 66 0 pavx KeX��ve; 1tapa�'t'-Y)6'Y]x€ o�afJ-ap't'upofJ-€VOe; y�a 't''Y]v 1tOA�'t'�X-Y) 't'�fJ-wv xa� €�G"oo'Y]fJ-eX't'wv xa� av't'�xa't'aG"'t'eX6'Y]x€ G"'t'o Y1toupydo T€'X,voAoytae; a1to 't'ov Tovu M1t€v (Tony Benn) . A1to 't'O MeXtO fJ-E'X,p� 't'ov IOUAtO xa't'Eb'Y]xav €1ttG"'Y]e; G"€ a1t€pyta xa� O� vau't'�xot, O�€XO� xwv't'ae; U�'Y]AO't'€p€e; a1tOOOxEe; . 0 OUtAG"ov, a1tocpaG"�G"fJ-EVOe; va od�€� o't'� 't'O xOfJ-fJ-a 't'ou O€V bP�G"xo't'av G"'t'o EAWe; 't'wv G"uvo�xeX't'wv, a1tEpp��€ 't'a a�'t'-y)fJ-a't'a' au't'o OfJ-We; €VOXA'Y]G"€ 't'oue; o1taOOUe; 't'wv €pya't'�xwv 1tOU av-Y) xav G"'t''Y]V €pya't'�x-Y) 't'eX�'Y] , €VW 'Y] a1t€pyta €1t'Y]pEaG"€ apv'Y]'t'�xeX 't'O €fJ-1tOPtO Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

MErAAH BPETANIA

2 43

xat 't"1') O''t"Ep),Jva . Tov IOUAtO 't"ou 1 9 66 1') XUbepV1')O'1') E1tebaAE 1tEptOptO'fJ-OUe; O''t"te; 1ttO''t"WO'Ete; , au�1')O'1') 't"1')e; cpOpoAoytae; , 1tEptX01tee; O''t"te; E1tEVOUO'Ete; xat E�afJ-1')vo 1taywfJ-a fJ-t0'6wv . 00''t"00'0 , fJ-E't"a a1to fJ-ta bpaxu1tp06EO'fJ-1') ava xafJ-�1'), 't"0 EfJ-1tOptXO to'o�uytO 't"o 1 9 67 Y)'t"av xat 1taAt apv1')'t"tXO xat 1') ava1t't"u�1') xafJ-1')AY) . H EfJ-1ttO''t"OO'uv1') U1tOVOfJ-EU't"1')XE axofJ-1') 1tEPtO'O'O't"EpO a1to 't"1')v a1to't"uXta 't"1')e; at't"1')O'1')e; yta eV't"a�1') O''t"1')v KotvY) Ayopa xat 't"ov apa bo·�O'pa1')AtVO 1tOAEfJ-O 't"ou Iouvtou . To NoefJ-bptO, 1tapa 't"1')V avafJ-v1')O'1') 't"ou 1949, 0 Ou["AO'ov xat 't"o e6voe; e1tpE1tE va U1toO''t"ouv 't"1')v 't"a1tdvwO'1') fJ-tae; U1to't"tfJ-1')O'1')e; 't"1')e; O''t"EpAtVae; . 0 U1tOupyoe; OtXOVOfJ-tXWV T�e1')fJ-e; KaAAa xav (James Callaghan) av't"txa't"aO''t"a61')XE 't"O't"E a1tO 't"ov Pou T�evxtve; (Roy Jenkins) · Ot XpEWO'Ete; 't"wv ta't"ptxwv O'uv't"aywv E1tavY)A6av· eytvav a1tOOEx't"ee; 1tEptX01tee; O''t"o 1tpoypafJ-fJ-a O''t"eyaO'1') e; , axofJ-1') xat O''t"te; afJ-u v't"txee; Oa1taVEe; . 'OfJ-We; 't"0 1 9 68 1') O''t"EpAtva 1tapefJ-EvE aO''t"a6y)e; xat 1') O'UVEXt�OfJ-EV1') abEbato't"1')'t"a, fJ-a�t xat 1') fJ-dwO'1') 't"wv xpa't"txwv E1tEVOU O'EWV, O'uvebaAav 0''t"1') OtaAuO'1') 'twv EA1ttOWV 't"wv Epya't"txwv yta Op60AO ytXO 1tpoypafJ-fJ-a't"tO'fJ-o 't"1')e; OtXOvofJ-txY)e; ava1t't"u�1') e; . H Xwpa 1to't"e OEV 1te't"uXE 't"0 O''t"0Xo 1tOU dXE 6eO'Et 't"o E6vtxo IIpoypafJ-fJ-a 't"ou 1 9 65 , 01') Aaoy) 3 ,8 't"Ote; Exa't"o 1t00'00''t"0 ava1t't"u�1')e; E't"1')O'twe; : 0 fJ-eO'oe; opoe; E't"Y)O'tae; ava1t't"u�1')e; O''t"a 1 9 64-70 Y)'t"av fJ-0Ate; 2,2 't"Ote; Exa't"o. To 1 9 69 0 au�avo fJ-EVOe; apt6fJ-0e; 't"wv a1tEpytWV OOY)y1')O'E 't"1')V xUbepv1')O'1') va 1tapouO'taO'Et eva N ofJ-oO'xeotO EpyaO'taxwv �xeO'Ewv, aAAa xat 1taAt au't"o EVOXA1')O'E fJ-ta O'1')fJ-aV'ttxY) ofJ-aoa U1toO''t"1')ptx't"wv 't"1')e; XUbepV1')O'1')e; , 't"a Epya't"tXa t' , ' xat xpEtaO''t"1')XE va a1toO'up 6 Et.' O'uvotxa't"a, Mexpt 't"ov IouvtO 't"ou 1 970, 1tap' oAa 't"a 1tPObAy)fJ-a't"a 't"wv Epya't"t xwv, 't"o EfJ-1tOPtO bEA't"tWvo't"av xat Ot fJ-t0'60t bptO'xov't"av O'E avooo, EV fJ-epEt E�at't"tae; 't"1')e; U1to't"tfJ-1')O'1')e; 't"ou 1 9 67 . 0 Ou["AO'ov dXE 't"1') ouva't"o't"1')'t"a va O'uyxaAeO'Et EXAoyee; fJ-E EUvoi·xee; yt' au't"ov o1')fJ-oO'X01ty)O'Ete; . 'OfJ-we; axo fJ-1') xat 0 1tpw6u1toupyoe; 1tapaoex61')xE o't"t 1') XUbepV1')O'Y) 't"ou dXE �EcpUyEt EX't"Oe; 1topdae; , xa6we; a1te't"uXE va xaVEt O'1')fJ-av't"txee; fJ-E't"appu6fJ-tO'Ete; Y) va EAeY�Et 't"1')v OtxovofJ-ta . 0 1tA1')6wptO'fJ-0e; Ot1tAaO'taO''t"1')XE a1to 't"o 1 9 64 cp't"avoV'tae; 't"0 6 't"Ote; Exa't"o, 't"pocpoOO't"oUfJ-EVOe; a1to fJ-t0'60AoytXee; au�Y) O'Ete; xat xpa't"txee; Oa1taVEe; . Ot O'uV't1')P1')'t"tXOt, fJ-E't"a 't"o O'uveopto 't"oue; 't"ou Iavouaptou O''t"o �EVOOOXEtO �eAO'V'tov IIapx, 1tapouO'taO'av eva veo Pt�O O'1taO''t"txo 1tOAt't"tXO 1tpoypafJ-fJ-a , baO'tO'fJ-evo 0''t"1') ouO'apeO'xEta yta 't"1') «O'uVatVE't"txy) 1tOAt't"tXY)>> , 1tOU dXE otOyxw6d a1to 't"1')v E1t0XY) 't"ou Max fJ-["AAav . Ot O'uV't1')P1')'t"txot, 1tOU Ot tOtOt dxav aU�Y)O'Et 't"te; 01')fJ-00'tEe; oa1ta VEe; xat dxav EyxatVtaO'Et 't"1')v 1tOAt't"tXy) O'uyxpa't"1')O'1')e; fJ-t0'6wv fJ-E 't"ov Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOIIH Tor WYXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 945- 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH IETOPIA

MaX(J-tAAaV, "t'wpa Em�Y)"t'ouerav "t'Y) (J-EtwerY) "t'Y)C; xpa"t'LXT)C; 1tape(J-baerY)c; er"t'Y)v mxovo(J-ta, Y) 01tOta e:t-x,E OWYXW6Et (J-eerw "t'wv xpa"t'LX01tOLT)erEWv, "t'wv xpa"t'LXWv E1tEVOUerEWv xaL "t'Y)C; 1tOAL"t'LXT)C; "t'L(J-WV xaL ELerOOY)(J-a"t'wv . Em6u(J-ouerav, axo(J-Y) , "t'ov 1tEpWpLer(J-O "t'WV 1tapo'X,wv XOLVWVLXT)C; 1tpOvmac; xaL "t'Y) (J-EtwerY) "t'WV
MErAAH BPETANIA

2 45

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H ETPOIIH TOr '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

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MErAAH B PETANIA

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H ErPOIIH TOr '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1 945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

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xat YJ 1tOAt..tXYj "YJe; 1tAYjpOUe; a1taO'XOAYJO'YJe; dXE ouO'taO'..txa AYj�Et xa.. a "YJ OEXaE .. ta .. ou 1970. Etvat E1ttO'YJe; ouva.. o va U1toO'''YJptX6d o.. t .. o 1tpay p.a.. txo O'YJp.do xap.1tYje; yta .. 0 P.EAAOV "YJe; BpE ..aVtae; Yj .. av ..0 1 9 8 1 Yj .. 0 1982 : .. 0 1 9 8 1 YJ Otxovop.txYj UCPEO'YJ , 1tOU EmOEtVw6YJXE xat a1to VEEe; au�YjO'Ete; O' .. te; .. tp.Ee; .. ou 1tE"pEAatOU, Ecp ..aO'E 0' .. 0 vaotp "YJe; , P.E U�YJAYj aVEpyta, ..apaxEe; O'E p.EyaAEe; bpE .. aVtXEe; 1tOAEte; xat Eva O'apw .. txo ava O'XYJp.a .. tO'p.o "YJe; XUbEpVYJO'YJe; . AAAa .. 0 1982 O'YJp.Etw6YJXE YJ avaxap. �YJ .. wv O'uv"YJPYJ .. txwv xat "YJe; E6vtxYje; aU"01tE1toteYJO'YJe; P.E "YJv XptO'YJ .. wv q>wxAav .. e; . H vEa XUbEPVYJO'YJ e:�E1tAYJ�E "Oue; 1tapa"YJPYJ .. Ee;, 1tOU Yj .. av O'uVYJ6tO'P.E VOt O'''YJV 1tOAt.. tXYj "YJe; O'UVatVEO'YJe; , p.e: "YJV a1tocpaO'tO' .. txo"YJ .. a "YJe; va Ecpapp.oO'Et "YJV 1tOAt.. tXYj "YJe; . Oe; EVOEt�YJ "YJe; VEae; Ep.mO'"oO'UVYJe; O' .. te; ouvap.Ete; "YJe; ayopae; , 0 T�Ecppu Xaou (Geoffrey Howe) , 0 U1tOupyoe; Otxovop.tXWV, 1tPOXWPYJO'E O'uv .. op.a O'''YJV xa ..apyYJO'YJ .. wv P.t0'60AoytXWV 1tEptOptO'p.wv 1tapa .. ov Xtvouvo .. ou 1tAYJ6wptO'p.ou . MdwO'E, E1ttO'YJ e; , "YJ cpOpoAoyta, u1toO'XE6YJXE 1tEptX01tEe; oa1tavwv xat p.E..a .. omO'E ..a CPOPOAO ytxa bapYJ a1to .. 0 cpopo EtO'ooYjp.a.. oe; 0' .. 0 ITA . Au ..Yj YJ ..EAw.. ata .. ou EVEpYEta O'uvEbaAE O'''YJV au�YJO'YJ .. ou 1tAYJ6wptO'p.ou, 1tOU ayyt�E .. 0 22 "Ote; Exa.. o ..0 1980 1tptV U1tOXWpYjO'Et . To 1tE"pEAatO "YJe; BOpEtae; 8aAaO'O'ae; , ota"YJpwv.. ae; "YJV a�ta "YJe; Atpae; O'E u�YJAa E1tt1tEOa, a1toodx6YJXE 1tOA Aa1tAa WcpEAtP.O yta .. 0 EP.1tOptO . 0 U1tOupyoe; O txovop.tXWV ota ..YjpYJO'E ..a u�YJAa Em.. oXta yta va 1tEptOptO'Et .. ov 1tAYJ6wptO'p.o, aAAa Xt au ..a O'unE AEO'av O'''YJV EVtO'XUO'YJ "YJe; a�tae; ..Y)e; O'''EpAtVae; . Ma�t P.E "Y) otE6vYj UCPE O'y) , Y) 1tOAt.. tXYj ..Y)e; XUbEpVY)O'Y)e; OOYjYYJO'E O'''Y)V EX"O�EUO'Y) ..Y)e; aVEpytae; O'.. a u�Y) , �E1tEpvwv .. ae; .. a .. pta Exa.. op.p.upta aVEpywv .. 0 1 98 1 . To AEIT E1tECP"E O'UVEXWe; p.E ..a�u .. ou 1 9 79 xat .. ou 1982, xat P.EXpt .. 0 1983 Y) btOp.Y)xaVtxYj 1tapaywyYj dXE p.Etw6d xa.. a .. o Eva OExa.. o . MOAte; ..0 1988 6a Ecp ..avav Ot btOp.y)xaVtXEe; E1tEVOUO'Ete; xat 1taAt O'.. a E1tt1tEOa .. ou 1 9 79 . IIapaooO'taxEe; btOp.y)xaVtEe; 0' .. 0 boppa, 01tWe; xaAuboupyda xat vau1ty) yda, oEx6Y)xav tOtat"Epa O'XAY)pO 1tAYjyp.a xat antO' ..otxa EmOEtVw6y)XE Xt Y) aVEpyta, ooY)ywnae; O'E cpObOUe; yta «OtatpEO'Y) boppa-vo.. ou» . O t OUO'XOAtEe; O'''ov U1tOAoytO'P.O "wv XPY)p.a.. txwv a1t06Ep.a .. wv, xat E1tOP.E vwe; O'''Y)v Ecpapp.oyYj ..Y)e; p.ovE ..aptO' ..txYje; 1tOAt.. tXYje; , ooYjyY)O'av 0' .. 0 va o06d p.EyaAu"EpY) Ep.cpaO'Y) O' .. te; 1tEptX01tEe; oa1tavwv . Ot 1tEptX01tEe; op.we; O'uvEbaAav O'''Y)v au�Y)O'Y) ..Y)e; aVEpytae; xat EbAa�av .. te; Oy)p.OO'tEe; U1ty)PE O'tEe; . rta axop.Y) p.ta cpopa Y) BpE ..aVta EOEtXVE va 1tAYj .... E ..at XEtpo"Epa xa..a "Y) OtapXEta p.tae; UcpEO'Y)e; O'E O'XEO'Y) P.E aAAEe; 1tpOY)yp.EVEe; XWpEe; , Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H EYPOIlH TOY 'l'YXPOY IlOAEMOY, 1945-199 1 : IlOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

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2 55

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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

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"t'CXO'l) CX7t€VCXV"t'� "t'00'0 O'''t'l)V 7tOA�"t'�X� "t'l)e; O'UVCXtVEO'l)e; 00'0 XCX� 0'''t'0 6CX"t'O'E p�O'fJ.o . �"t'cx EO'W"t'Ep�Xa 0 M7tEV �l)"t'OUO'E fJ.E'YCXAU"t'EPl) XpCX"t'�X� 7tCXP€fJ.bCX O'l), U�l)A6"t'EpEe; OCX7taVEe; xmvwv�X�e; 7tpOVmCXe; XCX� 't"l)V xcx't"ap'Yl)O'l) EXEt VWV 't"WV O''t"O�'X,EtWV 't"l)e; XO�VWVtCXe; 't"CX 07tOtCX bCXO't�OV't"CXV O'E 't"CX��X€e; O�CX XptO'E�e; , 07tWe; l) BOUA� 't"wv Aopowv xcx� l) �o�w't"�x� EX7tCXtOWO'l) . �'t"OV E�W't"EP�XO 't"OfJ.€CX �'t"CXV U7t€P 't"OU fJ.OVOfJ.EpOUe; CXCP07tA�O'fJ.OU, 't"l)e; UcpEO'l)e; XCX� 't"l)e; CX7tO'X,Wpl)O'l)e; CX7tO 't"l)V EOK . Tov OX't"WbPtO 't"ou 1 980 0 KaA ACX'X,CXV 7tCXpcx�'t"�6l)XE CX7tO 't"l)v l)'YEO'tCX 't"ou xOfJ.fJ.cx't"oe; xcx� 0 CXp�O''t"EpOe; Ma�xA
H ETPOIIH TOT 'I'TXPOT IIOAEMOT, 1945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH 11:TOPIA (n WI.

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MErAAH B PETANIA

2 59

XWV (juv'T:fA€(jav w(j'T:€ 'T:a y€yovo'T:a va €�€AtXeOUV xa'T:a 'T:P01tO aV'T:((j'T:pO rpo a1tO O,'T:t 'T:O 1 9 74 . Ot avepaxwpuxot "Y)'T:'T:�e"Y)xav 1ta'T:aywowe; xat 'T:O 1985 Ot a1t€py(€e; bp€e"Y)xav (j'T:0 Xa(J."Y)AO'T:€PO 'T:OUe; €1t(1t€00 'T:WV 'T:€AW 'T:a(wv dxo(jt Xpovwv . H O€U'T:€P"y) XUb€PV"Y)(j"Y) 8a'T:(j€p aV'T:t(J.€'T:W1tt(j€ (J.ta (j€tpa a1to 1tpObA� (J.a'T:a 1tOU €(J.€tvav yvw(j'T:a we; «(J.1taVavorpAOUO€e;» : 'T:O 1986 "Y) 1tpWeU1tOupyoe; O€Xe"Y)X€ €1ttXp((j€te; €1t€tO� €1t€'T:P€�€ (j€ a€po1toptX� ouva(J."Y) 'T:WV RITA va bO(J.bapo((j€t 'T:"Y) AtbU"Y) a1to bp€'T:aVtX€e; ba(j€te; · Ot OtW�€te; 1tOU a(jx"Y)(j€ "Y) XUb€PV"Y)(j"Y) (J.€ ba(j"y) 'T:O vO(J.o 1t€p( Kpa'T:txwv A1topp�'T:WV 1tpo�€v"Y)(jav aV"y)(jux(a yta 'T:te; 1tOAt'T:tX€e; €AWe€p(€e; · xa'T:01ttv, 'T:OV Iavoua pto 'T:OU 1 9 8 6 , 'T:O U1toupytXO (jU(J.bOUAto OtXa(j'T:"y)X€ yta 'T:O e€(J.a 'T:"Y)e; 1tWA"Y)(j"Y)e; 'T:WV EAtX01t'T:€PWV OU€(j'T:AaV'T: (j€ €'T:atpda 'T:WV RITA xat 1ta pat'T:�e"Y)xav OUO U1touPYo(, (J.€'T:a�u 'T:WV 01t0(wv 0 MatXA X €�€A'T:atV (Michael Heseltine), 1tOU e€Wpouv'T:av a1to 1tOAAOUe; we; 1tteaVOe; otaoo xoe; 'T:"Y)e; 8a'T:(j€p xat �'T:av u1t€p(J.axoe; 'T:"Y)e; (j'T:€V�e; (juv€pya(j(ae; (J.€ 'T:"Y)V Eupw1t"Y) . H XUb€PV"Y)(j"Y) xa'T:acp€p€ va aV'T:t(j'T:ae(J.((j€t aU'T:€e; 'T:te; OU(jXOA(€e; 1tapou(jta�ov'T:ae; 'T:"Y) e€(j"Y) O'T:t dX€ €1ttrp€P€t (J.ta €nu1tw(jtax� aAAay� (j'T:0 Otxovo(J.tXO (J.€AAOV 'T:"Y)e; Bp€'T:av(ae; , xaewe; Ot pue(J.o( ava1t'T:U�"Y)e; �€1t€pa (jav 1tA€OV 'T:OUe; an((j'T:otXOUe; 'T:WV aV'T:aywvt(j'T:WV 'T:"Y)e; (j'T:"Y)V E O K . 0 «a(je€V�e; 'T:"Y)e; Eupw1t"Y)e;» €ytV€ 1tA€OV (J.ta xwpa (J.€ (j"Y)(J.antX€e; €1tt'T:U x(€e; , Eva x€npo 'T:"Y)e; €1ttX€tp"Y)(J.a'T:tX�e; XOUA'T:OUpae; . A1to (J.(a €X 'T:WV u(j'T:€PWV €�€'T:a(j"Y) , dvat ouva'T:ov va e€wp"Y)ed O'T:t "Y) ava1t'T:u�"Y) xat Ot 1t€ptX01t€e; rpopwv (j'T:a (J.€(ja 'T:"Y)e; o€xa€'T:(ae; 'T:OU 1 980 (j'T:"y)p(X'T:"Y)xav €V (J.€P€t (j'T:"Y)v 1tayxo(j(J.ta avaxa(J.�"Y) , (j€ (J.ta Otxovo(J.tX� €1t€x'T:a(j"y) ba(jt (j(J.€v"Y) (j'T:"Y)v Xa'T:aVaAw(j"y) xat €Vt(jXu(J.€v"y) a1to 'T:"Y)v xa'T:apY"Y)(j"Y) 'T:WV 1tt (j'T:W'T:tXWV 1t€ptopt(j(J.wv xat a1to 'T:p€te; bpaXU1tpOe€(j(J.oue; 1tapayovne; : 'T:"Y) rpu(jtX� 1topda avaxa(J.�"Y)e; (J.€'T:a a1to 'T:"Y) baeta xp((j"Y) 'T:OU 1 9 8 1 , 'T:"Y)v 1tapaywy� 1t€'T:p€Aa(ou 'T:"Y)e; Bop€tae; 8aAa(j(jae; ("Y) o1to(a €rp'T:a(j€ (j'T:0 (J.€yt(j'T:O (j"Y)(J.do 'T:"Y)e; €x€(va 'T:a xpovta) xat 'T:a xp�(J.a'T:a 1tOU 1tpO�Aeav cmo 'T:te; tOtW'T:tX01tot�(j€te; . Movo xa'T:a 'T:O Otxovo(J.tXO €'T:0e; 1 9 86-87 'T:O xpa'T:Oe; X€POt(j€ 4 ,4 ot(j€xa'T:o(J.(J.upta (j'T:€pA(V€e; a1to 'T:te; tOW'T:tX01tOt�(j€te; , (J.€ 'T:te; 1tWA�(j€te; 'T:WV Bp€'T:avtxwv T"Y)A€1ttxotvWVtWV (British Telecom) , 'T:WV Bp€'T:avtxwv A€poypa(J.(J.wv (British Airlines) xat 'T:"Y)e; E'T:atpdae; rypa€p(ou va a1too€txvuonat tota('T:€pa €1ttX€PO€(c; . Axo(J."Y) xat "Y) av€p y(a, "Y) o1to(a xopurpwe"Y)X€ 'T:OV IOUAto 'T:OU 1986 (J.€ 1tavw a1to 'T:p(a €xa 'T:o(J.(J.upta av€pyoue; , apxt(j€ va (J.€twv€'T:at, xaewe; 0 O€U'T:€pOe; U1tOupyoe; Otxovo(J.tXWV 'T:"Y)e; 8a'T:(j€p, 0 Nat'T:�€A AW(jov (Nigel Lawson), (J.dw(j€ Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

2 60

H EYPCHIH TOY '¥YXPOY rrOAEMOY, 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH I�TOPIA

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fJ-€CTa 't"Y)C; OEXaE't"[ac; 't"ou 1990. Ot fJ-E't"appUefJ-[CTEtC; 't"Y)C; XU6€PVY)CTY)C; CT't"tC; U1ty)PECT[EC; oY)fJ-oCTtac; uydac; xat CT't"O EX1tatOw't"txO CTuCT't"Y)fJ-a €OWCTaV 1tpO 't"EpatOn)'t"a CT't"Y)V OtXOVOfJ-tX� a1to't"EAECTfJ-a't"tXo't"Y)'t"a xat CT't"Y)V Otxov0fJ-[a 't"Y)C; ayop�c; 1tap� CT't"Y) Aa'ix� WY)fJ-Ep [a , E1tt6�puvav 't"o 1tPOCTW1ttXO xat a1tdAY)CTav va xa't"aCT't"p€�OUV xat 't"a 't"EAw't"a[a [X,vY) tCTo't"Y)'t"ac; xat xa eOAtXo't"y)'t"ac; 't"ou CTuCT't"�fJ-a't"oc; XOtVWVtX�C; 1tpovotac; . H au�Y)CTY) 't"wv XpEWCTEWV CT't"tC; U1ty)PECT[EC; uydac; xat Y) 1tpoypafJ-fJ-a't"t�ofJ-EVY) xaet€pWCTY) 't"wv CT1tOUoaCT't"tXWV oavdwv a1tE[Ay)CTav 't"a CTUfJ-cp€poV't"a axofJ-Y) xat 't"Y)C; fJ-ECTa[ac; 't"��Y)C; . Ot aU��CTEtC; 't"wv EVotX[WV, Ot 1tEptOptCTfJ-O[ CT't"tC; 1tapox€c; XOtVWVtX�C; aCTcp�AtCTY)C; xat, tOta['t"Epa, Y) xaet€pWCTY) EVOC; V€OU 't"01ttXOU «xEcpaAtXOU cpopou» ho 1 9 88 CT't"Y) �xw't"[a, 't"0 1990 CT't"Y)V AYYA[a xat CT't"Y)V OuaA[a) E1tt6�puvav xup[WC; 't"a CP't"wX0't"Epa fJ-€AY) 't"Y)C; Xotvwv[ac; , 't"0 6tO't"txo E1t[1tEOO 't"wv 01t0[wv OEX't"Y)XE CT06apo 1tA�YfJ-a. H XU6€PVY)CTY) xa't"Y)yop�eY)XE yta cptAapyup[a xat XOtVWVtX� avaAYY)CT[a xat yta 't"Y) CTXO1ttfJ-Y) xaAAt€pYEta 't"wv a�twv 't"ou a't"OfJ-tCTfJ-OU xat 't"Y)C; a1tAy)CT't"[ac; . To 1989 0 ea't"CTEptCTfJ-OC; €OEt�E va X�VEt X�1tOtO fJ-€POC; 't"Y)C; Aa'ix�c; 't"ou a1t� XY)CTY)C; . 'OAEC; ot XEpOOCPOpEC; xpa't"tx€c; E1ttXEtP�CTEtC; , EX't"OC; a1to 't"ov y)AE X't"ptCTfJ-O, dxav 1tA€OV 1touAY)ed xat 't"0 1tE't"p€AatO 't"Y)C; BOpEtac; 8�AaCT CTac; �PXtCTE va E�aV't"Ad't"at . H aVEpy[a dXE fJ-Etwed, aAA� axofJ-Y) Ot �VEpyOt �E:1tEpVOUCTav 't"0 EV�fJ-tCTt Exa't"OfJ-fJ-uptO (fJ-E 1tEp[1tOU 700.000 E1tt1tA€OV �'t"ofJ-a 1tAaCTfJ-a't"tX� Epya�OfJ-Eva CTE CTX€Ota «oY)fJ-tOupy[ac; e€CTEWV EpyaCT[ac; » ) . H fJ-dWCT� 't"Y)C; 1t�v't"wc; CTUVOOEU't"y)XE yta X�1tOtO Ot�CT't"y)fJ-a a1to 't"Y)v ava6[wCTY) 't"Y)C; a1tEpytaX�C; Op�CTY) C; , to[WC; CT't"tC; Oy)fJ-OCTtEC; U1tY) pECT[EC; , 01tOU Ot fJ-tCTeO[ �'t"av fJ-tXPO't"EpOt a1to au't"ouc; 't"ou tOtw't"tXOU 't"o fJ-€a. H OUCTap€CTXEta au��eY)XE a1to Evod�EtC; o't"t 0 N�t't"�EA AWCTOV, av't"[ va 't"01tOeE't"�CTEt 't"tC; 6�CTEtC; yta CT't"aeEp� 1tpOOOO fJ-E 't"tC; cpOpoAoytX€C; 't"ou 1tEptX01t€C; CT't"a fJ-€CTa 't"Y)C; oExaE't"[ac; 't"ou 1980, dXE, av't"[eE't"a, 't"pocpooo 't"�CTEt fJ-ta xa't"avaAw't"tX� €XPY)�Y) XEtpO't"EPY) a1to ExdvEC; 't"Y)C; E1t0X�C; 't"ou «CT't"afJ-�'t"a-�Ex[va» . Ka't"� 't"Y)v 1tEp[OOO 1 987 -90 au��vov't"av CTUVEXWC; 't"a EAAdfJ-fJ-a't"a CT't"O EfJ-1tOptXO tCTO�UytO, acpou Y) 6pE't"aVtX� 6tOfJ-y)xav[a yta fJ-ta axofJ-Y) cpop� a1t€'t"uXE va aV't"a1toxpted CT't"Y)V EYXWpta ��'t"Y)CTY) . Ka eWC; dXE OE:CTfJ-W't"E[ va fJ-EtWCTEt 't"Y) cpOpoAoy[a EtCTOo�fJ-a't"oc; , Y) xu6€pvy) CTY) E1t€AE�E va av't"tfJ-E't"W1t[CTEt 't"o EfJ-1tOptXO €AAEtfJ-fJ-a fJ-E aU��CTEtC; CT't"a � " P . , t, 't"tC; E1tEV, EOl\a'!'E E1tt't"OXta, al\l\a au't"o" apyouCTE va a1tOoWCTEt, • • ' 't"o fJ-E't"pO , OUCTEtC; xat CTuv€6aAE CT't"Y)V �vooo 't"ou 1tAY)eWptCTfJ-OU . To 1 9 89 't"0 EfJ-1tOpt xo €AAEtfJ-fJ-a �'t"av CTXE06v 20 OtCTExa't"ofJ-fJ-upta CT't"EpA[VEC; , 0 1tAY)eWptCTfJ-OC; �E:1tEPVOUCTE 't"0 7 't"OtC; Exa't"o xat Y) aV�1t't"u�Y) €1tECTE x�'t"w a1to 't"0 3 't"OtC; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErPClIIH TOr '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH ILTOPIA

EXCl'rO. O U'rE O(J-W<; XClt "Y) 8ci'rerEp iOEtXVE tXClV� Vcl ClV'rCl7tOXpt6d (J-E O"Y)(J-tOupytXO 'rp07tO er'rt<; OtE6vd<; E�EAt�Et<; : ClV'rt Vcl EYXCl'rClAd�Et 'r"Y)V 7tClpClOOertClX� E�W'rEPtX� 7tOAt'rtX�, dXE OtCl'r"Y)p�erEt 'rt<; u�"Y)Ai<; Cl(J-UV'rt xi<; OCl7tcivE<; eruyxpt'rtXci (J-E 'rt<; U7tOAOt7tE<; XWpE<; 'rou NATO XClt �'rclV Clv'rt6E'r"Y) (J-E 'r"Y) eru(J-(J-E'r0X� 'r"Y)<; BpE'rClVtCl<; er'ro M "y)XClVter(J-o �uvClAACly (J-Cl'rtXWV Iero'rt(J-twV 'r"Y)<; EOK. O t OtClCPWVtE<; 'rou (J-E 'r"Y)v 7tpw6u7toupyo ytCl 'r0 'rEAW'rCltO ClU'rO 6i(J-Cl oo�y"Y)erClv 'rEAtxci 'rov Awerov er'r"Y)v 7tClPClt 'r"Y)er"Y) · 'rov otCloiX6"y)XE iVCl<; vio<; WVOOU(J-EVO<; 'r"Y)<; 8ci'rerEp , 0 T�wv Mit'r�op, 'rov OX'rWbptO 'rou 1989 . H o"Y)(J-o'rtXO'r"Y)'rCl 'rwv eruv'r"Y)p"Y)'rtXWV dXE 7tierEt XClt xCl'rci 'r"Y) OtciPXEtCl 'rwv 7tpO"Y)yOU(J-EVWV XUbEpv�erEwv 8ci'rerEp, ClAAci ClU'r� 'r"Y) cpopci U7t�PXE 'rClU'r0XPOVcl XClt (J-tCl er"Y)(J-Clv'rtX� ClvcixCl(J-�"Y) 'rwv EpyCl'rtXWV, eru(J-cpwvCl (J-E 'rt<; o"Y)(J-oerX07t�erEt<; . To XO(J-(J-Cl 'rWpCl Cl7tOOEX0'rClV (J-tCl Cl(J-UV'rtX� 7tOAt'rtX� (J-E 7tup"Y)vtxci 07tACl XClt 'r"Y) eru(J-(J-E'roX� er'r"Y)v EOK, XClt i7tCl�E Vcl ClV'rt'rt6E'rClt er'r"Y)v 7tWA"Y)er"Y) XOtvo'rtXWV XCl'rOtXtWV XClt er'rt<; tOtw'rtx07tOt�erEt<; . H ClvClyivv"Y)er"Y) 'rwv EpyCl'rtXWV, E7tter"Y) <; , Euvo�6"Y)XE XClt Cl7tO ClV'rt6ierEt<; (J-ierCl er'r"Y) �U(J-(J-ClXtCl SDP-�tAEAW6ipwv . ME'rci 'rt<; EXAoyi<; 'rou 1 98 7 , 0 "Y)yi 'r"Y)<; 'rou SDP N'ri"Y)btV'r 'OOUEV Clv'rter'rci6"y)xE er'rt<; mierEt<; ytCl EV07tOt"y)er"y) 'rwv OUO xO(J-(J-ci'rwv . TEAtxci, erX"Y)(J-Cl'rter'r"Y)xE iVCl vio �OertClAter'rtXO XClt � tAEAEU6EpO �"Y)(J-OXpCl'rtXO KO(J-(J-Cl (SLD), ClAAci (J-ierCl erE 'ri'rOtCl o�u'r"Y) 'rcl, 7tOU "Y) u7toer'r�pt�"Y) 7tpo<; 'r0 xwpo 'rou Kiv'rpou, ytCl xci7totO otcier'r"Y)(J-Cl, xCl'rippwerE . �'rt<; Wpw7tCl"t"xi<; EXAoyi<; 'rou MCl"tOU 1 989 Ot ��CPOt «OtCl (J-Clp'rUptCl<; » XCl'rEu6uv6"y)XClV er'ro (J-iXpt 'rO'rE Cler�(J-Clv'ro KO(J-(J-Cl 'rwv IIpClertvwv . (Ot �"Y)cpocpopOt 7tpOCPClVW<; OEV dXClV XCl'rClvo�erEt 'rt<; Cl7tO�Et<; 'rwv OtXOAOYWV 7tEpt ClVCl'rp07t�<; 'rou u7tcipxoV'ro<; XOtVWVtXOU XClt Otxovo (J-tXOU eruer'r�(J-Cl'ro<; .) ME'rci Cl7tO OiXCl XPOVtCl 6Cl'rerEpter(J-ou , "Y) BpE'rClVtCl �'rclV mo ertyoup"Y), 7tAOUertCl XClt Evw(J-iv"Y) Cl7t ' oero �'rclV OiXcl XPOVtCl 7tptv . Kci7totCl er"Y)(J-ClV'rtX� eruV'rCly(J-Cl'rtX� (J-E'rClbOA� OEV i(J-OtCl�E m6Clv�, ClX0(J-"Y) Xt ClV opter(J-ivot erxE7t'rtxter'ri<; , Clv"Y)eruxwv'rCl<; ytCl 'r"Y) OUVCl(J-"Y) 'r"Y)<; xUbip v"Y)er"Y)<;, u7toer'r�pt�ClV 'r"Y)v xCl'rcip'rter"y) EVO<; Xcip'r"Y) �txCltw(J-ci'rwv XClt 'r"Y)v xCl6tipwer"Y) ClVClAoytXOU EXAoytXOU eruer'r�(J-Cl'ro<; . 'O(J-w<; 7tOAAci 7tClACltO 'rEpcl 7tpObA�(J-Cl'rCl �'rclV ClX0(J-"Y) E(J-CPClV� : (J-tCl ClOUVCl(J-"Y) btO(J-"Y)XClvtX� U7tO00(J-� , 7tpObA�(J-Cl'rCl er'ro tero�uytO 7tA"Y)PW(J-WV, Cler'rCl6i<; vO(J-ter(J-Cl, Cl7tp06u (J-tCl ytCl OUVCl(J-tX� eru(J-(J-E'roX� er'r"Y)v Eupw7t"y) , 7tA"Y)6wpter(J- o<; , Otxovo(J-tX� 7tOAt'rtX� 'rou «er'rCl(J-ci'rCl-�ExtvCl» , Cl7tO'rUXtCl er'r"Y)v 7tpow6"Y)er"Y) 'r"Y)<; 'rEXVt x�<; EX7tCltOwer"y)<; XClt OtCl'r�p"Y)er"Y) 'rwv 'rCl�tXWV OtClXWpter(J-wv . To 1 99 0 "y) o"Y)(J-o'rtXO'r"Y)'rCl 'r"Y)<; 8ci'rerEp XClt 'r"Y)<; xUbipv"Y)er�<; 'r"Y)<; (J-Etw6"Y)XE PClYOCltCl, Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

MErAAH B PETANIA

xa6we; 'Y) Bpe't'avia apxtere va �avabu6i�e't'at er't''Y)v ucpeer'Y) xat 0 1tA'Y)6w pterfJ-oe; �e1tipaere 't'0 10 't'Ote; exa't'o - 1tepi1tou er't'o 1toeroer't'o 1tOU bpterXO 't'av o't'av Ot epya't'txoi ixaerav 't''Y)v e�oueria 1tptV iv't'exa xpovta . Me 't''Y)V xUbipv'Y)er'Y) tOWAoytXa aniee't''Y) 1tpOe; 't'te; cpopoAoytxie; au��erete; , 0 fJ-ovoe; 't'p01tOe; 1tOU ifJ-eve yta va av't'tfJ-e't'w7tter't'd 0 1tA'Y)6wpterfJ-0e; �'t'av 'Y) aU�'Y)er'Y) 't'wv e1tt't'oxiwv , 't'a o1toia avib'Y)xav er't'o 1 5 't'Ote; exa't'o . 'OfJ-We; aXptbWe; exdv'Y) 't''Y)v e1tox� xa6tepw6'Y) xe 0 e�atpe't'txa anto'Y) fJ-OcptA�e; «xecpaAtXOe; cpopoe;» er't''Y)v AYYAia xat er't''Y)v OuaAia, cpipvonae; 't'a 1tepterero't'epa VOt xoxupta ere axofJ-a xetpo't'ep'Y) OtxovofJ-tX� 6ier'Y) . �'t'ov eerw't'eptxo 't'ofJ-ia 'Y) 8a't'erep dXe 1tAiov fJ-e't'a't'pa1tei, 01tWe; 1tier't'wav 1tOAAOi a1tAoi bOUAW't'ie; 't''Y) e; , ere eXAoytxO bapOe; yta 't'0 xOfJ-fJ-a, aU't'apXtx� er't'Oue; 't'p01tOUe; 't''Y)e; , a1tofJ-ovwfJ-iv'Y) a1to 't'oue; erUfJ-bOUAOUe; 't''Y)e; xat xwp£C; e1tacp� fJ-e 't''Y)v XOtV� yvwfJ-'Y) . �'t'o e�w't'eptxo 6ewp�6'Y)xe 'Y)pwioa a1to 't'te; xwpee; 't''Y)e; Ava't'o AtX�e; Eupw1t'Y)e; 1tOU 1tpoercpa't'a iytvav o'Y) fJ-oxpa't'txie; xat u1toer't'�pt�e 't'ov 1tpoeopo M1toue; er't'o xepterfJ-o 't'ou 1tpObA�fJ-a't'Oe; 't''Y)e; eterbOA�e; 't'ou 1pax er't'o 1tAOUertO ere 1te't'piAatO Koubit't' 't'0 cp6tvo1twpO 't'ou 1990. Oer't'oero, �'t'av a1tocpaerter't'txa ani6e't''Y) er't''Y)v e1tavivwer'Y) 't''Y)e; r epfJ-aviae; xat ivae; a1to 't'oue; ernvonpoue; eruvepyane; 't''Y) e; er't'o U1toupytXO erUfJ-bOUAtO , 0 NixoAae; Piv't'Aeu (Nicholas Ridley), avayxaer't''Y) xe va 1tapat't''Y) 6d 't'ov 10UAtO, acpou ota't'u1twere iV't'ova aV't'tyepfJ-avtxa erXOAta ere ap6po 't'ou er't'ov TU1to . H ouerapierxeta 't''Y)e; 1tpw6u1toupyou yta 't''Y)V wpw1ta·ix� vOfJ-terfJ-a 't'tX� ivwer'Y) �'t'av �exa6ap'Y) , av xat 't'eAtXa erufJ-cpwv'Y) ere va eV't'ax6d 'Y) Bpe't'avia er't'o M'Y)xavterfJ-o �uvaAAaYfJ-a't'txwv 1ero't'tfJ-twV 't'ov OX't'WbptO . IIapa 't''Y)V e7ttodvwer'Y) 't'wv 1tPObA'Y) fJ-a't'WV xa't'a 't''Y) otapxeta 't'ou 1990, 'Y) 1t't'wer'Y) 't''Y)e; 8a't'erep e1t�A6e �acpvtxa xat fJ-e optaxo 't'p01t o . T'Y)v 1 'Y) N oefJ-bpiou 1tapat't'�6'Y)xe 0 T�icppu Xaou, 't'eAw't'aioe; U1tOupyoe; (ex't'oe; c.mo 't''Y)V iota) 1tOU erufJ-fJ-e't'dxe xat er't'o U1toupytXO erufJ-boUAtO 't'ou 1 9 79 : dXe evoXA'Y) 6d e�at't'iae; 't''Y)e; fJ-e't'axiv'Y)er�e; 't'ou a1to 't'0 Y1toupydo E�w 't'eptxwv 't'ov 1tpo'Y) youfJ-evo Xpovo, �'t'av ouerapeer't''Y)fJ-ivoe; fJ-e 't''Y)v wpw m:iix� 1tOAt't'tX� xat e�a1tiAUere fJ-ia iv't'ov'Y) e1tieeer'Y) evaniov 't''Y)e; 1tpw6u1toupyou ere ofJ-tAia 't'ou Aiyee; 'Y) fJ-ipee; apyo't'epa. �'t'o fJ-e't'a�u, 0 MatXA Xe�eA't'atV , 0 o1toioe; dXe 1tapat't''Y) 6d AOyw 't''Y)e; u1t06eer'Y)e; Ouier't'Aav't' 't'0 1986, a1tocpaertere va 6ieret U1tO�'Y) cpto't''Y)'t'a we; ani1taAOe; 't''Y)e; yta 't''Y)v 'Y)yeeria 't'ou xOfJ-fJ-a't'oe; . Ka't'a 't''Y)v exer't'pa't'da 1tOU axoAou6'Y)ere yta 't'te; eerwxofJ-fJ-a't'txie; eXAoyie; 'Y)yeeriae; , 'Y) 8a't'erep e1tiAe�e va 1taet ere xa1tota ote6v� otaerxe�'Y) er't'o IIapiert . 'H't'av axofJ-'Y) exd o't'av 't'0 eXAoytXO a1tO 't'iAeerfJ-a ioet�e o't't, 1tap ' OAO 1tOU dXe �e1tepaeret 't'ov Xe�eA't'atV, oev dXe Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErpOIIH TOr 'PTxpor IIoAEMor, 1945- 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

e:�CtO"cpCtA[cn:t CtpXe:'tE<; t.\J�cpou<; WO"'te: Vct fJ-Y) Xpe:tCtO"'td fJ-tCt oe:U'tE:py) t.\Jy)cpo cpop[ct . �' Ctu'to 'to O"Y)fJ-do Ot 1te:ptO"O"o'te:POt U1tOupyo[ 'ty)v 1t[e:O"Ctv vct 1tCt pCtt'tY)6e:[ XCtt, fJ-e:'ta Ct1tO 1tOAAOU<; OtO"'tCtYfJ-OU<; , e:xdvY) O"ufJ-cpwvY)O"e:. To ye:yovo<; Ctu'to e:1tE'tpe:t.\Je: 0"'t0 otaooxo 'tY)<; 1tpo't[fJ-y)O"�<; 'tY)<; , 'tov MEt't�Op, Vct e:mxpCt't�O"e:t 'tou Xe:�e:A'tatv XCtt Vct y[ve:t 1tpw6u1toupyo<; . Au'to<; OtCt 't�pY)O"e: 1tOAAa 6Ct't0"e:ptxa fJ-E'tPCt, O"UfJ-1te:ptACtfJ-6Ctv0fJ-EVy)<; 'ty)<; tOtw'ttXO1t0[Y)0"Y) <; , CtAAa O"uV'tofJ-Ct 1tpOXwpY)O"e: O"'tY)V xCt'tapyY)O"Y) 'tou Xe:cpCtAtXOU cpopou XCtt Ct1toodX6Y)xe: 1tOAU OtCtcpope:'ttxo<; 0"'t0 O"'ttA y)ye:O"[Ct<; 'tou, XCt6w<; oe:v �'tctV XCtptO"fJ-Ct'ttxo<; XCtt e:pyCt�o'tCtV mo 1tOAU 0"'tY) 6aO"Y) 'tY)<; O"UVCt[ve: O"Y)<; . IICtpa 'tY)V CtpvY)'ttX� Ctva1t'tu�Y) XCtt 'ty)v CtU�Y)O"Y) 'ty)<; Ctve:py[Ct<; , Xct 'tacpe:pe:, CtVCt'tPE1tOV'tCt<; 'tCt 1tpoyvwO"'ttxa, Vct 1tdO"e:t 'tou<; t.\JY)cpocpopou<; 'tov A1tp[Aw 'tou 1992 o'tt �'tctV XCtAU'te:pO<; Ct1tO 'ty)v e:VCtAACtX'ttX� 1tpo'tCtO"Y) 'twv e:pyCt'ttXWV XCtt e:�CtO"cpaAtO"e: fJ-tCt fJ-tXP� 1tAe:Wt.\JY)CP[Ct - oe:xCte:cp'ta EOpe:<; 1te:PtO"O"O'tE:pe:<; Ct1tO 'to O"UVOAO 'twv e:opwv 'twv aAAwv xOfJ-fJ-a'twv .

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K E<1>AAAI O EKTO : ITAAIA - TO X PI�TIANO aH M O K PATIKO KPATO�

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H EYPOIIH TOY WTXPOT IIOAEMOY, 1945- 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH IETOPIA

fJ-a fJ-OVLfJ-a cr'tl')V E�oucrta YLa crXE06v fJ-LcrO aLWVa, aAAa xaL 7tOAUapL6fJ-Ee:; bpaXUbLEe:; XUbEpVY)crELe:; , 7tOU xa'ta fJ-ecro OpO OLapxoucrav ALY0'tEpO a7tO eva XPOVO . OL XUbEPVY)crELe:; cruxva e7tEq>'tav 0XL E�aL'ttae:; OLaq>WVLWV fJ-E 'tOUe:; crufJ-fJ-axoue:; 'tou DC cr'to cruvacrmcrfJ- o, aAAa AOYW oLaq>opwv fJ-E'ta�u 'twv Ecrwx0fJ-fJ-a'tLxwv ofJ-aowv 'tou towu 'tou DC . Au'tee:; OL ofJ-aoEe:; Y)'tav xaAa opyavwfJ-evEe:; , EVWfJ-evEe:; yupw a7to Xa7tOLa yvwcr'ta l')YE'tLxa cr'tEAexl') xaL crE fJ-EpLxee:; 7tEpm'twcrELe:; cruvoeoV't"av fJ-E fJ-La crUyxEXptfJ-eVl') 7tEpLq>epEta 7tOU Y)'tav xaL 'to xev'tpo 'tl')e:; ouvafJ-Y)e:; 'toue:; . '07towe:; E7tpOXEL'tO va ytVEL 7tPW6u7toupyoe:; e7tpE7tE va xpa'tY)crEt 'tte:; tcrOPP07ttEe:; xa'ta 'to crXl')fJ-a'tLcrfJ-O 'tou U7tOUPYLXOU 'tou crUfJ-bOUAtOU , Wcr'tE va OLa'tl')py)crEL 'tLe:; 7tEPLcrcrO'tEPEe:; a7tO au'tee:; 'tLe:; OfJ-aOEe:; LXaV07totl')fJ-evEe:; . 'O'tav fJ-LxpO'tEpa xOfJ-fJ-a'ta cruvEpya �ov'tav fJ-E 'to DC crE XUbEPVY)crELe:; cruvacrmcrfJ-OU , 'to'tE au'tY) l') OLavOfJ-Y) 'twv 6ecrEwv YLvO'tav aXOfJ-l') mo oucrXOAl') - xaL 'to YEYOVOe:; O'tL cruvebaLvE fJ-ucr'tLxa crUV't"EAoucrE cr'tov 7tOAAa7tAacrtacrfJ-0 'tl')e:; Aa'txy)e:; oucrapecrxEtae:; . 0. ' 0. ' , , , � " -a wcr'tocro oEV l')'tav ocro acr'tavEe:; q>aLVO'tav , xavwe:; 'ta , cruxva, T o crucr'tl')fJ ' fJ-Lcra fJ-eAl') EVOe:; veou U7tOUPYLXOU crUfJ-bOUAtOU dxav U7tl')PE'tY)crEt xaL cr'tO 7tpOl')YOUfJ-EVO . r7tY)p�av 7tEvY)V't"a U7toupytxa crUfJ-bOUAta fJ-E'ta�u 'tou 1945 xaL 'tou 1992, aAAa fJ-ovo oExaEvvLa 7tpw6u7toupyot . 0 N'tE rxacr7tEpL Y)'tav 7tpw6u7toupyoe:; cruvEXWe:; crE 0X'tW XUbEPVY)crELe:; fJ-expL 'to 1953 · 0 T�OUAW AV'tPEO't'tL (Giulio Andreotti) aveAabE 'tl') 6ecrl') au'tY) Eq>'ta q>o pee:; , YLa oLaq>opE'tLxa oLacr'ty)fJ-a'ta fJ-ecra crE dxocrt xpovLa ( 1 972- 1 99 2 ) ' xaL axofJ-l') m o a�wcrl')fJ-dw'tl') 7tEPt7t'tWcrl') Y)'tav au'tY) 'tou AfJ-LV'tOPE <Pav q>avL (Amintore Fanfani) , 0 07totoe:; crXl')fJ-a'tLcrE 'tl')V 7tpw'tl') 'tou xUbepvl')crl') 'to 1954 xaL 7tapeowcrE 'tl')v ex'tl') xaL 'tEAw'tata 'tou 'to 1987 . MEpLxot U7toupyot Y)'tav crE 6ecrl') va fJ-E'taXEtpt�ov'taL xa7tota u7toupyda crXE06v we:; 7tpocrwmxa 'toue:; q>eouoa, OtaXELpL�OfJ-EVot 'ta XPy)fJ-a'ta xaL 'tl')V 7tEAa'tda 7tOU eq>EpvE l') crUyxEXptfJ-evl') 6ecrl') XWpte:; va U7tapXEL xa7tota 7tapefJ-bacrl') a7to aAAa fJ-eAl') 'tou U7tOUPYLXOU crUfJ-bouAtOU . Ocr'tocro, oAoq>avEpa 0 cliente lismo Y)'tav 7taV't"o'tE fJ-La fJ-Opq>Y) 7tOAL'tLXy)e:; 7tOU E7te'tpE7tE 'tl') oLaq>60pa. ME 'tov xaLpo l') oLaq>60pa au'tY) eyLvE mo 'tU7t07totl')fJ-evl') , 7tOAAa l')yE'tLxa fJ-eAl') 'tou DC xaL ot crufJ-fJ-axot 'tou eYLvav a7tooex'tEe:; oWPOOOXLWV xaL, 'tEALxa, l') Aa'txY) avacr'ta'twcrl') 7tOU 7tpoxAY)6l')XE a7to fJ-La crELpa crxavoaAwv cruv'teAEcrE cr'to va U7tovofJ-w6d l') EfJ-mcr'tocruvl') 7tpoe:; OAOXAl')pO 'to crucr'tl')fJ-a. o L'taALxoe:; Aaoe:; avex6l')xE 'tov clientelismo, 'toue:; acr'ta6de:; cruvacrm crfJ-oue:; xaL 'tl')v xupLapXta 'tou DC xuptwe:; OLO'tL, fJ-E'ta 'to 1947 , l') fJ-OVl') 7tpaYfJ-a'tLxY) EvaAAax'tLxy) AUcrl') a7teVav'tL cr' au'to, we:; E6vLXO xOfJ-fJ-a, Y)'tav 'to PCI. Oe:; 7tpw6u7toupyoe:; 0 N'tE rxacr7tEpL, oucrLacr'tLxa, ol')fJ-WUPyl')crE Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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E:.V(J. (J.v'mwp.p.OUVtO''ttXO xpa'tOe; . Llev e7tE:.'tpet¥e V(J. my)pe(J.O''tei U7tepbOAt xa 'to XOp.p.(J. 'tou (J.7tO 'to B(J.'ttx(J.vo X(J.t 'tY) O'uxva (J.7tOAU't(J.PXtX� voo'tpo7ti(J. 'tou 7ta7t(J. IIiou, (J.AAa, 7taV'twe; , O''tY)piX'tY)xe O''tte; exxAy)O't(J.O''ttXE:.e; 0pY(J.vwO'ete; yt(J. V(J. 'tov bOY)e�O'Ouv V(J. xepoiO'et t¥�q:lOUe; , U7toO''t�pt�e 'tY) epY)O'xeu'ttX� Oto(J.O'x(J.Ai(J. yt(J. 'ty)v Y)Eltx� X(J.t 'tte; otxoyevet(J.XE:.e; (J.�iee; X(J.t exp.e't(J.AAeu'ty)xe 'tov (J.q:lOptO'P.O, (J.7tO 'tov IIio I E' 'tov IOUAtO 'tou 1949 , OAWV 'twv xop.P.OUVtO''twv . 0 N'te rxaO'7tept, miO'y)e;, (J.yvoY)O'e xa7totee; O'xE:.t¥ete; , p.E:.0'(J. (J.7tO 'to DC , yt(J.
H ErPQI1H TOr 'l'rxpor 110AEMOr, 1 9 15 ' - 1 9 9 1 : 110AITIKH I�TOPIA

ECTW'tEptXE<; OtatpECTEt<; xat OOY)"fTjCTE, 'to 1 9 4 7 , CT'tO CTXTj!J-a'ttCT!J-o EVO<; �E XWPtCT'tOU �OCTtaAoTj!J-oxpa'ttxou KO!J-!J-a'to<; U7tO 'tov T�tOu�E7tE �apayx(h (Giusepe Saragat), 'to 07tOtO EAabE !J-EpO<; CT'tTjV XUbEPVTjCTTj N'tE rxa CT7tEpt xat 'twpa 7tY)pE 'to 7 'tOt<; Exa'to 'twv �Y)cpwv , a7tOCT7tWv'ta<; 'tOU<; " , 07tW<; cpatVE'tat, , " EtXE xa'tapXUptw<; a7tO' 'to PSI , 'to 7tOCTOCT'tO' 'tou 07tOtOU PEUCTEt !J-ECTa CTE !J-OAt<; 060 xpovta . T pEt<; !J-Y)VE<; !J-E'ta 'tt<; EXAOYE<; , 'to EAEY XO!J-EVO a7to 'tTjv AptCT'tEpa Epya'ttXo CTUVOtXaAtCT'ttXO xtvTj!J-a, 'to C GIL, E7ttCTTj<; OtaCT7taCT'tTjxE. Ot xO!J-!J-OUVtCT'tE<; CTuVEXtCTaV va EAEYXOUV 'ta a7tO !J-EtVapta 'tou CGIL, aAAa Ot CTOCTtaAOTj!J-oxpa'tE<; Xt Eva aAAo !J-E'tpt07ta6E<; xO!J-!J-a, 'to PE7tOu!J-7tAtXaVtXo, CTuyxpo'tTjCTaV 'tTj OtxY) 'tou<; CTUVOtXaAtCT'tt xY) opyavwCTTj , EVW Ot xa60AtXOt CTXTj!J-a'ttCTaV !J-ta 'tpt'tTj . Au'tY) Tj OtatpECTTj !J-E'ta�u 'twv aV'tt7tpOCTW7tWV 'twv Epya'twv Atyo 'tou<; boY)6TjCTE va av'tt opaCTouv CT'ta OtXovo!J-txa 7tpObA y)!J-a'ta 'tou 'tEAOU<; 'tTj<; oExaE'tta<; 'tou 1 94 0 . H OtaCT7taCTTj CT'tO C GIL OAOXAy)PWCTE 'tTjv Y)'t'ta 'twv aptCT'tEpWV !J-E'tappu6!J-tCT'tWV , 7tOU dxav 'tTjv EA7ttOa va xuptapxY)CTouV CT'tTjV haAta !J-E 'to 'tEAO<; 'tou 7tOAE!J-OU . Ta otxa 'tOU<; Aa6Tj 'tax'ttxY)<; xat Ot OtatpECTEt<; 'tOU<; , Tj O�UoEpXEta xat a7tocpaCTtCT'ttXo'tTj'ta 'tou N'tE rXaCT7tEpt, Tj E!J-cpa VtCTTj 'tou DC W<; 7tOAt'ttXy)<; CT'tEyTj<; yta OAOU<; 'tOU<; xa60AtXoU<; xat aV'tt xO!J-!J-OUVtCT'tE<; �Tjcpocpopou<; xa6w<; xat Tj E7tE!J-baCTTj 'twv ou'ttXWV ouva !J-EWV , oAa au'ta CTuvEbaAav CT'tO va OtaCTcpaAtCT'td o'tt Tj I 'taAtxy) �Tj!J-o xpa'tta 6a Y)'tav Eva cptAEAEU6EPO aAAa OXt pt�OCT7taCT'ttXO xa6ECT'tw<; , CTUVOEOE!J-EVO !J-E 'to NATO .

