Иностранный язык: Методическое пособие по английскому языку для студентов 1 курса специальности 030401 - ''История''

М И Н И СТ Е РСТ В О О БРА ЗО В А Н И Я РО ССИ Й СК О Й Ф Е Д Е РА Ц И И В О РО Н Е Ж СК И Й ГО СУ Д А РСТ В Е Н Н Ы Й У Н И В Е РСИ Т Е Т

И Н О СТ РА Н Н Ы Й Я ЗЫ К методичес коепос обиепо английс кому яз ыку дляс тудентов1 курс адневного отделенияис торичес когоф акуль тета п о сп ец и ал ь н ост и 030401 - И ст ори я ГС Э .Ф .01 –и н ост ран н ый язык

В О РО Н Е Ж 2004

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У тверж дено научно-методичес кимс оветомис торичес кого ф акуль тета № 8 от 28.05.2004г.

Сос тавители: М артемь яноваН .В , П етрос ян Ж .В ..

М етодичес кое пособие подготовлено на каф едре с трановедения и инос транных яз ыков ис торичес кого ф акуль тета В оронеж с кого гос ударс твенного универс итета. Рекомендуетс ядляс тудентов1 курс адневного отделения.

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UNIT ONE VORONEZH STATE UNIVERSITY

Voronezh University is a state educational establishment of higher professional training (higher educational institution). It is under the authority of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. The complete name of the University is Voronezh State University; the names “Voronezh University” as well as “VSU”. The Government of the Russian Federation established Voronezh University in 1918, and now it is one of the biggest Universities in Russia. Its first Rector was Vassily Eduardovitch Regel, an outstanding historian. On November, 12, 1918 the first lecturers started at four faculties of the newly born Voronezh State University: the Faculty of Medicine, the Faculty of Physics, the Faculty of History and Philology and the Faculty of Law. The creation of new Faculties, Departments, research divisions, introduction of new methods and forms of training in the University began in 1960s – 1970s.The research plans of the scientists of the University were incorporated into all-Union, republican and academic programs. Now the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation carries the powers of the founder. The contract defines the regulations between the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation and the University. Today 21000 students and post-graduates study at 18 Faculties and 118 Departments. There is also a pre-University training which includes the preparatory division, preparatory courses, school classes with profound study of some subjects, school scientific societies, competitions and others. Post-graduate opportunities include post-doctoral research, post-graduate course, scientific thesis preparation, internship.(1425) Glossary 1. state educational establishmentучреж дение 2.education(n)-образ ование 3. to educate (v)- обучать

гос ударс твенное образ ователь ное

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4. educational institution- образ ователь ноеучреж дение 5. department- отделение, каф едра 6. post-graduate study- ас пирантс коеобучение 7. carry the power- ос ущ ес твлять управление 8. profound- углубленный 1. Find English equivalents in the text . В ыс ш ее проф ес с иональ ное обучение, М инис терс тво О браз ования Рос с ийс кой Ф едерац ии, подчинять с я кому- либо, внедрение новых методов, академичес киепрограммы, научныеобщ ес тва. 2. Translate from English into Russian and read the following names. Voronezh State University, The Ministry of Education, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Physics, Faculty of History, Faculty of Philology, Faculty of Law. 3. Translate from Russian into English. 1. Э таш колаимеетклас с ы с углубленнымиз учениеманглийс когояз ыка. 2. В ГУ находитс явподчинении М инис терс тваО браз ования. 3. П равитель с тво ос новало В ГУ в 1918 году, а первым ректором был В .Э .Регель . 4. Я учус ь наис торичес комф акуль тетеВ ГУ . 5. К онтракт определяет отнош ения меж ду М инис терс твом образ ования и У ниверс итетом. 6. Сколь ко человекпроходятас пирантс коеобучение? 7. Что вклю чаетвс ебяас пирантс каяподготовка? 4. “ to study” - “ to learn” - “ to teach” to learn-learned/learnt- учи т ь ся (н аучи т ь ся), учи т ь , выучи т ь . to learn about something (to study)-и зучат ь (и зучи т ь ) to learn about/of something- узн ават ь о чем-л и бо to learn a foreign language to learn by heart

чт о-л и бо

to study-studied- и зучат ь (и зучи т ь ), учи т ь ся, и ссл едоват ь , зан и мат ь ся, учи т ь ся (вкол л едж еи л и ун и верси т ет е) to teach-п реп одават ь to teach something to somebody to teach somebody something Fill in the gaps with the following words “ study” , “ learn” , “ teach” . 1. I … chemistry to the students at the local junior school. 2. I am a student. I … history at Oxford University.

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3. In the museum you can … about British culture. 4. I want to learn to drive. Will you … me ? 5. Today we are going to … about British Education. 6. Our home task is to … the poem by heart. 7. Next July I am going to the USA to … at the college. 5. Fill in the gaps with the right preposition (if necessary). 1. Will you try to learn this poem … heart? 2. How did you learn … this accident? 3. I study … VSU. 4. This University is … the authority of the Ministry of Education. 5. It is one … the biggest universities in the world. 6. I study … the faculty … History. 7. VSU was established … 1918. Lexical - Grammar exercises 1. Put down correct possessive adjectives. 1. I like … job. 2. Do you like … job? 3. Does your father like … job? 4. Sally is married. … husband is a manager. 5. Put on … shoes when you go out. 6. ... favorite subject is History. 7. We are staying at a very nice hotel. … room is very comfortable. 8. Mr and Mrs Baker live in Germany but … son lives in Australia. 9. The company has offices in many cities but … head office is in London. 2. To be. Write short form. He is, they are, we are not, it is, I am not, you are not. 3.Put down the verb to be in the correct form. 1. My school … (not) big. It is small. 2. … the shops open today? 3. … he a student? 4. I … a teacher. 5. These flowers … beautiful. 6. Hello, I … Kate. And what … your name? 7. Where … you from? 8. What … your favorite books? 9. How old … he? 10. I … (not) interested in sport. 11. … they good students? 4. Make up sentences . Use the verb to be in negative or interrogative form. 1. (Madrid / the capital of France)- Madrid is not the capital of France. 2. (I / interested in football) 3. (I / thirsty) 4. (Rome / in Italy) 5. (my hands / cold) 6. (The Nile / in Africa) 7. (cats/ big animals)

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5. Translate from Russian into English. 1. К ак тебя з овут? 2. Сколь ко тебе лет? 3. Я ж иву в В оронеж е. 4. О ни не с туденты. 5. О н ж енат? 6. М ой муж - учитель в ш коле. 7. Сейчас темно? 8. О на не италь янка. О на рус с кая. 9. М агаз ины с егодня открыты? 10. М оя ш коланедалеко отдома. 11. К акого ц ветатвои глаз а? 12. К то твой лю бимый актер? 13. К акой твой лю бимый предмет вш коле? 6. Fill in the gaps with have got (‘ve got), has got (‘s got), haven’t got или hasn’t got. 1. They like animals. They … three cats. 2. John … a car. He goes everywhere on foot. 3. Everybody likes Sarah. She … a lot of friends. 4. An insect … six legs. 5. They … two children. 6. Quick! Hurry! We … much time. 7. “What’s wrong?” “I … something in my eye.” 8. She doesn’t like reading. She … a lot of books. 9. It’s a nice town. It … a lot of shops. 10. Julia wants to go on holiday but she … much money. 11. I am not going to work today. I … a bad cold. 7. Fill in was/wasn’t/were/ weren’t. 1. Today the weather is nice but yesterday it … cold. 2. We … tired when we arrived home so we went to bed. 3. In 2003 I … in Paris. 4. Charlie Chaplin died in 1978. He … a famous film star. 5. Last year he … 23, so now he is 24. 6. The hotel … very comfortable but it … very expensive. 7. … the weather nice when you … on holiday? 8. Why … they angry yesterday? 9. “… they at the party?” “No, they … ” 10. “Where … the children?” “I don’t now. They … in the room ten minutes ago” 11. I called you the day before yesterday but you … at home. Where … you?” 12. George … at the party last week because he … ill. 8. Write questions to the following answers. 1. “How … ?” “ He is 23” 2. ” … ?” “No, he is single” 3. “How many … ?” “One brother and one sister” 4. “What … ?” “24, King Street, London” 5. “Where … ?” “Last night I was at home” 6. “Where … ?” “ I’m from Russia” 7. “… ?” “No I’m not hungry. I am thirsty”

