World Fuel Cells - An Industry Profile with Market Prospects to 2010

World Fuel Cells An Industry Profile with M a rket Prospects to 2010

ELSEVIER

UK USA JAPAN

Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Elsevier Science Inc, 360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010-1710, USA Elsevier Science Japan, Tsunashima Building Annex, 3-20-12 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan

Copyright ~"i: 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd Author: Graham Weaver, Weaver Associates Programme Editor: Roisin Reidy Published December 2002 M1 rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing can be obtained. ISBN 1 85617 397 6

No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Whilst every care is taken to ensure that the data published in this report are accurate, the publisher cannot accept responsibility for any omissions or inaccuracies appearing or for any consequences arising therefrom.

Published by Elsevier Advanced Technology, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Tel: +44 (0) 1865 843000 Fax: +44 (0) 1865 843971

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Contents

vii

List of Tables

Chapter1

Executive Summary

Chapter 2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview 2.1 Industry History 2.2 Industry Structure 2.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells 2.2.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 2.2.3 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 2.2.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 2.2.5 PEM Fuel Cells 2.2.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 2.2.7 Fuel Cell Components and Materials 2.3 Mergers and Acquisitions 2.4 Strategic Partnerships/Alliances 2.5 Researchand Development 2.6 Market Drivers 2.7 Market Issues

5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 10 11 16 19 20

Chapter 3 M a r k e t Figures and Forecasts to 2010 3.1 Transportation 3.2 Stationary Applications 3.3 Portable Power 3.4 Regional Analysis

23 24 26 27 27

Chapter 4 Market and Application Analysis 4.1 Transportation 4.1.1 Automotive 4.1 1.1 CARB 4.1 1.2 The California Fuel Cell Partnership 4.1 1.3 US DOE Programmes 4.1 1.4 EU-funded Research 4.1 1.5 Japanese Initiatives 4.1 1.6 Developments of Major Auto Manufacturers

29 29 29 29 30 31 32 32

World Fuel Ceils

35

i ii

Contents

4.1.2

4.2

4.3

Chapter 5 Fuel 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 iv

World Fuel Cells

4.1.1.7 Buses 4.1.2.1 4.1.2.2 4.1.2.3 4.1.2.4 4.1 2.5 4.1 2.6 4.1 2.7 4.1 2.8 4.1 2.9 4.1 2.10 4.1.2.11 4.1.2.12

Choice of Fuel

Georgetown University Ballard Power Systems DaimlerChrysler Gillig Irisbus (Fiat) ISE Research-ThunderVolt MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Neoplan Proton Motor Fuel Cell Scania Toyota The European Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Programme 4.1.2.13 GEF Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Programmes 4.1.3 FCVR&DinChina 4.1.4 Electric Bikes and Scooters 4.1.4.1 Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Technologies (APFCT) 4.1.4.2 Beijing Fuyuan Century Fuel Cell Power Ltd 4.1.4.3 ECN 4.1.4.4 ENEA 4.1.4.5 Manhattan Scientifics 4.1.4.6 Palcan Fuel Cells Ltd 4.1.5 Marine Applications 4.1.5.1 US Navy Fuel Cell Programme 4.1.5.2 Canadian Department of National Defence Programme 4.1.5.3 European Programmes 4.1.5.4 Civil Developments 4.1.6 Rail Applications Stationary Applications 4.2.1 Medium-/High-power Applications (over 10 kW) 4.2.2 Low-power/Residential Applications (under 10 kW) Portable Power Applications 4.3.1 DefenceApplications 4.3.2 Civil Applications

Cell Technology Review Introduction Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) Regenerative Fuel Cells

48 51 52 53 53 53 54 54 54 55 55 56 56 56 58 58 59 60 60 60 60 60 61 61 61 62 62 62 63 64 64 70 75 75 77

81 81 81 83 85 86 87 88 92

Contents

5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12

93 93 94 96

Carbon Nanotube Fuel Cells Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells Fuel Processing Systems Hydrogen Storage

Chapter 6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.40 6.41 6.42 6.43 6.44 6.45

3M Ansaldo Fuel Cells SpA Apollo Energy Systems Inc Astris Energi Inc Avista Labs Ballard Power Systems Inc Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures DCH Technology Inc DuPont Fuel Cells Dynetek Industries Ltd ElectroChem I nc Energy Conversion Devices I nc Energy Visions I nc FuelCell Energy Inc Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd Fuji Electric Co Ltd General Motors Global Alternative Propulsion Center Global Thermoelectric Inc Gore Fuel Cell Technologies Greenlight Power Technologies H Power Corporation Hydrogenics Corporation IdaTech InDEC Pilot Production BV Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co Ltd Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Manhattan Scientifics Inc McDermott Technology Inc Medis Technologies Ltd Millennium Cell Inc Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd Morgan Fuel Cell Mosaic Energy LLC MTI MicroFuel Cells Inc MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH Norsk Hydro Electrolysers AS Nuvera Fuel Cells Inc OMG Group Inc Palcan Fuel Cells Ltd Plug Power Inc Porvair Fuel Cell Technology Proton Energy Systems I nc Quantum Technologies Inc

97

97 98 99 100 101 103 110 111 112 113 114 116 117 119 120 122 123 1 24 1 26 127 128 129 132 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 142 143 144 144 145 147 148 149 150 151 152 1 54 156 157 159

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Contents

6.46 6.47 6.48 6.49 6.50 6.51 6.52 6.53 6.54 6.55 6.56 6.57

Rolls Royce plc Sanyo Electric Shell Hydrogen BV Siemens Smart Fuel Cell GmbH Stuart Energy Systems Corp SedChemieAG Sulzer Hexis Ltd Teledyne Energy Systems Inc UTC Fuel Cells VandenborreTechnologies NV Ztek Corporation

Chapter 7 Directory of Companies/Organisations 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4

vi

World Fuel Cells

Directory of Manufacturers Directory of Research and Academic Institutions End User Developers Associations

160 161 162 164 166 166 168 169 170 171 173 175

177

177 204 219 225

List ofTables

Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Table 2.3 Table 2.4 Table 2.5 Table 2.6 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3

Fuel Cell Sales 2005^2010 (US$ million) Fuel Cell Markets and Competing Technologies SOFC Developers PEM Fuel Cell Developers DMFC Developers Mergers and Acquisitions EU HLG Member Organisations Forecast of Fuel Cell System Costs for Power Generation World Sales of Fuel Cells Fuel Cell Sales 2005^2010 (US$ million) US DOE Funding (US$ million) New DOE R&D Projects DOE National Laboratory R&D in Support of Fuel Cells for Transportation Programme Table 4.4 EU-funded Fuel Cell Projects for Vehicle Applications (1998^2002 programme) Table 4.5 Fuel Cell-powered Cars Since 1994 Table 4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Major Fuels Table 4.7 Fuel Cell Buses 1993-2002 Table 4.8 PAFCs Installed Worldwide at 31 March 2001 Table 4.9 Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Tests and Demonstrations Table 4.10 Fuel Cell Energy MCFC Installations 1996^2001 Table 4.11 Fuel Cell Energy Planned MCFC Installations Table 4.12 Portable Fuel Cell Systems Table 5.1 Main Types of Fuel Cells Table 5.2 Advantages/Disadvantages of Fuel Cell Types

1 3 8 9 10 11 18 21 23 23 32 33 34 34 49 51 57 64 66 67 68 78 82 95

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1

Executive Summary

*

*

*

Sales of fuel cells and fuel cell systems (excluding R&D and engineering services revenues) are forecast to grow from US$66 million in 2001 to US$85 million in 2002, boosted by the ¢rst introduction of several commercial products. The fuel cell vehicle and the small power residential/commercial cogeneration market sectors are now moving from the feasibility demonstration phase to controlled trials being carried out by a selected number of customers/users. An increasing number of commercial products will be launched during the period 2003^2005 with sales of fuel cells and fuel cell systems forecast to grow to US$305 million in 2005. As all technologies come to fruition and volume production is stepped up, leading to reduced costs, sales will expand dramatically to US$4350 million by 2010.

Table 1.1 Fuel Cell Sales 2005^2010 (US$ million) Transportation Stationary: Residential/small commercial Commercial/industrial/utilities UPS/back-up power Portable Total

*

*

*

2005

2010

85

470

55 90 50 25 305

910 1200 670 1100 4350

PEM fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells will probably account for 85% of the market when they are all fully developed and achieve their target costs. The fuel cell industry has attracted a large and varied type of company, ranging from large multinational electrical and chemical/materials companies to the considerable number of small start-up companies, each employing only a handful of people. Fuel cell companies continue to make losses and this is likely to continue for several more years.

World Fuel Cells 1

1 Executive Summary

Figure 1.1 Fuel Cell Sales 2005–2010

*

*

*

*

*

*

2 World Fuel Cells

Billions of US dollars have been and continue to be spent on the development of fuel cells, systems and components, and with signi¢cant sales still on the horizon and the current economic climate, a number of companies are having to reduce their expenditure and reduce their workforce to stay in business. Smaller companies are having problems attracting funding, with the collapse in market sentiment for technology stocks. Many companies have been making strategic alliances with partners to help both in technological development and preparation for future marketing. The PEM fuel cell market, where Ballard Power Systems has established itself as the world leader, has attracted the largest number of companies, with over 40 companies directly involved in the development of PEM fuel cells together with an increasing number also o¡ering components and materials to this market. Japanese companies have been stepping up their R&D e¡orts in PEMFC and DMFC technology, particularly focusing on residential cogeneration and portable fuel cell systems, where particularly high volumes are expected. Japan, through Toyota and Honda, will be the ¢rst to ‘commercialise’ fuel cell cars, with DaimlerChrysler close behind. Whilst fuel cell costs remain high, the fuel cell market would greatly bene¢t if national governments were to introduce incentives, policies and regulations to encourage industrial, commercial and residential users to embrace the new technology.

1 Executive Summary

Table 1.2 Fuel Cell Markets and Competing Technologies Micro/ portable

Residential/ small commercial

Light commercial

Commercial/ Industrial/ industrial with distribution cogeneration power

Transport (inc. marine)

Up to a ‘few’ kW

1^10 kW

10^250 kW

50 kW^3 MW 3^100 MW 1 kW^2 MW

DMFC PEMFC Batteries Solar power Petrol engine generators

PEMFC SOFC Solar power

PEMFC PAFC SOFC Solar power Diesel generators Microturbines

PAFC MCFC SOFC Diesel generators Microturbines

MCFC SOFC Gas turbines Wind turbines

AFC DMFC PEMFC SOFC MCFC Batteries IC engines Diesel generators

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2

Fuel Cell Industry Overview

2.1 Industry History The ¢rst fuel cell was constructed by Sir William Grove in 1839 using platinum electrodes and sulphuric acid as the electrolyte. Later in the 1890s, William White Jacques substituted phosphoric acid as the electrolyte. These early devices, however, had very low current densities and it was not until the 1930s that Dr Francis Bacon developed a fuel cell at Cambridge with the capability of producing a current density of 1000 mA/cm2 at 0.8 V. Bacon substituted the acid electrolyte of the earlier fuel cells with an alkaline electrolyte and continued to develop his system, referred to as the ‘Bacon Cell’ or now more commonly known as the alkaline fuel cell (AFC). In the 1960s the AFC was chosen by NASA for the power supply for the Apollo lunar missions, with the fuel cells being designed, developed and manufactured by International Fuel Cells (now UTC Fuel Cells). The late 1950s saw the ¢rst development of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell by General Electric in the USA for use by NASA to provide power for the Gemini space project. After GE’s early work, development of PEM fuel cells became dormant, but was reactivated by Ballard in the late 1980s, with other companies also starting their own development programmes. It was during the 1960s that other electrolytes were developed and form the basis of the di¡erent types of fuel cell that are available today. The development work during the period up to the end of the 1980s was largely carried out in government and independent laboratories, universities and a relatively small number of commercial companies. However, the 1990s saw an explosion of activity with a large number of companies now involved in the industry, but with many still in the start-up phase.

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2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

2.2 Industry Structure The fuel cell industry has attracted a large number and varied type of company, ranging from large multinational electrical companies, such as Siemens and GE, to the considerable number of small start-up companies, each employing only a handful of people, although some make use of external consultants and subcontractors. Following the pioneering work by Dr Geo¡rey Ballard in the late 1980s, Canada, led by Ballard Power Systems, has become a major centre for fuel cell development. However, the USA now provides the largest number of companies operating in the market. In the main, most companies have focused on one fuel cell type and the industry structure is reviewed below for each type.

2.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells As previously reported, AFCs were the ¢rst fuel cell to be commercialised for the US space programme by International Fuel Cells, now UTC Fuel Cells, and the company continues to provide on-going maintenance and refurbishment of these power plants, but with no new products currently being developed. The end of 2001 saw the collapse of the UK-based Zetek Power plc, who after many years of development were about to commence volume production. The two most advanced, in terms of commercialisation of AFCs, are now Apollo Energy Systems, based in Florida and which has now purchased Zetek’s German production facility, and the Canadian company Astris Energi, which has established a production facility in the Czech Republic. Eneco Ltd in the UK, formed from Fuel Cell Systems Ltd, previously a subsidiary of Zetek Power, now plans to design and manufacture complete AFC systems, including its own stacks. Formed by ex-Zetek sta¡, a new company, Cenergie, has been formed and is in the process of obtaining funding and facilities to develop and produce AFCs, and also SOFCs in the future. Other companies developing AFCs include E¡cell GmbH in Switzerland, Hydrocell Oy in Finland and Electro-Chem-Technic Ltd in the UK.

2.2.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells Since work started in the early 1970s at United Technologies, the PAFC has become the most developed fuel cell for stationary applications, with over 400 installations, delivered by: UTC Fuel Cells Fuji Electric Mitsubishi Electric Others

6 World Fuel Cells

% of installations 65 27 5 3

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

UTC Fuel Cells has worked closely with Toshiba, which has a 10% share in UTCFC, to establish its market dominance. Amongst the ‘others’, both Sanyo Electric and Ansaldo have ceased PAFC development and it remains to be seen whether Hitachi will continue its PAFC work. Other companies that have recently developed PAFC prototypes include Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd in India and LG-Caltex Co in Korea.

2.2.3 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells Following the collapse of M-C Power in 2001, one US company ^ Fuel Cell Energy Inc, working with its German partner MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH, a subsidiary of DaimlerChrysler ^ dominates the market. Using FCE’s fuel cell stacks and MTU’s ‘hot module’packing, the companies have delivered or have on order over 40 demonstration systems. In Europe, the Italian company Ansaldo Fuel Cells has taken orders for six demonstration models. In Japan, development work has been under way for over a decade with the MCFC Research Association working with Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Electric and Hitachi. Similarly in Korea an MCFC development programme has been under way at the Korea Institute of Science & Technology and the Korea Electric Power Research Institute, with Korea Heavy Industries likely to be the company that exploits the technology.

2.2.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Siemens Westinghouse, based in the USA, has established a leadership position in the development of SOFCs for medium and large power markets, with some 15 demonstration units installed to date. Also at an advanced state of development, albeit at the low power/residential power end of the market, is the Swiss company Sulzer Hexis Ltd, which started ¢eld trials, which will ultimately total 400 units, at the end of 2001. The Canadian company Global Thermometric is about to start beta tests for a small number of residential power units. There are also a number of other companies at earlier stages of development, shown in Table 2.1.

2.2.5 PEM Fuel Cells Canada-based Ballard Power Systems, which has been developing PEM fuel cells since the late 1980s, is recognised as the world leader in the technology. The company dominates the developing automotive market, having supplied fuel cell engines for over 25 di¡erent vehicles, and is the only company currently testing large power (250 kW) fuel cells for stationary power applications. Ballard has also started production of its Nexa portable power modules.

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2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

Table 2.1 SOFC Developers Adaptive Materials Inc (USA) ^ portable modules Acumentrics Corp (USA) ^ low power Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd (Australia) ^ 25 kW Delphi Automotive Systems (USA) ^ automotive APUs Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd (Canada) ^ low power GE Power Systems (USA) ^ broad spectrum of applications Global Thermoelectric Inc (Canada) ^ low power Haldor Tops1e (Denmark) ^ high power Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan) ^ up to 100 kW Mitsubishi Materials Corporation (Japan) ^ low power Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding (Japan) ^ low power Rolls Royce plc (UK) ^ medium and high power Siemens Westinghouse (USA) ^ medium and high power SOFCo/McDermott Technology (USA) ^ low and medium power Sulzer Hexis (Switzerland) ^ low power Techsys Inc (USA)/Adelan Ltd (UK) ^ up to 15 kW Ztek Corp (USA) ^ medium and high power

Both General Motors, with its Global Alternative Propulsion Centre, and Toyota are very active in the development of automotive fuel cells, and both are also developing fuel cells for stationary applications. Honda, Nuvera Fuel Cells and H-Power are also active in the automotive fuel cell market. The US company Plug Power is the most advanced in the commercialisation of residential PEM fuel cell systems, with over 350 demonstration systems now delivered. Other companies currently producing PEM fuel cells include Avista Labs, H Power, Nuvera Fuel Cells and Siemens, with many still in the development stage. There are now over 40 companies involved in the development of PEM fuel cells, as shown in Table 2.2. Japanese companies, in particular, have increased their R&D e¡orts in the past few years, particularly focusing on portable and residential fuel cell systems, where potentially high-volume markets are expected.

2.2.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Pioneering work on DMFCs was undertaken by several oil companies in the 1960s and 1970s. The focus of current work has been primarily in North America, but more recently Japanese companies have become very active. There are now approaching 20 companies known to be developing DMFCs (see Table 2.3). However, commercialisation lags behind other technologies and only one company, the small German company Smart Fuel Cell GmbH, has reached the stage of series production (launched in January 2002).

2.2.7 Fuel Cell Components and Materials A number of companies from the chemicals, polymers and specialist materials industries are now very active in the fuel cell market, and have set up fuel cell

8 World Fuel Cells

Table 2.2 PEM Fuel Cell Developers Japan

Europe

Rest of world

Analytic Energy Systems Anuvu (Whistler) Avista Labs Ball Aerospace & Technologies Ballard Power Systems BCS Technology Enable Fuel Cell (DCH) ElectroChem Freedom Fuel Cells GE Power Systems GM GAPC H Power H2 ECOnomy Hydrogenics IdaTech Mosaic Energy (IHI) Nu Element Palcan Fuel Cells Plug Power Powerdisc Development Proton Energy Systems Teledyne Energy Systems UTC Fuel Cells

Casio Computer Ebara Ballard Fuji Electric Honda R&D Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Kawasaki Heavy Industries Matsushita Electric Industrial Matsushita Electric Works Mitsubishi Electric Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Sanyo Electric Toshiba International Fuel Cells Toyota Motor Corp

Axane (France) H-Tec (Germany) Intelligent Energy (UK) Masterflex (Germany) Nuvera Fuel Cells (Italy) Proton Motor Fuel Cell (Germany) Roen Est (Italy) Siemens (Germany)

Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Technologies (Taiwan) Beijing Fuyuan Century Fuel Cell Power (China) H Power Pacific (Australia) Samsung Advanced Inst. of Technology (Korea) Shanghai Shen-Li High-Tech (China)

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

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North America

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

business units to manufacture and supply catalysts, polymers, membrane electrode assemblies, electrochemicals, ceramic powders, etc. Major companies include 3M, BASF, Celanese, Du Pont, Gore, Johnson Matthey, Morgan Crucible, OMG, Porvair and Sud Chemie. Major investments have been made by a number of companies in establishing volume production facilities for membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), with now an over-capacity for current demand from PEM fuel cell manufacturers and probably su⁄cient for several years to come. Table 2.3 DMFC Developers Ballard Power Systems ^ Canada Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Corp ^ USA DTI Energy ^ USA Energy V|sions ^ Canada Giner Electrochemical Systems ^ USA H Power ^ USA Hitachi ^ Japan Manhattan Scientifics/Energy Related Devices ^ USA Medis Technologies ^ USA/Israel Motorola Labs ^ USA MTI Microfuel Cells ^ USA Neah Power Systems ^ USA Nuvant Systems ^ USA Polyfuel ^ USA Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology ^ Korea Smart Fuel Cell ^ Germany Sony ^ Japan Toshiba International Fuel Cells ^ Japan Yuasa ^ Japan

2.3 Mergers and Acquisitions There has only been a limited amount of merger and acquisition activity in the fuel cell industry during the last three years, as shown in Table 2.4. Merger and acquisition activity is likely to increase, with the smaller companies ¢nding it increasingly di⁄cult to raise funds to support their ongoing R&D programmes and progress towards commercialisation.

STOP PRESS On 12 November 2002 Plug Power Inc announced that it would acquire H Power in a stock-for-stock exchange valued at approximately US$50.7 million.

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2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

Table 2.4 Mergers and Acquisitions April 1999 February 2000

April 2000

May 2001

July 2001

August 2001

December 2001

April 2002

September 2002

Idacorp Inc acquired a 72% interest in Northwest Power Systems, renaming the business as IdaTech. Plug Power acquired from Gastec NV, a Netherlands-based company, all of its IP and assets related to fuel processor development. Nuvera Fuel Cells Inc formed through the merger of De Nora Fuel Cells SpA, in Italy ^ the fuel cells division of Gruppo De Nora ^ and Epyx Corporation, the fuel processing division of Arthur D. Little Inc. Ballard Power Systems Inc acquired the carbon products division of Textron Systems at Wilmington, MA, now renamed Ballard Material Products Inc. Teledyne Technologies Inc acquired Energy Partners Inc and merged it with Teledyne Brown Engineering’s Energy Systems business unit to form Teledyne Energy Systems Inc. OMG Group Inc acquired the precious metals and catalysts business unit ^ dmc2 degussa Metals Catalysts, based in Hanau, Germany, from Degussa AG. GE Power Systems acquired Honeywell’s (previously AlliedSignal’s) PEM and solidoxide fuel cell and microturbine assets (IP and certain equipment), based in Torrance, CA. ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures acquired Dais-Analytic’s fuel processing and fuel cell business, based in Woburn, MA, now renamed Analytic Energy Systems LLC. Baxi Group acquired European Fuel Cell GmbH from Hamburg Gas Consult. HGC/European Fuel Cell has developed a domestic scale CHP system, powered by a PEM fuel cell. Originally based on a Dais Analytic fuel cell, European Fuel Cell has the European design rights and is planning to establish a European manufacturing base.

2.4 Strategic Partnerships/Alliances There have been a number of strategic partnerships/alliances formed to help companies in their technological developments and future plans for marketing.

Ballard Power Systems Ballard’s strategy to transform its technology leadership into market leadership has been to form strategic alliances with industry leaders in the transportation and stationary markets. By doing so, the company has gained access to market knowledge, manufacturing expertise, distribution channels, customers and funding for product development. In the transportation market, Ballard formed a strategic alliance in 1998 with Daimler-Benz AG (now DaimlerChrysler) and Ford (which currently own 18.3% and 21.1%, respectively, of Ballard Power Systems’ shares) for the development and commercialisation of PEM fuel cells, PEM fuel cell engines and electric drives for use in cars, buses and trucks.

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2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

In the stationary power market, Ballard formed a strategic alliance with FirstEnergy’s predecessor GPU Inc in1996 (FirstEnergy is an Ohio-based utility company that merged with GPU) and expanded the alliance to include Alstom in Europe and Ebara in Japan. To advance its product development e¡orts, Ballard has also formed joint development agreements with a number of other companies: * * * * * *

* *

Graftech ^ development of graphite materials; Johnson Matthey ^ development of catalysts; MicroCoating Technologies ^ development of manufacturing processes; Millennium Cell ^ development of hydrogen generators; Osaka Gas ^ development of fuel processors; QuestAir Technologies ^ development of hydrogen puri¢cation and oxygen enrichment equipment; Tokyo Gas ^ development of fuel processors; Victrex ^ development of ionomers.

Other companies have followed suit with joint ventures, technological development and/or marketing agreements, the major ones of which are summarised below (more details are given in the company pro¢les in Chapter 6).

Acumentrics * * * * * * * *

Northeast Utilities (investment and distribution) Morgan Stanley DeanWitter (investment) ChevronTexaco TechnologyVentures (investment and development) General Dynamics (investment and distribution) NiSource (investment and distribution) Sumitomo (investment and distribution) Connecticut Clean Energy Fund (investment) Massachusetts Technology Collaborative (investment)

Astris Energi * * * * * *

University of Toronto, Chemical Engineering Department (development) University of Ottawa, Electrochemical Science & Technology (development) Universite¤ du Que¤bec (development) E¤cole Polytechnique de Montre¤al (development) Technical University of Graz, Austria (development) Czech Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry (development)

Avista Labs * * * * * *

12 World Fuel Cells

Black & Veatch (marketing) Logan Industries (assembly and production) Maxwell Technologies (development) Aperion Energy (development and marketing) Automated Railroad Maintenance Systems (distribution) 3M (MEA supply)

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures * * * *

Acumentrics (5% equity interest) Energy Conversion Devices (20% equity interest) Texaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems (JV with ECD) Texaco Ovonic Fuel Cell Company (JV with ECD)

Dynetek Industries * * *

Mitsubishi Corp/Mitsubishi Rayon Corp (investment and supply) Kokan Drum (production in Japan) Ford Motor Co (supply and development)

Energy Visions * * * * * * * *

Alberta Research Council (development) Canadian National Research Council (development) Technical University of Graz, Austria (development) Sammer, Austria (manufacturing) TDM (manufacturing) University of Waterloo, Canada (development) University of Guelph, Canada (development) McMaster University, Canada (development)

Fuel Cell Energy * * * * * * * *

MTU Friedrichshafen, Germany (development, marketing and investment) Bath IronWorks (development) Caterpillar (development and distribution) Chevron Energy Services (marketing) CMS Viron Energy Services (marketing) Marubeni, Japan (marketing and production) MWH Energy Services (distribution) PPL (distribution)

General Motors General Motors has made minority investments in several companies with associated technology development agreements: * * * *

Quantum Technologies (20%) Giner Electrochemical Systems (30%) Hydrogenics (24%) General Hydrogen (only a development alliance)

Global Thermoelectric * * * * *

Enbridge (development and distribution) Suburban Propane (development and distribution) Citizen Gas & Coke Utility (development and distribution) Bonneville Power Administration (development and distribution) Superior Propane (development and distribution)

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2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

* * *

Dana Corporation (manufacturing) Advanced Energy Systems (development and manufacturing) National Research Council of Canada (development)

Greenlight Power Technologies * *

Toyo, Japan (marketing) DTAT ^ Europe (marketing)

H Power * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ECO Fuel Cells (distribution and investment) DQE Enterprises (investment) Hydro-Que¤bec Capitech (investment) So¢nov (investment) Mitsui & Co, Japan (distribution) Naps Systems, Finland (distribution) Altair Energy (distribution) Gaz de France (distribution) Air Products & Chemicals (development) Ball Aerospace & Technologies (supply) Du Pont (development of DMFCs) KuritaWater Industries, Japan (technology) Osaka Gas, Japan (development) SGL Carbon, Germany (development) Synergy Technologies (development)

Hydrogenics * * * * * * *

General Motors (investment and development) Toyota Tsusho, Japan (distribution) Hankook BEP, Korea (distribution) Universite¤ du Que¤bec a' Trois Rivie'res (development) Johnson Matthey (development) John Deere (development) Dow Corning (development)

IdaTech * * * *

Tokyo Boeki, Japan (manufacture, marketing and distribution) Atwood Mobile Products (development) Methanex (development) Statoil, Norway (development)

Medis Technologies * *

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General Dynamics (development and marketing) Sagem, France (development)

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

Millennium Cell * * * * * * * *

Oak Ridge National Lab (evaluation) Ballard Power Systems (development) Rohm & Haas (development) US Borax (development) Air Products & Chemicals (development) System Consulting, Hungary (development) Avantium (development) Aperion Energy Systems (development)

Mosaic Energy *

Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, Japan (investment, development and manufacturing)

MTI MicroFuel Cells * *

Du Pont (development) ATK (Alliant Techsystems) (development)

Nuvera Fuel Cells * * * * *

RWE, Germany (development and distribution) Verizon (development) Mitsui, Japan (production and distribution) Renault, France (development) Porvair Fuel Cell Technology (development)

Plug Power * * * * * * * *

GE Fuel Cell Systems (marketing) DTI Energy Technologies (distribution) Advanced Energy (technology) Vaillant, Germany (development) Celanese (development) Engelhard (development) Albany NanoTech (development) Honda R&D, Japan (development)

Shell Hydrogen * * * * *

Chrysalix Energy Ltd Partnership (private capital JV) Conduit Ventures (private capital JV) Hydrogen Source LLC (50:50 JV with UTC Fuel Cells) Hera Hydrogen Storage Systems (36% equity investment) Iceland New Energy Ltd (partner)

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2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

Sulzer Hexis * * * * * *

EnBW Energie BadenWˇrttemberg, Germany (distribution) Oldenburger EWE, Germany (distribution) E.ON Energie, Germany (distribution) Thyssengas, Germany (distribution) VNG-Verbundnetz Gas, Germany (distribution) Gasverbund Mittelland, Switzerland (distribution)

UTC Fuel Cells * * * * * *

HydrogenSource (50:50 JV with Shell Hydrogen) Toshiba International Fuel Cells, Japan (Toshiba 51%, UTC FC 49%) Nissan/Renault (development) Hyundai Motor, Korea (development) Thor Industries (development) Irisbus, Spain/France (development)

2.5 Research and Development Billions of dollars have been spent on fuel cell research through government and private sector investment around the world. Governments in the USA, Canada, Europe and Japan are investing heavily in fuel cell research, development and demonstration, providing market entry support and investing in fuelling infrastructure for vehicles. The US government has been a major force in fuel cell R&D and has initiated the progress towards commercialisation. The NASA space programme, starting in the 1960s, provided the ¢rst commercial market for fuel cells and the Departments of Defense, Transportation, Commerce and Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency have funded many fuel cell projects. The DOD has been the single largest purchaser of PAFC cogeneration units and has been supporting private purchases as well. The US Department of Energy has been heavily involved in fuel cell research, much of it pioneering work, and nine of its laboratories have been leading these e¡orts: * * * * * * * * *

16 World Fuel Cells

Argonne National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory National Energy Technology Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory Paci¢c Northwest National Laboratory Sandia National Laboratory

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

This work has been supported by R&D e¡orts at many universities, and a number of commercial organisations have been started up as spin-o¡s from the work that has been done in the laboratories and universities. The DOE FreedomCar programme is providing support for vehicle-related fuel cell research (see Section 4.1.1.3). The DOE has also created the Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) with the goal of developing a SOFC that can be mass produced in modular form at low cost (a target of US$400/kW or less has been set). Two of DOE’s laboratories ^ the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and the Paci¢c Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) ^ are the driving forces behind this ten-year programme. Industrial participants include GE Hybrid Power Generation Systems (previously Honeywell Aerospace ^ Engines & Systems), Siemens Westinghouse, Delphi Automotive Systems, Cummins Power Generation and McDermott Technology Inc/SOFCo. In September 2002, a coalition of 26 leading fuel cell companies submitted a report (Fuel Cells and Hydrogen: The Path Forward) to Congressional leaders calling for DOE R&D funding levels to be increased incrementally to US$400 million per year in 2006 and 2007, declining to US$110 million in 2012, with a ten-year R&D spend of US$2.33 billion. A further US$3.22 billion has been called for, for demonstration programmes, federal purchases, investment in fuel infrastructure, market entry support, removal of barriers and education. The Canadian federal government has played a crucial role in encouraging the development of the country’s fuel cell industry from the beginning, and continues to support it with both direct funding and through tax breaks. Originally backing came from the Canadian Defence Department with funding for Ballard to develop PEM fuel cells. However, Industry Canada, Natural Resources Canada and the National Research Council are now involved in the funding. The governments of British Columbia and Que¤bec have also played a critical role in funding fuel cell development over the past 20 years. Private sector R&D has been supported by research at a number of the country’s universities, including the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, University of Victoria, Universite¤ de Que¤bec a' Trois-Rivie'res, E¤cole Polytechnique de Montre¤al and the University of Toronto. The European Union has provided funding to support fuel cell and hydrogen research. The EU funding for fuel cell R&D has increased from E8 million in the Second Framework Programme (1988^1992) to E54 million in the Fourth Framework Programme (1994^1998). Under the Fifth Framework Programme (1998^2002), just drawing to a close, about E130 million will have been spent on fuel cell R&D. In the Sixth Framework Programme (2003^2006), the budget for research on fuel cells, including their applications and hydrogen technologies will be increased substantially (possibly doubling) compared with FP5. First calls for proposals will be published later in 2002, and projects will be launched by mid-2003. A new High Level Group (HLG) (see Table 2.5) advising on hydrogen and fuel cells has recently been launched by the European Commission president. The group comprises top-level representatives from major EU automotive and energy companies, public utilities, research institutes, transport companies and policy makers. The HLG will assess the potential bene¢ts of using hydrogen

World Fuel Cells 17

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

and fuel cells in EU transport, energy production and many other areas, to help pave the way for more focused EU action in this ¢eld. Table 2.5 EU High Level Group Member Organisations Air Liquide Ballard Power Systems CEA CIEMAT DaimlerChrysler ENEA Forschungszentrum Jˇlich Johnson Matthey Norsk Hydro Nuvera Fuel Cells Parliament of Iceland Renault Rolls Royce Shell Hydrogen Siemens-Westinghouse Solvay Sydkraft UITP (Int. Union of Public Transport) Vandenborre Technologies

Japan’s fuel cell research budget has tripled since 1995, reaching US$220 million in 2002, dwar¢ng the e¡orts of the USA and EU. R&D on fuel cells in Japan started in ¢scal year 1981, under the Moonlight Project of the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) at the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO) was established to coordinate fuel cell research, which started with PAFCs in 1981, MCFCs from ¢scal year 1984, SOFCs from ¢scal year 1989 and PEMFCs from1992. In 1993 the New Sunshine Project was started to promote R&D for the development of new energy, the saving of energy and global environmental conservation under a uni¢ed and integrated scheme. Fuel cell research subsequently accelerated with the public utilities ^ particularly Osaka Gas and Tokyo Gas ^ taking a far more active role in the R&D, compared with the USA and Europe. Starting in ¢scal year 2000, the ‘Millennium Project’ was launched as a collaboration e¡ort among industrial, educational and government bodies, led by the Ministry of Economy and Trade and Industry, including the ‘Introduction of Fuel Cell Vehicles by the year 2005’ as one of the project objectives (see Section 4.1.1.5).

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2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

2.6 Market Drivers There are now a number of factors that are providing the stimulus for fuel cells to play a major role in future energy supply and transportation.

Climate Change While the world’s climate has always varied naturally, the vast majority of scientists now believe that rising concentrations of ‘greenhouse gases’ in the earth’s atmosphere, resulting from economic and demographic growth over the last two centuries since the industrial revolution, are overriding this natural variability and leading to irreversible climate change with potentially catastrophic consequences. To address this problem, the Kyoto Protocol sets emission targets for industrialised countries to cut emissions from greenhouse gases ^ carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrocarbons, per£uorocarbons and sulphur hexa£uoride ^ by at least 5% (the percentage varying from country to country) from 1990 levels by 2008^2012. To date 96 countries have rati¢ed or acceded to the Protocol, but with the notable absence of the USA. The European Union has been set a target of 8%, and to achieve this, the EU White Paper ‘Energy for the Future’ calls for a doubling of the share of renewable energy sources, from around 6% to 12% by 2010. The European Commission has also set the target of replacing 20% of conventional fuels in road transport by 2020 with alternative fuels. Beside biofuel and natural gas, the other alternative fuel that has the potential for a major contribution is hydrogen.

Pollution When fossil fuels burn they emit toxic pollutants that damage the environment and people’s health. This problem, combined with the greenhouse gas problem, is driving countries and local authorities to introduce legislation to reduce these emissions and measures such as alternative energy tax credits and ¢nancing programmes that are tied to certain technologies or overall energy e⁄ciency.

California ZEV Vehicle Proposals Notwithstanding the legal challenge being mounted to the California Air Resources Board’s Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandate, it has been a major driving force for the development of fuel cell vehicles.

Oil Dependency World oil production is predicted to decline over the next 10^20 years, and the dependence on a few energy-rich nations will signi¢cantly increase, raising the problems of energy security and future price levels.

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2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

Growth in Distributed Power Generation Deregulation of the electricity supply industry is changing the market. New companies are entering the market o¡ering energy services based on distributed power generation systems that are located near to the energy consumers. Distributed generation systems, which can range from 1 kW to 15 MW, can be constructed in a much shorter time than the large traditional power plants, require less capital and provide a faster investment payback. The liberalisation of the electricity industry now makes it possible for many energy consumers to generate their own electricity, if they feel this to be to their advantage. New storage techniques for heat and electricity may also help to promote more widespread use of decentralised energy production and conversion. DG systems also provide a solution to the increasing demand for power in developing countries, where currently there is no e¡ective electrical grid system. Fuel cell technology is a favourable candidate for distributed generation systems due to their low environmental impact, high electrical e⁄ciency, production of heat for CHP applications and they can be easily integrated with a gas turbine.

2.7 Market Issues There are a number of issues and barriers to the successful commercialisation of fuel cells.

Technological Much still needs to be done to improve the performance, reliability and durability of fuel cell systems, which then has to be demonstrated. Further research also needs to be done on advanced materials, catalyst utilisation, system design and integration, manufacturing processes, recyclability and sustainable design.

Cost Reduction Despite recent strides made in reducing the cost of fuel cells, the current price (cost per kW) is still well above the price that the potential customer is willing to pay. In the stationary power generation market, the current installed cost for a diesel engine or gas turbine driven generator varies from US$300/kW up to US$700/kW, or higher for a microturbine, whereas current fuel cell system costs are over US$3000/kW. However, the predicted costs of fuel cell systems, when commercialisation begins, are expected to be much closer to the current technologies, with, in the case of MCFCs and SOFCs, the advantage of higher

20 World Fuel Cells

2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

electrical e⁄ciencies. However, PAFCs appear to have reached a plateau of about US$3000/kWand it remains to be seen in what timescale the costs for the other technologies can be achieved. For automotive applications, with current internal combustion engine costs of US$50/kW and truck diesel engine costs of US$80^100/kW, the reduction in costs of PEMFC engines has a long way to go. It seems likely that unless fuel cell manufacturers are prepared to sell their products at a loss, they will have to persuade potential customers of the bene¢ts while paying a price premium when compared to current technologies. Table 2.6 Forecast of Fuel Cell System Costs for Power Generation

AFC PAFC PEMFC MCFC SOFC SOFC/MCFC-GT

Size (kW)

Installed cost (US$/kW)

Electrical efficiency (%)

1^100 200^1000 1^750 250^3000 1^300 300^30 000

500^1250 2500^3000 1000^1500 1250^1715 800^1500 660^1600

40^60 40^50 35^45 50^60 45^55 60^70

Source: EPRIsolutions.

Hydrogen Fuel Infrastructure The commercialisation of fuel cell vehicles raises a ‘chicken and egg’ question: Which comes ¢rst, the fuel cell cars or the fuelling infrastructure necessary to operate them? Several approaches can be used to deliver hydrogen to a fuel cell vehicle. Natural gas is the feedstock for most industrial hydrogen production. Centrally located hydrogen production plants could produce the necessary hydrogen and distribute it in compressed or liquid form to local retail stations for dispensing into fuel cell cars capable of storing either gaseous or lique¢ed hydrogen. Another option would be to produce the hydrogen locally, by converting natural gas (or possibly other hydrocarbon fuels) into hydrogen gas or an onsite water electrolyser and compressor connected to the electric grid. With their central fuelling facilities, heavy-duty fuel cell £eet vehicles, including buses, are a logical early market for this approach. Onboard methanol reforming also presents infrastructure problems, and whilst gasoline on-board reforming can use the existing infrastructure, technical di⁄culties remain. It seems unlikely, at the moment, that an industry-wide agreement on a common fuelling method will be adopted, and a variety of fuels will be employed. Whether this causes concern to potential FCVowners remains to be seen.

Financing Vast amounts of capital have already been spent on fuel cell R&D, with to date very little, if any, return. More capital will be needed for continued R&D as well as for building production facilities and market introduction costs.

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2 Fuel Cell Industry Overview

Financial markets have failed to recover since the technology bubble burst in 2000 and venture capitalists are very wary about pumping money into the technology sector. Market sentiment to fuel cells has dropped away in the past 18 months, with leaders such as Ballard under-performing the market. As a result, the ¢nancing of fuel cell businesses will remain extremely di⁄cult, as some of the start-up companies are presently experiencing.

Public Acceptance The public’s anxiety over the use of hydrogen is associated with the crash of the Hindenburg airship in 1937. Although a recent study of the incident found that it was not the hydrogen that was the cause of the accident, the perception remains with some people and needs to be addressed. Safety tests performed by the Ford Motor Company for the US DOE have found that the technologies being tested for storing hydrogen in a fuel cell vehicle are actually safer than the storage of gasoline used in cars today. However this will need strong advertising to dispel public anxieties. The industry will also need to make e¡orts to improve the public awareness of fuel cell vehicles and alternative fuels and the advantages that they o¡er.

Development of Standards The development of the required codes and standards is a key element in the introduction of fuel cells. The right set of codes and standards will, amongst other things, simplify the certi¢cation process for global markets, protect the consumer from unsafe products and facilitate infrastructure developments. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has established an international committee, the IEC/TC 105, and work is now progressing in the development of appropriate standards. Many other regional, national and international organisations are also developing appropriate codes and standards, including ISO with its TC 197 on hydrogen technologies.

Government Actions It is generally felt that the fuel cell market will require national government incentives, policies and regulation which will provide incentives for industrial, commercial and consumer users to embrace the new technology.

Education If volume markets for fuel cells are to be sustained, then education programmes need to be established to develop an appropriately skilled workforce for manufacturing, installation and repair services.

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3

Market Figures and Forecasts to 2010

Up to 2001 the fuel cell market largely consisted of sales of proof-of-concept units, ¢eld trial units and demonstration units of the di¡erent fuel cell technologies in their various stages of development, although in the case of the more mature PAFCs, some sales have been for operational installations. In addition, a number of companies have derived revenues from research and development contracts, largely government funded. Sales of fuel cells and fuel cell systems (excluding R&D and engineering services revenues) in 2001 are estimated to have been worth US$66 million.With several PEMFC manufacturers introducing their ¢rst commercial products in 2002, sales are forecast to increase to about US$85 million in 2002. Table 3.1 World Sales of Fuel Cells PEMFCs PAFCs MCFCs Others

2001

2002

58% 32% 9% 1%

66% 18% 13% 3%

Table 3.2 Fuel Cell Sales 2005^2010 (US$ million) Transportation Stationary: Residential/small commercial Commercial/industrial/utilities UPS/back-up power Portable Total

2005

2010

85

470

55 90 50 25 305

910 1200 670 1100 4350

Future growth prospects are reviewed below according to the major application areas.

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3 Market Figures and Forecasts to 2010

3.1 Transportation Following the development of an increasing number of prototype fuel cellpowered cars, the market is now moving from the feasibility demonstration phase to small, controlled £eet testing programmes. DaimlerChrysler has announced plans to produce 60 ‘F-Cell’cars, which will be operated by customers within the framework of cooperative ventures in Europe, the USA, Japan and Singapore from mid-2003. Both Honda and Toyota plan to start their programmes before the end of 2002, with Honda expecting to produce about 30 FCX cars for leasing to government agencies and other interested organisations in the Tokyo metropolitan area as well as for the CaFCP (California Fuel Cell Partnership) programme in California. Toyota has also announced that it would start leasing about 20 of its fuel cell hybrid SUVs to government bodies, research institutes and energy-related companies in Japan and the USA before the end of 2002. Ford is producing ¢ve Focus FCVs for testing and demonstration, as part of the current CaFCP trials, and plans low-volume production of cars for £eet testing by 2004. Notwithstanding the legal injunction preventing the California Air Resources Board imposing its ZEV (zero emission vehicle) mandate in 2003, the Board intends to keep up its pressure on the automotive manufacturers. The development of the US market is being set by the DOE’s FreedomCAR programme, which calls for about 500 cars being used for ‘controlled’ £eet demonstrations during the 2004^2008 period, followed by commercial £eet demonstration programmes with some 5000 vehicles before full-scale commercialisation in 2012. The European fuel cell car market is likely to follow a similar time-scale to the US market, but market development in Japan is likely to be somewhat faster, with the Ministry of Economy and Trade and Industry targeting 2005 for the start of full-scale commercialisation, with the aim of having 50 000 fuel cell vehicles on the road in Japan by 2010, and about 5 million by 2020. To date, all of the major auto manufacturers have chosen the PEM fuel cell for their developments and this will continue to be the preferred choice. Ballard Power Systems dominates the market, although General Motors and Toyota have developed their own PEMFC engines, and Nuvera, UTC Fuel Cells and H Power have also developed fuel cell engines. The speed of introduction of fuel cell-powered cars will depend on overcoming any technical problems shown up by the £eet trials, the achievement of the cost reduction targets and a solution to the hydrogen infrastructure conundrum. Current costs vary from US$5000/kW to US$6500/kW, with expectations of this reducing to US$500/kW by 2005. The US DOE has set the fuel cell system cost targets of US$125/kW by 2008 and US$45/kW by 2012. Ballard has reported that it expects a cost of US$120/kW when the company starts volume production of automotive fuel cell engines in 2008.

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3 Market Figures and Forecasts to 2010

The use of fuel cells to provide auxiliary power for cars is under development, with both SOFC and PEMFC technology being used. Cost is the major factor and it is not until the end of the decade that fuel cell APUs are likely to be introduced. The fuel cell bus market is at a similar stage of evolution as the fuel cell car market, moving from the prototype demonstration phase to small testing programmes in a variety of environments, with again the PEM fuel cell now being the preferred technology, after earlier PAFC trials had been discontinued. As reported in Chapter 4, two major programmes are now being launched ^ the European Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Programme and the GEF (Global Environmental Facility) Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Programme (see Section 4.1.2.13). In Europe, 30 buses will be operated in 10 di¡erent cities in an EU-funded project running until June 2006. In the GEF programme, a total of 46 buses are planned for trials in six developing countries, over the next ¢ve years, although the start is being delayed. In Japan, a fuel cell bus jointly developed by Toyota and Hino Motors has started public road trials. However Toyota has stated that commercialisation will not occur until around 2010. By this time it aims to cut the cost of the vehicle, reported to be around 100 times that of a conventional bus, which sells for ¥23 million (US$185 000). Cost will again be the dominant factor in the development of the fuel cell bus market. Since buses operate from central depots, the hydrogen infrastructure problem is more easily overcome. The ultimate volume requirements for fuel cell buses will, however, be very small compared with the fuel cell car market, as illustrated by the fact that the current demand for buses in Europe is around 20 000 p.a. compared with a car market of14.8 million in 2001. The 1990s saw the development of battery-operated neighbourhood electric vehicles (NEVs) and golf-carts. There is interest in using fuel cells to either replace the battery or to extend the range for these vehicles. Apollo Energy Systems has announced an US$84 million order for its 40 kWAFC/30 kWh battery propulsion systems from a company in California, which plans to rent out NEVs. This market, albeit small in volume, could develop during the 2005^2010 period, providing the costs can be reduced. There is considerable interest, particularly in China and other Asian countries, in fuel cell-powered bicycles and scooters/motorcycles. It is reported that there were about 500 million bicycles in China in 2000. Sales of electric bicycles have been growing due to legislation introduced in 1996, banning gasoline-fuelled bicycles and scooters, in several major cities, including Beijing and Shanghai. Sales of electric bicycles in 2000 are reported to have been 240 000 units. However, price again is a major factor, but with the availability of much cheaper fuel cells towards the end of the decade, the market for fuel cell-powered bicycles and scooters is expected to develop.

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3 Market Figures and Forecasts to 2010

Apart from the established application of fuel cells in submarines (see Section 4.1.4.3), maritime applications have been slow to develop and any signi¢cant market is not expected to emerge until after 2010. Fuel cell systems for transport applications are forecast to grow from US$85 million in 2005 to US$470 million by 2010.

3.2 Stationary Applications Stationary electricity generation applications of fuel cells include cogeneration units for residential, commercial and industrial sites, decentralised power production (distributed power generation) and back-up systems/uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) for critical loads. There has been a lot of activity in the development of small cogeneration units, up to 5 kW, for residential and commercial use. As in the case of the FCV market, the low-power cogeneration market is now moving from the feasibility demonstration phase to larger trials being carried out by a selected number of customers, including public utilities, government entities and distributors, in North America, Europe and Japan. As reported in Chapter 4, an EU-funded project will see 52 combined fuel cell heating appliances, produced by Vaillant in Germany, using Plug Power’s 5 kW cogeneration PEM fuel cell system, tested over a 40-month period, starting in December 2001. Sulzer Hexis is also producing 400 pre-production models of its 1 kW SOFC micro-cogenerator for ¢eld trials in Europe. Many other companies, including Nuvera, Proton Motor, H Power,Toshiba International Fuel Cells, Fuel Cell Technologies, Global Thermoelectric, Mosaic Energy/Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, Ebara Ballard, Sanyo Electric, Toyota, Matsushita Electric Industrial, Matsushita Electric Works and others, are developing low-power cogeneration systems. Volume sales are expected to start in 2005, with the market for residential/commercial small power cogeneration units increasing from US$55 million in 2005 to US$910 million in 2010, with PEMFC and SOFC being the dominant technologies. The market for fuel cells over 50 kW is to be found in cogeneration units in the industrial and municipal sector ^ hospitals, factories, breweries, large commercial premises, housing estates, etc. ^ and in the distributed generation sector. PAFC systems have been successfully used, mainly in Japan and the USA, for cogeneration applications. However, with the cost appearing to have reached a plateau at about US$3000/kW, sales have now slowed. Costs for MCFC systems, currently about US$3000^5000/kW are expected to fall well below the PAFC costs during the next two to three years, whilst SOFC costs are expected to reduce even lower, but not until the 2005^2010 period.Whilst PEMFC costs will also fall below the PAFC costs, their lower e⁄ciency and low temperature of

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3 Market Figures and Forecasts to 2010

operation, making them less suitable for cogeneration use, will limit their share of this market sector. Whilst the liberalisation of the energy markets has created the potential for distributed/decentralised power generation systems, the liberalisation has also resulted in very low energy prices. This is a restraining factor on actual new investment, particularly in new immature technologies, and makes the capital cost of the equipment a key factor. It is only towards the end of the decade that fuel cell system prices will approach the levels of current DG system prices and therefore only then begin to penetrate into this market sector. The market for medium-/high-power fuel cell systems is forecast to rise from US$90 million in 2005 to US$1200 million in 2010. As fuel cell prices decrease, they are expected to take a share of the UPS market, increasing from US$50 million in 2005 to US$670 million in 2010.

3.3 Portable Power Portable power applications cover a wide range of market segments including small generators and battery replacements. As reported in Section 4.3, there is considerable interest in portable fuel cells for defence applications, but their actual use is not expected until towards the end of the 2005^2010 period. Commercial applications, as illustrated in Table 4.12, are expected to come to fruition earlier, but again cost will be a major factor. Most developers are still in the prototype development stage and only a few commercial products can be expected before 2005, when the portable fuel cell market is forecast to be worth US$25 million. However, strong growth is expected, particularly towards the end of the forecast period, with the market reaching US$1100 million in 2010.

3.4 Regional Analysis With the trend towards globalisation and the movement of production of many of the portable products in which fuel cells could be ¢tted to Eastern Europe, China and other Asian countries, it is di⁄cult to estimate accurately the sale of fuel cells by region. However, a rough estimate of FC system world sales over the forecast period to 2010 by region is shown below: * * * *

Japan ^ 35% USA ^ 30% Europe ^ 20% Rest of world ^ 15%

Japan’s leadership is based on its greater commitment to addressing the problems of pollution and global warming issues. The Japanese government has been active since 1990 in stimulating and supporting development of fuel cells.

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3 Market Figures and Forecasts to 2010

The two major auto manufacturers, Toyota and Honda, will be the ¢rst to start commercial production of fuel cell cars. The Japanese electric and gas utility companies have also been very involved in the development of fuel cell power systems and will lead the way in the installation of residential, commercial, industrial and utility power generation systems. With its less reliable grid system, compared to Europe, the USA will enjoy bigger sales of stationary FC power systems than Europe. In Europe, Germany is expected to account for at least one-third of the total European fuel cell market. DaimlerChrysler is the major developer of fuel cell vehicles in Europe and Germany’s power utilities are more active in the market than utility companies in other countries. Renault and PSA Peugeot Citroe«n are also developing fuel cell vehicles, although not on the same scale as DaimlerChrysler; EDF and Gaz de France have FC development programmes, which should make France the second largest market in Europe. With no signi¢cant fuel cell vehicle development in the UK and little activity amongst the utility companies, who in any case are experiencing ¢nancial di⁄culties in an intensely competitive market, the fuel cell market in the UK is likely to remain low over the forecast period. The market in Italy will be helped by its two fuel cell manufacturers ^ Nuvera and Ansaldo ^ and Fiat, which is also involved in fuel cell vehicle development. An important development in Europe is Iceland’s goal to become the ¢rst ‘hydrogen economy’ by 2030. Iceland, with a population of 286 000, already makes extensive use of its renewable resources and has invested heavily in hydroelectric and geothermal energy production. It is estimated that up to 95% of homes are heated with geothermal energy and hydroelectric power is used to produce electricity for buildings and industry. However Iceland still relies on imports of expensive fossil fuels for about one third of its energy needs, principally for its transport sector ^ the country has more than 180 000 motor vehicles, including 1700 buses, and about 1000 ¢shing vessels. The ¢shing industry is the mainstay of the economy, with its pro¢tability linked to the price of oil. The country is committed to eliminating fossil fuels and in 1999, a consortium called Icelandic New Energy Ltd was established to develop systems for the production, storage and distribution of hydrogen. In the ¢rst phase, three Mercedes-Benz hydrogen powered fuel cell buses are being tested in Reykjavik as part of the EU-funded ECTOS (Ecological City Transport System) project. The buses will be refulled at a hydrogen ¢lling station built by Shell Hydrogen and Norsk Hydro. The production and use of hydrogen in the transport and ¢shing sectors are expected to reduce Iceland’s CO2 emissions by 40% and using its extensive renewable energy resources to generate hydrogen, the country expects to be in a strong position to export hydrogen to other countries around the world.

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4

Market and Application Analysis

4.1 Transportation

4.1.1 Automotive 4.1.1.1 CARB California has been the major driving force in the development of fuel cell vehicles, as for decades it has striven to reduce emissions from passenger cars, commercial vehicles and buses. In 1990 the California Air Resources Board (CARB) introduced legislation that required that, by 1994, 10% of all cars sold in California should be ‘ultra-clean’. By 1998, 2% of annual car sales were required to be electric cars (zero emission vehicles), rising to10% of annual sales by 2003. To meet these requirements, the automotive industry pursued the development of battery-powered electric vehicles. In 1996 CARB eliminated the ‘ramp up’ years but left in place the 10% ZEV requirement for 2003, in order to give vehicle manufacturers more time to develop advanced batteries for electric vehicles; and in 1998 CARB announced that it would allow partial ZEV (PZEV) credits for extremely low emission vehicles that were not pure ZEVs.With fuel cell development beginning to accelerate and the slow progress in battery development, auto manufacturers began to focus on hybrid-electric, fuel cell and alternativefuelled vehicles. To address the problems of high initial cost, product availability and the lack of public awareness and education, CARB again modi¢ed its requirements in January 2001, by including three primary categories of vehicles for compliance. The original 1990 requirement for 10% of annual vehicle sales being ZEVs by 2003 is replaced by only 2% being pure ZEVs, while 2% may be advanced technology PZEVs (such as compressed natural gas, hybrid-electric, methanol fuel cell) and 6% may be PZEVs. The pure ZEV requirement gradually increases from 2% in 2003 to 3% in 2012 and 5% in 2018, with the broad ZEV requirement by 2018 being16% of annual sales.

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4 Market and Application Analysis

Beginning in 2007, CARB will include sport utility vehicles, pickup trucks and vans in the sales ¢gures used to calculate each auto manufacturer’s ZEV requirement. This will increase the number of vehicles used to calculate the ZEV requirement from about1million to more than1.5 million. However, General Motors and DaimlerChrysler have recently been granted an injunction to prevent CARB implementing its ZEV mandate in 2003. A board meeting is scheduled for February 2003 to re-hear all of the issues. The board still plans to impose a ZEV requirement, but the existing requirement will probably be reduced and the timescale altered in the light of what is technically possible.

4.1.1.2 The California Fuel Cell Partnership The California Fuel Cell Partnership (CaFCP) was formed in April 1999 as a unique collaborative endeavour of auto manufacturers, energy companies, fuel cell technology companies and government agencies. The partnership consists of19 full members and nine associate members. The full members are: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

DaimlerChrysler Ford Motor Company General Motors Honda Hyundai Nissan Toyota Volkswagen BP ChevronTexaco ExxonMobil Shell Hydrogen Ballard Power Systems UTC Fuel Cells California Air Resources Board California Energy Commission South Coast Air Quality Management District US Department of Energy US Department of Transportation US Environmental Protection Agency

The associate partners include hydrogen gas suppliers (Air Products and Chemicals Inc and Praxair); a methanol fuel supplier (Methanex); hydrogen fuelling station developers (Paci¢c Gas and Electric, Proton Energy Systems Inc and Stuart Energy Systems); and bus transit agencies (AC Transit, Santa ClaraValley Transportation Authority, and SunLineTransit Agency). The CaFCP aims to achieve four main goals: *

*

30 World Fuel Cells

demonstrate vehicle technology by operating and testing the vehicles under real-world conditions in California; demonstrate the viability of alternative fuel infrastructure technology, including hydrogen and methanol stations;

4 Market and Application Analysis

*

*

explore the path to commercialisation, from identifying potential problems to developing solutions; and increase public awareness and enhance opinion about fuel cell electric vehicles, preparing the market for commercialisation.

The CaFCP expects to place up to 60 fuel cell passenger cars and fuel cell buses (buses are reviewed in Section 4.1.2) on the road between 2000 and 2003. In addition to testing fuel cell vehicles, the partnership is examining fuel infrastructure issues and beginning to prepare the Californian market for this new technology. The Partnership’s ¢rst hydrogen fuelling station was unveiled at the opening of its headquarters facility at West Sacramento in November 2000. The station was designed, constructed and funded by BP, Shell, ChevronTexaco, and associate partners Air Products and Praxair. The station delivers compressed hydrogen at two di¡erent pressures ^ 3600 and 5000 psi. In April 2002 a methanol fuelling station, developed with the support of the Methanol Fuel Cell Alliance of DaimlerChrysler, Ballard, BP, Statoil, BASF and Methanex, and using new fuelling technology developed by Identic, was opened at the West Sacramento headquarters. The CaFCP plans to install a satellite hydrogen fuel station at Richmond, in the San Francisco Bay area, as well as two additional hydrogen stations at appropriate locations.

4.1.1.3 US DOE Programmes In January 2002 US Secretary of Energy, Spencer Abraham, announced a new industry research programme, FreedomCAR, a cooperative e¡ort between the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the US Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) ^ DaimlerChrysler, Ford and General Motors. The new public/private initiative will fund research into advanced, e⁄cient fuel cell technology which uses hydrogen to power automobiles. The long-term goal of FreedomCAR is to develop technologies to enable mass production of a¡ordable hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles and generation of hydrogen from domestic renewable sources, along with a hydrogen supply infrastructure. Following the current demonstration trials that are taking place, the programme calls for ‘controlled’ £eet demonstrations of about 500 cars in the 2004^2008 period, followed by the demonstration of the commercial viability of FC £eet vehicles in two or three states with some 5000 cars, leading to full commercialisation in 2012. FreedomCAR replaces the US$1.5 billion ‘Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles’ (PNGV), which was launched by the Clinton administration in 1993. The PNGV R&D programmes were designed to triple automobile fuel e⁄ciency, with the aim of producing prototype family cars capable of 80 miles per gallon (2.94 litres/100 km) by 2004, with the expectation that the technologies would be incorporated into even more e⁄cient production vehicles by about 2008. However, the National Research Council Peer Review recommended restructuring the PNGV programme because of developments and advances in related ¢elds. In evaluating PNGV, DOE and the automakers agreed that the cooperative e¡ort needed to be refocused on longer-range goals with greater emphasis on

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4 Market and Application Analysis

highway vehicle contributions to energy and environmental concerns; a move to more fundamental R&D at the component and subsystem level; to assure coverage of all light vehicle platforms; to maintain some e¡ort on nearer-term technologies that o¡er early e⁄ciency gains; and to strengthen e¡orts on technologies applicable to both fuel cell and hybrid approaches. Despite promises to break from the past, the Bush administration has proposed only modest changes in the major automotive research funding categories. Table 4.1 US DOE Funding (US$ million) Clinton budget 2001

Bush budget 2003

40.7 45.1 22.6 21.5

50.0 38.5 14.1 10.8

Fuel cells Hybrids Advanced combustion Materials technology Source: US Department of Energy.

The DOE supports the R&D programme through cost-sharing agreements with automotive suppliers and fuel cell and component developers. Approximately 20 organisations, including two universities, received awards for projects in the DOE Fuel Cells for Transportation Program, which began in autumn 2001 and which will run for between 2 and 4 years. The DOE national laboratories will continue to provide support to the Fuel Cells for Transportation Program during FY2002.

4.1.1.4 EU-funded Research The European Union has supported the research and technological development and demonstration of fuel cells since 1988. The budget spent by the European Commission was increased from E8 million between 1988 and 1992 to about E54 million in the Fourth Framework programme (1994^1998). Under the Fifth Framework programme (1998^2002), about E130 million has been spent on the development of fuel cell systems. The major projects under the Fifth Framework programme for the development of fuel cell systems for vehicle applications are shown in Table 4.4.

4.1.1.5 Japanese Initiatives The Ministry of Economy and Trade and Industry (METI) launched the ‘Millennium Project’at the start of the 2000 ¢scal year. This collaborative e¡ort among industrial, educational and government circles included the ‘Introduction of Fuel Cell Vehicles by the year 2005’as one of the project objectives with the speci¢c goals of: *

*

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By around 2001 ^ hydrogen fuel production and storing technologies will be investigated and fuels for fuel cells will be analysed comparatively. By around 2002 ^ evaluation methods for fuel cell and speci¢cations for commercial use will be established.

4 Market and Application Analysis

Table 4.2 New DOE R&D Projects Project description

Challenges addressed

Prime contractor

Stack components MEAs with high-temperature membranes and higher activity cathodes (4 awards) Processes for moulding bipolar plates (1 award)

Cost, platinum reduction, manufacturing Cost, manufacturing

3M, UTC Fuel Cells, DeNora/DuPont, Superior MicroPowders Porvair

Start-up time, cost

Nuvera, University of Michigan, Catalytica

Air management, balance of plant, size/cost Cost, durability/ reliability

UTC Fuel Cells, Honeywell, Arthur D Little, Mechanology UTC Fuel Cells, Honeywell

Cost, durability

United Technologies Research Center, University of Kentucky

Fuel infrastructure

United Technologies Research Center, Southwest Research Institute

Platinum cost/ supply System cost/ efficiency Fuel infrastructure

Arthur D Little

Fuel processing Catalysts/materials/ components to reduce weight and volume (3 awards) Balance of plant Compressor/expander, blowers, heat exchangers, humidifiers (4 awards) Sensors to reliably identify and quantify chemical species (2 awards) Hydrogen enhancement technologies that are energy efficient (2 awards) Hydrogen storage On-board hydrogen storage (2 awards)

Assessments/analyses Precious metal availability and cost (1 award) V|ability of fuel cell auxiliary power units (1 award) Energy, emissions, and cost analyses of fuels for fuel cells (1 award) Fuel cell vehicle codes and standards and recommended practices (1 award) Small stationary PEM power system operating on ethanol (1 award)

Fuel infrastructure

Fuel infrastructure

Arthur D Little Arthur D Little

Society of Automotive Engineers Caterpillar

Source: US Department of Energy. *

*

By around 2004 ^ technical achievement for commercialisation will be met (such as downsizing, lightweight, high e⁄ciency). By around 2005 ^ establishment of commercialisation, mass production, standardisation and safety standardisation of low-emission fuel cell vehicles.

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4 Market and Application Analysis

Table 4.3 DOE National Laboratory R&D in Support of Fuel Cells for Transportation Programme Laboratory

R&D Focus

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Improved cathodes High-temperature membranes Durability studies Fuels effects Systems analysis Fast-start fuel processing Microchannel fuel processing Low-Pt electrodes Sensors

Argonne National Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Source: US Department of Energy.

Table 4.4 EU-funded Fuel Cell Projects for Vehicle Applications (1998^2002 programme) Project

Partners

T|mescale

FUERO ^ Fuel cell systems and components general research for vehicle applications

Rheinisch-Westfa«lische Technische Hochschule Aachen; Renault Research; Volvo Technological Development Corp; Fiat Research; Institut Franais du Pe¤trole; Peugeot Citroe«n; Volkswagen Johnson Matthey; Volvo Technological Development; Politecnico di Torino; Ansaldo Research; Fiat Research; Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN); FEV Motorentechnik CRF ^ Societa' Consortile per Azioni; University of Reading (UK); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France); University of Patras (Greece); ENEA (Italy); Peugeot Citroe«n; Renault Research; Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN) Sodeteg (France); Solvay (Belgium); National Research Council of Italy; Israel Plastics and Rubber Centre; Ramot (Tel Aviv) ^ University authority for Applied Research and Industrial Development; Fiat Research Volvo Technological Development; University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (UK); Norwegian University of Science & Technology (Trondheim); Proton Motor Fuel Cell (Germany); Statoil Research Centre (Norway); Denmark Technical University

July 2000^ December 2003

PROFUEL ^ On-board gasoline processor for fuel cell vehicle application

BIO-H2 ^ Production of clean hydrogen for fuel cells by reformation of bioethanol

DREAMCAR ^ Direct methanol fuel cell system for car applications

AMFC ^ Advanced methanol fuel cells for vehicle propulsion

34 World Fuel Cells

July 2000^ June 2003

July 2000^ June 2003

February 2001^ July 2004

January 2001^ December 2003

4 Market and Application Analysis

Table 4.4 (continued) Project

Partners

T|mescale

ASTOR ^ Assessment and testing of advanced energy storage systems for propulsion and other electrical systems in passenger cars

Volkswagen; Catella Generics (Sweden); Fiat Research; Peugeot Citroe«n; BMW; Renault Research; Energy Technology Services (UK); Forschungsgesellschaft Kraftfahrwesen MBH Aachen (Germany); Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden Wu«rtemberg (Germany); Forschungsstelle fu«r Energiewirtschaft der Gesellschaft fu«r Praktische Energiekunde (Germany); Ecole d’Inge¤nieurs en Genie des Syste'mes Industriels (France); DaimlerChrysler; Adam Opel (Germany); Volvo Technological Development; Institut fu«r Solare Energieversorgungstechnik (Germany) Fuma-Tech (Germany); Universita' degli Studi di Perugia (Italy); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France); National Research Council of Italy; University of Strathclyde (UK); Nuvera Fuel Cells (Italy); Sefar (Switzerland); Electricite¤ de France (EDF); Institut fu«r Energie-und-Umweltforschung Heidelberg (Germany)

April 2001^ March 2004

PEM-ED ^ Proton exchange membranes for application in medium-temperature electrochemical devices

April 2000^ March 2004

The METI ‘Fuel Cell Commercialisation Conference of Japan’ produced a report in late 2001, which set the ‘expected’ introductory targets of about 50 000 fuel cell vehicles by 2010 and about 5 million by 2020. METI has assigned over ¥10 billion (US$82 million) in the 2002 ¢scal year budget for the development of fuel cell vehicles, which will include demonstrations of hydrogen stations and FCV tests on public roads. The Japanese government believes that the commercialisation of FCVs in Japan earlier than other countries is very important to strengthen its industrial competitive position, and will introduce FCVs in ¢scal 2003. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport will buy several fuel cell vehicles, with the cost covered by revenues from road-related taxes. The government has also ordered the re-examination of relevant regulations by 2005.

