Английский язык: Контрольные работы по специальности 020802 (013400) ''Природопользование''

Ф Е Д Е Р АЛ Ь Н О Е АГ Е Н Т С Т В О П О О Б Р АЗО В АН И Ю Р Ф В О Р О Н Е Ж С К И Й Г О С У Д АРС Т В Е Н Н Ы Й У Н И В Е Р С И Т Е Т

К онтрольные работы поанглийскомуязыку для студентов заоч ногоотделения поспец иальности: П риродопользов ание 020802 (013400) О П Д 020802

В О РО Н Е Ж

2005

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У т верж д ен о н а у чн о-м ет од ическим совет ом ф а ку льт ет а геогра ф ии и геоэ кологии протокол № 6 от 8.06.2005г.

С ост а вит ели: Са ф он ова Н.В. Черн икова С.Н.

П особие под готовлен о н а ка ф ед ре а н глийского я зыка ф а ку льт ет а ром а н огерм а н ской ф илологии Ворон еж ского госу д а рст вен н ого у н иверсит ет а Реком ен д у ет ся д ля ст у д ен т ов за очн ого от д елен ия ф а ку льт ета геогра ф ии и геоэ кологии

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М етодич еская записка Кон трольн ые ра боты 1-5 пред н а зн а чен ы д ля ст у д ен т ов 1-3 ку рсов за очн ого отд елен ия ф а ку льт ет а геогра ф ии и геоэ кологии. Он и сод ерж а т т екст ы по специа льн ости и у пра ж н ен ия д ля кон троля у своен ия гра м м а т ического м а териа ла , пред у см от рен н ого програ м м ой по а н глийском у я зыку д ля н ея зыковых ф а ку льт ет ов ву зов. Да н н ые кон трольн ые ра боты сод ерж а т след у ющий гра м м а тический м а териа л: су щест вит ельн ые, м ест оим ен ия , числительн ые, врем ен а гла гола в д ейст вит ельн ом и ст ра д а т ельн ом (па ссивн ом ) за лога х, м од а льн ые гла голы, н еличн ые ф орм ы гла гола , у словн ые пред лож ен ия . Зад а н ия д олж н ы выполн я т ься в той послед ова тельн ост и, в кот орой он и д а н ы в кон т рольн ой ра бот е. Для у своен ия у ка за н н ых выше ра зд елов гра м м а тики при выполн ен ии кон т рольн ых ра бот ст у д ен т за очн ик д олж ен ру ковод ст вова т ься реком ен д ова н н ой литера т у рой: Бон к Н.А ., Л у кья н ова Н.А ., П а лу хин а Л .Г . «У чебн ик а н глийского я зыка » ч. 1 и 2. – М .: Высша я школа ; Новицка я Т .М ., Ку чин Н.Д. «П ра кт ическа я гра м м а тика а н глийского я зыка ». – М .: Высша я школа ; Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press. П ри за вершен ии ку рса обу чен ия ст у д ен т ы д олж н ы у м ет ь: чит а т ь со слова рем текст ы стра н овед ческого, общен а у чн ого сод ерж а н ия , а т а кж е т ем а т ически свя за н н ые с бу д у щей проф ессией, у м ет ь выра ж а ть свои м ысли, использу я пра вила а н глийской гра м м а тики и у своен н ый лексический за па с. Г ра м м а т ический м а териа л проверя ется в ф орм е кон т рольн ых ра бот или т естов. Выполн ен ие и оф орм лен ие кон трольн ых ра бот д олж н о производ ит ься след у ющим обра зом : 1) П исьм ен н ые кон трольн ые ра бот ы след у ет выполн я ть в от д ельн ой т ет ра д и. На ее облож ке ст у д ен т д олж ен н а писа т ь свою ф а м илию, н ом еркон т рольн ой ра боты. 2) Кон трольн ые ра боты н а д о писа т ь а кку ра т н о и чет ко, ост а вля я поля д ля за м еча н ий и м етод ических у ка за н ий рецен зен т а . 3) Выполн ен н ые ра боты н еобход им о отпра вля т ь д ля проверки и рецен зирова н ия в у н иверсит ет, строго соблюд а я у ст а н овлен н ые сроки.