TA XPONIA TOY OIKONOMIKOY fJA YMA TOl:, 1948-1963

To DC , WCT'tOCTO , OEV Y)'tav a7tAw<; !J-ta CTUV'tTjPTj'ttxy), xa60AtxY) xat aV'tt xO!J-!J-OUVtCT'ttXY) 7tOAt'ttXy) O6va!J-Tj . Av xat 'ta 7tEPtCTCTo'tEpa a7to 'ta !J-EATj 'tou CTUV'tO!J-a E7ta�aV va EVOtacpEpoV'tat yta EX'tE'ta!J-EVE<; !J-E'tappu6!J-tCTEt<; , Ota'tTjpOUCTav, 7tav'tw<; , EA7ttOE<; yta EXCTUYXPOVtCT!J-O 'tTj<; Xwpa<; . 0 cptAO OU'ttXO<; 7tpOCTava'tOAtCT!J-O<; 'tOU N'tE rXaCT7tEpt Y)'tav CTTj!J-aV'ttxo<; OXt !J-OVO yta va E�aCTcpaAtCT'td Tj boy)6Eta 'twv HIlA xat Tj Ev'ta�Tj 'tTj<; I'taAta<; CTE !J-ta EUpU'tEpTj o!J-aoa cptAEAEUfkpwv xat oTj!J-oxpa'ttxwv xwpwv , aAAa , E7ttCTTj <; , E7tEtOy) cpavEpwvE 'tTjV a7tocpaCTtCT'ttXo'tTj'ta, avaAoYTj !J-E au'tY) 'tTj<; yaAAtxY)<; XUbEPVTjCTTj<;, va xa'taCT'td Tj xwpa 7tt0 a7tooo'ttxy) xat va av'ta ywvtCT'td !J-E 'ta aAAa Xa7tt'taAtCT'ttXa xpa'tTj CTE !J-ta 7tayxoCT!J-ta ayopa. Au'to Y)'tav CT'totXdo CTTj!J-av'ttxo, 7tapa 'tTjV Otxovo!J-txY) u7tava7t'tu�Tj 'tTj<; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ITAAIA

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Ata. Oer-.oero, -.€6"y]xav U7tO xpa-.�xo €A€:YXO op�erfJ-€VO� b�OfJ-"Y]xav�xot -'0fJ-Ek -.oue; 07tOtOue; OL E7ttXE�p"y]fJ-a-.tEe; 6a 7tpo-'�fJ-ouerav va EXfJ-E-.aAAEU-.OUV O� tOtoL H 7tA€OV a�toer"y]fJ-ELw-'"Y] 7tEpt7t-.wer"y] Yj-.av -'0 E6v�xo Iver-.�-.ou-.o EV€pyE�ae; U7tO -'"Y] o�Eu6uver"Y] EVOe; u7toer-."Y]p�x-.Yj -.ou DC , -.ou Evptxo Ma-.-.€� (Enrico Mattei) , -'0 07tOtO aV€7t-,u�E opaer-."Y]p�o-."Y]-.a er-.o a€pto, er-.o 7tE-'p€Aa�O xaL er-."Y]v 7tUp"Y]VLXYj EV€pyE�a. ME-.a�u -.ou 1950 xaL -.ou 1958 0 pu6fJ-0e; avcX7t-.u�"Y]e; -."Y]e; haAtae; �E7tEpVOUerE xa-.cX fJ-€ero opo -'0 5 -'OLe; Exa-.o, 7toeroer-.o 7tOU Yj-.av xaAu-.Epo a7t ' au-.o -."Y]e; BpE-.aVtae; Yj -."Y]e; raAAtae; , aAAcX -'0 E�aywyLxo EfJ-7tOpto 7tap€fJ-EvE erE xafJ-"Y]AcX E7tt7tEOa . 'E7tEL-.a, er-.a xpov�a 1958- 1 9 63 , xa6we; "Y] xwpa EV-'cXX6"y]XE er-."Y]v Eupw7ta"t·xYj OLXOVOfJ-�xYj Ko�vo-."Y]-.a (EOK), erUV€b"Y] €va 7tpaYfJ-a-.�xo OLXOVO fJ-LXO 6aufJ-a, o-.av 0 fJ-€erOe; pu6fJ-oe; avcX7t-.u�"Y]e; -crXE06v 7 -'OLe; Exa-.o Yj-.av xaM-'EpOe; a7to -."Y]e; dU-'LXYje; rEpfJ-avtae; xaL "Y] btofJ-"y]xavLxYj 7tapa ywyYj OL7tAaerLcXer-,"y]xE. 'Oero -.a ELerooYjfJ-a-.a aV€baLVaV , -.oero 7tEpLerero-'Epo -.ovwvo-.av "Y] �Yj-."Y]er"Y] y�a xa-.avaAw-.LxcX aya6cX . O� E�aywy€e; 7tpOe; -'Le; XWpEe; -."Y]e; EO K au�Yj6"Y]xav a7to 7tEpt7tOU 25 -'OLe; Exa-.o -'0 1 9 5 7 er-.o 40 -'OLe; Exa-.o -'0 1963 xaL -'0 EfJ-7tOp�XO �ero�uyto €qnaerE nALxcX va ELva� 7tAEOvaerfJ-a-.Lxo -'0 1 9 5 8 . d"Y]fJ-toupyYj6"Y]xav V€OL btofJ-"y]xavLxot -,ofJ-ELe; , xuptwe; 7tapaywyYje; "Y]AEX-'P�xwv ELOWV , 07tWe; 7tAuv-.YjpLa xa� � uyELa, er-.oue; 07tOtOue; "Y] LOLW-'LXYj btofJ-"y]xavta €7taL�E -'0'11 XUPLO-.EPO pOAO . Evw -'0 1 9 5 1 7tEpt7tOU -'0 40 -'OLe; Exa-.o -.wv I -.aAwv aerxoAounav axofJ-"Y] fJ-E -'"Y] YEwpyta, fJ-ta oExaE-.ta apyo-'Epa "Y] avaAoyta ELXE fJ-E�w6EL er-.o 30 -'OLe; Exa-.o. �-.o fJ-E-.a�u , "Y] 7tapaywyYj au-.oxLvYj-.WV -.E-.pa7tAaerLcXer-,"y]xE. T€ -'OLEe; E7tt-'UxtEe; , cpuerLxcX, EOpatWerav -'0 DC er-."Y]v E�oucr[a xa� Evtcrxuerav -'"Y] 6€er"Y] -.ou erE OfJ-cXOEe; 07tWe; o�EU6uv-.€e; , fJ-"y]xavLXot xa� E7ttXE�p"y]fJ-a-.tEe; , 7tOU ELXav X€pOOe; a7tO -'"Y]v OLXOVOfJ-LXYj E7t€x-.aer"y] . IIapcXAA"Y]Aa, OL av-.t7taAOL -.ou xOfJ-fJ-a-.oe; eruv€x�erav va ucpter-.av-.a� Yj-'-'Ee; . To xaAcX 7tEL6ap X"Y]fJ-€VO PCI oLa-.Yjp"y]erE -'"Y]V E7ttppOYj -.ou erE 7tOAAOUe; EpYcX-'Ee; xa� xwp� Xoue; er-.o bOppcX xaL er-."Y]v «XOXXLV"y] �wv"Y]» -."Y]e; EfJ-tALa-POfJ-cXva (bopE�a XEV-'PLXYj I -.aAta) . 'EAEYXE op�erfJ-€va -'07ttXcX o"y]fJ-O-'LXcX erufJ-bouA�a, fJ-E 7tpOE�cXpxouera -'"Y]V M7tOAOV�a, xaL 7tP0fJ-Yj6EUE -.oue; o7taooue; -.ou fJ-E O�X€e; -.OU Ecp"Y]fJ-EptOEe; , XOLVWV�X€e; opaer-'"y]pLO-'"y]-'Ee; xaL La-'pLxYj cppov-.toa. AAAcX -'0 1955 er"y]fJ-aoEu-'"y]XE a7to -'"Y]v a7to-.uxta fJ-Lae; fJ-EYcXA"Y]e; a7tEpytae; , U7tOXL\I"Y]fJ-€V"Y]e; a7to -'0 PCI , Evav-.(ov -."Y]e; FIAT er-.o Toptvo xaL a7to -'"Y]v a7tocpaer"Y] -.ou N €WL O-'L -'0 PSI 6a €7tPE7tE va apxterEL va a7toer-.aerto7to�EL -.aL a7to -.oue; x0fJ-fJ-0uvLer-.€e; . To 1 9 5 6 -'0 er-.aALvLxo PCI avaer-.a-.w6"y]xE ' xaL xa-.07tLV , �, ' "\ eruv-.a","" -.al\L\I -.ou � a7to' -'0'11 X pouer-.erwcp a7tO, -'"Y]V xa-.ao�x"Y] Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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AU'tE<;; Ot fJ-E'tappu6fJ-terEt<;; OEV 1cE'tuXav 'tov cXfJ-EerO xa'twvaerfJ-O 'tY)<;; XOtVY)<;; YVWfJ-Y)<;; , Y) 07tOta 7tapEfJ-EtVE a7tO�EVWfJ-EVY) Myw 'tY)<;; otacp60pcX<;; 'ty)<;; XubEpvY)erY)<;; . To 1 9 74 a7toOdX'tY)XE o'tt apxE'tOt 7tOAt'ttXOt 'tou DC dXav owpoooxY)6d a7to E'tatpdE<;; 7tE'tpEAatOU , 'to 1 9 75 �Eer7taerE 'to erxcXv oaAo Lockheed, er'to 07tOtO 0 7tpwY)v 7tpw6u7toupyo<;; MaptcXvo PoufJ-op fJ-ovo XcXpY) er'tY)v XOtVObOUAW'ttXy) 'tou aerUAta a7tEcpuYE 'tY) OtxY) yta OWpOAY) �ta, xat 'to 1 9 78 axofJ-Y) Xt 0 7tpOEOpO<;; T�tObcXvvt AEOVE (Giovanni Leone) avayxcXer'tY)xE va 7tapat'tY)6d E�at'tta<;; 7tapofJ-otWV xa'tY)yoptWv . To 1 9 7 7 Y) eruVEXt�OfJ-EVY) ouerapEerXEta 'twv vEapwv aVEpywv xat 'twv cpot'tY)'twv ooY)yY)erE er'to xtvY)fJ-a «Au'tovofJ-ta» , 7tOU eruvooEu'ty)XE a7to Otaoy)AwerEt<;; , AEY)AaertE<;; xa'taer'ty)fJ-cX'twv xat xa'taAY)�Et<;; erE cXOEta x'ttpta . Ta eruvotxcX 'ta EyXAy)fJ-a'tO<;; 'ty)<;; Macpta<;; , erY)fJ-av'ttxY)<;; 7tcXV'tO'tE ouvafJ-Y)<;; er'to VO'tO , E7tE�EUtVaV 'tt<;; opaer'tY)ptO'tY)'tE<;; 'tOU<;; xat er'to xwpo 'tY)<;; otaxtvY)erY)<;; vapxw'ttXWV xat er'tt<;; a7taywyE<;; . Ev 'tw fJ-E'ta�u, Ot EmXEtpy)fJ-a'ttE<;; eru XVcX 7tapExafJ-7t'tav 'tt<;; Ota'tcX�Et<;; 'tY)<;; Epya'ttxY)<;; xat 'tY)<;; cpOpOAoytxY)<;; VOfJ-06 Eerta<;; , er'tY)voV'ta<;; XpUcpE<;; fJ-OVcXOE<;; 7tapaywyY)<;; erE fJ-ta erUVEXw<;; OtOYXOUfJ-EVY) «fJ-aupY) OtXovofJ-ta» . H t'taAtxy) oY)fJ-oxpa'tta fJ-EptXE<;; CPOPE<;; EfJ-Ota�E va bpterxE'tat er'ta opta 'ty)<;; OtcXAuerY)<;; , xa6w<;; u7toba6fJ-ter'tY)xE 0 POAO<;; 'tOU KOtVObOUAtOU, Ot cpa'tptE<;; er'to EerW'tEptXO 'tou DC terxupo7totY)6Y)xav 7tEpterero'tEpo xat EytVE mo ouerxoAo va bPE60uv xOfJ-fJ-a'ta yta va eruvEpyaer'touv fJ-a�t 'tOU erE XUbEpvY)erEt<;; eruvaermerfJ-ou . O t erOertaAter'tE<;; , 7tOU dxav a7tO'tUXEt er'ty)v a7t07tEtpa va E7taVEVw60uv fJ-E 'tOU<;; erOertaAOy) fJ-OXpcX'tE<;; Y) va E�aercpaAterOUV 'ty)V EcpapfJ-OYY) EVO<;; a7tO'tEAEerfJ-a'ttXOU fJ-E'tappu6fJ-ter'ttxou 7tpoypcXfJ-fJ-a'tO<;; , xEpOteraV AtYO'tEPO a7tO 10 'tOt<;; Exa'tO 'tWV �Y)CPWV er'tt<;; EXAOYE<;; 'tOU Ma"tou 'tou 1 9 72 , Xt E'tert EytVaV AtYO'tEpO 7tp06ufJ-ot va erUfJ-fJ-E'tcXerxouv er'tY)v XUbEpvY)erY) fJ-E 'to DC . I1payfJ-a'ttxcX, 'to PSI EfJ-EtVE EX'tO<;; XUbEpvY)erY)<;; yta E�t xpovta fJ-E'tcX 'tov OX'tWbPtO 'tou 1974 . H 7tpoxY)pu�Y) 7tpOWPWV EXAOywv 'to 1 9 7 2 a7tEbAE7tE va otappY)�Et 'to 7tOAt'ttXO aOtE�OoO , aAAcX, aV'tt yt' au'to , 'to DC xat 'to PCI ota'tY)pY)erav 'tt<;; OUVcXfJ-Et<;; 'tOU<;; fJ-E 3 9 xat 2 7 'tOt<;; Exa'to 'twv �Y)cpwv aV'tter'totxa . O t erOertaA0Y)fJ-0xpcXu<;; , O t cptAEAEU6EpOt xat O t PE7tOUfJ-7tAtXcXVOt fJ-otpcXer'tY)xav fJ-E'ta�u 'tOU<;; 'to 1 2 'tOt<;; Exa'to, aAAcX 7tapa'tY)pY)6Y)XE xcX7tota fJ-E'taer'tpo CPY) 7tpo<;; 'ta OE�tcX -7tOU aV'ttxa't07t'tpt�E 'ty)v Em6ufJ-ta 7tOAAWV yta Embo AY) 'tY)<;; 'tcX�Y)<;; - , fJ-E 'to MSI va XEpOt�Et erXE06v 9 'tOt<;; Exa'to. To PSI 7tpoerOOXouerE o'tt , fJ-Evov'ta<;; EX'tO<;; XUbEpvY)erY)<;; , 6a fJ-7tOpOUerE va xEpOterEt �Y)cpou<;; a7to 'to PCI, aAAcX Ot EXAOYE<;; 'tou Iouvtou 'tou 1 9 7 6 , 7tOU xat 7tcXAt opter'tY)xav Eva Xpovo VWpt'tEpa, EOEt�aV 7tw<;; Y)'tav fJ-cX'tatY) Y) EA7ttOa 'tou . Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOrrH TOY 'I'YXPOY rrOAEMOY, 1945- 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH IETOPIA

Av xat 'rO e:XAoytxO 7tocrocr'rO 'rou PSI 7tapif-te:tve: cr'ra6e:po xat 'rou DC avH)'Y)xe: e:Aac:ppw<; , 'rO 7tocrocr'ro 'rou PCI ic:p'racre: crXe:06v 'rO 3 4 ,5 'rOt<; ' e:xa'ro, e:vw 'ra 7tocrocr'ra 'rwv 'rptWV xof-tf-ta'rwv 'rou K e:v'rpou , 8 'rOt<; e:xa'ro, xat 'rou MSI, 6 'rOt<; e:xa'ro, f-te:tw6'Y)xav . AXOAou6'Y)crav ot 'ro7ttxi<; e:xAoyi<; , cr'rt<; 07to[e:<; 'rO PCI e:7t[cr'Y)<; 7t�ye: xaAa xat xa7tote:<; xa'ro7ttvi<; crc:puyf-tOf-te:'rp�cre:t<; 7tOU ioe:t�av v[x'Y) 'rou PCI. Ot �'Y)c:poc:popOt 'r'Y)<; �e:�ta<; xat 'rou Kiv'rpou dXav 7tpoc:pavw<; cr'rpac:pd 7tpo<; 'rO DC yta va a7to'rpi �ouv iva 'ri'roto e:voe:xof-te:vo xat ot e:xAoyi<; , Ot 07to[e:<; af-taupw6'Y)xav a7to cruyxpoucre:t<; cr'rou<; opof-tou<;, bOf-tbtcr'rtxi<; e:7tt6icre:t<; xat OOAOc:pOv[e:<;, 6e:w p�6'Y)xav wpiw<; w<; ot 7ttO xp[crtf-te:<; yta 'r'Y)V 7tOAt'rtX� crx'Y)v� 'r'Y)<; I'raA[a<; a7to 'rO 1 9 4 8 . To 1 9 7 6 'rO e:XAoytxo crwf-ta �'rav e:f-tc:pavw<; 7ttO ave:x'rtXO 7tpo<; 'rt<; pt�ocr7tacr'rtxi<; f-te:'rappu6f-t[cre:t<; xat e:v6appuve: tUe:<; 07tw<; aU'ri<; 'rou AAv'ro Mopo (7tOU e:7ticr'rpe:�e: w<; 7tpw6u7toupyo<; 'rO 1 9 74-76), 0 07to[0<; ioe:t�e: e:votac:pipov yta aAA'Y) f-t[a Pt�tX� f-te:'racr'rpoc:p� 'r'Y)<; 7tOAt'rtX�<; 'rax'rtx�<; 'rou DC . IIpoxwpwv'ra<; 7tipa a7to 'rO «avotyf-ta 7tpo<; 'ra apt crnpa» 'rwv apxwv 'r'Y)<; oe:xae:'r[a<; 'rou 1 9 60, 0 Mopo e:[Xe: 'rwpa 'r'Y)v toia e:vo<; «tcr'roptXOU cruf-tbtbacrf-tou» f-te: 'rO PCI. Tov Auyoucr'ro 'rou 1 9 7 6 0 T�ouAto Anpe:o'r'rt crX'Y)f-ta'rtcre: xUbipv'Y)cr'Y) a7tOnAOuf-te:v'Y) xa6' OAOXA'Y) p[av a7to 'rO DC , 'Y) o7to[a bacrt�o'rav cr'r'Y)v XOtVObOUAW'rtX� cr'r�Pt�'Y) 'rwv xof-tf-tOUVtcr'rwv, xat cruf-tc:pwv'Y)cre:, 'rO 1 9 7 7 , ere: iva XotVO 7tpoypaf-tf-ta f-ta�[ 'rou<; . IIap ' OAo 7tOU oe:v oO�y'Y)cre: ere: ivav 7tpayf-ta'rtxo XUbe:PV'Y)'rtXO cruva cr7ttcrf-to 'rou DC xat 'rou PCI, 0 «tcr'roptxo<; crUf-tbtbacrf-to<;» f-te:'ra�u 'rwv OUO XUptWV aV'raywvtcr'rwv 'r'Y)<; t'raAtX�<; 7tOAt'rtX�<; crx'Y)v�<; [crw<; ere: 7tOAAou<; 7tpo�e:voucre: iX7tA'Y)�'Y) . Ocr'rocro , UAo7tot�6'Y)xe: ere: f-tta e:7t0X� xa'ra 'r'Y)v o7to[a 'rO DC e:7tto[wxe: e:vaywv[w<; va Otacrc:paA[cre:t 'r'Y) cr'ra6e:po'r'Y)'ra, o'rav f-tta 7tOAt'rtX� f-te:yaAu're:pwv xpa'rtxwv oa7tavwv c:patvo'rav w<; 7tt6av� Mcr'Y) yta 'r'Y)v Otxov0f-ttX� xa'racr'racr'Y) 'r'Y)<; haA[a<; , o'rav 'Y) cruve:pyacr[a 'r'Y)<; e:p'Ya'rtx�<; 'ra�'Y)<; c:patvo'rav �w'rtX�<; cr'Y)f-tacr[a<; yta 'r'Y)v a7toxa'racr'racr'Y) 'r'Y)<; xotvwvtx�<; uyda<; , o'rav 'rO PSI apv�6'Y)xe: va avaAabe:t XUbe:PV'Y)'rtXE<; w6uve:<; xat o'rav 'rO PCI dXe: a7tof-taxpuv6d a7to 'r'Y) MocrXa xat 7tapou crta�o'rav, 07tw<; xat Ot raAAOt xat Ot Icr7tavo[ x0f-tf-t0uvtcr'ri<; , w<; iva f-te:'rpto7ta6i<; «wpwx0f-tf-t0UVtcr'rtxo» xof-tf-ta. To DC dXe: 'r'Y)v e:A7t[oa o'rt 6a f-t7tOpoucre: va a7t0f-taxpuve:t 'rO PCI a7to 'rO pt�ocr7tacr'rtcrf-t0 xat va 'rO f-te:'ra'rpi�e:t ere: cr'r�ptyf-ta 'rou u7tapxono<; xa6e:cr'rw'ro<; , 07tw<; dXe: cruf-t bd xat f-te: 'rO PSI f-te:'ra 'rO 1 9 63 . H toia 'rou «tcr'roptxou crUf-tbtbacrf-tOu» dXe: apxtxa 're:6d 7tpo<; cru��'r'Y)cr'Y) 'rO 1973 a7to 'rO ye:VtXO ypaf-tf-ta'ria 'rou "

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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ITAAIA

PCI, 'tov Evpbw M7te:p)..[-yx oue:p (Enrico Berlinguer) , 0 07t0[0e; e:m6u[J.ou CTe: va oLa'ty)py)6e;[ e:VW[J.EVY) Y) I 'ta)..[a , va 'te:p[J.a'tLCT'te;[ 0 x[vouvoe; e:voe; av'tLopaCT'tLxou xw'i)[J.a'toe; , va e:v6appuv6e;[ Y) [J.e:'tappu6[J.LCTY) xaL va 7te:L CT'tOUV, hCTL, OL \jJY)cpOCPOpOL O'tL 6a [J.7tOpOUCTav va e:[J.mCT'tw60uv 'to PCI YLa 'ta u\jJY)Aa a�Lw[J.a'ta . de:v e:voLacpe:p0'tav YLa CTuve:pyaCT[a [J.e: 'tY)V E:7tava CT'ta'tLx'i) ApLCT'te:pa, ou'te: xaL e;[Xe: CTe: Xa7tOLa e:X't[[J.Y)CTY) 'to PSI we; 7tOAL 'tLX'i) ouva[J.Y) . To 1 9 75 , 7tapa 'tY)v a\l't[6e:CTy) OPLCT[J.EVWV [J.ECTa CT'tO [ow 'tou 'to xo[J.[J.a, 0 M 7te:pA[yxOUe:p a7t00Ex6y)Xe: [J.EXPL xaL 'ty) CTU[J.[J.e:'tOx'i) 'tY)e; I'taA[ae; CT'tO NATO xaL CT'tY)V EOK, aAAa 'to ye:yovoe; au'to, 07tWe; xaL Y) oLe:6v'i)e; Ucpe:CTY) CT'tY)V Eupw7tY) , oe:v e:[J.7tOOLCTe: 'tY)v XUbEPVY)CTY) 'twv RITA va e;[vaL avu7t0xwpY)'ta aV't[6e:'ty) CT'tY)V e;[CTOOO 'tou PCI CT'tY)V XUbEpVY)CTY) . ITap' OAO 7tOU 'i)'tav a7tOxAe:LCT[J.EVO a7to 'ty)v XUbEPVY)CTY) 'tY)e; P w[J. Y)e; a7to 'to 1 9 4 7 , 'to PCI, a7to 'ta [J.ECTa 'tY)e; oe:xae:'t[ae; 'tou 1 9 70 , e;[Xe: y[Ve:L 7tOAU CTY)[J.av'tLXOe; 7tapayov'tae; CT'tO CTuCT'tY)[J.a A'i)\jJY)e; a7tocpaCTe:wv . E[Xe: 7tapa [J.e;[Ve:L 'to oe:u'te:po [J.e:yaAu'te:po xO[J.[J.a, [J.7tOpOUCTe: va E:7tY)pe:aCTe:L 'ty) VO[J.O6e:CT[a [J.e: 'tY) CTU[J.[J.e:'tOx'i) 'tou CTe: XOLVObOUAW'tLXEe; e:m'tp07tEe;, 'i)'tav CTUVe: xwe; xup[apxo CT'tLe; 'tomxEe; XUbe:pv'i)CTe:Le; 'tY)e; «XOXXLVy)e; �wvY)e;», e;[Xe: a7t00e:x6e;[ va CTU[J.[J.e:'taCTXe:L CTe: oLacpopa XUbe:pvY)'tLxa opyava xaL e;[Xe: Oe:[�e:L cpave:p'i) e:uvOLa YLa OpLCT[J.EVe:e; [J.e:'tappu6[J.[CTe:Le; CT'ty) oe:xae:'t[a 'tou 1 9 7 0 , 07tWe; 't Y) be:A't[WCTy) 'twv e:pya'tLxwv oLxaLw[J.a'twv, 'tY)v LCTo'tY)'ta 'twv OUO CPUAWV xaL 'ty) oY)[J.wupy[a 7te:pLcpe:pe:Laxwv XUbe:PV'i)CTe:WV (7tOU EYLvav aA AOe; Evae; 'tp07tOe; ExcppaCTY)e; 'tY)e; e:mppo'i)e; 'tou pcl) . OL ve:O'te:POL LO[We; \jJY)cpOCPOpOL EVLw6av O'tL [J.7tOpOUCTav va e:[J.mCT'tw60uv 'tov M7te:pA[yxOUe:p 'to 1 9 76 . ITap ' oAa aU'ta, [J.EXPL 'tLe; e:XAOYEe; 'tou Iouv[ou 'tou 1 9 79 'i)'tav �e:xa6apo O'tL 0 «LCT't0pLXOe; CTu[J.bLbaCT[J.Oe; » , 0 07t0[0e; e;[Xe: xa'tappe:uCTe:L CT'tO KOLVObOUAW a7to 'ty)v apx'i) 'tou Xpovou , oe:v e;[Xe: cpEpe:L 'ta OCPEAY) 7tOU 7tPOCTOOXOUCTe: 0 M7te:pA[yxOUe:p . AAAa xaL 7taAL, Y) e:[J.cpav'i)e; CT'tpOcp'i) 7tpOe; 'ta apLCT'te:pa e;[Xe: a7to'tuxe:L va cpEpe:L pL�OCT7taCT'tLXEe; [J.e:'tappu6[J.[CTe:Le; xaL 'to e:XAOYLXO 7tOCTOCT'tO 'tou PCI [J.e:Lw6Y)xe: YLa 7tpw'ty) cpopa a7to 'to 1948, 7tEcp'tov'tae; CT'tO 30,5 'tOLe; e:xa'to, e:vw 'ta 7tOCToCT'ta 'tou DC xaL 'tou PSI 7tapE[J.e:Lvav CT'ta6e:pa. H CTu[J.[J.ax[a [J.e: 'to DC oe:v e;[Xe: OOY)y'i)CTe:L 'tov M7te:pA[yxOUe:p CT'ty)V e:�ouCT[a, 07tWe; oe:v e;[Xe: boY)6'i)CTe:L 'tov TOALa't'tL 'tpLa \l'ta xpovLa vwp[npa . Me:'ta 'to 1 9 79 0 «LCT't0pLXOe; CTu[J.bLbaCT[J.Oe; » e;[Xe: 7te:6ave:L, aAAa e:[Xe: 7tpOY)yoU[J.EVWe; boY)6'i)CTe:L va xUbe:pvY)6e;[ Y) I'taA[a [J.ECTa a7to [J.[a OUCTXOAy) xaL b[aLy) 7te:p[ooo, o'tav Y) opaCTY) 'twv Epu6pwv Ta�Lap XLWV xaL aAAwv o[J.aowv e;[Xe: cp'taCTe:L CT'tO a7toxopucpw[J.a 'ty)e; , [J.e: e;[XOCT L Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ETPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY. 1945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

e:VVtti OOAOrpOVte:e; 'to 1 9 7 8 , O"U(J.7te:ptACX(J.bcxvo(J.evYje; XCXt cxu't�e; 'tou 'AAV'tO Mopo . Luxvti 'to PCI �'tcxv cxu'to 7tOU e(J.Otcx�e: vcx cxxoAou6d 'tYjv mo O"XAYj p� ypcx(J.(J.� xcx'tti 'tYje; 'tpo(J.oxpcx'ttCXe; XCXt Ot tOWt Ot 'tpo(J.oxptine; eytvcxv mo btCXWt o'tcxv 'to PCI, 0 O"uv�6Yje; rpopecxe; EXrppCXO"Yje; 'tou Pt�oO"7tcxo"'ttO"(J.ou, eytve: Xt cxu'to (J.epoe; 'tou O"uO"'t�(J.cx'toe; OtCXXUbEpvYjO"Yje; 'tou DC . Y7t�PXCXV Xt tiAAOt 7tcxptiyone:e; wO"'toO"o , 7tEPCX CX7tO 'tov «to"'toptXO O"U(J.btbCXO"(J.O» , 7tOU bo�6YjO"cxv vcx Otcx'tYjpYj6d Yj e:vo'tYj'tcx 'tYje; hcxAtcxe; O"'tYj oe:xcxe:'ttcx 'tou 1 9 7 0 : Ot e:pycx'ttxee; e:vwO"e:te; cx7toxcx'teO"'tYjO"cxv 'tYj 6eO"Yj 'tOue; w e; e:X7tp0O"W7tOt 'twv e:pycx'ttXWV O"u(J.rpe:pov'twv · Ot pt�oO"7tCXO"'ttXEe; o(J.tioe:e; OtXtiO"'tYjxcxv (J.e:'tcx�u 'toue; · eytvcxv O"Yj(J.cxv'ttxee; (J.e:'tcxppu6(J.tO"e:te; , 07tWe; Yj oYj(J.wupytCX e:voe; e:6vt xou O"uO"'t�(J.cx'toe; uydcxe; 'to 1 9 7 8 , � oYj(J.o�Yjrpto"(J.cx'tcx (7tOU 7tpoxYjpuO"O"o V'tCXV (J.e: O"UAAoy� U7t0Ypcxrpwv) 'tcx 07totcx e6e:'tcxv optO"(J.eve:e; O"Yj(J.cxv'ttxee; CX7torptiO"e:te; U7tO 'tYjv XPtO"Yj OAOXAYjPOU 'tou e:XAoytXOU O"w(J.cx'toe; · Yj OOAO rpOVtCX 'tou Mopo e:7tErpe:pe: (J.tcx to"Xup� Acxi·x� cxv'ttOpcxO"Yj xcx'tti 'twv 'tpo(J.o xpcx'ttXWV o(J.tiowv (CXAAti oe:v cxveO"'te:tAe: (J.tCX xcx'tomv� cxv'ttOpcxO"Yj CX7tO ve:orpcxO"tO"'te:e; , 7tOU O"xo'twO"cxv oy06ncx 7tev'te: cxv6pw7toue; O"'tYj bO(J.btO"'ttX� e:7ttee:O"Yj 'tou AuyouO"'tou 'tou 1 980 O"'to 0"'tcx6(J.o 'tYje; M7tOAOVtCX) · 'to e:7tt7te:oo OtCXbtWO"Yje; O"UVEXtO"e: vcx CXVe:bcxtVe:t · XCXt, 'to XUpto'te:po, Ot hCXAot oe:v e:m6u(J.ouO"cxv 'tYj oYj(J.wupytcx e:voe; 07tOtcxO"o�7to'te: (J.oprp�e; cxu'tcxpXtXOU xpti'toue; , 07tWe; CX7tEOe:t�e: XCXt Yj (J.dwO"Yj 'tou 7toO"oO"'tou 'tou MSI O"'tO 5 'tOte; e:xcx'to 'to 1 9 79 XCXt 'to ye:yovoe; o'tt, o'tcxv Ot e:7tCXvcxO"'tcx'ttxee; o(J.tioe:e; eAcx bCXV (J.epoe; O"'tte; e:xAoyee; 'tou 1 9 7 6 XCXt 'tou 1979 , xepotO"cxv evcx cxO"�(J.cxv'to 7toO"oO"'to 'tYje; 'tti�Yje; 'tou 1 ,5 'tOte; e:xcx'to 'twv ��rpwv .

ENA NEO «(9A YMA» KAI TO TEAm: THl: ..1HMOKPATIAl: TOY DC, 1 980- 1 993

Me:'tti 'to 1 9 79 'to DC xtv�6Yjxe: ytCX vcx CX7toxcx'tcxO"'t�O"e:t 'toue; oe:O"(J.oue; 'tou (J.e: 'to PSI, (J.e: O"X07tO vcx OtCXO"rpCXAtO"e:t evcx 0"'tcx6e:po O"uvcxO"mO"(J.o XWpte; 'toue; xO(J.(J.ouvtO"'tee; · XCXt 'tov OX'tWbPW 'tou 1 980 'to PSI, 7tOU oe:v dXe: xcx'tcx rpEpe:t vcx ytve:t 'to (J.cx�tXO xO(J.(J.cx (J.e:'tcx�u 'tou DC XCXt 'twv xO(J.(J.ouVtO"'twv, rptivYjxe: e'tOt(J.o vcx O"XYj(J.cx'ttO"e:t ytCX (J.tCX cxxo(J.Yj rpopti (J.tCX xe:npocxptO"np� O"u(J.(J.cxxtcx . Me:'tti 'tov Iouvw 'tou 1 9 8 1 'to ye:VtXO O"X�(J.cx 'twv XUbe:pV� O"e:wv O"uvcxO"mO"(J.ou 'tYje; I'tcxAtcxe; ytCX tiAAYj (J.tCX oe:xcxe:'ttCX �'tcxv Yj O"U(J.(J.CX Xtcx 'tou DC , 'tou PSI XCXt 'twv 'tptWV (J.e:'tpw7tcx6wv xO(J.(J.ti'twv, 'twv 0"0O"tCXAOYj(J.OXpcx'twv, 'twv pe:7tOU(J.7tAtXCXVWV XCXt 'twv rptAe:Ae:u6epwv . Kcx'tti Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ITAAIA

2 93

't''Y) OEXaE't'ta 't'ou 1 980 OL OtXOVO!J.tXEe; E�EAt�Ete; er't''Y)v I't'aAta aV't'avaxAou erav 't'te; aAAaYEe; 7tOU er'Y)!J.Etw6'Y)xav xat aAAou er't''Y) �u't'tX� Eupw7t'Y) . L't'a 7tpw't'a xpovta 't''Y)e; oExaE't'tae; apxterE 'Y) U7t0xwp'Y)er'Y) 't'ou 7tA'Y)6wpter!J.ou a7to 't'O !J.Eyter't'o 't'ou 2 1 't'Ote; Exa't'o 't'ou 1 9 8 1 (!J.E 't''Y) 6o�6Eta xat 't''Y)e; eru!J.!J.E 't'ox�e; 't''Y)e; I't'aAtae; er't'o M 'Y)xavter!J.o N o !J.ter!J.a't'txWV Iero't't!J.twV 't''Y)e; EOK), EVW 'Y) aVEpyta aV�A6E er't'o 10 't'Ote; Exa't'o 't'o 1 9 83 xat 't'o 1 98283 er'Y)!J.Etw6'Y)xav apv'Y)'t'tXOt pu6!J.ot ava7t't'u�'Y)e; . H a7to't'uxta !J.tae; a7tEp ytae; er't''Y) FIAT -07tOU 20 . 000 Epyane; a7toM6'Y)xav we; u7tEpapt6!J.ot A6yw 7tEptX07t�e; 6EerEwv Epyaertae;- 't'o cp6tvo7twpO 't'ou 1 980 EOEt�E o't't 't'a EP ya't'txa eruvotxa't'a xat 'Y) !J.aX'Y)'t'txo't''Y)'t'a 't'wv Epya�o!J.EvwV 6pterxov't'av erE U7t0xwp'Y)er'Y) : !J.EptXOt Epya't'Ee; , !J.aAter't'a, OtaO�AWeraV U7tEP 't''Y)e; E7tt er't'pOcp�e; er't''Y)v Epyaerta. Ot opaer't''Y)ptO't''Y)'t'Ee; 't'WV Epu6pwv Ta�tapXtWV E7tter'Y)e; !J.Etw6'Y)xav . To 7tapE!J.6a't'tXO xpa't'oe; �'t'av �w't'tX�e; er'Y)!J.aertae; yta 't''Y)V 7toto't''Y)'t'a �w�e; 7tOAAWV haAwv , tOtWe; Exdvwv 't'ou vO't'ou, xat OEV !J.7tOpOUerE va 7tEptx07td erE XAt!J.axa avaAoY'YJ !J.E 't''Y)e; BpE't'aVtae; - E7tO !J.EVWe; 't'O O'Y)!J.oertO xpEOe; erUVEXterE va au�aVE't'at. AAAa U7t�P�E !J.ta au �avo!J.EV'Y) 7tE7tot6'Y)er'Y) o't't 'Y) aVOOoe; 't'WV !J.ter6wv xat Ot aU�'Y)!J.EVEe; O'Y)!J.o ertEe; Oa7taVEe; OEV �'t'av Ot xa't'aAA'Y)AOt 't'P07tOt yta va E7ttAU60UV 't'a 7tpO6A�!J.a't'a 't''Y)e; xwpae; . IOtw't'tx07tot�6'Y)xav Xa7tOtEe; E7ttXEtp�erEte; h!J.�!J.a 't'a 't''Y)e; IRI, 7tOU EtXE ytVEt 7tOAU aVa7tO't'EAEer!J.a't'tX� er't''Y) OExaE't'ta 't'ou 1 970) xat OL Oa7taVEe; yta 't''Y)v 7tatoda xat 't''Y)v uyda 6pterxov't'av axo!J.'Y) erE xa!J.'Y)Aa E7tt7tEOa erE eruyxpter'Y) !J.E 't''Y)V U7tOAOt7t'Y) EupW7t'Y) . H 7tpoer7ta6Eta 7tEptOpter!J.ou 't'WV o'Y)!J.oertWV oa7taVWV 7tt6avov va eruvE6aAE erE !J.ta avamxV't'EX'Y) , xa't'a 5 't'Ote; Exa't'o, !J.dwer'Y) 't''Y)e; u7toer't'�pt�'Y)e; 7tpOe; 't'o DC , 7tOU E7tEerE er't'o 33 't'Ote; Exa't'o 't'wv I.\i�cpwv er't'te; EXAOYEe; 't'ou Iouvtou 't'ou 1983 , !J.OAte; 3 't'Ote; Exa't'o 7tEptererOnpo a7to 't'O PCI . E7tpOXEt't'O yta 't''Y)v 7tpw't''Y) er'Y)!J.aV't'tx� 7t't'wer'Y) 't''Y)e; ouva!J.'Y)e; 't'ou DC 't'a 't'EAEU't'ata dxoert xpovta, 'Y) o7tota o!J.we; eruvooEu't''Y)XE a7to 't''Y) 6EA't'tWer'Y) 't'ou 7toeroer't'ou 't'wv 't'Eererapwv aAAwv xO!J.!J.a't'wv 7tOU eru!J.!J.E't'dXav er't'o eruvaer7tter!J.o . To PSI xEpOterE 1 1 ,5 't'OLe; Exa't'o xat 't'a aAAa 't'pta xO!J.!J.a't'a eruyxEv't'pwerav oAa !J.a�t 1 2 't'Ote; Exa't'o. H !J.dwer'Y) 't''Y)e; acpoertwer'Y)e; 7tpOe; 't'o DC !J.7tOpOUerE E7tter'Y)e; va ocpdAE't'at xat er't''Y) !J.dwer'Y) 't''Y)e; 6p'Y)erxEU't'tX�e; 7t ter't''Y) e; , 't''Y) eruVEXt�O!J.EV'Y) !J.E't'pt07ta6Eta 't'wv xO!J.!J.ouvter't'wv 't'ou M7tEpAtYXOUEP xat 't''Y)v OAO xat !J.tXpO't'EP'Y) avox� 't'wv l.\i'Y)cpocpopwv 7tpOe; 't''Y) otacp6opa xat 't''Y)v EAAEtl.\i'Y) XOtVWVtXWV !J.E't'appu6!J.terEwv . A7tOXaAucp6'Y)xE o't't Opter!J.EvOt 7tOAt't'tXOt dXav oEer!J.OUe; !J.E !J.ta U7t07t't''Y) !J.aerovtx� er't'oa, 't''Y)v «P2», 'Y) o7tota xa't'Eu6uvE !J.ta !J.uer't'tx� aV't' E7tteEer'Y) EvaV't'ta er't'oue; apternpoue; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

2 94

H ErpOIIH Tor 'l'rxpor IIoAEMor, 1 9 45 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

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H ErPorrH TOr 'l'rxpor r OAEMor, 1 9 45 - 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH I�TOPIA r

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O"uO"'tYJ!J.a 1tOU
H ETPOrrH TOT 'VTXPOT rrOAEMOT, 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH ILTOPIA

6d 't"0 1 9 84 xat xEpOtcn: At'yO't"EpO a1to 't"0 3 't"me; Exa't"o 't"wv �Y)cpwv 't"0 1987, aAAa 't"a 1tY)yE 1tOAU xaAU't"Epa xa't"a 't"te; 't"omxEe; EXAOYEe; O''t"o boppa 't"0 1990 xat 199 1 , U1toO''t""Y)pt�oV't"ae; 6EO'Ete; EvaV't"tOV 't"ou vO't"ou, 't""Y)e; ota cp60pae; xat 't""Y)e; cpOpoAoytae; . Ev 't"W fJ-E't"a�u, 't"0 1990 0 AEOAouxa OpAa v't"o (Leoluca Orlando), Evae; ouO'apEO''t""Y)fJ-EVOe; 1tOAt't"tXOe; 't"ou DC , O'X"y) fJ-a't""Y)O'E 't"0 «�tx't"uo» , Eva xtv"Y)fJ-a 1tOU av't"tfJ-axo't"av fJ-E O'cpoopo't""Y)'t"a 't""Y) otacp60pa 't""Y)e; Macptae; . ([>av"Y)xE o't"t xa1tota a1to au't"a 't"a xtvY)fJ-a't"a EXpU bav 't"ov Xtvouvo EVOe; YEwypacptxou 't"EfJ-aXtO'fJ-ou 't""Y)e; I't"aAtae; : "Y) Atyxa 't""Y)e; AOfJ-bapOtae; U1toO''t"Y)Pt�E fJ-ta OfJ-oO'1tovotaxou 't"U1tOU OtaXUbEpv"Y)O'"Y) fJ-E to'XUpo't"EpEe; 1tEptcpEpEtaXEe; XUbEpVY)O'Ete; . QO''t"oO'o , "Y) Em6ufJ-ta yta aAAa yY) Y)'t"av 1tavE6vtxY) xat O'uV't"ofJ-a a1tAw6"Y)xE Eva xtv"Y)fJ-a, U1tO 't""Y)v "y)YEO'ta 't"ou Mapto �EVt (Mario Segni), yta 't""Y)v EVtO'XUO'"y) 't"ou O'uO''t"y)fJ-a't"oe; 't"wv o"y)fJ-o�"y)cptO'fJ-a't"wv , 1tOU 6a E1tEbaAAav 1tpaYfJ-a't"tXEe; aAAaYEe; 0''t""Y) otaxu bEpV"Y)O'"Y) . Mta O"Y)fJ-OcptAY)e; tOEa Y)'t"av va fJ-E't"abA"Y)6d 't"o EXAoytXO O'uO''t""Y) fJ-a 1tpOe; 't"0 aV't"tO''t"mxo 't"ou bpE't"aVtXOu 't"U1tOU , baO'tO'fJ-EVO O'E fJ-0VOEOptXEe; EXAoytXEe; 1tEptcpEpEtEe; , txavo va fJ-EtWO'Et 't"ov apt6fJ-o 't"wv xOfJ-fJ-a't"wv 0''t"0 KOtvObOUAto xat, U1t06E't"tXa, va a1tA01tOty)O'Et 't""Y) otaotxaO'ta O'X"y)fJ-a't"tO'fJ-ou 0''t"a6Epwv XUbEPVY)O'EWV . Ot E1ttOO�Ot fJ-E't"appu6fJ-tO''t"Ee; xEpOtO'av fJ-ta 1tPW 't""Y) Vtx"Y) O'E Eva o"y)fJ-o�Y)cptO'fJ-a 't"ov Iouvto 't"ou 199 1 , 't"o 01tOtO fJ-E't"EbaAE EAacppWe; 't"ov EXAoytXO VOfJ-o . H a1tocpaO'tO''t"txy) ooxtfJ-aO'ta yta 't"o u1tap Xov O'uO''t""Y)fJ-a Y)p6E O''t"te; EXAOYEe; 't"ou A1tptAtOU 't"ou 1 99 2 , o't"av 't"0 DC bu6tO''t""Y)XE yta 1tpw't""Y) cpopa xa't"w a1to 't"0 30 't"me; Exa't"o 't"wv �Y)cpwv, EVW xat 't"o 1toO'oO''t"o 't"ou PSI -'t"O 01tOtO bEA't"tWvo't"av O'E xa6E EXAoytXY) ava fJ-E't"p"Y)O'"Y) fJ-E't"a�u 't"ou 1 9 7 2 xat 't"ou 1 9 87- E1ttO'"Y)e; E1tEO'E, O''t"o 1 3 ,5 't"ote; Exa't"o. To PSI OEV xa't"acpEpE va EXfJ-E't"aAAEU't"d 't""Y) fJ-dwO'"Y) 't"ou 1toO'oO''t"ou 't"ou 1taAtoU PCI, 1tOU acp"Y)O'E 't"0 VEO xOfJ-fJ-a, 't"0 PDS, 0''t"0 1 6 't"Ote; Exa't"o (1toO'oO''t"o, 1tav't"we; , apxE't"o WO''t"E va 't"ou acpY)vEt EA1ttOEe; O'UfJ-fJ-E't"oxy)e;, fJ-EAAoV't"tXa, O''t""Y)v XUbEPV"y)O'"y) xat 't""Y)v KOfJ-fJ-ouvtO''t"txY) E1tavtopuO'"y) O''t"o 5 ,5 't"me; Exa't"o. AV't"teE't"a, m �Y)cpm otafJ-ap't"uptae; O''t"o boppa 1tY)yav 0''t""Y) Atyxa 't""Y)e; AOfJ-bapOtae; xat 0''t""Y) O'ufJ-fJ-axo 't""Y)e; , 't""Y) Atyxa 't"ou Boppa, fJ-E Eva O'EbaO''t"o 9 't"Ote; Exa't"o. To �tx't"uo 1tY)pE 2 't"Ote; Exa't"o xat U1tY)P�E fJ-ta O'Etpa a1to aAAa fJ-txpa xOfJ-fJ-a't"a, O'UfJ-1tEptAafJ-bavOfJ-EvWV xat 't"wv IIpa O'tVWV, Ot 01tOtOt, 0''t""Y) OEU't"EPy) 't"OUe; fJ-0Ate; O'ufJ-fJ-E't"oXY) O''t"te; EXAOYEe; O''t""Y)V I't"aAta, EAabav 3 't"Ote; Exa't"o. �ExaE�t xOfJ-fJ-a't"a u1tY)pxav O'uvOAtXa O''t"o VEO KOtVObOUAto (O'E O'uyxPtO'"Y) fJ-E fJ-0Ate; EVVta dxoO't xpovta vwpt't"Epa), Xt E't"O't 't"0 DC xat 't"0 PSI OUO'XOAEu't""y)xav va O'X"y)fJ-a't"tO'ouv XUbEPV"y)O'"y) 1tAEto�"Y)cptae; . To 1toO'oO''t"o 't"wv fJ-E't"pto1ta6wv O'ufJ-fJ-axwv 't"oue; -'t"wv 0'0Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ITAAIA

2 99

CTtaAOYJ!J.oxpa'twv , 'tWV pe:1tOU!J.1tAtXeXVWV xat 'twv cptAe:Ae:u6€pwv- dXe: 1tapa!J.dve:t CT'tO tXaV01tOtYJ'ttXO e:1tt1te:OO 'tOU 1 0 'totC; e:xa'to, aAAeX Ot pe:1tOU!J.1tAtxeXvOt dxav -Y)oYJ e:yxa'taAd�e:t 'tYJv XU6€PVYJCTYJ AV'tpe:o't'tt owoe: xa !J.-Y)ve:c; vwpt'te:pa . To o'tt !J.ta eXAAYJ XU6€PVYJCTYJ 'te:CTCTeXpWV xO!J.!J.eX'twv CTXYJ!J.a'ttCT'tYJXe: xat e:1t€�YJCTe: yta xeX1tOto OteXCT'tYJ!J.a U1tO 'to CTOCTtaAtCT't-Y) T�toUAeXvo A!J.eX'to (Giuilano Amato) ocpe:tAO'tav xuptwc; CT'tO €VCT'ttX'tO 'tYJC; au'toCTuv't-Y)PYJCTYJC; 'twv xO!J.!J.eX'twv 'tou CTUVaCT1ttCT!J.ou. ITap' oAa au'teX, Ot e:XAOY€C; 'tou 1 9 9 2 6e:wp-Y)6YJxav e:uP€WC; wc; YJ xa!J.1teXva 1tOU 1tpo!J.-Y)vue: 'to 't€AOC; 'tou U1teXpx0V'tOC; CTuCT't-Y)!J.a'toc; . L'ttC; 't01ttX€C; e:XAOY€C; , apyonpa 'tov tOto Xpovo, Ot Atyxe:c; , 'to �tx'tuo xat e:1ttCTYJC; (CT'tO vo'to) 'to MSI €cpe:pav axo!J.YJ xaMnpa a1to'te:A€CT!J.a'ta . Le: aV'tt6e:CTYJ !J.e: 1tpoYJyou!J.e:ve:C; XptCTe:tC; , 'tou 1947-48, 'tou 1 9 62 xat 'twv Xpovwv !J.e:'teX 'to 1 9 69 , YJ a1te:tA-y) yta 'to DC oe:v -Y)'tav 0 xO!J.!J.OUVtCT!J.OC; , Ot a1te:pyte:C; -Y) YJ 'tpo!J.oxpa'tta, aAAeX !J.ta XptCTYJ e:CTW'te:ptX-Y)C; e:!J.1ttCT'tOCTUVYJC; . Ot !J.-Y)ve:C; !J.e:'teX 'ttC; e:XAOY€C; CTYJ!J.aoe:u 'tYJxav a1to 1tAYJ6wpa a1tOXaAu�e:wv yta cpatvo!J.e:va otacp60peXC; , 1tOU acpo pouCTav xuptWC; 1tOAt'ttXOUC; 'tou PSI CT'tO MtAeXv O . L'tOUC; e:1to!J.e:VOUC; !J.-Y)ve:C; ota'tu1tw6YJxav xa'tYJyopte:C; yta otacp60peX e:vaV'ttov 1te:ptCTCTO'te:pWV a1to 'to Eva 'tPt'to 'twv !J.e:AWV 'tou Kotv060uAtou , CTU!J.1te:ptAa!J.6avo!J.€vwV xat 1tpwYJv 1tpw6u1toupywv, 01tWC; 0 KpeX�t xat 0 AV'tpe:o't'tt. M€CTa CT' au't-Y) 'tYJV xa'teXCT'taCTYJ , !J.e: oYJ!J.O�YJCPtCT!J.a'ta 1tOU €ytvav 'tov A1tptAto 'tou 1993 , e:yxpt6YJxe: !J.e: 'te:PeXCT'tte:C; 1tAe:to�YJCPte:C; YJ xa'teXpYYJCTYJ 'tou CTUCT't-Y)!J.a'tOC; 'tYJC; a1tA-Y)C; avaAoytx-Y)C; xat 'tYJC; XPYJ!J.a'to06'tYJCTYJc; 'twv 1tOAt'ttXWV xO!J.!J.eX'twv a1to 'to xpeX'tOC; xat, e:1ttCTYJ C; , €ytve: oe:x't-Y) YJ e:VtCTXUCTYJ 'twv 't01ttXWV Otot X-Y)CTe:WV . Me:'teX a1t' au'to CTXYJ!J.a'ttCT'tYJXe: XU6€PVYJCTYJ U1tO 'tYJv 1tpw6u1toup yta e:VOC; !J.YJ 1tOAt'ttXOU 1tPOCTW1tOU , 'tou OtotxYJ't-Y) 'tYJC; TpeX1te:�ac; 'tYJC; ha Atac; KeXPAo TCTteX!J.1tt (C arlo Ciampi) , 1tOU e:tCT-Y)yaye: Eva V€O e:XAoytXO CTUCT'tYJ!J.a, !J.e: 'to 01toto 'to 75 'tOtC; e:xa'to 'twv 60UAe:u'tWV 6a e:XA€yov'tav !J.e: 1tAe:to�YJCPtXO e:XAoytXO CTuCT'tYJ!J.a. Me: 'to DC va a1tOCTuv'ttee:'tat (xeX1tota U1tOAe:t!J.!J.a'ta a1to 'ta CT'te:A€XYJ 'tou a1tOxwpYJCTav yta va oYJ!J.toUpy-Y) " o KO!J.!J.a) xat !J.e: 'to PSI va 1tpoCT1ta6d a1te:yvwCT!J.€Va CTOUV Eva V€O Aa·tx va avaCTuv'tax6d, 1tpoe:'tOt!J.eXCT'tYJXe: 'to CTXYJVtXO yta 'tYJ !J.e:'tappu6!J.tCTYJ 'tou 1tOAt'ttXOU CTUCT't-Y)!J.a'tOC; , 1tOU e:yxatVteXCT'tYJXe: !J.e: 'ttC; e:XAOY€C; 'tou A1tptAtOu 'tou 1994 .

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

KE�AAAI O E B �O M O : o e P IAMBO� TH� �H MO KPATIA� - NOTIA E YPO II H

H cp[AEAEreEPH JHMOKPA TIA KAI TO IIpOBAHMA THI: NOTIAI: ErPDI1HI:

H 6e:P.e:AtWCTY) xat Y) e:mbtWCTy) 't'Y)C; qnAe:Ae:u6e:py)c; oY)p.oxpa't'tac; CT't'Y) �U 't'tXY) Eupc{>7ty) oe:v Y)'t'av ou't'e: e:UXOAY) aAAa OU't'e: xat tCT't'OptXa aVa7tocpE:U X't'Y) OtaOtXaCTta . L't'Y)V 7te:ptOOO 7tOU axoAou6Y)CTe: 't'ov IIpw't'o IIayxoCTp.w IIoAe:p.o, otacpopa VEa cptAe:Ae:u6e:pa oY)p.oxpa't'tXa xa6e:CT't'w't'a dXav �e:7tpObaAe:t P.OVO xat P.OVO yta va xa't'aCT't'pacpouv a7tO OtXovop.txa 7tpObAY) p.a't'a, e:CTW't'e:ptXEC; EptOe:C; xat ote:6vdc; av't'maAO't'Y)'t'e:c; , xat p.EXpt 't'0 1939 p.e:yaAo P.EpOC; 't'Y)C; Y)7tdpou bptCTxo't'av U7tO au't'apxtxy) OtaXUbEpvY)CTY) 't'Y)C; p.tac; Y) 't'Y)C; aAAY)C; p.opCPY)C; · Y7tY)PXav, aCTcpaAwc; , 7tOAAEC; xwpe:C; 07tOU Y) oY)p.oxpa't'ta CTUVEXt�e: va axp.a�e:t, XUptWC; €7te:toY) dXe: xa6te:pw6d xat Ae:t't'OUpyy)CTe:t yta p.e:yaAo XPOVtXO OtaCT't'Y)p.a. H EAbe:'t'ta, Y) IpAavota xat Y) LouY)Ota Y)'t'av xwpe:c; 07tOU Y) oY)p.oxpa't'ta e:mbtWCTe: aAwbY)'t'Y) a7to 't'ov 7tOAe:P.O, xa6wc; au't'a 't'a xpa't'Y) xa't'acpe:pav va p.dvouv ouOE't'e:pa . H �avta, Y) N opbY)yta xat 't'a xpa't'Y) 't'Y)C; M 7te:Ve:AOU� bpE6Y)xav U7tO xa't'0XY), aAAa, 07tWC; xat CT't'Y)V 7te:pt7t't'WCTY) 't'Y)C; r aAAtac; , Y) oY)p.oxpa't'ta a7toxa't'aCT't'a6y) xe: e:xd 7tOAU ypY)yopa. BEbata, Y) a7tOxa't'aCT't'aCTy) 't'Y)C; oY)p.oxpa't'tac; CT't'a 1944- 1945 ocpe:tAO't'av CTe: p.e:yaAo ba6p.o CT't'tC; e:VEpye:te:C; 't'wv HITA xat 't'Y)C; Bpe:'t'avtac; , 7tOU e:v6appuvav 't'Y) otaOtXaCTta au't'Y) , xa6wc; a7te:AE:U6EpWCTav 't'Y) �u't'txY) Eupw7tY) . MEXpt 't'tC; apXEC; 't'Y)C; oe:xae:'t'tac; 't'ou 1950 Y) cptAe:Ae:u6e:py) oY)p.oxpa't'ta Ep.Ota�e: OtaCTcpaAtCTp.Evy) CTe: p.e:yaAo P.EpOC; 't'Y)C; �u't'txY)C; Eupw7tY) c; . H EAbe:'t'ta, 7tapa 't'tC; YAWCTCTtXEC; 't'Y)C; OtatpECTe:tC; xat 't'Y)v EAAe:t\jJY) CPUCTtXWV 7tOpWV, 7tapEp.e:tve: p.ta E:UY)p.e:pouCTa oY)p.oxpa't'ta, p.e: tCTXUPy) 7tOAt't'tCT't'tXy) Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

30 2

H EYPOIIH T O Y '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 9 /. 5 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

't'au't'o't'"Y)'t'a, 1tOU 't'"Y) bo�6"Y)CTE va CTUVOUtXCTEt i:.va a1tOXEv't'pWfJ-i:.vo 1tOAt't'tXO CTUCT't'"Y)fJ-a fJ-E 't'"Y)v XotVWVtX� CT't'a6EpO't'"Y)'t'a xat 't'"Y)v OtXOVOfJ-tX� ouvafJ-"Y) . �'t'"Y) �xaVOtVab[a, E1t[CT"y)e; , ot qHAEAEu6EpEe; o"y)fJ-oxpa't'[Ee; i:.fJ-otat:av CT't'a6Epi:.e; xat aXfJ-tXt:OUCTEe; , axofJ-"Y) Xt av "Y) CT't'EVO't'EP"y) i:.VWCT"Y) CT't'"Y)V 1tEPWX� a1toodx6"Y)XE avi:.qnx't'"Y) . H Llav[a, "Y) NOPb"Y)y[a xat "Y) ICTAavo[a EV't'tXX6"y) xav CT't'O NATO , "Y) �ou"Y)o[a 1tapi:.fJ-EtVE 1tEtCTfJ-a't'tXtX OUo€'t'EP"y) U1tO 't'te; 1tPOOOEU't'txi:.e; CTOCTtaAo"y)fJ-Oxpa't'txi:.e; XUbEpV�CTEte; 't'"y)e; , EVW "Y) ({)tVAavo[a i:.1tpE1tE 't'wpa va xaptX�Et fJ-ta 1tpOCTEX't'tX� 1tOAt't'tX� a1ti:.vav't't CT't'OV axav� 't'"Y)e; yd't'ova, 't'"Y)v E��Ll . H YEwypaqHx� 6i:.CT"Y) 't'"Y)e; Llav[ae; xat Ot OtXO vOfJ-txo[ 't'"Y)e; OECTfJ-O[ fJ-E 't'"Y) r EpfJ-av[a xat 't'"Y) BpE't'av[a dXav we; C:PUCTtX� E�i:.At�"Y) 't'"Y)v i:.v't'a�� 't'"Y)e; CT't'"Y)V Eupw1ta'�x� Kotvo't'"Y)'t'a 't'o 1 9 73 , aAAtX "Y) �ou"Y)o[a, "Y) NoPb"Y)y[a xat "Y) ICTAavo[a, XWpEe; OpEtvi:.e; , apawxa't'otx"Y)fJ-i:. VEe; xat a1tOfJ-ovWfJ-i:.vEe; , i:.fJ-EtVaV , CT't'O 1tOAt't'tXO E1t[1tEOO , fJ-axpttX a1tO 't'"Y)v U1tOAOt7t"Y) �1tEtpO. H OtXOVOfJ-tX� E�tXP't'"Y)CT"Y) 't'"Y)e; IpAavo[ae; a1tO 't'"Y) BpE 't'av[a CTuvi:.baAE CT"Y)fJ-av't'txtX CT't'"Y)V i:.v't'a�� 't'"Y)e; CT't'"Y)V EOK 't'o 1 9 73 , av xat "Y) Ll"Y)fJ-oxpa't'[a 't'"Y)e; IpAavo[ae; dXE Otaxo\jJEt 't'OUe; 1tOAt't'tXOue; 't'"Y)e; OECTfJ-OUe; fJ-E 't'"Y)v KOtv01tOAt't'da a1to 't'0 1949 . H IpAavo[a dOE 't'"Y)v EOK we; i:.va c:poPOUfJ- fJ-i:.CTa CT't'O 01t0[0 6a 1tEptOptt:E 't'"Y) bPE't'aVtX� E7ttPpO� xat 6a i:.bpt CTXE U1tOCT't'�Pt�"Y) 1tpOe; 't'"Y) CTXE't'tXtX C:P't'wX� aypo't'tx� 't'"Y)e; Otxov0fJ-[a . Av't'[6E't'a, 't'a XPtX't'"Y) 't'"Y)e; M1tEVEAOU�, 7tt0 bWfJ-"y)xaVtxtX xat aCT't'tX01tOt"y)fJ-i:.va, dXav a1to 't'"Y)v apx� EV't'ax6d CT't'"Y)V EOK xat aVaXtXAu\jJav o't't, EVEPYW V't'ae; a1to XOtvou, fJ-1tOpOUCTav va i:.xouv CT"y)fJ-av't'tx� E1t[opaCT"y) CT't'"Y) fJ-opC:p� 't'"Y)e; fJ-E't'a1tOAEfJ-tX�e; Eupw1t"Y)e; . Kat "Y) OAAavo[a xat 't'0 Bi:.Ayw E7ttb[W CTav a1to 't'a 't'paufJ-a't'a 1tOU 1tpO�i:.V"Y)CTE 0 't'EpfJ-a't'tCTfJ-Oe; 't'"Y)e; a1totxwxpa 't'[ae; xwp[c; CTobapi:.e; ava't'apaxi:.e; : Ot 1tOPOt 't'wv OAAavowv �'t'av 1tOAU 1tEPWptCTfJ-i:.VOt yta va fJ-1tOpi:.CTOUV va a1tOxa't'aCT't'�CTouV 't'"Y)v E�ouCT[a 't'oue; CT't'"Y)V Ivoov"Y)CT[a CT't'a 1945-49 ' 't'o B i:.Ayw a1toCTup6"Y)XE 1tOAU yp�yopa a1to 't'0 Koyxo 't'0 1 9 60 . �'t'o ECTWnptXO 't'ou BEAy[OU "Y) o"Y)fJ-oxpa't'[a 1tapi:.fJ-EvE OtaCTc:paAtCTfJ-i:.V"y) , aAAtX 't'aAaVtt:o't'av a1to E6vtXtCT't'txi:.e; EV't'tXCTEte; fJ-E't'a�u 't'"Y)e; c:pAafJ-aVOtX�e; 1tAEw\jJ"y)c:p[ae; 't'ou 1tA"Y)6uCTfJ-OU xat 't'wv yaAAOc:pwvwV BaA AOVWV, Ot 01t0[Ot yta xpovta xuptapxouCTav CT't'"Y)V 1tOAt't'tX� xat OtxovofJ-tX� t:w� . H OAAavo[a, 1taptX 't'te; otac:popi:.e; fJ-E't'a�u 1tpo't'ECT't'aV't'wv xat pWfJ-aw xa60AtXWV xat 't'"Y)v 1tA"Y)6wpa 1tOAt't'tXWV XOfJ-fJ-tX't'wv, xa't'op6wCTE va i:.XEt CT't'a6Epi:.e; XUbEpv�CTEte; , 't'OUAtXXtCT't'O fJ-i:.Xpt 't'o 1 9 7 7 , o't'av i:.va 1tOAt't'tXO aOti:.�ooo fJ-"y)vwv CTUVOUtXCT't'"Y)XE fJ-E 't'a [ota OtxovofJ-tXtX 1tpObA�fJ-a't'a -1tA"Y)6WptCTfJ-0, aVEpy[a xat xafJ-"Y)A� avtX1t't'u�"Y)- 1tOU E[Xav EfJ-c:pavtCT't'd yta va 1tA��OUV fJ-EytXAO fJ-i:.poe; 't'"Y)e; Llu't'tx�e; Eupw1t"Y) e; . Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

NOTIA ErPOIIH

o G''taG'�(J-onAYJ6wp�G'(J-0C;; 'tYJC;; OEXaE'ttac;; 'tou 1970 E6EG'E 'tEAOC;; G''tYJv mxovo(J-�x-Y) avan'tu�YJ 'twv oExaE't�wv 'tou 1950 xa� 19600 AAAa -Y)'tav axp�bwc;; G" au't-Y) 'tYJv nEptOOO nou 'tPE�C;; wpwnaor:x EC;; XWPEC;; -EAAaoa, IIop'toyaAta xa� IG'navta- anoxa'tEG''tYJG'av 'to cp�AEAEU6EpO oYJ(J-oxpa't� xo G'uG''tYJ(J-a (J-E'ta ano o�acpopE't�XEC;; y�a 'tYJv xa6E(J-�a nEp�oooUC;; anoAu 'tapx�x-Y)c;; o�axubEpvYJG'YJC;; Ta 'tpta au'ta xpa'tYJ dXav n6d (J-E'ta 'tov nOAE(J-o uno 'tYJv o(J-npEAa 'tYJC;; ou't�x-Y)C;; G'u(J-(J-axtac;; 0 H IIop'toyaAta xa� YJ EAAaoa dXav Ev'tax6d G''to NATO , EVW YJ IG'navta dXE G''tpa't�w't�xOUC;; OEG'(J-OUC;; (J-E 'tYJv A(J-EP�X-Y) ano 'to 1953 Ka� G''t�C;; 'tPE�C;; nEpm'twG'E�C;; o� H IlA xa� aAAEC;; XWPEC;; 'tou NATO anoodx6YJxav E'tO�(J-EC;; va aVEX'touV av't�xo(J-(J-ouv�G''t�xa o�x'ta'top�xa xa6EG''tw'ta y�a xano�a nEptOOO G''tYJv EAAaoa xa� G''tYJv IbYJP�x-Y) o H anoxa'taG''taG'YJ 'tYJC;; oYJ(J-oxpa'ttac;; G''tYJ vO't�a EupwnYJ -Y)'tav axo(J-YJ mo a�wG'YJ(J-dw'tYJ EnE�o-Y) Em'tdx6YJxE (J-EG'a G'E OUG'XOAEC;; G'UV6-Y)XEC;; G'XE't�X-Y)C;; o�xovo(J-�x-Y)C;; xa6uG''tEpYJG'YJC;; xa� 'tYJC;; apvYJ 't�x-Y)C;; mxovo(J-�x-Y)C;; G'uyxuptac;; 'twv (J-EG'WV 'tYJC;; oExaE'ttac;; 'tou 1 9 7 0 0 �'ta 'tpta au'ta xpa'tYJ AE�'toupYYJG'av nOAu o�acpopE't�XEC;; ouva(J-E�C;; , aAAa G'E OAEC;; Evac;; noAU �G'XupOC;; napayonac;; G''tYJ o�a(J-opcpwG'YJ 'twv E�EAt�EWV -Y)'tav YJ Em6u(J-ta va 'tEp(J-a't�G''tEt YJ anoAu'tapXta, va Eopa�w60uv 'ta a'to(J-�xa o�xa�w(J-a'ta xa� YJ xo�vwv�x-Y) o�xawG'uvYJ aAAa xa� va EXG'uyXpov�G''touv m XWPEC;; au'tEC;; , WG''tE va axoAou6-Y)G'ouv 'tYJ yEV�X-Y) nopda 'tYJC;; wpwnaor: o x-Y)C;; nOA�'t�x-Y)C;; �w-Y)C;; , XUptWC;; (J-E 'tYJv Ev'ta�-Y) 'touc;; G''tYJv Eupwna r:x-Y) Km vO'tYJ'ta o 0

