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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling, American Tradition Care has been taken to verify the accuracy of information presented in this book. However, the authors, editors, and publisher cannot accept responsibility for Web, e-mail, newsgroup, or chat room subject matter or content, or for consequences from application of the information in this book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to its content. Trademarks: Some of the product names and company names included in this book have been used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks or registered trade names of their respective manufacturers and sellers. The authors, editors, and publisher disclaim any affiliation, association, or connection with, or sponsorship or endorsement by, such owners. Cover Image Credits: Scene, Dennis Ackerson, 2007, Rocky Mountains, CO; liberty bell, © Tetra Images/Tetra Images/CORBIS. ISBN 978-0-82194-357-1 © 2009 by EMC Publishing, LLC 875 Montreal Way St. Paul, MN 55102 E-mail:
[email protected] Web site: www.emcp.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be adapted, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Teachers using Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature, American Tradition may photocopy complete pages in sufficient quantities for classroom use only and not for resale. Printed in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
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Contents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Unit 1: Word Study Skills and PAVE
Lesson 1: Word Study Notebook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Lesson 2: Word Study Skills in Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Lesson 3: PAVE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Time Out for Test Practice: Word Study Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Unit 2: Word Parts
Lesson 4: Affixes and Roots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Lesson 5: Suffixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Lesson 6: Prefixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Time Out for Test Practice: Recognizing Word Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Unit 3: The Evolution of Language
Lesson 7: Archaic Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Lesson 8: Compound Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Lesson 9: Manipulating Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Lesson 10: Technology-Related Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Time Out for Test Practice: Defining Archaic Language and Technology-Related Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Unit 4: Determining Meaning
Lesson 11: Denotation and Connotation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Lesson 12: Literal vs. Figurative Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Lesson 13: Homophones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Time Out for Test Practice: Words with Multiple Meanings and Homophones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Unit 5: Context Clues
Lesson 14: Context Clues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Lesson 15: Providing Context Clues in Your Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Time Out for Test Practice: Using Context Clues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Unit 6: Spelling
Lesson 16: Spelling Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Lesson 17: Contractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Lesson 18: Common Spelling Errors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Time Out for Test Practice: Spelling Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
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Unit 7: Word Origins
Lesson 19: Borrowed Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Lesson 20: Greek and Latin Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Lesson 21: French and Spanish Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Lesson 22: Native American Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Lesson 23: Eponyms and Toponyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Time Out for Test Practice: Borrowed Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Unit 8: Formal and Informal Language
Lesson 24: Register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Lesson 25: Colloquial Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Lesson 26: Academic Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Time Out for Test Practice: Register, Colloquialisms, and Academic Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Unit 9: Choosing Your Words
Lesson 27: Synonyms and Antonyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Lesson 28: Semantic Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Lesson 29: Celestial Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Lesson 30: Varying Word Choice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Lesson 31: Euphemisms, Doublespeak, and Clichés. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Lesson 32: Expanding Your Word Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Time Out for Test Practice: Synonyms and Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Answer Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
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Introduction The Exceeding the Standards resource books provide in-depth language arts instruction to enrich students’ skills development beyond the level of meeting the standards. Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling offers meaningful ways to incorporate word study into the language arts classroom. Vocabulary & Spelling presents thirty-two lessons, designed to be used weekly, that cover a broad range of topics from etymology to context clues to spelling patterns. These lessons are aligned with the units of the Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature program and may be used alone or as supplements to the Vocabulary & Spelling workshops in the Student Edition. Each lesson incorporates words from selections in the corresponding unit of the textbook. By using these lessons in conjunction with the literature program, you will help your students become better readers, writers, speakers, and spellers. Each lesson in Vocabulary & Spelling includes the following components: • A Word of the Week, selected from the corresponding textbook unit, highlights a word that students may find particularly meaningful or interesting. • Grammar instruction on one or more topics is followed by a Try It Yourself section that allows students to practice what they are learning. • Just For Fun activities encourage students to play with words, reminding them that language can be fun and interesting. • Tip boxes in the margin throughout the lesson clarify definitions, offer additional information, and give helpful suggestions. • A Time Out for Test Practice at the end of each unit provides students with the opportunity to assess what they have learned and to practice test-taking skills by answering sample standardized test questions in a multiple-choice format. It is essential that vocabulary instruction include a variety of strategies to develop students’ word-study skills. Lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide many different ways of exploring and studying words, word parts, semantic families, and spelling patterns and rules. Activating students’ prior knowledge of words and of essential concepts related to words helps students make associations between new terms and words they already know. The activities in Vocabulary & Spelling will help you actively engage students in working with words. As their curiosity about word exploration grows, your students will become increasingly confident in their ability to attack, learn, and experiment with new words.
Related Program Resources
For more vocabulary and spelling instruction, including charts of common prefixes, suffixes, and word roots, refer to the Mirrors & Windows Student Edition Language Arts Handbook, Section 2: Vocabulary & Spelling. Additional vocabulary development activities integrated with the literature selections are included in the Meeting the Standards unit resource books and in Differentiated Instruction for English Language Learners.
Teaching Tips
Word study encompasses not only vocabulary and spelling, but also the strategies language users employ to unlock meanings and internalize spellings. Effective instruction in word study gives students tools for learning new vocabulary and spelling independently in the long term. The following teaching tips can help you ensure that your students get the most from the lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling.
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Teach Word Attack Strategies There are a number of strategies good readers employ when they are confronted with an unfamiliar word. These strategies include: • using the context as a clue • gleaning hints from pictures, charts, graphs, and other text support • examining word parts: prefixes, suffixes, and roots • combing through memories for associations with the word • consulting dictionaries and other reference materials • asking an authority, such as a teacher or other expert in the field For many of us, these strategies have become second nature, and we are hardly conscious of using them. To students, however, they are not so obvious; strategic word decoding takes place mostly internally and silently, word attack strategies are largely invisible, and uninitiated students may never witness them in action. Research suggests that students need explicit instruction in these strategies to become proficient readers and effective writers. The lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide such explicit instruction. Create a Word-Rich Environment The essential backdrop to an effective word study program is a classroom where words are clearly valued. The following are some ideas for creating such a classroom. • Word Wall Post a variety of vocabulary words and/or words of the week in your classroom to provide students with repetition and recycling of the terms you want them to internalize. Use it as the basis of word games such as bingo, Jeopardy, and twenty questions, as well as collaborative storytelling. • Class Dictionary Have students keep a class dictionary by taking turns entering words studied in class, providing definitions, illustrating terms, writing contextual sentences, and searching for realworld uses of the words. • Classroom Library Provide a broad range of reading materials, giving students time for sustained silent reading, and modeling avid reading yourself, to build students’ vocabularies. • Word Processing Language Tools Encourage students to make use of language features built into word processing programs, such as dictionaries and thesauruses. • Online Word Games Schedule time for your students to learn new vocabulary with online word games and other technology tools. • Language Mentor Share your own interest in words by drawing students’ attention to interesting words in the news or in pop culture and by modeling how you approach words that are new to you. Foster Curiosity The key to incorporating meaningful word study into your language arts classroom is to encourage dialogue with your students about how words create meaning. Your own curiosity about language is infectious and will encourage your students to become inquisitive “word detectives” motivated to solve the mystery of word meanings. About Spelling “Rules” Some students benefit from memorizing what are sometimes called spelling rules; others are frustrated by the number of exceptions to each rule. To reflect the prevalence of exceptions, the term spelling pattern has been used instead of spelling rule in this resource. In addition to introducing students to spelling patterns, you can help them become stronger spellers by following the same teaching tips mentioned above: modeling the use of strategies, creating a word-rich classroom, and fostering curiosity.
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 1
Word Study Notebook Understand the Concept With more than one million words and growing every day, English has the largest vocabulary of any language in the world. Most of us know only a small percentage of those words and use even fewer of them in our daily life. So, no matter what, you are bound to run into unfamiliar words from time to time. Keeping track of these words and their definitions can help you enrich your vocabulary and therefore become a better reader, speaker, and writer. A good way to collect new words is to keep a word study notebook. In it, you can record each new word with its definition, pronunciation, and origins, along with an example sentence or drawing to help you remember it. Here is a sample page from a word study notebook. Word: vestige
Pronunciation: \ves´ tij\ Origins: French, from Latin vestigium, meaning “footstep, footprint, track, vestige” Definition: trace, mark, or visible sign left by something vanished or lost Contextual sentence: The ruins of Chichén Itzá are vestiges of the vanished civilization of the ancient Maya.
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Word of the Week martial (>m5r sh@l) adj., relating to military matters Because of his many years spent as an army officer, Colonel Thompson tended to view relationships between countries from a martial perspective—which country had the best equipped army, which country could best defend itself in the event of an invasion, and which country held its military officers in the highest esteem. Martial is derived from the name of the Roman god of war, Mars. Synonyms of martial include military, soldierly, warlike, belligerent, aggressive, hostile, and bellicose, though these words can be used in somewhat different ways. Military music, such as the famous marches written in the late nineteenth century by John Philip Sousa, is also referred to as martial music.
Add a picture or catchy saying to help you remember the meaning of a word.
Tip
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The origins of a word are known as its etymology. Many words in English come from Latin and Greek. In a good dictionary, you will find the etymology of each word along with its meaning and pronunciation.
Tip
Try It Yourself Fill in this sample page of a word study notebook. Word: pulchritude Pronunciation: Origins: Definition:
Tip To write the pronunciation of a word, you need to use special phonetic symbols such as the following:
Sentence using the word:
Drawing:
\ä\ (as in star) \e–\ (as in me) \8\ (as in my) \ô\ (as in paw) . \u\ (as in foot) and \@\ (as in extra and civil) You can find these and many other symbols in a dictionary or glossary.
You may think of books, newspapers, and magazines first, but you’ll also see new words on signs, in instructions, and in restaurant menus. You may hear unfamiliar words on the radio, in songs, or in movies. Keep your eyes and ears open—words are everywhere!
Tip
Many words in the dictionary have more than one definition. When looking up a new word, you will often have to decide which definition best fits. Skim a newspaper or magazine article until you find a word you don’t know. Use the sample notebook page below to create a word study notebook entry. If there is more than one definition, decide which one is most appropriate to the way the word is used in the article. Add a second definition if there is one, and write a sentence illustrating the second meaning. Word: Sentence it was used in:
Pronunciation: Definition: Another definition: Sentence illustrating second definition:
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LESSON 2
Word Study Skills in Reading Understand the Concept When reading, you will often encounter words that are new to you. These unfamiliar words should not stop you from understanding and enjoying what you read. Here are several strategies you can use to figure out the meaning of unknown words.
Use Context Clues If you encounter a new word in a passage you are reading, you can often figure out the meaning of the word by using context clues— information in the passage that hints at the meaning of the word. Look at the following passage: The town was considering building a tunnel under the Grace River. Environmental concerns threatened to derail the subfluvial road. An alternate plan called for a bridge instead.
You may not know the word subfluvial, but, by looking at some of the clues in the passage, you can figure out what the word means. The word subfluvial describes the road that is also called a tunnel. A tunnel goes under something. Since this tunnel goes under a river, you can guess that subfluvial means “put or located under a river.”
Try It Yourself
Word of the Week pilfer (pil> f3r) v., steal Her daughter would pilfer coins out of the wishing well. The word pilfer comes from the Middle-French word pelfrer, which comes from the word pelfre, meaning “booty” or “treasure.” The first recorded use of this word in English occurred in 1548.
Tip • • • • •
Try these strategies to attack new words:
look for context clues find text support examine word parts use a dictionary ask for help
If one strategy doesn’t work, try a different one.
Some context clues use comparison. These types of clues help you understand the meaning of a word by showing what the word is similar to.
Tip
EXERCISE A
Look at the following passage. Use context clues to figure out the meaning of the word acerbic. American author Ambrose Bierce is well known for his somber tale “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge.” However, he is perhaps best loved for the acerbic wit he displays in some of his other works. His acid tongue shows up well in the satirical Devil’s Dictionary, which contains many stinging barbs aimed at people and conventions of nineteenth-century American society.
Other context clues use contrast. These types of clues help you understand the meaning of a word by showing what the word is not like.
1. What do you think acerbic means? 2. What clues in the passage helped you determine the word’s meaning?
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Examine Text Support The use of context clues is one strategy to understand new words. Using other items on the page can help too. These items may include pictures, diagrams, maps, charts, captions, headings, and sidebars. These text features are designed to clarify or provide additional information about a subject. Consider the passage below. Context clues in the text help explain the term salt box, but the picture gives you even more information. One example of New England colonial architecture is the salt box. With its steeply sloped rear roof, this style of home resembled the boxes used for storing salt. The first salt box homes came about in the early 1700s when people added lean-tos to the back of the house. Later, the design caught on and many houses were built with the lean-to already part of the original structure.
Find Meaning in Word Parts
A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning.
Tip
A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning. Many suffixes indicate the part of speech of the word. For example, the suffix -ly often denotes an adverb. A word root is a word part that is neither a prefix nor a suffix.
Some unfamiliar words may contain parts that you have seen in other words. These parts, or morphemes, may be prefixes, suffixes, or roots. Prefixes come at the beginning of the word. Suffixes come at the end of the word. Roots make up the core part of the word. Knowing the meaning of common prefixes, suffixes, and roots can help you decipher the meaning of many words. Take a look at the following sentence: Fatima lay awake, plagued by incertitude.
What does incertitude mean? If you don’t know the word, you can get a good sense of the meaning by looking at the word parts. You might notice cert and think of certain, so you know the word has something to do with being sure. Then you look at the prefix, in-, which means “not,” like un-. Now you know the word has something to do with being unsure or uncertain. Since the word is a noun, you can guess the word means something like uncertainty, which happens to be one of the dictionary definitions of incertitude. You know many word parts already. Learning others will help you attack new words. Your teacher may provide you with Word Parts Charts containing common prefixes, suffixes, and word roots. Familiarize yourself with these word parts and their meanings. When you encounter an unfamiliar word, break it down to see if you recognize any of its parts.
Try It Yourself Record unfamiliar words you encounter in your word study notebook.
Tip
EXERCISE B
Use your knowledge of word parts to define each of the following words. Write your answers in your notebook. 1. apathetic 2. resounding 3. malediction
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4. triennial 5. convivial
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Consult a Dictionary If context clues, text support, and word parts don’t help you guess a word’s meaning, consult a dictionary. Sometimes a dictionary entry will contain more than one definition. In that case, you will need to use some of the other methods you learned to determine the correct meaning. Look at the following example: The gushing review contained too many fulsome comments that only showed the reviewer was enthralled with the lead actress.
The dictionary offers several definitions for fulsome:
If you’ve tried the other four strategies and are still unsure of a word’s meaning, ask someone for help. Your teacher, a parent, a librarian, or another knowledgeable person may be able to help you. When you discover the meaning of the word, enter it in your word study notebook.
Tip
ful • some (ful> s@m) adj., 1 a: characterized by abundance: copious b: generous in amount, extent, or spirit c: being full and well developed 2 : aesthetically, morally, or generally offensive 3 : exceeding the bounds of good taste: overdone 4 : excessively complimentary or flattering Because there are four possibilities (even more if you consider that definition 1 contains several different related meanings), you have to decide which one works best in this particular context. Try inserting each definition in the sentence where fulsome appears. Definition four works best in this case.
Try It Yourself
Many words appear in the dictionary as main entries more than once. Often these entries represent different parts of speech, such as break the noun and break the verb. Other times, entries have completely unrelated meanings. Use context clues to determine which meaning makes the most sense.
Tip
EXERCISE C
Look up each underlined word in the dictionary. Then write down the definition that best fits how the word is used in the sentence. 1. Jo has an affinity for music. 2. The anthology contains many old chestnuts. 3. The discord between the two factions erupted into violence. 4. Bernie’s fustian toast went on and on. 5. Trevor removed the woof from the loom.
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LESSON 3
Word of the Week acquiesce (a kw7 es>) v., agree without protest Lowell felt compelled to acquiesce because the enemy had him surrounded. The word acquiesce comes from the French word acquiescer and from the Latin word acquiescere, created by combining ad- and quiescere, which means “to be quiet.”
Use context clues to predict the meaning of an unfamiliar word. Context clues are words and phrases in the surrounding text that hint at the meaning of a word. They allow you to compare or contrast an unfamiliar word to words that are familiar.
Tip
Comparison clues help show the meaning of the word through restatement, apposition (the renaming of something in different words), and examples. Contrast clues help show the meaning of a word through giving its opposite, or antonym. Contrast clues may use words such as but, however, although, or yet. (Hint: question 2 contains a contrast clue.)
PAVE Understand the Concept PAVE is a good way to help yourself remember the meaning of a new word. PAVE stands for Predict, Associate, Verify, and Evaluate. When you encounter a new word, try the following process: Predict
Try to predict the meaning of the word based on context and on your prior knowledge of the word or its parts.
Associate Then, write a sentence using the word. Verify
Next, check the meaning of the word by using a dictionary or glossary. If you find more than one definition, write down the most appropriate definition.
Evaluate
Finally, assess the sentence you wrote using the word. If necessary, rewrite the sentence to reflect the meaning you found.
Try It Yourself Use PAVE to learn the underlined words in the sentences below. 1. If you need your passport quickly, you can pay a small fee to expedite the process. Predict Associate Verify Evaluate 2. The diffident student never raised his hand or spoke in class, but the more outgoing and confident students participated every day. Predict Associate Verify Evaluate
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3. Glenn hemmed and hawed, unable to resolve his ambivalence. Predict
Just for Fun Try PAVE with a partner. What is the weirdest word you know? Write a sentence using the word. Switch sentences with a partner and try PAVE on your partner’s word.
Associate Verify Evaluate 4. The company refused to capitulate to the demands of the striking workers. Predict Associate Verify Evaluate 5. I was trying to read, but my loquacious neighbor made it hard to concentrate. Predict Associate
Use your knowledge of word parts to predict the meaning of the word. (Hint: locu or loqu is a word root meaning “speak.”)