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TEST I Grammar: Nouns and Numerals. The verbs “ to be”, “ to have”. Simple, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous Tenses (Active Voice). I. Before reading the text, try to guess the meanings of the following words. • globe • distance • voyage • ocean • zenith • era • accompany • catalogue • bruit • rotundity • administration • calculate • myth II. Be careful to pronounce the following names correctly. 1) Alexander the Great 2) Eratosthenes 3) Cyrene 4) Claudius Ptolemy 5) Christian era 6) Jerusalem 7) Herodotus III. Read and translate the text. Do paragraphs 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 in written form. To the ancients the earth was a flat plain, solid and immovable and surrounded by water, out of which the sun rose in the east and into which it set in the west. To them “geography” meant simply a description of the lands with which they were acquainted. The word “earth” arouses in our minds the conception of an enormous globe suspended in empty space, one side in shadow and the other bathed in the rays of the sun. The outer surface of this globe consists of an ocean of air enclosing another more solid surface (partly land and partly water), which teems with countless forms of animal and vegetable life. This is the earth of which geography gives us a description. Herodotus, who we look upon as the father of geography as well as of history, had visited the known regions of the earth by about the year 450 B.C. and described accurately what he saw, thus laying the foundations of Comparative Geography. About 300 B.C. Alexander the Great penetrated hitherto unknown regions. He sent a naval expedition to explore India, accompanied by learned men who described the countries and their inhabitants, originating the science of Political Geography, or the geography of man. About the year 200 B.C., Eratosthenes of Cyrene, the keeper of the Royal Library at Alexandria, convinced of the rotundity of the earth, attempted to determine its magnitude. The town of Cyrene, on the Nile, was situated exactly under the tropic, for he knew that on the summer solstice, the sun’s rays at noon illuminated the bottom of a deep well. At Alexandria, however, on the day of the summer solstice, Eratosthenes observed that at noon the vertical finger of a sun-dial cast a shadow, showing that there the sun was not exactly overhead. From the length of the shadow

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he ascertained the sun’s distance from the zenith to be one-fiftieth of the circumference of the heavens; from which he calculated that the distance between Alexandria and Cyrene should be one-fiftieth of the circumference of the world. He was the founder of Mathematical Geography; through his labors it became possible to determine the location of places by means of lines corresponding to our lines of latitude and longitude. Claudius Ptolemy, in the second century of the Christian era, made a catalogue of the positions of places. With this as his basis, he made a series of twenty six maps. To him we owe the art of map-making, the origination of Geographic Art. When Rome began to rule the world, the Romans paid attention to geography which facilitated the administration of their empire. They were great road-builders. Maps of their military roads exhibited with accuracy stations on the route from Rome to India, and from Rome to the further end of Britain. With the fall of Rome came the collapse of geographical knowledge. In the typical map of the Middle Ages, Jerusalem lay in the center, with Paradise on the east and Europe on the west. The Northmen crossed the ocean to Iceland, proceeded to Greenland, and even visited the mainland of North America about 1000 A.D.; but these voyages were forgotten or looked upon as myths. In the fourteenth or fifteenth century, the mariner’s compass was introduced into Europe from China, and it then became possible to venture far out of sight of land. Columbus boldly set sail across the Atlantic. To many his contemporaries it seemed madness to seek East by sailing West. Expecting to find the East Indies he found America instead. Five centuries had elapsed since the Northmen had made their voyages to these shores – labors barren of results. The discovery of Columbus, however, immediately bore fruit. The spirit of discovery was quickened and geographic knowledge advanced with a great leap. America was explored; Africa was the earth by sailing westward until reaching the starting point. The present century forms a new era in the progress of geography – the era of organized research. IV. Answer the questions in the written form. 1) What was the earth to the ancients? 2) What does the word “geography” mean to them? 3) Who was the founder of the Comparative Geography? 4) Where did Alexander the Great send a naval expedition to? 5) Who tried to determine the earth’s magnitude? 6) What did Eratosthenes observe at Alexandria? 7) How did he calculate the distance between Alexandria and Cyrene? 8) Who do we owe the art of map-making? 9) What did the Romans pay attention to? 10) Why did the collapse of geographic knowledge come? 11) Whose voyages were forgotten or looked upon as myths? 12) In what century was the mariner’s compass introduced? 13) The discovery of Columbus bore fruit, didn’t it? 14) When was a new era of organized research formed? V. Try to match the following titles with the paragraphs.

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a) b)

The founder of Mathematical Geography. The possibility of determining the local of places by means of lines latitude and longitude. c) The Earth as a flat plain. d) Origination of Geographic Art. e) Romans as great road builders. f) Introduction of mariner’s compass. VI. Put the following words into three groups. a. great geographers; b. geographic terms; c. scientific terms. Collapse, calculate, longitude, globe, Columbus, Alexander the Great, description, Eratosthenes, determine, conception, venture, ascertain, discovery, explore, Claudius Ptolemy, zenith, suspend region, compose, mainland, plain, suspend, quicken, research, Herodotus, circumference, magnitude, latitude, .noon VII. Find the following in the text. A noun meaning: a. either the shortest day in the year; b. the highest point; c. land mass, considered without its islands; d. a person who lives in a particular place; e. a large stretch of flat land; f. the outer part; g. the general understanding; h. an instrument showing direction; i. the distance north or south of the equator measured in degrees. VIII. Give translations of the following sentences in written form. 1) Some 2.3 million people are employed in trades, offering a service directly to the public. 2) Over 1/3 of Britain’s agricultural land is grassland. 3) About 3/4 of all primary energy consumed in Britain now comes from domestic sources. 4) Britain is one of the world’s smaller countries with an area of some 244,100 square kilometers. 5) Manufacturing investment in 1999 was about 5,800 million. 6) Before 1900, Nauru was like other Pacific islands. 7) The earth’s last glacial period gave way to a warming period about 11.000 years ago. 8) Seismologists estimate that the earthquake that shook San Francisco, California in 1906 measured 8.3 on the Richter scale. IX. Try to pronounce the following numerals correctly. 200 1/5; 4/9 1.456788 1000 0.5 1995 (year) 1.4 450 2.44 2005 (year) 3/4