4.1.1.6 Developments of Major Auto Manufacturers The activities of the major auto manufacturers in the development of fuel cell cars are reviewed below.

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BMW BMW, which has been developing electric cars for 30 years, has adopted a‘Clean Energy’ strategy based on hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines. The company has developed the BMW 750hL, which uses a bi-fuel internal combustion engine capable of running on either hydrogen or gasoline, and 15 vehicles were successfully road tested in 2000, travelling over 100 000 km on German roads. BMW has focused its fuel cell developments, not for use as a drive unit, but as an auxiliary power unit (APU), providing power for the electrical system. Two of the BMW 750hLs that have been built incorporate an APU incorporating a 5 kW/42 V PEM fuel cell (supplied by UTC Fuel Cells). BMW began a joint development with Delphi Automotive Systems in April 1999 to develop a fuel cell system to be used as an APU for gasoline engines for passenger cars. This was expanded in May 2000 to include Renault for its lightand heavy-duty trucks. Using a 5 kW SOFC, supplied by Global Thermoelectric, BMWand Delphi Automotive have developed and demonstrated, in February 2001, their second generation APU, with an integrated gasoline reformer. BMW plans to feature fuel cell APUs in forthcoming generations of BMWs in about ¢ve years’time.

Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd Daihatsu, which is 51% owned by Toyota Motor Corporation, specialises in small- and medium-sized inexpensive cars with an annual production of about 600 000 vehicles. The company has been developing electric vehicles since 1965 and has now sold over 8000. In 1999 the company exhibited the Move EV-FC, a small four-seater, with a methanol reformer and a fuel cell stack, which Daihatsu had developed using work carried out at the Osaka National Research Institute and by MITI’s Agency of Industrial Science and Technology. At the Tokyo Motor Show in 2001 the company presented the Move FCV-K-II using a 30 kW Toyota fuel cell stack and a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank system. The company plans a public road test of the vehicle during 2002.

DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler was formed in 1998, when Daimler-Benz AG merged with Chrysler Corporation. The group is now the ¢fth largest vehicle manufacturer in the world, with sales of passenger cars and commercial vehicles in 2001 of about 4.5 million. Daimler-Benz introduced its ¢rst fuel cell vehicle, NECAR (New Electric Car) 1 in 1994, based on a standard Mercedes-Benz MB 100 van. The components for power generation, the hydrogen gas cylinders and the measuring instruments

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occupied so much room that only the seats for the driver and front passenger remained available. NECAR 1 also required 12 fuel cell stacks to provide an electrical output of 50 kW. Two years later, NECAR 2 was able to provide enough room for six people, with all the fuel cell technology underneath the rear seat of a Mercedes-Benz V-Class van. NECAR 3, introduced in 1997 and based on the Mercedes-Benz A Class car, was the ¢rst fuel cell vehicle with onboard hydrogen generation, using a methanol reformer. In contrast to NECAR 1, NECAR 3 needed only two stacks to generate an electrical output of 50 kW. NECAR 4, also based on the Mercedes-Benz A-Class and introduced in 1999, used liquid hydrogen as its fuel, with the entire drive system installed in the underbody of the car. A modi¢ed version of the NECAR 4 using compressed hydrogen has been built for use in the £eet test being conducted by the California Fuel Cell Partnership. The next-generation NECAR 5 has, like the NECAR 3, got a methanol reformer, which, together with the entire drive system, is located in the underbody of the Mercedes-Benz A-Class. Compared with NECAR 3, it is not only 50% more powerful (using Ballard’s Mark 900 series fuel cell) but is also only half as large and 300 kg (660 lb) lighter. The vehicle recently completed an historic 3000-mile drive from San Francisco, California, to Washington, DC. In October 2002 DaimlerChrysler announced its ‘F-Cell’ fuel cell car, again based on the Mercedes-Benz A-Class. The company plans to produce 60 vehicles, which will be deployed in £eets and tested by customers in Europe, the USA, Japan and Singapore, starting in 2003. The F-Cell uses Ballard’s latest 85 kW automotive fuel cell engine, accommodated in the sandwich £oor together with tanks supplying compressed hydrogen directly to the fuel cell system and giving a cruising range of about 90 miles. The new fuel cell engine has a higher net power output, which, combined with reduced weight and lower volume, results in a 60% improvement in power density over previous generation technology. This has also reduced system complexity, improved vehicle integration and reduced costs. DaimlerChrysler has teamed up with the Hamburg delivery company, Hermes Versand Service, which runs a £eet of 3000 vans, to run a 2-year ¢eld test on a fuel cell van. A specially modi¢ed Mercedes-Benz Sprinter van uses a 55 kW Ballard PEM fuel cell running on gaseous hydrogen. The modi¢ed van can achieve a top speed of120 km/h (75 mph) and has a range of more than150 km (90 miles). DaimlerChrysler’s development of fuel cell buses is covered in Section 4.1.2.3. In the USA, the Chrysler Group has developed two generations of Jeep Commander sports utility vehicles (SUVs). The ¢rst, in 1998, had an onboard gasoline reformer, whilst the Jeep Commander 2 in 2000 uses an onboard methanol reformer and is actually a hybrid vehicle with a nickel metal hydride battery to provide extra power.

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In 2001 Chrysler unveiled its third-generation fuel cell concept vehicle, the Chrysler Town & Country ‘Natrium’minivan. Like theJeep Commander 2, the Natrium minivan is a fuel cell hybrid vehicle, with a 35 kW Siemens AC induction motor, powered by a 55 kW Ballard PEM fuel cell and a 55 kW SAFT Li-Ion battery. It is, however, the ¢rst FCV to use the Hydrogen on Demand system from Millennium Cell, in which non-toxic and non-in£ammable sodium borohydride is mixed with water to produce hydrogen. This unique system gives the Natrium a range of 300 miles (480 km), comparable to a gasoline-powered vehicle and signi¢cantly longer than existing fuel cell vehicles. Acceleration is similar to the Chrysler Group’s full-size all-electric minivan, the EPIC, at 0^60 mph in 17 seconds. The company demonstrated a DMFC-powered go-kart at the DaimlerChrysler Innovation Symposium 2000, with a 4 kW fuel cell stack assembled by Ballard. Further development is underway to increase the power and e⁄ciency of DMFC systems. DaimlerChrysler has been working with Ballard for many years, and in 1998 the two companies joined with the Ford Motor Company to form the ‘Fuel Cell Alliance’ resulting in the joint venture companies XCELLSIS, specialising in fuel cell drive systems and ECOSTAR, specialising in electric drive systems. DaimlerChrysler has also invested in Ballard Power Systems Inc (see Section 6.7). DaimlerChrysler’s own Fuel Cell Project group has now been co-located at Ballard Power System AG’s premises in Kirchheim/Teck-Nabern, close to DaimlerChrysler’s Corporate Research Laboratories at Ulm. DaimlerChrysler is working, through Ballard Power Systems AG, with Shell on investigating the use of gasoline for alternative drive systems and a DaimlerChrysler study in Brazil is exploring the use of ethanol. Since autumn 2000 DaimlerChrysler has also been working with BASF, BP, Methanex, Statoil and Ballard Power Systems AG on a study concerning the introduction of methanol. DaimlerChrysler is one of the full members of the California Fuel Cell Partnership and is supplying vehicles, which each run on di¡erent fuels: Necar 4 (liquid hydrogen), Necar 4a (compressed hydrogen), Necar 5 (methanol) and Natrium (sodium borohydride), for CaFCP’s road trials. In Japan, DaimlerChrysler is working with the country’s largest oil company, Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Co, and with Mazda (a Ford subsidiary) in addressing the subjects of fuel and infrastructure in Japan. Test drives that began in the Tokyo metropolitan area at the beginning of 2001 are designed to examine the driving properties and fuel consumption of fuel cell vehicles. DaimlerChrysler, along with Shell Hydrogen, Norsk Hydro and Vistorka (a group of Icelandic companies) is a member of the consortium Icelandic New Energy Ltd. The consortium was formed in1999 to help investigate the potential for replacing the use of fossil fuels in Iceland with hydrogen. The ultimate objective is to replace all fossil fuels in Iceland with hydrogen by 2030.

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Fiat Fiat, which produced 2.4 million cars and commercial vehicles worldwide in 2001, started research on electric vehicles in the 1960s and many research prototypes have been built over the years, including electric versions of the Panda and Seicento. The Fiat Research Centre, in Turin, has recently developed, with ¢nancial support from the Italian Ministry of the Environment, the Seicento Elettra H2 car, which incorporates a 5 kW Nuvera PEM fuel cell to recharge the batteries which power the car. The fuel cell has now operated without performance degradation for more than 3000 km. The next-generation fuel cell vehicle, scheduled to be demonstrated in 2003, will feature a brand new con¢guration of stack technology.

Ford Motor Company Ford became involved in electric battery research in 1956 and has been a major participant in electric vehicle research since 1982. More recently the company has been involved in fuel cell vehicle development. In 1998 Ford joined with Ballard Power Systems and DaimlerChrysler in creating the ‘Fuel Cell Alliance’, resulting in the joint venture companies XCELLSIS, specialising in fuel cell drive systems and ECOSTAR, specialising in electric drive systems. Ford has also invested in Ballard Power Systems Inc (see Section 6.6). In 1999 Ford acquired a 51% stake in Pivco Industries AS, a Norwegian-based company which had been developing and producing electric vehicles since1990 and had established the brand name of TH!NK. The TH!NK Group was then established within Ford to o¡er a full line of environmentally responsible mobility products and service ranging from a battery-operated electric bike up to fuel cell cars. However Ford has recently announced its intention of abandoning battery-operated cars to concentrate on fuel cell and hybrid gasoline^electric vehicles. In 1998 Ford revealed its ¢rst FCV, the P2000, based on a stretched aluminium Ford Contour platform with three Ballard Mark 700 fuel cell stacks delivering a net power output of 67 kW fuelled by gaseous hydrogen, providing a range of 100 miles (160 km). In 2000 the company demonstrated the Focus FC5 using the Ballard Mark 900 fuel cell stack, the same Ecostar e-drive and control systems as the P2000, and an on-board methanol reformer, with an 18 gallon tank. Also in 2000 a similar vehicle, the Focus FCV, was demonstrated, fuelled by compressed hydrogen from a 3600 psi tank. In 2002 Ford announced its latest generation of fuel cell car based on the Ford Focus platform and combining hybrid and fuel cell technology. The new Focus FCEV, which uses the new Ballard Mark 902 fuel cell delivering 85 kW, has been ‘hybridised’ with the addition of a 300 V Sanyo battery pack and a brake-bywire electrohydraulic series regenerative braking system. A more advanced

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4 Market and Application Analysis

hydrogen storage tank (developed by Calgary-based Dynetek Industries Ltd) operating at 5000 psi, together with the new battery pack and regenerative braking, has increased the driving range to between 160 and 200 miles. The new vehicle also has an integrated power train, combining the traction inverter module and electric motor transaxle. The new Focus FCV is part of an experimental £eet, with ¢ve vehicles being produced this year for testing and demonstration, as part of the CaFCP trials. Ford plans low-volume customer production by 2004. As well as being an active member of the CaFCP, Ford is also a member of the newly formed FreedomCAR programme.

General Motors General Motors is the world’s largest auto manufacturer producing about 7.8 million passenger cars and commercial vehicles in 2001. General Motors has a long history of electric vehicle development, dating back to 1916 with a battery-driven electric truck produced by GMC Trucks. Electric vehicles at GM did not resurface until the 1960s, since when the company continued to develop a number of di¡erent concept and prototype battery-driven cars. In1966 GM developed one of the world’s ¢rst operating fuel cell-powered electric vehicles, the GM Electrovan, powered by a liquid hydrogen fuel cell. In the1970s and 1980s the company continued to conduct R&D, continuously re¢ning existing fuel cell technologies and improving the electric drive and electronic controls. In 1991 GM, supported by the US Department of Energy funding, began investigating PEM fuel cell technology for automotive use. In1998 the company unveiled an Opel Za¢ra compact van with a Ballard 50 kW PEM fuel cell and an on-board methanol reformer. Also in 1998 the Global Alternative Propulsion Centre (GAPC), GM’s internal organisation to advance fuel cell technology, began operations with facilities located in Mainz-Kastel, Germany; Rochester, New York and Warren, Michigan (see Section 6.18). Using its own 80 kW PEMFC, GM showcased the HydroGen 1, based on the Opel Za¢ra in 2000. Using a 75 litre storage tank of liquid hydrogen, the car had a range of 250 miles (400 km). The vehicle was used on an‘Around the World’tour to publicise the emissions-free concept and for various endurance tests and races. A prototype HydroGen 3, the successor to the HydroGen 1and also based on the Opel Za¢ra, was introduced to the public at the IAA Motor Show in Frankfurt in September 2001. GAPC used a new improved fuel cell stack, about threequarters of the volume of its predecessor and with a higher output of 94 kW (previously 80 kW). The block of 200 fuel cells has dimensions of 472251496 mm.

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The primary aim of the HydroGen 3 project was to improve the performance and day-to-day use of the propulsion system. As part of this enhancement programme, the GAPC development team succeeded in dispensing altogether with some of the components that were necessary in HydroGen 1. A useful side e¡ect was that the weight of the vehicle was further reduced towards the target of 1590 kg. The most prominent component the development team managed to do without in HydroGen 3 was the high-performance bu¡er battery. In HydroGen 1, this energy storage unit had the job of dealing with performance peaks in the drive unit, but the optimised fuel cell system of HydroGen 3 is now able to provide the required power immediately on its own. Not only has this saved nearly 100 kg in weight, the greater compactness of the system also means that the £oor height of the load area in the liquid hydrogen-powered Za¢ra is now the same as that of the product line model. The full load space of the Za¢ra in the ¢ve-seater arrangement (600 litres) is thus now also available in HydroGen 3. The optimisation of the entire fuel cell system’s architecture has meant that the water produced in the cells as a result of the reaction between the hydrogen and the oxygen is enough to cover the moisture requirements of the fuel cell membranes. This obviated the need for additional external humidifying components for the cells, creating even more extra space and weight savings. Shortly after HydroGen 3 made its debut, GAPC announced the development of an even more e⁄cient fuel cell unit, with a power density ¢gure of 1.75 kW per litre. The volume of the stack (58 litres) is similar to that used on HydroGen 3, but its dimensions of 819140508 mm makes it easier to be packaged in the vehicle underbody, and will be used in the AUTOnomy project (see below). Several more HydroGen 3 prototype test car units will be prepared and GM has announced plans that it will test drive a Za¢ra FCVon Japanese public roads by the end of 2002, as part of tests being conducted by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. After initially studying the use of methanol on-board reformers for hydrogen production, GM is now concentrating its e¡orts on gasoline fuel processors and in 2001 demonstrated a Chevrolet S-10 pick-up with an on-board gasoline fuel processor ^ the Gen III processor ^ and a 25 kW fuel cell stack. The processor, developed in conjunction with Exxon Mobil, uses a new catalyst system that provides an e⁄ciency of over 80%. At the beginning of 2002 GM announced a new concept vehicle, the AUTOnomy, using a completely new undercarriage (wheelbase: 3099 mm). The GM concept vehicle is the ¢rst to be built from the ground up around the fuel cell propulsion system and will include ‘drive-by-wire’ engineering. The vehicle has now evolved into the Hy-wire ¢ve-passenger sedan, which was debuted at the Paris Motors Show in September 2002. The vehicle contains a 94 kW GM PEMFC stack with three Quantum Technologies’ hydrogen storage tanks rated at 5000 psi (350 bar), providing a range of100 km (60 miles). GM is working with a number of development partners and these are reviewed in Section 6.18.

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Honda The Honda Motor Company is Japan’s second largest auto manufacturer, with worldwide production of cars and commercial vehicles in 2001 of over 2.6 million vehicles. The company is also the world’s largest motorcycle manufacturer. Honda R&D Co Ltd, with facilities at Saitama and Tochigi, started fuel cell research in 1989 and, along with Toyota, has been leading the Japanese development of fuel cell vehicles as well as developing low emission hybrid cars. In September 1999 Honda introduced two fuel cell vehicles based on the Honda EV Plus body. The FCS-V1 used hydrogen fuel and was equipped with a Ballard 60 kW PEMFC stack, employing a hydrogen occlusion alloy (La^Ni5) for fuel storage. The FCX-V2 employed a methanol-fuelled 60 kW fuel cell stack manufactured by Honda itself, incorporating a Honda-developed methanol reformer for extracting hydrogen. In September 2000 Honda unveiled the FCX-V3 using a hydrogen-powered 62 kW Ballard PEMFC stack combined with a newly developed ultra-capacitor replacing the battery to provide improved start-up time and acceleration. In addition, regenerative energy systems, reduction of discharge loss and other measures contributed to improve fuel economy and achieve highly e⁄cient energy management. Two models have been produced for testing on public roads in Japan and California, and another model ¢tted with a 70 kW Honda PEMFC stack has also been produced for the CaFCP programme. In July 2001 Honda R&D Co Ltd and US-based Honda R&D Americas Inc set up a small hydrogen production, storage and fuelling station in the grounds of the Honda R&D Americas Los Angeles Centre in Torrance, California. In September 2001 Honda released a fourth-generation prototype, the FCX-V4, using a Ballard 78 kW PEMFC stack with a Honda-developed ultra-capacitor for improved response. Each component of the fuel cell system is newly designed, achieving a more compact package. A newly designed 350 bar (5000 psi) highpressure hydrogen storage tank ^ 130 litre capacity ^ increased the cruising distance to 300 km. Installation of the hydrogen fuel tanks under the passenger cabin £oor has enabled designers to create luggage space. The model also has improved collision safety features and better monitoring equipment. In July 2002 the FCX-V4 became the ¢rst fuel cell vehicle in the world to be certi¢ed by CARB as a Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV) and by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a Tier-2 Bin1, National Low EmissionVehicle (NLEV). The vehicle will also meet applicable US safety and occupant protection standards. Honda plans to start a lease programme for a limited number of FCVs in the USA and Japan by the end of 2002, with the City of Los Angeles taking delivery of the ¢rst ¢ve vehicles for testing by its employees. During the ¢rst 2^3-year period about 30 vehicles will be produced at the Takanezawa Factory of Tochigi Works, with the ¢rst commercial model based on the prototype FCX-V4 design. In April 2001 Honda signed a two-year, US$16.5 million supply agreement with Ballard Power Systems for automotive PEM fuel cells.

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Honda has recently signed a MoU with Plug Power, to collaborate on a research project to explore concepts for a home-based hydrogen vehicle refuelling system.

Hyundai Hyundai is Korea’s largest auto manufacturer, with worldwide production of cars and commercial vehicles in 2001of 2.55 million vehicles. Working with UTC Fuel Cells, Hyundai’s North American R&D centre has developed a fuel cell vehicle by replacing the internal combustion engine from a Santa Fe SUV with a 75 kW PEMFC, fuelled by hydrogen. Four vehicles have been produced and Hyundai has been participating in the CaFCP testing programme in California. Hyundai has also developed a hybrid fuel cell concept car powered by methanol, with its a⁄liate Kia Motor Corp. The hybrid car contains a10 kW fuel cell. In January 2002 Hyundai-Kia and UTC Fuel Cells signed an agreement to establish a strategic partnership to develop fuel cell vehicles for everyday use by 2005. Additional partners in Hyundai’s FCV development include Enova Systems of Torrance, California, a major developer of electric and hybrid drivetrains and Quantum Technologies (formerly a subsidiary of Impco Technologies Inc), a major developer of hydrogen storage and fuel delivery systems.

Mazda Motor Corp Since 1996 Ford has had operational control of the Japanese automobile manufacturer, with a 33.4% equity stake in the company. In 2001 Mazda produced about 870 000 vehicles. The company began FCV development in 1991 and produced several fuel cell vehicle prototypes. In 1997 it unveiled the Demio FC-EV prototype, a two-door model using its own FC/battery hybrid 25 kW PEM fuel cell system. Since 1998 Mazda has participated in the Fuel Cell Alliance established by Ford, DaimlerChrysler and Ballard, and since then its fuel cell vehicles have incorporated systems built by the alliance. In 2001 Mazda introduced its latest fuel cell vehicle, the Premacy FC-EV, based on the ¢ve-door Mazda Premacy Sedan. The 65 kW Ballard PEM FC was fuelled from an on-board methanol reformer. Mazda is currently test-driving the vehicle on public roads in Japan.

Mitsubishi Motors Corporation MMC is Japan’s fourth largest auto manufacturer producing 1.7 million cars and commercial vehicles worldwide in 2001. In 1999 MMC produced a methanolpowered fuel cell concept vehicle using a 45 kW PEM FC produced by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Following DaimlerChrysler’s acquisition of a 37.3% stake in MMC, the joint development of FCVs between MMC, MHI and Mitsubishi Electric have now stopped.

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Nissan Motor Co Ltd Nissan is Japan’s third largest car manufacturer and in 2001 worldwide production of cars and commercial vehicles totalled 2.5 million vehicles. Following ¢nancial di⁄culties, Renault has taken a 37% stake in the company. In 1999 Nissan launched a fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle based on the R’nessa SUV powered by a Ballard PEM FC with an on-board methanol reformer and lithium-ion batteries, with a regenerative charging system. Nissan showcased a new fuel cell-powered vehicle, based on the Xterra SUV, at the 2000 opening of the CaFCP’s headquarters in Sacramento. Also an FC/battery hybrid, the vehicle uses a pressurised hydrogen fuelled 80 kW Ballard PEMFC. In March 2001 Nissan placed a US$2.2 million order with Ballard for Mark 900 series fuel cell modules. Under the ‘Nissan Green Program 2005’ announced in 2001, Nissan planned to participate in the Japanese government demonstration of fuel cell vehicles starting in 2002, in addition to road testing within the CaFCP. Nissan and Renault together planned to spend ¥85 billion (US$700 million) over a ¢ve-year period to enable them to produce commercially viable fuel cell powered cars by the end of 2005. In July 2002, however, Nissan announced that it was bringing forward by two years the release of fuel cell-powered hybrid cars to 2003, following the good progress that had been made in development. Earlier in 2002 Nissan and Renault had signed a development agreement with UTC Fuel Cells, to develop fuel cells and fuel cell components for vehicles.

PSA Peugeot Citroe«n PSA Peugeot Citroe«n, which produced 3.1 million cars and commercial vehicles worldwide in 2001, is the leading world manufacturer of electric cars, with more than 9000 vehicles produced. Fuel cells are a major component of PSA Peugeot Citroe«n’s environmental strategy and through the 1990s the company participated in a number of EU-funded fuel cell research programmes. The Hydro-Gen research programme was coordinated by PSA Peugeot Citroe«n, and partners included Air Liquide, the CEA, Nuvera Fuel Cells Europe, Renault and Solvay. The programme resulted in the construction and demonstration in 2001 of a standard electric Peugeot Partner car, equipped with a 30 kW PEMFC supplied by Nuvera. PSA Peugeot Citroe«n has also produced a prototype FCV/battery hybrid based on a Peugeot Partner ^ called ‘The Fuel Cell Cab’ ^ which uses a 5.5 kW PEMFC supplied by H Power and a Panasonic nickel^metal hydride battery, with 95 Ah capacity. This has been followed by a concept ¢re engine vehicle, unveiled at the 2002 Paris Motor Show and christened the H2O, which uses a fuel cell to provide auxiliary power for various emergency items of equipment such as pumps, smoke extractors, communication systems and electric sockets.

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The Group is also a partner in two EU Fifth Framework Programmes: FUERO (July 2000^December 2003) ^ to draw up speci¢cations for fuel cells and ancillary equipment; and BIO-H2 (July 2000^June 2003) ^ to assess bio-ethanol reforming technology for fuel cell application. In1999 PSA Peugeot Citroe«n and Renault started a four-year joint research project to develop a fuel cell-powered vehicle as part of the Fuel Cell Network set up by the French Ministry of Education, Research and Technology. Other participants in the project include the CEA, Air Liquide, Nuvera Fuel Cells,TotalFinaElf and Valeo. In June 2001 PSA Peugeot Citroe«n signed two broad-based strategic framework agreements that focus on the use of fuel cells in automobiles. The agreements were concluded with two French institutions, the National Scienti¢c Research Centre (CNRS) and the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA).

Renault Renault is France’s second largest auto manufacturer, with worldwide production of cars and commercial vehicles of 2.4 million vehicles. In1994 Renault and ¢ve European partners ^ De Nora (now Nuvera Fuel Cells), Ansaldo, Volvo TD, the ‘Ecoles des Mines’ engineering school in Paris and Air Liquide ^ began an EU-funded project, FEVER (Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle for E⁄ciency and Range). The project concluded in 1998 with the demonstration of a Renault Laguna Nevada station wagon ¢tted with a Nuvera 30 kW PEMFC stack fuelled from liquid hydrogen, with a range of 400 km. As previously reported, Renault and PSA Peugeot Citroe«n started a four-year joint research project to develop fuel cell vehicles in 1999 as part of the Fuel Cell Network set up by the French Ministry of Education, Research and Technology. In 2001 Renault announced that it was joining with its a⁄liate, Nissan, on a ¢ve-year development programme with a planned spend of US$700 million. In February 2002 Renault and Nissan signed a development agreement with UTC Fuel Cells, to develop fuel cells and fuel cell components for vehicles. In July 2002 Renault announced partnership agreements with Nuvera Fuel Cells,TotalFinaElf and 3M. The programme with Nuvera targets development of a stageable fuel reforming system for on-board hydrogen production, with multi-fuel capabilities ^ i.e. using petrol, diesel, natural gas, LPG and ethanol. The programme seeks 2004 delivery of a reformer closely adapted to on-board requirements.With petroleum company TotalFinaElf, Renault will be investigating which fuel is best suited to a fuel cell vehicle. The partnership objective with 3M is to develop MEAs adapted to motor vehicle conditions speci¢ed by Renault for traction and APU applications.

Suzuki Suzuki is Japan’s leading producer of mini-vehicles, producing 1.6 million in 2001, and one of the world’s largest motor cycle manufacturers. In September 2000 General Motors increased its holding in Suzuki from10% to 20%.

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At the 2001 Tokyo Motor Show Suzuki demonstrated a two-seater concept electric vehicle ^ the ‘Covie’ ^ and a GM ‘Home Fuel Cell Generating System’, which is used to recharge the battery using natural gas supplied to individual households. Suzuki and General Motors have announced an agreement to collaborate in the development of fuel cell vehicles, focusing on small car applications. GM plans to invest ¥5 billion (US$41million) in this cooperative development.

Toyota Toyota is the world’s third largest car manufacturer, with total worldwide production of cars and commercial vehicles (including Daihatsu) of 5.8 million vehicles. Toyota is the world leader in the production of mass-market hybrid (gasoline/ battery) vehicles, with an estimated 90% market share. In 1997 it launched the world’s ¢rst mass produced hybrid passenger car, the Prius. Toyota introduced the Estima Hybrid in June 2001, followed closely by the mild hybrid version of the Crown in August of that year. By 31 March 2002, Toyota had sold 103 000 hybrid vehicles, of which the Prius accounted for 89 000. Sales in Japan have totalled 73 000, with 27 000 in the USA and 3250 in Europe. Toyota plans annual sales of 300 000 hybrid vehicles in 2005, up from 29 500 in 2001. Toyota began developing the concept of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV) ^ fuel cell/battery driven ^ in 1992. Just four years later the company unveiled its ¢rst prototype, the FCHV-1, based on a RAV4 SUV and using its own design of a 10 kW PEMFC and a hydrogen-absorbing alloy storage system, giving a range of 250 km. Following intensive R&D e¡orts, a second hybrid, the FCHV-2, was produced in 1997. Again based on the RAV4 SUV, the vehicle used a Toyota 25 kW PEMFC with an on-board methanol reformer, giving a driving range of 500 km. In March 2001 the FCHV-3 was introduced based on the Kluger V SUV (the Highlander in North America) using a highly e⁄cient Toyota 90 kW PEMFC stack and a metal hydride hydrogen storage tank. Three months later the FCHV4 was unveiled as an improved version of the FCHV-3, with a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank, the 90 kW FC stack and a secondary battery giving the vehicle regenerative braking capabilities and a cruising distance of over 250 km. Toyota has been running road tests on the public roads in Japan with ¢ve FCHV4s since June 2001, and in California, where Toyota is a member of the CaFCP, with two vehicles since July 2001, and the vehicles have now covered a cumulative110 000 km. In July 2002 Toyota unveiled the FCHV-5, which, like the earlier two models, is based on the Kluger V SUV. It shares the same fuel cell stack, electric motor and several other main components with the FCHV-4, but features an on-board CHF (clean hydrocarbon fuel) reformer, allowing for the use of existing gasoline supply infrastructure. Toyota plans to start leasing about 20 of its fuel cell hybrid vehicles to government bodies, research institutes and energy-related companies in Japan and the USA, before the end of 2002.

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Since December 1999, Toyota has had an agreement with General Motors to exchange fuel cell technology and in January 2001 the two companies also teamed up with Exxon Mobil Corporation to develop a clean hydrocarbon fuel (CHF) as a source of energy in fuel cell vehicles. In addition to its development of automotive fuel cells,Toyota has, in cooperation with Aisin Seiki Co Ltd and other companies, developed a domestic use PEM fuel cell and plans to market them by 2005. A further development has been a hybrid cogeneration system combining a fuel cell with a micro gas turbine, fuelled by natural gas. Toyota intends to use the hybrid system in its own factories and will commercialise the system by 2005. It is reported that Toyota has also been investigating hybrid systems with solar cells.

Volkswagen Since the beginning of the 1970s, Volkswagen has been cooperating with electricity utilities and with electric motor manufacturers in the development of electric vehicles. Through the 1990s Volkswagen Research at Wolfsburg has been actively pursuing fuel cell vehicle developments. Volkswagen introduced its ¢rst fuel cell-powered car, the Bora HyPower, based on its mid-size Bora saloon (also known as the Jetta in many countries), at the CaFCP headquarters’ opening. More recently, in January 2002, the vehicle was tested over the 2005 m high Simplon Pass connecting Switzerland and Italy. The technology for the vehicle has been developed by VW’s research unit and the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland, working closely together with the Federal Technical University of Zurich (ETH Zu«rich) and FEV Motorentechnik GmbH at Aachen, Germany. A low-cost hydrogen fuel cell has been developed with two high-performance ‘supercaps’or ultra-capacitors, which can store the fuel cell’s electrical energy for use during strenuous driving, such as uphill overtaking. The output from the 45 kW PEMFC is boosted by up to 30 kW to provide a total of 75 kW. PSI developed the fuel cell, which uses a new membrane, and constructed it in collaboration with ETH Zu«rich. PSI also developed the ‘supercaps’, which were made by Montena SA. PSI was also responsible for system integration in the vehicle, while ETH Zu«rich developed the fuel cell control and energy management system, and the converter. FEV Motorentechnik was responsible for fuel cell loading and humidi¢cation, with VW supplying the vehicle, electric motor and funding, with additional ¢nancial support from the Swiss Federal O⁄ce for Energy. Using a compressed hydrogen storage tank the vehicle has a driving range of about150 km.

Other Developments Although not major auto manufacturers, two other companies have recently developed fuel cell cars. Esoro AG is an independent Swiss engineering company, specialising in the transportation ¢eld, and since 1990 has been developing solar, electric and hybrid driven vehicles. At ‘Fuel Cell Home 2001’ in Lucerne, Esoro demonstrated

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its HyCar, a fuel cell hybrid car incorporating a 6.4 kW PEMFC from Nuvera, operating on compressed hydrogen, together with a 10.8 kWh NiMH battery. The pick-up vehicle has a range of 360 km, with a top speed of120 km/h. In the USA, Hypercar Inc, a new company formed in 1998 with the mission of ‘accelerating the automobile industry’s transition towards environmentally sustainable auto mobility’, has demonstrated a concept car ^ part luxury saloon, part SUV ^ called the ‘Revolution’. The car, which uses advanced composite structures, has a hybrid-electric propulsion system, including a 35 kW PEMFC supplied by UTC Fuel Cells. Using compressed hydrogen, the car has a range of 330 miles between refuellings. Delphi Automotive Systems, the world’s largest automotive electronics manufacturer, is actively engaged in the development of fuel cell systems, principally as auxiliary power units (APUs). Delphi is one of the four teams selected by the DOE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory to help meet the goal of reaching US$400 per kW for solid oxide fuel cells. In May 2000 Delphi Automotive systems signed a MoU with BMWand Renault for the development of SOFCs for APUs for cars and trucks. In May 2001 Delphi announced an agreement with TotalFinaElf to collaborate on the research and testing of fuel cell technologies and fuel reformation. Research and testing will take place at Delphi’s technical centre in Rochester, NewYork, and at TotalFinaElf’s European facilities. Studies will focus initially on the use of gasoline, then diesel, followed by domestic heating oil and liquid petroleum gas.

4.1.1.7 Choice of Fuel The choice of fuel and its method of delivery remains a major factor which will a¡ect the future commercialisation of fuel cell vehicles. There are two options for the supply of hydrogen to the fuel cell: on board storage of gaseous or liquid hydrogen (the direct hydrogen option) or the production of hydrogen on the vehicle using an on board fuel processor. The vehicle design is simpler and cheaper with direct hydrogen storage, but obviously requires the development of a more complex and costly refuelling infrastructure.While many in the fuel cell industry agree that widespread availability of hydrogen for fuel cell cars is the ultimate aim, there is an ongoing debate about the best path towards this goal. Due to the concerns over fuel infrastructure requirements and, to a lesser extent, safety, industry is favouring the on board processing option. However, there is agreement that the direct hydrogen option is the logical choice for centrally fuelled £eet vehicles, such as delivery vehicles and buses. The hydrogen refuelling station has the further options of either on-site reforming or centralised reforming with either truck or pipeline delivery, or even pipeline delivery of hydrogen as a by-product from a nearby re¢nery or chemical plant.

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Table 4.5 Fuel Cell-powered Cars Since 1994 Date

Vehicle

Fuel cell

Fuel*

Ballard 50 kW PEM

CH

Ballard 50 Ballard 50 Ballard 50 Ballard 70 Ballard 75 Ballard 50 Ballard 75 Ballard 65

kW PEM kW PEM kW PEM kW PEM kW PEM kW PEM kW PEM kW PEM

CH RM RG LH CH RM RM SB

Ballard 55 kW PEM Ballard 85 kW PEM

CH CH

Esoro 2001 HyCar (hybrid)

Nuvera 6.4 kW PEM

CH

Ford 1999 2000 2000 2002

Ballard 67 Ballard 80 Ballard 80 Ballard 85

kW PEM kW PEM kW PEM kW PEM

CH RM CH CH

General Motors 1998 Prototype FCV (Opel Zafira) 2000 HydroGen 1 (Opel Zafira) 2001 HydroGen 3 (Opel Zafira) 2001 Concept (Chevrolet S-10 pickup) 2002 Hy-wire concept car

Ballard 50 kW PEM GAPC 80 kW PEM GAPC 94 kW PEM GAPC 25 kW PEM GAPC 94 kW PEM

RM LH LH RG CH

Honda 1999 FCX-V1 1999 FCX-V2 2000 FCX-V3 FCX-V3 2001 FCX-V4

Ballard 60 kW PEM Honda 60 kW PEM Ballard 62 kW PEM Honda 70 kW PEM Ballard 78 kW PEM

CH RM CH CH CH

Hypercar 2001 Revolution (hybrid)

UTC FC 35 kW PEM

CH

Hyundai 2000 Santa Fe SUV

UTC FC 75 kW PEM

CH

Mazda 1997 Demio FC-EV 2001 Premacy FC-EV

Ballard 25 kW Ballard 65 kW

CH RM

Nissan 1999 R’nessa SUV 2000 Xterra SUV

Ballard PEM Ballard 80 kW PEM

RM CH

DaimlerChrysler 1994 Necar 1 (Mercedes-Benz MB100 Van) 1996 Necar 2 (Mercedes-Benz V-Class) 1997 Necar 3 (Mercedes-Benz A-Class) 1998 Jeep Commander SUV 1999 Necar 4 (Mercedes-Benz A-Class) 2000 Necar 4a (Mercedes-Benz A-Class) 2000 Jeep Commander 2 SUV 2000 Necar 5 (Mercedes-Benz A-Class) 2001 Natrium (Chrysler Town & Country minivan) 2001 Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Van 2002 F-Cell (Mercedes-Benz A-Class)

P2000 (Ford Contour) Th!nk FC5 (Ford Focus 2000) Focus FCV (Ford Focus 2000) Focus FCEV Hybrid (Ford Focus 2002)

(Table continued on next page)

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Table 4.5 (continued) Date

Vehicle

Fuel cell

Fuel*

PSA Peugeot Citroe«n 2001 Peugeot Partner 2001 Peugeot Partner Hybrid

Nuvera 30 kW PEM H Power 5.5 kW PEM

CH CH

Renault 1998 Laguna Nevada Stationwagon

Nuvera 30 kW PEM

LH

Toyota 1996 FCHV-1 (RAV4 SUV) 1997 FCHV-2 (RAV4 SUV) 2001 FCHV-3 (Kluger V SUV) 2001 FCHV-4 (Kluger V SUV) 2002 FCHV-5 (Kluger V SUV)

Toyota 10 Toyota 25 Toyota 90 Toyota 90 Toyota 90

MH RM MH CH RG

Volkswagen 2000 Bora Hy-Power

PSI 45 kW PEM

CH

Zevco (now defunct) 1998 Millennium London Taxi

ZeTek 5 kW Alkaline

CH

kW PEM kW PEM kW PEM kW PEM kW PEM

* CH, compressed hydrogen; LH, liquid hydrogen; MH, metal hydride; RG, reformed gasoline; RM, reformed methanol; SB, sodium borohydride.

The preferred feedstock for centralised and onside reforming has centred on natural gas using existing natural gas infrastructure; although for on-site hydrogen generators feedstocks such as methanol, ethanol, propane and gasoline could be used, with in addition, for small hydrogen requirements, water electrolysis units powered from the national grid (or in the longer term from solar or wind energy sources). To date compressed gaseous hydrogen has been the preferred option for the on board storage method for direct-hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Stored at 5000 psi in carbon ¢bre/epoxy wrapped plastic or metal-lined pressure vessels, compressed hydrogen is a safe, lightweight and simple storage system. Metal and chemical hydride storage of hydrogen are attractive for their potential to solve the storage space problem. However, they are as yet generally considered impractical due to their high weight (metal hydrides), cost (chemical hydrides), and high hydrogen release temperature, causing slow start up and requiring complex thermal management. Hydride storage would therefore require a hybrid system using a battery for start up. Liquid hydrogen, although having a very much higher energy density than compressed hydrogen, which would theoretically result in a major space saving, requires cryogenic cooling and extensive insulation, which nulli¢es the space saving advantage. Although several FCV developers have used liquid hydrogen in the past, it is no longer a serious candidate for on board hydrogen storage. Other hydrogen storage methods in development include carbon nanotubes, which are similar to metal hydrides in their mechanism for storing and releasing hydrogen and can store, theoretically, up to 65% of their own weight in hydrogen. Only microscopic amounts have been created in laboratories and

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there is no expectation of commercial demonstration soon. Also in a very early stage of development are glass microspheres, which when warmed increase their permeability and can be ¢lled with high-pressure hydrogen gas, and when cooled, the hydrogen is locked inside the glass bulbs. On board fuel processors can produce hydrogen from natural gas, methanol, ethanol, gasoline, diesel and more recently sodium borohydride. However, the preferred feedstock option has largely narrowed to gasoline or methanol, with to date the majority of FCV developers opting for methanol, due to better vehicle performance and much easier reformation and despite the concerns for safety and the need for developing a methanol fuelling infrastructure. Due mainly to the concerns over fuel infrastructure requirements, the automotive industry is strongly favouring the on board processing option. Table 4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Major Fuels Fuel

Advantages

Disadvantages

Hydrogen

No on-board reformer (reduced vehicle cost and higher efficiency) Zero-emitting system Good load response Relatively easy to reform on-board Less costly infrastructure than hydrogen Easy to store on-board Renewable resource Existing infrastructure Consumer familiarity No health and safety issues Higher range between refuelling

No existing infrastructure Safety concerns (‘Hindenburg syndrome’) Costly on-board storage Lack of dedicated infrastructure Corrosive Toxic Not zero emissions

Methanol

Gasoline

Technical problems with reforming Poor start-up and response times Not zero emissions Greater vehicle weight

4.1.2 Buses In 1984 a US Department of Transportation-sponsored study, managed by Georgetown University and conducted by Los Alamos National Laboratory, concluded that urban transit buses were ideally suited vehicles for fuel cell power. However, it was not until the 1990s that fuel cell bus development began in earnest, and it is estimated that by the end of 2001 a total of 25 fuel cell buses had been built for demonstration and trials. As in the automotive market, California is a major driving force in the market. In 2000 the California Air Resources Board (CARB) adopted a regulation to further reduce air pollution from the state’s transit buses. The regulation was due to start being phased in in 2002, a¡ecting about 8500 buses at some 75 transit agencies in California. The regulation allows transit agencies the £exibility of choosing between either new cleaner diesels or alternative fuels to achieve lower air emissions. Agencies may choose to use low-emission alternative fuels such as compressed

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or lique¢ed natural gas, propane, methanol, electricity, fuel cells or other advanced technology. Large transit agencies with 200 or more buses that continue to purchase primarily diesel vehicles will be required to start demonstrating the use of at least three zero-emission buses (ZEBs) by 2003. From 2008, large transit agencies using diesels will be required to make 15% of their new bus purchases/leases as ZEBs, while large transit agencies using primarily alternative fuels will have two further years.

4.1.2.1 Georgetown University Following the feasibility study, Georgetown University (GU) commenced a brassboard development project in1987, which was completed in1990. This project resulted in the development of two 25 kW PAFC systems and the corresponding low-temperature steam reformers for methanol, by Engelhard Corporation (teamed with Fuji Electric) and FuelCell Energy. In 1993 the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) established a programme to accelerate the introduction of liquid-fuelled fuel cell transit buses by placing vehicles into the hands of transit operators, with GU acting as the FTA programme manager. In 1994 GU rolled out the ¢rst of three Test Bed Buses (TBBs), with the other two being rolled out in 1995. Each 30-foot TBB was a hybrid electric bus ^ a battery pack in combination with a 50 kW PAFC supplied by Fuji Electric, using technology licensed from Engelhard Corporation. An onboard methanol reformer provided the hydrogen, with the bus having a range of 200^250 miles between refuellings. In 1998 GU introduced the ¢rst of its Generation II Fuel Cell Transit Buses. The 40-foot bus used the Nova BUS RTS bus platform and was powered by a 100 kW PAFC supplied by International Fuel Cells (now renamed UTC Fuel Cells), which had been developed from the company’s successful PC 25 utility power plant. The bus, which was again methanol fuelled, with a range of 350 miles between refuellings, used an electric drive train developed by Lockheed Martin Control Systems (now BAE Systems), with Booz-Allen and Hamilton Inc providing the vehicle system controllers and systems engineering. Although the fuel cell provided twice the power of the TBB system, the actual power plants weighed approximately the same (4000 lb). In 2001 a second Generation II bus was rolled out on the same bus platform using a methanol-fuelled 100 kW PEMFC developed by Xcellsis GmbH (now the Transportation Division of Ballard Power Systems). Both Generation II buses have traction batteries to provide surge power and means to recover braking energy by regeneration. GU is now working on the development of its Generation III Fuel Cell bus, which will be a non-hybrid electric propulsion system utilising a 250 kW PEMFC power plant, operating on methanol. The power plant will aim for at least 50 kW/second response rate to handle dynamic requirements and have a quickstart capability of under15 minutes.

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4.1.2.2 Ballard Power Systems Ballard Power Systems has been heavily involved in the development of fuel cell buses. Following the development of prototype fuel cell buses in 1993, the phase 1 (P1) bus with 100 kW PEMFC stack, and 1995, the P2 bus with 200 kW stack, Ballard produced the P3 Fuel Cell bus, in which a 250 kW fuel cell engine was integrated into a bus platform from New Flyer by Xcellsis, the company’s then joint venture with DaimlerChrysler and Ford. Between1998 and 2000, six hydrogen-fuelled P3 buses operated in revenue service with the Chicago Transit Authority in Chicago, USA, and British Columbia’s TransLink inVancouver, Canada. During the trials, the six buses travelled more than118 000 km (73 000 miles) and carried in excess of 200 000 passengers. Ballard has also worked with DaimlerChrysler in the development of their fuel cell buses (see below) and has also supplied a methanol-fuelled 100 kW PEMFC to Georgetown University.

4.1.2.3 DaimlerChrysler Bene¢ting from its earlier fuel cell car experience, DaimlerChrysler introduced its ¢rst fuel cell bus, the NEBUS (New Electric Bus) in 1997, using a bus platform from its EvoBus subsidiary. The NEBUS, which used the same fuel cell engine as the Ballard P3 bus (250 kW), was licensed by the German Technical Inspectorate (TU«V), and operated on the streets of Mannheim and Hamburg for a short time as well as being demonstrated in Perth, Australia. The ZEBUS (Zero Emission Bus) was launched by DaimlerChrysler in conjunction with Xcellsis in October 1999. The hydrogen-fuelled ZEBUS used the P4 205 kW fuel cell engine, which included 10 Mk700 Ballard stacks, and had a range of about 300 km between refuellings, which could be done in10 minutes. The ZEBUS concluded a 13-month testing programme with the SunLine Transit Agency in California in September 2001, after having travelled 24 000 km (14 850 miles). DaimlerChrysler’s latest generation fuel cell bus, the‘Citaro’, uses the P5 generation of fuel cell bus engine from Ballard, incorporating Mk900 series PEM fuel cell power modules to provide 205 kW. DaimlerChrysler is contracted to supply approximately 30 Citaro buses for the EU-funded European Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Programme, due to start in late 2002 (see below).

4.1.2.4 Gillig The privately owned Gillig Corporation is the second largest transit bus manufacturer in North America, producing over 1200 buses per year. The company began developing battery^diesel hybrid buses in the mid-1990s, and more recently has been developing fuel cell-powered transit buses. Gillig has recently ordered three 205 kW heavy-duty Ballard PEMFC engines to be integrated into transit buses for delivery in 2004 to the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) based in San Jose, California. The fuel cell buses will operate for a two-year period in revenue service under real-world conditions as part of a

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joint demonstration programme with VTA, the San Mateo Transportation District, CARB and CaFCP.

4.1.2.5 Irisbus (Fiat) Irisbus was formed in 1998 as a 50:50 joint venture between Fiat’s Iveco subsidiary and Renault. However, Iveco acquired Renault’s 50% holding with the result that Irisbus is now100% owned by Fiat, through its Iveco subsidiary. In 1999 Irisbus started a project for the development and experimental demonstration of a fuel cell bus with partners that included Fiat Research Centre (CRF), Ansaldo Research, UTC Fuel Cells and Exide. The hydrogen-fuelled bus, which was given its ¢rst o⁄cial drive in February 2002, includes a 63 kW PEMFC stack working at ambient pressure with a hydrogen storage and supply system developed by SAPIO. A battery pack provides additional power for extra acceleration and climbing and the system provides for energy recovery during braking. The range between refuellings is about150 km.

4.1.2.6 ISE Research-ThunderVolt ISE Research-ThunderVolt LLC is a joint venture between Thor Industries, the largest builder of small and mid-size buses in North America and the second largest RV manufacturer, and ISE Research, a privately held San Diego ¢rm specialising in the development and integration of fuel cell and hybrid-electric drive systems. In March 2001 the partnership was awarded a US$740 000 US Department of Transportation funding, to support the development and demonstration of a transit bus to be powered by a hydrogen fuel cell and a hybrid-electric drive system. In mid-2002 the company delivered its ¢rst fuel cell bus in which a hydrogenfuelled UTC Fuel Cells’ 60 kW PEMFC was combined with a deep cycle battery pack to maximise energy e⁄ciency and allow the vehicle to recapture energy through regenerative braking. The hybrid-electric drive system was integrated, by ISE Research, into a 30-foot ‘E-Z Rider’ low-£oor transit bus built by ElDorado National, a Thor company. The bus has now been placed into trial service with SunLineTransit Agency,Thousand Palms, California. A second fuel cell bus for SunLine Transit Agency and a further three buses for AC Transit (Alameda-Contra Costa District) are scheduled to be delivered by mid-2004. These buses will use a 170 kW UTC Fuel Cells’ PEMFC, with a nonhybrid electrical drive system. SunLine Transit and AC Transit are both members of the CaFCP and have received grants to carry out the fuel cell bus trials.

4.1.2.7 MAN Nutzfahrzeuge MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG, based in Munich, is one of the leading manufacturers of commercial vehicles in Europe and is the largest company within the MAN Group.

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In May 2000 at the Munich ‘Fuel Cell Day’, MAN unveiled a fuel cell bus equipped with a 120 kW PEMFC drive which had been developed with Siemens and Linde as part of the Bavarian Hydrogen Initiative, a project coordinated by Ludwig-Bo«lkow-Systemtechnik. The fuel cell bus was based on a modern low-£oor vehicle and the PEM fuel cell system, built by Siemens, comprised four fuel cell modules connected in series with a total of 640 individual cells. The compressed hydrogen storage system provides a driving range of 250 km (156 miles). A second low-£oor bus with a hybrid battery^PEM fuel cell drive is being developed and is expected to be unveiled in 2003. The 60/70 kW PEMFC system is being developed by Nuvera Fuel Cells and Air Liquide, and will use a liquid hydrogen storage system. MAN is a member of the Clean Energy Partnership Berlin (CEP) and is participating in the European Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration programme.

4.1.2.8 Neoplan Neoplan (the brand name of Gottlob Auwa«rter GmbH & Co KG) of Stuttgart launched their ¢rst fuel cell bus in October 1999, when it began public service in the Bavarian resort town of Oberstdorf. The standard 8.3 metre bus was powered by three 70-cell De Nora (now Nuvera Fuel Cells) PEM fuel cell stacks, delivering 55 kW, with a battery to provide total power of 150 kW, and was fuelled by compressed hydrogen contained in four storage tanks, each holding 147 litres. In 2000 Neoplan was acquired by MAN Nutzfahrzeuge, to form a bus group with a 36% market share in Germany and 15% in Western Europe. All fuel cell bus development is now undertaken by MAN Nutzfahrzeuge.

4.1.2.9 Proton Motor Fuel Cell Proton Motor Fuel Cell GmbH is a small German company, employing 30 people, specialising in the development of air- and liquid-cooled PEM fuel cell systems for mobile and stationary applications. Jointly with the electric propulsion systems of its sister company, Magnet Motor GmbH (employing about 100 people), Proton Motor has been involved in the development of fuel cell buses. Working with Neoplan, a fuel cell bus,‘Bavaria 2’, was unveiled at Munich’s ‘Fuel Cell Day’ in May 2000. The bus contained a Proton Motor designed 70 kW PEMFC, with extra energy for acceleration and hill climb being provided by a 100 kW £ywheel system. Proton Motor is currently developing a fuel cell bus based on a 12 metre Volvo bus platform (Volvo has taken a minority stake in Proton Motor), which will be unveiled in late 2002. It is also contracted to build the ¢rst fuel cell doubledecker bus, using a Volvo bus platform, for Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe by the end of 2003. The double-decker bus will be fuelled by liquid hydrogen and will have a 140 kW PEMFC with a £ywheel storage system boosting power to over 200 kW.

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4.1.2.10 Scania The Swedish commercial vehicle manufacturer, Scania, introduced a fuel cell bus at the 54th UITP public transport exhibition in London in May 2001. Developed under an EU Fourth Framework Programme research project, with partners including Air Liquide, CEA, Nuvera, SAR, University of Genoa, ZF and the Lund Institute of Technology, the hybrid electrical propulsion system combined a 50 kW Nuvera PEMFC with a bu¡er battery.

4.1.2.11 Toyota In June 2001 Toyota announced the completion of the FCHV-BUS 1, a low-£oor city bus, powered by a high-pressure hydrogen 90 kW Toyota PEMFC hybrid system, developed jointly with Hino Motors Ltd. The bus is based on a Hino low£oor city bus model that can hold 63 passengers with roof-mounted hydrogen storage tanks. The hybrid system, which includes secondary batteries to store energy regenerated while braking, provides a cruising range of over 300 km. The FCHV-BUS 2 second generation bus has now received certi¢cation from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure andTransport for tests to be carried out on public roads and tests of four second-generation vehicles are expected to start shortly.

4.1.2.12 The European Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Programme The European Fuel Cell Bus Demonstration Programme is part of the move from research to demonstration, which is seen as crucial in the establishment of fuel cell technology. Three bus demonstration projects have been launched under the EU-funded Fifth Framework Programme (1998^2002): *

*

*

Fuel Cell Bus for Berlin, Copenhagen, Lisbon II, coordinated by the Senate of Berlin (continuation of earlier project); Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE), coordinated by DaimlerChrysler; and Ecological City Transport System (ECTOS), coordinated by Icelandic New Energy.

ECTOS is part of Iceland’s overall objective of replacing all fossil fuels in the country with hydrogen by 2030. Together these three projects will demonstrate more than 30 buses in 13 di¡erent European cities (covering both north and south): * * * * * * * * * *

56 World Fuel Cells

Amsterdam, Netherlands Barcelona, Spain Berlin, Germany Copenhagen, Denmark Hamburg, Germany Lisbon, Portugal London, UK Luxembourg Madrid, Spain Porto, Portugal

4 Market and Application Analysis

Table 4.7 Fuel Cell Buses 1993^2002 Date

Vehicle

Fuel cell

Fuel*

Ballard Power Systems 1993 P1 Prototype Bus 1995 P2 Prototype Bus 1998 P3 Prototype Bus

Ballard 100 kW PEM Ballard 200 kW PEM Ballard 250 kW PEM

CH CH CH

DaimlerChrysler 1997 NEBUS 1999 ZEBUS 2001 Citaro

Ballard 250 kW PEM Ballard 205 kW PEM Ballard 205 kW PEM

CH CH CH

Georgetown University 1994 GU TBB 1998 GU Generation II 2001 GU Generation II

Fuji Electric 50 kW PAFC UTC Fuel Cells 100 kW PAFC Ballard 100 kW PEM

RM RM RM

Irisbus 2002

UTC Fuel Cells 63 kW PEM

CH

ISE Research-ThunderVolt 2002 ThunderVolt TB-30FCH

UTC Fuel Cells 60 kW PEM

CH

MAN Nutzfahrzeuge 2000 Bavaria 1

Siemens 120 kW PEM

CH

Neoplan 1999

Nuvera 55 kW PEM

CH

Proton Motor Fuel Cell 2000 Bavaria 2

PM 70 kW PEM

CH

Scania 2001

Prototype

Nuvera 50 kW PEM

CH

Toyota 2001 2002

FCHV-BUS 1 FCHV-BUS 2

Toyota 90 kW PEM Toyota 90 kW PEM

CH CH

Fuel Cell Cityclass Irisbus

Neoplan MIC N8008

* CH, compressed hydrogen; RM, reformed methanol. * * *

Reykjavik, Iceland Stockholm, Sweden Stuttgart, Germany

The bus manufacturers involved are DaimlerChrysler (through Evobus GmbH) and MAN Nutzfahrzeuge. Both liquid and compressed hydrogen will be used in the trials, with hydrogen being produced by di¡erent methods using crude oil, gas or renewable energy sources. The hydrogen ¢lling stations will be installed in urban areas in most of the cases, and they will be accessible to other mobile and stationary applications depending on hydrogen availability. Companies involved in the development of the hydrogen infrastructure include Aral, BP, Linde, Norsk Hydro, Shell Hydrogen and TotalFinaElf. In October 2002 TotalFinaElf opened the ¢rst hydrogen ¢lling station in Berlin and also established the ‘Berliner Wassersto¡kompentenzzentrum’ (Hydrogen Competence Centre Berlin) as a joint research venture with BVG (Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe ^ the Berlin

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4 Market and Application Analysis

Transport Service, which is operating fuel cell buses in the city). Aral plans to open a hydrogen ¢lling station in Berlin in 2003.

4.1.2.13 GEF Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Programmes The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) was established in 1991 to forge international cooperation and ¢nance actions to address four critical threats to the global environment: biodiversity loss, climate change, degradation of international waters and ozone depletion. The GEF provides the ¢nancial mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. With buses being a major source of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere as well as localised air pollution in many developing countries, the GEF Council approved a strategy in November 2000 to develop fuel cell buses for the developing world. GEF has committed US$60 million of the total required funding of US$140 million, with the rest expected to come from the recipient governments and the private sector. Five projects, which are being managed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), will see the introduction of hydrogen fuel cell buses in ¢ve countries. The ¢rst phase of the project over the next ¢ve years is aimed at providing demonstrations to assess the viability of the technology in the selected cities. A total of 46 buses are planned for these demonstrations: * * * * * *

Sa‹o Paulo, Brazil ^ 8 Beijing, China ^ 6 Shanghai, China ^ 6 Cairo, Egypt ^ 8 Delhi, India ^ 8 Mexico City, Mexico ^ 10

4.1.3 FCV R&D in China Since the early 1990s, a variety of scienti¢c and technology institutes throughout China have been involved in research and development relating to proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and their application to vehicles. Researchers at the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Tianjin University, Fudan University, Shanghai University (in cooperation with Beijing Petroleum University), the Beijing University of Science and Technology,Tianjin Institute of Power Sources, the South China University of Technology, and the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics have all been involved with fundamental research relating to catalysts, electrodes, and/or other components of PEMFCs. The Institute of Engineering Thermal Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science has been involved in studies of gas supply, and thermal and water management for FC stacks. Building on its fundamental research studies, the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics has successfully built and tested some 20 PEMFC stacks (some using internally developed, low-cost membrane material) ranging in size from 1 to 5 kW. In 1998 a 5 kWstack (built by the Beijing Fuyuan New Technology Development Corporation using an imported Na¢on membrane) was integrated with an electric drive system in collaboration with the Tsinghua University

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Automotive Engineering Department, and installed in a prototype golf cart to demonstrate the feasibility of developing FC vehicles in China. The Dalian Institute has constructed a 30 kWstack that was integrated into a 7 metre hydrogen-fuelled bus for research and demonstration purposes, under a programme supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). The Institute of Electric Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Science was responsible for development of an electric drive for the vehicle and for overall systems integration. The vehicle was manufactured in collaboration with engineers at theTechnical Centre of the Dong Feng Motor Co (Hubei Province), one of China’s largest commercial vehicle manufacturers. A second fuel cell bus using methanol as a fuel with on-board reforming to hydrogen is also planned. Beijing LN Power Sources Technology Ltd, working with a number of partners, including Tsinghua University and Beijing Institute of Technology, have developed three di¡erent fuel cell vehicles, two of which were fuel cell^battery hybrid models. PATAC (Pan Asia Automotive Technology Centre), a joint venture between General Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Cooperation, have developed a FCV using a 25 kW PEMFC developed by GM’s GAPC. MOST plans to invest RMB300 million (US$30 million) in its ‘863 Vehicle Special Program’ between 2001 and 2005 to develop three prototype fuel cell cars with a range of 200 km and a maximum speed of 120 km/hour. A prototype fuel cell bus is also being developed. It is reported that Beijing Fuyuan Century Fuel Power has built and tested 40 kW PEMFCs for buses, and commenced work on a100 kW PEMFC programme for buses.

4.1.4 Electric Bikes and Scooters Considerable interest is being shown in the prospect of replacing the battery of an electric bike and scooter with a fuel cell, particularly in Asia, where in China alone there is a population of over 500 million bicycles. In Taiwan, the Energy Resources Laboratories of the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) has been running, with government funding, an electric scooter R&D programme. This programme through the 1990s used lead^ acid batteries, nickel^metal hydride batteries and more recently lithium-ion batteries. Further research is being focused on the use of fuel cells, to improve on the short life, power range and long recharge time of batteries, which to date has been a major deterrent to electric scooter sales. Taiwan’s Environmental Protection Agency has established an Electric Motorcycle Development Action Plan, which requires 2% of the total domestic sales of local scooter manufacturers to be electric powered in 2000, increasing to 40% of sales (number of scooters) by 2006.

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4.1.4.1 Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Technologies (APFCT) APFCT was incorporated in March 2000 with headquarters in Taipei, Taiwan, and R&D facilities in Anaheim, California. The company has been developing PEMFCs in the 200 to 5000 W range and metal hydride hydrogen storage systems. It has speci¢cally targeted the electric scooter market and with Kwang Yang Motor Co (KYMCO), one of Taiwan’s leading scooter manufacturers a proof of concept scooter ZES 1 was introduced in April 2000. A secondgeneration fuel cell scooter, the ZES II was demonstrated at the November 2000 Fuel Cell Seminar in Portland, Oregon. Subsequently ZES 2.5 and ZES 2.6 were produced with each generation incorporating engineering advancements. The third-generation scooter ZES III was started in December 2000 and completed in July 2002. The ZES III is a totally new integrated fuel cell/chassis scooter completely designed by APFCT. Its modern European styling ^ the scooter was launched at INTERMOT in Munich in September 2002 ^ incorporates a 5 kW PEMFC and metal hydride storage cylinders located under the £oorboard. The scooter has a driving range of 120 km at 30 mph or 80 km in urban mode. An Asian model is being designed to match the regional requirements in styling and utilisation. Fleet demonstrations are scheduled for 2003 with commercialisation in 2004.

4.1.4.2 Beijing Fuyuan Century Fuel Cell Power Ltd Beijing Fuyuan Century Fuel Cell Power Ltd is developing PEMFCs in the 100 W^5 kW range to power electric bikes and scooters. Prototypes have been demonstrated and a factory for the commercial production of fuel cells is currently under construction.

4.1.4.3 ECN In 1999 ECN (Netherlands Energy Research Foundation) built and tested a prototype electric scooter powered by a 1.2 kW PEMFC, which it had developed, and a 3 kWsupercapacitor. In January 2002 ECN started an EU-funded project ^ European Development of a Fuel-Cell, Reduced-Emission Scooter (FRESCO) ^ to develop a scooter with a power train comprising a hydrogen-fuelled PEMFC stack, a supercapacitor module as a peak-power device and a dedicated electric motor/generator. ECN is leading the three-year project with partners including Piaggio, the leading Italian scooter manufacturer; two Russian joint stock companies, ESMA and Electrochemical Power Sources; Universities at Pisa and Florence; Selin Sistemi SpA in Italy and CEA in France.

4.1.4.4 ENEA The Italian Agency for New Technology, Energy and Environment, Advanced Energy Technology Division (ENEA), has recently demonstrated an electric bicycle powered by a 300 W Nuvera PEMFC, with a bu¡er battery.

4.1.4.5 Manhattan Scientifics Manhattan Scienti¢cs owns the global rights to the technology of NovArs GmbH, a German company developing hydrogen-powered PEMFCs in the 3^ 3000 W range. In 2000 the company demonstrated the Hydrocycle electric

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bicycle, powered by a 670 W NovArs PEMFC, which has a range of up to100 km and a top speed of 30 km/hour. The bicycle had been developed in collaboration with Aprilia SpA, a leading Italian motorcycle, scooter and bicycle manufacturer. More recently the two companies have developed a 3 kW fuel cell-powered scooter, which has used advanced composite materials and unique technologies to minimise size and weight.

4.1.4.6 Palcan Fuel Cells Ltd The Canadian company Palcan Fuel Cells Ltd, which is developing PEMFCs up to 5 kW, has built several prototype fuel cell-powered electric bicycles. Development agreements have been signed with two Chinese electric bicycle manufacturers ^ Shanghai Forever Co Ltd and Suzhou Small Antelope Bicycle Co Ltd ^ and the Italian electric scooter manufacturer Celco Pro¢t. Palcan plans to demonstrate with Celco a fuel cell-powered electric scooter in the autumn of 2002.

4.1.5 Marine Applications There have been a number of programmes, mainly in the USA and Europe, for the design, development and, in a few cases, production of fuel cells for marine applications. These are reviewed below.

4.1.5.1 US Navy Fuel Cell Programme Although the US Navy has been carrying out fuel cell R&D since the 1960s, much of the work was for special warfare or undersea applications. However, in 1997 the O⁄ce of Naval Research and the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) initiated an advanced technology development programme to develop a Ship Service Fuel Cell (SSFC) system for future Navy ships. A three-phase programme was launched to demonstrate that commercially developed fuel cell technology could operate using NATO F-76 diesel fuel, which is available worldwide, in a marine environment. The ¢rst phase, which ¢nished in 1999, generated two conceptual designs of a 2.5 MW SSFC power plant, a molten carbonate system from FuelCell Energy Inc (formerly Energy Research Corporation) and a PEMFC system from McDermott Technology Inc and Ballard Power Systems Inc. Critical components of both technologies underwent rigorous tests for vibration, resistance to shock and salt air environment. Although it was concluded that both systems were suitable for shipboard applications, the MCFC system was chosen to advance to the second phase of the programme because of its higher net electrical e⁄ciency, 50% compared to 40% of the PEMFC system. Under Phase 2, due for completion in FY2004, a 625 kW MCFC system is being built as a reduced-scale risk-reduction technology demonstrator for the 2.5 MW unit. After the unit has been tested both on land and at sea, Phase 3, planned for FY2005, will be an at-sea demonstration of a fuel cell power system operating on NATO F-76 diesel fuel in a marine environment and meeting ship service power requirements.

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4.1.5.2 Canadian Department of National Defence Programme The Canadian Department of National Defence (DND) has been involved in the development of PEMFC technology since the mid1980s. The DND has embarked on a proof of concept development with the building of an air independent fuel cell propulsion system for use in submarines, with Ballard being awarded a contract to design, build and test a 40 kW PEMFC power plant. The plant will incorporate a fuel processor for diesel fuel.

4.1.5.3 European Programmes In the 1970s the German submarine industry and the German Ministry of Defence decided that a fuel cell o¡ered the most e¡ective solution for providing an air independent propulsion (AIP) system for diesel^electric submarines to allow longer underwater endurance. In 1980 development of the ¢rst generation of fuel cell plants for submarines was started by a consortium of HDW, IKL and Ferrostaal. With PEMFCs still under development (the German MOD had commissioned Siemens to develop special PEMFCs for submarine applications), early systems used alkaline fuel systems. The tests proved successful and encouraged the German Navy to pursue the concept of using fuel cells. In 1998 HDW began production of the Class 212A submarine (now called the U31) incorporating an AIP system, with a fuel cell system comprising nine Siemens PEM fuel cell modules, each with a capacity of 30^50 kW. Four submarines are being built in Germany, with deliveries from 2003 onwards, and a further two in Italy, by Fincantieri, using the HDW propulsion system. Siemens has developed a 120 kW fuel cell module and two of these modules forming a 240 kW FC system will be used for re¢ts of the existing Class 209 and in the Class 214, which has already been ordered by the Greek and South Korean navies. The 240 kW FC system will also be used in the future for the German Class 212B. It is believed that a number of European navies are investigating the use of fuel cell systems, although no information is available in the open literature.

