Y
w t s o 100 r r i d f s r i u n o
PASHTO
Pashto for Total Beginners Through Puzzles and Games Series concept Jane Wightwick Illustrations Mahmoud Gaafar
Pashto edition Akber Hargar Akhtarjan Kohistani
Copyright © 2003 by Gaafar and Wightwick. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-142533-0 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-14223-9.
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CONTENTS
Introduction Scriptbreaker
4 (how the script works)
5
Topics AROUND THE HOME CLOTHES AROUND TOWN COUNTRYSIDE OPPOSITES ANIMALS PARTS OF THE BODY USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
9 14 19 24 29 34 39 44
Round-up (review section)
49
Answers
59
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Flashcards
(8 sheets of tear-out topic flashcards)
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INTRODUCTION In this activity book you’ll find 100 key words for you to learn to read in Pashto. All the activities are designed specifically for reading non-Latin script languages. Many of the activities are inspired by the kind of games used to teach children to read their own language: flashcards, matching games, memory games, joining exercises, etc. This is not only a more effective method of learning to read a new script, but also much more fun. We’ve included a Scriptbreaker to get you started. This is a friendly introduction to the Pashto script that will give you tips on how to remember the letters. Then you can move on to the eight Topics. Each topic presents essential words in large type. There is a pronunciation guide so you know how to say the words. These words are also featured in the tear-out Flashcard section at the back of the book. When you’ve mastered the words, you can go on to try out the activities and games for that topic. There’s also a Round-up section to review all your new words and the Answers to all the activities to check yourself. Follow this 4-step plan for maximum success: Have a look at the key topic words with their pictures. Then tear out the flashcards and shuffle them. Put them Pashto side up. Try to remember what the word means and turn the card over to check with the English. When you can do this, cover the pronunciation and try to say the word and remember the meaning by looking at the Pashto script only.
1
Put the cards English side up and try to say the Pashto
2 word. Try the cards again each day both ways around. (When you can remember a card for seven days in a row, you can file it.) Try out the activities and games for each topic. This
3 will reinforce your recognition of the key words. After you have covered all the topics, you can try the 4 activities in the Round-up section to test your
knowledge of all the 100 words in the book. You can also try shuffling all the flashcards together to see how many you can remember.
This flexible and fun way of reading your first words in Pashto should give you a head start whether you’re learning by yourself or in a group.
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SCRIPTBREAKER The purpose of this Scriptbreaker is to introduce you to the Pashto script and how it is formed. You should not try to memorize the alphabet at this stage, nor try to write the letters yourself. Instead, have a quick look through this section and then move on to the topics, glancing back if you want to work out the letters in a particular word. Remember, though, that recognizing the whole shape of the word in an unfamiliar script is just as important as knowing how it is made up. Using this method you will have a much more instinctive recall of vocabulary and will gain the confidence to expand your knowledge in other directions. Pashto, or Pakhto, is written in the Perso-Arabic script with some modified and additional characters. Reading the script is not as difficult as it might seem at first glance. There are 40 letters, no capital letters, and, unlike English, words are generally spelled as they sound. There are two main points to etch into your brain: • Pashto is written from right to left. • The letters are ´joined upµ— you cannot ´printµ a word as you can in English.
The alphabet The easiest way of tackling the alphabet is to divide it into similarly shaped letters. For example, here are two groups of similar letters. The only difference between them is the dots and signs around the basic shape:
ê ì ñ ˇ 7 *
(the letter jeem) (the letter heh Arabic) (the letter kheh) (the letter cheh) (the letter tsee)
Ü ˚ ä 9 ç
(the letter beh) (the letter peh) (the letter teh) (the letter tteh) (the letter seh)
(the letter zeh)
When these letters join to other letters they change their shape. The most common change is that they lose their ´tailsµ:
œ = ê + ä ÖM = Ü + ì
(read from right to left)
Because letters change their shape like this, they have an initial, a medial (middle) and a final form. For example, the letter (jeem) changes like this:
ê
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5
at the beginning of a word (initial)
`L `é` ê ...
in the middle of a word (medial)
...
at the end of a word (final)
... ...
ƒg ✔ Pashto has 40 letters and no capital letters ✔ Pashto reads right to left ✔ Pashto is written in ´joined upµ writing ✔ The ´tailµ is generally chopped off before joining to the next letter A few letters change their shapes completely depending on where they fall in a word. For example, the letter (heh) changes like this:
√
`g `¡` ¬` ...
initial
...
medial
... ...
final
In addition, there are 10 letters which never join to the letter following (to their left) and so hardly change shape at all. These are:
h O Q
(waaw) (daal) (reh)
G / $
(alef)
P R
(ddaal) (rreh)
(zaal) (dzeh)
ó
,
(zheh)
(geh)
You will find more details of how the individual letters change their shape in the table on page 8.