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X. Put the verbs from the text into two columns: regular verbs and irregular verbs. Find these verbs in the sentences in the text and translate them. penetrate become seek pay acquaint rule seem come originate lie rise forget know explore make name XI. Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct form. One verb can be used more than once. • have • differ • be • live • divide • develop • include • identify 1) Some ethic groups _______ physically from others. 2) Material culture _____________ all the physical objects that people make. 3) Political boundaries _________ the world into more than 160 different nations. 4) Many nations __________ similar traditions and even ceremonies. 5) People _________ their homes in every geographic regions. 6) The population ______ mostly in towns and cities. 7) The main field crops _______ wheat, barley, and oats. 8) Britain _________ a long tradition of efficient shipbuilding. 9) All human groups ________ some kind of art, music and religion. 10) Every map ________ distortions that are inevitable in the process of illustrating the earth’s spherical surface on a flat map. 11) Globes and maps _________ useful models of the earth. 12) The climate _________ the most important factor of soil formation. 13) Waterfalls _______ due to many causes. XII. Put the verbs into the correct form Present Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1) Scientists _______ (work) now on a program “Siberia’s Forests” . 2) Lately East Siberia ________ (have) spells of unusual warm weather in the fall. 3) Language always ________ (change) and ______ (develop). 4) International trade __________ (be) always important in Britain. 5) The movement of people from rural to urban areas _________ (take) place for thousand of years. 6) Scientists _________ (study) the surface of the earth for centuries. 7) Geographers _________ (divide) the world into several cultural regions. 8) The temperature gap between the equator and the poles ______ (narrow) gradually. 9) With the general warming of the atmosphere damp air ________ (move) to Europe from the Atlantic.

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10) Protecting wetlands __________ (become) a special concern of many countries. 11) Volcanic eruptions _______ (kill) nearly 200.000 people in the last 600 years. 12) The problem of distortion _________ (remain) the major disadvantage of maps. 13) Today many people ________ (work) to protect this vital resource. XIII. Comment on the following statements. Write 5-7 sentences. a. What science gives us a description of the earth? b. Our time is the era of organized research in geography.

TEST II Grammar: Adjectives. Adverbs. Simple, Continuous, Perfect (Passive Voice) I. Look through the text attentively to understand its main ideas. Suggest an alternative title to the text. Nature and humanity both exist on the same Earth, and form an integral system. People live in constant interaction with the elements of nature, and use its resources. Humanity is affecting nature not more than any other species; its biological size is relatively small. But by its activities human society is vigorously transforming nature. As a result of humanity’s rapid demographic and social development, the environment is now developing into a new and more complicated system; its evolution is actually different from that of the untouched wilderness. This unnatural evolutionary process is occurring at a considerably faster rate than is natural evolutionary development. It must be admitted that today one modern person can affect nature more than thousands of primitive people could in the past. The earth is being transformed by the appearance of urban and industrial zones, the cultivation of land, the extermination of forests, the creation of artificial bodies of water, and so forth. Such transformed areas now comprise over 20 per cent of the planet’s surface. This has caused noticeable changes in the earth’s thermal and water balances. In a number of countries the oxygen consumption in industry and transport has already exceeded the amount that is being generated by the plants in these countries. More than 100 thousand million tons of raw materials are extracted annually from the entrails of the earth; this is more than 25 tons per person per year. The greatest part of them turns into wastes polluting the environment. Pollutants are damaging the natural balance of chemical elements in the biosphere, filling it with pesticides, synthetic materials, and radioactive elements, which decompose very slowly and which can be accumulated in living organisms.

