WILSON’S DISEASE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Wilson’s Disease: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84687-1 1. Wilson’s Disease-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Wilson’s disease. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON WILSON’S DISEASE ................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Wilson’s Disease ........................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND WILSON’S DISEASE ......................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Wilson’s Disease .......................................................................... 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 63 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND WILSON’S DISEASE ................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 70 General References ....................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON WILSON’S DISEASE.................................................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 73 Chapters on Wilson’s Disease ...................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON WILSON’S DISEASE ...................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 75 Academic Periodicals covering Wilson’s Disease ........................................................................ 76 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 79 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 80 Researching Orphan Drugs ......................................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 85 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 87 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 91 Associations and Wilson’s Disease .............................................................................................. 94 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 94 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 97 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 97 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 97 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 103 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 103 WILSON’S DISEASE DICTIONARY ........................................................................................ 105 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 137
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Wilson’s disease is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Wilson’s disease, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Wilson’s disease, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Wilson’s disease. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Wilson’s disease, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Wilson’s disease. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON WILSON’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Wilson’s disease.
Federally Funded Research on Wilson’s Disease The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Wilson’s disease. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Wilson’s disease. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Wilson’s disease. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Wilson’s disease: •
Project Title: A NEW MODEL FOR LIVER GENE THERAPY USING THE LIVER Principal Investigator & Institution: Shafritz, David A.; Professor; Medicine; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: A major limitation of current ex vivo gene therapy protocols using the liver is that under most circumstances, little if any proliferation of transduced hepatocytes
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Wilson’s Disease
occurs after their transplantation, severely limiting levels of foreign gene expression. Recently, we developed a new model for liver repopulation in the rat in which more than 99% of endogenous hepatocytes can be replaced with transplanted cells. Extensive liver repopulation can be achieved with as little as 10,000 transplanted cells, and we are using this model to study the lineage and proliferative potential of fetal liver cells, hepatocyte progenitor cells, and liver-derived epithelial cell lines. We have initiated studies using this model for ex vivo gene therapy by transducing primary cultures of hepatocytes, hepatocyte progenitor cells and fetal hepatoblasts with lentivirus containing a reporter gene, green fluorescent protein (GFP), and then transplanting the transduced cells into the liver of suitably prepared hosts. Our fist hypothesis is that hepatocyte progenitor cells or fetal hepatoblasts will have a higher efficiency of viral transduction than primary adult. Our second hypothesis is that progenitor cells or fetal hepatoblasts will be superior to hepatocytes in maintaining long-term expression of transduced genes after they are transplanted into the liver. Our third hypothesis is that amplification of lentivirus transduced cells in the host liver will result in a high level of foreign gene expression throughout the organ, and thus achieve a level of expression suitable for effective gene therapy. These hypotheses will be tested in our new rat hepatic cell transplantation model using lentivirus-GFP. Once optimal conditions for effective gene transfer and expression are achieved, we will use this approach in an attempt to correct defective copper metabolism in the Long Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rat, a model for Wilson's disease, using a cloned Wilson's disease gene. Ultimately, we hope to adapt both cell transplantation and ex vivo gene therapy methods to humans with various inherited and acquired liver diseases, as these approaches are complementary but will have different clinical applications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHLORIDE CHANNELS IN LIVER FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Weinman, Steven A.; Professor of Internal Medicine and Physi; Physiology and Biophysics; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1991; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: Chloride channels are molecules that are present in hepatocytes and are necessary for multiple liver funtions. Recent studies have identified a family of CIC chloride channels in hepatocytes and suggest that these molecules function in intracellular sites where they are necessary for liver copper transport and vesicular acidification. This project will determine the properties of CIC chloride channels in hepatocytes and define how they participate in liver function and disease. The longterm objectives of this project are to understand how chloride channel abnormalities contribute to Wilson's Disease, cholestatic liver diseases, and other disorders of copper metabolism such as Indian Childhood Cirrhosis so that pharmacological manipulation of chloride channel activity can be used to ameliorate liver injury. The specific aims are: 1. To determine the subcellular localization of the chloride channels CIC-3, CIC-4 and CIC-5 in hepatocytes. To determine specific sequences on the channels responsible for their localization, and the signaling factors which result in changes in this distribution. 2. To determine the channel properties of CIC-3, to understand how its voltage dependence is modulated to allow it to function, and to determine whether functional channel multimers are important for ion conduction. 3. To determine whether CIC chloride channels cooperate with intracellular copper transport ATPases in cellular copper transport. 4. To determine the functional defects and adaptations to loss of hepatic CIC-3 in CIC-3 knock out mice. These aims will be accomplished by the use of
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5
immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation to define the localization of CIC- 3, CIC-4, and CIC-5. Channel function itself will be examined by whole cell and single channel patch clamp. Specific mutations will be produced and exmined for their effects on channel localization and function. The role of CIC-3 in copper transport will be determined by functional assays in yeast and mammalian cells, and its relationship to liver copper homeostasis will be studied in CIC-3 knock out mice by gene expression analysis with DNA arrays and functional response to copper loading of the animals. These experiments will carefully define the role of CIC channels in liver function and will serve as the first step toward the use of chloride channel based therapeutics in liver disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INITIAL THERAPY OF WILSON'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Schilsky, Michael L.; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INITIAL THERAPY OF WILSON'S DISEASE WITH AMMONIUM TETRATHIOMOLYBDATE Principal Investigator & Institution: Brewer, George J.; Professor; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHOSPHORYLATION & REGULATION OF WILSON'S DISEASE PROTEIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Min, Mee Y.; Biochem and Molecular Biology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recently, the importance of copper homeostasis has been moved into the forefront since copper has now been connected to several neurological diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and prion proteins. The key protein for maintenance of copper homeostasis in humans is Wilson's disease protein (Wndp). This protein, which is found in the brain and liver, is responsible for copper delivery to copper dependent proteins in the Trans Golgi Network and for the export of excess copper in the cell. It has been shown that phosphorylation is associated with the trafficking that leads to export of copper, but the mechanism of Wndp regulation by phosphorylation has not been shown. The goal of this proposed research is to decipher the role of copper dependent phosphorylation of Wndp in the cell and understand how this regulation contributes to copper homeostasis. Specifically, the phosphorylation site(s) on Wndp will be identified, the Wndp kinase will be isolated, and the effect of phosphorylation on trafficking and activity of Wndp will be evaluated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Wilson’s Disease
Project Title: PLASMA HEPATOCYTES
MEMBRANE
TRAFFICKING
IN
POLARIZED
Principal Investigator & Institution: Hubbard, Ann L.; Professor; Cell Biology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): We will study the molecular basis of trans-Golginetwork (TGN) to plasma membrane (PM) trafficking in polarized hepatic cells. We will compare and contrast how diverse apical and basolateral PM proteins, as well as secretory proteins, are packaged, targeted and delivered to the two plasma membranes. Rat hepatocytes in vivo and rat-human WIF-B cells in vitro are our polarized cell models. Many selected PM proteins have been expressed in these cells using recombinant adenovirus. In Aim #1, we will identify and characterize the post-TGN membrane carriers of selected apical and basolateral PM proteins and soluble proteins. Immunofluorescence detection of combinations of single transmembrane, glycolipidanchored and polytopic PM proteins as they emerge from the TGN will identify cargoes that are carried separately versus together. We will immuno-isolate selected carrier populations from livers of rats expressing these proteins then compare biochemical properties of the membrane carriers using antibodies to probe for the presence of trafficking molecules (e.g., rabs, t- and v-SNAREs, motors) and mass spectrometric analysis (MALDI-TOF/ electrospray MS) to identify known and novel proteins. This biochemical comparison will extend to vesicles carrying the copper-transporting P-type ATPase (ATP7B), which traffics between the TGN and apical PM of hepatocytes in a copper-regulated manner and, when defective, causes Wilson's disease. In Aim #2, we will study the roles of cytoplasmic proteins in the targeting/retention of polytopic apical proteins. Several apical proteins of the ABC transporter subfamily C contain C-terminal tripeptides recognized by identified PDZ proteins, whereas their basolateral counterparts lack these motifs. We will use site-directed mutagenesis, cell expression and immunofluorescence to determine the necessity and sufficiency of the motifs for apical protein localization, followed by ectopic expression of selected PDZ domains to test the role of each PDZ candidate in this localization. For the Wilson protein ATPase, we will both express and inhibit different domains to identify which parts are involved in its copper-regulated trafficking. In Aim #3, we will use live-cell imaging to determine the steps in the post-TGN-to-PM transport of selected carriers that are regulated by known trafficking proteins (eg. rabs 8, 11 and 17 and the t-SNAREs) as well as candidates identified in Aims #1 B and #2. Our overall goal is to understand the molecular basis of PM protein traffic in polarized hepatocytes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PREVENTION TRANSGENIC MICE
OF
MAMMARY
CANCER
IN
HER-2NEU
Principal Investigator & Institution: Merajver, Sofia D.; Director; Internal Medicine; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-JUL-1999; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: The chronic control of tumor growth by a well-tolerated, oral compound would be desirable in the elderly and in asymptomatic individuals at high risk for cancer. Angiogenesis is recognized as an important determinant in tumor development and progression which is not prominent in normal tissues. Copper depletion has been shown to lead to smaller, largely avascular tumors, in animal models of implanted
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tumors. However, the large size of the implanted tumors used in previous studies may have prevented the detection of any survival benefit due to copper depletion. We hypothesize that oral Tetrathiomolybdate (TM) , the most potent and safest inhibitor of blood copper known (used in humans with Wilson's disease), will retard the onset and/or slow down the growth of mammary tumors in cancer prone Her2/neu+ transgenic mice by an anti-angiogenic mechanism. Preliminary data from our laboratory indicate that long-term administration of TM is safe and effective in the Her2/neu transgenic mouse in completely preventing the appearance of clinically significant tumors. In this application we propose to study TM's effect on angiogenesis in 3 in vivo models: the Her2/neu transgenic mice, the Dunning's rat prostate cancer model, and implanted lung cancer xenografts in SCID mice. The cells from these models will be used in in vitro experiments to test the hypothesis that TM interferes with VEGF secretion and action and angiogenic chemokine IL-6 and IL-8 function. This work will help uncover the molecular events whereby TM affects signaling of the angiogenic switch in cancer. By defining the molecular basis of TM's inhibition of angiogenesis, this work will help tailor the clinical application of TM in cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATORY ROLE OF CU IN HUMAN CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lutsenko, Svetlana; Associate Professor; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: The major goal of this proposal is to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms involved in regulation of copper transport in human cells. Copper is an essential nutrient required for functional activity of various enzymes; disruption of copper transport across cell membranes leads to severe multi-system disorders in humans. In the last several years, a number of proteins involved in distribution of copper in mammalian cells have been identified. Among them, the human copper-transporting ATPases mutated in Menkes disease and in WUson's disease (the Menkes disease and Wilson's disease proteins, respectively) were shown to play a key role in the export of copper out of the cell and in delivery of copper to some intracellular compartments. Recent studies indicate that copper regulates these transporters on several levels, however the molecular mechanisms of this regulation remain poorly understood. In this proposal, we will utilize the Wilson's disease protein (WNDP) as a model to elucidate how copper regulates its own transport and to identify the regulatory proteins involved in this process. We will employ modern biochemical and cell biological tools, including mass-spectroscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, confocal microscopy, two-dimensional electrophoresis and affinity chromatography to reach several specific goals. Firstly, the structural determinants for the copper-dependent phosphorylation in WNDP will be identified. Secondly, the physiological role of copper-dependent protein phosphorylation will be determined by testing our hypothesis that the regulated phosphorylation of WNDP serves as a signal for the intracellular trafficking of this transporter. Thirdly, we will characterize the kinase and phosphatase involved in ostranslational modification of WNDP. The proteins interacting with the coppertransporter in response to copper will also be identified. Finally, the effect of copper on protein phosphorylation will be compared for control cells and cells with abnormal copper metabolism. The results of this work will yield the basic and practical information important for understanding of human copper homeostasis and its regulation in both normal and diseased human cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY CLINICAL NUTRITION RESEARCH UNIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Klein, Samuel; Professor of Medicine and Director; Internal Medicine; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: The Washington University CNRU will focus on the "Regulation of Nutrient Metabolism and Function in Health and Disease" and will enhance our understanding of the basic and clinical aspects of nutrition in the prevention, etiology, pathophysiology, and therapy of nutrition-related diseases. The research activities of the CNRU will involve 5 major areas (with related clinical targets noted in parentheses): 1) lipid (obesity, dyslipoproteinemias, atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurological disease), 2) carbohydrate (diabetes, obesity), 3) protein (wasting disorders, sarcopenia of aging, inflammatory disease), 4) major minerals (metabolic bone disease), and 5) micronutrients and antioxidants (atherosclerosis, cancer, aging, Wilson's Disease, hemachromatosis). The presence of a CNRU at Washington University School of Medicine will enhance the existing framework of nutrition-related research by expanding current nutrition research activities, attracting established investigators to the nutrition field, fostering interactions between investigators, and encouraging young investigators to pursue nutrition research careers. The Washington University CNRU has a talented and diverse research base consisting of 50 investigators from 17 departments. These investigators have 93 nutrition-related grants (78 from federal agencies and 15 from other organizations) generating 12.7 million dollars per year in direct costs. We propose to establish three Biomedical Research Core laboratories. The Clinical Science Research Core will provide services to assess body composition, energy expenditure, and substrate metabolism. Core personnel will offer assistance in study design, study subject recruitment, performance of experimental protocols, sample processing, data analysis, and biostatistics. The Animal Model Research Core will provide services to investigators using murine models relevant to nutrition. This core will maintain breeding colonies of genetically modified mice and provide services in genotyping, training in breeding and animal husbandry, biochemical analyses, body composition analyses, quantification of atherosclerosis, and exercise studies. The Biomolecular Analyses Core will provide services to permit structural identification and quantitation of nutrition-related biomolecules. In addition, the CNRU will fund 4 Pilot/Feasibility Awards and 1 Named New Investigator Award. The School of Medicine has provided considerable support to establish a CNRU, including space and equipment for the Biomedical Research Core laboratories and financial support for the Pilot/Feasibility and Named New Investigator Program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and 3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.
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unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Wilson’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for Wilson’s disease in the PubMed Central database: •
Ceruloplasmin in Wilson's Disease. by Holtzman NA, Naughton MA, Iber FL, Gaumnitz BM.; 1967 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297104
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CYTOCHROME OXIDASE DEFICIENCY IN WILSON'S DISEASE: A SUGGESTED CERULOPLASMIN FUNCTION. by Shokeir MH, Shreffler DC.; 1969 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=223678
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DETECTION OF THE HETEROZYGOUS CARRIER OF THE WILSON'S DISEASE GENE. by Sternlier I, Morell AG, Bauer CD, Combes B, De Bobes-Sternberg S, ScheinBerg IH.; 1961 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=290777
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EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON COPPER METABOLISM IN WILSON'S DISEASE. by German JL III, Bearn AG.; 1961 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=290741
•
Localization of the Wilson's disease protein product to mitochondria. by Lutsenko S, Cooper MJ.; 1998 May 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27575
•
Spontaneous hepatic copper accumulation in Long-Evans Cinnamon rats with hereditary hepatitis. A model of Wilson's disease. by Li Y, Togashi Y, Sato S, Emoto T, Kang JH, Takeichi N, Kobayashi H, Kojima Y, Une Y, Uchino J.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=295311
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.