Formation of words We can use the principles of joining letters to form words. So, for example, the Pashto word for ´hotelµ is similar to English and written like this: (hottel)
6
π:ƒg ∫ = (l)
+ (tt)
9
+ (o)
h
+ (h)
√
The Pashto word for ´sockµ (jooraab), contains three non-joining letters and is written like this:
(jooraab)
ÜGQƒL Ü = (b)
G Q h ê
+ (aa) + (r)
+ (oo)
+ (j)
You may have noticed that in π:ƒg the e seems to be missing from the script. In modern Pashto, some short vowels are not written as part of the main script. It is possible to add signs above and below the script to represent these vowels, but they are not usually included in modern Pashto. So the writing is similar to English shorthand, where we might write ´bnkµ instead of ´bank.µ
ƒg ✔ Pashto letters have an initial, medial (´middleµ) and final form, depending on their position in the word ✔ Many Pashto letters simply lose their tails for the medial and final form ✔ A few letters change their shape completely ✔ 10 letters don’t join to the letter after and hardly change at all ✔ Some short vowels are not usually included in modern Pashto
Pronunciation tips This activity book has simplified some aspects of pronunciation in order to emphasize the basics. Don’t worry at this stage about being precisely correct – the other letters in a word will help you to be understood. Many Pashto letters are pronounced in a similar way to their English equivalents, but here are a few that need special attention:
9 (tteh)// (ddaal)/ the loop below indicates an emphatic version of the letter $ (rreh)/¿ (nneh)
Æ(ghein) ñ (kheh)/ 0 (kheen) ó (zheh)
(or nasal in the case of nneh). They are shown as a double letter in the pronuncation, except at the beginning of a word. pronounced in the throat like the French ´rµ as in ´rueµ
pronounced like the ´chµ in the Yiddish ´chutzpahµor the German ´Bachµ. kheen is pronounced as ´shµ in some Pashto dialects. a soft ´j,µ pronounced like the French ´jµ as in ´bonjourµ
7
A feature of Pashto is that a single sound can be represented by two or more letters, in much the same way as we can spell the sound k with either a ´kµ (´kettleµ) or a ´cµ (´catµ). In consequence, the sound s, for example, can be written as ¢S, ç, or ¢U; and the sound z as *, P, R, ¢`†, or ®. There are nine letters that only appear in Arabic loan words and are relatively uncommon: W (tweh); ® (zweh); ¢U (swaad); ¢V (zwaad); ç (seh); ´ (ain); ì (heh); P (zaal); ¥ (kaaf). Their distinctive Arabic pronunciations have disappeared in the Pashto language.
Summary of the Pashto alphabet The table below shows all the Pashto letters in the three positions, with the Pashto letter name, followed by the sound. Remember that this is just for reference and you shouldn’t expect to take it all in at once. If you know the basic principles of how the Pashto script works, you will slowly come to recognize the individual letters.
initial: medial: final:
alef(1) beh b peh p teh t tteh tt seh s jeem j heh (Arabic) h kheh kh cheh ch tsee ts zeh e z daal d ddaal dd
G É` `H `Ñ`` `> `.` `J `à`` `: `:`` `K `ã`` `L `é`` `M `ë`` `N `î`` `¸ `˝`` `6 `6` `2 `2` O O / /
G Ü ˚ ä 9 ç ê ì ñ ˇ 7 * O /
initial: medial: final:
zaal z reh r rreh rr dzeh z zheh zh geh g seen s sheen sh kheen kh swaad s zwaad z tweh t zweh z ain a
P Q $ õ ó , `°S `°T `1 `°U `°V `W `X `Y
P P Q Q $ $ R R ó ó , , `°ù`` ¢S `°û`` ¢T `1`` 0 `°ü`` ¢ü` `°†`` ¢†` `£` • `¶` ® `©` ™/´
initial: medial: final:
`Z feh f `a qaaf k `b kaaf k `c gaaf g `~ laam l `d meem m `e noon n `f nneh nn `f waaw v/w/oo/o h heh h/a `g yeh y/e/eh/ee `j ghain gh
(2)
(3)
(4)
`¨` ≠`/Æ `Ø`` ∞ `≤`` ¥ `µ`` ˝ `~`` ¯ `∏`` ∫ `ª`` Ω `æ`` ¿ `æ`` ¿ h h `¡` ¬`/√ `«`` i
g
(1) Any vowel when at the beginning of a word and also aa in medial and final positions.
’
(2) Note the special combination when alef is written after laam: , as in
¢S’ (laas, meaning ´handµ).
(3) nneh never starts a word. (4) yeh can also be written at the end of a word with additional symbols above or below, the most common of which is a final stroke: , which is pronounced ey, as in ´hey!µ
%
8
1
AROUND
THE HOME
Look at the pictures of things you might find in a house. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.
%ch6
%µ$c
õ«e
tsawkey
karrkey
¿ƒjõjƒ∏J
mez
talvezyoon
ˇƒc ôJƒ« ªc
¿ƒØ«∏«J
compeotur
telefoon
9c √ôà°ùH
kawch
bestara kutt
%QɪdG almaarey
∫É˝îj yakhchaal
%QÉîH
√RGhQO bokhaarey
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darwaaza
9
Match the pictures with the words, as in the example. ˇƒc 9c √ôà°ùH %µ$c õ«e ¿ƒjõjƒ∏J ôJƒ« ªc ¿ƒØ«∏«J %ch6 Now match the Pashto household words to the English. door 9c √ôà°ùH %QɪdG cupboard %ch6 stove
bed
table chair
refrigerator
10
computer
√RGhQO
ôJƒ« ªc
∫É˝îj
õ«e
%QÉîH
Match the words and their pronunciation. õ«e karrkey bestara kutt %QɪdG telefoon ôJƒ« ªc tsawkey 9c √ôà°ùH talvezyoon %µ$c ¿ƒØ«∏«J mez ¿ƒjõjƒ∏J
%ch6
compeotur almaarey
see if you can find these words in the word square. The words run right to left.
%QÉîH 9c √ôà°ùH %ch6 ∫É˝îj √RGhQO ˇƒc
% ¥ 9 å 9 ˇ % ø
- ª f « ~ √ R G / ˙ µ ∫ c ∫ É ˝ c √ ô à © Z ˇ ƒ Q É î H « / % c
h h 2 î °ù c ˙ h
É˝ Q ¥ j H ß ∏ 6
1 O j f 6 Ø g °T
11
Decide where the household items should go. Then write the correct number in the picture, as in the example.
