Wonders of the Past

Wonders Of the Past KathrynHarper Readand discoverall aboutwonders o f t h e p ast,a l l a ro u n dth e w o rl d ... . Whereis Chichenltza? . What is the Taj Mahat? Readanddiscovermoreaboutthe world! provides Thisseriesof non-fiction readers i n t e r e s ti nagn de d u ca ti o n co a l n tent,with project activitiesand work. SeriesEditor:HazeIGeatches lf Audio CD Packavailabte rF. ,

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Of the Past Kathryn Harper lntroduction 1 Stonehenge 4 2 Tutankhamun's Treasures 6 3 TheGreatWattof China 8 4 TheColosseum 10 5 Petra t2 5 EasterlslandStatues L4 7 Chichen ltza 16 8 AngkorWat 18 9 TheAlhambra 20 10 TheTajMahaL 22 Activities 24 Projegts 44 PictureDictionary 46 AboutReadandDiscover 48

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Illustrdtions by:Kelly Kenn('dypp.5,9, 12, 15;DusanPavlic/ Beehivelllustrationpp.24,26, 27, 2L,:t(t,:\3,it4, 40,46, 47; Alan Rowepp.28,30, 34.46, 47; Milrk Ruflle,Pp.9. me Publisherswould aisoiikc lo thdnk lhcJi,Ikwing,Jir thcir kind p(mi"ssionto rcllrotlut( llhol(ryntfhs dnLlother copjright materio/. Alamy pp.8(Nngclestock.cour), 19(Tim B White/AngkorWat): BridgenrlD n rt Librilry pp.7 (Burton, Harry (18791940)/ Plivnte(i)llection / The StapletonCollection), 16 (KenW€lsh), 2 I (IslanricSchool,(14th century) / Palaceofthe Alhambra. Crilnada, Spain),22 (TajMahal, Agra, India i @TerenceNunn), 2ll (lndiau School/ Private Collection); DK Imagesp.10 (William Donahue O Dorling Kindersley):C€tty tmagespp.4 UasonHawkes),5 (PeterMacDiamid), 12-13(Ed Freeman/ Stone),14 (RichThompson/ Workbook Stock), l7 Uam Media/ Lrtincontent Editorial), 20 (David C Tomlinson/ Photographer's Choice/Alhambra,Bethune Camichaeu Lonely Planet lmages/ tiles); Oxford University Presspp.3, 6, 18, 19 (monkey); Photolibrary p.11 (Guido Alberto Rossiflips ltalia).

lt's something amazing. Whatis a wonder?. Whenwe seeit we ask,'Howis this possible?' Naturemakesmanywonders.Peoplemake wonders,too! Whatis a wonderof the past?lt's something amazing that peoplemadea longtime ago.

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Whatarethesewondersof the past? Wherearethey? Whatwondersaretherein yourcountry?

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Thebiggestsarsenstone weighsabout45 metrictons. That's[iketen elephants! The sarsenstonesare even bigger and heavier.About 4,000 years 4go, people transported them from 30 kilometers away. How did people use Stonehenge?Maybe they used it as a cemetery or a place for studying the sun and the stars. Maybe it was also a temple. It's still a specialplace

The Stonehengestone circles are in England. People transported the first stonesto this place about 5,000 years ago.\il7edon't know a lot about Stonehenge.S(rhobuilt it? How did they build it? \(rhy did they build it? It's a mystery. People built Stonehengewith bluestones and sarsenstones.There were about 80 bluestones.They came from mountains 250 kilometers away.They are very heavy - some weigh about 4 metric tons.

for some people today. Every year, on June 2L"'rlots of people go to Stonehenge to celebrate the longest day of the year.

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Tutankhamun was a king in Egypt more than 3 1300years ago.He died when he was only l9 yearsold. \fhen he died, peopleput a gold mask over his face.They put his body in a coffin made of gold. Then they put the coffin into two bigger coffins. They put all three coffins in a tomb with food and many treasures.The Egyptians thought that the king needed these things after he died.

Tutankhamun's tomb was in the Valley of the I{ngs. No one discoveredit for a long, long time. Then a British archaeologist called Howard Carter discoveredit in 1922. \Whenhe broke through the door, he was amazed.Therewere gold statues,boats' jewels,toys, masks,and even a gold bed! There were about 31500treasures.For ten years,Carter took the treasuresfrom the tomb, and wrote about them. Tutankhamun became one of the most famous kings in the world. Today, many of his wonderful treasuresare in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo in Egypt. & Goto pages26-27for activities.