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The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Wilson’s Disease
To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Wilson’s disease, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Wilson’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Wilson’s disease (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case report on Wilson's disease. Author(s): Rahman S, Siddiqui NI, Paul GK, Sarker CB, Rahman KM. Source: Mymensingh Med J. 2003 July; 12(2): 142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894051
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A rare case of ulcerative colitis complicating Wilson's disease: possible association between the two diseases. Author(s): Torisu T, Esaki M, Matsumoto T, Nakamura S, Azuma K, Okada M, Tsuji H, Yao T, Iida M. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002 July; 35(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12080225
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A Wilson's disease patient with prominent cerebral white matter lesions: five-year follow-up by MRI. Author(s): Yoshii F, Takahashi W, Shinohara Y. Source: European Neurology. 1996; 36(6): 392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8954310
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A woman physician-patient: her view of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Charache P. Source: Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc. 1997 Spring; 60(2): 35-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9197144
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Abdominal malignancies in patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Walshe JM, Waldenstrom E, Sams V, Nordlinder H, Westermark K. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2003 September; 96(9): 657-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12925721
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ACP Best Practice No 163. Wilson's disease: acute and presymptomatic laboratory diagnosis and monitoring. Author(s): Gaffney D, Fell GS, O'Reilly DS. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2000 November; 53(11): 807-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11127261
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Acute haemolytic syndrome and liver failure as the first manifestations of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Dabrowska E, Jablonska-Kaszewska I, Ozieblowski A, Falkiewicz B. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2001 May; 7 Suppl 1: 246-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12211729
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Acute hemolytic anemia as an initial clinical manifestation of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Grudeva-Popova JG, Spasova MI, Chepileva KG, Zaprianov ZH. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2000; 42(2): 42-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11217283
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Acute liver failure due to Wilson's disease. Author(s): Marecek Z. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2001 May; 7 Suppl 1: 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12211753
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Acute, progressive akinetic-rigid syndrome induced by neuroleptics in a case of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Chroni E, Lekka NP, Tsibri E, Economou A, Paschalis C. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2001 Fall; 13(4): 531-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11748326
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Albumin dialysis and Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System (MARS) for acute Wilson's disease. Author(s): Sen S, Felldin M, Steiner C, Larsson B, Gillett GT, Olausson M, Williams R, Jalan R. Source: Liver Transplantation : Official Publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society. 2002 October; 8(10): 962-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12360442
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Analysis of seven pedigrees of childhood Wilson's disease characterized by abdominal symptoms. Author(s): Ikei N, Abe J, Shin S, Kohsaka T. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1995 April; 37(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7793244
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Anticopper efficacy of captopril and sodium dimercaptosulphonate in patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Wang XP, Yang RM, Ren MS, Sun BM. Source: Funct Neurol. 2003 July-September; 18(3): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14703896
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Apolipoprotein E genotypes in Chinese patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Wang XP, Wang XH, Bao YC, Zhou JN. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2003 July; 96(7): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12881597
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Application of recombinant activated factor VII for treatment of impaired haemostasis during liver transplantation in recipients with Wilson's disease--a report of two cases. Author(s): Jureczko L, Trzebicki J, Zawadzki A, Pacholczyk M, Lagiewska B, Kolacz M, Szyszko G, Mayzner-Zawadzka E. Source: Ann Transplant. 2002; 7(3): 52-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12465434
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Atypical childhood Wilson's disease. Author(s): Carlson MD, Al-Mateen M, Brewer GJ. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2004 January; 30(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14738953
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Atypical MRI features of Wilson's disease: high signal in globus pallidus on T1weighted images. Author(s): Mochizuki H, Kamakura K, Masaki T, Okano M, Nagata N, Inui A, Fujisawa T, Kaji T. Source: Neuroradiology. 1997 March; 39(3): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9106287
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Autonomic cardiovascular reflexes in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Bhattacharya K, Velickovic M, Schilsky M, Kaufmann H. Source: Clinical Autonomic Research : Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 2002 June; 12(3): 190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269552
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Autonomic dysfunction in Wilson's disease --a clinical and electrophysiological study. Author(s): Meenakshi-Sundaram S, Taly AB, Kamath V, Arunodaya GR, Rao S, Swamy HS. Source: Clinical Autonomic Research : Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 2002 June; 12(3): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269551
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Autonomic dysfunction in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Brewer GJ. Source: Clinical Autonomic Research : Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 2002 June; 12(3): 139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269542
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Bicarbonate excretion in Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration). Author(s): Wilson DM, Goldstein NP. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1974 June; 49(6): 394-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4835810
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Biliary bile acid composition in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Cowen AE, Korman MG, Hofmann AF, Goldstein NP. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1975 May; 50(5): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1127989
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Biliary excretion of copper in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Gibbs K, Walshe JM. Source: Lancet. 1980 September 6; 2(8193): 538-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6105588
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Biochemical and clinical changes in Wilson's disease heterozygotes. Author(s): Marecek Z, Nevsimalova S. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1984; 7(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6429441
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Bleeding oesophageal varices in patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Sternlieb I, Scheinberg IH, Walshe JM. Source: Lancet. 1970 March 28; 1(7648): 638-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4190630
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Blink reflex in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Chu NS. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1994 January; 93(1): 56-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7915583
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Body retention of injected 67Cu in patients with homozygous or heterozygous Wilson's disease and in normal subjects. Comparison of whole-body counting systems. Author(s): Tauxe WN, Willvonseder R, Goldstein NP. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1974 June; 49(6): 382-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4209105
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Brain copper in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Walshe JM, Gibbs KR. Source: Lancet. 1987 October 31; 2(8566): 1030. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2889941
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Brain copper, iron, magnesium, zinc, calcium, sulfur and phosphorus storage in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Faa G, Lisci M, Caria MP, Ambu R, Sciot R, Nurchi VM, Silvagni R, Diaz A, Crisponi G. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2001; 15(2-3): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11787982
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Brain SPECT in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Watanabe N, Seto H, Shimizu M, Kageyama M, Morijiri M, Nomura K, Wu YW, Kakishita M. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1995 November; 20(11): 1029-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8565366
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Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Butinar D, Trontelj JV, Khuraibet AJ, Khan RA, Hussein JM, Shakir RA. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1990 February; 95(2): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2324767
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Bridging use of plasma exchange and continuous hemodiafiltration before living donor liver transplantation in fulminant Wilson's disease. Author(s): Nagata Y, Uto H, Hasuike S, Ido A, Hayashi K, Eto T, Hamakawa T, Tanaka K, Tsubouchi H. Source: Intern Med. 2003 October; 42(10): 967-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606709
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Brief observations on the management of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Walshe JM. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1977; 70 Suppl 3: 1-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=122651
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Case in point. Wilson's disease. Author(s): Hariharan R, Fred HL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1996 August 15; 31(8): 22J. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9119926
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Changes in neuroimaging in Wilson's disease following orthotopic liver transplantation. Author(s): Lui CC, Chen CL, Weng HH, Lee RJ, Lee TY. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1996 June; 28(3): 1710-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8658851
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Cholelithiasis in a child--an unusual presentation of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Goswami RP, Banerjee D, Shah D. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 November; 49: 1118-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11868871
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Circling seizures in a case with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Saka E, Elibol B, Saygi S. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 1999 July; 30(3): 118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10578476
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Clinical manifestations and survival pattern of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Richard VS, Harris VK, Shankar V, Loganathan G, Chandy GM. Source: Natl Med J India. 2000 November-December; 13(6): 301-3. Erratum In: Natl Med J India 2001 March-April; 14(2): 89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11209485
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Clinical presentation and treatment of Wilson's disease: a single-centre experience. Author(s): Pellecchia MT, Criscuolo C, Longo K, Campanella G, Filla A, Barone P. Source: European Neurology. 2003; 50(1): 48-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12824712
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Cognitive functioning in neurologically symptomatic and asymptomatic forms of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Seniow J, Bak T, Gajda J, Poniatowska R, Czlonkowska A. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002 September; 17(5): 1077-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12360563
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Comparison of clinical types of Wilson's disease and glucose metabolism in extrapyramidal motor brain regions. Author(s): Hermann W, Barthel H, Hesse S, Grahmann F, Kuhn HJ, Wagner A, Villmann T. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 July; 249(7): 896-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12140675
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Comparison of MRI, EEG, EPs and ECD-SPECT in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Giagheddu M, Tamburini G, Piga M, Tacconi P, Giagheddu A, Serra A, Siotto P, Satta L, Demelia L, Marrosu F. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2001 February; 103(2): 71-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11227135
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Copper control as an antiangiogenic anticancer therapy: lessons from treating Wilson's disease. Author(s): Brewer GJ. Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2001 July; 226(7): 665-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11444102
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Copper metabolism after living donor liver transplantation for hepatic failure of Wilson's disease from a gene mutated donor. Author(s): Kobayashi S, Ochiai T, Hori S, Suzuki T, Shimizu T, Gunji Y, Shimada H, Yamamoto S, Ogawa A, Kohno Y, Sunaga M, Shimazu M, Tanaka K. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2001 September-October; 48(41): 1259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11677941
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Copper metabolism after living related liver transplantation for Wilson's disease. Author(s): Wang XH, Cheng F, Zhang F, Li XC, Qian JM, Kong LB, Zhang H, Li GQ. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 December; 9(12): 2836-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14669346
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Copper specifically regulates intracellular phosphorylation of the Wilson's disease protein, a human copper-transporting ATPase. Author(s): Vanderwerf SM, Cooper MJ, Stetsenko IV, Lutsenko S. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 September 28; 276(39): 36289-94. Epub 2001 July 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11470780
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Correlation between automated writing movements and striatal dopaminergic innervation in patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Hermann W, Eggers B, Barthel H, Clark D, Villmann T, Hesse S, Grahmann F, Kuhn HJ, Sabri O, Wagner A. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 August; 249(8): 1082-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195459
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Correlation of neurological manifestations and MR images in a patient with Wilson's disease after liver transplantation. Author(s): Wu JC, Huang CC, Jeng LB, Chu NS. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2000 August; 102(2): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10949533
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Cranial MR findings in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Saatci I, Topcu M, Baltaoglu FF, Kose G, Yalaz K, Renda Y, Besim A. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1997 March; 38(2): 250-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9093161
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Cranial MR imaging in Wilson's disease. Author(s): King AD, Walshe JM, Kendall BE, Chinn RJ, Paley MN, Wilkinson ID, Halligan S, Hall-Craggs MA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1996 December; 167(6): 1579-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8956601
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CSF copper concentrations, blood-brain barrier function, and coeruloplasmin synthesis during the treatment of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Stuerenburg HJ. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2000; 107(3): 321-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10821440
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Current and future therapy in haemochromatosis and Wilson's disease. Author(s): Murray KF, Lam D, Kowdley KV. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2003 December; 4(12): 2239-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14640923
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Cyproterone for hypersexuality in a psychotic patient with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Volpe FM, Tavares A. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 October; 34(5): 8789. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11037385
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Defective biliary copper excretion in Wilson's disease: the role of caeruloplasmin. Author(s): Davis W, Chowrimootoo GF, Seymour CA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1996 October; 26(10): 893-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8911863
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Defective cellular localization of mutant ATP7B in Wilson's disease patients and hepatoma cell lines. Author(s): Huster D, Hoppert M, Lutsenko S, Zinke J, Lehmann C, Mossner J, Berr F, Caca K. Source: Gastroenterology. 2003 February; 124(2): 335-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12557139
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Defective copper binding to apo-ceruloplasmin in a rat model and patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Kojimahara N, Nakabayashi H, Shikata T, Esumi M. Source: Liver. 1995 June; 15(3): 135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7674840
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Dense Kayser-Fleischer ring in asymptomatic Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration). Author(s): Sullivan CA, Chopdar A, Shun-Shin GA. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 January; 86(1): 114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11801516
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Development of cytochrome P450 2D6-specific LKM-autoantibodies following liver transplantation for Wilson's disease -- possible association with a steroid-resistant transplant rejection episode. Author(s): Lohse AW, Obermayer-Straub P, Gerken G, Brunner S, Altes U, Dienes HP, Manns MP, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1999 July; 31(1): 149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10424295
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Diagnosing Wilson's disease in a 5-year-old child. Author(s): Hui J, Fung EL, Tang NL, Chan MH, To KF, Fok TF. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2002 August; 38(4): 412-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12174008
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Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Brewer GJ, Fink JK, Hedera P. Source: Seminars in Neurology. 1999; 19(3): 261-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12194382
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Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Subramanian I, Vanek ZF, Bronstein JM. Source: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2002 July; 2(4): 317-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12044251
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Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Schilsky ML. Source: Pediatric Transplantation. 2002 February; 6(1): 15-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11906637
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Diagnosis of Wilson's disease in an asymptomatic sibling by DNA linkage analysis. Author(s): Maier-Dobersberger T, Mannhalter C, Rack S, Granditsch G, Kaserer K, Korninger L, Steindl P, Gangl A, Ferenci P. Source: Gastroenterology. 1995 December; 109(6): 2015-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7498669
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Diagnosis of Wilson's disease using DNA linkage analysis. Author(s): Smith HL. Source: Gastroenterology. 1996 June; 110(6): 2025-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8964439
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Diagnosis of Wilson's disease: an experience over three decades. Author(s): Brewer GJ. Source: Gut. 2002 January; 50(1): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11772982
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Diagnosis of Wilson's disease: an experience over three decades. Author(s): Gow PJ, Smallwood RA, Angus PW, Smith AL, Wall AJ, Sewell RB. Source: Gut. 2000 March; 46(3): 415-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10673307
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Differential expression of proteins associated with liver transplantation in Wilson's disease patients. Author(s): Chiang KC, Pan TL, Goto S, Lin YC, Lai CY, Liu PP, Chen YS, Wang CC, Chiang YC, Cheng YF, Huang TL, Eng HL, Cheung HK, Jawan B, Chen CL. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1998 November; 30(7): 3263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9838442
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Diffusion MRI findings in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Sener RN. Source: Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics : the Official Journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society. 2003; 27(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12573885
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Does orthotopic liver transplantation normalize copper metabolism in patients with Wilson's disease? Author(s): Diaz J, Acosta F, Canizares F, Bueno FS, Tornel PL, Tovar I, Contreras RF, Marquez M, Martinez P, Parrilla P. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1995 August; 27(4): 2306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7652819
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Dopamine D2 receptor binding is reduced in Wilson's disease: correlation of neurological deficits with striatal 123I-iodobenzamide binding. Author(s): Oder W, Brucke T, Kollegger H, Spatt J, Asenbaum S, Deecke L. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 1996; 103(8-9): 1093-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9013397
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Dopamine transporter binding in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Huang CC, Chu NS, Yen TC, Wai YY, Lu CS. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 2003 May; 30(2): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12774959
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D-penicillamine and plasmapheresis in acute liver failure secondary to Wilson's disease. Author(s): Rodriguez Farina E, Tremosa Llurba G, Xiol Quingles X, Lores Obradors A, Castellote Alonso J, Gornals Soler JB, Lopez Nunez C. Source: Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2003 January; 95(1): 60-2, 63-5. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12760731
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Dystonia in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Svetel M, Kozic D, Stefanova E, Semnic R, Dragasevic N, Kostic VS. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2001 July; 16(4): 719-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11481698
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Early detection of non-compliance in Wilson's disease by consecutive copper determination in cerebrospinal fluid. Author(s): Stuerenburg HJ, Eggers C. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 November; 69(5): 701-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11032641
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Early diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Hiyamuta S, Shimizu K, Aoki T. Source: Lancet. 1993 July 3; 342(8862): 56-7. Erratum In: Lancet 1993 September 25; 342(8874): 814. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8100330
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Early onset of nephrotic syndrome after treatment with D-penicillamine in a patient with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Siafakas CG, Jonas MM, Alexander S, Herrin J, Furuta GT. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 December; 93(12): 2544-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9860423
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EEG spectral analysis and topographic mapping in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Chu NS, Chu CC, Tu SC, Huang CC. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1991 November; 106(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1779232
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Effect of D-penicillamine treatment on brain metabolism in Wilson's disease: a case study. Author(s): De Volder A, Sindic CJ, Goffinet AM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1988 July; 51(7): 947-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3264567