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9. Make up sentences. 1. Madrid / they / love / do/ not. 2. Where / yesterday / you / were? 3. What / address / your / is? 4. Have / you / a car / got ? 5. What / is / of Italy / the capital? 6. How / father / your / old / is/ 7. you / married / are? 10. Put down plural form. Flower, man woman, watch, country, knife, address, sheep, tooth, leaf, child, foot, umbrella, person, family, holiday, sandwich, city, mouse, baby, box, shelf, wife, fox, money, potato, boy- friend, mother-in-law, jeans, Mathematics, Physics. 11. Make Possessive Case from the following word combinations. Liz / the car , thee roof / the house, the rabbits / the cage, The Smiths / the house, those man / the umbrella, my parents / their friends, George and Alice / the car. 12. Finish sentences. Use ‘s or of. 1. I like … … … … … … … … … … .. (the camera / Cameron) 2. What is … … … … … … … … … ? (the name / this city) 3. When is … … … … … … … … … ? (the birthday / your mother) 4. Do you like … … … … … … … ..? (the colour / this jacket) 5. What was … … … … … … … … .? (the cause / the accident) 6. … … … … . is in the countryside. (the house / my parents) 13. Article. Put in a / an or the . 1. I wrote to her but … letter never arrived. 2. Britain is … island. 3. What is … name of this village? 4. Jane is … very nice person. You must meet her. 5. Montreal is … large city in Canada. 6. What is … largest city in the USA? 7. “What time is it?” “I don’t know. I haven’t got … watch.” 8. When I went to Rome, I stayed with … Italian friend of mine. 9. You look very tired. You need … holiday. 10. Don’t sit on … floor. It’s very dirty. 11.“Let’s go to … café this evening.” “That’s … good idea. Which café shall we go to?” 12. Can you turn off … radio, please. I am going to work” 13. Jane is in … bathroom. She is having … bath. 14. This is a nice room, but I don’t like … colour of … carpet.

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15. We live in … new house near … station. It’s two miles from … centre. 16. I turned off … light, opened … door and went out. 17. She is … best player in our team. 18. What is … name of … director we saw yesterday? 19. Can you play … piano? 20. I like watching … TV in the evening. 21. I can’t find … letter which I received this morning. 22. Are you going to … country on Saturday? 23. The sweater was cheap. It cost … 5 pounds. 14. Put in the where necessary. Write “okay”if the sentence is correct. 1. Sky is blue and sun is shining. 2. What are you going to have for lunch? 3. Our flat is on third floor. 4. Who was first man to walk on moon? 5. Which city is capital of your country? 6. What is largest country in world? 7. Is your brother in army? 8. Did you live near sea? 9. What are you going to do after dinner? 10. She is coming to see us at end of week. 11. This book is same price as that one. 12. Prime Minister is most important person in British government. 13. It was a very nice restaurant but I don’t remember its name. 14. There is some butter in fridge. 15. Earth goes round moon. 15. Put in the where necessary. 1. I must go to bank today. 2. I finish work at 5 o’clock every day. 3. What time did you get home from work yesterday? 4. I’m going to bed . 5. What time do you arrive home from university? 6. Let’s go to theatre this evening. 7. You’re ill. You must go to doctor. 8. He is in hospital. He is going to have an operation. 9. Potatoes are not expensive. 10. Everybody needs friends. 11. I never drink coffee. 12. “Where’s coffee?” “It’s in the cupboard.” 13. Tennis is very popular. 14. I don’t like swimming in cold water. 15. Money doesn’t bring happiness.

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15. Excuse me, can you pass salt? 16. I’d like to show you photographs I took last year. 17. We had a very nice dinner. Vegetables were especially good. 16. Correct mistakes where necessary. 1. I live in the Kong Street. 2. Cairo is the capital of Egypt. 3. Trafalgar Square is in the centre of London. 4. Last year I stayed at International Hotel. 5. London is the capital of the UK. 6. National Gallery is in Trafalgar Square. 7. Rocky Mountains are in the North America. 8. What is beside River Thames? 9. Have you ever been to British Museum? 10. Last evening we were at Royal Theatre. 11. I study at the Voronezh State University. 12. I’m going to USA next summer. 13. Panama Canal joins Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. 14. I’d like to go to Plaza. It’s the most famous cinema. 15. Mary comes from a small town in west of Ireland. 16. Europe is not a large continent but it has a large population. 17. Have you ever been to the Canary Islands? 18. The Taylors live in High Street. 19. River Volga flows into Caspian Sea. 20. Sweden is in the northern Europe; Spain is in the south. 21. They live near Lake Constance. 22. My favourite subject at school was History. 23. On Wednesday The Moscow Times published a very interesting article. 24. Urals are old and not very high. 25. The Queen lives in Buckingham Palace. 17. Demonstrative pronouns. Translate into English using this- these, thatthose. 1. Э тот универс итеточень з наменит. 2. Т а маш ина твоя? 3. Сколь ко с тоят те туф ли? 4. И з вините, эти мес та с вободны? 5. Э то маш ина твоя? 6. П ос мотри натех птиц ! 7. К тоэтадевуш ка? 18. Make questions and negative sentences. 1. There are three apples on the table. 2. There are two posters on the wall. 3. There are five days in a week. 4. There are twenty-six letters in the English alphabet.

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19. Fill in the gaps using there is / there are in positive, negative or question form. 1. VSU is a one of the biggest universities in Russia. … 18 faculties and 118 Departments there. 2. … a pre- University training in VSU. 3. Look! … my photo on the wall. 4. … 5 people in my family: my father, me mother and me. 5. How many students … in your class? 6. We can’t go skiing. … no skis. 7. … any letters for me today? 8. Unfortunately … classes with profound study of English in our school. 9. … 50 states in the USA. 10. … a photo on the table? 20. Translate into English using there is/ there are and prepositions of place (on, in, near, in front of, under, behind, above, opposite, between, below). 1. К нига леж ит на с толе. 2. Сегодня вечером будет хорош ий ф иль м по телевиз ору. 3. Н а с толе ес ть ваз а с ц ветами? 4. П од ваз ой леж ит ж урнал. 5. К амин находитс я з а диваном. 6. М еж ду с туль ями не леж ит мяч. 7. В с толе много карандаш ей. 8. П еред каминомс идит ж енщ ина. 9. Что под с толом? 10. Супермаркет находитс я напротив кинотеатра. 11. К артины вис ят над с толом. 12. П олки находятс япод з еркалом. 13 В з дании наш его универс итета3 этаж а. 21. Put in at, on or in where necessary. 1. What are you doing … the weekend? 2. I’ll see you … next Friday? 3. Mozart was born … 1756. 4. I’ll see you … Monday. 5. The price will be reduced … October. 6. I’ve been invited to a birthday … 14 February. 7. The train will be leaving … 5 minutes. 8. They got married … last March. 9. There are a lot of parties … New Year’s Eve. 10. I hope the weather will be nice … the weekend. 11. … Monday I went to bed … 10 o’clock. 12. I like traveling … night. 13. What are you doing … the morning? 14. I might not be at home … Tuesday morning but I’ll probably be there … the afternoon. 15. We arrived … the same time. 16. Do you give each other presents … Christmas?

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17. He is getting married … this year. 18. This cathedral was built … the Middle Ages. Read the text again and do the following exercises. 1. Are the following statements true or false? 1. VSU is a sate educational establishment. 2. It is under the authority of the Ministry of Finance. 3. The Ministry of Education established VSU. 4. Its first Rector was V.E.Regel. 5. The Ministry of Education carries the power of the founder. 6. Today 10000 students and post-graduates study at VSU. 7. There are 12 Faculties at VSU. 2. Fill in the gaps with the words in bold. VSU is a state educational … of higher … training. The Government … VSU in 1918. Its first Rector was an … historian. The … of new Faculties, … , research divisions, … of new methods began in1960s. The research plans of the science were incorporated into … academic programs. Departments, all- union, creation, outstanding, introduction, established, establishment, professional. 3. Answer the following questions. 1. What is VSU? 2. Under whose authority is it? 3. What is the complete name of VSU? 4. When did the Government establish 5. Who was its first Rector? 6. What were the first faculties? 7. Who carries the power of the founder? 8. How many students and post- graduates study at VSU today?

VSU?

