Veterinary Parasitology: Reference Manual

Veterinary Parasitology Reference Manual Fifth Edition

\Villiam J. Forn L Ph.D \'t:tcf!ll,lfY \\ed

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Disclaimer

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, lIIllH'[,ity and tcadle' ,', !Ilk, and diagn()'>tie para­

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pa ra,it i c

and inft'ctiou,

with an t'l1lphasis on di,,­ .. I. ,illl,.,tic anima l s .

1 Y'l-, 1')')4, 1990, I YXY \\filliarn

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While care has heen takell ' t()

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ical practices, Package inserts and labels for each drug product should be read carefully for

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S. 10.

acid-free paper ill the United States of i\mericl

First edition, 1989 © \Xfilliam J. Forc)'t Second edition, 1990 © William J. Foreyt Third edition, 1994 © William J. Fore�'t Fourth edition, 1997 © William J. Foreyt

h fth edition, 2001 © I owa State University Press I,ibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Foreyt, William J. Veterinary parasitology reference manual 1 \Xfilliam J. Forey£. - 5th cd. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN o-x U8-2419-2 (alk. paper) I. Veterinary parasitology-Handbooks, manuals, etc.

1\)1\1 \1: I. Parasitic Diseases, Animal-Handbooks. 2, I'l1ra,ilc'\-Jlandbooks.1 L Title.

<,!,X 11),,\3 1'67 2()O I {,31,JlX'i'(,%-dc21

I hI' 1,I'>t digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5

2001004464

CONTENTS Preface Introduction

Coccidia in Sheep and Goats

VII

""OJ ;

-

Location of Major Parasites in

\' III

Sheep and Goats Zoonotic Diseases in Sheep and

Section 1. Diagnostic Parasitology

Goats

3

74

Drugs Used in Ruminants

/ ,/

J

Internal Parasites

so

Diagnostic Techniques

5

External Parasites

.Microscopy

8

Bibliography

Bibliography

9

Collection and Submission of Samples

,

n IOLJ

Section 6. Parasites of Llamas

liS

Section 2. General Parasitology

11

Fecal Eggs and Ooc),sts

115

Classification Simplified

11

Coccidia in Llamas

115

Biblography

14

Location of Ivlajor Parasites

Section 3. Parasites of Dogs

fecal Eggs and Oocysts

116

Internal Parasites

117

17

External Parasites

17

Bibliography

Location of Major Parasites

18

Zoonotic Diseases

J8

Drugs

20

Internal Parasites

21

I I (,

Drugs

I ILJ 120

Section 7. Parasites of Horses

121

Fecal Eggs and Oocysts

121

External Parasites

39

Location of JVlajor Parasites

122

Biblography

45

Zoonotic Diseases

123

Drugs

124

Section 4. Parasites of Cats

ivliscellaneolls Parasites

47 47

Internal Parasites

126

External Parasites

132

Bibliography

Ln

JVliscellaneolls External Parasites of Cats and Dogs

48

Section 8. Parasites of Pigs

137

Feell Eggs and Oocysts

50

Location of lvlajor Parasites

51

Zoonotic Diseases

52

Location of JVlajor Parasites

US

Drugs

53

Zoonotic Diseases

I) l)

Internal Parasites

54

Drugs

140

External Parasites

62

Internal Parasites

142

Bibliography

63

External Parasites

14LJ

Fecal Eggs and Oocysts

Bibliography

150

Section 5. Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Section 9. Parasites of Birds

69

Fecal Eggs and Oocysts in Cattle

69

fecal Eggs and Oocysts

Coccidia in Cattle

69

Location of Major Parasites

Location of Major Parasites in Cattle

70

Zoonotic Diseases

Zoonotic Diseases in Cattle

70

Coccidia in Birds Drugs

Fecal Eggs and Oocysts in Sheep and Goats

Internal Parasites

71

v

15-+

154 155 15h 15S

External Parasites Bibliography Section 10. Parasites of Ratites (Ostriches, Emus, and Cassowaries) Location of J\/lajor Parasites Drugs Common Parasites Bibliography Section 11. Parasites of Laboratory Animals Drugs Common Parasites Bibliography Section 12. Parasites of Wildlife Important Parasites of Wildlife Parasites Bibliography Section 13. Parasites of Marine Mammals Marine J\/lammals Major Parasites Drugs Internal Parasites Bibliography