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Effect of treatment of Wilson's disease on natural history of haemochromatosis. Author(s): Walshe JM, Cox DW. Source: Lancet. 1998 July 11; 352(9122): 112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9672279
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Effective removal of copper by plasma exchange in fulminant Wilson's disease. Author(s): Kiss JE, Berman D, Van Thiel D. Source: Transfusion. 1998 April; 38(4): 327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9595013
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Effects of long-term treatment in Wilson's disease with D-penicillamine and zinc sulphate. Author(s): Czlonkowska A, Gajda J, Rodo M. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1996 March; 243(3): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8936358
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Elastosis perforans serpiginosa secondary to D-penicillamine treatment in a Wilson's disease patient. Author(s): Deguti MM, Mucenic M, Cancado EL, Tietge UJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 August; 97(8): 2153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12190204
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Endemic Tyrolean infantile cirrhosis is not an allelic variant of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Wijmenga C, Muller T, Murli IS, Brunt T, Feichtinger H, Schonitzer D, Houwen RH, Muller W, Sandkuijl LA, Pearson PL. Source: European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 1998 November-December; 6(6): 624-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9887382
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Esterase D and retinoblastoma gene loci are tightly linked to Wilson's disease in Chinese pedigrees from Taiwan. Author(s): Chuang LM, Tai TY, Wang TR, Chang YC, Chen KH, Lin RS, Lin BJ. Source: Human Genetics. 1991 August; 87(4): 465-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1679032
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Estimate of the frequency of Wilson's disease in the US Caucasian population: a mutation analysis approach. Author(s): Olivarez L, Caggana M, Pass KA, Ferguson P, Brewer GJ. Source: Annals of Human Genetics. 2001 September; 65(Pt 5): 459-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11806854
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Evaluation of diagnostic parameters of Wilson's disease in childhood. Author(s): Yuce A, Kocak N, Demir H, Gurakan F, Ozen H, Saltik IN, Ozcay F. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003 January-February; 22(1): 4-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12617443
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Evoked potentials in assessment and follow-up of patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Grimm G, Oder W, Prayer L, Ferenci P, Madl C. Source: Lancet. 1990 October 20; 336(8721): 963-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1977004
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Evoked potentials in children with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Topcu M, Topcuoglu MA, Kose G, Nurlu G, Turanli G. Source: Brain & Development. 2002 August; 24(5): 276-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12142063
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Evoked potentials in patients with non-neurological Wilson's disease. Author(s): Aiello I, Sau GF, Cacciotto R, Puliga MV, Lentinu ME, Muzzu S, Posadinu D, Traccis S. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1992 February; 239(2): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1552305
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Excessive iron storage in a patient with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Hafkemeyer P, Schupp M, Storch M, Gerok W, Haussinger D. Source: Clin Investig. 1994 January; 72(2): 134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8186659
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Excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms in Wilson's disease: investigation with magnetic motor cortex stimulation. Author(s): Perretti A, Pellecchia MT, Lanzillo B, Campanella G, Santoro L. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2001 November 15; 192(1-2): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11701150
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Extensive CT scan abnormality in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Bakshi SR, Pardiwala FK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1992 October; 40(10): 703. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1307367
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Extensive CT scan abnormality in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Saha P, Jain S, Mishra NK, Khosla A, Maheshwari MC. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1991 July; 39(7): 568-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1800506
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Faces of the giant panda and her cub: MRI correlates of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Liebeskind DS, Wong S, Hamilton RH. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 May; 74(5): 682. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12700322
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Factors modifying the prognosis of Wilson's disease in childhood. Author(s): Kudo H, Arima M. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1987 January; 2(1): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3624829
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Failure of liver transplantation in Wilson's disease with pulmonary arteriovenous shunting. Author(s): Mews CF, Dorney SF, Sheil AG, Forbes DA, Hill RE. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1990 February; 10(2): 230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2303974
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Failure of simple biochemical indexes to reliably differentiate fulminant Wilson's disease from other causes of fulminant liver failure. Author(s): Sallie R, Katsiyiannakis L, Baldwin D, Davies S, O'Grady J, Mowat A, MieliVergani G, Williams R. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1992 November; 16(5): 1206-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1427659
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Fatal deterioration of Wilson's disease after institution of oral zinc therapy. Author(s): Lang CJ, Rabas-Kolominsky P, Engelhardt A, Kobras G, Konig HJ. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1993 October; 50(10): 1007-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8280286
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Fate of orally administered triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride: a therapeutic drug for Wilson's disease. Author(s): Kodama H, Meguro Y, Tsunakawa A, Nakazato Y, Abe T, Murakita H. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1993 January; 169(1): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8211970
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Finding the optimal multiple-test strategy using a method analogous to logistic regression: the diagnosis of hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease). Author(s): Richards RJ, Hammitt JK, Tsevat J. Source: Medical Decision Making : an International Journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making. 1996 October-December; 16(4): 367-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8912298
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Fraternal concordance of types of abnormal hepatocellular mitochondria in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Sternlieb I. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1992 September; 16(3): 728-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1505917
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Frequency of His1069Gln and Gly1267Lys mutations in Polish Wilson's disease population. Author(s): Tarnacka B, Gromadzka G, Rodo M, Mierzejewski P, Czloonkowska A. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2000 September; 7(5): 495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11054133
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Fulminant hepatic and renal failure complicating Wilson's disease. Author(s): Rector WG Jr, Uchida T, Kanel GC, Redeker AG, Reynolds TB. Source: Liver. 1984 December; 4(6): 341-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6521614
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Fulminant hepatic failure and acute intravascular haemolysis as presenting manifestations of Wilson's disease in young children. Author(s): Walia BN, Singh S, Marwaha RK, Bhusnurmath SR, Dilawari JB. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1992 July-August; 7(4): 370-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1515561
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Fulminant hepatic failure during perinatal period in a pregnant woman with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Shimono N, Ishibashi H, Ikematsu H, Kudo J, Shirahama M, Inaba S, Maeda K, Yamasaki K, Niho Y. Source: Gastroenterol Jpn. 1991 February; 26(1): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2007459
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Fulminant hepatic failure resulting from coexistent Wilson's disease and hepatitis E. Author(s): Sallie R, Chiyende J, Tan KC, Bradley D, Portmann B, Williams R, Mowat AP, Mieli-Vergani G. Source: Gut. 1994 June; 35(6): 849-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8020819
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Fulminant hepatic failure without evidence of cirrhosis in a case of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Enomoto K, Ishibashi H, Irie K, Okumura Y, Nomura H, Fukushima M, Inaba S, Niho Y. Source: Jpn J Med. 1989 January-February; 28(1): 80-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2657145
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Fulminant Wilson's disease in children: appraisal of a critical diagnosis. Author(s): Tissieres P, Chevret L, Debray D, Devictor D. Source: Pediatric Critical Care Medicine : a Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies. 2003 July; 4(3): 338-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12831417
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Fulminant Wilson's disease treated with postdilution hemofiltration and orthotopic liver transplantation. Author(s): Rakela J, Kurtz SB, McCarthy JT, Ludwig J, Ascher NL, Bloomer JR, Claus PL. Source: Gastroenterology. 1986 June; 90(6): 2004-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3516787
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Fulminant Wilson's disease: a report. Author(s): Torres EA, Altieri A, Tellado M. Source: Bol Asoc Med P R. 1990 June; 82(6): 266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2222683
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Function of asialoglycoprotein receptor of hepatocytes in patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Harada M, Sakisaka S, Itano S, Ohishi M, Miyazima I, Yoshitake M, Ishibashi M, Sata M, Tanikawa K. Source: Kurume Med J. 1994; 41(3): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7853829
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Functional properties of the copper-transporting ATPase ATP7B (the Wilson's disease protein) expressed in insect cells. Author(s): Tsivkovskii R, Eisses JF, Kaplan JH, Lutsenko S. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 January 11; 277(2): 976-83. Epub 2001 October 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11677246
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Functional properties of the human copper-transporting ATPase ATP7B (the Wilson's disease protein) and regulation by metallochaperone Atox1. Author(s): Lutsenko S, Tsivkovskii R, Walker JM. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 April; 986: 204-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12763797
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Gall stones, G-6PD deficiency and Wilson's disease. Author(s): Singh R, Sibal A, Jain SK. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 July; 69(7): 635. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12173707
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Gamma delta + T cells in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Fiszer U, Korczak-Kowalska G, Gajda J, Korlak J, Gorski A, Czlonkowska A. Source: International Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Research. 1996; 26(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8739856
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Gaze distractibility in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Lennox G, Jones R. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1989 April; 25(4): 415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2712535
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Generalized dystonia, whispering dysphonia and Wilson's disease in members of the same family. Author(s): Elwes R, Saunders M. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1986 January; 49(1): 107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3958727
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Generalized myasthenia gravis following use of D-pencillamine in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Narayanan CS, Behari M. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 June; 47(6): 648. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10999174
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Generators of brain electrical activity in patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Dierks T, Kuhn W, Oberle S, Muller T, Maurer K. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1999; 249(1): 15-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10195339
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Genetic aspects of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Frydman M. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1990 July-August; 5(4): 483-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2129820
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Genetic disorders of membrane transport. IV. Wilson's disease and Menkes disease. Author(s): Schaefer M, Gitlin JD. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1999 February; 276(2 Pt 1): G311-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9950803
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Genetic expression of Wilson's disease in cell culture: a diagnostic marker. Author(s): Chan WY, Cushing W, Coffman MA, Rennert OM. Source: Science. 1980 April 18; 208(4441): 299-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7367859
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Genetic hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease: role for oxidant stress? Author(s): Britton RS, Brown KE. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1995 April; 21(4): 1195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7705796
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Genetic heterogeneity in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Summers KM. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1990 November-December; 5(6): 697-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2129842
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Genotype correlation with fine motor symptoms in patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Hermann W, Caca K, Eggers B, Villmann T, Clark D, Berr F, Wagner A. Source: European Neurology. 2002; 48(2): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12186999
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Genotype-phenotype interactions in Wilson's disease: insight from an Icelandic mutation. Author(s): Palsson R, Jonasson JG, Kristjansson M, Bodvarsson A, Goldin RD, Cox DW, Olafsson S. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 April; 13(4): 433-6. Erratum In: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001 October; 13(10): 1276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11338076
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Geographic variations in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Chu NS, Hung TP. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1993 July; 117(1-2): 1-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8410043
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GFAP immunohistochemical analysis of Alzheimer type II cells in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Ma GJ, Fang J, Ye ZR, Wu JY. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1988 November; 101(11): 853-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3150729
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Glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100 protein in abnormal astrocytes in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Mossakowski MJ, Weinrauder H. Source: Neuropatol Pol. 1986; 24(3): 365-76. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3561797
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Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemical study of Alzheimer I & II astrogliosis in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Ma KC, Ye ZR, Fang J, Wu JV. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1988 October; 78(4): 290-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3066102
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Glucose intolerance in Wilson's disease. Normalization after treatment with penicillamine. Author(s): Johansen K, Gregersen G. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1972 April; 129(4): 587-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5019448
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Haemolytic anaemia as initial manifestation of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Lehr H, Pauschinger M, Pittke E, Kurrle E, Heimpel H. Source: Blut. 1988 January; 56(1): 45-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3337919
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Heinz body haemolytic anaemia in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Bain BJ. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1999 March; 104(4): 647. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10192421
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Hemolytic episode in a patient with Wilson's disease treated with zinc. Author(s): Shimon I, Moses B, Sela BA, Dolev E. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1993 October; 29(10): 646-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8244665
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Hepatic copper and metallothionein distribution in Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration). Author(s): Nartey NO, Frei JV, Cherian MG. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 1987 October; 57(4): 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3312808
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Hepatic copper overload--is it Wilson's disease? Author(s): Robinson PS, Gan SK, Surveyor I, Young PR. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1994 April; 24(2): 221-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8042956
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Hepatic failure and liver cell damage in acute Wilson's disease involve CD95 (APO1/Fas) mediated apoptosis. Author(s): Strand S, Hofmann WJ, Grambihler A, Hug H, Volkmann M, Otto G, Wesch H, Mariani SM, Hack V, Stremmel W, Krammer PH, Galle PR. Source: Nature Medicine. 1998 May; 4(5): 588-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9585233
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Hepatic manifestations of Wilson's disease: frequency and pattern in Saudi patients. Author(s): al Mofleh IA, al Rashed RS, Ayoola EA, Sabah DM, Hafeez MA. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 1993 July-September; 14(3): 91-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8109051
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Hepatic morphology and histochemistry of Wilson's disease presenting as fulminant hepatic failure: a study of 11 cases. Author(s): Davies SE, Williams R, Portmann B. Source: Histopathology. 1989 October; 15(4): 385-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2807195
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Hepatocellular carcinoma in a case of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Cheng WS, Govindarajan S, Redeker AG. Source: Liver. 1992 February; 12(1): 42-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1314321
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Hepatocellular carcinoma in Wilson's disease. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Polio J, Enriquez RE, Chow A, Wood WM, Atterbury CE. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1989 April; 11(2): 220-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2472436
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Hepatocyte-specific localization and copper-dependent trafficking of the Wilson's disease protein in the liver. Author(s): Schaefer M, Hopkins RG, Failla ML, Gitlin JD. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1999 March; 276(3 Pt 1): G639-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10070040
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Heterotopic liver transplantation for fulminant Wilson's disease. Author(s): Stampfl DA, Munoz SJ, Moritz MJ, Rubin R, Armenti VT, Jarrell BE, Maddrey WC. Source: Gastroenterology. 1990 December; 99(6): 1834-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2227300
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HFE gene mutations and iron metabolism in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Erhardt A, Hoffmann A, Hefter H, Haussinger D. Source: Liver. 2002 December; 22(6): 474-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12445172
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Human copper-transporting ATPase ATP7B (the Wilson's disease protein): biochemical properties and regulation. Author(s): Lutsenko S, Efremov RG, Tsivkovskii R, Walker JM. Source: Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. 2002 October; 34(5): 351-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12539962
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Hydrops of the gall bladder in a child with Wilson's disease: a rare association. Author(s): Karrar Z, Patel PJ, Abdurrahman MB. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1991 July; 28(7): 791-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1800355
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Hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis, a feature of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Hoppe B, Neuhaus T, Superti-Furga A, Forster I, Leumann E. Source: Nephron. 1993; 65(3): 460-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8290000
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Hyperlipidemia, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, iron storage disease, and Wilson's disease. Author(s): Bocanegra TS. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1995 January; 7(1): 73-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7718428
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Hyperparathyroidism in a patient with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Tallis GA, Kitchener MI, Thomas AC. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1990 March; 36(3): 568-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2311235
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Hypersomnia in Wilson's disease: an unusual symptom in an unusual case. Author(s): Firneisz G, Szalay F, Halasz P, Komoly S. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2000 April; 101(4): 286-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10770529
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Hypoceruloplasminemia and ultrastructural changes resembling Wilson's disease in nonalcoholic liver steatosis. A clinical and pathological study of five cases. Author(s): Geubel AP, Gregoire V, Rahier J, Lissens W, Dive C. Source: Liver. 1988 October; 8(5): 299-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3200124
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Identification of a novel missense mutation in Wilson's disease gene. Author(s): Fan Y, Yang R, Yu L, Wu M, Shi S, Ren M, Han Y, Hu J, Zhao S. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1997 November; 110(11): 887-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9772425
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Identification of the Wilson's disease gene: clues for disease pathogenesis and the potential for molecular diagnosis. Author(s): Schilsky ML. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1994 August; 20(2): 529-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8045514
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Idiopathic thrombocytopenia associated with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Donfrid M, Jankovic G, Strahinja R, Colovic R, Begic-Janeva A, Colovic M. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1998 September-October; 45(23): 1774-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9840146
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Image of the month. Nodular fatty infiltration of the liver in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Pascual S, Such J, Quilez C. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 February; 122(2): 258, 595. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11842829
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Images in focus laparoscopic findings in Wilson's disease without cirrhosis. Author(s): Sakai T, Shiraki K, Tada T, Fuke H, Tanabe M, Inoue H, Sugimoto K, Ohmori S, Takase K, Nakano T. Source: Endoscopy. 2001 April; 33(4): 389. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11315910
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Immunochemical studies in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Chande C, Thakar YS, Pande S, Dhanvijay AG, Saoji AM. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2001 July; 44(3): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12024917