UNIT TWO BRITAIN TEXT ONE In Britain, the minimum school-leaving age is 16. There are mainly two types of school; comprehensive, and grammar. Within these schools, the pupils can choose a

different range of subjects. At the age of 16, young people take

G.C.S.E.(General Certificate of Secondary Education) examination. Those who want to can continue at school to take “A” (Advanced) Level examinations (in Scotland, ”Highers”). Students must achieve good results in these

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examinations to be accepted for a university place. At university, (or polytechnic) people study for a degree. In general, the first degree is awarded after 3-4 years study and success in examinations and is either a BA (Bachelor of Arts) or a B.Sc. (Bachelor of Science).If you are awarded Honours it means your degree is of a higher standard than ordinary pass. Students can then do further courses for special subjects such as medicine or law and get the appropriate qualification or after another year or two of study and examinations in their chosen subject at university they can achieve the second degree, an MA (Master of Arts) or MSc (Master of Sciences). Finally, if they undertake research work and produce a thesis, after another few years, they can receive the third, highest level degree, the PhD (Doctor of Philisophy).(1281) TEXT TWO All children in Britain between the ages of 5 and 16 must, by law, attend school or be otherwise educated in a way approved by the local education authority. After the age of 16 a growing proportion are staying on voluntary at school, some until 18 or 19, the age of entry into higher education in Universities and Polytechnics. The majority of schools in Britain are supported by public funds, and the education provided is free. But there is also a small sector which includes public schools where parents have to pay fees to send their children. All state schools include primary schools, for children aged up to 11 years (12 in Scotland), and secondary schools. The timetable generally goes from 9.00 a.m. to 4.00 p.m. with a lunch break of about 1 ½ hours. Many students have lunch at school. Until recently, secondary schools were divided into grammar and secondary modern. During the early 160s, comprehensive schools were also introduced. Comprehensives are schools where pupils of all abilities are educated together. Many local education authorities are now in the process of changing completely to comprehensive education.(1135) Glossary 1. comprehensive school - “вс еобщ ая” с редняяш кола 2. grammar school - грамматичес каяш кола

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3. secondary school – с редняяш кола 4. to be accepted – быть принятым 5. to be awarded – быть награж денным 6. to undertake - проводить , предпринимать , выполнять 7. research work – ис с ледователь с каяработа 8. to pay fees – внос ить плату 9. public school – час тнаяш кола Lexical – Grammar exercises 1. Find in the text the English for: раз личные; аттес тат о с реднем образ овании; бакалавр гуманитарных наук; продолж ить обучение; магис тр ес тес твенных наук; по з акону; доброволь но ос тать с я; воз рас т пос тупления; бес платное образ ование; началь ная ш кола; с редняяш кола. 2. Translate into English: 1. В Рос с ии минималь ный воз рас твыпус кникас редней ш колы 16 лет. 2. П о окончании ш колы ученики с даю т экз амен на аттес тат о с реднем образ овании. 3. Т е, кто хотят продолж ить образ ование, могут пос тупить в выс ш ие учебныез аведения. 4. В с реднем, вуниверс итетес туденты обучаю тс я5 лет. 5. Студенты могут из учать предметы по выбору с оглас но их будущ ей с пец иаль нос ти. 6. Грамматичес кая ш кола предос тавляет «с иль ное» клас с ичес кое образ ованиеи даетправо напос туплениевуниверс итет. 7. В В еликобритании примерно90 универс итетов. 8. Самый крупный – Л ондонс кий универс итет, а с амые с тарейш ие – универс итеты О кс ф ордаи К ембридж а. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Use the appropriate question word in the following sentences: … . are you going to? – To Moscow. … is the house made of? – It is made of brick. … did he arrive? – At ten o’clock. … of the pencils is longer? – The red one. … told you to go there immediately? – The teacher did. … bag was left in the corridor? – It was Peter’s. … has he paid for his new suit? – Not much, I suppose.

4. 1. 2. 3.

Use the correct question ‘tag’ for the following sentences: Nick wanted to write a letter, … Pete was absent yesterday, … There is a new film on television, …

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4. They grow wheat, fruit, … 5. You want to buy some stamps, … 6. Your friends have already seen this film, … 5. Put questions you can to the following sentences: 1.At school children learn some foreign language. 2. These students live in the hostel. 3. The conference opens on Friday. 4. He looks as because he is overworked. 5. She prefers teaching to learning. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Fill the gaps with the articles where necessary: Many bridges cross … Thames in … London. Gulf stream carries … large body of … warm water northwards. … Ireland is … island lying west of … Great Britain. … Soviet Union is … multinational country. … Neva is not … long river. … Hague has retained its significance as … political centre. … Europe is … most densely populated continent in the world. There is much unrest in … political life of … South Africa. … Headquarters of … United Nations is in … USA.

7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Put pronouns instead of the words in italics. The lecturer helps the students to correct their mistakes. The secretary prepares materials for the meeting of the staff. The purpose of education is to prepare children for life. Now you’ve got a chance to improve your knowledge. We always discuss our problems with the Head of the Department. He seldom gives good advice to his colleagues. John often asks his friend to look through his projects.

8. Insert prepositions. Choose one given in brackets. 1. I’ll bring notes. Don’t forget to bring (your, yours). 2. The board approves (his, him) results, I’m afraid they have doubts about (her, hers) 3. First we’ll listen to (their, theirs) suggestions, then we shall put forward (our, ours). 4. He has wonderful ideas. They are much better than (my, mine). 5. (Our, ours) paper is too long. (Their, theirs) is just right. 6. It’s not (your, yours) problem, it’s (my, mine). 7. I’ve got no pen to write with. I’ll ask Mary to give me (her, hers). 8. The benefits are (their, theirs), but the expense is (our, ours). 9. Translate into English: 1. Э таработанемоя, аваш а.

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2. Гдемой с ловарь ? 3. И х родной яз ык– немец кий. 4. У неенет учебника. Я могу дать ей с вой. 5. П роф ес с ор Смитвс егдатщ атель нопроверяетс вои рез уль таты. 6. О н нелю битрас с каз ывать намо с воей работе. 7. М эри – ж урналис тка. О налю битс вою работу. 8. Э то егоперевод, анемой. 9. Э то неиx дело. 10. Я немогу выполнить эту работу с ам. 10. Correct the following: 1. New York is the larger city in the United States. 2. He is the better student from all. 3. John is more stronger than his brother. 4. I am two years elder than my sister. 5. Which is the heaviest, you or I? 6. This boy’s manners are more good than his brother’s. 7. Which of the boys is the taller from the class. 8. Which of these three girls is the elder? 11. Open the brackets. Use the correct form of the adjectives. 1. My reading is (good) than my spelling. 2. Today he is (attentive) than yesterday. 3. This is the (good) way to develop language skills. 4. This exercise is (easy) than the next one. 5. This is the (wonderful) story I ever heard. 6. New classification is (precise) than the old one. 12. Choose the correct verb form Present Simple or Continuous. 1. I go/am going to work now. Goodbye! 2. I read/am reading a book about astrology. 3. I read/am reading lots of books every year. 4. We go/are going to a party on Saturday. 5. Nurses look/are looking after people in hospital. 6. Anni comes/is coming from Ireland. 7. She comes/is coming for dinner this evening. 8. I speak/am speaking four languages. 9. Do you want/Are you wanting to go out tonight. 13. Open the brackets. 1. We(to go) to school above all to learn how to learn. 2. The award of diplomas (to take place) at 4 p.m. 3. You (to hear) voices in the corridor?

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4. What a good bookshop we’ve got in this street! Every time I (pass by) I (to see) lots of new books in its windows. 5. He is polite. He never (to interrupt) people when they (to speak). 6. The teacher’s voice (to change) according to what he (to say). 7. What one (to see) oneself is the most satisfactory evidence. 14. Make sentences using words given below and the verbs in the Present Simple or The Present Continuous Tense: 1.the speaker, to give, a talk. 2. to stand, he, in front of the audience. 3. attentively, the audience, to listen. 4. to be, the talk, interesting. 5. the teacher, to ask questions. 6. the students, the answers, to know. 7. the teacher, to write, on the blackboard. 15. Rewrite the sentences in the Present Continuous using the correspondent adverbials of time. 1. Students work on their projects every day. 2. He seldom considers the actual content of the course. 3. The scientist works on his new paper. 4. He plans to learn as much as possible. 5. Where will you stay in London?