4.1.5.4 Civil Developments Several FC-powered passenger vessels have been developed and demonstrated in Europe, spurred on by the increasing number of lakes on which motor boating with internal combustion engines is either strongly regulated or forbidden to prevent pollution.

Iceland As part of its programme to become a hydrogen economy by 2030, Iceland’s £eet of 1000 ¢shing vessels will be converted to run on hydrogen. The ¢rst demonstration of a fuel cell ¢shing vessel is expected in 2006.

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Germany The ‘Hydra’, a 22-passenger-carrying boat designed to operate in shallow waters and to pass under low bridges, was built for transporting delegates during Expo 2000. It was equipped with a 5 kW alkaline fuel cell, supplied by Zetek Power, which was fuelled from a metal hydride storage tank (0.25 m3 in volume).

Italy In 1998 a 90-passenger boat was modi¢ed to take a hybrid propulsion system comprising a 40 kW PEMFC system, a liquid hydrogen tank and a 100 Ah lead acid battery. The boat, which had a range of about 300 km, was never commissioned because of safety concerns about the use of hydrogen.

Switzerland Several fuel cell-powered boats have been developed in Switzerland to demonstrate the feasibility of the technology, with the Paul Scherrer Institut being a major participant, aided by the technical universities of Ingenieurschule Soleure and Ecole d’Ingenieurs de Canton de Vaud and solar electric boat builder MW-Line SA. A ¢rst prototype was the Hydroxy 100, a pedalo-style boat powered by PSI’s 100 W PEMFC stack. This was followed by a slightly larger boat powered by a 300 W PEMFC stack. With funding from the Swiss Federal O⁄ce of Energy, PSI developed a larger 2 kW PEMFC stack, which was installed on a MW-Line Alpha boat, with room for four passengers. A second-generation fuel cell boat, the Hydroxy 2000, based on a catamaran design with cabin and space for six persons, is currently under development.

Finland A small fuel cell-powered boat has been demonstrated by the AFC manufacturer Hydrocell Oy.

4.1.6 Rail Applications The use of fuel cells in railway locomotive applications has been under occasional review since the 1970s. During the 1990s, the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors developed a concept for passenger locomotives that would utilise fuel cells to supply energy for heating and lighting. However, with a reported antipathy to fuel cells in the US railroad industry, no signi¢cant developments have occurred. It was reported in 2001 that the Japanese Railway Technical Research Institute was beginning a three-year programme for the study and construction of prototype locomotives, powered by 500 kW PEM fuel cells, with the ultimate aim of developing FC-powered locomotives for commercial use by 2010. H Power Corporation announced in October 2002 that it had shipped four 7 kW PEMFCs for the initial phase of the programme.

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A joint venture between the Fuelcell Propulsion Institute, Denver, CO, andVehicle Projects LLC, also in Denver and funded by the US Department of Energy, has developed an underground mining haulage vehicle, powered by two Nuvera PEM fuel cell stacks with a combined continuous power of 14 kW. The two companies are now working on the development of a larger underground mine locomotive and a full-size surface engine for military applications.

4.2 Stationary Applications Stationary power fuel cell systems, which have been under intense development for the past 20 years, are the most commercially advanced of the applications for fuel cells, with over 400 complete systems of over 10 kW having been produced and operated worldwide.

4.2.1 Medium-/High-power Applications (over 10 kW) The PAFC has been the most developed with about 400 installations worldwide principally from UTC Fuel Cells (65%), Fuji Electric (27%) and Mitsubishi Electric (5%). Japan accounts for just over a half of all PAFC installations. The Japan Gas Association reports that at 31 March 2002, 175 were still in operation worldwide, with a further 229 having completed their trial operations. Table 4.8 PAFCs Installed Worldwide at 31 March 2001 In operation

Terminated

Total

66 86 17 6 175

143 67 15 4 229

209 153 32 10 404

Japan North America Europe Rest of world Total Source: Japan Gas Association.

Power plants of 200 kW now account for about 90% of the installations still in operation. The Japanese Gas industry ^ notably, Tokyo Gas,Toho Gas, Osaka Gas, Saibu Gas and Shikoku Gas ^ has been particularly active since the 1980s in the development of PAFC applications. As of 31 March 2002, a total of 109 had been put into use generating 16160 MWh of electricity and accumulating a total of 1.7 million operating hours, with 16 installations having been in operation for longer than 40 000 hours. Apart from installations at gas terminals, applications have included commercial o⁄ces, banks, hotels, universities, breweries, water and sewage plants, steel plants, oil re¢neries, district heating and cooling centres. As well as being used for conventional cogeneration systems, applications include high-quality, reliable power supplies (UPS systems), generation of highly e⁄cient DC power, using up waste gases for fuel, etc.

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Government support for PAFCs in the USA has also been signi¢cant, notably from the Department of Energy and the Department of Defense, which has conducted a PAFC demonstration programme at 30 military sites since 1994. The programme sites represented a broad spectrum of facilities and locations ^ eight categories of buildings in17 states, from Alaska to Florida. At 31 January 2002 a total of 795 000 hours of operation had been recorded, with the systems producing 134 000 MWh of electricity and 9900 MMBtu of heat. Electrical e⁄ciency of the units varied from 27.9% to 34.9%, with an average of 31.6%. Seven of the fuel cells are con¢gured to provide back-up electrical power in case the utility grid experiences a power outage. The thermal output of the fuel cells is used for heating boiler make-up water, domestic hot water, space heating, condensate return, process hot water, etc. UTC Fuel Cells dominates the PAFC market, having sold more than 260 PC25 systems in 19 countries. The PC25, which produces 200 kW of electricity and 900 000 Btus of heat, was ¢rst produced in 1991 and the installed base of PC25s have now accumulated ¢ve million hours of operational experience. In March 2002 UTC Fuel Cells announced the sale of seven PC25s to Verizon to provide primary power for a critical call-routing centre on Long Island, New York. The units, providing 1.4 MW of electricity, will provide the largest commercial fuel cell installation in the world, which had previously been the ¢ve PC25 power plants installed at the US Postal Service facility in Anchorage, Alaska. Fuji Electric has been concentrating its e¡orts on reducing costs and in 2001 introduced a second-generation commercial 100 kW power system, priced at ¥40 million^60 million (US$0.33 million^0.5 million), compared to ¥100 million for the previous model. In India, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd has developed and successfully demonstrated a 50 kW PAFC, the ¢rst one in the country. The power pack was developed as a joint venture project between BHEL, the Ministry of NonConventional Energy Sources (MNES) and Sree Rayalseema Alkalies & Allied Chemicals Ltd (SRAAC), at an estimated cost of Rs13 million (US$270 000). The power pack has been installed at SRAAC’s works at Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh. BHEL had previously successfully developed and ¢eld-tested two 5 kW PAFC stacks for SRAAC. LG-Caltex Oil Co in Korea has also developed a 50 kW PAFC stack with the ¢nancial aid of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (MOCIE). The company is now developing a 50 kW PAFC power generation system and the long-term reliability and economic feasibility of the prototype will be analysed for commercial power generation applications. Solid oxide fuel cells are also being developed for the medium and large power markets, but are still only at the test and demonstration stage. Siemens Westinghouse is leading this development with its tubular SOFC technology (see Table 4.9). The 100 kW SOFC Cogeneration System, formerly at Westervoort in the Netherlands (operated by EDB/Elsam, a group of Dutch and Danish utilities), was

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moved to a site in Essen, Germany, in March 2001, for operation by the German utility RWE. The system, which is operating at an electrical e⁄ciency of 46%, had by January accumulated a total of more than 20 000 hours, since its original installation in the Netherlands in1997. Table 4.9 Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Tests and Demonstrations Year

Customer

1986 1987 1987 1987 1992 1992 1992 1993 1994 1995

TVA Osaka Gas Osaka Gas Tokyo Gas JGU-1 Utilities-A Utilities-B1 Utilities-B2 SCE-1 SCE-2

1995 1998 1997 1999 2000 2001

JGU-2 SCE-2/NFCRC EDB/ELSAM-1 EDB/ELSAM-2 SCE PSOFC/MTG RWE*

Stack rating (kWe)

Cell length (mm)

0.4 3 3 3 20 20 20 20 20 27

300 360 360 360 500 500 500 500 500 500

24 144 144 144 576 576 576 576 576 576

1760 3012 3683 4882 817 2601 1579 7064 6015 5582

500 500 1500 1500 1500 1500

576 576 1152 1152 1152 1152

13194 >3394 4035 12 577 >900 >3700

25 27 125 125 200 125

Number of sells/stack

Operation (hours)

Fuel

H2+CO H2+CO H2+CO H2+CO PNG PNG PNG PNG PNG PNG DF-2 JP8 PNG PNG PNG PNG PNG PNG

* Same system from EDB/ELSAM. Source: Siemens Westinghouse.

The world’s ¢rst SOFC/gas turbine hybrid system was delivered to Southern California Edison in 2000, for operation at the University of California, Irvine’s National Fuel Cell Research Centre. The 220 kW system had operated for over 900 hours as of January 2002 and had demonstrated an electrical e⁄ciency of 53%. A 1 MW SOFC-GT hybrid is being developed for installation at the Ft Meade Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Laboratory just outside Washington, DC, and a similar system is planned for installation at Energie BadenWu«rttemberg’s site in Marbach, Germany. The German installation is part of an EU-funded project, 1MWSOFC, which is also being supported by the US DOE. By operating the SOFC and the microturbine generator at elevated pressures, it is expected the electrical e⁄ciency will rise to 60%. Siemens Westinghouse is also developing two 300 kW pressurised hybrid class systems for installation at RWE Energie, in Essen, Germany, and Edison SpA, in Milan, Italy. At an even earlier stage of development is Rolls Royce’s development of a1 MW SOFC/gas turbine system, with a prototype expected in 2004^2005.

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Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd, in Australia, is focusing on medium power applications, with the development of a natural gas-fuelled 40 kW SOFC power system, with a prototype due in 2003 and commercialisation in 2005. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd, working in conjunction with Electric Power Development, is developing a 100 kW SOFC power system with commercialisation expected in 2003 or later. Ztek has developed a 25 kW SOFC power system for distributed electrical generation applications, with a commercial model expected in 2003. The company is also developing a 200 kW hybrid SOFC/gas turbine system. Acumentrics has developed a 2 kW SOFC power system for back-up applications, based on its proprietary anode-supported tubular SOFC, which in turn is based on IP acquired from Keele University, UK. The company is building a factory to start mass production from summer 2003. In December 2001 GE Power Systems acquired Honeywell’s fuel cell assets, which included the SOFC technology originally started byAllied Signal. Honeywell had been developing low-cost, high-performance planar SOFC technology for a broad spectrum of power generation applications, but GE’s plans for commercialising the technology are not yet known. The Solid-State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) is a major collaboration of US industry and research organisations, led by the DoE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and the Paci¢c Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), to create by 2010 a 3^10 kW solid oxide fuel cell power generation system that can be cost-e¡ectively mass-produced in modular form. Molten carbonate fuel cells are also targeted at the medium and large power generating market, with FuelCell Energy and its partner MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH being the most advanced in its developments. Since the demonstration of a grid-connected 2 MW Direct Fuel Cell1 at Santa Clara in1996 and1997, further 250 kW installations have been made in the USA and Germany (seeTable 4.10). Table 4.10 FuelCell Energy MCFC Installations 1996^2001 Date

Location

1996^1997 1999 1999^2002 2001 ^ ongoing

Santa Clara, CA Danbury, CT Bielefeld, Germany* Danbury, CT, Fuel cell/turbine power plant 2001^2002 Bad Neustadt, Germany* 2001 ^ ongoing Alabama, USA 2001 ^ ongoing Los Angeles

Application/customer

Rating

Municipal grid Corporate headquarters Municipal Works Dept. Corporate HQ

2 MW 250 kW 250 kW 250 kW (DFC/MT) 250 kW 250 kW 250 kW

Rho«n Klinikum hospital Mercedes factory LA Dept. of Water & Power headquarters

* Assembled by MTU Friedrichshafen.

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Starting in 2002 a further 20 installations are already planned for delivery (see Table 4.11). Table 4.11 FuelCell Energy Planned MCFC Installations Location

Application/customer

Rating

Connecticut Bourne, MA

University of Connecticut, US Power and hot water for coast guard station Kirin Brewery, industrial waste water facility Municipal waste water facility Energy for ship builder Heat and power at an energy park Waste water treatment facility Back-up power for telecommunications centre Electric and process steam for tyre manufacturing plant Power, heat and CO2 for industrial plant Back-up power and cogeneration for medical institute Cogeneration for industrial laundry, CO2 use for greenhouse fertilisation Ship-board fuel cell application resulting from land-based unit Coal mine Power and hot water for Sheraton hotel Power and hot water for Sheraton hotel Power and heat for Ocean County College Trials for load-controlled operation Power and heat for residential area Coal gas demonstration

250 kW 250 kW

Tokyo, Japan** Fukuoka, Japan** IZAR, Spain* RWE, Germany* King County, Washington DeutscheTelekom, Germany* EnBW/Michelin, Germany* E-on/Degussa, Germany* IPF KG, Germany* VSE AG, Germany* Philadelphia (US Navy) Cadiz, OH New Jersey, USA New Jersey, USA New Jersey, USA Pfalzwerke, Germany* RWE, Germany* Wabash, IN

250 kW 250 250 250 501 250

kW kW kW MW kW

250 kW 250 kW 250 kW 250 kW 625 kW 250 kW 250 kW 250 kW 250 kW 250 kW 250 kW 502 MW

Note: in addition FCE has additional orders from LADWP (2), PPL (3), MTU (4) and Marubeni (8). * Assembled by MTU Friedrichshafen; ** supplied through Marubeni Corporation.

Following the demonstration of a proof-of-concept 100 kW MCFC in 1998^1999, Ansaldo Fuel Cells in Italy has developed the ‘Series 500’ MCFC as its market entry model with power up to 500 kW. The unit is designed for both direct use and as a building block for bigger units, up to 20 MW. Ansaldo has orders for six demonstration units, the ¢rst of which is expected to be delivered in the ¢rst quarter of 2003. The company is also developing ‘Series100’ 100 kW MCFCs. MCFC R&D has been under way in Japan for the last 20 years supported by government funding. The MCFC Research Association was established to develop a 1000 kW MCFC plant as part of the Japanese ‘New Sunshine’ programme. A 1000 kW plant comprising two 250 kW stacks from Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries and two 250 kWstacks from Hitachi began its trials in1999.

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Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries has itself developed a 300 kW class MCFC, with two units being produced in 2002 for demonstration and testing. Full commercialisation is expected in 2004^2005. MCFC technology has also been under intensive development in Korea. A national R&D programme resulted in Korea Electric Power Company developing a 25 kW pressurised MCFC power generation system in 1999 in collaboration with Korea Heavy Industries and the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST). A 100 kWsystem is currently being developed. Although most of the PEMFC development has focused on small power residential applications (see below) and transportation applications, Ballard Power Systems has developed a 250 kW PEMFC for stationary power generation applications. The company started its 250 kW stationary generator ¢eld trial programme in 1999 with the deployment of a unit to the utility company Cinergy in Crane, Indiana. A unit was installed in Japan by Ebara Corporation at the NTT Musashino R&D centre in November 2000, which utilises a cogeneration system incorporating an adsorption chiller (for air conditioning) developed by Ebara. Alstom Ballard GmbH is currently running ¢eld trials of six 250 kW PEMFC power plants in Europe: *

*

*

*

*

Bewag ^ The ¢rst plant has been installed on the premises of the Treptow heating station being run by Bewag (Berlin Kraft und Licht AG) in Berlin as part of Bewag’s innovation park. The trial which started in June 2000 is being funded by the EU as ‘The First European 250 kW PEM Fuel Cell Project’, with EDF, Paris; HEW, Hamburg; Preussen Elektra, Hannover; and VEAG, Berlin, also participating in the project. EBM ^ The second plant was delivered to EBM (Elektra Birseck Mu«nchenstein) in Switzerland in August 2000. The plant is located on the premises of the EBM headquarters in Basel-Mu«nchenstein, with the generated electrical power being fed into the EBM power supply grid and the heat is supplied to the EBM district heating network. Promocell ^ The Promocell plant was delivered to the University of Lie'ge in Belgium in September 2001. The power generated is being fed into the university grid and the thermal output is used to heat the indoor swimming pool. EDF/GDF ^ This trial, which was initiated by the community of Forbach and the region of Lorraine, is being run by Electricite¤ de France and Gaz de France. The fuel cell plant was installed near Forbach in early 2002 as the ¢rst of its kind in France. EDISon ^ This plant was delivered to Energie Baden-Wu«rttemberg Regional AG (EnBW) in Germany in early 2002. This trial is part of a project subsidised by the Ministry of Economy and Technology ^ ‘Power generation and storage for decentralised and mobile operation’. The aim of the EDISon project (intelligent power distribution networks by using innovative decentralised generation, storage, information and communication systems) is to bring the consumer and producer of power economics into optimum line with each other regarding ecological and economic aspects. The fuel cell is installed on the premises of the Thermarium in a spa region in Bad Scho«nborn.

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4 Market and Application Analysis

*

Fraunhofer ^ The last trial is to be installed by the end of 2002 at the premises of the Institute UMSICHT in Oberhausen, Germany in cooperation with the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft eV, Munich.The plant will be operated with a microturbine, an adsorption chiller and a piston engine. In a second stage it is planned to run the installation with coal gas rather than natural gas.

Ballard is currently developing and testing a hydrogen-fuelled 60 kWstationary generator based on their transportation fuel cell engine. Following the success of its PC25 200 kW PAFC, UTC Fuel Cells is developing its next-generation commercial power plant, a 150 kW PEMFC power generation system, which is expected to be launched in 2003^2004. Hydrogenics and General Motors have co-developed the HyUPS system, which provides up to 25 kW of back-up power for telecommunications and other critical power markets, with regenerative capabilities. Hydrogenics have also launched HyPM, a plug and play series of fuel cell power modules, including fuel cell stack with a full balance of plant system, available in 10 kW and 25 kW, with 50 kWand100 kW modules being developed. Although Plug Power is concentrating on the development of small stationary systems under 10 kW (see below), it delivered a 50 kW hydrogen-fuelled PEMFC system to Air Products in 2001 for installation in a hydrogen vehicle refuelling station in LasVegas, Nevada. Nuvera is currently working on the development of an integrated 75 kW PEM fuel cell with a microturbine which will be targeted at the small-scale power generation market.

4.2.2 Low-power/Residential Applications (under 10 kW) There is a good deal of activity throughout the world in the development of small stationary fuel cell systems for residential applications, ranging from 0.5 kW to10 kW, invariably running o¡ natural gas. Plug Power is the most advanced in the commercialisation of residential PEM fuel cell systems. The company has developed a fully integrated, grid parallel 5 kW PEMFC system operating from natural gas. This initial product is being marketed to a select number of customers, including public utilities, government entities and the company’s distribution partners. By the end of September 2002, over 400 units had been delivered. In August 2002 Plug Power announced that its 5 kW PEMFC systems had generated more than 1 million kWh of electricity during 2002. These systems were installed and have operated in more than 20 customer locations in seven US states and three overseas countries. Plug Power’s customer base includes electric and gas utilities, research facilities, the US Department of Defense and telecommunications providers. Systems are currently providing power to homes, o⁄ce buildings, research facilities, a telecommunications hut, a vehicle refuelling station and directly to the electric grid. Systems currently being installed provide both electricity and cogeneration heat for use in heating and hot water applications.

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A joint development programme with the German heating appliance manufacturer Vaillant GmbH has resulted in a combined Fuel Cell Heating Appliance (FCHA) with a maximum electrical output of 4.6 kW and heat output of 7 kW, which received CE (European Conformity) certi¢cation in November 2001. Vaillant is participating in an EU-funded project ^ the European Virtual Fuel Cell Power Plant ^ which will see 52 decentralised stand-alone residential fuel cell systems installed and ¢eld tested over a 40-month period, starting in December 2001, in Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal. It is planned that the FCHA will be installed where there is an electrical power demand of at least 20 000 kWh/a and a heat load of about 60 000 kWh/a. The thermal peak load will be covered by an additional heating appliance. The FCHA will operate parallel to the grid, which covers power peaks. Excess power can be fed into the mains and in some regions, there are special funding programmes for this excess power. In Germany, for example, a compensation charge of 5 ct/kWh speci¢c to the fuel cell will be paid to customers. Based on the experience in these ¢eld trials, a pilot series of FCHAs is planned for 2004. Plug Power’s fuel cell systems will be sold globally through a joint venture with General Electric ^ GE Fuel Cell Systems ^ and through DTE Energy Technologies in a four-US state territory. Plug Power is collaborating with Honda R&D Ltd on a research project to explore the concepts for a home-based hydrogen vehicle refuelling system. Also at an advanced state of development is the Sulzer Hexis SOFC microcogenerator, the ‘HXS 1000’ pre-production model, which generates 1 kW of electricity and 2.5 kW of thermal energy, using an input of natural gas. Field trials of 400 units are be undertaken over the next two years through six public utilities in Germany and one in Switzerland. Sulzer Hexis is now working on a more compact production model and preparing for a mass market launch in 2004^2005. HGC Hamburg Gas Consult GmbH, which has installed a number of UTC Fuel Cells’ PC25 systems as turn key projects in Germany, has been developing a House Energy Centre (HEC) in conjunction with Dais Analytic (now Analytic Energy Systems), since 1997. After installing and testing nine alpha-units, using a 3.5 kW PEMFC, a second-generation unit has been designed with an electrical output of 1.5 kW and a thermal output of 2.9 kW, with an additional internal boiler to provide for peak loads up to 8 kW. HGC has obtained the design rights for Europe and is working with the German government to establish a European manufacturing facility for the fuel cell stacks. Beta trials are expected to commence in 2003^2004. For product development, marketing and distribution a separate company, European Fuel Cell GmbH, was founded in December 1999. In September 2002 it was announced that the Baxi Group, one of the leading central heating boiler manufacturers in Europe, had acquired European Fuel Cell GmbH, as part of its initiative of developing sustainable energy systems. Nuvera has been developing 1 kW and 5 kW PEMFCs operating from natural gas, and in 2001 a 5 kW unit was demonstrated providing power to a Verizon telecommunication system, as part of a joint development agreement between Nuvera and Verizon. Fuel cells operating from propane are expected in 2003.

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Nuvera and the German utility RWE have formed a partnership to develop and distribute PEM fuel cells in Europe. The partners plan to develop, manufacture and sell combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell systems with an electrical output of up to 50 kW for use in residential and small commercial power applications, with the ¢rst commercial products becoming available in 2004. As part of this development, RWE plan to test a number of residential fuel cell systems, providing 5 kW of electrical power and 7 kW of heat, starting in 2003. A commercial launch, however, is not expected until at least 2007. Also in Germany, Proton Motor GmbH, Fraunhofer Institut and Robert Bosch GmbH are jointly developing a small CHP fuel cell system for residential heat and power supply in a government-funded project. A prototype has been built using a Proton Motor 2 kW PEMFC stack. H Power has focused on the development of residential cogeneration units (RCUs) with powers up to 10 kW. A natural gas- or propane-fuelled 1^10 kW RCU (4.5 kW continuous, 10 kW for 15 minutes) has completed alpha testing and beta units are currently being tested at selected customer sites. Commercial shipments are expected to commence in late 2003^early 2004. The company has also developed a range of smaller portable and mobile power units under the EPAC and PowerPEM brands, which operate directly on hydrogen with powers from 15 to 500 W, to provide back-up power sources for telecommunications, remote access, highway variable message signs, etc. These systems are modular and their power capacity can be increased to1500 W. H Power has an agreement with ECO Fuel Cells, LLC, a subsidiary of the national energy services cooperative, under which ECO has agreed to purchase 12 300 fuel cell systems over 10 years, representing about US$81 million in revenues. H Power has been working with Osaka Gas on the development of a 500 W PEMFC residential cogeneration unit for the Japanese market and have recently started operational trials, with plans for eight units for in-house and beta testing. UTC Fuel Cells has been developing a 5 kW PEM fuel cell, running on natural gas or propane, suitable for residential use and small commercial buildings. Work is continuing at its joint-venture company, Toshiba International Fuel Cells, where Toshiba itself has been developing a 1 kW PEMFC residential cogeneration prototype. UTC FC is working with UTC’s Carrier Corporation, the world’s largest air conditioning manufacturer and Buderus Heiztechnik, a European market leader for heating products, on residential PEMFC applications. Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd is developing SOFC systems for residential applications, using Siemens Westinghouse stacks. A 5 kW prototype has been operated successfully and the company plans to produce four demonstration units for sale in 2002^2003. FCT is also working with a consortium led by Siemens Westinghouse on a US Department of Energy SECA-funded project, for the development of a 7^10 kW SOFC CHP system for residential applications. FCT is also working with a Swedish government agency to develop a pilot residential power project for multiple housing units in Stockholm, with initial installations beginning in the autumn of 2002.

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Global Thermoelectric has been developing several generations of prototype SOFC residential power systems prior to initiating a beta ¢eld testing programme late in 2002. Mosaic Energy is targeting the low power market in gas stations, convenience stores, supermarkets, apartment buildings, etc. The company has developed a 3.5 kW natural gas-fuelled PEMFC power system and 5 kW naphtha-fuelled PEMFC system, the latter for use at gas stations. Mosaic Energy is now working closely with Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, which has built a Mosaic Energy fuel cell stack manufacturing plant in Japan. In the longer term (after 2005), residential fuel cell systems are planned for the US and Japanese markets. Since 1996, IdaTech has been working closely with Bonneville Power Administration, which ordered ¢fty 2 kW beta fuel cell systems (using Nuvera PEMFC stacks) for ¢eld testing, the ¢rst nine of which were delivered in December 2001. IdaTech is also ¢eld-testing its fuel cell systems in Japan with Tokyo Boeki, and in Europe with Electricite¤ de France (EDF). Other US companies developing small stationary fuel cell systems include Acumentrics (SOFC), Avista Laboratories (regenerative PEM), Ball Aerospace Technologies (PEMFC, principally for military applications), BCS Fuel Cells (PEMFCs up to 7 kW), Enable Fuel Cell (subsidiary of DCH Technology developing PEMFCs for portable and small stationary power applications) and Teledyne. A number of PEMFC cogeneration systems have been developed in Japan, but because of the lower power consumption of the average Japanese household, the systems developed have been smaller than those developed in North America, with electrical output at around1 kW. To promote the commercialisation of residential (and automotive) PEMFCs in Japan, a Japanese government-funded programme, the Millennium PEFC Programme, was launched in FY 2000. As part of this programme, the Japan Gas Association has been testing 10 residential PEMFC cogenerators and one portable PEMFC generator from six Japanese manufacturers (Ebara Ballard, Sanyo Electric, Toshiba-IFC, Toyota, Matsushita Electric Industrial and Matsushita Electric Works) and one US (H Power) manufacturer. In April 2002 a 6 kW PEMFC system from UTC Fuel Cells and a 4.5 kW unit from Plug Power were included for the second stage of demonstrations. Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has recently announced that trials of domestic-use fuel cells in 12 city locations would start in the autumn of 2002. The trials are designed to examine the energy e⁄ciency and safety of fuel cells and to uncover any possible obstacles to putting them into widespread use. The tests are due to last until the end of ¢scal year 2004 and the number of test locations will be increased to around 30 from the next ¢scal year (starting 1 April 2003). Ballard Generation Systems, Ebara Ballard, Ebara and Tokyo Gas have been collaborating on the development of a natural gas-fuelled 1 kW cogeneration unit using Tokyo Gas’s fuel processing technology. The ¢rst engineering prototype of the 1 kW system was unveiled in February 2001. Four prototypes were built, with two being tested by Japan Gas Association. In early 2002 a

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second-generation prototype was unveiled, which reached an electrical e⁄ciency of 34% and a combined electrical and heat recovery e⁄ciency of 81%, whilst reducing the volume compared to the ¢rst generation prototype by 40%. Ebara Ballard, which is also working with Osaka Gas, plans to introduce a commercial system in 2004. Sanyo Electric has been developing small PEMFC systems with an output up to several kW for domestic use since 1996. The company plans to launch a 1 kW PEMFC cogeneration unit in 2005. In March 2001 Toshiba (51%) formed a joint venture with UTC Fuel Cells (49%), Toshiba International Fuel Cells. The new company, based on Toshiba’s Fuel Cell Division, is concentrating on the development and commercialisation of PEMFC systems under 10 kW. This includes a 0.7 kW PEMFC residential cogeneration system which had been included in the Japan Gas Association trials. TIFC plans to commercialise a 1 kW residential cogeneration unit, which is expected to cost around ¥400 000^500 000 (US$3300^4199). In April 2001 it was reported that Toshiba was also working with Cosmo Oil, which had developed a1 kW class butane reformer. A 1 kW residential cogeneration system has been developed and it is reported that a commercial product will be launched in 2004. Toyota, in addition to its automotive fuel cell developments, has developed a 1 kW PEMFC residential cogeneration system, which is undergoing trials with the Japan Gas Association. It was reported, in May 2001, that Toyota was planning to construct a model house, with a cogeneration system installed, near the site of the Aichi International Exposition, which will be held in 2005. Current plans are for Toyota to launch a commercial product in 2008 at the earliest. Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd announced in October 2001 that it would start selling a residential cogeneration system fuelled by town gas from 2004. Two 1.3 kW cogeneration prototypes are being tested by Japan Gas Association, and it is reported that the total thermal e⁄ciency, including hot water recovery, is 72%. The system, currently using Ballard stacks, has a compact design of 86 cm32 cm85 cm and a target price of ¥1 million^1.2 million (US$8200^9900). Matsushita Electric Works Ltd has developed a portable 0.2 kW PEMFC cogeneration system fuelled from butane gas. Fuji Electric, which started to develop PEMFC systems in 1989, unveiled a 1 kW PEMFC system in 2000, using 60 cells, in which the electrode area was 100 cm2, with internal humidi¢cation, and running o¡ reformed town gas. In September 2001 Fuji announced that it had tested its 1 kW PEMFC stack for more than1000 hours, and that it was developing systems up to10 kW in size. Fuji is also developing a small methanol reforming system, which combines exothermic partial oxidation reforming and endothermic steam reforming, and also an on-site hydrogen generator which can produce hydrogen from town or propane gas.

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In June 2002 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries announced that it had developed a new technology of preventing catalyst from deterioration in the natural gas reformation process in residential fuel cell systems and that it would manufacture a 1 kW PEMFC residential cogeneration unit with the same size as an air conditioning unit ^ 102 cm80 cm32 cm. Samples would be on sale from the end of 2002 at a price of ¥500 000^600 000 (US$4100^4950).

4.3 Portable Power Applications

4.3.1 Defence Applications With the increasing use of electronic devices, such as computers, personal radios, GPS, head-up displays, thermal imaging, etc., by soldiers, there is an urgent need for lighter and more compact electrical power sources. The battery is currently the power source used for these systems, but it is believed that the amount of energy that can be stored in primary or rechargeable batteries will be insu⁄cient to meet the needs of critical future missions. Alternative small energy conversion devices, such as fuel cells, that convert high-energy-content fuels to electricity will therefore be needed. The US Department of Defense began investigating small fuel cells in the late 1980s and the ¢rst state-of-the-art fuel cell/power electronics/hydrogen storage unit was packaged into a standard military battery case in 1996. Further improved versions of the stack have been packaged and used in various military demonstrations. The DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency) Palm Power programme, which started in spring 2001, aims to develop technology leading to ¢eld demonstration of novel energy conversion devices at the 20 W average power level at 12 V DC. A power of 20 W was selected as many applications of interest require this level of power, and DARPA expects that scaling up to higher power levels (e.g. 50^500 W) will be straightforward, if the 20 W goals are achieved. At the conclusion of the ¢ve-year programme (2006), DARPA expects to have ¢eld-tested several energy conversion systems under realistic military conditions and to have determined their relative merits based on performance and logistics impact. This will require extensive development at the material, component and system levels. Three mission scenarios have been selected to establish clear, quantitative goals for the programme. Assuming an average power level of 20 W, the mission lengths and minimum speci¢c energy goals are: * * *

Three-hour mission (e.g. micro air-vehicle reconnaissance) ^ 1000 Wh/kg Three-day mission (e.g. land warrior mission) ^ 2000 Wh/kg Ten-day mission (e.g. special operations reconnaissance) ^ 3000 Wh/kg

To date DARPA has been investigating DMFC technology and air breathing PEMFCs. Due to its antipathy to the use of compressed hydrogen, DARPA has developed two portable chemical hydrogen generators, one based on the thermal decomposition of aluminium hydride, and the other based on a reaction

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4 Market and Application Analysis

between ammonia and lithium aluminium hydride. Notwithstanding the development of hydrogen storage in carbon nano¢bres, yielding over 50% hydrogen storage by weight, the military would ultimately prefer to operate their fuel cell systems on the available liquid hydrocarbon fuels rather than hydrogen or even methanol. Direct oxidation solid oxide fuel cells and miniature diesel fuel/JP8 reformers are examples of technologies that might be exploited for Palm Power applications. US companies involved in the military programmes include: *

*

*

*

*

*

Adaptive Materials Inc ^ awarded an R&D contract as part of the Palm Power program in July 2001, to design, develop and test a miniature portable power generation device to be carried in the ¢eld by US soldiers. Ball Aerospace & Technologies ^ the most advanced in terms of commercialisation, with two products launched (see below). Giner Electrochemical Systems ^ has developed 50 W and 150 W DMFC systems for the US Army Research Laboratory. ITN Energy Systems Inc ^ private R&D company awarded a US$7 million DARPA Palm Power contract to develop a hand held SOFC system that will operate directly on JP-8 fuel and deliver 20 W of 12 V DC power continuously for three days. Lynntech Industries ^ delivered four prototype 15 W/12 V DMFCs to the US Army Research Laboratory, as part of a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract at the end of 2001. Medis Technologies ^ contract with General Dynamics to develop a mobile fuel cell-powered battery charger for use by US soldiers using its patented direct liquid ethanol/methanol fuel cell technology.

In the UK, a two-year programme to develop a PEM fuel cell power source for the ‘dismounted’soldier is under way, with the aim of providing a front-line battery charger for use with advanced rechargeable batteries. Funded jointly by the MOD (Ministry of Defence) and industry, the programme is an extension of previous work carried out by Intelligent Energy Ltd, which evolved from Advanced Power Sources Ltd at Loughborough, and DERA (now renamed QinetiQ Ltd) in the ¢eld of military man-portable and battery replacement fuel cells. This work had resulted in the demonstration of a 50 W power source comprising an Intelligent Energy PEMFC stack and rechargeable metal hydride and voltage regulation equipment from DERA. The two companies are joined in the new programme by Black & Decker, which will provide the power interface between charger and batteries, and Ineos Chlor, which will supply bipolar plate coatings. The objective of the programme is to build and demonstrate a 100 W PEMFC power source with an energy density of 600 W/kg. The completed unit of air breathing PEMFC and hydrogen generator will weigh 5 kg and provide 3 kWh. As part of the programme, two alternative methods of chemically generating hydrogen will be investigated: the DARPA developed method of ammoniolysis and lithium aluminium hydride and the thermal decomposition of ammonia borane, being developed by QinetiQ.

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Work is being carried out in France, as part of their FELIN project, in developing a portable fuel cell power source to recharge batteries in the ¢eld.

4.3.2 Civil Applications The last 2^3 years have seen considerable activity in the development of fuel cells in the low power range, for providing power for portable and remotely located o¡-grid electronic equipment. The major driving force, apart from the attractions of a potentially high-volume market, is the increasing complexity and functionality of laptop computers, mobile phones, etc., which is requiring higher energy densities that batteries are unable to provide. Whilst the commercial availability of fuel cells small enough to replace the batteries in mobile phones, camcorders and cordless tools is still some way o¡, fuel cells for battery charging applications, remote stationary systems, medical appliances, security cameras, back-up power are at an advanced state of development, as highlighted in Table 4.12. Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico has been one of the pioneers of DMFC development for portable applications, and in 2000 demonstrated a 50 W/160 Wh DMFC power source that could replace the ‘BA 5590’ primary lithium battery, used by the US Army in communication systems. In cooperation with Motorola, LANL is developing small-power DMFCs for applications in cellular phones, laptop computers, portable cameras and electronic games, using multi-layer ceramic technology. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in collaboration with Giner Inc, has demonstrated a miniature ‘£at-pack’ DMFC, which produces 150 mW continuously and is targeted at cellular phone applications. Case Western Reserve University is using printed circuit board technology to develop very £at fuel cells based on silicon, again targeted at cellular phone use. In Germany, an association of seven Fraunhofer Institutes is developing miniature energy systems based on portable fuel cells. A 10 W/8 V fuel cell, with a stack of 15 bipolar plates glued together and fuelled from a metal hydride hydrogen storage cartridge, has been developed for use in a camcorder.Working with the Korean company LG and the Korean Institute Clean Energy Technologies Inc, a prototype hydrogen-fuelled fuel cell has been developed for integration into a notebook computer. The entire system ^ comprising miniature fuel cell, hydrogen storage cartridge and electronics ^ is now located where the batteries used to be, and has a peak power of 50 W. Also in Germany, ZSW (Zentrum fu ¨ r Sonnenenergie- und WasserstoffForschung) is developing portable PEMFCs in the range1 W^2 kW. Applications include charging unit for cellular phones, electrical toys, portable refrigerator, roadwork illumination and portable power supplies. In Taiwan, the Industrial Technology Research Institute’s Energy and Resources Laboratory has demonstrated a fuel cell-powered notebook computer.

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Table 4.12 Portable Fuel Cell Systems Company

Technology/application

Avista Labs

‘Independence 100’ ^ 100 W PEMFC launched in 2002 with 12 V output for remote signalling, signs and monitoring devices. Using H Power stacks, the PPS-50 PEMFC, which has been extensively tested by the Army Research Laboratory, provides 50 W of power at 12 V to power sensors, scanners, video equipment, radio receivers and transmitters. The PPS-100 provides 100 W of power at 24 V for battery charging and other applications. The recently introduced Nexa Power Module is a 1.2 kW PEMFC targeted at both stationary and portable markets. Announced development of a PEMFC combined with a proprietary miniature methanol reformer for notebook computers and portable information terminals in spring 2002. Market launch expected in 2004. EC-PDU (50 W) and EC-powerpak 200 (200 W) PEMFCs for testing and demonstration purposes. Subsidiary of DCH Technology, with exclusive licence from Los Alamos National Laboratory for airbreathing PEMFC. Has supplied 12 W/12 V portable fuel cells to Icelandic New Energy for market assessment. Portable fuel cells have been supplied to Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, for remote field operation, and State of Pennsylvania Dept. of Environment Protection. Distribution agreement with IPS MeteoStar, a global supplier of remote data logging equipment. Joint venture, NeWave Fuel Cell Corporation, with Daido Metal Co Ltd of Japan to manufacture and sell portable fuel cells from 1 W up to 50 W. NeWave started selling products to Japanese automotive, electronic manufacturing and highway sign industries in August 2001. 20 W prototype DMFCs available for evaluation. PowerPEM VMS 50 50 W PEMFC designed to work in tandem with solar panels ^ supplying power to message signs, when there is little or no sunlight. Reported to have developed a portable DMFC for notebook computer. Plans to launch in 2003^2004. German company producing small PEMFCs for education and training. Power Holster mobile phone portable charger, developed by Energy Related Devices, who are developing MicroFuel Cell DMFC technology. MHTX is also working with NovArs GmbH, who have developed 60/70 W prototype portable PEMFCs for the US Army. German polymer specialist developing prototype portable PEMFC to be presented at CeBIT 2003 in Hannover.

Ball Aerospace & Technologies

Ballard Power Systems

Casio Computer

ElectroChem EnableTM Fuel Cell

Energy Visions Inc H Power

Hitachi H-tec Manhattan Scientifics

Masterflex

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Table 4.12 (continued) Company

Technology/application

Medis Technologies

Developed breadboard version of 2 W power pack charger using proprietary direct liquid ethanol/ methanol fuel cell. Bigger models are being developed. Developing hybrid DMFC/battery system for mobile phones, teo-way radios, PDAs and laptop computers. Second-generation micro DMFC prototype announced in August 2002, yielding up to 5 Wh of energy. Developing portable DMFCs, with commercial availability planned for 2004^2005. Spin-off from SRI International developing DMFCs. Demonstration of Nokia cellular phone with an integrated DMFC power unit. Announced development of 40 W PEMFC for use with notebook computers in 1999. Commercial production is expected in 2004. Using a new electrolyte membrane SAIT has reportedly developed a DMFC, the size of a credit card for mobile phone applications. Developing portable PEMFCs for mobile phones, signal lamps and portable power. Started series production of 25 W DMFC in January 2002 for applications such as traffic control equipment, measuring instruments and leisure applications. Demonstrated 40 W DMFC system to supply power for a mobile office ^ laptop computer, printer and cell phone at the same time. Developing credit card-sized DMFCs incorporating a proprietary catalyst layer made from fullerenes (carbon molecules) eliminating the need for water supply equipment. A 15 W DMFC has been developed for notebook computers and commercialisation is planned for 2003^2004. 100 W and 300 W DMFCs have been developed and company envisages application during camping, remote locations and for domestic emergency power. Commercialisation is planned for 2004.

Motorola MTI MicroFuel Cells

Neah Power Systems Polyfuel

Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)

Shanghai Shen-Li High-Tech Co Ltd Smart Fuel Cell GmbH

Sony Frontier Science Laboratories

Toshiba International Fuel Cells Yuasa

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5

Fuel CellTechnology Review

5.1 Introduction A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that produces electricity through a chemical reaction without combustion. Fuel cells operate in the reverse of electrolysis, with hydrogen and oxygen being combined to produce electricity, and reusable heat and water. There are several di¡erent types of fuel cell, but all comprise two electrodes ^ an anode where oxidation occurs, and a cathode where reduction occurs ^ separated by a solid or liquid electrolyte. Hydrogen is continuously fed to the anode and oxygen/air is fed to the cathode. Electrochemical reactions at the anode and cathode and the transport of ions in the electrolyte give rise to the £ow of an electric current through an external circuit to drive a load. A fuel cell is much more e⁄cient and cleaner than conventional energy sources because it converts the chemical energy of the fuel directly into electricity without going through an intermediate combustion stage. The main types of fuel cell are discussed below, with their operating features shown in Table 5.1. Zinc^air and magnesium^air technology is not included; although sometimes referred to as fuel cells, their technology is considered more akin to battery technology.

5.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) The AFC is a relatively simple device, and was the ¢rst to be developed and commercialised. The fuel cell uses an electrolyte of potassium or sodium hydroxide. Oxygen is fed to the cathode and hydroxyl ions (OH ) migrate from the cathode to the anode, where they react with hydrogen to produce water and electrons. These electrons are used to power an external circuit and then return to the cathode, where they react with oxygen and water to produce more hydroxyl ions.

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Table 5.1 Main Types of Fuel Cells Type

Electrolyte

Fuel/oxidant

Alkaline (AFC)

Potassium or sodium hydroxide Sulphonic acid in solid polymer membrane

H2/O2 (CO2 removed by scrubber) H2 and O2 from air

Sulphonic acid in a solid polymer membrane or sulphuric acid solution Phosphoric acid

Methanol and O2 from air

Proton exchange membrane (PEM)

Direct methanol (DMFC)

Phosphoric acid (PAFC)

Molten carbonate (MCFC)

Solid oxide (SOFC)

Molten lithium, sodium or potassium carbonate Solid ceramic ^ zirconium oxide

Operating temperature ( C)

Efficiency (%)

Potential applications

50^200

40^60

50^125

35^45

50^110

40^50

Up to 100 kW ^ space, transport, military Up to 500 kW ^ commercial and residential distributed power, portable power, transport Up to 10 kW ^ small portable power, military, transport

H2 and O2 from air

170^210

40^50

H2 from hydrocarbon fuel internal reforming and O2 from air H2 from hydrocarbon fuel internal reforming and O2 from air

600^700

50^60

650^1000

45^55

Up to 10 MW ^ power generation, cogeneration (up to 80% efficient), buses Up to 100 MW ^ power generation, cogeneration (up to 80% efficient) Up to 100 MW ^ power generation, cogeneration (up to 80% efficient), small APUs for transport

5 Fuel Cell Technology Review

The early AFCs used a liquid electrolyte, which was pumped around the fuel cell. However, to eliminate moving parts and reduce weight AFCs were developed with a static electrolyte held in a matrix. The use of matrices soaked with potassium hydroxide became standard for NASA space fuel cells. Each Apollo Command and Service Module was installed with three 28 V power plants, each rated at 1.5 kW (with a maximum of 2.2 kW for brief periods) and weighing 250 lb. The units were fuelled by cryogenic hydrogen and oxygen, and operated at about 260 C. Some 90 units were used during the Apollo programme over the1966^1978 period. For the Space Shuttle Orbiter fuel cells, UTC developed its second-generation static electrolyte AFC, which represented a signi¢cant technology advance over the Apollo units, producing about ten times the power from a similar-sized package. In the Orbiter, a complement of three 12 kW fuel cells produces all onboard electrical power. Each fuel cell, which operates at the lower temperature of 90 C, is a self-contained unit 141545 inches, weighing 260 lb, and operates at an e⁄ciency of over 70%. However, the use of circulating electrolyte is still preferred for transport applications, since in addition to providing the means of cooling the stack, it allows the electrolyte to be replaced without the need to disassemble the stack in the event of unacceptable levels of CO2 being absorbed. (AFCs need to be completely free from carbon dioxide, as this reacts with the potassium hydroxide electrolyte to form potassium carbonate, which greatly a¡ects the performance of the cell.) This method allows for the AFC to be shut down when not in operation by automatic removal of the potassium hydroxide. The latest AFCs operate at a fairly low temperature (60^80 C), which allows a rapid start-up time. Recent developments include new types of electrodes, with Apollo Energy Systems (AES) planning to eliminate the use of a noble metal (platinum, palladium, etc.) on the cathode. AES is also developing its own, controlled source of noble metals, which will result in a signi¢cant cost reduction. In an attempt to reduce costs, the Technical University of Graz (Austria) has used ammonia to fuel the AFC. Ammonia o¡ers signi¢cant advantages in cost and convenience as a vehicular fuel due to its higher density and ease of storage and distribution. At the TU Graz, a catalyst for cracking ammonia into nitrogen and hydrogen has been developed and a laboratory-scale ammonia cracker, providing hydrogen for approximately1 kW, has been built. TheTU Graz is participating in the EU-funded project ACCEPT (Ammonia Cracking for Clean Electric Power), which started in January 2002 and which aims to evaluate the potential for ammonia as a fuel for various types of fuel cell.

5.3 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells The PEM fuel cell, also called the polymer electrolyte (PEFC) or solid polymer fuel cell (SPFC), was ¢rst developed by General Electric in the USA in the 1960s for use by NASA to provide power for the Gemini space project. In the PEM fuel cell, the electrolyte is a thin solid organic polymer poly-per£uorosulfonic acid

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membrane, which is permeable to protons but does not conduct electrons. The electrodes are typically made of carbon and are coated on one side with a platinum catalyst. Hydrogen £ows into the fuel cell anode and dissociates into protons (hydrogen ions) and electrons. The electrons £ow through an external circuit to provide usable electric current, and the protons permeate through the membrane electrolyte to the cathode. At the cathode, oxygen from the air combines with the electrons and the protons to form water and heat. The membrane and two electrodes are sandwiched between two £ow-¢eld plates (bipolar plates) which contain grooves to channel the hydrogen and air to the electrodes, forming a membrane^electrode assembly (MEA). The single fuel cells are combined into a fuel cell stack, with the number of fuel cells in the stack determining the amount of electric power generated. PEM fuel cells have an e⁄ciency of around 40^50% and operate at relatively low temperature ^ up to 80 C at atmospheric pressure, but over 100 C has been achieved under pressure, which allows them to start up rapidly from cold. The cell can be run directly on hydrogen or on reformed hydrocarbon fuels, such as methanol or natural gas, but as platinum is poisoned by carbon monoxide (CO), this must be removed during fuel processing or the platinum’s tolerance to CO must be improved. Sulphonated £uoropolymers are used as the electrolyte membrane, with several companies o¡ering their own proprietary materials. The most well known and well established of these is DuPont’s Na¢on1 polymer membrane, which has been developed through several variants since1967, when it was ¢rst introduced. Advances in polymer technology have resulted in a four-fold increase in current densities to around 1000 mA/cm2. Also, by optimising the catalyst and electrode structure, the platinum content has been reduced by a factor of over 100 from 28 mg/cm2 to less than 0.2 mg/cm2. Celanese AG has developed a special high-temperature polymer ^ polybenzimidazole (PBI) ^ which has enabled it to develop an MEA which operates at temperatures up to 200 C. This has resulted in a PEM fuel cell that is more tolerant to CO, making the puri¢cation of the hydrogen easier and more coste¡ective. The higher temperature means that the fuel cell can operate with smaller, lighter and cheaper cooling systems, and it allows more e⁄cient use of heat for residential and other stationary applications. With the bipolar plates accounting for 70^80% by weight of the PEM fuel cell stack, and also an important component contributing to the high cost, e¡orts are being made to produce low-cost, lightweight bipolar plates. At present, the most commonly used bipolar plate material is graphite, but alternatives under development include resin-impregnated graphite plates and stainless steel. PEM fuel cells are contenders for stationary, portable and mobile applications; to date the largest system developed is the 250 kW PEMFC power generation system from Ballard Power Systems, with ¢eld trials of six units currently taking place.

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5.4 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) The DMFC, in which the anode catalyst itself draws hydrogen from liquid methanol, eliminating the need for a fuel reformer, was pioneered by Shell Research in the UK and Esso-Alsthom in France during the 1960s and 1970s. In this work Shell used an acid liquid electrolyte (sulphuric acid), while EssoAlsthom used an alkaline electrolyte. Poor performance and high costs led to the abandonment of these research e¡orts. However, the introduction of proton-conducting membranes led to renewed interest in DMFCs in the 1990s, particularly since the elimination of a bulky fuel reformer makes them potentially more attractive than the hydrogen-fuelled cells for portable and mobile applications. A number of research projects have been undertaken in the USA ^ notably at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) ^ and in Japan and Europe. This work has concentrated on the four major obstacles, which have impeded the commercialisation of DMFCs: *

* *

*

poor performance of the anode catalyst compared with hydrogen/air systems; methanol crossover to the cathode, which poisons the cathode catalyst; transfer of water to the cathode, which causes severe cathode £ooding when methanol is fed from an aqueous solution; and high cost.

To achieve better catalyst utilisation, LANL has used carbon-supported Pt^Ru anode catalysts and signi¢cantly reduced the stack (anode + cathode) platinum loading, resulting in a performance of 5 g of Pt required to generate 1 kW of power. Operating at 100 C and using a conventional Na¢on1 membrane, LANL has reported power densities of 1.2 kW/litre (equivalent to 216 mW/cm2). The laboratory is also working on new membranes which promise low crossover and higher e⁄ciency. Considerable e¡ort has been devoted to the development of electrolyte membranes to reduce methanol crossover, with progress being achieved by blending sulphonated arylene main-chain polymers like sulphonated PEEK or sulphonated PSU with basic polymers like poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) or polybenzimidazole (PBI). Energy Ventures Inc has taken a novel approach to eliminating methanol crossover by using a circulating electrolyte system, similar to that used in alkaline fuel cells, but extending it to allow pH control and membrane activation additives. The new design, it is claimed, will reduce the cost of the electrodes and of the various other accessories needed to operate the system. Medis Technologies Ltd. reports that it is using a proprietary liquid electrolyte instead of a PEM, which combined with its fuel cell design and architecture enables the methanol (or ethanol) concentration to be increased to 30^35%, resulting in increased electrical output and service between each refuelling. The company has demonstrated miniature fuel cells providing an energy density of about 70 mW/cm2.

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Much work is being done to develop miniature DMFCs with the same size as current lithium-ion batteries, to provide power for cellular telephones, portable computers and other portable devices. Energy Related Devices Inc, working as a contractor to Manhattan Scienti¢cs Inc (MSI), has developed the Micro-Fuel CellTM with a non-bipolar stacking design. The fuel cell is built onto a nuclear particle etched porous plastic substrate, where the pores have a cone-shaped geometry, typically ranging from 15 mm to 20 mm in diameter. By using vacuum deposition techniques and tuning the source angle of incidence, ion milling and pore size, precise fuel cell electrodes, electrical circuit routes and vias can be created on the plastic substrate. MSI claims that the fuel cell can be easily and inexpensively manufactured in a roll-to-roll production scheme. The fuel cell has a surface area of about 20 cm2 and a thickness of about 3 mm and gives a 100 mA output, which is more than 32 times the output of a lithium-ion battery of the same weight. Motorola’s approach to miniaturisation is to use multi-layer ceramic technology which combines fuel mixing, microchannels for delivery, a substrate for MEA mounting, electrical contact and £uid recirculation in only two pieces. One ceramic piece handles the liquid fuel processing, while the other piece provides for passive air delivery. The DMFC MEA is sandwiched between the two ceramic layers, making for simple assembly.

5.5 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) Since work started in the early 1970s at United Technologies, the phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) has become the most developed fuel cell technology for stationary applications, with over 400 installations in buildings, hotels, hospitals and electric utilities around the world. The largest fuel cell system in use is an 11 MW PAFC system operated by an electric utility in Japan (Tokyo Electric Power). The PAFC works in a similar fashion to the PEM fuel cell, but using liquid phosphoric acid as a proton-conducting electrolyte, usually contained in a silicon carbide matrix. Phosphoric acid fuel cells work at slightly higher temperatures than PEM or alkaline fuel cells ^ around 150^200 C ^ but still require platinum catalysts on the electrodes to promote the reaction. The electrodes are made of carbon particles bonded with PTFE and supported on a porous carbon paper substrate. The bipolar plates used in early PAFCs consisted of a single piece of graphite with gas channels machined on either side. To reduce costs, newer manufacturing methods and designs are now being used, with the bipolar plate made from two separate porous substrates, which hold phosphoric acid, with ribbed channels for directing the gas £ow and a thin impermeable material, such as carbon, to separate the gases in adjacent cells. The anode and cathode reactions are the same as those in the PEM fuel cell, with the cathode reaction occurring at a faster rate due to the higher operating temperature. This higher temperature allows the expelled water to be converted

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to steam for space and water heating. In this combined heat and power application, overall e⁄ciencies can approach 80%, but the actual electricity-generating e⁄ciency is relatively low at around 40%. The operating temperature precludes internal reforming of hydrocarbon fuels or natural gas, and a separate reformer is required. If the hydrocarbon fuel is gasoline, sulphur must be removed or it will damage the catalyst. UTC Fuel Cells and Fuji Electric have between them delivered over 370 PAFC power generation systems, accumulating over 6.1 million hours of operational experience. Japanese utilities have been particularly active in testing and evaluating systems, with a system at Tokyo Gas recording over 55 000 hours of operation. Tokyo Gas reports an electrical e⁄ciency of 40% for its 100 kW and 200 kW units. Because of the high cost of materials, the PAFC is the most expensive of all fuel cells, with typical costs to date between US$4000 and US$4500 per kW. Current developments are aimed at reducing these costs. Fuji Electric’s second-generation 100 kW PAFC has reduced the cost to around US$3600/kW through a number of improvements. The number of cells has been reduced by increasing the area of each cell, resulting in fewer seals and greater ease of manufacture. The weight of the reformer has been decreased by 65% by reducing the amount of catalyst and improving the temperature distribution within the catalyst tubes. The balance-of-plant (BOP) and control systems have also been simpli¢ed.

5.6 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) The electrolyte in an MCFC is an alkaline mixture, of usually lithium carbonate/ potassium carbonate or lithium carbonate/sodium carbonate, which is held in a ceramic matrix.When heated to a temperature of around 650 C, the alkali carbonates form a highly conductive molten salt, with carbonate ions £owing from the cathode to the anode where they combine with hydrogen to form water, carbon dioxide and electrons, which are routed through an external circuit back to the cathode, generating power on the way. Unlike other fuel cell types, carbon dioxide needs to be supplied to the cathode as well as oxygen, and this is usually obtained by recycling the exhaust CO2 produced at the anode. The high operating temperature makes the MCFC tolerant to carbon monoxide, which allows hydrocarbon fuels to be reformed directly at the anode, but sulphur tolerance remains a problem. Expensive platinum catalysts can be replaced by less expensive nickel-based materials. The excess heat generated can be used to provide combined heat and power plants. MCFCs have an electrical generating e⁄ciency of up to 60%, but by

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using the waste heat for high-pressure steam, district heating and air conditioning, the overall e⁄ciency rises to about 80%. The high operating temperature results in the cells taking a considerable time to reach their operating temperature, making them unsuitable for transport applications, and the high temperature and corrosive nature of the electrolyte also makes them unsuitable for residential power generation. Their high e⁄ciency, however, makes them attractive for use in large-scale industrial processes and power generation applications. FuelCell Energy Inc (FCE) is the major developer of MCFCs, and has demonstrated a 2 MW plant in San Jose, California; it is now delivering commercial 250 kW plants in conjunction with its partner, MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH. MTU has developed an innovative concept where the fuel cell stack and the hot BOP subsystems are packaged within an internally insulated ‘Hot Module’. FCE is designing a power system in which the fuel cell waste heat is utilised to produce electricity in a bottoming gas turbine (non-combusting cycle). In addition, because of the ability to operate on a variety of hydrocarbon fuels, FCE is currently developing, in conjunction with the US Navy, an MCFC power plant to provide power to ships using diesel fuel. Following trials of a 1000 kW-class power plant at Chuba Electric Power’s Kawagoe Power Station, using technology from Ishikawajima-Heavy Industries and Hitachi, a 750 kW-class module is now under development. It is anticipated that the system will be expanded into a 7^8 MW-class demonstration plant by connecting eight modules in combination with a gas turbine. The highperformance module will be operated under pressure as high as 1.2 MPa to generate power of 750 kW (DC) but with a size comparable to that of the 250 kWclass module currently being used.

5.7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) The SOFC, which is a completely solid-state device, has been under development since the 1950s, when Westinghouse ¢rst became interested in the technology. The SOFC operates at even higher temperatures than MCFCs, typically 650^ 1000 C, to obtain the solid-phase conductivity of ions necessary to generate a high enough voltage. SOFCs use a solid ceramic electrolyte, such as zirconium oxide stabilised with yttrium oxide (yttria-stabilised zirconia,YSZ). The anode is a porous cermet (ceramic/metal complex), usually nickel oxide and zirconia, while the cathode is usually made from lanthanum manganite doped with strontium. A separate bipolar plate is needed, and is usually made from doped lanthanum chromite, but metallic plates have also been used. There is a growing amount of research into SOFC systems using ceria^gadolinia electrolytes, which operate at lower temperatures (500^600 C). In the SOFC, air (oxygen) is supplied to the cathode and oxygen ions are transported through the solid electrolyte to the anode, where they react with the fuel

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gas, which is typically a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, to generate electrons and also forming water and carbon dioxide. The electrons generated at the anode £ow via an external circuit back to the cathode, where they reduce the incoming oxygen, thereby completing the cycle. Like the MCFC, the high operating temperature means that the SOFC can internally reform hydrocarbons, such as natural gas and petroleum, to generate hydrogen within the fuel cell structure, without the use of any special reforming catalysts, although most SOFC developers do incorporate some method of promoting the reaction. There are several di¡erent cell geometries for SOFCs. The main variations are tubular, planar and monolithic designs, each involving di¡erent fabrication techniques, although the materials are generally the same. The most developed, the tubular design, was pioneered by the US Westinghouse Electric Corporation (now Siemens Westinghouse) in the late 1970s. The 1.5 m long cathode tube, which is closed at one end, has the electrolyte and anode successively deposited on its outside. Air is introduced into the cell tube via a concentric Al2O3 injection tube that delivers air to the closed end of the tube. Heat generated within the cell brings the air up to the operating temperature. The air then £ows back along the entire length of the tube from closed to open end. Fuel is fed to the external side of the cell tube at the closed end and £ows axially along the external surface towards the open end, where the unutilised fuel and air are instantly combusted. This combustion provides additional heat to preheat the air supply. The interface at the open end of the cell tube is a controlled leakage seal, allowing some recirculation of the anode product gas (steam and CO2), resulting in internal reforming of the fuel gas on the anode. At atmospheric pressure each individual cell tube, which has a diameter of 2.2 cm, can generate 210 W (DC) at 1000 C with 85% fuel utilisation and 25% air utilisation. However, if air at a pressure of several atmospheres is compressed into the tube, the power output increases to 280 W. Individual cells are arranged into an array, with nickel felt located between the tubes to provide electrical connection between them. A bundle of three cells in parallel and eight cells in series has proved to be the ideal size for the Siemens Westinghouse SOFC. The ¢rst 100 kW atmospheric pressure system, which began operation with EDB/Elsam at Westervoort in the Netherlands in 1997, contained 48 bundles. After its initial start-up at Westervoort, the system operated for 4035 hours before returning to Pittsburgh for modi¢cations. The rebuilt module was installed and started up in March 1999 and then worked for a further 12 577 hours before being shut down at the end of 2000, having achieved an electrical e⁄ciency of 46% at109 kW net AC power. Siemens Westinghouse delivered the world’s ¢rst SOFC/gas turbine ‘hybrid’ system to Southern California Edison for operation at the University of California, Irvine’s National Fuel Cell Research Center, in 2000. The hybrid 190 kW system includes a pressurised (3^4 atm) SOFC module integrated with a microturbine/ generator supplied by Ingersoll-Rand Energy Systems. The SOFC generator

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replaces the combustor of the gas turbine, with the SOFC exhaust directed into the turbine to produce even higher electrical e⁄ciencies. The system has demonstrated 53% electrical e⁄ciency. A larger,1 MW SOFC-GT hybrid is being developed for installation in 2003, when it is anticipated that 60% e⁄ciency can be achieved. Much of Siemens Westinghouse’s development e¡orts have been in cost reductions in manufacturing and improvements in cell design. To improve the power density, a £at tube high power density (HPD) cell has been designed, which features ribs built into the air electrode that act as bridges for the current and reduce the average current path length. This results in less cell resistance and thus higher DC output, with theoretically the new design producing up to 77% more power per unit of mass. The HPD-SOFC is also expected to provide up to 185% improvement in power per unit of volume over a cylindrical tube design, because of its compactness and high packing e⁄ciency. In order to capture the full potential of the HPD-SOFC concept, new materials that minimise polarisation terms between ¢lm layers are being developed that are capable of operation over wider temperature ranges. The planar SOFC con¢gurations more closely resemble the stacking arrangements of the PAFC, MCFC and PEMFC. The planar cell has a stack anode, electrolyte and cathode plates separated by interconnect or bipolar plates, which have machined channels through which air and fuel £ow in contact with the cathode and anode, respectively. This arrangement enables a simple series electrical connection between cells, rather than the long current path through the tubular cell, giving a better power density. A major disadvantage of the planar design is the need for gas-tight sealing around the edge of the cell components; in addition, the thermal stresses at the interfaces between di¡erent cell and stack materials, which develop at high temperatures, tend to cause mechanical degradation. Global Thermoelectric, which is developing SOFCs at the 2^10 kW scale, has developed a new compressive system to seal around the edges of cell membranes to isolate the hydrogen and oxygen £ow channels from one another. To reduce costs, the company has also developed an advanced membrane production process, which involves the simultaneous co-¢ring of all three layers of the cell membrane, which reduces production time by over 50% and overall labour and material costs by 30%. Sulzer Hexis in Switzerland has developed a unique circular SOFC stack, in which the metallic interconnects act simultaneously as a guide for fuel and air, as current collectors, as temperature equalisers and as an e⁄cient heat exchange for the in-£owing gases (HEXIS = Heat EXchanger Integrated Stack). At the outer rim of the cell, the unreacted fuel is burnt o¡. The cell units have a typical diameter of 120 mm and an active area of 100 cm2. Due to the open geometry, pressure di¡erences are small and therefore sealing problems are minimised. A 1 kW stack comprises up to 50 cells. The fuel cell system has an electrical e⁄ciency of between 25% and 30% (AC, net). The stack is built into a thermally insulated enclosure along with additional air pre-heaters (heat exchange from exhaust gas), and an auxiliary heater for start-up.

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The pre-heated air then £ows through the current collector/heat exchanger before entering the cathode, while the fuel £ows through the cells on the anode side from the inner channel to the outside of the stack. The hot exhaust gas is used to heat the stack (with internal steam reforming) and some of the remaining heat is recovered to produce hot water for residential use. The metallic interconnects are used in combination with a protective coating, made by a speci¢c thermal spray process developed in collaboration with Sulzer Innotec, to reduce the risk of CrVI propagation. Sulzer Hexis is now producing pre-series models, which generate 1 kW of electricity and 2.5 kWof thermal energy using an input of natural gas. Rolls Royce plc, which has been developing SOFCs since 1992, has a unique design, which it describes as an Integrated Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IPSOFC), which combines the low-cost manufacturability of planar SOFCs with the good performance and power density of tubular SOFCs. The IP-SOFC consists of an assembly of small planar SOFCs fabricated on a ceramic housing. The housing serves as a manifold for the fuel gas, with a novel sealing arrangement. The cells are connected by an interconnect fabricated onto the cell housing, rather than using a bipolar plate. The monolithic design, pioneered by AlliedSignal (later acquired by Honeywell, which in December 2001 sold its fuel cell operations to GE Power Systems), consists of thin cell components formed into a corrugated structure of either gas co£ow or cross£ow con¢gurations. The fuel cell design uses two types of multilayer ceramics: anode/electrolyte/cathode and anode/interconnect/cathode. In the co£ow version, the fuel cell consists of alternate layers of corrugated anode/ electrolyte/cathode laminate and £at anode/interconnect/cathode laminate, with the fuel and oxidant £ow parallel in adjacent channels formed by the laminated layers. In the cross£ow version, the fuel cell consists of alternating £at layers of anode/electrolyte/cathode and anode/interconnect/cathode laminate, separated by corrugated anode and cathode layers. The anode and cathode layers are oriented perpendicular to each other. Although the cross£ow version has a smaller power density than the co£ow design, it o¡ers a simpler means of ducting gases into and out of the fuel cell structure. AlliedSignal developed a simple and cost-e¡ective process based on tape calendering for fabricating the thin (1^10 mm) electrolyte cells. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, working with Chuba Electric Power, has been developing MOLB (mono block layer built) SOFCs since 1990, and after developing a 5.1 kWstack in1996, has since been developing a 25 kW module. Altair Nanotechnologies Inc, a provider of nanomaterials technology and a manufacturer of inorganic ceramic materials, has recently produced a monolithic SOFC made of nanomaterial precursors that are produced with low-cost commodity feedstocks. Altair has manufactured each component of the SOFC including cathode, anode, electrolyte and interconnects through small-scale tape casting and sintering techniques. A 20 mm thick gas-impermeable membrane has been produced sandwiched between a porous cathode and anode. Structures have been successfully assembled, then leak- and currenttested. Thermal cycle tests have also been performed, indicating no signi¢cant

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deterioration over multiple cycles. Altair is also collaborating with MIT on the development of a novel catalyst design.