0

EAAALlA

To 1945 YJ EAAaoa -Y)'tav (J-�a xwpa 'tYJC;; onotac;; YJ YJPw�x-Y) Enox-y) EtXE napEA6E� ano xa�po o To oExa'to nE(J-n'to a�wva o� 'EMYJVEC;; dxav nEp�EA6E� uno 'tYJV E�ouG'ta 'twv 06w(J-avwv Toupxwv xa� (J-OA�C;; G''tYJ oExaE'tta 'tou 1 820, bOYJ60u(J-EVO xa� ano 'tYJv napax(J--Y) 'twv 06w(J-avwv, �OPU6YJXE Eva VEO , aVE�ap'tYJ'to BaG'tAEW 'twv EAA-Y)vwv o Apx�xa, xaAun'tE (J-�a (J-� xp-Y) mpwx-y), aAAa G''tao�axa mEx'ta6YJxE npoc;; boppa G''tYJ BaAxav�x-Y) xa� npoc;; 'ta E�W G''to A�yato nEAayoc;; , EVW 'to mo npoG'cpa'to Eoacp�xo 'tou anox'tYJ(J-a -Y)'tav 'ta �woExavYJG'a, G'u(J-nEp�Aa(J-bavo(J-EvYJC;; 'tYJC;; Pooou, ano 'tYJV l'taAta 'to 1947 0 Ta EAAYJv�xa nOA�'t�xa npay(J-a'ta G'unapaX'tYJxav G''t�C;; apXEC;; 'tou E�XOG''tou a�wva ano 'tYJv av'tmaAO'tYJ'ta (J-E'ta�u G'uv'tYJPYJ 't�xwv G''tO�XEtWV, nou Exnp0G'wnouv'tav ano 'to baG'�A�a KwvG''tav'ttvo A', Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ETPOIIH TOT '¥TXPOT IIOAEMOT, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

xat 'twv cptAEAe:UOe:pWV tJ-E U7tiptJ-axo 'tOU� 'tov 7tPWOU7tOUP'YO EAWOipto BEVt�iAO . To 1 9 2 4 , tJ-E'ta a7to ivav 7tOAEtJ-O tJ-E 't"Y)v Toupxta 7tOU dXE xa'taAT)�Et er't"Y) Mtxpaerta'ttxT) Ka'taer'tpocpT) 'tou 1 9 2 2 , er't"Y)v EAAaoa XaOtEpwO"y)XE o"Y)tJ-oxpa'ttxo xaOEer'tw� , 'to 07tOtO otJ-w� a7toodx0"Y)xe: aou vatJ-o xat 'to 1935 E7tier'tpE�e: "Y) tJ-ovapxta U7tO 'tov rEWp'Yto B'. Tov mo tJ-EVO Xpovo aviAa6e: 't"Y)v e:�ouerta "Y) otx'ta'topta 'tou er'tpa't"y)'You Iwavv"Y) ME'ta�a. ME 't"Y)v avoXT) 'tou 6aertAta, 0 M E'ta�a� ixave: Xa7tOtE� 7tpO er7taOEtE� va e:xeru'Yxpovtere:t 'tov EAA"Y)VtXO er'tpa'to xat 't"Y) o"Y)tJ-oerta Ototx"Y) er"y) , aAAa 7tiOaVE 'tov Iavouapto 'tou 194 1 , At'YO tJ-e:'ta 't"Y)v m(Oe:er"y) 't"Y)� I 'taAta� 'tou MouererOAtvt EVantOV 't"Y)� EAAaoa� . H EAAaoa apxtxa a7tiXpOUerE 't"Y)v e:ter60AT) 'tou MouererOAtVt, aAAa tJ-E'ta a7to At'YOU� tJ-T)VE� xa'tax'tT)O"Y)xE a7to 'to erutJ-tJ-axo 't"Y)� haAta� , 't"Y) re:ptJ-avta. 'E'tert, er'ta tJ-iera 'tou EtXoer'tou atwva "Y) xwpa anttJ-E'twmere: 7tP06AT)tJ-a'ta 7tapotJ-ota tJ-E au'ta 't"Y)� I 'taAta� . Ot EA7ttOE� 'Yta 't"Y)v a7toxa'taer'taer"y) 'tou 7taAatou tJ-e:'YaAEtOU dXav otaAuOd, "Y) xwpa T)'tav OtXovotJ-txa u7tava7t'tux't"Y) -tJ-E CP'twxo 7tA"Y)OuertJ-o, xwpk cpuertxou� 7tOpOU� xat XWPt� ava7t'tu'YtJ-iv"y) 6to tJ-"y)xavta- aAAa xat 7tOAt'ttXa aer'taOT)� . �'t"Y) oe:xaE'tta 'tou 1940 av'tttJ-e: 'twmerE 'tou� Xtvouvou� , 7tpw'tov, 't"Y)� �iv"Y)� xa't0XT)� xat, OEU'tEPOV , 't"Y)� Emxpa't"Y)er"Y)� 'tou xotJ-tJ-ouvtertJ-ou. '07tW� xat aAAou er't"Y)v Eupw7t"Y) , 'to 7tAiov Em'tuX"Y)tJ-ivo xtv"Y)tJ-a av'tt er'taer"Y)� xa'ta 't"Y)� 'Ye:ptJ-avtxT)� xa'toXT)� 6pterxo'tav U7tO 't"Y)v "y)'YEerta 'twv x0tJ-tJ-0uvter'twv, 7tOU T)'tav e:mxEcpaAT)� 'toero 'tou EOvtxou A7tEAWOe:PW'tt xou ME'tW7tOU (EAM) oero xat 'tou er'tpa'ttw'ttXOU 'tou erxiAou� , 'tou EAA"Y)VtXOu Aa't'x ou A7tEAWOEPW'ttXOu �'tpa'tou (EAA� ) . Y7tT)PXE E7tter"Y)� xat tJ-ta (o�ttJ-a) cptA06aertAtxT) aV'tter'taertaxT) otJ-aoa (ELlE�), aAAa T)'tav 7tEptoptertJ-iv"Y) XUptW� er't"Y)v 'H7tEtpO, er't"Y) 60PEtoOU'ttXT) EAAaoa . To EAM EAA� oXt tJ-ovo "y)'Y0unav 'tou a'Ywva xa'ta 'twv re:ptJ-avwv, aAAa E7tter"Y)� EmOtWXE tJ-ta XOtVWVtxT) xat 7tOAt'ttXT) mavaer'taer"y) 7tapotJ-ota tJ-' au'ti� 7tOU eruv'tEAier't"y)xav er'tt� 'YEt'tovtxi� r tou'YxoerAa6ta xat AA6avta Eva v'tta erE tJ-ovapXE� 7tOU , 07tW� xat 0 r EWp'Yto� B', dXav "y)'Y"y)Od a7tOAu'tap XtXWV xaOEer'tw'tWv 7tptV a7to 'tov 7tOAEtJ-O . H E�OUerta 'tou EAM E7tEx'ta O"Y)XE er'to tJ-e:'YaAu'tEPO tJ-ipo� 't"Y)� EAA"Y)VtXT)� u7ta(Opou 'to 1944, xaOw� Ot 'Ye:ptJ-avtxi� ouvatJ-Et� U7t0xwpouerav . IIoAAot 7tapa'Y0ne:� , wer'toero, eru v'tiAEerav 'Yta va a7to'tpa7td "Y) xa'taA"Y)�"Y) 't"Y)� E�OUerta� a7to 'tou� xotJ- tJ-ouvter'ti� . H E�Opter't"Y) er'to Katpo xu6ipv"Y)er"Y) 'tou rEWp'YtOU B' u7toer't"y) ptXO"Y)xe: a7to 'tou� BpE'tavou� , 7tOU T)'tav a7tocpaertertJ-ivot va xpa'tT)erouv 't"Y)v EAAaoa EX'tO� xotJ-tJ-ouvter'ttxou EAi'YXou e:�at'tta� 't"Y)� er'tpa't"y)'YtxT)� Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

NOTIA EYPOIIH

"'Ole; O"Y)(J.aO"tae; YLa 't"Y) M€O"Y) Ava't"oA�, 1tE:pw'X,� 7tOU bpLO"xo't"av U7tO bP€ 't"avLx� €7tLPpo� . Tov OX't"WbpW 't"ou 1 9 44 O"uV€bY)O"av OUO O"Y)(J.av't"Lxa y€yovo't"a . IIpw't"ov, bp€'t"avLxa O"'t"pa't"€u(J.a't"a €cp't"aO"av O"'t"Y)v Ae�va U7tO 't"o O"'t"pa't"Y)Yo PovaAn �xo(J.7tL (Ronald Scobie) YLa va a7toxa't"aO"'t"�O"ouv 't"Y) bao"LALx� €�ouO"ta, 't"a o7tota xa't"acp€pav va oLa't"Y)p�O"ouv 't"Le; (J.€yaA€e; 7tOA€Le; €x't"oe; xO(J.(J.OUVLO"'t"LXOU €A€y'X,OU . �€u't"€POV , 0 IwO"�cp �'t"aALv , 7tOU avu7t0(J.0vouO"€ va €�aO"cpaAto"€L 't"ov €A€Y'X,O 7tavw O"€ aAA€e; 7t€pw'X,€e; 't"Y)e; Ava't"oALX�e; Eupw7tY)e;, a7tood'X,ey)x€ €'t"OL(J.Oe; va O"uvalj;€L O"u(J.cpwvta (J.€ 't"Y)v 07tota Y) Bp€'t"avta ea €t'X,€ xuptap'X,Y) €7tLPpO� O"'t"Y)v EAAaoa, €VW Y) PWO"ta 0"'t"Y) BouAyapta xaL 0"'t"Y) Pou(J.avta . 'E'X,€L, (J.aALO"'t"a, U7toO"'t"y)pL'X,ed O't"L OL �ObL€'t"LXOt 7tt€O"av 't"oue; Y)y€'t"€e; 't"ou EAM va O"u(J.(J.€'t"aO"'X,ouv O"€ XUb€PVY)o"Y) O"uvaO"7tLO"(J.ou U7tO 't"ov r €Wpyw IIa7tavop€ou , (J.€'t"pw7tae� 7tOAL't"LXO xaL, 7tP07tOA€(J.Lxa, U7toupyo b€VL�€ALX�e; XUb€pVY)O"Y) e; , 't"ov 07tOtO o baO"LALae; d'X,€ OWPto"€L 7tpWeU7tOupyo . 'E7t€L't"a a7to 7t €pt7tAOX€e; oLabou A€UO"€Le; , 't"0 EAM O"u(J.cpwvY)O"€ . o O"u(J.bLbaO"(J.Oe; (J.€'t"a�u 't"wv xO(J.(J.OUVLo"'t"WV xaL 't"wv baO"LALxwV O"U nO(J.a xa't"€ppwO"€ . To NO€(J.bpW 't"ou 1944 €7t€O"'t"P€Ij;€ O"'t"Y)v EAAaoa Y) Tpt't"Y) Ta�Lap'X,ta 't"ou EAAY)VLXOU �'t"pa't"ou . Ka7tOLa O"'t"oL'X,da O"'t"o O"'t"pa't"o d'X,av Vwpt't"€pa €7tL�Y)'t"�o"€L O"'t"€V� O"uv€pyaO"ta (J.€ 't"0 EAM , aAAa Y) Tpt't"Y) Ta�Lap'X,ta �'t"av a7tOAu't"a acpoo"Lw(J.€VY) O"'t"ov r€Wpyw B'. 0 O"'t"pa't"Y)yoe; �xo(J.7tL €7t€OtW�€ va a7to't"€A€O"€L Y) (J.ovaoa au't"� 't"Y) baO"Y) YLa iva V€O O"'t"pa't"o xaL €7ttO"Y)e; va oLaAUeOUV OL anLO"'t"aO"LaX€e; opyavwo"€Le; . OO"'t"oO"o, O€V ap€O"€ O"'t"oue; xO(J.(J.OuVLO"'t"€e; Y) LO€a va 't"€eOUV (J.OV07tWALaXa OL O"'t"pa 't"Lw't"LX€e; ouva(J.€Le; U7tO baO"LALxo €A€y'X,O xaL OL U7toupYOt 't"ou EAM a7tO cpaO"LO"av va a7to'X,wp�O"ouv a7to 't"Y)v XUb€PVY)o"Y) . To �€X€(J.bpW �€O"7taO"av btaLa €7t€LO"ooLa O"'t"Y)V Ae�va xaL OL Bp€'t"avot -av xaL €7tLxp[Oy)xav w p€We; €7t€LO� bO�eY)O"av iva O€�LO xae€O"'t"we; €vantov 7tpwY)v aywvLo"'t"WV 't"Y)e; antO"'t"aO"y)e;- xa't"acp€pav va anL(J.€'t"W7tto"ouv 't"Y)V xO(J.(J.OUVLO"'t"LX� €7t[O€O"y) . Tov Iavouapw €yLV€ €CPLX't"� (J.ta avaxw'X,� , (J.€'t"a 't"Y) O�AWo"Y) 't"ou r€WpytOU B' O't"L O€V ea €7t€O"'t"P€CP€ axo(J.Y) O"'t"Y)V EAAaoa . 0 ap'X,L€7ttO"XO7t0e; �a(J.aO"xY)voe; , €7tLX€cpaA�e; 't"Y)e; ExxAY)O"tae; 't"Y)e; EAAaoOe; , €YLV€ aV't"L baO"LALae; . Ka't"o7tLv, 't"o
H ErpOIIH TOr 'l'rxpor IIoAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH I:ETOPIA

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NOTIA EYPOIIH

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H ErpOIIH TOr '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH IETOPIA

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NOTIA ErPOIIH

IXU"rO we; 7tpOooer[1X XIX� O� EV"rcXerE�e; fJ-E"rIX�U EAAcXolXe; XIX� Toupx[lXe; y�1X "rY)V Ku7tpo IXVIX�w7tupw6Y)xlXv "r0 1964, YEyovoe; 7tOU E[XE we; lX7to"riAEerfJ-1X VIX er"rIXAouv er"ro vY)er[ OUVcXfJ-E�e; "rou ORE . 0 6IXer�A�cXe; IIlXuAoe; 7tlXpifJ-E�VE w " vo t"xcX 0�IX"rE6E�fJ-ivoe; 7tpOe; "rY) BPE"rIXV[IX, EV fJ-ipE� E�IX�"r[IXe; "rwv er"rEvwv OE erfJ-wv fJ-E"rIX�U "rwv ouo 6IXer�A�xwv O�XOYEVE�WV, IXAAcX "r0 YEyovoe; IXU"rO Evi"rE�VE "r�e; E7ttX p[erE�e; "rY)e; xo�v-Y)e; YVWfJ-Y)e; 7tpOe; "rY) fJ-0VlXpX[IX " 'H"rIXV Y) E7tt fJ-OV-Y) "rou 6IXer�A�cX VIX E7tt er xE
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H ETPOIIH TOT 'I'TXPOT IIOAEMOT, 1 9 4 5 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

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NOTIA ErPOrrH

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H EYPOrrH TOY 'l'YXPOY rrOAEMOY, 1 9 45 - 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH ILTOPIA

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OtOtx'Y)er'Y) 't"ou NATO . Kat mXAt au't"� 'Y) CPtAOOU't"tX� xtv'Y)er'Y) E7ttXpm'Y)XE a7to 't"ov IIa7tavopEou , 0 07tOtOe; xat xEpOterE 't"te; YEVtXEe; EXAOYEe; 't"ov E7tOfJ-EVO Xpovo . H Vtx'Y) 't"ou IIA�OK EOEt�E o't"t �'t"av ouva't"ov er't"'Y)v EA A'Y)VtX� 7t OAt't"tX� va ytVEt ofJ-aA� fJ-E't"a6t6aer'Y) E�OUertae; a7to 't"'Y) �E�tcX er't"'Y)v Apter't"EpcX xat OEV EytvE XcX7tOtO er't"pa't"tw't"tXO xtv'Y)fJ-a Exdvo 't"0 OtcX er't"'Y)fJ-a, av xat u7t�p�av cp�fJ-Ee; o't"t xcX't"t 't"E't"OtO erXEOta<:o't"av er't"te; apXEe; 't"ou 1983 . Ot erOertaAter't"Ee; aVEAa6av 't"'Y)v E�ouerta fJ-E 't"'Y)v U7tOerXEer'Y) va 60'Y)6�erouv 't"oue; fJ-'Y) 7tPOvofJ-tOUXOue; xat va a7toxwp�erouv 't"oero a7to 't"o NATO oero xat a7to 't"'Y)v EOK, fJ-tfJ-OUfJ-EVOt 't"'Y)v 7tOAt't"tX� 't"wv «erxA'Y)pwv apter't"Epwv» erOertaAter't"wv 't"'Y)e; BpE't"avtae; xat 't"'Y)e; �u't"tX�e; r EpfJ-aVtae; xat 7tpOXaAwv't"ae; u7tEp60AtXOUe; cp060ue; o't"t 6a o'Y)fJ-tOupyouerav fJ-ap�ter't"txo xpcX't"oe; . '0fJ-we; , er't"'Y)v 7tpaYfJ-a't"txo't"'Y)'t"a, OEV U7t�p�E P#'Y) fJ-E 't"'Y) ou't"tX� erufJ-fJ-axta xat ot E6vtxo7tOt�erEte; �'t"av 7tEptOpterfJ-EVEe; . H erUfJ-fJ-E't"oX� er't"'Y)v EOK xat ot U�'Y)AO't"EpEe; Oa7tcXVEe; yta XOtVWVtXEe; U7t'Y)pEertEe; EcpEpav cXvooo 't"ou 7tA'Y)6wpterfJ-ou, aAAcX au't"o av't"tfJ-E't"w7tter't"'Y)xE fJ-E op6000�Ee; fJ-E60ooue; , 07tWe; U7to't"tfJ-'Y)er'Y) 't"ou vOfJ-terfJ-a't"oe; , 7tter't"w't"tXOUe; EAEyxoue; xat 7tEptOpt erfJ-oue; er't"oue; fJ-ter60ue; . Ta fJ-E't"pa yta va Evterxu6d 'Y) erufJ-fJ-E't"0X� 't"wv Epya't"wv er't"'Y) 6tOfJ-'Y)xavta aV't"ter't"a6fJ-ter't"'Y)xav a7to 7tEptOpterfJ-oue; er't"o Ot xatwfJ-a 't"'Y)e; a7tEpytae; . IIoAAEe; fJ-E't"appu6fJ-terEte; cpatvov't"av aVcX�tEe; AOyou er't"'Y)v Eupw7t'Y) 't"'Y)e; oExaE't"tae; 't"ou 1980: 't"o 1 9 8 1 fJ-Etw6'Y)XE 'Y) 'Y)AtXta 't"ou otxatwfJ-a't"oe; ��cpou er't"a oExaox't"w xat 't"0 1982 Xa6tEpw6'Y)XE 0 7tOAt't"t xoe; ycXfJ-Oe; . H eruVEXter'Y) 't"'Y)e; 6a6tcXe; OtatpEer'Y)e; fJ-E't"a�u IIA�OK xat N Eae; �'Y)fJ-oxpa't"tae; EytVE tOtat't"Epa EfJ-cpav�e; 't"0 McXp't"tO 't"ou 1985 , o't"av 't"0 7tpw't"o, 7tapcX 't"te; 7tpoYEvEer't"EpEe; U7tOerXEerEte; 't"ou, apv�6'Y)xE va u7toer't"'Y) pt�Et 't"'Y)v E7taVExAoy� 't"ou KapafJ-avA� we; 7tpOEOpOU xat 0 't"EAEU't"atOe; 7tapat't"�6'Y)xE erE EVOEt�'Y) OtafJ-ap't"uptae; . TpEte; fJ-�VEe; apyO't"Epa wer't"oero, 7tap' OAa 't"a 7tp06A�fJ-a't"a, 't"0 IIA�OK xEpOterE xat 7tcXAt 't"te; EXAOyEe; . ° IIa7tavopEou 't"EAtXcX E7tt6twerE we; 7tpw6u7toupyoe; yta 0X't"W xpOVta, terocpapt<:ov't"ae; 't"0 E7tt't"EUYfJ-a 't"ou KapafJ-avA� 't"ou 1955-63 , aAAcX 'Y) OEU 't"EP'Y) 7tEptoOoe; 't"ou IIA�OK er't"'Y)v E�Ouerta er'Y)fJ-aoEu't"'Y)XE a7to axofJ-'Y) fJ-E yaAu't"EpEe; OtXOVOfJ-tXEe; ouerxoAtEe; . �'t"a 1 9 85 -87 0 7tA'Y)6wpterfJ-0e; , 't"a 7tP06A�fJ-a't"a er't"o EfJ-7tOptXO tero<:uytO xat Ot U�'Y)AEe; o'Y)fJ-oertEe; Oa7tcXVEe; oO�y'Y)erav erE fJ-ta erEtpcX fJ-E't"PWV At't"O't"'Y)'t"ae; , erUfJ-7tEptAafJ-6avOfJ-EVOU 't"ou 7taywfJ-a't"oe; 'Y)fJ-EpofJ-ter6twv xat fJ-ter6wv, 't"a o7tota fJ-E 't"'Y) erEtpcX 't"oue; 7tU po06't"'Y)erav otafJ-ap't"uptEe; xat a7tEpytEe; . H aVEpyta �'t"av U�'Y)A�, Ot E7tEV06erEte; xafJ-'Y)AEe; xat 0 7tA'Y)6wpterfJ-0e; 7tapEfJ-EtVE apxE't"cX 7tcXVW a7tO 't"o 1 0 't"Ote; Exa't"O. Au't"� �'t"av 'Y) E7t0X� 7tOU O t cXAAEe; OU't"tXOEUpW7ta'r:XEe; XWpEe; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOrrH TOY '¥YXPOY rrOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : rrOAITIKH IETOPIA

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H ErporrH TOr 'l'rxpor rrOAEMor, 1 9 45 - 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH I�TOPIA

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NOTIA ErpOIlH

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320

H EYPOIIH T O Y '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

v"Y) Aa:t'XY) ouO'apEO'xE�a . To xLv"Y)fJ.a 't"Y)C; 26"Y)c; A7tptALOU EepEpE afJ.EO'wc; O''touc; OpOfJ.ouC; 7tAY)60c; xoO'fJ.OU 7tOU �"Y)'touO'av «EAwtkpLa» xat Eo�vav 0 Evac; O''tov aAAo xoxx�va yapLepaAa, O'UfJ.boAa fJ.�ac; E�P"Y)V�XY)c; E7tavaO''ta O'"Y)C; . T"Y)v ITpw'tofJ.ay�a 'tou 1 9 7 4 Ey�vav fJ.E)'aA"Y)c; XALfJ.aXac; o�ao"Y)AwO'E�C; ' �otw't�xa otxY)fJ.a'ta xa'taA Y)ep6"Y)xav O''t"Y) AtO'O'abova xa� ExeppaO''t"Y)xE "Y) a7taL't"y)O'"y) yta XOtVWV�XEC; fJ.E'tappu6fJ.LO'EtC; xa� y�a bEA'tLWO'"Y) 'tou E7tt7tE OOU OtabLwO'"y)c; . I:'ttc; 1 6 Ma"tou O'uyxpO'tY)6"Y)XE U7toupy�xo O'UfJ.bOUAto XUpLWC; a7to 7tOA�'t�XOUC; , 7tOU O'UfJ.7tEp�EAafJ.bavE xa� 060 XOfJ.fJ.OUV�O''tEC; . Ot xOfJ.fJ.OUV�O''tEC; Y)'tav xaAa opyavwfJ.Evo� xa� dxav Y)0"Y) avaAabE� 'tov EAE)' XO 't"Y)C; 't07ttXY)C; au'toOtoLX"Y)O'"Y)C; O'E 7tOAAEC; 7tEptoXEC; . AAAa Ot 7tEp�O'O'O'tE POt 7tOA�'t�XOL Y)'tav E�LO'OU a7tE�pOt 00'0 xat Ot O''tpa'ttw't�xoL H yE'tEC; XOfJ. fJ.a'twv, 07tWC; 0 O'oO'�aA�O''ty)C; I:oapEC; , 7tOU Ey�VE 'to'tE U7toupyoc; E�W'tE p�xwv , E7tEO''tpE�av fJ.E'ta a7to xpov�a E�opLac; xa� XWPLC; va yVWpL�OUV 7tpaYfJ.a't�xa 'ta 7tpObAY)fJ.a'ta 't"Y)C; ITop'toyaALac; . 0 VEOC; 7tpw6u7toupyoc; Y)'tav Evac; xa6"Y))'"Y)'ty)c; 7taVE7ttO''t"Y)fJ.LOU, 0 ITaAfJ.a KapAoc; (Palma Carlos), 'tou 07tOLOU "Y) XUbEPV"Y)O'"Y) O'uv'tOfJ.a 7tpOXWp"Y)O'E O'E au�Y)O'E�C; fJ.tO'6wv , bEA 'ttwO'"Y) o�xoyEvE�axwv E7ttOofJ.a'twv xa� O'E 7taywfJ.a 'twv EVmXtWV xa� 'twv 't�fJ.wv . OO''toO'o, xa6wc; "Y) E7tavaO''taO'"y) 'twv rap�epaAwv dXE �EO'7taO'E� O'E E7t0XY) 0�E6vouc; o�xovofJ.�xY)c; UepEO'"Y)C; xa� dXE OO"Y)yY)O'E� O'E xa7to�a xafJ.�"y) 'tou 'toup�O'fJ.OU xa� O'E fJ.dwO'"Y) 'twv E7tEVOUO'Ewv a7tO 'to E�W'tEP�XO, O� O�xOVOfJ.�XEC; 7tpOO7t't�XEC; Y)'tav O'xO'tEtVEC; . Ot OtXOVOfJ.tXEC; avayxEC; au�Y)6"Y)xav axofJ."Y) 7tEp�O'O'O'tEpO E�a�'ttac; 't"Y)C; E7ttO''tpOepy)c; 'twv a7totxwv a7tO 't"Y)v AepptxY) . O� 7tpw'tm E�� fJ.Y)VEC; 't"Y)C; vEac; o"Y)fJ.oxpa'tLac; xapax't"y)pLO''t"Y)xav a7tO 't"Y) O'"y)fJ.aO'La 'tou POAOU 'tou O''tpa'tou xa� a7tO Evav au�avofJ.Evo av'tayw v�O'fJ.O oUvafJ.Ewv fJ.E'ta�u 'tou I:7ttVOAa xa� 'twv ap�O''tEpWV a�twfJ.a'ttxwv 7tOU xup�apx"Y)O'av O''to MFA, 'to 07tOtO 7tapEfJ.E�vE �w't�xo O''tmxdo O''t"Y)v 7tOA�'t�XY) �O'opp07tLa 't"Y)C; Xwpac; . To MFA O'uv'tOfJ.a E7tEXptVE 'ttC; EVEpyEtEC; 'tou 7tpOEOpOU xa�, XUPLWC; , 't"Y)v a7toepaO'Y) 'tou va E�OpLO'E� 'tov KaE'tavo xa� 0X� va 'tov 7tapa7tEfJ.�E� O'E OLX"Y) . H 6EO'"y) 'tou I:7ttVOAa epav"Y)xE va �O'xupo7tmd'ta� fJ.E'ta 't�C; 3 1 Map'tLou, o'tav O'uyxpO'tY)6"Y)XE Eva I:UfJ.bOU Ato 'tou Kpa'touc; , avw'tEpo a7to 'to U7toupy�xo O'UfJ.bOUAto , xa� O''to 07tOLO O� U7toO''t"Y)P�X'tEC; 'tou EfJ.epavL�oV'tav va EXOUV 't"Y)v 7tAEto�"Y)epLa . OO''toO'o, 'tov IOUAto, 'to LOto 'to I:UfJ.bOUAto fJ.a'taLwO'E 't�c; fJ.E'tappu6fJ.LO'E�C; 't"Y)C; xu bEPV"Y)O'"Y)C; , 7tOU 7tEp�EAafJ.bavav xa� 7tpOWPEC; 7tPOEOptXEC; EXAOYEC; , O� 07tOtEC; 6a fJ.7topouO'av va �O'xup07tO�Y)O'ouv 't"Y) 6EO'"y) 'tou I:7ttVOAa . O U'tE 'to MFA OU'tE xa� 'ta 7tOA�'t�xa xOfJ.fJ.a'ta Ev�w6av wxap�O''ta O''t"Y)V tOEa va 7tapaDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

NOTIA ErPOITH

" 1tpoO'W1to . A v't�'6 E'ta, fJ-E'ta" a1to EV'tO1: 00 !:' 6 E�' "Y) ouO'�aO''t�x"Y)' E<.,ouO'�a ' O'E Eva VEe; o�afJ-aXEe; , 0 pOAoe; 'tou MFA O''to �UfJ-tlOUAW 'tou Kpa'toue; aVatla6fJ-L O''t"Y)XE xa� O'X"y)fJ-a'tLO''t"y)XE Eva VEO U1toupy�xo O'UfJ-tlOUAW fJ-E EmxEcpaA�e; 'to O'uv'taYfJ-a'tapx"y) BaO'xo rxOvO'aAtlEe; (Vasco Goncalves), Evav ap� O''tEpO 'tou MFA, O''tEVO 1tOA�'t�XO O'ufJ-fJ-axo 'tou apx"y)you 'tou KOfJ-fJ-ouv� O''t�xou KOfJ-fJ-a'toe; , 'tou AAtlapO Kouv�aA (Alvaro CunhaD . To yqovoe; au'to a1to'tEAEO'E fJ-EyaA"Y) �'t'ta y�a 'tov �mvoAa xa� avo��E 'to oPOfJ-o y�a fJ-�a m6av� O'ufJ-fJ-aXLa xOfJ-fJ-ouv�O''twv xa� MFA 1tOU 6a fJ-1tOpOUO'E va ava AatlE� 't"Y) O�aXUtlEpv"Y)O'"Y) , av xa� 1tpOe; 'to 1tapov o� xOfJ-fJ-OUV�O''tEe; xa� 'to MFA Em6ufJ-ouO'av va fJ-"Y) XaO'ouv 't"Y)v U1toO''t�p��"Y) 'twv aAAwv 1tOA�'t�XWV xOfJ-fJ-a'twv xa� 't"Y)e; fJ-EO'aLae; 'ta�"Y) e; . Ev 'tw fJ-E'ta�u, 0 O'tEAo V'tE Kaptla Aw, 0 apX�'tEx'tovae; 'tou xtv�fJ-a'toe; 'tou A1tp�ALOU, EytvE apx"y)yoe; fJ-�ae; vEae; opyavwO'"Y)e;, 't"Y)e; COPCON, 'tou O''tpa't�w't�xou O'xEAoue; 'tou MLF, 1tOU �'tav O'E 6EO'"Y) va 1tapaxafJ-1t'tE� 't"Y)v E1tLO'"Y)fJ-"Y) �EpapXLa xa� 1tOU aVEAatlE va a1to'tpE1tE� EO'W'tEp�XEe; ava'tapaxEe; . r 1t�p�av xa1tow� CPOtlot o't� "Y) COPCON 6a EVEpyOUO'E y�a va 1tpoO''ta'tEuO'E� 'ta O'UfJ-cpEpov'ta 'tou MFA, 'to 01tOLO 'twpa 1tLE�E 1tpOe; 't"Y)v xa'tEu6uvO'"y) p��oO'1taO''t�xwv �OEWV, 01tWe; 't"Y)e; xa'tapy"Y)O'"Y)e; 'tou xam'taA�O'fJ-ou, 't"Y)e; o"Y)fJ-wupYLae; O'oO'�aA�O''t�xou xpa'toue; xa� 't"Y)e; afJ-EO'"Y)e; a1toa1totXW1tOL"y)O'"y) e; . Au'to 'to 'tEAw'taLo 6EfJ-a, "Y) fJ-oLpa 'twv a1totx�wv, xa'ta E�PWV�xo 'tP01tO a1toOEtx6"y)XE "Y) a�'tLa 't"Y)e; ava'tpo1t�e; 'tou �mvoAa . 0 1tpOEOpOe; OEV E1tEVEtl"Y) O''t"Y)v 1tapaxwp"Y)O'"Y) aVE�ap 't"Y)O'Lae; 0''t"Y) rOU�vEa xa� 0''t"Y) MO�afJ-tlLx"Y) , aAAa �'tav a1tocpaO'�O'fJ-EVOe; o't� "Y) AyxoAa OEV E1tpE1tE va 1tEpaO'E� O''tov EAqxo 'tou Cp�AOO'Otl�E't�XOU MPLA. rt' au'tov 'to Myo 'to �E1t'tEfJ-tlPW ayvo"Y)O'E 'to MFA xa� 't"Y)v XUtlEPV"Y)O'"Y) xa� o�a1tpaYfJ-a'tEu't"Y)xE fJ-uO''t�xa 't"Y)v aVE�ap't"Y)O'La 't"Y)e; AyxoAa fJ-E aAAEe; 'tomxEe; E6v�XEe; opyavwO'E�e; . 'O'tav au'to a1toxaAucp6"y)xE, 'to M FA xa� 'ta 1tOA�'t�xa xOfJ-fJ-a'ta aV'tEopaO'av . 0 �mvoAa ExavE EXXA"Y)O'"Y) y�a u1too''t� p��"Y) 0''t"Y) «O'�W1t"Y)A� 1tAEw�"y)cpLa» 'twv IIop'toyaAwv xa� opyavwO'E tl�a O''t�xa Eva O'uAAaA"Y)'t�pw 0''t"Y) A�O'O'atlova y�a 't�e; 30 �E1t'tEfJ-tlpLOU . AAAa ot av'tL1taAOL 'tou cpotl�6"Y)xav o't� 0 O''tpa't"Y)yoe; O'X01tWE va xavE� o�x'ta 'topLa, x� E'tO'� 0''t�6"Y)xav ooocppaYfJ-a'ta 0''t"Y) A�O'O'atlova WO''tE va a1to'tpa1tEt 'to 1tpoypafJ-fJ-a't�O'fJ-EvO O'uAAaA"Y)'t�pw, 'to 01tOLO aU'toe; 'to'tE U1t0XpEW6"Y)XE va fJ-a'ta�wO'EL �'t�e; 30 �E1t'tEfJ-tlPLOU 0 �mvoAa, fJ-E 't"Y)v E�ouO'La 'tou epufJ-fJ-a't�O'fJ-Ev"Y) , 1tapa�'t�6"Y)xE, y�a va 'tov o�aOEXeEt O''t"Y)v 1tpOEOpLa 0 1tpw"Y)v O'ufJ-fJ-aXOe; 'tou, 0 KoO''ta rXOfJ-E� . �'t"Y)v ofJ-�ALa 'tou xa'ta 't"Y)v 1tapak"Y)O'� 'tou, 0 �mvoAa 1tpOE�OO1tOL"Y)O'E y�a 'tov XLVOUVO xa'taXP"y)O'"y)e; 't"Y)e; o"Y)fJ-oxpa'tLae; a1to 't"Y)v Ap�O''tEpa, aAAa ,

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

32 2

H ErPOIIH TOr '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH II:TOPIA

'Y) 1t'tW<J'Y) 'tOU oe:v fJ-1t0POU<Je: 1tapa va e:Vt<JXU<Je:t 't'Y)v Apt<J'te:pa axofJ-'Y) 1te: pt<J<Jo'te:po . To MFA xat OL X0fJ-fJ-0UVt<J'tEe; , 1tAEOV, fAe:YXav 'ta fJ-E<Ja e:v'Y) fJ-Epw<J'Y) e; , fJ-1t0pou<Jav va XtV'Y)'t01tOL-f)<JOUV 'toue; e:pya'te:e; e:vantov 01tOLa<J o-f)1to'te: «av'te:1tava<J'ta'ttx-f)e;» 'ta<J'Y)e; <J't'Y)V 1tpw'te:uou<Ja xat, e:1tt<J'Y) e; , <pawo'tav v a EXOUV xe:POt<Je:t 'tov EAe:yxo 'tou <J'tpa'tou, 'tou vau'ttxou xat 't'Y)e; ae:po1toptae; , 'ta o1tota xat e:motwxav va 1tOAt'ttX01tOL-f)<JOUV o'Y)fJ-wup ywv'tae; <J'tpa'ttw'ttXEe; <JUVe:Ae:U<Je:te; 1tOU U1tovofJ-e:uav 't'Y)V 1tapaoo<Jtax-f) e:�ou<Jta 'twv a�wfJ-a'ttxwv . Tov Iavouapw 'tou 1 9 75 'Y) XUbEPV'Y)<J'Y) ota1tpaYfJ-a'te:u't'Y)xe: fJ-ta vEa <JufJ-e:bpoua pw 'Y) XUbEPV'Y)<J'Y) EOW<Je: U1to<JXE<Je:te; yta ota<pope:e; fJ-e:'tappu6fJ-t<Je:te; xat fJ-e:'ta�u au'twv otxato'te:p'Y)
NOTIA EYFOIlH

ery)fJ,av'ttXO 7tAY),YfJ,a Xat xa't€oe:t�e: 'tY)V €V'tOVy) Aa'�XY] av'tt6e:erY) 7tpO� 'tov 7tOAt'ttXO e:�'tpe:fJ,terfJ,o dn 'ty)� Apter'te:pa:� e:t..e: 'ty)� Lle:�ta:� . Lluo e:6oofJ,a: oe:� wer'toero 7tptv 'tt� e:XAOy€� -Xat W� aV't"a:AAaYfJ,a yta va e:m'tp€\jJe:t 'ty) ote:�aywyY] 'tou�- 'to MFA dXe: U7t0xpe:were:t 'ta 7tOAt'ttXa: xOfJ,fJ,a'ta va a7tooe:x60uv iva «erufJ,cpwvo» 7tOU e:yyuo'tav 'to fJ,e:AAOV't"tXO 7tOAt'ttXO POAO 'tou E7tavaer'ta'ttxou LUfJ,60UAtOU ere: 07towoy]7t0'te: fJ,e:AAOV't"tXO Luv'tay fJ,a . Ot Y)y€'te:� 'tou M FA 6e:wpouerav 'tov e:au'to 'tou� w� 'tY)v 7tpoe:�a:PXou era e:7tavaer'ta'ttxy] ouvafJ,Y) , Y) o7tota, erav «a7te:Aw6e:pw'ttxO xtvY)fJ,a» ere: 'tpt'toxoerfJ,txo xpa:'to� , 6a ooY)youere: 'ty)v IIop'toyaAta 7tpO� iva erOertaAt er'ttxo fJ,€AAOV . 'E'tert, 'to MFA xat 'to E7tavaer'ta'ttxo LUfJ,60UAW 7tap€fJ,e:t vav, 7tapa: 'tt� e:XAOy€� , fJ,ta er06apY] a7te:tAy] yta 'ty)v u7toer'taery) 'twv 7t0At'ttXWV XOfJ,fJ,a:'twv . Tov A7tptAW 'tou 1 9 75 Y) IIop'toyaAta 6pterxo'tav ere: 7tAY]PY) 7tOAt'ttXy] aer'ta:6e:ta xat eruyxuerY) . 'OfJ,W� Ot 7tOAt'ttX€� otatp€ere:t� , Ot a7te:pyte:� xat ot OtaoY)Awere:t� xa6w� xat Y) otxovofJ,txY] e:�a:v'tAY)erY) cpa:vY)xav va 7tY)yatvouv 7tpO� 'to Xe:tpo'te:po xa'ta: 'to «xau'to xaAOXatpt» 7tOU axoAou6Y)ere: . To MFA, Ot XOfJ,fJ,ouvter't€� xat 'ta oy)fJ,oxpa'ttxa: 7tOAt'ttXa: xOfJ,fJ,a'ta Y]'tav fJ,ovo 'ta xupta er'totxda e:vo� eruv6e:'tou 7tA€yfJ,a'to� 7tOAt'ttXWV ye:yovo'twv . Tov IouAw, Y) a7tocpaerY) va 'te:6d Y) fJ,e:ya:AY)� e:mppoY]� e:cpY)fJ,e:ptoa Republica U7tO 'tov €Ae:yXO 'twv e:pya<:ofJ,€VWV ooY]yY)ere: er'ty)v a7toxwpY)erY) 'twv ero ertaAter'twv xat 'twv Aa'�xwv oy)fJ,oxpa'twv a7to 'to U7toupytXO erUfJ,60uAW . AXoAou6Y)erav OtaoY)Awere:t� er'tou� opofJ,ou� , a:AAe:� U7t€P 'ty)� xu6€pvY)erY)� xat a:AAe:� U7t€P 'twv erOertaAter'twv , xa6w� ota'tu7tw6Y)xav cpo6ot yta eru yxpo'tY)erY) e:7tavaer'ta'ttxY]� «'tptavopta�» a7to 'tov Koer'ta rxofJ,e:<:, 'tov 7tpoe:opo rxovera:A6e:� xat 'tov O't€AO v'te: Kap6a:Aw 'tou COPCON. H Pw fJ,awxa60AtxY] ExxAY)erta e:vaV't"tw6Y)xe: avotX'ta: 7tA€OV er'ty)v Apter'te:pa:, 'to xtvY)fJ,a «Mapta V't"e: «:DoV't"e:» a:pXtere: 60fJ,6ter'ttx€� e:m6€ere:t� xa'ta: 'twv apxy)ydwv 'tou KOfJ,fJ,ouvter'ttxou KOfJ,fJ,a'to� er'tY) 6ope:ta IIop'toyaAta xat cpatvo'tav m6avo va �e:er7ta:ere:t e:fJ,CPUAW� 7tOAe:fJ,O� . o er'toero, xat Y) tota Y) 'tptavopta eruv'tofJ,a a:pXtere: va OtaAUe:'taL 0 Koer'ta rxofJ,e:<: Y]'tav 0 mo eruv'tY)pY)'ttXO� a7to 'tou� 'tpe:t� xat avY)eruxouere: yta 'ty) 6a6ta: otatpe:erY) 'tY)� xotvwvta� ' 0 rxovera:A6e:� eruv€Xtere: va dvat U7t€P 'tou terxupou xe:v'tptXOU e:A€yxou 'tY)� xwpa� xa'ta: 'to er06te:'ttxo 7tp0'tU7to' aAAa: 0 Kap6a:Aw u7toer'tY]pt<:e: fJ,ta pt<:txa: otacpope:'ttxY] 7topda - 'tY)V a7tox€V't"pwery) 'tY)� e:�ouerta� ere: «Aa't'X€� e:m'tpo7t€� » . Ev 'tw fJ,e:'ta�u, xa:7tOWt fJ,e:'tpw7ta6d� a�twfJ,a'ttxot 'tou er'tpa'tou, 'tpofJ,ayfJ,€vot a7to 'ty) er'tpa'ttw'ttxY] a7te:t6ap Xta, a:pxterav va opyavwvov'tat xat er'tt� 6 Auyouer'tou ot apxy)yot 'tou� Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH IETOPIA

ol')fJ-oertwerav 'rO «'Eyypacpo 'rwv Evv€a» , fJ-E 'r0 01tOtO E1t€XptVaV 'rov rXOVeraAbEe; yta xp�erl') OAOXAI')PW'rtXWV fJ-E60owv . Qe; a1tO'r€AEerfJ-a, 0 rXOVeraAbEe; apxterE va XaVEt 'rl')V Emppo� 'rOU xat 'r0 �E1t'r€fJ-bpW ant xa'raer'ra61')XE er'rl')v 1tpw6U1toupyta a1tO 'r0 vauapxo IItv€tpo V'rE A'r�Eb€ V'rO (Pinheiro de Azevedo), erE fJ-ta XUb€pVI')erl') 1tOU €CPEPE 'roue; erOertaAt er'r€e; xat 'roue; Aa·t·XOue; Ol')fJ-Oxpa'rEe; 1tterw er'ro U1toupytXO erUfJ-bOuAW . IIapa 'rau'ra OfJ-we; , 'r0 1tOAt'rtXO erXI')vtXO 1tap€fJ-EtVE E�atpE'rtXa eruYXEXUfJ-€VO. H Atererabova �'rav Ouertaer'rtxa aXUb€pvl')'rl') , cpatvo'rav m6avo O'rt eruv'rl') pl')'rtXOt 'rOU boppa terWe; baOt�aV EVantOV 'rl')e; pt�oer1taer'rtX�e; 1tPW'rEUOU erae; , EVW er'rte; apx€e; NOEfJ-bptOU I') COPC ON OEV €XaVE 'rt1to'ra yta va a1tO'rp€�Et 'rOV a1tOXAEterfJ-0 'rOU KOtVObOUAtOU a1tO a1tEpyoue; otxo06fJ-oue; . �'rte; 1 8 N OEfJ-bptOU , yta va e:1tavacp€pEt 'rl')v IIop'royaAta er'ra AoytXa 'rl')e; , 'r0 U1toupytXO erufJ-bOUAW axoAou61')erE 'rl')v U1tOOEt�I') 'rou �oapEe; xat 'ra tota 'rou 'ra fJ-€AI') xa'r€bl')xav «erE a1tEpyta» - a1tat'rwnae; a1tO 'r0 E1tavaer'ra'rtXO �UfJ-bOUAW va EyyuI')6d 'rl')V aercpaAEta 'rOue; . H «a1tEp yta» 'rOU U1toupytXOU erUfJ-bOUAtOU cpaVI')XE we; cpapera, we; I') 'rEAW'rata 1tpa�I') 1tptV va bu6ter'rd I') IIop'royaAta er'rl')v avapxta . 'OfJ-we; 0 erX01tOe; 'rOU �oapEe; EX1tAI')pw61')XE : U1t0xp€WerE 'rl') xwpa va er'rpacpd er'ro 1tpO bAI')fJ-a 'rl')e; 'ra�I')e; . H avayxI') va a1toxa'raer'ra6d I') OtE6v�e; 6€erl') 'rl')e; IIop'royaAtae; xat, tOtat'rEpa, va �avapXterEt 'r0 EfJ-1tOPW fJ-E 'rl') dU'rtX� EupW1tl') E1tterl')e; erUV€baAE 6E'rtXa er'rl')v e:1tavacpopa 'rl')e; 'ra�I') e; , xat Ot HilA XPl')ertfJ-01totl')erav 'rl')v Emppo� 'roue; Evav'rtOv 'rl')e; axpae; Apter'rEpae; . ME'rpW1ta6Ete; a�twfJ-a'rtxot er'ro E1tavaer'ra'rtxo �UfJ-bOUAW a1tocpaerterav 1tA€OV va EmbaAouv 'rl')V E�OUerta 'rOue; . Qe; a1to'r€AEerfJ-a, er'rte; 25 N OEfJ- bptOU , fJ-E'ra a1to V€Ee; 'rapax€e; fJ-E'ra�u apter'rEpwv 1tapaer'rpa'rtw'rtXWV ofJ-aowv, Ot fJ-E'rpw1ta6de; a�twfJ-a'rtxot xa'r€AabaV Ot tOWt 'rl')v E�oucrta er'rl') Atererabova . �UVEA�cp61')erav apter'rEpOt, I') COPCON otaM61')xE, 'ra fJ-€era EVl')fJ-€pwerl')e; a1taAAax61')xav a1to 'rov 1tOAt'rtXO €AEYXO xat €vae; V€Oe; OWtxl')'r�e; 'rwv EV01tAWV ouvafJ-Ewv , 0 er'rpa'rl')yoe; PafJ-aAw EavEe; (Ra malho Eanes), aV€AabE va E1tavacp€pEt 'rl') er'rpa'rtw'rtx� 1tEt6apxta. TEAtxa, 0 tOWe; 0 er'rpa'roe; dXE er'rpacpd xa'ra 'rou MFA, 'rou 01tOtOU ot fJ-ap�ter'rtX€e; 'raerEte; dXav �Ol') a1t0fJ-aXpUVEt 'rl')v EXXAI')crta, 'roue; XE npwoue; 1tOAt'rtXOUe; , 'roue; aypO'rEe; 'rou boppa xat 'r0 fJ-e:yaM'rEpo fJ-€pOe; 'rou EXAoytXOU erwfJ-a'roe; . To MFA dXE xa'raer'rp€�Et 'rl') eruvox� 'rou er'rpa'rou, aAAa OEV xa'racpEpE va E�aercpaAterEt terxup� I')YEerta yta 'rl') xwpa . A1to 'rou xat fJ-E'ra, av xat 'r0 E1tavaer'ra'rtxo �UfJ-bOUAW 1tap€fJ-EtVE erl')fJ-antx� ouvafJ-I') xat I') bta eruVEXter'rl')xE yta xa1tow otaer'rl')fJ-a , Ot Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

NOTIA ETPOI1H

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H EYPOIIH TOY 'l'YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

cr'tY)crEt cr't'Y)V E�oucrta 'to OtXO 'tOU U1tO�Y)CPto , 'tov N OfJ-1tpE V'tE Kocr'ta (Nobre de Costa), aAAIx 'to 1tEtpafJ-a au'to xa'teppwcrE cruv'tOfJ-a, EVW xat fJ-ta IxAA'Y) xUbepv'Y)cr'Y), fJ-E cr'tY)Pt�'Y) a1to cruv't'Y)P'Y)'ttXOUe; xat XEV'tpwOUe; , EmbtwcrE fJ-oAte; fJ-eXpt 'tov Iouvto 'tou 1 9 79 . T O'tE, 0 ElxvEe; a1tocplxcrtcrE a1tp06ufJ-a o'tt e1tpE1tE va cru'YxA'Y)60uv 1tpOWpEe; ExAo'Yee; . Tov OX'tWbpto 'tou 1 9 7 6 Ot Aa·LXOt o'Y)fJ-oxplxne; , EVW 1tapefJ-EtvaV cptAE AEU6EpO xOfJ-fJ-a 't'Y)e; fJ-Ecratae; 't1x�'Y)e;, EtXav fJ-E'toVOfJ-acr'tEt crE crocrtaAO'Y)fJ-O Xplx'tEe; xat, U1tO 't'Y)v 'Y)'YEcrta 'tou La Kapvetpo (Sa Carneiro) , crufJ-fJ-IxX'Y) crav fJ-E 'to CDS xat fJ-E fJ-0vapXtXOUe; , 'Yta va xa'tEbouv cr'tte; EXAo'Yee; 'tou �EXEfJ-bPtOU 'tou 1 9 79 we; EVtata «�'Y)fJ-oxpa'ttxY) LUfJ-fJ-axta » . 0 La Kapvetpo eAm�E va 6ecrEt U1tO 'tov eAEJXo 'tou 'to KOtVObOUAto fJ-E 't'Y) LUfJ-fJ-aXta, axofJ-'Y) Xt av xepOt�E At'YonpEe; eopEe; a1to 'toue; crocrtaAtcr'tee; xat 'toue; X0fJ-fJ-0uvtcr'tee; , xa6we; 'ta OUO 'tEAw'tata xOfJ-fJ-a'ta 1to'te OEV 6a xa'tlxcpEpvav va crUVEP'Yacr'touv fJ-E't1x 'ta 'YE'Yovo'ta 't'Y)e; 1tEptOOOU 1 9 74-76. T O'tE, Ot OfJ-IxOEe; 't'Y)e; LUfJ-fJ-axtae; 6a fJ-1topoucrav va EcpapfJ-ocrouv cr't'Y)v IIop'to'YaAta 't'Y)v OtxovofJ-ta 't'Y)e; a'Y0plxe; : 01tWe; xat aAAou cr't'Y)v Eupw1t'Y) , U1tY)PXav 1tAeOV eV'toVEe; 1tpocroOXtEe; a1to 'tOUe; cruv't'Y)P'Y)'ttXOUe; 'Yta av'tt cr'tpocpY) 'twv E6vtxo1tOtY)crEwv xat 'twv U�'Y)AWV XOtVWVtXWV oa1tavwv 1tOU xapax'tY)ptcrav 'ta fJ-ecra 't'Y)e; oExaE'ttae; 'tou 1970, xa6we; xat 'Yta o'Y)fJ-toUp 'Yta fJ-tae; mo aV'ta'Ywvtcr'ttxy)e; OtxovofJ-tae; , 1tOU 6a fJ-1tOpOUcrE va a�to1toty) crEt 't'Y) crUfJ-fJ-E'tOXy) 't'Y)e; xwpae; cr't'Y)v EOK. 0 La Kapvetpo EX1tAy)PWcrE 'to 1tpw'to fJ-epoe; 'tou crXEOtOU au'tou o'tav 'Y) LUfJ-fJ-axta xepOtcrE 1tlxvw a1to 40 'tOte; Exa'to 'twv �Y)cpwv cr'tte; EXAo'Yee; 'tou �EXEfJ-bPtOU 'tou 1 9 79 . Ocr'tocro, 0 1tpOEOpOe; ElxvEe; , 1tOU E1taVE�EAe'Y'Y) 'to 1 980, xa6we; xat 'to E1tavacr'ta'ttxo LUfJ-bOUAto Evav'ttw6'Y)xav crE 1tOAAIx otxovofJ-txlx fJ-e'tpa 't'Y)e; LUfJ-fJ-aXtae; , xapax't'Y)pt�oV'tlxe; 'ta we; «av'ttcruv'ta'YfJ-a'ttxlx» , xat 'Y) LUfJ- fJ-axta OEV xa'tlxcpEpE va E�acrcpaAtcrEt 't'Y)v 1tAEto�'Y)cpta 'twv 060 'tPt'twv cr'to KotvObOUAto, 1tOU Y)'tav a1tapat't'Y)'t'Y) 'Yta va E'Yxpt60uv Ot cruv'ta'YfJ-a'ttxee; fJ-E'taboAee; . Au'to u1tEv6ufJ-tcrE fJ-E OUcrIxPEcr'tO 'tP01tO 'to 'YE'YOVOe; o'tt, cr'ta 1974-76, 'Y) Aptcr'tEPIx xat 0 cr'tpa'toe; EtXav xa'tacpepEt va 6ecrouv 1tEpto ptcrfJ-oue; cr'tte; EmAo'Yee; 'twv fJ-EAAOV'ttXWv XUbEPVY)crEWV . 'Eva axofJ-'Y) 1tAy)'YfJ-a Y)p6E 'to �ExefJ-bPto 'tou 1980, o'tav 0 La Kapvetpo crxO'tW6'Y)XE crE aEp01tOptXo oucr'tUX'Y)fJ-a . H LUfJ-fJ-axta 'twv crocrtaA0'Y)fJ-oxpa'twv xat 'tWV cruv't'Y)P'Y)'ttXWV OtXlxcr't'Y)XE 1tEptcrcrO'tEpO U1tO 't'Y)V 'Y)'YEcrta 'tOU ota06xou 'tOU, 'tOU cI>pavcrtXO IItv'to M1taAcrEfJ-lxo (Francisco Pinto Balsemao) . To 1 9 8 1 cr'Y)fJ-Etw6'Y)XE xUfJ-a a1tEp'YtWV xat 'Y) evap�'Y) 't'Y)e; 'tpofJ-oxpa'ttxY)e; oplxcr'Y)e; 't'Y)e; oP'Ylxvwcr'Y)e; FP-25 . Tov Au'Youcr'to 'tou 1 9 82 a1t00Etx6'Y)XE ouva'to va Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

NOTIA ErPOrrH

y[vouv 0P�O'fJ-€VEe; O'uv't'aYfJ-a't'�X€e; 't'p01t01tO��O'E�e; , O� 01tO[Ee; €6EO'av 't'EA�XeX 't'o O''t'pa't'o U1tO 1tOA�'t'�XO €AEYXO xa� av't'�xa't'€O''t''Y)O'av 't'o E1tavaO''t'a't'�xo �UfJ-bOUAto fJ-E €Va V€O �UfJ-bOUAto 't'OU KpeX't'oue; . Ta OLXOVOfJ-�xeX 1tpObA� fJ-a't'a, WO''t'OO'O, 1tap€fJ-E�VaV 1tLEO''t'�XeX . �'t'�e; apx€e; 't'ou 1 9 83 0 1tA'Y) 6wp� O'fJ-oe; �E1tEPVOUO'E 't'O 20 't'o�e; Exa't'o xa� 'Y) aVEpy[a 't'O 10 't'o�e; Exa't'o. To €va 't'€'t'ap't'o 't'ou 1tA'Y)6uO'fJ-ou �'t'av axofJ-'Y) avaAcpeXb'Y)'t'O. ME't'eX 't'�e; EXAoy€e; 't'ov A1tprAto 't'ou 1 983 axoAou6'Y)O'E €va V€O XUbEP v'Y)'t'�xo 1tdpafJ-a, O''t'o 01to[o 't'o «XEV't'PWO fJ-1tAOX» 't'wv O'oO'�aA�O''t'c;)V (fJ-E 36 't'OLe; Exa't'o 't'wv ��cpwv) xa� 't'wv O'oO'�aAO'Y) fJ-oxpa't'wv (27 't'o�e; Exa't'o) E1taV€cpEpE 't'ov �oeXpEe; O''t''Y)v 1tpw6u1toupy[a . 'OfJ-we; xeX1to�a E1tmA€OV fJ-€'t'pa A�'t'o't''Y)'t'ae; O'uV€baAaV 0''t''Y) cp60peX 't''Y)e; XUb€pV'Y)O''Y) e; , 'Y) VOfJ-�fJ-01tO['Y) O''Y) 't'wv EX't'PWO'EWV a1tofJ-eXxpuvE 't'OUe; O'uv't''Y)P'Y) 't'�xoue; xa� 't'oue; pWfJ-ato xa6oA�XOUe; , X� €'t'0'� XPE�eXO''t''Y) XE va y[vouv V€Ee; EXAoy€e; 't'ov OX't'Wbpto 't'ou 1 9 85 . To a1to't'€AEO'fJ-a 't'wv EXAOYWV €OE��E 't'oue; O'oO'�aA�O''t'€e; va xa't'a1toV't'[�oV't'a� O''t'O 2 1 't'o�e; Exa't'o 't'wv ��cpwv , 1tA'Y) pwvov't'ae; 't'O 't'[fJ-'Y) fJ-a y�a 't'�e; a1to't'UX[Ee; 't'OUe; 0''t''Y) O�aXUb€pv'Y)O''Y) , aAAeX O � O'oO'�aAO'Y)fJ-oxpeX 't'Ee; (30 't'OLe; Exa't'o) a1toO''t'aO'to1to��6'Y)xav a1to 't'�e; 1tOA�'t'�X€e; E1tLAoy€e; 't'ou O'uvaO'1tLO'fJ-ou xa� xa't'eX E�PWV�xo 't'P01tO EfJ-cpav[O''t''Y)xav we; 't'o �O'Xu pO't'EpO xOfJ-fJ-a U1tO 't'o V€O 't'oue; 'Y) y€'t''Y) , 't'ov AV�fJ-1teXA KabeXxo �[Aba (Anibal C avaco Silva) . na 't'ov �oeXpEe; , xeX1tOto av't'�0''t'eX6fJ-�0'fJ-a U1t�p�E O''t''Y)V EXAoy� 't'ou we; 1tpO€OPOU 't'ov IavoueXpto 't'ou 1986 (a�[wfJ-a O''t'O 01to[o E1taVE�EA€y'Y) fJ-E EUxoA[a 1t€V't'E xpov�a apyo't'Epa) , aAAeX o� O'oO'�aAo'Y) fJ-O xpeX't'Ee; xa� 1teXA� by�xav 6p�afJ-bEU't'€e; a1to 't'�e; yEv�X€e; EXAoy€e; 't'ou Iou A[OU 't'ou 1 9 8 7 , o't'av x€po�O'av €va a�toO''Y) fJ-dw't'o 50 't'o�e; Exa't'o 't'wv ��cpwv €vav't'� 't'ou 22 't'OLe; Exa't'o 't'wv O'oO'�aA�O''t'wv xa� 't'ou 12 't'OLe; Exa't'o 't'wv XOfJ-fJ-ouv�O''t'wv . O� O'oO'�aAO'Y)fJ-OxpeX't'Ee; dXav �ExeX6apa 1tpobeXAE� we; 't'o fJ-EYeXAo xOfJ-fJ-a 't'ou K€v't'pou, axp�bWe; 01tWe; OL O'oO'�aA�O''t'€e; a1tO't'E AouO'av 't''Y) fJ-EYeXA'Y) ouvafJ-'Y) O''t''Y)v Ap�O''t'EpeX . O� XUbEpV�O'E�e; 't'ou KabeXxo �rAba xa't'eXcpEpav va 1tEptop[O'ouv 't''Y)v xpa't'�x� 1tap€fJ-baO''Y) O''t''Y)v OLXOVO fJ-[a, va fJ-E�WO'OUV 't''Y)v aVEpy[a xa�, 't'EA�xeX, 't'ov Iouvto 't'ou 1989 -fJ-E 't''Y)v U1toO''t'�p��'Y) 't'wv O'oO'�aA�O''t'wv- va acpa�p€O'ouv 't'a fJ-ap��O''t'�xeX O''t'OLxda a1to 't'o �uv't'aYfJ-a 't'ou 1 9 7 6 , avo[yoV't'ae; €'t'0'� 't'o opOfJ-O y�a �o�W't'�X01tOL� O'E�e; . Acpou 1tpw't'a o� 1tOA�'t'�XO[ �avax€po�O'av 't'ov €AE"(XO 't'ou O''t'pa't'ou 't'O 1 982 xa� acpou €A'Y) �E xa� 'Y) 1tpOEop[a EeXvEe; , 't'€'t'OLEe; O'uv't'aYfJ-a't'�X€e; 't'po1t01tOL�O'E�e; 6a fJ-1topouO'av va 6EWP'Y)6ouv we; 'Y) 't'EA�X� eXpO''Y) 't'wv oUO'eX PEO''t'WV 1tEptoP�O'fJ-wv 1tOU E1tLbA�6'Y)xav 1teXvw O'E o'Y) fJ-oxpa't'�xeX EXAE"(fJ-€ VEe; XUbEpV�O'E�e; a1tO 't'a fJ-€O'a 't''Y)e; oExaE't'[ae; 't'ou 1 9 70 . H IIop't'oyaA[a, Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErpOIlH TOr '¥yxpor IloAEMor, 1 9 45- 1 99 1 : IlOAITIKH n':TOPIA

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33 0

H ErporrH Tor 'I'rxpor rrOAEMor, 1 9 45 - 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH I�TOPIA

yo'n:pa eytVE YVWr:1-r:� we:; E6vtxo KtvY)fJ-a, 6EfJ-EAtWOEe:; r:1-r:OtXdo -r:ou 07tOtOU �-r:av -r:o Ir:17tavtxo (f)ar:1tr:1-r:tXO KOfJ-fJ-a . 'H-r:av, E7tOfJ-evwe:; , av-r:teE-r:oe:; fJ-E -r:o cptAEAW6Eptr:1fJ-0, antr:10r:1taAtr:1-r:�e:; xat enova E6vtxtr:1-r:�e:; , xwpk va ave XE-r:at -r:Y)v U7tap�Y) fJ-EWVO-r:tXWV ofJ-aowv . 'Ecp-r:ar:1E va UW6E-r:�r:1Et xat -r:ov -r:t-r:AO Caudillo - 7tapofJ-ota fJ-E -r:o Fuhrer -r:ou Xt-r:AEP � -r:o Duce -r:ou MOUr:1r:10AtVL ITap ' OAa au-r:a, 7tOAAa r:1-r:OtXda -r:Y)e:; otx-r:a-r:optae:; a7tdxav 7toM a7tO -r:o va dvat OAOXAY)pw-r:tXa . a (f)pavxo 7tapaxwpY)r:1E r:1Y)fJ-av-r:txo POAO r:1-r:Y)v Ka60AtX� ExxAY)r:1ta fJ-er:1a r:1-r:Y)v xotvwvta, tOtwe:; r:1-r:Y)v EX7tat OWr:1Y) xat r:1E 6efJ-a-r:a Y)6tx�e:; , tr:1xupt�o-r:av o-r:t XUbEPVOUr:1E «fJ-E -r:Y) xapY) -r:ou 8wu», U7tOr:1-r:�Pt�E -r:te:; 7tapaoor:1taxee:; a�tEe:; , 07twe:; -r:Y)e:; OtXoyeVEtae:; , -r:ou vOfJ-ou xat -r:Y)e:; -r:a�Y)e:;, fJ-aAAOV, 7tapa xa7tota E:7tavar:1-r:a-r:txa ooYfJ-a-r:a, xat r:1uxva efJ-Ota�E va EVEpyd oXt we:; 7tavtr:1xupoe:; otx-r:a-r:opae:; , aAAa we:; otat-r:Y)-r:�e:; fJ-E-r:a�u -r:wv 7tapaoor:1taxa r:1unY)pY)-r:tXWv ofJ-aowv 7tOU -r:ov U7tOr:1-r:�pt�av - -r:Y)e:; ExxAY)r:1tae:; , -r:wv fJ-ovapxtxwv, -r:ou r:1-r:pa-r:ou, -r:wv x-r:Y)fJ-a-r:twv xat -r:ou E6vtxou Ktv�fJ-a-r:oe:; . A7tecpuYE, E:7ttr:1Y)e:; , -r:Y)v afJ-Er:1Y) avafJ-Et�Y) r:1-r:0 .1EU-r:EPO ITayxor:1fJ-w IT OAE fJ-0 . To 1 9 45 0 (f)pavxo , 07twe:; xat 0 �aAa�ap, antfJ-E-r:W7t tr:1E enovEe:; E7ttXPtr:1Ete:; a7tO -r:te:; VtX�-r:PtEe:; ouvafJ-Ete:; , 7tOU 7tOAefJ-y)r:1av yta va xa-r:ar:1-r:pe \jJouv -r:o cpar:1tr:1fJ-o, xat -r:o 1946 Ot �ufJ-fJ-axot a7ter:1upav -r:oue:; 7tpEr:1bw-r:ee:; -r:oue:; a7to -r:Y) Maopt-r:Y) . a (f)pavxo OEV exavE tOtat-r:EpY) 7tp0r:17ta6Eta va EnU7tWr:1tar:1Et -r:oue:; E7ttXpt-r:ee:; -r:ou . EtXE oy)fJ-wupy�r:1Et -r:o 1942 eva Kot VObOUAW (Cortes), -r:o 07tOtO OfJ-we:; oUr:1tar:1-r:txa OWPtr:1-r:Y)XE a7to -r:ov tow· -r:o 1945 E�eOWr:1E eva «xap-r:Y) otxatwfJ-a-r:wv -r:ou 7toAkY)>> , -r:a o7tota OfJ-we:; fJ-7topour:1av va aVar:1-r:aAouv o7totao�7ton r:1-r:tYfJ-� · -r:o 1 9 4 5 , E7ttr:1Y) e:; , xa6tepWr:1E eva N 0fJ-0 7tEpt .1Y)fJ-o\jJY)cptr:1fJ-a-r:wv , aAAa 0 towe:; 6a a7tocpar:1t�E 7tO-r:E 6a OtEVEpyounav au-r:a . To 1947 eytVE oy)fJ-o\jJ�cptr:1fJ-a yta va Eyxpt6d evae:; veoe:; VOfJ-oe:; yta -r:Y) otaoox� , 7tOU 7tpOebAE7tE -r:Y)v E7ttr:1-r:pOCP� -r:Y)e:; fJ-ovapxtae:; fJ-E-r:a -r:o 6ava-r:0 -r:ou (f)pavxo . Au-r:� Y) XtvY)r:1Y) OEV E�e7tAY)�E xavevav . at fJ-ovapxtxot dXav U7tOr:1-r:Y)Pt�Et -r:ov (f)pavxo a7tO -r:ov xatpo -r:ou EfJ-CPUAtOU 7tOAefJ-OU, au-r:oe:; 0 towe:; tr:1Xupt�o-r:av o-r:t Y) fJ-ovapxta OEV dXE 7to-r:e 7ta\jJEt va u7tapXEt xat, E7ttr:1Y)e:;, Y) U7tOr:1-r:�Pt�� -r:ou 7tpoe:; -r:oue:; B oup bWVOUe:; fJ-7tOPOUr:1E va XPy)r:1tfJ-07toty)6d yta va OWr:1Et vOfJ-tfJ-07tOtY)r:1Y) r:1-r:o Xa6Er:1-r:we:; -r:ou . a (f)pavxo ofJ-we:; OEV xa-r:er:1-r:Y)r:1E axofJ-Y) r:1acpee:; 7towe:; a7to -r:oue:; B OUpbWVOUe:; 6a -r:ov OtaOExo-r:av . �-r:o fJ-E-r:a�u, Ot E�Optr:1-r:Ot av-r:t7ta AOt -r:ou {f)pavxo dXav otar:17tar:1-r:d r:1-r:a otacpopa r:1-r:OtXda ---crOr:1taAtr:1-r:ee:; , xOfJ-fJ-ouvtr:1-r:ee:; , avapxtxot- 7tOU dXav 7tOAEfJ-�r:1Et Evav-r:tOv -r:ou r:1-r:ov EfJ- CPUAW 7tOAEfJ-O . To 1944 E7ttxdpY)r:1av va �avaxavouv av-r:ap-r:07tOAEfJ-O EvaDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