ôJƒ« ªc 10 %µ$c 11 √RGhQO 12
%QɪdG 7 %QÉîH 8 ∫É˝îj 9
¿ƒjõjƒ∏J 4 ¿ƒØ«∏«J 5 9c √ôà°ùH 6
1
12
õ«e 1 %ch6 2 ˇƒc 3
Now see if you can fill in the household word at the bottom of the page by choosing the correct Pashto.
English word:
õ«e
c
%ch6
b
9c √ôà°ùH
w
ˇƒc
i
9c √ôà°ùH
a
¿ƒjõjƒ∏J
f
ôJƒ« ªc
d
¿ƒjõjƒ∏J
n
√RGhQO
i
%ch6
b
õ«e
d
∫É˝îj
k
ˇƒc
s
¿ƒØ«∏«J
t
%µ$c
o
√RGhQO
g
%QɪdG
w
%ch6
e
w 13
2
CLOTHES
Look at the pictures of different clothes. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.
óæHôªc kamarband
¿É«æH banyan
ôµ«f
¿ƒ∏à>
nekar
ÜGQƒL
patloon
jooraab
¢ù«ªc kames
øªd ¬æj21 ¢ù«ªc
%dƒN
%Jôc kortey khowaley
khazena kames
14
laman
¢ù«ªc ¬æjôÉf ¿É:ƒH
bottaan
naarena kames
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Match the Pashto words and their pronunciation. khazena ¬æj21 kames kames ¢ù«ªc ôµ«f nekar
jooraab
¿É:ƒH óæHôªc khowaley
¬æjôÉf ¢ù«ªc
¢ù«ªc
%dƒN
ÜGQƒL
naarena kames
kamarband
bottaan
see if you can find these clothes in the word square. The words run right to left.
% » ô √ ¥ ¿ ¬ ˇ
µ Ü j ¿ ƒ É j É
N G ¿ É % « ¿ ª
¿ Q ƒ : 2 æ ª N
à ƒ ∏ ƒ ~ H ∏ %
µ L à H ˚ N ¢ù J
¬ J > % « à ª ô
Q 6 1 î c ß µ c
15
Now match the Pashto words, their pronunciation, and the English meaning, as in the example. sock
bottaan
nekar
shorts
c ª « ù ¢
%Jôc
belt
¿ƒ∏à>
kortey
kames
shoe
¿É: ƒH
ÜGQƒL khowaley
c ª ô H óæ
t-shirt
coat
%dƒN
hat
patloon
jooraab
ôµ«f pants
16
kamarba
nd
Candy is going on vacation. Count how many of each type of clothing she is packing in her suitcase.
%dƒN
%Jôc
óæHôªc
¿É:ƒH
¿ƒ∏à>
ôµ«f
ÜGQƒL
øªd
¢ù«ªc
¬æj21 ¢ù«ªc ¬æjôÉf ¢ù«ªc
2
¿É«æH 17
Someone has ripped up the Pashto words for clothes.
ƒH
¿ƒ
%J
%d
¿
«æH
¬æjôÉf
Can you join the two halves of the words, as the example?
ƒN
QƒL
¿É:
óæH ∏à>
ªd
ôªc
ôc
18
¢ù«
ªc
¢ù«ªc
¿É
ÜG
3
AROUND
TOWN
Look at the pictures of things you might find around town. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.
π:ƒg
hottel
¢ùjhô°S serves
Qƒc kor
ô:ƒe
πµ°ùjÉH
mottar
baaysekel
ɪ櫰S senemaa
≈2æhƒ1 khowanzeh
i/É~ QhG
≈°ùµ:
tekseh
or gaaddeh
∑$°S
≈2æQƒ∏> sarrak
ploranzeh
¿GQƒà°SQ rustoraan
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19
Match the Pashto words to their English equivalents. movie theater π: ƒg ≈2æQƒ∏> store ô: ƒe hotel taxi
≈2æhƒ1
car
Qƒc
ɪ櫰S
train
i/É~ QhG
school house
≈°ùµ:
Now put the English words in the same order as the Pashto word chain, as in the example.
¢ùjhô°S
bicycle
4
______
20
Qƒc
∑$°S
πµ°ùjÉH
ô:ƒe
i/É~ QhG
≈°ùµ:
taxi
house
train
bus
road
car
______
______
______
______
______
______
Match the words to the signs.
≈2æhƒ1 ¿GQƒà°SQ
ô:ƒe πµ°ùjÉH ¢ùjhô°S i/É~ QhG π:ƒg ≈°ùµ: 21
Now choose the Pashto word that matches the picture to fill in the English word at the bottom of the page.
English word: 22
≈°ùµ:
c
∑$°S
c
i/É~ QhG
h
Qƒc
ô:ƒe
f
Qƒc
s
a
¢ùjhô°S
k
ô:ƒe
e
¿GQƒà°SQ
u
b
πµ°ùjÉH
o
i/É~ QhG
w
≈2æhƒ1
o
∑$°S
h
π:ƒg
s
π:ƒg
r
≈2æQƒ∏>
g
ɪ櫰S
l
s
≈2æhƒ1
Now match the Pashto to the pronunciation. kor
¢ùjhô°S
serves
≈°ùµ: or gaaddeh
≈2æhƒ1
rustoraan
ô:ƒe ploranzeh khowanzeh
π:ƒg Qƒc tekseh
senemaa
πµ°ùjÉH i/É~ QhG sarrak
≈2æQƒ∏>
hottel
ɪ櫰S mottar
¿GQƒà°SQ
baaysekel
∑$°S 23
4
COUNTRYSIDE
Look at the pictures of features you might find in the countryside. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.
% /fƒZ
1
π>
ghonddey
pul
√ófhôc karwanda
ôZ /f/
dandd
óæ«°S
¬fh
wuna
Qó檰S
send
ghar
π~
gul
samandar
ô~/
π~æ2 dagar
¬J1 O
dakhta
zangul
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Can you match all the countryside words to the pictures?