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Millions of tons of oil products are being thrown into the Ocean. The atmosphere and waters are being polluted by industrial and gasoline exhaust. The decrease in the extent of tropical woods, soil erosion, the desertification of productive lands, and certain countries’ delayed growth in agricultural production is a cause for deep concern. At present, we are in the process of losing approximately one thousand animal species and two and a half thousand plant species. The current relationship which exists between man and nature is the vital problem that must be solved. Each nation must possess certain preserved natural territories, corresponding to its resources and needs, which will provide for the development of its society at the optimum level. These lands and water areas are to be kept under a special regime and isolated in order to protect the region’s ecological potential, to preserve the genetic fund and the reproduction and growth of natural resources, to improve the environment and recreational areas, and to provide scientific information about natural complexes- standards of the region’s natural state. II. Read and translate the text. Translate parts 2, 4, 5, 6 in written form. III. Explain the meaning of the following. • urban zones • form an integral system • industrial wastes • relatively small • deep concern • untouched wilderness • vital problem • noticeable changes • possess • entrails of the earth • provide for • decompose IV. Correct the mistakes in the sentences below. 1) One modern person can’t affect nature more than thousands of primitive people could in the past. 2) At present we are losing two thousand of animal species. 3) People and animal species both exist on the earth and form an integral system. 4) All kinds of pollutants are damaging the natural balance filling it with synthetic materials. 5) Each nation must possess certain industrial zones. 6) Artificial bodies of water are to be kept under a special regime. 7) Millions tons of water are being thrown into the rivers and lakes. V. Answer the following questions. 1) What forms an integral system on the Earth? 2) How do people exist on the Earth? 3) How does humanity affect nature? 4) How is human society transforming nature? 5) What is the Earth being transformed by? 6) What percentage of the planet’s surface do transformed areas comprise? 7) How many tons of raw materials are extracted annually from the Earth? 8) What are pollutants damaging? 9) What are atmosphere and waters are polluted by?

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10) What is a cause for deep concern now? 11) How are preserved natural territories to be kept? VI. Find these adjectives in the text and translate the sentences. • integral • urban • thermal • demographic • artificial • vital • social • noticeable • special VII. Put a suitable adjective from the box with each noun. ecological agricultural dangerous practical natural 1) 5) 9) 13) VIII.

situation 2) usage 3) monument 4) season phenomenon 6) disaster 7) pollution 8) result 11) organism 12) resource region 10) development situation 14) reproduction 15) substance 16) chance Form adverbs from the following adjectives and translate them. a) relative e) considerable b) vigorous f) approximate c) original g) comparative d) actual IX. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives. Pattern: safe-safer-safest 1. close 5. flat 2. vast 6. dry 3. severe 7. wet 4. exploitable 8. simple X. Complete the sentences with the following verbs in Simple, Continuous and Perfect (Passive Voice). 1) Antarctica _______ (discover) in 1920. 2) Theoretically lakes under Antarctica ______ (predict) earlier. 3) Since then Antarctica _______ regularly _______ (visit) by expedition. 4) The well of the Vostok Station _____ already _______ (drill) to a depth 2.700 meters. 5) The well ________ (fill) with a special liquid. 6) Strange, unexplainable geological structures ________ (trace) under the Vostok Station. 7) Soon the station _______ (reopen) to continue drilling. 8) Now the Russians _________ (help) by the American and French scientists. 9) Fish _______ (take) from the ocean faster than they can reproduce themselves. 10) Several international laws ________ (create) to regulate the use of the world ocean and avoid disputes among countries. 11) The world ocean usually _________ (subdivide) into four main oceans. 12) A series of dams _________ (build) on the Volga.

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13) Many theories __________ (present) about how the earth has changed over time. XI. Translate the sentences from the text where the following verbs are used in Passive. 1. admit 5. throw 2. transform 6. pollute 3. generate 7. solve 4. extract 8. keep XII. Make the verbs in the following sentences passive. Pattern: Transformed communities stabilize the environment. The environment is stabilized by the transformed communities. 1. The rapid social and economic development has caused a transformation of nature. 2. Changes in the hydrosphere bring about transformation in these regions. 3. The system includes natural monuments, national parks and reserves. 4. Reindeers frighten away the birds. 5. The ancient sea formed the sandy clay sediments. 6. Several countries are now creating mini-reserves. 7. Thousand specialists carry out the scientific research. 8. The earth surface displays an amazing variety of landforms. 9. Technological advances have changed the patterns of resource use. 10. Geographers identify two types of ocean currents. 11. Several nations have signed the Law of the Sea Treaty. XIII. Comment on the following statement (write 6-7 sentences). “ Humankind disruptive impact on the environment”

TEST III Grammar: Indefinite Pronouns. Modals. I. What do you think these words and expressions from the text mean? • geologist • industrialized • concentration region • gas • catastrophe • politics • turbines • resources • radioactivity • reserves • aesthetic problem • emission • biomass • uranium • accumulation • geothermal • democratic • atmosphere • energy II. Read and translate the text. Which paragraph from the text deals with the following. 1) The problems of the regions which have been little explored. 2) The growing disparity between the nations.