Section 14. Parasites of Rep tiles

163 166

Common Reptiles Major Parasites Fecal Eggs and Oocysts

167

Drugs Internal Parasites

167 167 168 170

Bibliography Section 15. Parasites of Humans Location of lvlajor Parasites Common Parasites

171

Internal Parasites External Parasites

171 171 179

Bibliography Section 16. Common Artifacts in Feces

181

Artifacts Spurious Parasites

181 184 197

Section 17. Tables Metric / English conversion factors

199

and measures of concentration Temperature, length, and volume

199 200 201 201 206

conversion chart Abbreviations Used in Text

Index

VI

207 207 208 209 211 212 212 213 213 214 215 216 2 17 219 219 220 223 223 224 224 225

PREFACE Lagerquist, Dr. NJark Winning, Ann Foreyt, the

I n this revised fifth edition, many references

Biomedical Communications Unit at \X1ashington

and figures have been updated and improved,

State University, Amy Wood, Dr. J\tlurray Dailey,

newer drugs have been included, the section on parasites of marine mammals has been improved,

and Susan Barnard, who contributed to several

and sections on laboratory animal parasites and

important aspects of the hook. The \Xfashington Department of Fish and

human parasites have been added.

Wildlife, Oregon Department of Fish and

This book evolved as a response to the needs of veterinarians, veterinary students, and techni­

Wildlife, and the Idaho Department of Game

cians and provides access to pragmatic reference

have cooperated with me in my research projects

information in veterinary parasitology. I arranged

and supplied me with thousands of wildlife sam­

the book by host species, dogs, cats, ruminants,

ples over the years. I thank them for their enthu­

horses, pigs, avian, reptiles, wildlife, marine mam­

siastic support. Richard Dixon and Kristine

mals, laboratory animals, and humans to allow

Foreyt drew a majority of the illustrations, which

easy access to information on parasite life cycles,

significantly enhance the usefulness of this publi­

importance, location in host, zoonotic potential,

cation. Their artwork is greatly appreciated. Dr.

pertinent literature, diagnosis, and treatment. I

Lora Rickard contributed significantly to the sec­

have simplified the taxonomy of parasites for vet­

tion on parasites of llamas. Dr. Nlurray Dailey contributed significantly to the section on marine

erinary use by modifying the most easily under­

mammals. Susan Barnard of the Atlanta Zoo con­

stood taxonomic systems. Photographs of the im­

tributed significantly to the section on reptiles.

pOl'tant diagnostic stages are included to assist in

Financial support for the first edition of this pub­

the diagnosis of parasitic disease. While this book is not a complete parasitology reference encyclo­

lication in 1984 from The �v1erck Company

pedia, it meets the challenge of providing a com­

Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. This book is dedicated to my five exciting

posite reference in everyday, routine veterinary

kids, Ann, Russell, Jane, Emily, and Kara, who

parasitology.

are allowing me to live my second childhood

Many people have assisted with this publica­

through their interest in small wiggling creatures.

tion and my thanks are extended to them. I espe­ cially thank the late Dr. Richard Wescott, Dr.

It is equally dedicated to veterinary students to

Charles Leathers, Richard Dixon, Kris Foreyt, Dr.

develop their biological interests and skills in the

Lora Rickard, Dr. Ann Lichtenwalner, Dr. Bill

fascinating arenas of veterinary parasitology and

Pedersen, Dr. Allan Pessier, Dan Rice, John

field biology. I hope this book is useful to you. Bill Foreyt

. .

Vll

INTRODUCTION Parasites are a fascinating group of inverte­

5.

brates that are found in and on all groups of ani­ mals of interest in veterinary medicine. They have

6.

evolved and developed with many of their hosts and may or may not produce clinical disease, depending

7.

on a variety of environmental, ecological, immuno­ logical, physiological, and managerial factors that

8.

influence the host parasite relationship. This rela­ tionship is constantly changing, and as producers change management systems through animal breed­

9.

ing, animal manipulation, exotic introductions, en­ vironmental control, and use of drugs, different

causes severe anemia.