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Impairment of recognition of disgust in Chinese with Huntington's or Wilson's disease. Author(s): Wang K, Hoosain R, Yang RM, Meng Y, Wang CQ. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2003; 41(5): 527-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12559147
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Increased cerebral iron uptake in Wilson's disease: a 52Fe-citrate PET study. Author(s): Bruehlmeier M, Leenders KL, Vontobel P, Calonder C, Antonini A, Weindl A. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2000 May; 41(5): 781-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10809192
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Indications and results of liver transplants in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Robles R, Parrilla P, Sicilia J, Ramirez P, Bueno FS, Rodriguez JM, Lujan JA, Fernandez JA, Lopez J. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1999 September; 31(6): 2453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10500667
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Initial and follow-up brain MRI findings and correlation with the clinical course in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Roh JK, Lee TG, Wie BA, Lee SB, Park SH, Chang KH. Source: Neurology. 1994 June; 44(6): 1064-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8208401
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Interactions of zinc and molybdenum with copper in therapy of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Brewer GJ. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1995 January-February; 11(1 Suppl): 114-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7749256
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Intracellular distribution of the Wilson's disease gene product (ATPase7B) after in vitro and in vivo exogenous expression in hepatocytes from the LEC rat, an animal model of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Nagano K, Nakamura K, Urakami KI, Umeyama K, Uchiyama H, Koiwai K, Hattori S, Yamamoto T, Matsuda I, Endo F. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1998 March; 27(3): 799-807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9500710
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Intracellular localization of the Menkes and Wilson's disease proteins and their role in intracellular copper transport. Author(s): Suzuki M, Gitlin JD. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 1999 August; 41(4): 436-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10453201
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Intractable neurological Wilson's disease treated with orthotopic liver transplantation. Author(s): Mason AL, Marsh W, Alpers DH. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1993 September; 38(9): 1746-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8359089
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Inverse correlation of serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase in fulminant Wilson's disease. Author(s): Kenngott S, Bilzer M. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1998 October; 29(4): 683. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9824280
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Investigation of fine-motor disturbances in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Hermann W, Villmann T, Grahmann F, Kuhn HJ, Wagner A. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 February; 23(6): 279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12624714
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Involvement of Fas/FasL system in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and Wilson's disease. Author(s): Stassi G, Di Felice V, Todaro M, Cappello F, Zummo G, Farina F, Trucco M, De Maria R. Source: Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1999; 47(3): 129-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10470438
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Iron accumulation in the liver of male patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Shiono Y, Wakusawa S, Hayashi H, Takikawa T, Yano M, Okada T, Mabuchi H, Kono S, Miyajima H. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 November; 96(11): 3147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721763
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Is copper incorporation to caeruloplasmin normal in Wilson's disease? Author(s): Chowrimootoo GF, Seymour CA. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1994 May; 22(2): 191S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7958254
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Is Parkinson's disease the heterozygote form of Wilson's disease: PD = 1/2 WD? Author(s): Johnson S. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 February; 56(2): 171-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11425282
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Kayser-Fleischer ring and associated cataract in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Tso MO, Fine BS, Thorpe HE. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1975 March; 79(3): 479-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=47714
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Kayser-Fleischer ring: hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease). Author(s): Finelli PF. Source: Neurology. 1995 July; 45(7): 1261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7617179
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Kayser-Fleischer rings in a patient with basal cell carcinoma: fortuitous diagnosis of presymptomatic Wilson's disease. Author(s): Brodland DG, Bartley GB. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1992 February; 67(2): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1545578
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Kayser-Fleischer-like rings in patients without Wilson's disease. Author(s): Frommer D, Morris J, Sherlock S, Abrams J, Newman S. Source: Gastroenterology. 1977 June; 72(6): 1331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=558126
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Late diagnosis of Wilson's disease in a case without onset of symptoms. Author(s): Hefter H, Weiss P, Wesch H, Stremmel W, Feist D, Freund HJ. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1995 April; 91(4): 302-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7625159
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Leucodystrophic CT changes in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Basu S, Bhattacharya S, Das SK, Maity B. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1995 January; 43(1): 66. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9282648
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Lipid peroxidation-induced etheno-DNA adducts in the liver of patients with the genetic metal storage disorders Wilson's disease and primary hemochromatosis. Author(s): Nair J, Carmichael PL, Fernando RC, Phillips DH, Strain AJ, Bartsch H. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1998 May; 7(5): 435-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9610794
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Liver transplantation for hepatic and neurological Wilson's disease. Author(s): Geissler I, Heinemann K, Rohm S, Hauss J, Lamesch P. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2003 June; 35(4): 1445-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12826186
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Liver transplantation for Wilson's disease. Author(s): Bellary S, Hassanein T, Van Thiel DH. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1995 October; 23(4): 373-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8655953
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Liver transplantation for Wilson's disease: a single-center experience. Author(s): Eghtesad B, Nezakatgoo N, Geraci LC, Jabbour N, Irish WD, Marsh W, Fung JJ, Rakela J. Source: Liver Transplantation and Surgery : Official Publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society. 1999 November; 5(6): 467-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10545532
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Liver transplantation for Wilson's disease: indications and outcome. Author(s): Schilsky ML, Scheinberg IH, Sternlieb I. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1994 March; 19(3): 583-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8119682
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Liver transplantation for Wilson's disease: long-term results and quality-of-life assessment. Author(s): Sutcliffe RP, Maguire DD, Muiesan P, Dhawan A, Mieli-Vergani G, O'Grady JG, Rela M, Heaton ND. Source: Transplantation. 2003 April 15; 75(7): 1003-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12698088
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Liver transplantation in neurologic Wilson's disease. Author(s): Schumacher G, Platz KP, Mueller AR, Neuhaus R, Luck W, Langrehr JM, Settmacher U, Steinmueller T, Becker M, Neuhaus P. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2001 February-March; 33(1-2): 1518-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11267403
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Liver transplantation: treatment of choice for hepatic and neurological manifestation of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Schumacher G, Platz KP, Mueller AR, Neuhaus R, Steinmuller T, Bechstein WO, Becker M, Luck W, Schuelke M, Neuhaus P. Source: Clinical Transplantation. 1997 June; 11(3): 217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9193846
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Living related liver transplantation from heterozygote genetic carriers to children with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Asonuma K, Inomata Y, Kasahara M, Uemoto S, Egawa H, Fujita S, Kiuchi T, Hayashi M, Tanaka K. Source: Pediatric Transplantation. 1999 August; 3(3): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10487279
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Localization of the Wilson's disease protein in human liver. Author(s): Schaefer M, Roelofsen H, Wolters H, Hofmann WJ, Muller M, Kuipers F, Stremmel W, Vonk RJ. Source: Gastroenterology. 1999 December; 117(6): 1380-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10579979
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Localization of the Wilson's disease protein product to mitochondria. Author(s): Lutsenko S, Cooper MJ. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998 May 26; 95(11): 6004-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9600907
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Long-term treatment of Wilson's disease with triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride (trientine). Author(s): Dahlman T, Hartvig P, Lofholm M, Nordlinder H, Loof L, Westermark K. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 1995 September; 88(9): 609-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7583074
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Low content of hepatic reduced glutathione in patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Summer KH, Eisenburg J. Source: Biochem Med. 1985 August; 34(1): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4052057
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Low serum alkaline phosphatase activity associated with severe Wilson's disease. Is the breakdown of alkaline phosphatase molecules caused by reactive oxygen species? Author(s): Hoshino T, Kumasaka K, Kawano K, Yamagishi F, Koyama I, Fujimori-Arai Y, Nakajima T, Komoda T. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1995 June 30; 238(1): 91-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554299
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Low-dose zinc administration as an effective Wilson's disease treatment. Author(s): Najda J, Stella-Holowiecka B, Machalski M. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 June; 80(3): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11508632
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Mass screening for Wilson's disease by measuring urinary holoceruloplasmin. Author(s): Owada M, Suzuki K, Fukushi M, Yamauchi K, Kitagawa T. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 May; 140(5): 614-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12032531
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Massive haemosiderosis in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Knisely A. Source: Histopathology. 2001 September; 39(3): 323. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11532044
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Massive hepatic haemosiderosis in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Luca P, Demelia L, Lecca S, Ambu R, Faa G. Source: Histopathology. 2000 August; 37(2): 187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10931244
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Mechanisms of pennicillamine and zinc in the treatment of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Farinati F, Cardin R, Mestriner C, Sturniolo GC, Naccarato R. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 December; 90(12): 2264-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8540540
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Metallochaperone Atox1 transfers copper to the NH2-terminal domain of the Wilson's disease protein and regulates its catalytic activity. Author(s): Walker JM, Tsivkovskii R, Lutsenko S. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 August 2; 277(31): 27953-9. Epub 2002 May 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12029094
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Molecular diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Shimizu N, Nakazono H, Watanabe A, Yamaguci Y, Hemmi H, Aoki T. Source: Lancet. 1997 June 21; 349(9068): 1811-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9269219
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Morphological analysis of active microglia--rod and ramified microglia in human brains affected by some neurological diseases (SSPE, Alzheimer's disease and Wilson's disease). Author(s): Wierzba-Bobrowicz T, Gwiazda E, Kosno-Kruszewska E, Lewandowska E, Lechowicz W, Bertrand E, Szpak GM, Schmidt-Sidor B. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 2002; 40(3): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12572918
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Motor cortex threshold in Wilson's disease (transcranial magnetic stimulation). Author(s): Niewiadomska M, Wochnik-Dyjas D, Gajda J, Glazowski C, Czlonkowska A. Source: Neurol Neurochir Pol. 1996; 30 Suppl 3: 95-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9153015
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MR imaging of the brain in patients with hepatic form of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Kozic D, Svetel M, Petrovic B, Dragasevic N, Semnic R, Kostic VS. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 September; 10(5): 587-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12940844
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MR imaging of Wilson's disease: contrast enhancement of the cerebral cortex, and corticomedullary junction. Author(s): Sener RN. Source: Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics : the Official Journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society. 1997 May-June; 21(3): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9258597
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Neurologic deterioration in a child with Wilson's disease on penicillamine therapy. Author(s): Paul AC, Varkki S, Yohannan NB, Eapen CE, Chandy G, Raghupathy P. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003 May-June; 22(3): 104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839386
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Neurologic symptoms improve in patients with Wilson's disease despite immunosuppression. Author(s): Schumacher G, Mueller AR, Platz KP, Neuhaus R, Bechstein WO, Becker M, Luck W, Neuhaus P. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1996 December; 28(6): 3099-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8962200
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Neurological impairment and recovery in Wilson's disease: evidence from PET and MRI. Author(s): Schlaug G, Hefter H, Engelbrecht V, Kuwert T, Arnold S, Stocklin G, Seitz RJ. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1996 March; 136(1-2): 129-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8815159
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Neurological improvement of Wilson's disease after liver transplantation. Author(s): Chen CL, Chen YS, Lui CC, Hsu SP. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1997 February-March; 29(1-2): 497-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9123101
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Neurological Wilson's disease studied with magnetic resonance imaging and with positron emission tomography using dopaminergic markers. Author(s): Westermark K, Tedroff J, Thuomas KA, Hartvig P, Langstrom B, Andersson Y, Hornfeldt K, Aquilonius SM. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1995 September; 10(5): 596-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8552111
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Neuromuscular transmission and acetylcholine receptor antibodies in penicillaminetreated Wilson's disease patients. Author(s): Anlar B, Kuruoglu R, Varli K, Topcu M. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1996 May; 19(5): 676-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8618573
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Neuropathological analysis of pathological forms of astroglia in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Bertrand E, Lewandowska E, Szpak GM, Hoogenraad T, Blaauwgers HG, Czlonkowska A, Dymecki J. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 2001; 39(2): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11680638
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Neuropsychological aspects of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Rathbun JK. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1996 April; 85(3-4): 221-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8734560
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New insights into the pathogenesis of copper toxicosis in Wilson's disease: evidence for copper incorporation and defective canalicular transport of caeruloplasmin. Author(s): Chowrimootoo GF, Ahmed HA, Seymour CA. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1996 May 1; 315 ( Pt 3): 851-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8645167
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No neurological improvement after liver transplantation for Wilson's disease. Author(s): Guarino M, Stracciari A, D'Alessandro R, Pazzaglia P. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1995 November; 92(5): 405-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8610495
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Oculogyric crisis as an initial manifestation of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Lee MS, Kim YD, Lyoo CH. Source: Neurology. 1999 May 12; 52(8): 1714-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10331711
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Oral zinc as initial therapy in Wilson's disease: two years of continuous treatment in a 10-year-old child. Author(s): Milanino R, Deganello A, Marrella M, Michielutti F, Moretti U, Pasqualicchio M, Tamassia G, Tato L, Velo GP. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1992 February; 81(2): 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1515762
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Oral zinc sulphate for Wilson's disease. Author(s): Van Caillie-Bertrand M, Degenhart HJ, Visser HK, Sinaasappel M, Bouquet J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1985 July; 60(7): 656-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4026362
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Oral zinc sulphate treatment in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Pasqualicchio M, Marrella M, Moretti U, Velo GP, Deganello A, Tomelleri G, Milanino R. Source: Acta Physiol Hung. 1990; 75 Suppl: 233-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2371874
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Orthotopic liver transplantation for hepatic complications of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Rela M, Heaton ND, Vougas V, McEntee G, Gane E, Farhat B, Chiyende J, Mieli-Vergani G, Mowat AP, Portmann B, et al. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1993 July; 80(7): 909-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8369935
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Orthotopic liver transplantation for Wilson's disease: a single-center experience. Author(s): Emre S, Atillasoy EO, Ozdemir S, Schilsky M, Rathna Varma CV, Thung SN, Sternlieb I, Guy SR, Sheiner PA, Schwartz ME, Miller CM. Source: Transplantation. 2001 October 15; 72(7): 1232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11602847
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Overcoming obstacles to the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Schilsky ML, Sternlieb I. Source: Gastroenterology. 1997 July; 113(1): 350-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9207299
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Overlooking Wilson's disease. Author(s): Tu JB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1991 January; 30(1): 154. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2005054
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Oxidant injury to hepatic mitochondria in patients with Wilson's disease and Bedlington terriers with copper toxicosis. Author(s): Sokol RJ, Twedt D, McKim JM Jr, Devereaux MW, Karrer FM, Kam I, von Steigman G, Narkewicz MR, Bacon BR, Britton RS, et al. Source: Gastroenterology. 1994 December; 107(6): 1788-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7958693
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Oxidative-phosphorylation defects in liver of patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Gu M, Cooper JM, Butler P, Walker AP, Mistry PK, Dooley JS, Schapira AH. Source: Lancet. 2000 August 5; 356(9228): 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10981891
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Palatal lift prosthesis for palatopharyngeal closure in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Koidis PT, Topouzelis N. Source: Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research. 2003 May; 6(2): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12809272
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Pediatric Wilson's disease: presentation and management. Author(s): On A, Choi HJ, Heyman MB, Vargas J, Ament ME. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1997 March-April; 38(2): 98103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9151461
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Persistence of elevated aminotransferases in Wilson's disease despite adequate therapy. Author(s): Iorio R, D'Ambrosi M, Marcellini M, Barbera C, Maggiore G, Zancan L, Giacchino R, Vajro P, Marazzi MG, Francavilla R, Michielutti F, Resti M, Frediani T, Pastore M, Vegnente A. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2004 April; 39(4): 1173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15057922
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Pilot study of mass screening for Wilson's disease in Korea. Author(s): Hahn SH, Lee SY, Jang YJ, Kim SN, Shin HC, Park SY, Han HS, Yu ES, Yoo HW, Lee JS, Chung CS, Lee SY, Lee DH. Source: Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 2002 June; 76(2): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12083810
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Polymicrobial septic arthritis in a patient with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Oliver AM, Baddley JW, Bridges SL Jr. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 July; 62(7): 693-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12810447
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Potential c-fiber damage in Wilson's disease. Author(s): von Giesen HJ, Weiss P, Arendt G, Hefter H. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2003 October; 108(4): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12956859
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Practical recommendations and new therapies for Wilson's disease. Author(s): Brewer GJ. Source: Drugs. 1995 August; 50(2): 240-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8521757
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Problems in diagnosis and management of Wilson's disease in India. Author(s): Pandit A, Bhave S. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1996 October; 33(10): 807-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9057376
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Proteinuria and other renal functions in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Sozeri E, Feist D, Ruder H, Scharer K. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1997 June; 11(3): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9203178
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Psychiatric features and disturbance of circadian rhythm of temperature, pulse, and blood pressure in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Matarazzo EB. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002 Summer; 14(3): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12154159
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Quantitative study of pathological forms of astroglia in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Bertrand E, Lechowicz W, Szpak GM, Lewandowska E, Czlonkowska A, Dymecki J. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 1997; 35(4): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9833399
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Quantitative topography of copper in Wilson's disease and in porto-systemic encephalopathy. Author(s): Wisniewski H, Smialek M, Szydlowska H, Zalewska T. Source: Neuropatol Pol. 1967 January-March; 5(1): 91-103. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6043357