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3) The increase of global temperature in the world. 4) The problems of synfuels. HAVES AND HAVE-NOTS Some geologists estimate that yet-to-be discovered deposits of oil and gas will equal present reserves. New coal resources may double those we know of, while uranium may exist in quantities several times the proved reserves. Nature was not democratic in dispersing its wealth. Many areas of south Asia, though teeming with people, are energy starved. The vast interiors of Africa and South America appear as fossil fuel deserts. These regions, however, have been little explored. The industrialized regions to the north, rich in coal and uranium, are also comparatively well off in oil. There are crucial exceptions: Japan must import 90 percent of all its energy, while Western Europe – whose only significant oil lies in the North Sea – imports more than half. As energy resources rise in value, they gravitate to the developed nations, mostly in the north, where only a quarter of the world’s people enjoy some 80 percent of its wealth. The growing disparity between these nations and the poorer ones to the south has spawned a “north-south” dichotomy in the world politics. Nuclear energy bears the handicap of worry over radioactivity. The breeder reactor conjures up fear that the plutonium it produces might increase proliferation of the nuclear bomb. Coal also poses serious handicaps. Unfortunately it contains sulfur and other undesirable substances, such as heavy metals, which are only partly removed from burning emissions despite costly and difficult procedures. The sulfur emissions damage human lungs, they combine with moisture in the atmosphere to form acid precipitation that defaces monuments and buildings and kills the life in countless lakes. Of gas greater potent is the accumulation in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide from burning coal and other fossil fuel. Carbon dioxide tends to trap heat on the earth’s surface; in sufficient concentration it could create the dreaded green house effect. Studies both in the United States and the United Kingdom forecast that the concentration of carbon dioxide by the middle of the 21st century will be doubled what it was before the industrial revolution. Such concentration, say some scientists, could increase average global temperatures by two degrees Celsius, and polar temperatures by as much as seven degrees. That much warming would seriously affect distribution of rainfall and could create deserts of much of the Northern Hemisphere breadbasket. It would be an irreversible catastrophe of unparalleled magnitude, affecting all mankind. Other energy resources offer their own peculiar problems. Synfuels involve extensive strip mining, enormous cost, and demands for water that may be prohibitive. Solar electricity also will be costly. And it may run into interesting legal problems: New Mexico is the only state that protects a solar collector from being blocked by another structure. Wind turbines will have to be given sites with great care to avoid aesthetic problems. The noise they produce has proved to be objectionable in some cases, and in large numbers they may create interference with communications.

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Alcohol from agricultural products for use in cars raises the specter of food versus fuel. The burning of biomass, favored by some environmentalists, greatly worries others. They fear that there will be rapid destruction of forest lands and serious deterioration of agricultural soils if they are deprived of organic matter. Nations are seeking to move away from oil as rapidly as possible, they are increasing their investment in solar, geothermal and wind power. III. Translate the paragraphs 3, 5, 8, 9 in written form. IV. Answer the questions. 1) How do geologists estimate deposits of oil and gas? 2) What areas of the world are energy starved? 3) What regions have been little explored? 4) Why do energy resources gravitate to the developed nations? 5) What is the reason of “north-south” dichotomy in world politics? 6) How do sulfur emissions damage human lungs? 7) Why will the concentration of carbon dioxide be doubled by the middle of the 21st century? 8) What will seriously affect the distribution of rainfall on the planet? 9) Why do other energy resources offer their own peculiar problems? 10) The burning of biomass, favored by some environmentalists, greatly worries others, doesn’t it? 11) Why are the nations seeking to move away from oil as rapidly as possible? 12) What other energy resources are the nations increasing their investment in? V. Translate the following pronouns and complete the table below. • someone • anybody • everything • nothing • somebody • everywhere • no one • something • everybody • anyone • anything • anywhere • nothing • everyone • nobody • nowhere some any no every place object person VI. Fill in the gaps using the given pronouns. 1) anywhere 5) everyone 2) some 6) anyone 3) any 7) somewhere 4) no one 8) something 1) There was ______ interesting with the first project offered in 1920.

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2) The air in the lower atmosphere always contains _______ amount of moisture. 3) The moon is smaller than _______ of the nine planets. 4) _______ waves speed up a few miles beneath the Earth’s surface. 5) The crusaders took ______ things with them to Europe. 6) Most volcanoes erupt without providing ________ of these helpful early warnings. 7) _______ of living in Europe had ever heard of coal before. 8) It was the first time that ______ had ever heard of paper money. 9) ______ who read Marco Polo’s stories told others about them. 10) In ancient times people believed that “paradise” existed _____ to the west. 11) Glowing magma does not come to the surface of the earth _______ in this country, as close as it does in Kamchatka. 12) Copernicus was so frightened on what _______ would think of his new ideas. 13) Earthquake waves can move only through ______ solid. 14) ______ shift in the earth’s crust can cause the earth to tremble. 15) We know ______ of the earth’s geologic age. VII. Complete the sentences with the given modals. a) have to e) may b) can f) could c) should g) has to d) must h) ought to 1) Columbus believed the earth was round and that he ______ reach the Earth by sailing west. 2) Very often historians _____ to rely solely on the written word. 3) Volcanic eruptions _______ cause great loss of life and damage to property. 4) Fogs are frequent there, the weather _______ change ten times a day. 5) Maps ______ show all the earth’s surface at one time. 6) Every map _________ has a direction indicator. 7) Cartographers also _______ deal with name changes. 8) The coldest days of a typical January ______ be 40 C below zero. 9) Every second person in our country _______ to drink water that is not quite up to safety standards. 10) Many scientists claim that we ________ to think much more solar energy. 11) Man ________ to face a serious ecological crisis in the nearest future. 12) By studying the wave patterns, scientists ______ learn a great deal about the earth’s interior. 13) As a rule, warm air ______ hold more moisture than cold air. 14) Changing atmospheric conditions _______ create violent weather. VIII. Complete the following sentences using a) had to + one of these verbs: • learn • give up