Tip
Verify Evaluate
Just for Fun Find an unfamiliar word in a magazine or newspaper. Use PAVE to learn the word. Word Predict Associate Verify Evaluate
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Time Out for Test Practice Word Study Skills Use context clues to determine the meaning of the underlined words in the following sentences. Write your answers on the blanks provided. _____ 1. Randall would like to venture to the front lines, but those who do are either wounded or killed. A. undertake the risk of B. demonstrate; protest C. understand the appeal of D. avoid; disappear from _____ 2. Queen Margo was kind to anyone who displayed submission; she did not appreciate those who fought back. A. a feat of strength B. uncertainty; danger C. state of being above pettiness D. act of yielding; surrendering
_____ 3. When Parla became a government agent, she encountered many insidious characters whom she did not trust. A. mean; rude B. sly; crafty C. dull; boring D. curious; entertaining _____ 4. His proposal was ineffectual, so we did not invest our money in his business. A. above or superior to all others B. not powerful enough; inadequate C. annoying; irritating D. blasphemous; void of religious ideals
Use your knowledge of word parts to answer the following questions. Write your answers on the blanks provided. _____ 5. The prefix retro- means “back.” Knowing this, what might the word retroactive mean? A. being physically active throughout one’s life B. recovering after a traumatic or debilitating event C. applying to actions that have previously transpired D. the loss of future profits in a nonprofit organization _____ 6. The suffix -ence means “quality or state.” Knowing this, what might the word independence mean? A. being independent or self-ruled B. the state or quality of democracy C. not having freedom or self-rule D. the state or quality of determination 8
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_____ 7. Consider the words describe and prescription. Based on your knowledge of word parts, which of the following words belongs in this grouping? A. scribble B. scripture C. script D. All of the above _____ 8. Consider the words symphony and microphone. Based on your knowledge of word parts, which of the following words belongs in this grouping? A. macro B. cymbals C. siphon D. cacophony
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 4
Affixes and Roots Understand the Concept When you encounter an unfamiliar word, analyze its parts. You may be able to guess the meaning of the word if you recognize its prefix, suffix, or word root. You are already familiar with many prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes and suffixes are called affixes. They can be added to a base word or word part to change its meaning. For example, adding affixes to the word believe results in different words such as unbelievable, disbelieving, and nonbeliever. Adding affixes to the word root cred results in different words such as incredible, credulous, and discredit. Following are some common prefixes. Prefixes co-/col-/com-/con-/cordeinterretrosubsyntransuni-
Meaning together opposite among; between back under with; together across; beyond one
Examples cooperate, collaborate defrost, decipher international, intersect retrospect, retroactive substandard, subfloor synonym, synergy transatlantic, transfer unicorn, unilateral
Word of the Week undaunted (un d5n> ted) adj., firm in the face of danger; unafraid The undaunted warriors continued on their difficult journey. The word undaunted contains the following word parts: The prefix un-, meaning “not,” the suffix -ed, which indicates the past tense of the verb, and the verb daunt, which means “to lessen the courage of.” Knowing these word parts, a reader might determine that undaunted means “not subdued.”
Below are some common suffixes. Suffixes -able/-ible -al -ant/-ent -ar/-er/-or -ion/-tion -ity/-ty -ive -ous
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Meaning capable of having to do with one who one who action or process state of tending to characterized by
Examples attainable, possible personal, governmental contestant, resident liar, lawyer, actor revolution, occasion longevity, infinity creative, pensive generous, joyous
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word. A suffix is a letter or group of letters attached to the end of a word. Many suffixes indicate what part of speech the word represents (whether noun, verb, adjective, or adverb).
Tip
The majority of prefixes, suffixes, and word roots in English are derived from Latin and Greek words.
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The following word parts all have to do with number:
Tip
mono-, unidi-, bitriquadr-, tetrpent-, quinthex-, sexhept-, septoctnovedeccent-
one two three four five six seven eight nine ten hundred
Just for Fun Use prefixes, suffixes, word roots, and base words to make up your own words. For example, you might put together mis + dict + age as the action of speaking wrongly. Use each made-up word in a sentence.
Tip
The following suffixes create nouns:
-age, -ion, -tion, and -ment mean “action or process” -dom, -ity, -ment, -ness, and -ty mean “state or quality of” -ant, -ent, -er, and -or mean “one who”
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Word roots are central word parts that cannot stand alone. Instead they combine with other word parts to form words. Below are some common word roots. Word Roots equ/equi fort mot mut scrib/script spect terr
Meaning equal strong move change write look earth
Examples equidistant, equitable fortify, comfort motor, emotion mutate, mutation describe, prescription inspect, speculate extraterrestrial, terrain
Your teacher may provide you with Word Parts Charts containing common prefixes, suffixes, and word roots. Familiarize yourself with these word parts and their meanings. When you encounter an unfamiliar word, break it down to see if you can recognize any of its parts.
Try It Yourself Examine each word below. Divide the word into parts—prefixes, suffixes, word roots, and base words—and use what you know about these parts to determine the meaning of each word. Write your response in your notebook. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
deforestation retrospective immutable synesthesia subterraneous transcriber concurrent equivocal fortitude uniformity
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 5
Word of the Week
Suffixes Understand the Concept A suffix is letter or group of letters added to the end of a word. Knowing common suffixes will help you identify unknown words that contain those suffixes. Consider the suffixes in the chart below. Suffixes Meaning -ance/-ence/-ency/-ancy quality or state -ment -ness -less -ly -ed -ify/-fy
action or process; state or quality; product or thing state of without in such a way past tense of verb make or cause to be
Examples defiance, independence, emergency development, government, amusement, ointment kindness, happiness hapless, careless quickly, studiously, invisibly walked, acted, fixed vilify, magnify, glorify
palpable (pal> p@ b@l) adj., able to be touched or felt; easily observed The tension in the air was palpable and we all wanted to leave. The word palpable contains the suffix -able, which means “capable of.” Knowing the meaning of this suffix will allow you to better understand words that contain this suffix, such as questionable, treatable, and expandable.
A suffix is a word part that changes the meaning of a root and the function of the word. The suffix -ism indicates a noun.
Tip
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Use the above chart to guess the meaning of the following words. Then use each word in a sentence. 1. precariously Meaning: Sentence: 2. earnestness Meaning: Sentence: 3. effacement Meaning: Sentence: 4. fluctuated Meaning: Sentence:
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Words that end in -ist often apply to people. Note that the suffix -ist means “a person who does a particular thing.” The suffix -ist also means “characteristic of.” Examples of -ist words related to isms are ventriloquist, communist, and realist.
Tip
5. baseless Meaning: Sentence: The suffix -ism has several meanings, as shown in the chart below. Meanings of -ism act, practice, or process prejudice or discrimination based on a specific characteristic state or condition system of belief; doctrine characteristic or trait
Examples plagiarism, despotism sexism, ageism alcoholism, barbarism feudalism, Taoism, optimism heroism
Just for Fun Make up your own “isms” to describe acts, prejudices, conditions, doctrines, or traits. Make a list of these words and their definitions. doomism: the act of predicting doom in all situations
Try It Yourself EXERCISE B
Use what you know about the suffix -ism to determine the meaning of each of the following words. Write the definition of each word. Check your response using a dictionary if necessary. Then write a contextual sentence using the word. 1. realism Meaning Sentence 2. communism Meaning Sentence 3. Stoicism Meaning Sentence 4. pessimism Meaning Sentence 5. racism Meaning Sentence
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 6
Prefixes Understand the Concept A prefix is a meaningful word part that appears at the beginning of a word. A prefix can be added to an existing word to change the word’s meaning, or it can be combined with a word root (such as rupt, fer, or ject) to create a new word. prefix + word
inter + cede = intercede
prefix + root
inter + ject = interject
Knowing the meanings of common prefixes can help you understand and define words that contain them. For example, the prefixes en- and em- mean “into or onto; cover with; cause to be; or provide with.” Words that contain either of these prefixes will have one of these meanings. empower:
provide with power I felt empowered by my new position.
enslave:
cause to become a slave His goal was to enslave the others before the sun rose.
Other common prefixes include: Prefixes anti-/antco-/col-/com-/ con-/corcircumexextra-/extroil-/im-/in-/irintra-/intromispostsub-/supsupersemiultraunder-
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Meaning against; opposite together
Examples antibody, antacid commingle, concentrate, correlate around; about circumnavigate, circumstance out of; from explode, export, extend outward; outside; beyond extrasensory, extrovert not illogical, impossible, inoperable, irrational into; within; inward introvert, intramural wrongly mistake, misfire after; later postgame, postpone under substandard, suppress above; over; exceeding superstar, superfluous half; partly semicircle, semidry too much; too many; extreme ultraviolet, ultrasound below; short of a quantity or limit underestimate, understaffed
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
Word of the Week unscrupulous (un skr2> py2 l@s) adj., lacking moral principles Her actions were unscrupulous and she hurt many people because of this. The word scruple means “an ethical consideration or principle that inhibits action; to show reluctance on grounds of conscience.” If a person is scrupulous, it means they have moral integrity. Therefore, adding the prefix un- (which means “not”) to scrupulous describes a person who has little or no moral integrity.
Most prefixes we use today come from ancient Greek and Latin, although some come from Old English.
Tip
The spelling of a prefix may vary depending on the word or base to which it is attached. The prefix con- can be spelled com-, col-, co-, or cor-.
Tip
comcolcocor-
used before b, p, or m used before l used before o used before r
The spelling changes make the resulting words easier to pronounce. For instance, when con- is added to the word respond, it is spelled cor-. Correspond is easier to pronounce than conrespond.
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Prefixes may have more than one meaning. The prefix ex- can mean “out of,” as in extract and exclude, or it can mean “former,” as in ex-boyfriend and ex-president
Tip
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Use your knowledge of prefixes and the meanings in the above chart to define each of the following words. Then use each word in a sentence. 1. collaboration 2. insensible
Tip
The following prefixes all mean “not”:
a-, an- (atypical) dis- (disinterested) il- (illogical) im- (impervious) in- (insecure) ir- (irrational) un- (unreal)
3. excommunicate 4. anticlimactic 5. introspective
EXERCISE B
Use your knowledge of prefixes and the meanings in the above chart to explain the differences between the following pairs of words. Then use each word in a sentence. A fun way to increase your understanding of word parts is to break a word down into its parts and then use those parts to make other words. Take the word introspective, for example. You could use the prefix intro- to make words such as introduction and introvert. You could work with the word root spec to make aspect, retrospective, and spectacle. You could also use the suffix -ive to make words such as creative, passive, and elusive.
Tip
1. extraordinary / ordinary 2. underachiever / overachiever 3. quote / misquote 4. market / supermarket 5. culture / subculture
Just for Fun For each word below, choose one part of the word (prefix, suffix, or word root). See how many different words you can make using that part. biped malformation inaudible cosigner transport
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Time Out for Test Practice Recognizing Word Parts Use your knowledge of word parts to choose the word that best completes each sentence. _____ 1. American authors writing in the _______ period, that is, the period following World War II, include Marianne Moore, John Cheever, and John Updike. A. prewar B. postwar C. subwar D. antebellum _____ 2. We will have to _______ the old equipment with special filters to meet the new emissions standards. A. revamp B. retrofit C. replace D. produce _____ 3. What are the seven events in the ______? A. pentathlon B. decathlon C. biathlon D. heptathlon _____ 4. Before airplanes, _______ crossings could take months. A. transatlantic B. crossatlantic C. overatlantic D. coatlantic _____ 5. Martin said he thought we’d have snow, but his ________ was wrong. A. prodiction B. predict C. prediction D. predicament
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_____ 6. Any parent of _______ will tell you it is a lot of work taking care of six babies at once. A. quintuplets B. septuplets C. sextuplets D. quadruplets _____ 7. If you are slipping a lot, apply _______ pads to the bottoms of your shoes. A. antiskid B. misskid C. malskid D. deskid _____ 8. Paula quickly _______ the unreliable source. A. accredited B. retracted C. discredited D. respected _____ 9. The craft generally floats, but it is _______. A. repellent B. dehydrate C. submersant D. submersible _____ 10. We went to the cemetery for the _______. A. subterranean B. interment C. depopulation D. transcendent
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_____ 11. With affiliates all over the world, the company often holds ______ instead of trying to get everyone together in one place. A. transconferences B. teleconferences C. geoconferences D. synergy _____ 12. Because of his ______, Jordan never learned to swim. A. geophobia B. claustrophobia C. hydrophobia D. agoraphobia _____ 13. The young criminal had been ______ all his life and thought he would always be angy and bitter. A. benevolent B. malcontented C. decimated D. discreditable _____ 14. Confessional poetry shows the ______ of the writer. A. introspection B. revision C. interbiography D. extroversion _____ 15. Let’s ______ our watches, so we can meet at the same time. A. synchronize B. realignment C. retromatch D. chronicle
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_____ 16. The committee voted to ______ funds for the construction project, so it could begin as scheduled. A. resign B. misdirect C. retraction D. allocate _____ 17. Walt is being punished for several ______. A. distractions B. infractions C. transactions D. overreactions _____ 18. Are you right-handed, left-handed, or ______? A. ambidextrous B. semihanded C. biped D. co-handed _____ 19. One cake is enough; the three additional cakes are ______. A. sufficient B. overindulgence C. superfluous D. sub-par _____ 20. The colored glass is only _____, so the room is rather dark. A. supertransparent B. semitranslucent C. subvisible D. semitransvisible
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 7
Archaic Language Understand the Concept Language is not static; it changes and evolves over time. If you were to look at works written in English in previous centuries, you would likely find words you do not recognize or that are no longer used today. For example, pronouns such as thee and thou are rarely used today. You would also find words that don’t have the same meaning today as they did when the piece was written.
Archaic and Obsolete Words Words or specific senses of a word that are no longer used may be labeled in the dictionary as archaic or obsolete. An archaic word is a word that is rarely used or is only used in some contexts. For example, the word desert was once used to mean any uninhabited, uncultivated piece of land. This sense of the word is now considered archaic. An obsolete word is no longer used at all (though you may still find it in writings from long ago). Often, archaic or obsolete words may refer to clothing, activities, or objects that are no longer commonly used. In some texts, such words may be footnoted; in others you will need to use your word study skills to determine the meaning of the word. Look at the following sentence: Some of the company sat and talked while others were engrossed in a game of quadrille. You may be unfamiliar with the word quadrille. From the context, it is clear that quadrille is a game, and you may guess from the word part quad- that the game involved four people. This is probably enough information to allow you to continue reading. However, if you want to know more, consult a dictionary. There you might learn that quadrille is a variant of the card game ombre, that it was popular in the eighteenth century, and that it was a predecessor to whist, another card game.
Tackle archaic and obsolete words the way you would tackle any other word. The only difference is that you will not incorporate such words in to your own speech or writing. They will become part of your reading vocabulary.
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
Word of the Week whim-wham (wim> wam) n., whimsical object or device, especially of ornament or dress Lila liked to dress up in fancy clothing adorned with a fancy whim-wham or two. Whim-wham is a word whose origin is unknown, although lexicologists think it originated around 1500. There are a number of words like this in the English language. Curiously, there are a few with the same, or nearly the same, meaning as whim-wham. These are: gewgaw (ca. 1529), gimcrack (ca. 1676), knick-knack (1682), and whigmaleerie (ca. 1730).
An archaic word is one that is no longer widely used. A word that is still used may have an archaic meaning, or a definition that is no longer used.
Tip
Just for Fun Slang is a creative use of language. Slang words may be variations on existing words or may give new meaning to a word. Make a glossary of slang that you and your classmates use. First brainstorm a list of words. Then write definitions for each word. Give sample sentences to show the usage of each word.
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Use context clues to discover the meaning of unknown words. That is, use the surrounding words and their meanings to provide you with an idea of what the unknown word might mean.
Tip
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Rewrite each of the following sentences, replacing archaic or obsolete terms with more contemporary words. Use your dictionary for help. 1. We must reach the city by nightfall. Hurry up anon! 2. I would be lief to lend a hand if you need my aid.
Tip New words, or neologisms, often have to do with technology, popular culture, and current events.
3. Although the story sounds crazy, Lena speaks soothly. 4. Approaching the menacing dog, Horace shouted, “Aroint!” 5. “This foul attitude ill beseemeth my fair-tempered young daughter,” said Rhianna’s father after she yelled at him.
Just for Fun Try coining your own words. Consider clipping words, combining words in unique ways, combining word parts, or using a word to mean something it hasn’t meant before. Use each of your new words in a sentence that shows what your new word means. giraffiti—vandalism spray-painted in high places Check out the giraffiti on that billboard!
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6. I found my shoes betwixt the bookcase and the bedpost. 7. Meseems that Malcolm would get a better grade on his paper if he spent more than two minutes on it. 8. I nigh made that winning basket, but the buzzer startled me. 9. After he walked under a ladder, he was plagued by wanion. 10. Howbeit she was not responsible for the mess, Ana was asked to clean it up anyway.
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 8
Compound Words Understand the Concept The English language is constantly changing. As old words become archaic and obsolete, new words are being coined, used, and accepted into the English language. Many of these newer words are compound words, which are created when two or more words are joined together to create a single meaning. examples
volleyball, downwind, campsite, over-the-counter, user-friendly
Compound nouns that are written as one word are called closed compounds (hometown). Other compounds are divided by a hyphen (father-in-law) or a space (father figure). Compound adjectives are a kind of compound word that can be closed or hyphenated. Below are some common types of hyphenated adjective compounds. Type of Compound Adjective ages centuries or eras multiword phrases numbered ranks or positions adjectives + nouns nouns + adjectives nouns + gerunds
Word of the Week cutting edge (k@> ti4 ej>) n., 1. a sharp effect or quality; 2. the foremost part or place He was proud of his work because it was regarded as being the cutting edge of the industry. The word cutting edge is an example of a compound word. A compound word is created when two or more words are joined together. What compound words do you use in your vocabulary?
Examples the thirty- to forty-year-old group eighteenth-century art, space-age technology over-the-counter medicine, matter-of-fact approach forty-two dollars, fifty-first winner ill-tempered personality interest-free loan the decision-making process
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Identify the compound nouns and compound adjectives in the following sentences by underlining the word(s). Then identify the compound as a noun or an adjective on the line provided. example
I was hoping to obtain an interest-free loan. adjective
1. The play’s ending was very tongue-in-cheek. _________________ 2. He was known as a blue-collar worker. _________________ 3. Yasmene wanted to be a poet laureate. _________________ 4. The photojournalists put themselves in danger to uncover the truth. _________________ © EMC Publishing, LLC
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Consult a good dictionary when you are not sure of the correct way to write a compound word.