Secretion of toxins. Bot flv J larvae , secrete '

toxins and may cause death.

Ivlechanical blockage. lVlassive aSc arid in­ fections may occlude the intestine.

Tissue damage. Kidney worms in dogs destroy entire kidneys. Production of traumatic lesions. Larvae

of HalJl'onellla sp. produce "Su mmer sores" in horses.

Psychosomatic disease. Animals are rest­ less when external parasites are prevalent.

10. Disruption of metabolic function. Type II Ostertagia ostertagia increases abomasal

manifestations of disease are observed. As an exam­

ple, Fascioloides magna is a liver fluke of white­

tailed deer and elk and usually does not harm these

pH.

1 1. Competition for nutrients. ;vlany para­

hosts. However, when domestic sheep or goats are

grazed in areas where F. magna is present, death of

sites cause reduced weight gains and feed

sheep and goats occurs within a relatively short

utilization.

time. Some hosts cannot tolerate the effects of spe­

12. Zoonotic infections. Certain parasites

cific parasites and die, whereas other hosts are well

transfer from animals to humans.

adapted to the parasite and no clinical signs of dis­ ease are present.

Since many parasites can be pathogenic, the

Examples of some of the ways parasites affect

goal of the clinician and producer is prevention of

hosts are: 1.

2. 3. 4.

clinical parasitism through management, nutri­ tion, epizootiology, and effective drugs.

The worry and scare factor. Adult bot flies

Knowledge of life cycles and epizootiology must

do not harm directly, but terrify animals.

be used in the formulation of effective parasite

Irritation. Lice cause intense irritation and

control programs. Indiscriminate use of drugs is a

self-mutilation.

poor substitute for suboptimal management.

Transmission of diseases. Riting flies and

A final word is that new parasites and ecolog­

ticks transmit a variety of diseases.

ical relationships are being discovered, so do not

Ingestion of blood and lymph. An abo­

be surprised when you make a discovery contrary

masal nematode, HaemonchllS contortlls,

to published reports.

V1l1

Veterinary Parasitology Reference Manual Fifth Edition

Section 1

If coolants are not a va ilable, sa mp les can be stored i ndefinitely in L O % formalin (one part fece s , nine parts 1 0% formalin), but limitations must be noted (Fig. I). Approximately 5 0 % of the ruminant strongyle eggs were detected i n feces stored i n 1 0 % formalin for 200 days. Storage by freezing is very i nefficient, and sto rag e in 70% ethyl alcohol or 1 00 % methyl alcohol is unac­

DIAGNOSTI C PARASITOLOGY Collection and Submission of Samples

ceptable ( Fig. 2 ) . When Giardia s p . is suspected, feces c a n h e p lace d in polyvinyl a lcohol fixative at a ratio of one part feces to two parts polyvinyl a lcohol or in 5 % formalin for fix­ ation and transport. A lso, fecal smears on slides can be sta i ned with Gormori's trichrome, iron-hematoxylin, clorzol black, or Giemsa stains and submitted to the laboratory in standard slide m a ilers.

Diagnosis of parasitic i nfections depends on several factors, sllch as collection of the sample, transport of the sa mple to the laboratory, a nd method of laboratory eva luation. Diagnostic stages of most parasites can be detected in feces, blood, sputum, or skin scrapings. However, infections of immature parasites and l atent and occult infections present a diagnostic challenge. I mportant factors to be considered in the d iagnosis o f parasitism a nd t h e interpretation of results a re: 1.

2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7. S.

'0 100 Q) 90

�

o

80

� ...

Age of the host, Previous exposure to parasites ( resistance), Time of the yea r (spring rise), Physiological relationship (pa ripa rturient rise), Geographical location, Previolls use of a nthclmintics, H istory of clinical disease, and Other considerations.

-.A : • 'I'

i

it'

�"

60

Ol Q)

50

Q) Ol

30

.