UNIT THREE AMERICA The school leaving age varies in America from state to state, but the average age is 16. Secondary schools are known as High Schools and there are no end-of-school examinations as a system of continuos assessment operates. Students must achieve a grade-point-average (GPA) every year in order to pass to the next year. There is a special examination for acceptance at university or college. It’s called the SAT (Standard Achievement Test) and can be taken three times to allow students to submit their highest scores to a university. There are two parts to the exam, Maths and English. Additional exam may be taken in other subjects to increase students’ chances of being accepted by a university. GPA’s and SAT’s are taken into consideration for the university admittance. First degrees, as in Britain, are the Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Sciences. It usually takes four years to get a first degree as the first year is a course of general subjects identical for all. A system of continuous assessment operates as at high

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school. By the middle of the second year, students must choose a specific course of study and this is their ‘major’ for the degree. After the first degree, students can attend Graduate School for specialized studies. The length of the courses and the qualification vary depending on the subject. As in Britain, the highest degree is a Ph.D. which can be awarded after the student has successfully completed a piece of independent research and produced a thesis. (1237) Glossary 1. end-of school – выпус кной 2. score – балл, очко 3. to increase – увеличивать 4. degree – з вание, научнаяс тепень 5. Graduate School – ас пирантура 6. to complete - з аверш ать Lexical Grammar Exercises 1. Find English equivalents to the following words. Средний; аттес тац ия; с редняя оц енка; с тем, чтобы; прием; поз волять ; подавать на рас с мотрение; принимать во внимание; дос туп; одинаковый; проф илирую щ аядис ц иплина; з авис еть ; ус пеш но. 2. Make adjectives with the help of the following suffixes: - ful: beauty, doubt, forget, hate, delight, use; -ous,- eous: fame, danger, humour, courage; -ive, -ative: progress, talk, instinct, declare, compare; -y: dirt, rain, smoke, health. 3. Write the possessives of the words in brackets. 1. The registers are in the (teachers) room. 2. The teacher marks her (pupils) essays in the evening. 3. The meetings are held in the (Dean) office. 4. Where are those (students) books? 5. What’s (John) occupation? 6. What are the (professor) requirements? 4. Put in the missing possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns. 1. I’ve eaten all … .sandwiches, can I have one … .? 2. Tell Richard not to forget … book. And you mustn’t forget … . 3. George has lost … pen. Ask Mary if she will lend him … . 4. We’ve had … dinner; have they had … ?

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5. Richard has a dog and so have I. … dog and … had a fight. 6. Have you heard from that friend of … who went to Athens? 7. The teacher wants you to return that book of … that he lent you. 8. Margaret wants to know if you’ve seen a pair of gloves of … . 9. Mr. and Mrs. Green and a friend of … are coming to see us. 10. We are going to Paris to stay with a French friend of … . 5. Put reflexive pronouns into the blank spaces: 1. Father cut … when he was shaving. 2. Mary saw … in the mirror. 3. We saw … in the mirror. 4. I taught … to play the piano. 5. The kitten tried to bite me, and bit … by mistake. 6. One can easily lose … in the woods. 7. We lost … when we went walking there. 8. If you would like some cakes, children, help … . 9. The boys helped … to the cakes. 10. There are plenty of cakes here, Richard, help … . 6. Make interrogative and negative sentences: 1. He has got some fresh newspapers. 2. They have got some money. 3. Somebody from the Department of Education is here. 4. There is something in what he says. 5. He lives somewhere near here. 6. There’s someone in the room. 7. Fill in the gaps with somebody/anybody, something/anything etc. 1.Is there … here who speaks English? 2. Do you have … idea where I could borrow … money? 3. … tells me you have got bad news for me. 4. He had … idea what to do next. 5. I am very sorry but there is … message for you. 6.Our lecturer wanted to make up … exercises to teach the students how to use a dictionary? 7. Do you think there is … in this exercise? 8. Practical experience shows that there is … value in his work. 8. Fill in the missing words: 1. Tom is older … Richard. 2. Fred is not … old … Tom. 3. Tom is … oldest … the three. 4. This book is better … that.

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5. This book is not … good … that. 6. This book is … best … the three. 7. That exercise is more difficult … this one. 8. The weather is worse today … it was yesterday. 9. It was not … bad yesterday … it is today. 10. Today’s weather is … worst … the week. 9. Write out these sentences putting the adjectives that are in brackets into their correct form where necessary. 1. John is the (clever) boy in the class. 2. The weather is (fine) today than it was yesterday. 3. London is the (big) city in the world. 4. This sentence is (difficult) than the first one. 5. My dog is as (good) as yours. 6. My dog is (good) than yours. 7. My dog is the (good) of the three 9. My cold is (bad) today than it was yesterday. 10. Richard is not as (tall) as Tom. 11. Tom is the (tall) boy in the class. 10. Put degree adverbs such as very, too, rather, almost, hardly, just etc. into the gaps. 1. This exercise is not … difficult. 2. John speaks French … well. 3. The explorers … died of thirst. 4. He drove the car … fast in that busy street. 5. I have … finished my work. 6. I think he answered that question … cleverly. 7. We are … there now. 8. I am … sorry to hear that your father is ill. 9. This is one of the … difficult questions to answer. 10. What he said was not … . 11. Fill in the gaps with the words little/a little, few/a few. 1. I’d like to make … remarks in connection with the topic under discussion. 2. … years ago … people realized the significance of this discovery. 3. She has a good knowledge of English and besides she knows … German. 4. … names remained in his memory, for it happened more than twenty years ago. 5. … people can speak a foreign language perfectly. 12. Put the following sentences into the Simple Past. 1. I play in the field. 2. He wants to go home.

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3. The driver stops the car. 4. He drinks tea every day. 5. It begins to rain. 6. I dream every night. 7. The dog eats its dinner. 8. The teacher gives me a book. 9. We catch fish in the river. 10. He goes to school. 13. Make the following sentences Interrogative. 1. Mr.Brown walked to his office. 2. The boys tried to understand the lesson. 3. You believed what he said. 4. He wrote to his brother every day. 5. The baker sold good cakes. 6. The lesson began at nine o’clock. 7. They all went to the football match. 8. She said she was very busy. 9. Mr. Smith caught the eight o’clock train. 10. We bought that fruit from Greece. 14. Change the following from Simple Present Tense to Past Continuous Tense. 1. She helps me. 2. A friend plays the piano. 3. We listen to the music. 4. You make a lot of mistakes. 5. The farmer works in the field. 6. The small boy rings the bell. 7. He looks at the pictures. 8. The workman paints the house. 15. Change the following sentences from Simple Past Tense to Past Continuous Tense. 1. I opened the door. 2. The cat slept. 3. The boys wrote a letter. 4. We sang a song. 5. I hoped you would come. 6. Thomas made a model plane. 7. The bell rang. 8. Richard and Henry swam in the river.

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16. Put the verb in brackets into the Past Continuous form. 1. John got off the train while it (go). 2. It (rain) when we went out. 3. I (play) the piano when he came into the room. 4. I came into the room when Mary (play) the piano. 5. John (work) all day yesterday. 6. She (live) in England when the War began. 7. He hurt his foot while he (climb) tree. 8. The baby (eat) its dinner when I came home. 9. He (walk) home when the rain began. 10. The car hit a tree while it (travel) at 60 miles an hour. 17. Put in the correct Past Tense of the verbs in these sentences: 1. He (write) a letter when I (see) him. 2. Harry (do) his work while his brothers (play) games. 3. The man (fall down) as he (run) for the bus. 4. We (sing) a song when George (come) into the room. 5. While the teacher (give) a lesson, a small dog (walk) into the room. 6. When the phone bell (ring), I (work) in the garden. 7. My hat (blow) off when I (cross) the bridge. 8. The rain (begin) to fall while we (watch) the game. 9. Just as I (get) interested in my work, I (have)to go home. 10. He (lose) his pocket-book while he (see) the sights of Rome. UNIT FOUR Oxford There are about ninety Universities in Great Britain, the biggest one is London University, and the oldest ones Oxford and Cambridge. Oxford was founded in the 12th century as an aristocratic University and retains its aristocratic character to the present day: the cost of studies is comparatively high. Students have to pay for using libraries and laboratories, as well as for taking examinations. Oxford’s organization is very complicated. In fact, the University is a collection of 35 Colleges: two for women only, the rest taking both men and women. Each college is a world of its own which gives its students a specialized training in arts, law, medicine and science. The largest college has over 500 students; the smallest college has 100 students.