ôZ √ófhôc Qó檰S π~æ2 ¬J1 O % /fƒZ /f/ π> óæ«°S π~ ¬fh ô~/ 25
Now check (✔) the features you can find in this landscape.
% /fƒZ π~æ2 √ófhôc 26
¬J1 O ô~/ π~
¬fh Qó檰S óæ«°S
π> ôZ /f/
✔
Match the Pashto words and their pronunciation.
ôZ
dakhta karwanda
óæ«°S dagar
π~æ2
zangul
¬J1 O send
Qó檰S √ófhôc π>
pul
samandar
ô~/
ghar
see if you can find these words in the word square. The words run right to left.
¬fh √ófhôc % /fƒZ π~ π> /f/
R X ô G / f % ª ˇ √ 9 > Ω ¬ G ~
% / / « ó æ f >
/ f ƒ Z å °T Z Ω © ~ 9 2 π > f 1 π ~ ∏ O f h ô c j √ ƒ æ ¥ X h ∫ © f Z °ù π c ´ /
27
Finally, test yourself by joining the Pashto words, their pronunciation, and the English meanings, as in the example. lake
gul
karwanda
ô~ / mountain
desert
√ófhôc
dandd
dagar
π~
farm
ôZ
óæ«°S /f/ samandar
field
river
Qó檰S
sea
ghar send
¬J1 O
dakhta
flower
28
5
OPPOSITES
Look at the pictures. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.
iƒd π:¸
∑É>
chattel
paak
luwee
≈渃c kochneh
¬«ÑfGRQG
∂ °S
arzaanbaya
ófhQO
¬«H$ ƒd
hQh
wro
õ«J
teaz
spak
droond
lowarrbaya
$ hR
zoorr
iƒf
naweh
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29
Join the Pashto words to their English equivalents.
∑É>
expensive
ófhQO
big
≈渃c
light
$ hR
slow
iƒf
clean
inexpensive
¬«ÑfGRQG õ«J
dirty
hQh small
¬«H$ ƒd
heavy
π:¸
new
∂ °S fast
iƒd old
30
Now choose the Pashto word that matches the picture to fill in the English word at the bottom of the page.
English word:
õ«J
c
hQh
t
∑É>
h
iƒf
d
¬«ÑfGRQG
a
π:¸
h
iƒd
r
ófhQO
a
≈渃c
u
¬«H$ ƒd
p
¬«ÑfGRQG
n
iƒf
o
iƒf
g
∂ °S
c
≈渃c
s
∑É>
m
$ hR
n
hQh
e
31
Find the odd one out in these groups of words.
32
¬«ÑfGRQG
¬«H$ ƒd
ófhQO
∂ °S
≈渃c
ófhQO
hQh
õ«J
iƒf
π:¸
$ hR
iƒf
∑É>
π:¸
hQh
¬«ÑfGRQG
iƒd
≈渃c
Finally, join the English words to their Pashto opposites, as in the example.
$ hR
slow
small
heavy
iƒd
iƒf light
hQh expensive dirty
π:¸
new
clean
≈渃c
fast
ófhQO õ«J
big
¬«H$ ƒd old
¬«H$ ƒd
∑É> inexpensive
∂ °S 33
6
ANIMALS
Look at the pictures. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.
%∏«g »JÉg
heley
hateh
ƒ°û«>
≈ °S
pesho
%ƒ°S
hOÉ°T
swey
shado
Öc iQh
woreh
speh
∑, ƒe
kub
mogak
GƒZ ¢SBG
aas
iôeR
zmareh
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ghwaa
Match the animals to their associated pictures, as in
%ƒ°S
the example.
¢SBG hOÉ°T iQh
ƒ°û«>
∑, ƒe ≈ °S
GƒZ
iôeR
Öc
35
Now match the Pashto to the pronunciation.
%ƒ°S
heley ghwaa
¢SBG
kub
hOÉ°T
swey
≈ °S zmareh
ƒ°û«> speh
∑, ƒe %∏«g
hateh
Öc woreh
iôeR aas
iQh pesho
»JÉg
GƒZ
mogak
shado
36
Check (✔) the animal words you can find in the word pile.
/f/ %ƒ°S ófhQO % /æƒZ
hQh ƒ°û«> »JÉg
ô:ƒe
iQh √ôà°ùH 9c
≈2æQƒ∏> ɪ櫰S ¿É:ƒH iôeR
GƒZ
Öc ✓
37
Join the Pashto animals to their English equivalents.
hOÉ°T
dog lion
GƒZ ∑, ƒe
monkey
≈ °S iQh
elephant
rabbit
Öc
iôeR
fish
mouse duck
»JÉg cow
ƒ°û«>
%∏«g
%ƒ°S
horse
¢SBG 38
sheep
cat
7
PARTS
OF THE BODY
Look at the pictures of parts of the body. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.
¬Jƒ~ gwota
π~æ`6
¬~ôà°S
ô°S
sar
sturga
tsangal
É°T
shaa
%/æ>
¢S’
pandey laas
¿Éà1jh √/«~
weshtaan
gedda
,ƒZ
√õ> ¬dƒN
paza
khoula
ghwag
39 Copyright 2003 by Gaafar and Wightwick. Click Here for Terms of Use.
Someone has ripped up the Pashto words for parts of the body. Can you join the two halves of the word again?
√/
¿Éà
õ> %/
°S
ô
¬d
ôà°S ƒ~
É
¬~
ƒN
æ>
1jh
°T ¬J
«~
√
,
ƒZ 40
see if you can find and circle six parts of the body in the word square, then draw them in the boxes below.