:::::::

-1,

,',,J, \V r--1-

70

�

..--.10% Formalin

0----<) 5% Formalin [}-- . --o 2.5% Formalin

•

T

. ....... J .

i��\��:��,:����OI

. 1'-.

40

� c

20

Q) o

...

Q) a..

Proper collection and submission of samples to the lahoratory increase the accurate diagnosis of parasitic

10

.

0

__L-�� �����L-������--��

1

3

5

7 10 15

20

30

40

5075100150200

Days preserved

infection.

and alcohol presCI"vation on mean recovery of strongyle eggs over time. Vertical lines indicate 1 SO. From Foreyt \V.J.: Re cove ry of nematode

Fecal Samples

met h o d s . J Alii Vet Med ASSII J 89: 1065-1067, 1986.

Feces must be fresh

Fig 1. Effect of formalin

eggs and larvae in deer: Evaluation of fecal preservation

for accmate results. As feces p,]rasite

Reprinted with perm iss i on .

age, a diagnosis is co mp l icated hecause many

eggs develop and hatch into larvae. Contamillants such as f ree- l iving soil nematodcs, fly l ar va e, mitcs, and other arthropods often illvade feces ,lllel compl icate a diagno­

'0 100 Q)

...

Q) > 0 0

SIS.

l e'l st 1 09 of fresh feces should he col lected. If than two hours old, samples should be stored a t 4°C: until examilled. :vlan), parasite stages can b e stored a t 4"(: for a t least t wo mo n ths wi th minima l development . For routille shipment t o the laboratory, samples can he coo le d to 4"C: '111([ thell pack ed with ice or other coolant (hlue icc) for s h ipme nt via anv of the 24- to 48-hour transport sen·ices. Fecal samples 'liT hes t stored and sent ill whir l -pak hags , sm,] II plastic salldwich bag s, pl a s tic cOlltainers, disposa hie lahora tory g l oves i\t

samples are more

(/) Ol Ol Q)

50

0

40

Q) Ol ('\l

30

C

60

20

Q) 0

10

a..

0

(j;

'-..

'"

o--()

4C

0-.-0

-20C

0-----0

.'-..�-.--.-.
oc

1

7

20

50

100

Days preserved

Fig. 2. Effect of temperature on the mean recover), of strongyle eggs from deer feccs over time. From Foreyt

\\I.J.:

be clearly labeled with ,]

h l ack indelible lll'lI'ker with the number of the animal, date, and the person responsihle for

70

-

turned inside out, or rectal palpation gloves turned in­ side out. All samples should

�

------ .;,---- -j l'- --- J 1

Recovery of nematode eggs and larvae in deer:

Evaillation of fecal preservation mcthods.] Alii Vet Med

the s,]mpic.

Assll 189: 1065-1067, 1986. Reprinted with permission.

3

S ec tion 1

fecal Flotation

For norm.11 stools, the usual d i agnostic test is the fe­ cal flota tion test. This test concentrates eggs and oocysts prescnt in the feces into a drop o f solution for easy idcn­ tification a nd cnu meration of para sitic stages. Important comparatil'e factors in the fecal flotation tcch nique arc thc specific gravity o f the flotation solution, the viscosi­ ty or typc o f solution used, and the rate o f plaslllolysis cl lIsed h�' t he solution. A specific gravity that is too low will not float man)' stages, whereas a solution with a spe­ cific gravity that is roo high will cause plasmolysis, os­ mosis, or rupture of the st agcs, making d iagnosis d i ffi­ cult ( Fig. 3 ) . Also, as the specific gravity is increased, excessive dehris also floats, which decreases the efficien­ cy of the test. :\'lost parasitic stages float efficiently at a specific gravity of 1 .2 to 1 . 3 . ;Vly la boratory uses sugar solution (specific gravity 1 .27). S ugar has a d istinct ad­ vantage over salt solution in that less plasmolysis and d istortion occur in the eggs and ooc),sts. feca l-flotation slide preparations from sugar solution can be kept at 4°C for at least 24 ho urs, and often for several weeks ro months, with a minimum of d istortion o f eggs. These slides can he used as next-day reference and teaching slides. Disadva ntages of sugar solutions are that sugar can be messy and sticky, and sugar a ttracts flies and oth­ er arthropods. \\lhen salt solutions are lIsed, egg distor­ tion usually occurs in a few hours, and the slides have a tendency to crystal lize and dry out very q uickly. To in­ crease the shelf life of .1 feca l-flotation slide, one can put fingernail polish or qu ick-drying glue around the cover­ slip. Freezing the prepared slide is o ften e ffective for pre­ serving the material for many months or years. One ad­ d i tional advantage of sugar solution is that some parasite eggs, such as the salmon poisoning fluke, Nal/ophyctlls salmil/cola, float hetter in sugar than sa l t solutions. In s a l t solutions, the eggs often d o not float and arc often missed d ur i n g examina tion.