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The University is an administrative centre which arranges lectures for all students of the colleges, holds examinations and gives degrees. The tutorial system of education used both in Oxford and Cambridge is one of the ways in which Oxbridge differs from other English Universities. Every student has a tutor in charge of planning his work and discussing its results with the student; the student’s duty is to regularly see his tutor and submit papers and essays. The tutorial system of education brings the student into personal contact with his tutor, the latter trying to influence the social and political life of the student. The academic year in England has three terms; each term lasts from eight to ten weeks. Terminal examinations take place at the end of autumn, spring and summer terms. Final examinations take place at the end of the course of studies. If a student fails in an examination, he may be allowed to take the exam again, only two reexaminations being usually allowed.(1461) Glossary to retain one’s aristocratic character –с охранять арис тократичес кий характер cost of studies – с тоимос ть обучения arts – гуманитарныенауки to arrange lectures – организ овывать лекц ии tutorial system of education – с ис тема обучения, пос троенная на контроле с тудентас о с тороны ть ю тора tutor – ть ю тор, нас тавник to be in charge of – отвечать з а to submit papers and essays – подавать пис ь менныеработы и с очинения to influence – оказ ывать влияние terminal examination с емес тровый экз амен final examination - выпус кной экз амен Lexical Grammar Exercises 1. Find in the text the English for: был ос нован, с тоимос ть обучения, с лож ный, админис тративный ц ентр, организ овывать лекц ии, прис ваивать с тепень , нас тавник, обяз аннос ть с тудента, академичес кий год, с емес тровыеэкз амены, переэкз аменовка. 2. Translate the following sentences by choosing suitable English pronoun for the Russian one:

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1. Н ес коль ко молодых ученых приняли учас тиевконф еренц ии. 2. В с евыполнили перевод правиль но. 3. Е му вс енравитс явэтоммуз ее. 4. О н что-топис ал, сидяз ас толом. 5. М неничегонебыло из вес тно обэтом. 6. К то-нибудь ес ть с ейчас влаборатории? 7. В ы мож етевз ять лю бую книгу почитать . 8. У вас ес ть что-нибудь почитать ? Something, any, nobody, nothing, anybody, everything, everybody, anything, some. 3.Choose the suitable word from given below: 1. Could you give me some … examples? 2. I saw this picture in … book. I don’t remember its title. 3. Could I trouble you for … cup of coffee? 4. Where are the girls? Some of them are at the exhibition and … went to the theatre. 5. Can you go to the country on Sunday? – No, I can’t/ I can’t go … . 6. Do you like to read Dickens or Thackeray? – I like to read … of them. Another, other, the other, others, some, several, much, either, both. 4. Insert a or the most. 1. Arthur is … punctual man. 2. Hug Cain is … punctual man in our office. 3. I’ve always known Douglas Lewis as … most competent manager. 4. If I were you, I’d apply to Mr. Carter, he is … competent lawyer here. 5. He said it with … pleasant smile on his face. 6. That is … beautiful painting I have ever seen. 5. Insert much, many, a few or a little. 1. I haven’t many/much cash on me. 2. How many/much will it cost. 3. How many/much leaflets have you sent to the firm? 4. These publicity materials don’t give many/much information on the new model. 5. There weren’t many/much people there. 6. Don’t put many/much sugar into my tea. I want just a few/ a little. 7. Don’t buy many/much postcards here. I know a better shop. 8. Will you have a few/ a little more coffee. 6.Write down the past participles of these verbs: write, open, know, get, give, break, bring, catch drive, eat, think, throw, choose, pay, freeze, ride, see, sell, teach, wake.

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7. Rewrite the following sentences Perfect Tense. 1. John (write) his name. 2. I (draw) a picture. 3. Tom (blow) out the light. 4. The cat ( drink) its milk. 5. The tree (fall) across) the road. 6. John (give) his bicycle to his brother. 7. You (make) a mistake. 8. The thieves (take) the jewels. 9. We (eat) our dinner. 10. The train just (go).

putting the verb in the Present

8. Put the verb into the more suitable form, Present Perfect Simple or Continuous. 1. Where have you been? … . (you play) tennis? 2. Look! Somebody … (break) that window. 3. You look tired. … (you work) hard? 4. ‘… (you ever work) in a factory?’ 5. Jane is away on holiday. - Oh, is she? Where (she go)? 6. My brother is an actor. He … (appear) in several films. 7. ‘ Sorry I’m late.’ ‘That’s all right. I … (not wait ) long. 8. ‘Is it still raining? ‘No, it … (stop).’ 9. I … (lose) my address book . … (you see) it anywhere? 10. He (play) the bagpipes. UNIT FIVE Harvard University Harvard University is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and one of the nation’s most prestigious. It’s history began when a college was established at New Towne in 1636. Some 130 alumni of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge emigrated to New England. At that time Puritans were not allowed to English Universities, they decided to set up a college of their own in the New World. Classes began with one master and nine students in a single frame house and a “college yard”. The college was named Harvard for a Puritan minister, John Harvard. In the early 19th century, the schools of divinity, law, and medicine were begun. The first president, Henry Dunster, set up high standards in the literal art.

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Through

the

1640s

the

college flourished. Scholarships and dormitories

were provided for the students. Recent presidents made significant contributions toward strengthening the quality of undergraduate and graduate education at Harvard. They also maintained the University’s role as a research institution. Moreover they did their best to achieve coordination among the University’s schools and faculties and to build federal support for university-based research. Harvard’s doors are open to students from across the economic spectrum. Seven presidents of the U.S.- John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Theodore and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Rutherford B. Hayes, and George W. Bush -were graduates of Harvard. Its faculties has produced 40 Nobel Laureates. Harvard is famous for the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, the Art Museum, an astronomical observatory and one of the largest library in the USA. Over 14000 people work at Harvard, including more than 2,000 faculty.(1454) Glossary 1. institution of higher learning - выс ш ееучебноез аведение 2. prestigious (adj.) – прес тиж ный 3. to set up (v) = to establish (v) – ос новать , ос новывать 4. divinity (n) – богос ловие 5. alumni (n) = graduate – выпус кник 6. contribution (n) – вклад 1. Make up your own sentences with the words from the glossary. 2. Read and translate the following names. Harvard, the Art Museum, the Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, Nobel Laureates, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Theodore and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Rutherford B. Hayes, George W. Bush, Puritan, Oxford and Cambridge, New England, the New World. 3. Find English equivalents to the following words. В ыпус кники универс итета, ю ридичес каяш кола, проц ветать , универс итетс кие ис с ледования, ас трономичес кая обс ерватория, довуз овс кое и пос левуз овс кое образ ование, с делать вс евоз мож ное.

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4. Translate from Russian into English. 1. К акой универс итет являетс яоднимизс тарейш их вСШ А ? 2. О н училс яводномизпрес тиж нейш их универс итетов. 3. В какомгоду был ос нован В ГУ ? 4. Сколь ко выпус книковО кс ф ордаи К ембридж аиммигрировали вН овую А нглию ? 5. Д опус калис ь ли пуританевА нглийс киеуниверс итеты? 6. В чес ть когобыл наз ван Гарвард? 7. Генри Д анс тер ус тановил выс окиетребованияобучения. 8. В Гарвардес ущ ес твовали с типендии и общ еж итиядляс тудентов. 9. К то внес с ущ ес твенный вклад вулучш ениекачес твадовуз овс кого и пос левуз овс кого образ ования? 10. М ы поддерж иваемс татус универс итетакакис с ледователь с кого учреж дения. 11. Руководс тво Гарвардапытаетс ядос тичь лучш ей координац ии меж ду ш колами и ф акуль тетами. 12. Д вери наш его универс итетаоткрыты дляс тудентоввс егоэкономичес кого с пектра. 5. Fill in the correct prepositions. (Use the text). 1. The college was set up … New Towne … 1636. 2. It is one … the nation’s most prestigious. 3. Some 130 alumni … the universities … Oxford and Cambridge emigrated … New England. 4. The college was named Harvard … a Puritan minister. 5. … the early 19th century, the schools … divinity, law, and medicine were begun. 6. Scholarships and dormitories are provided … the students. 7. University’s role … a research institution is significant. 8. Harvard’s doors are open … students … across the economic spectrum. 9. Harvard is famous … the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. 10. How many people work … Harvard. 6. Fill in the gaps with the words in bold. 1. It is one of the reputable and … universities in the country. 2. A man who is … of a college or university used to be a student there. 3. Did they manage to … high standards in education? 4. He had won a … to this school. 5. Did you rented a flat or just lived in a … when you studied at university? 6. Do you think his … was significant? 7. For 20 years they had failed to … its role as a research institution. 8. We have considerable support at both ends of political … .