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Quetiapine for mania with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Kulaksizoglu IB, Polat A. Source: Psychosomatics. 2003 September-October; 44(5): 438-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12954924
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Rapid identification of Wilson's disease carriers by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Weirich G, Cabras AD, Serra S, Coni PP, Nurchi AM, Faa G, Hofler H. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2002 September; 35(3): 278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12202071
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Recovery of severe neurologic manifestations of Wilson's disease after living-related liver transplantation: a case report. Author(s): Suzuki S, Sato Y, Ichida T, Hatakeyama K. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2003 February; 35(1): 385-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12591452
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Recurrent hypokalemic muscle weakness as an initial manifestation of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Chu CC, Huang CC, Chu NS. Source: Nephron. 1996; 73(3): 477-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8832611
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Regional serotonin transporter availability and depression are correlated in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Hesse S, Barthel H, Hermann W, Murai T, Kluge R, Wagner A, Sabri O, Eggers B. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2003 August; 110(8): 923-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12898347
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Regression of Kayser-Fleischer rings during oral zinc therapy: correlation with systemic manifestations of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Esmaeli B, Burnstine MA, Martonyi CL, Sugar A, Johnson V, Brewer GJ. Source: Cornea. 1996 November; 15(6): 582-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8899270
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Responsible gene for hepatitis of the LEC rat (hts) is the homolog of the human Wilson's disease (WD) gene. Author(s): Ono T, Fukumoto R, Takada S, Nagao T, Yoshida MC. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1995 April; 27(2): 1545. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7725405
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Reversible magnetic resonance imaging lesions in Wilson's disease: clinicalanatomical correlation. Author(s): Takahashi W, Yoshii F, Shinohara Y. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 1996 October; 6(4): 246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8903079
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Review article: diagnosis and current therapy of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Ferenci P. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2004 January 15; 19(2): 157-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14723607
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Role of intensive PEX in a patient with fulminant hepatic failure due to Wilson's disease (WD) in preparation for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Author(s): Valbonesi M, Valente U, Andorno E, Ruzzenenti MR, Carlier P. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 2003 October; 26(10): 965-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14636015
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Rupture of the spleen as the initial manifestation of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Ahmed A, Feller ER. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996 July; 91(7): 1454-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8678016
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Self-rated emotional functioning of patients with neurological or asymptomatic form of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Seniow J, Mroziak B, Czlonkowska A, Jedryka-Goral A. Source: Clin Neuropsychol. 2003 August; 17(3): 367-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704886
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Severe hepatic Wilson's disease in preschool-aged children. Author(s): Wilson DC, Phillips MJ, Cox DW, Roberts EA. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2000 November; 137(5): 719-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11060541
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Similarities and differences of MR findings between Japanese encephalitis and Wilson's disease. Author(s): Saha M, Kumar S, Das A, Gupta RK. Source: European Radiology. 2002 April; 12(4): 872-6. Epub 2001 September 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11960241
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Sleep in patients with treated Wilson's disease. A questionnaire study. Author(s): Portala K, Westermark K, Ekselius L, Broman JE. Source: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2002; 56(4): 291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12470321
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Spontaneous porphyria of the Long-evans cinnamon rat: an animal model of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Nakayama K, Takasawa A, Terai I, Okui T, Ohyama T, Tamura M. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2000 March 15; 375(2): 240-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10700380
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Status epilepticus in a case with Wilson’s disease during D-pencillamine treatment. Author(s): Turk-Boru U, Kocer A, Alp R, Gumus M, Gumus M. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2003 August 9; 133(31-32): 446-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14562189
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Successful pregnancies and abortions in symptomatic and asymptomatic Wilson's disease. Author(s): Sinha S, Taly AB, Prashanth LK, Arunodaya GR, Swamy HS. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2004 January 15; 217(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14675607
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Successful pregnancy in a neurologically impaired woman with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Berghella V, Steele D, Spector T, Cambi F, Johnson A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 March; 176(3): 712-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9077636
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Sunflower cataract in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Goyal V, Tripathi M. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 July; 69(1): 133. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10864623
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Surviving Wilson's disease. Author(s): Yonetani L, Walshe JM. Source: Clinical Medicine (London, England). 2001 January-February; 1(1): 72-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358083
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Tetrathiomolybdate anticopper therapy for Wilson's disease inhibits angiogenesis, fibrosis and inflammation. Author(s): Brewer GJ. Source: Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2003 January-March; 7(1): 11-20. Review. Erratum In: J Cell Mol Med. 2003 April-June; 7(2): 1 P Proceeding Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12767257
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Tetrathiomolybdate causes formation of hepatic copper-molybdenum clusters in an animal model of Wilson's disease. Author(s): George GN, Pickering IJ, Harris HH, Gailer J, Klein D, Lichtmannegger J, Summer KH. Source: Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2003 February 19; 125(7): 1704-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12580588
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The “double panda sign” in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Jacobs DA, Markowitz CE, Liebeskind DS, Galetta SL. Source: Neurology. 2003 October 14; 61(7): 969. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14557570
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The degree of depression in Hamilton rating scale is correlated with the density of presynaptic serotonin transporters in 23 patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Eggers B, Hermann W, Barthel H, Sabri O, Wagner A, Hesse S. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 May; 250(5): 576-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12736737
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The mechanisms of penicillamine, trientine, and zinc in the treatment of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Yarze JC. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 June; 90(6): 1026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7771405
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The role of the invariant His-1069 in folding and function of the Wilson's disease protein, the human copper-transporting ATPase ATP7B. Author(s): Tsivkovskii R, Efremov RG, Lutsenko S. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 April 11; 278(15): 13302-8. Epub 2003 January 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12551905
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Treatment of the neurologic manifestations of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Scheinberg IH, Sternlieb I. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1995 April; 52(4): 339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7710368
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Treatment of Wilson's disease with zinc. XVIII. Initial treatment of the hepatic decompensation presentation with trientine and zinc. Author(s): Askari FK, Greenson J, Dick RD, Johnson VD, Brewer GJ. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 2003 December; 142(6): 385-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14713890
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Treatment of Wilson's disease with zinc: XIV. Studies of the effect of zinc on lymphocyte function. Author(s): Brewer GJ, Johnson V, Kaplan J. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1997 June; 129(6): 649-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9178732
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Treatment of Wilson's disease: the historical background. Author(s): Walshe JM. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 1996 July; 89(7): 553-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8759497
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Uneven hepatic copper distribution in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Faa G, Nurchi V, Demelia L, Ambu R, Parodo G, Congiu T, Sciot R, Van Eyken P, Silvagni R, Crisponi G. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1995 March; 22(3): 303-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7608481
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Unusual digestive lesions in a patient with Wilson's disease treated with long-term penicillamine. Author(s): Wassef M, Galian A, Pepin B, Haguenau M, Vassel P, Hautefeuille P, Brazy J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1985 July 4; 313(1): 49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4000228
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Unusual imaging findings in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Akhan O, Akpinar E, Oto A, Koroglu M, Ozmen MN, Akata D, Bijan B. Source: European Radiology. 2002 December; 12 Suppl 3: S66-9. Epub 2002 September 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12522607
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Unusual liver MR findings of Wilson's disease in an asymptomatic 2-year-old girl. Author(s): Ko S, Lee T, Ng S, Lin J, Cheng Y. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 1998 January-February; 23(1): 56-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9437064
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Unusual magnetic resonance findings in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Singcharoen T, Chakkaphak K, Udompanich O. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1991 August; 64(764): 752-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1884127
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Urinary copper excretion after penicillamine in the diagnosis of Wilson's disease in children. Author(s): Gregorio GV, Mieli-Vergani G, Mowat AP. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1993 November; 19(3): 489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8151113
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Use of a stable copper isotope (65Cu) in the differential diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Lyon TD, Fell GS, Gaffney D, McGaw BA, Russell RI, Park RH, Beattie AD, Curry G, Crofton RJ, Gunn I, et al. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1995 June; 88(6): 727-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7634759
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Use of the stable isotope 65Cu test for the screening of Wilson's disease in a family with two affected members. Author(s): Merli M, Patriarca M, Loudianos G, Valente C, Riggio O, De Felice G, Petrucci F, Caroli S, Attili AF. Source: Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998 June; 30(3): 270-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9759594
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Usefulness of Scheimpflug photography to follow up Wilson's disease. Author(s): Obara H, Ikoma N, Sasaki K, Tachi K. Source: Ophthalmic Research. 1995; 27 Suppl 1: 100-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8577445
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Using zinc to remove copper from pediatric patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Klevay LM. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 2001 September; 138(3): 214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11548740
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Value of histochemical stains for copper in the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Pilloni L, Lecca S, Van Eyken P, Flore C, Demelia L, Pilleri G, Nurchi AM, Farci AM, Ambu R, Callea F, Faa G. Source: Histopathology. 1998 July; 33(1): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9726045
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Value of urinary copper excretion after penicillamine challenge in the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Martins da Costa C, Baldwin D, Portmann B, Lolin Y, Mowat AP, MieliVergani G. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1992 April; 15(4): 609-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1551638
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Verbal recall and recognition abilities in patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Isaacs-Glaberman K, Medalia A, Scheinberg IH. Source: Cortex. 1989 September; 25(3): 353-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2805722
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Visual and brain stem auditory evoked responses in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Satishchandra P, Swamy HS. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1989 February; 79(2): 108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2711817
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Visual pathway abnormalities Wilson's disease: an electrophysiological study using electroretinography and visual evoked potentials. Author(s): Satishchandra P, Ravishankar Naik K. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2000 May 1; 176(1): 13-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10865087
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Voice and speech in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Dordain M, Chevrie-Muller C. Source: Folia Phoniatr (Basel). 1977; 29(3): 217-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=924311
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Wilson's disease and mental disturbances. Author(s): Vitorovic S, Lieina M. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1996 March; 41(2): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8705963
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Wilson's disease in late adulthood presenting with ascites. Author(s): Thomas S, Deepak S, Madhusoodhanan S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 May; 51: 529-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12974446
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Wilson's disease in patients presenting with liver disease: a diagnostic challenge. Author(s): Steindl P, Ferenci P, Dienes HP, Grimm G, Pabinger I, Madl C, MaierDobersberger T, Herneth A, Dragosics B, Meryn S, Knoflach P, Granditsch G, Gangl A. Source: Gastroenterology. 1997 July; 113(1): 212-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9207280
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Wilson's disease in pregnancy. Author(s): Nunns D, Hawthorne B, Goulding P, Maresh M. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1995 September; 62(1): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7493698
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Wilson's disease presenting as haemolytic anaemia and its successful treatment with penicillamine and zinc. Author(s): Kong HL, Yap IL, Kueh YK. Source: Singapore Med J. 1996 December; 37(6): 670-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9104075
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Wilson's disease. Author(s): Baban NK, Hubbs DT, Roy TM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1997 May; 90(5): 535-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9160075
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Wilson's disease: a new gene and an animal model for an old disease. Author(s): Cuthbert JA. Source: Journal of Investigative Medicine : the Official Publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research. 1995 August; 43(4): 323-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7552582
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Wilson's disease: an update. Author(s): Garg RK, Nag D. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1995 May; 43(5): 351-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9081968
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Wilson's disease: presymptomatic patients and Kayser-Fleischer rings. Author(s): Rodman R, Burnstine M, Esmaeli B, Sugar A, Martonyi C, Johnson V, Brewer G. Source: Ophthalmic Genetics. 1997 June; 18(2): 79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9228244
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Wilson's disease: resolution of MRI lesions following long-term oral zinc therapy. Author(s): Huang CC, Chu NS. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1996 February-March; 93(2-3): 215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8741147
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Zinc acetate for the treatment of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Brewer GJ. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2001 September; 2(9): 1473-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11585025
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Zinc acetate treatment in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Anderson LA, Hakojarvi SL, Boudreaux SK. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1998 January; 32(1): 78-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9475826
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Zinc in the treatment of Wilson's disease: how it works. Author(s): Friedman LS, Yarze JC. Source: Gastroenterology. 1993 May; 104(5): 1566-8. Erratum In: Gastroenterology 1993 August; 105(2): 607. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8482474
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Zinc sulphate therapy for Wilson's disease after acute deterioration during treatment with low-dose D-penicillamine. Author(s): Veen C, van den Hamer CJ, de Leeuw PW. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1991 June; 229(6): 549-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2045766
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Zinc therapy in Wilson's disease: observations in five patients. Author(s): Rossaro L, Sturniolo GC, Giacon G, Montino MC, Lecis PE, Schade RR, Corazza GR, Trevisan C, Naccarato R. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990 June; 85(6): 665-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2353684
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Zinc therapy increases duodenal concentrations of metallothionein and iron in Wilson's disease patients. Author(s): Sturniolo GC, Mestriner C, Irato P, Albergoni V, Longo G, D'Inca R. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 February; 94(2): 334-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10022625
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Zinc therapy induction of intestinal metallothionein in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Brewer GJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 February; 94(2): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10022620
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Zinc treatment of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Hoogenraad TU. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1998 October; 132(4): 240-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9794692
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Zinc treatment prevents lipid peroxidation and increases glutathione availability in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Farinati F, Cardin R, D'inca R, Naccarato R, Sturniolo GC. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 2003 June; 141(6): 372-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12819634
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND WILSON’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Wilson’s disease.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Wilson’s Disease The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Wilson’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Wilson’s disease” (or a synonym): •
Abnormal conduction in corticospinal pathways in Wilson's disease: investigation of nine cases with magnetic brain stimulation. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Technical University, Munich, F.R.G. Source: Meyer, B U Britton, T C Bischoff, C Machetanz, J Benecke, R Conrad, B MovDisord. 1991; 6(4): 320-3 0885-3185
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Case report of anorexia nervosa associated with Wilson's disease. Source: Gwirtsman, H.E. Prager, J. Henkin, R. Int-J-Eating-Disord. New York, N.Y. : John Wiley & Sons. March 1993. volume 13 (2) page 241-244. 0276-3478
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Chelation treatment of neurological Wilson's disease. Author(s): University Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge. Source: Walshe, J M Yealland, M Q-J-Med. 1993 March; 86(3): 197-204 0033-5622
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Copper control as an antiangiogenic anticancer therapy: lessons from treating Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Human Genetics, 4909 Buhl Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0618, USA.
[email protected] Source: Brewer, G J Exp-Biol-Med-(Maywood). 2001 July; 226(7): 665-73 1535-3702
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Copper specifically regulates intracellular phosphorylation of the Wilson's disease protein, a human copper-transporting ATPase. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA. Source: Vanderwerf, S M Cooper, M J Stetsenko, I V Lutsenko, S J-Biol-Chem. 2001 September 28; 276(39): 36289-94 0021-9258
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Correction of liver disease following transplantation of normal rat hepatocytes into Long-Evans Cinnamon rats modeling Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. Source: Irani, A N Malhi, H Slehria, S Gorla, G R Volenberg, I Schilsky, M L Gupta, S Mol-Ther. 2001 March; 3(3): 302-9 1525-0016
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CSF copper concentrations, blood-brain barrier function, and coeruloplasmin synthesis during the treatment of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Neurological Department, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Stuerenburg, H J J-Neural-Transm. 2000; 107(3): 321-9
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Depression in hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease). Author(s): Rivendell Unit, Central Sydney Area Health Service, Hospital Road, Concord West, New South Wales, Australia. Source: Walter, G Lyndon, B Aust-N-Z-J-Psychiatry. 1997 December; 31(6): 880-2 00048674
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Dermal alterations in patients with Wilson's disease treated with D-penicillamine. Author(s): Institute of General Pathology, University of Modena, Italy. Source: Pasquali Ronchetti, I Quaglino, D Baccarani Contri, M Hayek, J Galassi, G JSubmicrosc-Cytol-Pathol. 1989 January; 21(1): 131-9 1122-9497
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Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Source: Subramanian, I Vanek, Z F Bronstein, J M Curr-Neurol-Neurosci-Repage 2002 July; 2(4): 317-23 1528-4042 •
Differential alteration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in Wilson's disease investigated with [123I]ss-CIT and high-resolution SPET. Author(s): Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Barthel, H Sorger, D Kuhn, H J Wagner, A Kluge, R Hermann, W Eur-J-NuclMed. 2001 November; 28(11): 1656-63 0340-6997
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Dopamine D2 receptor binding and cerebral glucose metabolism recover after Dpenicillamine-therapy in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany. Source: SchlAugust, G Hefter, H Nebeling, B Engelbrecht, V Weiss, P Stocklin, G Seitz, R J J-Neurol. 1994 October; 241(10): 577-84 0340-5354
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Dopamine transporter imaging with [123I]-beta-CIT demonstrates presynaptic nigrostriatal dopaminergic damage in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Neurology and Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul National University Hospital, Korea.