Tip
5. The work was hard, but the plowboy refused to let the earth get the best of him. _________________ 6. While I tried to prove my point, Cedric presented a solid counterargument. _________________ 7. The grassroots poet was known for her use of hyperbole and alliteration. _________________ 8. The misrepresentation of her character was viewed as poetic license. _________________ 9. The nine-day-old bread was actually quite delicious with a cup of milk. _________________ 10. French had the greatest influence on sixteenth-century English. _________________ EXERCISE B
Write five sentences that use compound words not used in this lesson. Underline your compound words and then find words or phrases that could replace them. For example, you might replace “father-inlaw” with “my spouse’s father.” Note whether the tone of the sentence changes without your initial compound word. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 9
Manipulating Language Understand the Concept People manipulate language all the time, twisting it and changing it to make it new and fun. In this way, language continues to evolve. Here are some ways people manipulate language. Changing a Word’s Function. English speakers often change the functions of words. This process is called conversion. For example, we may take a noun and use it as a verb. The word contact was used as a noun for several hundred years before it made it into the dictionary as a verb. Even then, many people railed against its use as a verb. And today, you can hear businesspeople using nouns like transition and partner as verbs, as in: “We are transitioning to a new form of marketing…would you like to partner with us on that?” Changing a Word’s Meaning. In slang or colloquial use, words are often given new meaning. The meaning may be based on an accepted meaning of the word, or it may be completely different. For example, the word chill, meaning “to make cooler,” is now used as slang for “relax.” Adding Affixes. We can add a prefix and/or a suffix to change the meaning of a word. For example, if your aunt is allergic to your cats, you might need to de-cat-hair-ify the furniture before she comes over. Or when you hear a new pop singer, you may say with annoyance, “She sounds so Britney-esque.” Are these real words? Maybe not. But many words formed in this way (such as deice and ultrachic) have entered dictionaries over the years. Clipped or Shortened Words. We shorten words, as in fax, which is a shortened form of facsimile, or cab, originally cabriolet. Clipped words are especially popular among college students, who coined such words as prof, dorm, poli sci, and exam.
Try It Yourself Using each prompt below, try to manipulate language yourself. 1. Write a sentence in which you use a noun as a verb.
2. Write a sentence using a commonly recognized word with a slang or colloquial meaning.
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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
Word of the Week picturesque (pik< ch@ resk>) adj., resembling a picture; charming or quaint The resort is known for its calming pools and picturesque gardens. The word picturesque is an example of manipulated language, specifically, adding an affix to a word in order to give it another meaning. The suffix -esque means “in the manner or style of” or “like,” so adding it to any word gives it a new meaning. Consider other words to which you could add this suffix.
Sometimes instead of adding an affix, one is removed. This is called backformation. For example, babysit is a backformation of babysitter. It was created when the suffix -er was removed from babysitter. In the same way, the verb edit was formed from the the noun editor.
Tip
People manipulate language by forming compounds and blends too. Cookout is a compound made from the words cook and out. The word refers to a barbecue, when people cook outdoors. The word glimmer is a blend of gleam and shimmer.
Tip
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Just for Fun Each of the following words was formed by the manipulation of language. Match each word with the explanation of how it was formed. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
flu motel scarecrow telephone (v.) dig (as in “Can you dig it?”) antiwar burgle
a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
compound of two words backformation word with a changed meaning word formed by adding an affix shortened or clipped form blend of two words word with a changed function
3. Make four new words by adding prefixes or suffixes to existing words.
4. Create your own blends by combining parts of two words as in brunch or smog. Write three blends on the lines below along with the words used to form them.
5. Choose a word that is used frequently. Make a shorter form of the word. Write the long form and the clipped form below. Then use the clipped form in a contextual sentence. Full word Clipped form
Writers and speakers often manipulate language in other ways, too. They play with word sounds, such as rhyme, alliteration, and onomatopoeia; idioms and other common expressions; and figurative meaning to create a specific image or reaction in the reader. Introducing new words and new ways of saying things can keep language fresh. Newly coined words or phrases often catch on quickly, like a fad. Some are simply vogue words or buzzwords that will fade out when people tire of them, but others will become more firmly embedded in the language. When you manipulate language, take care to use new words and phrases appropriately. Be aware that some new language may be too informal for some purposes and may annoy or confuse your audience. As always, choose words that are appropriate to your audience and purpose, and make sure the meaning is clear in context.
Just for Fun Coin a few of your own words and write formal dictionary entries for these words. Then share your dictionary with a partner and try to use each other’s words in conversation.
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 10
Technology-Related Words Understand the Concept As technology changes, new words are needed to describe new devices, actions and processes, and entities. Technology-related words enter language the same way other kinds of words do and you can approach them the same way. Use context clues, what you know about word parts, text support, dictionaries, and help from others to determine word meaning.
Technology-Related Word Parts
Knowing the meaning of certain word parts can help you understand a number of technology-related words. Word Part ecyberdiginettechnoteleweb-
Meaning electronic cybernetic (related to computer networks) digital related to the Internet technical, technological distance related to or of the World Wide Web
Word of the Week wireless (w8r> l@s) adj., describing telecommunications devices that use radio signals rather than wires The wireless company offers 800 minutes for $39.99 with no roaming charges. Although the word wireless has been around since the nineteenth century, it has taken on a new meaning with the introduction of cellular telephones in 1991.
Example e-mail, e-commerce cyberspace, cybercafé digitocracy netiquette, netizen technophobe telecommute, teleconference webzine, website
Take, for example, the word netiquette. This word is a blend of net and etiquette and means etiquette or rules of conduct for communication on the Internet. Also consider the word technophobe. If you know the meanings of techno- and -phobe, you can determine that a technophobe is a person who fears or dislikes technology.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Just for Fun Make up your own technologyrelated words using the word parts in the chart at right. weboholic: one who is addicted to the Internet
Define each of the following words based on your knowledge of word parts. 1. e-tail 2. webcast 3. digirati 4. netizen 5. cyberculture © EMC Publishing, LLC
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If you can’t find these technological terms in your dictionary, check out an online resource. Several are listed on the following page.
Tip
New Meanings for Old Words Words may gain new meaning over time as people use them in different ways. Many words that are now used in reference to new technology have other meanings in English. Some examples include boot, bug, surf, and flame.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE B
Use a dictionary if you are unsure of the meaning of each of the following words as it relates to technology. Write a contextual sentence using each word in its technological sense. 1. boot 2. bug 3. surf 4. flame An allusion is a reference to a well-known person, event, object, or work from history, literature, the movies, etc. The person who coined the computer term Trojan horse, meaning a destructive computer program, was making an allusion to a Greek myth.
Tip
Allusions You are probably aware of terms such as Achilles’ heel and scrooge that come from mythology or literature. Some technological words make references to mythology or pop culture as well. Here are two examples: Trojan horse—destructive program disguised as a benign application. The term alludes to the Trojan Horse of the Iliad, an epic poem by the ancient Greek writer, Homer. In the poem, the Greeks presented a wooden horse as a gift as a way to get inside the city of Troy. spam—junk e-mail. The term comes from a Monty Python skit in which the word spam is repeated, drowning out other talk.
Just for Fun LOL is a very common chatroom abbreviation that stands for “laughing out loud.” Another common abbreviation is IMHO for “in my humble opinion.” What other chatroom abbreviations do you know? Make your own glossary of chatroom abbreviations. You may wish to include smileys or emoticons, too.
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Acronyms and Initialisms Acronyms are words made from initial letters of the main parts of a compound term. Initialisms are abbreviations in which each letter is pronounced as a letter. There are many technological acronyms and initialisms. Here are some examples: ISP
Internet service provider
IT
information technology
PDA
personal digital assistant
RAM random access memory URL
Uniform Resource Locator
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Try It Yourself
An acronym is pronounced as a word, while an initialism is pronounced letter by letter. For example, RAM is an acronym, while ISP and IT are initialisms. Other acronyms include scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) and NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). Other initialisms include HDTV (high definition television) and TBA (to be announced).
Tip
EXERCISE C
Use context clues, text support, or a dictionary or glossary to find the meaning of the underlined terms. Write a definition of each word on the line provided. 1. I miskeyed the URL, so the site didn’t load. 2. Sick of the slow speeds of her dial-up connection, Erin switched to DSL. 3. FAQ How do I subscribe?
Both acronyms and initialisms are types of abbreviations.
How do I unsubscribe? What happens if I forget my password?
Where to Look Up Tech-Related Words Because technology changes quickly, the language related to it changes quickly as well. Printed dictionaries may not include many of the latest tech-related terms, so you might need to consult an online source instead. Some sites to try include the following: • http://www.webopedia.com • http://www.logophilia.com/techwordspy • http://www.netlingo.com If you are unable to find the term in a printed or online dictionary, ask for help. Ask a teacher, librarian, or technology-savvy friend.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE D
Use what you know about word parts or earlier meanings of the following words to predict their technological meaning. Write your responses in your notebook and use online resources to check your work. 1. malware 2. bookmark 3. clicks and mortar
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Try an online source for definitions of the latest tech-related terms.
Tip
Just for Fun A mouse potato is an online couch potato, a person who spends a lot of time in front of a computer screen. Snail mail is a term coined for mail sent through the postal service instead of electronically. Make a list of other fun technology-related phrases you encounter while searching the online dictionaries.
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Time Out for Test Practice Defining Archaic Language and Technology-Related Words Use context clues, your prior knowledge, and word parts to identify the meaning of the following underlined archaic words. Write your answers on the blanks provided. _____ 1. You are completely wood! Who would ever wear that to a funeral? A. serious B. mad; wild C. boring; calm D. sad; concerned _____ 2. Stella wanted to get directions from her teacher afore she wrote the assignment. A. before B. when C. after D. because _____ 3. I was beforetime known as Miss Pennbrewster, today I am known as Mrs. B. A. formerly B. afterward C. curiously D. descriptively
_____ 4. I think the yacht is large enough endlong, but it is rather narrow from side to side. A. today B. before C. outside D. lengthwise _____ 5. Our eyne have seen too much! A. dreams B. hearts C. eyes D. fears _____ 6. The detective spoke to them semovedly, so they couldn’t hear one another’s account of the evening’s events. A. at once B. cautiously C. separately D. suspiciously
Use your prior knowledge as well as your knowledge of word parts to identify the technology-related word that each question describes. Write your answer on the blank. _____ 7. the rules of conduct for social communication on the internet A. netiquette B. etiquetology C. teletiquette D. etiphobe
_____ 9. a video segment created for the World Wide Web A. cyberology B. semicyber C. webisode D. teleprompt
_____ 8. a citizen of the Internet community A. technophobe B. telecommunity C. cyberman D. netizen
_____ 10. a group of people who communicate electronically A. e-group B. techno party C. webmeeting D. teletype
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 11
Denotation and Connotation Understand the Concept A denotation of a word is its dictionary definition. A connotation of a word is an emotional association or implication it has in addition to its literal meaning. For example, the words unique and freakish are synonyms. They both mean “different from what is typical.” However, unique connotes someone or something that is special or one-of-a-kind, while freakish connotes someone or something that is ugly, scary, or upsetting. Meanwhile, the term different is more neutral—it lacks either positive or negative connotations. When you are writing and speaking, it is important to be aware of the connotations of words so that you do not offend or confuse people. When you are reading, you can learn about the connotations of unfamiliar words by using the context as a clue, or by consulting a dictionary or another person.
Word of the Week vagabond (v6g> @ b5nd) n., wandering, idle, disreputable, or shiftless person The vagabond preferred to travel through the south because it was warmer. Although vagabond is synonymous with the word traveler, it has a more negative connotation. Would you prefer to be called a vagabond or a traveler? Other synonyms that also have negative connotations include tramp and bum, while the synonyms tourist and wanderer are more neutral.
Use Context Clues and Tone
Context clues can help you determine the emotions connected to a word. Also look at the tone of the passage for clues about a word’s meaning in that particular case. Look at the following sentences: I didn’t realize how illness had ravaged Jorge’s body until I saw his emaciated, skeletal figure. Vince was a scrawny kid, who was always getting picked on.
Emaciated and scrawny both suggest thinness. In the first sentence, you can tell that the thinness is related to illness or suffering and conveys a sense of feebleness or fragility. In the second sentence, scrawny suggests small or unnaturally thin with a related lack of strength.
A thesaurus, which lists synonyms, near synonyms, and antonyms of a word, can also give you information about the differences in connotation between words of the same meaning.
Tip
Use a Dictionary Although connotations are associations or implications, not dictionary definitions, a dictionary can still be helpful in determining the connotations of a word. Some definitions may give some insight into the connotations of a word, and the usage examples in the dictionary may help you determine connotations. Some dictionaries have short features on usage that focus on the differences in meaning or connotation of synonyms.
Ask for Help If, after using context clues and a dictionary, you are still unsure about the connotations of a word, ask somebody else who knows the word to explain the connotations to you. © EMC Publishing, LLC
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A denotation of a word is its dictionary definition.
Tip
A connotation is an emotional association or implication attached to a word or expression.
Try It Yourself Use a dictionary to check the meaning of the following synonyms. Then write a sentence for each word that uses the word correctly, taking into account its connotations as well as its denotation. 1. beguiling charming
2. mercurial fickle
Just for Fun Connotations may be very personal. For example, when you think city you may think crowded, but a friend may think exciting. Make a quick list of connotations for the following words and compare them with a classmate’s. bus cake cry yellow
3. guffaw laugh
4. supercilious arrogant
5. fault foible
Just for Fun Make a list of synonyms with different connotations. Then, put them in order to show a progression from positive to neutral to negative. For example: persevering, resolute, tenacious, persistent, obstinate, stubborn, pigheaded. You might start your list by thinking of synonyms for silly, fake, or flighty.
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 12
Literal vs. Figurative Language Understand the Concept Literal language means just what it says; it presents the actual or ordinary meaning of words. This type of language is appropriate for directions or instructions, reports, and many formal documents. Figurative language is meant to be understood imaginatively. Figurative language includes such figures of speech as metaphor, simile, and personification. These figures of speech encourage readers to see things in new ways. Figurative language is used frequently in literary works and everyday speech.
Try It Yourself
Word of the Week incessantly (in ses> @nt l7) adv., continuing for a long time without stopping Roland felt that he had been in detention incessantly for the past two years. In the above sentence, the word incessantly is used figuratively. It can be assumed that Roland did not spend two solid years in detention; he just felt like he was always there.
EXERCISE A
Identify each of the following examples as literal or figurative language. 1. The leaves fell onto the recently raked lawn. 2. The angry river seized the raft and crushed it against the rocks. 3. I barricaded myself behind the newspaper, but my neighbor continued to assault me with questions and small talk. The expression “Her eyes were diamonds” is a metaphor. The expression “Her eyes were like diamonds” is a simile.
Tip
4. After a long pause, Mr. Vincenzo asked if I wanted the job. 5. The brakes screeched like a frightened animal as the car skidded to a stop.
Metaphor A metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is spoken or written of as if it were another. This figure of speech invites the reader to make a comparison between the two “things” involved. The two things involved are the writer’s actual subject, or the tenor of the metaphor, and the thing to which the subject is likened, or the vehicle of the metaphor. To interpret a metaphor, identify the tenor and vehicle and determine what the two have in common.
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Poetic expressions such as “the trees sang in the wind” and “the sky wept” are examples of personification.
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Simile A simile is a comparison that uses like or as. A simile is a type of metaphor and can be broken into a tenor and a vehicle. Interpret a simile like you would any other metaphor.
Personification Personification is a figure of speech in which an idea, animal, or thing is described as if it were a person. Animals or objects speaking are one example of personification. Other examples of figurative language include verbal irony and understatement. Verbal irony occurs when a statement is made that implies its opposite, as in “Gee, I’m so happy there is a test today.” An understatement is an ironic expression in which something of importance is emphasized by being spoken of as though it were not important, as in the phrase, “He’s sort of dead, I think.”
Tip
Try It Yourself EXERCISE B
Identify each of the following as a metaphor, simile, or personification. 1. The snow danced on the wind. 2. Corbin’s words stung like lemon juice in a cut. 3. Shana was graceful as a gazelle as she leapt over the hurdles. 4. The sun painted the room a warm gold. 5. Martha’s story planted a seed of fear that sprouted into a monstrous plant of terror. EXERCISE C
1. Explain the following metaphor: There comes a time when we all must spread our wings and leave the nest.
Just for Fun Using your own paper, write several similes using the following items as tenors or vehicles: • • • •
a clown a pumpkin a roller coaster eating spaghetti
Make up your own metaphors using the following tenors: • • • •
What is the tenor? What is the vehicle? What does it mean to “spread [one’s] wings” and “leave the nest”?
2. Describe a good day using literal language.
3. Describe a good day using figurative language.
life taking a test bad luck summer vacation
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 13
Homophones Understand the Concept Homophones are words that sound the same but differ in spelling and/or meaning. Homophone is derived from the Greek roots homo, meaning same, and phone, meaning sound, so it literally means “same sound.” Because homophones sound the same, many people get them confused in their writing. The following are some of the most commonly confused homophones.
Commonly Confused Homophones cite/sight/site. Cite means to quote or refer to. Sight means vision. Site means place or location, as in campsite and website.
Word of the Week arrant (6r> 2nt) adj., extreme His arrant negativity has put us all in a bad mood. The word arrant might be confused with the word errant, because they share the same pronunciation. However, while arrant means “extreme,” the word errant means “given to travel” and “straying outside the proper path.” These are examples of homophones.
flair/flare. Flair means skill, ability, or style. Flare means to emit a sudden burst of flame or temper, as in the term flare-up. its/it’s. Its is a possessive pronoun meaning “belonging to it.” It’s is a contraction of it is or it has. reek/wreak. To reek means to stink or to smell. To wreak means to bring about or to inflict. reign/rein. To reign means to exercise authority. As a noun, reign means the length of time during which an individual rules. A rein is a strap used to control an animal, such as a horse. To rein in means to control as if by using reins. right/rite/write. Right is the opposite of left. It also means “something to which one is entitled,” as in human rights. As an adjective, right means “correct.” A rite is a ceremony, particularly a religious one. Write means to put words on paper or to create a literary work. their/there/they’re. Their is the possessive form of they. There is the opposite of here. They’re is a contraction of they are. who’s/whose. Who’s is a contraction of who is or who has. Whose is a possessive pronoun or possessive adjective. your/you’re. Your is the possessive of you. You’re is a contraction of you are.
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The word rein appears in the expression “to give free rein.” It refers to the fact that you give rein, or slacken up on the reins, to let a horse gallop more freely. Do not make the common mistake of writing this expression as “free reign.”
Tip
Homographs are words that share the same spelling, but have different meanings and pronunciations. One example is bow (as in “bowing before a king”) and bow (as in “tie a bow on the present”). Homonyms share the same spelling and pronunciation, but mean different things. An example of a homonym would be bow (as in “tie a bow on the present”) and bow (as in “hunt with a bow and arrow”).