¬ ~ ô à % c Z √ ß Ø h 9 Œ Z ¬ °T ¥ ¿ É à , Z j î r ¬ d ƒ l Z k õ
°ù õ à % 1 , N ƒ
¬ > ¬ / j ƒ , d
~ d æ æ h Z f Z
> ˝ 2 > 1 ô
The words run right to left.
N /
Now match the Pashto to the pronunciation. ô°S
,ƒZ
√/«~
tsangal paza shaa sar
√õ> gedda
π~æ`6
ghwag
¬dƒN sturga
¬~ôà°S
É°T
khoula
41
Label the body with the correct number, and write the pronunciation next to the words.
1
,ƒZ ________________%/æ> ______________¬~ôà°S ________________¬Jƒ~
_________________
42
5 6 7 8
√/«~ 1 _______________π~æ`6 2 __________________√õ> 3 _________________¢S’ 4 gedda _________________
Finally, match the Pashto words, their pronunciation, and the English meanings, as in the example. hair
gwota
pandey
stomach
É°T
π~æ`6
hand
¿Éà1j h
tsangal
√/«~
laas
back
¬Jƒ~ ghwag
¢S’
finger arm
, ƒZ
ear
weshtaa
%/æ>
shaa
n
gedda
leg
43
8
USEFUL
EXPRESSIONS
Look at the pictures. Tear out the flashcards for this topic. Follow steps 1 and 2 of the plan in the introduction.
?¬Jô«¸
✗ ✓ ¬f
ƒg
na
≈j ¬~æ`6 ¿ÉeÉ> iGóN
ho
khuday paman
tsanga yee
paroon
¬à∏g
➡
➡
➡
¿hô>
chearta
øf
ÉÑ°S
nun
¢ShG
hulta
sabaa
ous
?√ôeƒ6
ˆdO
tsomra
dulta
¬∏«g ¬1îHh 44
wabakh-kha
!»dÉY
aalee
hela
¬ææe
Copyright 2003 by Gaafar and Wightwick. Click Here for Terms of Use.
manana
Match the Pashto words to their English equivalents. great! ¿hô> ƒg yes ¬àdO yesterday where?
!»dÉY
today
¬∏«g
¬f
here
please
øf no
?¬Jô«¸
Now match the Pashto to the pronunciation. tsanga yee
¬à∏g ≈j ¬~æ`6
khuday paman manana
ÉÑ°S
iGóN ¿ÉeÉ>
aalee sabaa
√ôeƒ6 ¬ææe
wabakh-kha tsomra
¬1îHh
»dÉY hulta
45
Choose the Pashto word that matches the picture to fill in the English word at the bottom of the page.
✗
✔ English word: 46
ˆdO
p
¬f
c
ƒg
t
¬ææe
j
¬1îHh
a
¬∏«g
l
ƒg
m
¬f
e
øf
i
¬à∏g
b
¬~æ`6 ≈j
a
¬∏«g
x
¬Jô«¸
s
»dÉY
h
¿hô>
t
¬~æ`6 ≈j
b
¬f
y
ƒg
e
p
What are these people saying? Write the correct number in each speech bubble, as in the example.
2
¬Jô«¸ 7 √ôeƒ6 8
¬àdO 5 ¬1îHh 6
ƒg 3 ¬f 4
≈j ¬~æ`6 ¬∏«g 47
1 2
Finally, match the Pashto words, their pronunciation, and the English meanings, as in the example. hello
manana
wabakh-kha
please
¬à∏g
¬~≈æ`6 j
thank you
ÉÑ°S
hulta
sabaa
sorry
¬∏«g
¬1îHh
¬f ho
no
there
ƒg
yes
hela
ee tsanga y
¬ææe tomorrow
48
na
ROUND-UP This section is designed to review all the 100 words you have met in the different topics. It is a good idea to test yourself with your flashcards before trying this section.
These ten objects are in the picture. Can you find and circle them?
√RGhQO πµ°ùjÉH
π~ 9c √ôà°ùH %ch6 ≈°S
%Jôc Öc
%dƒN ÜGQƒL
49 Copyright 2003 by Gaafar and Wightwick. Click Here for Terms of Use.
See if you can remember all these words. øf ¢ùjhô°S õ«J
✓
√õ> ¬J1 O ➡
ƒg %QɪdG iôeR ¢ù«ªc ¬æj21 ¬«ÑfGRQG óæ«°S %/æ> 50
Find the odd one out in these groups of words and say why.
šS
GƒZ
õ«e
hOÉ°T
ô:ƒe
¢ùjhô°S
i/É~ QhG
¿ƒØ«∏«J
√ófhôc
%Jôc
ôµ«f
øªd
Qó檰S
/f/
óæ«°S
¬fh
¬«H$ ƒd
π:¸
∑É>
ɪ櫰S
%ƒ°S
ƒ°û«>
Öc
iôeR
π~æ`6
ˇƒc
ô°S
√/«~
¬∏«g
¿hô>
ÉÑ°S
øf
%QÉîH
9c √ôà°ùH
%QɪdG
∫É˝îj
Because it isn’t an animal.
51
Look at the objects below for 30 seconds. Cover the picture and try to remember all the objects. Circle the Pashto words for those you remember.
π~ ô:ƒe
¿É:ƒH ¬àdO f ¬ ôZ óæHôªc ¢ù«ªc ÜGQƒL ≈ ° ù µ: ôµ«f 52
¬ææe
√RGhQO i/ É~ QhG
%Jôc %ch6 ¢SBG ¬~ôà°S 9c √ôà°ùH hOÉ°T ¿ƒjõjƒ∏J
Now match the Pashto words, their pronunciation, and the English meanings, as in the example. lake
manana
kor
Qƒc thank you
bed
¬Jô«¸
π~æ2
droond
chearta
ófhQO /f/
where?
banyan
√ô9à°ùcH
house
forest
¿É«æH
sweater
dandd bestara kutt
¬ææe heavy
zangul
53
Fill in the English phrase at the bottom of the page.