5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cells A regenerative fuel cell stack is capable of operation as both fuel cell and electrolyser. In the fuel cell mode, the stack produces electrical power, and in the electrolyser mode, the stack produces hydrogen and oxygen gases for storage. In the electrolyser mode, power can be supplied by solar- or wind-powered sources, if in a remote location, or by the grid, when the fuel cell is being used as a load leveller/peak shaving device or if, for example, the fuel cell is being ‘recharged’ overnight. Proton Energy Systems Inc has developed the UNIGENTM regenerative fuel cell, which uses the same PEM fuel cell stack to function as both a fuel cell and an electrolyser. In the power generation (‘discharge’) mode, hydrogen and oxygen react to release electrical energy and form water as a by-product. This water is retained in the system and is electrolysed during the ‘charge’ mode to generate hydrogen, which is then stored at pressures up to 2000 psi, and oxygen. Oxygen can be either stored as pressurised gas or supplied from the ambient air. Giner Electrochemical Systems has also developed a regenerative PEM fuel cell system similar to that of Proton Energy Systems. A system developed in the UK by Innogy plc, the RegenesysTM regenerative fuel cell, is not strictly speaking a fuel cell, but a sort of hybrid between a fuel cell and a secondary battery, sometimes referred to as a £ow battery. The system has two separate electrolyte circulation loops, one for the cathode and one for the anode. The cell has two compartments, one for each electrolyte, physically separated by an ion-exchange membrane. The electrolytes £ow into and out of the cell through separate manifolds and are transformed electrochemically inside the cell. Electrical energy is converted into chemical potential energy by ‘charging’ the liquid electrolyte solutions and subsequently releasing the stored energy on discharge. The Regenesys system uses a number of the cells linked electrically in series, similar to the assembly of a fuel cell stack, to provide the required DC bus voltage. The ¢rst ‘Electricity Warehouse’ plant is now under construction at Innogy’s combined cycle gas turbine power station at Little Barford in the UK, and is due to commence operation by the end of 2002. The system is designed to work in the range 5^500 MW or more and for discharge periods from a few seconds to 12 hours or more. TheTennessee ValleyAuthority in the USA has also agreed to install a 120 MWh plant in the state of Mississippi to reinforce the power system in an area of weak distribution.

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5.9 Carbon Nanotube Fuel Cells In August 2001 NEC Corporation and the Japan Science and Technology Corporation announced that they had developed a tiny fuel cell for mobile terminals using the minute and unique structure of the ‘carbon nanohorn’, a type of carbon nanotube. The fuel cell is claimed to o¡er about 10 times the energy capacity compared with a lithium battery. Carbon nanotubes were ¢rst discovered at NEC in 1991, and nanohorns were discovered in 1998. The main characteristic of the carbon nanohorns is that when they group together, an aggregate (a secondary particle) of about 100 nm is created. This creates an electrode with a very large surface area, where it is also easy for the gas and liquid to permeate to the inside. In addition, compared with normal nanotubes, because the nanohorns are easily prepared with high purity, it is expected to become a low-cost raw material. The PEM fuel cell utilises the carbon nanohorns as electrodes for catalyst support, and the structure of the nanohorn means that smaller particles of platinum can be used as a catalyst, giving greater e⁄ciency. In addition, because a carbon nanohorn is produced by the laser ablation method, if the platinum catalyst is also simultaneously evaporated onto the surface of a carbon nanohorn, the complicated catalyst supporting process through the conventional wet process can be omitted, resulting in a large cost reduction. NEC plans to start mass-producing fuel cells using carbon nanohorns within three years.

5.10 Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells Protonetics International Inc of Golden, Colorado, is developing a new type of fuel cell based on a recently discovered proton-conducting ceramic electrolyte, operating at 750 C. Protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) are claimed to combine the advantages of the high-temperature operation of MCFCs and SOFCs, which achieves high electrical fuel e⁄ciency with hydrocarbon fuels, with the intrinsic bene¢ts of proton conduction in PEMFCs and PAFCs. Unlike the low-temperature PEMFCs and PAFCs, which need to be fed with hydrogen, PCFCs operate at temperatures where hydrocarbon fuel can be electrochemically oxidised directly at the anode. Gaseous molecules of the hydrocarbon fuel are absorbed onto the surface of the anode in the presence of water vapour, and hydrogen atoms are e⁄ciently stripped o¡ to migrate through the solid electrolyte to the cathode, with carbon dioxide as the primary reaction product. This di¡ers from the SOFC, where oxygen travels from the air at the cathode to the fuel at the anode. As a result, the hydrogen oxidation reaction that produces the electrical energy occurs at the cathode (air side) in a PCFC, compared with at the anode (fuel side) in a SOFC. The result of these reactions is

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that PCFCs do not su¡er the fuel dilution from water vapour problems that occur in SOFCs. Protonetics is targeting 60% fuel e⁄ciency with pipeline natural gas through direct electrochemical oxidation of the fuel at the anode.

5.11 Fuel Processing Systems A fuel processing system converts hydrocarbon or other organic fuel to hydrogen at a temperature, humidity and purity level determined by the type of fuel cell. Prior to the main conversion process, the fuel sulphur content has to be reduced to ensure a level acceptable for the type of fuel cell and to make subsequent processing steps easier. In the main conversion process, the fuel is broken down into mainly hydrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, the mix of which depends on the primary process that is used. There are three main fuel processing technologies: catalytic steam reforming, autothermal reforming and partial oxidation reforming. Catalytic steam reforming (CSR) is a mature technology and is widely used for hydrogen production. A CSR brings together hydrocarbon fuel, catalyst and steam and then applies additional heat from an external source to generate the chemical reaction. One advantage of this system is high e⁄ciency. In the autothermal reforming (ATR) process, both steam and water are fed with the hydrocarbon fuel to a catalytic reactor. The advantages of the process are that less steam is needed and that all of the heat for the reforming reaction is provided by partial combustion of the fuel, so that no complex heat management system is required, resulting in a simpler design. Another feature of the system is its ability to reform many di¡erent types of fuels. Partial oxidation (POX) is carried out at high temperatures (typically 1200^ 1500 C) without a catalyst. The high-temperature process allows much heavier fractions to be used than catalytic processes, and is therefore suitable for processing diesels, logistic fuels and residual fractions. If a catalyst is employed, the resulting catalytic partial oxidation operates at a lower temperature and allows a simpler and smaller operating system. Subsequent steps in the fuel processing system include a gas clean-up step to reduce the CO level and ¢nal puri¢cation and conditioning steps to remove other impurities, such as ammonia, and to adjust stream temperature and humidity to the fuel cell inlet conditions. Several internal reforming methods have been developed which allow hydrocarbon fuels to be converted into hydrogen using the heat generated by the electrochemical reaction in molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells. Energy Research Corporation (now FuelCell Energy) pioneered an internally reforming MCFC system, termed the Direct FuelCellTM (DFC).

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Table 5.2 Advantages/Disadvantages of Fuel Cell Types PEM

Direct methanol

Phosphoric acid

Molten carbonate

Solid oxide

Advantages Developed technology for space applications. Low temperature ^ rapid start-up time. Works with non-noble catalysts. Suitable for transport applications.

Solid electrolyte. High power density. Compact design. Low temperature ^ rapid start-up time. No corrosion problems. Suitable for transport applications.

Internal reforming. Low temperature ^ rapid start-up time. Can use liquid fuel. Suitable for portable applications.

Most developed technology with large numbers in use. Slightly higher tolerance to impurities than PEMFC. Simple construction. Stability. Low electrolyte volatility. No membrane.

Internal reforming. No problem with CO. Cheaper catalysts. High efficiency. Suitable for cogeneration.

Internal reforming. No problem with CO. Highest tolerance to sulphur. More stable than MCFC. Solid electrolyte provides relatively simple design. Suitable for cogeneration. Precious metals not obligatory.

Expensive materials and catalysts. Susceptible to CO poisoning. Need for thermal and water management. Not as suitable for cogeneration as MCFC and SOFC.

Needs more Pt than PEMFC. Early stage of development. Methanol crossover problems.

Lower efficiency than other fuel cells. Longer warm-up time than PEMFC. Precious metals needed for catalysts.

Slow start-up time and response to changes in demand. Highly corrosive. Unsuitable for transport applications. Unsafe for home power generation. CO2 recirculation needed. Low sulphur tolerance. Mechanical stability.

Slow start-up time and response to changes in demand. Material (sealing) problems.

Disadvantages Lower power density than PEMFC. Need for pure H2 and O2. Complex management for recirculating electrolytes.

5 Fuel Cell Technology Review

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Alkaline

5 Fuel Cell Technology Review

A hydrocarbon fuel, such as methane, is introduced along with steam directly into the anode compartments, where hydrogen is produced using fuel cell waste heat in a steam reforming reaction. Hydrogen then passes to a porous nickel anode and reacts to produce steam and carbon dioxide. The steam is reused in the reforming reaction. In a further variation, the hydrocarbon fuel is ¢rst introduced in a £at reformer plate placed between every 10 cells. A partially reformed fuel is then distributed to individual cells.

5.12 Hydrogen Storage The principal methods of storing hydrogen are: * * *

compression in gas cylinders; storage as a cryogenic liquid; and storage in metal and chemical hydrides.

The compression of hydrogen in gaseous form at very high pressure is the most commonly used storage method. There is currently much development targeted at the requirements for mobile and small-scale applications. New materials and con¢gurations have been developed to produce lightweight high-pressure containers that have improved the hydrogen content (per cent by weight, wt%) by 4^5 times compared to conventional tanks. Using a non-permeable aluminium liner wrapped with high-strength carbon ¢bre, Dynetek has developed a 12 500 psi storage cylinder. Hydrogen can be stored in cryogenic liquid form for both stationary and onboard vehicle applications. However, the amount of energy required in the liquefaction process and the complexity of the distribution and fuelling infrastructure militates against its widespread use. Hydrogen can be chemically bonded to metals or alloys to form metal hydrides. The adsorption can be achieved at or below atmospheric pressure, and the hydrogen is released at signi¢cantly higher pressure when heated. There is a wide operating range of temperatures and pressures for hydrides depending on the alloys. A more recent development is Millennium Cell’s Hydrogen on DemandTM storage system, which uses sodium borohydride, a salt dissolved in water where it stays until gaseous hydrogen is needed. The hydrogen is released when the solution is pumped over a catalyst. The system has the advantages that the borohydride solution is non-£ammable and can be stored in a plastic tank, with storage densities higher than metal hydrides. The storage of hydrogen in carbon nano¢bres is currently the focus of much research, with indications that very high volumetric and gravimetric energy density seems to be possible, equivalent to the values achievable from gasoline tanks.

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Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers

6.1 3M 3M Center, St Paul, MN 55144-1000, USA Tel: +16517331110 Web: www.3m.com/fuelcells 3M is a worldwide employer of over 71 000 people, manufacturing over 50 000 innovative products ranging from Post-It1 notes to pharmaceuticals. 3M, which had sales in 2001 of US$16.1 billion, operates more than 40 business units, organized into six markets: Transportation, Graphics and Safety; Health Care; Industrial; Consumer and O⁄ce; Electro and Communications; and Speciality Material. A new business unit has been established as part of a corporate initiative to exploit the growing fuel cell market. 3M has had a programme since 1995 working on materials for PEMFC stacks, with R&D facilities at St Paul, Minnesota, and at Sumitomo/3M in Tokyo, Japan. Rather than o¡er separate subcomponents, 3M is only o¡ering membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). Hand-built MEAs were launched in 2001 and in the ¢rst quarter 2002 a fully automated production facility in Wisconsin commenced operations. The company is currently o¡ering a ¢ve-layer MEA, which comprises a proton exchange membrane, an anode and cathode electrode and a di¡user/current collector (gas di¡usion layer) on either side. A seven-layer product is also available incorporating an elastomeric gasket edge seal system on each side of the outer frame. 3M’s MEAs can be customised based on a customer’s operating conditions, performance speci¢cations and footprint requirements. 3M has recently announced a strategic supply agreement with Avista Labs for the supply of MEAs through to 30 June 2004.

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3M reports that it has a variety of e¡orts looking at the next generation MEAs, including high temperature and MEAs for DMFCs.

6.2 Ansaldo Fuel Cells SpA Corso Perrone 25,16161 Genoa, Italy Tel: +39 010 6558427 Fax: +39 010 6558104 Web: www.ansaldofuelcells.com Ansaldo Fuel Cells SpA (AFCo) was formed in December 2001 to continue the fuel cell development work of Ansaldo Ricerche, a Finmeccanica company. This work has focused on the development of molten carbonate fuel cell power plants, and AFCo is working towards the commercialisation of a ‘Series 500’ unit, designed as a market entry model with power up to 500 kW. The Series 500 unit is designed for both direct use and as a building block for bigger units, up to 20 MW. AFCo now has orders for six demonstration units, the ¢rst of which is expected to be delivered in the ¢rst quarter of 2003. These units will test the operation of the units from a variety of fuels including natural gas, land¢ll gas, coal gas, biomass gas, pure hydrogen, and a military marine application with the Italian and Turkish navies will operate a unit from high-sulphur content NATO diesel fuel. A 100 kW proof-of-concept MCFC plant has been built and was successfully demonstrated at an ENEL site near Milan during 1998^1999. AFCo is planning to build two ‘Series 100’ demonstration units, with the ¢rst one expected to be delivered in the ¢rst quarter of 2003. The company operates a porous component production facility, in partnership with FN, an Enea subsidiary, in the Piedmont region, about 80 km from Genoa, with a ¢nal assembly plant in Genoa. A new factory is being built, which will increase capacity to 3 MW by the end of 2002 with plans to further increase capacity to15 MW by the end of 2004. AFCo is also the exclusive agent for UTC Fuel Cells for Italy, France and Spain, and non-exclusive for the rest of Europe, for the PC25C phosphoric acid fuel cell plants. To date the company has installed one PC25C at the National Science Museum in Milan.

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6.3 Apollo Energy Systems Inc 4747 N Ocean Drive, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33308, USA Tel: +19547837050 Fax: +1954785 0656 Web: www.electricauto.com The company has its origins in Electric Fuel Propulsion Corporation (EFP) which was founded in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1966. During that year, the MARS 1 electric car, using a tri-polar lead^cobalt battery developed by the founder of ERP, was tested. Subsequently EFP built over 100 electric vehicles using lead^cobalt batteries. In 1969 EFP developed and tested a fuel cell for electric propulsion of vehicles, but because of its high cost, the development was ‘mothballed’. In 1997 the company, which had become the Electric Auto Corporation, engaged the Technical University of Graz, Austria, to further develop its fuel cell under the direction of Dr Karl Kordesch, who had begun developing alkaline fuel cells in the 1960s, when he worked as a scientist for Union Carbide in Ohio. This new development resulted in an improved Alkaline Fuel Cell, which extracts oxygen from the air (instead of using oxygen from a tank), and which is now subject to 80 patents. In 2001 Electric Auto Corporation changed its name to Apollo Energy Systems Inc, with two operating divisions: *

*

Electric Propulsion Division, providing Apollo propulsion systems for electric vehicles of all types; and Apollo Power Division, providing Apollo power plant systems for stationary applications such as residential, commercial and industrial establishments.

Apollo’s energy systems consist of a special combination of an ApolloTM Fuel Cell and a lead^cobalt battery together with other miscellaneous items, depending on the application, including solar cells, DC to AC inverters, electric motors, motor controllers and microprocessors. The Electric Propulsion Division is initially planning to install Apollo Propulsion System in Silver Volt Sport Utility vehicles on platforms supplied by a major auto maker. In February 2002 Apollo announced that it had received an order, valued at US$223 million, from Hydrolec Inc of Jacksonville, Florida. The order calls for shipment of 2000 Apollo power plants per month to Hydrolec, starting in 2002. Each power plant consists of a 10 kW Apollo alkaline fuel cell, a 12 kWh lead^ cobalt battery, a DC to AC inverter and other hardware which will be used as back-up power for hydraulic and electric elevator systems in the USA and 44 foreign countries. The company has also received an order from Voltage Vehicles in California, which plans to rent NEVs, with an Apollo propulsion system ^ 40 kW fuel cell and a 30 kWH battery.

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In June 2002 Apollo announced that it was acquiring the alkaline fuel cell production plant opened in Cologne, Germany, in March 2001 by Zetek Power plc, which went into receivership at the end of 2001. The new production plant is being incorporated as EAOL GmbH and will start shipments in December 2002 to Hydrolec and other US customers ^ the company claims now to have US$320 million in supply agreements (including the Hydrolec order). The new production plant will also house a mass production development laboratory, to be called the Dr Karl Kordesch Development Laboratory. Apollo has a sales representative with o⁄ces in Greece, who will market the Apollo power plants to small hotels, guest houses and private homes in the large number of Greek islands, which either do not have electricity, or which have limited supplies of electricity at high cost. The company is dealing with a quasi-governmental agency in the Philippines, which has a goal of providing on-site power, with Apollo Power Plants, to the islands of that nation. Apollo also reports that it is in discussions with other potential customers in Malta,Turkey, Russia, Singapore,Thailand and Brazil. Apollo has agreed to supply its Apollo Power Plants and Electric Propulsion Systems to NASA for the Mars Research Stations and Mars Manned Rovers, with the ¢rst prototypes of equipment and vehicles being tested in the USA and Canada. The company has developed a method of delivering hydrogen to the alkaline fuel cell from a low-temperature cracker using ammonia, water and a blend of other inexpensive mass-produced chemicals. The company is also working on a direct alkaline^methanol fuel cell, with circulating electrolyte, in which a mixture of methanol and potassium hydroxide is injected directly into the fuel cell without a cracker or reformer.

6.4 Astris Energi Inc 2175^6 Dunwin Drive, Mississauga, ON L5L 1X2, Canada Tel: +1905608 2000 Fax: +19056088222 Web: www.astrisfuelcell.com Astris Energi Inc, based in Mississauga, Ontario, was formed in 1983 and is now a public company with about 70% of its shares listed on the OTC Bulletin Board Service. Astris, which has focused on the development of low-power alkaline fuel cells (under 10 kW), has received ¢nancial support for fuel cell development projects from industrial and governmental institutions, and forged alliances with numerous academic institutions, including the Chemical Engineering Department at the University of Toronto, the Electrochemical Science and Technology Centre at University of Ottawa, the Universite¤ du Quebec, the Ecole Polytechnique, the Royal Military College and the University of Graz, Austria. The company’s facilities at Mississauga houses management, administration and marketing activities, as well as assembly and test of fuel cell systems.

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However, much of the company’s development and manufacturing activities takes place at the facilities of Astris sro, the company’s a⁄liate in Benesov, Czech Republic. Astris has recently announced that its Czech subsidiary has been awarded a Kc5 million (US$130 000) grant from the government of the Czech Republic to fund a cooperative e¡ort, launched in November 2001, between Astris and the Academy of Science in the Czech Republic to enhance the advantages of alkaline fuel cell technology. Astris has engineered, produced and ¢eld tested a variety of AFCs: laboratory units for research, a 1 kW portable unit for remote applications, a 2 kW power source for golf carts and similar small vehicles and a 4 kW system that can provide electricity, heat and hot water for individual homes, recreational vehicles, boats and small businesses. Following the successful demonstration of a golf cart ¢tted with a fully integrated AFC system in 2001, Astris signed a letter of intent with ACE Golf Cars Inc to form a joint venture to combine the technology and production capabilities of Astris with the marketing experience of ACE to pursue both the golf car and Neighbourhood Electric Vehicle (NEV) markets both in the USA and abroad. In September 2001 Astris announced the appointment of IMI Inc as the company’s consultants and authorised representatives for business development in India, South and South-east Asia and the Far East. Astris plans to launch in the spring of 2003 the POWERSTACKTM MC 250 system, which will be based on the company’s current LABCELLTM monopolar product line which Astris has been using for several years in its demonstration fuel cell systems. The MC 250 system will be available in stacks rated up to 2.5 kW each. The company is also developing an advanced POWERSTACKTM BC500, which will be more than twice as powerful as the MC 250. The company is currently building a pilot production plant with a capacity of 224 MW, using semi-automatic machinery.

6.5 Avista Labs 15913 East Euclid, Spokane,WA 99216, USA Tel: +15092286500 Fax: +15092286510 Web: www.avistalabs.com Avista Labs is a wholly owned subsidiary of Avista Corporation, an energy company involved in the production, transmission and distribution of electricity and natural gas and other energy related businesses, with revenues in 2001 of US$6.0 billion. Avista Labs, based in Spokane, Washington, has developed a unique patented modular PEM fuel cell, which allows the fuel cell cartridge to be easily removed

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and replaced without interrupting power (Modular CartridgeTechnologyTM). In 2001 Avista Labs launched a commercial 3 kW hydrogen-only PEM fuel cell ^ the SR-72 PEM generator ^ and the ¢rst of its ‘Independence’ range ^ the Independence 1000TM 1 kW PEM fuel cell. By the end of 2001 the company had installed 76 fuel cell units, including pre-commercial models, in 21 locations in North and South America. In April 2002 a SR-72 PEM fuel cell was installed at the Washington Air National Guard facility at Geiger Field in Spokane, under the DOD Fuel Cell Demonstration Program, which is managed by the US Army Corps of Engineers. In 2002 Avista Labs launched the Independence 100TM, a 100 W portable fuel cell with a 12 Voutput for remote signalling, signs and monitoring devices and the Independence 500TM, a 500 W fuel cell system speci¢cally designed for battery charging applications. In October 2002 the Independence 500TM received CSA International certi¢cation.

Alliances/Agreements Key alliances in bringing Avista Labs’ product to market include a joint marketing agreement with Black & Veatch, a leading engineering, procurement and construction company, and an agreement with Logan Industries Inc, which has been assembling Avista Labs’ fuel cell units for ¢eld testing and sales since early 1999. In June 2001 Avista Labs entered into an agreement with Maxwell Technologies to provide PowerCache ultra-capacitors to optimise performance and reduce the cost of its modular fuel cell systems and components. Avista Labs and Maxwell Technologies entered a multi-year agreement and are exploring areas of mutual interest for a broader strategic relationship. In April 2002 Avista Labs announced an agreement with Aperion Energy Systems to jointly develop and market small-scale back-up power solutions to the telecommunications and utility industries, using Avista Labs’ modular cartridge technology. Under the agreement, Aperion will initially purchase and integrate 30 of the Independence 100TM 1 kW PEM fuel cell systems into backup power systems in 2002. In June 2002 a distribution agreement with Automated Railroad Maintenance Systems Inc (ARMS) was announced, under which ARMS will distribute through its selling agency,Transportation Product Sales Company, Avista Labs’ Independence fuel cell product line to the railroad industry for back-up and remote power applications. Joint marketing e¡orts will be aimed at customers from all classes of railroads and transits in North America as well as selected OEMs and contractors also serving this market. In September 2002 the company announced a strategic supply agreement with 3M for the supply of MEAs until June 2004. In October 2002 Avista Labs announced a non-exclusive agreement with SGS Future srl for the distribution of fuel cells in Italy. SGS has committed to purchase 13 1 kW Independence 100 fuel cell systems in 2002 and will purchase 200 kWof Independence products of various sizes in 2003.

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In August 2002 Avista Labs announced that it was reducing its workforce by about 25% to 45 employees and was narrowing its focus from a broader R&D programme to put its resources behind producing and selling its existing, aircooled fuel cell products. The company also reported that it was in discussions with potential strategic partners, which would accelerate their progress.

H2fuel LLC In January 2001 Avista Labs formed a new company, H2fuel LLC, based in Mt Prospect, Illinois, to develop and commercialise technology for manufacturing hydrogen for fuel cells and other hydrogen applications. Avista Labs owns a 70% interest in H2fuel, with United Fuels Technologies LLC owning the remaining 30%. Avista Labs has transferred its ongoing fuel processor development work to H2fuel. H2fuel, which has two patent applications pending directed to the use of certain catalysts for auto thermal reforming, is funding research at the University of Kentucky to study new methods for removing pure hydrogen from readily available fuels. Researchers are focusing on developing membranes that can e⁄ciently and selectively remove carbon oxides from gas mixtures. The H2fuel research at the university is being supplemented by a parallel e¡ort funded by the US Department of Energy. In October 2002 H2fuel announced that it had operated a hydrogen generator, operating from natural gas, for more than1500 hours. During 2001 Avista Labs introduced a hydrogen sensor product, HySense 1100TM, for fuel cell developers and other hydrogen users, which has received Underwriters Laboratories Inc (UL) recognition. Avista Labs Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December (US$ thousand) Revenues Operating loss Net loss

2001

2000

1999

664 (14 774) (8636)

761 (11 942) (8010)

748 (3924) (2561)

6.6 Ballard Power Systems Inc 9000 Glenlyon Parkway, Burnaby, BC V5J 5J9, Canada Tel: +1604 454 0900 Fax: +1604 412 4700 Web: www.ballard.com The company was originally founded in 1979 under the name of Ballard Research Inc to conduct R&D on high-energy lithium batteries. The company began development work on PEM fuel cells in the mid-1980s, and in 1989 Ballard Power Systems Inc was formed by the amalgamation of a group of a⁄liated companies. With headquarters in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, Ballard Power Systems has established itself as the world leader in the PEM fuel cell

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industry, with revenues in 2001 of US$60.7 million, of which US$32.1 million were product revenues, but with a net loss of US$96.1 million. Revenues for the ¢rst nine months of 2002 were US$61.6 million, including US$36.7 million of product revenues, with a net loss of US$112.4 million. Ballard’s shares are currently listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and on the NASDAQ National Market System.

Strategic Relationships In establishing itself as the market leader, Ballard has formed strategic alliances with industry leaders in the transportation and stationary power generation market. In the transportation market, Ballard’s ¢rst major collaboration was a fouryear agreement, signed in March 1993, with Daimler-Benz AG, who in 1998 merged with Chrysler to form DaimlerChrysler. In 1997 Ballard and DaimlerBenz combined their vehicular PEM fuel cell and fuel cell system businesses to form dbb fuel cell engines GmbH, with DaimlerChrysler taking an equity interest in Ballard Power Systems Inc. In 1998 the Ballard/DaimlerChrysler alliance was expanded to include Ford Motor Company, becoming the‘Vehicular Alliance’. Under this new alliance, dbb fuel cell engines GmbH became Xcellsis GmbH, a German company owned 51.5% by DaimlerChrysler, 26.72% by Ballard and 21.78% by Ford, to develop and commercialise PEM fuel cell engines for cars, buses and trucks. Ecostar Electric Drive System LLC was formed as a US company owned 62.12% by Ford, 20.94% by Ballard and 16.94% by DaimlerChrysler, to develop and commercialise electric drives and power electronics. In November 2001 the alliance was streamlined to allow for faster decision making and achieving faster product development cycles. Under the new alliance agreement, Ballard has acquired 100% of Ecostar (now renamed Ballard Power Systems Corporation) and 50.1% of Xcellsis (now renamed Ballard Power Systems AG), with the rights to acquire DaimlerChrysler’s 49.9% in Ballard Power Systems AG, on or before 15 November 2004. In exchange, DaimlerChrysler and Ford now own18.3% and 21.1%, respectively, of Ballard Power System Inc’s shareholding. In the stationary power generation market, through Ballard Generation Systems Inc (BGS), a strategic alliance (the ‘Stationary Power Alliance’) was formed in 1996 with GPU Inc, a New Jersey-based utility company, which has recently completed a merger with the Ohio-based utility company FirstEnergy and expanded in 1998 to include Alstom France SA and Ebara Corporation (Japan). Again, Ballard is taking steps to streamline its Stationary Power Alliance and to date has acquired Ebara’s 10.6% stake in BGS and is awaiting regulatory approval to acquire FirstEnergy’s 13.3% stake in BGS. The company is currently in discussions with Alstom to acquire its18.4% interest in BGS. Ballard’s relationship with Ebara continues through the jointly owned company Ebara Ballard Corporation (51% owned by Ebara and 49% owned by BGS),

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which has exclusive rights to manufacture and distribute Ballard’s stationary products in Japan. Similarly BGS still holds a 49% interest in Alstom Ballard GmbH, with Alstom holding the remaining 51%, which has the exclusive rights to manufacture and distribute Ballard’s stationary products in Europe. In May 2001 Ballard acquired the carbon products division of Textron Systems of Wilmington, Massachusetts, which has been renamed Ballard Material Products Inc. Following this acquisition and the restructuring of the Vehicular and Stationary Power Alliances, Ballard has reorganised its business into four divisions to complement its core fuel cell competencies: *

*

*

*

Transportation Division, which includes Ballard Power Systems AG, develops, manufactures and markets fuel cell components and complete fuel cell engines for the transportation market. Power Generation Division, which includes Ballard Generation Systems Inc, develops, manufactures and markets fuel cell power generation equipment for markets ranging from portable 1 kW power products up to large (250 kW) stationary power generators. Electric Drives and Power Conversion Division, which includes Ballard Power Systems Corporation, develops, manufactures and markets electric drives for both fuel cell and battery-powered electric vehicles and power electronics for combustion engine generators, microturbines and other distributed generation products. Material Products Division (Ballard Material Products Inc), which manufactures and markets carbon ¢bre products to automotive manufacturers for automotive transmissions and gas di¡usion layers for use in PEM fuel cells.

Facilities *

*

*

*

*

Ballard’s initial 110 000 sq ft fuel cell manufacturing facility in Burnaby, British Columbia, Plant 1, was completed in October 1999 and commissioned in December 2000. The plant will meet Ballard’s initial commercial needs through 2004. Ballard’s Power Generation Division, which develops fuel cell stationary and portable power products, is also headquartered in Plant1. Adjacent to Plant 1 is Ballard’s corporate headquarters, PEM fuel cell development and laboratory-scale manufacturing facility, occupying 117 000 sq ft. Ballard’s Transportation Division is headquartered at Ballard Power Systems AG at Kirchheim/Teck-Nabern, near Stuttgart in Germany. The 117 000 sq ft facility is used for PEM fuel cell engine and fuel processing development, assembly and testing for PEM fuel cell stack development. The heavy-duty engine development activity (for buses, etc.) is conducted at a separate facility in Burnaby, British Columbia. Ballard’s Electric Drives and Power Conversion Division has two facilities in Dearborn, Michigan, which are used for the development, assembly and testing of electric drives and power electronics. Ballard’s Material Products Division has a 137 000 sq ft facility in Lowell, Massachusetts, near to Boston.

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Development Agreements Ballard has entered into a number of development agreements with other companies to further advance their product development e¡orts. Major fuel cell agreements have been: *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

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In July 2001 Ballard, Shell Hydrogen, the BOC Group, BASF Venture Capital GmbH and Westcoast Energy (now DutieEnergy), formed Chrysalix Energy Limited Partnership to promote and fund (with venture capital) early stage companies with high growth potential in fuel cells and related systems, hydrogen infrastructure, maintenance and support services. Joint development and supply agreement with Graftech Inc, a wholly owned subsidiary of UCAR International Inc for the development of graphite materials and components for use in fuel cells, including £ow ¢eld plates. A long-term supply agreement with Johnson Matthey plc for catalysts and joint development of improved catalysts for enhanced activity and durability. Exclusive agreement with MicroCoating Technologies Inc of Atlanta, Georgia, to evaluate and develop its proprietary combustion chemical vapour deposition process for use in the manufacture of MEAs. Joint development agreement with Millennium Cell Inc to further develop Millennium Cell’s proprietary hydrogen generation system for use with Ballard’s portable power products. BGS, Ebara and Ebara Ballard have entered into a collaboration agreement with Osaka Gas for the development of a natural gas fuel processor for a 1 kW natural gas cogeneration stationary generator for residential use in Japan. The relationship was extended in July 2002 to a two-year agreement to develop a 1 kW cogeneration stationary PEM fuel cell system, comprised of a Ballard fuel cell and an Ebara Ballard system using Osaka Gas’ fuel processing technology, for the Japanese residential market. Ballard Generation Systems and Ebara Ballard have also signed a licence agreement to use Osaka Gas’ fuel processing technology worldwide for PEM fuel cell systems up to10 kW. BGS and Ebara Ballard are also working with Tokyo Gas to develop a natural gas fuel processor for a residential 1 kW cogeneration stationary generator for use in Japan. In May 2002 Ballard Power Systems and the Precision Machinery Group of Ebara Corporation and Ebara Research Co Ltd entered into an exclusive agreement to develop pilot-scale manufacturing processes and equipment for Ballard’s BAM1 Grafted Proton Exchange Membrane. This agreement combines Ebara’s core processing and manufacturing capabilities with Ballard’s expertise in membrane development. Joint development agreement with QuestAir Technologies Inc to develop and commercialise QuestAir’s hydrogen puri¢cation and oxygen enrichment technology for use with Ballard fuel cells. Exclusive agreement with Victrex plc (UK) to develop and manufacture ionomers for use in Ballard’s proton exchange membranes.

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers

Transportation Products By the end of April 2002, a total of 25 passenger cars powered by Ballard fuel cells had been demonstrated by its alliance partners and other customers since the introduction of the ¢rst Ballard fuel cell-powered car (the Necar 1) by Daimler-Benz in 1994. To date, Ballard has supplied fuel cells to DaimlerChrysler, Ford, Daewoo, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, Mazda, Nissan, Volkswagen and Volvo to power prototype vehicles or for testing and evaluation. Ballard introduced its ¢rst commercial product for the automotive market ^ the Mark 700 series ^ in 1995. The third-generation Mark 900 series of fuel cells, introduced to the market in January 2000, is used in the current versions of automobile engines: two light-duty 75 kW fuel cell engines, one fuelled by hydrogen and the other by methanol. The Mark 900 series technology has been demonstrated in the DaimlerChrysler Necar 5, Ford’s Focus FCV, Honda’s FCX-V4 and Nissan’s Xterra FCV. In October 2001 Ballard introduced its fourth-generation automotive PEM fuel cell, the Mark 902 series, which is built on the architecture of the Mark 900 series, but with higher power density, giving 85 kW of rated power in long-term operation with only 76 litres in volume. The Mark 902 platform also allows con¢gurations for stationary power generation use, and is scaleable from 10 kW to 300 kW. In March 2001 Ballard announced a US$2.2 million order from Nissan for Mark 900 series fuel cell modules and in April 2001, a two-year, US$16.5 million supply agreement was signed with Honda for automotive PEM fuel cells. In September 2001 a three-year US$22 million agreement to supply Ford with Mark 900 series fuel cell power modules was concluded as well as related engineering and support services. This was followed by another three-year, US$43.0 million agreement in December 2001for the supply to Ford of PEM fuel cell engines and related engineering and support services. In May 2002 Ballard announced a US$2 million order from Nissan for Mark 902 fuel cell modules and support services for delivery in 2002. In October 2002 Ballard announced an order for 60 of its latest generation 85 kWautomotive fuel cell engines from DaimlerChrysler for its ‘F-Cell’car to be introduced in limited £eets beginning in 2003. In July 2000 truck manufacturer Freightliner LLC showed a heavy-duty demonstration truck using a Ballard fuel cell to generate electrical power for onboard vehicle appliances. The APU produced over 1.4 kWat 120 VAC or 12 V DC and followed the demonstration in 1999 by DaimlerChrysler of an APU to power the auxiliary systems in a Mercedes S-class car. Ballard is currently developing a 5 kW PEM fuel cell power unit to provide a second, or auxiliary, source of electric power to a vehicle, operating from methanol, natural gas, gasoline or ethanol. In May 2001 Ballard began an R&D project for the US Department of Defense to develop a liquid-fuelled PEM fuel cell APU for military and commercial use.

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A total of 12 transit buses have been demonstrated with Ballard 205 kW heavyduty PEM fuel cell engines (the ¢rst of the12 buses had a 90 kWengine) and the company has recently received an order for 30 next-generation PEM heavyduty fuel cell engines from DaimlerChrysler for the two-year Citaro European bus project. Ballard announced in August 2002 a three-bus order from bus manufacturer Gillig to supply bus engines for the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority in California. In 2001 Ballard completed a methanol-fuelled PEM fuel cell bus under a joint programme with Georgetown University.

Portable Power Generation Products In September 2001 Ballard launched the world’s ¢rst series-production PEM fuel cell module, the NexaTM Portable Power Module, which delivers 1.2 kW. In July 2002 the company reported that it had produced almost 600 units, with the main customer being Coleman Powermate for their AirGen product for back-up power supply to home and o⁄ces. The company now reports 34 customers in 10 countries. Ballard is working with a number of potential customers, including the German company Ka«rcher, for providing fuel cells to power mobile indoor industrial electrical cleaners. Nexa units are being supplied to Ebara Ballard in Japan and Ebara plan to use it, combined with a hydrogen cylinder, for a stand-alone back up power source, which will be launched in spring 2003.

Stationary Power Generation Products As previously mentioned, BGS,Tokyo Gas, Ebara and Ebara Ballard have entered into an agreement to develop a 1 kW natural gas-fuelled stationary PEM fuel cell generator targeted at the Japanese residential market. The unit will supply up to 1 kW of electricity, as well as heat and hot water, while the utility grid will satisfy the electrical demand over 1 kW of electricity. Ebara Ballard’s aim is to commence selling initial commercial units of this product in 2004. In mid-2001 Ballard announced the completion of two engineering prototype PEM fuel cell generators targeted for intermittent use ^ back-up, light industrial and standby power applications ^ a natural gas-fuelled 10 kW unit and a hydrogen-fuelled 60 kW unit. However, the development of the 60 kW unit has recently been suspended. Ballard began a ¢eld trial programme of 250 kWstationary power generators in 1999 and currently has six units in Europe, the USA and Japan, operating on either natural gas or anaerobic digestor gas (two of these units have now completed their test programmes). A further two units are being prepared for site acceptance testing and one has yet to be sited. These ¢eld trials are expected to last until 2004.

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Membranes Although Ballard currently uses commercially available membranes, the company itself has a membrane development programme and it also works with other suppliers of ionomers, polymers and membranes to reduce costs and improve performance. Using a commercially available substrate, combined with proprietary active components, the company has developed a BAM1 Grafted PEM to meet speci¢ed operating requirements, and is developing a pilot process to manufacture these membranes. The company believes that this material o¡ers a pathway to enhance cost reduction, performance and durability in its fuel cell systems.

Fuel Processors Ballard has developed proprietary fuel processor technology to process natural gas, methanol and gasoline to produce hydrogen for fuel cells. Development work has included the integration of these fuel processors with the company’s own fuel cells and other system components to improve system e⁄ciency in natural gas and methanol PEM fuel cell systems. In October 2002 the company announced that it was exploring ways to leverage its fuel processing technology. These options include a partnership or joint venture, the licensing of the technology to others, or the potential sale of the fuel processing business.

Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Ballard has been developing and testing DMFCs since 1994. To enhance its development, Ballard obtained, in 1999, non-exclusive, worldwide licences to certain DMFC technology from the California Institute of Technology and the University of Southern California. In November 2000, DaimlerChrysler demonstrated a go-kart powered by a 3 kW Ballard DMFC and in December 2001 Ballard demonstrated a portable DMFC prototype with a stack power density of over 500 W/litre. Ballard Power Systems Inc Key Figures for Year ended 31 December (US$ thousand) Total revenues Of which: Product revenues: Of which: Fuel cells Fuel cell and other systems Carbon products Investment and other income Loss before taxes Net loss Research and product development Capital expenditure Number of employees (year end)

2001

2000

1999

60 733

53 699

30 708

36 204

25 797

25 809

22 356 6009 7839 24 529 (95 303) (96 161) 82 686 18 329 1670

14 281 11 516 ^ 27 902 (52 645) (53 832) 54 315 20 153

13 648 7167 ^ 9893 (46 104) (46 584) 38 945 16 061

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6.7 Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd 170 Browns Road, Noble Park,Victoria 3174, Australia Tel: +6139554 2300 Fax: +61397905600 Web: www.cfcl.com.au Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd (CFCL), based near Melbourne, Australia, was originally established in1992 as a research consortium, continuing the SOFC development work, which had been started in the Commonwealth Scienti¢c and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia’s principal research organisation. CFCL was constituted in 1999 as an Australian public unlisted company with twelve shareholders, including a range of Australian and New Zealand-based energy companies and government agencies, who to date have provided the company with its principal funding. CFCL has about 9000 m2 of facilities at two locations at Noble Park, near Melbourne. The Head O⁄ce building also incorporates cell fabrication and stack testing. The 40 test stations allow repeat experiments and the ability to simultaneously conduct long- and short-term tests of up to multi-kilowatt sizes. The company has recently installed equipment to enable the fabrication of electrolyte-supported cells to increase over time to 1200 per week. A second building nearby includes testing facilities for balance of plant components and system assembly. During the ¢rst ¢ve years of its operation, CFCL focused on developing technology packages for planar SOFC cells and stacks, operating in the 700^950 C temperature range with metallic interconnect/separator plates, and over recent years expertise in systems integration and control have been added. After demonstrating a 5 kW laboratory prototype SOFC system in 1997, a complete 25 kWsystem was completed in 2000. The company is now focusing on the development of a natural gas-fuelled 40 kW SOFC aimed at small to mid-sized industrial and commercial customers, with the ¢rst prototype for ¢eld trials expected in 2003. Further developments include the operation of its fuel cells on alternate and renewable fuels including LPG ^ CFCL has already developed and operated a LPG fuel processor ^ biodiesel and ethanol. The company plans to introduce a SOFC power generator to the market in 2005. In August 2002 due to delays in the construction of the ¢rst prototype and the di⁄culty of raising funds, the company decided it was prudent to cut back on expenditure by making 68 of its sta¡ redundant, reducing the number of employees to around100. CFCL has been working with its two major shareholders, Energex Ltd and Metasources Pty Ltd, investigating methods of approach and possible distribution channels for SOFC products in Australia.

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6.8 ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures 4800 Fournace Place, Bellaire,TX 77401, USA Tel: +1713 432 2188 Web: www.chevrontexaco.com In October 2001 Chevron Corp and Texaco Inc completed their merger to form ChevronTexaco Corporation, the second largest US-based energy company and the ¢fth largest in the world based on market capitalisation. The newly formed ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures is actively engaged in developing and commercialising new and emerging energy technologies including fuel cells, fuel processing systems, hydrogen storage, hydrogen infrastructure, hydrocarbons-to-liquids, and advanced batteries, and brings together the two company’s previous activities in these ¢elds. In 1999 Texaco had formed Texaco Energy Systems Inc (TESI) to explore emerging business opportunities in fuel cells and other types of clean, alternative energy. TESI began the development, at its Houston,Texas, facility, of a proprietary multi-fuel processor capable of converting commonly available fuels, such as gasoline, natural gas, ethanol, methanol, propane, kerosene, butane and diesel, into hydrogen. In May 2001 TESI announced a joint development agreement with Reliant Energy Power Systems (REPS) to tailor its fuel processing technology for REPS’s PEM fuel cell system being developed for residential use. However, Reliant has now discontinued its development and is seeking to sell its IP. The company has now developed the HaliasTM Fuel Processor, a 4.5 kW fuel processor utilising auto thermal reforming to convert natural gas into hydrogen. Several demonstration models are expected to be produced in 2002. ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures’dedicated fuel processing facility at Houston, Texas, includes a catalyst testing and development laboratory and fuel cell and fuel processor testing stations. In addition ChevronTexaco has a Technology Centre at Montebello, California, which houses a 200 kW gasi¢cation unit that converts liquid fuels into hydrogen and a durability testing laboratory. In June 2000 Texaco purchased a 20% interest in Energy Conversion Devices Inc (ECD) and subsequently established two 50:50 joint ventures: *

*

Texaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems LLC ^ to further develop and advance the commercialisation of ECD’s Ovonic Solid Hydrogen Storage systems. Texaco Ovonic Fuel Cell Company LLC ^ to further develop and advance the commercialisation of ECD’s Ovonic Regenerative Fuel CellTM technology.

In late 2000 Texaco acquired a 5% interest in Acumentrics Corporation, Westwood, Massachusetts, a small company developing SOFC systems. In October 2002 Acumentrics delivered its ¢rst rapid-start 2 kW SOFC UPS to ChevronTexaco

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Technology Ventures’ Houston facility. Operating from natural gas, the BBSOFCTM 2000, has been speci¢cally designed for low-cost mass production. In March 2002 ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures acquired Dais-Analytic’s fuel processing and fuel cell business based inWoburn, Massachusetts. The business, which had been founded by David Bloom¢eld in 1984, now trades as Analytic Energy Systems LLC. During its 18-year history, the company had constructed fuel cell stacks, ranging in size from 25 W to 10 kW for civilian and military applications. AES has demonstrated capabilities in fuel cell processing of ammonia, natural gas, propane and liquid fuels. AES’s fuel processors and stacks have been combined to produce fully integrated fuel cell power plants, which have been demonstrated in North America, Europe (including Hamburg Gas Consult’s Home Energy Centre) and Asia/Paci¢c. In addition to these fuel cell systems, AES has also delivered electrochemical compressors and refrigeration systems.

6.9 DCH Technology Inc 22811 Avenue Hopkins,Valencia, CA 91355, USA Tel: +16617758120 Fax: +1661257 9398 Web: www.dcht.com DCH (Diversi¢ed Commercial Hydrogen) Technology Inc was formed in 1994 and is now an AMEX-quoted company. The company, which had been manufacturing and selling a line of hand-held and stationary (wall or ceiling mounted) hydrogen sensors and developing a range of PEM fuel cells from 12 W up to 5 kW, announced in June 2002 that it was temporarily laying o¡ most of its employees, owing to problems with cash £ow. Su⁄cient personnel were being retained to ful¢l the backlog of orders in the hydrogen sensor division. The company is reported to be ‘looking at all potential options’, including attracting additional investment and selling o¡ either Enable Fuel Cell Corporation or its hydrogen sensor unit. DCH has been working with Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, since March 1999 to commercialise its PEM fuel cell technology. LANL’s technology and patents cover passive PEM fuel cells using annular feed air breathing fuel cell stacks for cells up to 500 W and active PEM fuel cells using adiabatic fuel cell stacks for powers up to about 20 kW. DCH’s wholly owned subsidiary, Enable Fuel Cell Corporation at Madison, Wisconsin, is manufacturing portable fuel cell power systems, varying in physical size from a‘D’-sized battery up to as large as soda-shaped cans, in the 12^30 W range, and 3 and 5 kW fuel cells under the EnableTM brand name. DCH has been working with the Icelandic New Energy (INE) consortium, with Shell Iceland distributing EnableTM 12 W/12 V portable fuel cells as part of an ongoing market study in Iceland. DCH has also supplied portable fuel cell power systems to the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (for remote

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¢eld operation) and the State of Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. In May 2001 DCH announced an agreement with IPS MeteoStar of Aurora, Colorado, a global supplier of remote data-logging systems, to begin distributing products with EnableTM portable fuel cells serving as the internal electric power supply. DCH has formed a joint venture in Japan, NeWaveTM Fuel Cell Corporation, with Daido Metal Co Ltd, a Japanese high-volume manufacturer of precision metal components. Under the agreement, Daido will manufacture and assemble fuel cell products, initially small portable fuel cells ranging from less than 1 W up to 50 W. NeWaveTM started selling its ¢rst 12 W/12 V portable fuel cells in August 2001 to customers in the Japanese automotive, electronics manufacturing and highway sign industries. The joint venture also plans to produce larger fuel cells for stationary applications. A number of 3 kWand 5 kW EnableTM fuel cell systems have been sold to customers, including the Houston Advanced Research Centre and Con Edison Company of NewYork, for evaluation purposes. DCH plans to integrate a 5 kW EnableTM fuel cell with a natural gas reformer supplied by UOP, to provide a stand-alone power system for a French electric utility by the end of 2002. DCH Technology Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December (US$ thousand) Sales Operating loss Net loss Number of employees

2001

2000

1999

1143 (9910) (9935) 41

962 (7508) (7657) 53

543 (3566) (3587) 26

6.10 DuPont Fuel Cells Chesnut Run Plaza, Bldg 702-1272-J,Wilmington, DE 19880-0702, USA Tel: +1302999 2709 Fax: +1302999 4727 Web: www.fuelcells.dupont.com DuPont, founded in 1802, is a world leader in science and technology in a range of disciplines including high-performance materials, synthetic ¢bres, electronics, speciality chemicals, agriculture and biotechnology. The company operates globally through some 22 strategic business units and had sales in 2001 of US$24.7 billion. DuPont formed a Fuel Cell business unit in February 2001to target the PEM fuel cell market with its products and expertise in polymer, coatings and electrochemicals technology, from the company’s Fluoroproducts, iTechnologies, Engineering Polymers, Corporate R&D and DuPont Canada organisations.

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In 2000 DuPont had opened a multi-million-dollar fuel cell technology centre, near its headquarters in Wilmington, Delaware, which is focusing on materials technology and applications development. DuPont has been supplying advanced materials, including DuPont Na¢on1 per£uorinated membranes and engineering polymers to fuel cell developers worldwide and has recently made available membrane electrode assemblies, initially through con¢dential development agreements. DuPont has also made a number of industry alliances, including partnerships with H Power Corporation and Mechanical Technology Inc for the development of direct methanol fuel cells for portable and mobile applications. Technology Partnership Canada (TPC) has invested C$19 million (US$12 million) ^ repayable through royalties based on sales ^ in DuPont Canada’s Fuel Cell Research to help develop conductive £ow¢eld plates for use in PEM fuel cells employing direct methanol, reformate hydrogen or direct hydrogen. Delivery of the ¢rst commercial prototype plates is anticipated by the third quarter of 2002. DuPont Canada will also work on the development of unitised fuel cells, initially DMFCs. DuPont Canada is creating a pilot development facility within its existing Research and Business Development Centre in Kingston, Ontario, to evaluate and test products for performance and durability in simulated fuel cell environments. The centre’s fuel cell sta¡ is forecast to grow from 27 to more than 80 over the next four years of development. An estimated 500 jobs in production and continuing development could also be created by 2009, during the postdevelopment phase. EI DuPont de Nemours and Company Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December (US$ million) Total segment sales Of which: Performance coatings and polymers Total sales after eliminations Operating income Net income Number of employees

2001

2000

1999

27 689

31 677

29 704

5754 24 726 6844 4339 79 000

6485 28 268 3447 2314 93 000

6111 26 918 1690 7690 94 000

6.11 Dynetek Industries Ltd 4410 46th Avenue SE, Calgary, Alberta T2B 3N7, Canada Tel: +1403720 0262 Fax: +1403720 0263 Web: www.dynetek.com Dynetek Industries Ltd, based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, was incorporated in 1991 by a group of private investors. The company invested four years of intensive R&D on its Advanced Lightweight Fuel Storage SystemsTM and introduced

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the DyneCell1 cylinder to the market in 1995, initially for storing CNG (compressed natural gas). DyneCell fuel storage cylinders are manufactured with a seamless thin-wall aluminium liner with a full carbon ¢bre overwrap, and are certi¢ed and sold in over 20 countries worldwide. Since 1995, the company has been developing its Advanced Lightweight Fuel Storage SystemsTM for storing compressed hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles. In 1999 Dynetek completed construction of a new 47 000 sq ft production facility in Calgary, which houses all of the company’s operations, including the head o⁄ce, manufacturing facility and R&D facilities. The facility was expanded in 2001by an additional 20 000 sq ft. In September 2000 after an IPO, the shares of the company commenced trading on theToronto Stock Exchange. In 2001a wholly owned subsidiary, Dynetek Europe GmbH, was established near Dusseldorf, Germany. The new operation provides marketing, sales and manufacturing for the European and Middle Eastern markets.

Strategic Partners Dynetek is currently strategically allied with Mitsubishi, Kokan Drum and Ford. In 1998 Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsubishi Rayon Corporation acquired a combined 15.8% equity interest in Dynetek, now reduced to 12.2%. Under the agreement Dynetek is to provide Mitsubishi Rayon with an opportunity to participate in any business in Europe, Japan or elsewhere in Asia. To date, Mitsubishi has participated only by way of a direct investment in Dynetek; however, Mitsubishi Rayon has recently started an R&D project to apply PAN (ployacrylonitrile) carbon ¢bre for FCV hydrogen bottles. Dynetek has undertaken to purchase all of its carbon ¢bre from Mitsubishi Rayon. The Japanese company Kokan Drum Co Ltd, a subsidiary of NKK Corporation, has taken a 3% equity interest in Dynetek and entered into a Memorandum of Understanding to negotiate the construction of a plant in Japan for the manufacture of fuel storage systems. Kokan Drum is currently distributing DyneCell cylinders to major Japanese car and bus manufacturers for their CNG vehicles. In 2000 Dynetek concluded a multi-year Value Participation Agreement with the Ford Motor Company to supply DyneCell fuel storage systems for compressed hydrogen for Ford’s initial fuel cell vehicle programme. Ford will provide technical assistance to Dynetek and also take a minority equity interest in the company. In October 2001 DyneCell storage cylinders were used in ¢ve hydrogen-fuelled vehicles that participated in the Challenge Bibendum 2001 ^ the Nissan Xterra FCV, 2000 DaimlerChrysler Necar 4a FCV,1998 Ford P2000 FCV,Toyota fuel cell hybrid vehicle and the Ford Hydrogen ICE. Dynetek participated in the Ballard Power Systems two-year ¢eld trial programmes (concluded in 2000) inVancouver and Chicago of six fuel cell transit buses fuelled by direct hydrogen stored in DynaCell fuel storage systems.

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Subsequently a service assessment by Powertech Labs reported that the performance of the storage cylinders was not a¡ected by the everyday on board use on the Ballard fuel cell buses. Dynetek has been contracted to supply its 350 bar (5000 psi) fuel storage system for the 30 DaimlerChrysler Citaro fuel cell buses, which are destined for trials in several European cities (see Section 4.1.2). Dynetek is also involved in R&D projects, some of which are jointly funded, to develop complete fuel storage system solutions. The company is currently involved with 9 OEMs on16 con¢dential development programmes (Toyota, Nissan, Ford, DaimlerChrysler and ¢ve others). Dynetek has recently successfully tested the world’s ¢rst 12 500 psi (825 bar) lightweight hydrogen storage cylinder, which has been developed for the Advanced Lightweight Hydrogen Fueling StationTM. Dynetek Industries Ltd Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December (C$ thousand) Total revenues Of which: Cylinder and system sales R&D income Interest income and other Loss before taxes Net loss R&D expenditure Capital expenditure

2001

2000

10 991

6706

8013 1476 1502 (1614) (1156) 2243 8810

5028 969 709 (1449) (941) 956 2603

6.12 ElectroChem Inc 400 W Cummings Park,Woburn, MA 01801, USA Tel: +17819385300 Fax: +17819356999 Web: www.fuelcell.com ElectroChem Inc was founded in 1986 to focus on R&D in the fuel cell industry. It holds many patents and since1992 has brought more than 20 product lines to market. Products include PEM fuel cells and stacks, as well as phosphoric acid fuel cells. NASA has purchased ElectroChem’s fuel cells for its upper atmospheric balloon missions, and the company has also sold its ‘fuel cell in a suitcase’to government agencies and private industries both in the USA and abroad. ElectroChem recently introduced the EC-200 Power Pak, a complete power unit with both AC and DC outlets capable of powering an everyday appliance, such as a radio.

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The company also makes fuel cell test equipment. Its test systems include varying electronic load boxes, gas di¡usion units and humidi¢ers. The systems are integrated with Windows-based software speci¢cally designed for fuel cell testing and reformate simulation. ElectroChem also supplies all major components needed to assemble PEM fuel cells. It manufactures its own electrodes and membrane^electrode assemblies (MEAs), and acts as a distributor for other components.

6.13 Energy Conversion Devices Inc 1675 West Maple Road,Troy, MI 48084, USA Tel: +12482801900 Fax: +12482801456 Web: www.ovonic.com Energy Conversion Devices (ECD), based in Troy, Michigan, was formed in 1960 by Stanford and Iris Ovshinsky; since then the company has developed products in information and data storage (including phase change optical and electronic memories), solar photovoltaics for energy generation, and energy storage, including most notably nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, as well as establishing a machine building (including photovoltaic production lines) business. The company, which holds hundreds of patents in materials engineering, solid hydride storage, photovoltaics, batteries, semiconductor applications, etc., now employs over 500 people and had revenues in year ended 30 June 2002 of US$91.7 million of which: * * * *

Energy storage ^ 46% Energy generation ^ 19% Machine building ^ 32% Information technologies/other ^ 3%

In May 2000 Texaco purchased a 20% equity stake in ECD for US$67.4 million. Subsequently ECD andTexaco have formed a number of joint-venture companies. ECD’s Energy Generation business includes photovoltaics and more recently it has reactivated its regenerative fuel cell development programme. ECD’s unique, low-cost, proprietary non-noble metal catalyst materials are used in the electrodes, instead of platinum, and a proprietary solid or liquid electrolyte is used instead of a membrane. By using a hydrogen storage material, a metal hydride, as an electrode, the Ovonic Regenerative Fuel CellTM will provide immediately available hydrogen as fuel, giving instant start capability. The fuel cell will also be able to accept incoming electrical energy, such as from regenerative braking, the e¡ect of which is to cause further hydrogen fuel to be stored. The company claims that the fuel cell will operate over a wider temperature range, 20 C to 120 C, than PEM fuel cells.

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In September 2000 ECD and Texaco Energy Systems Inc formed a joint venture, Texaco Ovonic Fuel Cell Company LLC, to further develop and advance the commercialisation of the Ovonic Regenerative Fuel CellTM technology. The technology is being developed for commercial use in a full range of stationary and portable power applications. ECD’s Energy Storage business includes NiMH batteries and Ovonic solid hydrogen storage systems. The company has been working on hydrogen energy technology since its early days and has recently developed a family of new, e⁄cient metal hydrides which stores hydrogen in a solid metal matrix at low practical pressures. The new materials have been shown to store up to 7% hydrogen by weight (equivalent to 780 litres of hydrogen per kilogram of hydride materials). In October 2000 ECD and Texaco Energy Systems formed a joint venture, Texaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems LLC, to further develop and advance the commercialisation of the Ovonic Solid Hydrogen SystemsTM. Texaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems is currently manufacturing prototype compact hydrogen storage canisters that can store hydrogen in a portable form to operate lawnmowers, garden equipment, power generators and barbecue grills. Under a DOE-sponsored programme, the company has been developing an integrated renewable hydrogen-generation storage system. The system uses ECD’s multi-junction photovoltaics to electrolyse water into oxygen and hydrogen and stores the produced hydrogen in metal hydride hydrogen storage devices. Energy Conversion Devices Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 30 June (US$ million) Revenues: Of which: Product sales Royalties Revenues from product development agreements Revenue from licence agreements Other

Revenues (by technology) Of which: Energy storage Energy generation Information technologies Machine building Other Operating loss Net loss Number of employees* * Excluding joint ventures.

118 World Fuel Cells

2002

2001

2000

1999

91.7

71.4

30.0

33.0

36.6 2.0 52.7

24.2 2.9 37.6

6.9 3.5 10.4

4.5 2.7 17.3

^ 0.4

5.3 1.4

3.1 6.1

4.8 3.7

2002

2001

2000

1999

91.7

71.4

30.0

33.0

42.4 17.2 2.4 29.5 0.2 (22.2) (20.9) 519

32.7 17.4 3.4 16.9 1.0 (10.1) (5.1) 503

15.8 4.4 4.5 1.8 3.5 (15.9) (16.7) 399

23.3 2.9 2.6 0.4 3.8 (13.0) (13.8) 325

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers

6.14 Energy Visions Inc Building M-16,1500 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada Tel: +1613990 9373 Fax: +1613990 9464 Web: www.energyvi.com Energy Visions Inc (EVI), originally named Energy Ventures Inc, was formed in 1996 to develop technology for use in the manufacture of fuel cells and batteries. Up until recently the company’s focus has been on the development and commercialisation of technologies for the battery market. However, it is now focusing its e¡orts primarily in two areas ^ the development of its proprietary DMFCs and the commercialisation of its nickel^zinc battery technology. In December 1999 EVI ¢led a patent application in Canada relating to the resolution of the methanol fuel crossover problem in various fuel cell systems. The application has been expanded internationally in a number of countries, including the USA, Japan and Europe.

Alliances/Agreements In April 2001 EVI entered into a joint development agreement with the Alberta Research Council Inc (ARC) to produce prototypes of fuel cells using EVI’s DMFC technology, and 20 W prototype units are currently being made available to potential users, including the Canadian and US military, for further evaluation as portable power units. As part of the agreement with ARC, EVI has located its Fuel Cell R&D operation at ARC’s premises in Calgary, Alberta. To accelerate its fuel cell development programme, EVI has also made agreements and alliances with a number of organisations, in addition to ARC: * *

*

*

* * *

The National Research Council of Canada (NRC). The Technical University of Graz (Austria), where a new electrode design has been developed. AF Sammers Corp (Austria and New Jersey, USA) ^ manufacturer of fuel cell electrode assemblies. TDM LLC (Flanders, New Jersey) ^ specialist in electrode plate material selection and manufacturing. University of Waterloo (Canada) ^ DMFC modelling. University of Guelph (Canada) ^ catalyst development. McMaster University (Canada) ^ SOFC development.

In early 2002 EVI announced that, using a new electrode design, developed in conjunction with Dr Karl Kordesch at the University of Graz, Austria, with their proprietary £owing electrolyte DMFC design, they had produced a fuel cell that operates at a higher voltage than PEM-based DMFCs and which has several times the power density of their earlier prototypes. The company has also announced plans to develop a hybrid system using a combination of the company’s DMFC and nickel^zinc battery, with a prototype demonstration expected in mid-2003.

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EVI’s current strategy is not to become a manufacturer of the ¢nal fuel cell product, but to manufacture critical components and transfer the production of the ¢nal product under licence to companies that already supply the target markets. Energy Visions Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 30 September (US$ thousand) Revenues Operating loss

2001

2000

1999

140.9 (3249.7)

226.2 (2527.3)

44.7 (3543.2)

6.15 FuelCell Energy Inc 3 Great Pasture Road, Danbury, CT 06813-1305, USA Tel: +12038256000 Fax: +12038256100 Web: www.fuelcellenergy.com or www.fce.com FuelCell Energy Inc (FCE) was founded in 1969 as Energy Research Corporation. The company has focused on the development of molten carbonate fuel cells and specialised batteries. In 1999 the company spun o¡ its battery division, Evercel Inc. The company has been involved in fuel cell development since its inception, with a major focus commencing in1977. Substantial funding has come from the US Department of Energy, the US Department of Defense, and other sources including MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH, to which FuelCell Energy has licensed its fuel cell technology. Now a publicly traded company, FuelCell Energy’s equity investment partners include MTU, PPL Energy Services and Marubeni Corporation. FuelCell Energy’s carbonate fuel cell, known as the Direct FuelCell1 (DFC1), the concept for which was patented in 1979, is so named because of its ability to generate electricity directly from a hydrocarbon fuel, such as natural gas, by reforming the fuel inside the fuel cell to produce hydrogen. Since the demonstration of a grid-connected 2 MW Direct FuelCell1 at Santa Clara in 1996 and 1997, further installations have been made at the company’s HQ in Danbury CT ^ ¢rst a grid-connected 250 kW DFC, followed by a combined 250 kW DFC/30 kW Capstone microturbine ^ and 250 kW installations at the University of Bielefeld, Germany; the Rho«n-Klinikum Hospital in Bad Neustadt, Germany; the Mercedes-Benz manufacturing facility in Tuscaloosa, Alabama; and the downtown HQ of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. By the end of September 2002, the number of DFC power plant installations, including those operating and orders to be shipped, had grown to 41 units, with a total capacity of15.25 MW. FuelCell Energy’s initial market entry commercial products will be rated at 250 kW, 1 MW and 2 MW in capacity, which are expected to mature to three

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con¢gurations: 300 kW, 1.5 MWand 3 MW. The products are targeted at utility, commercial and industrial customers in the growing distributed generation market for applications up to 10 MW. The company is also developing new products for applications in the10^50 MW range. FuelCell Energy manufactures its fuel cells at a new 65 000 sq ft facility in Torrington, Connecticut opened in January 2001. This facility currently has a production capacity of 50 MW per year, on a three-shift basis and the existing building can accommodate equipment to manufacture150 MWannually. FuelCell Energy has cross-licensing and cross-selling agreements with MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH, which has an 8.73% stake in FuelCell Energy. These agreements give each of the companies access to each other’s fuel cell technology in certain geographical markets. Under the agreement, FuelCell Energy sells its DFC components and stacks to MTU, for incorporation in their fuel cell power systems. FuelCell Energy has also entered into several other strategic alliances and licence agreements: *

*

*

*

*

*

*

Bath IronWorks ^ an agreement with the Advanced Technology Division of this General Dynamics subsidiary to develop an advanced DFC plant for defence marine applications. Caterpillar ^ an agreement with Caterpillar to distribute ultra-low emission fuel cell products for industrial and commercial use. Both companies will jointly develop fuel cell systems, including hybrid systems integrating Caterpillar’s turbine engine technology. Chevron Energy Services ^ a marketing development agreement to jointly pursue fuel cell projects initially in the north-eastern USA and California. CMS Viron Energy Services ^ a marketing development agreement to jointly pursue fuel cell projects in California. Marubeni ^ a strategic alliance agreement with Marubeni initially ordering 3 MW of DFC power plants in addition to 1.25 MW previously ordered, with a target to order at least 45 MW over the next two years in Japan and Asia. The companies plan to form a joint venture to assemble Direct FuelCell1 modules in Asia. MWH Energy Solutions ^ distribution agreement for DFC power plants in municipal, utility support, commercial and industrial applications, with the initial focus on waste water treatment facilities throughout the USA. PPL ^ distribution agreement for PPL to become the ¢rst distributor of Direct FuelCell1 products in North America, on a non-exclusive basis.

FuelCell Energy Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 31 October (US$ thousand) Revenues Of which: R&D contracts Operating loss Net loss Number of employees (year end)

2001

2000

1999

26 179

20 715

19 965

20 882 (21 276) (15 438) 264

17 986 (6733) (4459) 152

18 553 (2247) (985) 114

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6.16 Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd 20 Binnington Court, Kingston, ON K7M 8S3, Canada Tel: +1613544 8222 Fax: +1613544 5150 Web: www.fct.ca Fuel Cell Technologies (FCT) is a fuel cell system integrator and a leading developer of SOFC systems and aluminium energy fuel cell systems. FCT commenced operations in October 1994 with nine of the core sta¡ from Alcan’s subsidiary, Alupower Canada Ltd, a developer of aluminium fuel cells, which had earlier been closed down by Alcan. In May 2000 FCT completed a reverse take-over of ThermicEdge Corporation, an Edmonton ceramics manufacturer trading on the CanadianVenture Exchange. FCT has been focusing on developing the ‘balance of plant’and control systems for an SOFC power unit using cell stacks from Siemens Westinghouse, with which it has established a strategic partnership. In May 2002 FCT announced the successful operation of a prototype 5 kW SOFC system in Kingston, working on natural gas. To accelerate its development of SOFC products, FCT has made an agreement with Kinectrics Inc, the former Ontario Power Technologies, which has over a decade of experience in SOFC power system de¢nition, and in sub-system development and testing. FCT is working with a consortium led by Siemens Westinghouse on the development of a 7^10 kW SOFC combined heat and power system for residential applications for a project funded by the US Department of Energy’s Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) programme. FCT is also part of a team, with Siemens Westinghouse, which is developing a 3^10 kW auxiliary power unit for automotive applications. FCT has been chosen to supply 10 power systems for their residential demonstration project. The US National Park Service at Yosemite has contracted to buy two FCT power systems, which will run on propane gas, to provide electricity and heat for o⁄ces, visitor centres and other park facilities. FCT is working with a Swedish government agency to develop a pilot residential power project for multiple housing units in Stockholm, involving the supply of three SOFC power systems. Initial installations began in the autumn of 2002, with expected follow-on project development in 2003. FCT also has an on-going programme to develop its own SOFC generators to integrate its balance of plant and control system. These systems are using planar SOFCs supplied under an agreement with InDEC/ECN in Holland. FCT continues its work on the development of aluminium energy fuel cells for remote sites and underwater applications. The company has successfully tested a power system for the unmanned underwater vehicle for ALTEX, the Atlantic Layer Tracking Experiment, and it continues to work for Canada’s Department

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of National Defence on a system for warming divers in cold water, and also a rugged power unit. The company plans to build a manufacturing facility adjacent to its existing building during 2002.