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With nouns and proper nouns, an apostrophe is used to show possession, as in the doctor’s office, Kayla’s pen, the girls’ bathroom.
Tip
However, with the possessive forms of personal pronouns, an apostrophe is not used.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Circle the homophone that correctly completes each of the following sentences. 1. Tyra knows that (its / it’s) useless to talk to Carl while he’s watching TV. 2. As we rounded the corner, the city came into (cite / sight / site).
3. (Who’s / Whose) supplies are these?
he
his
4. The (cite / sight / site) of the school is on the outskirts of town.
she
her, hers
5. Do you have the (right / rite / write) stuff to succeed?
it
its (not it’s!)
6. The presentation showed a creative (flair / flare).
we
our, ours
7. Zach’s room (reeks / wreaks) of dirty socks.
you
your, yours
they
their, theirs (not they’re!)
8. The dense fog compromised our (cite / sight / site).
who
whose (not who’s!)
Remember that it’s, they’re, and who’s are contractions, not possessives. The dog chewed it’s bone. The dog chewed its bone.
9. Give me (your / you’re) keys, and I’ll get the car. 10. Rosa took the (reigns / reins) when Kwynn resigned.
Proofreading for Common Errors To avoid errors with homophones, first make sure you understand when and how to use each word. Memorizing the meanings of the homophones listed in this lesson will help. If you are unsure about which homophones to use, check a dictionary. Always proofread carefully to make sure you have used the correct word. Even if you know which word to use, it is easy to write the wrong word by mistake.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE B
Proofread the following passage for errors in homophone usage. Rewrite the passage in your notebook, correcting any errors you find.
Just for Fun Write sentences using commonly confused homophones. Here’s an example: The reigning champs floundered until the new captain took the reins and became a strong leader.
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If you have to rite a report on a famous person, you could start by consulting a reference book such as an encyclopedia or Whose Who? These resources will tell you when a person lived, usually the sight of his or her birth, and, for a ruler, the years of his or her rein. You’re report may be a compilation of facts, or it may include your opinions about the person. You can use visual aids to add flare to an oral presentation. However you present you’re report, make sure you site the resources you used.
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Time Out for Test Practice Words with Multiple Meanings Decide which meaning of the underlined word best fits the context of the sentence. Write the letter of the best answer on the line. _____ 1. These don’t have to be perfect; just haggle the wood into smaller pieces. A. bargain B. annoy or exhaust C. hack D. wrangle
_____ 7. Deirdre held fast to her beliefs, even when faced by strong opposition. A. firmly B. quickly C. deeply D. wildly
_____ 2. Can you haggle at the market or are the prices fixed? A. bargain B. annoy or exhaust C. hack D. wrangle
_____ 8. The ring was fast on Susan’s finger, and she thought she’d never get it off. A. firmly loyal B. quick to learn C. stuck D. swift
_____ 3. I love philosophy, but my mother wants me to choose a more practical major. A. major musical interval B. field of study C. rank of commissioned officer D. greater in rank or importance
_____ 9. I generally follow my impulses rather than relying on careful thought. A. waves B. incentives C. changes in momentum D. sudden inclinations
_____ 4. Love of animals was one of the major reasons Kelly chose to study biology. A. major musical interval B. field of study C. rank of commissioned officer D. greater in rank or importance _____ 5. Glen registered the cold before his feet went numb. A. indicated B. achieved C. enrolled D. perceived _____ 6. Marcus registered early for the conference. A. indicated B. achieved C. enrolled D. perceived
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_____ 10. The electrical impulses caused lights to blink on and off. A. waves B. incentives C. changes in momentum D. sudden inclinations _____ 11. We ordered a quarter of beef for the dinner. A. one of four equal parts into which something is divisible B. limb of a quadruped with the adjacent parts C. three-month division of the year D. unit of length that is one fourth of a whole
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Homophones On the line, write the letter of the word that best completes each sentence. _____ 1. Don’t worry. ____ not important. A. Its B. It’s _____ 2. When did Queen Elizabeth’s ____ begin? A. reign B. rein _____ 3. If ____ going on the field trip, you’ll need a signed permission slip. A. your B. you’re _____ 4. Rosa’s argument struck a ____ with many listeners. A. chord B. cord _____ 5. The program was informative, but it lacked ____. A. flair B. flare _____ 6. Grady can ____ numerous studies to support his thesis. A. cite B. sight C. site _____ 7. Did Mr. and Mrs. Rossi find ____ car in the garage? A. there B. their C. they’re _____ 8. Who has the ____ of way? A. right B. rite C. write
_____ 10. For many, graduation is a ____ of passage. A. right B. rite C. write _____ 11. ____ excited to get ____ licenses. A. There … their B. Their … they’re C. They’re … their D. Their … there _____ 12. Did Keith ____ down the ____ number? A. rite … right B. write … right C. right … right D. write … rite _____ 13. Can you ____ examples of ____ guaranteed by the Constitution? A. sight … rites B. site … rights C. cite … rites D. cite … rights _____ 14. ____ to the Office of Tourism to get a map of the historical ____. A. Right … site B. Write … cite C. Right … sight D. Write … site _____ 15. The ____ of ____ grandchildren always makes Myrna and Lloyd smile. A. sight … there B. sight … their C. site … their D. site … they’re
_____ 9. ____ going to change the requirements for graduation. A. Their B. There C. They’re
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 14
Context Clues Understand the Concept If you come across an unfamiliar word in your reading, you can often figure out the meaning of the word by using context clues. Context clues offer information about the unfamiliar word in the sentence or surrounding context. They often compare or contrast the word you do not know to other words you do know. Three main types of comparison context clues are restatement, apposition, and examples. Using restatement, the author may tell you the meaning of the word you do not know by using different words to express the same idea. Some words that signal restatement are that is, in other words, and or. example
The amorphous or shapeless being could take any form.
Apposition renames something in different words. Look for a word or phrase that has been placed in the sentence to clarify the word you do not know. example
Word of the Week brusqueness (brusk> nes) n., abrupt or blunt manner He ended his lecture with such brusqueness that no one had a chance to ask any questions. Though you might not initially know the definition of brusqueness, the context of the sentence above contains enough clues for you to make an educated guess. The word brusqueness comes from the French word brusque, from the Italian word brusco, and from the Medieval Latin bruscus, meaning “butcher’s broom.”
The astronomer devoted her life to studying the cosmos, the vast frontier of outer space.
Examples used in a sentence can help illustrate a term you do not know. example
Sleeping and stargazing are usually nocturnal activities. Looking at word parts can also provide clues as to the meaning of words. For example, the word amorphous contains the prefix a-, meaning “not; without” and the Greek root morph, meaning “form.” Hence the word means “without form.” Other words that contain the root morph include metamorphosis and morpheme.
Tip
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Use context clues to determine the meaning of each underlined word. Write the meaning on the line provided. 1. The nurse was worn out from dealing with the complaints of a particularly querulous patient. 2. I had to grabble and grope in my backpack to find a pencil. 3. After she fractured her fibula, Janet needed to wear a cast on her leg for two weeks. 4. The cumulus clouds were piled up high in the sky like mountains of cotton candy.
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Comparison clues sometimes use words such as like or as. Contrast clues may use words such as but, however, although, or yet.
Tip
5. They gave every visitor to their booth a lagniappe of a pen or key chain.
Contrast clues will help you find the differences between words. They may use words such as but, however, although, or yet. example Another important type of context clue is a cause-and-effect clue. A causeand-effect clue explains that something happened because of something else. The reader can then use this information to decipher the meaning of an unknown word. Look for signal words and pairs of signal words that indicate you might have a cause-and-effect clue in your sentence: because, if…then, when…then, thus, therefore, so, due to, as a result of, and consequently.
Tip
The plant perished because no one remembered to water it. Perished most likely means “died,” since that is what happens to plants when they don’t have water.
The neighborhood deteriorated for decades, but in the past few years it has undergone gentrification.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE B
Use context clues to find the meaning of each underlined word. Write the meaning on the line provided. 1. I’m loyal to my friends and expect no perfidy from them. 2. Troy asked me if I wanted to go spelunking, but I don’t like caves. 3. Tony is gregarious, while Nick is reserved. 4. Winning the lottery transformed Yvette’s life, as she had been impecunious since childhood. 5. We thought the decision would be consentaneous, but one person didn’t agree.
EXERCISE C
1. Use context clues to identify the meaning of each underlined word in the following passage. Omar’s sangfroid gets him through many difficult situations. Trevor, on the other hand, gets excitable and nervous during misadventures. Omar evaluates the situation and takes care of the most exigent problem. Trevor panics and starts running around like a chicken with its head cut off.
2. If you have trouble determining a word’s meaning from context clues, what other strategies can you use? 36
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LESSON 15
Providing Context Clues in Your Writing Understand the Concept As you know, you can use context clues to determine meaning as you read or listen. You can also provide context clues in your own writing to help your reader understand your meaning. Remember that context clues allow you to compare or contrast an unfamiliar word to words that are familiar. Comparison clues help show the meaning of the word through restatement, apposition, and examples. Contrast clues show differences between words. I scolded my brother for his quixotic behavior, but he said there was nothing he could do—being a foolish romantic was just in his nature. (restatement) Dickens’s Great Expectations can be described as a bildungsroman, a novel about growing up. (apposition) Becky tried to read the note to herself quietly, but it was so alarming that she kept accidentally blurting out interjections like “Dear me!” and “Oh, my!”(examples)
Word of the Week conjecture (k@n jek> ch@r) n., inference from defective or assumed evidence; conclusion deduced by guesswork The defense lawyer objected to the prosecutor’s argument, calling it nothing but conjecture. Conjecture comes from the Latin conjectus, meaning “throw together.”
Context clues compare or contrast the word you do not know to other words you do know.
Tip
The voters thought the politician was honest, but he was actually quite mendacious. (contrast clues) Three main types of comparison context clues are restatement, apposition (the renaming of something in different words), and examples.
Tip
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Write a sentence using each of the following words, providing comparison or contrast clues to show the meaning of the word. 1. lucidly
2. derision
3. misappropriate
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Just for Fun Make up three or four words. Then write a sentence using each made-up word, providing context clues to show the word’s meaning.
4. unvanquished
5. opulence
When you are finished, share one of your sentences with the class to see if they can guess the meaning of the made-up word. miglackish (meaning: having glowing white teeth) Maude always had dull, yellowishgray teeth—but now that she uses Toothbrite brand polish, she is positively miglackish!
Why would you use context clues in your writing? For the same reasons other writers do—so your audience will understand your meaning. If you are using a recently coined word, a piece of jargon, or another term you think may be unclear, context clues can clarify your meaning.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE B
Write a paragraph about a subject you know well, such as a favorite activity or hobby. Imagine that your audience does not know much about this topic. Use context clues in your paragraph to help your reader understand any special terms you use. If appropriate, include other clues, such as diagrams or pictures.
Just for Fun Make a crossword puzzle out of ten to fifteen words from your word study notebook. For each crossword clue, write a sentence that contains context clues, leaving a blank for the word. When you are finished, swap puzzles with a partner. example
Across
1. I tried to _______ my brother into letting me borrow his CD player, but he refused. C A
1
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J
O
L
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Time Out for Test Practice Using Context Clues Use context clues to identify the meaning of the underlined word. _____ 1. Some days Nana speaks lucidly; other days we don’t know what she is talking about. A. lightly B. coherently C. strangely D. simply
_____ 6. The animosity between the neighbors began as minor discord two years ago. A. hatred B. debate C. conflict D. agreement
_____ 2. Don’t be pusillanimous! Have the courage of your convictions. A. brave B. wishy-washy C. foolish D. cowardly
_____ 7. A pro and con chart may help you overcome incertitude. A. certainty B. problem C. indecision D. sureness
_____ 3. Ivan was never sure what to expect from Levi and his mercurial moods. A. constant B. ever-changing C. continually worsening D. dark
_____ 8. Yolanda is normally loquacious, so having laryngitis is driving her crazy. A. quiet B. talkative C. healthy D. taciturn
_____ 4. The owl is a nocturnal animal; the wolf is a diurnal one. A. furry B. travels on foot C. active at night D. active during the day
_____ 9. Stella was rich in friends but materially impecunious. A. extremely poor B. mean-spirited C. wealthy D. driven by impulse
_____ 5. After a long illness, Corinne’s once plump frame was bony and emaciated. A. gaunt B. healthy C. shriveled D. decimated
_____ 10. Ms. Mohegan refused to capitulate to the students’ demand for an extension. A. capitalize on B. give in to C. approve D. allow
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Identify the type of context clue you could use to identify the meaning of the underlined word in each of the following sentences. _____ 11. Carla used to care about her grades, but lately she has been apathetic. A. comparison B. contrast C. cause and effect D. example _____ 12. Gordon uttered a malediction upon his brother, an angry curse that worried everyone. A. apposition B. example C. comparison D. cause and effect _____ 13. Have your selections and credit card ready to expedite the ordering process. A. contrast B. restatement C. apposition D. cause and effect _____ 14. Louis has an affinity for the trumpet, while Tim loves the tuba. A. comparison B. contrast C. cause and effect D. example
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_____ 15. Kobe’s arrogance became even more insufferable after he won top honors in the exhibition. A. example B. contrast C. cause and effect D. restatement _____ 16. Raising taxes is a perennial political hot topic like gun control and national defense. A. apposition B. example C. cause and effect D. contrast _____ 17. Eliza worked hard to foment the discussion by asking a lot of meaningful open-ended questions. A. cause and effect B. restatement C. comparison D. example _____ 18. Sheer tenacity kept Lu going, although everyone thought she would quit. A. comparison B. contrast C. cause and effect D. example
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LESSON 16
Spelling Review Understand the Concept Spelling and vocabulary go hand in hand. To use new words in writing, you need to know how to spell them. Learning the following common patterns will help you improve your spelling and your ability to proofread for spelling errors.
Adding Affixes Adding prefixes and suffixes often causes spelling errors. When adding a prefix, do not change the spelling of the word itself. examples
un- + noticed = unnoticed pre- + establish = preestablish
The spelling of most words is not changed when the suffix -ment, -ness, or -ly is added. examples
enjoy + -ment = enjoyment sloppy + -ness = sloppiness
If you are adding a suffix that begins with a vowel to a word that ends with a silent e, you should usually drop the e. If you are adding a suffix that begins with a consonant to a word that ends with a silent e, you should usually leave the e in place. examples
vindicate (vin> d@ k6t) v., prove correct Ari knew that finding the missing bike would vindicate Tomas, who desperately needed the vindication. The suffix -ion means “action or process.” When adding this suffix to the word vindicate, make sure to drop the silent e since the suffix begins with a vowel. This will create the noun vindication, which means “an act of vindicating” or “the state of being vindicated.”
appease + -ment = appeasement open + -ness = openness reclusive + -ly = reclusively
If you are adding a suffix to a word that ends with y, and that y follows a vowel, you should usually leave the y in place. If the y follows a consonant, you should change the y to i. examples
Word of the Week
captive + -ity = captivity corrosive + -ly = corrosively
When adding a suffix that begins with a vowel to a word that ends in silent e, you should usually drop the e. However, there are exceptions to this pattern. The e must be kept when a word ends in ce or ge, in order to preserve the soft c and g sounds. (How would you pronounce noticable and couragous?)
Tip
notice + -able = noticeable advantage + -ous = advantageous
Try It Yourself
courage + -ous = courageous
EXERCISE A
Read the following sentences and rewrite any word with spelling errors. 1. The leader acted decisivly. 2. The nonative members of the community were unaware of the history of the square.
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The following rhyme may help you remember when to spell words ei and when to spell them ie.
Tip
“Write I before E Except after C Or when it sounds like an A As in neighbor and weigh.” There are many exceptions to this rule! A few of them are the words seize, either, neither, weird, and height. However, the rule does hold true for most words that have the long e sound, as in shriek and ceiling.
The spelling of most words is not changed when the suffix -ment, -ness, or -ly is added. If there is a silent e, it is usually not dropped before any suffix beginning with a consonant. However, there are a few exceptions, such as the following:
Tip
acknowledge + -ment = acknowledgment judge + -ment = judgment argue + -ment = argument true + -ly = truly
3. I personaly recommend the cheesecake. 4. The fancyly dressed diners were out of place in the casual restaurant. 5. We noticed some iregularities in the test results.
More Spelling Patterns When a word is spelled with the letters i and e and has the long e sound, it is most likely spelled ie, except after the letter c. examples
thief, relieve, yield ceiling, conceive, receipt
The only word in the English language that ends in -sede is supersede. Only the following three words end in -ceed: exceed, proceed, and succeed. Every other word that ends with the “seed” sound is spelled -cede.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE B
Correct any spelling errors in the sentences below. 1. All of the procedes from the dance will go to charity. 2. Did you try to decieve me? 3. Paul was forced to conceed the point. 4. The mediator interseeded when the two parties began to fight again. 5. Sheila was siezed by greif when her best freind’s campaign did not succede.
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LESSON 17
Word of the Week
Contractions
temerity (t@ m6r> @ t7) n., recklessness
Understand the Concept Contractions are commonly used in both verbal and written communication. A contraction is formed by combining a pronoun and a verb or the words in a verb phrase. One or more letters are removed and replaced with an apostrophe. Consider the following statement: We’ll try to help your new dog, but she doesn’t seem very friendly. The statement contains two contractions we’ll (“we will”) and doesn’t (does not). The most commonly used contractions are formed from the pronouns I, you, we, he, she, and they with the verbs have, will, and are. These include: I’m (I am) I’ve (I have) I’ll (I will) I’d (I would) you’re (you are)
you’ve (you have) you’ll (you will) we’re (we are) we’ve (we have) we’ll (we will)
Lisa was known for her temerity and many people didn’t trust her. The word temerity is from the Middle English word temeryte, from the Latin word termeritas, and from temere, meaning “blindly, recklessly,” which is akin to the Old High German word demar, meaning “darkness.”
he’ll (he will) she’ll (she will) they’re (they are) they’ve (they have) they’ll (they will)
Commonly used contractions that are formed from verb phrases and not include: isn’t (is not) wasn’t (was not) won’t (will not)
don’t (do not) didn’t (did not) doesn’t (does not)
can’t (can not) shouldn’t (should not)
Contractions versus Possessives Contractions are sometimes mistakenly used as possessives to show ownership. Look at the following two sentences and consider which one uses possessives correctly. example
The cat ate from it’s bowl. The cat ate from its bowl.