54
ˇƒc
w
≈°ùµ:
g
,ƒZ
t
%Jôc
o
π:¸
a
π>
e
ƒg
m
√ôeƒ6
l
øf
i
GƒZ
b
%µ$c
l
¿GQƒà°SQ
h
¬Jô«¸
e
¬dƒN
a
šS
d
¬~ôà°S
o
õ«e
p
≈j ¬~æ`6
v
% /fƒZ
n
¬f
y
¢ùjhô°S
r
%ƒ°S
n
∑$°S
e
%QÉîH
s
English phrase:
w
!
Look at the two pictures and check (✔) the objects that are different in Picture B.
ôµ«f ¢ù«ªc √RGhQO ƒ°û«> Picture A
%ch6 Öc ÜGQƒL ≈°S Picture B
55
Now join the Pashto words to their English equivalents. refrigerator π~æ`6 √/«~ pants ≈渃c
store
∫É˝îj
school
≈2æQƒ∏>
river
great
»dÉY óæ«°S
small
¿ƒ∏à> light
∑É>
arm
∂°S stomach
¢SBG clean
horse
56
≈2æhƒ1
Try to match the Pashto to the pronunciation.
≈j ¬~æ`6
senemaa bokhaarey
¿hô> woreh
%QÉîH
dagar
ɪ櫰S gwota
≈°ùµ:
tsanga yee
ôZ hateh
iƒd
ô~/
tekseh
luwee
iQh
iƒf
naweh ghar
»JÉg
¬Jƒ~
paroon
57
Snake game. ● You will need a die and counter(s). You can challenge yourself to reach the finish or play with someone else. You have to throw the exact number to finish. ● Throw the die and move forward that number of spaces. When you land on a word you must pronounce it and say what it means in English. If you can’t, you have to go back to the square you came from.
É°T %/æ> ƒg
ÉÑ°S ófhQO
FINISH
√ófhôc π:¸
%∏«g hQh ,ƒZ
¬«H$ ƒd ¿Éà1jh
¬f
¬àdO õ«e
Qó檰S ¢ShG
¿ƒjõjƒ∏J
¢S’
π:ƒg GƒZ 58
ô°S
START
$ hR
%ƒ°S
Answers 11 AROUND
Page 13
THE HOME
English word: window
Page 10 (top) See page 9 for correct picture.
12 CLOTHES
Page 10 (bottom)
Page 15 (top)
¢ù«ªc ¬æj21 ôµ«f ¿É:ƒH óæHôªc ¢ù«ªc ¬æjôÉf ¢ù«ªc %dƒN ÜGQƒL
√RGhQO %QɪdG %QÉîH 9c √ôà°ùH õ«e %ch6 ∫É˝îj ôJƒ«ªc
door cupboard stove bed table chair refrigerator computer
jooraab
Page 15 (bottom)
Page 11 (top)
õ«e %QɪdG ôJƒ«ªc 9c √ôà°ùH %µ$c ¿ƒØ«∏«J ¿ƒjõjƒ∏J %ch6
% » ô √ ¥ ¿ ¬ ˇ
mez almaarey compeotur bestara kutt karrkey telefoon talvezyoon tsawkey
Page 11 (bottom)
% ¥ 9 å 9 ˇ % ø
khazena kames nekar bottaan kamarband naarena kames kames khowaley
- ª f ~ √ R / ˙ µ c ∫ É c √ ô © Z ˇ Q É î « / %
« G ∫ ˝ à ƒ H c
h h 2 î °ù c ˙ h
É˝ Q ¥ j H ß ∏ 6
Page 16 hat shoe sock shorts t-shirt belt coat pants
1 O j f 6 Ø g °T
Page 12
12
11 10 6
5
2
7 9
4 3 8 1
µ Ü j ¿ ƒ É j É
N G ¿ É % « ¿ ª
à ƒ ∏ ƒ ~ H ∏ %
µ L à H ˚ N ¢ù J
%dƒN ¿É:ƒH ÜGQƒL ôµ«f ¢ù«ªc óæHôªc %Jôc ¿ƒ∏à>
Page 17 (shoe) (sock) (sweater) (belt) (dress) (shirt) (coat) (shorts) (t-shirt) (hat) (pants) (skirt)
¿É:ƒH ÜGQƒL ¿É«æH óæHôªc ¢ù«ªc ¬æj21 ¢ù«ªc ¬æjôÉf %Jôc ôµ«f ¢ù«ªc %dƒN ¿ƒ∏à> øªd
¿ Q ƒ : 2 æ ª N
¬ J > % « à ª ô
Q 6 1 î c ß µ c
khowaley bottaan jooraab nekar kames kamarband kortey patloon
2 (1 pair) 6 (3 pairs) 1 2 1 0 0 2 3 2 0 1
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59
Page 22
Page 18
English word: school Page 23
¢ùjhô°S ≈°ùµ: ≈2æhƒ1 ô:ƒe π:ƒg Qƒc πµ°ùjÉH i/É~ QhG %2æQƒ∏> ɪ櫰S ¿GQƒà°SQ ∑$°S 13 AROUND
khowanzeh mottar hottel kor baaysekel or gaaddeh ploranzeh senemaa rustoraan sarrak
Page 25
car train school house
ɪ櫰S %2æQƒ∏> π:ƒg ≈°ùµ: ô:ƒe i/É~ QhG %2æhƒ1 Qƒc
Page 20 (bottom) bicycle taxi
4 7
house train bus road car
2 6 1 3 5
%2æhƒ1 ≈°ùµ: ¢ùjhô°S
ô:ƒe i/É~ QhG ¿GQƒà°SQ π:ƒg
See page 24 for correct picture. Page 26
π> ¬fh ¬J1 O % /-ƒZ ôZ Qó檰S
✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘
ô~/ π~æ2 /f/ óæ«°S π~ √ófhôc