NOTIA EIPOIIH

33 1

V'ttOV 't'OU, (J.AAa 't'OV CT't'(J.fJ-a't'Y)CT(J.V 't'o 1950, X(J.t EX't'O't'E fJ-ovo Y) 1tEPtOX� 't'wv BaCTxwv CT't'O boppa -fJ-E 't'Y)v tCTXUp� 't'Y)<; E7tt6ufJ-t(J. 'Yt(J. (J.VE�(J.P't'Y)CTt(J. mxpEfJ-EtVE CTE (J.v(J.'t'(J.p(J.X� o MEXpt 't'O't'E, X(J.t 't'o otE6vE<; CTXY)VtXO apXtCTE V(J. 'YtVE't'(J.t 7tt0 wvo"ixo 'Yt(J. 't'ov pavxo, tOtw<; (J.1t0 't'on 1t0U Ot AfJ-EptX(J.VOt, fJ-1tpoCT't'a CT't'Y) CTObtE't'tX� (J.1tEtA� CT't'Y)V EupW1ty) , CT't'pacpy)x(J.v 1tpo<; 't'Y)v ICT1t(J.vt(J. 'Yt(J. U1t0CT't'�Pt�Y) o To 1952 Ot H IlA 1tpOCTcpEp(J.V CT't'OV pavxo Ot xovofJ-tX� X(J.t CT't'p(J.'t'tW't'tX� bo�6Et(J. W<; (J.V'taAA(J.'YfJ-(J. 'Yt(J. 't'Y)v E'Yx(J.'t'a CT't'(J.CTy) baCTEwv o MEXpt 't'(J. fJ-ECT(J. 't'Y)<; OEX(J.E't't(J.<; 't'ou 1950 E1t0fJ-EVW<; , 't'o X(J.6ECT't'W<; CP(J.tvo't'(J.v X(J.'t'(J.7ttECT't'tXO (J.AAa (J.CTCP(J.AE<; ° Ot CPObOt 'Yt(J. EV(J. VEO EfJ-cpUAto 1t0AEfJ-0, Y) U1t0CT't'�Pt�Y) (J.1t0 CTUV'tY)PY)'t'tXE<; ofJ-aoE<; , Y) E1ttXAY)CTY) CT't't<; 1t(J.P(J.OOCTt(J.XE<; (J.�tE<; , Y) OtX(J.CTfJ-EVY) (J.V't't7tOAt't'WCTy) X(J.t Y) otE6v�<; (J.v(J.'YVWptCTy), OA(J. (J.u't'a CTUVEb(J.A(J.V CT't'Y)V EVtCTXUCT� 't'ou ° �'t'(J. 't'EAY) 't'Y)<; OEX(J.E't't(J.<; 't'ou 1950 0 pavxo bPE6Y)XE fJ-1tpoCT't'a CTE OAO X(J.t fJ-E'Y(J.MnpE<; 7ttECTEt<; 'Yt(J. EXCTU'YXPOVtCTfJ-0 't'Y)<; ICT1t(J.vt(J.<; X(J.t 'Yt(J. bEA't'tWCTY) 't'ou E:1tt7tEOOU Ot(J.btWCTy)<; 't'ou A(J.OU 't'ou ° H EtCTpO� (J.1t0 't't<; H IlA XPy)fJ-a't'wv X(J.t CT't'P(J.'t'tW't'tXOU 1tPOCTW1ttXOU (J.AAa X(J.t Y) (J.va1t't'u�Y) 't'Y)<; 't'OUptCT't'tX�<; btofJ-y)X(J.Vt(J.<; EX(J.V(J.V 't'OU<; ICT1t(J.vou<; V(J. (J.V'ttAY)cp60uv 't'Y)v X(J.6UCT't'Epy)CT� 't'OU<; CTE CTXECTY) fJ-E 't'0 fJ-E'Y(J.M't'EPO fJ-EpO<; 't'ou ou't'tXOU xo CTfJ-OU o H ICT1t(J.vt(J. �'t'(J.v 1t(J.P(J.oOCTt(J.xa EV(J. (J.u't'(J.PXtXO xpa't'o<; , 1t0U 1tpO CT1t(J.60UCTE V(J. 1tpoCT't'(J.nuCTEt 't'(J. OtXovofJ-txa CTUfJ-cpEpOV't(J. 't'wv x't'y)fJ-(J.'t'tWV X(J.t 't'wv E7ttXEtPy)fJ-(J.'t'tWV 't'Y)<; 1ttCTW (J.1t0 EfJ-1t0ptXou<; CPP(J.'YfJ-ou<; ° XWpt<; (J.VE1t't'U'YfJ-EVy) btofJ-y)X(J.Vt(J., fJ-E At'YOCT't'E<; 1tPW't'E<; UAE<; X(J.t XWpt<; 1tpOCT1ta6Et(J. OtEUpUVCTY)<;, Y) OtxovofJ-t(J. 1t(J.pEfJ-EVE CT't'aCTtfJ-y) o 0 pavxo E:tXE (J.1tAW<; 1tpoCT1t(J.6�CTEt V(J. OtW6UVEt X(J.AU't'EP(J. (J.u't'o 't'o CTUCT't'y)fJ-(J., E:1tY)PE(J.CTfJ-EVO<; (J.1t0 't't<; CP(J.CTtCT't'tXE<; (J.V'ttA��Et<; 'Yt(J. xp(J.'t'tX� 1t(J.pEfJ-b(J.CTY) o XpY)CTtfJ-01tot�6Y)x(J.v OEA't't(J. CT't'Y)V 1tpofJ-�6Et(J. (J.'Y(J.6wv X(J.t X(J.60ptCTfJ-0<; 't'wv 't'tfJ-wv 'Yt(J. 't'Y)v 't'POCPOOOCTt(J. 't'Y)<; xwP(J.<; , Y) ICT1t(J.vt(J. (J.1t0X01ty)XE (J.1t0 't'Y)v 1t(J.'YXOCTfJ-t(J. Ot xovofJ-t(J. CT't'Y)V 1tpoCT1ta6Eta 't'Y)<; V(J. E7tt't'UXEt (J.u't'apXEt(J. X(J.t 't'0 194 1 tOpU6Y)XE EV(J. EAE'YXOfJ-EVO (J.1t0 't'0 xpa't'o<; E6vtxo IVCT't't't'ou't'o BtofJ-y)X(J.Vt(J.<; (IN!), fJ-E baCTY) 't'o 1tpo't'U1t0 't'ou fJ-0UCTCTOAtVtXOU IRI, 'Yt(J. V(J. (J.v(J.AabEt 1tPW 't'ObOUAtE<; CTE 't'0fJ-E:t<; 1t0U Y) (J.'Yopa OEV fJ-1t0POUCTE V(J. X(J.M�Et . 'E'Ytv(J.v 1tpO CT1ta6EtE<; 'Yt(J. X(J.AU't'EPy) EXfJ-E't'aAAwCTY) 't'wv 1t(J.P(J.'Yw'YtXWV ouv(J.'t'o't'�'t'wv 't'Y)<; 'YEWP'Yt(J.<; X(J.t 't'0 I N I CT't'pacpY)xE 't'EAtXa CT't'Y)V 1t(J.p(J.'Yw'Y� (J.EPOCTX(J. ° cpwv , (J.u't'OXtV�'t'wv X(J.t Xy)fJ-tXWV 1tpo"t0V'twv, (J.AAa CT't'Y) OEX(J.E't't(J. 't'ou 1950 Y) ICT1t(J.vt(J. 1t(J.pEfJ-EtVE CT't'aCTtfJ-y) , XWpt<; V(J. (J.xoAou6�CTEt 't'Y) fJ-E't'(J.1t0AEfJ-tX� (J.vax(J.fJ-�y) 't'Y)<; bOPEtOOU't'tX�<; Eupw1tY)<; ° 0 fJ-tCTO<; CTXEOOV 1tAY)6uCTfJ-0<; �OUCTE (J.1t0 't'Y) 'YEWP'YtX� 't'ou 1t(J.p(J.'Yw'Y� o '01tw<; X(J.t CT't'Y)V II op't'O'Y(J.At(J., Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

33 2

H EYPOIIH Tor -qrrxpor IIoAEMor, 1 9 45 - 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH II:TOPJA

7tOAAOt Yj,,:av avaAcpabY),,:oL xaL CT":O oLaCT":y)!J.a 1 950- 1 9 75 7t€pt7tOU €Va!J.LCTL €xa,,:0!J.!J.upw aV6pW7tOL icpu,av ,La va bpOUV OOUA€La CT":O €�W":€PLXO . To I N I €�€AtX6Y)x€ CT€ xa":acpu,w ,La �y)!J.w,OV€e; €mX€LpYjCTW; xaL, €�aL":tae; ,,:Y)e; iAA€L�Y)e; €LOLXW!J.ivou 7tpOCTWmXou Yj U�Y)AYje; UXvoAO,tae; , O€V !J.7tOPOUCT€ va dvaL av":a,wvLCT":LXO CT":Y) OL€6vYj a,opa . MiCTa CT€ au,,:ie; ":Le; 7t€pLCT":aCT€LC; , ":0 1 9 5 7 ° pavxo ibaA€ viouc; , ,,:€xvoxpa,,:€e; U7tOUp,OUe; CT":Y)V xUbipvY)CTYj ":OU - via, !J.0pcpw!J.iva a":0!J.a, 7tOAAa a7to ":a o7tota Yj,,:av !J.iAY) ,,:Y)e; XtVY)CTY)C; Opus Dei, !J.tae; Aa·�XYje; op,avwCTy)e; ,,:Y)e; PW!J.awxa60ALXYje; ExxAY)CTtae; . L€ aV":t6€CTY) !J.€ ,,:oue; y),i":€e; ":ou E6vLXOU KLvYj!J.a ":OC; , 7ttCTUUav CT":Y) XpYjCTY) xam":aALCT":LxWV !J.€6oowv, CT":OV 7t€PWPLCT!J.O ,,:Y)e; xpa":LXYje; 7tapi!J.baCTY)C; xaL CT":Y)V xa,,:ap'YY)CTY) ":Y)C; CTUv":€XVLaxYje;/XOp7tO pa":LCT":LxYjC; op,avwCTy)C; ":ou xpa,,:oue; , 7tpOe; Ocp€AOe; !J.Lae; mo ouva!J.LXYje; !J.opCpYjc; xOLVWVtae; . To 1958 ° pavxo €7taVab€batWCT€ ":Y)V 7tpo€�apXOUCTa 6iCTY) ":ou E6vL xou KLvYj!J.a":Oe; CT":Y)V 7tOAL":LXYj op,avwCTy) ,,:Y)e; LCT7taVLXYje; XOLVWVtae; . IIap' oAa au":a, Y) avoooe; ":wv uxvoxpa,,:wv xa6LCT":oUCT€ CTacpie; O":L axo!J.a xaL ° C audillo ava,VWpL�€ ":Y)V ava,xy) ,La aAAa,Yj . MLa via ,€VLa dX€ €!J.cpavLCT,,:d, Y) o7tota O€V ,VWPLCT€ xa6oAou ":ov €!J.cpUAW 7tOA€!J.0 xaL uw6i,,:Y)CT€ vioue; ":P07tOUC; aV":tOpaCTY)e; 7tpOe; ":0 Xa6€CT":wc; . To 1958 CTXy)!J.a ":tCT,,:Y)xav OL 7tpw,,:€e; !J.UCT":LXic; «€m,,:p07tie; €p,a":wv » , OL 07tOt€e; , U7tO ":Y)v €mppoYj ":wv xO!J.!J.OUVLCT":WV, apXLCTav xa":a ":Y) o€xa€":ta ":ou 1 9 60 va OL€LCTOUOUV CT":a €7ttCTY)!J.a CTuvoLxa,,:a . H a7t€p,LaxYj opaCTY) au�Yj6Y)x€ a7to ":0 1 9 5 7 7t€pt7tOU xaL !J.€,,:a, OL cpOL,,:Y),,:ic; xaL OL v€apot €p,a":€c; Yj,,:av 7t€ PLCTCTOUPO i":OL!J.OL va a!J.cpLCTbY),,:YjCTOUV ":0 Xa6€CT":wc; xaL ":0 1959 Lopu6Y)x€ iva vio baCTxLxo au,,:ov0!J.LCT":LXO xtvY)!J.a, Y) ETA, ":0 07tOtO XPy)CTL!J.07tOWU CT€ ,,:p0!J.0xpa":Lxie; !J.€6oooue; opaCTY)e; . To 1 9 59 , U7tO ":Y)v €mppoYj ":wv ,,:€xvoxpa,,:wv, Y) xUbipvY)CTY) €LCTYj,a,€ iva L,,:a6€p07tOLy)":LXO IIpo,pa!J. !J.a, ":0 07tOto, €VW oLa":Yjpy)CT€ 7tOAAa !J.E-rpa xpa":Lxou €Ai,xou , aPXLCT€ WCT":OCTO va 7t€PWPt�€L ":ov 7tpoCT,,:a,,:w":LCT!J.0 CT":Y)V OLxov0!J.ta . M€Lw6Y)xav OL oaCT!J.Ot, xa":ap,Yj6y)xav OL iA€,XOL ":L!J.WV, OLaX07ty)X€ Y) €VtCTXUCTy) 7tpOe; ":LC; 7tpObAY)!J.a":LXie; bW!J.y)xaVt€e; xaL €v6appuv6Y)xav OL �iv€e; €7t€VOUCT€LC; . O L ,,:€xvoxpa,,:€e; !J.L!J.Yj6Y)xav ":0 ,aAALxo CTuCT":Y)!J.a ":ou «€VO€LX":LXOU CTX€ oLaCT!J.0u» , 6i,,:ov,,:ac; CT":0XOUe; ,La bW!J.y)xaVLxYj ava7t":u�Y) xaL wvownae; ":Y) CTUV€p,aCTta !J.€,,:a�u ":OU I N I xaL LOLW":LXWV €mX€LpYjCT€WV . Bpaxu7tpo6€CT!J.a CTY)!J.€LW6Y)xav xpeox07tt€e; xaL au�Y)CTY) ,,:Y)e; av€p,tae; , aAAa CT":Y)V 7t€ptOOO 1 9 64 - 1 9 67 Y) ICT7tavta ,VWPLCT€ iva OLXOV0!J.LXO 6au!J.a €�tCTOU €V":U7tWCTLaXO !J.€ au,,:o ,,:Y)e; I ,,:(XAtae; . Ka6we; 7tAiov a7t€Aw6€pw6Y)xav Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

NOTIA ETPOIIH

333

IXVIX�t07tOt'Y)'tOt xlX'tli 'to 7tIXPEA60v 7tOPOt XlXt �eVOt E7tEVOU'tee; EXfJ.E'tIXAAEU 't'Y)XIXV 't1X cp6'Y)vli 'Y)fJ.EpofJ.t0"6tlX 't'Y)e; IO"7tlXvtlXe; , 'to AEII IXU�IXVO'tIXV 7tlivw 1X7t0 10 'tOte; EXIX'tO E't'Y)O"tWe; , 7tOO"OO"'tO XIXAUnpO 1X7t0 07tOUOy)7t0'tE IXAAOU O"'tOV XOO"fJ.O EX'tOe; 't'Y)e; IIX7twvtlXe; Au'ty) 'Y) E7tt'tUXtlX O"E evlX IX7tOAU'tIXPXtXO xpli'toe; cpIiV'Y)XE omAIi lX�tOO"'Y)fJ.dw't'Y) XlXt O"UV'teAEO"E 't00"0 O"'to VIX EVtO"XU' , if. , 1: 'Y) 7tIXPEI. 'Y)o"Et ' ' ' C\ O"Et 00"0 XlXt 0"'t0 VIX IX7tEt/\ 'to XlXvEO"'tWe; 'J!pIXVXO H IXVIX7t'tUc., fJ.EtVE U�'Y)AY) ytlX OA'Y) 't'Y) OEXIXE'ttlX 'tou 1960, 'to btO'ttXO E7tt7tEOO bEA'ttW6'Y)XE, xlX'tlXvIXAw'ttxli IXYIX61i 07tWe; 't'Y)Awplio"Ete; XlXt IXU'tOXtV'Y)'t1X 7tOAAIX7tAIXO"tIiO"'t'Y)xlXv XlXt 'Y) IO"7tlXvtlX 7tepIXO"E O"E cpliO"'Y) PlXyolXtlXe; 1X00'ttX07tOt'Y)0"'Y)e;, 7tOU O"UVEXtO"'t'Y)XE ewe; o'tou 'to 1980 AtyO'tEpO 1X7t0 'to evlX 7tefJ.7t'to 'twv IO"7tIXVWV �OUo"E 1X7t0 't'Y) yEWpytlX o AAAIi Ot viEe; 0fJ.IiOEe; 't'Y)e; fJ.Eo"lXtlXe; 't1i�'Y)e; E7tt6ufJ.oUO"IXV Xt lXu'tee; 7tEptO"O"O'tEP'Y) EAW6EptlX, OtXlXtOO"UV'Y) XlXt 7tOAt'ttXy) IXv'tmpoO"w7twO"'Y) o TIX 7tPObAY)fJ.IX't1X 'tou plivxo 0�uv6'Y)xlXv IXXOfJ.'Y) 7tEptO" O"O'tEPO AOYW 't'Y)e; cptAEAW6Ep07tOt'Y)0"'Y)e; 't'Y)e; KIX60AtXY)e; EXXA'Y)O"tlXe; xlX'tli 't'Y) OEXIXE'ttlX 'tou 1 9 60 I:'t1X 'teA'Y) 't'Y)e; OEXIXE'ttlXe; 'tou 1 9 60, 7tlXpIiAA'Y)AIX fJ.E 't'Y)v E�IXO"cpIiAtO"'Y) fJ.EyIXAU'tEp'Y)e; W'Y)fJ.EptlXe; , 0 plivxo E7ttXdp'Y)o"E VIX EX'tOVWO"Et 't'Y) AIXOtXY) oUo"lXpeO"xEtlX fJ.E optO"fJ.evEe; cptAEAEU6EpEe; fJ.E'tlXppu6fJ.tO"Ete; To 1 9 6 6 'Y) AoyoXPtO"tlX fJ.E'tptIiO"'t'Y)XE, 1X7t0 'to 1 9 6 7 'Y) BOUAY) ( C or t e s) EXAEY0'tIXV IifJ.EO"IX 1X7t0 'tOUe; E7ttXEcpIXAY)e; 'twv OtXOYEVEtWV, xlX'tlXpyY)6'Y)xlXv Ot vOfJ.t xee; OtlXXpto"Ete; O"E blipoe; 'twv fJ.'Y) XIX60AtXWV XlXt 'to 1 9 69 0 C audillo IXVIXXOtVWO"E o'tt otliooxoe; 'tou 61X Y)'tIXV 0 VElXpOe; 7tptyx'Y)7tIXe; Xouliv Klip AOe; 00"'t00"0 , OEV eytvlXv fJ.E'tlXppu6fJ.tO"Ete; XOtVWVtxY)e; 7tpOVOtlXe; Y) IXVIXXIX 'tIXVOfJ.Y)e; 'tou 7tAOU'tOU , Ot IXt'tY)o"Ete; 't'Y)e; IO"7tlXvtlXe; ytlX eV'tIX�'Y) O"'t'Y)V Eupw7tIXOtXY) Kotvo't'Y)'t1X (0"'t1X 1 9 6 2 , 1 9 66 XlXt 1 9 70) lX7topptcp6'Y)xlXv AOYW 'tou fJ.'Y) O'Y)fJ.OXPIX'ttXOu 't'Y)e; xIX6EO"'tW't0e; XlXt 7tOAAOt 1X7t0 'tOUe; vOfJ.oue; 't'Y)e; Y)'tIXV IXXOfJ.'Y) XIX'tIX7ttEO"'ttXOt. nIX 7tlXplioEtyfJ.lX, 1i't0fJ.1X cpEpOfJ.EVIX we; 'tpofJ.oxpli 'tEe; otxli�ov'tIXV XEXAEtO"fJ.evWv 'twv 6upwv 1X7t0 O"'tPIX'tOOtXEtlX XlXt EX'tE AOUV'tIXV o To 1 9 73 0 YEpIXO"fJ.evoe; plivxo, 'tEAtxli, fJ.OtpIiO"'t'Y)XE fJ.epoe; 't'Y)e; 7tP0O"w7ttxY)e; 'tou E�OuO"tlXe; O'tIXV 7tIXPIXXWP'Y)o"E 't'Y)V 7tpw6u7toupytlX O"'to VIXUIXPXO Aouic; KlXppepo M 7tAlivxo (Luis Carrero Blanco) 0 VIXUlXpXOe; , wO"'toO"o, Y)'tIXV IX7tOAU't1X 7tt0"'t0e; O"'to xIX6EO"'tWe; XlXt 'to �ExefJ.bPtO OOAO CPOVY)6'Y)XE 1X7t0 't'Y)v ETA, O"'t'Y)v 7tt0 EV'tU7tWO"tIXXy) 't'Y)e; EvepyEtlX fJ.expt 'to'tE o I:'t'Y) 6eO"'Y) 'tou vlXulipxou 0 plivxo OtOptO"E 'tov KlipAOe; AptlXe; N IXblippo (C arlos Arias Navarro), 0 07tOtOe; u7t00"xe6'Y)xE veEe; 7tOAt'ttXee; EAW6EptEe; AAAIi 't1X XPOVtlX 1 9 74 XlXt 1 9 75 O"'Y)fJ.IXOEU't'Y)XIXV 1X7t0 fJ.tlX O�UVOfJ.EV'Y) IXt0"6'Y)0"'Y) xptO"'Y) e; , 7tOU EvtO"xu6'Y)XE XlXt 1X7t0 't1X YEyOVO't1X O"'t'Y)v IIop'toylXAtlX o °

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334

H ErPOIlH TOY '¥YXPOY IlOAEMOY, 1945- 1 99 1 : IlOAITIKH IETOPIA

�'t'a 1 9 73 -7 5 , 't'"Y)v E1taUpW 't'"Y)<; OOAocpoVta<; 't'ou KappEpo M1tAt1VXO, 1tE ptO"O"O't'EPot a1to 5 . 000 Bt1O"xot O"UVEA�cp6"Y)O"av, ot aV't't't'pofJ-oxpa't'txot vo fJ-Ot EytVaV aUO"'t'"Y)po't'EpOt xat apxE't'Ot 't'pofJ-OXpt1't'E<; 't'"Y)<; ETA xat t1AAWV opyavwO"Ewv EX't'EAEO"'t'"Y)xav . �'t'o fJ-E't'a�u, aV't'tO"'t'aO"taxE<; 0fJ-t10E<; Exavav EXXA"Y)O""Y) yta OAtX� «p��"Y) >> fJ-E 't'o xa6EO"'t'w<; fJ-E't't1 't'ov avafJ-EvofJ-EVO 6t1va't'0 't'ou "Y)yE't'"Y) 't'ou . Ka6w<; "Y) uyda 't'ou Caudillo XEtpO't'EPWE O"UVE Xw<; 't'0 1 9 75 , axofJ-"Y) xat U1toupYOt 't'"Y)<; XUbEpV"Y)O""Y)<; Evw6"Y)xav fJ-E au't'ou<; 1tOU aO"xouO"av XPt't'tX� . MEXpt 't'"Y) fJ-Epa 't'ou 6avt1't'ou 't'ou O"'t'pa't'"Y)you, O"'t't<; 20 N OEfJ-bptOU 't'ou 1975 , 't'0 xa6EO"'t'w<; 't'ou bptO"xo't'av �o"Y) aV't'tfJ-E't'w1tO fJ-E fJ-ta E1ttCPOb"Y) 1tapt1't'a�"Y) av't'tcppovouV't'wv xat fJ-E EXXA�o"Et<; yta fJ-E't'ap PU6fJ-tO"Et<; , 't't<; 01tOtE<; �'t'av avtxavo va UA01tOt�o"Et. o 6t1va't'0<; 't'ou
NOTIA ErPOIIH

335

"f) e:m6u!J.ta 't"wv !J.e:eratwv 't"cX�e:wv y�a e:�P"f)v�xY) aAAayY) ' xa�, 't"EAOe; , 't"o ye:yOVOe; O't"� O� !J.e:'t"appu6!J.tere:�e; 't"oue; Ey�vav er't"ov Xa't"cXAA"f) AO 'XPOVO . r7tY)p�e: AOmOV er't""f)v Ier7tavta !J.�a e:�xova 7tOAU o�acpope:'t"�XY) a7tO 't""f)V avap'1..ta 7tOU e:mxpcX't""f)ere: er't"a 7tOA�'t"�XcX 7tpcXY!J.a't"a 't""f)e; IIop't"oyaAtae; . IIpcXY!J.a't"�, a7to 't""f) er't"�Y!J.Y) 7tOU 't"E6"f)xe: ere: xtV"f)er"f) , "f) aAAayy) er't""f)v Ier7tavta Y)'t"av yOPyY) 0 �oucXpe:6 eruvaV't"Y)6"f)xe: !J.e: 't"oue; "f)YE't"e:e; 't" "f)e; · aV't"moAt't"Wer"f)e; 't"ov OX't"WbpW 't"ou 1 9 7 6 xa� 't"ov e:7to!J.e:vo !J.Y)va e:yxpte"f) xe: vO!J.06e:erta !J.e: 't""f)v o7tota 't"e:p!J.a't"��o't"av "f) o�x't"a't"opta xa� o�vo't"av "f) u7toerxe:er"f) y�a eruyxpo't""f)er"f) �uv't"ax't"�xY)e; �uvEAwer"f)e; !J.e:'t"cX a7to xa60A�XY) �"f)cpocpopta. H O�w6E't""f)er"f) au't"Y) uw6e:'t"Y)6"f) xe: !J.e: 94 't"o�e; e:xa't"o, ere: o"f)!J.o�Y)cp�er!J.a 't"0 Lle:XE!J.bpW, a7to't"EAe:er!J.a 7tOU a7tOXcXAu�e: 't""f)v xa't"aAu 't"�xY) e:m6u!J.ta 't""f)e; 7tAe:w�"f)cptae; y�a o"f)!J.oxpa't"ta xa� e:xeruyxpov�er!J.o. To Lle:XE!J.bpW mter"f)e; , 0 XoucXv KcXpAOe; e:mxdp"f)ere: va e:�w!J.e:vtere:� 't"�e; au 't"ovo!J.�er't"�XEe; o!J.cXoe:e; avaxo�vwvov't"ae; O't"� o� BcXerxo� xa� o� Ka't"aAavot 6a !J.7topouerav va xp"f)er�!J.o7tmouv 't""f) o�xY) 't"oue; yAwerera xa� o't"� m U7tO6Eere:�e; 't"po!J.oxpa't"tae; 6a e:xo�xcX�ov't"av a7to xavov�xcX 7tOA�'t"�XcX o�xaer't"Y) p�a . To e:bpOUcXPW 't"ou 1 9 7 7 vO!J.�!J.07tmY)6"f)xav op�er!J.Eva 7tOA�'t"�XcX xO!J. !J.a't"a, eru!J.7te:p�Aa!J.bavo!J.EvwV xa� 't"wv eroer�aA�er't"wv, U7tO 't""f)v "f)ye:cria 't"ou e:At7te: rXOV�cXAe:e; (Felipe Gonzalez) . To McXp't"w a7toxa't"aer't"cX6"f)xe: 't"0 o�xatw!J.a 't""f)e; a7te:pytae; xa� 't"ou erX"f) !J.a't"�er!J.ou e:pya't"�xwv e:vwere:wv, e:vw 't"ov A7tpiA�o vo!J.�!J.07to�y)6"f)xe: xa� 't"o KO!J.!J.ouv�er't"�xo KO!J.!J.a . H v0!J.�!J.07tot"f)er"f) 't"wv xO!J.!J.ouv�er't"wv Y)'t"av er"f) !J.av't"�xo bY)!J.a , Oe:OO!J.EVOU o't"� 't"0 xa6e:er't"we; pcXvxo dXe: we; baer�xo 't"ou er't"o�xdo 't"ov aV't"�xo!J.!J.ouv�er!J.o, aAAcX Y)'t"av !J.ta �w't"�xY)e; er"f)!J.aertae; xtv"f)er"f) y�a va xa't"aoe:�x6d o't"� "f) o"f) !J.oxpa't"ta !J.7topouere: va Ae:�'t"oupyY)ere:� er't""f)v Ier7tavta. KcX7to�e:e; o!J.cXoe:e; , xuptwe; "f) ETA , eruvEx�erav va xp"f)er�!J.o7tmouv 't"po!J.oxpa't"�XEe; !J.e:60ooue; y�a va U7tovo!J.e:uerouv 't""f)v XUbEpv"f)er"f) , aAAcX er't"�e; 1 5 A7tP�AtOU 't"ou 1 9 7 7 o� 7te:p�erero't"e:pe:e; ouvcX!J.e:�e; 't""f)e; aV't"moAt't"wer"f)e; !J.e:'t"dXav er't"�e; 7tpw't"e:e; e:Ae:U6e:pe:e; e:XAOYEe; !J.e:'t"cX a7to 't"0 1 93 6 . To a7to't"EAe:er!J.a e:mbe:batWere: 't""f) er"f) !J.aerta 't"wv eroer�aA�er't"wv (29 't"me; e:xa't"o) xa� a7tOXcXAu�e: o't"� "f) ouva!J."f) 't"wv xO!J.!J.ouv�er't"wv (9 't"o�e; e:xa't"o) dXe: ere: !J.e:ycXAO ba6!J.0 U7te:pe:x't"�!J."f) 6d. KcX7to�e:e; eruv't""f) p"f)'t"�XEe; o!J.cXoe:e; , e:7tter"f)e; eruvaermer!J.EVe:e; er't""f) «Aa'�xY) �u!J.!J.axta» xa� U7tO 't""f)v "f)ye:erta e:voe; 7tpw"f)v U7toupyou 't"ou pcXvxo, 't"ou MavouEA pcXyxa Ip�!J.7tcXpve: (Manuel Fraga Iribarne) , EAabav Eva !J.� xpo 7toeroer't"o �Y)cpwv (8 't"o�e; e:xa't"o) . H mo �erxupY) o!J.cXoa (3 5 't"me; e:xa 't"o) Y)'t"av "f) Ll"f) !J.oxpa't"�xY) 'Evwer"f) KEV't"pOU (UeD) , Eva xpcX!J.a a7to ero er�aAo"f)!J.oxpa't"�xcX, cp�Ae:Ae:u6e:pa xa� xp�er't"�avoo"f)!J.oxpa't"�xcX xO!J.!J.a't"a, 't""f)e; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOI1H TOY '¥YXPOY I10AEMOY, 1945- 199 1 : I10AITIKH I:ETOPIA

01tOtCte; 'to XUptO 1tpOCJOV Y)'tCtV 0 "Y)yE't"Y)e; 't"Y)e; �ouapE:6. To E:XAOYlXO Ct1tO 'tEAE:CJ(J-Ct EOE:l�E: O'tl, E:VW 'to (J-e:yCtAU'tE:pO (J-EpOe; 'tou lCJ1tCtVlXOU ACtOU E:m6u(J-ouCJE: (J-lCt mo Ctvmx'ty) (J-opcpy) xmVWVtCte; , wCJ'toCJo E:m6u(J-ouCJE: E:1ttCJ"Y)e; Vct U1tapXE:l 'ta�"Y) XCtl 1tOAl'tlXy) (J-E:'tpt01ta6E:lCt. 0 �ouapE:6 1tCtpE(J-E:lVE: 1tPW6u1toupyoe; , U1tOCJ't"y)Pl�O(J-E:VOe; Ct1tO 't"Y)V U C D . O l 1tE:PlCJCJO'tE:POl Ct1tO 'tOUe; 1tOAl'tlXOUe; 1tOU E:�E:AEY"Y)CJCtV 'tov IouvtO 'tou 1 9 7 7 e:tXCtv E:AaXlCJ't"y) 1tOAl'tlXy) E:(J-1tE:lptCt XCtl CtCJcpCtAWe; XCt(J-tCt E:(J-1tE:lptCt o"Y)(J-OXpCt'tlXY)e; OlCtXUbEpV"Y)CJ"Y)e;, CtAAa 'to E:XAOYlXO Ct1tO'tEAE:CJ(J-Ct, 1tOU OE:V EOWCJE: Ctu'toouvCt(J-tCt, 'tOUe; U1t0XPEWCJE: Vct CJUVE:pyCtCJ'touv ylCt 't"Y)v E:X1tov"y) CJ"Y) 'tou �uv'taY(J-Ct'toe; . Au'to Y)'tctV CJ'tOlXe:tO CJ"Y)(J-CtnlXo ylCt Vct o"Y)(J-tOup y"Y)6e:t (J-lCt VECt ICJ1tCtvtCt, 01tOU XCt(J-tCt o(J-aoCt OE:V 6Ct (J-1tOpouCJE: Vct E:mbaAAE:l 't"Y) 6EA"Y)CJY) 't"Y)e; CJ'tle; aAAE:e; . Axo(J-"Y) XCtl Ol xO(J-(J-OUVlCJ'tEe; , CtxoAou6wv'tCte; (J-E:'tpt01tCt6Y) 1tOAl'tlXy) YPCt(J-(J-Y) , cpav"Y)xCtv E'tOl(J-Ol vct Ct1toOE:X60uv 't"Y) (J-O VCtpXtCt, Xl E'tCJl 'tOV OX'tWbptO OACt 'tCt (J-E:yaACt XO(J-(J-Ct'tCt Ct1t00EX6"y)xCtV 'tle; «�U(J-cpWVtE:e; MOVXAOCt» , 1tOU CJX01tO e:tXCtV Vct XCt'te:u6uvouv 't"Y)V XOLVW VlXY) XCtl OlXOVO(J-lXY) 1tOAl'tlXy) 't"Y)e; XUbEpV"Y)CJ"Y)e; E:VW CJunCtCJCJo'tCtv 0 KCt 'tCtCJ'tCt'tlXOe; Xap't"Y)e; 't"Y)e; xWpCte; . Ol �U(J-cpWVtE:e; U1tOCJXOV'tCtV 't"Y)V E:cpCtp (J-oyY) 1tOlXtAWV (J-E'tPWV , 01tWe; 'tOV EAE:YXO (J-lCJ6wv XCtl 'tl(J-WV , 't"Y)V CtVct (J-OpCPWCJ"Y) 't"Y)e; CtCJ'tUVO(J-tCte; , 't"Y) VO(J-l(J-01tOt"Y)CJ"Y) 'tWV Ct(J-bAWCJE:WV XCtl 't"Y)V Ct1t01tOlVlX01tOt"y)CJ"y) 't"Y)e; (J-OlXe:tCte; , CtAAa (J-ECJCt CJ' EVCt 1tACttCJtO E:lP"Y)VlXWV CtAACtyWV XCtl (J-E: OlCt'ty)P"Y)CJ"Y) 'tOU XCtm'tCtAlCJ(J-OU. T"Y)v aVOl�"Y) 'tou 1 9 78 E:xcppaCJ't"Y)xCtv OlCt(J-Ctp'tUptE:e; o'tctv Ol "Y)yE'tE:e; 't"Y)e; UCD XCtl 'twv CJOCJlCtAl CJ'twv CJuvCtnY)6"Y)xCtv XWPtc; 't"Y) CJu(J-(J-E:'t0XY) 'twv aAAwv xO(J-(J-a'twv, ylCt Vct 1tE:'tUXouv xa1totO CJU(J-blbCtCJ(J-O CJXE:'tlxa (J-E: CJ"Y)(J-Ctv'tlxa CJuv'tCty(J-Ct'tlxa 6E (J-Ct'tCt, CtAAa 'tE:AlXa 'tov OX'tWbpLO 'tou 1 9 78 o"Y)(J-oCJlE:u6"Y)xE: EVCt �unCty(J-Ct, 'to 01tOtO XCtl E:yxpte"Y)XE: (J-E: 1toCJoCJ'to 90 'tOLe; E:XCt'tO 'tWV �Y)CPWV CJE: O"Y)(J-O �y)CPlCJ(J-Ct 'to .1E:XE(J-bpLO . 'H'tCtv 'to EVCt'tO �UV'tCty(J-Ct 1tOU 'tE6"Y)XE: CJE: E:cpCtp (J-oyY) Ct1tO 'to 1 8 1 2 . �UVOUCt�E: 1tCtPCtOOCJlCtXEe; cplAE:AE:u6E:pE:e; CtV'tlAY)�E:le; ylCt 'tle; Ct'tO(J-lXEe; E:AE:u6E:ptE:e; (J-E: (J-tCt VECt 01t'tlXY) 'twv XOlVWVlXWV XCtl OlXOVO (J-lXWV 6E:(J-a'twv . '01tWe; XCtl 'to CtntCJ'tolXO 't"Y)e; hCtAtCte; , 1tE:plE:Aa(J-bCtVE: 1tPO bAE�E:le; ylCt 't"Y)V lCt'tPlXY) 1tE:pteCtA�"Y) , ylCt 'to OlXCttW(J-Ct CJ't"Y)V E:pyCtCJtCt XCtl ylCt OtXCtl"Y) XCt'tCtvo(J-Y) 'tou E:lCJOOY)(J-Ct'toe; , CtV XCtl 'tCt CJXE:'tlxa ap6pCt 6Ct E:P (J-"y)vE:uonCtv CJu(J-CPWVCt (J-E: 't"Y)V 1tE:ptCJ'tCtCJ"Y) . Oe; CtntopCtCJ"y) 1tpOe; 't"Y)V E:1tOXY) CPpavxo , OE:V U1ty)PXE: E:1ttCJ"Y)(J-"Y) 6p"Y)CJxe:tCt 'tou xpa'toue; , oU'tE: XCtl lCJXUPY) E:X'tE:AE:CJ'tlXY) E:�ouCJtCt. Ol E:XAOYEe; 6Ct OlE:�ayov'tCtv xa6E: 'tECJCJE:PCt XPOVlCt, "Y) (J-OVCtPXtCt 1tE:pLOptCJ't"Y)XE: CJE: OlCtXOCJ(J-"y)'tlXO XUptWe; POAO XCtl 066"Y)xE: "Y) U1tO CJXE:CJ"y) O'tl Ol E:1tCtpXtE:e; 6Ct e:tXCtV «'to OlXCttW(J-Ct 't"Y)e; Ctu'tOOtOtx"Y)CJ"Y) e; » . Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

NOTIA ErPOIIH

337

Ot 7tPW'W; EXAOYEe:; fJ-E 'to VEO �uv'taYfJ-a OtE��x6rJcrav 'to Mtip'ttO 'tou 1 9 79 xat EmbEbatwcrav 'trJ ouvafJ-rJ 'trJe:; ueD (3 5 ,5 'tOte:; Exa'to) xat 'twv crocrtaAtcr'twv (3 1 'tOte:; Exa'to) . H ueD 7tapEfJ-EtVE Evae:; xaAapoe:; cruvacrm crfJ-oe:; crUfJ-cpEPOV'tWV, xti7twe:; crav 'toue:; I'taAoue:; xptcr'ttavoorJfJ-oxpti'tEe:; , 7tOU cruvoEo'tav XUptwe:; a7to 'to CPObO 'tou 7tOAt'ttXOU E�'tPEfJ-tcrfJ-OU . AAAti acpou Ot E�'tPEfJ-tcr'tEe:; -Ot o7taoot 'tou <J>ptivxo � Ot XOfJ-fJ-ouVtcr'tEe:;- cpawo'tav o'tt OEV a7to'tEAoucrav a7tEtA� cr'trJV Icr7tavta, rJ ueD cr'taotaxti otacr7tticr'trJXE xat 0 �outipE6, 7tOU EtXE 7tPOrJYOUfJ-EVWe:; cr'trJptX'td cr'trJ crufJ-fJ-axta 'tou fJ-E 'to bacrtAtti we:; 7trJY� E�oucrtae:; , OEV otE6E'tE 'trJV 7tOAt'ttX� txavo'trJ'ta Wcr'tE va 'trJ ota'trJP�crEt EVWfJ-EVrJ . To 19 80 rJ UeD OEV 'ta 7t�YE xaAti cr'tte:; orJ fJ-O'ttXEe:; EXAOYEe:; xat 'tov IavoutiptO 'tou 1 9 8 1 0 �outipE6 7tapat't�6rJxE a7to 7tpw6u7toupyoe:; . Evw ywo'tav rJ EmAoy� 'tou otaooxou 'tou , cr'tte:; 2 3 24 <J>EbPouaptou, rJ vEap� orJfJ-oxpa'tta bPE6rJXE aV'ttfJ-E'tW7trJ fJ- E 't rJ XEtPO'tEPrJ XptcrrJ 'trJe:; fJ-EXpt 'to'tE . TrJv 23rJ , 0 aV'ttcruv'taYfJ-a'ttipXrJe:; AV'tovtO TEXEpo MOAtVa (Antonio Tejero Molina) EtcrEbaAE cr'trJV ateoucra 'trJe:; xti'tw BOUA�e:; fJ-E fJ-ta ofJ-tioa 7tOAt'tOCPUAtixwv xat cruvEAabE 'ta fJ-EArJ 'trJe:; we:; OfJ-�pou e:; . 'AAAa fJ-EArJ 'trJe:; cruvwfJ-ocrtae:; EmxdprJcrav va 7tpocrE'tatpt cr'touv 'tov Xoutiv KtipAOe:; . 0 bacrtAttie:; , wcr'tocro, �'tav au'toe:; 7tOU EcrWcrE 'trJV xa'tticr'tacrrJ EmXOtVWvwv'tae:; fJ-E vOfJ-tfJ-OcppOVEe:; a�twfJ-a'ttxoue:; 'tou cr'tpa'tou xat xtivov'tae:; EXXArJcrrJ cr'tO Aao va u7tEpacrmcr'td 'to �uv'taYfJ-a . To xtvrJfJ-a a7tE'tuXE, 0 TEXEpo xat ot tiAAOt 'tEAtxti cpuAaXtcr'trJxav xat axofJ-rJ xat Ot mo cpava'ttxot orJfJ-oxpa'ttxot EV'tU7tWcrtticr'trJxav a7to 'trJ cr'tticrrJ 'tou bacrtAtti . 0 6EcrfJ-0e:; 'trJe:; cruv'taYfJ-a'ttx�e:; fJ-ovapxtae:; Evtcrxu6rJ XE crE 7toM fJ-EytiAO ba6fJ-0 . H aXptb�e:; Ex'tacrrJ 'trJe:; crUVWfJ-ocrtae:; 7tapEfJ-Et VE tiyvwcr'trJ , aAAti Ot 7tOAt'ttXOt 'trJe:; UeD yp�yopa xa'tEArJ�av cr'trJV Em AOy� 'tOU AW7tOAOO KtiAbO �O'tEAO (Leopoldo C alvo Sotelo) we:; VEOU 7tpw6u7toupyou. o 6ptafJ-boe:; 'tou KtiAbo �O'tEAO OEV Xpti'trJcrE yta 7toM . �uv'trJPrJ'ttxoe:; 7tOAt'ttXOe:; , cptMoo�oe:; aAAti ava7tocpticrtcr'toe:; , a7toodx6rJXE Xt au'toe:; avt xavoe:; va ota'trJP�crEt EVWfJ-EVrJ 'trJV ueD. 'Eva orJfJ-o\jJ�cptcrfJ-a yta 'to ota �uytO 'tov IOUAtO 'tou 1 9 8 1 OtxacrE EV'tova 'toue:; crocrtaAorJfJ-Oxpti'tEe:; xat 'toue:; xptcr'ttavoorJfJ-oxpti'tEe:; EV'tOe:; 'trJe:; UeD xat fJ-E'tti a7to 'to N OEfJ-bptO 'tou 1 9 8 1 OAO xat 7tEptcrcro'tEpa cr'tEAEXrJ 'trJe:; tipxtcrav va 'trJv Eyxa'taAd7tOUV yta va cruyxpo't�crouv fJ-tXpo'tEpa xOfJ-fJ-a'ta . ME'ta�u au'twv �'tav xat 'to �rJfJ-oxpa'ttxo xat �ocrtaAtcr'ttXO KOfJ-fJ-a 'tou KEV'tpOU , fJ-E apXrJYo 'tov �outipE6. Ka6we:; OEV U7t�PXE cr'ta6Ep� 7tAEtO\jJrJcpta cr'to KOtVObOUAtO , 0 bacrtAttie:; a7tocpticrtcrE va cruyxaAEcrEt VEEe:; EXAOYEe:; 'tov OX'tWbptO 'tou 1982, Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 9 45 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH I:ETOPIA

G"'t"L� 07tOt€� 'Y) UCD €Aab€ tJ.OAL� 7 't"OL� €xa't"o 't"wv ��cpwv . OL G"O(naALG"'t"€� 't"ou <'D€At7t€ rXOV�aA€� , a7to 't"'Y)v aAA'Y) , U7toG"X0tJ.€VOL 7tpOOOW't"LX€� tJ.€ 't"appu6tJ.tG"€L� , aV�A6av G"'t"O 46 't"OL� €xa't"o, 7toG"oG"'t"o 7tOU, tJ.€ 't"o LG"7taVLXO €XAOYLXO G"uG"'t"'Y)tJ.a, 't"OU� €owG"€ aG"cpaA� 7tA€W�'Y)cpta . H 7t't"wG"'Y) 't"'Y)� UCD G"'Y)tJ.a't"o06't"'Y)G"€ tJ.La €X7tA'Y)X't"LX� tJ.€'t"aG"'t"pocp� xaL cpav€pwG"€ 7toG"o €u6pau G"'t"a �'t"av 't"a v€a 7tOAL't"Lxa xotJ.tJ.a't"a . 'OtJ.W� , 'Y) 7tpo6utJ.ta 't"ou €XAOYLXOU G"wtJ.a't"o� va tJ.€'t"acp€p€L 't"'Y)v 7tpo't"ttJ.'Y)G"� 't"ou a7to eva X€v't"pOO€�LO xotJ.tJ.a G"€ eva 't"'Y)� K€v't"poapLG"'t"€pa� , 07tW� xaL 'Y) Lxavo't"'Y)'t"a 't"ou 7tOAL't"LXOU G"U G"'t"�tJ.a't"o� va av't"€�€L 't"'Y) tJ.€'t"aboA� �'t"av €7ttG"'Y)� 6€'t"Lxa G"'Y)tJ.da. (Ka7tOLa G"'t"oLxda G"'t"O G"'t"pa't"o O€V €O€L�aV 't"'Y)v to La xa't"avo'Y)G"'Y) : 't"OV OX't"Wbpw a7toxaMcp6'Y)x€ G"X€OW G"'t"pa't"LW't"LXOU XLV�tJ.a't"O� .) '07tW� €X€L �O'Y) cpavd G"'t"L� 7t€pm't"WG"€L� 't"'Y)� EAAaoa� xaL 't"'Y)� IIop't"oyaAta� , 'Y) €LP'Y)VLX� tJ.€'t"a btbaG"'Y) 't"'Y)� €�ouG"ta� tJ.€'t"a�u G"UV't"'Y)P'Y)'t"LXWV xaL G"OG"LaALG"'t"LXWV xotJ.tJ.a 't"WV dvaL G"'Y)tJ.aV't"LXO odYtJ.a o'Y)tJ.oxpa't"LX�� WPLtJ.O't"'Y)'t"a� xaL a7to't"€Ad tJ.€yaA'Y) av't"t6€G"'Y) tJ.€ 't"'Y)V €tJ.7t€Lpta 't"OU 7tap€AeoV't"o� , o't"av eva G"UYX€XPL tJ.€VO xa6€G"'t"w� G"uxva 't"au't"L�o't"av tJ.€ tJ.La OpLG"tJ.€V'Y) 7tOAL't"LX� otJ.aoa . Em7tA€OV , 0 6ptatJ.bo� 't"wv G"oG"LaALG"'t"wv O€V avatp€G"€ 't"L� ouva't"o't"'Y)'t"€� YLa aG"x'Y)G"'Y) aV't"mOAt't"wG"'Y)� . H Aa'�x� �utJ.tJ.axta dX€ 7tA€OV X€POtG"€L 't"o G"€baG"tJ.o w� eva xOtJ.tJ.a tJ.€ xaA� 'Y)Y€G"ta xaL X€POLG"€ 25 't"OL� €xa't"o 't"wv ��cpwv, 7toG"oG"'t"o 7tOU 't"'Y)v aV€O€L�€ G"€ LG"XUp� G"uV't"'Y)P'Y)'t"LX� aV't"mOAt't"w G"'Y) xaL 7tOU a7to't"€A€G"€ 't"'Y) baG"'Y) YLa 't"'Y) o'Y)tJ.wupyta €VO� oLx0tJ.tJ.a't"Lxou G"uG"'t"�tJ.a't"o� . o rXOV�aA€� €YLV€ 7tpw6u7toupyo� G"€ tJ.La OUG"XOA'Y) OLXOVOtJ.LX� G"U yxupta . H IG"7tavta dX€ €xG"uYXpovLG"'t"d U7tO 't"ov <'Dpavxo xaL O€V �'t"av � 1 11 G"'t"'Y)V 7taYXOG"tJ.La OLXO7tI\WV ouva't"ov va a7tOX07t't"€'t"aL a7tO 't"L� al\l\ay€� vOtJ.ta . �'t"a 1973 -74 , tJ.€'t"a a7to xpovLa U� 'Y)AOU 7tA'Y)6wpLG"tJ.OU, �p6€ 'Y) avooo� 't"wv 't"LtJ.WV 't"ou 7t€'t"p€AatOU xaL OL aG"X'Y)tJ.€� €m06G"€L� 't"ou €tJ.7tO pLXOU LG"O�UytOU , €VW G"'t"a xpovLa 1 9 7 4-80 'Y) av€pyta aV�A6€ a7to 't"o 3 G"'t"O 1 2 't"OL� €xa't"o. Ta 7tpObA�tJ.a't"a 't"'Y)� IG"7tavta� €YLvav LOLat't"€pa m€G"'t"Lxa a7to 't"'Y)v €�ap't"'Y)G"� 't"'Y)e;; a7to 't"o €LG"ayotJ.€vo 7t€'t"p€AaW, a7to 't"a xatJ.'Y)Aa €7tt7t€oa €G"W't"€PLXWV €7t€vouG"€WV xaL 't"'Y)v €mG"'t"pocp� tJ.€'t"avaG"'t"wv a7to 't"o €�W't"€PLXO G"'t"'Y) o€xa€'t"ta 't"ou 1970. Xap'Y) G"'t"'Y)v OLXOVOtJ.LX� ava7t't"u�'Y) 't"'Y)� o€xa€'t"ta� 't"ou 1 9 60 xaL G"'t"'Y)v €LP'Y)VLX� tJ.€'t"abaG"'Y) G"'t"'Y) o'Y)tJ.oxpa't"ta G"'t"a 1 9 75-78, 'Y) xwpa �'t"av 7tOAU 7tAouG"Lonp'Y) a7to 't"'Y)v IIop't"oyaAta, €VW xaL 't"O 7toG"oG"'t"o 't"ou avaAcpab'Y)'t"LG"tJ.OU dX€ tJ.€Lw6d G"€ ALyO't"€PO a7to 't"o 10 't"OLe;; €xa't"o 't"ou 7tA'Y)6uG"tJ.ou. 'OtJ.W� dX€ axotJ.'Y) avayx'Y) a7to €LG"ayw y€� aya6wv U�'Y)A�� 't"€XVoAoyta� a7to 't"O €�W't"€PLXO, 'Y) €'Yxa't"aA€L�'Y) 't"'Y)� I

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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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NOTIA ErPOIIH

339

u7tcd6pou �"r!Xv fJ-e:yaAo 7tpo6).;Y')fJ-!X x!X� 0 "roup�O"fJ-oe; !X7tO"re:AOUO"e: !XV!XV"r� x!X"raO""r!X"rlJ 7tlJY� e:�O"oo�fJ-!X"roe; . To 1982 0 rXOv�aAe:e; U7toO"Xe6lJxe: "rlJ olJfJ-wupy[!X 800 . 000 6eO"e:wv e:py!Xd!Xe; , !XAAa O"uv"rofJ-!X apx�O"e: V!X Aee:� -fJ-e: "roue; [owue; !Xxp�6we; opoue; 07tWe; X!X� lJ Mapyx!Xpe:"r 8a"r0"e:p O""rlJ Bpe:"r!Xv[!X- o"r� oe:v U7t�PXe: «e:V!XAA!XX"r�X� AUO"lJ» !X7tO "rlJv U�lJA� !Xve:p y[!X !Xv lJ IO"7t!Xv[!X �6e:Ae: V!X y[ve:� !Xv"r!Xywv�o""r�x� o""r�e; o�e:6vde; !Xyopee; . r�!X V!X !X7tood�e:� "rlJ cpe:pe:yyuo"rlJ"ra "rou O""roue; �evoue; e:ne:vou"ree; , 0 r xov �aAe:e; e:cpapfJ-oO"e: fJ-e"rp!X 07tWe; U7to"r[fJ-lJO"lJ "rou VOfJ-[O"fJ-!X"rOe; , 7taywfJ-!X fJ-�0"6wv x!X� 7te:p�xo7tee; "rwv olJfJ-oO"[wv o!X7t!Xvwv y�!X v!x !XV"r�fJ-e:"rW7t[O"e:� "rov 7tAlJ6wp�0"fJ-o, e:vw lJ !Xve:py[!X !Xve6lJxe: O"e: 7tavw !X7tO "rO ev!X 7tefJ-7t"ro "rou e:py!X"r�xou ouv!XfJ-�xou . Ka7tow� !XV"rm!Xp!Xywy�xo[ e:mxe:�PlJfJ-!X"r�xo[ "r0fJ-e:[e; "rou I N I ixAe:�O"!XV, e:vw 0p�O"fJ-eve:e; xe:poocpope:e; e:mxe:�p�O"e:�e; , 07tWe; lJ !Xu "rox�vlJ"r06wfJ-lJX!Xv[!X SEAT, �o�w"r�xo7to��6lJx!Xv . H dO"oooe; O""rlJv EOK "rO 1986, fJ-e:"ra !X7tO e:cp"ra Xpov�!X O"UVOfJ-�A�WV, aVOL�e: "rlJv IO"7t!Xv[!X O""rov e;u pw7t!X·ixo !XV"r!Xywv�O"fJ-o, 7tOU 6p!Xxu7tpo6e:0"fJ-!X e:modvwO"e: O"e: O"lJfJ-!Xv"r�xo 6!X6fJ-o "r!X o�xovofJ-�xa 7tP06A�fJ-!X"r!X . '07tWe; O"uve6lJ x!X� fJ-e: "roue; raAAOUe; O"OO"�!XA�o""ree; fJ-e:"ra "rO 1983 � "rlJv e:AAlJV�X� xu6epvlJO"lJ "rou IlA�OK x!X"ra "rlJv [o�!X 7te:p[ooo, lJ 7tOA�"r�X� "rou rXOv�aAe:e; eoe:�xve: 7tOAU o�!Xcpope:"r�x� !X7tO "r�e; !Xpx�xee; oe:O"fJ-e:uO"e:�e; "rou x!X� !X7toyo�"re;uO"e: 7tOAAOUe; !X7tO "roue; U7too""rlJP�x"ree; "rou . To Map"rw "rou 1986 0 rXOv�aAe:e; 7tpOxaAe:O"e: OlJfJ-O��Cp�O"fJ-!X, O""rO 07to[0 "rax6lJxe: x!X� 0 [owe; u7tep "rlJe; O"ufJ-fJ-e:"rox�e; O""rO NATO . To olJfJ-o��Cp�O"fJ-!X !X7tO"re:AOUO"e: 7t!XA!X�a U7toO"Xe:O"lJ "rwv O"OO"�!XA�O""rWV , !X7tO "rO 1982, o"r!Xv lJ xu6epvlJO"lJ "rlJe; UCD e:�0"�A6e: O""rlJ oU"r�x� O"UfJ-fJ-!XX[!X 7t!Xpa "r�e; e:O"w"re:p�xee; !Xv"r�opa O"e:�e; . IIoAAo[ IO"7t!Xvo[ oe:v 6e:wpouO"!Xv "rO �ufJ-cpwvo "rlJe; B!XpO"06[!Xe; we; !X7te:�A�, e:7texp�v!Xv "rlJv 7tOA�"r�X� "rwv H IlA O""rlJ A!X"r�v�x� AfJ-e:p�x� x!X� O"uveoe:!Xv "rlJv 7t!XpouO"[!X "rwv 6aO"e:wv "rwv H IlA fJ-e: "rlJv xu6epvlJO"lJ
34 P

H ErPnrrH TOY 'I'YXPOY rrOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : rrOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

Eup(�mY)- YL(x 'ty)V (XU�Y)o'Y) 'tY)e; EyxAy)f.I.(X'tLXO'ty)'t(Xe; , 't(x V(XpXW'tLXa, 'tY) OUO'(XP€O'XEL(X 'tY)e; VEOA(X[(Xe; X(xL 'ty)V X(X't(XO''tpoqrYj 'tOU 1tEpLbaAAOV'tOe; . L'tLe; mOf.l.EVEe; YEVLX€e; EXAoy€e; , 1tOU €yw(Xv 'tOV OX'tWbpLO 'tou 1989 , 0 rxov �aAEe; X€POLO'E X(xL 1taAL 'to 40 'tOte; EX(x'tO 'twv t¥�cpwv, (XAAa Ot xOf.l.f.l.ou VLO''t€e; (9 'tOLe; EX(X'tO) (x1t€O'1t(xO'(xV nALxa Xa1tOLOUe; OUO'(xpEO''tY)f.I.€VOUe; (xpLO'npOUe; t¥Y)cpocpOpOue; . 'E'tO'L, OL O'OO'L(XALO''t€e; €X(XO'(XV 'ty)V (X1tOAU'tY) 1tAELOt¥Y)Cp[(X 'tOUe; O''tO KOWObouALO , (xV X(xL OL(x't�py)O'(XV f.l.L(x O'y)f.I.(xV'tLX� OL(Xcpopa (X1tO 'to OEU'tEPO A(X·�xo Kof.l.f.I.(X (O''tO 01t0[0 dXE f.l.E'tE�EALXOd Y) A(X·�x� LUf.l.f.I.(XX[(X) , 1tOU 1t(XP€f.l.EWE O''tO 2 6 'tOte; EX(x'tO . O L OL(xLp€O'ELe; 'tY)e; (XV'tL1tOA['tWO'y)e; f.l.E't(x�U O'uV'ty)PY)'tLXWV, X0f.l.f.l.0UVLO''tWV X(xL (xu'tOVOf.l.LO''tL xwv of.l.aowv m€'tpEt¥(XV O''tov rXOv�aAEe; v(x O'Xy)f.I.(X't[O'EL XUb€PVY)O'Y) YL(x 'tpkY) O'UVEX0f.l.EVy) cpopa. H OEX(xE't[(X 'tY)e; oy)f.l.0Xp(X'tLX�e; 1tOAL'tLX�e; 1tp(x X'tLX�e; f.I.€XpL 'ton dXE (x1tOOE[�EL O'tL �'t(Xv ouv(X'tov v(x O''t(XOEpo1tOty)Od €v(X oy)f.l.OXP(X'tLXO X(XOEO''tWe; f.l.E'ta (x1tO OEX(xE't[Ee; OLX't(x'tOpLX�e; OL(xXUb€P vY)O'Y)e; X(xL f.I.€O'(X O'E 1tOAu OUO'XOAEe; OLXOV0f.l.LX€e; O'UYXUp[Ee; . A�LOO'y)f.l.dw 'to �'t(Xv X(xL 'to ye:yovoe; O'tL OU'tE Y) OLXOVOf.l.LX� UCPEO'Y) 'twv mOf.l.EvWv Xpovwv, 1tOU (XV€b(XO'E X(xL 1taAL 'tY)v (XVEPY[(X 1tavw (x1tO 'to 20 'tOLe; EX(x'tO 'to 1993 , OEV €CP't(xO'E v(x (X1tELA�O'EL 'to V€O oy)f.l.OXP(x'tLXO X(XOEO''tWe; . '01tWe; O'UV€by) X(xL f.l.E 'tLe; XUbEpv�O'ELe; 'tY)e; r(XAA[(Xe; X(xL 'tY)e; h(XA[(Xe; x(x'ta 'tY)v [OL(x 1tEp[OOO , OL O'OO'L(XALO''t€e; otxOy)x(xv x(x'ty)YOp[Ee; YL(x 1tOAL'tLX� OL(xCPOO pa, (XAAa 'tov IouvLO 'tou 1993 Y) Ef.l.1tELp[(x 'tou rXOv�aAEe; U1tEp[O'XUO'E m[ 'twv (XV'tL1taAwv 'tou X(xL, EXf.l.E't(XAAWOf.l.EVOe; 'tOUe; cpObOue; 'twv t¥y)cpocpo pwv YL(x f.l.L(x EVOEXOf.l.EVY) EmO''tpocp� O''tov (xXpOOE�LO OAOXAY)PW'tLO'f.l.O, v[ XY)O'E X(xL 1taAL 'to A(X·L·X O Kof.l.f.I.(X, YL(x V(X �(xV(xY[VEL YL(x 't€'t(Xp'ty) cpopa 1tpwOU1tOupyoe; , (XAAa f.l.E EmO'cp(XA� O€O'Y) O''tO KOLVObouALO.