Debris Eggs

II

Too Low

=

Eggs

��

Debris

Ideal

Debris Eggs

Too High

f ig. 3. Effect of specific gral'it�· on egg flotation.

Skin Scrapings

\\!hen mites arc suspected, skin scrapings can be col lected and fOJ"lv'1rded to the la boratory by placing theIll in glycer i n in a tightly sealed vial for shipment. Vials should he packed carefully to prevent breakage or leakaf!, c .

Internal Parasites

:"Iost internal parasi tes can be preserved in 1 0% formalin or glycerin for shipment. Specimens should he placed in leak-proof vials and packed carefully in sturdy contai ners to prevent breakage.

External Parasites

Arthropod parasites can be most e ffectively stored in 70'};. ethyl a lcohol or glycerin for shipment or IOllg­ term preservation. Formalin (10%) will also preserve arthropods. Leak-proof vials and a sturdy shipping COII­ tainer arc needed for safe transport.

Blood

Blood is used for the d iagnosis o f specific parasitic stages found in the circulatory system. These parasites generally i ncl ude blood protozoa such as BalJcsia spp., LCIlC()C),i()Z()()1/ spp., a nd im mature suges o f fi larial par­ asites, such as microfilarial' o f Dirofilaria illllll itis . Whole hlood can be collected in ru hes conta i n i ng anti­ coagulant, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetate ( EDTA), and sent to the la boratory at 4°C: or i n a ch illed con­ tainer. For most hlood p.1rasites, blood smears on standard microscope sl ides can be made froIll fresh blood or blood with a nticoagulant. A fter air drying, smears are routinely sta incd with G iemsa stain or \'Vright's stain. Stained or unstained sl ides can be sent to the laboratory.

Labeling

All specimens must be clearly Iaheled with
4

Diagnostic Parasitology

Diagnostic Techniques I.

Table

:Vlodified double centrifugation technique ;'vlix I g of feces in

I. 2.

1 0- 1 2 ml water in a beaker and stir until feces arc in suspension.

Pour the mixture through a tea strainer into another beaker. Press the material i n the strainer with a spatula and discard the material in the strainer.

3. 4. 5.

1 5-1111 centrifuge tube and fill t o the top \vith \vater. 1 ,500 rpm for 5- 1 0 minutes.

Pour the contents into a Centrifuge the tubes at

Decant the tube and then fill one half full o f flotation solution. Stir the sediment with a wooden applicator stick and then fill the tube almost to the top with flotation solution.

6.

Place the tube in the centrifuge and with a dropper add flotation solution to the tube so the solution is about level with the top of the tube. Place a

22-l11m2 coverslip on top of the tube and in contact with the sugar so­

lution.

7.

Centrifuge a t

1 ,500 rpm for 5- 1 0 minutes. The coverslip will not fall off i f the centrifuge has free-swinging

trunions that swing our to the horizontal position.

S.

Remove coverslip by lifting straight upward, and place o n a glass slide. All parasite stages that floated should be in the drop under the coverslip.

9.

Examine the slide under x l 00 ( x 1 0 ocular and x

1 0 objective) or higher magnification and observe all para­

site stages present.