Page 27 (top)
Page 21
60
tekseh
14 COUNTRYSIDE
TOWN
Page 20 (top) movie theater store hotel taxi
serves
πµ°ùjÉH
ôZ óæ«°S π~æ2 ¬J1 O ó檰S √ófhôc π> ô~/
ghar send zangul dakhta samandar karwanda pul dagar
✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✘
Page 27 (bottom)
Page 33
R X ô G / f % ª ˇ √ 9 > Ω ¬ G ~
% / / « ó æ f >
/ f ƒ Z å °T Z Ω © ~ 9 2 π > f 1 π ~ ∏ O f h ô c j √ ƒ æ ¥ X h ∫ © f Z °ù π c ´ /
Page 28 sea lake desert farm flower mountain river field
5
ôó檰S /f/ ¬J1 O √ófhôc π~ ôZ óæ«°S ô~/
samandar dandd dakhta karwanda gul ghar send
clean light expensive inexpensive
6
ANIMALS
Page 35
Öc iôeR
dagar
¬«H$ ƒd iƒd ∂°S hQh ∑É> ¬«ÑfGRQG π:¸ ≈渃c ófhQO iƒf õ«J $ hR
Page 31 English word: change Page 32 Odd one outs are those which are not opposites:
ófhQO ≈渃c iƒf π:¸ hQh ¬«ÑfGRQG
%ƒ°S
GƒZ
OPPOSITES
Page 30 expensive big light slow clean inexpensive dirty small heavy new fast old
iƒf ≈渃c $ hR õ«J ∑É> iƒd ∂°S π:¸ ófhQO ¬«ÑfGRQG ¬«H$ ƒd
old big new slow dirty small heavy
iQh
šS
¢SBG
∑, ƒe
hOÉ°T ƒ°û«>
Page 36
%ƒ°S ¢SBG hOÉ°T ≈°S ƒ°û«> ∑, ƒe %∏«g Öc iôeR iQh GƒZ »JÉg
Page 37 elephant monkey sheep lion fish duck
swey aas shado speh pesho mogak heley kub zmareh woreh ghwaa hateh
✔ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘
mouse cat dog cow horse rabbit
✘ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✔
61
Page 38 monkey cow mouse dog sheep fish lion elephant cat duck rabbit horse
7
PARTS
Page 41 (bottom)
hOÉ°T GƒZ ∑, ƒe ≈°S iQh Öc iôeR »JÉg ƒ°û«> %∏«g %ƒ°S ¢SBG
ô°S ,ƒZ √/«~ √õ> π~æ`6 ¬dƒN ¬~ôà°S É°T
sar ghwag gedda paza tsangal khoula sturga shaa 7 5
3
2
OF THE BODY
Page 40 1
4
8 6
Page 42 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Page 41 (top)
8.
¬ ~ ô à % c Z √ ß Ø h 9 Œ Z ¬ °T ¥ ¿ É à , Z j î r ¬ d ƒ l Z k õ
°ù õ à % 1 , N ƒ
¬ > ¬ / j ƒ , d
~ d æ æ h Z f Z
You should have also drawn pictures of: leg; mouth; ear; nose; eye; hair
62
> ˝ 2 > 1 ô N /
¬Jƒ~
Page 43 ear hair hand stomach arm back finger leg
√/«~ π~æ`6 √õ> ¢S’ ,ƒZ %/æ> ¬~ôà°S
gedda tsangal paza laas ghwag pandey sturga
gwota
,ƒZ ¿Éà1jh ¢S’ √/«~ π~æ`6 É°T ¬Jƒ~ %/æ>
ghwag weshtaan laas gedda tsangal shaa gwota pandey
8
USEFUL
ROUND-UP
EXPRESSIONS
Page 45 (top)
Page 49
»dÉY ƒg ¿hô> ¬Jô«¸ øf ¬àdO ¬∏«g ¬f
great yes yesterday where? today here please no Page 45 (bottom)
¬à∏g ≈j ¬~æ`6 ÉÑ°S ¿ÉeÉ> iGóN √ôeƒ6 ¬ææe ¬1îHh »dÉY
hulta tsanga yee sabaa khuday paman tsomra manana wabakh-kha aalee
Page 50
¬J1 O
iôeR
✓
%QɪdG
ƒg
¬«ÑfGRQG
➡
Page 46 English word: please Page 47
6
4
óæ«°S
øf
3
2
√õ> 7
8
¢ù«ªc ¬æj21
%/æ>
1
õ«J
¢ùjhô°S
5
Page 51 Page 48 yes hello no sorry please there thank you tomorrow
ƒg ≈j ¬~æ`6 ¬f ¬1îHh ¬∏«g ¬à∏g ¬ææe ÉÑ°S
ho tsanga yee na wabakh-kha hela hulta manana sabaa
õ«e (Because it isn’t an animal.) ¿ƒØ«∏«J (Because it isn’t a means of transportation.) √ófhôc (Because it isn’t an item of clothing.) ¬fh (Because it isn’t connected with water.) ɪ櫰S (Because it isn’t a descriptive word.) Öc (Because it lives in water/doesn’t have legs.) ˇƒc (Because it isn’t a part of the body.) ¬∏«g (Because it isn’t an expression of time.) 9c √ôà°ùH (Because you wouldn’t find it in the kitchen.)