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

KEAAAIO o r dO O : H �OB IETIKH ENO�H

To l:TAAINIKO l:rlJTHMA KAI H ANAlJiTKPOTHlJH, 1945 - 1 953

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H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOIl.EMOY, 1945 - 1 99 1 : IIOIl.ITIKH I:ETOPIA

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EOBIETIKH ENOEH

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H EYPOIIH TOY 'l'YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH 11:TOPIA

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354

H ErPOIIH Tor '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 199 1 : IIOAITIKH I.ETOPIA

XCU XA'fJpOVOfJ-'fJO'E '!'fJ 6EO''fJ '!OU L'!aAtV we; 7tpOEOpOe; '!ou LUfJ-60UA[OU '!WV Y7tOupywv - a�[WfJ-a av-r[O''!Ot'X.o fJ-E au'!o '!OU 7tpw6U7toupyou '!WV XwpWV '!'fJe; LluO''fJ e; . IIapa '!'fJ O'UVEX� O''!EV� 7tOAt'!tX� '!ou O'ufJ-fJ-ax[a fJ-E '!OV E7ttXEcpaA�e; '!'fJe; aO''!uvofJ-[ae; , '!OV Aa6pEV'!t M7tEpta, 0 MaAEVXWcp OEV EytVE 7tO'!E 0 avafJ-CPt0'6�'!'fJ'!0e; 'fJYE'!'fJe; '!'fJe; L06tE'!tX�e; 'EvwO''fJe; . Ot O'UV,!pOCPO[ '!OU O''!O IIpE�[v-rtoUfJ-l E7tEfJ-EVaV 0''!'fJ O'UYXpO'!'fJO''fJ «O'UAAOyt x�e; 'fJYEO'[ae;» , we; av-r[opaO''fJ O''!'fJV 7tPOO'W7tOAa'!p[a '!ou L'!aAtv . IIEptO ptO'av O'E EVVEa '!ov apt6fJ-o '!wv fJ-EAWV '!ou IIpE�[v-rtoUfJ-, aV'!topwv'!ae; , E'!O't, O''!'fJV au�'fJO''fJ '!wv fJ-EAWV '!ou a7tO '!OV L'!aAtv '!o 1 9 5 2 , xat O''!a fJ-EO'a Map'![ou E7tEfJ-EtVaV E7t[O''fJe; xat o'!t 0 MaAEvxwcp E7tpE7tE va Eyxa '!aAd�Et '!'fJ 6EO''fJ d,!E '!ou apx'fJYou '!ou xOfJ-fJ-a'!oe; d,!E '!ou 7tpOEOpOU '!'fJe; XU6EpV'fJ0''fJ e; . '07tWe; �'!av [O'we; avafJ-EvofJ-EVO, 0 MaAEvxwcp a7tocpaO'tO'E va ota'!'fJP�O'Et '!'fJv 7tpOEop[a '!ou LUfJ-60UA[OU '!WV Y7touPYwv , 6EO''fJ 7tOU 7tptV xa'!dXE 0 L'!aAtV, xat 7tapEowO'E '!'fJv 'fJYEO'[a '!ou xOfJ-fJ-a'!oe; O''!ov Ntx�'!a XpouO',!O'wcp . 0 XpouO',!O'wcp xat 0 MaAEvxwcp dxav Ep6Et O'E O'uyxpouO''fJ O''!a '!EAEU'!a[a xpovta '!'fJe; E7tOx�e; L'!aAtV otacpwvwv-rae; yta '!'fJv aypo'!tx� 7tOAt'!tX�, Xt E'!O't �'!av fJ-aAAov avafJ-EvofJ-EVO 0 7tpw'!oe; va 7tp06aAEt we; av-raywvtO''!�e; yta '!'fJv E�ouO'[a . AAAa 0 opyavtO'fJ-oe; '!ou xOfJ-fJ-a'!oe; , E7ttXEcpaA�e; '!ou 07t0[ou �'!av '!wpa 0 XpouO''!O'wcp, dXE aV'!t fJ-E'!w7ttO''!d fJ-E 7tEptcppOV'fJO''fJ a7to '!ov L'!aAtv xat 0 XpouO',!O'wcp OEV 6EW pouv'!av tOta['!Epa txavoe; . Movo xa'!a '!OUe; E7tofJ-EVOUe; oExaox'!w fJ-�VEe; EytVE cpavEpo o'!t 0 XpouO',!O'wcp -07tWe; 7tEp[7tOU xat 0 L'!aAtv 0''!'fJ oExaE '![a '!ou 1 9 20- dXE U7t0'!tfJ-'fJ6E[ a7to '!a aAAa 'fJyE'!tXa O''!EAEX'fJ : fJ-7tOPOU O'E va XP'fJO'tfJ-07tOt�O'Et '!'fJv xOfJ-fJ-a'!tx� opyavwO''fJ we; EcpaA'!�pto yta '!Y)v E�ouO'[a xat dXE '!Y)v txavo'!Y)'!a va EXfJ-E'!aAAEuE'!at '!te; otacpwV[Ee; fJ-E'!a �u '!wv aAAwv 'fJyE'!WV, 07tWe; aU'!Ee; fJ-E'!a�u '!ou MaAEvxwcp xat '!ou MOAO'!WCP . 0 MOAO'!WCP, 7tOU 7tAEOV dXE a7toxa'!aO''!a6d 0''!'fJ 6EO''fJ '!OU we; U7tOupyoe; E�W'!EPtXWV xat xwpk afJ-cpt60A[a �'!av axofJ-Y) 7ttO':t'oe; O',!Y)v 7tOAt'!tX� '!ou L'!aAtv , 6Ewpouv'!av '!o Map'!to '!ou 1953 we; fJ-[a a7to '!te; '!pEte; to'XUpO'!EpEe; fJ-OpcpEe; O''!Y)v 'fJYEO'[a, fJ-a�[ fJ-E '!ov MaAEvxwcp xat '!ov M7tEpta. H '!ptavop[a otaM6Y)xE O''!a '!EAY) Iouv[ou '!ou 1953 , o'!av '!a aAAa ouo fJ-EAY) a7tocpaO'tO'av va EXOtW�Ouv '!ov M7tEpta a7to '!Y)v y)ym[a. Ta fJ-EAY) '!ou IIpE�[v-rtoUfJ-, fJ-E 7tpw'!o aVafJ-EO'a '!OUe; '!ov XpouO''!O'wcp , 7tpocpavwe; cp06�6'fJxav '!Y) ouvafJ-Y) '!Y)e; fJ-uO''!tX�e; aO''!uvofJ-[ae; '!ou M 7tEpta

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ETPOIIH TOT '¥TXPOT IIOAEMOT, 1 9 4 5 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH LETOPIA

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�OBIETIKH ENn�H

357

BYYP<E E1ttO""f)e; XEpO�O"!.t.EVOe; xa� cmo 'tov 1tEpwP�O"fLO 'twv E�OUO"�WV 't"f)e; fLuO"'t�xT)e; aO"'tuvofLtae; h"f)e; 01totae; "f) O""f)fLaO"ta O"'toue; O"uO"XE't�O"fLOUe; 'twv 1tOA�'t�XWV OuvafLEwv fLE�w6"f)xd aAAa xa� a1tO 't"f)v �O"XUp01tot"f)O""f) 'tou xOfLfLa'toe; evan� 't"f)e; xpa't�xT)e; ypacpEwxpa'ttae; , �O"xup01tot"f)O""f) 1tOU dXE av't�xa'to1t'tp�O"'td O"'t�e; vOfL06E't�xee; fLE'tappu6fLto"E�e; 't"f)e; 1tEP�OOOU 1 9 5 3 54 . ME 't"f)v a1touO"ta fLa��xT)e; 'tpofLoxpa'ttae; , 't o KOfLfLouv�O"'t�xo KOfLfLa ey�vE O""f)fLav't�xoe; fLOXAOe; 't"f)e; XEV'tp�XT)e; E�ouO"tae; U1tO 'tov XpouO"'tO"wcp . H fLaX"f) y�a 't"f)v E�ouO"ta fLE'ta�u 'tou MaAevxwcp, apx"f)You 't"f)e; xu6epv"f)0""f)e;, xa� 'tou XpouO"'tO"wcp , apx"f)You 'tou xOfLfLa'toe; , EmxEv'tpw6"f) XE xuptwe; O"'t"f)v o�xovofL�xT) 1tOA�'t�XT) . Ma�t fLE 't"f)v Eyxa'taAW¥"f) 't"f)e; O"'taAtV�XT)e; 1tpoO"W1tOAa'tptae; , 'tov 1tEpwP�O"fLo 't"f)e; aO"'tuvofL�xT)e; aO"uoo O"tae; xa� 't"f) fLE'tpW1ta6T) E�W'tEP�XT) 1tOA�'t�XT) , O� vem "f)ye'tEe; EmOtw�av xa� xa1to�a xaAapwO""f) O"'t"f)V O�XOVOfL�XT) 1tOA�'t�XT) . Y1tT)Pxav OfLWe; O""f) fLav�xee; o�acpwvtEe; o"XE't�xa fLE 't"f)V ex'taO""f) au'tT)e; 't"f)e; o�ao�xaO"tae; xa� fLE 'to 1to�a fLoPCPT) 6a e1tpE1tE va eXEL �ufLcpwva fLE 't"f) «vea 1t0pEta» 1tOU U1toO"'tT)P��E 0 MaAevxwcp, "f) efLcpaO""f) E1tpOXE�'tO va o06d XUptWe; O"'t"f)V 1tapaywyT) xa'tavaAw't�xwv aya6wv, 't"f)V EAacpp�a 6wfL"f)xavta xa� 't"f) O"'teyaO""f) . ME 't"f) fLE'ta1tOAEfL�xT) avaO"uyxpo't"f)O""f) va eXE� OAOXA"f)pw6d xa� 't"f) 6ap�a 6wfL"f)xavta �O"xupT), cpa�vo'tav 1tAeov o't� "f) "f)YEO"ta T)'tav Em'teAoue; O"E 6eO""f) va 1tpoO"cpepE� 0"'t0 Aao xaAUnpo E1tt1tEOO �wT)e; xa� xa1tow fLEptOW a1to 'toue; xap1tOUe; 't"f)e; Ex6wfL"f)xav�0""f) e; . Mexp� 'to 'teAOe; 'tou 1 9 53 "f) 1tapaywyT) xa'tavaAw't�xwv aya6wv dXE �E1tEpao"E� xa6E 1tPO"f)YOUfLEVO a1to 't"f) oExaE'tta 'tou 1 9 20 xa� fLE'ta, EVW xa� m 1tpaYfLa 't�XOt fL�0"60t dxav aU�"f)6d O""f)fLan�xa . H «vea 1topda» 6EA'ttWO"E E1ttO""f)e; 't"f)V aypo't�xT) 1tapaywyT) xa� EAacpPwo"E 'ta 6ap"f) 'twv xwp�xwv fLE 't"f) fLdwO""f) 'twv aypo't�xwv cpopwv, 't"f)V ayopa a1to 'to xpa'toe; O"E U\j;"f)AO'tEpEe; 't�fLee; 'twv aypo't�x(.DV 1tpo"t'onwv xa� 't"f)V Ev6appuvO""f) 'twv aypo'twv va 1tapayouv 'tpocp�fLa y�a 't�e; ayopee; O"'ta �o�w't�xa 'toue; xwpacp�a . 0 Xpou O"'tO"wcp eOE��E �O�at'tEpo Evo�acpepov y�a aypo't�xee; fLE'tappu6fLto"E�e; . 0 XpouO"'tO"wcp T)'tav aU'toe; 1tOU, 'to �E1t'tefL6pw 'tou 1 9 53 , E�0""f)yT)6"f)XE u\j;"f)AO'tEpEe; 't�fLee; y�a 't"f)v aypo't�xT) 1tapaywyT) , O"'tpoCPT) 1tpOe; 't�e; E1tEV OUo"E�e; O"'t"f) YEwpyta xa� O"'t"f)v au�"f)O""f) 't"f)e; 1tapaywyT)e; x't"f)vo'tpocp�xwv 1tpo'�onwv, xaAafL1toxwu (fLE 'to 01tOtO 6a 'tpecponav 'ta �wa o"'t"f)v x't"f) vo'tpocpta) xa� Aaxav�xwv . 'OAa au'ta 'ta fLe'tpa dxav fLEyaA"f) o�acpopa a1to 't"f) 6avauO""f) EXfLE'taAAwO""f) 't"f)e; YEwpytae; 't"f)e; E1tOXT)e; 'tou �'taA�v. Tov Iavouapw 'tou 1 9 5 4 , fLE'ta a1to fLta xaxT) xpov�a y�a 't"f)v aypo't�xT) 1tapaywYT), 0 XpouO"'tO"wcp qxatVtaO"E 't"f)v EXO"'tpa'tda 'twv «1tap6evwv Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOIIH TOY 'I'YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

EOIXCPWV » , 1tOU crXEoLacr'ty)XE yLIX VIX fJ-E'tIXcpepEL IXypO'tEe; crE fJ-expL 'ton IXXIXAALepY"Y)'tEe; 1tEpWxee; IXVIX'tOALxa 'tWV OUpIXAtWV, cr'ty) �LbY)PtIX XIXL cr'tO KIX�IXxcr'tav . MexpL 'to 1 9 5 6 Y) EXcr'tPIX'tEtIX IXU't-f] EtXE fJ-E'tIX'tpe�EL crE XIXAALEPY-f]crLfJ-Y) Y"Y) fJ-tIX ex'tIXcry) tcrY) fJ-E 'tOUe; crL'tObOAWVEe; 'tOU KIXvIXoa, fJ-E 1tEpLcrcronpoue; IX1tO 3 00 .000 IXv6pw1toue; VIX Epya�ov'tIXL cr' IXU't-f]V . H EXcr'tPIX'tEtIX IXU't-f] me'tpE�E cr'tY)V E��Ll VIX �E1tEpacrEL yLIX 1tpw'ty) cpopa 'tIX E1tt1tEOIX IXypO'tLX-f]e; 1tIXpIXywY-f]e; 'tou 1 9 1 4 XIXL ecrwcrE 'ty) XWPIX IX1tO ALfJ-O 'to 1956 . 'OfJ-we; Y) 1tpocr1ta6ELIX 'twv 1tIXp6evwv EOIXCPWV IX1tIXL'toucrE fJ-EyaAEe; E1tEvoucrELe; , cr'tepy)crE 1tOpOUe; IX1tO 'tY) yEWpytIX cr'tY)v WPW1tIX'�X-f] PWcrtIX XIXL cruv'teAEcrE cr'tO VIX EV'tIX6Et Y) oLIXfJ-axY) 'tou Xpoucr'tcrwcP fJ-E 'tov MIXAevxwcp, 0 01tOtOe; 6IX 1tpO'tLfJ-oucrE VIX oWXE'tw60uv OL 1tOPOL crE fJ-E'tIXp PU6fJ-tcrELe; cr'ty) bWfJ-Y)XIXVtIX. IIpaYfJ-IX'tL, 0 Xpoucr'tcrwcp, IXV XIXL IXpyO'tEPIX uw6e'tY)crE 1tOAAa cr'tOLXEtIX IX1tO 'ty) «veIX 1tOPEtIX» cr'ty) bWfJ-Y)XIXVLX-f] 'tou 1tOAL'tLX-f] , 'to 1 9 54 U1t-f]p�E 0 XUpLO'tEpOe; E1tLXpL't-f]e; 'tY)e; . Y1tOcr't-f]PL�E O'tL Y) fJ-E'tIXcpopa 1tOpWV IX1tO 'tY) bIXpLa bWfJ-Y)XIXVtIX cr'tLe; XIX'tIXVIXAw'tLxee; OIX1taVEe; -f]'tIXV U1tEpbOALX-f], O'tL 6IX e1tpE1tE VIX OLIXcrCPIXALcr'tOUV OL pu6fJ-ot 'tY)e; crobLE'tLX-f]e; IXva1t'tu�Y)e; XIXL, IXcrcpIXAWe; , O'tL 6IX e1tpE1tE xIX'ta 1tPO'tEPIXLO'ty) 'tIX VIX E1tEVOu60uv xEcpaAIXLIX cr'tO 1tpoypIXfJ-fJ-IX 'twv 1tIXp6evwv EOIXcpWV . IIIXp ' OAO 1tOU OEV U1t-f]PXIXV IXpxE'tee; EVOEt�ELe; O'tL OL fJ-E'tIXppu6fJ-tcrELe; 'tou MIXAevxwcp 1tpIXYfJ-IX'tLxa IX1tELAoucrIXV 'tY) bIXpLa bWfJ-Y)XIXVtIX, 'tLe; cr'tPIX 'tLw'tLxee; OIX1taVEe; -f] 'tLe; IXypo'tLxee; bEA'tLwcrELe; , wcr'tocro 'tIX 1tEpLcrcrO'tEPIX fJ-eAY) 'tou IIpE�tV'twufJ-, fJ-expL 'tIX 'teAY) 'tou 1 9 5 4 , crUfJ-fJ-EPt�OV'tIXV 'tLe; IXfJ-CPLbOAtEe; 'tou Xpoucr'tcrwcp crXE'tLxa fJ-E 'ty) «veIX 1tOpEtIX» . MLIX evoEL�Y) 'tY)e; IXVEpXOfJ-EVY)e; OUVIXfJ-Y)e; 'tou Xpoucr'tcrwcp IXAAa XIXL 'tY)e; LcrXUP01tOtY) crY)e; 'tou XOfJ-fJ-IX'tOe; eVIXV'tL 'tou XUbEPVY)'tLXOU fJ-Y)XIXVLcrfJ-0U -f]'tIXV O'tL, fJ-E'ta 'tov Auyoucr'tO, 'tIX 1tOAL'tLxa oLIX'taYfJ-IX'tIX EXOtOOV'tIXV 1tPW'tIX cr'to OVOfJ-IX 'tou XOfJ-fJ-IX'tOe; XIXL fJ-E'ta 'tY)e; xUbepvY)crY)e; - fJ-tIX IXAAIXy-f] crE crxecrY) fJ-E 'ty)V 1tpOY)YOUfJ-EVY) 1tPIXX'tLX-f] . TEALxa, 'to �ExefJ-bPW, 0 MIXAevxwcp crUfJ-cpWVY) crE VIX 1tIXpIXL'tY)6Et IX1tO 1tpOEOpOe; 'tOU �UfJ-bOUAtOU Y1tOupywv, IXV XIXL Y) E1ttcrY)fJ-Y) IXVIXXOtVWcry) 'tY)e; 1tIXpIXkY)crY)e; eyLvE fJ-OALe; 'to EbPouapw 'tou 1 9 5 5 . EtXE xacrEL 'ty) fJ-aXY) yLIX 'tY)v E�oucrtIX IX1tO 'tov Xpoucr'tcrwcp . A1to 'to Ebpouapw 'tou 1955 fJ-expL XIXL 'tIX XPOVLIX 'tou r XOpfJ-1tIX'tcrwcp Y) 1tL0 cry)fJ-IXV'tLX-f] 6ecrY) cr'tY) crobLE'tLX-f] y)YEcrtIX mpoxEL'tO VIX EtVIXL IXU't-f] 'tou IXpXY)You 'tou XOfJ-fJ-IX'toe; , XIXL 'tIX XOfJ-fJ-IX'tLxa opyIXvIX 6IX -f]'tIXV IXVW'tEPIX IX1tO 'tIX IXV'ttcr'tOLXIX 'tY)e; xubepvY)crY)e; . AAAa XIXL 0 Xpoucr'tcrwcp , wcr'tocro, OEV EtXE IXXOfJ-Y) cr'tIX6EP01tOLy)6Et EV'tEAWe; cr'ty)v E�oucrtIX . 0 MIXAevxwcp -f]'tIXV IXXOfJ-Y) cr'to IIpE�tv'twufJ-, 01tWe; XIXL 0 MOAO'tWCP ' XIXL veoe; 1tpOEOpOe; 'tou Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ΣΟΒΙΕΤΙΚΗ ΕΝΩΣΗ

359

Συμ60υλίου Υπουργών ήταν ο Νικολάι Μπουλγκάνιν, πρώην υπουργός Άμυνας. Έτσι, ο Χρουστσώφ έπρεπε να συνεχίσει να μοιράζεται την εξουσία: ούτε τα άλλα ηγετικά στελέχη ούτε ο κομματικός μηχανισμός είχαν την παραμικρή επιθυμία να του παραχωρήσουν την προσωπική , ' εξουσια ο Στα'λιν. ' που ειχε αποκτησει α Χρουστσώφ ήταν σύνθετος χαρακτήρας, πεπεισμένος κομμουνι

στής και ισχυρογνώμων πολιτικός, καινοτόμος και οπαδός των μεταρ ρυθμίσεων, αλλά, επίσης, τυχοδιώκτης και αλαζονικός στον τρόπο που λάμ6ανε αποφάσεις. Σε αντίθεση με τους περισσότερους Σ06ιετικούς ηγέτες, ήταν πολύ ανθρώπινη μορφή και η Δύση τον είδε με κάποια συμπάθεια, εν μέρει επειδή στα χρόνια 1955-56 υποστήριξε μια πολιτι κή «ειρηνικής συνύπαρξης» . Αν και επέκρινε τη «νέα πορεία», ουσια στικά την ακολούθησε και ο ίδιος, με τη 6ελτίωση των συντάξεων, την επέκταση της εκπαίδευσης, την αύξηση των αδειών, την καθιέρωση κατώτατων ορίων μισθών, την άνοδο του αγροτικού εισοδήματος και τη μείωση των ε6δομαδιαίων ωρών εργασίας. Η κύρια διαφορά του από τον Μαλένκωφ ήταν ότι ο Χρουστσώφ δήλωνε πως, στην κατανομή των πόρων, θα έπρεπε ακόμη να δίνεται προτεραιότητα στη 6αριά 6ιο μηχανία. Το 1957, σε μια χειρονομία επίδειξης ισότητας, απαγόρευσε ακόμη και τις μυστικές συμπληρωματικές αποδοχές των γραφειοκρα τών, καθιέρωσε το πρώτο μέτρο περιορισμού της μόλυνσης στην ΕΣΣΔ και, τελικά, ασχολήθηκε με μία από τις μεγάλες αδυναμίες της διακυ6έρνησης Στάλιν, δίνοντας ώθηση στην κατασκευή κατοικιών, περιο ρίζοντας, έτσι, το συνωστισμό και τις κοιν06ιακές συνθήκες στέγασης. Στην πραγματικότητα, με τις αλλαγές του Χρουστσώφ οι προνομιού χες ομάδες από κομματικούς αξιωματούχους, γραφειοκράτες της κυ6έρνησης, διευθυντές επιχειρήσεων και άλλους που διορίστηκαν με το σύστημα της νομενκλατούρας διατήρησαν υψηλότερους μισθούς, καλύ τερη εκπαίδευση, υγεία και διακοπές και πρόσ6αση σε υψηλής ποιότη τας εισαγόμενα αγαθά και σε «ντάτσες» (εξοχικές επαύλεις). Τα νέα διαμερίσματα που στέγαζαν κοινούς εργαζόμενους ήταν μικρά, φθηνά και λειτουργικά, χτισμένα με άχρωμη τυποποιημένη σχεδίαση, συνή θως στις παρυφές των πόλεων. Με τον καιρό έγιναν γνωστά ως «οι τρώγλες του Χρουστσώφ». Παρ' όλα αυτά, οι διαφορές στον ατομικό πλούτο ποτέ δεν ήταν τόσο μεγάλες όσο στη Δύση, η εργασία και ένα αξιοπρεπές εισόδημα ήταν τώρα εξασφαλισμένα για τους περισσότερους και η Σ06ιετική Ένωση εξελισσόταν σε μία σύγχρονη καταναλωτική Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErpOIlH TOr 'Yrxpor IloAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IlOAITIKH I1:TOPIA

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H ErpOIlH TOr 'JIrxpor IloAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IlOAITIKH I�TOPIA

xop.p.cno<; . KoV'tE\jJav 1tpayp.a'ttxcX va 'to 1tE'tUXOUV . H «av'ttxop.p.a'ttxij op.cXoa» , P.E 'Y)ye't'Y) 't'Y)<; 'tov MOAO'tWep (0 01tOto<; xat 1tcXAt dXE aV'ttxa 'taCT'ta6d a1to U1toupyo<; E�W'tEPtXWV), xa'tcXepEpE va \jJ'Y)eptCT'td 'Y) 1tpo'ta CT'Y) a1top.cXxpUVCT'Y)<; 'tOU XpOUCT'tCTWep a1to 'to IIpE�tv'ttoUp. P.E 0X'tW \jJij epOU<; evav'tt nCTCTcXpwv . 0 XPOUCT'tCTWep , WCT'tOCTO, OEV E1tpOXEt'tO va epUyEt 'tOCTO EuxoAa. EtXE epPOV'ttCTEt va E�aCTepaAtCTEt 't'Y)v U1tOCT'tijpt�'Y) 'tOU CT'tpa 'tOU xat 't'Y)<; KGB, 01tw<; E1ttCT'Y)<; xat 1tOAAWV xop.p.a'ttxwv a�twp.a'tou XWV, xat OAE<; au'te<; ot OP.cXOE<; Evw6'Y)xav yta va 'tov CT't'Y)pt�Ouv. �UVE XAij6'Y) ECT1tWCTp.eva CTUVOOO<; 't'Y)<; KEV'tPtXij<; E7tt'tp01tij<; 'tou xop.p.a'to<; , o CT'tpa'to<; 60ij6'Y)CTE 'tOU<; U1tOCT't'Y)ptx'te<; 'tou XpOUCT'tCTWep va 1tapwpE60uv xat 'Y) CTUVOOO<; OXt p.ovo ave'tpE\jJE 't'Y)v a1t0epaCT'Y) 'tou IIpE�tV'ttoup., aAAcX E�eAE�E xat eva veo IIpE�tv'ttoup., 'to 01t0to 1tEptEAcXp.6avE 7ttCT'tOU<; CT'tOV XPOUCT'tCTWep, 01tw<; 'tov Awvt't M 1tpe�VtEep . �E aV'tteECT'Y) P.E 't'Y)v E1t0xij �'tcXAtV, 'ta p.eA'Y) 't'Y)<; «av'ttxop.p.a'ttxij<; op.cXoa<; » U1teCT't'Y)CTav E�WnAt CT'ttXOU<; u1t06t6aCTp.ou<; , aAAcX OEV EX'tEAeCT't'Y)xav . 0 MOAO'tWep eytVE 1tPECT6w'tij<; CT't'Y) MoyyoAta, EVW 0 MaAevxwep 't01t06E'tij6'Y)XE u1tEu6uvo<; EVO<; CT'ta6p.ou 1tapaywyij<; EvepyEta<; . H XPtCT'Y) au'tij tCTXUP01t0t'Y)CTE CT'Y) p.av'ttxcX 't'Y) 6eCT'Y) 'tou XPOUCT'tCTWep , 't'Y)v 01t0ta xat 0 tOto<; CTuVeXtCTE va EVtCTXUEt P.E aAAaye<; CT't'Y)V xu6epv'Y)CT'Y) . Tov Ox'tw6pto 'tou 1 9 5 7 , yta 1tapcXOEtyp.a, a1t0p.axpuv6'Y)XE 0 CT'tpa'tcXpx'Y)<; Z ouxwep a1t0 'to IIpE�t v'ttoup., CT'tO 01t0tO dXE EV'tax6d aepou 1tpw'ta 60ij6'Y)CTE va xa'ta1tvtyd 'Y) «aV'ttxop.p.a'ttxij CTuvwp.oCTta» . 0 Zouxwep xa't'Y)yopij6'Y)XE yta «60va1tap 'ttCTP.O » , o'tt o'Y)Aaoij xaAAtEpYOUCTE 't'Y)v 1tPOCTW1t0Aa'tpta 'tou p.eCTa CT'tO CT'tpa'to . To McXp'tto 'tou 1958 0 XpOUCT'tCTWep E�aCTepcXAtCTE E1ttCT'Y)<; xat 't'Y)v 1tapat't'Y)CT'Y) 'tou M1t0UAYXcXVtv xat eytVE 0 tOto<; 1tpOEOpO<; 'tou �UP.60uAtou Y1t0upywv . 'E'tCTt, aveAa6E 1tPOCTW7ttXcX 't'Y)v 'Y)YECTta 'tOCTO 'tou xop.p.a'to<; OCTO xat 't'Y)<; CT06tE'ttXij<; xu6epv'Y)CT'Y)<; . H au't01tE7tOt6'Y)CTij 'tou EVtCTxu6'Y)XE axop.'Y) 1tEPtCTCTO'tEPO 'tov Ox'tw6pto 'tou 1 9 5 7 a1t0 't'Y)v E7tt'tUXij EX'tO�W CT'Y) 'tou «�1t0u'tVtx» , 'tou 1tpw'tou oopuepopou , 1t0U a1t0'teAECTE P.qcXAo 'tE XVOAoytxo E1tt'twyp.a . �'ta 1959-60 0 XpOUCT'tCTWep 6ptCTxo'tav CT'tO a1t0YEto 't'Y)<; ouvap.ij<; 'tou xat 1tpayp.a'ttxcX 1ttCT'tWE o'tt, P.E 't'Y)v a1t0Xev'tpwCT'Y) xat 't'Y)v avap.opepw CT'Y) 'tou CT'taAtVtXOU Otxovop.tXOU CTuCT'tijp.a'to<; wCTn va Ev6appuv60uv Ot cXv6pw1t0t va EpycX�ov'tat yta 'tov Eau'to 'tou<; , 0 CT06tE'ttXO<; xoP.P.OUVtCTP.O<; 6a ij'tav CTE 6eCT'Y) va �E1tEpcXCTEt 't'Y)v Xa7tt'taAtCT'ttxij �UCT'Y) CTE oAa 'ta E1tt1tEoa . IIapouCTtcX�ov'ta<; 'tov Eau'to 'tou w<; cXv6pw1t0 'tou Aaou, E7ttCTXe ep6'Y)XE 1t0AEt<; xat aypox'tijp.a'ta, yta va OtaOWCTEt a1tw6da<; 'tt<; toeE<; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H ErpOIlH TOr '¥rxpor IloAEMor, 1945- 1 99 1 : IlOAITIKH I�TOPIA

't'pLaxa a7tO 't'0 e:�W't'e:pLXO xaL 7tapa't'lJp-Yj6lJxav e:AAet�e:Le; er't'o xpiae; xaL er't'a yaAaX't'OX0fJ.Lxa . IIapofJ.oLa -Yj't'av xaL lJ e:�iAL�lJ fJ.e: 't'lJ bLOfJ.lJxaVLX-Yj 7tapaywy-Yj, 07tOU lJ a7toxiv't'pwerlJ 't'OU Xpouer't'erwcp fJ.e: 't'lJ fJ.e:'t'acpopa 't'lJe; A-Yj�lJe; a7tocpaere:wv er't'a 7te:PLcpe:pe:Laxa erUfJ.boUALa 7tpOxaAe:ere: erObapa 7tpaX't'Lxa 7tpObA-YjfJ.a 't'a . OL 't'P07t07tOL-Yjere:Le; er't'Le; fJ.Ler60AOYLXie; XA[fJ.axe:e; , fJ.a�[ fJ.e: 't'Le; au�-Yjere:Le; 't'WV 't'LfJ.WV 't'0 1 9 6 1 7tpo�ivlJerav fJ.e:yaAlJ ouerapierxe:La er't'oue; e:pya't'e:e; . To 1 9 6 1 iva vio 7tpoypafJ.fJ.a 't'ou K0fJ.fJ.0uvLer't'Lxou KOfJ.fJ.a't'oe; U7toerxo't'av 't'lJV 7tA-YjPlJ e:7t['t'e:u�lJ 't'ou xOfJ.fJ.ouvLerfJ.ou fJ.iXpL 't'0 1 9 80, 07tWe; xaL fJ.e:yaAu't'e: PlJ 7tapaywy-Yj erlJfJ.aV't'LxWV bLOfJ.lJxaVLXWv 7tPO'L'OV't'WV ere: erxierlJ fJ.e: 't'lJv AfJ.e:pLX-Yj . Me: oe:oofJ.ivoue; 't'oue; pu6fJ.oue; ava7t't'u�lJe; 7tOU 7ti't'uXav 't'a 7tpw't'a 't'p[a fJ.e:'t'a7tOAe:fJ.Lxa OLXovofJ.Lxa 7tpoypafJ.fJ.a't'a 't'ou 1 9 4 6 , 't'ou 1 9 5 1 xaL 't'ou 1 9 5 6 , lJ u7toerxe:erlJ au't'-Yj oe:v cpaLVo't'av 7tapaAoYlJ . }:e: 't'e:ALX-Yj avaAuerlJ , lJ e:'t'-YjerLa 7tapaywy-Yj xaAuba 't'lJe; }:ObLe:'t'LX-Yje; 'EvwerlJe; 't'o 1 9 60 -Yj't'av apxe:'t'a u�lJAOnplJ a7to 't'0 er't'oxo 't'wv e:�-Yjv't'a e:xa't'0fJ.fJ.up[wv 't'o vwv 7tOU etXe: 6iere:L 0 }:'t'aALV 't'0 1 9 4 6 . Oer't'oero, lJ xa't'a xe:cpaA-Yjv 7tapa YWYLxo't'lJ't'a 't'wv }:ObLe:'t'LXWV e:pya't'wv -Yj't'av 7tOAU fJ.LxpOnplJ a7to 't'wv eruvaoiAcpwv 't'oue; er't'lJ �uerlJ . H 7tOLo't'lJ't'a 't'wv erobLe:'t'LXWV 7tpo't'ov't'wv 7ta pifJ.e:ve: XafJ.lJA -Yj, OL 7tpOer7ta6e:Le:e; avaba6fJ.LerlJe; 't'lJe; 't'e:XVLX-Yje; e:x7ta[oe:u erlJe; etXav 7te:pLOpLerfJ.iva a7to't'e:AierfJ.a't'a xaL OL u7tOerxiere:Le; 't'ou Xpou er't'erwcp YLa bLOfJ.lJxavLx-Yj ava7t't'u�lJ a7tooe:[x6lJxav a7ta't'lJAie; . 8a fJ.7topouere: xavete; va u7toer't'lJP[�e:L O't'L 't'0 fJ.e:yaAU't'e:po ercpaAfJ.a 't'ou Xpouer't'erwcp oe:v -Yj't'av lJ OLXOVOfJ.LX-Yj xaL lJ e:�W't'e:PLX-Yj 't'ou 7tOAL't'LX-Yj, aAAa lJ a7to�ivwer-Yj 't'ou a7to e:xetva 't'a er't'oLXeta 7tOU 't'ov etXav bOlJ6-Yjere:L e:va v't'[ov 't'lJe; «av't'LxofJ.fJ.a't'LX-Yje; eruvwfJ.0er[ae; » . H au't'o7te:7to[6lJer-Yj 't'ou fJ.e:'t'a 't'0 1 9 5 7 xaL lJ uL06i't'lJerlJ fJ.Lae; Aa·t'x[er't'LXlJe; olJfJ.OerLae; e:Lxovae; etXav eru vooe:u't'e:[ xaL a7to aAa�ovLx-Yj erufJ.7te:pLcpopa 7tpOe; 't'0 xOfJ.fJ.a . 0 Xpou er't'erwcp ayvolJere: 't'oue; eruv't'pocpoue; 't'ou er't'o IIpe:�[v't'LOufJ., oLopLere: e:�wxofJ. fJ.a't'LXOUe; er't'a XUbe:pVlJ't'Lxa opyava xaL, 't'e:ALxa, �e:x[vlJere: 't'lJv e:cpapfJ.oy-Yj fJ.e:'t'appu6fJ.[ere:wv 7tOU a7te:LAouerav afJ.e:era 't'lJv e:�ouer[a 't'ou xOfJ.fJ.a't'oe; . }:'t'o e:Lxoer't'o oe:u't'e:po xOfJ.fJ.a't'Lxo eruviopLO 't'ov OX't'WbpLO 't'ou 1 9 6 1 0 Xpou er't'erwcp oLiypa�e:, 't'e:ALxa, a7to 't'0 xOfJ.fJ.a 't'ov MaAivxwcp, 't'ov MoAO't'wcp xaL aAAOUe; «av't'Lx0fJ.fJ.a't'LXOUe; » eruvwfJ.o't'e:e; . AAAa 't'0 ye:yovoe; O't'L 't'oue; erufJ.7te:pLcpip6lJxe: fJ.e: fJ.e:'t'pL07ta6e:La (ere: eruyxpLerlJ fJ.e: 't'ov 't'p07tO 7tOU fJ.e:'t'a Xe:LpL�o't'av 0 }:'t'aALV 't'oue; av't'L7taAOUe; 't'ou) [erwe; va eruve:7taY0't'av xaL O't'L o Xpouer't'erwcp oe:v e:vi7tve:e: apxe:'t'o CPObO er't'o Aao . }:'t'o eruviopLO iYLvav xaL aAAe:e; e:m6iere:Le; xa't'a 't'ou }:'t'aALv ('t'ou 07t0[ou lJ eropoe; a7tofJ.axpuvDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H EYPOIlH TOY '¥YXPOY IlOAEMOY, 1 94 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IlOAITIKH I�TOPIA

o'n 1tap€AEmE va CTUfJ-bOUAEUE't"at 't"OUe; XOfJ-fJ-a't"tXOUe; a�tWfJ-a't"OUXOue; . 0 tOWe; 0 XpOUCT't"CTWCP dXE tCTXUp01tot�CTEt 't"0 xOfJ-fJ-a CT't"a xpovta 1953 -5 7 , 1tEpWpt",ov't"ae; 't"Y) ouvafJ-Y) 't"Y)e; fJ-UCT't"tX�e; aCT't"uVOfJ-tae; , EA€yxov't"ae; 'ty)v xu bEPVY)'t"tX� ypacpEwxpa'tta xat vtxwv'tae; 't"Y)v «aV't"txofJ-fJ-a'ttx� ofJ-aoa» , aAAa 1tA€OV EtXE E�EAtX6d CT E E V ouvafJ-Et a1tEtA� yta 't" a aAAa fJ-€AY) 't"Y)e; Y)yE'ttX�e; ofJ-aoae; . 'E't"CTt, 'tov OX't"WbpW 't"ou 1964 ava't"pa1tY)xE a1to tva xtvY)fJ-a opyavwfJ-€vo a1to €vav 1tpwY)v apxy)yo 't"Y)e; KGB, 't"ov AAE�aV't"Ep LEA€1ttV, 1tOU EXOY)AW6Y)XE EVW 0 XpOUCT't"CTWCP bptCTxo't"av CTE otaxo1t€e; CT't"Y) MaupY) 8aAaCTCTa. LE av't"[6ECTy) fJ-E 't"o 1 9 5 7 , Y) KGB, 0 CT't"pa't"Oe; xat 1tOA AOt 't"01ttXOt a�twfJ-a't"ouxot 'twpa CT't"pacpY)xav EvaV't"tOV 't"ou xat 0 tOWe; atcp VtOtaCT't"y)xE . Ot av't"t1taAOt 't"OU , 6UfJ-OUfJ-EVOt 't"0 1 9 5 7 , EVtCTXUCTav 't"Y) 6€CTY) 't"OUe; CT't"Y)V KEV't"PtX� E1tt't"po1t� 1tptV aVaXaA€CTOUV 't"ov XpOUCT'tCTWCP CT't"Y) MOCTxa xat 't"ov E1ttXptVOuv yta 't"Y)v 1tOAt't"tX� 't"ou . L't"te; 1 4 OX't"WbptOU avayxaCT'tY)xE va 1tapat'tY)6d (CTuv't"a�woo't"oUfJ-EVoe;) xat xa1towt a1to 'tOUe; 1ttCT'tOUe; U1tOCT'ty)ptX't"€e; 't"ou U1tObtbaCT't"y)xav . rEVtXa, E1tpOXEt't"O yta fJ-ta 't"axda xat CTXE'ttXa ofJ-aA� E1ttXdpY)CTY) , Y) o1tota (av xat E�€1tAY)�E 't"Y) otE6v� XOtV� YVWfJ-Y)) €ytVE EuxoAa a1tOOEx't� a1to 'to CTObtE'ttXO Aao . H fJ-E't"pw1ta6Eta fJ-E 't"Y)v o1tota cp€p6Y)xav Ot VtxY)'t"€e; CT'tOV XpOUCT't"CTWCP �'t"av fJ-ta €VOEt�Y) 't"wv aAAaywv 1tOU dXE E1ttCP€PEt 0 EX1tECTWV Y)y€'t"Y)e; CT't"Y) CTObtE't"tX� 1tOAt't"tX� a1to 't"Y)v E1tOX� 't"Y)e; 't"pofJ-oxpa't"tae; xat xaxu1to\jJtae; 't"Y)e; CT't"aAtVtX�e; E�OUCTtae; (1tap ' oAa au'ta, €ytVE apyo'tEpa YVWCT'tO o'tt Y) btatY) av'ttXa't"aCT't"aCT� 't"ou dXE xat VWpt't"Epa E�E'taCT'td) . AAAa 0 Xpou CT'tCTWCP dXE 1tav't"o'tE 1tapafJ-dVEt 1tE1tEtCTfJ-€VOe; xOfJ-fJ-OUVtCT't"�e; , dXE ota't"Y) p�CTEt 1tOAAa CT't"otxda 't"ou CT't"aAtVtXOU CTuCT't"�fJ-a't"Oe; xat 't"EAtXa ava't"pa1tY)XE a1to 't"ov xOfJ-fJ-a't"txo fJ-Y)xaVtCTfJ-o, Y) CTY)fJ-aCTta 't"ou 01tOtOU CT't"Y) CTObtE 't"tX� ",w� dXE au�Y)6d xa't"a 't"o OtaCT't"Y)fJ-a 'tY)e; OtX�e; 't"ou Y)yECTtae; .

o MIIPEZNIEiP KAI H l:TAl:IMOTHTA, 1 9 64 - 1 982

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H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOr IIOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH I}:TOPIA

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LOBIETIKH ENOLH

377

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H EYPOIIH TOY WYXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

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H EYPOrrH TOY '¥YXPOY rrOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 199 1 : rrOAITIKH I�TOPIA

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H ErporrH TOr '¥rxpor rroAEMor, 1 9 45 - 1 99 1 : rroAITIKH I�TOPIA

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H EYPOIlH TOY '¥YXPOY IlOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IlOAITIKH I�TOPIA

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H EYPOllH TOY '¥YXPOY IlOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IlOAITIKH I�TOPIA

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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

K E�AAAI O ENATO : H AII OTYXIA TOY K O M M O YN I L M O Y L T H N ANATOAI KH EYPO IIH

KOMMOYNIl:MOl: KAI LJTAAINOIIOIHl:H, 1 945 - 1 953

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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ETPOIIH TOT '¥TXPOT IIOAEMOT, 1 94 5 - 199 1 : rrOAITIKH I�TOPIA

�Ao�axia (7tOU �+X.E yiVEt aVE�ap'tY)'to xpa'toc;), Y) Poup.avia, Y) BouAya pia xat Y) (fltvAavoia oucrtacr'ttxa EytVaV crup.p.axot 'twv r Epp.avwv , xat 0AEe; , EX'tOe; a7to 'ty) BouAyapia, 7t�pav p.epoe; cr'ty)v Etcr�oA� cr'ty) Pwcria p.E'ta 'to 1 94 1 . H 7tpOEAacry) xa'tomv 'tou Epu6pou �'tpa'tou 7tpOe; 'to BE pOAivo cr'ta 1 9 44-45 ECPEPE axop.a p.EYaAU'tEpy) avacr'ta'twcry) . 0 �'taAtv dXE OtaAUcrEt 'to 1 943 'tY)v (7tpocrY)Awp.evY) cr'tY)v 7tayxocrp.ta mavacr'ta crY)) Kop.p.ouvtcr'ttX� LltE6v�, yta va wxaptcr't�crEt 'toue; ou'ttXOUe; crup.p.a xoue; , xat Ot xop.p.OUVtcr'tEe; cr'ty)v Ava'toAtX� Eupw7tY) YEVtXa �'tav AiyoL. �'to P.Ecr07tOAEP.O xa7totOt E7tioo�ot p.E'tappu6p.tcr'tEe; cr'ty)v 7tEptOX� dXav yOY)'tw6d a7to 'tov xop.P.OUVtcrp.o, 6Ewpwv'tae; 'tov we; 'tp07tO yta va Em 'twX6d Y) EX�tOp.Y)xavtcrY) xat Y) tcro'ty)'ta, aAAa OEV p.7tOpEcrav va xEpoi crouv 'ty)v U7tocr't�Pt�Y) 'twv XWptXWV � 'twv �tOp.Y)xavtxwv Epya'twv crE P.E yaAoue; apt6p.oue; , EX'tOe; a7to 'tY)v TcrExocrAo�axia, 07tOU Ot xop.p.OUVtcr'tEe; xEpOtcrav 7tEpi7toU 'to Eva O€.xa'to 'twv ��cpwv cr'tte; EXAOyEe; . E�at'tiae; 'twv OEcrP.WV 'toue; P.E 'tY) E��Ll, 'ta xop.P.OUvtcr'ttxa xop.p.a'ta cr'tY)V Ava'toAtX� Eupw7tY) dXav av'ttp.E'twmcr'td P.E xaxu7to�ia xat cruxva dXav a7tayo pw'td. H xAY)povop.ta au't� op.we; OEV �'tav apxE't� yta va a7to'tpE�Et 'ty)v av'ttxa'tacr'tacry) 'tY)e; va�tcr'ttX�e; xuptapxiae; 'tY)e; Ava'toAtX�e; Eupw7tY)e; a7to 'ty)v xop.P.OUVtcr'ttX� p.E'ta 'to 1 944 . LlEV �pE6Y)xav OAEe; Ot 7tEptOXEe; 'tY)e; Ava'toAtX�e; Eupw7tY)e; U7tO crO�tE 'ttX� E�oucria. Ot OU'ttXEe; ouvap.Ete; �'tav YEVtXa a06vap.Ee; va av'ttopacrouv cr'ty)v E�a7tAwcrY) 'tou xop.P.OUVtcrp.ou, Myw 'tY)e; ouvap.Y)e; 'tou Epu6pou �'tpa'tou, aAAa 'to 1944, P.E 'tY)v EYXptcrY) 'tou �'taAtv, a7to�t�acr'tY)xav �pE'taVtXa cr'tpa'tEup.a'ta cr'ty)v EAAaoa, EVW Y) Aucr'tpia (07tWe; xat Y) r Epp.avia, cr'tY)v o7toia dXE 7tpocrap'tY)6d 'to 1 9 3 8 ) 'tE6Y)XE U7tO XOtV� crup.p.aXtx� xa'tox� 'to 1945 . Kat cr'tte; 060 au'tee; XWpEe; xa'tacpEpav va Eyxa'tacr'ta60uv aVE�ap'tY)'tEe; , p.Y) xop.p.oUVtcr'ttXEe; XU�Epv�crEte; . Axop.Y) mo �OpEta, Y) (fltvAavoia, Y) o7toia dXE xEpoicrEt 'ty)v aVE�ap'tY)cria 'tY)e; a7to 'tY) Pwcria 'to 1 9 1 7 , EiXE a7tocrup6d a7to 'tov 7tOAEP.O 'to 1944 xwp(c; va u7tocr'td crO�tE'ttX� xa'tox� � xa7tota aAAay� xa6Ecr'tW'tOe; . �uva7t'toV'tae; cruv6�xY) cptAiae; P.E 'ty) M ocrXa 'to 1 9 48 xat crup.cpwvwV'tae; va P.dVEt OUO€.'tEPy) , 7tE'tUXE E7ticry)e; va ota'tY)p�crEt 'tY)v EAw6Epia 'tY)e; . �'ty) rtOU yxocrAa�ia xat cr'tY)v AMavia, a7to 'tY)v aAAY) , cr'tO 'tEAOe; 'tou 7tOAep.ou Em�A�6Y)xav xop.p.ouvtcr'ttxa xa6Ecr'tw'ta, aAAa au'tEe; Ot XWpEe; , 07tWe; a7toodx6Y)XE, OEV EytVaV p.aptOVE'tEe; 'twv �O�tE'ttXWV ' aV'ti6E'ta, Ot V'to mot xop.p.OuVtcr'tEe; �'tav apxE'ta tcrxupoi yta va XEP0(crOUV P.OVOt 'toue; 'tY)v E�oucria xat OEV u7to'tax6y)xav cr'tov EAEYXO 'tou Epu6pou �'tpa'tou. Au'to Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ANATOAIKH ErPOIIH

'to Xe:ep&AaW 6a aO'xoAY)6d fJ-e: 'tov XOfJ-fJ-ouVtO'fJ-o 0''tY) rWUYXOO'Aab[a xat O''tY)V AAbav[a, xa6we; xat O''tte; xwpe:e; 1tOU fJ-e:'ta'tp&1tY)xav 1tA�pWe; O'e: OOpUepOpOUe; 'twv �Obte:'ttXWV fJ-e:'t& 'to 1945 : 'ty)v IToAwv[a, 'tY)v TO'e:xo O'Aobax[a, 'ty)v Ouyyap[a, 'ty)v Ava'toAtX� re:pfJ-av[a, 'tY) PoufJ-av[a xat 'tY) BouAyap[a . Ka6€va a1to 'ta 't€O'O'e:pa U1tOxe:ep&Aata 1te:ptAafJ-b&ve:t fJ-ta ye:VtX� 1tpaYfJ-&'twO'Y) yta 'tte; e:�e:A[�e:te; O''tY)v 1te:pwX� xat 6a axoAou6d fJ-ta e:mO'xo1tY)O'Y) yta x&6e: Xwpa . �'tte; xwpe:e; 1tOU U1t0't&x6Y)xav 0''tY) O'Obte:'ttX� xuptapx[a fJ-e:'t& 'to 1945 'ta v'toma xOfJ-fJ-OUVtO''ttx& xtv�fJ-a'ta �'tav ye:Vtx& aouvafJ-a xat Y) e:1tav& O''taO'y) e:mbA�6Y)xe: e:X 'tWV &VW fJ-e: O'Obte:'ttX� bo�6e:ta. r1t�pXe: €Va ye: VtXO 1tP0'tU1tO: Ot �Obte:'ttXO[ U1tOO''t�pt�aV apxtx& 'tOUe; av'ttepaO'tO''ttXOUe; O'uvaO'mO'fJ-OUe;, � «fJ-€'tW1ta» , xa6we; Xat XUbe:pV�O'e:te; 1tOU 1te:pte:A&fJ-ba vav XOfJ-fJ-OUVtO''t€e; O'e: O'Y)fJ-av'ttx& U1toupyda. �'ty)V TO'e:XOO'AObaX[a Xat O''tY)V Ouyyap[a U1t�pxaV 1tpaYfJ-a'ttXo[ O'uvaO'mO'fJ-o[, aAA& O''ty)V ITOAW via, O''ty) PoufJ-av[a xat 0''tY) BouAyap[a Ot xOfJ-fJ-OUVtO''t€e; O'uV'tofJ-a XUpt&p xY)O'av . �'toue; xOfJ-fJ-OUVtO''t€e; Y)y€'te:e; 1te:ptAafJ-b&vov'tav «v'tome:e; » fJ-Op ep€e; 1tOU dXav 1tpw'toO''ta't�O'e:t O''ty)v av't[O''taO'y) xa't& 'tY) Ot&pxe:ta 'tou 1tOA€fJ-OU xat &AAOt, 1tOU dXav e:x1tatow'td O''ty) MoO'Xa. Ot XOfJ-fJ-OUVt O''t€e; e:v[O'xuO'av 'tY) Aa'�x� 'toue; a1t�xY)O'Y) xat xa't€AabaV 6€0'e:te;-XAe:tOt& O''tte; 'tomx€e; XUbe:pv�O'e:te; , 0''t0 O''tpa'to xat O''ty)v aO''tuv0fJ-[a . Ot XUbe:p v�O'e:te; &pxtO'av va xa6te:pwvouv O''taAtVtXOU 'tU1tOU fJ-e:'tappu6fJ-[0'e:te; O''tY)v , ' " ' .... .... aptO''toxpa'ttXWV X'ty)fJ-a'twv xat �otavoOtXovofJ-ta : �otal\uO'y) 'twv 1tal\atwv ' fJ-� 'toue; O''toue; aX't�fJ-ove:e; e:py&'te:e; xat fJ-tXpo �owx't�'te:e; , xpa'ttxo1to[y)O'y) 'twv O'Y)fJ-av'ttxwv bWfJ-y)xaVtxwv xat e:�opux'ttxwv e:mxe:tp�O'e:wv (1tOAA€e; a1to 'tte; 01t0[e:e; dXav XPy)O'tfJ-01toty)6d a1to 'toue; re:pfJ-avoue; xa't& 'tY) Ot&p xe:ta 'tou 1tOA€fJ-0U) xat e:tO'aywy� 'tou xe:v'tptxou OtxovofJ-txou O'xe:otaO'fJ-ou . �'taotax& 'ta xa6te:pwfJ-€va xOfJ-fJ-a'ta xa'taO''tp&epY)xav, fJ-a�[ fJ-e: &AAOUe; 1tapaooO'taXOue; 6e:0'fJ-oue; , 01tWe; Y) poufJ-avtx� xat Y) bouAyaptX� fJ-ovap x[a . Ot fJ-Y) XOfJ-fJ-OUVtO''t€e; Y)y€'te:e; e:�op[O''tY)xav, epuAax[O''ty)xav � OOAOepO v�6Y)xav xat Ote:ve:py�6Y)xav v06wfJ-€ve:e; e:XAoy€e; . Ot O'oO'taAtO''t€e; e:�ava yx&O''tY)xav va e:vw60uv fJ-e: 'toue; XOfJ-fJ-OUVtO''t€e; O'e: e:vta[a 1tpoAe:'taptax& xOfJ-fJ-a'ta . �'tY)v 1tpaYfJ-a'ttxo'tY)'ta, e:epoO'ov OAOt yvwpt�av o'tt Ot e:XAoy€e; �'tav v06e:ufJ-€ve:e; , 'ta v€a xa6e:0''tw'ta oe:v a1t€x'ty)O'av 1t0't€ aAY)6tv� vo fJ-tfJ-01to[Y)O'Y) . Av't[6e:'ta, 1tap& 'tY)v e:mfJ-ov� 'twv fJ-ap�tO''twv O''ty)v &1t0�Y) o'tt Y) e:mxp&'ty)O'Y) 'tou XOfJ-fJ-OUVtO'fJ-ou �'tav VOfJ-o'te:Ae:taX� (e:mxdpY)fJ-a 1tOU u1t0't[6e:'tat o'tt €Otve: vOfJ-tfJ-o'tY)'ta O''tY)V XOfJ-fJ-OUVtO''ttX� e:�ouO'[a) , 'ta ava 'tOAtXOWpW1ta'�x& xa6e:0''tw'ta �'tav fJ-ta �€vY) fJ-opep� 1tOAt'ttX�e; opy&vwDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErpOIlH TOr '¥rxpor IloAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 1 99 1 : IlOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

c:r'Y)e; , 1tOU 're:A�xa e:mbA-YJ6'Y)xe: a1tO 'r�e; c:rOb�e:'r�xee; ��<poA6yxe:e; . Av xa� 0 Epu6poe; �'rpa'roe; a1t0c:rup6'Y)xe: a1tO 'r'Y)v Tc:re:xoc:rAObax[a xa� 'r'Y) BOUA yap[a 'r0 1 9 4 7 , wc:r'roc:ro 1tapefJ-e:�ve: c:r'r'Y)v IIoAwv[a, c:r'r'Y)v Ouyyap[a xa� c:r'r'Y) PoufJ-av[a, fJ-e: 'r'Y) o�xawAoy[a o'r� -YJ'rav a1tapa['r'Y)'ro va o�a'r'Y)p'Y)6d 'Y) e:mxOLvwv[a fJ-e: 'r�e; ouvafJ-e:�e; xa'roX-YJe; c:r'r'Y) re:pfJ-av[a xa� c:r'r'Y)v Auc:r'rp[a . M1topd 0 �'raA�v va dXe: XP'Y)c:r�fJ-01tO�-YJc:re:� v'romoue; xOfJ-fJ-ouv�c:r'ree; y�a va a1tox'r-YJc:re:� 'rov eAE:YXo 'r'Y)e; Ava'roA�X-YJe; Eupw1t'Y) e; , aAAa x� au'ro[ e:�ap 'rov'rav a1to e:xdvov y�a va 1tapafJ-dvouv c:r'r'Y)v e:�ouc:r[a . H c:rOb�e:'r�X-YJ xup�apx[a -YJo'Y) -YJ'rav 'Y) 1tpaYfJ-a'r�x-YJ e:�ouc:r[a c:r'r'Y)v Ava 'rOA�X-YJ Eupw1t'Y) fJ-exp� 'r0
ANATOAIKH EYPOIIH

Evciv't'�a O''t'1')V Xam't'aA�O''t'�x-f) �UO'1') aAAci xa� EVaV't'[Ov 't'1')<; aVE�cip't'1')'t'1')<; 7tOA�'t'�x-f)<; 't'OU 1')Y€'t'1') 't'1')<; rtoUYXOO'Aab[a<; , 't'OU T['t'o, 0 07to[o<; EXO�W X01')XE a7tO 't'1')V KO[J-�v> xa�, 't'ov IOUAto 't'ou 1948,
H ETPOIIH Tor '¥TXPOT IIOAEMOT, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH I:ETOPIA

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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ANATOAIKH ETPOIIH

-.ov Epu6po �-.pcno . H E7tt-.po1t� avayvwptcrnptE: a1to -.ov �-'�A�v -.ov Iavou�pw -.ou 1945 we; Y) fJ-E:-.a6a-.�x� xu6ipvY)crY) -.Y)e; IIoAWVtae; . IIap ' OAO 1tOU 0 av-.ap-'01tOAE:fJ-Oe; xa-.� -.ou viou xa6E:cr-.w-.oe; crUVE:Xtcr-'y)XE: fJ-iXp� -'0 1 9 4 7 , m ou-.�xOt crufJ-fJ-axm crufJ-cpwvY)crav -.ov Iouvw -.ou 1945 va avayvwptcrouv au-.� -'Y)v xu6ipvY)crY) aVOpE:tXiAWV , fJ-E:-'� -'Y) O�E:Upuvcr� -.Y)e; fJ-E: -'Y) crufJ-fJ-E:-'OX� -.ou �-.�vtcrAa6 MtxoA��-'crux ( Stanislaw Mikolajcyk) -.ou Aypo-.txOU KOfJ-fJ-a-.oe; , E:VOe; a1to -.oue; y)yi-'E:e; -.Y)e; E:�optcr-.Y)e; xu6ip vY)crY)e; . To xOfJ-fJ-a -.ou M�xoA�t-.crux xa� �AAa xOfJ-fJ-a-.a E:v-,�x6Y)xav cr-.Y)v xu6ipvY)crY) 1tap� -'0 YE:yovoe; O-.� -'0 M�p-.w Ot �06�E:-.txot dXav cruAA�6E:� apxE:-.oue; E:X1tpocrW1tOUe; -.Y)e; E:�Optcr-.Y)e; xu6ipvY)crY) e; . H o1to�a E:A1ttOa, , , o� X0fJ-fJ-ouv�cr-'E:e; wcr-.ocro, o-.� ' ' xa� 0 M �xol\a�-.crux "\ ' va E:7tt6a fJ-1topoucrav 6�Aouv oy)fJ-oxpa-.�xo �uv-.aYfJ-a a1toodx6Y)xE: a1ta-,Y)A� . O� XOfJ-fJ-ouv�cr-.ie; E:1tifJ-E:�vav cr-.Y)v xpa-.�xo1toty)crY) xa� cr-.y) fJ-E:-.appu6fJ-�crY) -.Y)e; YYJ e; , ooY)yw v-.ae; -.ov M�xOA��-'crux crE: 1tapakY)crY) -.ov Auyoucr-.o, yta va 1tpocr1ta6� crouv va XE:pOtcrouv -'Y)V U1tocr-.�p��Y) -.WV xwp�xwv . H a1to1tE:�pa, -'0 1 9 4 6 , v a -.ov E:1tavacpipouv cr-.Y)v xu6ipvY)crY) a1ti-,uXE: . O � fJ-Y) XOfJ-fJ-ouv�cr-.ie; 1tO A�-.�xot O€x6Y)xav -,o-'E: E:xcp06�crfJ-oue; a1to -'Y) fJ-ucr-.tX� acr-,uvofJ-ta xa� -.ov Iavou�pw -.ou 194 7 1tpaYfJ-a-.01tm�6Y)xav v06E:e; E:xAoyie; . To E:6pou� p w , yta va cruyxaAucp6d -'0 xa6E:cr-.we; aVOpE:�XiAWV -.Y)e; IIoAwvtae; , crXY)fJ-a-.tcr-'y)XE: fJ-�a via xu6ipvY)crY) U1tO -'Y)V 1tpw6u1toupyta E:VOe; crocr�a A�cr-.�, -.ou nO�E:cp Kupavxtd)�-.e; (Josef Cyrankiewicz) , 0 01tOtOe; a1tooE:t X6Y)xE: opyavo -.wv xOfJ-fJ- ouv�cr-.wv . H 1tpaYfJ-a-.tx� E:�oucrta cruYXE:v-.pw6Y)xE: -'E:Atx� cr-.a xip�a -.ou xOfJ- fJ-OUVtcr-.� 1tpoiopou , -.ou M 1tOAE:crAa6 M7ttE:pou-" xa� 0 MtxOA��-'crux icpuyE: cr-.o -.iAoe; a1to -'Y)V IIoAwvta -.ov Ox-.w6pw -.ou 1947 . o towe; 0 �-'�AtV dXE: cr06apie; afJ-cpt60AtE:e; crXE:-'�x� fJ-E: -'Y)v E:7tt-.uxta -.ou xOfJ-fJ-OUVtcr-.tXOU crucr-'�fJ-a-.oe; cr-.Y)v IIoAWvta, aAA� fJ-iXp� -'0 1948 iva 1tE:pt1tOU E:xa-,ofJ-fJ-upW IIoAwvot dxav ytVE:� fJ-iAY) -.ou KOfJ-fJ- ouv�cr-.� xou KOfJ-fJ-a-.oe; . ExdvY) -'Y) Xpov��, fJ-E:-'� -'Y) p��Y) fJ-E: -.ov Tt-.o, axoAou6Y)crE: Y) a1tox�pu�Y) -.ou BA�v-.�crAa6 rX0fJ-0uAxa, -.ou ypafJ-fJ-a-.ia -.ou KOfJ-fJ- ouv�cr-.�xou KOfJ-fJ-a-.oe; , 0 o1totoe; dXE: fJ-�A�crE:t 1taAa�o-'E:pa y�a ivav «1toAwVtXO OpOfJ-o» 1tpOe; -.ov xOfJ-fJ-OUVtcrfJ-o . 0 rX0fJ-0UAxa �-.av u1tip -.Y)e; tO€ae; fJ-�ae; yv�cr�ae; , �cro-.tfJ-Y)e; crufJ-fJ-axtae; fJ-E: -.oue; crocr�aAtcr-.ie; , OE:V �-.av crUfJ-cpwvoe; fJ-E: -'0 crXy)fJ-a-.�crfJ-o -.Y)e; KOfJ-tvcpopfJ- xat E:vav-.�wvo-.av cr-.Y)v XOAE:x-.�601toty)crY) -.Y)e; yE:wpytae; . To �E:1t-.ifJ- 6pw -.ou 1948 0 M7ttE:pou-, otaO€x6y)xE: -.ov rXOfJ-ouAxa cr-.Y)v apXy)yta -.ou xOfJ-fJ-a-.oe; xat -'pE:te; fJ-�VE:e; apyo-'E:pa Ot crocr�aAtcr-.ie; E:�avayx�cr-.Y)xav va E:vw60uv fJ-E: -.oue; xOfJ-fJ- ouDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErPOIIH TOr 1¥rXPor IIOAEMor, 1945- 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH ILTOPIA