Alliances In anticipation of the launch of commercial products, FCT has been forming strategic relationships for sales and distribution of its products: *

*

NKK Corporation of Japan ^ for sale and distribution of FCT’s SOFC power systems in Japan and South East Asia. Border States Electric Supply ^ for sales and distribution of FCT’s SOFC power systems to customers in13 states of the USA.

Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd Key Figures for Year ended 31 December (C$ thousand) Revenues Operating income (loss) Net income (loss)

2001

2000

1999

909 (5179) (5174)

1504 (1655) (1535)

505 77 47

6.17 Fuji Electric Co Ltd Fuel Cells Department,7 Yawata-Kaigandori, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8511, Japan Tel: +81436 42 8156 Fax: +81436 42 8270 Web: wwwfujielectric.co.jp Fuji Electric, which had consolidated sales in the year ended 31 March 2002 of ¥839.1 billion (US$6.9 billion), operates with four business groups: Energy & Electric Systems, ED & C-Drive Systems, Electronics and Retail Support Equipment & Systems. The Energy & Electric Systems Group, which had sales in the last ¢scal year of ¥413.5 billion (US$3.4 billion), including internal sales, operates with a number of divisions including the Electric Power Systems Division, which produces thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear power equipment and more recently fuel cell power systems. Fuji Electric, with its Fuel Cell operations based in Chiba, has been developing PAFC technology since the 1980s and has developed 50, 100 and 500 kW prototype PAFC power generation systems for ¢eld test evaluation in Japan and other countries. A total of just over 100 systems have been produced with a combined total operating time of over1.6 million hours. In 1998 a commercial product, the FP-100E was introduced, with a total of seven units being produced ^ one for in-house use and six to end-users. In 2001 the company launched its second-generation, low-cost, medium-sized PAFC,

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which had been developed in cooperation with Tokyo Gas, Osaka Gas and Toho Gas, aimed at cogeneration systems for factories and hotels. Two models are available with power outputs of 50^100 kW. The larger model ^ the FP-100F ^ is priced at ¥40 million^60million (US$0.33 million^0.5 million) compared with around ¥100 million (US$0.83 million) for the earlier FP-100E. The FP-100F has an e⁄ciency of around 40% and also produces hot water at 90 C. Under a contract from the Ministry of the Environment, Fuji Electric has developed a garbage process system, which has been used to produce biogas to fuel a 100 kW PAFC power generation system in the Kobe Port Island district, from rubbish discharged from hotels in Kobe city. Fuji Electric has also been actively engaged in the development of PEM fuel cells since 1989, and in 2000 announced the development of a 1 kW PEMFC cogeneration system that operated without humidi¢cation, running o¡ reformed gas and with an electrical e⁄ciency of 38%. Subsequently a 1 kW PEMFC running o¡ town gas has been developed. The company has also reported that it is developing PEMFC systems up to10 kW, with commercialisation expected in 2005. Fuji Electric has developed a small methanol reforming system and, working with Osaka Gas, it has also developed an on-site hydrogen generator fuelled from town or propane gas.

6.18 General Motors Global Alternative Propulsion Center 10 Carriage Street, Honeoye Falls, NY 14472, USA Tel: +1716 624 6665 Fax: +1716 624 6610 Web: www.gm.com GM’s Global Alternative Propulsion Center (GAPC) network was established in late 1997, comprising GM and Opel facilities in Rochester, New York; Warren, Michigan; and Mainz-Kastel, Germany, to intensify the company’s R&D on various aspects of fuel cell production. The GAPC team in Warren is responsible for the basic system research while the team in Rochester focuses on fuel cell and component development. A team of about 200 employees at GAPC’s Mainz-Kastel facility deals with system integration. In July 2002 GM opened a new 7200 m2 GM Fuel Cell Development Center next door to its existing Honeoye Falls facility (which employs about 200 people), in upstate New York, to be used to develop the materials and processes required to produce fuel cells in commercial volumes. The new facility will employ about 50^100 people, increasing the number of GM personnel working on fuel cell technology to about 600. GM’s fuel cell activities for automotive application are reported separately in Section 4.1.1.6, but the company has also developed a prototype 5 kW residential

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stationary fuel cell ^ capable of running on natural gas, methane or gasoline ^ which uses the same fuel processor and stack technology used in its experimental vehicles. Commercial products are expected to become available in 2005 or 2006. GM has also developed, in conjunction with its fuel cell commercialisation alliance partners Hydrogenics, Quantum Technologies and Giner Electrochemical Systems (see below), a 25 kW back-up power generator ^ the HyUPSTM. A unit is being tested by Nextel Communications as a back-up power system for its cellular telephone towers in California. If the tests are successful, Nextel plan to begin replacing its diesel-powered generators with the fuel cell units.

Alliances GM has formed development alliances with several partners: *

*

*

*

*

*

Quantum Technologies (in which GM holds a 20% share) ^ development of hydrogen storage devices, hydrogen handling and electronic control technologies. Giner Electrochemical Systems (in which GM holds a 30% share) ^ development of PEM technologies for fuel cells and electrolysers. Hydrogenics (in which GM has a 24% share) ^ development of fuel cell technology, including shared IP rights and joint e¡orts in fuel cell product development, engineering, prototyping, testing, branding and marketing strategies. Hydrogenics recently integrated all of the system modules that comprise the GM HyUPSTM 25 kW back-up power system, demonstrated at theTower Summit 2001wireless communications conference. General Hydrogen ^ 25-year strategic alliance to focus on several key areas, including hydrogen storage, fuel cell vehicle refuelling, energy services, advanced materials, power electronics and electric power production. Suzuki Motor Corporation ^ in October 2001the two companies announced an extension to their1981alliance partnership to collaborate in the development of fuel cell vehicles, focusing on developing small car applications. Toyota Motor Company/ExxonMobil ^ GM and TMC have each had separate technology agreements with ExxonMobil since 1995 and 1998, respectively, and the three companies announced in January 2001 that they would combine their research activities related to fuels for fuel cells and fuel infrastructure by testing fuel processing technologies, sharing computer simulation models and sharing the results developed by each of the companies. GM and TMC have been collaborating closely on fuel cell technology since1999.

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6.19 Global Thermoelectric Inc 490852nd Street SE, Calgary, Alberta T2B 3R2, Canada Tel: +1403204 6100 Fax: +1403204 6101 Web: www.globalte.com Global Thermoelectric Inc, listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, is the world’s largest manufacturer and distributor of thermoelectric power generators for use in remote locations, which accounted for all of the company’s revenues of C$15.4 million (US$9.9 million) in 2001. Global initially expanded its focus to include fuel cells as a way of complementing its thermoelectric generator business, and has become one of the leading developers of SOFC technology, focusing on small-scale (1^25 kW) applications. Global Thermoelectric started development of its planar SOFC technology in 1998, based on technology licensed from the Forschungszentrum Ju«lich in Germany. The company has now assembled and tested several prototype systems, with the latest models all designed to operate on natural gas and providing up to 2 kW net AC power. Global has developed new generation SOFC membranes that have demonstrated considerably improved power output per unit area. At operating temperatures of 800 C, the company has improved power output by 386% compared with its initial fuel cell design. The company’s most advanced membrane production processes involve simultaneous co-¢ring of all three layers of the cell membrane, which reduces production time by over 50% and overall labour and material costs by 30%. Global has also developed a new compressive system to seal around the edges of cell membranes to isolate the hydrogen and oxygen £ow channels from one another. This provides better protection against vibration and thermal cycling, and has been used in Global’s current stack design (‘Gen 4’), which has demonstrated a service life of 15 000 hours of continuous operation. A new generation stack design (‘Gen 5’), currently being tested, is proving more resilient to thermal cycling, facilitating the warm-up and cool-down of the stack associated with‘on/o¡’operation. The new design can be manufactured with 70% less cost than that associated with the Gen 4 stack. The company was recently awarded its ¢rst US patent, which protects Global’s core technology ^ the design and composition of its fuel cell membrane. Global Thermoelectric opened a 32 000 sq ft pilot fuel cell production plant in December 2000, and by the summer of 2001 production had reached the level of 1000 cells per week. In 2001 Global’s fuel cell facilities were expanded to a total of over 80 000 sq ft of production, laboratory and o⁄ce space. The plant is expected to continue to ramp up production and to demonstrate an enhanced manufacturing process for 2500 cells per week by the end of 2002. The plant’s ultimate capacity is10 MWand may support initial commercial production.

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Alliances In order to accelerate the development and commercialisation of its SOFC technology, Global has signed MOUs with: *

*

*

Dana Corporation of Toledo, Ohio ^ one of the world’s largest automotive component and module suppliers, with high-volume manufacturing capabilities. Advanced Energy Systems Ltd of Bentley, Australia ^ manufacturer of inverters and other power electronics equipment. National Research Council of Canada.

In July 2000 Global announced a strategic alliance with Enbridge Inc, Canada’s largest natural gas distributor, to develop and distribute natural gas-fuelled SOFC residential systems. Subsequently Global has announced a number of further development and distribution agreements with: * * * *

Suburban Propane LP of Whippany, New Jersey. Citizen Gas & Coke Utility of Indianapolis, Indiana. Bonneville Power Administration of Portland, Oregon. Superior Propane Inc of Calgary, Canada.

Global has recently announced that it had successfully completed the scheduled assembly and initial testing of three of its latest prototype residential 2 kW fuel cell systems as part of its alliance with Enbridge. Global is anticipating a product launch of its initial commercial applications in the second half of 2005. The company has also recently successfully completed the development of a 5 kWpropane proof-of-concept partial oxidation reformer and has demonstrated the ability of its SOFC technology to use propane as a feedstock. This work was done with a grant from the US Propane Education and Research Council. Global Thermoelectric Inc Key Figures (C$ million)

Revenues Earnings (loss) before taxes Net loss

Year ended 31 Dec. 2001

9 months ended 31 Dec. 2000

Year ended 31 Mar. 1999

15.4 (12.2) (13.0)

14.6 (1.1) (2.0)

27.3* 0.5 0.3

* Includes heater business sold in 2001.

6.20 Gore Fuel Cell Technologies 201 Airport Road, Elkton, MD 21922-1488, USA Tel: +14105067700 Fax: +14105067633 Web: www.gore.com/fuelcells W. L. Gore & Associates Inc, a private company with annual sales in excess of US$1.4 billion, is a specialist in £uoropolymer technology with thousands of

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diverse products, ranging from high-performance Gore-Tex1 fabrics to advanced dielectric materials. Gore’s development programme on fuel cells began in 1994 and the Fuel Cell Technologies Group now employs more than100 people. Gore Fuel Cell Technologies (GFCT), headquartered in Elkton, Maryland, has developed methods of incorporating proton-conducting materials into expanded polytetra£uoroethylene (ePTFE) to produce high mechanical strength composite membranes. These membranes have been patented and trademarked under the name GORE-SELECT1. The micro-reinforced membrane, which is not marketed separately, is used as the substrate for its catalysed membrane electrode assemblies, marketed under the name PRIMEA1 Membrane Electrode Assemblies. The catalyst applied to the membrane can be varied for application in PEM stacks operating with hydrogen or reformate. GFCT has now launched its fourth generation of product, the PRIMEA1 MEA Series 56, which has been designed for stationary PEM fuel cell applications. To maximise product performance, the Primea MEAs are o¡ered with optional gas di¡usion media. GFCT has made signi¢cant investment in high-volume MEA manufacturing facilities in the USA and Japan, with a capacity which exceeds projected market needs for the next three years.

6.21 Greenlight Power Technologies Unit C, 4242 Phillips Avenue, Burnaby, BC V5A 2X2, Canada Tel: +1604 676 4000 Fax: +1604 676 4111 Web: www.greenlightpower.com The Canadian company Greenlight Power Technologies, formerlyASA Automation Systems, is a leading global supplier of testing and diagnostic equipment to the fuel cell and battery industry. Founded in 1990 to focus on custom automation projects, the company launched its ¢rst fuel cell test station in 1993. Greenlight has since supplied over 300 pieces of fuel cell testing equipment to the world’s fuel cell stack manufacturers, system integrators and research organisations. Greenlight has enjoyed 30% compound annual revenue growth since inception, is currently pro¢table and has recently raised private equity ¢nancing to fund its future growth. The company has recently added SOFC and MCFC test stations to its existing range of PEM and DMFC test stations, which can be used for fuel cell product development and for fuel cell production. Fuel processor test stations allow developers of reformers, gas puri¢ers and electrolysers to simulate operating conditions and test their products.

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Greenlight is currently conducting R&D on future on-board and o¡-board diagnostic products. The on-board diagnostic products will be located within the fuel cell system to monitor and provide information to the user on failures, performance and safety. The o¡-board diagnostic equipment will allow repair technicians to troubleshoot problems within the system using data acquired through the on-board module. In October 2002 Greenlight moved to new facilities (in fact, the former Ballard Generation Systems facility) in Burnaby, British Columbia, tripling the size of its operations and relocating its main R&D operation from Sidney, British Columbia, where a small Product Development will remain. The company plans to start large-scale high-volume manufacturing in 2003^2004.

Distribution Agreements In April 2002 Greenlight signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Toyo Corporation, a distributor of leading-edge test and measurement equipment, to market, sell and service Greenlight’s fuel cell test equipment in Japan. Toyo had developed a fuel cell evaluation system of its own, with about 200 systems having been delivered. This has been followed with an agreement with DT AT–Europe, formerlyATT, a Division of DT Industries, for the sale, installation and service of Greenlight fuel cell test products in Europe.

6.22 H Power Corporation 60 Montgomery Street, Belleville, NJ 07109, USA Tel: +1973 450 4400 Fax: +1973 450 9850 Web: www.hpower.com

STOP PRESS On 12 November 2002 Plug Power Inc announced that it would acquire H Power in a stock-for-stock exchange valued at approximately US$50. million.

H Power was founded in 1989 and specialises in the design, development and manufacture of PEM fuel cell systems. The company, which completed an IPO of 7 million shares (traded on the Nasdaq market) in August 2000, raising approximately US$102 million, has four major investors: * * *

ECO Fuel Cells LLC (see below) DQE Enterprises Inc (a US utilities distributor) Hydro-Que¤bec Capitech Inc (a division of Hydro-Que¤bec, a major Canadian electric utility)

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*

So¢nov Socie¤te¤ Financie're d’Innovation Inc (the technology arm of Caisse de De¤po“t, a large Canadian pension fund)

H Power has focused on residential cogeneration units (RCUs), with powers up to 10 kW. The RCUs incorporate many proprietary technologies, including a fuel stack and a fuel processor based on steam reforming, which processes propane or natural gas to high-quality hydrogen. The current RCU being developed provides up to 4.5 kWof continuous electrical power and up to 6 kWof heat. The company has also been developing smaller portable and mobile power units, which operate on hydrogen, with powers from 15 to 500 W, to provide back-up power sources for telecommunications, remote access, highway variable message signs, etc. In February 2002 H Power introduced the precommercial version of the EPAC-500TM, a self-contained, rack-mountable 500 W fuel cell power source, designed for indoor and outdoor use; after ¢eld trials with several partners in the USA, Japan and Europe, a commercial product was launched in August. At the same time a new modular power solution product, the HCore-500TM, was launched, o¡ering a hydrogen-fuelled 500 W, 48 V DC power source that can also be con¢gured for indoor and outdoor use and can be combined to create customer speci¢c solutions featuring voltage outputs of 120 VAC or 48 V DC up to 2 kW. The ¢rst commercial HCore-500 units were shipped in September 2002 to Naps Systems Oy (see below). The company’s strategy for ¢scal year 2003 is to focus on the commercialisation of these direct hydrogen-based products. H Power is currently developing the HCore 5000, a higher power direct hydrogen product power source at 5 kW. The company expects this product will be used as a fuel cell-based power source for entire communities (sustainable communities). Prototypes of this product are expected to be available in ¢scal year 2003.

Distribution Agreements H Power, which claims to have delivered the ¢rst commercial sale of a PEM fuel cell system in 1998, entered into a ten-year agreement with ECO in 1999. ECO, which is a national energy services cooperative in the USAwith some 300 rural electric cooperative members, has selected H Power to be its exclusive supplier of stationary fuel cells in the1^25 kW range, and has agreed to purchase12 300 fuel cell systems over 10 years, representing about US$81 million in revenues. The relationship has already yielded an order for 50 EPAC-500TM portable power products and the purchase and shipment of all beta versions of the RCU for testing by ECO’s member cooperatives. H Power expects to start shipping commercial RCUs under this agreement in late 2003/early 2004, with volume building up in 2005 through 2008. Ten prototype 500 W residential cogeneration systems have been installed in Osaka Gas’ NEXT21, an experimental condominium complex, for testing purposes. A further eight units incorporating the improvements identi¢ed to date will be delivered for in-house and ¢eld beta-testing.

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Further distribution agreements have been made with: * *

* *

Mitsui & Co Ltd, Japan ^ for Japan. Naps Systems Oy, Finland (a leading supplier of solar power systems) ^ for selected European and Asian countries. Altair Energy LLC ^ for California. Gaz de France ^ for France.

H Power has begun shipping EPAC-500TM units, modi¢ed for the Japanese market, to its marketing partner Mitsui, who have also obtained an order for four 7 kW PEM fuel cell systems for the initial phase of a Japanese railway study. H Power has also delivered a 4 kW cogeneration fuel cell system to Naps Systems for demonstration purposes.

Alliances H Power has also made a number of technology development alliances with: *

*

* *

*

*

*

Air Products and Chemicals Inc (to investigate forming a business alliance to serve the market for small sub-kilowatt hydrogen-based fuel cell systems). Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp (H Power will supply fuel cell stacks for portable power systems). DuPont (joint development of DMFCs). Kurita Water Industries Ltd (H Power has access to Kurita’s proprietary water puri¢cation technology). Osaka Gas Co Ltd (development of co-generation PEM fuel cell systems using H Power fuel cell technology and Osaka’s proprietary compact steam reforming technology). SGL Carbon LLC (joint development of cost-e¡ective graphite plate components). Synergy Technologies Corp (development of fuel cell systems using H Power’s PEM technology and Synergy’s patented SynGen cold plasma process for reforming heavy fossil fuels).

H Power opened a new 90 000 sq ft manufacturing facility in Monroe, North Carolina, in July 2001, where the company is now producing fuel cell stacks. The company also has limited manufacturing facilities in Saint Laurent, near Montreal, Canada, where it carries out product development and systems integration. The company anticipates that its existing facilities will provide su⁄cient capacity through ¢scal year 2005. H Power Corp Key Figures for Year Ended 31 May (US$ thousand) 2002 Revenues Of which: Contracts Products Operating loss Net loss Number of employees

2576 756 1820 (30 346) (27 915) 183

2001 3643 2169 1474 (27 162) (22 151) 183

2000 3680 3003 677 (17 681) (17 012)

1999 1018 517 501 (6926) (6766)

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6.23 Hydrogenics Corporation 5985 McLaughlin Road, Mississauga, ON L5R 1B8, Canada Tel: +19053613660 Fax: +19053613626 Web: www.hydrogenics.com The business was founded in 1995 by Pierre Rivard and two colleagues, since when it has grown to employ 180 people with sales in 2001 of US$7.4 million (down from US$8.9 million in 2000). Based on strong ¢rst half results, the company is predicting sales of between US$14 million and US$16 million in 2002. Hydrogenics, which has focused on PEM fuel cell systems and test equipment, completed an IPO in November 2000 of 7 million shares (traded on the Nasdaq National Market and Toronto Stock Exchange) to raise some US$78 million. In October 2001 Hydrogenics formed a strategic alliance with General Motors Corporation with the aim of accelerating the development of fuel cell technology into global commercial markets. As part of the agreement, which includes shared IP rights and joint e¡orts in fuel cell product development, engineering, prototyping, testing, branding and marketing strategies, GM acquired approximately 24% of Hydrogenics shares. The two companies had been working closely together since December 2000, when Hydrogenics signed a contract to supply GM with engineering support and related services at the GM fuel cell research facility in Honeoye Falls, NewYork. Up to 2000, all of the company’s revenues were from the sale of PEM fuel cell automated test stations ^ the FCATSTM product line. Since the ¢rst sale in 1996, Hydrogenics has developed 14 generations of test equipment and sold over 110 FCATS systems in over 26 customer sites worldwide.

Distribution Agreements To accelerate the sales of its FCATS products, Hydrogenics signed two distribution agreements in 2001: * *

Toyota Tsusho Corporation ^ for the Japanese market; and Hankook BEP Co Ltd ^ for the Korean market.

In 2001 Hydrogenics launched its ¢rst commercial fuel cell power products: *

*

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HyUPSTM ^ co-developed with GM, it provides up to 25 kW of back-up power, for telecommunications and other critical power markets and has regenerative capabilities. The company has recently successfully completed the test of a HyUPS system at a cellular tower site provided by Nextel Communications. HyPMTM ^ a‘plug and play’series of fuel cell power modules, including fuel cell stack with a full balance of plant system, available in 10 kWand 25 kW, with 50 kWand100 kW modules being developed.

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers

Building on the success of the second-generation HyPmTM power module, which realised a 30% reduction in weight, a 25% reduction in parts and corresponding reduction in costs, the company is now developing a new low-pro¢le third-generation unit. The company has demonstrated its HyPORTTM fully integrated portable 2.5 kW fuel cell system with hydrogen stored in metal hydride canisters, and a 5 kWunit is under development. A 500 W system with an integrated chemical hydride storage system has also been developed, with funding from the Department of National Defence Canada, for recharging batteries in the ¢eld. The company is also developing, in an alliance with the Universite¤ du Que¤bec a' Trois-Rivie'res, HyTEF, a fully integrated sub-kilowatt (10 W^1 kW) fuel cell power system and after ¢eld trials a second-generation model has been produced with automated operation, enhanced remote control and improved reliability. Hydrogenics announced in August 2002 that it had entered into a development agreement with John Deere & company, the world’s leading producer of equipment for agriculture and forestry. Hydrogenics will provide HyPMTM power module technology together with integrated components and services for a premium power application of PEM fuel cells. Hydrogenics is developing PEM electrolyser technology, both for direct refuelling applications as well as a component for an integrated regenerative fuel cell system. In April 2001 Hydrogenics announced an agreement with Johnson Matthey to develop a fully integrated fuel processor system, incorporating JM’s proprietary fuel processing technology and Hydrogenics’ integrated system controls and balance-of-plant systems. Hydrogenics’ balance-of-plant components and subsystems include a proprietary cathode subsystem, providing humidi¢cation, which is used in its own FCATS products and in the development of fuel cell power modules. In August 2002 Hydrogenics and Dow Corning signed an agreement to jointly commercialise an innovative manufacturing process that the two companies had co-developed for sealing PEM fuel cell stacks, electrolysers and MEAs. The Seal-in-PlaceTM process substantially reduces stack assembly time and labour costs by eliminating the need to individually seal each stack component. In 2000 Hydrogenics moved to a new 95 000 sq ft facility in Mississauga, Ontario, and also opened a 10 000 sq ft facility in Rush, New York. An AsiaPaci¢c sales o⁄ce was also opened in Tokyo, Japan.

Acquisition In April 2002 Hydrogenics acquired the German company EnKat GmbH, based in Gelsenkirchen. EnKat, which provides process engineering services related to the integration of testing environments for fuel cells and their components, will provide Hydrogenics with the platform to establish and expand its operations in Europe.

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Hydrogenics Corporation Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December (US$ thousand) Revenues Operating (loss) Net income (loss) Number of employees (year end)

2001

2000

1999

7418 (8438) (1816) 171

8883 (545) (1736) 74

2674 (145) (208) 24

6.24 IdaTech 63160 Britta Street, Bend, OR 97701, USA Tel: +15413833390 Fax: +15413833439 Web: www.idatech.com IdaTech was initially formed as Northwest Power Systems in 1996. In 1999 IDACORP Inc, the holding company of Idaho Power Company, acquired a 72% interest in Northwest Power Systems (subsequently renamed as IdaTech), through its subsidiary IDACORP Technologies, which had been formed to consolidate and spearhead the company’s research, development and marketing e¡orts in renewable energy technologies, including solar photovoltaics and fuel cells. IdaTech has developed and patented a methanol fuel processor, the FPM 20TM, which comprises an integrated steam reformer and hydrogen puri¢er in a compact package. Built on a scaleable platform, the FPM 20, which was launched commercially in August 2002, can power fuel cell modules with outputs ranging from 2 to 6 kW. The company continues to develop fuel processors that will operate on other fuels, including natural gas, propane and kerosene. Using its fuel processing and system integration capabilities, IdaTech is designing and developing fully integrated 1^5 kW fuel cell systems. The FPM 20 is being used in the fully integrated FCS 1200TM, which is expected to be released in the near future. Since 1996, IdaTech has been working closely with the Bonneville Power Administration in Portland, which in 2000 ordered 50 beta fuel cell systems for ¢eld testing, the ¢rst 9 of which were delivered in December 2001. The 2 kW PEM fuel cell uses a low-temperature stack manufactured by Nuvera Fuel Cells in Italy. IdaTech is also ¢eld-testing its fuel cell systems in Japan, in cooperation with Tokyo Boeki Ltd, and in Europe in cooperation with Electricite¤ de France (EDF). In December 2000 IdaTech announced a long-term agreement with Tokyo Boeki under which the Japanese company acquired the rights to manufacture,

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market and distribute IdaTech products in Japan and13 Asian countries. As part of the agreement,Tokyo Boeki has also made an equity investment in IdaTech. In October 2002 the company announced a contract with the US Army Communications Electronics Command to develop two 2 kW fuel cell systems to power an array of communications and other electronic equipment on a High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (‘Humvee’). IdaTech is also working with Atwood Mobile Products on the development of a fuel cell system for the recreational vehicle (RV) market. Other development partners include Methanex Corporation in Canada and Statoil, a major Norwegian fuels supplier. IdaTech has recently developed and demonstrated a self-contained 1 kW fuel cell system, the FCS 1200, incorporating the FPM 20 fuel processing module, Ballard’s NexaTM PEM fuel cell, a methanol fuel tank, complete balance of plant and an optional sine wave inverter. The company plans to build a new 40 000 sq ft manufacturing plant at Bend, Oregon, the company’s headquarters.

6.25 InDEC Pilot Production BV PO Box1,1755 ZG Petten, Netherlands Tel: +31224 564 888 Fax: +31224 568615 Web: www.indecpp.com The InDEC (Innovative Dutch Electro Ceramics) Pilot Production enterprise was established in September 1999 as a subsidiary of the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN). ECN, which employs nearly 600 people, executes a Clean Fossil Fuels programme, which includes research into both PEMFCs and SOFCs and fuel cellrelated fuel processing. Under exclusive licences from ECN, InDEC manufactures planar electroceramic components for predominantly solid oxide fuel cell applications. InDEC produces its components in a pilot batch manufacturing facility, with a current capacity of 100 000 components per year, which is located on the ECN premises at Petten, in the Netherlands. Preparations are under way for scaling up the production volume. Manufacturing techniques used are tape casting of the mechanically supporting structure and screen printing of the thin layers. The ceramic components are ¢red in a sintering facility. Products include anode-supported cells and electrolyte-supported cells, for the residential CHP, commercial/industrial CHP and automotive (APU) market.

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6.26 Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co Ltd 2-16 Toyosu 3-chome, Koto-ku,Tokyo135-8733, Japan Tel: +8133534 3224 Fax: +8133534 4460 Web: www.ihi.co.jp Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co Ltd (IHI) is one of Japan’s leading heavy machinery manufacturers, with sales in the year ended 31 March 2002 of ¥1082.4 billion (US$891 million). The company is in the process of divesting itself of its Shipbuilding & O¡shore Division, which accounted for about 10% of sales in the last ¢scal year. IHI’s Energy, Environment and Plant Operations, which account for around 27% of the company’s sales, include boilers, gas turbines, components for nuclear power plants, environmental control systems, storage facilities, etc. IHI has been involved in the development of MCFCs since 1983 and supplied two 250 kW stacks for the 1000 kW MCFC pilot plant, which was operated during 1999 at Chuba Electric Company’s Kawagoe Power Station. IHI has been fabricating a 300 kW MCFC demonstration unit as a NEDO project, which will begin operations at the Kawagoe Power Station during 2002. The company has recently transferred its MCFC development and production facilities to its main electrical factory at Aioi Works, Hyogo. Two 300 kW MCFC units will be produced in 2002 and an increase in production and scaling up of the unit is planned ^ IHI has a plan to design and manufacture a 600 kW MCFC power plant, having two 300 kWstacks in the module ^ for 2003, with full commercialisation expected in 2004^2005. Future plans are for a 3 MW unit, having four 750 kWstacks. Working with the MCFC Research Association in Japan, IHI has designed and manufactured a 10 kW class MCFC unit fuelled by natural gas. A 3000 hours test programme began in March 2002 at the Kawagoe Power Station. In 2001 IHI made an investment in Mosaic Energy LLC, USA, acquiring 8% of the company’s equity. The company plans to combine PEM fuel cell stacks from Mosaic with its own fuel processing and balance of plant technology to produce PEMFC power systems for the Japanese market. IHI’s system had been adopted for a PEMFC demonstration project fuelled from naphtha, which was carried out at theYokohama Re¢nery of Nippon Mitsubishi Oil in early 2001. A subsequent test at a retail gasoline service station inYokohama was started in July 2001. IHI announced in early 2002 that it was creating a Mosaic Energy fuel cell stack manufacturing capability in Japan to speed up the commercialisation of PEMFC power systems in Japan, which is expected in 2003. Late in 2003 and early 2004, the IHI balance of plant and a commercially ready Mosaic Energy stack technology will be returned to the USA, allowing for immediate US manufacture and market entry.

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6.27 Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Lydiard Fields, Great WesternWay, Swindon SN5 8AT, UK Tel: +44 1793755600 Fax: +44 1793755800 Web: www.matthey.com

STOP PRESS On 8 November 2002, Johnson Matthey announced that it was selling a 17.5% share of Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells to Anglo Platinum of South Africa for »20 million.

Johnson Matthey plc is a speciality chemicals company focused on its core skills in precious metals, catalysts and ¢ne chemicals. It is organised into four operating divisions: Catalysts & Chemicals, Pharmaceutical Materials, Precious Metals and Colours & Coatings.With consolidated group sales in year ended 31 March 2002 of »4.83 billion, it has operations in 34 countries and employs around 7000 people. Johnson Matthey has been involved for many years in the research, development and optimisation of fuel cell catalysts. In April 2000 Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells was formed as a separate business unit, within the Catalysts & Chemicals Division, dedicated to the development and manufacture of catalysts, membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), fuel processors and catalysed components for low-temperature fuel cell systems. In recognition of the importance of fuel processing to the fuel cell industry, Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells formed a new business unit ^ Gas Processing Technology, based in West Chester, Pennsylvania, and Letchworth, UK ^ to focus on the fuel processing aspect of Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells’ business. As well as the new products being developed for the fuel cell industry, this business unit is also responsible forJohnson Matthey’s established Hydrogen Puri¢cation products. Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells is expanding rapidly and currently employs more than 200 people across Europe, the USA and Japan. A major investment in R&D and testing facilities has been made at the Johnson Matthey Technology Centre at Sonning Common, UK. Electrode production is based in Royston, UK, and a new MEA assembly plant, which will become operational by the end of 2002, is being built at Swindon, UK, where the European HQ for Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells will also be relocated. In the USA the catalyst manufacturing plant at West Deptford, New Jersey, has been expanded and a new fuel processor facility has been established at West Whiteland, Pennsylvania, with expanded testing, development and pilot production. Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells is the leading supplier of catalysts and catalysed components to a wide range of fuel cell manufacturers and continues to develop new products with both in-house and joint catalyst development programmes.

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Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells is developing proprietary non-woven carbon webs and gas di¡usion substrates, with exclusive supply and development agreements with Technical Fibre Products, the advanced composites subsidiary of James Cropper plc. JM has developed a patented fuel reformer technology called HotSpotTM, generating rich hydrogen reformate from methanol, natural gas, LPG and higher hydrocarbons. It is currently assembling its reformers from internally and externally sourced components. The group is working on the fourth-generation design, now being tested with customers, where the development focus is on operational improvements and cost reduction. Also being developed is the DemonoxTM CO gas clean-up system containing a highly selective catalyst to remove the CO, without losing any hydrogen. Johnson Matthey plc Key Figures for Year Ended 31 March (» million) Revenues Of which: Catalysts and chemicals Operating profit Profit after tax Number of employees (year end)

2002

2001

2000

4830.1

5903.7

3866.0

1302.6 168.4 106.5 6996

1467.6 174.1 126.3 6637

856.2 136.2 109.9 6238

6.28 Manhattan Scientifics Inc Olympic Tower,641 Fifth Avenue, Suite 36F, NY 10022, USA Tel: +1212752 0505 Fax: +1212752 0077 Web: www.mhtx.com Manhattan Scienti¢cs Inc (MHTX), which was formed in January 1998 through a reverse merger involving a public company, is a technology developer focused on commercialising its existing technologies in the areas of alternative energy and computer and internet technology. MHTX owns the worldwide rights to the patented Micro Fuel CellTM nonstacked planar fuel cell invented by Robert Hockaday (Energy Related Devices Inc, Los Alamos, New Mexico). In 1999 an eight-cell array, which was approximately the size of a credit card, running on methanol and water, was demonstrated. In April 2002 MHTX announced that it had boosted the energy of the Micro Fuel Cell by a factor of 6 to 9 times beyond the capabilities of current lithium ion batteries, using a sodium borohydride ampoule as a hydrogenproducing fuel source. MHTX has also developed a mobile phone portable charger, the Power HolsterTM, using its proprietary Micro Fuel Cell technology.

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Manhattan Scienti¢cs is working in Japan with Mihama Corporation, a trading company involved in high tech businesses, to bring the Micro Fuel CellTM project to fruition. The two companies are screening companies, such as semiconductor manufacturers, as potential mass-production partners. MHTX owns the global rights to the technology of NovArs GmbH, a German company developing hydrogen powered fuel cells in the 3^3000 W range. In 2000 the company demonstrated the HydrocycleTM, a 670 W fuel cell powered bicycle, which has a range of up to 100 km and a top speed of 30 km/hour, which had been developed in collaboration with Aprilia SpA, a leading Italian motorcycle, scooter and bicycle manufacturer. More recently the two companies have developed a 3 kW fuel cell powered scooter, which uses advanced composite materials and unique technologies to minimise size and weight. MHTX has also developed a prototype NovArs fuel cell, capable of delivering 60^70 W continuous power for the US Army, which is being tested as part of a program to evaluate the feasibility of supplementing batteries in portable communication equipment now in use. MHTX has an agreement with Electrolux and Lunar Design to develop an evaluation prototype of a portable fuel cell-powered vacuum cleaner. The NovArs unit has now ceased operations and is in the process of selling its test and other equipment to the Swiss electric motor and battery charger manufacturer MES-DEA SA, at Stabio. The company is also in discussion with other potential partners about building a pilot production line leading to volume manufacturing of its proprietary NovArs fuel cells.

6.29 McDermott Technology Inc 1562 Beeson Street, Alliance, OH 44601-2196, USA Tel: +1330 8297878 Fax: +1220 823 0639 Web: www.mtiresearch.com McDermott Technology Inc (MTI) is the corporate technology centre for McDermott International Inc, a leading energy services company with revenues in 2001 of US$1.97 billion. MTI carries out research for all of the company’s activities as well as undertaking contract research, with facilities at Alliance, Ohio, and Lynchburg,Virginia. MTI began fuel cell research in the mid-1980s and by the early 1990s, the company had focused its e¡orts on the development of planar solid oxide fuel cells and, since1994, the development of fuel processors. Since 1994, MTI has reformed many fuels, including natural gas, gasoline and diesel fuel. Non-catalytic, partial oxidation, catalytic autothermal and steam

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reformers have all been employed. Through its work MTI has developed special expertise in distillate fuel processing. This knowledge is being applied to the development, under contract from the O⁄ce of Naval Research, of a 500 kW autothermal fuel processor for use in marine applications. Following work with Catalytica Advanced Technologies and NexTech Materials Ltd, under a DOE contract, MTI is developing a 50 kW multi-fuel processor for fuel cell vehicles. In June 1994 MTI and Ceramatec Inc formed SOFCo to develop planar SOFC technology. In September 1999 Advanced Refractory Technologies Inc joined the team, with ART’s role being to develop a low cost manufacturing process for the SOFC ceramic stacks, adapting the multi-layer processing technology used in the electronics industry. SOFCo, based at the Alliance laboratories, now employs some 50 people. In October 2001 MTI and Cummins Power Generation were selected to receive a US$75 million development contract from the US DOE to develop a 10 kW SOFC power generator for mobile and stationary applications. MTI will develop the fuel reformer and heat exchanger and provide its proprietary solid oxide fuel cell stacks for the system. SOFCo has tested its unique multi-layer stack design in a 1 kW natural gasfuelled system in 2002. In 2003^2004, the company will be testing the prototype for the Cummins 10 kWauxiliary power unit. SOFCo also plan to build and test a stationary power system in the 50 kW^100 kW class in 2004^2005. Commercialisation of its ¢rst product is expected in 2005^2006. Ceramatec continues to do development work for SOFCo in Salt Lake City on a contractual basis. ART, which was acquired by the M/A-COM division of Tyco Electronics in 2001, also continue to perform contract development work for SOFCo, but all IP is the exclusive property of SOFCo.

6.30 Medis Technologies Ltd 805 Third Avenue,15th Floor, NY 10022, USA Tel: +12129358484 Fax: +12129359216 Web: www.medistechnologies.com Medis Technologies Ltd was established in 1992 to enter a joint venture with Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) ^ Israel’s largest aerospace company, which developed many of its most advanced aerospace and military technologies ^ to exploit new technologies for civilian applications. Medis Technologies Ltd, a Delaware corporation with shares traded on the Nasdaq exchange, acts as a holding company with R&D being carried out by its wholly owned subsidiaries Medis El Ltd and More Energy Ltd in Israel. Amongst the products being developed are small-scale fuel cells for portable electronics. Using its proprietary highly electrically conductive polymers

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(HECPs), catalysts and electrolyte, Medis has developed an advanced direct liquid ethanol/methanol (DLE/M) fuel cell. Designed without the standard proton-exchange membrane, the company’s fuel cell do not require any external systems for delivering fuel, for water management, heat controls, forced air, reformers or other functions. Medis has recently demonstrated a 20 cm3 and 45 cm3 fuel cell, with an energy capacity of 300 Wh/litre. A 30 cm3 fuel cell power pack, with a DC to DC converter has also been demonstrated with the capability of fully charging a cellphone twice prior to refuelling. Medis’aim is to achieve an energy capacity of 450^550 Wh/litre in 2003. The company is also developing a larger fuel cell power pack as a secondary power source for laptop computers and other larger, portable electronic devices, including certain military products. As part of its strategy, Medis has established several strategic alliances: *

*

*

*

Exclusive agreement with General Dynamics Corp to develop and market fuel cells and fuel cell-powered portable electronic devices for the US Department of Defense. As part of the agreement, General Dynamics has agreed to market DLE/M fuel cells to the Department of Defense. Non-exclusive cooperative agreement with France-based Sagem SA to develop a power pack charger for cellphones. An agreement with an Israeli electronics manufacturer to de¢ne a speci¢cation and carry out the preliminary design of a DLE/M fuel cell for a new energy pack for infantry soldiers, as part of the ¢rst phase of an Israeli sponsored military development programme. An agreement with a US company to develop a new application for the use of Medis’ HECPs in a PEM fuel cell component to advance the development of such fuel cells for automobile, home and stationary power sources.

Although Medis has established a small pilot facility to manufacture HECPs in Or-Yehuda, Israel, the company plans to focus on the R&D of its technologies rather than ¢nance the construction of any additional manufacturing facilities. Medis plans to satisfy the demand for its fuel cell products, if and when developed, by entering into licence, joint venture or other arrangements with a company or companies that are capable of worldwide mass production. Medis has recently announced that it has developed a cathode catalyst for its DLE/M fuel cell, which no longer requires platinum or other noble metal as a component, which has signi¢cant implications for cost reduction. The company is now focusing on the elimination of platinum from the anode catalyst.

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6.31 Millennium Cell Inc 1 Industrial WayWest, Eaton Town, NJ 07724, USA Tel: +1732542 4000 Fax: +1732542 4010 Web: www.millenniumcell.com Millennium Cell was formed in 1998, began operations on 1 January 1999 and was converted into a Delaware corporation, with shares traded on the Nasdaq National Market, in April 2000. Millennium Cell (MCEL) is a leading developer of technology for hydrogen storage, generation and fuel delivery systems for fuel cells and internal combustion engines. The company has developed the proprietary Hydrogen on DemandTM technology, which safely generates pure hydrogen from sodium borohydride, an environmentally friendly raw material. The company is collaborating with Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, under the supervision of a contract of the US Department of Energy, evaluating the Hydrogen on DemandTM system for use in portable power generation in near-term military operations. MCEL and Ballard Power Systems have agreed to work together to develop the Hydrogen on DemandTM system for Ballard’s portable power fuel cell products. MCEL has entered into proprietary rights agreements with DaimlerChrysler to test the Hydrogen on DemandTM system for use in vehicles. The Natrium1 Town and Country mini-van, unveiled in late 2001 and powered by a fuel cell, uses MCEL’s hydrogen storage system. MCEL has provided its Hydrogen on DemandTM system to PSA Peugeot Citroe«n for the auxiliary power unit in its battery-powered Taxi PAC demonstrator and more recently the concept battery-powered ¢re engine, called H2O. MCEL has also agreed to provide Ford Motor Company with a prototype Hydrogen on DemandTM fuel system for evaluation in the Ford Research Laboratories. In July 2002 MCEL announced an agreement with fuel cell system integrator, Aperion Energy Systems, to integrate its Hydrogen on DemandTM technology into the fuel cell systems manufactured and marketed byAperion. To ensure the short- and long-term supply of sodium borohydride for energy applications, MCEL has signed a number of development agreements, including agreements with Rohm and Haas (the world’s largest manufacturer of sodium borohydride), US Borax (the leading supplier of borax, the primary component in the manufacture of sodium borohydride), Air Products & Chemicals, and the Hungarian company System Consulting Rt. MCEL has also signed an agreement with Avantium to accelerate catalyst development for the Hydrogen on DemandTM system.

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The use of MCEL’s sodium borohydride-based chemical processes may be adapted for the development of longer life batteries. Electrochemical research is under way to explore the commercial feasibility of boron-based batteries.

6.32 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation 1-1 Tsukaguchi-honmachi 8-chome, Amagasaki-shi, Hyogo 661-8661, Japan Tel: +816 64977169 Fax: +816 64977292 Web: www.melco.co.jp Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (MELCO) is a multinational company with operations in 34 countries and consolidated group sales of ¥3649 billion (US$30.0 billion) in the year ended 31 March 2002. MELCO’s business is structured around ¢ve main activities ^ Energy and Electric Systems; Industrial Automation; Information Systems; Home Appliances; and Electronic Devices. The Energy and Electric Systems Group, which had sales (including internal sales) in FY 2001 of ¥920.6 billion (US$7.6 billion) produces turbine generators, substations, building systems, elevators and escalators and IT solutions for power industries, and electronic government services. Mitsubishi Electric currently employs approximately 4000 researchers in laboratories in Japan, the USA and Europe. The Advanced Technology R&D Centre at Amagasaki is heading the company’s fuel cell R&D e¡orts. MELCO has been developing PAFCs since the 1980s and has produced fourteen 200 kW plants for ¢eld trials in Japan. In 1998 MELCO produced two digestion plants, which use digestive gas from a sewage disposal centre and from a brewery as fuel. The company has been developing PAFCs with a capacity exceeding 200 kWand has been running tests of a 500 kW plant with the Kansai Electric Power Co Inc. Under the Japanese government’s New Sunshine Program, MELCO has been developing an internal reforming MCFC: following tests on a 30 kW class stack, tests on a 200 kW stack, made from two 100 kW sub-stacks, were made at Kansai Electric Power Company’s Amagasaki Fuel Test Centre in1998^1999. In 1993 MELCO began the development of methanol reformed PEMFC power systems under a contract from the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). Prototype 2 kW, 5 kW and 10 kW power systems have been produced and the company has also succeeded in developing a horizontal stack to be installed below a vehicle’s £oor, with output of 5.8 kW and thickness of12 cm.

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6.33 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd 3-1 Minatomirai 3-chome, Nishi-ku,Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 220-8401, Japan Tel: +8145224 9127 Fax: +8145224 9910 Web: www.mhi.co.jp Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd (MHI), with sales in the year ended 31 March 2002 of ¥2864 billion (US$23.9 billion), provides a broad range of products and services, including shipbuilding, steel structures, power generation equipment, air conditioners, machinery for industrial and general use, aerospace systems and more. MHI, which is one of the world’s major suppliers of power generation equipment (gas and steam turbines, boilers and renewable energy systems), with sales in FY2001 of ¥900 billion, is developing both SOFC and PEMFC technologies. The company is developing both tubular construction SOFCs ^ a pressurised 10 kW module has been successfully operated for 7000 hours ^ and monoblock layer type SOFCs ^ a 5 kW module has been developed in collaboration with Chuba Electric Power Co Inc. The development of the pressurised 10 kW module has been done in partnership with Electric Power Development and the two companies are now developing a hybrid fuel cell/micro gas turbine system with an output of 400 kW, which is expected to lead to the development of1 MW modules. MHI has developed a new fabrication technology to reduce cell cost, using the co-sintering method instead of the plasma spray coating method. MHI is working on a 1 kW natural gas steam reforming fuel processor for generating hydrogen, using a new technology, which prevents catalyst deterioration during the reformation process. The company plans to have a sample 1 kW PEMFC system at the end of 2002 and expects to begin commercial sales through gas distributors in 2005. MHI has developed a 45 kW PEMFC fuelled by a methanol reformer, and a prototype has been ¢tted to a Mitsubishi car. However, the development has been put in abeyance with the focus of PEMFC development now being for stationary power generation applications.

6.34 Morgan Fuel Cell Tebay Road, Bromborough,Wirral, Cheshire CH623PH, UK Tel: +44 1514827493 Fax: +44 151334 1684 Web: www.morganfuelcell.com The Morgan Crucible Company plc is the ultimate holding company of a group of subsidiary undertakings engaged in the manufacture and marketing

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of magnetic, carbon and ceramic components for application in a wide range of industries and services. The Group, which had sales in 2001 of »1025 million (US$1486 million), employs 13 000 people operating across 40 countries worldwide. Morgan Fuel Cell (MFC) was formed in 2001 as a division of Morgan Speciality Graphite, which operates in the ‘Engineered Carbon’ business sector. Sales in 2001amounted to »127.3 million (US$184 million). MFC is harnessing Morgan’s 15 years’ carbon and ceramics expertise to develop, manufacture and market advanced components and subsystems for fuel cells. Currently, MFC’s core business is the development, manufacture and marketing of carbon^graphite bi-polar plates for PEM and DMFC fuel cells. The company’s patented ElectroEtchTM process is used to create rapidly and accurately the complex £ow ¢eld patterns onto the surface of bi-polar plates. In addition, MFC has developed methods for making GDL (gas di¡usion layer) materials, and is producing ceramic components and thermal insulation solutions for solid oxide and molten carbonate fuel cells. Since the formation of MFC, the company has been investing in new R&D facilities to develop a new range of materials and processes, and has announced research funding into fuel cell technology at Loughborough University in the UK. MFC has also recently invested signi¢cantly in test facilities for its materials. Morgan Crucible Company plc Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December (» million) Revenues Of which: Engineered carbons Operating profit Profit after tax

2001

2000

1999

1024.5

1051.1

862.4

127.3 56.6 7.3

124.9 98.6 62.1

75.1 61.5

6.35 Mosaic Energy LLC 1700 South Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA Tel: +1847768 0730 Fax: +1847768 0916 Web: www.mosaicenergy.com Mosaic Energy has its origins in 1998, when the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) transferred its fuel cell graphite bi-polar plate technology into a majorityowned joint venture, PEM Plates. In 1999 IGT and NiSource Inc formed Mosaic Energy LLC to leverage IGT’s PEM fuel cell stack design and fuel processing IP for the commercialisation of fuel cell systems for the retail energy business. In 2000 the assets and IP of PEM Plates were merged into Mosaic Energy.

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In April 2000 IGT merged with the Gas Research Institute to form the Gas Technology Institute (GTI), based in Des Plaines, Illinois, now the US’s premier, industry-led natural gas R&D organisation. NiSource Inc is a holding company with headquarters in Merrivale, Indiana, whose operating companies engage in virtually all phases of the natural gas business from exploration and production to transmission, storage and distribution, as well as electricity generation, transmission and distribution. NiSource companies serve a high-growth energy corridor from the Gulf of Mexico to the Midwest to New England. In April 2001 the Japanese Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Ltd (IHI, see Section 6.26), a global, diversi¢ed corporation with business interests in the aerospace, shipbuilding and energy generation equipment sectors, took a minority stake in Mosaic Energy. IHI plans to combine PEM fuel cell stacks manufactured by Mosaic with its own fuel processing and balance-of-plant technology, resulting in fuel cell system products targeted at the Japanese and Paci¢c Rim distributed generation market ^ gas stations, convenience stores, supermarkets, apartment buildings, etc. Mosaic Energy’s shareholder stakes are now: * * *

GTI ^ 59.4% NiSource Energy Technologies ^ 32.6% IHI ^ 8.0%

In 2001 Mosaic Energy began operating a 3.5 kW natural gas-fuelled PEM stationary fuel cell system at its Des Plaines facility and in Japan. IHI began testing a 5 kW PEM fuel cell power system, using naphtha fuel, at a service station in Yokohama, as part of a research project supported by the Japanese Petroleum Energy Centre. Early in 2002, Mosaic Energy shipped two 6.6 kW PEM fuel cell stacks to IHI for use in demonstration projects. IHI has built a Mosaic Energy fuel cell stack manufacturing plant in Japan to support the company’s initial product o¡erings and market entry in Japan, which will be the initial focus of Mosaic Energy’s commercialisation programme. The fuel cell stacks will be integrated with fuel cell components developed and manufactured by IHI. All development is now been carried out in Japan, with Mosaic in the USA becoming e¡ectively dormant. Late in 2003 or early 2004, the IHI balance-of-plant and a commercially ready Mosaic Energy stack technology will be returned to the USA, allowing for immediate US manufacture and market entry. A 20 kW system for small commercial applications is being planned, which will be sold through energy service companies. In the longer term (after 2005), residential fuel cell systems are planned for the US and Japanese markets.

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6.36 MTI MicroFuel Cells Inc 431 New Karner Road, Albany, NY 12205, USA Tel: +15185332222 Fax: +15185332223 Web: www.mtimicrofuelcells.com MTI MicroFuel Cells, along with MTI Instruments (manufacturer of precision instrumentation), are the two operating subsidiaries of Mechanical Technology Inc (MTI). MTI also co-founded and retains a signi¢cant interest (about 27%) in Plug Power Inc and it also has an interest in SatCon Technology Corporation, which develops power electronics and energy management products (including for fuel cell applications) and Beacon Power Corporation, which develops £ywheel energy storage systems. MTI MicroFuel Cells began operations in January 2001 and is developing micro direct methanol fuel cells for portable applications, using DMFC technology licensed from Los Alamos National Laboratory, from where some of its key sta¡ have moved. MTI MicroFuel Cells, which has moved into a new 15 000 sq ft facility in Albany, New York, and now employs over 40 people, has created research relationships and shared R&D facilities with leading universities such as the University of Albany’s Center for Environmental Science and Technology Management, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. MTI MicroFuel Cells has established a joint development and supply agreement for the use of DuPont membrane technology, with DuPont taking an approximate 6% equity stake in the company. The company has been awarded a US$4.6 million grant to develop advanced micro fuel cell systems from the Advanced Technology Program (ATP) of the National Institute of Standards. MTI MicroFuel Cells is also partnering with ATK (Alliant Techsystems), a major defence contractor, to develop micro fuel cells for militaryapplications, including the Objective Individual CombatWeapon (OICW). MTI MicroFuel Cells demonstrated its ¢rst prototype in October 2001, which measured 180 cm3 in size, and in March 2002 a second prototype was demonstrated, which with more sophisticated integrated electronics and double the output, was 20% smaller than the ¢rst. The third prototype, announced in August 2002, reduced the size further to about 50% of the ¢rst prototype. Commercialisation of the product is expected by the end of 2004. MechanicalTechnologyIncKeyFiguresforYearEnded30September (US$ thousand) Revenues (all instrumentation) Operating loss Net income (loss)

2001

2000

1999

7298 (5695) 3841

5558 (3927) (18 596)

12895 (1408) (10 688)

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6.37 MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH New Technologies, D-81663 Mu«nchen, Germany Tel: +4989607315 07 Fax: +4989607315 09 Web: www.mtu-online.com MTU Friedrichshafen, which is 88.35% owned by DaimlerChrysler AG, is a major manufacturer of diesel engine and turbine systems. Employing some 6200 people worldwide, the company had sales in 2001 of E1128 million. The company’s New Technologies group, which employs more than 60 people, has been involved in fuel cell developments for over10 years. MTU engineers in Munich-Ottobrun and FuelCell Energy Inc in the USA, in which MTU has a 8.73% stake, have developed the HotModule system, a combined heat and power system using a molten carbonate fuel cell (using FCE stacks) operating at 650 C. After the ¢rst system demonstrator was installed at Ruhrgas in 1997, the ¢rst ¢eld trial commenced with the municipal utility company in Bielefeld, Germany. Powered by natural gas, the unit, which has achieved over 16 000 operating hours, provided 250 kWof electricity at an e⁄ciency rate of 47% and also generated 160 kWof steam power from the module’s waste heat. A second ¢eldtrial plant was installed at the Rho«n-Klinikum hospital at Bad Neustadt/Saale. Two further HotModule systems were installed by Fuel Cell Energy Inc in the USA during 2001, at the Mercedes-Benz manufacturing facility in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power; a further 15 pre-commercial HotModule plants have been ordered for installation in Europe, the USA and Japan during 2002 and 2003. One of the European orders has already been installed at RWE’s Meteorit Energy Park, and three more units will be installed in Germany, before the end of the year at Deutsche Telekom in Munich, IPF Health Clinic in Magdeburg and EnBW/Michelin in Karlsruhe. A unit will also be installed at shipbuilder IZAR in Cartagena, Spain.Volume production is expected to commence in 2004. At the end of 2000, MTU announced the strategic decision of entering the PEM fuel cell business. A PEM Fuel Cells Project Centre has been set up and is adapting the automotive fuel cells developed by Ballard Power Systems AG (previously called Xcellsis GmbH) and others for further developing them to be used for o¡-highway applications. MTU also plans to adapt PEM fuel cell systems for use in power generation applications for trains, ships and special-purpose vehicles. The company also plans to use the technology for stationary applications in the leisure industry and on construction sites. MTU Friedrichshafen owns 40% of Gesellschaft fu«r HochleistungsElektolyseure zu«r Wassersto¡erzeugung mbH (GHW) [High-performance Electrolysers for Hydrogen Generation Company], with Hamburgische

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Electricita«ts-Werke (HEW) holding 20% and Norsk Hydro Electrolysers the remaining 40%. GHW is developing and producing 30 bar pressure electrolysers, one of which was installed at Munich airport in May 1999 for on-site hydrogen production as part of the world’s ¢rst fuelling station for gas and liquid hydrogen. The airport pressure electrolyser daily produces 2.4 million litres of hydrogen at 30 bar operating pressure, which is about 9600 litres when pressurised up to 250 bar, the storage pressure of the hydrogen buses. GHW, at present, is developing an innovative type of electrolyser in the MW range, especially for the hydrogen ¢lling station and energy storage market.

6.38 Norsk Hydro Electrolysers AS Heddalsvn11, PO Box 44, N-3671 Notodden, Norway Tel: +4735 0939 99 Fax: +4735 0144 04 Web: www.electrolysers.com Norsk Hydro Electrolysers AS (NHEL) is an independent limited company, wholly owned by Norsk Hydro ASA, a leading supplier of oil and energy, light metals and plant nutrition. Norsk Hydro, with revenues in 2001of NOK152.8 billion (US$17.0 billion), although based in Norway, operates in more than 70 countries worldwide with more than 40 000 employees. NHEL is a world-leading supplier of water electrolysis equipment and complete compression, puri¢cation, storage and gas handling systems for industrial applications, hydrogen fuelling stations and distributed energy systems. In addition to more than 300 units supplied internal to the group, NHEL has supplied more than170 hydrogen generating units throughout the world. NHEL is involved in a pioneer project on the Norwegian island of Utsira, which will produce hydrogen from wind power, starting in 2003. Norsk Hydro is part of Icelandic New Energy Ltd, set up with the task of developing systems for the production, storage and distribution of hydrogen as part of the country’s project to replace all fossil fuels with hydrogen by 2030. Together with 20 other companies, Norsk Hydro is developing rules and regulations for vehicles and fuelling stations in Europe, and is the project leader for the work package ‘Hydrogen refuelling stations’. The company is also involved in the International Energy Agency’s hydrogen programme and is responsible for new production processes for hydrogen from carbon-containing materials, with minimal CO2 emissions.

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6.39 Nuvera Fuel Cells Inc 35 Acorn Park, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA Tel: +16174986732 Fax: +16174986655 Web: www.nuvera.com Nuvera Fuel Cells Inc was formed in April 2000 through the merger of De Nora Fuel Cells SpA, the fuel cell division of the Italian engineering concern Gruppo De Nora, and Epyx Corporation, the fuel processing division of the US business and technology consulting companyArthur D Little Inc. At the time of the merger, a minority share in Nuvera was sold to Amerada Hess Corporation, a leading US East Coast provider of fuel oil, natural gas and electricity to industrial and commercial customers. Arthur D Little is currently in Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings, with its stake in Nuvera up for sale. Since 1992, Epyx, working alongside the US Department of Energy, had created over 30 fuel processors in power capacities ranging from 300 W to 200 kWand Nuvera has now built over 430 PEM fuel cell stacks since1990. Gruppo De Nora is a world leader in the manufacturing of electrolytic cells with extensive proprietary know-how in the electrochemical industry, including advanced coatings and support material for titanium electrodes (DSATM) and a variety of electrodes for metal electrogalvanizing and anodes for cathodic protection. The company also specialises in the engineering, procurement and construction of complete plants for the electrochemical and electrometallurgical industries. Nuvera’s o⁄ces, analytical research laboratories, product development and testing facilities and new prototype manufacturing facilities are located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Milan, Italy, with the company now employing about150 people. The company is developing multi-fuel processors for automotive and stationary applications at power capacities from 300 W to 200 kW. Nuvera is also developing small-scale PEM fuel cell power modules from1to 50 kW. PEM fuel cells of 1 kW and 5 kW operating from natural gas have been developed, and in 2001 a 5 kW unit was demonstrated providing power to a Verizon telecommunication system, as part of a joint development agreement between Nuvera and Verizon. Fuel cells operating from propane are expected in 2003. The company has launched a range of hydrogen fuelled fuel cell modules, from 1 to 6 kW under the AvantiTM name, aimed at OEMs, which can operate under harsh conditions. This third-generation fuel cell has reduced the volume from 2 m3 in1999 to 0.8 m3. Nuvera’s next-generation fuel cell called ‘HiQ Technology’ aims for a net e⁄ciency of over 45%. The company is also working on an integrated 75 kW PEM fuel cell with a microturbine targeted at the small-scale power generation market.

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Nuvera and RWE, in Germany, have formed a partnership to develop and distribute PEM fuel cells in Europe. The partners plan to develop, manufacture and sell combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell systems with an electrical output of up to 50 kW for use in residential and small commercial power applications, with the ¢rst commercial products becoming available in 2004. As part of this development, RWE plans to test 20^25 residential fuel cell systems, providing 5 kWof electrical power and 7 kWof heat, during 2002^2003. Nuvera and Mitsui Co Ltd, Japan, have signed a Memorandum of Understanding to create a joint venture company, which initially is conducting a feasibility study for the production and distribution of fuel cell systems for the Japanese market. Since 1992, Nuvera’s fuel processors and PEM fuel cell stacks have been successfully tested and evaluated by a number of automobile manufacturers. Following the successful demonstration of the Fiat 600 Elettra Fuel Cell Vehicle, called ‘Seicento Elettra H2’, which uses a Nuvera fuel cell stack for the auxiliary power unit, Fiat’s Central Research Centre has ordered nine PEM fuel cell stacks for the next-generation fuel cell vehicle, scheduled to be demonstrated in 2003.

6.40 OMG Group Inc Fuel Cell Division, Rodenbacher Chausse 4, PO Box 1351, D-63403 Hanau, Germany Tel: +4961815954 62 Fax: +49 61815954 10 Web: www.omgi.de OMG Group Inc, through its operating subsidiaries, is a leading, vertically integrated international producer and marketer of value-added, metal-based speciality chemicals and related materials. The company, with sales in 2001 of US$2.4 billion, supplies more than 1700 customers in 50 countries with more than 625 di¡erent product o¡erings. In August 2001 OMG acquired the precious metals and catalysts unit ^ dmc2 degussa Metals Catalysts Cerdec ^ of Degussa AG. Degussa’s fuel cell activities dated back to the 1980s, when it was developing catalysts for PAFCs. In 1992 resources were redirected to focus on PEM fuel cells. Based in Hanau, Germany, the OMG dmc2 division’s product lines include: *

*

*

pMembrainTM MEAs, which are tailored for each customer’s application and manufactured on a new continuous production line using a broad range of coating technologies. protonicsTM fuel processing catalysts based on the company’s automotive catalyst mass production and adapted to the special needs of fuel cell applications. elystTM electrocatalysts developed for fuel cell applications and used in OMG pMembrain MEAs.

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The production line at Hanau, which uses proprietary production processes, has a capacity of 30 000 MEAs per month. OMG has a small group of base metal catalyst specialists working in Cleveland, Ohio, on R&D of nickel catalysts for SOFCs. OMG also operates fuel cell o⁄ces in Auburn Hills, Michigan, and in Tokyo, Japan. OM Group Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December (US$ million) Revenues Of which: Precious metal chemistry Operating income Net income

2001

2000

1999

2367

888

507

585 169 80

^ 138 72

^ 99 56

6.41 Palcan Fuel Cells Ltd 8624 Commerce Court, Burnaby, BC V5A 4N6, Canada Tel: +1604 422 8868 Fax: +1604 4228869 Web: www.palcan.com The company has its origins in Palcan Fuel Cell Co Ltd, a private Canadian company formed in 1998 in Burnaby, British Columbia. In February 2002 Palcan Fuel Cell Co Ltd completed a reverse take-over of Cosworth Minerals Ltd, a company trading on the Canadian Venture Exchange, with the new company being named as Palcan Fuel Cells Ltd. Palcan has been developing PEM fuel cell stacks, with the focus on low-power (under 5 kW) transportation and portable applications. Palcan is also developing rare earth metal hydride hydrogen storage products. The company plans a three-way fusion of these products with electronics to produce an integrated power system series of products branded under the name of PalpacTM Power Systems. Following an investigation of the fuel cell market, the company has been focusing on the Asian market, particularly in China and Taiwan, while continuing to pursue opportunities in North America and Europe. The company’s target market segment will be to supply fuel cell products to replace batteries or engines in existing portable, stationary or electric vehicle consumer products. Palcan’s initial PalpacTM Power System products will target electric bikes (300 W^1 kW) and small electric vehicles (up to 5 kW). Several fuel cell bicycles have been built to demonstrate Palcan’s stack technology as well as its integrated systems. Palcan has to date established development agreements with three manufacturers of electric bikes/scooters:

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*

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*

Celco Pro¢t SRL,Vigonovo, Italy ^ electric scooters and vehicles, hybrid fuel cell^battery power systems for applications with peak power demands of up to10 kW. Shanghai Forever Co Ltd, China ^ electric bikes and low-speed electric scooters. Suzhou Small Antelope Bicycle Co Ltd, Jiangsu, China ^ electric bikes.

Palcan has also signed a development contract with Shanghai Yung-Qiang Technology Co, a subsidiary owned by Shanghai Marine Diesel Engine Research Institute. This agreement secures both ¢nancing and the manufacturing and development abilities to create various hydrogen storage and air fuel subsystem components for Palcan fuel cells. Palcan has also established relationships with: *

* * * * *

Zhejiang University Science Park Development Co Ltd ^ a 70% owned joint venture with Zhejiang University (specialist in research of rare earth metal hydride materials); Taiwan Bicycle Industry Research and Development Centre; Innovation Centre, National Research Council, Canada; Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP) of Canada; Institute for Integrated Energy Systems, University of Victoria, Canada; and Applied Fuel Cell Technologies Inc, California.

At the end of August 2002 Palcan announced that due to the di⁄cult market conditions, the management had elected to reduce monthly expenditure in order to sustain its business, while continually moving forward with its discussions with potential new investors and joint venture partners. Palcan’s plans to demonstrate a new fuel cell stack (with a power density of 1.5 A/cm2 at 0.6 V per cell), which can be scaled to optimise system performance for transportation and portable products in the 1^5 kW range, in a Celco electric scooter scheduled for autumn 2002, will now be delayed and other future joint venture, technology development and commercialisation milestones may also be a¡ected.

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6.42 Plug Power Inc 968 Albany-Shaker Road, Latham, NY 12110, USA Tel: +15187827700 Fax: +1518782 9060 Web: www.plugpower.com

STOP PRESS On 12 November 2002 Plug Power Inc announced that it would acquire H Power in a stock-for-stock exchange valued at approximately US$50.7 million.

Plug Power Inc was formed in 1997 as a joint venture between Edison Development Corporation, a DTE Energy Company, and Mechanical Technology Inc, to design, develop and manufacture on-site electric power generation systems utilising PEM fuel cells for stationary applications. Following a strategic partnership agreement with General Electric (see below), GE has acquired a minority interest in Plug Power, which had an IPO in November 1999 and a further public o¡ering in July 2001, for shares traded on the Nasdaq National Market. The major shareholders at 31 December 2001were: * * * *

Mechanical Technology Inc ^ 27.2% DTE Energy Company ^ 19.3% Edison Development Corporation ^ 8.8% GE ^ 11.3%

As part of its marketing strategy, Plug Power entered into a joint venture agreement with GE MicroGen Inc (part of GE Power Systems) in February 1999 to form GE Fuel Cell Systems LLC (GEFCS). GEFCS has the worldwide right to exclusively market, sell and install and service Plug Power’s PEM fuel cell systems under 35 kW designed for use in stationary power applications, except for four US states, where DTE Energy Technologies Inc has the exclusive distribution rights. In August 2001 Plug Power increased its interest in GEFCS from 25% to 40%, and the distribution agreement was extended to include all stationary PEM fuel cell systems. In addition, Plug Power has formed a number of strategic relationships to develop and supply key components, including: *

*

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Gastec. In February 2000 Plug Power acquired from Gastec NV, a Netherlands-based company, all of its IP and assets related to fuel processor development for systems ranging up to 100 kW in size. As part of this transaction, 15 of Gastec’s employees became employees of Plug Power at a new operational base in the Netherlands. Advanced Energy Inc. In March 2000 Plug Power acquired a 28% interest in Advanced Energy Inc (formerlyAdvanced Energy Systems Inc) as part of an agreement to integrate the company’s inverter technology into Plug Power’s residential fuel cell systems.