When in doubt, break the contraction into its separate words. If you do this for the example above, you will discover that the first line makes no sense: “The cat ate from it is bowl.” The second sentence is correct. Other commonly confused contractions and possessives include: Possessive Form its their your whose
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Contraction it’s (it is) they’re (they are) you’re (you are) who’s (who is)
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The contractions of the pronouns he, she, and it with is are:
Tip
he is (he’s) she is (she’s) it is (it’s)
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Rewrite the following sentences. Correct any misuse of contractions or possessives. 1. Do you know who’s bag is blocking the door?
The possessive forms of he, she, and it are:
2. Despite the dog’s many attempts, its not able to get its bone.
his her its
3. They’re wasting they’re time with you and you’re house. 4. Whose watching the kids after school? 5. I think you might be displeased with your results because your too picky.
Formal vs. Informal Using contractions in everyday speech and writing is common and appropriate; however, contractions are informal by nature and should not be used in most academic writing. Keep this in mind when you are writing classroom assignments, letters, and your college applications. Try to match your tone and word choices to the specific task. Knowing when to use informal and formal language is half the battle; the second half is using this language correctly.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE B
Remove all of the contractions from the following paragraph to make it more formal. Rewrite the revised paragraph on the lines given. I can’t be responsible for the decline of my grade point average. Who among you hasn’t encountered a stressful time that caused you to lose focus on your goals? It’s complicated, so I’d rather not discuss the situation further. I hope this doesn’t affect my acceptance into the university. I’ve been waiting to attend the university all my life and I hope that you’ll accept my application.
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 18
Common Spelling Errors Understand the Concept Many people sound out words to determine how to spell them. While using a word’s pronunciation can be helpful, it is an unreliable method of spelling. Many words are not spelled the way they are pronounced, and other words are commonly pronounced incorrectly, which can cause spelling errors such as using extra syllables. An example of this problem is the word foundry, which means “an establishment where founding is carried; or the act, art, or process of casting metals.” This word is often mistakenly pronounced with three syllables (foun-der-y) when it should be pronounced with only two (foun-dry). Pronouncing foundry with three syllables might lead a person spell it with an unnecessary e.
People can also misspell words because one or more letters are silent in the pronunciation of the word. Note the list below—the underlined letters are not always heard in the common pronunciations of the words. esthetic gratitude literature
mischievous candidate sophomore
Words that share the same pronunciation but are spelled differently are called homophones. Homophones are one of the main problems with using pronunciation to spell words—accidentally using the wrong word can be confusing to your readers. Try to familiarize yourself with the following list of homophones. If you realize a word is a homophone, you are less likely to spell it incorrectly. If you are unsure of the correct form to use, consult a dictionary.
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Her rapt attention could not be turned from the circus performer. The word rapt is a homophone. It shares the same pronunciation with wrapped, which means “to cover, surround, or envelope.” Knowing common homophones will help you avoid common misspellings.
Pay attention to both letters that spell sounds and letters that are silent. Doing so can improve some aspects of your spelling. Always check a dictionary for the correct pronunciations and spellings of words that are new to you.
Homographs are the opposite of homophones. A homograph is a word that has the same spelling as another word, but a different pronunciation. The words bow (b9<) and bow (ba1<) are homographs.
Tip
Homophones
examples
rapt (rapt) adj., wholly absorbed; lifted up and carried away
Tip
Omitted Sounds
examples
Word of the Week
ascent/assent bear/bare brake/break capital/capitol coarse/course night/knight pair/pear
peace/piece plain/plane site/sight/cite sole/soul some/sum wait/weight who’s/whose
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There are probably a few words that you habitually forget how to spell. Make up a rhyme or another trick to help you remember the correct spellings of these words. For example, if you get confused about the positions of the i and the e in friend, remember “A good friend is there to the end.”
Tip
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Read the following sentences. Underline the correct homophone in each pair based on the context of the sentence. You may refer to a dictionary if necessary. example
You should be (aloud/allowed) to read the answers (aloud/allowed) in class.
1. You can (hear/here) the band better from over (hear/here). 2. Prudence wanted to (compliment/complement) Hiro on his new coat because it (complimented/complemented) his eyes. 3. Niles (lead/led) the group past the marble staircase and straight to the (lead/led) door. 4. Candace (threw/through) the baseball (threw/through) the window and ran away as quickly as possible. 5. Before we say “(buy/bye/by)” for the weekend, would you go (buy/ bye/by) the store and (buy/bye/by) me some eggs?
While your word processor’s spell-check function may help you identify some misspelled words, it cannot replace a good eye and attention to detail. Consider the following sentence: “I herd that she has bin weighting for you four many daze.” Spell-check would not recognize these errors, but a person proofreading your writing would. Never rely on your computer to find every spelling error.
Tip
EXERCISE B
Choose ten words from the lists above or from your own list of troublesome spelling words. Make up a saying or image to help you remember the correct spelling of each word. Write or draw your ideas in the space below. Continue on your own paper if necessary.
Just for Fun Write a short note using phonetic spelling (spelling words the way they sound) to see how different things look when you don’t use correct spelling. For example, you might write the following to your pal Doug: Hay Dug, Thot I wud rite yu a not, becuz yu r a gud frend.
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Time Out for Test Practice Spelling Patterns Choose the word that is spelled correctly. _____ 1. The candidate refused to ____ defeat and demanded a recount. A. concede B. conceed C. consede D. conseed
_____ 7. The new regulations ____ the old rules. A. superceede B. supersede C. superceed D. superseed
_____ 2. Cut ____ words and phrases from your writing. A. unecessary B. unnecesary C. unneccessary D. unnecessary
_____ 8. Did it hurt when you had your tongue ____? A. piersed B. pearced C. pierced D. peirced
_____ 3. Cal was ____ to hear that nobody was hurt in the accident. A. relieved B. releived C. releveed D. relived
_____ 9. The article was filled with typos and ____ words. A. mispelled B. misspeled C. misspelled D. mispeled
_____ 4. Is the stain on my shirt ____? A. noticable B. noticeable C. noticible D. notiseable
_____ 10. Davis thanked us ____ for our help. A. sinserely B. sincerely C. sincerly D. sincereley
_____ 5. Gaby was ____ with the quality of the officiating. A. disatisfied B. dissatisfyed C. dissatisfied D. disatisfyed
_____ 11. Uma is determined to ____, whatever the cost. A. succeed B. suceed C. succede D. sucsede
_____ 6. Some people call baseball the national ____. A. passtime B. pasttime C. pastime D. pass time
_____ 12. The bell tinkled ____ whenever somebody opened the door. A. cheerrily B. cheeryly C. cheerilly D. cheerily
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_____ 13. In all the hubbub, Ron’s gaffe went ____. A. unoticed B. unnoticed C. unnoticeed D. unnotised _____ 14. I usually eat breakfast, but ____ I skip it. A. occaisonaly B. occasionnally C. ocasionally D. occasionally _____ 15. Tobias didn’t even notice that we had ____ the furniture. A. rearranged B. rearanged C. reearranged D. reearanged _____ 16. Winning the gold medal was the _____ of Sasha’s dreams. A. fullfillment B. fullfilment C. fufillment D. fulfillment
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_____ 17. Kirby’s points were ____. A. iluminateing B. illuminating C. iluminating D. illuminatting _____ 18. When Keshia gets ____ she turns bright red. A. embarassed B. embarrassed C. embarased D. embarrased _____ 19. It is ____ that you wouldn’t be chosen for the team. A. inconcievible B. inconcievable C. inconceiveable D. inconceivable _____ 20. The report was poorly organized and filled with _____ information. A. irrelevant B. irelevant C. irrellevant D. irrelevent
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LESSON 19
Borrowed Words Understand the Concept America has been called the great melting pot, and American English reflects the variety of backgrounds that have shaped the nation. Some words have been borrowed outright from other languages and others have been adapted for use in English. Below is a sampling of the countless words English has adopted and adapted from languages all over the world. apartheid—Afrikaans assassin—Arabic bamboo—Malay bazaar—Persian banzai—Japanese bonsai—Japanese boomerang—Dhuruk (Australian aboriginal language) bungalow—Hindi caravan—Persian chutzpah—Yiddish corgi—Welsh cruise—Dutch curry—Tamil easel—Dutch fjord—Norwegian geyser—Icelandic glasnost—Russian gnu—Khoikhoi gong—Malay and Java guru—Hindi haiku—Japanese
hula—Hawaiian intelligentsia—Russian karaoke—Japanese khaki—Hindi ketchup—Malay kiosk—Turkish kiwi—Maori koala—Dhuruk kvetch—Yiddish lei—Hawaiian mamba—Zulu perestroika—Russian saga—Old Norse sauna—Finnish sauerkraut—German shalom—Hebrew slalom—Norwegian taboo—Tongan tattoo—Tahitian tea—Chinese tycoon—Japanese yacht—Dutch
Word of the Week commissar (k5> m@ s5r<) n., a Communist party official; one that attempts to control public opinion or expression You should put away your protest posters before the commissar arrives. Commissar is a Russian word that has been used in the English language since as early as 1918. It was adapted from the Russian word komissar, which comes from the German word Kommissar and the Medieval Latin word commissarius.
Words taken from other languages into English are known as borrowed words. A more accurate term might be “stolen words,” because there’s no chance that English speakers will ever return them to their rightful owners!
Tip
An etymology is the origin and history of a word. A good dictionary will provide the etymology of most words.
Tip
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Use context clues or a dictionary to find the meaning of words borrowed from other languages.
Tip
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Choose five words from the list on the previous page. Use a dictionary to be sure you understand the meaning of each. Then write a sentence using each word. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Just for Fun Make a “world of words” map showing the countries or regions where various words originated.
EXERCISE B
Use a dictionary to look up any words you do not know from the list on the previous page. Then classify as many of them as possible into the five categories given in the chart below. Plants, Animals, and People
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Food and Drink
Places and Buildings
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LESSON 20
Greek and Latin Words Understand the Concept The English language is comprised of many Greek and Latin word roots. In fact, it would be difficult to write a sentence without using words that contain Greek or Latin origins. Below are some Greek and Latin word roots that appear often in the English language, along with their meanings and examples of how they are used. Language Latin
Greek
Word Root dom/domin cept scrib/script val archa/archae bi cardi dyn tele
Meaning house, master to take, seize to write worthy ancient, beginning life heart force, power from afar
Examples domesticated, dominate intercept, receptive description, prescribe valuable, valiant archetype, archaic biology cardiologist dynamic television, telescope
Word of the Week ascetic (@ set> ik) adj., selfdenying, severe The headmistress wore only the most ascetic clothing. The English word ascetic has Greek origins. It is derived from the word aske–tikos, literally meaning “laborious,” from aske–te–s meaning “one that exercises, hermit,” and from askein, meaning “to work, exercise.”
The practice of borrowing words from other languages is common in the English language. To discover the origins of a word, you should research its etymology. Etymology is the study of word origins. Etymologies can be found in most regular dictionaries as well as in specific etymological dictionaries. In a regular dictionary, this information is often enclosed in brackets near the start of the dictionary entry, following the pronunciation guide. While many English words are derived from Greek and Latin, some Greek and Latin words are also commonly used within the English language. Greek Words acropolis agora anathema anemia ethos eureka genesis kudos phobia plethora © EMC Publishing, LLC
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Latin Words actor agenda census diploma interim minimum sponsor stadium tutor veto Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Many scientific words have Greek roots. The word part -logy means “theory” or “science.” Examples of its use include the words biology, archaeology, and cardiology.
Tip
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Select five words from the two lists above and write a sentence using each of them. Consult a dictionary if you do not know the definition of a word. Write your sentences on the lines below, or use your notebook if you need more space.
EXERCISE B
Look up the etymology of each of the words listed below using a dictionary, etymology dictionary, or by researching the word on the Internet. An abbreviation guide found at the beginning of most dictionaries will help you translate the entries. Briefly describe each word’s etymology on the lines given. Note the words that have Greek or Latin origins. 1. apathy
2. circumvent
3. dwindle
4. effigy
5. ravine
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LESSON 21
French and Spanish Words Understand the Concept As you know, English has borrowed and incorporated words from other languages. Numerous words and phrases from French and Spanish have been incorporated into English. Listed below are some words that have been borrowed from French. avant-garde besiege bizarre bourgeois café chef
cuisine debacle debut etiquette gourmet grotesque
liberty marauder mirage passport revenue vignette
Word of the Week menagerie (m@ na> j@ r7) n., collection of wild or exotic animals We hurried to the animal exhibit, not wanting to miss the new menagerie. The English word menagerie is borrowed from the French word ménagerie, which comes from the Middle French meaning “management of a household or farm.” What other English words can you think of that are borrowed from French words?
Listed below are some words that have been borrowed from Spanish. aficionado alligator arsenal bravado cafeteria cargo
cocoa guacamole hurricane launch llama mosquito
patio renegade stampede tornado vanilla vigilante
Words taken from other languages into English are known as borrowed words, although it might be more accurate to call them “adopted” or even “stolen!”
Tip
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Choose five words that you know from the lists above. Write a sentence using each word. 1.
Use context clues and a dictionary to find the meanings of words borrowed from other languages. Use a dictionary to check the pronunciation.
Tip
2. 3. 4. 5.
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The initials RSVP on an invitation stand for répondez s’il vous plaît, or “please reply.” It means you should let the host know if you can attend.
Tip
Choose five words you do not know from the lists above. Use a dictionary to find the meaning of the word. Write each word and its definition on the lines below. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Just for Fun On your own paper, write a scene for a play or a descriptive paragraph. Use as many words borrowed from French as you can. Underline each borrowed word or phrase.
10.
EXERCISE B
Use context clues to determine the meaning of each underlined Spanish word. Write a definition for each word in your notebook. 1. The vigilante was a popular hero, but his lawless actions landed him in jail. 2. I haven’t heard from Chantal in ages. She’s been incommunicado. 3. Coatsworth is a renegade with no regard for the law. 4. There’s no time to waste. Let’s get going pronto! 5. Ben is a racing aficionado—he watches racing, reads about racers, and even races himself. EXERCISE C
Some French terms used in English are not translated, nor is a wordfor-word translation necessary. Use context clues to determine the meaning of each of the underlined French phrases. Write a definition for each phrase in your notebook. 1. Priya was embarrassed by her faux pas. 2. Drake has given us carte blanche to do whatever it takes to get the project done. 3. Clarice waved bon voyage from the platform as the plane took off. 4. The writer’s first novel was hailed as a tour de force, but his second was considered shallow and derivative. 5. Renée is filled with a joie de vivre that infects others around her with happiness and optimism.
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LESSON 22
Native American Words Understand the Concept As you know, English has borrowed and incorporated words from other languages. English borrows words from numerous Native American languages. Because the Spanish and French had contact with many Native American peoples, some Native American words entered English through Spanish or French. Many of the words borrowed from Native American languages refer to plants, animals, or the foods taken from these plants and animals that were native to the New World, and therefore unfamiliar to and unnamed by Europeans. Below are listed some animal names from Native American languages. chipmunk condor cougar coyote
moose muskrat opossum raccoon
skunk sockeye toucan woodchuck
These are some plant and food names from Native American languages. avocado cashew cayenne papaya pecan
pemmican persimmon petunia potato squash
succotash tapioca tomato
Word of the Week bayou (b8> 2) n., a creek, secondary watercourse, or minor river that is tributary to another body of water; any of various usually marshy or sluggish bodies of water The tourists took a boat tour through a Louisiana bayou. Bayou comes from the Choctaw word bayuk, meaning “river forming part of a delta.” It came into English during the 18th century.
Just for Fun Use the Internet to find other words borrowed from Native American languages.
Use context clues or a dictionary to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words borrowed from Native American languages.
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Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Choose five of the animals or plants listed above. Look up each word in a dictionary to learn more about its etymology, or origins. Write which Native American language the word comes from and whether the word entered English through another language, such as Spanish. 1. 2. 3. 4.
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Some Native American words entered English through Spanish or French. For example, the word cannibal came through Spanish.
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5.
In addition to plant and animal terms, other words have been borrowed. Here are some examples. Aleut/Inuit anorak igloo kayak parka
Just for Fun Make an illustrated glossary of words borrowed from Native American languages. Use clippings from magazines or draw or paint illustrations for several of the plant and animal words listed in this lesson.
Algonquian caucus hickory moccasin powwow toboggan tomahawk wampum wigwam
Arawak barbecue mangrove savannah
Carib cannibal canoe Ojibwe totem
Try It Yourself EXERCISE B
You are probably familiar with many of the words listed above. Write a definition for five of them. Use a dictionary to find the meaning of any words you do not know. 1. Word Definition 2. Word Definition
Just for Fun From which Native American languages did the following place names originate? What does each name mean? Chicago
Definition 4. Word Definition
Kinnikinnik Manhattan
5. Word
Minnesota
Definition
Mississippi
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LESSON 23
Eponyms and Toponyms Understand the Concept While many words in the English language are derived or borrowed from other languages, many also come from the names of people or places. An eponym is a word derived from the name of a real or fictitious person or place. The meaning of the word is usually related to the person or place in some way. One type of eponym occurs when a brand name becomes the generic term for a product. This is called a proprietary eponym; the word proprietary means “belonging exclusively to one person or organization.” A common proprietary eponym is the word Kleenex. You might ask for a Kleenex when you are really referring to facial tissue in general.
Word of the Week Hoosier (h2> zh@r) n., a nickname for a native or resident of Indiana Poet James Whitcomb Riley became popular in large part due to his quaint use of the Hoosier dialect. Although the origin of Hoosier is uncertain, it may have derived from “hoozer,” a slang term meaning “anything large of its kind.”
examples Heimlich maneuver—named for Henry Heimlich, a physician and the possible inventor of the abdominal thrusts now known as the Heimlich maneuver. Frisbee—the most well-known brand name of a flying disc that has become a proprietary eponym for the activity as well as the disc itself.
Try It Yourself
A fancy word for place names is toponyms (from the Greek topos, meaning “place,” and -onym, meaning “name”).
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EXERCISE A
Research each of the following eponyms to determine what they mean and on whose name they are based. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Asperger syndrome Marxism Salisbury steak Ferris wheel Parkinson’s disease
Toponyms Another way of saying “place names” is the word toponyms, from the Greek topos, meaning “place,” and -onym, meaning “name.” Toponyms are often derived from other words, places, or ideas. They can even be eponyms. For example, the city of Lincoln, Nebraska, is named after President Abraham Lincoln. Place names in the United States reflect Native American heritage and the history of European settlement. For example, the names of the states come from Native American words; English, Spanish, French, and Dutch words; and from the names of important figures in American history.