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Dormitory, prestigious, spectrum, scholarship, maintain.

significant, to set up, alumni,

7. Answer the following questions. 1. When did the history of Harvard begin? 2. Why did Puritans decide to set up a college in New England and not in England? 3. What kinds of school were at Harvard in the 19th century? 4. What do you know about Harvard’s first president? 5. What famous people graduated from Harvard University? 6. What is Harvard famous for? 8. Retell the text using the following words and expressions. Institution, prestigious, was established, alumni, were not allowed, master, frame house, was named for, divinity, medicine, flourished, dormitories, scholarships, set up high standards, make significant contribution, undergraduate and graduate education, research institution, federal support, faculty, seven presidents, Nobel laureates.

Lexical Grammar exercises. 1. Put the verb in brackets into Past Perfect. 1. Ann was afraid she … (forget) her key at home. 2. I invited Jane but she … (arrange) to do something else. 3. This report … (finished) by 5 p.m. yesterday. 4. I wasn’t hungry because I … (had) breakfast. 5. I apologized I (not / phone) you. 6. They couldn’t believe he … (give up) his job in the bank. 7. John said he … (already / buy) everything for lunch. 8. They … (finish) painting the ceiling by two o’clock. 9. Bob tried to find a job after he … (serve) a five-year sentence. 2. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Perfect or Past Simple. 1. I felt exhausted when I got home, so I … (go) straight to bed. 2. I was late because my car … (break down) on my way. 3. That morning she … (dress), … (phone) somebody and went out. 4. I got out of bed an hour later I … (wake up). 5. After I … (write) all the letters I went to the kitchen to make some coffee. 6. We were driving along the road when we … (see) a car that … (break down). 7. She said she … (not / see) him since last Friday. 8. When I arrived at the party everybody … (already / leave). 9. I tried to phone her that morning but there … (be) no answer because she … (go) to work.

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3. Put in the verbs in brackets into correct tense (Past Simple, Past Perfect, Past Continuous). 1. I … (talk) over the phone when they brought me the letter. 2. The University was found in 1856. 3. What … you … (do) at this time yesterday? 4. When I … (read) he … (watch) TV. 5. When I … (wash) dishes I … (drop) the plate. 6. Yesterday I … (go) to the station to meet my brother. When I … (arrive) he … (not be) there, because he … (already / go). 7. When I got home, Jill … (watch) TV and Ann … (play) with the computer. John wasn’t at home. He … (already / go) to the university. 8. Yesterday when I … (wait) for my flight at the airport I … (meet) my friends. They … (wait) for their flight. We … (talk), … (drink) coffee. 9. It was 9 o’clock. The lesson … (already / begin). The teacher was late and when he arrived all the students … (talking) loudly. 10. As they … (walk) along the road they … (hear) a car coming from behind them. Tom … (turn) round and … (hold up) his sister’s hand. The car … (stop). 11. When she got the results of her medical test, she … (realize) that she … (feel) ill since she … ( be) on holiday. 12. When he arrived at the office he … (discover) that he … (leave) all the necessary papers at home. 13. Jerry … (be) nervous, for he … (never / flow) in an airplane before. 4. Put the following statements into indirect speech. She said: 1. “I’ve never been to the United States. 2. “I can’t drive.” 3. “I’m leaving tomorrow.” 4. “I don’t have a car.” 5. “I have a very well-paid job.” 6. “I will come tomorrow and finish my work.” 7. “The Sun isn’t a planet. It’s a big star.” 8. “I graduated from University in 2003.” 9. “ I have something to show you.” 10. “It isn’t so foggy today as it was yesterday.” 11. “You may take my umbrella.” 12. “I must go home.” 13. “My father is an architect.” 14. “ I study at VSU.” 5. Put the following questions into indirect speech. He asked … 1. “What country do you come from?” 2. “How long have you been here?” 3. “Are you working?”

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4. “What are you going to study?” 5. “Do you want to buy this book?” 6. “What is your name?” 7. “Will you have time to play regularly?” 8. “Are you interested in art?” 9. “Did you play for your school team?” 10. “How can I get from the station to the airport?” 11. “Does the train stop at York?” 12. “How big are the classes?” 13. “Do they teach music?” 14. “How often do you meet?” 15. “Where were you last night?” 16. “Are you sorry for what you did? 6. Put the following commands into indirect speech. He asked … 1. “Switch off the TV” 2. “Shut the door” 3. “Lend me your pen for a moment” 4. “Don’t watch late-night horror movies” 5. “Don’t believe everything you hear” 6. “Don’t touch that switch” 7. “Help your mother” 7. Questions. Write questions to the words in bold. 1.Jack phoned Ann. 2. We can start work on Monday. 3. Jane met her friends at the party. 4. She doesn’t want to dance with you. 5. He’s worried about the test. 6. We have seen this film three times. 7. We are going to the cinema tonight. 8. Jack was angry because he had ailed his driving test. 9. We went to the cinema by bus. 10. I borrowed money from my friends. 11. I fell over something. 8.Write questions to the subjects of the sentences in task 11. 9. Question tags. Add question tags to the following statements. 1. It isn’t cold, A) … did you? 2. The police caught him, B) … isn’t it? 3. You stole it, C) … aren’t we? 4. They won’t tell anyone, D) … aren’t they?

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5. It’s Thursday today, E) … 6. There’s no proof, 7. You didn’t say that, 8. They should be late, H) … 9. You’ve got two sisters,I) … 10. He’s spoken to her, J) … 11. They aren’t French, K) … 12. Please help me, 13. They’re working hard, 14. He loves you, N) … 15. We’re late,

didn’t they? F) … is it? G) … can you? doesn’t he? didn’t you? is there? shouldn’t they? L) … hasn’t he? M) … will they? are they? O) … haven’t you?

UNIT SIX My Future Profession. If you ask me why of all humanities I have chosen History, my answer will be: it interests me as a science because it helps one to understand and explain the processes going on in various aspects of human history. It also helps one to foresee the course of events in the future. But no one can really study any particular period of history unless he knows a lot about what preceded it, and what came after it. If one casts a retrospective look at the historical past, one can see that the entire history of human society is that of wars and struggle for power. Wars, except just ones, were always waged for the purpose of conquering other lands and peoples. All the monarchs brutally oppressed their own people, and enslaved and plundered the conquered nations. But, in the course of time, some empires and monarchies gradually came to a downfall. As a result of democratic revolutions, some monarch were overthrown and republics were proclaimed. I suppose we’ll soon discuss all these points at our seminars. There are many historical subjects in our programme, When we are through with Ancient History, we'll pass over to the study of the Middle Ages. As to Russian History, I think, we'll start learning the pre-revolutionary period (the period of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century) next year, but not until we are through with the feudal period. When I am in my third year, I wish to

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devote myself to the special study of Modern and Contemporary History to which I am greatly attracted. It was shortly before leaving school that I made up my mind to enter this faculty and take up History seriously as my future speciality. Whether I'll make a very good teacher or a research worker remains to be seen, but I'm sure that eventually I'll become quite knowledgeable in the field of History and perhaps social sciences. (1511). Glossary: Ancient History — ис ториядревнего мира the Middle Ages — с редниевека Modern History — новаяис тория Contemporary History — новейш ая ис тория World History, — вс еобщ аяис тория humanity (n) = mankind человечес тво humanities — гуманитарныенауки to forsee (v) — предвидеть to precede (v) — предш ес твовать If one cast a ... look, one can see ... — ес ли брос ить ... вз гляд, мож но з аметить ... society (n) — общ ес тво just — з д. Справедливый

to wage (v) — вес ти (войну) to conquer (v) — з авоевывать , покорять to oppress (v) — угнетать to enslave (v) — порабощ ать to plunder (v) — грабить downfall (n) — падение to overthrow (v) — с вергать but not until we're through — но лиш ь тогда, когдамы з акончим Whether I'll make ... remains to be seen — получитс яли изменя...будущ ее покаж ет knowledgeable (adj) — з д. П одготовленный

1. Read the following words and word combinations. Humanities, particular, foresee, retrospective, conquering, monarchy, Ancient History, the Middle Ages, Modern and Contemporary History, eventually, century, feudal, emperor, empire, knowledgeable. 2. Translate from Russian into English. О бъ яс нять , с обытие, ц елый, общ ес тво, з а ис клю чением, ц ель , раб, империя, император, провоз глаш ать , предмет, ф еодаль ный, век, пос вящ ать , привлекать , научноеис с ледование, з нание. 3. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. 1. П очему извс ех гуманитарных науквы выбрали И с торию ? 2. Э то интерес уетменякакнауку.