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers

*

*

*

*

Vaillant. In March 2000 Plug Power ¢nalised a development agreement withVaillant GmbH in Germany, one of Europe’s leading heating appliance manufacturers, to develop a combination furnace, hot water heater and fuel cell system that will provide both heat and electricity for the home. Under the agreement,Vaillant will obtain fuel cells and gas processing components from GEFCS and then will produce the fuel cell heating appliances for its customers in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands, and for GEFCS customers throughout Europe. Celanese. In April 2000 a joint development agreement with Celanese GmbH (formerlyAxiva GmbH) was ¢nalised, to develop a high temperature membrane unit. Engelhard. In June 2000 Plug Power made a joint development agreement with Engelhard Corporation for the development and supply of advanced catalysts to increase the overall performance and e⁄ciency of its fuel processor. Albany Nanotech. In October 2002 Plug Power announced a joint R&D partnership with Albany NanoTech in New York, a resource at the University of Albany-SUNY, aimed at integrating nanotechnology and PEM fuel cell technology for enhanced catalyst performance of fuel cell electrodes.

Plug Power’s 56 000 sq ft R&D facility, in Latham, New York, contains over 150 test stations, and in February 2000 a new 50 000 sq ft manufacturing facility was opened on the Latham campus. This has enabled Plug Power to increase its production of fuel cell systems from 52 in 1999 to 113 in 2000, 132 in 2001 (including one 50 kW prototype system operating on hydrogen) and 92 in the ¢rst nine months of 2002. Plug Power’s ¢rst commercial product is a fully integrated, grid parallel 5 kW PEM fuel cell system which operates from natural gas. This initial product is being marketed to a select number of customers, including utilities, government entities and the company’s distribution partners. At the end of September 2002 the company announced that its 5 kW grid-parallel systems had generated more than 1.2 million kWh of electricity in 2002, in more than 20 customer locations in seven US states and three countries. The joint development programme withVaillant has resulted in a combined Fuel Cell Heating Appliance with a maximum electrical output of 4.6 kW and heat output of 7 kW, which received CE (European Conformity) certi¢cation in November 2001. Vaillant is participating in an EU funded project ^ The European Virtual Fuel Cell Power Plant ^ which will see 52 de-centralised standalone residential fuel cell systems installed and ¢eld tested over a 40-month period, starting in December 2001, in Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal. In July 2002 Plug Power launched the natural gas-fuelled GenSysTM 5C combined heat and power unit providing 5 kWof electricity and 9 kWof heat, with the ¢rst installation at theTown Hall in Babylon, NewYork. In September 2002 Plug Power announced the availability of its ¢rst directhydrogen fuel cell system, a 5 kW, 48 V DC unit, designed to provide back-up power. The Long Island Power Authority has received three systems, which are expected to be installed in the autumn of 2002.

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The company is also developing a modular system architecture for its future strategic product platforms that will enable a £exible integration of subsystem and component modules, including a fuel processor, a fuel cell stack and power conditioning modules. The company has also signed an MOU with Honda R&D Co Ltd in Japan, to collaborate on a research project to explore concepts for a home-based hydrogen vehicle refuelling system, which will provide heat, hot water and electricity to a home, while also providing hydrogen fuel for a fuel cell vehicle. The device will be fuelled by natural gas. In the ¢rst nine months of 2002 Plug Power had revenues of US$8.44 million, including product and service revenue of US$7.4 million, with a net loss of US$34.5 million. Plug Power Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December (US$ thousand) 2001 Revenues: Of which: Product and service revenue R&D contract revenue Operating loss Net loss Number of employees (year end)

5742 2574 3168 (73 902) (73 112) 366

2000 8378 ^ 8378 (92 096) (86 242) 537

1999 11 000 ^ 11 000 (35 122) (33 469)

6.43 Porvair Fuel Cell Technology 700 Shepherd Street, Hendersonville, NC 28792, USA Tel: +18286969854 Fax: +18286977690 Web: www.porvairfuelcells.com The UK-based Porvair plc develops, manufactures and licenses advanced materials. During 2000 Porvair drew together its various activities concerned with fuel cell components under one technical and marketing umbrella. This unit, Porvair Fuel Cell Technology (PFCT), with headquarters at its Selee plant in Hendersonville, North Carolina, is growing rapidly, both in its commercial activity and its technical resources. In June 2001 Porvair announced that it had licensed technology developed by the US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the production of porous carbon composite, mouldable bi-polar plates for PEM fuel cell stacks. The licensed technology has now been incorporated into Porvair’s pilot plant facilities in Hendersonville.

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PFCT is also receiving US$6.1 million funding from the DOE to aid the development of carbon/carbon composite bi-polar plates. It is reported that PFCT has development agreements with UTC Fuel Cells, Nuvera, Shell Hydrogen, two major auto manufacturers and others. Porvair plc Key Figures for Year Ended 30 November (» million) Group turnover Operating profit (loss) Profit (loss) after tax Number of employees (year end)

2001

2000

1999

71.5 (1.6) (2.5) 822

64.6 4.6 1.5 632

61.6 2.9 1.1 637

6.44 Proton Energy Systems Inc 10 Technology Drive,Wallingford, CT 06492, USA Tel: +12036782000 Fax: +12039498016 Web: www.protonenergy.com Proton Energy Systems was founded in 1996 to design, develop and manufacture PEM electrochemical products. After an IPO in October 2000, which raised US$126 million, the company’s shares are traded on the Nasdaq National Market. In mid-2002 the company moved to a newly constructed 100 000 sq ft facility in Wallingford, Connecticut, which consolidates all of its corporate headquarters, manufacturing, research and product development activities. Proton Energy Systems’ proprietary PEM technology is embodied in two families of products: hydrogen generators, of which the company is currently manufacturing and delivering commercial models to customers; and regenerative fuel cell systems, which are currently being developed.

Hydrogen Generators The company’s HOGEN hydrogen generators convert water and electricity into high-purity, pressurised hydrogen gas, using PEM electrolysis. After delivering a number of prototype and late-stage development models, the company commenced delivery of commercial models of its HOGEN style hydrogen generator (roughly the size of a domestic washing machine) with 20 and 40 cubic feet per hour production capacities in 2001, with a total of 35 units being delivered by the end of the year. The company has also developed the HOGEN 380, with 380 cubic feet per hour capacity, which is a larger free-standing unit with a weatherised design for outdoor use. A number of units have been produced for demonstration purposes. Proton is currently developing FuelGen high-pressure hydrogen generation systems for fuel cell vehicles and portable power applications. The FuelGen units are scaled and designed to operate at typical gas station locations using

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ordinary water and electricity. Proton has completed the initial assembly of its ¢rst FuelGen system and has begun demonstration testing. Units are expected to be delivered to the Ford Motor Company group, with which it has made a joint test and evaluation agreement, and to the California Fuel Cell Partnership later in 2002. Proton also manufactures commercial hydrogen generators for laboratory applications, which are marketed by Matheson Tri-Gas Inc, and has recently signed a 10-year agreement with STM Power Inc for the exclusive supply of high-pressure hydrogen replenish systems for Stirling cycle engines.

Regenerative Fuel Cell Systems The UNIGEN1 regenerative fuel cell systems that Proton is developing will integrate PEM hydrogen generation technology with PEM fuel cell technology to create a power generation device that produces hydrogen from water and electricity, stores the hydrogen and later uses the hydrogen as fuel for the production of electricity. Proton recently developed a 1 kW UNIGEN system under a contract from NASA, and the company has ongoing research with ¢nancial assistance from the US Department of Energy, the Naval Research Laboratory and the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund. Proton has also entered into a joint development agreement with Marconi Communications to further develop its regenerative fuel cell technology. Proton has also signed a three-year joint development agreement with Sumitomo Corporation to develop, sell and service PEM-based regenerative fuel cell and hydrogen generation systems for the Japanese market. Proton Energy Systems Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December (US$ thousand) 2001 Revenues: Of which: Product revenue Contract revenue Operating loss Net loss Number of employees (year end)

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2968 1753 1215 (14 018) (4954) 115

2000

1999

700

934

56 644 (7689) (3490) 50

^ 934 (3462) (3290)

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers

6.45 Quantum Technologies Inc 17872 Cartwright Road, Irvine, CA 92614, USA Tel: +1949399 4500 Fax: +1949399 4600 Web: www.qtww.com Quantum Technologies Inc was formed in February 2001 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Impco Technologies Inc, the specialist manufacturer of alternative gaseous fuel components and systems. The separation of Quantum was to allow Impco to focus on the worldwide alternative fuel vehicle markets, whilst Quantum would focus on compressed hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) handling and storage system technologies. During 2001 General Motors acquired an equity stake in Quantum and in July 2002 Impco announced the completion of the spin-o¡ of Quantum Technologies by a distribution of its 80% holding in Quantum to Impco’s common stock holders; GM now holds a 20% stake in Quantum. Under an alliance agreement with General Motors, GM will support the marketing of Quantum products which meet OEM requirements, and the two companies will co-develop technologies that will aid in more rapid commercialisation of fuel cell applications. Quantum has supplied a hydrogen fuel storage and delivery system for GM’s revolutionary Hy-wire concept car, unveiled in summer 2002. In addition to its alliance with General Motors, Quantum has also established strategic alliances with a number of other companies and organisations, including Thiokol, Pinnacle West, Hyundai, AeroVironment, the University of California, Sandia National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Hydrogen Burner Technology, Praxair, Air Products and the National Fuel Cell Research Center at the University of California, Irvine. In late 2002 the company announced that it had been awarded a contract from Suzuki Motor Corporation to develop and supply complete hydrogen fuel storage systems for Suzuki’s Fuel Cell Vehicle. Quantum has developed lightweight, all-composite TriShieldTM fuel storage tanks for compressed hydrogen and CNG, state-of-the-art fuel injection and delivery systems, and electronic controls and software. It also has extensive capabilities in system packaging and integration. Quantum Technologies, which had revenues in the year to 30 April 2002 of US$23.4 million, including US$15.5 million product sales, has its headquarters at Irvine, California, with an Advanced Vehicle Concept Center at Lake Forest, California, and facilities in Detroit, Michigan, providing a business operations unit, and a R&D centre, which provides services, including vehicle assembly, for auto manufacturers.

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Quantum has recently announced that it had received Germany’s TUV certi¢cation for a 700 bar (10 000 psi) hydrogen storage system which would enable fuel cell vehicles to achieve a driving range of 300 miles. As well as supplying many major auto manufacturers with hydrogen storage systems, Quantum also provides systems for stationary and portable power generation. It was awarded a contract recently to provide the hydrogen fuel storage system for a wind-generated hydrogen refuelling station being developed for the South Coast Air Quality Management District in California. Quantum Technologies Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 30 April (US$ thousand) Revenues Operating loss

2002

2001

2000

23 403 (39 689)

23 358 (27 124)

22 341 (8510)

6.46 Rolls Royce plc Fuel Cell Systems, Corporate Strategic Research Centre, PO Box 31, Derby DE24 8BJ, UK Tel: +44 1332 242424 Fax: +44 1332 249936 Web: www.rolls-royce.com Rolls Royce is a global leader in aero engines, marine propulsion and gas turbines for gas compression, oil pumping and power generation. Consolidated group sales in 2001 amounted to »6328 million (US$9.2 billion), with ‘Energy’ sales accounting for »608 million (US$881million). Rolls Royce established an SOFC development programme in 1992 at its Corporate Applied Science Laboratory, later absorbed into an enlarged Corporate Strategic Research Centre, in Derby. The work programme has resulted in the development of a novel pressurised stack, which it describes as an Integrated Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IP-SOFC), which combines the low-cost manufacturability of planar SOFCs with the good performance and power density of tubular SOFCs (see Section 5.7). A signi¢cant part of the development has been within European Commission (EC) ^ and UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)-funded programmes. Recently, modules built to the latest design have been tested within the EU’s Fifth Framework MF-SOFC project, which aims to develop a multi-functional SOFC stack with a nominal rating of 20 kW, which will be suitable for retro¢tting with internal reforming modules aggregating about 50 kW (the project is due for completion at the end of January 2003). The company is also currently leading the EU’s SOFC/gas turbine hybrid concept design and modelling project, IM-SOFC-GT, which started in February 2001and is due for completion at the end of July 2003.

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Rolls Royce has designed a hybrid 1 MW power plant, which combines an 800 kW SOFC with a 200 kWgas turbine, developed at Rolls-Royce Gas Turbine Laboratories in Indianapolis, USA. The company plans to build a prototype by 2004^2005.

6.47 Sanyo Electric 1-1-1 Sakata, Oizumi-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 370-0596, Japan Tel: +81276 618593 Fax: +81276 618815 Web: www.sanyo.co.jp Founded in 1947 and incorporated in 1950, the Sanyo Electric group of companies manufactures a broad range of electronic products, including video equipment, audio equipment, home appliances, industrial and commercial equipment, information systems and electronic devices, and batteries. Group sales in year ended 31 March 2002 amounted to ¥2025 billion (US$16.6 billion). Sanyo Electric, one of the world’s largest battery manufacturers ^ sales of ¥274 billion (US$2254 million) in the last ¢scal year ^ began fuel cell R&D in the 1970s. Early work concentrated on the development of PAFCs with a 220 kW power generation system being supplied to the Tokyo Electric Power Co Ltd for evaluation in1987. During the period from 1988 to 1993, Sanyo developed methanol-fuelled 5 kW and 10 kW PAFCs, which were subjected to veri¢cation testing under a series of critical conditions to verify their practical usefulness for the Japanese Defence Agency. Following this work, full-scale development was commenced, leading to the commercialisation of pure hydrogen-fuelled 200 W, 250 Wand 1 kW portable PAFCs in 1990. Several dozen units were produced for test marketing in various applications and markets, but although they performed satisfactorily over extended periods of time, no signi¢cant sales ensued. The 1990s, however, have seen the company concentrating its e¡orts on the development of PEMFCs, to signi¢cantly reduce start-up and shut-down times. In 1996 Sanyo Electric was commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) to develop a residential power supply system of ‘several kilowatt’class using PEMFC technology. Using a newly developed inverter and controller, and an exclusive method of internal humidi¢cation, Sanyo Electric has developed a 1 kW PEMFC stack with a start-up time of 2 minutes and an electrical e⁄ciency of 30%. Further work on the fuel cell stack and the fuel reformer used to extract hydrogen from natural gas has resulted in a very compact 1 kW residential PEM fuel cell system measuring 970900420 mm. Additional work to reduce production costs to less than ¥1 million (US$9200) per unit, and increasing e⁄ciency to 35%, is being made prior to an expected market introduction in 2005.

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In January 2002 Sanyo Electric announced that it plans to work with the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology in Korea on the development of fuel cell technology.

6.48 Shell Hydrogen BV Badhuisweg 3, PO Box 38000,1030 BN Amsterdam, Netherlands Tel: +3120 630 9111 Fax: +3120 630 9111 Web: www.shellhydrogen.com

STOP PRESS On 7 November 2002 Shell Hydrogen announced that it has purchased a US$7 million equity stake in QuestAir Technologies Inc, a company that has developed proprietary gas puri¢cation technology.

The Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies is the third largest oil/gas group in the world, with revenues in 2001of US$135.2 billion. Shell Hydrogen BV was established in early 1999 to pursue and develop business opportunities for the group related to hydrogen and fuel cells. The company has its headquarters and R&D facility in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, with regional bases in Houston,Texas; Hamburg, Germany; and Tokyo, Japan. Shell Hydrogen has established four joint ventures. Two of these are private capital joint ventures that will invest in emerging companies concentrating on promising hydrogen and fuel cell technology: *

*

Chrysalix Energy Limited Partnership ^ based in Vancouver, Canada, with Ballard Power Systems, Westcoast Energy Inc (a leading North American energy company), BASF Venture Capital GmbH, the BOC Group and Mitsubishi Corporation as partners. Conduit Ventures Ltd ^ based in London, with Johnson Matthey plc and Mitsubishi Corporation as partners.

The other two joint ventures focus on existing technology: *

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HydrogenSource LLC, a 50:50 joint venture between UTC Fuel Cells and Shell Hydrogen US to develop, manufacture and sell fuel processors and hydrogen generation systems. Based in South Windsor, Connecticut, with additional research facilities in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, the new company combines the two companies’ activities in fuel processing and currently employs some 150 people ^ with plans to increase to 200 by the end of the year. In 1999 Shell Hydrogen and dbb Fuel Cell Engines GmbH (which became Xcellsis GmbH, and now Ballard Power Systems AG) successfully developed and tested a prototype gasoline reformer to produce hydrogen for fuel cell applications in cars. HydrogenSource is currently

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers

*

producing a natural gas or propane fuel processor, using catalytic steam reforming, for UTC Fuel Cells’ PC25TM PAFC, and plans to introduce fuel processors, using catalytic partial oxidation, for residential, commercial and transportation (mobile) applications. Hera Hydrogen Storage Systems Inc, a joint venture between GfE Gesellschaft fu«r Elektrometallurgie mbH (28%), Hydro-Que¤bec Capitech (36%) and Shell Hydrogen (36%). It is currently expanding its core team, which includes members from the GfE and Hydro-Que¤bec R&D and business development groups, and is focusing on metal hydride tanks and storage systems. GfE, a subsidiary of Metallurg, New York, has its main o⁄ce and production facilities in Nuremberg, Germany, and develops and produces special alloys and coating materials for speci¢c high-tech applications. The company has 20 years’ experience in manufacturing hydrogen storage alloys and complete hydrogen storage systems. Hydro-Que¤bec is a large utility that provides multi-energy residential, commercial and institutional services in the province of Que¤bec. Hera Hydrogen, which is based in Montreal, Canada, with its European o⁄ces in Nuremberg, Germany, has recently been granted research funding from each of the Que¤bec and Canadian federal governments, totalling C$400 000, for the development of new metal hydrides for hydrogen storage.

Shell Hydrogen is also part of the consortium, Iceland New Energy Ltd, which is coordinating the Ecological City Transport System (ECTOS) fuel cell bus project in Iceland. Shell has also signed an agreement with Aker Kvaerner and Statkraft for a project in Norway to explore possible large-scale applications of new zero-emission SOFC technology driven by natural gas. Shell and its partners aim to complete the project by 2010, and intend to become the ¢rst in the world to develop and commercialise large-scale multi-megawatt fuel cells of this type. This builds on the earlier development work done by Shell Hydrogen and Siemens Westinghouse on a special type of SOFC, developed by Siemens Westinghouse in cooperation with the US Department of Energy, and carbon dioxide removal technology developed by Shell. Showa Shell Sekiyu KK, a Japanese company 50% owned by the Royal Dutch/ Shell Group, has announced plans to build the ¢rst hydrogen refuelling station in Tokyo in partnership with Iwatani International Corporation and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Shell Hydrogen will be providing the technology for the station, which is part of the Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Demonstration Project, in which a £eet of prototype fuel cell cars is being tested on the streets of Tokyo.

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6.49 Siemens Siemens AG, PEM Fuel Cell Dept., Schustrasse 60, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany Tel: +49 9131722342 Fax: +49 9131744057 Web: www.siemens.com Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation, Stationary Fuel Cells, 1310 Beulah Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15235-5098, USA Tel: +1412 2562022 Fax: +1412 2561233 Web: www.siemenswestinghouse.com Siemens is one of the world’s largest electrical engineering and electronics companies, with sales in the year ended 30 September 2001 of E87 billion (US$77.7 billion). The Siemens Power Generation Group, which employs 26 500 people around the world, had sales in 2000^2001of E8.6 billion (US$7.7 billion).

Siemens Westinghouse Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation was created in August 1998, when Siemens acquired Westinghouse Power Generation from CBS. Westinghouse had been working on solid oxide fuel cells for over 40 years, and since the 1980s it has been developing its SOFC technology under a cooperative agreement with the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the US Department of Energy. To date, Siemens Westinghouse has nine demonstration plants worldwide in operation or ordered. In 1997 a 100 kW cogeneration SOFC system was supplied to EDB/ELSAM, a consortium of Dutch and Danish utilities. By the end of 2000, when it was shut down, the system had accumulated16 612 hours of operation. A 220 kW proof-of-concept hybrid SOFC/gas turbine power plant is currently being tested in California by utility Southern Californian Edison. Siemens Westinghouse is to build a standardised SOFC plant with a maximum electrical capacity of 250 kW under a contract with Stadtwerke Hannover AG and E.ON Energie AG in Germany. The plant will be built in Hannover by 2003 and will feed 225 kW into the grid and simultaneously some 160 kW of heat will be generated for Hannover’s district heating network. Currently, Siemens Westinghouse’s Stationary Fuel Cells Division is operating out of an R&D pilot plant facility in Churchill, Pennsylvania, but in September 2001 work commenced close by on construction of a new fuel cell production facility in Pittsburgh. The facility is scheduled to start operations before the end of 2002 and to commence production in the autumn of 2003. Capacity is to be expanded in three phases up to the production of over 100 MW per annum, with the number of employees increasing from 150 to between 450 and 500 by 2006. The ¢rst standard product to be launched in 2004 will be the CHP 25D system, producing 250 kWof electrical power and 150 kWof heat (as hot water).

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The range of products will be extended to include fuel cell systems with a downstream microturbine with an overall capacity of more than 500 kW.

Siemens PEM Fuel Cell Department The Siemens Fuel Cell Department at Erlangen, Germany, with a sta¡ of 30^40, is involved in development and small-scale production of PEM fuel cells. Siemens began the development of a 34 kW PEM fuel cell module for a submarine application in the 1980s, under contract from the German Ministry of Defence. At the same time, the German naval shipbuilder HowaldtswerkeDeutsche Werft AG (HDW) began development of the complete fuel cell system. HDW began production of the Class 212 submarine (the‘U31’) in1998 incorporating an air-independent propulsion (AIP) system, with a fuel cell system comprising nine Siemens PEM fuel cell modules, each with a capacity of 30^50 kW. Four submarines are being built in Germany and a further two in Italy, by shipbuilder Fincantieri, using the HDW propulsion system. Siemens has developed a 120 kW fuel cell module for equipping a second batch of Class 212 boats, and two such modules together will make up the nucleus to a 240 kWstandard fuel cell system for future submarines. Siemens has also developed PEM cells for a fork lift truck and for a bus, in cooperation with MAN, Linde and the Ludwig-Bo«lkow foundation. Siemens Corporate Technology Laboratories at Erlangen have for a number of years been developing techniques and materials to achieve the highest possible degree of cost e¡ectiveness and automation in the mass production of fuel cells. One such technique is manufacturing cells plates by pressing them from sheet metal. Siemens AG Key Figures for Year Ended 30 September (E million) Net sales Of which: Power generation Net income Number of employees (year end)

2001

2000

1999

87 000

77 484

68 069

8563 2088 484 000

7757 8860 448 000

7931 1209 437 000

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6.50 Smart Fuel Cell GmbH Eugen-Sa«nger-Strasse, D-85649 Brunthal-Nord, Germany Tel: +4989607454 61 Fax: +4989607454 69 Web: www.smartfuelcell.com Smart Fuel Cell GmbH (SFC), based in Brunnthal-Nord, near Munich, was founded in early 2000 by Manfred Stefner with venture capital from PriCap Ventures Partner AG and 3i Group Ltd. The company, which now employs over 30 people, has focused on the development of miniature direct methanol fuel cells. In January 2002 SFC started series production of its ¢rst commercial product, a portable DMFC with continuous power of 25 W (80 W peak power) and a 2.5 litre fuel tank for applications such as tra⁄c control equipment, measuring equipment and leisure. Production capacity for 2002 is1000 units. SFC obtains the required components from its world-wide network of suppliers. Systems are then assembled, equipped with the fuel tank and tested at its production facility at Brunnthal. The company has demonstrated a 40 W DMFC system with a small 175 ml fuel cartridge to supply power for a mobile o⁄ce ^ laptop computer, a printer and a cellphone (via USB port) at the same time.

6.51 Stuart Energy Systems Corp 5101 Orbitor Drive, Mississauga, ON L4W 4V1, Canada Tel: +19052827700 Fax: +19052827777 Web: www.stuartenergy.com Stuart Energy was founded in 1948 as the Electrolyser Corporation Ltd by Alexander T. Stuart and his son Alexander K. Stuart (the present chairman). Since then the company’s proprietary electrolysis technology has been used to develop hydrogen generation and delivery systems, and the company has now installed about1000 hydrogen systems in nearly100 countries. In October 2000 Stuart Energy raised C$150 million in an IPO, with the shares now traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange. The company now employs around 200 people and had revenues in the year ended 31 March 2002 of C$15.2 million (US$9.8 million), including equipment sales and services of C$5.9 million (US$3.8 million). In early 2002 the company signi¢cantly improved and expanded its manufacturing capabilities with the addition of a head o⁄ce, manufacturing and product development facility in Ontario as well as a state-of-the-art cell stack

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facility in Quebec. This increased manufacturing and R&D £oor space in each of the facilities to 85 000 sq ft and 44 000 sq ft, respectively, representing a combined ¢ve-fold increase. In the early 1990s Stuart Energy developed its proprietary Double Electrode Plate (DEPTM) cell stack, which enables a modular construction to its water electrolysis systems. A four-stage development programme, started in1995, has resulted in a range of products targeted at transportation applications. The company’s Personal Fuel ApplianceTM, which was recently used in a public demonstration of fuel cell cars hosted by the California Fuel Cell Partnership, was evaluated by the Ford Motor Company in its (now-defunct) Th!nk programme. The PFA, which is expected to be commercialised in 2004, is suitable for home use, and can be connected to a household electrical output and a garden hose to produce hydrogen overnight for a family car. The larger Community FuelerTM is suitable for gas stations or £eet applications. Prototype systems were delivered to BC Hydro’s Powertech Labs in Surrey, British Columbia, and the NRC Fuel Cell Technology Centre in Vancouver in 2001 for demonstration and research purposes. To meet early market needs Stuart Energy has launched the portable Community Fueler, the CFP-450/1350, which integrates hydrogen generation equipment, storage and duel pressure dispensing at 3600 psi or 5000 psi. Two CFP orders have been received for Ford’s Arizona Proving Grounds and the City of Chula Vista in California, in cooperation with SunLineTransit Agency. The Bus FuelerTM, which can be installed in a bus park or depot, has been developed in conjunction with Coast Mountain Transit and the SunLine Transit Agency in California, and the ¢rst commercial systems are expected in 2003. In August 2000 Stuart Energy formed a joint venture with Cheung Kong Infrastructure (Holdings) Ltd (CKI), a large publicly listed infrastructure company based in Hong Kong. CKI will use Stuart fuel products exclusively, for the construction of a hydrogen fuel infrastructure throughout Australasia to service the expected generation of hydrogen vehicles. Stuart Energy is also targeting the back-up power systems market, and in October 2001 signed a letter of intent with CKI, to supply back-up power systems for the Hong Kong and Asian marketplace, with the provision for purchase orders for up to 2750 medium-to-large systems, beginning during the ¢scal year ended 31March 2004. Stuart Energyannounced in September 2002 the demonstration and initial testing of the alpha prototype Hydrogen Back-up Power System (H2BPS) at its manufacturing facility in Mississauga, and it expects the ¢rst of several beta prototype systems to be operating in Hong Kong by the second quarter of 2003. The ¢rst systems will be ready for commercial deployment by the end of 2003. Stuart Energy has recently announced a strategic alliance agreement with Hamilton Sundstrand Space Systems International Inc, a business unit of United Technologies Corporation, to jointly develop and market integrated

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hydrogen generation products for vehicles, power generation and industrial uses. Stuart Energy Systems Corporation Key Figures for Year Ended 31 March (C$ thousand) Revenues: Of which: Product sales and services R&D funding Investment and other income Operating income (loss) Net income (loss) Number of employees (year end)

2002

2001

2000

15 166

14 334

11 043

5907 2002 7257 (29 498) (28 963)

6270 3137 4927 (11 973) (12 503) 160

7101 3942 ^ (3831) (3954)

6.52 Su«d Chemie AG Lenbachplatz 6, D-80333 Mu«nchen, Germany Tel: +49895110323 Fax: +49895110516 Web: www.sud-chemie.com The Germany-based Su«d Chemie Group is an independent group operating on a global scale in the speciality chemicals markets. Group sales in 2001 were E786.1million (US$702 million), of which about 45% were for catalyst products. The Fuel Cell Catalyst Technologies business unit, which employs about 30 people, was formed within the Group’s Catalysts Division in 2000, to exploit over 60 years of experience in the manufacture of catalysts for generating hydrogen for re¢neries and the chemical industry. Su«d Chemie is now cooperating with most of the leading developers of hydrogen processors for fuel cells, in many cases as a preferred supplier. R&D activities are being coordinated on a world-wide scale and are geared to creating catalysts tailored to customers’speci¢c needs. Sud Chemie Inc, the group’s US subsidiary, has recently formed a joint venture company, HyRadix Inc in Des Plaines, Illinois, with UOP LLC, a leading international supplier and licenser of process technology, catalysts, adsorbents, process plants and technical services to the petroleum re¢ning, petrochemical and gas processing industries. Sud Chemie holds a 15% minority interest in HyRadix. Prototype HyRadixTM hydrogen generation units are currently being ¢eld tested in the USA, Canada and Europe.

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6.53 Sulzer Hexis Ltd PO Box 65, Hegifeldstrasse 30, CH-8404 Winterthur, Switzerland Tel: +4152 2626311 Fax: +4152 2626333 Web: www.hexis.com The Switzerland-based Sulzer Corporation is a globally active industrial corporation, employing about 10 000 people, with sales in 2001 of SFr3.7 billion (US$2.2 billion). Sulzer Hexis, the Venture Division within the group, was founded in 1997 and has actively been developing and producing fuel cell systems for stationary decentralised energy generation in single-family homes. Over several years Sulzer Hexis has accumulated specialised planar SOFC technology know-how, particularly in materials development, process control and systems integration. After two pilot systems tests in 1997 and 1998, six ¢eld installations were made in Switzerland, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands and Spain, where 90 000 operating hours were accumulated before their decommissioning at the end of 2001. This development has been followed by the beginning of the pre-series phase with the ‘HXS 1000 Premiere’ fuel cell heating system, which generates 1 kW of electricity and 2.5 kW of thermal energy using an input of natural gas. A gas burner covers additional heating needs if necessary. The ¢rst of these CEcerti¢ed units were delivered at the end of 2001, and Sulzer Hexis plans to produce 400 ‘HXS 1000 Premiere’ systems by 2003, mainly for Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The fuel cell system is being marketed through distribution agreements with power companies and by cooperation agreements for individual test systems. Distribution agreements for 370 fuel cell systems have been executed in Germany with EnBW Energie Baden-Wu«rttemberg AG; Oldenburger EWE AG; EWR Elektrizita«tswerk Rheinhessen AG inWorms; E.ON Energie AG in Munich; Thyssengas GmbH in Duisburg; and VNG-Verbundnetz Gas AG in Leipzig. A distribution agreement has also been signed with the Swiss natural gas supplier Gasverbund Mittelland AG, which will test 30 systems in Swiss households. Cooperation agreements have also been signed with an Austrian working group consisting of Energie AG Obero«sterreich and Obero«sterreichische Ferngas AG, as well as with the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), which has been collaborating with Sulzer Hexis since 1994, for each to test one system. About100 systems are expected to be delivered in 2002, but in parallel. Sulzer Hexis is now developing a more compact near-series system and is preparing for a market launch in 2004^2005. The company is also working on using other fuels apart from natural gas. In September 2001 a cooperation agreement was signed with Aral Germany for developing and testing a fuel cell system using heating oil. In another project on

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an agricultural site in Lully, Switzerland, feasibility trials supported by the Federal Department for Energy are under way on a fuel cell system using biogas fuel. Sulzer Hexis Ltd Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December (SFr million) Orders received Net sales Operating income (loss) R&D expenses Number of employees (year end)

2001

2000

1999

8 1 (13) 11 40

2 3 (8) 10 26

3 0 (5) 7 18

6.54 Teledyne Energy Systems Inc 10707 Gilroy Road, Hunt Valley, MD 21031-1311, USA Tel: +14107718600 Fax: +14107718618 Web: www.teledynees.com Teledyne Energy Systems Inc (TESI), 86% owned by Teledyne Technologies Inc, was formed in July 2001, by combining Teledyne Brown Engineering’s Energy Systems business unit with assets and intellectual properties of Florida-based Energy Partners Inc, which it had acquired. Energy Partners, founded in 1990, had been a leading developer of PEM fuel cell components and systems, and had assembled over 550 fuel cell stacks and performed over 100 000 hours of stack and system testing. Teledyne Technologies Inc, which had sales in 2001 of US$744.3 million, itself had been formed in 1999 when Allegheny Technologies Inc spun o¡ its electronic components, instruments and communications products businesses. TESI now o¡ers on-site gas and power generation systems based on proprietary PEM fuel cell, electrolysis and thermoelectric technologies. Teledyne’s TITANTM water electrolysis products generate hydrogen and oxygen for use in fuel cell laboratories and vehicle refuelling systems as well as the traditional industrial applications. Recently launched is the H2OasisTM hydrogen generator with capacities ranging from 2.8 to 42 Nm3/hour at pressures to over 340 bar. In 2001 TESI introduced a ‘next generation’ fuel cell test station series, the MedusaTM RD system, and recently announced that it had received an order for 32 test stations from a leading PEM fuel cell component manufacturer. Also in 2001 TESI started shipping its ¢rst 2 kW PEM fuel cell stacks, and successfully completed operational tests of its prototype 3 kW natural gas-fuelled stationary fuel cell power system. Under a contract of work, begun by Energy

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Partners for the US Department of Energy, TESI is building a prototype natural gas-fuelled 7 kW PEMFC power system, for delivery in late 2002, for the DOE to evaluate the operating characteristics under operating conditions similar to those encountered by both vehicles and stationary power plants. In December 2001 TESI was awarded a multi-year contract by NASA Glenn Research Center to develop an advanced PEM fuel cell power plant for NASA’s second-generation Reusable LaunchVehicle (RLV), which is expected to replace the existing Space Shuttle £eet. TESI, which now employs about 140 people, has a 67 000 sq ft facility at Hunt Valley in Maryland, for production of all products and engineering, design and sales support, and a 10 000 sq ft R&D facility at West Palm Beach, Florida, for fuel cell stack and system prototyping and analysis and fuel processor testing. Teledyne Energy Systems Inc Key Figures for Year Ended 31 December (US$ million) Sales Of which: US government sales Operating profit (loss) Capital expenditures

2001

2000

1999

14.6

9.6

13.8

7.8 (6.0) 0.5

5.2 (0.9) 0.3

5.0 1.3 0.2

6.55 UTC Fuel Cells 195 Governors Highway, PO Box 739, SouthWindsor, CT 06074, USA Tel: +1860727 2200 Fax: +1860727 2319 Web: www.utcfuelcells.com United Technologies Corporation (UTC) provides high-technology products and services to the aerospace and building systems industries through its subsidiary companies, Pratt & Whitney, Carrier, Otis, Sikorsky, Hamilton Sundstrand and UTC Fuel Cells. Consolidated group revenues in 2001 were US$27.9 billion. UTC’s fuel cell activities began in 1958 and using alkaline fuel cells technology led to the development of the ¢rst practical fuel cell application of generating power and potable water for the Apollo space missions in the1960s. In 1985 UTC (88.2%) and Toshiba (11.8%) established a joint venture company, International Fuel Cells LLC, principally for the development of phosphoric acid fuel cells. Subsequently, ONSI Corporation, a sister company of IFC, was established to focus on the 200 kW PC25TM power plant. However, in 2000 International Fuel Cells and ONSI Corporation were recombined and simply named International Fuel Cells. The company was subsequently renamed UTC Fuel Cells, to better connect the company with its parent, although Toshiba retains a

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10% interest. Also in 2001 UTC created a new division, UTC Power, which includes UTC Fuel Cells and Pratt & Whitney Power Systems, formerly the industrial gas turbine division of Pratt & Whitney.With headquarters located at the United Technologies Research Center in East Hartford, Connecticut, UTC Power is focusing on expanding UTC’s power generating business. Also in 2001 UTC Fuel Cells established two new joint venture companies: *

*

HydrogenSource LLC, a 50:50 joint venture between UTC Fuel Cells and Shell Hydrogen US, to develop, manufacture and sell fuel processors and hydrogen generation systems. Based in South Windsor, Connecticut, with additional research facilities in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, the new company combined the two companies’ activities in fuel processing and currently employs some 150 people ^ with plans to increase to 200 by the end of 2002. The company is currently producing a natural gas or propane fuel processor, using catalytic steam reforming, for UTCFC’s PC25TM PAFC, and plans to introduce fuel processors, using catalytic partial oxidation, for residential, commercial and transportation (mobile) applications. Toshiba International Fuel Cells, with Toshiba owning 51% and UTC Fuel Cells 49%. Under the agreement, Toshiba’s Fuel Cell Systems Division formed the core of the new company, which is focused on bringing PEM fuel cells for residential and small-sized commercial applications and 200 kW PAFCs for industrial and commercial applications to the Japanese and Asian markets.

UTC Fuel Cells, with headquarters, R&D and manufacturing based at a 350 000 sq ft facility located in South Windsor, Connecticut, employs over 800 people, with its business now focused in four areas: *

*

*

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Space. Since1966, all of the more than100 US manned space £ights, including today’s Space Shuttles, have operated with UTC Fuel Cells’alkaline fuel cell power plants, and the company continues to provide on-going maintenance and refurbishment of these power plants. Commercial. UTC Fuel Cells began production of the PC25TM PAFC, which produces 200 kW of electricity and 900 000 BTUs of usable heat, in 1991. UTCFC has now delivered more than 260 PC25TM systems to customers in 19 countries on 5 continents, accumulating more than 5 million hours of operational experience in a range of operating environments. The PC25TM can be operated from natural gas, propane, butane, hydrogen, naphtha or waste gas. In March 2002 UTCFC announced the sale of seven PC25TM fuel cell power plants to Verizon to provide primary power for a critical callrouting centre on Long Island, New York. The units, providing 1.4 MW of electricity, will provide the largest commercial fuel cell installation in the world, which should be fully operational in 2004. UTCFC is developing its next-generation commercial power plant, a 150 kW PEM fuel cell, which is expected to be launched in 2003^2004. Residential/light commercial. UTCFC has been developing a 5 kW PEM fuel cell suitable for residential use and small commercial buildings. Work is continuing at Toshiba IFC, where Toshiba itself had also developed a 1 kW PEMFC residential cogenerator prototype. UTCFC is working with UTC’s Carrier Corporation, the world’s largest air conditioner manufacturer, and

6 Profiles of Leading Fuel Cell Equipment and Component Manufacturers

*

Buderus Heiztechnik, a European market leader for heating products, on residential PEMFC applications. Transportation. UTCFC is aggressively developing its proprietary ambientpressure PEM fuel cell technology for automotive and £eet vehicle applications. In 1997 a 50 kW hydrogen-powered ambient pressure PEM fuel cell was developed for the Ford Motor Company, under the sponsorship of the US Department of Energy. In 1999 a 5 kW PEM fuel cell was delivered to BMW to provide an auxiliary power unit in a prototype BMW 7-Series car. UTCFC is now working with Nissan and its parent company Renault to develop fuel cells for their vehicles, and has worked with Hyundai since 2000, for which it has integrated 75 kW PEM fuel cells into four hydrogenpowered Hyundai Santa Fe sport utility vehicles. UTCFC has also been working on fuel cell power plants for buses. In 1998 it delivered a 100 kW methanol-powered PAFC to NovaBus for installation in a 40-foot hybrid drive electric bus, under a US Department of Transportation/Georgetown University contract. Subsequently UTCFC has been working with Thor Industries, the largest mid-sized bus manufacturer in North America, and Fiat’s subsidiary Irisbus, one of the largest European bus manufacturers, on the development of zero-emission mass transit vehicles, using the UTCFC 75 kW PEM fuel cell.

In July 2002 UTC Fuel Cells announced that due to lower than expected PC25TM sales, it was reducing its hourly payroll of 230 workers to 165 ^ nearly 30% of the hourly workforce. However, the company still employs a total of 793 workers, up from 475 in1999.

6.56 Vandenborre Technologies NV Nijverheidsstraat 48c, B-2260 Oevel (Westerlo), Belgium Tel: +3214 462110 Fax: +3214 462111 Web: www.hydrogensystems.com The Vandenborre Technologies group was founded in December 2000 by Dr Hugo Vandenborre, although the origins of the company go back to the 1980s, when Dr Vandenborre ¢rst developed a revolutionary alkaline membrane that separates the hydrogen and the oxygen found in water. Over the following years he and his group of engineers introduced the concept in hydrogen production called Inorganic Membrane Electrolysis Technology1 (IMET1). Between 1987 and 1997 several IMET1 units of di¡erent sizes were custombuilt and sold throughout the world. In 1997 Dr Vandenborre led a management buy-out of the company and the company now has investment partners ABNAMRO, Fin-co NV and Mercator & Noordstar. The IMET1 on-site and ondemand hydrogen generator was launched commercially in 1999, with three capacity models now available. Vandenborre Technologies now has several operating companies, serving two main markets, as described below.

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Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems * * *

* * *

Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems NV ^ Belgium (HQ, sales and production) Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems GmbH ^ Grimma, Germany (sales) Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems Inc ^ Montre¤al, Canada (sales and production) Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems India Ltd ^ New Delhi (sales) Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems Russia ^ Moscow (sales) Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems China ^ Guangzhou (sales)

Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems has made agreements with Air Products and the BOC Group to be their preferred supplier of on-site hydrogen generators. The company has recently announced contracts to supply two of its IMET1 hydrogen generators for the European Commission’s CUTE (Clean Urban Transport for Europe) project ^ to BP for a hydrogen fuel station in Barcelona, and to Hoekloos for a station in Amsterdam. Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems, as well as o¡ering the IMET1 hydrogen generators, has introduced the REMINEL1 hydrogen storage system, and is developing the reversible integration of electrolysis technologies and fuel cells in one electrochemical stack, based on inorganic membrane electrolysis technology (RIMET1).

Hydrogen Automotive Technologies *

Hydrogen AutomotiveTechnologies ^ Belgium

Hydrogen Automotive Technologies has developed ZEM1, a zero-emission engine management system for hydrogen fuel in internal combustion engines. It is currently involved in joint European projects with some of the world’s leading bus and car manufacturers, including Berkhof, BMW, Jonckheere, DaimlerChrysler, GM, Ford and Volvo. One of these developments is a practical and e⁄cient fuelling station. Vandenborre is collaborating with IMW Industries in Canada (a leading supplier of CNG refuelling systems in the Americas and Asia) and Ballast/Nedam Petrol Stations (a leading European supplier of CNG fuelling systems) to develop hydrogen fuelling systems for fuel cells and hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles.

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6.57 Ztek Corporation 300 West Cummings Park,Woburn, MA 01801, USA Tel: +17819338339 Fax: +17819338396 Web: www.ztekcorp.com Ztek Corporation, a privately held corporation, was formed in 1984 to develop and commercialise solid oxide fuel cells. Ztek’s SOFC technology is based on the early R&D work that had been done at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Lincoln Laboratory in the 1970s. Ztek now holds over 150 US and international patents on its various key innovations for achieving improved e⁄ciency, simpli¢ed system and reduced cost of production. The company has successfully demonstrated a 25 kW SOFC stack for over 20 000 hours of operation, and since 1996 has been developing the balance-ofplant with sponsorship from the Tennessee Valley Authority. A 25 kW system has been constructed, operating from natural gas, and is currently located in Woburn, to address balance-of-plant component reliability issues. Ztek is developing an integrated 150 kW SOFC and 50 kW gas turbine. Hardware for this 200 kW SOFC-GT system is currently under construction. Another development has resulted in the patented EHVAC system, which uses a SOFC system mated to a double e¡ect absorption chiller to produce e⁄ciently electricity, heating, ventilation and air conditioning. This con¢guration slashes energy costs by making e⁄cient use of the SOFC exhausts to heat or cool a building. The company is preparing to integrate its 25 kW unit with an absorption chiller for a demonstration EHVAC unit. It is also evaluating microturbines for mating with its SOFC system. Ztek is also developing hydrogen reformers, which will convert gasoline, natural gas or methanol to hydrogen at 85% e⁄ciency. Two models are planned, the ZES 4000H, which will produce 4000 standard cubic feet of hydrogen per hour, and the ZES 2000H/75E, which will produce 2000 standard cubic feet of hydrogen per hour plus 75 kWof electricity for distributed power generation applications. Each individual model will ¢t in a 10 ft10 ft10 ft space, allowing easy integration into existing gasoline fuelling stations.

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7

Directory of Companies/ Organisations

7.1 Directory of Manufacturers Company Name: 3M Address: 3M Center, St Paul, MN 55144-1000 Country: USA Tel: +16517331110 Fax: +16517339973 Web: www.3m.com/fuelcells Key Executives: Claude Moreau (Director); Mike Lynn (Commercialisation Manager) Products: MEAs for PEM fuel cells Company Name: ACUMENTRICS CORPORATION Address:14 Southwest Park,Westwood, MA 02093 Country: USA Tel: +17814618251 Fax: +17814611261 Web: www.acumentrics.com Key Executives: Gary Mook (President & CEO); JonathanWood (VP ^ Engineering) Employees: 85 Products: Solid oxide fuel cells Company Name: ADAPTIVE MATERIALS INC Address: 832 Phoenix Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48108-2221 Country: USA Tel: +1734 9737643 Fax: +1734 9751208 Web: www.adaptivematerials.com Key Executives: Aaron Crumm (President); John Halloran (CTO)

Employees: 8 Products: Portable solid oxide fuel cell modules Company Name: ADELAN LTD Address: Birmingham Research Park, 97 Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B152SZ Country: UK Tel: +44 121414 8118 Fax: +44 121414 4950 Web: www.adelan.co.uk Key Executive: Prof Kevin Kendall (Managing Director) Employees: 4^15 Products: Development of SOFC fuel processing systems Company Name: ADVANCED CERAMICS LTD Address: Castle Works, Sta¡ord ST162ET Country: UK Tel: +44 1785241000 Fax: +44 1785214073 Web: www.aclsta¡ord.co.uk Key Executives: Dr R Henson (Managing Director); JW Baldry (Engineering Manager) Employees: 30 Products: Ceramic materials and components for SOFCs Company Name: ADVANCED ENERGY INC Address: PO Box 262, Riverview Mill, Wilton, NH 03086 Country: USA

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Tel: +1603654 9322 Fax: +1603654 9324 Web: www.advancedenergy.com Key Executive: Stuart Holbrook (President & CEO) Employees:15 Revenues: US$5 million Products: Supplies fuel cell power electronics exclusively to Plug Power Company Name: ADVANCED MEASUREMENTS INC Address: 6205 10th Street SE, Calgary, Alberta T2H 2Z9 Country: Canada Tel: +14035717273 Fax: +14035717279 Web: www.advmeas.com Key Executive: Henry Irving (VP ^ Sales & Marketing): Advanced Measurements Inc,18039107th avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta T5S 1K3 (Tel: +1 780 4861645) Employees: 40 Products: Automated fuel cell test equipment Company Name: AEROVIRONMENT INC Address: 825 S Myrtle Drive, Monrovia, CA 91016 Country: USA Tel: +1626357 9983 Fax: +1626359 9628 Web: www.aerovironment.com Key Executive: Paul MacCready (Chairman) Employees: 200^300 Products: Fuel cell power electronics, controls and systems; fuel cell test systems; fuel cell powered remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs) Company Name: AGILE SYSTEMS INC Address: 575 Kumpf Drive, Waterloo, Ontario N2V 1K3 Country: Canada Tel: +1519886 2000 Fax: +15198862075 Web: www.agile-systems.com US O⁄ce: Santa Barbara, CA 93105 (Tel: +1805 966 0909) Key Executives: Robert Lankin (CEO); Marc Mitges (COO) Employees:50 Products: Power electronics for fuel cells

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Company Name: AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS INC Address: 7201 Hamilton Boulevard, Allentown, PA 18195-1501 Country: USA Tel: +1610 4818336 Fax: +16107067463 Web: www.airproducts.com Key Executives: John P Jones III (Chairman & CEO); Dr Venki Raman (Business Development Manager, Fuel Cell Energy Solutions) European O⁄ce: Air Products plc, Hersham Place, Molesey Road, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey KT12 4RZ, UK (Tel: +44 1932 249200) Employees:18 000 Revenues: US$5717 million Products: Hydrogen fuelling stations Company Name: ALSTOM BALLARD GMBH Address: Lyoner Strasse 44-48, D-60528 Frankfurt Country: Germany Tel: +49696632 0 Fax: +49696632 2250 Web: www.de.alstom.com Parent Company: Alstom SA (51%); Ballard Power Systems Inc (49%) Key Executive: Zeljko Barisic (Sales Director) Employees: 21 Products: PEM fuel cell power systems for stationary power generation Company Name: ALTAIR NANOTECHNOLOGIES INC Address: 204 EdisonWay, Reno, NV 89502 Country: USA Tel: +1775 8583738 Fax: +17758571920 Web: www.altairint.com Parent Company: Altair International Inc Key Executives: William P Long (President & Director); Ken Lyon (President ^ Altair Nanomaterials) Employees: 25 Products: Nanoparticle size ceramic materials and components for SOFCs Company Name: ANALYTIC ENERGY SYSTEMS LLC Address:100 Cummings Park,Woburn, MA 01801 Country: USA Tel: +17819328080 Fax: +17819328181

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Web: www.dais.net Parent Company: ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures Key Executive: David Bloom¢eld (Executive VP ^ Engineering & Technology) Employees: 20 Products: PEM fuel cells and systems Company Name: ANGSTROM POWER INC Address: 980 West 1st Street, Suit 106, North Vancouver, British ColumbiaV7P 3N4 Country: Canada Tel: +1604 980 9936 Fax: +1604 980 9937 Web: www.angstrompower.com Key Executives: Bruce Rea; Gerard McLean (CTO) Products: Microstructured fuel cells Company Name: ANSALDO FUEL CELLS SPA Address: Corso Perrone 25, I-16161 Genova Country: Italy Tel: +39 010 6558427 Fax: +39 010 6558104 Web: www.ansaldofuelcells.com Key Executives: Michelo Santangelo (CEO); Bartolomeo Marcenaro (Director Product Planning & Sales) Employees: 30 Products: Molten carbonate fuel cell power plants Company Name: ANUVU INC Address:1201 C Street, Sacramento, CA 95814 Country: USA Tel: +1916 440 8080 Fax: +1916 440 8083 Web: www.anuvu.com Parent Company:Whistler Inc Key Executives: Rex Hodge (CEO); Lyn Cowgill Employees:10^20 Products: Non-metallic Carbon-X PEM fuel cells Company Name: APOLLO ENERGY SYSTEMS INC Address: 4747 N Ocean Drive, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33308 Country: USA Tel: +19547837050 Fax: +1954785 0656 Web: www.electricauto.com Key Executives: Robert Aronsson (Chairman); Raymond Douglas (President & Director)

Employees: 20 Products: Alkaline fuel cells Company Name: ARBIN INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION Address: 762 Peach Creek Cut-O¡ Road, College Station,TX 77485 Country: USA Tel: +1979 690 2751 Fax: +1979690 2761 Web: www.arbin.com Key Executive: John Zhang (President & CEO) Employees: 60 Products: Fuel cell testing systems Company Name: ASAHI GLASS CO LTD Address: Research Centre, 1150 Hazawa-cho, Kanagawa-ku,Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 221-8755 Country: Japan Tel: +8145374 8838 Fax: +8145374 8875 Web: www.agc.co.jp Key Executive: MasaruYoshitake Products: Development of membranes and MEAs for PEMFCs. Company Name: ASIA PACIFIC FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES LTD Address:2F-4, No.103 Feen-Liau Street, Neihu,Taipei Country:Taiwan Tel: +8862 2659 6550 Fax: +886 2 26596551 Web: www.apfct.com.tw R&D: 3812 E La Palma Avenue, Anaheim, CA 92807 (Tel: +1714 630 9669) Key Executives: Dr Je¡erson Chang (USA); Lin-Hui Huang (Taiwan) Employees:17 Products: PEMFC stacks and systems; fuel cell scooters; portable power generators; metal hydride hydrogen storage systems Company Name: ASTRIS ENERGI INC Address: 2175^6 Dunwin Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1X2 Country: Canada Tel: +19056082000 Fax: +19056088222 Web: www.astrisfuelcell.com Mfg facilities: Astris s.r.o., Benesov, Czech Republic Key Executive: Jiri K Nor (President & CEO) Employees:12 + part timers

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7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Products: Alkaline fuel cell generators and systems up to 5 kW Company Name: AVISTA LABORATORIES INC Address: 15913 East Euclid Avenue, Spokane, WA 99216 Country: USA Tel: +15092286500 Fax: +1509 2286510 Web: www.avistalabs.com Parent Company: Avista Corporation (Spokane,WA) Key Executives: J Michael Davis (CEO); Peter Christensen (VP Technology/IP); William Fuglevand (VP R&D); Frank Ignazzitto (VP Marketing & Sales) Employees: 45 Revenues: US$0.7 million (2001) Products: Modular cartridge-based PEM fuel cells Company Name: AXANE SA Address: BP 15, 2 rue de Cle¤mencie're, F-38360 Sassenage Country: France Tel: +33 476 436169 Fax: +33 476 4360 98 Web: www.axane.fr Parent Company: Air Liquide SA Key Executive: Patrick Sanglan (Managing Director) Employees:15 Products: PEM fuel cells Company Name: BALL AEROSPACE & TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION Address:1600 Commerce Street, Boulder, CO 80301 Country: USA Tel: +1303939 4000 Fax: +13039396104 Web: www.ball.com/aerospace/ Parent Company: Ball Corporation Key Executives: Donald Vanlandingham (President & CEO); Anthony Segreto (VP ^ Business Development) Employees: 2200 Revenues: US$363 million (2000) Products: Portable PEM fuel cells Company Name: BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS INC Address: 9000 Glenlyon Parkway, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5J 5J9 Country: Canada Tel: +1604 454 0900

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Fax: +1604 412 4700 Web: www.ballard.com Key Executives: Firoz Rasul (Chairman/CEO); Alfred Steck (VP & Chief Technical. O⁄cer) Subsidiaries: Ballard Generation Systems Inc (81.6%), 9000 Glenlyon Parkway, Burnaby, BC V5J 5J9, Canada ^ development & commercialisation of fuel cell stationary power products; Ballard Material Products Inc (100%), Two Industrial Avenue, Lowell, MA 01851-5199, USA (Tel: +1 978 452 8961) ^ carbon ¢bre products for automotive and fuel cell applications; Ballard Power Systems AG (50.1%), Neue Strasse 95, D-73230 Kirchheim/Teck-Nabern, Germany (Tel: +49 7021 89 3666) ^ develops fuel cells, fuel cell engines and fuel processors; Ballard Power Systems Corp (100%), 15001 Commerce Drive North, Dearborn, MI 48120, USA (Tel: +1 313 206 2293) ^ electric drives and power electronics Employees:1500 Revenues: US$60.7 million (2001) Products: PEM fuel cells and fuel cell systems for automotive, portable power and stationary power generation applications; electric drives and power electronics; DMFCs; carbon products for use in the automotive and fuel cell markets Company Name: BASF AG Address: Carl-Bosch Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen Country: Germany Tel: +4962160 0 Fax: +4962160 42525 Web: www.basf.com Key Executives: Dr Hans-Peter Neumann (Catalyst Group Business Manager); Dr Markus Ho«lzle (Marketing ^ Fuel Cell Catalysts) Employees: 92 545 (Company ^ worldwide) Revenues: E32.5 billion (Company ^ worldwide) Products: Catalysts for hydrogen production, electrodes, cooling protection systems, membranes and bipolar plates Company Name: BCS TECHNOLOGY INC Address: 2812 Finfeather Road, Bryan,TX 77801 Country: USA Tel: +19798237138 Fax: +19798238475 Web: www.bcsfuelcells.com Key Executive: Hari Dhar (Chairman) Employees:5 Products: PEM fuel cell stacks and systems; MEAs

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Company Name: BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LTD Address: Corporate R&D Division, Vikasnagar, Hyderabad 500093 Country: India Tel: +9140377 0628 Fax: +91403773345 Web: www.bhel.com Key Executive: Sri S Balagurunathan Employees: 47 729 (Company) Revenues: Rs72866 million (Company ^ year to 31 March 2002) Products: Phosphoric acid fuel cells Organisation Name: CASALE CHEMICALS SA Address:Via Sorengo 7, CH-Lugano Country: Switzerland Tel: +41919607200 Fax: +41919607291 Web: www.casale.ch Parent Company: Casale Group Key Executive: Giancarlo Sioli Employees:100 (Group) Products: Fuel cell reformers; the company provided its electrolyser expertise for the EUHYFIS project. Company Name: CASIO COMPUTER CO LTD Address: 6-2 Hon-machi 1-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo151-8543 Country: Japan Tel: +8135334 4111 Fax: +8135334 4921 Web: www.casio.co.jp Employees:14 670 Revenues: ¥382 billion Products: Development of portable PEMFCs Company Name: CATALYTIC MATERIALS LTD Address: 1750 Washington Street, Holliston, MA 01887 Country: USA Tel: +15088939560 Fax: +15088939562 Web: www.catalyticmaterials.com Key Executive: Dr Terry Baker (VP) Employees:7 Products: Development of graphite nano¢bre structures for fuel cell electrodes

Company Name: CATALYTICA ENERGY SYSTEMS Address: 430 Ferguson Drive, Mountain View, CA 94043-5272 Country: USA Tel: +1650 9603000 Fax: +1650 9687129 Web: www.catalyticaenergy.com Key Executives: Ricardo Levy (Chairman & CEO); Ralph Dalla Betta (CTO); Ronald Alto (VP ^ Marketing) Employees: 96 Revenues: US$5.5 million (R&D contracts ^ 2001) Products: Catalysts for automotive fuel processors Company Name: CELANESE VENTURES GMBH Address: Bldg 865, Industrial Park Hoechst, D65926 Frankfurt/Main Country: Germany Tel: +4969305 4423 Fax: +4969305 47572 Web: www.celanese.com Parent Company: Celanese AG Key Executive: Horst Pore Land (CEO) Employees:120 Products: MEAs for PEM fuel cells Company Name: CELLEX POWER PRODUCTS INC Address: 13155 Delf Place, Richmond, British ColumbiaV6V 2A2 Country: Canada Tel: +1604 270 4300 Fax: +1604 270 4304 Web: www.cellexpower.com Key Executive: Chris Reid (President/CEO) Employees: 65 Products: Integrator of fuel cell power systems Company Name: CERAMATEC INC Address: 2425 South 900 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 Country: USA Tel: +1801972 2455 Fax: +18019721925 Web: www.ceramatec.com Key Executive: Dr Ashok Khandkar (VP ^ Technology) Employees: 20 Products: Joint venture with McDermott Technology Inc for development of solid oxide fuel cells

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7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Company Name: CERAMIC FUEL CELLS LTD Address: 170 Browns Road, Noble Park, Victoria 3174 Country: Australia Tel: +6139554 2300 Fax: +61397905600 Web: www.cfcl.com.au Key Executives: Dr Bruce Godfrey (Managing Director); Dr Karl Fo«ger (Chief Technology O⁄cer) Employees:100 Products: Solid oxide fuel cells Company Name: CHEVRONTEXACO TECHNOLOGY VENTURES Address: 3901 Briarpark, Houston,TX 77042 Country: USA Tel: +1713954 6257 Fax: +1713954 6016 Web: www.chevrontexaco.com Key Executive: GregVesey (CEO) Marketing O⁄ce: 4800 Fournace Place, Bellaire,TX 77401 (Tel: +1713 432 2188) Employees:120 Products: Fuel processing systems Company Name: DCH TECHNOLOGY INC Address: 22811 Avenue Hopkins,Valencia, CA 91355 Country: USA Tel: +1661775 8120 Fax: +1661257 9398 Web: www.dcht.com Key Executives: John Donohue (President & CEO); Stephanie L Ho¡man (VP & General Manager ^ Fuel Cells) Subsidiaries: Enable Fuel Cell Corp, 2120 W Greenview Drive, Middleton, WI 53562 (Tel: +1 608 831 6775) ^ PEM fuel cells; DCH Sensors Corp, 24832 Avenue Rockefeller, Valencia, CA 91355 ^ hydrogen sensors Revenues: US$1.1million (2001) Products: PEM fuel cells; hydrogen sensors Company Name: DELPHI AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS Address: Technical Center, PO Box 20366, Rochester, NY 14602-0366 Country: USA Tel: +1716359 6685 Fax: +1716359 6578 Web: www.delphiauto.com Key Executives: Matthew Frank (Technical Director

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^ Fuel Cell Program); Subhasish Mukerjee (Technical Director ^ Fuel Cell Stacks) Employees:195 000 (Group ^ world-wide) Revenues: US$26.1billion (Group ^ 2001) Products: SOFC systems for automotive auxiliary power units Company Name: DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL CORPORATION Address: 2400 Lincoln Avenue, Altadena, CA 91001 Country: USA Tel: +1626 296 6310 Fax: +1626296 6311 Web: www.dmfcc.com Parent Company:ViaSpaceTechnologies Key Executive: Dr Carl Kukkonen (CEO) Products: Direct methanol fuel cells Company Name: DONALDSON CO INC – FUEL CELL CONTAMINATION CONTROL Address: PO Box1299, Minneapolis, MN 55440 Country: USA Tel: +1952 8873494 Fax: +19528873612 Web: www.donaldson.com Key Executive: Richard Canepa (Director) Employees: 8100 (Company) Revenues: US$1137 million (Company) Products: Air, chemical and noise ¢ltration systems for fuel cells Company Name: DT INDUSTRIES ASSEMBLY & TEST EUROPE Address:Tingewick Road, Buckingham MK181EF Country: UK Tel: +44 1280 828400 Fax: +44 1280 828401 Web: www.dtindustries.com Parent Company: DT Industries Inc Additional Mfg: Carl-Borgward-Strasse 11, D-56566 Neuwied-Friedrichshof, Germany (Tel: +49 2631 382 0) Key Executive: Tony Walters (Business Manager ^ Fuel Cell Systems) Employees:195 Products: Fuel cell test, development and production systems

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Company Name: DTI ENERGY INC Address: 5325 Venice Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90019-0111 Country: USA Tel: +1213930 0111 Fax: +1213930 0980 Web: www.dtienergy.com Key Executive:Todd Marsh (President) Employees: 6 Products: Direct liquid methanol fuel cells

Company Name: EBARA BALLARD CORPORATION Address:1-6-34 Konan, Minato-ku,Tokyo108-8480 Country: Japan Tel: +81354616558 Fax: +81354616087 Parent Company: Ebara Corporation (51%); Ballard Generation Systems Inc (49%) Key Executive: Masakatsu Oya (President) Products: PEM fuel cells

Company Name: DuPONT FUEL CELLS ENTERPRISE Address: Chestnut Run Plaza, Bldg 702-1272-J, Wilmington, DE 19880-0702 Country: USA Tel: +1302999 2709 Fax: +1302 999 4727 Web: www.fuelcells.dupont.com Parent Company: EI du Pont de Nemours and Company Additional R&D: Research & Business Development Centre, DuPont Canada Inc, 461 Front Road, PO Box 5000, Kingston, Ontario K7L 5A5, Canada (Tel: +1 613544 6000) Overseas Sales: 2 Chemin du Pavillion, CH-1218 Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland (Tel: +41 22 717 5387); DuPont Kabushiki Kaisha, 19-2 Kiyohara-Kogyodanchi, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 3213231, Japan (Tel: +81286676578) Key Executives: David Peet (Director); Sung C Lee (Business Development Manager ^ MEAs & conductive plates) Employees:100+ Products: MEAs and conductive plates; development of DMFC technology

Company Name: EFFCELL GMBH Address: Klosterweg14, CH-5313 Klingnau Country: Switzerland Tel: +4156 2453543 Fax: +4156250 0228 Web: www.e¡cell.com Key Executive:Thomas Pylkka«nen Employees:1 Products: Alkaline fuel cells for mobile applications

Company Name: DYNETEK INDUSTRIES LTD Address: 4410 46th Avenue SE, Calgary, Alberta T2B 3N7 Country: Canada Tel: +1403720 0262 Fax: +1403720 0263 Web: www.dynetek.com Key Executives: Heinz Portmann (Chairman); Robb Thompson (President & CEO) Additional Mfg: Dynetek Europe GmbH (Du«sseldorf) Employees: 68 Revenues: C$11.0 million (2001) Products: Hydrogen fuel storage systems

Company Name: ELECTROCHEM INC Address: 400 W Cummings Park, Woburn, MA 01801 Country: USA Tel: +17819385300 Fax: +17819356999 Web: www.fuelcell.com Key Executives: Dr Radha Jalan (CEO), Dr Michael Kimble (VP ^ Technology) Employees:10 Revenues: US$2 million Products: PEM fuel cells and stacks; phosphoric acid fuel cells; fuel cell components, including electrodes and membrane electrode assemblies Company Name: ELECTRO-CHEM-TECHNIC LTD Address: 81 Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX37LA Country: UK Tel: +44 1865769054 Fax: +44 1865 434799 Web: www.ectechnic.co.uk Key Executive: James Larminie Employees:1 Products: Alkaline and PEM fuel cells Company Name: EMPRISE CORPORATION Address: 830 Franklin Court, Marietta, GA 300678939 Country: USA Tel: +1770 4251420 Fax: +1770 4251425

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7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Web: www.emprise-usa.com Key Executives: Ronald DuBose (President & CEO); Donald Yelton (VP & CEO) Employees: 30 Products: Fuel cell test equipment Company Name: ENECO LTD Address: Unit 7, Spring Copse Business Park, Slinfold,West Sussex RH13 Country: UK Tel: +44 1403790114 Fax: +44 1403700512 Web: www.eneco.co.uk Key Executives: Roger Powley (Joint Managing Director & Finance Director); Gerard Sauer (Joint Managing Director & Technical Director) Employees: 23 Products: Alkaline fuel cell systems Company Name: ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES INC Address:1675 West Maple Road,Troy, MI 48084 Country: USA Tel: +12482801900 Fax: +1248 2801456 Web: www.ovonic.com Key Executives: Stanford R Ovshinsky (President & CEO); Dr Alastair Livesey (Director ^ Hydrogen Systems); Michael Zelinsky (Technical Marketing Manager) Joint Ventures: Texaco Ovonic Fuel Cell Company LLC (50%), Texaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems LLC, Houston,Texas (50%) Employees:503 Revenues: US$71.4 million, of which 29% were for hydrogen systems and fuel cells (June 2001) Products: Regenerative fuel cells; hydrogen storage systems Company Name: ENERGY RELATED DEVICES INC Address: 127 Eastgate Drive, Los Alamos, NM 875544 Country: USA Tel: +1505662 0660 Fax: +1505662 0665 Web: www.energyrelatedevices.com Key Executive: Robert Hockaday (President & CEO) Employees:7 Products: DMFCs (Contractor to Manhattan Scienti¢cs)