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• look for • check 1) People ___________ that nothing was to be done against the mighty stream. 2) The settlers of America _________ many of the traditional behavior patterns of Europe. 3) Researchers _________ a link between methane concentration and transformation of hydrogen sulfide on the Black Sea bed during the expedition. 4) Scientists __________ the results of their research b) can + one of these verbs: • see • detect • meet 1) Navigators at sea _________ their position accurately by referring to lines of latitude and longitude. 2) Seismologists _________ minor earth tremors in the region of volcano. 3) All the energy requirements of the Kamchatka region _______ with the help of underground heat. c) may + one of these verbs: • view • see • have 1) Even people in the same culture _______ and use resources differently. 2) Campers ________ the forest as a recreational area in which to spend vacations. 3) People in different places _______ different ideas whether something supplied by nature is or is not a natural resource. IX. Find in the text sentences with the modals: may, must, can and translate them. X. Answer the question in written form (7-8 sentences) “ How sure are you about the future energy resources?”

TEST IV Grammar: Participle I. Participle II. The Objective Participle Construction. The Absolute Participle Construction, Gerund. I. Before reading the text, try to guess the meaning of the following words. Geopolitical, international, natural, status, consultative, active, prestige, planet, economic, resources, moratorium, geological, mineral, energy, problem, serious, process, climatic, agricultural, modernization, ionosphere. II. Put the words from exercise I into two groups. a) Political terms b) Geographic terms III. Read and translate the text. Do 1, 3, 4 parts in written form.

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Virtually all countries studying the Antarctic look after not only their scientific but also geopolitical interests in the region. To a very large extent this mirrors the situation in outer space. Development of Antarctica is also a matter of international prestige. The two are alike both in the extremity of natural conditions and in their status in international law. Neither Antarctica nor outer space have a territory or an area belonging to a particular country. The status of Antarctica is determined by the 1959 international Antarctica Treaty whereby it was recognized as the “common heritage of the mankind” . Under the treaty, Russia is one of the “consultative” member states engaged in the most active work in the region and invested with decision-making powers and the right to veto any international decision concerning this part of the planet. One of the main subjects of interest for probably all countries in the world is natural resources. Antarctica being rich in mineral resources, the future of mankind depends on the resources that are concentrated in the Ocean and in Antarctica. Today a 50-year moratorium on geological prospecting and extraction of mineral resources is in force. But if the planet is confronted with an energy crisis, these provisions might have to be revised and then the problem of dividing the resources could arise. In addition to mineral resources, Antarctica is rich in exploitable food resources. The food problem could soon become very serious for the world’s growing population. Antarctica is a key “participant” in global environmental processes on our planet- such as global warming and the expansion of the ozone hole, which directly affect the future if the human race. In Russia, for instance, nearly 60 per cent of the territory is permafrost. Its laws are, in effect, economic laws. Cities have been built on permafrost, as have been pipelines, power transmission lines, and roads. So it is vital to have reliable information from such unique natural “test site”. This is only possible if climatic changes and the impact of outer space processes on our planet are continuously monitored in Antarctica which is unspoiled by any human activity. A global climatic forecast at least for one season allows us to formulate our economic policy in the world trade in grain and other agricultural produce, and to know exactly where procurements should be made in the upcoming year. In addition, Antarctica is important for our country also in the military-strategic respect. Evolution and modernization of military equipment has made it possible to influence the magnetic field and the ionosphere. Research centers studying the effect of such impacts have already been set up in Norway and on Alaska. Meanwhile, most disturbances in magnetic fields and the ionosphere occur in polar regions so, the only way to effectively safeguard our country’s security is by constantly monitoring these phenomena, in particular in Antarctica. IV. Look at the following statements and say which ones are important in your opinion. 1) Antarctica is a region of geopolitical interests in the world. 2) Antarctica is the common heritage of mankind. 3) Humankind relies on mineral resources that are concentrated in Antarctica. 4) Antarctica is important for Russia in the military-strategic respect. V. Answer the questions on the text.