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3. Я не могу из учить конкретный период, до тех пор пока не уз наю , что ему предш ес твовало. 4. Е с ли мы проанализ ируем ис торичес кие с обытия, то увидим, что это войны и борь баз авлас ть . 5. В ойны велис ь с ц ель ю покорения, угнетенияи порабощ ениянародов. 6. М ногиепорабощ енныес траны были ограблены. 7. С течениемвремени некоторыеимперии пос тепенноприш ли купадку. 8. В каком году было с вергнуто правитель с тво этой с траны и провоз глаш ена нез авис имос ть ? 9. К огдавы з акончитеиз учениеэтогопредмета? 10. Чему бы ты хотел пос вятить с ебянатреть емкурс е? 11. Н ез адолго до окончания ш колы я принял реш ение пос тупить на этот ф акуль тет. Т ы хочеш ь з анимать с яис торией вс ерь ез ? 12. Я дос таточноподготовлен (компетентен) вэтой с ф ере. 4. Fill in the gaps with the words given. The verbs should be put in the correct form. 1. She has a background in science and … . 2. Can History help you to … the course of events in the future? 3. Her only … in life was to get rich. 4. He believes that they are going to … a limited nuclear was in Europe. 5. The Romans … Britain in A.D.43. 6. All the monarchs … their own people, and … the conquered nations. 7. When did the … of the Roman empire happen? 8. He was arrested in March for attempting to … the present regime. 9. The Government … a state of emergency. 10. He … himself to his studies. Purpose, to wage, to overthrow, to plunder, humanities, to foresee, to proclaim, to conquer, to oppress, downfall. 5. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition. 1. Why … all humanities have you chosen History? 2. It interests me … a science. 3. Are you able to foresee the course … events … the future? 4. Let’s cast a look … the historical past. 5. What purpose was the war waged … ? 6. Are we going to discuss these points … our seminars? 7. I am … my third year now. 8. I’d like to devote myself … History. 9. Have you already made … your mind? 10. I am quite knowledgeable … this field. 6. Put questions to the underlined words.

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1. I have chosen this subject because it will help me to understand human history 2. Wars were waged to conquer other nations and lands. 3. She devoted herself to studies. 4. All the monarchs oppressed their own people. 5. I am interested in Ancient History. 6. Shortly before leaving school I made up my mind to be a teacher. 7. Make your own sentences with the following words and expressions. Humanities, science, aspects of human history, to foresee, particular, to precede, to cast a retrospective look at something, to wage a war for the purpose of … , human society, to oppress people, to enslave, to come to a downfall, to proclaim, to pass over to something, pre-revolutionary period, to devote oneself to something, to make up your mind, speciality. 8. Answer the following questions. 1. Did you enter the history faculty by vacation (по приз ванию )? 2. Why does History interest you? 3. What can you see if you cast a retrospective look at the historical past? 4. What periods of human history interest you most of all? 5. What are you going to become when you graduate from VSU? 6. What factors are important while choosing your future profession 9. Make report about your future profession. Lexical Grammar exercises. 1. Future Simple. Fill in the blanks. a) will b) won’t c) shall 1. How old … you be next year? 2. Our teacher is ill so she … be at school next week. 3. … you be at home tomorrow? – No, we … . 4. It’s cold. Put on your coat, or you … catch cold. 5. … you open the door. Please? 6. … I do it for you? 7. What time … I come this evening? 8. If you don’t work hard, you … pass your test. 9. Where … I go to buy all these things? 2. Will/ be going to. Choose either the Future Simple or be going to in the following sentences. a) will b) be going to 1. It probably … (not to rain) in Western Europe. 2. … you … (come) to my house, please? 3. – Why have you got the flowers?

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- Because I … (visit) my teacher. 4. The sky is very dark. It … (rain). 5. – Come to the party. - OK. I … (bring) my friends. 6. – What presents do you think people … (give) you next Christmas? - I think my father … (give) me a book. Perhaps somebody … (give) me perfume. I don’t think anybody … (give) me a car. 7. I’m sure people … (not to wear) long dresses and suits in 2020. 8. John, … you … do me a favor? 9. Look at that tree. It … (fall) down. 10. – Have you decided what to buy Alex for his birthday? - Yes, I … (buy) a computer game. 3. Future actions. Present Simple, Present Continuous, Future Simple. Which is correct? 1. “Did you phone Jane?” “Oh, no, I forgot. I phone / I’ll phone her now.” 2. I can’t come round for dinner tomorrow. I am playing / I will play tennis. 3. “I meet / I‘ll meet you at 5 p.m., ok?” “Yes, that’s fine.” 4. “I need a car.” “OK, I am lending / I’ll lend you my car” 5. What time does the train leave / will the train leave tomorrow? 6. Our lesson is / will be / is going to be on Monday. 7. The phone is ringing. I will answer / am going to answer. 8. –Why have you brought your guitar? Will you sing / Are you going to sing? 9. My uncle makes / is making / will make a speech on Friday. 10. I will have / am having / have lunch with my aunt tomorrow. 11. I’m sure I will see / am seeing her tomorrow. 12. I am moving / will move to my new flat next week. 4. Time clauses. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (present or future). 1. When he (return) I will give him the money. 2. He’ll be ready as soon as you (be). 3. I’ll stay in bed till the clock (strike) seven. 4. I (give) the children their dinner before he comes home. 5. I (phone) you as soon as I have arrived. 6. I’ll pay you when I (get) me a check. 7. I’ll buy that house when I (have) enough money. 8. When the Queen (arrive) the audience will stand up. 9. Please call me as soon as you (arrive). 10. Look before you (leap). 11. Water (boil) when you heat it. 12. As soon as the holidays begin this beach (become) very crowded. 13. As soon as I (hear) from him I will let you know.

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APPENDIX I. Additional Texts. THE VALUE OF EDUCATION Education is not an end, but a means to an end. In other words, we don’t educate children only for the purpose of educating them. Our purpose is to fit them for life. When we realize this fact we will understand that it is very important to choose a system of education. This system will prepare children for life. It is not enough to choose the first system of education one finds; or to continue with one’s old system of education without examining it to see whether it is in fact suitable or not. In many modern countries it was fashionable during some time to think that, by free education for all – whether rich or poor, clever or stupid – one can solve all the problems of society and build a perfect nation. But now free education for all is not enough. We find in such countries a far larger number of people with university degrees than there are jobs for them. Because of their degrees they refused to do what they think ‘low’ work. But more often the work of a completely uneducated farmer is far more important than that of a professor. We can live without education, but we die without food. There will be terrible diseases because of the rubbish in our streets. The professors will waste much of their time doing housework. In fact it is really good when our education fits us for life . It means that each of us is doing a job which is suited to his brain and ability. We understand that all jobs are necessary to society, and it is very bad to be ashamed of one’s work , or to scorn someone else’s. Only such type of education we can call valuable to society. Notes 1 the first system... one finds = the first system that one finds 2 to see = to understand 3 in fact = really 4 one can solve = it is possible to solve 5 work... is thought to be dirty = it is thought that the work is dirty. 6 far more important = much more important 'that of = the work of 7 That of – the work of 8 we should get terrible diseases — з д. у нас (в городах) рас прос транилис ь бы уж ас ныеболез ни 9 to scorn = to despise — през ирать Questions 1. What is the purpose of education as it is defined in the text (in your opinion)? 2. Why is it necessary to examine any system of education before choosing it?