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Just for Fun Think about people you know or famous people you know about. Consider the qualities you associate with them and come up with an eponym based on their name. For each word you create, explain its definition. Katy Fress: fressor, noun, meaning “someone who works well with others”
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Just for Fun If you were asked to rename your town or city, what would you name it? Why?
Try It Yourself EXERCISE B
Can you guess where each state name came from? Use a dictionary to check your responses. Write the source and what the name means on the line provided. 1. Louisiana 2. Washington 3. Pennsylvania
Many common elements in place names can be traced back to Anglo-Saxon and Viking origins. For example, town names that end in boro, borough, or burgh come from Anglo-Saxon words meaning “an old fortified site.” The suffix -ton, also found in many town names, means “farm” or “settlement.” Below are some more suffixes commonly used in place names.
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-ville -dale -field -ham (from an Anglo-Saxon word meaning “homestead”)
4. Vermont 5. Montana 6. Idaho 7. Minnesota 8. Rhode Island 9. Massachusetts 10. Hawaii The names of cities, as well as the names of natural landmarks, also came from a variety of sources. Many rivers, lakes, and mountains, as well as some of our biggest cities, took Native American names. Other cities, such as East Berlin, Pennsylvania, and Memphis, Tennessee, were named after the great cities of the Old World. When naming the infant cities and colonies after familiar places back home, settlers often added the qualifier “New,” as in New York, New Jersey, and New England.
-by (from the Viking word for “farm” or “village”) -worth (from the Anglo-Saxon word for “farm”)
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Time Out for Test Practice Borrowed Words Choose the word pair that best completes each sentence. _____ 1. When somebody is leaving on a trip you might say _____ or _____. A. adios … bon vivant B. banzai … bon voyage C. shalom … tour de force D. adios … bon voyage _____ 2. The woman in the teal ski _____ racing through the _____ is my aunt. A. poncho … bazaar B. parka … slalom C. sombrero … karaoke D. anorak … hula _____ 3. We rest during our midday _____ and meet our neighbors in the _____ in the evening. A. fiesta … patio B. siesta … plaza C. piñata … ranch D. powwow … yacht
_____ 6. Ryan’s _____ are especially noticeable when compared to Gretchen’s _____. A. faux pas … coup de grace B. causes célèbres … faux pas C. savoir faire … carte blanche D. faux pas … savoir faire _____ 7. Yorick is a(n) _____ of _____; he loves the simple, three-line poems. A. bon vivant … tango B. de rigueur … bourgeois C. aficionado … haiku D. guru … carte blanche _____ 8. Have you and Lorne had a(n) _____ or is he still _____? A. intelligentsia … nada B. glasnost … apartheid C. tête-à-tête … incommunicado D. powwow … laissez-faire
_____ 4. The _____ and the _____ are both kinds of dances. A. tango … hula B. mamba … vogue C. tango … mamba D. hula … chutzpah
_____ 9. The _____ staged a _____ to overthrow the old regime. A. guerillas … coup de grâce B. renegades … perestroika C. machos … caravan D. guerillas … coup d’état
_____ 5. The new _____ policy removed the old _____ on trade with China. A. glasnost … embargo B. coup d’état … intelligentsia C. apartheid … bonanza D. laissez-faire … embargo
_____ 10. The newly rich _____ bought a _____ to sail around the world. A. guru … canoe B. tycoon … yacht C. aficionado … caravan D. vigilante … cul-de-sac
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LESSON 24
Word of the Week enmity (en> mi t7) n., active (usually mutual) hatred or ill will Their relationship contained a sort of enmity that no one else could resolve. The word enmity comes from the Middle English word enmite, from the Anglo-French words enemité and enemisté, which come from enemi, meaning “enemy.” Synonyms include the words hostility, hate, and antagonism. Which of these synonyms seems the most informal?
Keep your audience in mind when choosing the kind of language you use in speech or writing.
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Informal language includes colloquialisms, slang, and nonstandard grammar. Colloquialisms are informal expressions used in everyday speech, such as hit the hay or get off my back. Slang is colorful, extremely informal speech made up of invented words (such as bling bling) or old words that are given new meaning (such as tight for “great” or “stylish”). Slang is often associated with a particular group of people and is not understood by everyone.
Register Understand the Concept A register is a subset of a language usage specific to a particular relationship between people. You would use different registers to talk to a grandparent, a judge, a child under your care, and a friend. The words you use, the grammar you employ, and your tone of voice will change depending on the register you use. Careful speakers and writers use a register appropriate for their audience. Register includes both formal and informal language.
Formal and Informal Language Most speeches, papers for school, and business communication use formal English. Formal language avoids colloquialisms and slang and uses standard grammar. Most communication with friends and acquaintances and some creative writing uses informal English. Informal language may use colloquialisms, slang, and nonstandard grammatical constructions. Conversational language tends to be informal. Sometimes errors in formal writing occur because people write things as they would speak them. formal language
Jed does not appear to be competent in his current position.
informal language
It looks like Jed is in way over his head. (uses a colloquialism) Jed is screwing up big time because he is totally clueless. (uses slang)
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Jed don’t know what he be doing in that job. (uses nonstandard grammar)
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
In your notebook, write two short descriptions of a book you have recently read or a movie you have seen. Write the first description to be evaluated by your teacher, using formal English. Write the second description using informal English to be read by a friend.
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Jargon and Gobbledygook Jargon is the specialized vocabulary used by members of a profession or field. It tends to be difficult for people outside the profession to understand. A plumber may speak of a “hubless fitting” or a “street elbow” (kinds of pipe). A computer programmer may talk of “RAM cache” (part of a computer’s memory) or a “shell” (a type of operating software for computers). Avoid using jargon with a general audience. If you must use it, define terms that may be unfamiliar to your audience. Gobbledygook is unclear, wordy jargon sometimes used by bureaucrats, government officials, and others to mask the truth. For example, instead of admitting that her administration intends to raise taxes, a bureaucrat might say, “we intend to proactively maximize voluntary revenue income.” Gobbledygook may also simply be the unintentional result of overblown, verbose writing. Effective communication involves using precise language instead of muddy, vague jargon.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE B
With the help of a partner, translate each of the following examples of jargon or gobbledygook into ordinary language. You may need to consult a dictionary.
Jargon is a set of technical or specialized language related to a particular field. Like slang, it should be avoided in certain situations because it cannot be understood by everyone.
Tip
Just for Fun Write a dialogue between you and a friend that uses an inappropriate or unusual register.
1. We propose a multi-agency project catering for holistic diversionary provision to preadolescents and adolescents for positive action linked to the community safety strategy and the pupil referral unit.
2. Your perusal of the aforementioned contract is cordially requested (a copy whereof together with the map included therein is enclosed herewith).
3. It has come to our attention that our manufacturing processes have produced a byproduct which has not been disposed of in the most environmentally friendly way.
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LESSON 25
Word of the Week kibosh (k-> b5sh, ki b5sh>) n., something that puts a stop or check on We were going to have a picnic, but the sudden hailstorm put the kibosh on that. The origin of the word kibosh is unknown, but it has been in the language since at least 1836. The phrase “put the kibosh on [something]” is a colloquial expression. That is, it is an informal expression used in everyday speech, and is not appropriate for formal occasions.
Colloquialisms are informal expressions used in everyday speech.
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Colloquial Language Understand the Concept Colloquialisms are informal expressions used in everyday speech. These expressions are appropriate for day-to-day situations when communicating with people we know well. Colloquial, or conversational, style is not appropriate for all situations, however. Avoid using colloquialisms in situations where formal English is required. Look at the following chart for some examples of colloquial expressions and their formal counterparts. Colloquialisms How’s it going? nuts stuffed beat in the dumps bellyaching
Formal Language How are you? insane full tired depressed complaining
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Rewrite each sentence, replacing each colloquialism with a more formal phrase. 1. Rima was fed up with Priti’s constant tardiness.
Slang is informal language characterized by coined words, words with changed meanings, and irregular grammar.
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2. What’s eating you?
3. Martine was floored by Dillon’s demands.
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Rewrite each formal sentence to include a colloquialism. 4. The pecan pie is excellent.
5. What you propose is absolutely impossible!
6. Louis got angry when Laurel criticized him.
Slang Slang is very informal language characterized by coined words, words with changed meanings, and irregular spellings and grammar. Slang is often associated with a particular group of people and is not understood by everyone. It changes frequently as new words are coined and old words are put to new use. Slang is not appropriate in formal writing or speech. Careful use of slang in creative works can provide a contemporary flair, but it can also date a work or be offputting to readers who are not familiar with the slang. Slang go ape out to lunch chill out
Formal Language become frenzied or uncontrolled out of touch with reality calm down; relax
Just for Fun Talk to people who are older than you. Find out what slang words were popular when they were your age. Make a slang dictionary, including the words you learned from people of other ages and words you use. You may find dictionaries of slang terms on the Internet or at your library. One book that contains slang popular in different eras is the following: Flappers 2 Rappers: American Youth Slang by Tom Dalzell. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1996.
Many slang words or expressions start as slang and then become colloquialisms. Some finally do become part of standard English. In other words, terms that were once considered “radical” can be accepted into “normal” language over time.
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Try It Yourself EXERCISE B
Write a brief dialogue between you and a friend including colloquialisms and slang. Then rewrite the dialogue using standard English.
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LESSON 26
Word of the Week
Academic Language
synthesize (sin[t]> th@ s8z) v., to combine or bring together into a whole
Understand the Concept
We have synthesized the data from the surveys and concluded that the majority of people in St. Paul, Minnesota prefer vanilla ice cream over chocolate mint.
Evaluate
To synthesize means to sift through a quantity of information and make a conclusion, or general statement, based on that information. You may be asked to synthesize information in any one of your academic classes. Do not confuse synthesize with summarize, which means to retell very briefly, stating only the main points.
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A fact is something that can be proven.
An opinion is a statement that can be supported but not proven.
In an essay, you will present a thesis, or the main idea or position you will take. You will then prove or support your thesis throughout the essay.
Tip
Understanding certain terms will help you in your schoolwork and when taking standardized tests. Many of these words are related to skills that have applications outside of schoolwork, too.
Evaluating is the process of judging something. Evaluate sources that you use in research to make sure they are unbiased, reliable, and timely. Evaluate news and commentary that you read or hear. Determine whether statements are fact or opinion. A fact is something that can be proven. An opinion is a statement that can be supported but not proven. A bias is a prejudice or unreasoned judgment.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Identify each of the following as fact or opinion. _____ 1. Toni Morrison received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1993. _____ 2. Toni Morrison is the greatest American writer of this century. _____ 3. Toni Morrison’s work accurately portrays the hopes and dreams of modern Americans.
Organize You will often be asked to organize information. There are a number of ways to organize information. These are just a few terms you may see that ask you to organize: Classify
Put into classes, or categories, based on similar characteristics
Outline
Identify the main points in a logical order
Order/sequence Put events or steps in the order in which they happen
Try It Yourself EXERCISE B
Choose a unit from a literature textbook or anthology. Classify the literary selections by criteria of your choice, for example by genre or by theme. Write your response in your notebook. 64
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Critical Thinking Skills The following are some types of critical thinking skills you may be asked to employ while reading, writing, or reasoning. Generalize
Make a broad statement based on one or more particular observations
Infer
Come to a conclusion based on evidence
Hypothesize
Make an educated guess about a cause or effect
Predict
Make a reasonable guess about what will happen
Analyze
Break something down into parts and think about how the parts are related to each other and to the whole
Synthesize
Bring everything you have considered together into a whole
Read an essay question carefully to make sure you know what you are being asked to do.
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When facing an essay question, take some time to organize your ideas before you begin writing.
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Plagiarism is the serious offense of taking someone else’s words or thoughts and presenting them as your own. To avoid plagiarism, put ideas into your own words or use quotation marks.
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Essay Words
A thesis statement is a sentence that presents the main idea or position you will take in an essay. You will then prove or support your thesis throughout the essay. Following are some key words you may find in an essay question and an explanation of each key word. Compare/Contrast
Identify and describe similarities and differences
Describe/Explain
Tell the steps in a process; identify causes and effects
Define/Describe/Identify Classify and tell the features of Interpret
Tell the meaning and significance of
Summarize
Retell very briefly, stating only the main points
Argue/Prove/Show
Tell and evaluate reasons for believing in a statement
In either case, you must document your sources, or give credit to the person whose ideas you are using. You do this by placing a note in the text to cite your source.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE C
For each of the following essay questions, write a thesis statement and outline the points you would use to support it. Use your own paper. 1. Compare and contrast e-mail to another form of communication. Name the benefits and drawbacks of each form. 2. Analyze Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address. Identify the rhetorical devices he uses and discuss the overall effect of the speech.
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Time Out for Test Practice Register, Colloquialisms, and Academic Language Read the following sentences and identify whether they are informal or formal. Place the corresponding letter on the blank provided. _____ 1. Would you like to join me for dinner? A. formal B. informal _____ 2. It is not important to me. A. formal B. informal _____ 3. Stefan can’t see the other side of the issue. A. formal B. informal
_____ 4. William does not appear to be welcome at the party. A. formal B. informal _____ 5. I hope he does not jump the gun. A. formal B. informal _____ 6. I don’t know whose house this is, but someone should call the cops. A. formal B. informal
Identify the best non-colloquial replacement for the underlined colloquialism. Place the corresponding letter on the blank provided. _____ 7. Hang in there! A. Hold on tight! B. Watch out! C. Don’t lose heart! D. Continue working hard! _____ 8. I was hoping to do better, but I’m in way over my head. A. I’m doing better than I thought. B. I’m afraid to try something new. C. I’m not equipped to succeed. D. I’m way out of my league. _____ 9. Elisha is not coming today because she doesn’t want to get into it with you. A. argue B. join C. meet D. eat
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_____ 10. The car that Jeremy has been driving is sick! A. overrated B. stylish C. broken D. lost _____ 11. You guys are acting ridiculous! A. All males B. All of you C. People D. None of you _____ 12. I raced home as soon as I heard. A. competed B. journeyed C. returned D. rushed
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Select the best answer and place the corresponding letter on the blank provided. _____ 13. If you are asked to classify something, you would most likely A. consider its characteristics and organize the information into categories. B. make a broad statement based on one or more particular observations. C. bring everything you have considered together into a whole. D. identify the main points in a logical order. _____ 14. Which of the following is an example of an opinion? A. My curfew is ten o’clock on weeknights and midnight on weekends. B. My sister is allowed to stay out later than I am. C. My sister is older than I am. D. None of the above
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_____ 15. Which of the following is an example of a fact? A. The newspaper was the worst of the local papers. B. Eighty-two percent of local households cancelled their subscriptions. C. The remaining households must be unaware of the recent downturn. D. None of the above _____ 16. Which of the following is an example of an opinion? A. The class trip was planned to teach us about the judicial system. B. Few of my classmates remembered to bring a lunch. C. The teacher took us to fancy restaurant. D. None of the above
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LESSON 27
Word of the Week unwieldy (un w7ld> 7) adj., hard to move or carry due to bulk or heaviness The box proved to be too unwieldy and they were not able to move it. Synonyms of the word unwieldy include cumbersome, ponderous, and unhandy. Antonyms include wieldy and handy.
The following are suffixes that mean “not.” Adding one of these to a word creates a word with the opposite meaning.
Tip
a-, an-
atypical
dis-
disinterested
il-
illogical
im-
impervious
in-
insecure
ir-
irrational
un-
unreal
The Greek root -onym means “name.” If we add the prefix syn-, meaning “together” or “at the same time,” we have “name together.” Synonyms are words that are can be grouped together because they name the same thing. If we add the prefix anti-, meaning against, we have “opposite name.” Antonyms are words that name opposite things. What other words contain the root -onym?
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Synonyms and Antonyms Understand the Concept Synonyms are words that have the same or nearly the same meaning. Although synonyms mean nearly the same thing, two words may have some differences in meaning or connotation. A thesaurus is a good tool for finding synonyms.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Use your knowledge of synonyms, and a thesaurus when needed, to identify three synonyms for each word below. Write your synonyms in your notebook. EXERCISE A
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
altruistic amicable musing nomadic solace
Antonyms Antonyms are opposite words. A word’s antonym may be formed by adding a negating prefix or suffix, such as un- or a-. For example, an antonym for happy is unhappy. An antonym for typical is atypical. Other antonyms are completely distinct words, such as hot and cold or ecstatic and despondent. A thesaurus can help you find antonyms as well as synonyms.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE B
Use an appropriate prefix or suffix to create an antonym for each word. Then use your knowledge of antonyms and a thesaurus, if needed, to identify an additional antonym for each. Write your answers in your notebook. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
careful healthy broken relevant respectful
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Using Synonyms and Antonyms You already know you can use synonyms to add variety to your writing or to be more precise. For example, you might replace a word you have used repeatedly with a fresher synonym, or you might replace a word with a synonym that more accurately reflects your meaning. Synonyms and antonyms can also serve as context clues in a piece of writing. For example, the first sentence below uses a synonym as a clue to what the underlined vocabulary word means. The second sentence uses antonyms. Doug’s obstinacy, or stubbornness, annoyed his friends. The dulcet tones of Melody’s voice were a welcome relief from the shrill, piercing screeches of the other choir members.
If you find you have used the same word repeatedly in your writing, try replacing the word with a synonym in some of those instances.
Tip
You may need to consult a dictionary and/or a thesaurus to find a synonym and antonym for each word.
Tip
When you come across an unfamiliar word, look for a synonym or antonym in the text around it that might serve as a clue to the word’s meaning. In your own writing, you may also clarify difficult words by using synonyms and antonyms as comparison and contrast clues.
Just for Fun
Try It Yourself EXERCISE C
Look for synonyms or antonyms to help you figure out the meaning of each underlined word. Write the meaning in your notebook. 1. Little was accomplished because of the acrimony and constant bickering between the parties. 2. Milo is cowardly, while Felipe is intrepid. 3. Jack accused the newspaper of slander after the scurrilous remarks of a columnist caused his campaign to falter. 4. The usually vigilant guard was oblivious as the jewel thief entered. 5. Rahima, always laconic, had a typically terse response. For each of the following words, write one sentence using a synonym as a comparison context clue and one using an antonym as a contrast context clue. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
obloquy berate dynamic invincible diffident
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Play a quick-think opposites game with a partner. Say a word. Your partner should reply with an antonym or opposite word. Keep going back and forth, naming antonyms as quickly as possible.