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Company Name: ENERGY VISIONS INC Address: Building M-16, 1500 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6 Country: Canada Tel: +1613990 9373 Fax: +1613990 9464 Web: www.energyvi.com Key Executive:Wayne Hartford (President & CEO) Employees:10 Revenues: US$0.14 million (2001) Products: Direct methanol fuel cells Company Name: ENGELHARD CORPORATION Address:101Wood Avenue, Iselin, NJ 08830 Country: USA Tel: +1732 2055000 Fax: +17326329253 Web: www.engelhard.com Key Executives: Barry Perry (President & CEO); Dr Robert J Farrauto (R&D Director) Employees: 6540 Revenues: US$5.1billion Products: Fuel cell catalysts Company Name: ENKAT GMBH – DIVISION OF HYDROGENICS CORPORATION Address: Luggendelle19, D-45894 Gelsenkirchen Country: Germany Tel: +49209 933122 0 Fax: +49209 93312218 Web: www.enkat.de Parent Company: Hydrogenics Corp Key Executive: Dr Bernd Pitschak (Managing Director) Employees:10 Products: Fuel cell development and test systems; sale of Hydrogenics’products Company Name: ENTEGRIS INC Address: 3500 Lymann Boulevard, Chaska, MN 55318 Country: USA Tel: +19525563131 Fax: +19525561880 Web: www.entegris.com Key Executive: John Goodman (President ^ Fuel Cell Business Unit) Employees:1900 Revenues: US$342 million Products: Fuel cell components (including bipolar plates, end plates), materials, sub-assemblies and value-added services

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Company Name: ERGENICS INC Address: 373 Margaret King Avenue, Ringwood, NJ 07456 Country: USA Tel: +19737288815 Fax: +19737288864 Web: www.ergenics.com Key Executives: Dave DaCosta (President); Mark Goldben (VP R&D) Employees:10 Revenues: US$1million + Products: Metal hydride hydrogen storage systems; metal hydride compressors Company Name: E-TEK, DIVISION OF DE NORA NORTH AMERICA INC Address: 39 Veronica Avenue, Somerset, NJ 088736800 Country: USA Tel: +17325455100 Fax: +17325455170 Web: www.etek-inc.com Key Executives: Emory De Casto (CEO) Employees:50 Products: Gas di¡usion electrodes and electrocatalysts for membrane electrode assemblies Company Name: EXXONMOBIL CORPORATION Address: 1900 East Linden Avenue, Linden, NJ 07036 Country: USA Tel: +1908 474 6229 Web: www.exxon.com Key Executives: BarryWood; Dr Paul Berlowitz Products: Development of fuel processing systems Company Name: FREEDOM FUEL CELLS INC Address: 3775 Mansell Road, Alpharetta, GA 30004 Country: USA Tel: +1770 4086381 Fax: +1770 4089100 Key Executive: Frank Mauro (President) Employees:5 Products: PEM fuel cell systems Company Name: FUEL CELL COMPONENTS & INTEGRATORS INC Address: 933 Motor Parkway, Hauppauge, NY 11788 Country: USA Tel: +1631234 8700 Fax: +1631234 0279 Web: www.nbgtech.com

Key Executive: Bernard Rachowitz (President) Employees:18 Products: Fuel cell components, including fuel cell plates, hydrogen storage systems, graphite materials Company Name: FUEL CELL CONTROL LTD Address: 20 Greenhill Crescent, Watford Business Park,Watford WD188JA Country: UK Tel: +44 1923 495558 Fax: +44 1923210999 Web: www.fuelcellcontrol.com Key Executive: Ron Hodkinson (Managing Director) Employees: 6 Products: Design and manufacture of control systems for alkaline fuel cells; systems integrator of AFC systems Company Name: FUELCELL ENERGY INC Address: 3 Great Pasture Road, Danbury, CT 068131305 Country: USA Tel: +12038256000 Fax: +12038256100 Web: www.fuelcellenergy.com or www.fce.com Key Executives: Jerry D Leitman (President & CEO); Dr Hansraj Maru (Executive VP & Chief Technical O⁄cer) Manufacturing: 539 Technology Park Drive, Torrington, CT 06790-0538 Employees: 400+ Revenues: US$26.2 million (2001) Products: Molten carbonate fuel cells (using Direct FuelCell1 technology) Company Name: FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES LTD Address: 20 Binnington Court, Kingston, Ontario K7M 8S3 Country: Canada Tel: +1613544 8222 Fax: +1613544 5150 Web: www.fct.ca Key Executives: Dr John H Stannard (President & CEO); Dr Wojtek Halliop (Chief Scientist); GaryAllen (Sales Director) Employees: 26 Revenues: C$0.9 million (2001) Products: SOFC power systems; development of aluminium^air fuel cells

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7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Company Name: FUELCON AG Address: Steinfeldstrasse 3, D-39179 MagdeburgBarleben Country: Germany Tel: +493920381330 Fax: +493920381339 Web: www.fuelcon.com Key Executives: Dr Ingo Benecke (Chairman); Mathias Bode Employees:10 Products: Fuel cell test and control systems Company Name: FUELMAKER CORPORATION Address:70 Worcester Road,Toronto, Ontario M9W 5X2 Country: Canada Tel: +1416 674 3034 Fax: +1416 674 3042 Web: www.fuelmaker.com Shareholders: Magna International, American Honda Motor Co, Canadian General Capital Key Executives: Ralph Rackman (VP ^ Engineering & Research); Amy Chaput (Marketing Communications Manager) Employees:70 Products: Hydrogen refuelling systems Company Name: FUJI ELECTRIC CO LTD – FUEL CELLS DEPT Address: 7 Yawata-Kaigandori, Ichihara, Chiba 290-8511 Country: Japan Tel: +81436 42 8156 Fax: +81436 428270 Web: www.fujielectric.co.jp Key Executive: Kokan Kubota Employees: 60 Products: Phosphoric acid and PEM fuel cell systems Company Name: FUMA-TECH GMBH Address: Am Grubenstollen 11, D-66386 St Ingbert (Saar) Country: Germany Tel: +49 6894 9265 0 Fax: +49 6894 926599 Web: www.fuma-tech.de Parent Company: BWT AG Additional Mfg: Steinbeisstasse 41-43, D-71665 Vaihingen-Enz, Germany (Tel: +497042 970 24 0) Key Executive: Dr Bernd Bauer (Managing Director) Employees: 20

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Products: Non-£uorinated polymer membranes for fuel cells Company Name: GASKATEL GMBH Address: Holla«ndische Strasse 195, Geba«ude M 11, D-34127 Kassel Country: Germany Tel: +4956159190 Fax: +4956159191 Web: www.gaskatel.de Key Executive: Joachim Helmke (Managing Director) Employees:12 Products: Alkaline fuel cells and electrolysers; hydrogen reference electrodes; gas di¡usion electrodes Company Name: GE FUEL CELL SYSTEMS Address: Building 1, 968 Albany-Shaker Road, Latham, NY 12110 Country: USA Tel: +15187828723 Web: www.gemicrogen.com Parent Company: GE Distributed Power Systems (60%); Plug Power (40%) Key Executive: Frank Scovello Products: Marketing of Plug Power residential and small commercial stationary fuel cell systems Company Name: GE HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS Address: 19310 Paci¢c Gateway Drive, Torrance, CA 90502 Country: USA Tel: +13105127214 Fax: +13105123432 Web: www.gepower.com Key Executives: Susan Fuhs (Manager); Timothy Rehg (PEM); Nguyen Minh (SOFC) Products: PEM and solid oxide fuel cells (this unit was formerly part of AlliedSignal, then part of Honeywell, now part of General Electric) Company Name: GENERAL HYDROGEN CORPORATION Address: Suite 700, 555 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6B 4N5 Country: Canada Tel: +1604 8789009 Fax: +1604 2310400 Web: www.generalhydrogen.com Key Executives: Dr Geo¡rey Ballard (Chair); Paul Howard (Vice Chair); Michael Routtenberg (President/CEO)

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Products: The provision of energy delivery technologies, systems and infrastructure for fuel cell vehicles and devices based upon its proprietary HydricityTM Energy Delivery Standard. Company Name: GENERAL MOTORS – GLOBAL ALTERNATIVE PROPULSION CENTER Address: 10 Carriage Street, Honeoye Falls, NY 14472 Country: USA Tel: +1716 624 6665 Fax: +1716 624 6610 Web: www.gm.com European Centre: Adam Opel AG, GAPC, D-65423 Ru«sselsheim, Germany (Tel: +496142765770) Key Executive: Byron McCormick (Director) Employees: 600 (Worldwide) Products: PEM fuel cells for automotive and stationary applications Company Name: GINER ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS LLC Address: 89 Rumford Avenue, Newton, MA 02466 Country: USA Tel: +1781529 0500 Fax: +17818936470 Web: www.ginerinc.com Parent Company: Giner Inc (70%); General Motors (30%) Key Executives: Dr J Giner (Chairman); Tony Laconti (CEO); Larry Gestaut (VP ^ Technology) Employees:50 (Giner group) Products: DMFCs; CO-tolerant reformate-air fuel cells; regenerative fuel cells; PEM electrolysers Company Name: GLOBAL THERMOELECTRIC INC Address: 4908 52nd Street SE, Calgary, Alberta T2B 3R2 Country: Canada Tel: +1403204 6100 Fax: +1403204 6101 Web: www.globalte.com Key Executives: Peter Garrett (President & CEO); Dr Brian Borglum (VP & CTO); Eric Neary (VP ^ Engineering) Manufacturing: 902 Fifth Avenue, Bassano, Alberta T0J 0B0, Canada Employees:150 (Fuel Cells) Revenues: C$15.4 million (Company ^ 2001) Products: Solid oxide fuel cells and systems

Company Name: GORE FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES Address: 201 Airport Road, Elkton, MD 21922-1488 Country: USA Tel: +14105067700 Fax: +14105067633 Web: www.gore.com/fuelcells Parent Company:WL Gore Associates Inc Sales O⁄ces: Werner-von-Braun-Strasse 18, D85640 Putzbrunn, Germany (Tel: +49 89 4612 2211); 1-42-5 Alazutsumi Segagaya-ku, Tokyo 1568505, Japan (Tel: +8133327 0011) Key Executives: Je¡ Kolde; John Mongan (Product Managers) Products: MEAs for PEM fuel cells Company Name: GREENLIGHT POWER TECHNOLOGIES INC Address: Unit C, 4242 Phillips Avenue, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 2X2 Country: Canada Tel: +1604 676 4000 Fax: +1604 676 4111 Web: www.greenlightpower.com Product Dev: 210-9865 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC V8L 5Y8, Canada (Tel: +1250 656 2002, Fax: +1 250 6562720) Key Executives: James Dean (President & COO); David Chapman (CEO) Employees: 90 Products: Test stations for fuel cell product development, fuel cell production and fuel processors; diagnostic equipment and test station services Company Name: GREENVOLT POWER CORPORATION Address: 4055 Digby Drive, RR2, Orilla, Ontario L3V 6H2 Country: Canada Tel: +17053261117 Fax: +17053239994 Web: www.greenvolt.com Key Executive:Thomas Faul (Chairman & CEO) Employees: 30 Products: SAM-CELL TM magnesium^saltwater^ air fuel cells; HY-CatTM reverse polymer fuel cell electrolysers Company Name: H POWER CORPORATION Address:1373 Broad Street, Clifton, N J 07013 Country: USA Tel: +1973 450 4400

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7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Fax: +1973 450 9850 Web: www.hpower.com Key Executive: H Frank Gibbard (CEO) Manufacturing: 1412 Airport Road, Monroe, NC 28110, USA (Tel: +1704 2261000) Develop subsid: H Power Enterprises of Canada Inc, 6140 Henri Bourassa Boulevard West, St-Laurent, Quebec H4R 3A6, Canada (Tel: +1514 956 8932) Employees:183 Revenues: US$2.6 million (31 May 2002) Products: PEM fuel cells; development of DMFC technology Company Name: H2ECOnomy INC Address: 220 S Kenwood Street, Suite 305, Glendale, CA 91205-1671 Country: USA Tel: +1818240 4500 Fax: +1818 240 4501 Web: www.h2economy.com Key Executives: Serge Adamian (President); John Anderson (Business Development); Vahe Odabashian (VP) Manufacturing: 2/2 Shrjanayin Street, Yerevan 375068, Armenia (Tel: +374 1774 607) Employees: 25 Products: PEM fuel cell stacks; bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells; MEAs; fuel cell test stations; DC/DC converters Company Name: H2fuel LLC Address: 15913 East Euclid Avenue, Spokane, WA 99216 Country: USA Tel: +15092286500 Fax: +1509 2286510 Web: www.avistalabs.com Parent Company: Avista Labs (70%); Unitel Fuels Technologies LLC (30%) R&D facility: Mount Prospect, Illinois Key Executive: J Michael Davies (President) Employees: <20 Products: Development of fuel processors Company Name: HALDOR TOPSØE A/S Address: NymUllevej 55, PO Box 213, DK-2800 Lyngby Country: Denmark Tel: +45 4527 20 00 Fax: +45 4527 29 99 Web: www.haldortopsoe.dk Key Executives: Knud Johansen (Catalysts Division

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Manager); Jens Rostrup-Nielsen (R&D Division Manager); Steen Kristensen (Program Manager) Employees:1100 Revenues: DKr2370 million (2001) Products: Catalysts for fuel cells and fuel processing systems; development of SOFC materials and components; hydrogen production equipment Company Name: HARVEST ENERGY TECHNOLOGY INC Address: 9253 Glenoaks Boulevard, Sun Valley, CA 91352 Country: USA Tel: +18187673157 Fax: +1818767 0246 Web: www.harvest-technology.com Key Executive: DavidWarren (President) Employees: 6 Products: Fuel processors, hydrogen generators Company Name: HELIOCENTRIS ENERGIESYSTEME GMBH Address: Rudower Chaussee 29, D-12489 Berlin Country: Germany Tel: +4930 63926326 Fax: +4930 63926329 Web: www.heliocentris.com Key Executives: Dr Matthias Bronold (Managing Director); Dr Henrik Colell (Managing Director) Employees: 20 Products: Fuel cell and hydrogen technology systems for education Company Name: HERA HYDROGEN STORAGE SYSTEMS INC Address: 577 Le Breton Street, Longueuil, Que¤bec J4G 1R9 Country: Canada Tel: +1450 6511200 Fax: +1450 6511209 Web: www.herahydrogen.com Parent Company: Shell Hydrogen BV; HydroQue¤bec CapiTech Inc; Gesellschaft fu«r Elektrometallurgie (subsidiary of Metallurg, NewYork) European O⁄ce: Ho«fener Strasse 45, D-90431 Nu«rnberg, Germany (Tel: +49 911931591) Key Executive: Marc Hubert (Director, Business Development) Employees: 20 Products: Hydrogen storage systems

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Company Name: HITACHI LTD Address: Power & Industrial Systems R&D Laboratory,7-2-1 Omika-cho, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken 3191221 Country: Japan Tel: +81294 533111 Fax: +81294 528800 Web: www.global.hitachi.com Key Executives: Kazuyoshi Miki (General Manager); Akira Satou Employees: 321,517 (Group) Revenues: ¥7994 Billion (Group) Products: Development of MCFC stacks Company Name: H-POWER PACIFIC PTY LTD Address: 10/34 Kartoum Road, North Ryde, New SouthWales 2113 Country: Australia Tel: +612 98707681 Fax: +61298873116 Web: www.hpowerpaci¢c.com Key Executive: FrankWheeler Products: PEM fuel cell systems Company Name: H-TEC GMBH Address: Lindenstrasse 48a, D-23558 Luebeck Country: Germany Tel: +49 45149895 0 Fax: +49 4514989515 Web: www.h-tec.com Key Executive: Uwe Kueter (Managing Director) Employees: 20 Products: PEM electrolysers and fuel cells; educational fuel cell systems Company Name: HTceramix SA Address: PSE-C Parque Scienti¢que, CH-1015 Lausanne Country: Switzerland Tel: +41216938613 Fax: +41216938617 Web: www.htceramix.ch Key Executives: Alexandra Closset (CEO); Olivier Bucheli (COO) Employees:13 Products:Thin-¢lm electrolyte-based SOFC systems Company Name: HYDROCELL OY Address: Minkkikatu1-3, FIN-04430 Ja«rvenpa«a« Country: Finland Tel: +35892710250

Fax: +35892911051 Web: www.hydrocell.¢ Key Executive:Tomi Anttila (Managing Director) Employees:10 Products: Alkaline fuel cell systems; metal hydride hydrogen storage systems Company Name: HYDROGEN COMPONENTS INC Address: 12420 North Dumont Way, Littleton, CO 80125 Country: USA Tel: +13037917972 Fax: +13037917975 Web: www.hydrogencomponents.com Key Executive: Frank Lynch (President) Employees: 3 Products: Metal hydride hydrogen storage systems Company Name: HYDROGENICS CORPORATION Address: 5985 McLaughlin Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5R 1B8 Country: Canada Tel: +19053613660 Fax: +19053613626 Web: www.hydrogenics.com Key Executives: Pierre Rivard (President & CEO), Joseph Cargnelli (VP ^ Technology), Boyd Taylor (VP ^ Sales & Marketing) Employees:180 Revenues: US$7.4 million (2001) Products: PEM fuel cells and systems Company Name: HYDROGENSOURCE LLC Address:60 Bidwell Road, SouthWindsor, CT 06074 Country: USA Tel: +1860 9875000 Fax: +1860 9875025 Web: www.hydrogensource.com Parent Company: Shell Hydrogen (50%), UTC Fuel Cells (50%) Additional R&D: Amsterdam, Netherlands Key Executives: Phil Snaith (President); Larry Holland (VP ^ Marketing); Fran Kocum (VP ^ Technology) Employees:150 Products: Fuel processors and hydrogen generation systems Company Name: HYRADIX INC Address: 175 W Oakton Street, Des Plaines, IL 60018-1946 Country: USA

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Tel: +18473911200 Fax: +18473912596 Web: www.hyradix.com Parent Company: UOP LLC (85%); Sud-Chemie Inc (15%) Key Executives: Robert Gray (President & CEO); David Cepla (VP ^ Business Development); Kishore Doshi (VP ^ Technology) Employees: 20 Products: Hydrogen generation systems Company Name: IDATECH LLC Address: 63160 Britta Street, Bend, OR 97701 Country: USA Tel: +15413833390 Fax: +15413833439 Web: www.idatech.com Parent Company: Idacorp Inc Key Executives: Claude Duss (President & CEO); Dr David Edlund (SeniorVP & CTO) Employees:70 Products: Hydrogen fuel processors; PEM fuel cell systems Company Name: InDEC PILOT PRODUCTION BV Address: PO Box1,1755 ZG Petten Country: Netherlands Tel: +31224 564 888 Fax: +31224 568615 Web: www.indecpp.com Parent Company: Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN) Key Executive: Rolf C Huiberts (Operational Manager) Employees:5 Products: Planar SOFC components Company Name: INNOVATEK INC Address: 350 Hills Street, Richland,WA 99352 Country: USA Tel: +15093751093 Fax: +15093755183 Web: www.tekkie.com Key Executives: Dr Patricia Irving (President & CEO); Dr Lloyd Allen (CTO) Employees:10 Products: Micro-fuel processing systems Company Name: INTELLIGENT ENERGY LTD Address: 42 Brook Street, LondonW1K 5DB Country: UK Tel: +44 207 9589033

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Fax: +44 207 9589269 Web: www.intelligent-energy.com Key Executives: Dr Harry Bradbury (CEO); Simon Ball (Executive Director) R&D/Production: The Innovation Centre, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leics LE113EH (Tel: +44 1509 225863) ^ Clive Seymour (Managing Director Operations) Employees:15 Products: PEM fuel cell stacks and systems; fuel cell component analysers Company Name: ION POWER INC Address: 102 East Scotland Drive, St Andrews Industrial Park, Bear, DE 19701 Country: USA Tel: +13028329550 Fax: +1302832 9551 Web: www.ion-power.com Key Executive: Dr Stephen Grot (President) Employees: 3 Products: High power density catalyst coated membranes for fuel cells Company Name: ISHIKAWAJIMA-HARIMA HEAVY INDUSTRIES CO LTD Address: 2-16 Toyosu 3-chome, Koto-ku,Tokyo 1358733 Country: Japan Tel; +8133534 3224 Fax: +8133534 4460 Web: www.ihi.co.jp Key Executives: Satoshi Hatori (Energy Systems Technology Dept); Tsumoto ‘Tom’ Yoshida (Tel: +81 33244 5769) Employees: 22 980 Revenues: ¥1082.4 billion (31 March 2002) Products: Molten carbonate fuel cells; PEM fuel cell power systems Company Name: JAPAN METALS & CHEMICALS CO LTD Address: 8-4 Koami-cho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo103 Country: Japan Tel: +81336671331 Fax: +81336686902 Web: www.jmc.co.jp US O⁄ce: JMC (USA) Inc, One Innovation Drive, PO Box 12138, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA (Tel: +1919549 4150)

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Key Executive: Shigeru Tsunokake (Advanced Materials Dept) Products: Metal hydride hydrogen storage systems Company Name: JAPAN STEEL WORKS LTD Address: Hibiya Mitsui Bldg, 1-2 Yurakucho 1Chome, Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo100-0006 Country: Japan Tel: +81335016486 Fax: +8133595 4613 Web: www.jsw.co.jp Mfg facilities: Muroran (Japan) Key Executive: Shin-ichi Ishizaka Employees: 2700 (Group) Revenues: ¥104 billion (Group) Products: Metal hydride hydrogen storage tanks; hydrogen puri¢cation systems; hydrogen compressors Company Name: JAPAN STORAGE BATTERY CO LTD Address:1 Inobaba-cho, Nishinosho, Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8520 Country: Japan Tel: +81753163016 Fax: +81753151558 Web: www.nippondenchi.co.jp Key Executives: Chiaki Tanaka (President) Employees: 2356 Revenues: ¥143 billion (2000) Products: PEM fuel cells Company Name: JOHNSON MATTHEY FUEL CELLS Address: Lydiard Fields, Great Western Way, Swindon SN5 8AT Country: UK Tel: +44 1793755600 Fax: +44 1793755800 Web: www.matthey.com Parent Company: Johnson Matthey plc Key Executives: Jack Frost (Director); Michael Cinaglia (VP ^ Gas Processing Technology); Colin Ja¡ray (Commercial Director) Facilities: Royston, UK (electrode production); West Whiteland, PA, USA (hydrogen puri¢cation and fuel processors); West Deptford, NJ, USA (catalyst production); Sonning, UK (R&D) Employees: 200 (Fuel Cells) Revenues: »4830 million (Group) Products: Fuel cell components, including catalysts, electrodes, MEAs, coated components for fuel pro-

cessors and fuel processor systems

Company Name: KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD Address: 4-1 Hamamatsu-cho 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo105-6116 Country: Japan Tel: +81334352075 Fax: +8133432 4629 Web: www.khi.co.jp Key Executive: Seiichiro Matsuo (Corporate Technology Dept) Employees: 28 940 Revenues: ¥1144.5 billion Products: Development of PEM fuel cell cogeneration systems Company Name: KINECTRICS INC Address: 800 Kipling Avenue,Toronto, Ontario M8Z 6C4 Country: Canada Tel: +1416 2076175 Fax: +1416236 0979 Web: www.kinectrics.com Parent Company: Ontario Power Generation (90%) Key Executive: Dr Phil Lichtenberger (Manager ^ Generation Plant Technologies) Employees: 250 Products: Solid oxide fuel cell and stack testing; design and assembly of commercial and residential fuel cell plants Company Name: KRAUS GLOBAL INC Address: 25 Paquin Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2J 3V9 Country: Canada Tel: +1204 6633601 Fax: +1204 6637112 Web: www.krausgroup.com Key Executives: Darek Mikata (President); Jim Kohut (Manager ^ Marketing Services) Employees: 60 Products: Hydrogen refuelling systems Company Name: LG-CALTEX OIL CORPORATION Address: Value Creation Centre, 104-4 Munji-dong, Yusung-ku, Daejeon 305-380 Country: South Korea Tel: +82 428661733 Fax: +82 428661736

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7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Web: www.lgcaltex.com Key Executive: JC Yang Products: Development of 50 kW PAFC Company Name: LYDALL INC – FILTRATION/ SEPARATION GROUP Address: PO Box 151, One Colonial Road, Manchester, CT 06045-0151 Country: USA Tel: +1603332 4600 Fax: +16033323734 Web: www.lydall.com Key Executives: Kevin Lynch (Group President): Dr Michael Quah (General Manager) Employees:1200 (Company) Revenues: US$261million (Company) Products: Gas di¡usion layers for PEM fuel cell stacks

Fax: +1914 964 9795 Web: www.markinter.com Key Executives: Gwen de Charette Employees: 95 Products: Multi-oxide powders for fuel cells Company Name: MASTERFLEX AG Address: Willy-Brandt-Allee 300, D-45891 Gelsenkirchen Country: Germany Tel: +49209 97077 0 Fax: +49209 9707733 Web: www.master£ex.de Key Executive: Mrs Jager (Fuel Cells Manager) Employees: 338 Revenues: E45.8 million Products: Development of portable PEMFCs

Company Name: LYNNTECH INDUSTRIES LTD Address: 3900 State Highway 6 South, College Station,TX 77845 Country: USA Tel: +1979694 5255 Fax: +1979 694 5271 Web: www.lynntechindustries.com Key Executives: Oliver Murphy (President); Thomas Rogers (Business Development Manager) Employees: 60 Products: Fuel cell test systems; electrochemical ozone generators

Company Name: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO LTD Address: 3-1-1 Yagumo-Nakamachi, Moriguchi-shi, Osaka 570-8501 Country: Japan Tel: +816 6906 4943 Fax: +816 69063056 Web: www.panasonic.co.jp/global/ Key Executive: Hisaaki Gyoten (Human Environmental Systems Development Centre) Employees: 267 196 Revenues: ¥6877 billion Products: Development of PEMFC cogeneration systems

Company Name: MANHATTAN SCIENTIFICS INC Address: Olympic Tower, 641 Fifth Avenue, Suite 36F, NY 10022 Country: USA Tel: +1212752 0505 Fax: +1212752 0077 Web: www.mhtx.com Key Executives: Marvin Maslow (President & CEO); Jack B Harrod (COO) R&D Contractor: Energy Related Devices Inc, 127 Eastgate Industrial Park, Los Alomos, NM 87544, USA Employees: 3 Products: Development of micro and mid-range fuel cell technologies

Company Name: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC WORKS LTD Address: Advanced Technology Research Labs, 1048 Kadoma, Osaka 571-8686 Country: Japan Tel: +816 69097383 Fax: +816 69067104 Web: www.mew.co.jp Key Executive: Dr N Hashimoto (General Manager) Employees:16 268 Revenues: ¥1199 billion Products: Development of PEM fuel cells, butane fuel processors

Company Name: MARKINTER CO Address: 626 McLean Avenue,Yonkers, NY 10705 Country: USA Tel: +1914 964 9800

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Company Name: MCDERMOTT TECHNOLOGY INC/SOFCo Address: 1562 Beeson Street, Alliance, OH 446012196 Country: USA

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Tel: +1330 8297878/7507 Fax: +1220 8230639 Web: www.mtiresearch.com Parent Company: McDermott International Inc Key Executives: Rodger W McKain (VP & General Manager); William Schweizer (Managing Director ^ SOFCo) Employees:50 (SOFCo) Products: MTI ^ development of fuel processors; SOFCo ^ Solid oxide fuel cells Company Name: MEDIS TECHNOLOGIES LTD Address: 805 Third Avenue,15th Floor, NY 10022 Country: USA Tel: +1212935 8484 Fax: +1212 9359216 Web: www.medistechnologies.com Key Executives: Robert K Lifton (Chairman & CEO); Zvi Rehavi (ExecutiveVP) R&D/Technology: Medis El Ltd, 14 Shabazi Street, PO Box132,Yehud 56101, Israel Production: Or-Yehuda, Israel Employees: 33 Products: Direct liquid methanol (DLM) fuel cells Company Name: METHANEX CORPORATION Address: 1800 Waterfront Centre, 200 Burrard Street,Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6C 3M1 Country: Canada Tel: +1604 6612600 Fax: +1604 6612676 Web: www.methanex.com Key Executive: Blair He¡el¢nger (Fuel Cells Manager) Revenues: US$1149 million (2001) Products: Manufacture and distribution of methanol Company Name: MICROPONENTS LTD Address: PO Box 162, 30 Curzon Street, Birmingham B47XD Country: UK Tel: +44 121359 0100 Fax: +44 1213593313 Web: www.microponents.com Parent Company: Fotomechanix Ltd Key Executives: Anthony Marrett (Managing Director); Andrew Owen (Commercial Manager) Employees:70^90 Revenues: »4^6 million Products: Fuel cell components, including bipolar plates

Company Name: MILLENNIUM CELL INC Address: 1 Industrial Way West, Eatontown, NJ 07724 Country: USA Tel: +1732542 4000 Fax: +1732542 4010 Web: www.millenniumcell.com Key Executives: Stephen Tang (President & CEO); Terry Copeland (VP ^ Product Development); Katherine McHale (VP ^ Marketing & Communications) Employees:53 Products: Hydrogen on DemandTM hydrogen generation and storage systems Company Name: MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION Address: Advanced Technology R&D Centre, 8-1-1 Tsukaguchi Honmachi, Amagasaki, Hyogo 6618661 Country: Japan Tel: +816 64977169 Fax: +816 64977292 Web: www.melco.co.jp Key Executive: Mitsuie Matsumara Employees:116 192 (Group) Revenues: ¥3649 billion Products: Development of PAFC, MCFC and PEMFC power systems Company Name: MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD – POWER SYSTEMS Address: Energy Systems Engineering Department, 3-3-1 Minatomirai 3-chome, Nishi-ku, Yokohamashi, Kanagawa 220-84 Country: Japan Tel: +8145224 9127 Fax: +8145224 9910 Web: www.mhi.co.jp Key Executive: T Kabata (Manager ^ Product Development Department) Employees: 36 559 (Company) Revenues: ¥2864 billion (Company) of which ¥900 million (Power Systems) Products: PEMFCs and SOFCs Company Name: MITSUBISHI MATERIALS CORPORATION Address: 1002-14 Mukohyama, Naka-machi, Nakagun, Ibaraki 311-0102 Country: Japan Tel: +8129 2955802

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Fax: +8129 2955824 Web: www.mmc.co.jp Key Executive: Kei Hosoi (Central Research Institute) Employees: 22 380 Revenues: ¥1046.8 billion Products: Development of SOFCs Company Name: MITSUI ENGINEERING & SHIPBUILDING CO LTD Address: 3-16-1 Tamahara, Tamano-shi, Okayama 706-0014 Country: Japan Tel: +81863319611 Fax: +81863314046 Web: www.mes.co.jp Key Executive: Masateru Shimotsu (R&D HQ) Employees:10 740 Revenues: ¥457.3 billion Products: Development of SOFCs Company Name: MODINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Address: 1500 DeKoven Avenue, Racine,WI 534032552 Country: USA Tel: +12626361200 Fax: +12626361424 Web: www.modine.com Key Executive: Mark Ba¡a (Director ^ Fuel Cell Products Group) Employees:7500+ Revenues: US$1billion+ Products: Fuel cell components, including thermal management components Company Name: MORGAN FUEL CELL Address: Tebay Road, Bromborough, Wirral, Cheshire CH62 3PH Country: UK Tel: +44 1514827493 Fax: +44 151334 1684 Web: www.morganfuelcell.com Parent Company: Morgan Crucible plc Key Executives: Julian Bourne (Global President); Dr Mark Turpin (Global Director of Technology); Brendan Bilton (Business Development Manager) Employees:16 093 (Group) Revenues: »1025 million (Group) Products: Fuel cell components, including fuel cell plates

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Company Name: MOSAIC ENERGY Address: 1700 South Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018 Country: USA Tel: +1847768 0730 Fax: +1847768 0916 Web: www.mosaicenergy.com Parent Company: NiSource Inc; Gas Technology Institute (USA); Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co Ltd (Japan) Key Executive: Gerry Runte (President) Employees:1 Products: PEM fuel cell power systems (development now being done in Japan by IHI) Company Name: MOTOROLA LABS Address:7700 S River Parkway,Tempe, AZ 85282 Country: USA Tel: +14807555000 Fax: +14807555601 Web: www.motorola.com Key Executive: Jerry Hallmark (Manager ^ Energy Technologies Lab) Products: Development of miniature DMFCs Company Name: MTI MICROFUEL CELLS INC Address: 431 New Karner Road, Albany, NY 12205 Country: USA Tel: +15185332222 Fax: +15185332223 Web: www.mtimicrofuelcells.com Parent Company: Mechanical Technology Inc Key Executives: Dr William Acker (President); Dr Shimshon Gottesfeld (VP R&D, CTO); Dr Judith Barnes (VP and Chief Marketing O⁄cer) Employees: 45 Products: Micro direct methanol fuel cells Company Name: MTU-FRIEDRICHSHAFEN GMBH – NEW TECHNOLOGIES Address: D-81663 Mu«nchen Country: Germany Tel: +4989607315 07 Fax: +4989607315 09 Web: www.mtu-online.com Parent Company: DaimlerChrysler AG (88.4%) Key Executives: Michael Bode (Managing Director); Torsten Bardewyck (Project Manager) Employees: 60 Products: Molten carbonate fuel cells; PEM fuel cell systems for o¡-highway applications; electrolysers

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Company Name: NEAH POWER SYSTEMS INC Address: 22118 20th Avenue Southeast, Suite 142, Bothell,WA 98021 Country: USA Tel: +1425 424 3324 Fax: +1425 4838454 Web: www.neahpower.com Key Executives: Dan Rosen (Chairman); Leroy Ohlsen (VP & CTO) Employees:15 Products: Development of portable DMFCs Company Name: NEXTECH MATERIALS LTD Address: 720-I Lakeview Plaza Boulevard, Worthington, OH 43085-4733 Country: USA Tel: +1614 8426606 Fax: +1614 8426607 Web: www.nextechmaterials.com Key Executives: William Dawson (Commercial Director); Scott Swartz (Research Director) Employees: 20 Products: Ceramic materials, components and subsystems for solid oxide fuel cells; water-gas-shift catalysts for fuel processors in PEMFC systems Company Name: NORAM ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION LTD Address: Suite 400, 200 Granville Road,Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6C 1S4 Country: Canada Tel: +1604 6812030 Fax: +1604 6839164 Web: www.noram-eng.com Key Executive: George Cook (President & CEO) Employees:100 Products: Hydrogen delivery systems; energy storage Company Name: NORSK HYDRO ELECTROLYSERS AS Address: Heddalsvn11, PO Box 44, N-3671Notodden Country: Norway Tel: +4735 0939 99 Fax: +4735 0144 04 Parent Company: Norsk Hydro ASA Web: www.electrolysers.com Key Executives: Christopher Kloed (Managing Director); Andres Cloumann (Marketing Director); Pietro d’Esramo (Technology Director) Employees: 30^40 Products: Water electrolysers for hydrogen production

Company Name: NU ELEMENT INC Address: 2323 North 20th Street, Suite100,Tacoma, WA 98403 Country: USA Tel: +12535731780 Fax: +12539278241 Web: www.nuelement.com Key Executives: Karen Fleckner (President & CEO); J Ray Bowen (VP ^ Engineering); Tom Butler (Product Development) Employees:11 Products: PEM fuel cells Company Name: NUVANT SYSTEMS LLC Address: Illinois Institute of Technology, Wishnick Hall, Room 319, 3255 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616 Country: USA Tel: +13125673453 Fax: +13125678874 Web: www.nuvant.com Additional Facilities: NuVant Systems LLC, 1188 Bishop Street, Suite 1610, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA (Tel: +18085331400) Key Executives: Randy Havre (Interim CEO ^ Hawaii); Dr Eugene Smotkin (CTO ^ Chicago); Thomas Mallouk (Chief Scientist) Products: Fuel cell catalysts and MEAs; DMFCs Company Name: NUVERA FUEL CELLS INC Address: 35 Acorn Park, Cambridge, MA 02140 Country: USA Tel: +16174986732 Fax: +16174986655 Web: www.nuvera.com European Operations: Nuvera Fuel Cells Europe srl, Via Bistol¢ 35, I-20134 Milan, Italy (Tel: +39 02 21292212) Key Executives: Roberto Cordaro (President & CEO); Michele Tettamanti (COO ^ Europe), Robert Derby (Marketing Director) Employees:175 (130 USA, 45 Italy) Products: PEM fuel cell stacks; fuel processors, integrated power modules Company Name: OCELLUS TECHNOLOGIES INC Address: 448 Lindbergh Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550 Country: USA Tel: +1925 447 0798 Fax: +1925 447 0579 Web: www.ocellustech.com

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7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Parent Company: Joint venture between Schafer Corporation and Ocellus Inc Key Executives: John Mead (Applications Engineering); David Behrens (Marketing Director) Employees: 6 Products: Development of nanocellular foams and powders for fuel cell electrodes Company Name: OMG AG & CO KG Address: Fuel Cell Division, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, PO Box1351, D-63403 Hanau Country: Germany Tel: +49 61815954 62 Fax: +49 61815954 10 Web: www.omgi.com Parent Company: OM Group (Ohio, USA) Sales O⁄ces: OMG Corp ^ Fuel Cells, 2347 Commercial Drive, Auburn Hills, MI 48326, USA (Tel: +1 248 340 1040); OMG Japan Inc ^ Fuel Cells,1-30 Jingumae 3-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0001, Japan (Tel: +8135770 4691) Key Executive: Dr Roland Burmeister Employees:5210 (Group) Revenues: US$2.4 billion (Group) Products: Membrane electrode assemblies; fuel processing catalysts; electrocatalysts Company Name: PACIFIC FUEL CELL CORPORATION Address:131 N Tustin Avenue, Suite 100,Tustin, CA 92780 Country: USA Tel: +1714 564 1693 Fax: +1714 5589301 Key Executive: George Suzuki (President) Employees: 8 Products: Carbon nanotechnology fuel cells Company Name: PALCAN FUEL CELLS LTD Address: 8624 Commerce Court, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 4N6 Country: Canada Tel: +1604 4228868 Fax: +1604 4228869 Web: www.palcan.com Key Executives: Jim McBeth (President & CEO); John Shen (Chairman & Director) Employees: 25 Products: PEM fuel cell stacks; membrane electrode assemblies; metal hydride storage canisters

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Company Name: PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC Address: 20 New England Business Centre, Andover, MA 01810-1077 Country: USA Tel: +1978689 0003 Fax: +19786893232 Web: www.psicorp.com Key Executive: Dr David Green (Executive VP ^ Research Division) Employees:140 Revenues: US$22 million Products: Development of high-performance PEM electrodes; mathematical modelling of PEM fuel cell stacks Company Name: PIVOTAL POWER INC Address: 150 Bluewater Road, Bedford, Nova Scotia B4B 1G9 Country: Canada Tel: +19028357268 Fax: +19028356026 Web: www.pivotalpower.com Key Executives: Carlo Shimoon (President & CEO); George Mullally (Director of Marketing & Communications) Employees:75 Products: Electronic power conversion equipment for fuel cells Company Name: PLUG POWER INC Address: 968 Albany-Shaker Road, Latham, NY 12110 Country: USA Tel: +15187827700 Fax: +15187829060 Web: www.plugpower.com Additional O⁄ces: 499 South Capitol Street SW, Suite 606,Washington, DC 20003, USA (Tel: +1 202 484 5300); Wilmersdorf 50, 7327 AC Apeldoorn, Netherlands (Tel: +31555381000) Key Executives: Roger Saillant (President & CEO); Dr Glenn A Eisman (Chief Technology O⁄cer) Employees: 366 Revenues: US$5.7 million (2001) Products: PEM fuel cell systems for stationary applications Company Name: POLYFUEL INC Address: 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Country: USA

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Tel: +1650 8593928 Fax: +1650 8593816 Web: www.polyfuel.com Key Executive: Gregg Semler (President & CEO) Products: DMFCs Company Name: PORVAIR FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY Address: 700 Shepherd Street, Hendersonville, NC 28792 Country: USA Tel: +1828696 9854 Fax: +18286977690 Web: www.porvair.com Parent Company: Porvair plc Key Executives: Jim Stike (President); Charles Frame (Product Manager ^ Porous materials) Employees: 200 (Fuel Cells) Revenues: »71.5 million (Group) Products: Fuel cell fuel reformer components and materials Company Name: POWERBALL INTERNATIONAL INC Address: 2095 West 2200 South, West Valley, UT 84119 Country: USA Tel: +1801974 9120 Web: www.powerball.net Key Executives: Robert Ipson (President & CEO); William Freise (President & COO); Matthew Fisher (VP ^ Production) Employees: 4 Products: Hydrogen generation and storage systems Company Name: POWERDISC DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Address: #20 ^ 8465 Harvard Place, Chilliwack, British ColumbiaV2R 7Z5 Country: Canada Tel: +1604792 0909 Fax: +1604792 0910 Web: www.powerdisc.ca Key Executive: David Leyer (President & CEO) Employees: 6 (+ contractors) Products: Development of PEMFC stacks and automotive fuel cell engines

Company Name: POWERNOVA TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION Address: 230^1501 West Broadway,Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6J 4Z6 Country: Canada Tel: +16047347488 Fax: +16047347484 Web: www.powernova.com R&D: Russian Academy of Science, Moscow Key Executive: Stuart Lew (CEO) Employees:12 Products: Development of hydrogen generation systems Company Name: PROCYON POWER SYSTEMS INC Address: 381 Bush Street, PO Box 2230, San Francisco, CA 94126 Country: USA Tel: +1415 4214201 Fax: +14159861760 Web: www.procyonpower.com Key Executives: Allen McKee (President & Director); Ambrose Manikowski (Director); Gary Noland (Director) Employees: 3 Products: Development of hydrogen generators Company Name: PROTON ENERGY SYSTEMS INC Address: 10 Technology Drive, Wallingford, CT 06492 Country: USA Tel: +12036782000 Fax: +12039498016 Web: www.protonenergy.com Key Executives: Walter W (Chip) Schroeder (President & CEO); Trent M Molter (VP ^ Engineering & Technology) Employees:115 Revenues: US$3.0 million (2001) Products: Hydrogen generators; regenerative fuel cell systems Company Name: PROTON MOTOR FUEL CELL GMBH Address: Gautinger Strasse 6, D-82319 Starnberg Country: Germany Tel: +49815126864 0 Fax: +49815126864 18 Web: www.proton-motor.de

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7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Key Executives: Felix Heidelberg (Managing Director); Dr Roland Hamelmann (Technical Manager); Dr Joachim Kroemer (Sales Manager) Employees: 9 Revenues: E1.5 million Products: PEM fuel cell systems Company Name: PROTONETICS INTERNATIONAL INC Address:17301 W Colfax Avenue, Suite 309, Golden, CO 80401 Country: USA Tel: +13032783113 Fax: +13032783663 Web: www.protonetics.com Key Executive: Gary Fitzhugh (CEO) Employees: 4 Products: Development of fuel cells based on a recently discovered proton-conducting ceramic electrolyte Company Name: QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES INC Address:17872 Cartwright Road, Irvine, CA 92614 Country: USA Tel: +1949399 4500 Fax: +1949399 4600 Web: www.qtww.com Key Executive: Alan Niedzwiecki (President & COO) Employees:160 Revenues: US$23.4 million (April 2002) Products: Hydrogen storage and delivery systems CompanyName: QUESTAIR TECHNOLOGIES INC Address: 6961 Russell Avenue, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5J 4R8 Country: Canada Tel: +1604 454 1134 Fax: +1604 454 1137 Web: www.questairinc.com Key Executives: Johnathan Wilkinson (President & CEO); Mark Grist (VP Business Development & Marketing) Employees:100 Products: Hydrogen puri¢cation and oxygen enrichment equipment Company Name: REGENESYS TECHNOLOGIES LTD Address: Harwell International Business Centre, Harwell, Didcot, Oxon OX110QA Country: UK

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Tel: +44 1235 444999 Fax: +44 1235 444909 Web: www.regenesys.com Parent Company: Innogy plc, UK (ultimate holding company: RWE AG, Germany) Key Executives: Andrew Du¡ (CEO); David Threfall (COO); Stewart Male (Technical Director) Additional R&D: Durham, NC, USA US subsidiary: Electrosynthesis Company Inc, 72 Ward Road, Lancaster, NY 14086-9779, USA (Tel: +1716 684 0513) Employees:1850 Products: Regenerative fuel cells; energy storage devices Company Name: ROEN EST SRL Address:Via S Isaia 24, I-40100 Bologna Country: Italy Tel: +39 0516970793 Fax: +39 051850304 Web: www.roenest.com Key Executives: Angelo D’Anzi (Managing Director); P Barcellona (Sales Manager) Employees:5 Products: PEM fuel cells Company Name: ROLLS ROYCE FUEL CELL SYSTEMS Address: PO Box 31, Derby DE24 8BJ Country: UK Tel: +44 1332 242424 Fax: +44 1332 249936 Web: www.rolls-royce.com Key Executive: Dr Gerry Agnew (Chief Engineer ^ Fuel Cells) Employees: 25 Products: Hybrid SOFC/gas turbine power systems Company Name: SAFE HYDROGEN LLC Address: 30 York Street, Lexington, MA 024202009 Country: USA Tel: +17818617016 Web: www.safehydrogen.com Key Executive: Sig Tullman (CEO); Andrew McClaine (Chief Technical O⁄cer) Employees: 3 Products: Chemical hydride hydrogen storage systems

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Company Name: SAMSUNG ADVANCED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (SAIT) Address: San 14-1, Nongseo-ri, Kiheung-eup, Yongin-shi, Kyungki-do Country: Korea Tel: +82331280 9114 Fax: +82 331280 9099 Web: www.sait.samsung.co.kr Key Executive: Dr Hyuk Chang Employees: 650 Products: Development of PEMFCs and DMFCs Company Name: SANYO ELECTRIC CO LTD – ECOLOGY & ENERGY SYSTEMS RESEARCH CENTRE Address: 1 Otsuki-cho, Ashikaga City, Tochigi 3268534 Country: Japan Tel: +81284 443163 Fax: +81284 443144 Web: www.sanyo.co.jp Key Executive: Akira Hamada (Manager ^ Fuel Cell Development Dept) Products: Low power PAFCs; PEM fuel cells; residential cogeneration fuel cell systems Company Name: SATCON TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION – ADVANCED FUEL CELL PRODUCTS DIVISION Address:161 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 Country: USA Tel: +16176610540 Fax: +16176613373 Web: www.satcon.com Subsidiary: SatCon Power Systems Canada (exInverpower), 835 Harrington Court, Burlington, Ontario L7N 3P3, Canada (Tel: +1905639 4692) Key Executive: David Eisenhaure (President & CEO) Employees: 391 Revenues: US$41.7 million (2001) Products: Fuel cell power converters, controllers and ampli¢ers Company Name: SCHAFER CORPORATION Address: 303 Lindbergh Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550-9511 Country: USA Tel: +1925 447 0555 Fax: +1925 447 0544 Web: www.schafercorp.com

Key Executive: Michael Monsler (Energy & Environment) Employees: 350 Products: System integrator Company Name: SGL CARBON TECHNOLOGIES GMBH Address: Werner-von-Siemens-Strasse 18, D-86405 Meitingen Country: Germany Tel: +4982718324 58 Fax: +4982718322 43 Web: www.sglcarbon.com Parent Company: SGL Carbon AG Key Executive: Dr Hochegger (Managing Director) Employees: 40 (Fuel Cells) Revenues: E120 million (Business Area ^ 2001) Products: Carbon bipolar plates and gas di¡usion layers for PEM fuel cells Company Name: SHANGHAI SHEN-LI HIGHTECH COMPANY LTD Address: 10/F, 111 Feng Pu Avenue, Feng Pu Industrial Zone, Shanghai 201400 Country: China Tel: +862167100831/67100759 Fax: +862167100831 Web: www.sl-power.com Key Executives: Zhu Jia-Jun (President); Dr Jesse Hu (General Manager) Employees: 30 Products: PEM fuel cells Company Name: SHELL HYDROGEN BV Address: Badhuisweg 3, PO Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam Country: Netherlands Tel: +3120 6303223 Fax: +3120 630 2929 Web: www.shellhydrogen.com Key Executive: Donald Huberts (CEO) Employees:10^49 Products: Established to pursue and develop business opportunities related to hydrogen and fuel cells; partners in Hera Hydrogen Storage Systems Inc and HydrogenSource LLC Company Name: SIAM WATER FLAME CO LTD Address: 381/60-61 Soi Bannmai, Chalampnimit Road, Bangklo, Bangkholaem, Bangkok10120 Country:Thailand Tel: +6626885562/5563/5564

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7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Fax: +66 26885565 Web: www.water£ame.co.th Products: Electrolysers for hydrogen production Company Name: SIEMENS AG – I&S Address: PEM Fuel Cell Dept, Schustrasse 60, D91052 Erlangen Country: Germany Tel: +49 9131722342 Fax: +49 9131744057 Web: www.siemens.com Key Executive: Dr Albert Hammerschmidt (Head of Department) Employees: 30^40 (Fuel Cells) Products: PEM fuel cells for submarines; development of PEM fuel cells for transportation applications Company Name: SIEMENS WESTINGHOUSE POWER CORPORATION – FUEL CELLS DIVISION Address: 1310 Beulah Road, Pittsburgh, PA 152355098 Country: USA Tel: +1412 256 2022 Fax: +1412 2561233 Web: www.siemenswestinghouse.com Parent Company: Siemens AG Key Executives: Raymond George (Director ^ Technology); Allan Casanova (Director ^ Business Development); Dr Stephen Veyo (Director ^ Product Development) Employees: 330 (FC Division) Products: Solid oxide fuel cells and systems Company Name: SMART FUEL CELL GMBH (SFC) Address: Eugen-Sa«nger-Strasse, D-85649 BrunthalNord Country: Germany Tel: +4989607454 61 Fax: +4989 607454 69 Web: www.smartfuelcell.com KeyExecutive:ManfredStefener(ManagingDirector) Employees: 32 Products: Direct methanol fuel cells Company Name: SOLVAY ADVANCED POLYMERS Address: 4500 McGinnis Ferry Road, Alpharetta, GA 30005 Country: USA

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Tel: +17707728494 Fax: +1770772 8460 Web: www.solvaymembranes.com Parent Company: Solvay SA (Belgium) Key Executive: Judy Melville (Global Industry Manager) Employees: 29 416 (Group) Revenues: E8.7 billion (Group) Products: Polymer membranes for PEMFCs Company Name: STUART ENERGY SYSTEMS INC Address: 5101 Orbitor Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L4W 4V1 Country: Canada Tel: +19052827700 Fax: +19052827777 Web: www.stuartenergy.com Key Executives: Jon Slangerup (President & CEO); Wanda Cutler (Director of Marketing) Employees: 200 Revenues: C$14.3 million (31 March 2001) Products: Hydrogen generation and supply systems ¨ D-CHEMIE AG – FUEL CELL Company Name: SU CATALYSTS TECHNOLOGIES Address: Lenbachplatz 6, D-80333 Mu«nchen Country: Germany Tel: +49895110323 Fax: +49895110516 Web: www.sud-chemie.com Key Executive: Norbert Modl (Manager Europe) Employees: 30 Products: Catalysts for fuel cells Company Name: SULZER HEXIS LTD Address: PO Box 65, Hegifeldstrasse 30, CH-8404 Winterthur Country: Switzerland Tel: +4152 2626311 Fax: +4152 2626333 Web: www.hexis.com Parent Company: Sulzer Corporation Key Executives: Roland Diethelm (President); Dr Harold Raak (Head of Marketing & Sales); Dr Alexander Schuler (Head of System Development) Employees: 40 Revenues: SFr1million (2001) Products: Planar solid oxide fuel cells

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Company Name: SUPERIOR MICROPOWDERS LLC Address: 3740 Hawkins NE, Albuquerque, NM 87109 Country: USA Tel: +15053421492 Fax: +1505342 2168 Web: www.smp1.com Key Executives: Bob Size (President & CEO); Dr Mark Hampden-Smith (VP & Director of Emerging Technologies) Employees: 30 Products: Development of MEAs Company Name: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES LTD Address: Suite 200, 422 11th Avenue SE, Calgary, Alberta T2G 0Y4 Country: Canada Tel: +14035087177 Fax: +14032052509 Web: www.sustainableenergy.com Key Executives: Michael Carten (President & CEO); David Carten (VP Business Development); Brent Harris (Technical Director) Employees: 25 Products: Power converters for fuel cells Company Name: SYMYX TCHNOLOGIES INC Address: 3100 Central Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051 Country: USA Tel: +1408764 2000 Fax: +1408748 0175 Web: www.symyx.com Key Executives: Steve Goldy (Chairman & CEO); Henry Weinberg (SVP & CTO); Dr Troy Campione (VP ^ Business Development) Employees: 200 Revenues: US$60 million Products: DMFC catalysts Company Name: SYNERGY TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION Address: 335 25th Street SE, Calgary, Alberta T2A 7H8 Country: Canada Tel: +1403269 2274 Fax: +14032901257 Web: www.synergytechnologies.com

Key Executives:Thomas Cooley (CEO & CTO); Barry Co¡ey (President & CEO); Marc Cernovitch (VP ^ Corporate Development) Employees: 20 Products: Hydrogen generation systems Company Name: TECHNOLOGIES M4 INC Address: 575 Rue le Breton, Longueuil, Que¤bec J4G 1R9 Country: Canada Tel: +1450 674 2030 Fax: +1450 674 1932 Web: www.tech-m4.com Key Executive: David Johnston (President); Claude Dumas; Michel Lemuire (Director ^ Business Development) Products: Power electronics, controls and electric generator units Company Name: TECHSYS INC Address: 147 Columbia Turnpike, Suite 109, Florham Park, NJ 07932 Country: USA Tel: +1973 4221666 Fax: +19738989626 Key Executives: SteveTrenk (Chairman/CEO); Keith Blakely (COO) Employees:5 Products: Solid oxide fuel cell systems Company Name: TELEDYNE ENERGY SYSTEMS INC Address:10707 Gilroy Road, Hunt Valley, MD 210311311 Country: USA Tel: +14107718600 Fax: +14107718618 Web: www.teledynees.com Parent Company:TeledyneTechnologies Inc R&D facilities:West Palm Beach, FL Key Executives: Dr Robert Mehrabian (Chairman, President & CEO of Teledyne Technologies); Rhett Ross (President of Teledyne Energy Systems); Charles Wolf (Director ^ Engineering); Jay Laskin (Director ^ Marketing & Sales) Employees:140 Revenues: US$14.6 million (2001) Products: Hydrogen generators; fuel cell testing equipment; PEM fuel cell components and systems

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7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Company Name: TICONA GMBH Address: Professor-Staudinger-Strasse, D-65451 Kelsterbach Country: Germany Tel: +49 610777 20 Fax: +49 6107 1837 Web: www.ticona-eu.com Parent Company: Celanese AG Key Executive: Frank Reil (Manager ^ Emerging Markets) US O⁄ce:Ticona US, 90 Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ, USA (Tel: +1908598 4000) ^ Ami El Agizy (Market Development Manager) Revenues: E773 million (Worldwide) Products: Polymers for MEAs Company Name: TOSHIBA INTERNATIONAL FUEL CELLS CORPORATION (TIFC) Address: 1-1 Shibaura, 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8001 Country: Japan Tel: +81334573622 Fax: +8135444 9199 Web: www.toshiba.co.jp Parent Companies: Toshiba Corporation (51%); UTC Fuel Cells (49%) Key Executives: Naoshi Kato (President & CEO); Junichi Ueda (Business Planning & Marketing) Factory: 2-4 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (Tel: +8145510 6009) Employees: 90 Products: Development of PEM fuel cells; marketing of PAFCs manufactured by UTC Fuel Cells Company Name: TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION – FUEL CELL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT DIVISION Address: Higashifuji Technical Centre, 1200 Mishuku, Susono, Shizuoka 410-1193 Country: Japan Tel: +81559 977842 Fax: +81559 977988 Web: www.toyota.com Key Executive: Dr Shigeyuki Kawatsu (Project Manager) Employees:500 Products: PEM fuel cells Company Name: UNITED CERAMICS LTD Address: Doxey Road, Sta¡ord ST161DZ Country: UK Tel: +44 1785223122

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Fax: +44 1785240556 Web: www.ucm-group.com Parent Company: UCM Group plc Key Executive: Bob Hughes (Chief Executive) Employees: 295 (Group) Revenues: »33.4 million (2001 ^ Group) Products: Advanced ceramic materials for fuel cells Company Name: UTC FUEL CELLS Address: 195 Governors Highway, PO Box 739, SouthWindsor, CT 06074 Country: USA Tel: +1860727 2200 Fax: +1860727 2319 Web: www.utcfuelcells.com Parent Company: United Technologies Corp (90%); Toshiba Corp (10%) Key Executives: William T Miller (President); Francis R Preli, Jr. (VP ^ Engineering); Mark Morelli (VP ^ Business Development & Strategy) Employees:793 Products: Alkaline, phosphoric acid and PEM fuel cells Company Name: VAILLANT GMBH Address: Berghauser Strasse 40, D-42859 Remscheid Country: Germany Tel: +49219118 0 Fax: +492191182810 Web: www.vaillant.de Parent Company:Vaillant Hepworth Group Subsidiaries:17 European subsidiaries Key Executives: Dr Michael Broset (Managing Director); Kai Klinder (Marketing & Sales) Employees: 9279 (Group) Revenues: E1685 million (Group) Products: Fuel cell heating appliances (using Plug Power PEM fuel cells) Company Name: VAIREX CORPORATION Address: 3044 Valmont Road, Boulder, CO 80301 Country: USA Tel: +1303 444 4556 Fax: +1303 444 6150 Web: www.vairex.com Key Executive: Ski Milburn (President) Employees:14 Products: Air and gas management systems, controls and components for fuel cells and other energy technology applications

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Company Name: VANDENBORRE HYDROGEN SYSTEMS NV Address: Nijverheidsstraat 48c, B-2260 Oevel (Westerlo) Country: Belgium Tel: +3214 462110 Fax: +3214 46 2111 Web: www.hydrogensystems.com Parent Company: Vandenborre Technologies NV (Belgium) Fellow Subs: Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems GmbH, Su«dstrasse 80, Geb. 96.7, D-04668 Grimma, Germany (Tel: +49 3437 97 31 12); Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems Inc, 555 Rene¤-Le¤vesque Boulevard, Suite 1800, Montre¤al, Que¤bec H2Z 1B1, Canada (Tel: +1514 848 9461); Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems India Ltd, 6/4 Ward No 1, Mehrauli Road, Near Qutab Minar, Mehrauli, New Delhi, India (Tel: +91 11 664 23 88); Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems China, Room 105, Building 5#, Shigang Road, Guangzhou, China (Tel: +86 208 430 95 83); Vandenborre Hydrogen Systems Russia, Potapowshij per. 5, korp. 4, 101000 Moscow, Russia (Tel: +7 095206 8114) Key Executives: Bart Van Ouystel (COO); Patrick Vanschoubroek (Sales Manager Europe) Employees: 25 Products: IMET1 powered hydrogen generators; home fueller; reversible fuel cell Company Name: VANTICO AG Address: Klybeckstrasse 200, CH-4002 Basel Country: Switzerland Tel: +4161966 4259 Fax: +4161966 8455 Web: www.vantico.com Key Executive: Dr Martin Spitzer (Project Manager) Employees: 3000 Revenues: SFr1700 million Products: Bi-polar plates for PEM fuel cells Company Name: VICTREX PLC Address: Victrex Technology Centre, Hillhouse International, Thornton Cleveles, Lancashire FY5 4QD Country: UK Tel: +44 1253897700 Fax: +44 1253897701 Web: www.victrex.com Key Executives: David Hummel (Chief Executive); TimWalker (Production & Technical Director) Employees:162

Revenues: »58.7 million (2000) Products: Ionomers for fuel cell membranes Company Name: WARSITZ ENTERPRISES INC Address: 1030 West Maude Avenue, Suite 509, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 Country: USA Tel: +14087362742 Fax: +1408736 2736 Web: www.warsitz.com Key Executives: Paul Warsitz (President); John Gotthold (VP ^ Technology) Employees:7 Products: Hydrogen generation systems Company Name: WOODWARD GOVERNOR COMPANY – INDUSTRIAL CONTROLS DIVISION Address: 1000 East Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80525 Country: USA Tel: +1970 4825811 Fax: +1970 4983058 Web: www.woodward.com Key Executives: Tom Gendron (VP & GM ^ Industrial Controls); John Emery (Product Manager) Employees: 3500 (Company) Products: Balance-of-plant controls Company Name: XANTREX TECHNOLOGY INC Address: 8999 Nelson Way, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 4B5 Country: Canada Tel: +1604 4228595 Fax: +1604 4213056 Web: www.xantrex.com Key Executives: Mossadiq Umedaly (Chairman & CEO); Greg Brown (President & COO) Employees: 650 Revenues: C$170 million (2001) Products: Power electronics and controls for fuel cells Company Name: YUASA CORPORATION Address: 2-3-21 Kosobe-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 5691115 Country: Japan Tel: +81726 866181 Fax: +81726 866345 Web: www.yuasa-jpn.co.jp Products: Direct methanol fuel cells

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7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Company Name: ZTEK CORPORATION Address: 300 West Cummings Park, Woburn, MA 01801 Country: USA Tel: +17819338339 Fax: +17819338396

Web: www.ztekcorp.com Key Executives: Dr Michael Hsu (CEO); Robb Edwards (Marketing Manager) Employees:15^20 Products: Solid oxide fuel cells

7.2 Directory of Research and Academic Institutions Organisation Name: ALBERTA RESEARCH COUNCIL Address: 250 Karl Clark Road, Edmonton, Alberta T6N 1E4 Country: Canada Tel: +1780 4505203 Fax: +1780 4695296 Web: www.arc.ab.ca Contacts: John McDougall (Managing Director & CEO); Karen Beliveau (VP ^ External Relations & Alliances) Activities: ARC develops and commercialises technology by performing contract applied R&D, or by investments in joint ventures to develop new technologies.Work has included programmes with Global Thermoelectric (SOFC manufacture) and Energy Ventures Inc (DMFC development). It is also developing ceramic processing techniques. Organisation Name: ALFRED UNIVERSITY – Centre for Environmental & Energy Research Address: One Saxon Drive, Alfred, NY 14802 Country: USA Tel: +16078712130 Fax: +16078712348 Web: www.alfred.edu Contact: Professor Xingwu Wang (Fuel Cells Research) Activities: CEER is working with Niagara Mohawk and Upstate Laboratories Inc (Syracuse, NY) to evaluate a residential fuel cell power generator, in particular to study the environmental impact of the newly improved fuel cell systems. Other partners in the project include SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry, Plug Power, UTC Fuel Cells and NYSERDA.

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Organisation Name: ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY Address: 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439-4837 Country: USA Tel: +1630 252 4537/4342 Fax: +1630 252 4176 Web: www.transportation.anl.gov Contacts: Dr James Miller (Director ^ Electrochemical Technology Program); Romesh Kumar (Head ^ Fuel Cell Technology) Activities: Argonne National Laboratory is a US Department of Energy research facility. Argonne’s Electrochemical Analysis and Diagnostic Laboratory is internationally recognised as a valuable resource for the battery industry. It has now been joined by the Fuel Cell Test Facility, which makes a proven control and data acquisition system available for independent testing of fuel cell components and systems (up to 50 kW). Argonne’s fuel cell research includes innovative fuel processor design (partial oxidation reforming), CO clean-up processes, materials development for anodes and cathodes, and system simulation and analysis. Organisation Name: ASPEN SYSTEMS INC Address: 184 Cedar Hill Street, Marlborough, MA 01752 Country: USA Tel: +1508 4815058 Fax: +1508 480 0328 Web: www.aspensystems.com Contact: K Lee (Director of Technologies) Activities: R&D services company working on ultra-high purity hydrogen production for fuel cells and non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts. It has developed a catalytic reactor that transforms diesel fuel into gaseous hydrocarbons.

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Organisation Name: BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY – Energy Sciences & Technology Dept; Material Science Dept Address: PO Box 5000, Upton, NY 11973-5000 Country: USA Tel: +1631344 7726 (ESTD-Energy Resources Division); +1631344 4513 (MSD) Fax: +1 631 344 2359 (ESTD-Energy Resources Division); +1631344 5815 (MSD) Web: www.bnl.gov Contacts: Dr John Andrews (Building Equipment Technology Leader ^ ERD); James McBreen (Electrochemical Sciences Group Leader ^ MSD) Activities: There are two main areas of fuel cell research at BNL, a US Department of Energy facility on Long Island. The Energy Resources Division, part of the Energy Science & Technology Department, has been testing the performance of three 7 kWe PEM fuel cells from Plug Power, as part of a project with the Long Island Power Authority and NYSERDA, to measure the potential for power generation from fuel cells. In the Materials Science Department, work is being conducted on the synthesis and characterisation of electrochemical materials for advanced battery and fuel cell applications, including electroresponsive molecular and polymeric systems. Other applied work includes use of the National Synchrotron Light Source for in situ characterisation of battery and fuel cell materials. Organisation Name: CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY – ERNEST B YEAGER CENTRE FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCES Address: 10900 Euclid Avenue, White Building, Room 408, Cleveland, OH 44106-7204 Country: USA Tel: +12163686525 Fax: +12163683209 Web: http://electrochem.cwru.edu Contacts: Joe H Payer (Director); Uziel Landau (Technical Director) Activities: Development of miniature fuel cells using high-tech micro-fabrication technology Organisation Name: CEA Address:17 rue des Martyrs,38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 Country: France Tel: +33 4 3878 44 00 Fax: +33 4 38785198 Web: www.cea.fr Contact: Pierre Serre-Combe (Head of Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Lab)

Activities: Since June 1999, CEA has been commissioned by the French government to carry out an important programme on the new energy technologies in partnership with industrial companies, within European projects and the French technological research network on fuel cells ‘PACo’. Up to now, 200 people in di¡erent research centres are involved in this programme, planned to be increased up to 300 in 2004. The R&D programme includes the development of emission-free hydrogen production technologies with high e⁄ciency and low cost, the development of safe and coste¡ective hydrogen storage technologies for use in stationary, transportation and portable applications, the development of fuel cell technologies (principally PEM fuel cells and SOFCs) with high performance and low cost, and the development of new micro power sources for miniature devices of the future. Organisation Name: CENTRAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY (CRIEPI) Address: Yokosuka Research Laboratory, 2-6-1 Nagasaka,Yokosuka 240-01 Country: Japan Tel: +81468562121 Fax: +81468573072 Web: http://criepi.denken.or.jp Contact:Takao Watanabe (Project Leader) Activities: CRIEPI has been studying the improvement of large stack performance and life analysis on several MCFC power plant systems and modelling of cells and stacks for MCFCs. Organisation: CLEAN ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Address: University of Miami, Mechanical Engineering, 219 McArthur Building, Coral Gates Campus, FL 33124-0622 Country: USA Tel: +1305284 4666 Fax: +1305284 4792 Web: www.miami.edu Contacts: Dr T Nejat Veziroglu (Director); LucillWalter (Coordinator) Activities: System modelling of renewable hydrogen systems; study of biological hydrogen production; study of liquefaction of hydrogen; investigation of safety problems associated with hydrogen production, storage and distribution.