[email protected] Source: Jeon, B Kim, J M Jeong, J M Kim, K M Chang, Y S Lee, D S Lee, M C J-NeurolNeurosurg-Psychiatry. 1998 July; 65(1): 60-4 0022-3050
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Effects of long-term treatment in Wilson's disease with D-penicillamine and zinc sulphate. Author(s): 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland. Source: Czlonkowska, A Gajda, J Rodo, M J-Neurol. 1996 March; 243(3): 269-73 03405354
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Fulminant hepatic failure during perinatal period in a pregnant woman with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. Source: Shimono, N Ishibashi, H Ikematsu, H Kudo, J Shirahama, M Inaba, S Maeda, K Yamasaki, K Niho, Y Gastroenterol-Jpn. 1991 February; 26(1): 69-73 0435-1339
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Hepatic failure and liver cell damage in acute Wilson's disease involve CD95 (APO1/Fas) mediated apoptosis. Author(s): University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Heidelberg, FRG. Source: Strand, S Hofmann, W J Grambihler, A Hug, H Volkmann, M Otto, G Wesch, H Mariani, S M Hack, V Stremmel, W Krammer, P H Galle, P R Nat-Med. 1998 May; 4(5): 588-93 1078-8956
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Hepatocyte-specific localization and copper-dependent trafficking of the Wilson's disease protein in the liver. Author(s): Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. Source: Schaefer, M Hopkins, R G Failla, M L Gitlin, J D Am-J-Physiol. 1999 March; 276(3 Pt 1): G639-46 0002-9513
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Hereditary disorders of copper metabolism in Wilson's disease and Menkes' disease. Source: Danks, D.M. The Metabolic basis of inherited disease / [edited by] John B. Stanbury. [et al.]. 5th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1983. page 1251-1268. ill. ISBN: 0070607265
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Hypersomnia in Wilson's disease: an unusual symptom in an unusual case. Author(s): 1st Dept of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. Source: Firneisz, G Szalay, F Halasz, P Komoly, S Acta-Neurol-Scand. 2000 April; 101(4): 286-8 0001-6314
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Interactions between Zn and Cu in LEC rats, an animal model of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy. Source: Santon, Alessandro Giannetto, Sabrina Sturniolo, Giacomo Carlo Medici, Valentina D'Inca, Renata Irato, Paola Albergoni, Vincenzo Histochem-Cell-Biol. 2002 March; 117(3): 275-81 0948-6143
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Iron accumulation in the liver of male patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan. Source: Shiono, Y Wakusawa, S Hayashi, H Takikawa, T Yano, M Okada, T Mabuchi, H Kono, S Miyajima, H Am-J-Gastroenterol. 2001 November; 96(11): 3147-51 0002-9270
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Iron depletion prevents adenine nucleotide decomposition and an increase of xanthine oxidase activity in the liver of the Long Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rat, an animal model of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Public Health, Sapporo Medical University, Japan. Source: Sugawara, N Ohta, T Lai, Y R Sugawara, C Yuasa, M Nakamura, M Tamura, M Life-Sci. 1999; 65(13): 1423-31 0024-3205
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Is Wilson's disease a dementing condition? Author(s): University of Erlangen, Nurnberg, Fed. Rep. Germany. Source: Lang, C J-Clin-Exp-Neuropsychol. 1989 August; 11(4): 569-70 0168-8634
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Lid-opening apraxia in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Neurology, LAC/USC Medical Center. Source: Keane, J R J-Clin-Neuroophthalmol. 1988 March; 8(1): 31-3 0272-846X
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Lipid parameters in Wilson's disease patients on zinc therapy. Source: Hill, G.M. Brewer, G.J. McGinnis, M.M. Block, W.D. Trace elements in man and animals 6 / edited by Lucille S. Hurley,. [et al.]. New York : Plenum Press, c1988. page 235-236. ISBN: 0306430045
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Low-dose zinc administration as an effective Wilson's disease treatment. Source: Najda, J. Stella Holowiecka, B. Machalski, M. Biol-trace-elem-res. Totowa, N.J. : Humana Press. June 2001. volume 80 (3) page 281-284. 0163-4984
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Magnetic resonance imaging and proton MR spectroscopy in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Turku University, Finland. Source: Alanen, A Komu, M Penttinen, M Leino, R Br-J-Radiol. 1999 August; 72(860): 749-56 0007-1285
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Mass screening for Wilson's disease: results and recommendations. Author(s): Second Department of Pediatrics, Toho University School of Medicine, Ohashi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Yamaguchi, Y Aoki, T Arashima, S Ooura, T Takada, G Kitagawa, T Shigematsu, Y Shimada, M Kobayashi, M Itou, M Endo, F Pediatr-Int. 1999 August; 41(4): 405-8 13288067
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Mechanism of hepatorenal syndrome in rats of Long-Evans Cinnamon strain, an animal model of fulminant Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Environmental Health, Jichi Medical School, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Nomiyama, K Nomiyama, H Kameda, N Tsuji, A Sakurai, H Toxicology. 1999 February 15; 132(2-3): 201-14 0300-483X
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Mode of action of triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride on copper metabolism in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Department of Neuro-chemistry, Clinic of Leipzig University, Germany. Source: Siegemund, R Lossner, J Gunther, K Kuhn, H J Bachmann, H Acta-NeurolScand. 1991 June; 83(6): 364-6 0001-6314
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Motor impairment in Wilson's disease, I: Slowness of voluntary limb movements. Author(s): Department of Neurology, University of Dusseldorf, Germany. Source: Hefter, H Arendt, G Stremmel, W Freund, H J Acta-Neurol-Scand. 1993 February; 87(2): 133-47 0001-6314
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Neonatal and adult 64copper metabolism in the pig and its relationship to copper metabolism in Wilson's disease. Source: Srai, S.K.S. Bingle, C. Epstein, O. Trace elements in man and animals 6 / edited by Lucille S. Hurley,. [et al.]. New York : Plenum Press, c1988. page 147-148. ISBN: 0306430045
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Neurological abnormalities in Wilson's disease are reversible. Source: Lingam, S Wilson, J Nazer, H Mowat, A P Neuropediatrics. 1987 February; 18(1): 11-2 0174-304X
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Neuropathological findings in penicillamine-treated patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461. Source: Horoupian, D S Sternlieb, I Scheinberg, I H Clin-Neuropathol. 1988 Mar-April; 7(2): 62-7 0722-5091
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Pediatric Wilson's disease: presentation and management. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. Source: On, A Choi, H J Heyman, M B Vargas, J Ament, M E Zhonghua-Min-Guo-XiaoEr-Ke-Yi-Xue-Hui-Za-Zhi. 1997 Mar-April; 38(2): 98-103 0001-6578
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Penicillamine-induced lethal status dystonicus in a patient with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Institute of Neurology CCS, ul. Dr Subotica 6, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Source: Svetel, M Sternic, N Pejovic, S Kostic, V S Mov-Disord. 2001 May; 16(3): 568-9 0885-3185
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Pilot study of mass screening for Wilson's disease in Korea. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
[email protected] Source: Hahn, S H Lee, S Y Jang, Y J Kim, S N Shin, H C Park, S Y Han, H S Yu, E S Yoo, H W Lee, J S Chung, C S Lee, S Y Lee, D H Mol-Genet-Metab. 2002 June; 76(2): 133-6 1096-7192
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Pregnancy in a woman with Wilson's disease treated with zinc. Source: Lao, T T Chin, R K Cockram, C S Leung, N W Asia-Oceania-J-Obstet-Gynaecol. 1988 June; 14(2): 167-9 0389-2328
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Pretreatment and posttreatment positron emission tomographic scan imaging in a 20year-old patient with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Source: Cordato, D J Fulham, M J Yiannikas, C Mov-Disord. 1998 January; 13(1): 162-6 0885-3185
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Protective action of blood ceruloplasmin obtained from normal individuals on red blood cells compared with that from patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Bakh Institute of Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. Source: Saenko, E L Skorobogat'ko, O V Yaropolov, A I Biomed-Sci. 1990; 1(5): 453-9 0955-9701
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Proton MR spectroscopy of basal ganglia in Wilson's disease: case report and review of literature. Author(s): Department of NMR, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
[email protected] Source: Jayasundar, Rama Sahani, A K Gaikwad, S Singh, S Behari, M Magn-ResonImaging. 2002 January; 20(1): 131-5 0730-725X
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Psychiatric symptoms as late onset of Wilson's disease: neuroradiological findings, clinical features and treatment. Author(s): Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Italy. Source: Keller, R Torta, R Lagget, M Crasto, S Bergamasco, B Ital-J-Neurol-Sci. 1999 February; 20(1): 49-54 0392-0461
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Recognition, diagnosis, and management of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 481090618, USA.
[email protected] Source: Brewer, G J Proc-Soc-Exp-Biol-Med. 2000 January; 223(1): 39-46 0037-9727
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Regional cerebral glucose consumption measured by positron emission tomography in patients with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Institute of Medicine, Research Center Julich, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Kuwert, T Hefter, H Scholz, D Milz, M Weiss, P Arendt, G Herzog, H Loken, M Hennerici, M Feinendegen, L E Eur-J-Nucl-Med. 1992; 19(2): 96-101 0340-6997
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Regression of Kayser-Fleischer rings during oral zinc therapy: correlation with systemic manifestations of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA. Source: Esmaeli, B Burnstine, M A Martonyi, C L Sugar, A Johnson, V Brewer, G J Cornea. 1996 November; 15(6): 582-8 0277-3740
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Spontaneous porphyria of the Long-Evans Cinnamon rat: an animal model of Wilson's disease. Source: Nakayama, K. Takasawa, A. Terai, I. Okui, T. Ohyama, T. Tamura, M. Archbiochem-biophys. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press. March 15, 2000. volume 375 (2) page 240-250. 0003-9861
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Surviving Wilson's disease. Source: Yonetani, L Walshe, J M Clin-Med. 2001 Jan-February; 1(1): 72-4 1470-2118
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Syndromic variability of Wilson's disease in children. Clinical study of 44 cases. Author(s): Infectious Disease Department, University of Genoa, Italy. Source: Giacchino, R Marazzi, M G Barabino, A Fasce, L Ciravegna, B Famularo, L Boni, L Callea, F Ital-J-Gastroenterol-Hepatol. 1997 April; 29(2): 155-61 1125-8055
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Ten-year study of a Wilson's disease dysarthric. Source: Day, L S Parnell, M M J-Commun-Disord. 1987 June; 20(3): 207-18 0021-9924
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The effect of copper supplementation on the teratogenic effects of triethylenetetramine in rats [Copper-chelating drugs, Wilson's disease]. Source: Cohen, N.L. Keen, C.L. Lonnerdal, B. Hurley, L.S. Drug-Nutr-Interact. New York : Alan R. Liss. 1983. volume 2 (3) page 203-210. 0272-3530
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The effect of subcutaneous tetrathiomolybdate administration on copper and iron metabolism, including their regional redistribution in the brain, in the Long-Evans Cinnamon rat, a bona fide animal model for Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Sugawara, N Ikeda, T Lai, Y R Sugawara, C Pharmacol-Toxicol. 1999 May; 84(5): 211-7 0901-9928
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The level of serum lipids, vitamin E and low density lipoprotein oxidation in Wilson's disease patients. Author(s): Department of Genetics, 2nd Department of Neurology and Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, ul. Sobieskiego 1/9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
[email protected] Source: Rodo, M Czonkowska, A Pulawska, M Swiderska, M Tarnacka, B Wehr, H EurJ-Neurol. 2000 September; 7(5): 491-4 1351-5101
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The psychiatric presentations of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Source: Akil, M Schwartz, J A Dutchak, D Yuzbasiyan Gurkan, V Brewer, G J JNeuropsychiatry-Clin-Neurosci. 1991 Fall; 3(4): 377-82 0895-0172
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Therapeutic effects of tetrathiomolybdate on hepatic dysfunction occurring naturally in Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats: a bona fide animal model for Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Japan. Source: Sugawara, N Lai, Y R Sugawara, C Res-Commun-Mol-Pathol-Pharmacol. 1999 February; 103(2): 177-87 1078-0297
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Treatment and management of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Second Department of Pediatrics, Toho University School of Medicine, Ohashi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Shimizu, N Yamaguchi, Y Aoki, T Pediatr-Int. 1999 August; 41(4): 419-22 13288067
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Treatment of Wilson's disease with zinc. Source: Brewer, G J J-Lab-Clin-Med. 1999 September; 134(3): 322-4 0022-2143
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Two and half years of oral zinc sulphate therapy in an adult patient with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Italy. Source: Pasqualicchio, M Milanino, R Marrella, M Moretti, U Tomelleri, G Velo, G P Pharmacol-Res. 1989 Nov-December; 21 Suppl 1151-2 1043-6618
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Unusual liver MR findings of Wilson's disease in an asymptomatic 2-year-old girl. Author(s): Department of Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung, Chang Gung College of Medicine and Technology, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung Hsiang, Kaohsiung Hsien 833, Taiwan. Source: Ko, S Lee, T Ng, S Lin, J Cheng, Y Abdom-Imaging. 1998 Jan-February; 23(1): 569 0942-8925
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Use of the stable isotope 65Cu test for the screening of Wilson's disease in a family with two affected members. Author(s): 2nd Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy. Source: Merli, M Patriarca, M Loudianos, G Valente, C Riggio, O De Felice, G Petrucci, F Caroli, S Attili, A F Ital-J-Gastroenterol-Hepatol. 1998 June; 30(3): 270-5 1125-8055
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Visual pathway abnormalities Wilson's disease: an electrophysiological study using electroretinography and visual evoked potentials. Author(s): Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), 560 029, Bangalore, India.
[email protected] Source: Satishchandra, P Ravishankar Naik, K J-Neurol-Sci. 2000 May 1; 176(1): 13-20 0022-510X
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Wilson's disease in Eastern India. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Advanced Diagnostic Centre, Jharkhand, India. Source: Sinha, S Jha, D K Sinha, K K J-Assoc-Physicians-India. 2001 September; 49: 881-4 0004-5772
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Wilson's disease presenting as haemolytic anaemia and its successful treatment with penicillamine and zinc. Author(s): Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore. Source: Kong, H L Yap, I L Kueh, Y K Singapore-Med-J. 1996 December; 37(6): 670-2 0037-5675
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Wilson's disease with concomitant beta thalassaemia and factor V deficiency. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy. Source: Giannini, E Fasoli, A Botta, F Testa, R Ital-J-Gastroenterol-Hepatol. 1998 December; 30(6): 633-5 1125-8055
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Wilson's disease, a reversible dementia: case report. Source: Rosselli, M Lorenzana, P Rosselli, A Vergara, I J-Clin-Exp-Neuropsychol. 1987 August; 9(4): 399-406 0168-8634
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Wilson's disease. Author(s): Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Source: Loudianos, G Gitlin, J D Semin-Liver-Dis. 2000; 20(3): 353-64 0272-8087
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Wilson's disease. Update of a systemic disorder with protean manifestations. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Southwestern Medical School, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
[email protected] Source: Cuthbert, J A Gastroenterol-Clin-North-Am. 1998 September; 27(3): 655-81, vi-vii 0889-8553
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Zinc treatment of Wilson's disease. Source: Hoogenraad, T U J-Lab-Clin-Med. 1998 October; 132(4): 240-1 0022-2143
Nutrition
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND WILSON’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Wilson’s disease. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Wilson’s disease and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Wilson’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Wilson’s disease: •
A mechanism for the action of penicillamine in the treatment of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Peisach J, Blumberg WE. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 1969 March; 5(2): 200-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4306792
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Case in point. Wilson's disease. Author(s): Hariharan R, Fred HL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1996 August 15; 31(8): 22J. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9119926
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Chelation treatment of neurological Wilson's disease. Author(s): Walshe JM, Yealland M.
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Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1993 March; 86(3): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8369040 •
Chemical therapy of Wilson’s disease. Author(s): GOLDSTEIN NP, RANDALL RV, GROSS JB. Source: J Indian Med Prof. 1965 July; 12: 5399-402. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14339732
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Correction of liver disease following transplantation of normal rat hepatocytes into Long-Evans Cinnamon rats modeling Wilson's disease. Author(s): Irani AN, Malhi H, Slehria S, Gorla GR, Volenberg I, Schilsky ML, Gupta S. Source: Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 2001 March; 3(3): 302-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11273771
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Cytopenias secondary to copper depletion complicating ammonium tetrathiomolybdate therapy for Wilson's disease. Author(s): Karunajeewa H, Wall A, Metz J, Grigg A. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1998 April; 28(2): 215-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9612534
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Diagnosis of Wilson's disease in an asymptomatic sibling by DNA linkage analysis. Author(s): Maier-Dobersberger T, Mannhalter C, Rack S, Granditsch G, Kaserer K, Korninger L, Steindl P, Gangl A, Ferenci P. Source: Gastroenterology. 1995 December; 109(6): 2015-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7498669
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Does a vegetarian diet control Wilson's disease? Author(s): Brewer GJ, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Dick R, Wang Y, Johnson V. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1993 October; 12(5): 527-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8263268
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D-penicillamine, with particular relation to Wilson’s disease. Author(s): SCHEINBERG IH. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1964 April; 17: 293-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14141837
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Excretion of copper in sweat of patients with Wilson's disease during sauna bathing. Author(s): Sunderman FW Jr, Hohnadel DC, Evenson MA, Wannamaker BB, Dahl DS. Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1974 September-October; 4(5): 407-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4851957
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Fulminant hepatic failure and acute intravascular haemolysis as presenting manifestations of Wilson's disease in young children. Author(s): Walia BN, Singh S, Marwaha RK, Bhusnurmath SR, Dilawari JB. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1992 July-August; 7(4): 370-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1515561
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Gall stones, G-6PD deficiency and Wilson's disease. Author(s): Singh R, Sibal A, Jain SK. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 July; 69(7): 635. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12173707
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Hemolytic anemia associated with Wilson's disease. Author(s): Blattner RJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1967 August; 71(2): 284-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4961748
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Hepato-lenticular degeneration (Wilson’s disease) treated by penicillamine. Author(s): RICHMOND J, ROSENOER VM, TOMPSETT SL, DRAPER I, SIMPSON JA. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1964 December; 87: 619-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14236007
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Hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson’s disease). two different components. Author(s): DENNY-BROWN D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1964 May 28; 270: 1149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14129061
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HFE gene mutations and iron metabolism in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Erhardt A, Hoffmann A, Hefter H, Haussinger D. Source: Liver. 2002 December; 22(6): 474-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12445172
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Ineffectiveness of L-dopa as supplement to penicillamine in a case of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Morgan JP, Preziosi TJ, Bianchine JR. Source: Lancet. 1970 September 26; 2(7674): 659. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4195789
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Is Parkinson's disease the heterozygote form of Wilson's disease: PD = 1/2 WD? Author(s): Johnson S.
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Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 February; 56(2): 171-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11425282 •
Liver copper concentration in Wilson's disease: effect of treatment with 'anti-copper' agents. Author(s): Gibbs K, Walshe JM. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1990 July-August; 5(4): 420-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2129813
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Metabolic studies in Wilson's disease. Evaluation of efficacy of chelation therapy in respect to copper balance. Author(s): Strickland GT, Blackwell RQ, Watten RH. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1971 July; 51(1): 31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5570318
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Motor impairment in Wilson's disease. 3: The clinical impact of pyramidal tract involvement. Author(s): Hefter H, Roick H, von Giesen HJ, Arendt G, Weiss P, Stremmel W, Benecke R. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1994 June; 89(6): 421-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7976229
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Porphyria cutanea tarda complicating Wilson's disease. Author(s): Chesney TM, Wardlaw LL, Kaplan RJ, Chow JF. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1981 January; 4(1): 64-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7204691
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Problems in diagnosis and management of Wilson's disease in India. Author(s): Pandit A, Bhave S. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1996 October; 33(10): 807-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9057376
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Psychosis in an adolescent patient with Wilson's disease: effects of chelation therapy. Author(s): McDonald LV, Lake CR. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1995 March-April; 57(2): 202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7792379
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Tetrathiomolybdate anticopper therapy for Wilson's disease inhibits angiogenesis, fibrosis and inflammation. Author(s): Brewer GJ.