Just for Fun Search the thesaurus for a pair of antonyms that you would like to incorporate into your vocabulary. Then, make an illustration using these words and showing their relationship to one another. gaudy/subtle
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LESSON 28
Word of the Week plagiarist (pl6>j@ rist) n., someone who takes credit for the ideas or work of another person I was disappointed when I discovered that my star pupil was merely a plagiarist. The word plagiarist might appear in a list of different types of thieves. While plagiarists are not viewed as negatively as armed bank robbers, for example, the word plagiarist still belongs in the same semantic family.
Semantic families include everyday words, more complex words, and even slang and personal terms.
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Semantic Families Understand the Concept The word semantics refers to the study of the meanings of words. Semantic families are groups of words that have related meanings because they name or describe related ideas or items. There are semantic families of words for school, families, sports, medicine, and just about any other topic you can name. Semantic feature analysis can help you explore how related words differ from one another. To use semantic feature analysis, begin by identifying a topic category to be analyzed. Identify some words related to that category and list them in a column along the left side of the chart. Identify features shared by some of the words and list them in rows across the top of the chart. The example below shows how to set up a chart for semantic feature analysis. The topic is the oral tradition. The words related to that category are myth, tall tale, legend, spiritual, parable, fable, and folk song. The features are prose, verse, teaches a moral lesson, and based on history or historical figures. Note that a plus sign (+) is used for “yes” and a minus sign (-) is used for “no” when filling out the chart. Semantic Feature Analysis of Oral Tradition Genres of the Teaches a Based on History or Oral Tradition Prose Verse Moral Lesson Historical Figure myth + + – – tall tale + +/– – + legend + +/– – + spiritual – + – – parable + – + – fable + – + – folk song + – –
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Try It Yourself Use the chart below to create your own semantic feature analysis. Semantic Feature Analysis of ________________________________
After you have completed the chart, write a brief analysis of the similarities and differences among the words, using the lines below.
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 29
Word of the Week itinerant (8 ti> n@ r@nt<) adj., traveling from place to place It was difficult for the astronauts to track the itinerant vessel. Synonyms for the word itinerant include the words ambulant, nomadic, roving, vagabond, wandering, and wayfaring. The word itinerant comes from the Late Latin word itinerant-, itinerans; from the Latin itiner- and iter, meaning “journey, way.” It is akin to the Latin word ire, meaning “to go.”
Celestial Words Understand the Concept Stellar is a synonym of starry. The word stellar means “of or relating to the stars.” It comes from the Latin stella, meaning “star.” When referring to stars, we also use words beginning with astr- or astro-, a prefix that means “star” or “outer space.” We find astr- in words such as astronomy and astral. As stellar is to star, solar is to sun. When referring the sun, we also use words beginning with heli- or helio-, a prefix that means “sun.” We find heli- in words such as heliocentric and heliotropism. As stellar is to star, lunar is to moon. Lunar can mean both “of the moon” and “in the shape of a crescent moon.” A lunette is something moon shaped. The word lunatic comes from the same stem and was based on the belief that lunacy varied with the phases of the moon.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Fill in the charts below to help you remember star, sun, and moon words. In the top left corner, write the word stem related to each celestial body. In the top right corner, create a visual clue. In the bottom right corner, write a verbal clue to help you remember.
star
sun
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moon
EXERCISE B
Try using each of the following star, sun, and moon words in sentences. Use a dictionary, if necessary, to verify the meaning. 1. heliotrope 2. astronaut 3. solarium 4. lunar 5. astrology
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LESSON 30
Word of the Week cursory (k@r> s@ r7) adj., rapidly and often inadequately performed or done She gave the article a cursory review and sent it to the rejection pile. Synonyms for the word cursory include superficial, shallow, sketchy, and uncritical. Of these synonyms, the word uncritical has the most positive connotation, and the words shallow and sketchy have the most negative connotations.
Varying Word Choice Understand the Concept Synonyms are words that have the same or nearly the same meaning. A thesaurus is a good tool for finding synonyms. When choosing synonyms, make sure you understand the meaning of each word.
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Use a thesaurus to find three synonyms for each of the following words. 1. bold 2. rude 3. unique 4. small 5. hungry
Synonyms are words that have the same or nearly the same meaning.
Tip
EXERCISE B
Identify the differences in meaning among the words you found in the exercise above. 1. bold
2. rude
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3. unique
Tip
A denotation of a word is its dictionary definition.
A connotation is an emotional association or implication attached to a word or expression.
4. small
5. hungry
When you use a thesaurus to find synonyms, take care to choose the word that has both the correct denotation and the appropriate connotation for your meaning. If you are unsure of the meaning of a synonym you find, try using a dictionary. The dictionary may give you some clues about the exact meaning or connotations of the word and may even identify differences in connotation between similar words.
Tip
EXERCISE C
In order to avoid repetition, choose an appropriate synonym to replace each underlined word. 1. The bold new chef was known for pairing bold flavors with more mild-tasting comfort foods. 2. Blushing deeply, Claudine apologized for her rude comment, saying that she had never intended to sound rude. 3. Few people understood the unique painting style of that unique artist. 4. The small child’s room was outfitted with small furniture. 5. If I was hungry after skipping lunch, Jean-Claude must have been hungry after a week of fasting.
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Just for Fun Choose a paragraph from a book or magazine. Replace five to ten words with synonyms that have inappropriate connotations for the context. Switch paragraphs with a partner. See if you can fix your partner’s paragraph using appropriate synonyms.
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
LESSON 31
Word of the Week downsize (da1n> s8z) v., to reduce the size of a business or organization, especially by cutting the workforce The dot-com company downsized by sixty percent. Downsize, a compound word, is a euphemism for the firing or laying off of employees.
Euphemisms, Doublespeak, and Clichés Understand the Concept Euphemisms are inoffensive words or phrases that are substituted for words or phrases that may be considered offensive. Many euphemisms exist for death, body parts and functions, and abnormalities. The phrase passed away is a euphemism for died. Consider carefully the use of euphemisms, as they are less precise and direct than the words they are intended to replace. In some cases, however, you may want to use euphemisms to avoid upsetting your audience. examples
misspeak; tell an untruth (euphemisms for lie) incident; unfortunate situation (euphemisms for accident or tragedy)
The word euphemism literally means “to speak with good words.” It comes from the Greek roots eu-, meaning “pleasant, well, or good” and pheme, meaning “word.”
Tip
perspiration; glow (euphemisms for sweat)
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
1. In you notebook, make a list of euphemisms related to death. 2. In you notebook, make a list of euphemisms for job titles. For example, the word custodian is a euphemism for janitor.
Doublespeak Just for Fun Classified advertisements often contain euphemisms or doublespeak designed to downplay flaws or unattractive aspects of an item for sale. Look through some classified ads for examples. Write your own ad for an old, beat-up car or a cramped, dingy apartment, or another questionably desirable object. Use euphemisms or doublespeak to make the item sound desirable.
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Doublespeak is the use of euphemisms to obscure meaning and mislead people. Doublespeak is language that does not really communicate, makes negative seem positive, and avoids responsibility. Replacing the word killing with the euphemism unlawful or arbitrary deprivation of life is an example of doublespeak. Using the phrase regime change to mean “overthrow of a government” is an example of doublespeak, as is the the use of the term conflict or operation to mean war. Governments and corporations are often guilty of doublespeak. Government uses of doublespeak are generally designed to avoid reference to actions or issues that may be unpopular, such as war or taxes. Companies may use doublespeak to downplay their responsibility in an accident, to make a negative financial situation sound like less of a problem, or to put a more positive spin on firing employees. Advertisements often contain euphemistic doublespeak as well. Learn to recognize doublespeak. You will often find it in news reports, advertisements, and political speeches. Take time to interpret doublespeak and respond to the meaning of what is being said. You should generally avoid doublespeak in your speech and writing.
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Try It Yourself
Spin is a technique used to slant public perception of the news. Spin often uses doublespeak to create a more favorable opinion or an event or to divert blame or responsibility from a person or organization.
Tip
EXERCISE B
Skim newspapers and Internet pages or listen to news reports and political speeches. Make a list of doublespeak terms you find. Then translate the doublespeak into more direct language. Write your work in your notebook.
Clichés Euphemisms and doublespeak are similar in that they both veil the meaning of language that may be offensive. Clear, strong writing contains no doublespeak and only carefully chosen euphemisms. Careful writers also avoid the overuse of clichés, or tired, overused expressions, like “tried and true” or “crystal clear.” Other examples include the following: examples
like a fish out of water, fit as a fiddle, flat as a pancake, bright and early, in the nick of time
Clichés, like euphemisms, have a place in speech or writing, but they should not be used indiscriminately. First decide if the cliché is necessary. If it is not, delete it. In some cases, a cliché may be the easiest way to express yourself, but you should be aware of clichés and replace them with fresher language when possible.
Write a paragraph or dialogue using as many clichés as you can.
Tip
Try It Yourself EXERCISE C
Edit the sentences below to remove clichés and replace them with more original language. 1. Howard was sick as a dog after he caught the flu. 2. Mrs. Carrington kept her home as neat as a pin. 3. From dawn until dusk, Imana worked on her paper. 4. Napoleon sought to reign over all of Europe, but that was easier said than done. 5. Harriet Tubman faced many dangers, but she was as sly as a fox and remained as cool as a cucumber when the going got tough.
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LESSON 32
Word of the Week recondite (r@ k5n> d8t) adj., difficult or impossible for the average person to understand; deep I attended the seminar but the subject was too recondite for me. The word recondite is from the Latin word reconditus, the past participle of recondere, meaning “to conceal,” from re- + condere, meaning “to store up,” and com- + -dere meaning “to put.” This lesson will explain how you can add this and other unknown words to your own vocabulary.
Keep a word study notebook to record your new words.
Tip
Use PAVE to learn and practice using new words.
Expanding Your Word Knowledge Understand the Concept Reading and listening actively can help you build your vocabulary. Remember that you can become a better reader and improve your vocabulary by keeping track of new words you discover and their definitions. You have learned many techniques for building your vocabulary. Keep using these tips as you continue to expand your word knowledge: • Keep a word study notebook. • Use PAVE to learn and practice using new words. • When you encounter an unfamiliar word, use the following techniques to determine its meaning: – Examine context clues – Break the word into its parts – Check for diagrams, footnotes, and other text support – Look up the word in a dictionary – Ask for help
Try It Yourself EXERCISE A
Use one or more of the strategies above to determine the meaning of the underlined word below. Then, in the space provided, create a word study notebook page for the word. Many young people find it difficult to imagine themselves in middle age, never mind senectitude.
Just for Fun Make up a song, jingle, silly poem, or slogan using words you have learned recently. Share your writing with a partner.
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Using the new words you learn in your writing and speech will help you understand the words even better and will reinforce what you have learned. Remember to determine the connotations of new words in addition to their denotations. Also, if you plan to incorporate the words into your speaking vocabulary, make sure you know how to pronounce them correctly.
Try It Yourself
Many suffixes indicate the function of the word. Learn variations of words you know already.
Tip
adore (verb), adoration (noun), adoring or adorable (adjectives), adoringly (adverb)
EXERCISE B
Choose ten words from your word study notebook. Write a speech using these words. Then practice and deliver your speech to the class.
Tip
To determine the meaning of a word, first:
• use context clues • break the word into its parts • look for text support then: • look up the word in a dictionary • ask for help.
Each week, pick five to ten new words to incorporate into your active vocabulary. Choose words from your word study notebook and make an effort to use these in your speech or writing at least three times during the week.
Tip
Just for Fun Crossword puzzles and other word games are a great way to explore new words! Most newspapers have a crossword or other word puzzle. Find one and give it a try. Make a list of new words that you learn while completing the puzzle.
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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Time Out for Test Practice Synonyms Choose the word that is most nearly the same in meaning as the underlined word. Use context clues and your knowledge of word parts to help you. _____ 1. Mary was aghast when she saw what the vandals had done to her car. A. astounded B. horrified C. amazed D. delighted _____ 2. My application was rejected because I had not filled out all the requisite paperwork. A. unnecessary B. questionable C. required D. requested _____ 3. Mrs. Hanson began to revile the student because of his constant tardiness. A. disgust B. awaken C. loathe D. scold _____ 4. Gwen was a voracious reader who devoured several books each week. A. skilled B. insatiable C. cruel D. enthusiastic _____ 5. Yon-gi was a devoted adherent of Buddhist philosophy. A. priest B. follower C. listener D. teacher
_____ 7. Swayed by the pernicious influence of his friends, Jared began to commit crimes. A. false B. frightening C. destructive D. vicious _____ 8. After Jenna scored well on the SAT, colleges began to inundate her with colorful brochures inviting her to apply. A. reward B. evaluate C. invite D. overwhelm _____ 9. The art dealer discovered that the painting, which she had believed at first to be a Van Gogh, was in fact spurious. A. forged B. valuable C. worthless D. authentic _____ 10. “Could you do me a favor?” Collette asked with an ingratiating smile. A. irritating B. flattering C. thankful D. gratifying
_____ 6. One of the lessons my mother tried to inculcate in us was the importance of sharing. A. instill B. develop C. increase D. calculate 80
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Antonyms Choose the word that means most nearly the opposite of the underlined word. Use context clues and your knowledge of word parts to help you. _____ 1. The capricious cat meowed to go outside, but when I opened the door she decided to stay in. A. flighty B. fickle C. decisive D. slow
_____ 7. The archaeologists sought to exhume some of the treasures buried deep in the earth. A. uncover B. inter C. hide D. discover
_____ 2. The fort was impregnable. A. vulnerable B. expectant C. barren D. powerful
_____ 8. Kevin left ambiguous instructions. A. vague B. cryptic C. explicit D. detailed
_____ 3. The blossoms on the plant were ephemeral. A. seasonal B. ugly C. fleeting D. permanent
_____ 9. As the knight rode off to seek his fortune, his lady bid him farewell with a heartfelt benediction. A. prediction B. circumlocution C. contradiction D. malediction
_____ 4. Our time here is finite. A. beginning B. unlimited C. coarse D. ending _____ 5. The climate of Arizona is quite arid. A. dry B. lush C. mild D. harsh
_____ 10. The water in the lake was turbid. A. clear B. motionless C. polluted D. fast-moving
_____ 6. It is illegal for gas station owners to adulterate their gasoline with water or other liquids. A. purify B. cheat C. weaken D. strengthen
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Answer Key Lesson 1: Word Study Notebook, page 1 Try It Yourself Responses will vary. Students should include the pronunciation, origins, definition, and a sentence illustrating the meaning of the word pulchritude, as follows. They may also include a drawing. Word: pulchritude Pronunciation: (p@l> kr@ t2d) Origins: Middle English, from the Latin pulcher, meaning beautiful. Definition: physical beauty Sentence using the word: Pulchritude is only skin deep.
Lesson 2: Word Study Skills in Reading, page 3 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
1. Acerbic means “biting or stinging in tone.” 2. The phrases “acid tongue” and “stinging barbs” provide clues to the meaning of acerbic. E x er c ise B
1. Apathetic means having or showing little emotion. Students may recognize that it contains the root path, meaning emotion, plus the prefix a-, meaning “without,” and the suffix -ic, indicating description. 2. Resounding means sounding loudly or echoing. Students may recognize that it contains the prefix re-, meaning “again,” plus the base word sound and the suffix -ing, indicating the present participle or gerund. 3. Malediction means a curse. Students may recognize that it contains the word part (combining form) mal-, meaning “bad,” and the root dict, meaning “speech.” 4. Triennial means “occurring every three years” or “lasting three years.” Students may recognize that it contains the root (combining form) tri-, meaning “three,” along with the root enni, meaning year. 5. Convivial means “fond of feasting, drinking, and good company.” Students may recognize that it contains the root viv, meaning “life,” with the prefix con-, meaning “with.” In other words, it is similar to “lively.” 82
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E x er c ise C
Responses will vary. Possible responses are given. 1. In this sentence, affinity means “attraction to or liking for something.” 2. In this sentence, chestnut means an old, often-repeated joke or story. 3. In this sentence, discord refers to quarreling or disagreement. 4. In this sentence, fustian means “highflown or affected writing or speech.” 5. In this sentence, woof could mean the filling thread or yarn in weaving or a piece of woven fabric.
Lesson 3: PAVE, page 6 Try It Yourself Students’ predictions and contextual sentences will vary. Definitions are provided for each word. 1. expedite—accelerate the process or progress of 2. diffident—reserved, lacking self-confidence 3. ambivalence—uncertainty over which path to follow 4. capitulate—surrender to 5. loquacious—talkative
Time Out for Test Practice, page 8 Word Study Skills
1. A. undertake the risk of 2. D. act of yielding; surrendering 3. B. sly, crafty 4. B. not powerful enough; inadequate 5. C. applying to actions that have previously transpired 6. A. being independent or self-ruled 7. D. All of the above 8. D. cacophony
Lesson 4: Affixes and Roots, page 9 Try It Yourself 1. deforestation de-, remove forest, area with trees -tion, act or process meaning: the act or process of removing an area of trees
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2. retrospective retro-, backward spect, see -ive, tends toward meaning: (n.) comprehensive exhibition of an artist’s body of work; (adj.) based on memory or looking back 3. immutable im-, not mut, move -able, capable of; able to be meaning: not able to be moved 4. synesthesia syn-, at the same time esthe, feel; perceive -sia, act or state of meaning: feeling two sensations at the same time, especially if the sensations are confused 5. subterraneous sub-, under terra, earth -ous, possessing qualities of meaning: existing underground 6. transcriber trans-, across scribe, write -er, one who meaning: one who makes a copy of something or writes it down 7. concurrent con-, together current, flow, happen meaning: happening at the same time 8. equivocal equi, equal voc, voice -al, having or being meaning: having two or more (equally valid) interpretations that are usually used to mislead or confuse 9. fortitude fort, strong -tude, quality or state of meaning: quality or state of being strong 10. uniformity uni-, one form, shape -ity, quality or state of meaning: quality or state of having one shape
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Lesson 5: Suffixes, page 11 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
Responses will vary. A definition is given for each word. 1. precariously—in such a way that is dangerous, or lacks stability 2. earnestness—state of seriousness or sincerity 3. effacement—act of erasing or eliminating 4. fluctuated—shifted back and forth; changed 5. baseless—without a foundation E x er c ise B
Responses will vary. A definition is given for each word. 1. realism—the practice of representing things in art and literature as they appear in reality 2. communism—a doctrine based on Marxist socialism in which goods are owned collectively 3. Stoicism—the philosophy of the Stoics, who believed that a wise person should be free from passion and unmoved by joy or grief 4. pessimism—the inclination to expect the worst possible outcome; the idea that the world is essentially evil 5. racism—prejudice based on race
Lesson 6: Prefixes, page 13 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
Sentences will vary. Possible definitions are provided. 1. collaboration—working together 2. insensible—not sensible 3. excommunicate—cut out of the communication; move away from the community 4. anticlimactic—not climactic; dull 5. introspective—looking inward or within E x er c ise B
Sentences will vary. Possible explanations are provided. 1. extraordinary / ordinary—Extraordinary describes something that goes beyond the normal or everyday, while ordinary describes something that is plain or average. 2. underachiever / overachiever—If you are an underachiever, you achieve less than the
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average, but if you are an overachiever, you achieve more than the average. 3. quote / misquote—When you quote someone, you accurately report what he or she said, and when you misquote someone, you wrongly report what he or she said. 4. market / supermarket—A market is a regularsized store, while a supermarket exceeds a market in size and variety of products for sale. 5. culture / subculture—Culture describes the beliefs, practices, and traits of a certain group; a subculture is a culture within, or under, another broader culture.