VtCT't€e; CT'tO IIoAWVtxO KOfJ-fJ-a 'tWV EvwfJ-€VWV Ep'Ya'twv . Em:x'ta6lJxE 0 xEnptXOe; CTXEOtaCTfJ-Oe; 'tlJe; OtxovofJ-iae; xat 0 M 7ttEPOU't E�EAiX6lJXE CTE fJ-txp0'Ypacpia 'tOU �'taAtV , 7tOU OAOXAlJpw6lJXE fJ-E 'tlJV E7ttbOA-f) 'tlJe; 7tpO CTW7tOAa'tpiae; . ME'ta xat a7tO V€Ee; V06Ee; EXAO'Y€e; 'tOV IOUAW 'tou 1 9 5 2 , o M7ttEpOU't avax-f)pu�E 'tov Eau'to 'tou xat 7tpw6u7toup'Yo, EVW 7tap€fJ-EtVE xat apX'fJ'Yoe; 'tou xOfJ-fJ-a'toe; . AvafJ-ECTa CTE au'toue; 7tOU cpuAaxiCT'tlJXav U7tO 'tlJ OtaXUb€pvlJCT-f) 'tou -f)'tav 0 rXOfJ-ouAxa ho 1953) xat 0 ExxAlJCTtaCT'tt xoe; lJ'Y€'tlJe; xapOtvaAWe; BUCTUVCTXt (Wyszynski) . E�iCTOU 'YP-f)'YoPlJ xat OAOXAlJPW'ttX-f) -f)'tav xat lJ CTObtE't07toilJCTlJ 7tOU CTUV'tEA€CT'tlJXE CT'tte; baAXaVtX€e; XWpEe; 'tlJe; PoufJ-aviae; xat 'tlJe; BouA'Ya piae; . 0 otx'ta'topae; 'tlJe; PoufJ-aviae; , 0 CT'tpa'tapXlJe; 'Iov AnOV€CTXOU (Ion Antone scu) , e:tXE OOlJ'Y-f)CTEt 'tlJ xwpa CT'tOV 7tOAEfJ-O fJ-E 'tlJV E��Ll 'to 1 94 1 , aAAa au't-f) 'tou lJ EV€P'YEta a7tooe:tx6lJXE OAO€Va xat At'YO'tEPO OlJfJ-OcptA-f)e; . To 1943 Ot XOfJ-fJ-OuVtCT't€e; xa'top6wCTav va CTUVEVWCTOUV 'ta aptCT'tEpa XOfJ- fJ-a'ta CTE eva «IIa'tptw'ttXO M€'tw7to» xat va avaAabouv 'tlJv lJ'YECTia 'tou' 'tov Iouvw 'tou 1 9 4 4 Ot 'tpEte; baCTtX€e; 0lJfJ-0xpa'ttX€e; oP'YavWCTEte; ('to �OCTtaAOlJfJ-oxpa'ttxo KOfJ-fJ-a, 'to KOfJ-fJ-a 'twv E6vtxwv tAEAW6€pwv xat 'to A'Ypo'ttxO KOfJ-fJ-a) Evw6lJxav fJ-E 'tOUe; XOfJ-fJ-OUVtCT't€e; CT'tO «E6vtxo L1lJ fJ-oxpa'ttxo M €'tw7to» . 0 baCTtAtae; M txa-f)A, EVEP'Ywnae; fJ-E CTUVECTlJ , bO-f)6lJCTE va ava'tpa7te:t 'tov AU'YOUCT'tO 0 AV'tOV€CTXOU , CTXlJfJ-a'ttCTE XUb€P VlJCTlJ CTUVaCT7ttCTfJ-ou fJ-E eva fJ-ovo xOfJ-fJ-OUVtCT't-f) U7toup'Yo, EVW 'to �E7t't€fJ- bpW 'tou 1944 aAAa�E CT'tpa't07tEOO CT'tOV 7tOAEfJ-O . AAAa fJ-€Xpt 'to'tE 0 Epu6poe; �'tpa'toe; e:tXE EtCTbaAEt CT'tlJ PoufJ-avia xat 'to N O€fJ-bpW bO-f)6lJCTE 'tOUe; xOfJ-fJ-OUVtCT't€e; va avaAabouv 7tEptCTCTO'tEpEe; CTlJfJ-av'ttX€e; 6€CTEte; CT'tlJV XUb€PVlJCTlJ . �uv'tofJ-a, Ot xOfJ-fJ-OUVtCT't€e; a7t€x'tlJCTav E7ttppO-f) CT'tOV TU7to, CT'tlJV aCT'tuvofJ-ia xat CT'tlJV 't07ttX-f) OtaXUb€pvlJCTlJ . 0 �'taAtV -f)'tav 7tpocpa vwe; a7tocpaCTtCTfJ-€VOe; va E�aCTcpaAiCTEt 'tov €AE'YXO au'tou 'tou fJ-E'YaAou 'YEt 'tOVtXOU xpa'toue; , 07tWe; xat fJ-E 'tlJv IIoAwvia, xat CTXEoiaZ:E 'tlJv 7tpOCTap 'tlJCTlJ 'tlJe; MOAoabiae; CT'tlJV E��Ll fJ-ta Eoacptx-f) fJ-E'taboA-f) CT'tlJV o7toia EVantWVov'tav CTXE06v oAa 'ta xOfJ-fJ-a'ta 'tlJe; PoufJ-aviae; . Ot xOfJ-fJ-OUVt CT't€e; , xa6we; OEV e:txav fJ-E'YaAlJ olJfJ-o'ttxo'tlJ'ta, 'tOUe; 7tpw'toue; fJ--f)VEe; 'tou 1945 baCTiCT'tlJxav CT'tOV Epu6po �'tpa'to 'Yta va EVtCTXUCTOUV axofJ-lJ 7tEptCT CTO'tEPO 'tlJ 6€CTlJ 'tOUe; CT'tO U7touP'YtXO CTUfJ-bOUAW . Ev6appuvav 'tte; xa'ta A-f)�Ete; 'YlJe; a7to 'tOUe; XWptXOUe; , fJ-E 'tte; 07tOiEe; X€pOtCTaV xa7tota 7tpa'YfJ-a 'ttx-f) olJfJ-o'ttxo'tlJ'ta, xat apXtCTaV va E7tt'tieEv'tat CT'ta aAAa xOfJ-fJ-a'ta . XplJCTtfJ-07toilJCTav 'tlJv a7tOXaAOufJ-EvlJ «'tax'ttx-f) 'tlJe; CTaAafJ-07toilJCTlJe; » , CTXlJfJ-a'tiZ:ov'tae; fJ-txpa , cpatVofJ-EVtXa olJfJ-oxpa'ttxa xOfJ-fJ-a'ta U 7t O 'tlJv -

Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ANATOAIKH ErPOIlH

4 P9

YJ),e:crt!X !XVOpe:�XEAWV , )'�!X V!X fJ-WDcrouv 't'YJV !X7t�XYJcrYJ 't'WV VOfJ-�fJ-WV 7tOA� 't'�XWV op)'!Xvwcre:WV . O� XOfJ-fJ- OUV�cr't'EC; !XV't'�fJ-e:'t'wmcr!Xv �crxup� !XV't'tcr't'!XcrYJ !X7tO 't'OV IouAwu Mcivwu (Iuliu Maniu), 't'ov YJ),E't'YJ 't'OU A)'po't'�xou KOfJ- fJ-!X't'0C; , !XAArx X!X't'rxcpe:p!Xv v!X U7t0Xpe:wcrouv 't'OUC; crocr�!XAOYJfJ- Oxprx't'e:C; v!x crUfJ-fJ-!XX�crouv fJ-!X�t 't'OUC; 't'0 Mrxp't'w 't'ou 1946 . To NOEfJ-bpW 't'ou 1946 o�e:��X6YJcr!Xv fJ-e:p�XWC; V06WfJ-EVe:C; e:XAO),EC; , m 07tOte:c; EOWcr!XV cr't'O e:Ae:), XOfJ-e:vo 7tAEOV !X7tO 't'OUC; xOfJ-fJ-OUV�cr't'EC; E6v�xo dYJfJ-oxp!x't'�xo ME't'W7tO 't'0 80 't'mc; e:x!X't'o 't'wv ��cpwv . 0 Mrxvwu cpUA!XXtcr't'YJxe: 't'ov Au)'oucr't'o 't'ou 1947 . 0 b!Xcr�A�rxC; M�X!X�A 7tpocr7trx6YJcre: v!X !Xv't'�cr't'!X6d cr't'OUC; x0fJ-fJ-0uv� cr't'EC; xrxvov't'!XC; «!X7te:p)'t!X» x!X� !XpVOUfJ-e:VOC; v!X U7to)'prx�e:� VOfJ-06e:'t'�fJ-!X't'!X, !XAArx 't'o de:XEfJ-bpW 't'ou 1947 U7toXpe:w6YJxe: cre: 7t!Xp!Xt't'YJcrYJ !X7tO 't'0 6povo x!X� m crocr�!XAOYJfJ-Oxprx't'e:C; e:�!Xv!X)'xrxcr't'YJx!Xv 't'0 e:bpourxpw 't'ou 1948 v!x e:vw60uv fJ-e: 't'OUC; xOfJ-fJ-OUV�cr't'EC; cr't'O PoufJ-!Xv�xo Ep)'!X't'�xo KOfJ-fJ-!X . Axo Aou6YJcre: 't'ov Iouvw EV!XC; vOfJ-oC; 7tOU e:7tEb!XAe: 't'YJv 7tA�PYJ xP!X't'�X07tOtYJcrYJ , oYJfJ-wup)'�6YJx!Xv xP!X't'�xrx !X),pox't'�fJ- !X't'!X x!X� e:7te:x't'rx6YJxe: YJ fJ-ucr't'�x� !Xcr't'UVOfJ-t!X, YJ :Ee:xouP�'t'rx't'e: . :E't'rxA�v 't'YJC; PoufJ-!XVt!XC; �'t'!Xv 0 rxe:op)'xe: rxe:op)'XtOU-N't'e:), ( George Gheorghieu-Dej) , )'e:v�XOC; ),p!XfJ-fJ-!X't'E!XC; 't'ou XOfJ-fJ-!X't'OC; !X7tO 't'0 1944 X!X�, e:7ttcrYJC;, fJ-e:'t'rx 't'ov Iouvw 't'ou 1 9 5 2 , 7tpw6u7toup)'OC; . 0 N't'e:), �'t'!Xv fJ-rxAAov !Xu't'oX6wv xOfJ-fJ-ouv�cr't'�C; 7t!Xprx e:X7t!X� OWfJ-EVOC; cr't'YJ MocrX!X YJ),E't'YJC;, !XAArx 7t!XPEfJ-e:�Ve: mcr't'oc; cr't'ov :E't'ciA�V cre: OAYJ 't'YJ o�rxpxe:�!X 't'YJC; o�!XfJ-rxXYJC; fJ-e: 't'ov Tt't'o . H BOUA),!Xpt!X, 07tWC; x!X� YJ PoufJ-!XVt!X, oucr�!Xcr't'�xrx E)'�Ve: !XVOpdXe:AO 't'wv :Eob�e:'t'�xwv 7tP�V 't'e:Ae:�wcre:� 0 7tOAe:fJ-OC; . H BOUA),!Xpt!X dXe: )'v�cr�!X cp�AO pwcr�xci !X�cr6�fJ-!X't'!X, x!X6wc; dXe: !X7te:Aw6e:pw6d !X7tO 't'oupx�x� xUP�!XPXt!X !X�wvwv fJ-e: 't'YJ bo�6e:�!X 't'YJC; Pwcrt!Xc; cr't'YJ oe:x!Xe:'t't!X 't'ou 1 870· oe:v dXe: Arxbe:� fJ-EPOC; cr't'YJv e:�crboA� 't'ou Xt't'Ae:p cr't'YJv E:E:Ed, !XAArx �'t'!Xv crUfJ-fJ-!XXOC; 't'YJC; r e:pfJ-!XVt!Xc; x!X� cr't'!X 't'EAYJ 't'ou 1944 !XV't'�fJ-e:'t'wmcre: fJ-�!X x!X't'rxcr't'!XcrYJ 7t!Xpo fJ-0�!X fJ-e: !Xu't'� 't'YJC; POUfJ-!XVt!XC; : O� xOfJ-fJ-OUV�cr't'EC; oe:v �'t'!Xv 7tOAU oYJfJ-ocp� Adc; , !XAArx, U7tO 't'YJv YJ),e:crt!X 't'ou T prx�xo Kocr't'wcp x!X� fJ-e: oe:crfJ-OUC; fJ-e: 't'ov Tt't'o, crXYJfJ-rx't'�cr!Xv cr't'!X 1 943 -44 ofJ-rxoe:c; !Xv't'!XP't'wv )'�!X v!x 7tOAe:fJ-�crouv 't'OUC; r e:pfJ-!XVOUC; x!X� 't'�C; XUbe:PVYJ't'�XEC; ouvrxfJ-e:�C; ' O� XOfJ-fJ- OUV�cr't'EC; x!X� xrx7tm!X ciAA!X xOfJ-fJ-!X't'!X e:vw6YJx!Xv cr't'O «II!X't'p�w't'�xo ME't'W7tO» (crXYJfJ-!X 't'tcr't'YJxe: 't'0 1 9 4 2 ) , 7tOU op)'rxvwcre: !X7te:p)'te:C; x!X� e:�!X7tEAucre: !XV't'!XP't'�XEC; e:m6Ecre:�c; e:v!XV't'tOV 't'YJC; XUbEPVYJcrYJC; 't'0 :Ee:7t't'EfJ-bpW . To 1944 cr't'YJ xwP!X e:�crEb!XAe: 0 Epu6poc; :E't'p!X't'OC; x!X� 't'ov OX't'WbpW YJ BOUA),!Xpt!X ciAA!X�e: cr't'P!X't'07te:oo cr't'ov 7tOAe:fJ-0' fJ-EXP� 't'o't'e: dXe: crXYJfJ-!X't'�cr't'd XUbEPVYJcrYJ !X7tO 't'0 II!X't'p�w't'�xo ME't'W7tO . r7t�pXe: e:7ttcrYJC; EV!X �crxupo A)'po't'�xo KOfJ-fJ- !X, Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ErpOIlH TOr '¥rxpor IloAEMor, 1 94 5 - 1 99 1 : IlOAITIKH I�TOPIA

(J-e: apxYjYo 'tov N OWAIX IIE'txwcp, 7tOU av'taywvt�o'tav 'tOU<; XO(J-(J-OUVt O''tE<;, aAAIX Ot aV'ttX0(J-(J-OUVtO''ttXE<; OUVIX(J-e:t<; O''tYj BouAyapta aV'tt(J-e:'tW7tt�av 'to e:7tt7tpo0'6e:'t0 (J-e:toVEX'tYj(J-a O'tt 0 apxYjY0<; 'tOU XPIX'tOU<; baO'tAtIX<; �U(J-e:WV B' �'tav axo(J-Yj 7tatot. Ot YjyE'te:<; 'tYj<; XUbEPVYjO'Yj<; 'tOU 7tOAE(J-OU e:X'tE:AEO''tYjxav � cpUAaXtO''tYjxav (J-e: (J-ta e:X'te:'ta(J-EVYj e:xxa6IXptO'Yj . To 1945 e:xotwx6Yjxav Ot cptAe:Ae:u6e:pot YjYE'tE:<; -0 IIE'txwcp avayxIXO''tYjxe: va 7tapat'tYj6d a7to U7touPY0<; 'to MlXto-, O'XYj(J-a'ttO''tYjxav o�6e:v «oYj(J-oxpa 'ttXIX» xO(J-(J-a'ta xat O''tt<; e:XAOYE<; 'tou N Oe:(J-bptou 'to IIa'tptw'ttXO ME'tW7t0 EAabe: 'to 86 'tOt<; e:xa'to 'twv ljI�cpwv . 0 IIE'txwcp (J-7toi'x o'tIXptO'e: 'tt<; e:XAOYE<; , e:vw Ot Bpe:'tavot xat Ot A(J-e:ptxavot apv�6Yjxav apxtxIX va ava yvWPtO'ouv 'tYjv e:Ae:YXO(J-e:vYj a7to 'tOU<; xO(J-(J- OUVtO''tE<; XUbEpVYjO'Yj . Ot VEe:<; e:XAOYE<; 'tov OX'tWbpto 'tou 1 9 4 6 EowO'av 0''t0 Aypo'ttxO KO(J-(J-a 'tou IIE'txwcp 'to 20 'tOt<; e:xa'to 'twv ljI�cpwv, aAAIX 'to e:Ae:YXO(J-e:vo a7to 'tOU<; xO(J-(J-OUVtO''tE<; IIa'tptw'ttXO ME'tW7tO XEPOtO'e: 'to 75 'tOt<; e:xa'to, (J-e: 'tYj bo�6e:ta 'tYj<; e:XAOYtX�<; v06da<; , 'tou e:XCPObtO'(J-OU xat 'tYj<; yv�O'ta<; U7tO O''t�Pt�Yj<; 7tOU XEPOtO'e: yta XIX7tOte:<; a7to 'tt<; (J-e:'tappu6(J-tO'e:t<; 'tou . To 1946 Yj (J-ovapxta xa'tapy�6Yjxe: xat 0 e:x7tatOE:U(J-EvO<; O''tYj M oO'Xa YjyE'tYj<; 'twv xO(J-(J-OUVtO''twv, 0 rxe:opYXt dYj(J-Yj'tpwcP, EytVe: 7tpw6u7touPY0<; . 0 IIE't xwcP e:X'te:AEO''tYjXe: 'to �e:7t'tE(J-bpto 'tou 1947 . 0 dYj(J-Yj'tpwcp , 7tpwYjv e:7tt xe:cpaA�<; 'tYj<; KO(J-(J-ouvtO''ttX�<; dte:6vou<; xat OAOXAYjPW'ttXIX acpoO'tw(J-E ',10<; O''tov �'tIXAtV , 7tE6ave: 'tov IOUAto 'tou 1 9 49 , aAAIX 0 ya(J-7tpo<; 'tou BOUAXO TO'e:pbe:vxwcp xa'tIXcpe:pe: va a7taAAayd a7to 'tOU<; 07tOtou<; av'ta yWVtO''tE<; 'tou xat va ytve:t apxYjY0<; 'tou xO(J-(J-a'to<; xat 7tpw6u7toupyo<; 'to 1950. To XUpto 6u(J-a 'tYj<; e:xO''tpa'tda<; xa'tlX 'tou Tko O''tYj BouAyapta �'tav 0 TpIXtxO KoO''twcp . �'tYjv Ouyyapta Yj xa'tIXO''taO'Yj �'tav 7te:ptO'O'o'te:po 7tOAU7tAOXYj xat Yj xa'tIXAYjIjlYj 'tYj<; e:�ouO'ta<; a7to 'tou<; xO(J-(J-OUVtO''tE<; EytVe: (J-e: bpaOU'tE:pou<; pu6(J-ou<; , 7taplX 'to ye:yovo<; o'tt Yj xwpa dXe: �oYj (J-ta bpaXUbta XO(J-(J-OU VtO''ttX� XUbEPVYjO'Yj 'to 1 9 1 9 . A7to 'to 1 9 20 (J-EXpt 'to 1944 Yj (J-tXP� Yj7te:t pw'ttX� xwpa dXe: xUbe:pvYj6d a7to 'to vauapxo XOp'tu (Horthy), «aV'tt baO'tAEa» 'tYj<; e:x6pOVtO'(J-EVYj<; (J-ovapxta<; 'twv Aljlboupywv , (J-ta<; (J-ovap Xta<; 7tOU oe:v xa'tapy�6Yjxe: 'tU7ttXIX (J-EXpt 'to 1 9 4 6 . 0 XOP'tu OtotxouO'e: Eva O'uv'tYjPYj'ttXO xa6e:0''tw<; , (J-e: KotVObOUAto xuptapxou(J-e:vo a7to 'tou<; yatox't�(J-ove:<; . '07tw<; xat Yj Pou(J-avta, Yj Ouyyapta O'u(J-(J-e:'tdXe: (J-e: O''tpa 'ttW'ttXE<; OUVIX(J-e:t<; 'to 194 1 O''tYjv e:tO'bOA� 'tou Xt'tAe:p O''tYj PwO'ta, aAAIX 'to �e:7t'tE(J-bpto 'tou 1944 , (J-e: 'tov Epu6po �'tpa'to va 7tpoe:Aauve:t O''ta O'UVOplX 'tYj<; , 0 XOp'tu 7tpoO'7tIX6YjO'e: va aAAIX�e:t O''tpa'to7te:oo . A7tE'tUXe: xat Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ANATOAIKH ETPOITH

41 1

ava-,pCX7t'Y)X€ a7tO -'OUe; r €pfJ.aVOUe; . �-''Y) cruv€oX€ta 0 Epu6poe; �-.pa-.oe; xat 'Y) B€opfJ.aX-' 7tOA€ofJ.'Y)crav )'ta apx€-.OUe; fJ.�V€e; )'ta -''Y)v xa-.ox� -''Y)e; Ou), ),aptae; , a��vov-.ae; -''Y)v 7tpw-.€Uoucra Bouoa7t€ocr-.'Y) cr€ €pdma . T'Y)v avot �'Y) -.ou 1944 €tX€ �o'Y) crX'Y)fJ.a-.tcr-.d fJ.ta crufJ.fJ.axta fJ.€-.a�u -.wv v-.omwv x0fJ.fJ.0UVtcr-.wv, U7tO -''Y)v 'Y)),€crta -.ou Aa�Ao Pat�x (Lazlo R ajk) , -.wv crocrtaAtcr-.wv xat -.ou KOfJ.fJ.a-.oe; -.wv Mtxpo·towx-.'Y)-'wv -.ou q,€op€v-.e; N a)'xu (Ferenc Nagy) . I1po-.a6'Y)x€ €7ttcr'Y)e; 'Y) cru)'xwvwcr'Y) -.wv xofJ.fJ.ou Vtcr-.wv fJ.€ -.oue; crocrtaAtcr-.€oe; . To Ll.€x€ofJ.6pw -.ou 1944 topu6'Y)x€ -'0 E6vt xo M€o-'C!)7to Av€�ap-''Y)crtae; fJ.€ -''Y) crufJ.fJ.€-'0X� xat -.wv x0fJ.fJ.0UVtcr-.wv, ot 07tOtot, cr-''Y)v xu6€opv'Y)cr'Y) cruvacrmcrfJ.ou 7tOU cru)'xpo-.�6'Y)x€, av€OAa6av ap x€-.a u7toup)'da (crUfJ.7t€ptAafJ.6avofJ.€ovwv xat au-.wv 7tOU €oA€)'xav -''Y)v acr-,uvofJ.ta xat -.te; €oV07tA€e; ouvafJ.€te;) . Ll.o6'Y)xav U7tocrx€ocr€te; )'ta a)'po-.t x€oe; fJ.€-.appu6fJ.tcr€te; , aAAa -'0 1945 0 �-.aAtV O€V €oO€tXV€ -.ocro avu7tofJ.o VOe; va a7toppo��cr€t -''Y)v Ou)')'apta ocro �-.av fJ.€ -''Y)v I1oAWvta, -''Y) Pou fJ.avta � -''Y) B ouA),apta . Tov Iavouapw -.ou 1 94 5 0 Ma-.tae; Paxo�t {Matyas Rakosi} €o�-.acr€ a7to -''Y) MocrXa )'ta va avaAa6€t -''Y)V apX'Y))'ta -.ou xOfJ.fJ.a-.oe; xat �av'Y)x€ €o-.otfJ.oe; va cruv€p),acr-.d fJ.€ aAA€e; ouvafJ.€te; cr€ fJ.ta 7tpa),fJ.a-.tx� xu6€opv'Y)cr'Y) cruvacrmcrfJ.ou , 07tWe; €oxavav ot xOfJ.fJ.OUVtcr-.€oe; cr-''Y) raAAta xat cr-''Y)V haAta . Ot €A€u6€p€e; €XAO)'€oe; -'0 NO€ofJ.6pw €oow crav cr-.oue; xOfJ.fJ.ouVtcr-.€oe; At)'O-'€PO a7to -'0 €ova 7t €ofJ.7t-.o -.wv t¥��wv, 7tocrocr-.o 7tapofJ.ow fJ.€ -.oue; crocrtaAtcr-.€oe; , €VW -'0 KOfJ.fJ.a -.wv Mtxpo·tOW x-''Y)-'wv €�acr�aAtcr€ -'0 5 7 -'Ote; €xa-.o. Oe; a7to-,€oA€crfJ.a, 0 q,€op€ne; Na)'xu €o)'tV€ 7tpw6u7toup)'oe; a7to -'0 q,€6pouapw -.ou 1946 fJ.€oXpt -'0 Maw -.ou 1 9 4 7 , av xat ota-.�p'Y)cr€ -''Y)v xu6€opv'Y)cr'Y) cruvacrmcrfJ.ou , €V fJ.€oP€t )'ta va wxaptcr-.�cr€t -''Y)v E:l::l:Ll. Ka-.a -''Y)v 7t€ptooo au-.� 'Y) 6€ocr'Y) -.wv xofJ.fJ.ou Vtcr-.wv €vtcrxu6'Y)x€ . 'H-.av a7to�acrtcrfJ.€ovot xat €vwfJ.€oVot, 6€o-.ov-.ae; -.oue; crocrtaAtcr-.€oe; OAO xat 7t€ptcrcro-.€PO U7tO -''Y)v xuptapxta -.oue; xat, �ucrtxa, fJ.7topoucrav va 6acrt�ov-.at cr-''Y)v U7tocr-.�Pt�'Y) -.ou Epu6pou �-.pa-.ou 07tWe; xat -''Y)e; acr-,uvofJ.tae; . To KOfJ.fJ.a -.wv Mtxpo·towx-.'Y)-'wv, a7to -''Y)V aAA'Y) , �-.av fJ.ta xaAap� €ovwcr'Y) cruv-''Y)P'Y)-.tXWV ofJ.aowv : fJ.ta ofJ.aoa ota)'pa�'Y)x€ -'0 Map-.w -.ou 1 9 4 6 €7t€tO� €7t€oxptV€ -.oue; �06t€-.txoUe; xat -'0 Map-.w -.ou 1 9 4 7 xa7towt U7touP)'Ot xat a�twfJ.a-,ouxot €V€7tAax'Y)crav cr€ fJ.ta antcr06t€-.tx� cruvwfJ.ocrta. 0 pu6fJ.oe; -.WV ),€),ovo-,wv 7tA€oOV €m-.axuv6'Y)x€, fJ.€ -.oue; xOfJ.fJ.OUVtcr-.€oe; va XP'Y)crtfJ.07tOWUV 6tat€e; Ota0'Y)Awcr€te; )'ta va €X �06tcrouv -''Y)v xu6€opv'Y)cr'Y) xa-.a -''Y) otapx€ta -''Y)e; aVot�'Y)e;, U7t0Xp€wvov-.ae; -.ov Na)'xu cr€ 7tapat-.'Y)cr'Y) . Tov Au),oucr-.o -.ou 1947 7tpa),fJ.a-.07tot�6'Y) xav €XAO)'€oe; (cr€ fJ.€),aAo 6a6fJ.o vo6€e;) , -.te; 07tOt€e; x€opOtcr€ -'0 «aptcr-.€pO Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOIIH TOY 'l'YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

!J.7tAoX» , !J.La CTU!J.!J.axia X0!J.!J.0UVLCT'tWV, CTOCTLaALCT'tWV xaL 'tOU E6vLXOU KO!J.!J.a'toe; 'twv Aypo'twv . To «apLCT'tEpO !J.7tAOX» CT't'YJV 7tpaY!J.a'tLxo't'YJ'ta XEPOLCTE ALyO'tEpEe; a7to 'tLe; !J.LCTEe; ��cpoue; xaL CTX'YJ!J.a'tiCT't'YJxE xaL mxAL Evae; CTuvaCTmCT!J.Oe; !J.E 'to KO!J.!J.a 'twv MLXpO'�owx't'YJ'twv, aAAa !J.E 'toue; XO!J. !J.OUVLCT'tEe; 7tAEOV CTE avooo . Ka'tomv �p6E 'YJ o'YJ!J.wupyia 't'YJe; KO!J.LVcpOp!J. xaL OL XLV�CTELe; 7tpOe; Eva !J.ovoxo!J.!J.a'tLxo xpa'toe; EYLvav mo ouva!J.LXEe; . To KO!J.!J.a 'twv MLXpO'�owx't'YJ'twv xaL aAAa xO!J.!J.a'ta oLaAu6'YJxav ' 7ta paooCTLaxoi 6ECT!J.oi 07tWe; 'YJ ExxA'YJCTia oEx6'YJxav mieECT'YJ , !J.E 'tov xa60ALXO xapoLvaAw MLV't�EV'tU va cpuAaxi�E'taL 0 'tL'tO'�XOe; Aa�Ao PaL�x xaL OL CTu!J.!J.axoi 'tou EX'tEAECT't'YJxav !J.E'ta a7to O'YJ!J.oCTLa oix'YJ 'tov OX'tWbpW 'tou 1949 . TEALxa, 'to 1 9 5 2 , 0 Paxo�L CTuvouaCTE 'tLe; 6ECTELe; 'tou apx'YJYou 'tou xO!J.!J.a'toe; xaL 'tou 7tpw6u7toupyou YLa va yiVEL 0 Ouyypoe; �'taALv . H TCTExoCTAobaxia 7tapouCTiaCTE LOLai'tEpEe; OUCTXOAiEe; CT'tOV E7tEx'ta'tL CT!J.O 'tou �'taALv E7tELO� (CTE av'ti6ECT'YJ !J.E 't'YJ Pou!J.avia, 't'YJ BouAyapia xaL 't'YJv Ouyyapia) �'tav CTu!J.!J.aXLxo xpa'toe; , 'to 6u!J.a 'tou Movaxou 'to 1 9 3 8 xaL CPLAEAEU6EP'YJ o'YJ!J.oxpa'tia xa'ta 't o !J.ECT07tOAE!J.O, !J. E E�OPLCT't'YJ XUbEP V'YJCT'YJ CT'tO Aovoivo U7tO 'tov 'Enouapn M 7tEVEe; (Eduard Bene s) . 0 M 7tEVEe; �'tav 7tpo6u!J.0e; va CTEbaCT'td 'ta CTu!J.cpEpona aCTcpaAdae; 't'YJe; MOCTxae; CT't'YJV Ava'toALx� Eupw7t'YJ , CTUVa7t'tov'tae; CTuv6�x'YJ cpLAiae; !J.E 'tov �'taALv 'to dEXE!J.bpW 'tou 1 943 , XaL a7toodx6'YJXE E'tOL!J.Oe; va CTuvEpya CT'td !J.E 'tov TCTEXO xO!J.!J.OUVLCT't� 'YJYE't'YJ KAE!J.EV't rXO't'tbaAv't (Klement Gottwald) . dEV cpaLvo'tav Aomov avayxaio va xa'taCT'tpacpEi 'YJ aVE�ap't'YJ CTia 't'YJe; TCTExoCTAobaxiae; YLa va oLa't'YJP'YJ6d 'YJ cpLAia 't'YJe; . Ka'ta 't'YJ A��'YJ 'tou 7toAE!J.OU, OL xO!J.!J.OUVLCT'tEe; 7t�pav 'tov EAEyXO 't'YJe; 'tomx�e; XUbEPV'YJ CT'YJe; CT'tO 'tCTEXLXO �!J.LCTU 't'YJe; xwpae; (7tOU dXE 7tpoCTap't'YJ6d CT't'YJ r Ep!J.avia 'to 1 9 3 9 ) ' CT'tO CTAobaxLxo ava'toALxo !J.LCTO 't'YJe; xwpae; u7t�pxav �o'YJ o!J.a OEe; anap'twv 7tOU 7tOAE!J.0uCTav Evav'tiov 't'YJe; CPLAoYEP!J.avLx�e; XUbEPV'YJ CT'YJe; . IIpaY!J.a'tL, OL xO!J.!J.OUVLCT'tEe;, bO'YJ60u!J.EVOL a7to 't'YJv acpL�'YJ 'tou Epu6pou �'tpa'tou CT't'YJ �Aobaxia !J.E'ta 'tov OX'tWbpW 'tou 1944, 6a !J.7tOpOU CTav iCTWe; va EXOUV 7tapEL 'tov EAEyXO 't'YJe; TCTExoCTAobaxiae; 'to 1 9 4 5 , aAAa ' £\ � ' . , 7tpocpavwe; , 'tE'tO , W . H mxpa ' xa'tL YLa 't'YJv 7tpO, �oEV Emvu!J.ouCTE o "'-''taI\LV ' oOCTia 'twv AyyAoyaAAwv 'to 1938, 'to YEyovoe; O'tL 'YJ TCTExoCTAobaxia �'tav Eva Exbw!J.'YJxavLCT!J.EvO xpa'toe; !J.E !J.EyaAo 7tpOAE'tapLa'to xaL EX'tL!J.OUCTE 't'YJV ELLLl YLa 't'YJ CTU!J.bOA� 't'YJe; CT'tOV 7tOAE!J.O, oAa OO'YJyouCTav CT'tO CTU !J.7tEpaCT!J.a O'tL CT't'YJV TCTExoCTAobaxia U7t�PXE au6Ev'tLX� U7tOCT't�PL�'YJ 7tpOe; 'tov xO!J.!J.OUVLCT!J.O . ME 'tov rXO't'tbaAv't we; 7tpw6u7toupyo, OL x0!J.!J.0UVL CT'tEe; aVEAabav 'to Eva 'tpi'to 'twv XUbEPV'YJ'tLXWV 6ECTEWV 'to 1945 , !J.a�i Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ANATOAIKH ErPOIIH

xat -.ov fAo:yxo U)e; aO'-.uvofLiae; , -.wv o.VOrcAWV GuvafLo.WV, -.Y)e; yo.wpyiae; , -.Y)e; o.xrcaiGwO'y)e; xat -.wv urcY)p€
H ErpOIIH TOr '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1 9 4. 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH ILTOPIA

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Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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Η ΕΥΡΩΠΗ ΤΟΙ ΨΥΧΡΟΥ ΠΟΛΕΜΟΥ. 1945-1991: ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ

μπλοκ. Ο Ούλμπριχτ της Ανατολικής Γερμανίας, ο Αντονίν ΝΟbότνυ

(Antonin Novotny) της ΤσεχοσλΟbακίας, ο Ζίbκωφ της Βουλγαρίας και ο Χότζα της Αλbανίας διατήρησαν όλοι ισχυρά αστυνομοκρατούμενα κράτη, ενέτειναν τον προσωπικό τους έλεγχο επί της κυbέρνησης και προχώρησαν σε νέα κολεΚΤΙbοποίηση της γης. Ιδιαίτερα ο Γκεοργκίου Ντεγ της Ρουμανίας πίστευε ότι θα έπρεπε να οικοδομήσει την κομ μουνιστική του εξουσία με λιγότερη εξάρτηση από το ευμετάbλητο Κρεμλίνο. Ο Χρουστσώφ δεν ήταν ευχαριστημένος από αυτή την ανα bίωση του σταλινισμού, αλλά σε μια συνάντηση στη Μόσχα το Νοέμ bptO του 1957 όλα τα κομμουνιστικά κράτη εκτός από τη Γιουγκοσλα btcx υιοθέτησαν μια απόφαση η οποία, ενώ εΠΙbεbαίωνε τη σΟbιετική υπεροχή στο μπλοκ, υποσχόταν μεγαλύτερη ισότητα μεταξύ των με λών του. Το 1957 έγινε σαφές ότι, παρ' όλο που η ουγγρική εξέγερση είχε δείξει τα όρια της ανεξαρτησίας των χωρών της Ανατολικής Ευ ρώπης από τη Μόσχα, η ενότητα σε δογματικό επίπεδο δεν είχε απο κατασταθεί. Η ανικανότητα του Χρουστσώφ να μορφοποιήσει το μπλοκ κατά τη bούλησή του αποκαλύφθηκε τα επόμενα χρόνια από μία σειρά εξελίξεων. Η περισσότερο δραματική ήταν η ολοένα και διευρυνόμενη σινοσΟbιετική ρήξη. Με δεδομένη την κινεζική κριτική κατά του Χρου στσώφ στα 1956-57, την ανεξαρτησία της Κίνας από το σΟbιετικό έλεγχο και τον έντονο ιδεαλισμό του Μάο Τσε-τουγκ, δεν προκαλούσε έκπληξη το αυξανόμενο σχίσμα μεταξύ Μόσχας και Πεκίνου. Το «με γάλο άλμα προς τα εμπρός» του Μάο μετά το 1958 ενέπνευσε και άλλους ηγέτες του ανατολικού μπλοκ να εντείνουν την αγροτική κολε ΚΤΙbοποίηση, συνήθως με καταστροφικά αποτελέσματα. Ο Χρουστσώφ δυσφορούσε με τις απόπειρες του Μάο να κερδίσει την ιδεολογική ηγε σία του κομμουνιστικού μπλοκ και στα 1960-61 η διαμάχη μεταξύ τους οξύνθηκε. Τελικά, το 1964 ο Μάο καταδίκασε την ΕΣΣΔ ως ιμπερια λιστική δύναμη. Μέχρι τότε υπήρχαν πολυάριθμες διαφορές στην πο λιτική των κρατών του σΟbιετικού μπλοκ. Το 1961 ο Χρουστσώφ είχε αισθανθεί αρκετά ασφαλής στο εσωτερικό ώστε να ανανεώσει τις επι θέσεις του κατά του σταλινισμού, και αυτό συνοδεύτηκε από κάποια χαλάρωση της λογοκρισίας στο ανατολικό μπλοκ, καθώς και από με γαλύτερη ανεκτικότητα προς την πνευματική και καλλιτεχνική πολυ φωνία. Αλλά και πάλι το κύριο αποτέλεσμα ήταν να ενθαρρύνονται οι διαφορές μεταξύ των κρατών που αποτελούσαν το μπλοκ. Οι κυbερνή σεις γνώριζαν, μετά το 1956, ότι υπήρχαν όρια σχετικά με το πόσο Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ANATOAIKH ETPOIlH

fJ.axpta fJ.7tOpOLICrav va cp ..aerouv ot fJ.e: ..appu6fJ.tere:te; 7tPW 0 Epu6poe; � .. pa .. oe; E:7tavacpipe:t ""Y)V ..a�"Y) , aAAa fJ.iera ere: au .. a ..a opta U7t�p'X,e: fJ.e:yaA"Y) 7totXtAta ere: 7toAt .. txie; e:�e:At�e:te; xat OtXovofJ.txie; e:m06ere:te; . Y7t�p'X,e: iva xpa .. oe; .. ou �ufJ.cpwvou .."Y)e; Baper06tae; 7tOU � .. av ere: 6ier"Y) va Ote:xotx�ere:t er.. te; ap'X,ie; .."Y)e; oe:xae:.. tae; .. ou 1960 ""Y)v 7tA�p"Y) ave:�ap .."Y)erta .. ou a7to ""Y) Moer'X,a . H AA6avta, ye:wypacptxa a7toxofJ.fJ.iv"y) a7to .. 0 U7tOAOmO er06te:.. txo fJ.7tAOX AOyw .."Y)e; 6ier"Y)e; .. "Y)e; r wuyxoerAa6tae; , E:7t"Y) pe:aer.."Y)xe: totat..e:pa a7to ""Y) ertvoer06te:.. tx� p��"Y) . 0 Ev6ip Xo.."a, 07tWe; xat aAAot Ava.. oAtXoe:upW7tatot "Y)yi .. e:e; , e:toe: ""Y)v Ktva we; 7tpoer .. a .."Y) , txavo v a 7te:pwptere:t ""Y) er06te:.. tx� xuptap'X,ta. AAAa, av.. tee: .. a fJ. e: .. oue; aAAOUe; Ava.. oAtXoe:upw7tatoue; "Y)yi.. e:e; , 7tOU e:t'X,av 6aerternt er .. ov Epu6po � ..pa.. o yta va xa.. aAa60uv ""Y)V e:�ouerta, 0 Xo.."a 7tter.. e:ue: o.. t e:t'X,e: ""Y) ouva.. o.."Y) .. a va 7tape:t .. 0 fJ.ipoe; .. ou Mao e:vav .. tov .. ou Xpouer..erwcp, e:t otxa a7to .. o.. e: 7tOU 0 oe:unpoe; e:t'X,e: a7tox ..�ere:t cptAtxie; er'X,iere:te; fJ.e: .. ov 7taAtO ant7taAO .. ou Xo.."a, .. ov Tt.. o. AAAwern, 0 Xo.."a e:t'X,e: 7tpoere:y ytere:t .. ov � ..aAtV .. 0 1948, XUptWe; E:7te:tO� "Y) EI:I:Ll 6a fJ.7topouere: va erwere:t ""Y)v AA6avta a7to ""Y) ywuyxoerAa6tx� xuptap'X,ta . To 1 9 60, acpou aerx"Y) erav o"Y)fJ.oerta XPt.. tX� xa.. a .. ou Xpouer..erwcp , Ot AA6avot 0E'X,6"Y)xav otXO VOfJ.tX� 60�6e:ta xat .. e:'X,VtXOUe; erUfJ.60UAOUe; a7to ""Y)v Ktva . H Moer'X,a, .. o.. e:, otixo�e: ""Y)v otxovofJ.tX� 60�6e:ta 7tpOe; ""Y)v AA6avta . � .. o eruviopw .. ou KKI:E .. ov Ox .. w6pw .. ou 1 9 6 1 , 0 Xpouer ..erwcp xa ..aotxaere: ""Y)v aA6avtx� 7tOAt .. tX� xat .. 0 Lle:xifJ.6pw "Y) Moer'X,a otixo�e: .. te; omAwfJ.a .. txie; er'X,iere:te; fJ.e: ""Y)v AA6avta, "Y) o7tota, .. o .. e:, iywe: iva erxA"Y)p07tUp"Y)VtXO er ..a AtvtXO xpa.. oe; a7toxofJ.fJ.ivo a7to ""Y)V 7ta.. ptoa .. ou � .. aAtv . H 'X,wpa, 7tOU � ..av �o"Y) "Y) AtyO.. e:po avE:7t"uYfJ.iv"Y) er .."Y)v Ava"oAtX� Eupw7t"Y) , avaxaAu �e: erunofJ.a o .. t ot Ktvi"ot erufJ.fJ.a'X,ot .."Y)e; oe:v � .. av ere: 6ier"Y) va .."Y)e; 7tpO ercpipouv 7tOAAa a7to ""Y)V a7to�"Y) .. "Y)e; OtxOvofJ.tX�e; 60�6e:tae; . M iera ere: fJ.e:ptxa 'X,povta "Y) a7toooer"y) .."Y)e; AA6avtae; xat er .. o 6wfJ."Y)'X,avtxo xat er ..ov aypo.. tXO "ofJ.ia e:t'X,e: opafJ.a.. txa fJ.e:tw6e:L Ka.. a ""Y)V �e:'X,wpter ..� e:�i ..aer"Y) .. wv aAAwv ava .. oAtxoe:upw7ta·ixwv xpa.. wv er' au .. o .. 0 xe:cpaAaw 6a � ..av AoytXO va ooufJ.e:, ap'X,txa, au .. ie; .. te; 'X,wpe:e; 7tOU av.. tfJ.e: .. wmerav .. a mo ouerxoAa 7tp06A�fJ.a.. a er .."Y)v ap'X,� .. "Y)e; 7te:ptooou fJ.e:.. a�u .. ou 1 9 5 3 xat .. ou 1 9 5 6 . H 7tpw.."Y) 'X,wpa 7tOU ant fJ.e: ..wmere: er06apie; ouerXOAte:e;, Atyoue; fJ.ovo fJ.�ve:e; fJ.e: ..a .. 0 6ava..o .. ou � ..aAtV, � .. av "Y) Ava"oAtX� re:pfJ.avta . Exe:t "Y) xu6ipv"Y)er"Y) .. ou OUAfJ.7tpt'X,.. 7tpOxaAe:ere: ""Y) ouerapierxe:ta .. wv 6wfJ."Y)'X,avtxwv e:pya.. wv au�avonae; , .. 0 Maw .. ou 1953 , .. oue; er .. o'X,oue; 7tapaywy�e; . Ka.. omv , "Y) er06te:.. tx� "Y)ye:Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H ETPOI1H TOY WYXPOY I10AEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 199 1 : I10AITIKH I�TOP IA

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'lJa 't"1')� IIoAwvta� . 'E'terL, LXaV07tot"1')erE baerLXa 'tOU� LObLE'tLXOU� XaL 'tOU� aAAOU� XOfJ-fJ-OUVLer'tE� "1')yE'tE� , EVW ana7tOXpW"1')XE XaL erE Xa7tOLE� a7taL 't�erEL� 'tWV aVa6EWp"1')'tLXWV . L'tO ��'t"1')fJ-a 't"1')� a7tOxa'taer'taer"1')� 't"1')� 'ta�"1')�, U7tO 't"1') erObLE'tLX� XUpLapXta, 'tOV bo�6"1')erE XaL 'to mxpo fJ-a6"1')fJ-a 'tWV yEyOVO'tWV er't"1')v Ouyyapta. L't"1')V Ouyyapta dxav 7tapOuerLaer'td OUerXOAtE� a7tO 'ta fJ-Eera 'tou 1 9 5 3 , o'tav fJ-La aerX"1')fJ-"1') erooELa, 'ta 7tpObA�fJ-a'ta fJ-E 'tov XEV'tPLXO erXEoLaerfJ-0 xaL Xa7tOLE� Evod�EL� Aa'tX�� ouerapEerxELa� oO�y"1')eraV erE aAAay� "1')YE erta� , 7tapOfJ-OLa fJ-E au't� 7tOU erUVEb"1') er't"1') Moerxa fJ-E'ta 'to 6ava'to 'tOU L'taALV . 0 Ma'tta� PaXO�L , EVW 7tapEfJ-ELVE 7tpW'tO� ypafJ-fJ-a'tEa� 'tOU xOfJ-fJ-a'to� , U7t0XpEw6"1')XE va 7tapaOWerEL 't"1')V 7tpw6U7toupyta er'tov 'lfJ-pE , p , � ' Emopa. 0 N ayxu, 'to'tE, , ' 7tOU E7tEXpWE 'tOV XEV'tPLXO, erXEoLaerfJ-0 N ayxu, OUVE 't"1')V XOAEX'tLb07tOt"1')er"1') 't"1')� yEwpyta� , aU�"1')erE 'tL� aypO'tLXE� E7tEVOU erEL� xaL E7tE'tpE�E 't"1') AEL'toupyta fJ-LXpWV LOLW'tLXWV Epyaer't"1')ptwv a7tO aVE�ap't"1')'tou� 7tapaywyou� . AU'tE� OL xaLVO'tOfJ-tE� , wer'toero, 7tpOXaAEerav 't"1') ouercpopta 'tWV er'taALVLXWV, OL 07tOtOL, 'to Map'tLO 'tou 1955 , EmbA�6"1') xav xaL 7taAL MLfJ-OUfJ-EVO� 'to 6ptafJ-bo 'tou Xpouer'terwcp E7tt 'tou MaAEv xwcp , 0 Paxo�L EXOtW�E 'to Nayxu xaL aVEAabE �ava 't"1') 6Eer"1') 'tou 7tpW6u7toupyou. �uo fJ-�VE� apyo'tEpa wer'toero , "1') erufJ-cpwvta 'twv LObLE'tLXWV va u7toypacpd eruv6�x"1') ELp�V"1')� fJ-E 't"1') yEkova 't"1')� O uyyapta� , 't"1')v Auer'tpta, erufJ-cpwva fJ-E 't"1')v o7tota "1') xwpa 6a YLvo'tav OUOE'tEp"1') YLa va a7toerup6ouv 'ta erobLE'tLxa er'tpa'tEufJ-a'ta, oO�Y"1')erE er't"1') oLa'tU7tWer"1') 't"1')� a7to�"1')� O'tL xaL "1') Ouyyapta 6a fJ-7tOpOUerE va ytVEL OUOE'tEpO xpa'to� . l\pXLerav va erX"1')fJ-a'tt�ov'taL aVE�ap't"1')'tE� 7tOAL'tLXE� OfJ-aoE� xaL 0 U7tO ouerfJ-EvELa Nayxu ExavE ExxA"1')er"1') YLa mo EAEU6EpO 7tOAL'tLXO oLaAoyo . Tov louvLO 'tou 1 9 5 6 apxE'tE� XLALaoE� Aaou erUfJ-fJ-E'tEtxav erE eruyxEV'tpwer"1') 7tOU opyavw6"1')XE a7tO fJ-La OfJ-aoa OLaVOOUfJ-EVWV, 'tOV «KuxAO IIE'tocpL» , U7tEp 't"1')� EAw6Epta� 'tou TU7tou ' �EXtV"1')erE XL Eva xUfJ-a a7tEpyLwV . 0 7tpW 'to� ypafJ-fJ-a'tEa� Paxo�L xp"1')erLfJ-07tOt"1')erE 'tL� 'tapaXE� 'tou IIo'tervav er't"1')v IIoAwvta w� oLxaLOAoyta YLa va xa'taoLxaerEL 'tov ava6EWp"1')'tLerfJ-O xaL va afJ-CPLerb"1')'t�erEL 't"1') erufJ-cpLAtWer"1') 't"1')� Moerxa� fJ-E 't"1') r LOuyxoerAabta ' aAAa "1') erxA"1')p� 'tou ypafJ-fJ-� OEV erufJ-cpwvouerE fJ-E 't"1')V 7tOAL'tLX� Xpouer'terwcp xaL 'tov louALO EYLvav er"1')fJ-av'tLxE� 7tOAL'tLXE� aAAayE� . IIpow6�6"1')xav fJ-E'tpL07ta6d� xOfJ-fJ-oUvLer'tE� (erUfJ-7tEpLAafJ-baV0fJ-EVOU 'tou navo� KanaI' -Janos Kadar-, 0 07tOtO� dXE 7taAaLo'tEpa a7tofJ-axpuV6Et a7to 't"1')V "1')YE erta) xaL 0 Paxo�L av'tLxa'taer'ta6"1')xE a7tO 'tov 'Epvo rXEpO (Ernoe Geroe) . '07tW� eruVEb"1') xaL er't"1')v IIoAwvta, OL aAAaYE� au'tE� OEV xa'tacpEpav ,

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H ErPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH ILTOPIA

va O''rafJ-a'r�O'ouv 'rY) ouO'api(J')wa, xat O''rte; 6 OX'rWbptOu 3 00.000 av6pw1tot, fJ-e: e:mxe:cpaA�e; 'rov Nayxu, O'ufJ-fJ-e:'rdXav 0''rY) ve:xpwO'tfJ-Y) 1t0fJ-1t� yta 'rov Aa�Ao Patx, 6ufJ-a 'rwv e:xxa6aptO'e:wv 'rou L'raAtV, 0 01tOtOe; dXe: 'rwpa a1toxa'raO''ra6e:t . LXy)fJ-a'rtO''ry)xav O'UfJ-bOUAta e:pya'rwv xat 1tOAAa fJ-iAY) 'rou KOfJ-fJ-ouvtO''rtXOU KOfJ-fJ-a'roe; ivwO'av 'rY) cpwv� 'roue; fJ-e: au 'rOue; 1tOU a1tat'rouO'av 1tOAt'rtX� e:Aw6e:pta . Ta ye:yovo'ra 'rY)e; 1 9 -20 OX'rWbptou O''rY)v IIoAwvta yivvY)O'av 'rY)v 1tpoO'ooxta o'rt xat Y) Ouyyapta 6a fJ-1tOpouO'e: va axoAou6�0'e:t 1tapofJ-ota 1topda, fJ-e: 'rov Nayxu we; rxo fJ-0uAxa 'rY)e; Ouyyaptae; . 00''r00'0, fJ-e:'ra a1to aU'ra, 'ra ye:yovo'ra �icpuyav a1to 'rov iAe:yXO . L'rte; 23 OX'rWbptOU otaoY)Aw'rie; cpot'rY)'rie; yxpifJ-tO'av 'r0 fJ-vY)fJ-do 'rou L'raAtV 0''rY) Bouoa1tiO''ry) , a1tat'rwv'rae; e:Ae:u6e:pe:e; e:XAO yie; , 'rY)v a1toO'upO'y) 'rwv O'Obte:'rtXWV O''rpa'rwfJ-a'rwv xat 'rY)v e:mO''rpocp� 'rou N ayxu O''rY)v 1tpw6u1toupyta . ApXtxa, Ot xOfJ-fJ-ouvtO''rie; xpa'rY)O'av fJ-ta fJ-e:'rpt01ta6� O''raO'y) . 0 N ayxu avaxA�6Y)xe: e:O'1twO'fJ-iva O''rY)v e:�ouO'ta we; 1tpw6u1toupyoe; , fJ-e:'ra 0 Kav'rap aV'rtxa'riO''ry)O'e: 'rov rxe:po O''rY)v y)ye:O'ta 'rou xOfJ-fJ-a'roe; , e:vw 'ra O'Obte:'rtXa O''rpa're:ufJ-a'ra -'ra o1tota yta xa1toto otaO''rY)fJ-a dXav cpavd i'rotfJ-a, av 'r0 �Y)'rouO'e: 0 rxe:po, va xa'raO'ntAouv btata 'rte; e:XOY)AWO'e:te; ouO'apiO'xe:tae;- apxtO'av O'unofJ-a va a1toO'uponat. O t LOb te:'rtXOt U1toupyot 1tOU e:mO'xicp6Y)xav 'rY) Bouoa1tiO''rY) O''rte; 24 OX'rWbptOU 1tpocpavwe; dXav 'rY)v e:A1ttOa o'rt Y) xa'raO''raO'y) 6a fJ-1tOpouO'e: va e:x'rovw6d · 0 tOtOe; 0 Nayxu iAm�e: va XPY)O'tfJ-01tOt�O'e:t 'rY) Aa"t·x� U1tO O''r�Pt�Y) yta va �woyov�O'e:t 'rov xOfJ-fJ-OUVtO'fJ-o, oXt va 'rov xa'raO''rpi�e:t. AAAa O''rte; e:1tofJ-e:ve:e; fJ-ipe:e; Y) xOfJ-fJ-OUVtO''rtX� e:�ouO'ta xa'rippwO'e:, yta va aV'rtxa'raO''ra6e:t a1to 'ra O'UfJ-boUAta 'rwv e:pya'rwv O''ra e:pyoO''raO'ta xat 'rte; , , � " "'l ' , «e:1tavaO''ra'rtxe:e; e:1tt'rp01te:e;» O'e: 'romxo e:1tt1te:oo . A u'ra' a1to're:l\ouO'av e:mcpave:taxa, 1tpoO'1ta6e:te:e; 'rwv e:pya�ofJ-ivwv , fJ-aAAov , va 1tapouv O''ra xipta 'roue; 'rov iAe:yxo 'rY)e; totae; 'roue; 'rY)e; �w�e; O'ufJ-cpwva fJ-e: 'r0 ytOu yxoO'AabtXO fJ-OV'riAO 1tapa va e:tO'ayayouv 'rov xam'raAtO'fJ-o. IIpoO'1ta6wv'rae; , 1tpocpavwe; , va a1toxa'raO''r�O'e:t 'rY)V e:mppo� 'rou , 0 N ayxu u1t00'Xi6y)xe:, O''rte; 3 0 OX'rWbptOu , va e:1tavacpipe:t iva 1tOAUXOfJ- fJ-a'rtxO O'uO''ry)fJ-a, 'r01t06i'ry)0'e: fJ-Y) xOfJ-fJ-ouvtO''rie; O''rY)V xUbipvY)O'Y) xat, 'rY)v 1 1') N Oe:fJ-bptou , oe:0'fJ-e:u6Y)xe: va e:yxa'raAd�e:t 'r0 LUfJ- cpWVO 'rY)e; BapO'o btae; xat va ouoe:'re:p01tOt�O'e:t 'rY) xwpa. r ta 'roue; LObte:'rtXOUe; wO''roO'o , Ot 1tapaxwp�O'e:te; aU'rie; 1t�yatvav 1toM fJ-axpu're:pa a1to o'rtO�1to're: dXe: u1t00'Xe:6d 0 rXOfJ-ouAxa O''rY)v IIoAwvta . A1te:tAouO'av 'r0 xOfJ-fJ-OUVtO''rtXO O'uO''rY)fJ-a xat �'rav a1tapaoe:x're:e; yta 'rY)v Ktva xat 'roue; aAAOUe; Y)yi're:e; 'rou ava'roAtXOU fJ-1tAOX, O'UfJ-1te:ptAafJ-baVofJ-ivou xat 'rou Tt'ro, 0 01tOtOe; dXe: Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ANATOAIKH ErPOIIH

e�op'YLCJ'td cmo 'ty)v a7tocpaCJY) 'tou Na'Yxu va CJU'YxpO't�CJeL XUbepvY)'tLXO CJuvaCJmCJ(J.o . �'tLe; 3 Noe(J.bpiou Y) XUbEPVY)CJY) 'tou Na'Yxu av'tLxa'taCJ'ta6Y)xe a7to aAAy) , au't� 'tou Kav'tap , 0 o7toioe; eixe a7tocpaCJiCJeL va 7tapa (J.dveL mCJ'toe; CJ'tY) MOCJXa xaL eixe 'tY)v eA7tioa O'tL 0 iowe; 6a xEpoL�e 7tpa'Y (J.a'tLxa 'tY) Aa'�x� U7tOCJ't�PL�Y) 7tpOe; Eva ava(J.0pcpw(J.EVO, aAAa a6Lx't0, xO(J.(J.OUVLCJ'tLXO CJuCJ'tY)(J.a . TY)v e7to(J.evY) (J.Epa 0 Epu6poe; �'tpa'toe; apXLCJe 'tY) biaLy) xa'taCJ'toA� 'tY)e; «av'te7tavaCJ'taCJy)e;» . Xwpk bo�6eLa a7to 'ty) .luCJY) xaL xwpk CJ'tpa'tLw'tLXEe; ouva(J.eLe; , Y) OU'Y'YPLX� aV'tiCJ'taCJy) �'tav (J.a'taLy) . MEXPL 'tLe; 1 1 N oe(J.bpiou Y) e�E'YepCJY) dXe xa'tappeuCJeL . T peLe; XLALaoee; aV6pW7tOL dXav CJxo'tw6d, aAAoL 2 .000 7tepi7tou eX'teAECJ'ty)xav ap'Yo'tepa xaL 20.000 xa'tacpepav va oLacpu'Y0uv CJ'tO e�w'tepLxo . Q xap oLvaAWe; MLV't�EV'tU bpE6y)xe, oUCJLaCJ'tLxa, cpuAaxLCJ(J.EVOe; CJ'ty)v 7tpeCJbda 'twv RITA, 07tOU 7tapE(J.eLve (J.EXPL 'to 6ava'to 'tou 'to 19 7 1 . Q iowe; 0 Na'Yxu 7tpoCJ7ta6Y)CJe va bpeL xa'tacpu'Yw CJ'ty) 'YWu'YxoCJAabLx� 7tpeCJbda, aAAa, 7tpOe; evoXAY)CJY) 'tou Ti'to, (J.e'tacpEp6Y)xe CJ'tY) Pou(J.avia xaL eX'teAECJ'tY)xe 'to 1 9 5 8 . Q Kav'tap CJuv'to(J.a eyxa'tEAw�e 'tLe; 7tpoCJ7ta6eLee; va CJuvep'Ya CJ'td (J.e 'ta CJU(J.bouALa 'twv ep'Ya'twv xaL ecpap(J.oCJe 7tOAL'tLX� xa'taCJ'tOA�e; we; mCJ'toe; CJu(J.(J.axoe; 'tY)e; MOCJxae; . Ta CJXEoLa 'YLa a7tOXEv'tpWCJy) 'tY)e; OL xovo(J.iae; a7toppicp6Y)xav . Movo (J.e'ta 'to 1 9 6 1 apXLCJe va 7taipVeL xaL 7taAL (J.e'tpw7ta6� CJ'taCJy) xaL 7tpa'Y(J.a'tL va e�eAiCJCJe'taL xa7tWe; CJe Qu'Y'YPo rX0(J.0uAxa, eLCJa'Yov'tae; (J.e'tappu6(J.iCJeLe; , evw oLa't�pY)CJe 'to (J.ovoxo(J.(J.a 'tLXO xpa'toe; . H AO'YoxpLCJia xaAapwCJe, OL 7tOAL'tLxoi xpa'tou(J.evoL eAw6epw6Y)xav xaL OL CJ'taALVLxoi a7t0(J.axpuv6Y)xav a7to 'ta Ut¥y)Aa a�Lw(J.a'ta . To 1963 0 KaV'tap apXLCJe eniCJy)e; va ava(J.opcpwveL 'to CJuCJ'tY)(J.a a(J.OLbwv 7tpOe; 'tOUe; 'Yewp'Y0ue; xaL ev6appuve 'toue; eLoLxw(J.EVOUe; 'texvkee; . Me'ta a7to au'ta, Y) QU'Y'Yapia e�eAix6Y)xe xaL 7taAL CJe Eva a7to 'ta AL'Yo'tepo xa'tameCJ'tLxa, 7tepLCJCJo'tepo a7toxeV'tpw(J.Eva CJe OLXOVO(J.LXO e7ti7teoo xpa 'tY) 'tou ava'toALxoU (J.7tAOX . �e aV'tWeCJY) (J.e 'ta opa(J.a'tLxa 'Yeyovo'ta CJ'ty)v Ava'toALx� rep(J.avia, CJ'tY)V IIoAwvia xaL CJ'ty)v QU'Y'Yapia, 'ta xpovLa 'tY)e; oexae'tiae; 'tou 1 9 5 0 �'tav enox� CJ'ta6epo'tY)'tae; 'YLa 'tov xO(J.(J.OUVLCJ(J.O CJ'ty)v TCJexoCJAobaxia xaL CJ'ty) BouA'Yapia . H TCJexoCJAobaxia, 07tWe; xaL Y) E��Ll, 'YvwpLCJe (J.La aAAa'Y� y)'YeCJiae; 'to Map'tw 'tou 1953 , o'tav 7tE6ave 0 KAE(J.ev't r xo't 'tbaAv't. �XY)(J.a'tiCJ'tY)xe CJUAAO'YLX� y)'Yecria, aAAa 0 apXy)'Yoe; 'tou xO(J.(J.a 'toe; A V'toviv N ObO'tVU CJuv'to(J.a 7tpObaAe we; Y) y)'Ye 't LX � (J.OpCp� , xa'ta 7tapo(J.ow 'tp07tO (J.e 'tov XpOUCJ'tCJwcp CJ'ty) MOCJxa. Q NObO'tVU oev av'tL (J.e'twmCJe CJobapa 7tpObA�(J.a'ta 'to 1956, aAAa, aV'tWe'ta, oLa't�pY)CJe Eva Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