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Source: Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2003 January-March; 7(1): 11-20. Review. Erratum In: J Cell Mol Med. 2003 April-June; 7(2): 1 P Proceeding Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12767257 •
The effect of chelation therapy on the amino aciduria and peptiduria of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Asatoor AM, Milne MD, Walshe JM. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1983 April; 17(2): 122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6842414
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Treatment and management of Wilson's disease. Author(s): Shimizu N, Yamaguchi Y, Aoki T. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 1999 August; 41(4): 419-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10453198
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Treatment of hepatolenticular degeneration. (Wilson's disease). Author(s): Spellberg MA. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1969 August; 52(2): 121-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4979739
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Treatment of Wilson's disease: what are the relative roles of penicillamine, trientine, and zinc supplementation? Author(s): Schilsky ML. Source: Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2001 February; 3(1): 54-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11177695
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Visual pathway abnormalities Wilson's disease: an electrophysiological study using electroretinography and visual evoked potentials. Author(s): Satishchandra P, Ravishankar Naik K. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2000 May 1; 176(1): 13-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10865087
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Wilson's disease associated with pancreatitis. Author(s): Weizman Z, Picard E, Barki Y, Moses S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1988 November-December; 7(6): 931-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3199280
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Wilson's disease in childhood. A plea for increased awareness. Author(s): Dorney SF, Kamath KR, Procopis PG, Kan AE.
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Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1986 November 17; 145(10): 538-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3773810 •
Wilson's disease with cerebral manifestation: monitoring therapy by CSF copper concentration. Author(s): Hartard C, Weisner B, Dieu C, Kunze K. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1993 December; 241(2): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8138824
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Wilson's disease. Development of neurological disease after beginning penicillamine therapy. Author(s): Glass JD, Reich SG, DeLong MR. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1990 May; 47(5): 595-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2334309
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Wilson's disease. Electroencephalographic and evoked potential studies. Author(s): Westmoreland BF, Goldstein NP, Klass DW. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1974 June; 49(6): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4835811
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Wilson's disease: a new gene and an animal model for an old disease. Author(s): Cuthbert JA. Source: Journal of Investigative Medicine : the Official Publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research. 1995 August; 43(4): 323-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7552582
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Wilson's disease: the scourge of copper. Author(s): Gitlin N. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1998 April; 28(4): 734-9.
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON WILSON’S DISEASE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Wilson’s disease. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Wilson’s disease include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Wilson’s disease” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Wilson’s disease” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Wilson’s disease” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
BERGSMA WILSON'S DISEASE by D BERGSMA; ISBN: 0471563463; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471563463/icongroupinterna
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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Wilson's Disease by James N. Parker, et al; ISBN: 0597834113; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597834113/icongroupinterna
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Wilson's Disease by Tjaard U. Hoogenraad; ISBN: 0702018422; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0702018422/icongroupinterna
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Wilson's Disease by I. Herbert Scheinberg, Irmin Sternlieb; ISBN: 0721679536; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721679536/icongroupinterna
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Wilson's disease : the etiology, clinical aspects, and treatment of inherited copper toxicosis by Charles Archibald Owen; ISBN: 0815508794; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815508794/icongroupinterna
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Wilson's Disease: A Clinician's Guide to Recognition, Diagnosis, and Management by George J. Brewer; ISBN: 0792373545; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792373545/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Wilson’s Disease In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Wilson’s disease, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Wilson’s disease using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Wilson’s disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON WILSON’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Wilson’s disease.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Wilson’s disease is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Wilson’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Wilson’s disease. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Wilson’s disease” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Wilson’s disease: •
Normal Hepatocyte Transplants Prevent Wilson's Disease In Rats Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 25, 1996
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Wilson’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Wilson’s disease” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Wilson’s disease, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Wilson’s disease” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Wilson’s Disease Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Wilson’s disease. In addition
Periodicals and News
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to these sources, you can search for articles covering Wilson’s disease that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for Wilson’s disease. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with Wilson’s disease. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).
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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to Wilson’s disease: Beta-Carotene •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lumitene; Max-Caro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202623.html
Trientine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Syprine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202575.html
Zinc Supplements •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orazinc; Verazinc; Zinc 15; Zinc-220; Zinca-Pak; Zincate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202622.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.
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Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to Wilson’s disease by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “Wilson’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for Wilson’s disease: •
Trientine HCI (trade name: Cuprid) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=125
•
Zinc acetate (trade name: Galzin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=308
•
Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=546
If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
8
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
9
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Wilson’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 4179 38 335 0 55 4607
HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “Wilson’s disease” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
11
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
12
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
16 Adapted 17
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Wilson’s disease can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Wilson’s disease. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Wilson’s disease. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Wilson’s disease”:
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Alzheimer's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html Crohn's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/crohnsdisease.html Crohn's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/crohnsdiseasloader.html Gaucher's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gauchersdisease.html Genetic Brain Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticbraindisorders.html Genetic Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticdisorders.html Head and Brain Malformations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbrainmalformations.html Metabolic Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicdisorders.html Parkinson's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html Wilson's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/wilsonsdisease.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to Wilson’s disease, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Wilson Disease Source: We Move http://www.wemove.org/wil.html
•
Nutrition Copper: Reducing It in Your Diet Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01544
•
Journals/Newsletters WDA Newsletters http://www.wilsonsdisease.org/newsletters.html
•
Organizations National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://www.niddk.nih.gov/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/
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Wilson's Disease Association International Source: Wilson's Disease Association http://www.wilsonsdisease.org/ You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Frequently Asked Questions About Wilson's Disease Summary: This is a page of links to frequently asked questions about Wilson's Disease. Source: Wilson's Disease Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7671
•
Wilson's Disease Summary: A general overview of Wilson's disease that includes a description of the disorder, treatment, prognosis and research information. Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1211 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Wilson’s disease. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Associations and Wilson’s Disease The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to Wilson’s disease: •
National Center for the Study of Wilson's Disease, Inc Telephone: (212) 523-8717 Toll-free: TTY: Fax: (212) 523-8708 Background: The National Center for the Study of Wilson's Disease, Inc. is a clinical center and research facility dedicated to the study of Wilson's Disease and associated medical conditions. Established in 1971, the Center's ongoing basic and clinical research has resulted in more effective diagnosis and treatment of this rare disorder and continues to deepen understanding of the genetics, biochemistry, pathology, and clinical management of Wilson's Disease and related disorders. Wilson's Disease is a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism in which copper abnormally accumulates in the liver and is slowly released into other tissues and organs of the body. As the disorder progresses, abnormal copper accumulation may cause liver disease such as inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) and cirrhosis; diminished kidney function; and abnormalities of brain function resulting in muscle rigidity, tremors, speech difficulties, and impaired memory and judgment and distinct personality changes (dementia). The Center provides a variety of informational materials, including a brochure entitled 'What is Wilson's Disease?'.
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Wilson’s disease. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Wilson’s disease.
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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Wilson’s disease. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Wilson’s disease” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Wilson’s disease”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Wilson’s disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Wilson’s disease” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
19
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
20
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
103
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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WILSON’S DISEASE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Chromatography: In affinity chromatography, a ligand attached to a column binds
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specifically to the molecule to be purified. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which
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occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal Husbandry: The science of breeding, feeding, and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]
Antiangiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels. [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH]
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Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Apraxia: Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or sensory disturbance, caused by lesions in the cortex. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular
Dictionary 109
or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH]
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Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of
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occurrence). [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chelation Therapy: Therapy of heavy metal poisoning using agents which sequester the metal from organs or tissues and bind it firmly within the ring structure of a new compound which can be eliminated from the body. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chloride Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for chloride ions. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all
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human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a
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bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Striatum: Striped gray and white matter consisting of the neostriatum and paleostriatum (globus pallidus). It is located in front of and lateral to the thalamus in each
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cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the globus pallidus and putamen). The white matter is the internal capsule. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decompensation: Failure of compensation; cardiac decompensation is marked by dyspnea, venous engorgement, and edema. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention
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of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysphonia: Difficulty or pain in speaking; impairment of the voice. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Electroretinography: Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light. [NIH]
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH]
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Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epoxy Resins: Organic compounds containing an epoxide group and characterized by strength and thermosetting properties. Epoxy resins are often used as dental materials. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH]
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Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fulminant Hepatic Failure: Liver failure that occurs suddenly in a previously healthy person. The most common causes of FHF are acute hepatitis, acetaminophen overdose, and liver damage from prescription drugs. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Globus Pallidus: The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus.
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[EU]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haemolysis: Disruption of the integrity of the red cell membrane causing release of haemoglobin. Haemolysis may be caused by bacterial haemolysins, by antibodies that cause complement-dependent lysis, by placing red cells in a hyptonic solution, or by defects in the red cell membrane. [EU] Haemostasis: The arrest of bleeding, either by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means. [EU] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels
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of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatorenal Syndrome: Renal failure in those with liver disease, usually liver cirrhosis or obstructive jaundice. Historically called Heyd disease, urohepatic syndrome, or bile nephrosis. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterozygote: An individual having different alleles at one or more loci in homologous chromosome segments. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a
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hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune Complex Diseases: Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides serum sickness and the arthus reaction, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other systemic immunologic diseases including glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and polyarteritis nodosa. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the
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microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH] Isoelectric Focusing: Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
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Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Cortex: The outer zone of the kidney, beneath the capsule, consisting of kidney glomerulus; kidney tubules, distal; and kidney tubules, proximal. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lenticular: 1. Pertaining to or shaped like a lens. 2. Pertaining to the crystalline lens. 3. Pertaining to the lenticular nucleus. [EU] Lentivirus: A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH]