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3. Can "free education for all" solve all the problems of society? 4. What sort of education can be called really valuable to society? RESPONSIBILITY FOR YOUR OWN EDUCATION: SELF-EDUCATION You have no doubt already discovered that the only effective learning is the learning you do yourself. University work is much more than school work a process of selfeducation... .. .At university you will have to plan your work for weeks, even months ahead. You will probably have an examination at the end of your first term, but no further examination until the end of the third term of your first year. You will have essays or laboratory work, or translations, or papers to prepare for seminars in the interim, but the major test by which your academic progress is assessed may seem to you remote. You have therefore to plan work for some time ahead. Hence the need for developing good habits and methods of study. Now it is the time, then, to consider the most effective ways of studying, and whether the habits and methods of study you have so far acquired at school are likely to measure up to the heavy demands which university work is going to make upon you. What study involves. Many students mistakenly think that study is simply the memorising of subject-matter and its reproduction in the examination papers. Of course, there are in every subject elements to be memorised, but study involves a great deal more than that. It involves the mastery and practice of the methods of thinking, of experiment and appreciation, the understanding of theories, the solution of problems analysis and criticism of lectures, books and articles, the making of summaries and extracts, the writing of essays, reports and theses. In short you have to digest knowledge from a wide variety of sources and make it part of you — living and ever growing part of . Notes 1 in the interim — темвременем, впромеж утке 2 so far — до с их пор, пока 3 are likely to measure up (to)— вероятно, будут с оответс твовать 4 is going to make upon you — предъ явитвам

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I. History Science Professor: What is History? Student:

It’s a science dealing with the development of human society.

Prof. When did historical thought appear? St. I think it goes back as far as the 4th – 3rd millenium B.C. Prof. You are quite right. Could you give me the names of the most famous ancient historians? St. Certainly . They are: Herodotus, who was the “father of History”, Xenophon and Polybius. They all come from Ancient Greece. As to the historians of Ancient Rome Titus, Tactus and Plutarch are most well-known. Prof. That’s right. What can be said about the first historical writings? What were they like? St. As far as I know they were stone inscriptions, reviews and chronicles showing various events in Egypt, Babylon, Assyria and Persia. Prof. Exactly so. Do you know ant Russian historians of the 18th or a9th century? St. If I am not mistaken, Russian historiography was represented by Karamzin, Granovsky, Solovyev, Kluchevsky and others. Prof. So much for today. See you tomorrow.

II. At the University. Applicant: What department do you study at? The 3rd year student: I'm 3rd year student of the History Department. I've already passed my last exams and soon I'll have my museum practice. A: I’m going to take my entrance exams this summer. I’ve chosen History as my future profession. I hope to pas the exams successfully but many applicants failed last year. S. It depends on your knowledge. If you study well and if you’re fond of history, you’ll be enrolled in the University.

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A. Is it difficult to study at the History

Department?

S. If you work hard at all lectures, tutorials and seminars, if you read a lot of specialized literature and analyze it, then I hope you’ll be a good historian. A. What subjects did you study when you were a first year student? S. We studied Archeology, Ancient history, Latin, Russian History (the period of feudalism), English and some other subjects. At the end of each term we took tests and exams. Each year we present an essay to our scientific adviser and make contributions in class and sometimes at the students’ conferences on historical themes/topics. A. It sounds attractive. S. I’m sure you’ll enjoy your studies at the University. I wish you good luck at your entrance exams. A. Thanks a lot.

ARCHEOLOGISTS ARE DETECTIVES Who Dig in the Dirt Archeologists have often been compared with detectives, as they hunt for clues about the lifestyles of ancient peoples. Like detectives, archeologists go into the field to locate and preserve all kinds of information. They also use high-tech scientific tools to analyze the evidence they collect and then carefully interpret their data. In addition, like

detectives,

archeologists today are not solely concerned with the traditional “what” and “why” ones, too. Moreover, like criminologists, archeologists attempt to generalize from specific “why” answers to broader theories. Like many comparisons, however, the similarities between archeologists and detectives cannot be pushed too far. One obvious difference is that archeologists do not have informants or suspects they can question. The record that archeologists

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study is mute. Thus, the archeologists’ problem is how to get the remains of the past – from the broken bits of pottery to large monuments – to “talk”.

Read the first part of the dialogue, translate it and be ready to speak on archeology in general terms. Analyse and explain the words in bold type. A. What do you know about archeology? B. Frankly speaking, not much. To some people the word archaeology suggests something as dry as dust, a pursuit followed by elderly, long-bearded professors; to others the word is full of romance, suggesting buried treasures. A. Neither idea is very close to the truth. Archaeology is the scientific study of the material remains of past human life and activities. These materials include relics, artifacts, monuments, etc. B. But how do archeologists manage to find out something about the earliest inhabitants who lived before a word of their history was written? A. It is owing to the fact that an archeologist deals with all the material remains of man: the objects he used and made, his dwelling places with buried treasure. B. I see. So the main thing for an archaeologist is the romance of treasure hunt, isn’t it? A. On the contrary, most archaeologists are not working with the expectation of finding a king’s tomb or similar riches. They are aiming at throwing light on some portion of man’s past by the careful piecing together of evidence, much of it apparently insignificant in itself.

Read the second part of the dialogue and answer the questions. B. Can you explain why the archaeologists carry on their excavations? A. To begin with, archaeology is not an end in itself, not just an abstract study. It is the method of finding out about the past of the human race in its material aspects, and the study of the products of this past. These aspects may be the way people lived, the way they worshiped, the way they built, their art, their trade, their travels.

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B. But all these aspects are studied by historians as well, aren’t they? A. Certainly, but historians are concerned primarily with written records, and the earliest systems of

writing were only invented some five thousand years ago,

whereas man’s ape-like ancestors appeared on earth about half-a-million years ago. The past does not vanish without a trace. The ruins of ancient buildings and of graves remain. In them clothing, utensils, weapons and other things are found. To learn how people lived long ago these things have to be dug up and studied. B. What instruments do archaeologists need for their work? A.

Archaeology involves skilled and laborious work. So they use different

machines, then spades and picks. In places where machines and spades are found too big, smaller tools like knives, pincers and brushes are used. B.

As far as I’ve understood the data of archaeological research is used to

reconstruct various social and economic periods of history for which no written sources exist. A. Good for you. Now you know what archaeology deals with. B. Thanks a lot. A. You’re welcome.

APPENDIX TWO Additional Exercises. Put the words below into the gaps. Compulsory … education begins at the age of 5 in England. Children usually start their school career in an infant school and move to a … school at the age 7. … schools vary in size and location. The … school begins at the age of 11 or 12. In Britain, most children of … … school age receive … education financed from … .. . The years at secondary school may lead to … … … … … ( ) qualifications. There were a million students in British … education in 2000-01. The Government aims to have widened … into higher education. All Britain’s universities enjoy complete … freedom. They … their own staff and decide what and how to … . At university people study for a … .First degree … last three or four years. The first degree is either … or … . Master of Arts or Master of Science is ... degree.

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Public funds; secondary; primary; junior; compulsory; free; access; higher; teach; academic; appoint; course; degree; Give English equivalents: общ еобраз ователь наяш кола; впределах; получать ; принимать во внимание; з авис еть ; з аверш ить ; дис с ертац ия; аттес тац ия; дополнитель ный.

Put questions to the underlined words. 1. Egypt grows a lot of cotton. 2. He takes English lessons every day.

6. In autumn the leaves fall from the trees.

3. They all go to the football matches.

7. Mary has a birthday in October.

4. Mary sews all doll’s dresses.

8. Henry lives in London.

5. There are five windows in this room.

9. The Sudan lies to the south of Egypt. 10. That bicycle costs 100 pounds.

Choose the word from the brackets and explain it. 1.When Jack came home, his sister told him that Peter had rung him up half an hour (ago, before).2. “Did you work or were you still going to school two years (ago, before)?”the teacher asked one of the students. 3. Last week I asked my friend to translate this article, but he said he couldn’t do it (now, then) and said he would do it (in two days, two days later). 4. My friend spent his last week-end in the country. He says the weather was fine (today, that day). 5. I gave my friend a book last week and he said he would return it (tomorrow, next day), but he hasn’t done so yet. 6. “Are you going to give a talk (tomorrow, next day)?”my friend asked me. 7. He wanted to know when we were going (here, there)again.

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Put the verbs into the correct form. Distance education over the world (have) a history of more than 100 years. But it gained popularity only after 1970s. Many countries like China, England, Japan, Russia, Spain and the USA (use) this method, especially in higher education. For example, the Open University in England (have) more than 80,000 students who take about 140 courses per year. This university (have) 260 local teaching and 13 regional information centres. It (be) a system of education for different people at any age. This education (allow) each student to have an individual scheme of study.

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Сос тавители: М артемь яноваН аталияВ ладимировна П етрос ян Ж аннаВ ладимировна Редактор БунинаТ .Д .