63
Page 52
Page 56
Words that appear in the picture:
refrigerator pants store school river great small
¢ù«ªc ô:ƒe π~ ¿É:ƒH i/É~ QhG hOÉ°T ¿ƒjõjƒ∏J %ch6 óæHôªc ôµ«f Page 53 sweater lake thank you bed house forest where? heavy
light arm stomach clean horse
¿É«æH /f/ ¬ææe 9c √ôà°ùH Qƒc π~æ2 ¬Jô«¸ ófhQO
Page 54 English phrase: well done! Page 55
ôµ«f ¢ù«ªc √RGhQO ƒ°û«> %ch6 Öc ÜGQƒL ≈°S
64
✔ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘
banyan dandd manana bestara kutt kor zangul chearta droond
∫É˝îj ¿ƒ∏à> %2æQƒ∏> %2æhƒ1 óæ«°S »dÉY ≈渃c ∂°S π~æ`6 √/«~ ∑É> ¢SBG
Page 57
≈j ¬~æ`6 ¿hô> %QÉîH ɪ櫰S ≈°ùµ: ôZ ô~/ iƒd iƒf iQh ¬Jƒ~ »JÉg
tsanga yee paroon bokhaarey senemaa tekseh ghar dagar luwee naweh woreh gwota hateh
(shade) (handle) (back) (direction) (pattern)
Page 58 Here are the English equivalents of the word, in order from START to FINISH: head cow hotel television no here table now hand old rabbit sea
sar ghwaa hottel talvezyoon na dulta mez ous laas zoorr swey samandar
hair expensive ear slow duck dirty farm heavy tomorrow back leg yes
weshtaan lowarrbaya ghwag wro heley chattel karwanda droond sabaa shaa pandey ho
%µ$c
ôJƒ«ªc
✄
compeotur
karrkey
%QɪdG
õ«e
almaarey
%ch6
∫É˝îj yakhchaal
tsawkey
%QÉîH
ˇƒc
11
AROUND
THE HOME
mez
kawch
bokhaarey
9c √ôà°ùH
√RGhQO darwaaza
bestara kutt
¿ƒjõjƒ∏J
¿ƒØ«∏«J telefoon
Copyright 2003 by Gaafar and Wightwick. Click Here for Terms of Use.
talvezyoon
%Jôc
óæHôªc kamarband
✄
%dƒN
øªd laman
CLOTHES
khowaley
¿É:ƒH
¢ù«ªc 12
kortey
kames
bottaan
¢ù«ªc ¬æjôÉf
¿É«æH banyan
naarena kames
ÜGQƒL
ôµ«f nekar
jooraab
¢ù«ªc ¬æj21
¿ƒ∏à> patloon
khazena kames
≈2æhƒ1
ô:ƒe
khowanzeh
✄
ɪ櫰S
∑$°S
AROUND
TOWN
sarrak
13
mottar
senemaa
≈2æQƒ∏>
π:ƒg hottel
ploranzeh
πµ°ùjÉH
≈°ùµ: tekseh
baaysekel
¢ùjhô°S
¿GQƒà°SQ rustoraan
i/É~ QhG or gaaddeh
serves
Qƒc kor
/f/
π~æ2 dandd
% /fƒZ
✄
Qó檰S
COUNTRYSIDE
ghonddey
14
zangul
samandar
¬fh
ôZ ghar
wuna
π~
¬J1 O dakhta
gul
óæ«°S
π> pul
send
ô~/
√ófhôc karwanda
dagar
∂°S
ófhQO
✄
droond
≈渃c
iƒd
OPPOSITES
luwee
15
spak
$ hR
kochneh
iƒf zoorr
naway
hQh
õ«J teaz
wro
π:¸
∑É> paak
¬«ÑfGRQG arzaanbaya
chattel
¬«H$ ƒd lowarrbaya
%∏«g
ƒ°û«> heley
∑, ƒe
✄
GƒZ
ANIMALS
mogak
16
pesho
%ƒ°S
ghwaa
šS swey
speh
hOÉ°T
¢SBG aas
shado
Öc
iôeR zmareh
kub
iQh
»JÉg hateh
woreh
¬Jƒ~
π~æ`6
✄
tsangal
¬dƒN
ô°S OF THE BODY
sar
khoula
%/æ>
,ƒZ ghwag
pandey
√/«~
¢S’
17
PARTS
gwota
laas
gedda
¿Éà1jh
¬~ôà°S sturga
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USEFUL
tsanga yee
ÉÑ°S
khuday paman
øf paroon
nun
?¬Jô«¸
18
sabaa
chearta
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ˆdO dulta
hulta
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!¬1îHh wabakh-kha
tsomra
¢ShG
!»dÉY aalee
ous
computer
cupboard
table
chair
refrigerator
stove
sofa
bed
door
television
telephone
11
window
AROUND THE HOME
hat
skirt
shoe
t-shirt
shirt
sweater
sock
shorts
dress
pants
CLOTHES
belt
12
coat
car
movie theater
school
road
taxi
bus
restaurant
house
train
TOWN
bicycle
AROUND
hotel
13
store
sea
hill
tree
mountain
flower
desert
river
bridge
field
farm
COUNTRYSIDE
lake
14
forest
small
big
new
old
slow
fast
dirty
clean
expensive
inexpensive
OPPOSITES
heavy
15
light
cow
mouse
dog
rabbit
monkey
horse
fish
lion
sheep
elephant
ANIMALS
duck
16
cat
arm
mouth
head
leg
ear
stomach
hand
hair
eye
back
nose
17
finger
PARTS OF THE BODY
please
no
yes
goodbye
hello
today
yesterday
USEFUL
where?
tomorrow
EXPRESSIONS
there
here
how much?
sorry!
now
great!
18
thank you