43 0

H ErpOIIH Tor '¥rxpor IIoAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH IETOPIA

erXA"Y)po xa6Eer'tW� , mer'to er'to �UfJ-qlWVO 't"Y)� BaperObta� . Mexp� 'to 1 9 60 O� O�xovofJ-�xe� Em06erE�� 't"Y)� TerExoerAobaXta� , fJ-E av(bt'tu�"Y) fJ-�xpO'tEP"Y) 'tou 2 'tOt� Exa'to, T)'tav a7to 't�� XEtpO'tEPE� er't"Y)v Ava'toA�xT) EupW7t"Y), 7tapa 'to yEyOVO� o't� "Y) xwpa o�e6E'tE er"y)fJ-aV't�xT) baer"Y) bapta� btOfJ-"y)Xa vta� er't"Y) BO"Y)fJ-ta . H Aai'xT) ouerapeerXEta w6"y)erE, fJ-E'ta 'to 1 9 6 1 , 'tov N ObO'tVU va av't�ypa�E� 'tov Xpouer'terwql er't"Y)v 7tOA�'t�XT) 't"Y)� a7tOer'taAt v07tot"Y)er"Y)� . To fJ-v"Y)fJ-do 'tou �'taA�v er't"Y)v IIpaya xa'tEoaqlter't"y)xE, "Y) AO yoxp�erta fJ-E'tptaer't"Y)xE xa7tw� xa� 'ta 6ufJ-a'ta 'twv Exxa6apterEWv 'tou �'taA�v a7toxa'taer'ta6"y)xav . Oer'toero , erE E7tt7tEOO OLXOVOfJ-tXT)� 7tOA�'t�XT)� , 'to 7t dpafJ-a y�a a7tA07tOt"y)er"y) 'tou XEV'tP�XOU erXEo�aerfJ-Ou a7toodx6"Y)XE xwpk eruveXEta. �'t"Y) BouAyapta, fJ-E'ta 'to 6ava't0 'tou �'taA�v, xa6uer'tep"y)erE va ytVE� xa7tOta aAAaYT) "Y)yEerta� fJ-exp� 'to EbpOUaptO 'tou 1 9 5 4 , o'tav 0 BOUAXO TerEpbEVXWql a7tooEtx6"y)XE A�yO'tEpO �xavo� a7to 'tou� U7tOAOt7tOU� Ava'to A�XOEUpW7tatOu� "Y)ye'tE� er'to XE�p�erfJ-O 'te'tOLwv xa'taer'taerEwv . A7toqlaer� erE va 7tapafJ-dVEt 7tpw6u7toupyo� xa� 7tapeOWerE 't"Y)V "y)YEerta 'tou xOfJ-fJ-a 't0� er'tov Tov'top ZtbXWql, 0 07tOtO� ey�vE eruv'tofJ-a "Y) xuptapx"y) fJ-opqlT) er't"Y) b ouAyaptxT) 7tOA�'t�XT) . H BouAyapta o�a'tT)p"Y)erE a��oAoyou� pu6fJ-ou� ava7t'tu�"Y)� er't"Y) oExaE'tta 'tou 1 9 60, a7teqluYE 't�� Exo"Y)AwerE�� ouerape erXE�a� 'to 1 9 5 6 xa� exavE EAaXter'tE� fJ-E'tappu6fJ-terEt� . 'H'tav, wer'toero, 'to 7tpw'to ava'toAtXOEUpW7ta'txo xpa'to� 7tOU xa6�epwerE eruV'ta�Et� y�a 'tou� YEWPYOU� 'to 1 9 5 7 . O � mo a�tOer"y)fJ-EtW'tE� E�EAt�Et� er't"Y) erob�E'ttXT) erqlatpa fJ-E'ta 'to 1 9 5 6 eruveb"Y)erav er't"Y) PoufJ-avta, 07tOU 0 rxwpYXtOU-N 'tEY o�a'tT)p"Y)erE a7toer'ta erEt� a7to 't"Y) Moerxa fJ-E'ta 'ta YEyovo'ta er't"Y)v Ouyyapta, 'ta o7tota dXav eruvooEU'td a7to Xa7tO�E� 'tapaxe� er't"Y) PoufJ-avta 7tOU oOT)y"Y)erav 'to xa6E er'tw� va 7tpOxwpT)erEt erE aU�T)erE�� fJ-�er6wv xa� erE aAAaye� er't"Y)v "y)YEerta. o N 'tEy 7tapouer�a�o'tav W� 0 U7tEpaermer'tT)� 't"Y)� Aa't�v�xT)� XOuA'toupa� 't"Y)� PoufJ-avta� xa� fJ-E'taXE�pter't"Y)xE fJ-E erxA"Y)po 'tp07tO 't�� fJ-EtOVO't"Y)'tE<; 'twv EbpatWV , 'twv O uyypwv xa� 'twv rEpfJ-avwv . O� �Ob�E't�XOt OEV fJ-7topOuerav EuxOAa va afJ-qlterb"Y)'tT)erouv 'tov N 'tEY, xa6w� , erE aV'tteEer"y) fJ-E 't"Y)v IIoAwvta xat 't"Y)v Ouyyapta 'to 1 9 5 6 , ota't"Y)pouerE a7tOAu'tapx�xo xOfJ-fJ-ouv�er'ttxo eruer't"Y)fJ-a xat OEV a7tO'tEAOUerE a7tEtAT) yta 'to �ufJ-qlwvo 't"Y)� BaperObta� . H aVE�ap't"Y)erta 't"Y)� PoufJ-avta� qlav"Y)xE �Otat'tEpa a7to 't"Y)v a7toxwp"Y)er"Y) 'tou Epu6pou �'tpa'tou 'to 1958 xa� a7to 'tt<; fJ-axpoxpoV�E<; eru�"Y)'tT)erEt<; er'to ava'toA�xo fJ-7tAOX erXE't�xa fJ-E 't"Y)v EvouvafJ-wer"Y) 't"Y)� KOMEKON, 'tou opyavterfJ-ou y�a 't"Y)v o�xovofJ-�xT) eruvEpyaerta, 7tOU �opuDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ANATOAIKH ErPflIlH

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6Y)XE 'to 1949 . E1tt �'tcXAtV Y) KOMEKON OEV dXE XlXt (J-qcXAY) cmou OlXtO'ty)'tIX : XcX6E IXVIX'toAtXOWPW1tIX·txO xpcX'to� IXVE1t'tUCTCTE 'tY) Otx'0 'tou EX00'1..'0 , CTE (J-tXpoyplXCPtlX 'twv Otxovo(J-tXWV (J-E6oowv 'tou �'tcXAtV, (J-E 'ty) 0Y) (J-wupytlX blXPtcX� bW(J-Y)XIXVtlX� XlXt Ot E(J-1tOptXE� CTU(J-CPWVtE� '0'tIXV XUptW� CTXEOtIXCT(J-EVE� VIX tXIXV01tOtOUV 'tt� IXVcXyXE� 'twv �ObtE'ttXWV . AAAcX CT't1X (J-ECTIX 'ty)� OEXIXE'ttlX� 'tou 1950 0 XpOUCT'tCTWCP EXIXVE mo YEWlXtOOWPy) 'tY) CTObtE'ttX'0 Otxovo(J-tx'0 bo'06EtIX XlXt Y) tOpUCTY) 'ty)� Eupw1tlX·t·x'0� Otxovo(J-t x'0� KOtvo'ty)'tIX� (EOK) IX1tO'tEAECTE (J-tlX 1tPOXAY)CTY) ytlX 'tY)v OtXOVO(J-tlX 'ty)� AVIX'tOA'0� . MEXpt 'to 1959 0 XpOUCT'tCTWCP 1ttCT'tWE o'tt XPEtlX�O'tIXV mo pt �OCT1tIXCT'ttXE� EVEpyEtE� IX1tO 'ty)V KOMEKON ytlX VIX EVtCTxu60uv Ot cp6t VOV'tE� pu6(J-ot IXVcX1t'tU�Y) � . �E CTUVIXV't'0CTEt� 'tou 'to 1 9 6 1 -62 0 �ObtE'ttXO� Y)YE'tY)� U1tOCT't'0pt�E 'to «otE6v'0 XIX'tIX(J-EptCT(J-O EpyIXCTtlX� » CT'tO IXvlX'toAtxo (J-1tAOX XlXt 'to 1 9 63 , E1ttCTY) � , EytVIXV XlXt CTU�Y)'t'0CTEt� CTXE'ttXcX (J-E EVIXV U1tEPE6vtxO Otxovo(J-tXO OpyIXVtCT(J-O CT'ty)V AVIX'toA f), ytlX VIX IXv'tt1tlXplX'tIXX6d CT'ty)V EOK. MEXpt 'to'tE Ot pu6(J-ot IXVcX1t'tU�Y)� 'tY)� AVIX'tOAtX'0� Eupw1ty)� , EX 'tO� IX1tO 'ty) P OU(J-IXVtlX XlXt 'tY) BOUAYlXptlX, dXIXV (J-EtW6d CT'tO (J-tCTO 'tOU E1tt1tEOOU 'tY)� E1tOX'0� 'tOU �'tcXAtV XlXt Y) lXypO'ttX'0 1tlXplXYwy'0 '0'tIXV Atyo XIXAU'tEPy) 1X1t ' OCTO 1tptV 'to dEU'tEPO IIlXyxoCT(J-w IIoAE(J-o . Au'to� 1tOU 1tPW'tOCT'tcX'tY)CTE EVcXV'ttlX CT'tt� tO€E� 'tou XpOUCT'tCTWCP '0'tIXV 0 N 'tEY, EV (J-EPEt E1tEtO'0 Y) IXVE�IXP'tY)CTtlX 'ty)� POU(J-IXVtlX� CT't1X Otxovo(J-tXcX 6E(J-IX't1X 61X 1tEPW pt�O'tIXV XlXt EV (J-EPEt m Eto'0 Y) POU(J-IXVtlX CTXE06v CTtyOUplX 61X EbYlXtVE �Y)(J-tW(J-EVY) IX1tO (J-tlX 01tOtIX0'01t0'tE «XOtv'0 lXyopcX» 'ty)� AVIX'toA'0� : Y) XWPIX 'tou dXE CTY)(J-EtWCTEt (J-qcXAY) Em'tuXtlX CT'tY)V IXU�Y)CTY) 'tY)� bW(J-Y)XIXVtx'0� 1tlXpIXYwy'0� XcXAUblX, XY)(J-tXWV XlXt VIXU1tY)ytx'0� CT't1X 'tEAY) 'ty)� OEXIXE'ttlX� 'tou 1950, IXAAcX dXE �EXtV'0CTEt IX1tO XIX(J-Y)),6 E1tt1tEOO XlXt (01tW� XlXt Y) BOUAYlXptlX) dXE IXXO(J-IX (J-ovo 'to EVIX 'tPt'to 'tY)� XIX'tcX XEcplXA'0v bW(J-Y)XIX Vtx'0� 1tlXplXywy'0� 'tY)� T CTEXOCTAObIXXtlX� XlXt 'ty)� A VIX'tOAtx'0� r EP(J-IXVtlX� . EcXv 't1X xPcX'ty) 'tY)� KOMEKON mpOXEt'tO 1tAEOV VIX E�EtOtXEUOV'tlXt CTE CTUyXEXPt(J- EVOU� 'to(J-d� 1tlXplXyWy'0� , Y) POU(J-IXVtlX XlXt Y) BOUAYlXptlX (XlXt m6IXvov Y) OUYylXPtlX XlXt Y) IIoAwvtlX) 61X IXcp'0VOV'tIXV w� XWPE� lXypo'ttx'0� 1tlXplXyWy'0� , U1tOOe€CT'tEPE� IX1tO 'tt� bW(J-Y)XlXvtXE� OUVcX(J-Et� 'tY)� TCTEXO CTAObIXXtlX� , 'tY)� AVIX'tOAtx'0� r EP(J-IXVtlX� XlXt 'ty)� E2:2: Ll . To 1tpoyplX(J-(J-1X 'tou XpOUCT'tCTWCP E(J-OtlX�E, ytlX 'tov N 'tEY, w� (J-tlX IXVIX6EWPY)(J-EVY) EXOOX'0 'tY)� 1tOAt'ttx'0� ExdvY)� 1tOU EX(J-E'tIXAAWO'tIXV 'tou� AVIX'tOAtXOWPW1tlXtOU� 1tpO� OCPEAO� 'twv �ObtE'ttXWV. dtcXcpoplX 'tEXVtX'0� CPUCTEW� 1tpObA'0(J-IX't1X ytlX (J-tlX «xow'0 lXyOpcX» , Y) CTtVOCTObtE'ttX'0 p'0�Y) XlXt Y) 't1X1tEtVW'ttX'0 XptCTY) 'ty)� KOUblX� bo'06Y)CTIXV E1ttCTY)� VIX 1X1t00uvlX(J-w6d 0 XpOUCT'tCTWCP IX1tEVIXV'tt Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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H ErporrH Tor '¥rxpor rroAEMor, 1 9 45 - 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

O''t'"Y)v antee:O'"Y) 't'"Y)e; POUfJ-av(ae; , xaL 't'ov IouAW 't'ou 1 9 63 OL "y)'Ye't'e:e; 't'"Y)e; KOMEKON e:'Yxa't'eAe:L�av 't'"Y)v Loea 't'"Y)e; 1tOAUfJ-e:pOUe; O'uve:p'YaO'tae; 1tepav 't'"Y)e; tOpuO'"y) e; , 't'0 1964, fJ-Lae; 't'pa1te:�ae; O'UfJ-�"y) CPLO'fJ-WV , 0 N't'e:y 't'OVLO'e: 't'"Y)v ave:�ap't'"Y)O'ta 't'ou e:xe:tv"Y) 't'"Y)v 1te:p(ooo oLa't'"y) pwv't'ae; oe:O'fJ-oue; fJ-e: 't'"Y)v Ktva, fJ-e:Lwvov't'ae; 't'o e:fJ-1tOpW 't'"Y)e; PoufJ-av(ae; fJ-e: 't'"Y)v ELLd mXvw a1to 50 't'OLe; e:xa't'o 't'ou O'UVOALXOU e:fJ-1tOp(ou 't'ou 1958 O'e: AL'YO't'e:po a1to 40 't'OLe; e:xa't'o fJ-expL 't'o 1 9 64 xaL ava1t't'uO'O'ov't'ae; 't'o e:fJ-1tOpW fJ-e: 't'"Y) LluO'"Y) . MexpL 't'0 1 9 64 e'YLve: cpave:po O't'L, e:vw OL �ObLe:'t'LxOt fJ-1topouO'av va oLa't'"Y)p-Y)O'ouv 't'"Y)v u1tap�"Y) xOfJ-fJ-OUVLO''t'LXWV O'UO''t'"Y)fJ-1X't'WV O''t'"Y)v Ava't'oAL x-Y) Eupw1t"Y) , oe:v fJ-1topouO'av va e:mbaAouv fJ-La auO''t'"Y)p-Y) e:vLa(a 1tOAL't'LX-Y), va e:fJ-1too(O'ouv 't'ov N't'e:y va e:moe:Lxvue:L evav a�wO'"y)fJ-e:tw't'o ba6fJ-o ave: �ap't'"Y)O'tae; , ou't'e: va O'uva'YwvLO''t'OUV 't'o ba6fJ- o O'uve:p'YaO'(ae; fJ-e:'t'a�u 't'wv OU't'LXWV xam't'aALO''t'LxWV xpa't'wv O''t'"Y)v EOK . H e:6e:AonLx-Y) O'uve:p'YaO'(a fJ-e:'t'a�u xup(apxwv xpa't'wv 0''t'"Y) LlU't'LX-Y) Eupw1t"Y) a1tooe:tx6"y)xe: 1tOAU mo a1to't'e:Ae:O'fJ-a't'LX-y) a1to 't'Le; a1t01te:Lpe:e; 't'wv �ObLe:'t'LXWV va e:mbaAouv 't'"Y)v e:vo't'"Y)'t'a O''t'oue; oopucpopoue; 't'oue; . H p-Y)�"Y) fJ-e: 't'"Y)v K(va xaL 't'"Y)v AAbav(a -Y)'t'av fJ-OVO 't'a mo e:V't'U1twO'Laxa 1tapaoe:t'YfJ-a't'a 'YLa 't'"Y)v XOfJ-fJ-OUVLO''t'LX-Y) oLa(pe:O'"y) fJ-La oe:xae:'t'(a fJ-e:'t'a 't'ov �'t'aALV xaL, 1tapa 't'Le; 1tpoO'1ta6e:Le:e; 't'ou Tf't'o, "Y) r WU'YxoO'Aab(a 1tapefJ-e:Lve: e:1ttO'"y)e; a1toxofJ-fJ-ev"Y) a1to 't'o O'ObLe:'t'LXO fJ-1tAOX , 1tpow6wv't'ae; fJ-La ave:�ap't'"Y) 't'"Y) fJ-0PCp-Y) xOfJ-fJ-OUVLO'fJ- OU . 0 Tf't'o 1tpOxwp"Y)O'e: O'e: e:1tava1tpoO'e'Y'YLO'"y) fJ-e: 't'"Y) MoO'Xa 't'0 1955 , 'YLa va 1te:pw ptO'e:L 't'"Y)v e:�ap't'"Y)O'"Y) 't'"Y) e; r WU'YxoO'Aabtae; a1to 't'"Y) bo-Y)6e:La 't'wv HIlA, va a1toxa't'aO''t'-y)O'e:L 't'o e:fJ-1tOpW fJ-e: 't'o ava't'oALxo fJ-1tAOX xaL va fJ-e:LWO'e:L 't'Le; afJ-uv't'Lxee; oa1tave:e; . OL oe:O'fJ-Ot 't'"Y)e; rWU'YxoO'Aabtae; fJ-e: 't'"Y) LluO'"Y) e:tXav 1tav't'a O'uvooe:u't'e:t a1to 1tpObA-Y)fJ-a't'a. �'t'"Y)v e:O'W't'e:pLX-Y) 1tOAL't'LX-Y) 0 Tt't'o oe:v O'X01te:ue: va xLv"Y)6e:t 1tpOe; 't'"Y) o"y) fJ-wuP'Yta e:voe; mo CPLAe:Ae:u6e:pou xpa 't'oue; : o't'av 0 MtAobav T�(Aae; afJ-cpLO'b-Y)'t'"Y)O'e: 't'o fJ-Ovoxo!J-fJ-a't'Lxo xpa't'oe; 't'0 1 9 5 4 , e:xoLwX6"Y)xe: a1to 't'0 xOfJ-fJ-a xaL ap'Yo't'e:pa cpuAaXtO''t'"Y)xe:. �'t'"Y)v e:�W't'e:pLX-Y) 1tOAL't'LX-y) 0 Tt't'o e:v't'ax6"Y) xe: 't'0 1 9 54 O''t'o BaAxavLxo �ufJ-cpw VO, fJ-a�t fJ-e: OUO xwpe:e; 't'ou NATO , 't'"Y)v Toupxta xaL 't'"Y)v EAAaoa, 't'0 01tOtO OfJ-We; fJ-axpo1tpo6e:0'fJ-a oe:v e1taL�e: fJ-e:'YaAo POAO (xup(we; e:�aL't'tae; 't'"Y)e; e:AA"Y) VO't'OUpXLX-Y)e; oLafJ-ax"y)e; 'YLa 't'"Y)v KU1tpo), xaL 't'"Y)v toLa xpovLa 0 Tf't'O e:voXA-Y)6"Y) xe: ev't'ova o't'av OL ou't'Lxee; ouvafJ-e:Le; 1tapeowO'av nALxa 't'0 oLa cpLAOVLXOUfJ-e:vo ALfJ-avL 't'"Y)e; Te:p'YeO''t'"y)e; O''t'"Y)v haA(a . �'t'a 't'eA"y) 't'"Y)e; oe:xae: 't'tae; 't'ou 1950, fJ-e:'t'a a1to 't'a oouv"Y)pa 'Ye:yovo't'a O''t'"Y)v OU'Y'Yapta, 0 Tf't'o e:m6ufJ-ouO'e: va !J-"Y) 6e:wpe:t't'aL O'u!J-fJ-aXOe; oU't'e: 't'"Y)e; LluO'"Y)e; oU't'e: 't'"Y)e; Ava 't'OA-Y)e; , ou't'e: OfJ-We; xat a1tpoO'oLopLO''t'a ouoe't'e:poe; fJ-e:'t'a�u 't'wv ouo . AntDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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6E'ta, CTuvEpyaCTnp<E fJ-E 'tOV rXafJ-aA NaCTCTEp 't"Y)e; AtYli7t'tOU xat 'tov T�a6axapAaA N EXPOU 't"Y)e; Ivotae; , otax"y)puCTCTov'tae; 't"Y) CT"y)fJ-aCTta 'twv aOE CTfJ-W'tWV xpa'twv . MEXpt 'to 1960 Ot CTXECTEte; 'tou fJ-E 't"Y) MOCTXa dXav xat 7taAt E7ttOEtVw6d. �'to fJ-E'ta�u, avafJ-ECTa CT'tO 1 9 5 2 xat CT'tO 1 9 60 "y) ytou yxoCTAa6txYj mxovofJ-ta, 7tOU Yj'tav AtyO'tEpO CTUyXEV'tPW'ttxYj xat AtyO'tEpO ypacpEtoXpa'ttxYj , xa'tacpEpE va Ot7tAaCTtaCTEt 't"Y) 6tofJ-"Y)XavtxYj 't"Y)e; 7tapa ywyYj . 0 VEOe; 7tAOU'tOe;, WCT'tOCTO, Yj'tav CTUYXEV'tpWfJ-EVOe; CT'tte; 60pEtEe; 7tEptoXEe; 't"Y)e; �Ep6tae; , CT't"Y)V Kpoa'tta xat CT't"Y) �A06EVta . A7to 't"Y)v aAA"Y) 7tAWpa au'tYje; 't"Y)e; «OtatpECT"Y)e; 60ppa-vo'tou » , 'to Maup060uvto, "Y) BOCTvta xat "Y) ytouyxoCTAa6txYj MaxEOOvta 7tapEfJ-Etvav cp'tWXEe; xat u7toava7t'tu X'tEe; xat Ot 7tAOUCTtO'tEpEe; o"y)fJ-oxpa'ttEe; 't"Y)e; ytouyxoCTAa6txYje; OfJ-OCT7tOV otae; OUCTcpopouCTav , xa6we; E7tpE7tE va CTUV't"Y)pouv 'tte; CP'tWxo'tEpEe; fJ-ECTW EVOe; CTUCT'tYjfJ-a'tOe; avaotavofJ-Yje; 'tou 7tAOU'tOU .

H ANA TOAIKH Erp[)IlH rIlO TO L10TMA MIlPEZNIE�, 1 964 - 1 982 H 7t'tWCT"Y) 'tou XpOUCT'tCTWCP 'tov OX'tw6pto 'tou 1 9 64 Yjp6E we; aAA"Y) fJ-ta EX7tA"Y)�"Y) yta 'toue; Ava'toAtXOWpW7tatOue; "Y)yE'tEe; ' aAAa, xa6we; Ot VEOt �06tE'ttXOt "Y)YE'tEe; EowCTav EfJ-cpaCT"Y) CT't"Y)V 7tOAt'ttXYj CTuvEXEta, U7tOCT'tYjpt �av 't"Y)v xuptapxta 'tou xOfJ-fJ-a'toe; CT'tO ECTWnptXO xat av'ttfJ-E'tW7tt�aV 6E'ttXa 'tOUe; CTUV't"Y)P"Y)'ttXOUe; CT'tO ava'toAtXO fJ-7tAOX , "Y) fJ-E'ta60AYj CT't"Y)V E:E:EL\ OEV cpatvo'tav va aV"Y)CTuxd 'toue; CTUfJ-fJ-aXOue; 't"Y)e; . AAAWCT'tE, xa6we; o M7tPE�VtECP ECT'ttaCTE 't"Y)v 7tpOCTOXYj 'tou CT't"Y)V E7ttAUCT"Y) 'twv 7tP06A"y)fJ-a'tWV 't"Y)e; E:E:EL\, 'ta xpa't"Y) 't"Y)e; Ava'toAtXYje; Eupw7t"Y)e; CTuVEXtCTaV va a7tOxAt vouv . Ot 't07ttxot "Y)YE'tEe; E7ttOtwxav va aV'ta7toxpt60uv CT'tte; 7tEptcpEpEta XEe; avaYXEe; , va txaV07tOtYjCTOUV 'tOCTO 'tOUe; xa'tavaAw'tEe; OCTO xat 't"Y) «vEa 'ta�"Y)>> 'twv xOfJ-fJ-OUVtCT'tWV Ototx"Y)'ttXWV CT'tEAEXWV xat va vOfJ-tfJ-07tOtYjCTOUV 't"Y)v E�OuCTta 'toue; fJ-E xaAEe; OtXOVOfJ-tXEe; E7tt06CTEte; xat fJ-EyaM'tEp"Y) Otot x"Y)'ttxYj a7to'tEAECTfJ-a'ttXo't"Y)'ta . MEXpt 'to 1 9 64 , Yj'tav �Exa6apo yta 7tOAAOUe; CT't"Y)V Ava'toAtxYj Eupw7t"Y) (o7tWe; xat CT't"Y)V tota 't"Y)v E:E:EL\) o'tt 'to CT'taAtVtXO OtXOVOfJ-tXO fJ-OV'tEAO ---a-uyxEV'tPW'ttXO, 'taAaVt�ofJ-EVO a7to aVEAaCT'ttXo't"Y)'ta 'twv 7tpoypafJ-fJ-a 'ttXWV CT'tOXWV xat XafJ-"Y)AYj 7toto't"Y)'ta 7tapaywyYje;- dXE 7toAuapt6fJ-a EAa't'tWfJ-a'ta xat o'tt "Y) Aai'xYj oUCTapECTXEta OEV 6a fJ-7tOPOUCTE va xa'ta CT'tEAAE'tat yta 7taV'ta a7to 't"Y) fJ-UCT'ttxYj aCT'tuvOfJ-ta . 'E'tCTt, CT'tte; oExaE'ttEe; 'tou 1 9 60 xat 'tou 1 9 70 EytVaV 7tEptCTCTO'tEpEe; xat 7tOtXtAWV fJ-OPcpwv 7tpODigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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45 0

H ETPOIIH TOT '¥TXPOT IIOAEMOT, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

E:.AE::YXO 't'f)e; AVCX'tOAtXije; EUpw7t'f)e; XCXt 7tCXpaAA'f)ACX vcx beA'ttWcn:t XCXt 7taAt 'tte; O'xE:.O'ete; p.e 't'f) LluO''f) . MtCX 'tE:.'tOtCX 7tOAt'ttXij 6cx tXCXV07totOuO'e 'f)yE:.'tee; 07tWe; 'tov Xovexep , 'tov Kcxv'tap O''t'f)V OuyycxptCX ij 'tov rtCXpOU�E:.AO'Xt O''t'f)V IIoAwvtCX, 'twv 07totwv ot xwpec; eXAt7tCXpoUO'cxv ytCX e7tcxcpE:.e; p.e 't'f) LluO''f) . Tov A7tptAtO 'tou 1 9 85 , 0 rxopp.7tcx'tO'wcp CXvcxvE:.wO'e 'to �up.cpwvo 't'f)e; BcxpO'obtcxe; ytCX dxoO't XPOVtCX, cxAAa, mtO''f) e; , cx7toodx6'f)xe E:.'tOtp.oe; XCXt vcx cxvcxyvwptO'et 't'f)v to'o'ttp.tcx 'twv aAAwv 'f)ye'twv 'tou P.7tAOX , 07tWe; cpav'f)xe O''to VE:.O O'obte'ttXO xop.P.OUVtO''ttXO 7tpoypcxp.p.cx 7tOU o'f) p.oO'teu't'f)xe 'to 1986 . A7to p.tCX ex 'twv uO''tE:.pWV e�E:.'tcxO''f) wO''toO'o, U7tijpxcxv ijo'f) evod�ete; o'tt 'to O'uO''t'f)p.cx 'twv oopucpopwv p.aAAov oev 6cx embtWve ytCX 7toM . ME:.Xpt 'to 1 9 85 ot AVCX'tOAtXOWPW7tCXtOt dxcxv xpew6d E:.vcxV'tt 't'f)e; LluO''f)e; O'e 'tE:.'tOtO bcx6p.0, wO''te p.tCX VE:.CX Ot7tAWP.CX'ttXij ucpeO''f) p.7topouO'e vcx 'toue; 'tpcxbij�et p.cxxpta CX7tO 'tov E:.A€yXO 't'f)e; MoO'xcxe; , o7twe; 7tpoetoo7totOuO'cxv xa7totOt O'uV't'f)P'f)'ttXOt emxpt'tE:.e; 'tou rxopp.7tcx'tO'wcp . 'Op.we; cxu'to 'to evoexop.evo p.aAAov oev cxv'f)O'uxouO'e 'toO'o 'tov rxopp.7tcx'tO'wcp 00'0 'toue; 7tpo'f)youp.e voue; �Obte'ttXOUe; 'f)yE:.'tee; : O'e 'teAtxij cxvaAuO''f) , cxv 7te'tuxcxtve 'f) ucpeO''f) XCXt O''tcxp.cx'touO'cxv 7tAE:.ov Ot H I1A XCXt 'f) E:E:E1l vcx 6ewpouv 'f) p.tcx 't'f)v aAA'f) we; ex6po, oev 6cx ij'tcxv CX7tCXpcxt't'f)'to vcx Otcx't'f)p'f) 6d 'f) cxvcxO'xe'ttxij cxp.uv'ttxij �wv'f) O''t'f)v AVCX'tOAtXij Eupw7t'f) . Axop.'f) XCXt xwpte; 'to VE:.O 'tp07tO O'XE:.�'f)e; 'tou rxopp.7tcx'tO'wcp , 'tCX 7tpayp.cx'tcx dxcxv cxAAa�et xcx'ta 7toM cmo 't'f)v e7toxij 'tou �'taAtv . H AVCX'tOAtXij EupW7t'f) , 7tE:.pCX CX7tO xa7totO cppayp.cx CX7tE:.vcxV'tt O'e evoexop.ev'f) mteeO''f) 'twv Llu'ttxwv , p.aAAov dXe e�eAtx6d O'e 7tcx6'f)'ttxO ytCX 't'f)v E:E:EIl . To Kpep.AtVO oev p.7topouO'e vcx �e7tA'f) pwO'et 'tCX XpE:.'f) 'twv Xwpwv 't'f) e; 7t eptOxije;, ij'tcxv u7toxpewp.E:.vo vcx 'tte; emoo'tet, 'tpocpooo'twv'tcxe; 'tte; p.e 7te'tpE:.AcxtO XCXt 7tpw'tee; uAee; , XCXt e7twp.t�o'tcxv 'to XUptO bapOe; 'twv O''tpcx'ttw'ttXWV OCX7tCXVWV 'tou �up.cpwvou 't'f)e; BcxpO'obtcxe; (..0 1 5 'tOte; excx'to 'tou AEI1 'to 1 9 79 O'e O'uyxptO''f) p.e 'to 6 'tOte; excx'to 't'f)e; AVCX'tOAtXije; r epp.cxVtCXe; XCXt 'to Atyo'tepo CX7tO 3 'tOte; excx'to xcx'ta p.E:.O'o opo 'twv aAAwv xwpwv) . H otxovop.txij 7tCXpcxxp.ij O''to CXVCX'tOAtXO P.7tAOX , 7tOU em'tcxxuv6'f) xe p.e'ta 'to 1 9 7 5 , p.aAAov xcx6tO''touO'e CXVCX7tocpwx't'f) p.tCX O'obCXpij 7tOAt'ttXij XptO''f) O'e xa7totcx p.eAAov'ttXij O''ttyp.ij . IIcxp ' OACX cxu'ta, 07totCX Xt cxv ij'tcxv 'tCX 7tPObAijP.CX'tCX O''to CXVCX'tOAtXO P.7tAOX p.E:.Xpt 'to 1 9 85 , oev p.7topd vcx u7tapxet CXP.cptboAtcx o'tt ot cx7tocpaO'ete; 'tou rxopp.7tcx'tO'wcp O''tcx 1985-89 O'uVE:.bcxAcxv CX7tocpcxO'tO''ttxa O''to vcx e7tE:.A6et yP'f)yopo'tepcx 'to 'tE:.AOe; 'tou O'obte'ttXOu O'uO''tijp.cx'toe; . 'Evcx CX7tO 'tCX p.cx6ijp.cx'tcx 'tou 1 989 , o'tcxv otcxM6'f)xcxv 'tcx xop.P.OUvtO''ttxa xcx6eO''tw'tcx 't'f)e; AVCX'tOAtXije; Eupw7t'f) e; , ij'tcxv o'tt 'to O'uO''t'f)p.cx p.E:.XPt 'to 'tE:.AOe; O'uvE:.Xt�e vcx Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ANATOAIKH ErPOIIH

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H ErPOrrH TOY '¥YXPOY rrOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 1 99 1 : rrOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

't"Y) o"Y)p.oxpa'tta XWpte; bLaLO't"Y) 'te:e; . MEXPL 'to 1982 u1t�pxav �o"Y) E:UXaL pte:e; YLa LOLW'tLXEe; e:mxe:Lp�O'e:Le; O''t"Y)v Ouyyapta O''tov 'top.Ea 't"Y)e; ye:wp ytae; xaL E:1te:x'taEl"y)xav xaL O'e: aAAoue; 'top.de; O''ta 1 9 82-84 , 1tpocpavwe; p.e: 't"Y)v U1tOO''t�PL�"Y) 'tou �ObLe:'tLXOU "Y)yE't"Y), 'tou r WUpL Av'tpo1twcp . KaElwe; O'UpPLXVWEl"Y)Xe: "Y) O'1tOUOaLo't"y)'ta 'tou xpa'tLxou 'top.Ea, O''t"Y)v Ouyyapta LOpUEl"Y)Xe: xp"Y) p.a'tLO''t�pW . OL XLV�O'e:Le; wO''toO'o 1tpOe; 't"Y) o"Y)p.wupyta «puEl P.L�op.e:V"Y)e; oLxovop.tae; » , p.e: 1te:PWPLO'P.O 'tou xe:npLxou O'xe:oLaO'p.ou, xAd O'LP.O 'twv 1tpObA"Y) p.a'tLxwv e:mxe:Lp�O'e:WV xaL e:vElappuvO'"Y) P.LXPWV e:'taL pe:LWV, aV'tLp.e:'tW1ttO''t"Y)xav ALyonpo E:Uvo'ixa a1to 'tov KwvO''tantv T O'e:p VLEVXO O''ta 1 984-85 , e:vw 0 bapue; xe:Lp.wvae; O''tLe; apXEe; 'tou 1985 EbAa�e: 'tLe; OLxovop.LXEe; 1tpOO1t'tLXEe; 't"Y)e; xwpae; . To 1986 "Y) Ouyyapta bpLO'xo'tav oAocpave:pa O'e: XPtO'"Y) , aAAa 0 tOWe; 0 Kav'tap apvounav va 1tapaoe:xEld 'to ye:yovoe; au'to ' op.we; aAAa P.EA"Y) 'tou KOP.P.OUVLO''tLXOU Kop.p.a'toe; apXL O'av va ava�"Y) 'touv e:vaAAax'tLXEe; AUO'e:Le; . H Ouyyapta aVE1t'tu�e: O''te:VEe; O'XEO'e:Le; p.e: 't"Y) LluO'"y) , be:A'ttWO'e: 't"Y)v ayp0'tLx� 't"Y)e; 1tapaywy� xaL Ele:p.e: AtWO'e: 't"Y)v 'tOUpLO''tLX� 't"Y)e; bwp."y)xaVta, aAAa E:1ttO'"Y)e; 1tapEp.e:Lve: buElLO'P.E v"Y) O''ta XPE"Y) , U1tEO''t"Y) au��O'e:Le; 'tLP.WV xa'ta oLaO''t�p.a'ta xaL OLEEle:'te: xap."Y)A�e; 1tOLo't"y) 'tae; O"y) p.OO'Le:e; U1t"Y)pe:O'te:e; . IlOAAOt xa'tacpe:pav va e:mbLw O'ouv p.ovo xavonae; xaL oe:u'te:p"y) oouAe:La O''t"Y)v «1tapavop."Y) >> OLxovop.ta. r ta va a1tO�"Y) p.LWO'e:L 'to Aao YLa 't"Y)v 1t'twO'"Y) 'tou bW'tLXOU e:1tL1tEOOU, "Y) XUbEPV"Y)O'"Y) e:mXdp"Y)O'e: 1tOAL'tLXEe; p.e:'tappuElp.tO'e:Le; , 1tOU �e:xtv"Y)O'av 'to Lle:XEP.bpW 'tou 1 9 83 p.e: Eva vop.o 1tOU e:1tEbaAAe: 't"Y)v e:mAoy� p.e:'ta�u oLacpope:'tLXWV U1tO�"y) CPtWV O''tLe; e:XAOyEe; . 'OAOL OL U1tO��CPWL E1tpe:1te: va 0PXLO''tOUV 1ttO''t"Y) O''to u1tapxov 1tOAL'tLXO O'uO''t"Y) p.a, aAAa, O'e: O'UyXPLO'"Y) p.e: 't"Y)v e:p.1te:Lpta 'tou 1tape:AEloV'tOe; , dXe: ytVe:L Eva O'"Y) p.av'tLxo b�p.a · 'tov 1ou vw 'tou 1 9-85 e:XAEXEl"Y) Xe: O''to KOLVObOUAW Evae; apLElp.Oe; ave:�ap't"Y)'twv U1tO�"y)CPtWV (OXL op.we; "Y)ye:'tLXWV aV'tLcppovounwv) . atve:'taL O'tL 0 rxop p.1ta'tO'wcp doe: Ele:'tLxa au't� 't"Y)v aAAay� xaL 'to Maw 'tou 1987 0 Kanap O�AWO'e: O'tL �'tav �W'tLX�e; O'"Y)p.aO'tae; va O'UP.P.e:'tEXe:L 0 AaOe; 0''t"Y) A��"Y) a1tocpaO'e:wv : 'te:ALxa, O''t"Y)v Ava'toALx� Eupw1t"Y) 1tapaOExEl"Y)xav O'tL 'to O'UVOAO 'tou 1tA"Y)ElUO'p.ou p.1tOpouO'e: va e:p.�uxwEld YLa va e:pyaO''td a1tooo 'tLxa p.ovo av dXe: 1tpayp.a'tLxo AOYO 0''t"Y) oLaxubEpv"Y)O'"Y) . Me:'ta a1to au'to, O'uv'top.a apXLO'av va O'x"Y)p.a'tt�OnaL e:1ttO'"Y) p.a opyavwO'e:Le; 't"Y)e; av'tL1tOAt 'tE:U0'"y) e; , 1tpOe; 'tLe; 01tOte:e; 'to xaEle:a'twe; cpav"Y)xe: ave:x 'tLXO. Avap.e:O'a 0" au'tEe; 1te:pLAap.bavo'tav, a1to 'to �E:1t'tEP.bpW 'tou 1988, xaL 'to Ll"Y)p.oxpa 'tLXO opoup.. Ta O'UVe:XL�op.e:va OLxovop.Lxa 1tpObA�p.a'ta e:xdv"Y) 't"Y)v e:1tOX� Eoe:L�av Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ANATOAIKH ErPnrr H

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454

H ErPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1945- 1 99 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

23 OX,,"WbptOU O',,"af.llx..1') O'E va xapaxnlPt�Et ""1') xwpa W<; «Aa·�x-Y) �1')f.l0xpa""ta» . To NO€f.lbpW ""ou 1 9 89 wO',,"oO'o, ° Aao<; €OEt�E ""1') O'UVEXt�0f.lEV1') €AAEt �1') Ef.lmO',,"oO'uv1')<; ""ou 7tpo<; ""OU<; X0f.lf.l0UVtO',,"€<; �1')cpt�ov,,"a<; EVantOV ""1')<; XUb€PV1')O'1')<; O'E o1')f.l0�-y)cptO'f.la O'XE,,"txa f.lE ""1') v€a 7tpOEOpta . �""o o1')f.l0�-Y) cptO'f.la m �1')cpocpopOt axoAou61')O'av ""1')v U7tOOEt�1') ""wv pt�oO'7taO'''"txwv av,,"moAt,,"EU,,"tXWV opyavwO'Ewv xat a7tocpaO'tO'av ""1')v xa6uO',,"€p1')0'1') ""wv 7tPOEOptXWV EXAOywv , yta va otE�ax60uv f.lE,,"a a7to ,,"t<; EXAOy€<; yta ""0 KOtvObOUAw . Au,,"€<; m ,,"EAEu,,"atE<; €ytvav ""0 Map,,"w xat ""ov A7tptAW ""ou 1990, aAAa €cpEpav f.lta 7tA1')6wpa x0f.lf.la,,"wv 0'''"0 V€O KOtvObOUAw . �X1') f.la""tO'''"1')XE XUb€PV1')O'1') O'uvaO'mO'f.l0u a7to ""0 �1')f.loxpa""txo cpopou f.l , ""0 KOf.lf.la ""wv Mtxpo·�owx,,"1'),,"wv xat ""ou<; xptO',,"tavo01')f.l0xpa,,"E<; , f.l E 7tpw6u7toupyo ""ov rtO�Ecp Av,,"aA {Josef Antall) ""ou �1')f.loxpa""txou CPo pOUf.l. 00'''"00'0 , O'un0f.la 1') v€a XUb€PV1')O'1') €OEt�E va a7t0Y01'),,"EUEt ""ou<; OuyyPou<; 7tOAt,,"E<; , 7tOAAOt a7tO ""ou<; 07tOtou<; �-Y)cptO'av aAAa xOf.lf.la,,"a O'''"t<; 7tPW,,"E<; EAEU6EPE<; 01')f.l0,,"tX€<; EXAOY€<; 7tOU €ytvav apyo,,"Epa ""ov tOW Xpovo. ME OE00f.l€v1') ""1')v mxov0f.ltx-y) a7tox€v,,"pwO'1') ""ou 7tapEA60no<; , 1') Ouyya pta €f.lOta�E mo xa,,"aAA1')Aa 7tpoE,,"mf.laO'f.l€v1') yta va O',,"pacpd 7tpo<; ""1')v Otxov0f.lta ""1')<; ayopa<; O'uyxpt""txa f.lE aAAE<; XWPE<; ""1')<; Ava,,"oAtx-Y)<; Eu pW7t1')<;, aAAa axof.la Xt EOW ° pu6f.l0<; tOtw,,"tX07tOt1')O'1')<; ""1')<; bWf.l1')xaVta<; -y),,"av apyo<; , ,,"a XP€1') -y),,"av O'1')f.lantxo bapo<; xat 1') 7tayxoO'f.lta mxovo f.ltx-Y) UcpEO'1') O'uV€baAE 0'''"0 va o1')f.lwupy1')6d U�1')A-Y) aVEpyta . IIapa ""0 YEYOVO<; o""t 1') Ouyyapta oeX61')XE f.lEyaAUnp1')<; XAtf.laxa<; oU""tx-Y) mxo v0f.ltx-y) bo-y)6Eta a7tD xa6E aAAo xpa,,"o<; ""1')<; Ava,,"oAtx-Y)<; Eupw7t1') <; , 1') Ot XOV0f.ltx-y) ""1')<; xa,,"aO',,"aO'1') -y),,"av apv1')""tx-Y) yta ,,"a E7tDf.lEva Atya xpovta . IIanw<; , ° AnaA 7tap€f.lEtVE 7tpw6u7toupy0<; f.l€Xpt ""0 6ava,,"0 ""ou ""0 �EX€f.lbpW ""ou 1993 , o,,"av xat ""ov otaoex61')xE ° aVa7tA1')pw,,"-y)<; ""ou , ° II€,,"EP M7tapo<; (Peter Baross) . o rxopf.l7ta,,"O'wcp , 7tOU xa6E aAAo 7tapa Em6uf.l0uO'E va E7t€f.lbEt O',,"1')v Ouyyapta yta va a7to,,"p€�Et ""1')v aVabtwO'1') ""1')<; o1')f.l0xpa,,"ta<; , dXE �EXt V-Y)O'Et a7tD ""ov A7tptAW ""ou 1989 va a7toO'upEt ,,"a O'ObtE,,"tXa O'''"pa,,"EUf.la,,"a a7tD ""1') xwpa. 'H,,"av E�tO'OU aVEx,,"tXD<; xat f.lE ,,"t<; aAAay€<; 7tOU O'uV€bat vav O',,"1')v IIoAWVta. Eow, ""0 1984 ° O'''"pa,,"1')Yo<; napOU�€AO'Xt O'UV€XtO'E va xaAapWVEt ""1') O'XA1')P-Y) 7tOAt,,"tX-y) 7tOU dXE Ecpapf.loO'Et f.lE,,"a ""0 1 98 1 , 7tapaxwpwv,,"a<; YEVtX-Y) af.lv1')O',,"ta O'E oO'ou<; dxav cpuAaxtO',,"d xa,,"a ""1') OtapXEta ""ou O',,"pa,,"tw,,"tXOU VDf.l0U . O t 7tA1')pWf.l€<; ""wv XpEWV 7tpo<; ,,"t<; ,,"pa7tE�E<; ""1')<; �uO'1')<; dxav 7tOAA€<; cpoP€<; avabA1')6Et, f.lE a7to,,"€AEO'f.la ""0 Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ANATOAIKH ErpOIIH

455

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H EYPOI1H TOY 'l'YXPOY I10AEMOY, 1945- 199 1 : I10AITIKH I�TOPIA

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ANATOAIKH EYPOIlH

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H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 199 1 : IIOAITIKH IETOPIA

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ANATOAIKH ErPOIIH

459

xe:p -frr:av tXPPWO''t'O� , tXp"j.}O'av va otacpe:uyouv O'e: p.e:ytXAOU� apt6p.ou� 7tpO� 't'"Y) LluO'"Y) . Ot at't'Y)O'e:t� yta avaxwp"Y)O'"Y) aU�tXvov't'av yta xpovta. To Tdxo� 't'ou Be:poA[vou bptO'xo't'av axop."Y) 0''t'"Y) 6EO'"Y) 't'ou, aAAtX Y)'t'av 7tAEOV ouva't'Y) "Y) otacpuyY) P.EO'W Ouyyap[a� , "Y) o7to[a 't'0 MtXtO dXe: �avavo[�e:t 't'a O'UVOptX 't'"Y)� 7tpO� 't'"Y) LluO'"Y) . Tov AuyouO''t'o xat 't'0 LE:7t't'EP.bptO 7te:p[7tOU 3 0 .000 Ava't'oAtxoye:pp.avo[ 7tEpaO'av 0''t'"Y) LluO'"Y) xa't" au't'o 't'ov 't'P07tO, e:vw tXAAOt xa't'Ecpuyav O''t't� ou't'txoye:pp.aVtXE� 7tpe:O'bde:� 0''t'"Y) BapO'ob[a xat O''t'"Y)v IIptXya . To cpatvop.e:vo op.o[a�e: p.e: 't'a ye:yovo't'a 7tptV a7to 't'"Y)v Otxooop."Y)O'"Y) 't'ou Tdxou� 't'ou Be:poA[vou, e:vw p.e:'t'a�u 't'wv otacpuyoV't'wv 7te:ptAap.btX vov't'av xat 7tOAAo[ e:tOtXE:UP.EVOt e:pytX't'e:� ve:apY)� "Y)Atx[a� . 0 rxopp.7ta 't'O'wcp , av't'[ va p.tp."Y) 6d 't'ov XpouO''t'O'wcp O''t'o X't'[O'tp.o e:vo� VEOU Tdxou� , e:mO'xEcp6"Y)xe: 't'"Y)V Ava't'oAtxy) r e:pp.av[a xat e:7tEXptVe: 't'"Y)v aouvap.[a 't'ou Xove:xe:p va av't'tA"Y) cp6d 't'"Y) 6EA"Y)0'"Y) 't'"Y)� XOtvY)� yvwp."Y) � . (Ka't'tX e:tPWVtxY) O'up.7t't'wO'"Y), "Y) O'UVtXv't'"Y) O'"Y) au't'Y) EytVe: O''t'a 7tAa[O'ta 't'wv e:op't'aO'p.wv yta 't'a O'aptXv't'a xpovta 't'ou xa6e:0''t'w't'0� . ) O t Ava't'oAtxoye:pp.avo[ "Y)YE't'e:� , av't'tp.E't'W7tOt p. e: 't'"Y)v �acpvtxY) au't'Y) 7tA"Y) 6uO'p.taxY) atp.oppay[a, 't't� p.a�tXE� otao"Y)AwO'e:t� O''t't� p.e:ytXAe:� 7t OAe:t� , 't'0 O'x"y) p.a't'tO'p.o 't'0 Le:7t't'EP.bptO p.ta� vEa� aV't't7toAt't'E:Uop.e:v"Y)� 0PYtXVW O'"Y) � , 't'ou « NEOU � opoup.» , xat, 7tAEOV, xwpk 't'"Y) O'Obte:'t'tXy) U7toO''t'Y)Pt�"Y) , e:yxa't'EAe:t�av 't'"Y)v tOEa 't'"Y)� ouvap.txY)� xa't'aO''t'oAY)� xat O''t'ptXcp"Y)xav 7tpO� 't't� p.e:'t'appu6p.[0'e:t� . 0 Xove:xe:p 7tapat't'Y)6"Y) xe: a7to 't'"Y)V "y)ye:O'[a 't'ou xop. p.a't'o� O''t't� 18 OX't'Wbp[OU xat 't'ov otaOix6"Y) xe: 0 'Eyxov Kpe:v� (Egon Krenz) . 0 Kpe:v� e:[Xe: 't'"Y) cpY)p."Y) 't'ou O'xA"y) p07tUp"Y)Vtxou xat e:mb[wO'e: 0''t'"Y) vEa 't'ou 6EO'"Y) p.oAt� p.EXpt 't't� 6 Lle:Xe:P.bp[OU, aAAtX OtOptO'e: W� 7tpw6u7toupyo 't'0 p.e:'t'appu6p.tO''t'Y) Xav� Mov't'pwcp (Hans Modrow) , U7tOO'XE6"y) xe: e:xAoyE� xat, 't'e:AtXtX, O''t't� 9 N Oe:P.bp[OU avaxo[vwO'e: o't't e:m't'pE7toV't'at 't'a 't'a�[ota 7tpO� 't'0 e:�w't'e:ptxo. Au't'o 't'0 't'e:AE:U't'a[o a7toodx6"Y) xe: xa't'a Au't'txY)� O'"Y) p.aO'[a� bY)p.a. IIoA['t'e:� Exavav py)yp.a't'a O''t'o Tdxo� O''t't� 9 xat 1 0 N Oe:P.bp[OU , o't'av OUO e:xa't'op.p.upta Ava't'oAtxoye:pp.avo[ 7tEpaO'av 0''t'"Y) LluO'"Y) . Ka6w� 't'0 XUpto't'e:po O'up.boAo 't'"Y) � 't'upavv[a� dXe: 7tAEOV xa't'appe:uO'e:t, Ot 7te:ptO'O'o't'e:POt O'uv't'op.a yuptO'av 7t[O'w . H xop.P.OUVtO''t'txY) e:�ouO'[a dXe: xa't'appe:uO'e:t p.e: e:X7tA"Y) x't'txY) 't'axu't'"Y)'t'a O'e: Evav a7to 't'ou� mo op6ooo�ou� 7tpop.axwve:� 't'"Y) � . MEO'a O'e: A[ye:� P.Epe:� xa6atpE6"Y)xe: 0 Xove:xe:p xat a7toM6"Y)xav ote:cp6app.EVOt a�twp.a't'ouxot, O'x"y)p.a't'[O''t'"y)xav p."Y) xop.p.oUVtO''t'tXE� opyavwO'e:t� xat, 7taptX 't't� av't'tppY)O'e:t� 't'ou Kpe:v�, "Y) e:7tave:vo7to["y)O'"y) 't'"Y)� re:pp.av[a� «p.7tY)xe: O''t'"Y)v a't'�Ev't'a» (bAE7te: xe:cp . 3 ) . IIapop.ote:� Y)'t'av O t e:�e:A[�e:t� xat O' e: Eva tXAAO op6ooo�0 xop.P.OUVtO''t'tXO Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H EYPOrrH TOY '¥YXPOY rrOAEMOY, 1 94 5 - 1 9 9 1 : rrOAITIKH I�TOPIA

xpa'toc; , O"'ty)V TO"EX0O"AObaX[a . KL EOW E1dO"Y)c; tvac; fJ-aXpObLOC; Y))'t'tY) C; , o rXOUO"'tab Xou�ax , O"UVtXL�E xa'ta 'ty) OEXaE't[a 'tou 1 9 80 v a xa'taoLw XEL 'tOUC; oLacpwvouv'tEC; , EVW, 'tau't0xpova, Y) xwpa 1tE'tuxaLvE xaAu'tEpEC; OLXOVOfJ-LXtC; E1tLOOO"ELC; a1to 'to fJ-to"o opo 0"'t0 fJ-1tAOX . 0 Xou�ax LO"XUp[ O"'tY)XE O'tL EvoLacpEpo'tav )'La 'ty)v 1tEPEO"'tpoLxa, aAAa txavE EAaXLO"'ta )'La 'tY)v ELO"a)'w)'Y) fJ-E'tappu6fJ-[O"EWV . To 1 9 8 7 , EVW 1taptfJ-ELvE 1tPOEOPOC; , 1taptowO"E 'tY)v y)),EO"[a 'tou xOfJ-fJ-a'tOC; O"'tov M[Aoc; rtaXEC; (Milos Jakes), o 01t0[0c; 'to 1 9 68 dXE U1toO"'tY)p[�Et 'tY) O"ObtE'tLXY) ELO"bOAY) . O t OtaoY)Aw o"EtC; 'tou Iavouap[ou 'tou 1 9 89 , O"'tY)v EtXOO"'ty) E1thELO a1to 'to 6ava't0 'tou r tav IIaAa'tc; , oLaA66Y)xav b[ata a1to 'tY)v aO"'tuv0fJ-[a . Av'tWE'ta fJ-E 'tOUC; Ava'toAtXo),EpfJ-avouc; , Ot T O"EXOO"AObaxoL Y))'t'tEC; OEV aV'ttfJ-E'tw1tLO"av Xa1tOLO O"Y)fJ-aV'ttxo x[vouvo otacpu),Y)c; 1tOAt'tWV 'ty)C; xwpac; 'tOUC; 1tpOC; 'to E�W'tEPtXO, aAAa Y) xUbtpVY)o"Y) bpt6Y)XE O"E OUO"XOAy) 6to"Y) o'tav Y) E1t[O"y) fJ-Y) 1topda 'tY)C; 1tpw'tofJ-a)'tac; fJ-E'ta'tpa1tY)xE a1to 'tOUC; O"ufJ-fJ-E'ttXOV'tEC; O"E OtaoY)AwO"Y) U1ttp 'twv av6pw1t[vwv otxatwfJ-a'twv . �'ta 'ttAY) OX'tWbp[OU t)'tVE aAAY) fJ-[a fJ-E),aAY) 1topda otafJ-ap'tup[ac; . A1to fJ-ta EX 'twv uO"'ttpwv E�t'taO"Y) cpa[vE'tat o'tt Y) O"ObtE'ttXY) xUbtpVY)o"Y) WVOOUO"E 1tAtov xa1tota aAAa),y) Y))'EO"[ac; O"'tY)V IIpa)'a xat dXE 'ty)V EA1t[oa o'tt Y) Oto),xwO"Y) 'twv OtaoY)AwO"EWV 6a fJ-1tOPOUO"E va E1tLcptpEt tva 'tt'tOLO a1to'ttAEO"fJ-a. AAAa Ot 1tpoO"1ta6EtEC; 'tou rxopfJ-1ta'tO"wcp va EAt)'�Et 'ty) Aa'Lxy) aV'tWEo"Y) 1tpOC; 'ty)V xUbtpVY)o"Y) (oLa'ty)pwv'tac; 1tapaAAY)Aa xa1tota fJ-0PCPY) XOfJ-fJ-OUVtO"fJ-OU) , a1toodx6Y)xav fJ-a'tatEC; . O t fJ-a�txtc; OtaoY)AwO"EtC; fJ-E'ta 'ttC; 1 7 N OEfJ-bP[OU xat 0 O"Xy)fJ-a'ttO"fJ-OC; O"'ttC; 19 'tou [OtoU fJ-Y)va fJ-[ac; aV'tt1tOAt'tWOfJ-EVy)C; op),avwO"y)c; , 'tou «cI>0POUfJ- 'twv IIoAt'twv» , ooY))'Y)O"av O"'ty)v 1tapa['ty)O"Y) OAOXAY)pOU 'tou IIoA['tfJ-1tUpo O"'ttC; 24 N OEfJ-bp[OU . N toc; Y))'t'ty)C; 'tou XOfJ- fJ-a'tOC; op[O"'tY)XE 0 KapEA OupfJ-1taVEX (Karel Urbanek), 0 01t0[0C; OEV dXE U1toO"'ty)p[�Et 'touc; �ObtE'ttXOUC; 'to 1968 . 0 Aaoc; tfJ-EtVE tX1tAY)X'tOC; a1to 'tY)V �acpvtxY) E1tL'tux[a 'tY)C; EtpY)vtXY)C; 'tou , «bEAOUOtVy)C; E1tavaO"'taO"y)c;», aAAa OEV apxtO"'tY)XE O"E aAAa)'tc; O"'ty)V xubtpVY)o"Y) . AV'tWE'ta, op),avw6Y)XE )'EVLXY) a1tEp),[a O"'ttC; 24 N OEfJ-bp[OU xat OL XOfJ-fJ-OUVtO"'ttc; U1t0XPEW6Y)xav va E)'xa'taAd�ouv 'to fJ-0V01tWAtO 'tOUC; O"'tY)v E�ouO"[a. TEAtXa, OL fJ-E'tappu6fJ-tO"'ttc; 'tou 1 9 68 6ptafJ-bwO"av : O"'ttC; 1 0 �EXEfJ-bP[OU 0 Xou�ax 1tapat'tY)6Y)xE xat O"Xy)fJ-a't[O"'ty)XE fJ-Y) xOfJ-fJ-OUVtO"'ttxY) xUbtpVY)o"Y) U1tO 'tov Maptov KaAcpa (Marion Kalf a) . �'ttC; 28 �EXEfJ-bP[OU 0 AAE�aV'tEp N'tOUfJ-1t'tO"EX t)'tVE 1tpOEOpOC; 'tou XOLVObOUA[OU 'ty)C; TO"ExoO"Aobax[ac; xat O"'ttC; 29 �EXEfJ-bP[OU 0 BaxAab XabEA, 0 1tL0 otaO"Y)fJ-oc; av't[1taAOC; 'twv X0fJ-fJ-0UVtO"'twv, t)'tVe 1tpoeopOC; 'tY)C; Xwpac; . Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

ANATOAIKH ErPOIIH

�'tLe:; EXAOYEe:; 1tOU EYLWXV 'tOV Iouvw XEpOLerfJ-EVa by�xav OUO 1tAa'tLa XLV�fJ-a'ta, 'to «cJ>0POUfJ- 'tWV llOAL'tWV» er'tLe:; 1tEPWXEe:; 'tWV TerEXwv XaL o «Aaoe:; Ka'ta 'tYJe:; mae:;» er'tYJ �AObaXta, 'ta 01tOta erXYJfJ-a'tLerav XUbEP vYJerYJ eruvaermerfJ-OU xaL �EXtVYJerav 'tYJ. OLaOLXaerta 'tYJe:; LOLW'tLX01tOtYJerYJe:; . '01twe:; erUVEbYJ xaL er'tYJv lloAWVta wer'toero, fJ-E 'tOV XOfJ-fJ-OUVLerfJ-O va EXEL xa'tappEuerEL, 'ta aV'tLX0fJ-fJ-oUVLer'tLxa XLV�fJ-a'ta apXLerav 'to 199 1 va OLa er1tWV'taL erE fJ- LxpO'tEpa xOfJ-fJ-a'ta, xa6we:; YJ aVEpyta xaL 0 1tAYJ6wpLerfJ-0e:; avEbaLvav . AXOfJ-YJ , OL Ler'topLXEe:; OLacpopEe:; er'tYJv TerE:XOerAObaXta fJ-E'ta�u 'tWV TerEXwv xaL 'tWV �AObaxwv , 'tLe:; 01tOtEe:; dXE 1tpOXELpa eruyxaA6�EL o XOfJ-fJ-OUVLerfJ-oe:; , eruV'tofJ-a by�xav xaL 1taAL er'to 1tpoerx�v w . llap' OAO 1tOU at oYJfJ-oerX01t�erELe:; EOELxvav O'tL OL 1tEpLererO'tEpat TerEXOL xaL �AObaXOL 1tpO'tLfJ-ouerav va oLa'tYJpYJ6d EVLato 'to xpa'toe:; 'tOU e:; , 1tOU OYJfJ- wupy�6YJXE 'to 1 9 1 8 , wer'toero at EXAOYEe:; 'tou Iouvtou 'tou 1 9 9 2 ouerLaer'tLxa xa'tEer'tYJ erav aouva'to 'to erXYJfJ-a'tLerfJ-O XUbEpvYJerYJe:; YLa OAYJ 'tYJ xwpa. OL �AobaXat ��cpLerav xuptwe:; 'to KtvYJfJ-a YLa 'tYJ dYJfJ-oxpa'tLx� �Aobaxta 'tou BAaV'tL fJ-tp ME'terLap {Vladimir Meciar} , EVW at TerEXat 1tpo'ttfJ-YJerav 'to Aer'tLxo dYJfJ-oxpa'tLxo KOfJ-fJ-a 'tou BaxAab KAaoue:; (Vaclav Klaus) . 0 ME'terLap xa'tacpEpE va EXfJ-E'taAAEU'td 'tYJV av'tma6ELa 'twv �Aobaxwv iLa 'toue:; 1tAOUerLo'tEpoUe:; TerExoue:; . OL TerEXat YJYE'tEe:; a1tO 'tYJV 1tAEUpa 'toue:; OEV Em6ufJ-ouerav EfJ-CPUALEe:; eruyxpouerELe:; xaL, 1tpaYfJ-a'tLxa, EtxaV xa1tow OL XOVOfJ-LXO erufJ-cpEpoV va a1toeruvoE60uv a1tO 'tYJ cp'tWXO'tEPYJ , 1tEpLerero'tEpo aypo'tLx� �Aobaxta . '01twe:; eruvEbYJ xaL er'tYJv E��.:l xaL er'tYJ r wuyxoer Aabta, 'to 'tEAOe:; 'tou XOfJ-fJ-OUvLerfJ-OU oO�YYJerE E1tterYJe:; xaL er'tYJv E:1tavEfJ-cpa VLerYJ 'tou E6vLXLerfJ-0U xaL er'to 'tEAOe:; 'tou EVLatOu xpa'toue:; , aAAa er'tYJv 1tEpt1t'twerYJ 'tYJe:; TerExoerAobaxtae:; YJ oLaoLXaerta au't� OEV erYJfJ-aoEu'tYJxE a1tO bta . �'tLe:; 20 Iouvtou 0 ME'terLap xaL 0 KAaoue:; eruvav't�6YJxav fJ-u er'tLxa xaL erufJ- cpwvYJerav va npfJ-a'tLer'td YJ u1tap�YJ 'tou EVLatou xpa'toue:; 'tYJe:; TerExoerAobaXtae:; . dEV 1tpoxYJPUX6YJXE erXE'tLxo oYJfJ-o��cpLerfJ-a . AV'tt YL' au'to, erXYJfJ-a'tter'tYJxE eruvaermerfJ-oe:; fJ-E 'to OEOYJAWfJ-EVO er'toxo va oLa XWptcrEL 'toue:; TerExoue:; xaL 'toue:; �Aobaxoue:; . Ta 'tExvLxa 1tpObA�fJ-a'ta OLEU6E't�6YJxav fJ-EXPL 'to 'tEAOe:; N OE:fJ-bptOu fJ-E a�w6aufJ-aer'ta cpLALXO 'tpo1t0. ME'ta a1to au'to 'to «bEAOUOLVO oLa�uyw» , 'tYJV 1YJ Iavouaptou 'tou 1 993 YJ �AobaXta xaL YJ dYJfJ-oxpa'tta 'tYJe:; TerEXtae:; axoAou6YJerav YJ xa6EfJ-La 'to OLXO 'tYJe:; opofJ-o . �'to fJ-Eerov au'twv 'twv ye:yovo'twv dXE eruV'tEAEer'td fJ-ta ALyonpo EV'tU1tWerLaX� aAAa E�terou �acpvLx� aAAay� XUbEpvYJerYJe:; er'tYJ BouAyapta . Ta YEyovo'ta er'tYJ xwpa au't� , 1tOU �'tav 1tav'ta mer't� er'tYJ Moerxa, xwpte:; Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

H Erporr H TOr '¥rxpor rr oAEMor, 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH Il:TOPIA

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H ErPorr H TOr '¥rxpor rroAEMor, 1945- 199 1 : rrOAITIKH IETOPIA