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1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

Who looks after geopolitical interests in this region? Why is the development of Antarctica a matter of international prestige? How is the status of Antarctica defined? What country is one of the “consultative member-states” ? What subject is of interest for many countries in the world? What resources are concentrated in the Ocean and Antarctica? What other resources is Antarctica rich in? What problem will soon become very serious for the world’s growing population? 9) What process can directly affect the future of the human race? 10) What have been built on permafrost? 11) What territory is unspoiled by any human activity? 12) Antarctica is important for Russia in the military-strategic respect, isn’t it? 13) What made possible to influence the magnetic field and the ionosphere? 14) What is the only way to safeguard our country’s security? VI. Find the following forms of Participle I, Participle II and Gerund in the text. Translate these sentences. 1) Studying, belonging, concerning (Participle I) 2) Engaged, invested (Participle II) 3) Dividing, monitoring (Gerund) VII. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the forms of Participle I, Participle II and Gerund. 1) The Arbain desert lying between Egypt and Sudan is one of the driest areas in the world. 2) The evidence was provided by the space shuttle launched in November 1996. 3) Scientists have developed several instruments for monitoring changes in the condition of a volcano. 4) Scientists feel confident in predicting eruptions. 5) The water heated by underground heat is saturated with dissolved minerals and gases. 6) Volcanologists closely observe not only Klyuchevskaya but also other active volcanoes including Tolbachic. 7) The picture of Atlas supporting the world was first used by the 16th century geographer Mercator. 8) Frictions caused by meteors moving against the air makes them so hot that they glow. 9) Vikings developed a vigorous art of surface decoration expressed in wood carvings. 10) Improved methods of observing atmosphere are developed. 11) A seismograph is an instrument for recording vibrations of the earth’s crust. 12) The explores have shown a vast submarine range extending nearly the length of the Pacific Ocean.

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13) People can live only by making use of the earth’s natural resources. 14) Plates moving closer together sometimes collide. 15) Certain external processes are at work changing surface features. VIII. Which of the following – ing forms are Gerunds and which are Participle I. 1) The number of people living on the plane constantly increases. 2) The sole object of our expedition was exploring the floor of the Pacific Ocean. 3) North America is a low platform rising above the sea. 4) Forecasting weather with great accuracy is no easy matter. 5) The Great Northern Expedition succeeded in exploring the Northern coast of Europe. 6) Korea is rich in minerals including iron, coal, copper and silver. 7) Only in the last half of this century progress has been made in predicting earthquakes. 8) The Volga continues its long tradition of serving as an important trade route. 9) Mineral water is spring water containing a high proportion of mineral salts. 10) Using this modern equipment, most fishing nations increase their fish catches each year. 11) Water plays an important role in determining climate. IX. Define the sentences with the Objective Participle Construction and the Absolute Participle Construction. Translate these sentences. 1) The scientists were pleased to hear the words quoted several times in the President’s speech. 2) There are many long rivers in Russia, some of them being among the longest in the world. 3) They didn’t know about oil being extracted in Southern France. 4) Being comparatively small, Britain is known for a variety of scenery found on such a small area. 5) The south-eastern part of England is quite close to the continent, the Strait of Dover in its narrowest part being only 22 miles wide. 6) Showing an area on the map, the travelers could hear the volcano’s eruption. 7) The explores had many talks with the natives, the guide acting as interpreter. 8) They always watched the planes landing and taking off. 9) The climate being mild in France, the crops grow rapidly. X. Write a short paragraph about Russia’s subjects of interest in Antarctica (7-8 sentences).

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TEST V Grammar: Infinitive. The Objective with the Infinitive Construction. The Subjective with the Infinitive Construction. Conditionals. I. The following words are taken from the text to check your guesses. Do not use dictionary at this stage. Put these words into the alphabetic order. Natural, familiar, uniformly, introduction, aquatic, emigrate, orbit, zones, savannah, geophysical, biosphere, microorganisms, preserve, tropical, hot, compose, literally, reef. II. Read and translate the text. Do paragraphs 2, 3, 4 in written form. HOTSPOTS The biosphere that gives us life is wondrously rich. The number of organisms composing it is astronomical: one million trillion insects are believed to be alive on the planet at any one time; they in turn are beggared by the bacteria, ten billion of which may reside in a single pinch of soil. And so great is the diversity of life-forms that we still have not taken its measure. During the past two centuries biologists have discovered and given formal names to somewhat more than 1.5 million species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, yet various methods of estimation place the number of all species on Earth, known and still unknown, between 3 million and 100 million. In spite of this immense complexity, perhaps because of it, the biosphere is also very fragile. Although it appears robust, it is actually a hollow shell around the planet so thin it cannot be seen edgewise from an orbiting spacecraft. Its teeming organisms are ill equipped to withstand humanity’s relentless assault on the habitats in which they live. Our species, at more than six billion strong and heading toward nine billion by mid-century, has become a geophysical force more destructive than storms and droughts. Half the world’s forests are gone. Tropical forests in particular, where most of Earth’s plant and animal species live. If they were not being clear-cut at the rate of perhaps one per cent a year, they would not be threatened. In shallow waters from the West Indies to the Maldives many of Earth’s coral reefs are literally fading away. If it were not for polluting, damming, and the introduction of alien organisms, we would not observe the whole-sale extinction of native aquatic species. Greenhouse warming, by edging climatic zones poleward faster than flora and fauna can emigrate, threatens the existence of entire ecosystems, including those of the Arctic and other hitherto least disturbed parts of the world. Researchers generally agree that extant species are now vanishing at least 100 and possibly as much as 10,000 times faster than new ones are being born. Many experts believe that if the present rate of environmental change stayed the same, half the world’s surviving species would be gone by the end of the century. Is there a way to divert the human juggernaut and save at least most of the remaining natural world? A providential arrangement in the geography of life makes it at least possible. Biodiversity is not distributed uniformly over land and sea. A