2,400yearsago 2,200yearsago - 2,000yearsago

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Prisoners,soldiers,and other people built the wall. They transportedthe stones and bricks by hand.This work was hard and dangerous.About three million people

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died building the wall. Later, more than one million soldiersguardedthe wall, but it was hard to stop the enemies.Peoplealso used the wall as a road. Today, tourists like

About 2,400 yearsago,there were many small countries in China. There were often wars.Peopledidn't want enemiesin their country, so they built big walls to keep them out. For more than 21000years,peoplebuilt walls, destroyedwalls, and built new walls. The Great\7all of China is really many walls. Togetherthey are about 7,000 kilometers long. The walls are about 7 meters high.

to walk along the wall.

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Formanyyears,peopte thoughtthatyoucouldsee the GreatWal.tof Chinafrom the moon,butthisis nottrue!

There are also many taller towers. Goto pages28-29for activities.

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Where did Ancient Romans go for fun? They went to the Colosseumin Rome. They watched fights in this big and beautiful stadium.The fights were with gladiatorsand wild animals like lions, crocodiles,rhinos, and evenelephants.The Colosseumwasn't fun for everyone.About 5001000people and one million wild animals died there.

Later, two earthquakesdestroyedsome of the Colosseum.Then people took stones from the Colosseum to build manv other buildings in Rome. So the building that we can seetoday gives only an idea of how beautiful it was in the past.Thousands of tourists visit the Colosseum every year.There are music concertshere. too. & Goto pages30-31 for activities.

At different times, pcople from different placeslived in Petra.They made wonderful temples,a theater,a palace,and tombs in the pink cliffs. Later, earthquakesdestroyed a lot of Petra.Today, many tourists visit this arnazing place. People also make movi

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here, for example, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.

About 2,000 yearsago,people in the Middle East bought and sold cloth and spicesin many countries.They often traveled acrossland in large groups called caravans. They used camelsto transport people and things. One of the placeswhere the caravans stopped was Petra. Petra is a fantastic city in the desertin Jordan.Peoplebuilt the city in the pink cliffs.The caravansstopped in Petrabecauseit had water and placesto sleep,and it was safefrom enemies.

WM Someof the caravans were7 kitometers lon ga n dtheyhad2,500camels!

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Easter Island is in the Pacific Ocean, far from anywhere.The island is famous for its 887 stone statues.They havebig headsand little bodies.

After a few hundred years)there were too many people for this small island.They cut down many of the trees.This was bad for the ground, and bad for other plants and

Why are the sratueshere?There is a story that 11700yearssgo, people were lost on the ocean.They arrived at this beautiful

animals,too. Soon there wasn't much food. People started to fight and they pushed over many of the statues.

island.There were lots of plants and animals, so they stayed.

Today, people come to seethe statuesand learn about EasterIsland.

These people made the big sraruesfor their gods.They made the statueswith stone from the middle of the island.Then, up to 250 people transportedthe statuesacrossthe

Thebiggeststatueis catled Paro.lt's nowon the ground. It'sabout10 meters[ong.

island to the coast,where they stand today. )

Goto pages34-35 for activities.

The Mayan people liked many activities. They played ball gamesin a courtyard that is bigger than a soccerfield. The courtyard has walls that are l2 meters high! Sometimesthey played gamesfor many days.They also loved art, music, and dance. Today, people still like to watch Mayan dancers,listen to Mayan music, and look at Mayan art when they visit Chichen Itza.

About 11600yearsogo,the Mayan people in Mexico started to build a new city. They built it around water from under the ground, so they called the city Chichen Itza. The name means 'the mouth of the well'. $fater was very important in this dry place. The first people in Chichen Itza built many temples for their rain god Chaac. Later, the city grew bigger and richer. Then people built fantastic pyramids and temples for their god Kukulkan. The mosr famous pyramid is the Temple of Kukulkan.

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iJ-. When people built Angkor\Vat, they put water around the buildings.This was to protect themselvesfrom enemiesand wild animals from the rainforest.Today, big trees grow into some of the buildings and monkeysrun around them. Angkor\Watis a temple in the city of Angkor. It's in the middle of the rainforest in Cambodia.About 800 yearsago,rhis beautiful stone ternplewas built for I(ng SuryavarmanII. About 50,000 people built the temple, and it took more than 37 years. They built it to look like the mounrain where their gods lived.There are some beautiful stone decorationson the walls.