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Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Mass Screening: Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into
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immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Cortex: Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be
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induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologic Manifestations: Clinical signs and symptoms caused by nervous system injury or dysfunction. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH]
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Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the
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greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma Exchange: Removal of plasma and replacement with various fluids, e.g., fresh frozen plasma, plasma protein fractions (PPF), albumin preparations, dextran solutions, saline. Used in treatment of autoimmune diseases, immune complex diseases, diseases of excess plasma factors, and other conditions. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU]
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Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]
Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prion: Small proteinaceous infectious particles that resist inactivation by procedures modifying nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to
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recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyramidal Tracts: Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU]
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Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Repopulation: The replacement of functional cells, usually by proliferation, following or during irradiation. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH]
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Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for
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oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH]
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Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case
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of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triethylenetetramine: Used as stabilizer for epoxy resins, as ampholyte for isoelectric focusing and as chelating agent for copper in hepatolenticular degeneration; may cause liver damage. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH]
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Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]
Varices: Stretched veins such as those that form in the esophagus from cirrhosis. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Whole-Body Counting: Measurement of radioactivity in the entire human body. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 10, 11, 48, 105, 126, 134 Abdominal Pain, 105, 134 Acceptor, 105, 122, 126 Acetaminophen, 105, 117 Acetylcholine, 40, 105 Acute renal, 105, 119 Adenine, 58, 105, 129 Adenosine, 105, 120, 127 Adenovirus, 6, 105 Adrenal Glands, 105, 106 Adverse Effect, 105, 131 Aerobic, 105, 124 Affinity, 7, 105, 108, 124, 131 Affinity Chromatography, 7, 105 Albumin, 11, 106, 127 Aldehydes, 106, 135 Algorithms, 106, 109 Alkaline, 33, 37, 106, 110 Alkaline Phosphatase, 33, 37, 106 Alleles, 106, 119 Alternative medicine, 65, 71, 76, 106 Amenorrhea, 106, 107 Amino acid, 69, 106, 107, 114, 115, 118, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 131, 133, 134, 135 Amino Acid Sequence, 106, 107 Ammonia, 106, 133, 134 Amplification, 4, 106 Amyloidosis, 31, 106 Anaemia, 29, 51, 62, 106 Anaesthesia, 107, 120 Analogous, 24, 107, 134 Anatomical, 45, 107, 111, 120, 131 Anemia, 11, 67, 107 Angiogenesis, 6, 47, 68, 107 Animal Husbandry, 8, 107 Animal model, 6, 33, 46, 47, 51, 58, 59, 60, 61, 70, 107 Anomalies, 107, 133 Anorexia, 56, 107, 134 Anorexia Nervosa, 56, 107 Antiangiogenic, 16, 56, 107 Antibiotics, 107, 126 Antibodies, 6, 40, 107, 108, 118, 123, 127 Antibody, 105, 107, 112, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 129, 132 Antigen, 105, 107, 113, 117, 119, 120, 123 Antioxidants, 8, 107
Apolipoproteins, 108, 122 Apoptosis, 29, 57, 108 Apraxia, 58, 108 Aqueous, 108, 109, 114, 119, 122 Aromatic, 108, 124 Arterial, 108, 110, 111, 129 Arteries, 108, 109, 113, 123, 124 Arteriovenous, 24, 108 Ascites, 50, 108 Astrocytes, 28, 108 Asymptomatic, 6, 16, 18, 19, 45, 46, 48, 61, 66, 108, 126 Auditory, 14, 50, 108, 116 Autoantibodies, 18, 108 Autoantigens, 108 Autodigestion, 108, 126 Autoimmune disease, 34, 108, 127 Autonomic, 12, 13, 105, 108 B Bacteria, 107, 108, 109, 116, 124, 130, 134 Bacteriophage, 108, 134 Bacterium, 108, 119 Basal cell carcinoma, 35, 109 Basal cells, 109 Basal Ganglia, 60, 109 Base, 8, 105, 109, 114, 122, 134 Bile, 13, 109, 117, 119, 121, 122, 132 Bile Acids, 109, 132 Bile Acids and Salts, 109 Bile Ducts, 109 Biliary, 13, 18, 109, 126 Biliary Tract, 109, 126 Bilirubin, 33, 106, 109 Biochemical, 6, 7, 8, 13, 24, 30, 34, 40, 106, 109, 131 Biotechnology, 8, 9, 76, 87, 109 Bivalent, 109, 124 Bladder, 31, 109, 128, 134, 135 Blood Coagulation, 109, 110 Blood Platelets, 109, 131, 133 Blood pressure, 43, 109, 110, 124, 132 Blood vessel, 107, 109, 110, 111, 116, 119, 123, 135 Blood-Brain Barrier, 17, 56, 110, 122 Body Composition, 8, 110 Body Fluids, 110, 132 Bone Marrow, 110, 117, 123, 132 Bowel, 110, 134
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Brain Stem, 50, 110 Branch, 101, 110, 115, 123, 126, 132, 133 Breakdown, 37, 110, 114 Breeding, 8, 107, 110 C Calcium, 14, 110, 112 Captopril, 12, 110 Carbohydrate, 8, 110 Carcinogenic, 110, 125, 132 Carcinoma, 30, 110 Cardiac, 110, 114, 118, 125, 132 Cardiovascular, 12, 110, 131 Case report, 10, 30, 44, 56, 60, 62, 110 Cataract, 34, 46, 110 Cell, 4, 5, 6, 7, 57, 58, 69 Cell Death, 108, 111, 117, 125 Cell membrane, 7, 111, 118, 127 Cell Respiration, 111, 124 Cell Transplantation, 4, 111 Central Nervous System, 105, 111, 116, 117, 122, 128, 131 Cerebral, 10, 32, 39, 57, 60, 70, 109, 110, 111, 114, 117, 129, 133 Cerebral hemispheres, 109, 110, 111, 133 Cerebrospinal, 21, 111 Cerebrospinal fluid, 21, 111 Cerebrum, 111, 133 Chelation, 56, 65, 68, 69, 111 Chelation Therapy, 68, 69, 111 Chin, 59, 111, 124 Chloride Channels, 4, 111 Cholesterol, 109, 111, 112, 122, 123, 132 Cholesterol Esters, 111, 122 Chromatin, 108, 111 Chromosomal, 106, 111 Chromosome, 111, 119, 122 Chronic, 6, 66, 112, 120, 126, 134 Chylomicrons, 112, 122 Circadian, 43, 112 Circadian Rhythm, 43, 112 Cirrhosis, 4, 22, 25, 32, 94, 112, 118, 135 Clamp, 5, 112 Clinical trial, 3, 87, 112, 130 Cloning, 109, 112 Coagulation, 109, 112, 118, 119, 127 Colitis, 112 Collagen, 106, 112 Collapse, 110, 112 Colloidal, 106, 112, 115 Complement, 112, 113, 118, 127 Complementary and alternative medicine, 65, 71, 113
Complementary medicine, 65, 113 Computational Biology, 87, 113 Concomitant, 62, 113 Conduction, 4, 56, 113 Conjugated, 109, 113, 114 Connective Tissue, 110, 112, 113, 117, 123 Consciousness, 113, 114, 115, 116 Constitutional, 113, 125 Consumption, 60, 113 Contraindications, ii, 113 Coronary, 113, 124 Coronary Thrombosis, 113, 124 Corpus, 113, 117, 128 Corpus Striatum, 113, 117 Cortex, 38, 39, 50, 108, 114, 116, 128, 129, 130 Cortical, 114, 131 Curative, 114, 133 Cysteine, 114, 133 Cytochrome, 18, 114 Cytoplasm, 108, 111, 114, 124 D Databases, Bibliographic, 87, 114 Decompensation, 48, 114 Degenerative, 114, 119 Deletion, 108, 114 Dementia, 62, 94, 114 Density, 47, 61, 114, 122, 125, 132 Diagnostic procedure, 76, 114 Diffusion, 20, 114, 121, 134 Digestion, 109, 110, 114, 122, 132 Dilatation, 114, 128 Direct, iii, 8, 79, 114, 130 Dissociation, 105, 115 Dopa, 67, 115, 122 Drug Interactions, 80, 115 Duodenum, 109, 115, 132 Dysphonia, 27, 115 Dyspnea, 114, 115 Dystonia, 20, 27, 115 E Ectopic, 6, 115 Edema, 114, 115, 125, 134 Effector, 105, 112, 115 Efficacy, 12, 68, 115 Elective, 115 Electrolyte, 115, 118, 132, 134 Electrons, 109, 115, 121, 126, 129 Electrophoresis, 7, 115, 121 Electrophysiological, 13, 50, 62, 69, 115 Electroretinography, 50, 62, 69, 115 Embryo, 115, 120
139
Encephalitis, 45, 116 Encephalitis, Viral, 116 Encephalopathy, 43, 116 Endogenous, 4, 108, 116 Endothelial cell, 110, 116 Environmental Health, 59, 86, 88, 116 Enzymatic, 106, 110, 113, 116 Enzyme, 106, 115, 116, 117, 127, 130, 133, 135 Epidermis, 109, 116 Epilepticus, 46, 116 Epithelial, 4, 116 Epoxy Resins, 116, 134 Erythrocytes, 106, 107, 110, 116, 130 Esophagus, 116, 132, 135 Evoked Potentials, 14, 50, 62, 69, 116 Exogenous, 33, 110, 116 Extracellular, 108, 113, 116, 132 Extrapyramidal, 16, 116 Eye Infections, 105, 116 F Family Planning, 87, 116 Fat, 109, 110, 117, 122 Fibrosis, 47, 68, 117, 131 Forearm, 109, 117 Fractionation, 5, 117 Frontal Lobe, 117, 124 Fulminant Hepatic Failure, 30, 45, 117 G Gallbladder, 105, 109, 117 Ganglia, 60, 105, 117, 125 Gastrointestinal, 117, 131, 133 Gastrointestinal tract, 117, 131 Gene, 3, 5, 16, 22, 30, 31, 33, 44, 51, 66, 67, 70, 105, 106, 109, 117 Gene Expression, 4, 5, 117 Gene Therapy, 3, 66, 105, 117 Genetics, 22, 42, 51, 56, 60, 61, 94, 117 Genotype, 28, 117, 127 Gestation, 117, 126 Giant Cells, 117, 131 Gland, 117, 123, 126, 128, 131, 132, 133 Globus Pallidus, 12, 113, 117 Glomerular, 117, 130 Glucose, 16, 28, 57, 60, 118, 131 Glycine, 106, 109, 118 Gonadal, 118, 132 Governing Board, 118, 128 Graft, 118, 119 Gravis, 27, 118 Growth, 6, 107, 108, 111, 118, 127, 134, 135
H Haemolysis, 25, 67, 118 Haemostasis, 12, 118 Haptens, 105, 118 Heme, 109, 114, 118, 128 Hemochromatosis, 27, 35, 118 Hemodiafiltration, 14, 118, 134 Hemodialysis, 118, 134 Hemofiltration, 25, 118, 134 Hemoglobin, 107, 116, 118, 119, 128 Hemoglobinopathies, 117, 119 Hemolytic, 11, 29, 67, 119 Hemostasis, 119, 131 Hepatic, 4, 6, 9, 57, 61, 67 Hepatitis, 9, 25, 44, 94, 117, 119 Hepatocellular, 24, 30, 119 Hepatocyte, 4, 30, 57, 75, 119 Hepatoma, 18, 119 Hepatorenal Syndrome, 59, 119 Hereditary, 9, 57, 119, 130 Heredity, 117, 119 Heterogeneity, 27, 105, 119 Heterozygote, 34, 36, 67, 119 Homeostasis, 5, 7, 119 Homologous, 106, 109, 117, 119 Hormone, 112, 119, 128 Host, 4, 108, 119 Hydrogen, 105, 109, 110, 119, 122, 124, 126 Hydrogen Peroxide, 119, 122 Hydrophobic, 119, 122 Hydroxyproline, 106, 112, 120 Hypoxanthine, 120, 135 I Id, 63, 70, 92, 94, 100, 102, 120 Idiopathic, 32, 120, 131 Immune Complex Diseases, 120, 127 Immune response, 107, 108, 118, 120, 133, 135 Immune system, 120, 123, 135 Immunofluorescence, 5, 6, 120 Immunology, 105, 120 Impairment, 32, 39, 59, 68, 115, 116, 120, 124 In vitro, 6, 7, 33, 117, 120 In vivo, 6, 7, 33, 117, 120 Incubation, 120, 122 Incubation period, 120, 122 Indicative, 73, 120, 126 Induction, 53, 120, 129 Infancy, 120 Infantile, 22, 120 Infarction, 113, 120, 124
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Infection, 116, 120, 122, 123, 126, 132, 135 Infiltration, 32, 121 Inflammation, 47, 68, 94, 106, 112, 116, 117, 119, 121, 126, 134, 135 Innervation, 17, 121 Insight, 28, 121 Interstitial, 121, 130 Intestinal, 53, 121 Intestines, 105, 112, 117, 121 Intracellular, 4, 7, 17, 33, 56, 120, 121, 130 Intravascular, 25, 67, 121 Intrinsic, 105, 121 Invasive, 121, 123 Involuntary, 121, 125, 130 Ion Channels, 108, 121 Ions, 109, 111, 115, 119, 121 Irradiation, 121, 130 Isoelectric, 121, 134 Isoelectric Focusing, 121, 134 J Jaundice, 119, 121 K Kb, 86, 122 Kidney Cortex, 122, 124 L Lens, 110, 122 Lenticular, 67, 122 Lentivirus, 4, 122 Lesion, 122, 123 Lethal, 59, 122 Leukemia, 117, 122 Levo, 115, 122 Levodopa, 115, 122 Library Services, 100, 122 Ligament, 122, 128 Linkage, 19, 66, 122 Lipid, 8, 35, 53, 58, 108, 122 Lipid Peroxidation, 53, 122 Lipoprotein, 61, 122, 123 Liver, 3, 4, 5, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 94 Liver Cirrhosis, 119, 122 Liver Transplantation, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 30, 33, 36, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 122 Localization, 4, 6, 9, 18, 30, 33, 37, 57, 123 Localized, 106, 120, 123, 127 Low-density lipoprotein, 122, 123 Lymph, 116, 123, 131 Lymph node, 123, 131 Lymphatic, 121, 123, 132 Lymphatic system, 123, 132
Lymphocyte, 48, 107, 123 Lymphoid, 107, 123 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 39, 45, 123 Mammary, 7, 123 Mania, 43, 123 Mass Screening, 42, 59, 123 Medial, 117, 123 Mediator, 115, 123, 131 MEDLINE, 87, 123 Membrane, 6, 27, 108, 111, 113, 118, 121, 123, 127, 130 Membrane Glycoproteins, 123 Memory, 94, 107, 114, 123 Mental, iv, 3, 50, 62, 86, 88, 111, 114, 115, 123, 124, 129, 134 Mental Disorders, 124, 129 Metallothionein, 29, 52, 53, 124 Methionine, 124, 133 MI, 11, 31, 56, 60, 103, 124 Micronutrients, 8, 124 Microorganism, 124, 135 Microscopy, 7, 124 Mitochondria, 9, 24, 37, 41, 124 Mitosis, 108, 124 Modeling, 56, 66, 124 Modification, 7, 106, 124 Molecular, 5, 6, 7, 11, 31, 38, 42, 47, 56, 65, 66, 69, 87, 89, 109, 113, 118, 124, 130 Molecule, 106, 107, 109, 113, 115, 119, 124, 126, 130, 135 Monitor, 11, 124, 125 Morphology, 30, 110, 124 Motility, 124, 131 Motor Cortex, 23, 124 Mucus, 124, 134 Mutagenesis, 6, 7, 124 Mutagens, 125 Myasthenia, 27, 125 Myocardium, 124, 125 N Necrosis, 108, 120, 124, 125, 131 Need, 74, 81, 95, 105, 125 Nephrosis, 119, 125 Nephrotic, 21, 125 Nephrotic Syndrome, 21, 125 Nerve, 40, 111, 121, 123, 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 134 Nervous System, 111, 123, 125, 133 Neurologic, 36, 39, 44, 47, 125 Neurologic Manifestations, 44, 47, 125 Neuromuscular, 40, 105, 125, 134
141
Neuromuscular Junction, 105, 125 Neurons, 117, 122, 125 Nuclear, 14, 32, 57, 109, 115, 125, 129 Nuclei, 115, 117, 123, 124, 125 Nucleic acid, 120, 125, 128, 129 Nucleus, 108, 111, 114, 117, 122, 125 O Oncogenic, 122, 125 Opacity, 110, 114, 125 Open Reading Frames, 122, 125 Overdose, 117, 126 Oxidation, 61, 105, 107, 114, 122, 126 P Palliative, 126, 133 Pancreas, 105, 118, 126 Pancreatic, 126 Pancreatitis, 69, 126 Paralysis, 108, 126 Parotid, 126, 131 Particle, 126, 132, 134 Patch, 5, 126 Pathogenesis, 31, 34, 40, 126 Pathologic, 108, 113, 126, 135 Pathologic Processes, 108, 126 Pathophysiology, 8, 126 Pelvic, 126, 128 Penicillamine, 20, 21, 22, 28, 39, 40, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 59, 62, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 126 Penicillin, 126, 135 Peptide, 106, 126, 127, 129 Perinatal, 25, 57, 126 Peritoneal, 108, 126 Peritoneal Cavity, 108, 126 Pharmacologic, 127, 133 Phenotype, 28, 127 Phospholipids, 117, 122, 127 Phosphorus, 14, 110, 127 Phosphorylation, 5, 7, 17, 42, 56, 127 Physiologic, 115, 124, 127, 130 Physiology, 4, 27, 30, 115, 127 Pigment, 109, 127 Plants, 110, 118, 124, 127, 131, 133 Plasma, 6, 14, 21, 106, 107, 111, 118, 119, 127, 130, 131 Plasma cells, 107, 127 Plasma Exchange, 14, 21, 127 Plasma protein, 106, 127 Plasmapheresis, 20, 127 Poisoning, 111, 127 Polypeptide, 106, 112, 127 Pons, 110, 128
Porphyria, 46, 60, 68, 128 Porphyrins, 128 Practice Guidelines, 88, 128 Precursor, 115, 116, 122, 128, 134, 135 Presynaptic, 47, 57, 128 Prion, 5, 128 Probe, 6, 128 Progesterone, 128, 132 Progression, 6, 107, 128 Progressive, 11, 112, 114, 118, 125, 128, 130 Prone, 7, 128 Prostate, 7, 128 Prosthesis, 42, 128 Protein C, 106, 108, 122, 128, 134 Protein S, 109, 128 Proteins, 5, 6, 7, 19, 33, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 121, 124, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 133 Proteinuria, 43, 125, 129 Proximal, 122, 128, 129 Psychiatric, 43, 60, 61, 124, 129 Psychiatry, 18, 21, 23, 27, 41, 46, 50, 56, 57, 61, 129 Psychic, 124, 129, 131 Public Policy, 87, 129 Publishing, 9, 129 Pulmonary, 24, 109, 113, 118, 129, 135 Pulmonary Artery, 109, 129, 135 Pulse, 43, 124, 129 Purines, 129, 135 Pyramidal Tracts, 116, 129 R Race, 115, 129 Radiation, 117, 121, 129, 135 Radiation therapy, 117, 121, 129 Radioactive, 119, 121, 125, 129 Radioactivity, 129, 135 Randomized, 115, 130 Reactive Oxygen Species, 37, 130 Receptor, 20, 26, 40, 57, 107, 116, 130, 131 Receptors, Serotonin, 130, 131 Recombinant, 6, 12, 130, 135 Recombination, 117, 130 Rectum, 128, 130 Recurrence, 112, 130 Red blood cells, 60, 116, 119, 130, 131 Refer, 1, 112, 123, 130 Reflex, 14, 130 Regimen, 115, 130 Renal failure, 25, 119, 130, 134 Renin, 110, 130 Renin-Angiotensin System, 110, 130 Repopulation, 4, 130
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Wilson s disease
Retina, 115, 122, 130, 131 Retinoblastoma, 22, 130 Retroviral vector, 117, 130 Rigidity, 94, 127, 131 Rod, 22, 24, 38, 57, 61, 108, 112, 131 S Saline, 127, 131 Saponins, 131, 132 Sarcoidosis, 31, 131 Sclerosis, 5, 131 Screening, 37, 49, 58, 59, 62, 112, 131 Secretion, 7, 112, 124, 131 Secretory, 6, 131 Seizures, 15, 116, 131 Semen, 128, 131 Septic, 42, 131 Sequester, 111, 131 Serotonin, 44, 47, 130, 131, 134 Serum, 33, 37, 61, 106, 112, 120, 123, 131 Side effect, 79, 81, 105, 131, 133 Signs and Symptoms, 125, 131, 134 Skeletal, 112, 131 Sodium, 12, 131, 133 Solid tumor, 107, 132 Sound wave, 113, 132 Specialist, 95, 132 Species, 111, 122, 124, 129, 130, 132, 134, 135 Specificity, 105, 132 Spinal cord, 108, 110, 111, 125, 129, 130, 132 Spleen, 45, 106, 123, 131, 132 Sporadic, 130, 132 Stabilizer, 132, 134 Steatosis, 31, 132 Steel, 112, 132 Steroid, 18, 109, 131, 132 Stimulus, 116, 121, 130, 132, 133 Stomach, 105, 108, 116, 117, 119, 121, 127, 132 Stress, 27, 132 Subclinical, 120, 131, 132 Subcutaneous, 61, 115, 132 Substance P, 131, 133 Substrate, 8, 133 Sulfur, 14, 124, 133 Supplementation, 61, 69, 133 Sweat, 66, 133 Sweat Glands, 133 Symphysis, 111, 128, 133 Symptomatic, 16, 46, 126, 133
Systemic, 43, 44, 60, 62, 80, 106, 109, 120, 121, 129, 131, 133 T Telencephalon, 109, 133 Teratogenic, 61, 133 Therapeutics, 5, 45, 80, 133 Threshold, 38, 133 Thrombocytopenia, 32, 133 Tomography, 39, 60, 133 Tonicity, 115, 133 Toxic, iv, 133 Toxicity, 115, 133 Toxicology, 59, 88, 133 Toxins, 107, 116, 120, 133 Traction, 112, 133 Transduction, 4, 133 Transfection, 109, 117, 134 Translation, 106, 134 Transmitter, 105, 108, 121, 123, 134 Transplantation, 4, 11, 15, 19, 20, 32, 35, 36, 39, 41, 44, 56, 66, 134 Trauma, 125, 126, 134 Triethylenetetramine, 24, 59, 61, 134 Tryptophan, 112, 131, 134 Tuberculosis, 113, 134 U Ulcerative colitis, 10, 134 Ultrafiltration, 118, 134 Unconscious, 120, 134 Uraemia, 126, 134 Urea, 133, 134 Uremia, 130, 134 Urethra, 128, 134, 135 Urinary, 37, 49, 50, 134, 135 Urine, 109, 129, 134, 135 V Valine, 126, 135 Varices, 13, 135 Vasculitis, 126, 135 Vasoconstriction, 118, 135 Vector, 134, 135 Vein, 108, 125, 126, 135 Venous, 108, 114, 129, 135 Ventricle, 129, 135 Vesicular, 4, 135 Veterinary Medicine, 87, 135 Viral, 4, 116, 117, 125, 133, 135 Virus, 108, 117, 130, 134, 135 Vitro, 6, 7, 135 Vivo, 3, 6, 7, 135 W White blood cell, 107, 123, 124, 127, 135
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Whole-Body Counting, 14, 135 X Xanthine, 58, 135 Xanthine Oxidase, 58, 135
Xenograft, 107, 135 X-ray, 121, 125, 129, 132, 135 Y Yeasts, 127, 135
144
Wilson s disease