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7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Organisation Name: CONNECTICUT GLOBAL FUEL CELL CENTER Address: University of Connecticut, 44 Weaver Road, Unit 5233, Storrs, CT 06269-5233 Country: USA Tel: +1860 486 9204 Fax: +1860 486 8378 Web: www.ctfuelcell.uconn.edu Contacts: Nigel Sammes (Director); Patricia (Tricia) Bergman (Associate Director) Activities: Research on catalysis for fuel cells and fuel processing systems; ionomers for PEMs; and PEM fuel cells. Organisation Name: CSIRO (COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANISATION) Address: Private Bag 33, Clayton South, Victoria 3169 Country: Australia Web: www.csiro.au Tel: +61395452719 Fax: +61395452720 Contact: Dr Sukhvinder Badwal (Chief Research Scientist ^ Manufacturing & Infrastructure Technology) Activities: CSIRO is one of the world’s largest and most diverse scienti¢c research organisations, employing some 6500 people. CSIRO has played a key role in the development of SOFCs and owns 40% of Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd, which was set up to develop the high temperature SOFC technology originated in CSIRO. CSIRO has now developed expertise, know-how and facilities for the fabrication, testing and evaluation of PEMFCs up to several kilowatts. CSIRO is sourcing a PEMFC system in the 10 kW range for demonstration in a major project directed at integrating solar energy with reforming of natural gas to produce hydrogen and CO2 sequestration. CSIRO is also developing and demonstrating stand-alone modular (3^10 kW) power supplies based on a hybrid PEMFC/battery system for distributed energy generation applications, and also micro (up to 50 W) fuel cells for portable applications. Organisation Name: DALIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS (CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES) Address: 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian116023 Country: China Tel: +86 4114686654

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Fax: +86 4114691570 Web: www.dicp.ac.cn Contacts: Professor Xinhe Bao (President); Suli Wang (Fuel Cell R&D); Zhaobin Wei (Catalysis Laboratory) Activities: DICP of the Chinese Academy of Sciences is an institute engaged in both basic and applied research. The Fuel Cell R&D Centre began its R&D in the early 1970s with the study of AFCs. Since 1990, R&D has been carried out on PEMFCs, MCFCs, SOFCs and regenerative fuel cells. PEMFC stacks of 100 W, 200 W, 1 kW and 5 kW have been built and current research includes the development of a 30 kW PEMFC stack, a kW class MCFC stack and a 100 W level SOFC and RFC. The State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, established in 1987, carries out basic research on catalysis in China. Organisation Name: DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE Address: Northern Nevada Science Center, 2215 Ragio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512 Country: USA Tel: +17756737300 Fax: +17756737459 Web: www.dri.edu Contact: Dr Roger Jacobson (VP ^ Academic A¡airs) Activities: DRI is the non-pro¢t division of the University and Community College System of Nevada. Through its Hydrogen Fuel Cell Program, DRI has worked on fuel cell R&D, which has included the development of a fuel cell scooter and a hybrid battery/fuel cell utility vehicle. Organisation Name: DEUTSCHES ZENTRUM fu ¨ r LUFT-und RAUMFAHRT e.V – Institut fu ¨r Technische Thermodynamik Address: Pfa¡enwaldring 38-40, D-70569 Stuttgart Country: Germany Tel: +497116857464 Fax: +497116857465 Web: www.dlr.de/TT Contacts: Prof Dr-Ing.(habil) Hans Mu«ller-Steinhagen; A. Brinner Activities: Characterisation of components for PEM fuel cells; component development and optimisation of operating conditions for MEAs; study of degradation of components for PEMFCs; measurement of current density and temperature distribution in PEMFCs; test facility for PEMFC components and systems; development of portable PEMFCs, with integrated hydrogen storage; development of

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

components for DMFCs. DLR has also developed plasma spray techniques for fabricating thin-¢lm SOFCs. ´ COLE D’INGE ´ NIEURS DU Organisation Name: E ´ nergie et CANTON DE VAUD – Institut d’E Syste`mes Electriques (IESE) Address: Route de Cheseaux, CH-1400 Yverdon Country: Switzerland Tel: +4124 4232275 Fax: +4124 425 0050 Web: www.eivd.ch/iese Contact: Professor Jean-Franc¸ois A¡olter Activities: IESE has developed several PEM fuel cell powered boats ´ COLE POLYTECHNIQUE Organisation Name: E ´ ´ FEDERALE DE LAUSANNE (EPFL) – Lab. for Photonics & Interfaces, ICMB-LPI Address: EPFL-Ecublens, CH-1015 Lausanne Country: Switzerland Tel: +41216933689 Fax: +4121693 4111 Web: dcwww.ep£.ch/icp/ICP-2/icp-2.html Contact: Dr Augustin McEvoy (SOFC Group Leader) Activities: The LPI is part of the Institute of Molecular & Biolological Chemistry, in the School of Basic Sciences. Its SOFCs, High Temperature Electrochemistry and Solid State Ionics research group is conducting basic studies in electrochemistry, including oxygen reduction, development of materials and processes for the fabrication, start-up and operation of high-temperature SOFCs. ´ COLE POLYTECHNIQUE Organisation Name: E ´ AL – LABORATORY OF ELECDE MONTRE TROCHEMISTRY & ENERGETIC MATERIALS Address: Dept of Metallurgy & Materials Engineering, PO Box 6079, Downtown Station, Montre¤al, Que¤bec H3C 3A7 Country: Canada Tel: +1514 340 4725 Fax: +1514 340 4468 Web: www.polymtl.ca/udrin06a.htm Contact: Professor Oumarou Savadogo (Dept Head) Activities: Research on fuel cells and hydrogen production Organisation Name: ENEA – ADVANCED ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES DIVISION Address: Via Anguillarese 301, I-00060 S Maria di Galeria (Roma)

Country: Italy Tel: +39 063048 4512 Fax: +39 0630483795 Web: www.enea.it Contact: Dr Ra¡aeleVellone Activities: ENEA, an Italian government owned establishment carries out R&D on PEM and molten carbonate fuel cell stacks and systems Organisation Name: ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE OF THE NETHERLANDS (ECN) Address:Westerduinweg 3, PO Box1,1755 ZG Petten Country: Netherlands Tel: +31224 564949 Fax: +31224 564480 Web: www.ecn.nl Contacts: Dr CAM van der Klein (Head of Clean Fossil Fuels); Dr Roland Mallant (FC Systems) Activities: ECN Clean Fossil Fuels is one of the seven research priority areas at ECN. The PEM programme covers both fuel cell systems and PEMFCs and supercapacitors. Research projects include the development of reformer/PEMFC systems for automotive applications, development of hydrogen fuelled PEMFC systems for marine applications, the development of natural gas fuelled reformer/ PEMFC systems for micro-cogeneration, development of CO-tolerant PEMFCs, stack development, reversible PEMFCs, modelling of cell performance and the development of supercapacitor electrodes. ECN is also a leader in SOFC planar development, and has established InDEC as a pilot production plant for planar SOFC components. Organisation Name: EPRI (ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE) Address: 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 Country: USA Tel: +1650 8552121 Fax: +1650 8558759 Web: www.epri.com Contact: Dan Rastler Activities: EPRI, founded in 1972, is a non-pro¢t scienti¢c research consortium that provides energyrelated products and services to more than 700 organisations in 40 countries. Research, development and demonstration of fuel cell technology have been part of its programme since inception. The current emphasis is to identify, develop and facilitate the commercialisation of emerging fuel cell systems, including PEMFCs, PAFCs and SOFCs,

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through initiatives with vendors, electric and gas companies, and public agencies ¨ RICH – Institute for Organisation Name: ETH ZU Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials (ETH Ceramics) Address: SOFC Group, H 33, Sonneggstrasse 5, CH8092 Zu«rich Country: Switzerland Tel: +4116323760 Fax: +4116321132 Web: http://lomer.ethz.ch Contact: Prof Dr Ludwig J Gauckler (SOFC Group Leader) Activities: The SOFC group is researching both material and fundamental aspects of SOFCs, including improved components for intermediatetemperature SOFCs. Current projects include low-temperature sintering of nano-sized ceramic powders, modelling of electrochemical reaction mechanisms at SOFC electrodes, spray pyrolysis deposition of thin functional ceramic ¢lms, and catalytically active anodes for SOFCs running on hydrocarbons. Organisation Name: FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER Address: 1679 Clearlake Road, Cocoa, FL 329225703 Country: USA Tel: +13216381015 Fax: +13216381010 Web: www.fsec.ucf.edu Contacts: Dr David Block (Director) Activities: The FSEC, a research institute of the University of Central Florida, was designated a Center of Excellence for hydrogen research and education by the US DOE in 1997. In 1999, FSEC created the Hydrogen Research and Application Centre (HARC) to engage in collaborative research with NASA and industry, with the focus on ¢nding better ways to produce, store and utilise hydrogen for both space and terrestrial applications. Organisation Name: FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM ¨ LICH GmbH – INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS JU AND PROCESSES IN ENERGY SYSTEMS (IWV) Address: D-52425 Ju«lich Country: Germany Tel: +49 2461610 Fax: +49 24618100 Web: www.kfa-juelich.de/iwv/e-iwv.htm

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Contact: Dr G Eisenbeiss (Head of Energy and Materials Research) Activities: The state-owned Forschungszentrum Ju«lich is one of 15 Helmholtz centres in Germany. The IWV is carrying out research into hightemperature SOFCs and low-temperature PEMFCs and DMFCs for portable, stationary and mobile applications and the development of concepts for regenerative energy autarchic systems (e.g. fuel cell/electrolyser energy systems. The department also operates test facilities. Organisation Name: FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS (ISE) Address: Heidenhofstrasse 2, D-79110 Freiburg Country: Germany Tel: +497614588 0 Fax: +497614588100 Web: www.ise.fhg.de Contact: Dr Christopher Hebling (Group Manager Micro-Energy Technology) Activities: An association of seven Fraunhofer Institutes is developing innovative energy systems based on portable fuel cells for the low power range (www.mikrobrennsto¡zelle.com). ISE is responsible for the project management, as well the development and construction of the miniaturised PEM fuel cell systems, experimental characterisation of test cells and theoretical modelling and analytical and numerical simulation of fuel cells. Organisation Name: FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Address: Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Strasse 7, D-76327 P¢nztal Country: Germany Tel: +497214640 0 Fax: +497214640111 Web: www.ict.fhg.de Contacts: Dr Michael Krausa (Head of Applied Electrochemistry); Axel Kau¡man Activities: ICT conducts materials development of electrically conductive polymers, application of extrusion, pressing and injection moulding methods to produce micro-structured bipolar plates, and the construction of plastic housing units suitable for simple production and mounting.

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Organisation Name: FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY (IPT) Address: Steinbachstrasse17, D-52074 Aachen Country: Germany Tel: +492418904 0 Fax: +49 2418904 198 Web: www.ipt.fhg.de Contact: Bernd Bresseler Activities: Planning and evaluation of technology to produce PEM fuel cells; development of procedures suitable for series production of small bipolar plates (e.g. ultrasonic machining, pro¢le grinding, hot embossing); prototype construction of microstructured bipolar plates by micromachining; economic feasibility analysis of series production. Organisation Name: FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR RELIABILITY AND MICRO-INTEGRATION (IZM) Address: Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin Country: Germany Tel: +4930 464 03100 Fax: +4930 464 03111 Web: www.izm.fhg.de Contact: Dr Robert Hahn Munich Dept: Hansastrasse 27d, D-81373 Mu«nchen, Germany (Tel: +498954759042) Activities: Berlin: Investigation of the operating performance of fuel cells; electric circuit design of the fuel cell systems; development of ¢lm techniques for planar fuel cell systems; ecological life cycle analysis of the entire system. Munich: Development of micro-valves for hydrogen and micropumps for air and methanol. Organisation Name: FUELCELL PROPULSION INSTITUTE Address: Wells Fargo Tower, Suite 2131,621 Seventeenth Street, Denver, CO 80293-2101 Country: USA Tel: +1303296 4218 Fax: +1303296 4219 Web: www.fuelcellpropulsion.org Contacts: Arnold Miller (President & Technical Director); Peter Lyddon (Executive Director) Activities: Formed in 1996, the Institute is a nonpro¢t membership organisation (over 30 members). Ajoint venture withVehicle Projects LLC has resulted in the development of the world’s ¢rst fuel cellpowered locomotive, a mining and tunnelling haulage vehicle. A large mine loader for hardrock mining is also being developed.

Organisation Name: GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY Address: Advanced Vehicle Development, 2115 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 602,Washington, DC 20007 Country: USA Tel: +12026872361 Fax: +12026874502 Web: http://fuelcellbus.georgetown.edu Contacts: Sam Ramano (Program Director); Jim Larkins (Program Manager); Bob Wimmer (Technical Director) Activities: Georgetown University has been at the forefront of the development of transportation fuel cells since 1983. The Advanced Vehicle programme has been funded primarily by grants from the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), an agency of the US Department of Transportation. The key objectives of GU’s Advanced Vehicle programme are to support the development of fuel cell technology and assist industry in commercialisation of fuel cells for transit applications. Organisation Name: HARC (HOUSTON ADVANCED RESEARCH CENTER) – CENTER FOR FUEL CELL RESEARCH & APPLICATION Address: 4800 Research Forest Drive, The Woodlands,TX 77381 Country: USA Tel: +12813671348 fax: +12813637914 Web: www.harc.edu/fuelcell Contacts: Patrice Parsons (Director of Development); Bruce Rauhe (Technical Director) Activities: Formed in 1998, the centre evaluates fuel cell systems under real or simulated end-use applications. HARC has an agreement with Sieco SA in Argentina, to work together to develop projects that promote new technologies related to fuel cells, power generation and energy storage in South America. ´ BEC – Institut Organisation Name: HYDRO-QUE de Recherche d’Hydro-Que´bec (IREQ); Labor´ lectrochimique et atoire des Technologies E ´ des Electrotechnologies (LTEE) Address: IREQ, 1800 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Que¤bec J3X 1S1; LTEE, 600 avenue de la Montagne, Shawinigan, Que¤bec G9N 7N5 Country: Canada Tel: +1 450 652 1321 (IREQ); +1 819 539 1400 (LTEE) Fax: +1 450 652 8161 (IREQ); +1 819 539 1409 (LTEE)

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Web: www.ireq.ca Contacts: Jacques Martel (Managing Director ^ IREQ); Gae¤tan Lantagne (LTEE Manager) Activities: Researchers at IREQ are studying novel cathode materials compatible with optimised performance of SOFCs in the 750^800‡C operating temperature range. IREQ also has experience in the production of CO-tolerant PEM fuel cell anode materials for the oxidation of hydrogen; electrocatalysts; performance testing of fuel cell components; system integration; and metallic hydrides for hydrogen storage. LTEE develops and promotes e⁄cient and innovative applications for electricity. It is currently evaluating a prototype propane-fuelled system developed by H Power. Hydro-Que¤bec is also partner in Hera Hydrogen Storage Systems Inc, a joint venture with Shell Hydrogen and GfE Gesellschaft fu«r Elektrometallurgie to develop, manufacture and market hydrogen storage products. Organisation Name: HYDROGEN RESEARCH INSTITUTE Address: Universite¤ du Que¤bec a' Trois-Rivie'res, 3351 des Forges, PO Box 500,Trois-Rivie'res, Que¤bec G9A 5H7 Country: Canada Tel: +18193765139 Fax: +18193765164 Web: www.uqtr.uquebec.ca/IRH Contact: Dr Tapan Bose (Director) Activities: R&D on the storage, safety and use of hydrogen and fuel cells. Organisation Name: IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE Address: Department of Materials, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP Country: UK Tel: +44 207594 6767 Fax: +44 207584 3194 Web: www.mt.ic.ac.uk Contacts: Prof J A Kilner (Head of Department); Prof A Atkinson (Supervisor) Activities: Imperial College has been the leading UK academic centre for R&D of materials for SOFC technology since 1989. Current projects include the scaling up of Rolls Royce’s integrated planar SOFC to 10 kW class; fabrication and evaluation of a novel metal-supported SOFC cell con¢guration design to operate in the 500^600‡C temperature range; investigation of direct methanol-fuelled SOFCs; operation of SOFCs on bio-fuels; membrane reform-

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ing of methane; investigation of thick ¢lm ceria electrolytes, cathode materials and catalytic membrane reactors. Organisation Name: INSTITUT DE CIENCIA DE MATERIALS DE BARCELONA Address: Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona Country: Spain Tel: +34 935801853 Fax: +34 935805729 Web: www.icmab.es Contact: Prof Francesc Teixidor (Research Professor ^ Inorganic Materials Lab) Activities: Founded in 1987, ICMAB is Spain’s National Material Science Research Centre. Work includes the development of materials for SOFCs. Organisation Name: INSTITUTE OF CATALYSIS AND PETROCHEMISTRY (ICP) Address: Campus de la UAM, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid Country: Spain Tel: +34 915854800 Fax: +34 915854760 Web: www.icp.csic.es/eac/index-e.htm Contact: Dr Jose¤ Luis Garcia Fierro (Professor) Activities: ICP is part of the Spanish Council for Scienti¢c Research (CSIC), which belongs to the Ministry of Science and Technology. The Catalysts Structure and Activity Group (EAC) is working on the development and synthesis of catalysts for methanol and gasoline reforming to hydrogen with minimal CO levels in the exhaust gas, and the development of DMFCs for mobile applications. The group is also investigating new concepts and catalytic ways of producing cleaner fuels. Organisation Name: ITN ENERGY SYSTEMS INC Address: 8130 Sha¡er Parkway, Littleton, CO 801274107 Country: USA Tel: +1303 4201141 Fax: +1303 4201551 Web: www.itnes.com Contacts: Dr Mohan Misra (Founder & CEO); Dr John Stevens (President & COO) Activities: Private R&D company developing small power SOFCs. Recently awarded a DARPA contract for developing hand held SOFCs for military applications.

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Organisation Name: JET PROPULSION LABORATORY Address: California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 Country: USA Tel: +1818354 0013 Fax: +18183936951 Web: www.jpl.nasa.gov Contact: Dr SR Narayanan (Electrochemical Technologies Group) Activities: NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory is managed by the California Institute of Technology. The group’s fuel cell activities focus on the development of DMFCs, principally for use in cellular phones. The latest work, which features a planar ‘£at-pack’ approach, is in collaboration with researchers at the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute at the University of Southern California. DTI Energy has licensed the technology, and in turn has sublicensed it to Ballard Power Systems. Organisation Name: KOREA INSTITUTE OF ENERGY RESEARCH Address: PO Box103,Yusong-ku, Daejon 305-343 Country: South Korea Tel: +82 428603180 Fax: +82 42 8603739 Web: www.kier.re.kr Contacts: Dr Jae-Ek Son (President); Dr Doo-Hwan Jung (Head of Fuel Cell Research) Activities: KIER carries out component and cell technology R&D of PAFC, PEMFC, DMFC (for portable and transportable applications) and SOFC technologies; development fuel cell manufacturing; and fuel cell system development for vehicle applications. Organisation Name: KOREA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Address: Battery & Fuel Cell Research Centre, PO Box131, Cheongryang, Seoul130-650 Country: South Korea Tel: +82 2 9585271 Fax: +82 29585199 Web: www.kist.re.kr Contact: Seong-Ahn Hong (Director of Battery & FC Research Centre) Activities: KIST was established in 1966 as a government sponsored research organisation. MCFCs and SOFCs are under major development. In addition PEMFCs are also under development as a prospective power source for electric vehicles. Fuel cell

fabrication, synthesis of materials, electrolytes, matrix and separator plate development are also under investigation with technology transfer being made to participating industries for future commercialisation. Organisation Name: KYUSHU UNIVERSITY Address: 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580 Country: Japan Tel: +81925837525 Fax: +81925730342 Web: www.kyushu-u.ac.jp Contact: Kazunari Sasaki (Ass Prof ^ Graduate School Of Engineering Science) Activities: Fundamental research of ceramic materials for SOFCs. Organisation Name: LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY – Environmental Energy Technologies Division (Advanced Technologies Dept) (EETD –AET); Materials Sciences Division (MSD); Berkeley Electrochemical Research Council (BERC) Address:1Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 Country: USA Tel: +1 510 486 6283 (EETD ^ AET); +1 510 486 4999 (MSD) Fax: +1 510 486 5454 (EETD ^ AET); +1 510 486 7768 (MSD) Web: www.lbl.gov Contacts: Don Grether (Head of EETD ^ AET); Dr Daniel Chemla (Director ^ MSD) Activities: Work in Berkeley Lab’s Advanced Energy Technologies Department includes development of planar and tubular stacks for SOFCs, and a ‘reverse fuel cell’ that creates high-purity, high-pressure oxygen. The Materials Sciences Division develops functional materials for fuel cells and other applications BERC (www.eetd.lbl.gov/BERC/BERC.html) performs and oversees research on advanced rechargeable batteries and fuel cells. It utilises LBNL and University of California facilities and coordinates research at other institutions, to develop electrochemical power sources for vehicles and other applications.

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Organisation Name: LAWRENCE LIVEMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY – Energy Conversion & Storage Technologies Address: PO Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 Country: USA Tel: +1925 4237140 Fax: +1925 4237914 Web: www.llnl.gov Contact: Bob Glass (Associate Program Leader) Activities: LLNL is working in two areas ^ regenerative PEM fuel cells and SOFCs. Unitised regenerative fuel cells utilise the reversible properties of PEMs, so that they can be operated to convert hydrogen and oxygen into electricity and water, or in reverse as an electrolyser. Possible applications include high-altitude solar-rechargeable aircraft. Its SOFC work includes reducing the operating temperature and increasing the power density. Its researchers have developed a lower-cost, modi¢ed colloidal deposition technique for cell production, which also reduces the operating temperatures by at least 200‡C. Organisation Name: LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY Address: Materials Science & Technology Division, Electronic and Electrochemical Materials & Devices (MST 11), Los Alamos, NM 87545 Country: USA Tel: +15056676832 Fax: +1505665 4292 Web: www.lanl.gov/mst/fuelcells Contacts: Richard Silver (MST 11 Group Leader); Wayne Smith (Low Temperature Electrochemical Systems Team Leader); Fernando Garzon (High Temperature Electrochemical Reactors and Sensors Team Leader); Rodney Borup (EAS-AET Fuel Cell Engineering Team Leader) Activities: LANL is a Department of Energy laboratory managed by the University of California. For over 20 years, LANL has been engaged in an extensive R&D programme in low-temperature fuel cells. The technology focus has been on PEMFCs and on DMFCs, but LANL is expanding the scope with a new e¡ort on next-generation alkaline fuel cells. The LANL research programme ranges from fundamental investigation of ion transport and electrochemistry to materials development and component optimisation. In addition to fuel cells, current R&D includes supporting technologies such as hydrocarbon fuel reforming to generate a hydrogen-rich stream on demand, gas clean-up

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technologies to make such streams compatible with PEM systems, and advanced sensors and controls. The high-temperature programme focuses on SOFCs and high temperature sensors. Fuel processing research, undertaken by the Fuel Cell Engineering team, within the Engineering Sciences and Applications Division (ESA), aids the development of fuel cell systems for power generation for transportation and stationary applications. Organisation Name: LUND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY – DEPT OF HEAT & POWER ENGINEERING Address: Division of Thermal Power Engineering, Ole Ro«mers Va«g 1, 4th Floor, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund Country: Sweden Tel: +46 462229280 Fax: +46 46222 47 17 Web: www.vok.lth.se Contacts: Prof Tord Torisson (Div Prof); Prof Lars Sjunnesson (Program Manager) Activities: The department has been carrying out research on SOFCs combined with gas turbines since 1998. Recently the department entered an EU project together with the European gas turbine industry, universities and energy utilities on modelling and integration of these combined systems. Organisation Name: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Address: Department of Chemical Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 Country: USA Tel: +1617 253 4579 Fax: +1617 2539695 Web: www.mit.edu Contact: Dr Jackie Ying (Nanostuctured Materials Research Lab) Activities: MIT is working with Altair Technologies on the development of a nanostructured fuel cell system for direct hydrocarbon conversion. Organisation Name: MATERIALS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL RESEARCH (MER) CORPORATION Address:7960 South Kolb Road,Tucson, AZ 85706 Country: USA Tel: +1520574 1980 Fax: +1520574 1983 Web: www.mercorp.com

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Contact: Dr Mathias Hecht Activities: Founded in 1985, MER has built state-ofthe-art research, development and small-scale production facilities for performing contract R&D and production demonstrations. MER has been involved in the development of fuel cell systems and components for more than 6 years and is actively pursuing the commercialisation of its technology. MER is focusing on the custom manufacturing of MEAs, bipolar plates, end plates and fuel cell stacks for demonstration and research purposes. Organisation Name: MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS RESEARCH INC (MSRI) Address: 5395 West 700 South, Salt Lake City, UT 84104 Country: USA Tel: +1801530 4987 Fax: +1801530 4820 Web: www.msri.com Contacts: Dr Dinnesh K Shetty; Dr Anil V Virkar Activities: Founded in 1990 and a member of the SOFC Consortium, MSRI is developing reduced temperature (650^800‡C) electrode supported planar SOFC cells and stacks for distributed power generation. MSRI technology combines novel electrode, cell and interconnect designs and proven material combinations. Organisation Name: MCFC RESEARCH ASSOCIATION Address: M-1 Building, 2F, 1-1-4 Higasihi-Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku,Tokyo103-0004 Country: Japan Tel: +8135833 0081 Fax: +8135833 0084 Contact: Atsushi Miki Activities: Development of MCFC high performance stacks and power generation systems; development of combined MCFC/gas turbine systems; reliability evaluation; economic evaluation and conceptual design of practical systems; study of recycling methods for the main parts of the MCFC stack. Organisation Name: McMASTER UNIVERSITY Address: Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7 Country: Canada Tel: +19055259140 Fax: +19055289295

Web: www.mcmaster.ca Contact: Dr Anthony Petric (Group Leader) Activities: R&D on SOFCs, ionic conductors and mixed conducting oxides and thermodynamic properties of reactive alloys. Organisation Name: MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND Address: Dept of Chemistry, St John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X7 Country: Canada Tel: +17097378657 Fax: +17097373702 Web: www.mun.ca/chem Contact: Professor Peter Pickup (Group Leader) Activities: Research on synthesis and electrochemistry of conducting polymers, polymersupported catalysts and electrocatalysts in PEM fuel cells. Organisation Name: NATIONAL FUEL CELL RESEARCH CENTER Address: University of California Irvine, Engineering Laboratory Facility, Irvine, CA 92697-3550 Country: USA Tel: +1949824 1999 Fax: +19498247423 Web: www.nfcrc.uci.edu Contact: Professor Scott Samuelsen (Director) Activities: The NFCRC was inaugurated at its current facility in early 1998, within UCI’s Engineering Laboratory facility, and serves as a focal point for research, education, information and product development for advanced power generation from fuel cell technology. Its projects cover all fuel cell types, including the demonstration of the ¢rst SOFC/microturbine gas turbine system (with Edison International and Siemens Westinghouse), testing of 25 kW tubular SOFC, testing of MCFCs, and development of PEM reforming technology. Organisation Name: NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY – CENTER FOR TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS Address: 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO 804013393 Country: USA Tel: +13032753000 Fax: +1303275 4415 Web: www.ctts.nrel.gov

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Contact: Barbara Goodman (CTTS Director) Activities: CTTS works directly with DOE and its subcontractors to assist with the development of fuel cell technologies for vehicle applications. CTTS and the Basic Sciences Centre at NREL are developing advanced catalysts for PEMFCs. Other areas of expertise include advanced materials for MEAs and vehicle systems simulation and integration. CTTS also provide technical support to the DOE Hydrogen Research and Development Program, particularly in hydrogen fuel applications and hydrogen safety analyses. Organisation Name: NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA Address: 3250 East Mall, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1W5 Country: Canada Tel: +1604 2213024 Fax: +1604 2213002 Web: www.nrc.ca/icvan Contact: Rod McMillan (Director ^ National Fuel Cell Technology Progamme) Activities: The NRC Innovation Centre is the hub of Canada’s fuel cell R&D e¡orts and is developing core competencies. Organisation Name: OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Address: PO Box 2008, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge,TN 37831 Country: USA Tel: +18655747996/4572 Web: www.ornl.gov Contacts: Tim Armstrong (Fuel Cells and Functional Materials Program Manager); Roddie Judkins (Materials R&D Manager); Ted Besman (Metals & Ceramics Divisional Manager) Activities: ORNL is a multi-programme science and technology laboratory, managed for the US DOE by UT-Battelle, LLC. Current projects in the Fuel Cells and Functional Materials programme include air separation membrane evaluation, analysis and characterisation of hydrogen membrane processing, hydrogen production using inorganic membranes, low-cost manufacturing of ceramic fuel cells, reliability of materials and components for SOFCs, and power electronics for SOFCs. The M&C Division has developed carbon-composite bipolar plates to make PEM fuel cell stacks lighter and cheaper, and is experimenting with altering and using alternative materials (e.g. a ¢lm of titanium

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nitride alloy deposited on an iron-titanium base alloy) to develop prototype fuel cell units and evaluating their performance. The division is also working with other divisions to develop new materials for the next generation of SOFCs working at temperatures as low as 500‡C. A team within the Fossil Fuel Program group, is developing high-power density alkaline fuel cells. ¨ RME-INSTITUT Organisation Name: OEL-WA GmbH (OWI) Address: Kaiserstrasse100, D-52134 Herzogenrath Country: Germany Tel: +492407 951810 Fax: +492407 951818 Web: www.owi-aachen.de Contacts: Prof Dr-Ing. Heinrich Ko«hne; Dr-Ing. Klaus Lucka Activities: OWI provides R&D in fuel processing technology for mobile and stationary applications. Organisation Name: PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY Address: Energy Science & Technology Directorate, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland,WA 99352 Country: USA Tel: +15093752121 Fax: +1509375 4774 Web: www.pnl.gov Contacts: Michael Lawrence (Assoc Lab Director); Dr Subhash Singhal (Director ^ Fuel Cells) Activities: PNNL is one of 9 US Department of Energy multi-programme laboratories and is operated by Battelle. It is involved in the promotion and development of fuel cells and is co-ordinating the Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA), which has the goal of creating a 3^10 kW SOFC that can be mass produced in modular form. PNNL continues to develop and utilise capabilities to design, fabricate and test microchannel heat exchangers, reactors and separators as components for compact hydrogen generators for fuel cells. Organisation Name: PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUTE (PSI) – ELECTROCHEMISTRY LABORATORY Address: CH-5232 Villingen PSI Country: Switzerland Tel: +4156310 2111 Fax: +4156310 2199 Web: http://ecl.web.psi.ch/index.html

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Contact: Dr Gu«nther G Scherrer (Head of Lab) Activities: PSI’s Fuel Cells Group has been active since 1990 in various national and international projects in PEMFCs. Current activities include research on materials, stacks, system aspects and demonstration applications. Materials R&D is focused on novel low-cost proton-conducting membranes for hydrogen and methanol fueled PEMFCs. Stack research is centred on electrochemical engineering aspects of stack development. System aspects under study include water management, reforming of carbon-containing fuels and in situ PEMFC characterisation. PSI was involved with Volkswagen in the development of the Bora Hy.Power fuel cell car (see Section 4.1.1) and the development of a1.6 kW fuel cell for an electric boat. Organisation Name: PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY Address: University Park, PA 16802; Department of Materials Science & Engineering (DMSE): Steidle Building; Centre for Electrochemical Studies (CES): 206 Research East Building; Electrochemical Engine Centre (EEC): 338A Reber Building; Department of Chemistry:152 Davey Laboratory Country: USA Tel: DMSE: +1 814 863 8377; CES: +1 814 863 8377; EEC: +1814 863 4762; Chem: +1814 8656553 Fax: DMSE: +1 814 865 2917; CES: +1 814 865 3573; EEC: +1814 863 4848 Web: DMSE: www.matse.psu.edu; CES: www. energyinstitute.psu.edu/ces; EEC: http://mtrl1.me. psu.edu; Chem: www.chem.psu.edu Contacts: Dr Merrilea J Mayo (DMSE); Dr Serguei N Lvov (CES): Dr Chao-Yang Wang (EEC); Professor Thomas Mallouk (Chem) Activities: The DMSE has developed a faster, cheaper method of creating a gas-tight coating of zirconia to help manufacturers commercialise tubular SOFCs. The CES ^ part of the Energy Institute ^ conducts fundamental and applied interdisciplinary science and engineering research on electrochemical technologies, such as the design of fuel cell power generation systems and electrosynthesis of new materials such as metal alloys or oxide ¢lms. The EEC provides a focal point for multidisciplinary research on fuel cells and batteries. Current research projects include SOFCs for mobile and stationary power generation, development of an advanced MEA facility for automotive and portable fuel cells, research on PEM fuel cell systems, study of direct and indirect methanol fuel cell systems,

development of scalable DMFCs, and CFD modelling and optimisation of fuel cell systems. The Department of Chemistry is interested in several problems in materials chemistry, including fuel cell electrochemistry. In collaboration with the Illinois Institute of Technology, it has developed combinatorial screening methods for more quickly ¢nding better fuel cell catalysts from combinations of several different elements. Organisation Name: POWERTECH LABS INC Address:12388 88th Avenue, Surrey, British ColumbiaV3W 7R7 Country: Canada Tel: +1604 5907500 Fax: +1604 5905347 Web: www.powertechlabs.com Parent Company: BC Hydro Contact: Craig Webster (Director, Gas Systems Engineering) Activities: Powertech Labs is the research subsidiary of British Columbia Hydro. Powertech engineers are recognised as international leaders in the development of hydrogen and CNG as vehicle fuels. With the support of BC Hydro, Stuart Energy Systems and Dynetek Industries, Powertech Labs has initiated the Compressed Hydrogen Infrastructure Program, which aims to demonstrate the technical feasibility of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen fuelling stations. Organisation Name: RAILWAY TECHNICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Address: 2-8-38 Hikari-cho, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185-8540 Country: Japan Tel: +81425737343 Fax: +81425737289 Web: www.rtri.or.jp Contact: Takefumi Miyamoto (Railway Dynamics Division) Activities: Development of locomotive fuel cell systems. Organisation Name: RISØ NATIONAL LABORATORY Address: Materials Research Dept., Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde Country: Denmark Tel: +45 46775800 Fax: +45 46775758 Web: www.risoe.dk

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Contacts: Project Leaders: SUren Linderoth, Mogens Mogensen, Peter Halvor Larsen, Kent Kammer Hansen, Peter Friehling, Nikolaos Bonanos, Peter Vang Hendriksen Activities: RisU is a national laboratory under the Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. The Materials Research Dept has been involved in SOFC R&D since 1989. With other academic and industrial partners, the department has been working on the Danish SOFC programme. The department has, in collaboration with Haldor TopsUe A/S, established an experimental production plant to manufacture anode supported £at plates at RisU. SOFC testing facilities are also being established at RisU. Other projects include the scaling up of a multi-functional SOFC to multi-tens of kilowatt levels; the improvement in the durability of SOFC systems, focusing on materials selection for interconnects, contact layers and protective coatings; the identi¢cation of materials and catalysts, which enable high oxygen permeability at low temperature and the development of methods for producing supported membrane tubes; and the investigation of high temperature solid proton conductors. Organisation Name: ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE OF CANADA – ELECTROCHEMICAL POWER SOURCES GROUP Address: Dept of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4 Country: Canada Tel: +16135416000 Fax: +16135429489 Web: www.rmc.ca/academic/chem/index-a. htm Contact: Professor John Amphlett (Director) Activities: Current research includes catalysts and membranes for fuel processors (including methanol reformers and high-temperature reactors for diesel reforming); development and testing of PEM and direct methanol fuel cells; and modelling and simulation of PEM fuel cells and reformers. Organisation Name: SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES Address: PO Box 969, 7011 E Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551-0969 Country: USA Tel: +1925294 3316 Fax: +1925294 1004 Web: www.sandia.gov Contact: Jay Keller (Manager ^ Combustion Research facility)

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Activities: Sandia is a multi-programme engineering and science laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the US Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration. It has major programmes in national security, energy and environmental technologies. In conjunction with the Fuel Cell Propulsion Institute it has developed and integrated a robotic lunar vehicle (called RATLER) powered by a fuel cell and a fuel cell mining vehicle. It is embarking on a programme to research the material science and catalysis of PEM membranes. Organisation Name: SCHATZ ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE Address: Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521-8299 Country: USA Tel: +1707826 4345 Fax: +1707826 4347 Web: www.humdoldt.edu/serc/general.html Contact: Dr Peter Lehman (Project Director) Activities: SERC designs and builds PEM fuel cells, zero emission vehicles and solar hydrogen power systems. It was involved in the Palm Desert project to develop and operate small neighbourhood fuel cell vehicles, with SunLine Transit. SERC has recently designed, built, tested and delivered a fuel cell system as part of the Remote Area Power Project with the University of Alaska, in collaboration with Teledyne Energy Systems. Organisation Name: SHIKOKU RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC Address: Energy Research Department, 2109-8 Yashima-Nishimachi, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa-ken 760-8573 Country: Japan Tel: +8187844 9213 Fax: +8187844 9233 Web: www.ssken.co.jp Contact: Hirofumi Miki Activities: Development of PAFC power generation systems; testing and evaluation of MCFCs. Organisation Name: SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY – Conjugated Polymer Group (Dept of Chemistry); Mathematical Modelling & Scientific Group Address: 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6 Country: Canada

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Tel: +1604 2914221 (CPG); +1604 2914237 (MMSC) Fax: +16042913765 (CPG); +16042914947 (MMSC) Web: www.sfu.ca Contacts: Professor Steven Holdcroft (CPG Leader); Keith Promislow (Ballard Project Leader) Activities: The Conjugated Polymer Group studies the polymer science and electrochemistry of PEM fuel cells, including monomer design and polymerisation, solution and solid-state characterisation of polymers, the study of proton mobility, and investigation of solid-state electrochemistry in polymer media. The MMSC Group is developing analytical and numerical models of problems arising in the durability and e⁄ciency of Ballard’s fuel stacks, using its signi¢cant computational resources. This work includes understanding of mass and heat transfer on and across the PEM, as well as broader issues of water management. Organisation Name: SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE Address: PO Box 28510, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio,TX 78228-0510 Country: USA Tel: +1210522 2123 Fax: +12105223496 Web: www.swri.org Contacts: Joseph S Kuttle (Director ^ Program Development O⁄ce) Activities: SwRI is an independent, non-pro¢t applied R&D organisation. SwRI is developing large-area, vacuum-based electrode substrate coating technologies to reduce the overall material content and cost of MEAs. The institute also undertakes project management of PEMFC demonstrations. Organisation Name: SRI INTERNATIONAL Address: 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493 Country: USA Tel: +1650 859 2000 Fax: +16503265512 Web: www.sri.com Contacts: Subhash Narang (Product Development ^ Tel: +1 650 859 2119); Steven Crouch-Baker (Fuel Cell & Semi-fuel Cell Systems ^ Tel: +1 650 859 2964) Activities: The Product Development group is working on fuel cell manufacturing technologies to reduce production costs and PEM materials to improve fuel cell e⁄ciency, by eliminating the problem of CO poisoning of membranes. A new spin-o¡

company ^ Polyfuel Inc ^ will produce DMFCs for cellular phones and PDAs. A working prototype is ready for scale-up production in anticipation of commercialisation in 2003. Fuel cell research in the Materials & Processes group focuses on the design, construction and testing of medium- and hightemperature fuel cells and semi-fuel cells, reformation systems and components. These include SOFCs employing both single- and bilayer electrolytes, MCFCs and PAFCs. Organisation Name: STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK – COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES & FORESTRY Address: Chemistry Department, 121 Edwin C Jahn Laboratory, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 132102726 Country: USA Tel: +1315 470 6500 Fax: +1315 470 6856 Web: www.suny.edu Contact: Prof Israel Cabasso (Director, Polymer Research Institute) Activities: Study of polymer membranes; evaluation of residential fuel cell power generation systems. Organisation Name: TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRAZ – INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY OF INORGANIC MATERIALS Address: Stremayrgasse16, A-8010 Graz Country: Austria Tel: +43316 8738261 Fax: +43316 8738272 Web: www.ictas.tu-graz.ac.at Contact: Professor J O Besenhard Activities: Development of materials and processes for fuel cells. Organisation Name: TOHOKU UNIVERSITY Address: Faculty of Engineering ^ Dept of Applied Chemistry, Aramaki-aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi 980-8579 Country: Japan Tel: +8122 2177220 Fax: +8122 214 8646 Web: www.tohoku.ac.jp Contact: Prof Isamu Uchida Activities: R&D on MCFC and PEMFC technology.

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Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS – FUEL CELL VEHICLE CENTER Address: University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Country: USA Tel: +1530 752 3810 Fax: +1530 752 6572 Web: www.fcv.ucdavis.edu/Center/FCV_CenterPage.htm Contact: Dr Robert Moore (Director) Activities: The FCV centre complements and coordinates activities in traditional disciplinary departments and other research centres and uses systems and understanding to identify critical research needs and design e⁄cient and e¡ective research initiatives. Its highly successful FCV Modeling Program is developing an accurate and realistic simulation model for a fuel cell vehicle.

and studies of the prospects for the utilisation of fuel cell technologies.

Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE Address: College of Engineering ^ Center for Environmental Research & Technology, 1200 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507 Country: USA Tel: +19097815791 Fax: +19097815790 Web: www.cert.ucr.edu Contact: Professor Joe Norbeck (Director) Activities: CE-CERT brings together academia, the regulatory community and industry for cooperative research on the environment. Research in the Transportation Systems Research and Advanced Vehicle Engineering groups includes fuel cells and electric vehicle technologies, and fuel packaging and control systems to develop future alternative transportation systems and evaluate their environmental impacts.

Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF QUE´BEC – DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY & MATERIALS ´ nergie et Mate´riaux) (INRS E Address: 1650 boulevard Lionel Boulet, Varennes, Que¤bec J3X 1S2 Country: Canada Tel: +1450 9298142 Fax: +1450 9298102 Web: www.inrs-ener.uquebec.ca Contact: Professor Jean-Pol Dodelet Activities: Research on the synthesis and characterisation of catalysts for PEMFCs and DMFCs, CO-tolerant catalysts for hydrogen and methanol electro-oxidation, non-noble catalysts for oxygen electro-reduction, and hydrogen storage in carbon nanostructures.

Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO – Center for Energy Research Address: 9500 Gilman Drive, EBU 11, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411 Country: USA Tel: +1858534 4969 Fax: +18585347078 Web: www.ucsd.edu Contact: Professor Forman AWilliams (Director) Activities: Formerly the Center for Energy & Combustion Research, the centre’s research now also includes the development of advanced fuel cells,

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Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA – DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Address: 311A Towne Building, 220 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6393 Country: USA Tel: +1215 8988351 Fax: +12155732093 Web: www.seas.upenn.edu/cheme Contact: Professor Raymond J Gorte Activities: Research includes work on SOFC anodes for direct oxidation of dry hydrocarbon fuels, which could provide an alternative to hydrogen-based fuel cell technologies.

Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA – LOKER HYDROCARBON RESEARCH INSTITUTE Address: Los Angeles, CA 90089 Country: USA Tel: +12137405976 Fax: +12137405087 Web: www.chem.usc.edu/dept/researchcenters.html Contact: Professor George Olah (Director) Activities: The Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute is closely associated with the USC Chemistry Department. It places particular emphasis on fundamental hydrocarbon and polymer chemistry and related areas of research, including the use of methanol in DMFCs. and the development of new electroactive polymers. Its work with JPL has led to

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

miniature DMFCs for use in cellular phones and other applications. Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO – CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN & ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES Address: Dept of Mechanical Engineering, 5 King’s College Road,Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8 Country: Canada Tel: +14169781904 Fax: +1416 978 0787 Web: www.ecf.utoronto.ca Contact: Dr RonVenter (Director) Activities: Research on electrolysis, electrocatalysts, hydrogen production, fuel cells, sensors and hydrogen storage systems. Organisation Name: UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA – INSTITUTE FOR INTEGRATED ENERGY SYSTEMS Address: PO Box 3055, STN CSC, Victoria, British ColumbiaV8W 3P6 Country: Canada Tel: +12507218935 Fax: +12507216323 Web: www.iesvic.uvic.ca

Contact: Walter Me¤rida (Program Coordinator ^ Fuel Cell Systems) Activities: Research on diagnostic techniques and hardware for fuel cell systems, microstructured fuel cells, comprehensive models for the design and optimisation of commercially viable fuel cells for transportation applications, and the design, development and testing of novel fuel cell architectures. Organisation Name: ZENTRUM fu ¨ r SONNENENERGIE- und WASSERSTOFF-FORSCHUNG, ¨ RTTEMBERG (ZSW) BADEN WU Address: Helmholzstrasse 8, D-89081 Ulm Country: Germany Tel: +497319530 0 Fax: +497319530 666 Web: www.zsw-bw.de Contact: Klaus Steinhart Activities: ZSW is a non-pro¢t research organisation, whose fuel cell activities include the development of PEM fuel cell stacks and systems (up to 10 kW). ZSW has also developed a 1 kWeducational PEMFC system and also a 2 kW power generating system for educational use and research. Fuel cell stack testing is also o¡ered.

7.3 End User Developers Company Name: AC TRANSIT AGENCY Address: 1600 Franklin Street, Oakland, CA 946122800 Country: USA Tel: +1510 8914777 Web: www.actransit.org Activities: Operational testing of fuel cell buses (member of California Fuel Cell Partnership) Company Name: AIR LIQUIDE SA Address: Division des Techniques Avance¤es, Rue de Cle¤mencie'res15, F-38360 Sassenage Country: France Tel: +33 476 436169 Fax: +33 476 436155 Web: www.airliquide.com Contact: Patrick Sanglan

Activities: Supplier of industrial and medical gases and services Company Name: APRILIA SPA Address:Via Galileo Galilei1, I-30033 Noale (VE) Country: Italy Tel: +39 041582 9111 Fax: +39 0415801674 Web: www.aprilia.com Contact: Ivano Beggio (President) Activities: Development of fuel cell bikes/scooters Company Name: BC HYDRO Address: 6911 Southpoint Drive (E18), Burnaby, British ColumbiaV3N 4X8 Country: Canada Tel: +12507275207 Fax: +1604 528 2083

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Web: www.bchydro.com Contacts: Steve Brydon (BC Hydro Hydrogen Initiative); JH Gurney (Manager Strategic R&D) Activities: Public utility selling electricity and hydrogen. Its research subsidiary, Powertech Labs, is engaged in fuel cell research Company Name: BERLINER KRAFT- UND LICHT (BEWAG) AG Address: Puschkinalle 52, D-12435 Berlin Country: Germany Tel: +4930 26710403 Fax: +4930 26714106 Web: www.bewag.de Contact: M Pokojski (Technical Director) Activities: Public utility Company Name: CENTRO RICHERCHE FIAT SCPA (CRF) Address: Strada Torino 50, I-10043 Orbassano (TO) Country: Italy Tel: +39 0119083111 Fax: +39 0119083670 Web: www.crf.it Contacts: GianCarlo Michellone (President & CEO); Giuseppe Rovera (Exec VP ^ Vehicle Division); Gabriella Marinsek (Communications Director) Activities: Development of fuel cell cars and buses Company Name: CHUBA ELECTRIC POWER CO INC Address: Electric Power R&D Centre, 20-1 Kitasekiyama, Ohdaka-cho, Midori-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 459-8522 Country: Japan Tel: +81705970 8150 Fax: +8152624 9207 Contact: Masatoshi Hattori Activities: Public utility. Development of MCFCs and SOFCs for stationary power generation Company Name: COAST MOUNTAIN BUS COMPANY Address: 13401, 108th avenue, Surrey, British ColumbiaV3T 5T4 Country: Canada Tel: +1604 5403000 Web: www.coastmountainbus.com Contact: Denis Clements (President & CEO) Activities: Demonstration of fuel cell buses

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Company Name: COVAL H2 PARNERS LLC Address: 69-391 Dillion Road, Desert Hot Springs, CA 92241 Country: USA Tel: +17603291181 Fax: +1760 2516971 Web: www.covalhhh2000.com Contacts: Warner Harris (President/CEO); Paul Prokopius (VP Business Development) Activities: Battery-powered & hybrid-electric vehicles; stationary power systems Company Name: DAIHATSU MOTOR CORPORATION Address: Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Development Dept,1-1 Daihatsu-cho, Ikeda-shi, Osaka 563-8651 Country: Japan Tel: +8172754 3117 Fax: +81727514997 Web: www.daihatsu.com Contact:Toshikazu Miyazaki Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles Company Name: DAIMLERCHRYSLER AG Address: Fuel Cell Project Group, Neue Strasse 95, D-73230 Kirchheim/Teck Country: Germany Tel: +49702189 0 Fax: +497021893545 Web: www.daimlerchrysler.com Contact: Professor Ferdinand Panik (Director) Activities: Development of fuel cell cars and buses Company Name: EDISON TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS Address: 6040 North Irwindale Avenue, Azusa, CA 91702-3207 Country: USA Tel: +1626334 8088 Fax: +1626334 0793 Web: www.edison.com Parent Company: Edison International Contact:Vikram Budhraja (President) Activities: Subsidiary of power utility company; testing of fuel cell power generation systems Company Name: ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT CO LTD (J POWER) Address: New Energy & Technology Dept, 15-1 Ginza 6-chome, Chuo-ku,Tokyo104-8165 Country: Japan Tel: +81335462211

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Fax: +81335461685 Web: www.jpower.co.jp Contact: Kazukiyo Okano Activities: Development of SOFCs for stationary power generation ´ DE FRANCE Company Name: ELECTRICITE (EDF) Address: Research & Development Division, Les Renardieres, BP 1, F-77818 Moret sur Long Country: France Tel: +331476538 47 Fax: +3314765 4274 Web: www.edf.fr Contact: Jacques Jouaire Activities: Public utility. Testing and evaluation of fuel cell power generation systems Company Name: ENBRIDGE INC Address: 3000 Fifth Avenue Place, 425 ^ 1st Street SW, Calgary, Alberta T2P 3L8 Country: Canada Tel: +14032313900 Fax: +14032313920 Web: www.enbridge.com Contact: Brian MacNeill (President & CEO) Activities: Alliance with Global Thermoelectric to develop and distribute natural gas-fuelled SOFC residential cogeneration products Company Name: ESORO AG Address:Ta«mperlistrasse10, CH-8117 Fa«llanden Country: Switzerland Tel: +411887 0440 Fax: +411887 0450 Web: www.esoro.ch Contacts: Fabian Grob; Stefan Camenzind Activities: Development of fuel cell cars Company Name: EVOBUS GMBH Address: Hans-Martin-Schleyer-Strasse 21-57 ^ HPC B22, D-68301 Mannheim Country: Germany Tel: +497311812 828 Fax: +497311812 914 Web: www.evobus.com Contact: Bengt Hamsten Activities: Manufacture of fuel cell buses

Tel: +49 4418030 Fax: +49 4418033999 Web: www.ewe.de Contacts: Gerd Reanerf (Managing Director); Axel Waschmann (Managing Director) Activities: Public utility; testing and evaluation of large- and small-scale fuel cell power generation systems Company Name: FORD MOTOR COMPANY Address: Scienti¢c Research Laboratories, PO Box 2053, Dearborn, MI 48121-2053 Country: USA Tel: +1313594 0942 Web: www.ford.com Contact: Saed Deep Activities: Development of fuel cell hybrid cars Company Name: GAZ DE FRANCE Address: Po“le Coge¤ne¤ration/GNV ^ De¤partment Utilisation, Avenue du Pre¤sident Wilson 361, F-93211 La Plaine Saint-Denis Country: France Tel: +331492250 00 Fax: +33149225658 Web: www.gazdefrance.com Contact: Michel Bayle Activities: Public utility Company Name: GILLIG CORPORATION Address: PO Box 3008, Hayward, CA94540-3008 Country: USA Tel: +15107851500 Fax: +15107856819 Web: www.gillig.com Contact: Brian Macleod (SenoirVP) Activities: Development of fuel cell transit buses Company Name: HAMBURGISCHE ELEK¨ TS-WERKE AG TRIZITA Address: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Project Group, Oberseering12, D-22297 Hamburg Country: Germany Tel: +49 40 63963 450 Fax: +49 40 63963999 Web: www.hew.de Contact: Olivier Weinmann Activities: Public utility

Company Name: EWE AG Address:Tirpitzstrasse 39, D-26122 Oldenburg Country: Germany

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Company Name: HONDA R&D CO LTD Address: 4630 Shimotakanezawa, Haga-machi, Haga-gun,Tochigi 321-3393 Country: Japan Tel: +81286776774 Fax: +81286776780 Web: www.honda.co.jp/RandD Contact:Takashi Moriya Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles Company Name: HYPERCAR INC Address:220 East Cody Lane, Basalt, CO 81621 Country: USA Tel: +1970 9274556 Fax: +1877 232 0292 Web: www.hypercar.com Contacts: Jonathan Fox-Rubin (CEO); David Taggart (VP, CTO) Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles Company Name: ISE RESEARCH – THUNDERVOLT LLC Address: 7345 Mission Gorge, Suite K, San Diego, CA 92120 Country: USA Tel: +16192878785 Fax: +1619 2878795 Web: www.isecorp.com Parent Company: ISE Research Corp; Thor Industries Inc Contacts: David Mazaika (President); Tom Bartley (Marketing Director) Activities: Development and production of fuel cell buses Company Name: KYUSHU ELECTRIC POWER CO INC Address: 2-1-47 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuokashi, Fukuoka 815-8520 Country: Japan Tel: +81925410796 Fax: +81925511583 Web: www.kyuden.co.jp Contact:Yoshitaka Uchida (Research Laboratory) Activities: Public utility. R&D of SOFCs; testing and evaluation of PAFC power generation systems Company Name: LONG ISLAND POWER AUTHORITY Address: 333 Earle Ovington Boulevard, Hempstead, NY 11549-1000 Country: USA

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Tel: +1516 2227700 Fax: +15162229137 Web: www.lipower.org Contact: Richard Kessel (Chairman) Activities: Public utility; R&D, demonstration and testing of residential fuel cell systems Company Name: MAN NUTZFAHRZEUGE AG Address: Engineering Advanced Development, Dachauer Strasse 667, D-80995 Mu«nchen Country: Germany Tel: +49891580 2057 Fax: +498915803228 Web: www.man-nutzfahrzeuge.de Contacts: KarlViktor Schaller; Christian Gruber Activities: Development of fuel cell buses Company Name: MITSUBISHI MOTORS CORPORATION Address: Car R&D Headquarters, 1 Nakashinkiri, Hashime-cho, Okazaki-shi, Aichi 444-8501 Country: Japan Tel: +81564 325204 Fax: +81564 331202 Web: www.mitsubishi-motors.co.jp Contact:Yoshiaki Danno Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles Company Name: MW LINE SA Address: Ch. des Cerisiers 27, CH-1462 Yvonand Country: Switzerland Tel: +4124 430 4070 Fax: +4124 430 40 90 Web: www.mwline.ch Contacts: MarkWu«rst; Richard Mesple Activities: Development of fuel cell powered boats Company Name: NEW YORK POWER AUTHORITY Address: 30 South Pearl Street, Albany, NY 122073425 Country: USA Tel: +1914 6816200 Web: www.nypa.gov Contact: Louis P Ciminelli (Chairman) Activities: Public utility; operation of PAFC power generation systems Company Name: NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER CORPORATION Address: 300 Erie Boulevard West, Syracuse, NY 13202

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Country: USA Tel: +1315 474 1511 Fax: +1315 4285101 Web: www.niagaramohawk.com Activities: Public utility; test and evaluation of residential PEMFC power generation systems Company Name: NISSAN MOTOR CO LTD Address: Nissan Research Centre, 1 Natsushimacho,Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa 237-8523 Country: Japan Tel: +81468675331 Fax: +81468675332 Web: www.nissan.co.jp Contact: Hiroshi Komatsu Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles Company Name: OSAKA GAS CO LTD Address: 1-3 Hokko Shiratsu 1-chome, Konohanaku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 554-0041 Country: Japan Tel: +816 6464 2059 Fax: +816 6464 2102 Web: www.osakagas.co.jp Contact:Tadashi Tatemori Activities: Public utility. R&D, testing and evaluation of PAFCs and SOFCs; development of natural gas fuel processors for PEMFCs; development of carbon nanotubes for hydrogen storage and other uses. Osaka Gas has made development and technology transfer agreements with H Power, Sanyo Electric, Ebara Ballard, Ebara, Ballard Generation Systems and Sud-Chemie Group Company Name: PACIFIC GAS & ELECTRIC COMPANY Address: San Francisco, CA 94177 Country: USA Tel: +14159737000 Fax: +14152677265 Web: www.pge.com Contact: Jann Taylor (Media contact) Activities: Public utility, which participated in the Santa Clara demonstration project in the mid-1990s with Southern California Edison and FuelCell Energy. PGE is participating in the California Fuel Cell Partnership

¨N Company Name: PSA PEUGEOT CITROE AUTOMOBILES SA Address: Direction de la Recherche et de l’Innovation, Centre Technique de Velizy, Route de Gizy, F78943 VelizyVillacoublay Country: France Tel: +33147732773 Fax: +33147732860 Web: www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com Contact: Herve¤ Guyot Activities: Development of fuel cell cars Company Name: RENAULT RECHERCHE ET INNOVATION Address: 9-11 avenue du 18 juin 1940, F-92500 Rueil Malmaison Country: France Tel: +33134 9574 98 Fax: +33134 957715 Web: www.renault.com Contact: Dr Pierre Beuzit Activities: Development of fuel cell cars Company Name: RUHRGAS AG Address: R&D Department, Halterner Strasse 125, D-46284 Dorsten Country: Germany Tel: +49201184 00 Fax: +49201184 3766 Web: www.ruhrgas.de Contact: Dr A Heiming Activities: Public utility; operation of trial PAFC power plant (now ended); operation of trial MCFC power plant Company Name: RWE FUEL CELLS GMBH Address: Huyssenallee 2, D-45128 Essen Country: Germany Tel: +4920112 069 Fax: +4920112 20292 Web: www.rwe.com Contacts: Dr Michael Fu«bi (Managing Director); Heinz Bergmann (Managing Director) Activities: Subsidiary of the multi-utility RWE Group. Testing and evaluation of large and smallscale stationary fuel cell power systems Company Name: SAIBU GAS CO LTD Address: 421-4 Imajyuka-Aoki, Nishi-ku, Fukuokashi, Fukuoka 819-0162 Country: Japan Tel: +8192 8051521

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Fax: +8192 8051520 Web: www.saibugas.co.jp Contact: Hidetoshi Shinkai (R&D Institute) Activities: Public utility. Testing and evaluation of PAFC power systems Company Name: SCANIA BUSES & COACHES Address: Kejlstrupvej 71-73, DK-8600 Silkeborg Country: Denmark Tel: +4587223111 Fax: +45 87223195 Web: www.scania.com Contact: Lars Overgaard Activities: Development of fuel cell buses Company Name: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDISON CO INC Address: 2244 Walnut Grove, Rosemead, CA 917703714 Country: USA Tel: +16263021212 Web: www.sce.com Parent Company: Edison International Activities: Public utility; demonstration and testing of fuel cell power generation systems Company Name: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GAS COMPANY Address: 555 W 5th Street, Gt 15E3, Los Angeles, CA 90013-1011 Country: USA Tel: +1213244 5340 Fax: +1213244 8384 Web: www.socalgas.com Contact: David Beroko¡ (Technology Development) Activities: Public utility; fuel cell R&D; founding member of National Fuel Cell Research Center Company Name: SUNLINE TRANSIT AGENCY Address: 32-505 Harry Oliver Trail, Thousand Palms, CA 92276 Country: USA Tel: +17603433456 Fax: +17603433097 Web: www.sunline.org Contact: Richard Cromwell (Gen Manager/CEO) Activities: Operational testing of fuel cell buses (member of California Fuel Cell Partnership)

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Company Name: SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION Address:1-1-2 Shinmiyakoda, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka 431-2103 Country: Japan Tel: +8153 4285109 Fax: +8153 4285117 Web: www.suzuki.co.jp Contact: Miyakoda R&D Centre Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles Company Name: TOHO GAS CO LTD Address: 507-2 Shinpo-machi, Tokai-shi, Aichi 476 8501 Country: Japan Tel: +81526035411 Fax: +81526018671 Web: www.tohogas.co.jp Contact: HiomasaYoshida Activities: Public utility. R&D, testing and evaluation of PAFCs and SOFCs Company Name: TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY Address: 4-1 Egasaki-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohamashi, Kanagawa 230-8510 Country: Japan Tel: +8145613 4406 Fax: +8145613 4449 Web: www.tepco.co.jp Contact: Hideo Michibata (Energy and Environment R&D Centre) Activities: Public utility. Testing and evaluation of PAFC power generation systems Company Name: TOKYO GAS CO LTD Address: Technology Development Dept, 1-16-25 Shibaura, Minato-ku,Tokyo105-0023 Country: Japan Tel: +8135484 4531 Fax: +8135484 4193 Web: www.tokyo-gas.co.jp Contact: Kunihiro Nishizaki Activities: Public utility. R&D, testing and evaluation of SOFCs and PAFCs; development of natural gas fuel processors for PEMFCs; development of small-scale PEMFC cogeneration systems

7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Company Name: TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION – FUEL CELL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT DIVISION Address: Higashifuji Technical Centre, 1200 Mishuku, Susono, Shizuoka 410-1193 Country: Japan Tel: +81559 977842 Fax: +81559 977988 Web: www.toyota.co.jp Contact: Dr Shigeyuki Kawatsu (Project Manager) Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles and stationary power generation systems Company Name: VOLKSWAGEN AG Address: Berliner Ring 2, D-38436 Wolfsburg Country: Germany

Tel: +495361926443 Fax: +495361927507 Web: www.volkswagen.de Contact: Dr ThomasWirth (DriveTrain Research) Activities: Development of fuel cell cars Company Name: AB VOLVO TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Address: Sven Hultins Gata 9A, Chalmers Teknikpark, Dept 6120, SE-41288 Go«teborg Country: Sweden Tel: +4631660000 Web: www.volvo.se Contact: Dr Lars-Goran Rosengren Activities: Development of fuel cell vehicles

7.4 Associations Name: AMERICAN HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION Address:1739 W 7th Avenue, Mesa, AZ 85202-1906 Country: USA Tel: +1480 8277915 Web: www.clean-air.org Contact: Roy McAlister (President) Name: AMERICAN METHANOL INSTITUTE Address: 800 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 620, Washington, DC 20006 Country: USA Tel: +1202 4675050 Fax: +1202 3319055 Web: www.methanol.org Name: CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD Address: 1001 ‘I’ Street, PO Box 2815, Sacramento, CA 95812 Country: USA Tel: +1916322 2990 Fax: +1916 4455025 Web: www.arb.ca.gov Contact: Dr Alan Lloyd (Chairman) Name: CALIFORNIA FUEL CELL PARNERSHIP Address: 3300 Industrial Boulevard, Suite 1000, Sacramento, CA 95691 Country: USA Tel: +19163712899

Web: www.fuelcellpartnership.org Contact: Joe Irvin (Communications Manager) Name: CANADIAN HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION Address: University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road,Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8 Country: Canada Tel/Fax: +1416 9782551 Web: www.h2.ca Contact: Barbara Parkinson (Administrator) Name: EUROPEAN FUEL CELL GROUP LTD Address: Pascalstraat12, 2811 EL Reeuwijk Country: Netherlands Tel: +31182393854 Fax: +31182 393061 Web: www.fuelcell-eur.nl Contact: PH van Dijkum (Executive Manager) Name: EUROPEAN HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION Address: c/o E&Y, Avenue Marcel Thiry 204, B-1200 Bruxelles Country: Belgium Web: www.h2euro.org Contacts: Dr Rolf Ewald (President), EHA, Pestalozzistrasse 4, D-63486 Bruchko«bel, Germany (Tel: +49 6181 71701); Geirges Fratacci (Vice President), EHA, Fore“t de Vernon, F-27200 Vernon, France (Tel: +33232 217313)

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7 Directory of Companies/Organisations

Name: FUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION CENTRE (FCDIC) Address: 2-1-7 Kanda-Ogawamachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo1010052 Country: Japan Tel: +8133296 0935 Fax: +8133296 0936 Web: www.fcdic.com Contacts: Hirohumi Kataoka (Chairman); Dr Takuya Homma (Executive Director) Name: FUEL CELLS 2000 Address: 1625 K Street NW, Suite 790, Washington, DC 20006 Country: USA Tel: +12027859620 Fax: +12027859629 Web: www.fuelcells.org Contact: Robert Rose (Executive Director) Name: FUEL CELLS CANADA Address: 3250 East Mall, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1W5 Country: Canada Tel: +1604 8228061 Fax: +1604 8228106 Web: www.fuelcellscanada.ca Contact: Chris Curtis (VP) Name: GERMAN HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION (DEUTSCHE-WASSERSTOFF-VERBAND) Address: Unter den Eichen 87, D-122005 Berlin Country: Germany Tel: +49700 49376 835 Fax: +49700 49376329 Web: www.dwv-info.de Contact: Rolf Ewald (Chairman) Name: INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY Address: PO Box 248266, Coral Gables, FL 33124 Country: USA Web: www.iahe.org Contact:T Nejat Veziroglu (President) Name: NATIONAL HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION Address:1800 M Street NW, Suite 300,Washington, DC 20036-5802

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Country: USA Tel: +1202 2235547 Fax: +1202 2235537 Web: www.hydrogenus.org ExecVP: Bob Mauro Name: NORTHEAST ADVANCED VEHICLE CONSORTIUM Address: 112 South Street, Fourth Floor, Boston, MA 02111 Country: USA Tel: +16174821770 Fax: +16174821777 Web: www.navc.org Contact: Sheila Lynch (Executive Director) Name: NORWEGIAN HYDROGEN FORUM Address: Agder University College, Grooseveien 36, N-4876 Grimstad Country: Norway Fax: +4737 2530 01 Web: www.hydrogen.no Contact:TO Saetre (Secretary) Name: SWEDISH HYDROGEN FORUM Address: c/o Swedish Gas Association, Box 49134, SE-100 29 Stockholm Country: Sweden Web: www.h2forum.org Name: US FUEL CELL COUNCIL Address: 1625 K Street NW, Suite 725, Washington, DC 20006 Country: USA Tel: +1202 2935500 Fax: +1202785 4313 Web: www.usfcc.com Contact: Robert Rose (Executive Director) Name: WORLD FUEL CELL COUNCIL Address: Kroegerstrasse 5, D-60313 Frankfurt am Main Country: Germany Tel: +4969283851 Fax: +4969283953 Web: www.fuelcellworld.org Contact: Marcus Nurdin (Managing Director)