About one million people lived in Angkor when it was an important city. Later, there were wars and other PeoPle came. Then Angkor wasn't so rich or important. People said that it

disappeared,but that wasn't true. Today, there are many visitors,and they think

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The Moorish people in Spain started to build the Alhambra about 800 years ago. It took a long time to build. Many different kings from different places lived there, and they built more buildings.They used the Alhambra as a castle and a city. $fars and an earthquake destroyedsome of the Alhambra. The French Emperor' Napoleon, tried to destroyit, but he couldn't. In 1828,

The Alhambra is in the mountains in the south of Spain.It's one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. Alhambra means'red castle',but the Alhambra also looks gray at night, and gold when it's

Spanishpeople started to build the broken parts again. Many people wrote stories and songsabout the Alhambra. Todag it's the most popular place in Spain for tourists.

sunny.The Alhambra is beautiful inside and outside. It has fantastic courtyards with fountains and gardens.Like many castles,it has towers and high walls.There are also wonderful tiles and decorations.

Therearesome ii', amazingtite patterns at the Alhambra. People sti[[copythemtoday. Goto pages40-4t for activities.

rd Maha| The Taj Mahal is in India. It looks like a palace,but it's a tomb. It,s one of the most beautiful tombs in the world. There are gardens and fountains around the building. The tomb is made of 28 rypes of stone and jewel from all over India and other counrries. Most of the tomb is made of a beautiful white sronecalled marble. About 20,000 people built the Thj Mahal, and it took 22 yearc.More than 1,000 elephantshelped to move the stones for the building. ,r. r

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The Taj Mahal was built about 400 years ago.The Emperor Shah Jahan built it for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. She died when she had her 14ft baby. Shah Jahan was very sad, so he built the Thj Mahal to remember his wife. Later, Shah Jahan'sson wanted to be the emperor, so he put his father into prison. When Shah Jahan died, people put his body in the Thj Mahal, so that he was with his wife forever. \7hich of all these wonders of the past do you want to visit? * Goto pages42-43for activities.

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the firststonesto Stonehenge 1 Peopte transported yearsago. about,.

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camefrom 3 Thebluestones

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comefrom? 1 Wheredidthe btuestones l

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2 HowdidpeopteuseStonehenge?

study cemetery mystery year kitometer metricton 1 te[[sus 'howfar' 2 teltsus 'howheavy' 3 tettsus 'howmuchtime' 4 wherewe put peopteaftertheydie 5 whatwe do whenwe wantto learn something 6 something thatwe don'tknow

dayat Stonehenge? 3 Whenis the longest I

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crocodile e[ephant gladiator [ion arch rhino

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3 2 Whofoughtin the Colosseum? 3 Whywerethere80 bigarches? 6

Complete the sentences. roof stadium animatscity Romansarches

someof the Colosseum? 4 Whatdestroyed 5 Whydidpeoptetakethe stonesfromthe Colosseum?

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buittfantastic buitdings. 2 TheCotosseum wasa big 3 Gtadiators and foughtin the Colosseum. 4 People wentintothe Colosseum through 5 TheCotosseum hada ctoth 6 Romewasa veryimportant

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2 Peoptelookat Mayanart. 3 Peopleptayedba[ gamesin a courtyard. 4 TheMayanpeoptehada raingod.

g Writethe words. ground games dance we[[ dry pyramid

5 Manypeopteliketo watch Mayandancers.

1 we get waterfromthis 2 we walkon this

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ltza? 1 Whendid peoptestartto buitdChichen

4 likea triangte 5 footba[[andbasketba[t, for exampte

2 WhowasChaac?

6 whenwe moveto music

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Angkorwat Readpages18-19.

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in order. 3 Numberthe sentences Aboutonemittion richandpowerful. D l, became peoptelivedthere.

a newtemple. l_! rhe kingwanted [-l Peoptevisit it. bui[tthetemp[e. | | People

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2 Write true or false.

3 Youarein frontof a temptewa[t.

1 AngkorWat is on a mountain. 2 Theyusedstoneto buildAngkorWat. 3 Angkorwasan important city in the past.

5 Whatdo youthinkof AngkorWat?Colorthe starsandwrite.

4 Therewasan earthquake at Angkor. 5 Therewerewarsat Angkor. 6 Angkordisappeared.

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2 in theAthambra? 4 Wherearethefountains

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3 Whattypeof animalhelpedto buitdtheTajMahal?

Whatcanyou do at the TajMahal? Writey' or X. 1 Takephotos.iuli 2 Lookat the fountains

] the gardensi- J 3 Watkaround in the rainforest. 4 Seethe monkeys t*-i:_____,.

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A WondersQuiz I Dothe quiz.Circtethe correctanswers. Thisplacehasstonecircles. Stonehenge T h eAt h a m b r a Ch i c h e nl t z a

Manyof thesewere made o f gotd. T h eAtham br a T u tankhamun' Trseasur es S tonehenge

In this place,thereare statueswith big heads. Petra A n g k o rW a t E a s t elrs l a n d

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Longcamelcaravans stoppedat this place. Th eG r e a W t a t to f ch i n a Pe t r a An g k o rW a t

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