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H btbAtoypCXcptCX CXU":Y) CX7toO"xo7td VCX 7tpOO"CPEPEt (J-tCX O"UV":O(J-Y) EVOEt�Y) ytCX (J-EptXcX CX7tO ":CX bCXO"tXcX EPYCX ytCX ":Y)V Eupw7tY) ":OU "'IfUXpou IIoAE(J-ou 7tOU dvcxt OtCX6EO"t(J-CX o"":Y)v cxyyAtXY) YAWO"O"CX, O"U(J-7tEptACX(J-bCXVO(J-EVWV cxu":wv 7tOU XPY)O"t(J-07totY)6Y)xcxv ytCX ":Y) O"uyypcxcpY) ":Y)C; 7tCXpouO"cxc; (J-EAE,,:Y)C; . AVCX7tOCPEUX":CX, ot mo O"Y)(J-CXntXEC; to"":Opt XEC; EpYCXaiEC; CXCPOpOUV ":CX 7tPW":CX (J-E":CX7tOAE(J-tXcX XpOVtCX. rtcx ":cx YEYOVO":CX ":wv ":EAEU":CXtWV E":WV ":Y)C; OEXCXE":tCXC; ":ou 1 980 EXW bcxO"tO",,:d O"E EcpY)(J-EptOEC; Y) 0"":0 CXVEX":t(J-Y)":o Keesing 's Con temporary Archives: Record of World Events (Long man) . 0 ":07tOC; EXOOO"Y)C; dvcxt ":0 Aovotvo, EX":OC; cxv OY)AWVE":CXt OtCXcpOPE":tXcX. H mo yvwO",,:Y) O"UVOAtXy) E�E":CXO"Y) ":Y)C; Eupw7ty)c; 0"":0 (J-E":CX7tOAE(J-tXO xOO"(J-o 7tEptEXE":CXt 0"":0 EPYO ":OU Walter Laqueur, Europe sin ce Hitler (b' EXO . , Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1 9 82 ) . MEAE":cX ":tC; XotVWVtXOotXOVO(J-tXEC;, 7tOAt":tO"":tXEC; XCXt 7tOAt":tXEC; E�EAt�EtC; XCXt 7tpw,,:oExoo6Y)XE ":0 1 970. 'AAAo OtCXOEOO(J-EVO EpyO dvcxt ":0 1. R. Wegs, Europe sin ce 1945: A Con cise History (y' EXO. , St Martin's Press, N ew York, 1 9 9 1 ), 7tOU XCXAU7t":Et ":tC; OtXOVO(J-tXEC; , XotVWVtXEC; XCXt 7tOAt'!tO"":tXEC; CXAACXYEC; xcx6wc; XCXt 7tOAt":tXcX 6E(J-CX":CX. To EPYO ":wv G. A. Dorfman XCXt P. J. Duignan (Em(J-J, Politics an d Western Europe (Stanford University Press, 1 988) E�E":cX�Et (J-E ":Y) o"EtpcX O"XEOOV OACX ":CX OU":tXOEUpW7tCX'�xcX xpcX":Y) , EVW Y) (J-EAE":Y) ":OU D. W. Urwin, Western Europe sin ce 1 945 (0' EXO. , Longman, 1 989) xuxAocpopd, 07tWC; XCXt ":ou L aqueur, O"E CXVCX6EWPY)(J-EVY) EXOOO"Y) . AO"XOAd":cxt (J-E ,,:ptCX 6E(J-CX":CX : ":tC; 7tOAt":tXEC; XCXt otXOVO(J-tXEC; E�EAt�EtC; , ":Y)V EUPW7tCX't'xy) EVO":Y)":CX XCXt ":0 POAO ":Y)C; .1u":txy)c; Eupw7ty)c; O"":OV xOO"(J-o . To EPYO ":wv C . E. Black et aI., Rebirth: A History of Europe sin ce World War II (Westview Press, Boulder, Colo., 1 9 9 2 ) 7tEptACX(J- bcXVEt ":tC; to"":OptXEC; E�EAt�EtC; O"E E6vtxo XCXt otE6vEC; E7tt7tEOO XCXt cxO"xoAd":cxt (J-E ":tC; (J-tXpO":EPEC; XWPEC; XCXt (J-E ":tC; CXAACXYEC; ":ou 1 9 89-9 0 . H XCX6tEPWO"y), Y) 7topdcx XCXt Y) 7tCXpcxx(J-Y) ":Y)C; «(J-E":CX7tOAE(J-tXY)C; otEU6hY)0"Y)c; » O"E 7tOAAcX EUPW7tCX't'xcX xphY) (BpE ":CXVtCX, rCXAAtCX, rEp(J-CXVtCX, I ":CXAtCX, LOUY)OtCX XCXt E��Ll) dvcxt ":0 6E(J-CX ":ou btbAtOU ":wv M. Kesselman XCXt J. Krieger, European Politics in Transition (D. C. Heath, Lexington, Mass., 1 987), EVW 7tOAU":t(J-Y) dvcxt Y) O"UAAOYy) (J-EAE":WV ytCX ":Y) .1u":txY) Eupw7tY) ":Y)C; OEXCXE":tCXC; ":ou 1 980 ":wv D. W. Urwin XCXt W. E. Patterson (Em(J-J, Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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Ot 7tt8avec; 'tOUC; €1tt1t'twa€tC; €�€'ta�oV'tat a'tY)v 1tAOUata €pyaaia 'tou R. Dahren dorf, Reflections on the Revolution in Europe (Chatto and Windus, 1990) . TY)v evap�Y) 'tou 'If uXpou IIoAe(J-ou €�€'ta�€t, a1to auV'tY)pY)'ttxi) axo7tta, 't o H. Thomas, Arm e d Truce (Hamish Hamilton, 1 986), 1tapexov'tac; 1tOAAec; A€1t'to(J-e P€t€C; yta 'to 1 945-46, o(J-wc; a1to't€Ad eva xaAo aV'tioo'to a'to btbAio 'tou D. Yergin, Sha ttered Peace (Deutsch, 1 9 78), (J-ta apta't€pi) €p(J-Y)vda 'ty)c; 1tOAt'ttXi)C; 'twv HIlA 'ty)c; 1t€ptooou 1 945-48. IIw baatXO dvat 'to epyo 'tou M. McCauley, Origins of the Cold War {Longman, 1 9 83 ) . TY)v xaAU't€py) xaAu�Y) 'twv a(J-€ptxavowpw1ta·{xwv €�€A�€WV xa'ta 'ttC; (J-€'ta1tOA€(J-tXec; o€xa€'ti€c; 1tpoarpep€t Y) €pyada 'tou A. Grosser, The Western Alliance (Macmillan, 1 9 80) , €Vw yta 'ttC; a(J-€ptXaVoaObt€'ttXec; axea€tc; bA. W. Lafeber, Am erica, Russia and the Cold War {Wiley, New York, 1986) xat 'to a'toxaa'ttxo auyypa(J-(J-a 'tou J. L. Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries in to the History of th e Cold War (Oxford University Press, 1 9 8 7 ) . r€VtXo't€pa epya yta 'ty)v ta'topia 'tou 'IfuXpou IIoAe(J-ou dvat 'ta S. R. Ashton, In Search of Detente: the Politics of East-West Rela tions sin ce 1945 (Macmillan, 1 989) , i) 'tou M. Dockrill, The Cold War, 1945 -63 (Routledge, 1 988) . r €Vtxa YLa 'ty)v 1tOAt'ttxi) 'twv HIlA bA. 'tY)v XPt'ttxi) avaAuay) 'tou S. E. Ambrose, Rise to Glohalism (€' exo . , Pelican, 1 988) xat 'to 1t€ptaao't€po wvo·{xo YLa 'tY)v a(J-€ptxavtxi) a'taay) epyo 'tou 1. Spanier, Am erican Foreign Policy sin ce the Second World War (Praeger, New York, 1985). �X€'ttxa (J-€ 'touc; �Obt€'ttXOUC; Y) xaAu't€py) (J-€AhY) dvat au'ti) 'twv 1. L. Nogee xat R. H. Donaldson, Soviet Foreign Policy sin ce the Secon d World War (y' exo . , Pergamon, 1988)· bA. o(J-WC; 'to epyo 'tou R. Ed monds, Soviet Foreign Policy: The Brezhn ev Years (Oxford University Pre ss, 1 9 8 5 ) . H €pyaaia 'twv M. Bowker xat P. Williams, Superpower Detente: A ReappraisaJ (Sage, 1 9 88) 1tpoarpep€t (J-ta €�atp€'ttxi) 1t€ptyparpi) 'ty)c; o€xa€'tiac; 'tou 1 9 70, €Vw Y) au�i)'tY)aY) yta 'to «v eo 'Ifuxpo IIoA€(J-o» (J-1topd va 1tpoa€yYLa'td (J-eaw 'twv epywv 'twv N. Chomsky et aI., Superpowers in Collision (Penguin, Har mondsworth, 1 9 84) xat F. Halliday, The Making of the Secon d Cold War (b' exo . , Verso, 1 9 86) . �X€'ttxa (J-€ 'ty)v a1toa1totxw1toiy)ay) bA. toiwc; 'to bLbAio 'tou R . F. Holland, European Decolonisation: An In troductory Survey, 1 9 1 8-81 (Mac millan, 1 9 8 5 ) . na (J-ta Y€VLXi) €taaywyi) a'ty)v wpw1ta·{xi) €vo1toiy)ay) (J-1topd xavdc; va ava 'tpe�€t a'to epyo 'tou D. W. Urwin, Th e Comm unity of Europe: A History of European In tegration sin ce 1 945 (Longman, 1 9 9 4 ) . �X€'ttxa (J-€ 'ty) A€t'toupyia 'tY)c; Eupw1ta·{xi)c; Kotvo'tY)'tac; bA. toiwc; 'ta N. Nugent, The Govern m en t an d Politics of the European Union (y' exo,. Macmillan, 1994) xat D. Dinan, Ever Closer Union (Macmillan, 1994). �'ty) aUAAoyi) R. Pryce (€7tt(J- . ) . , The Dynamics of European Union (Croom Helm, 1987) 1t€pteX€'tat (J-ta a€tpa a1to (J-€A€'ti)(J-a'ta yta 'tLC; aY)(J-av'ttxec; €�€Ai�€tc; a'ty)v ta'topia 'ty)c; Kowo'tY)'tac; · 'to epyo 'twv I. Barnes xat 1. Preston, The European Comm unity (Longman, 1 988) a1to't€Ad (J-ta xaAi) Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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erUVOAtxij aVaerX01tYjerYj, evw au'to 'twv W. Nicoll xat T. C . Salmon, Un derstan ding the European Comm unities (Philip Alan, 1 990) 1teptExet (J-ta ter'toptxij avaerxo1tYjerYj . L'tte:; Ae1t'to(J-epEer'tepee:; (J-eAE'tee:; yta 'tte:; a1tapXEe:; 'tYje:; E O K eruyxa'taAEYo v'tat 'to e�atpe'ttxo eruyypa(J-(J-a 'tou A. S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-5 1 (Methuen, 1984), 6aerter(J-Evo ere apxetaxo uAtXO' 'to M. 1. Hogan, The Marshall Plan (Cambridge University Press, 1 987) erxe'ttxa (J-e 'tte:; 1tpoer1ta8etee:; 'twv HIlA va (J-opcpo1totijerouv 'tYj (J-e'ta1tOAe(J-txij Eupw1tYj ' 'to E. Fursdon, Th e Europ e a n Defen c e Comm unity (Macmillan, 1 980)' xat Yj wavayvw er'tYj avaerxo1tYjerYj 'tYje:; 1teptooou 1 945-57 a1to 'tov R. M ayne, Postwar: The Dawn of Today's Europe (Thames and Hudson, 1 9 83 ) . To eru'Y'Ypa(J-(J-a 'tou W. Lipgens, A History of European In tegration, 'to(J-oe:; 1 , 1 94 5 - 7 (Oxford University Pre ss, 1 982) dvat ouer'tuxwe:; U1tep60AtXa Ae1t'to(J-epEe:; . na 'tYj Aet'toupyia 'tYje:; EOK 6A. toiwe:; 'tte:; (J-eAE'tee:; 'twv S. Budd xat A. Jones, The European Comm unity (Kogan Page, 1989 ) , J. Lodge, The European Comm unity an d the Challenge ofthe Future (Pinter, 1 9 89 ) xat N. Nugent, The Government and Policies of the European Comm unity (Macmil l an, 1 989). Mta 8e'ttxij a1toljJYj yta 'tte:; aAAaYEe:; 1tOU eruvE6Yjerav 'to 1992 (J-1topd va 6pet xavde:; er'to P. Cecchini, The European Challenge (Wildwood House, Aldershot, 1988). Lxe'ttXa (J-e 'tYjV 1topda 'tYje:; Bpe'taviae:; 1tpoe:; 'tYjv EOK od'te 'ta eruyypa(J-(J-a'ta 'twv J. Young, Britain and European Unity, 1945-92 (Macmillan, 1 9 9 3 ) , S. George, An A wkward Partn er: Britain in the EC (Oxford University Pre ss, 1 989) xat S. Greenwood, Britain and European Co opera tion sin ce 1945 (Blackwell, 199 1 ) . H du'ttxij r ep(J-avia EXet yivet 1tpoercpa'ta 't o av'ttxd(J-evo (J-tae:; (J-eyaAYje:; oi'to (J-Yje:; epyaeriae:; er'tYjv a'Y'YAtxij YAwerera a1to 'toue:; D. L. Bark and D. R. Gre ss, A History of West Germ any, 'to(J-oe:; 1 , From Sha dow to Sustan ce, 1945 -63 xat 'to(J-oe:; 2, Democracy and its Discon ten ts, 1 9 63-88 (6' EXO . , Blackwell, Oxford, 1 9 9 2 ) . IIpoxet'tat yta EpyO xaAo ere e1ti1teoo 1tapoueriaerYje:; 'twv yeyovo'twv, aAAa oe�tae:; ep(J-Yjvdae:; , xat a1tat'td'tat Yj 1tpoerex'ttxij fleAE'tYj 'tou . IIto eruv'to(J-ee:; eteraywytXEe:; epyaeriee:;, 1tOU XaAU1t'touV (J-ta eretpa 8e(J-a'twv, dvat 'ta eruyypa(J-(J-a'ta 'twv M. Fulbrook, The Two Germanies, 1 945 -90 (Macmillan, 1992) xat H . A. Turner, Germ any from Partition to Reunifica tion (Yale University Pre ss, New Haven, 1 9 9 2 ) ' xat yta (J-ta 1tpOerEyyterYj 'tou 1tOAt'ttXOU 1tAateriou od'te 'ta Epya 'twv D. Childs xat 1. Johnson, West Germany (St Martin's Press, New York, 1 9 8 1 ) , G. Smith, Democracy in Western Germany (y' EXO., Gower, Aldershot, 1 9 86), D. P. Conradt, The German Policy (Longman, 1 986) xat R. M. Dalton, Politics in West Germany (Scott Foresman, Boston, 1 9 89 ) . duo ter'toptXEe:; emerxo1tijerete:; 1tOU 1tpaY(J-a'teuonat 'tte:; e�eAi�ete:; 'toero er'tYj du'ttxij oero xat er'tYjv Ava'toAtxij r ep(J-a via a1to 'to 1 945 dvat 'ta eru'Y'Ypa(J-(J-a'ta 'twv D. Childs, Germ any sin ce 1 9 1 8 (6' EXO., Batsford, 1 9 80) xat V. R. Bargahn, Modern Germany: Society, Economy and Politics in the Twen tie th Cen tury (6' EXO . , Cambridge University Press, 1 9 8 7 ) . Ta oYj(J-oertw(J-Eva er'tYjv ayyAtxij Arrop.vYJp.oveup.a'ra 'tou K. Adenauer Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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(Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1 966) CP'CIXVOUV oua'Cuxwc; fJ-OVO fJ-eXpt 'Co 1 9 5 3 · 'Co auyypafJ-fJ-a 'Cou T. Prittie, Konrad A den auer (Tom Stacey, 1 972) dvat TtAeOV fJ-IXAAOV �e:Tte:paafJ-evo, OfJ-WC; 'Co btbAio 'Cou J. Carr, Helm ut Schmidt (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1 9 8 5 ) dvat a�tOAoyO . r ta ote:6vlj 6efJ-a'Ca bA. 'Cll fJ-e:Ae'Cll 'Cwv E . Krippendorff xat V. Rittberger, The Foreign Policy of West Germ any ( Sage, 1 980) . To J. Ardagh, Germany and the Germans (Hamish Hamilton, 1 9 87) e:�e:'CIXC:e:t 'Cllv xa6llfJ-e:Ptvlj C:wlj xat 'CtC; 'Cexve:c; xa6wc; xat 'Cllv TtOAt'Ctxlj xat 'Ca OtXOVOfJ-tXIX, xat dvat fJ-IXAAOV TttO C:wnavo aTto 'Co ania'CotXo 'Cwv C. Burdick, H. A . Jacobsen xat W . Kudszus (e:TttfJ- J, Con temporary Germany: Politics and Culture (Westview Press, 1 984), 'Co OTtoio e:Ttiallc; e:TttXe:tpd va TtapouatIXae:t fJ-ta ae:tplX aTto e:�e:Ai�e:tc; . IIpoacpa'Ca btbAia TtOU e:a'CtIXC:ouv a'Cll otaotxaO"ia e:TtavevwallC; dvat Ot e:pyaaie:c; 'Cwv T. Garton Ash, In Europe 's Name: Germ any an d the Divided Contin en t (Cape, 1 9 9 3 ) , E. D. Plock, East- West Germ an Relations and th e Fall of the GDR (Westview Press, Boulder, Colo., 1 9 9 3 ) xat K . Jarausch, The Push to Germ an Unity ( Oxford University Press, 1 9 9 4 ) . H TttO Tte:pte:x'Ctxlj TtpaYfJ-IX'CE:Uall 'CllC; fJ-e:'CaTtOAe:fJ-txljC; yaAAtxljc; ta'Copiac; a'Cllv ayyAtxlj YAwaaa dvat 'Co epyo 'tou M. Larkin, France sin ce the Popular Fron t (Oxford University Press, 1 988), aAAIX yta 'Cllv Te'Cap'Cll LlllfJ-OxpMia aTtapai'Cll 'Co dvat 'Co J. P. Rioux, The Fourth Republic, 1 944-58 (Cambridge University Press, 1 9 8 7 ) . H xaAU'Ce:Pll TtapouO"iaall 'CllC; yaAAtxljc; TtOAt'CtXljC; xa'CIX 'Cllv IIe fJ-Tt'Cll LlllfJ-OXpa'Cia Tte:ptexe:'Cat a'Co V. Wright, The Govern m en t and Politics of France (y' exo . , Unwin Hyman, 1 9 89 ) . AAAe:C; e:pyaaie:c; TtOU Tte:ptAafJ-bIXvouV ye:vtxec; fJ-e:Ae'Ce:c; 'CllC; yaAAtxljc; TtOAt'CtxljC; xat xotvwviac; dvat au'Cec; 'Cwv D. L . Hanley, A. P. Kerr xat N. H. Waites, Con temporary France (b' exo., Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1 984) xat J. E. Flower (e:TttfJ- J , France Today (a'C' exo . , Methuen, 1 9 87 ) . fta fJ-ta Ttpoacpa'Cll ta'Coptxlj fJ-e:Ae'Cll 'CllC; Tte:ptooou 'tllC; aTte:Ae:u6epwallC; bA. H. Footitt xat J. Simmonds, France, 1 943-45 (Leicester University Press, 1 988)' yta TttO Ttpoacpa'Ca ye:yovo'Ca Ot TttO xpljatfJ-e:c; e:pyaaie:c; dvat 'Cwv J. Ardagh, France Today (Secker and Warburg, 1 987), S. Mazey xat M. Newman, Mitterand 's Fran ce (Croom Helm, 1 987) xat J. Tuppen, France under Recession, 1981 -86 (Macmillan, 1 9 88). fta 'Ca ye:yovo'ta 'Cou 1 9 68 Ot Tte:ptypacpec; dvat XIXTtWC; �e:Tte:paafJ-eve:c; , OfJ-WC; fJ-Ttopd xavdc; va oe:t 'Co B. E. Brown, Protest in Paris: An a tomy of a Revolt (General Learning Press, Morristown, New Jersey, 1 9 7 4 ) . T a aTt0fJ-VllfJ-0ve:UfJ-a'Ca 'Cou Charles de Gaulle, War Memoirs, 'COfJ-OC; III, Salva tion, 1944-4 6 (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1 9 60) aTtOXaAUTt'CouV �e:xIX6apa 'CtC; aTto �e:tC; 'Cou a'Cpa'CllYou yta 'Cov xoafJ-o, aAAIX 0 'CofJ-OC; Memoirs ofHope (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1 9 7 1 ) oe:v dXe: OAOXAllPw6d fJ-eXpt 'Co 6IXva'Co 'Cou xat XaAUTt'Ce:t fJ-OVO 'Cllv Tte:piooo 1 9 5 8-62 . fta OUO xaAec; btOypacpie:c; bA. B. Ledwidge, De Ga ulle (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1 9 82) xat D. Cook, Charles de Ga ulle (Putnam, New York, 1 9 8 3 ) . Ta fJ-e:yIXAa TtPObAljfJ-a'Ca 'CllC; aTtoaTtotxtOTtoillallC; e:�e:'CIXC:onat a'CtC; fJ-e:Ae'Ce:c; 'twv J. Dalloz, The In dochin a War, 1945-54 (Gill and Macmillan, 1 990) Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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XGU A. Horne, A Sa vage War of Pea ce (Macmillan, 1 9 77 ) , Evr.0 ytc.t 6EfJ-c.t'tc.t E�W'tEPtXWV xc.tt afJ-uvc.t<; bA. 'tc.t EPYc.t 'twv 1. Young, France, The Cold War an d the Western Alliance, 1944-49 (Leicester University Press, 1 990), E. A. Kolo dziej, Fren ch In terna tional Policy under De Gaulle and Pompidou (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1 9 7 1 ) xc.tt R. Aldrich xc.tt 1. Connell (E1ttfJ-.), France in World Politics (Routledge, 1 9 89 ) . TY) auyxpovY) bPE'tc.tVtX-y) ta'toptc.t fJ-7topd xc.tvd<; vc.t 7tpOaEyytaEt Xc.tAU'tEPc.t fJ-EaW 'tou auyypafJ-fJ-c.t'to<; 'twv A. Sked xc.tt C. Cook, Postwar Britain (b' EXO. , Penguin, H armondsworth, 1 9 86) -Y) 'twv P. Hennessy xc.tt A. Seldon (E7ttfJ-.), R uling Performance: British Governments from A ttlee to Tha tcher (Basil Blackwell, 1987), 'tc.t 07tOtc.t Xc.tAU7t'tOUV xc.tt 'ty)v E7t0X-Y) 8a'taEp . Tc.t EPYc.t 'twv D. Child, Britain since 1945 (b' EXO . , Methuen, 1986) xc.tt P . J. Madgwick, D. Steeds xc.tt 1. 1. Williams, Britain sin ce 1 945 (Hutchinson, 1 982) dvc.tt E7ttaY)<; xp-Y)atfJ-c.t, EVW ytc.t fJ-tc.t WpU'tEPY) 6EwpY)aY) bA. R. Blake, The Declin e of Power, 1 9 1 5 -64 (Granada, 1985). Mtc.t AE7t'tofJ-EpEa'tEpY) ta'toptc.t EXEt ypc.tcp'td c.t7t0 'tov K. Middlemas, Power, Competition an d the State, xc.tt -Y)oY) 7tEptAc.tfJ-baVEt 'tPEt<; 'tOfJ-ou<; (Macmillan 1 9869 1 ) . nc.t 'ty) fJ-E'tc.t7tOAEfJ-tX-y) Otc.tXubEpvY)aY) Attlee EXOUV 'twpc.t oY)fJ-oatw6d c.tpXE'tE<; AE7t'tOfJ-EpEk EPWVY)'ttXE<; Epyc.tatE<;, OfJ-w<; Y) Xc.tAU'tEPY) dvc.tt c.tu't-y) 'tou K. O. Morgan, Labour in Power, 1945-5 1 (Oxford University Press, 1984), EVW Y) fJ-EAE'ty) 'tou A. Seldon, Churchill's Indian Summer {Hodder and Stoughton, 1 9 8 1 ) Xpy)atfJ-o7totd aY)fJ-c.tv'ttXE<; 7tPOCPOptXE<; 7tY)YE<; ytc.t 'ty)v 7tpc.tYfJ-a'twaY) 'ty)<; Otc.tXubEpvY)aY)<; 'tY)<; 7tEptOOOU 1 9 5 1 -5 5 . Ot Xc.t't07ttVE<; XUbEpv-Y)aEt<; OEV xc.tAU7t'toV'tc.tt 'toao Xc.tAa, OfJ-W<; Od'tE 'to auyypc.tfJ-fJ-c.t 'tOU R. Lamb, The Failure of the Eden Governm en t (Sidgwick and Jackson, 1987), 'ty) Ot'tOfJ-y) bwypc.tcptc.t 'tou XapoAV't Mc.txfJ-tAAc.tv (Macmillan, 1 988 and 1989) c.t7t0 'tov A. Horne, 'to EPYO 'tou C . Ponting, Bre a ch of Promise: Labour in Power, 1 9 64 - 70 (Hamish Hamilton, 1 989) xc.tt 'tptc.t bt bAtc.t 'tou M . Holmes, 'tc.t Political Pressure an d Economic Policy, 1 9 70- 74 (Butterworth, 1 982), The Labour Governm en t, 1 9 74 - 79 ( Macmillan, 1 9 85) xc.tt The First Thatcher Governm en t, 1 9 79-83 (Wheatsheaf, Brighton, 1 9 85 ) . To bc.t atxo btbAtO ytc.t 'ty) AEt'tOpytc.t 'ty)<; XUbEpvY)aY)<; dvc.tt 'to R. M. Punnett, British Governm en t and Politics (E' EXO. , Gower, Aldershot, 1987). nc.t 'tc.t �Y)'t-Y)fJ-c.t'tc.t 'ty)<; c.t7toc.t7tOtxw7toty)ay)<; Od'tE 'to EpyO 'tou 1. Darwin, Britain and De colonisation (Macmillan, 1 9 88). Mtc.t tOEWOy)<; Etac.tywytx-Y) Epyc.taic.t ytc.t 'tY) vO'ttc.t Eupw7tY) dvc.tt 'to btbAtO 'tou A. Williams (E1ttfJ-.), Southern Europe Transform e d (Harper and Row, 1 984) . r tc.t 'ty)v I'tc.tAtc.t, 'to auyypc.tfJ-fJ-c.t 'tou D. Sassoon, Con temporary Italy: Politics, Economy and Society sin ce 1 945 (Longman, 1 9 86) dvc.tt fJ-tc.t fJ-tXp-Y) aE EX'tc.tay) c.tAAa 6E fJ-c.t'ttxa wpdc.t Etac.tywy-y), EVW 'to 1. La Palombara, Democra cy Italian Style (Yale University Press, 1 987) dvc.tt fJ-tc.t fJ-Eyc.tAU'tEpY) , AE7t'tofJ-EpEa'tEpY) Epyc.tatc.t, 7tOU c.tV'ttfJ-E'tW7t�Et 6E'ttXa EVc.t 7tOAU7tAOXO 7tOAt'ttXO aua'tY)fJ-c.t. To EpyO 'tou P. Ginsborg, A History of Con temporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1 943-88 (Penguin, 1 990) Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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dvcxt 1tOAU xcxAo cr'O'Y) crucr'X,E'Otcr'Y) XOtvWVtXWV XCXt 1tOAt'OtXWV CXAACXyWV, EVW '00 1tOAt'OtXO crucr'O'Y)!J.CX CXVCXAUE'OCXt EX'OEVW<; cr'Oo D. Hine, Governing Italy: The Politics of Bargain e d Pluralism (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993 ) . 'Evcx Xcl1tW<; �E1tEPCX cr!J.EVO 1tAEOV, CXAAcl 1tOAU EUCXVclYVWcr'OO EPYO dvcxt '00 N. Kogan, A Political History of Italy (New York, 1 9 83 ) , EVW 'Y) !J.EAE'O'Y) 'Oou P. Furlong, Modern Italy: Repre santa tion and Reform (Routledge, 1994) E�E'Ocl�Et 'O'Y) 'X,wpcx CX1tO !J.tCX «cruyxPt'Ot x�» 01t'OtX� . r tCX 'O'Y)v EAAclocx, 'OCX btbAtCX 'Oou C. M. Woodhouse, Modern Greece: A Short History (0' EXO. , Faber and Faber, 1986) XCXt 'Oou R. Clogg, A Short History of Modern Greece (b' EXO. , Cambridge University Press, 1 986) cruvcxYWVt�oV't"CXt W<; crUV'OO!J.E<; tcr'OOptXE<; Emcrx01t�crEt<;, EVW '00 EPYO 'Owv Y. A. Kourvetasis XCXt B. A. Dobratz, A Profile of Modern Greece (Oxford University Press, 1 9 87) E�E'Ocl �Et 'Ot<; 1tOAt'OtXE<; , OtXOVO!J.tXE<; , XOtvWvtXE<; XCXt otE6vd<; cxAAcxyE<; . Y1tclP'X,OUV cxp XE'OE<; !J.EAE-rE<; ytCX 'O'Y)v 'OCXPCXY!J.EV'Y) OEXCXE'OtCX 'Oou 1 940, cru!J.1tEptAcx!J.bcxvo!J.Evwv cxu'Owv 'Oou J. O. Iatrides (Em!J..), Greece in the 1 94 0 's (University Press of New England, Hanover, 1 9 8 1 ) XCXt 'Oou L. S. Wittner, Am erican In terven tion in Gre ece, 1 943-49 (Colombia University Press, New York, 1982), EVW ytCX 'O'Y)v 1tEptOOO 'Owv cruV't"cxY!J.cx'OcxP'X,wv bA. '00 cruyypcx!J.!J.cx 'Oou C. M. Woodhouse, Th e Rise and Fall of th e Greek Colonels (Granada, 1985). A1to 'OCX 1toAuclpt6!J.cx btbAtCX ytCX 'Ot<; 1tOAt'OtXE<; cxAAcxYE<; cr'O'Y)v IIop'00ycxAtCX, '00 EpyO 'Oou R. Robinson, Con temporary Portugal (George, Allen and Unwin, 1979) 1tEptACX!J.bclVEt 1tA'Y)po�OptE<; ytCX 'Oov :EcxAcx�clp, 01tw<; XCXt 'Y) !J.EAE'O'Y) 'Oou T. Gallagher, Portugal: A Twen tie th Cen tury In terpreta tion (Manchester University Press, 1 9 83 ) . To Epyo 'Oou R. Harvey, Portugal: Birth of a Democracy (Macmillan, 1 9 78) dvcxt !J.tCX Emcrx01t'Y)cr'Y) 'Owv YEYOVO'Owv 'O'Y)<; OEXCXE'OtCX<; 'Oou 1 9 70, YPCX!J.!J.EV'Y) o!J.w<; !J.clAAov 1tOAU cruV't"o!J.cx !J.E'Ocl 'OCX YEYOVO'OCX, EVW '00 btbAtO 'Owv H. G. Ferreira XCXt M. W. Marshall, Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On (Cambridge University Press, 1 986) 1tEptAcx!J.bclVEt cru VEV't"EU�Et<; !J.E 1tpw'OcxYWVtcr'OE<; XCXt !J.tCX 'X,p�crt!J.'Y) 'X,povoAoYtX� 'Ocx�tvo!J.'Y)cr'Y) 'Owv YE yovo'Owv. To cruYYPcx!J.!J.cx 'Oou M. Kayman, Revolution and Coun ter-Revolution in Portuga } (Merlin Press, 1987) XPtVEt 1tOAU CXUcr'O'Y)pcl '00 !J.E'Ocl '00 1 9 76 XCX6Ecr'OW<; . Tcx YEYOVO'OCX cr'O'Y)v Icr1tcxvtcx XCX'Ocl 'O'Y) OEXCXE'OtCX 'Oou 1 9 7 0 E'X,OUV E1ttcr'Y)<; 1tpoxcxAEcrEt !J.EyclAo EVOtCX�EpOV . To btbAtO 'Oou E. Ramon Arango, Spain : from Repression to Ren ewal (Westview Press, 1 985) dvcxt cruv'Oo!J.o, EUCXVclYVWcr'OO XCXt 1tCXpoucrtcl�Et '00 EUpU'OEPO tcr'OoptXO 1tACXtcrw, o!J.w<; bA. E1ttcr'Y)<; 'OCX EPYCX 'Owv J. Maravall, Th e Transition to Democracy in Spain (Croom Helm, Beckenham, 1982), R. Gunther, G. Sani XCXt G. Shabad, Spain after Franco (University of California Press, 1986) XCXt 'Oou P. Preston, The Triumph of Democracy in Spain (Methuen, 1 986) . r tCX 'O'Y)v tcr1tCXVtx-f) 1tOAt'Otx-f) CX1tO '00 1982 Od'OE '00 E. Moxan-Brown, Political Change in Spain (Routledge, 1 989 ) . Mtcx OtE�OOtX� E�E'Ocxcr'Y) 'Oou XCX6Ecr'OW'00<; pclVXO 1tE ptE'X,E'OCXt cr'O'Y) !J.EAE'O'Y) 'Oou S. G. Payne, The Fran co Regim e, 1 936-75 (Wisconsin University Press, Madison, 1 9 8 7 ) . H :EobtE'OtX� 'Evwcr'Y) E'X,Et EAxucrEt '00 EV't"OVO EVOtCX�EpOV tcr'Ooptxwv XCXt 1tOAtDigitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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"nxwv emer"t"Y)!J-ovwv. Mep�xec; XCXAec; e�ercxywy�xec; epycxer(ec; euplhepY)c; xpOV�X�C; 6ewpY)erY)c; dvcxt cxu"t"ec; "t"wv L. Kochan xcx� R. Abrahams, The Making of Modern Russia (Penguin 1 983) XCXt D. Christian, Power and Privilege: Russia and the Soviet Union in the Nin eteenth and Twentieth Cen turies (Pitman, 1 986), �, y�cx "t"Y)v e�e"t"cxerY) !J-o<po"t"epy)c; xpov�x�C; 7teptooou, "t"CX eruyypa!J-!J-cx"t"cx "t"ou M. McC auley, The Soviet Union sin ce 1 9 1 7 (Longman, 1 9 8 1 ) XCXt "t"ou G. Hoskins, A History of Soviet Russia (Collins, 1 9 8 5 ) . Oer"t"oero, !J-aAAov 7tW 7tpoer�"t"o XCXt eruyxpovo dvcx� "t"0 R . Sakwa, Soviet Politics: An Introduction (Routle dge, 1 989) XCXt <:w"t"tX�C; erY)!J-cxcr(cxc; ytCX "t"cx o�xovo!J-txa "t"Y)c; E��.1 dvcx� "t"o A. Nove, An Economic History of the USSR (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1 982) . M �cx XCXA� 7tpoercpcx"t"Y) !J-eAe"t"y) y�cx "t"ov L"t"aAtV -!J-(cx CX7tO "t"�C; 7tOAAec;- dvcxt cxu"t"� "t"ou R. H. McNeal (Macmillan, 1 9 88) xcx� !J-�cx eruV"t"o!J-Y) etercxywy� er"t"o 7tOAmXO "t"ou eruer"t"Y)!J-cx dvcx� "t"0 G. Gill, Stalinism (Macmillan, 1 990), evw !J-tCX cxxo!J-Y) ercxcp�c; xcx� CX��OAO'(Yl epycxer(cx y�cx "t"cx !J-e"t"CX7tOAe!J-�xa Xpov�cx dvcx� cxu"t"� "t"ou M. Lynch, Stalin an d Khrushchev: The USSR, 1924 -64 (Hodder and Stoughton, 1 990). Em7tpoer6e"t"wc; y�cx "t"ov Xpou er"t"erwcp, "t"0 eruyypcx!J-!J-cx "t"wv R . xcx� Z. Medvedev, Khrushchev: The Years in Power (Oxford University Press, 1 9 77), cxv xcx� ypacp"t"Y)xe CX7tO 060 cxV"t"tcppovouv"t"ec; , 7tpcxY!J-cx"t"eue"t"cx� cx!J-epoAY)7t"t"CX "t"o 6e!J-cx "t"ou . To bd.lA(O "t"ou M . McCauley, (em!J-.), The Soviet Union after Brezhn ev (Heinemann, 1 9 83 ) dvcx� 7tpcxY!J-cx"t"�xa !J-�cx euer"t"oxy) «cpw"t"oypacp�erY)>> "t"wv 7tpObAY)!J-a"t"wv er"t"o "t"eAoc; "t"Y)c; e7t0X�C; M7tpe<:v�ecp . Lxe"t"�xa !J-e "t"�c; 7tpoer7ta6etec; "t"ou rxoP!J-7tcx"t"erwcp y�cx !J-e"t"cxppu6!J-�erY) bA. "t"cx epycx "t"wv D. Lane, Soviet Society under Perestroika (Routledge, 1 9 9 2 ) , G. Smith, Soviet Politico: Struggling with change (Macmillan, 1992) XCX� R. Sakwa, Gorha chev an d his reforms (Philip Allan, 1 990). Me"t"cx�u "t"wv b�bA(WV 7tOU cxvcxcpepo v"t"cx� 7tepcx CX7tO "t"Y)v e7tOX� rxoP!J-7tcx"t"erwcp 7tep�Acx!J-bave"t"cx� "t"0 S. White, After Gorhachev (Cambridge University Press, 1 9 9 3 ) . 'O!J-wc; 7ttO eucxvayvwer"t"o y�cx cxu"t"� "t"Y)v 7tep(ooo dvcx� "t"o R. Walker, Six years that shook the world (Manchester University Press, 1 9 9 3 ) . n cx "t" CX yeyovo"t"cx er"t"Y)v AVCX"t"OA�X� Eupw7tY) er"t"�C; xcxAec; e�ercxywy�xEc; epycxertec; eruyxcx"t"cxAEYOV"t"CX� "t"cx b�bAtcx "t"wv G. Schopflin (em!J-.) , The Soviet Union an d Eastern Europe (Muller, Blond and Write, cxvcx6ewpY) !J-evY) exooerY), 1 9 86, er"t"Y) ere�pa the Handhooks to the Modern World) , 7tOU 7tep�Acx!J-bave� �er"t"op�xEC; cxvcx erxo7t�ere�c; ytCX ery)!J-cxV"t"�xa 6e!J-cx"t"cx' 1. Rothschild, Return to Diversity: A Political History ofEast and Central Europe sin ce World War II ( Oxford University Press, 1 9 9 3 · G. Swain xcx� N. Swain, Eastern Europe sin ce 1945 ( Macmillan, 1 9 9 3 ) ' Z . Zeman, The Making a n d Breaking of Comm unist Eastern Europe ( Oxford University Press, 1 99 1 ) ' xcx� B. Ielavich, History of the Balkans in the Twentieth Cen tury, "t"o!J-oc; I I (Cambridge University Press, 1 9 83 ) , 7tOU "t"07t06e"t"d "t"CX !J-e "t"CX7tOAe!J-�xa yeyovo"t"cx ere EVCX eupu"t"epo 7tACXterw. To eruYYPcx!J-!J-cx "t"ou M. McC auley (em!J-.), Comm unist Power in Europe, 1 944-49 (Macmillan, 1 9 7 7 ) 7tE:ptAcx!J-bave� EVCXV cxpt6!J-o !J-eAe"t"wv y�cx "t"tC; CX7tCXpXEC; "t"wv xO!J-!J-ouv�er"t"�xwv xcx6eer"t"w"t"wv er"t"Y)v Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

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Avex'!OAtXy) EupW7t"l), EVW XexAU7t'!Et mtcr"l)<; '!"I) �tvAexvOtex, '!"I) rexAAtex xext '!"I)v !'texAtex, xext exu'!O '!ou F. FejtCi, A History of the People 's Democracies U)' exo . , Penguin, 1 9 74) 7texpex[J-eVEt [J-tex EVOtexcpepoucrex, exv xext 7texAextOUP"l) , 7tAY)P"l)<; xext EX'!EVY)<; 7tpexy[J-a'!wcr"l) '!wv dxocrt [J-E'!a '!ov �'!aAtV E'!WV cr'!"I)v Avex'!OAtXY) Eupw7t"l). nex '!"I) r tOuyxocrAexbtex bA. tOtext,!Epex '!ex epyex '!wv F. Singleton, A Short History ofthe Yugoslav Peoples (Cambridge University Press, 1 9 85 ) xext D. Wilson, Tito 's Yugoslavia (Cambridge University Press, 1 9 7 9 ) . r tex xex6E[J-ta ex7tO '!t<; XWPE<; 7tOU bptcrxonexv U7tO crobtE'!tXy) XUptexPXtex u7tapxouv expxE'!e<; EVOtexcpepoucrE<; EpyexcrtE<; , Ot 07tOtE<; cruxva E�E'!a'(;ouv '!o 6e[J-ex '!ou<; [J-E [J-tex [J-exxpoXPOVtex tcr'!optxy) 7tPOO7t'!txy), xext mptAex[J-bavouv '!ou<; E�Y)<; '!t'!AOU<; : O. Halecki, A History ofPoland (exVex6EW p"l)[J-ev"l) exo. , Routle dge and Kegan Paul, 1 9 83 ) ' J. K. Hoensch, A History of Modern Hungary (Longman, 1 9 88)' D. Child, The GDR, Moscow's German Ally (b' exo., Allen and Unwin, 1 9 88) ' H. Renner, A History of Cze choslovakia sin ce 1945 (Routl edge, 1 9 89 ) ' R. Crampton, A Short History of Modern Bulgaria (Cambridge University Press, 1 9 8 7 ) ' xext R. 1. Mcintyre, Bulgaria: Politics, Economics and Society (Pinter, 1 9 8 8 ) . (rtex '!"I)v Avex'!OAtXy) rEp[J-exVtex bA. mt cr"l)<; [J-EptXe<; ex7tO '!t<; EpyexcrtE<; 7tOU excrxoAOUV'!ext [J-E '!"I) Llu'!txY) rEp[J-exVtex, 7texpex7tavw) . BA. exxo[J-"I) '!t<; crEtpe<; [J-EAE'!WV 7tOU 0"l)[J-ocrtEu6"1)xexv ex7tO '!o Pinter cr'!"I) crEtpa «Politics, Economics and Society» '!wv exvex'!OAtXOWPW7tex't'x wv xpex'!wv, cru [J-7tEptAex[J-bexvo[J-evwv '!wv E�Y)<; '!o[J-wv: C. Kolankiewica xext P. Lewis, Polan d ( 1 988), H.-C. Heinrich, Hungary ( 1 9 8 6 ) , M . Shatir, Romania ( 1 988), R. J. Mcintyre, Bulgaria ( 19 88), P. Dennis, The German Democratic Republic ( 1 988). Tex YEYOVO'!ex '!ou 1 989 E�E'!a'(;ov'!ext cr'!o C. Stokes, The Walls cam e Tumbling Down: The Collapse of Comm unism in Eastern Europe (Oxford University Press, 1 99 3 ) .

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ZV't"avwcp A V't"pc:�, 3 5 1 , 3 53 Zouxwcp rx . K . 3 5 1 , 3 5 5 , 3 62 H 'HV't"EV Av't"ovu, 5 4 , 5 5 , 2 2 7 , 228, 229 , 23 0, 23 2 , 256 e

8a't"cnp MapyxcxpE't" , 3 2 , 7 7 , 1 19 , 1 2 7 , 1 28 , 1 67 , 248, 250, 25 1 , 2 5 2 , 255 , 2 5 6 , 25 7 , 258, 2 5 9 , 2 6 0 , 2 6 2 , 2 63 , 3 3 9 8opvuxpocp't" II�'t"Ep, 232 8op7t nc:pEfJ-U , 248 I IA�c:axou 'Iov, 4 6 4 , 469 Iwavv1)C; K r ' 7ta7tCXC; , 283 Iwavv1)C; IIcxuAoc; B' 7ta7tCXC; , 444 Iwcxvvto1)C; Ll1)fJ-�'t"pwc; , 3 1 1 K Kcx�axo �tA�CX AV�fJ-7taA, 3 27 , 3 28 KCXE't"avo McxpaC:AAo , 3 1 7 , 3 1 9 , 3 20 Ka��vc;
KapAOC; IIaAfJ-cx, 3 20 Kcxpvc:�po �cx, 3 26 KCXpV't"C:A� 'Ev't"�cxpv't", 4 1 7 , 447 Kcxppc:po M7tAaVXO Aoutc; , 3 3 3 , 3 3 4 Kapp�yx't"ov AOPOOC;, 2 5 6 Kap't"Ep ntfJ-fJ- U, 73 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 7 6 , 1 65 Kaa't"po
H ErpOIIH TOr '¥rxpor IIOAEMor, 1945- 199 1 : IIOAITIKH ILTO P IA

Kwv(J"'taV'!tvoc; B', 3 09 , 3 1 0, 3 1 2 , 334 AaV'!O"fl1t€pyx�C; B �'!aou'!ac;, 3 9 5 A

AE IIEV Zav-Mapt, 2 1 3 , 2 1 4 A€v�v (BAaV'!�flip 'IA�'!c; OUA�avW(p) 34 1 , 342, 344 AEOVE nt06avv�, 289 A�yxa'!O"wcp Iyxop, 3 8 2 , 3 85 , 3 86 , 3 88 , 3 9 0 , 3 9 1 , 393 A�o'!�x N '!�fli'!p�, 4 1 5 Aop€v'!O"o T�t06avv� V'!E, 272 AOUfl1tXE Xalvp�x, 1 5 2 AwO"ov Na�'!�EA, 2 5 9 , 2 6 1 , 262 M Ma�o6�€'!O"x� Tav'!€ouc; , 4 5 7 , 458 Ma�vxocp O UAP�XE, 1 5 7 , 1 60 , 1 64 Maxapeu T�o, 49 MaxaptOc; r', 308, 3 1 1 MaxfliAAav XapoAv'!, 5 9 , t 09 , 2 2 7 , 228, 23 2 , 23 3 , 2 3 5 , 23 7 , 2 3 8 , 243 , 244 MaA€vxwcp rXEOpyX�, 52, 53, 3 5 1 , 352, 353 , 354, 355, 357, 358, 3 5 9 , 3 6 1 , 3 62 , 3 64 , 4 1 9 , 427 MaApw Av'!p€, 1 9 5 MavtOu IOUAtOu, 409 MavO"cp�Av'! Ma�x, 6 6 , 68 Mao TO"E-'!OUYX, 3 5 2 , 4 2 1 , 4 2 2 , 4 23 , 446 MapO"ai Z wp�, 2 1 0 MapO"aA T�wp'!�, 2 1 , 4 4 , 4 5 , 4 6 , 4 7 , 4 8 , 49 , 90, 9 1 , 9 2 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 4 , 1 84 , 22 1 , 223 MaO"apux r �av, 4 1 3 Ma'!'!€� Evpixo, 279 ME��€p Aoeap V'!E, 1 72 Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

M€�'!�op nwv, 1 29 , 262, 2 64 M€AAEp AAE�, 1 60 MEV'!6€V'!Ecp Bav'!ifl, 3 9 1 M€V'!E 'Ep�x, 149 , 1 5 0 MEV'!€c;-
ETPETHPIO IIPOl:OIUlN

M1tCXp P€up.ov, 208, 2 1 5 M 1tCXp�iA pcX�V€P, 1 60, 1 66 M1tcXpp.1t€P Av't"ovu, 246 M1tcXpp.1tC KAcXOUC:; , 1 3 2 M1tcXpoc:; IIi't"€p, 454 M1tcxpO'iA OUb€, 1 69 M1tcX't"A€P P . A . , 228, 229, 230, 238 M1tibCXV AvtOup�v , 222, 257 M1tib�V 'Epv€O''t", 4 5 , 4 7 , 8 7 , 92, 93 , 9 4 , 9 7 , 2 1 9 , 223 , 225 M1tiy€v r �OXcxv, 1 0 1 , 1 03 M1t€v Tow, 2 4 2 , 249 , 2 5 6 , 257 M 1tiv€c:; 'Ev't"oucxpv't" , 4 1 2 , 4 1 3 M1tivOcxp. nip€p.u , 85 M 1t€P€YXObOUcX II �€P, 2 1 6 M1tip�cx ACXbpiv't"�, 350, 3 5 1 , 3 53 , 3 5 4 , 3 5 5 , 3 5 6 , 424 M 1t€PAtyxOU€P Evptxo, 29 1 , 294, 295 M1t€pvc:; T�iY)p.c:; , 43 Mm€Ai't"O'x� ncxv, 458 Mm€pou't" M1tOA€O'ACXb , 406, 407 , 408, 4 2 5 , 426 Mmv't"w Z wp�, 45, 1 00 , 1 80, 1 8 5 , 1 88 M1tAcXVX€VXOPV Xipp.1t€p't", 1 4 2 M1tAOUP. A€ov, 1 7 8 M 1toxcXO'cx, 2 1 0 M 1tovop.� Ibcxvoy)c:; , 267 M1topyxi�€ BCXAiptO, 272 M1tOUAyxcXV�V N�xoAcX�, 55, 3 5 9 , 3 62 M1touc:; T�wp't"�, 82, 263 M1tpcxv't" BtAAU, 30, 67, 68, 7 7 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 5 , 1 48 , 1 49 , 1 5 2 , 1 5 4 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , 1 5 9 , 1 60, 1 6 1 , 1 6 2 , 1 67 , 1 68 , 1 69 M1tpcXOUV T�wp't"�, 2 3 9 , 242 Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

M1tpi�v�€cp Awvt't" , 6 1 , 66, 68, 69, 7 1 , 72, 73 , 74, 7 6 , 7 8 , 8 1 , 2 1 0, 3 6 2 , 3 66 , 3 67 , 3 68 , 3 69 , 3 70, 3 7 1 , 3 7 2 , 3 73 , 3 7 4 , 3 7 5 , 3 7 6 , 3 7 7 , 3 79 , 3 80 , 3 8 1 , 3 82 , 3 83 , 3 84 , 3 85 , 3 8 6 , 3 8 7 , 3 88, 3 89 , 3 9 0 , 393 , 43 3 , 4 3 4 , 43 5 , 43 6 , 43 7 , 446, 449 , 45 1 M1tp�cXV Ap�O''t"tv't", 85 , 9 2 MWV't"A�yx Pi't"��VCXA\I't", 225 , 2 3 7 MwpoucX II�€p , 2 1 1 , 2 1 2 , 2 13 N N CXbcXppO Aptcxc:; , 3 3 4 NcXYxu 'Ip.p€, 5 7 , 4 2 7 , 4 2 8 , 429 , 43 9 , 453 N cXyxu cI>ip€v't"C:; , 4 1 1 N cXO'O'€P rXCXP.cXA, 23 1 , 433 N€Xpou T�CXbcXXCXpACXA, 433 Ni\l\l� II�i't"po, 269, 275 , 279 , 282, 285 Ni't"o AyxoO''t"tVO, 3 1 8 Nt�ov Pt't"O'cxpv't" , 3 0 , 6 2 , 68, 69 , 70, 72, 73 , 44 1 NObO't"VU Av't"ovtv, 4 2 2 , 4 29 , 430, 43 7 , 439 N't"cXYXACXC:;-Xooup. AA€X, 238 N't"cXAA€C:; T�wv cI>oO''t"€P, 53, 54, 5 7 , 63 N 't"cXv�€A r tOUA�, 3 67 , 3 7 7 Nuyx 2�cXo-myx, 446 N't"€AOP Zcxx, 122, 127, 1 2 8 , 1 29 N't"€p.1tpi M �O'iA, 1 9 4 , 1 9 6 , 1 9 7 , 1 9 9 , 203 N't"oup.1t't"O'€X AA€�cXV't"€P ' 6 6 , 43 7 , 460, 43 8, 439 N't"ou't"� niy)p.c:; , 1 2 6 N't"ou't"O'x€ Pouv't"�, 1 5 2 , 1 5 6 , 1 5 7

H EYPOIIH TOY '¥YXPOY IIOAEMOY, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : IIOAITIKH I�TOPIA

o 'OXafJ,7t 'E\I'tbap\l't, 425 OXE't'tO AxtAAE, 296 OA<:EberXt r ta\l, 458 OAAE\lcXOUEP 'EptX, 146, 1 48 OfJ,7tEpAE\I'tEP TEo\l'top, 1 5 6 'OOUE\I N'tE-r')bt\l't, 2 6 2 , 2 5 7 , 258 OpAcXno AeoAouxa, 298 OpAWCP r tOupt, 378 OerofJ,7txa-MopcXberXt 'E\I'tbap\l't, 406 OUtAAtafJ,C; :EtpAEU, 257 OutAerO\l XcXpoAn, 1 1 4 , 2 1 9 , 225, 238, 2 3 9 , 240, 24 1 , 242, 243 , 245, 247, 248, 2 5 6 , 284 O UAfJ,7tptX't BcXA'tEP , 4 1 4 , 4 2 2 , 423 , 424, 4 2 5 , 4 4 0 O UpfJ,7ta\lEX KcXPEA, 4 6 0 II ITcXbEAt'tC; A\I'tE, 4 1 5 , 4 1 6 IT cXAa'tC; r ta\l, 43 9 , 460 ITcXAWCP BaAE\I'tt\l, 3 9 6 ITcXOUEA 'H\lox, 225 , 2 4 7 , 249 ITa7tcXY0C; AAE�a\lopoc; , 3 07 ITa7taOO7tOUAOC; rEWPYtOC;, 3 1 0, 3 1 1 , 3 12 ITa7ta\lOpEOU A\lOpEac; , 3 1 0, 3 1 2 , 3 13 , 3 1 4 , 3 1 5 ITa7ta\lOpEOU rEWPYtOC; , 3 05 , 3 09 ITcXppt Epou'tertO, 268, 2 69 , 294 ITauAoc; , 3 07 , 3 09 ITE'tat\l tAt7t , 1 76 , 1 77 , 1 85 IT E'tXWCP N txoM, 4 1 0 IT t\lE AnoucX\I, 1 8 7 IT tOC; I B ' 7tcX7tac; , 269 , 2 7 5 , 283 ITAEbE\I PE\lE, 5 1 , 98, 99 ITOEp AAat\l, 204 ITofJ,7ttnou Z wp<:, 3 0 , 1 1 4 , 1 9 7 , Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

1 9 8 , 202, 203 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 207 , 2 1 0 ITo\l'tyxoP\lu NtXOAcXt, 3 68, 3 69 IT07ttEAou<:erxo r Ep<:U , 455 ITou<:cX\I't ITtEP, 190 ITpocptoufJ,O T<:w\I, 238 p

PcXt<:x AcX<:AO, 4 1 1 , 4 1 2 , 4 2 8 Paxo<:t Ma'ttac;, 4 1 1 , 427 Paxocperxt Mt'teruerMb , 4 5 6 PcXAAY)C; rEWPYtOC; , 3 1 2 PafJ,a\l'ttE IT wA, 8 7 , 1 84 , 1 85 PcX\lXObt'tC; AAE�cX\I'tap, 4 1 6 , 447 Pcxou r tOXcX\I\lEC; , 1 69 PEy)yxa\l PO\laA\I't, 3 2 , 73 , 7 6 , 7 7 , 7 8 , 79 , 80, 82, 1 65 , 255 , 3 83 PtbEpa ITptfJ,O nE, 3 29 Pt<:xwcp NtxoMt, 3 8 2 , 3 85 , 3 89 ,3 93 , 3 9 6 Pt\l'tAEU NtXOAac; , 263 P oxcxp M terEA, 2 1 5 POfJ,cX\I ITE'tpOU, 4 6 4 , 469 POfJ,a\lwcp rxpY)yxOpt, 3 83 POfJ,7tEP'tO XOA\I'tE\I, 3 1 8 PO't<:EPC; M7ttA, 257 POUfJ,Op MaptcX\lo, 2 8 7 , 289 PouerbEA't payxAt\lOC; , 3 7 , 3 9 , 40 �

:Eabapu AAat\l, 2 1 3 :EabtfJ,7tt r to\lac; , 3 1 8 :EaAa<:cXp A\I'to\ltO nE OAtbEtpa, 3 1 5 , 3 1 6 , 3 1 7 , 3 1 8, 3 2 8 , 3 3 0 :EafJ,7tcX\I-N'tEAfJ,cXC; Zax, 1 9 7 , 204 :EapayxcX't ntOU<:E7tE, 2 7 6 :EEXOU MEXfJ,E't, 4 1 9 :EEbap\l't\lcX\I't<:E 'E\I'tbapn, 3 85 , 3 9 6 :EEEA BcXA'tEP , 1 5 8 , 1 62

ErPETHPIO rrpOLOrrON

:EEAEmv AAE�av't"Ep , 3 66, 3 68 :EEVXOUfJ.1tEp pIXVC:;, 1 70 :EEVL MapLO, 298 :ELAAEp KlXpA, 1 5 4 , 1 60 :ELvLaq>O"xL AV't"PEL, 3 6 7 , 3 7 7 :ELpax ZIXX, 207 , 208, 2 1 0, 2 1 4 , 215 :ExofJ.m POVIXAv't", 3 05 :EAavO"XU PouV't"OAq> , 4 1 3 :EAEYEP XIXVC:; -Map't"Lv, 1 64 :EfJ.L6 'IlXv , 240 :EfJ.L't" XEAfJ.0U't", 75 , 76, 77, 1 20, 1 60, 1 62 , 1 63 , 1 64 , 1 6 5 , 1 66 , 1 6 7 , 1 68, 209 :EoapEC:; MapLO , 3 1 7 , 3 20, 3 2 2 , 325, 327 :EoxOAWq> :EEPYXEL, 3 85 :EOA't",(EV('t"O"LV AAE�av't"Ep, 3 65 , 3 67 , 378 :EouapE6 AV't"OAq>O, 3 3 4 , 3 3 5 , 3 3 6 , 337 :EoUfJ.aXEp Koup't", 1 3 8 , 1 4 2 , 1 4 3 , 1 46 :EoufJ.av POfJ.1tEp, 9 2 , 9 4 , 9 5 , 9 6 , 9 7 , 9 8 , 1 00, 1 88, 1 89 , 223 :EOUO"AWq> MLXIX�A, 3 80 :EOUO"'t"EA ZIXX, 1 9 3 :E1talXx IIwA-Avp(, 86, i OO , 1 0 1 , 1 02 , 1 03 , 1 2 6 :E1tIXV't"OA(VL nLObavvL, 294 :EmvEAAL A't"'t"LEpO, 1 2 4 :EmvoAIX AV't"OVLO V't"E, 3 1 8 , 3 1 9 , 3 20, 3 2 2 :E't"aALv (IwO"�q> B . nOUYXIXO"b(AL) , 22, 37, 38, 39, 4 1 , 42, 46, 4 7 , 4 8 , 49 , 50, 5 2 , 5 3 , 5 6 , 5 7 , 79 , 8 1 , 1 4 3 , 1 50, 1 5 8, 1 77 , 2 2 7 , 275 , 279 , 3 05 , 3 4 2 , 3 4 3 , 3 4 4 , 3 4 6 , 3 4 8 , 349 , 3 50, Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

3 5 1 , 3 5 2 , 3 53 , 3 5 4 , 3 5 5 , 3 5 6 , 3 5 7 , 3 5 9 , 3 60, 3 6 1 , 3 62 , 3 64 , 3 6 6 , 3 6 7 , 3 69 , 3 70, 3 7 3 , 3 7 4 , 3 77 , 3 7 8 , 3 83 , 390, 400, 402 , 403 , 405 , 406, 407, 408, 409 , 4 i O, 4 1 1 , 4 1 2 , 4 1 3 , 4 1 5 , 4 1 6 , 4 1 7 , 4 1 8 , 420, 423 , 4 2 4 , 4 2 7 , 428, 430, 43 1 , 43 2 , 448, 450, 45 1 , 468 :E't"Eq>IXV01tOUAOC:; :E't"Eq>IXVOC:;, 3 09 :E't"Y)A N 't"EY)bLV't", 248 :E't"0YLav TEOV't"OP, 464 :E't"paouc:; pIXV't"c:; - rLO'(Eq>, 1 50 , 1 5 1 , 1 53 , 1 5 4 , 1 63 , 1 65 , 1 6 8 , 1 70 T TIXfJ.1tpOVL Epvav't"o, 282 nIXVVE't"axY)c:; T'(IXVV�C:; , 3 1 4 nEVXLVC:; Pou, 243 , 258 nLAIXC:; M LAObIXV, 4 1 7 , 43 2 novO"ov AuV't"ov , 6 1 , 6 2 , 6 6 , 1 5 3 T'(OUYXIXO"bLAL :EbE't"AaVIX, 3 7 7 TLXOVWq> NLxoAaL, 3 69 , 3 85 TtV't"EfJ.IXVC:; AEo, 1 2 2 , 1 23 Tko ( rLo'(m M1tpo'() , 403 , 407 , 409 , 4 1 0, 4 1 4 , 4 1 5 , 4 1 6 , 4 1 7 , 4 1 8 , 420, 4 2 1 , 423 , 428, 43 2 , 43 7 , 440, 4 4 7 , 448, 4 6 5 , 4 6 6 TOXEC:; Aa'(Ao, 4 63 ToALa't"'t"L IIIXAfJ.(po, 268, 269 , 2 7 1 TOUPE :EExou, 1 9 5 Tou't"'(fJ.lXv pavLO , 467 TpoufJ.IXV Xappu, 40, 43 , 4 4 , 3 06 TO"IXOUO"EO"XOU 'EAEVIX 464 TO"IXOUO"EO"XOU NLxoAaE, 44 1 , 442, 45 1 , 463 , 464 T O"a't"O"oc:; KWVO"'t"IXV't"(VOC:;, 3 1 2 TO"EfJ.1tp(XWq> B (x't"wp , 3 8 2 , 3 83 , 3 85 , 3 9 0

4 86

H ErPorrH Tor 'l'rxpor rroAEMor, 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 1 : rroAITIKH I�TOPIA

TO"e:p6e:vXWql BOUAXO, 4 1 0, 430 TO"e:PV(EVXO KwvO"'rcxv'riv, 7 8 , 3 68, 3 80, 3 8 1 , 3 83 , 3 84 , 392, 452 TO"(tXfJ-m KtXPAO, 299 TO"WP'rO"(A OuivO"'rov, 38, 39, 40, 4 1 , 5 2 , 53 , 5 5 , 5 9 , 8 7 , 2 1 8, 2 1 9 , 224, 228, 229, 227 cxfJ- mOUC; AwptXv, 2 1 3 cxvqltXV( AfJ-(v'rope:, 274, 282, 283 Ae:fJ-fJ-AEV I1(e:p , 1 9 2 opv'r T<:EPCXAV'r, 73 , 7 4 ouxouy(tXfJ-CX ptXvO"(C; , 8 2 oUo"E Kp(O"'r(tXv, 1 1 0, 1 1 1 ou'r MtX(XA, 2 5 7 , 258 ptXyxcx Ip(fJ-1ttXpve: MCXVOUEA, 335 ptXvxo ., 3 29 , 3 3 0, 3 3 1 , 3 3 2 , 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 wp Ev'rYxtXp , 5 5 , 1 9 0, 1 9 1 X XtX6e:A BtXxAcx6, 43 7 , 460, 469 XtX(ve:fJ-CXV rXEOpyX, 1 43 XtX(ve:fJ-CXV rxouO"'rcx6, 1 5 8 XtXAAO"'rCX'LV BtXA're:p, 5 8 , 6 7 , 1 1 2 , 1 13 , 1 15 XtXou T�EqlpU, 253 , 254, 263 Xe:�e:A'rtX(V MtX(XA, 259 , 263 , 2 64 X"Y]6 'Ev'roucxpv'r, 3 0 , 1 09 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 9 , 24 1 , 244 , 245 , 246 , 247, 248, 25 1 , 252 X �6xoou'r-'E(fJ-opu N 'rEpe:X, 232 X�Ae:U N'rEV(C; , 248, 250, 257 X('rAe:p AOOAqlOC; , 37, 3 8 , 3 9 , 4 2 , 7 9 , 84 , 8 6 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 3 , 1 4 2 , 1 43 , 1 7 6, 1 77 , 2 1 8, 2 6 6 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 0 , 3 4 2 , Digitized by 10uk1s, June 2009

3 4 4 , 3 4 8 , 3 9 9 , 409 , 4 1 0 Xo TO"( M (vX, 1 83 XoXe: Ko'rO"(, 4 1 5 Xove:xe:p 'Ep(X, 7 8 , 1 69 , 440, 4 4 9 , 4 5 0 , 458, 4 5 9 XO'r�cx Ev6EP, 4 1 4 , 4 1 5 , 4 1 9 , 4 2 2 , 423 , 446, 465 XoutXv KtXpAoC; , 3 3 3 , 3 3 4 , 3 3 5 , 337 Xou�cxx rxouO"'rcx6 , 4 3 9 , 460 Xouc; TEov'rop , 1 4 1 , 1 49 Xpouo"'rO"wql N (X�'rcx, 5 5 , 5 6 , 5 7 , 5 8 , 5 9 , 60, 6 1 , 79 , 8 1 , 82, 1 48 , 1 49 , 2 7 9 , 354, 3 5 5 , 3 5 6 , 3 5 7 , 3 5 8 , 3 5 9 , 3 60, 3 6 1 , 3 62 , 3 63 , 3 64 , 3 65 , 3 66 , 3 67 , 3 68, 3 69 , 3 70 , 3 73 , 3 7 5 , 3 7 6 , 3 7 9 , 3 80, 382, 3 86, 387, 390, 4 1 9 , 4 20, 4 2 1 , 4 2 2 , 423 , 4 2 5 , 4 2 6 , 4 2 7 , 4 2 9 , 430, 43 1 , 43 3 , 4 3 6 , 459 (2

0p(OA B(VO"EV, 1 88

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