Time Out for Test Practice, page 15 Recognizing Word Parts
E x er c ise A
1. tongue-in-cheek—adjective 2. blue-collar worker—noun 3. poet laureate—noun 4. photojournalists—noun 5. plowboy—noun 6. counterargument—noun 7. grassroots—adjective or grassroots poet—noun 8. poetic license—noun 9. nine-day-old—adjective 10. sixteenth-century—adjective
E x er c ise B
Sentences will vary.
Lesson 9: Manipulating Language, page 21 Try It Yourself
Lesson 7: Archaic Language, page 17 Try It Yourself Responses will vary. Possible responses are given. 1. We must reach the city by nightfall. Hurry up at once! 2. I would be willing to lend a hand if you need my aid. 3. Although the story sounds crazy, Lena speaks truthfully. 4. Approaching the menacing dog, Horace shouted, “Begone!” 84
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Lesson 8: Compound Words, page 19 Try It Yourself
1. B. postwar 2. B. retrofit 3. D. heptathlon 4. A. transatlantic 5. C. prediction 6. C. sextuplets 7. A. antiskid 8. C. discredited 9. D. submersible 10. B. interment 11. B. teleconferences 12. C. hydrophobia 13. B. malcontented 14. A. introspection 15. A. synchronize 16. D. allocate 17. B. infractions 18. A. ambidextrous 19. C. superfluous 20. B. semitranslucent
E x er c ise A
5. “This foul attitude doesn’t suit you, my sweet young daughter,” said Rhianna’s father after she yelled at him. 6. I found my shoes between the bookcase and the bedpost. 7. It seems to me that Malcolm would get a better grade on his paper if he spent more than two minutes on it. 8. I nearly made that winning basket, but the buzzer startled me. 9. After he walked under a ladder, he was plagued by bad luck. 10. Although she was not responsible for the mess, Ana was asked to clean it up anyway.
Responses will vary. Encourage students to be creative in their manipulation of language.
Lesson 10: Technology-Related Words, page 23 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
1. e-tail—selling things over the Internet (a blend of electronic and retail) 2. webcast—broadcast via the web (a blend of web and broadcast) 3. digirati—people interested or well-versed in digital media (a blend of digital and literati)
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4. netizen—a citizen of the Internet (a blend of net and citizen) 5. cyberculture—the culture of cyberspace; the realm of interconnected computers (a blend of cyberspace and culture) E x er c ise B
Responses will vary. A definition is given for each word. 1. boot—to start up a computer, or more specifically, to load the first piece of software that starts a computer; comes from bootstrap, as in the expression “pull oneself up by one’s bootstraps” 2. bug—an error or defect in software or hardware that causes a computer program to malfunction 3. surf—to move from site to site on the Internet, browsing for items of interest 4. flame—an e-mail, chat room, or newsgroup message that is intended to attack or insult another person E x er c ise C
1. URL—Uniform Resource Locator (an Internet address) 2. DSL—Digital Subscriber Line; it is faster to connect to the Internet through DSL than through a phone line 3. FAQ—Frequently Asked Questions (and answers) E x er c ise D
1. malware—any kind of software designed to cause harm, such as a virus 2. bookmark—a direct link to a frequently viewed site that is stored in your browser for easy reference 3. clicks and mortar—an online store (as opposed to an actual store made of bricks and mortar)
Time Out for Test Practice, page 26 Defining Archaic Language and Technology-Related Words
1. B. mad; wild 2. A. before 3. A. formerly 4. D. lengthwise 5. C. eyes
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6. C. separately 7. A. netiquette 8. D. netizen 9. C. webisode 10. A. e-group
Lesson 11: Denotation and Connotation, page 27 Try It Yourself Responses will vary. Students’ sentences should show the subtle differences in connotation.
Lesson 12: Literal vs. Figurative Language, page 29 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
1. literal 2. figurative 3. figurative 4. literal 5. figurative
E x er c ise B
1. personification 2. simile 3. simile 4. personification 5. metaphor
E x er c ise C
1. We—meaning people—is the tenor; bird is the vehicle. Spreading one’s wings means taking off on one’s own. Leaving the nest means leaving home. The metaphor means that at some point in our lives we all must take off and leave home. 2. Responses will vary. 3. Responses will vary.
Lesson 13: Homophones, page 31 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
1. it’s 2. sight 3. Whose 4. site 5. right
6. flair 7. reeks 8. sight 9. your 10. reins
E x er c ise B
Corrected portions of the passage are underlined. If you have to write a report on a famous person, you could start by consulting a reference book such as an encyclopedia or Who’s Who? These resources will tell you when a person lived, usually the site of his or her birth, and, for a ruler, the years of his
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or her reign. Your report may be a compilation of facts, or it may include your opinions about the person. You can use visual aids to add flair to an oral presentation. However you present your report, make sure you cite the resources you used.
Time Out for Test Practice, page 33 Words with Multiple Meanings
2. Students should recall the following three strategies: use word parts, consult a dictionary, or ask for help.
Lesson 15: Providing Context Clues in Your Writing, page 37 Try It Yourself
1. C. hack 2. A. bargain 3. B. field of study 4. D. greater in rank or importance 5. D. perceived 6. C. enrolled 7. A. firmly 8. C. stuck 9. D. sudden inclinations 10. A. waves 11. B. limb of a quadruped with the adjacent parts
E x er c ise A
Homophones
Using Context Clues: Synonyms
1. B. It’s 2. A. reign 3. B. you’re 4. A. chord 5. A. flair 6. A. cite 7. B. their 8. A. right
9. C. They’re 10. B. rite 11. C. They’re . . . their 12. B. write . . . right 13. D. cite . . . rights 14. D. Write . . . site 15. B. sight . . . their
Lesson 14: Context Clues, page 35 Try It Yourself 1. querulous—whining, complaining 2. grabble—grope, search with one’s hands 3. fibula—a bone in the leg 4. cumulus—type of cloud 5. lagniappe—gift
E x er c ise B
1. perfidy—disloyalty 2. spelunking—exploring caves 3. gregarious—sociable 4. impecunious—penniless 5. consentaneous—done by consent of all
E x er c ise C
1. sangfroid—cold-blooded, able to stay calm in difficult situations misadventures—mishaps exigent—requiring immediate action 86
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E x er c ise B
Responses will vary. Paragraphs should include specialized language for a particular activity along with clues that help the reader understand specialized terms.
Time Out for Test Practice, page 39
1. B. coherently 2. D. cowardly 3. B. ever-changing 4. D. active during the day 5. A. gaunt 6. C. conflict 7. C. indecision 8. B. talkative 9. A. extremely poor 10. B. give in to
11. B. contrast 12. A. apposition 13. D. cause and effect 14. A. comparison 15. C. cause and effect 16. B. example 17. D. example 18. B. contrast
Lesson 16: Spelling Review, page 41
E x er c ise A
Responses will vary. Sentences should contain context clues that indicate the meaning of the given word.
Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
1. decisively 2. nonnative 3. personally 4. fancily 5. irregularities
E x er c ise B
1. proceeds 2. deceive 3. concede 4. interceded 5. seized, grief, friend’s, succeed
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Lesson 17: Contractions, page 43 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
Corrected words are underlined. 1. Do you know whose bag is blocking the door? 2. Despite the dog’s many attempts, it’s not able to get its bone. 3. They’re wasting their time with you and your house. 4. Who’s watching the kids after school? 5. I think you might be displeased with your results because you’re too picky. E x er c ise B
Words that replace contractions are in bold. I cannot be responsible for the decline of my grade point average. Who among you has not encountered a stressful time that caused you to lose focus on your goals? It is complicated, so I would rather not discuss the situation further. I hope this does not affect my acceptance into the university. I have been waiting to attend the university all my life and I hope that you will accept my application.
Lesson 18: Common Spelling Errors, page 45 Try It Yourself
Responses will vary.
Time Out for Test Practice, page 47 Spelling Patterns 1. A. concede 2. D. unnecessary 3. A. relieved 4. B. noticeable 5. C. dissatisfied 6. C. pastime 7. B. supersede 8. C. pierced 9. C. misspelled 10. B. sincerely
11. A. succeed 12. D. cheerily 13. B. unnoticed 14. D. occasionally 15. A. rearranged 16. D. fulfillment 17. B. illuminating 18. B. embarrassed 19. D. inconceivable 20. A. irrelevant
Lesson 19: Borrowed Words, page 49 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
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E x er c ise B
Responses may vary. Students may classify the words as follows: Plants, Animals, and People: bamboo, bonsai, corgi, gnu, kiwi, koala, mamba, guru, intelligentsia, tycoon Food and Drink: chutney, curry, ketchup, sauerkraut, tea Places and Buildings: bazaar, bungalow, fjord, kiosk, sauna Objects: boomerang, caravan, easel, gong, lei
Lesson 20: Greek and Latin Words, page 51 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
Responses will vary. E x er c ise B
1. apathy—from the Greek word apatheia, from apathēs, meaning “without feeling,” from a- + pathos, meaning “emotion” 2. circumvent—from the Latin word circumventus, from circum- + venire, meaning “to come” 3. dwindle—probably from dwine, meaning “to waste away,” from Middle English, from the Old English word dwīnan; akin to the Old Norse word dvīna, meaning “to pine away,” or deyja, “to die” 4. effigy—from the Middle French word effigie, from the Latin word effigies, from effingere, meaning “to form,” and from ex- + fingere, meaning “to shape” 5. ravine—a French word, from the Middle French words rapine and rush; from the Latin word rapina
Lesson 21: French and Spanish Words, page 53 E x er c ise A
Responses will vary. E x er c ise B
1. vigilante—person who takes the law into his or her own hands 2. incommunicado—out of touch, not communicating 3. renegade—person who rejects lawful behavior 4. pronto—right away 5. aficionado—devotee, person who appreciates and knows about a subject
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E x er c ise C
1. faux pas—social error 2. carte blanche—full power with no restrictions 3. bon voyage—farewell; have a good trip 4. tour de force—feat of skill, strength, or ingenuity 5. joie de vivre—good spirits; love of life
Lesson 22: Native American Words, page 55 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
Responses will vary. Students should look up five words from the preceding list and give the etymology of each. E x er c ise B
Responses will vary. Students should look up five words from the preceding list and give the etymology of each.
Lesson 23: Eponyms and Toponyms, page 57 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
Responses will vary slightly. 1. Asperger syndrome—In 1944, Hans Asperger, a pediatrician in Austria, described children in his practice who lacked nonverbal communication skills and demonstrated limited empathy toward their peers. 2. Marxism—An ideological system named after the German political economist Karl Marx. 3. Salisbury steak—An early health-food advocate, Dr. James H. Salisbury advised his patients to eat this food three times a day and limit their intake of vegetables and starches. 4. Ferris wheel—George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr. invented this amusement ride for the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago. 5. Parkinson’s disease—A disease not formally recognized or documented until 1817, when James Parkinson wrote An Essay on the Shaking Palsy.
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E x er c ise B
1. Louisiana—Named after Louis XIV of France 2. Washington—Named after George Washington 3. Pennsylvania—Named after William Penn, with an ending that is Latin for “woodland” 4. Vermont—French for “green mountain” 5. Montana—Spanish for “mountain” 6. Idaho—Shoshone for “light on the mountain” 7. Minnesota—Dakota Sioux for “sky-colored water” 8. Rhode Island—Dutch for “red clay” 9. Massachusetts—Algonquian for “place of the big hill” 10. Hawaii—Hawaiian for “homeland”
Time Out for Test Practice, page 59 Borrowed Words
1. D. adios . . . bon voyage 2. B. parka . . . slalom 3. B. siesta . . . plaza 4. A. Tango . . . hula 5. D. laissez-faire . . . embargo 6. D. faux pas . . . savoir faire 7. C. aficionado . . . haiku 8. C. tête-à-tête . . . incommunicado 9. D. guerillas . . . coup d’état 10. B. tycoon . . . yacht
Lesson 24: Register, page 60 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
Responses will vary. Students should write one description of a movie or book using formal English and one using informal English. E x er c ise B
Responses will vary. Possible responses are given. 1. We would like to join with several other agencies to start a youth program for teens and preteens. The program would provide fun, positive activities for young people and would help make the community safer. Students could be referred to us from schools. 2. Please look over the contract mentioned earlier (a copy of it is included in this letter, along with a map).
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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3. Our company has illegally polluted the environment.
Lesson 25: Colloquial Language, page 62 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
Responses will vary. Possible responses are given. 1. Rima could no longer tolerate Priti’s constant tardiness. 2. What is bothering you? 3. Martine was dumbfounded by Dillon’s demands. 4. The pecan pie is out of this world. 5. No way! 6. Louis was steamed when Laurel criticized him. E x er c ise B
Responses will vary. The first dialogue should include colloquialisms and slang. The second dialogue should convey the same information using standard English.
Lesson 26: Academic Language, page 64 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
1. fact 2. opinion 3. opinion
E x er c ise B
E x er c ise C
Responses will vary. For each essay prompt, students should write a thesis statement and outline the points they would make to support their thesis.
Time Out for Test Practice, page 66 Register, Colloquialisms, and Academic Language 1. A. formal 2. A. formal 3. B. informal 4. A. formal 5. B. informal 6. B. informal 7. D. Continue working hard!
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Lesson 27: Synonyms and Antonyms, page 68 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
Responses will vary. Possible responses are given. 1. altruistic—charitable, benevolent, humane 2. amicable—friendly, neighborly, peaceable 3. musing—pondering, deliberating, ruminating 4. nomadic—itinerant, roving, vagabond 5. solace—comfort, cheer, consolation E x er c ise B
Responses will vary. Possible responses are given. 1. careful—careless, sloppy 2. healthy—unhealthy, sickly 3. broken—unbroken, complete 4. relevant—irrelevant, unrelated 5. respectful—disrespectful, rude E x er c ise C
Responses will vary.
8. C. I’m not equipped to succeed. 9. A. argue 10. B. stylish 11. B. All of you 12. D. rushed 13. A. consider its characteristics and organize the information into categories. 14. D. None of the above 15. B. Eighty-two percent of local households cancelled their subscriptions. 16. D. None of the above
1. acrimony—harsh or biting sharpness, especially in words, manner, or disposition 2. intrepid—fearless 3. scurrilous—containing slander 4. vigilant—watchful 5. laconic—concise, using a minimum of words 6.–10. Responses will vary. Students should write two sentences using each of the given words. The first sentence should contain a synonym and comparison context clue and the second should contain an antonym and a contrast context clue. For example, the response for question 6 might be as follows: My brother’s obloquy stung, but I had grown accustomed to hearing such abusive language from him.
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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for the older term, gravedigger); beautician or cosmetologist for hairdresser; sanitary engineer for garbage hauler; postal worker for mail carrier; day care provider for babysitter; and administrative assistant for secretary.
The zealous fan shouted praise to the home team, then screeched an obloquy at the opponents.
Lesson 28: Semantic Families, page 70
E x er c ise B
Try It Yourself
Responses will vary. Verify whether the student completed the semantic feature analysis chart correctly.
Lesson 29: Celestial Words, page 72 Try It Yourself E x er c ise A
Students should have filled out the three charts. Each chart should include the word stem, a visual clue, and a verbal clue. E x er c ise B
Sentences will vary.
Lesson 30: Varying Word Choice, page 74 Try It Yourself Responses will vary. Possible responses are given. 1. bold—daring, audacious, intrepid 2. rude—discourteous, abusive, inconsiderate 3. unique—original, unmatched, irreplaceable 4. small—miniature, tiny, little 5. hungry—ravenous, famished, starving E x er c ise B
Responses will vary. E x er c ise C
Lesson 31: Euphemisms, Doublespeak, and Clichés, page 76 Try It Yourself Responses will vary. Possible responses are given. 1. Common euphemisms related to death include pass away, go to sleep, in his or her final resting place, gone to a better place, left, departed, gone, late, and at rest. 2. Euphemisms for job titles include mortician for funeral director or undertaker (undertaker being in turn a euphemism Am Tradition
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Responses will vary. Possible responses are given. 1. Howard was terribly ill after he caught the flu. 2. Mrs. Carrington kept her house as clean and sterile as an operating table. 3. Imana worked on her paper all day long. 4. Napoleon sought to reign over all of Europe, but controlling such a large empire was a monumental task. 5. Harriet Tubman faced many dangers, but she was quite shrewd and always remained calm and focused under pressure.
Lesson 32: Expanding Your Word Knowledge, page 78 E x er c ise A
Responses will vary. Students should complete a word study notebook entry for the word senectitude. E x er c ise B
Students should write a speech using ten words from their word study notebook. Encourage them to use humor.
Time Out for Test Practice, page 80
Responses will vary.
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E x er c ise C
Try It Yourself
E x er c ise A
E x er c ise A
Responses will vary.
Synonyms
1. B. horrified 2. C. required 3. D. scold 4. B. insatiable 5. B. follower
6. A. instill 7. C. destructive 8. D. overwhelm 9. A. forged 10. B. flattering
Antonyms
1. C. decisive 2. A. vulnerable 3. D. permanent 4. B. unlimited 5. B. lush
6. A. purify 7. B. inter 8. C. explicit 9. D. malediction 10. A. clear
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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