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large part of it is concentrated in a relatively small number of coral reefs, forests, savannas, other habitats scattered on and around different continents. By preserving these special places, biologists have come to agree, it should be possible to accommodate the continuing human surge while protecting a large part of Earth’s threatened fauna and flora. Among the most precious of the special places are the hotspots, which conservation biologists define as natural environments containing exceptionally large numbers of endangered species found nowhere else. The most familiar hotspots include the Philippines, California’s Mediterranean-climate coast, and Madagascar. III. Find in the text information about the following. 1) Tropical forests. 2) Diversity of life-forms. 3) Biodiversity over land and seas. IV. Answer the questions. 1) What is the number of organisms on the planet? 2) What is beggared by the bacteria? 3) Who has given formal names to more than 1.5 million species? 4) Is biosphere very fragile? 5) What appears robust? 6) What has become more destructive than storms and droughts? 7) Why are half the world’s forests gone? 8) What causes the whole-sale extinction of the native aquatic species? 9) What threatens the existence of entire ecosystems? 10) What species are vanishing at least 100 times faster than new ones are being born? 11) What makes possible to save most of the remaining natural world? 12) How is biodiversity distributed over land and sea? 13) Where is a large part of biodiversity concentrated in? 14) Why are hotspots among the most precious places? 15) Where are the most familiar hotspots in the world? V. Use the Objective with the Infinitive Construction. Pattern: a) We know that the earth crust is constantly changing. b) We know the earth crust to be constantly changing. 1) Warm summers permit that agriculture is carried on far to the north. 2) Subtropical climate enables the farmers that they grow two crops each year. 3) They suppose that his discovery is accidental. 4) We believe that the nebular hypothesis has many discrepancies. 5) The students expected that the teacher explained to them different hypothesis of the earth early history. VI. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to Infinitive Constructions. 1) Moultein and Chamberlin believed the earth and other planets to have come originally from the sun. 2) Scientists revealed the thunderstorm to have a very complex nature.

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3) The United States is known to have 200 tonnes of yperite, one of the most deadly substances in the world. 4) The Panama Canal is said to be one of the greatest engineering accomplishments of the earth. 5) The energy source is believed to supplement other energy sources on the planet in the not very distant future. 6) Blue-green algae are reported to be the most widespread form of life. 7) Tornadoes are most likely to occur in the spring or early summer when contrasts of temperature and humidity in the air masses are at maximum. 8) Frost, dew and fog are not considered to be precipitation. 9) We know France to export iron ore, bauxite, motor cars, fertilizers and jewellery. 10) We expect Germany to establish mutually advantageous relations with Russia. VII. Put the verbs into the correct form and translate the sentences. 1) If the increase of Russian population goes on at present rate, it _______ (constitute) 160 million at the end of the 21st century. 2) If the plateau were quite even, the edge _________ (be) everywhere of much the same character. 3) If the earth were flat, the sun _______ (rise) and set at the same time for people in all countries. 4) Most lakes and rivers _________ (dry up) id they depended solely upon precipitation for their store water. 5) If water is heated to 100º, it ______ (boil). 6) If we could live on one of other planets, such as Mars, the Earth _______ (appear) to us as a big star. 7) If all the water in the World Ocean were dried up, the salts _____ (form) a layer on the Ocean floor 152 meters thick. 8) If you were to enter a cave in a limestone area, you _______ probably (hear) the sound of water dripping from the roof. 9) If it were necessary to choose the living emblem of the reserve, it ______ (be) by rights the white bear. 10) If the gradient is steep or the depth is great, the glacier _______ (move) rapidly. VIII. Define a type of Conditional. 1) If there were no mountains or oceans, the amount of heat and length of the farmers growing season would progress uniformly from north to south. 2) If animals and birds could speak, they would tell how highly they value the evergreen. 3) If pilots had had no compass, they would not have made such wonderful flights. 4) If you ever lose your way in a vast forest, you will try to walk out of it. 5) If the moisture were not taken out of the air and formed into clouds, it would condense on every solid surface. 6) If the air is warmed, it will rise and expand.

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7) It would be very difficult, if every town in a country had its own time. IX. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. a) If hadn’t felt tired, ________. b) If you had started earlier, ________. c) If you ask him, ________. d) If you listen to me, __________. e) If I were you, _____________. f) If I were a writer, __________. X. Find conditionals in the text and translate them XI. Using your own words write a short paragraph about the distribution of biodiversity on the planet (7-8 sentences).

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С ост а вит ели: Са ф он ова Н.В. Черн икова С.Н.

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