Note: The centrifuge must have free-swinging buckets. If the centrifuge has a fixed hucket position, the coverslips will

4 to set for 20 minutes and in 7 to set for 30 minutes. This method is not as effective as centrifugation, bur results arc usually reliable.

fall off. fecal notations can also be done without centrifugation by allowing samples in step step

Table 2. COlllmon flotation solutions for the fecal flotation technique Sugar:

454 g 355 ml

Granulated sugar (sucrose) Tap water ( s peciflc gravity

=

or

1 0 pounds 3550 ml

1 .27)

Dissolve sugar in hot tap water directly, or add sugar to hot water over a low heat and stir. Approximatelv Sodium chloride:

2 ml of 37% formaldehyde or phenol crystals can be added to deter growth of mold. Saturated NaCI

or

400 g 1 ,000 ml

Nael

Tap w,Her (specific gravity Magnesium sulfate:

=

I . I S-\. 2 ) 400 g 1 ,000 ml

:vlgSOl Tap water (spe cifi c gravity

Zinc sulfate:

=

1 .2 ) 371 g 1 ,000 ml

Zinc sulfate Tap water (spec ific gravity

Sodium nitrate:

=

I. IS) 400 g 1 ,000 ml

Sodium nitrate Tap water (specific gravit)·

=

l .IS)

5

Section 1

Table 3. Ether-formalin sed imentation technique :v I ixl g of feces in 1 5 ml of water, strain the mixture, and pour i nto a IS-mi centri fuge tube. Centrifuge a t 1 ,000 rpm for I -2 minutes. Decant supernatant, a d d fresh water, and centri fuge aga in for 1 -2 minutes. Decant, add 10 ml o f 1 0'1., formalin, and let stand for 1 0 minutes. Add 3 III I of ether, apply a stopper, and shake the contents vigorously. Centri fuge the mixtu re for 2 minu tes. Remove the debris on t o p o f the tube w i t h a cotton-tipped s w a b . Decant the rest of the fl u i d . Col lect the sediment w i t h a pi pette, place it on a microscope sl ide, and examine it microscopically for para­

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.

7.

site eggs.

Note:

This technique is good for detection of trematode eggs.

Table 4. Fecal sed imentation technique for Fasciola hepatica and some other fluke eggs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

iv l i x 5 g feces in 200 ml water in a beaker. Pour the m ixture th rough a tea strainer and discard the material in the strainer. A fter 1 0 minutes, decant a pproximately 7 0 % o f the supernatant and refill the beaker with fresh water. Repeat step 3 for three to fi v e times u n t i l the s u pernatant is clear. Pour off 90% of t h e supernatant a n d p o u r the sediment into a Petri dish. Examine t h e sediment under a d issecting microscope (x20-x30 ) or sC1l1ning objective ( x 4 ) of the microscope ( total magnifications x40) for large, yel low, opercubted eggs of Fasciola hepatica. =

Note: A commcrcial device consisting of two s icvcs is sold u nder the tradc name F l u kcfindcr and availa ble from Visual D i ffcrenccs, 106 North Bcar B l u ff Road, Prcston, I D 83263 (ll'l£I11'.flllkes@lIla['colllj.

IS

Tablc 5. Baerma nn technique for l ungworm larvac isolation I. 2. 3.

4. 5.

Place warm water ( a pproximately 25°C) into a glass funnel that has a stopcock or clamp on a rubber hose on the end of the funnel. Ta ke 5 g (or more) feces, w r a p t h e feccs in two laycrs o f gauze and place the feces in the water in the funnel . A ftcr 8 hours, withdraw the bottom 1 0- 1 5 ml of fluid from the funnels into.1 IS-ml centrifuge rube. Centrifuge the tube for 5 min utes at 1 ,500 rpm. \,\Iith a pipette, withdmw the bottom 2-3 drops from the centri fuge rube and tr.1llSfer to microscopc slide. Add a coverslip and look for larvae under the microscope.

Table 6. �/lodified IVlc?v Iaster tech nique for parasite eggs This is a d i lution mcthod of estimat ing eggs present in fecal samples. I. ldix 3 g feces in 1 5 ml of water and pour through a tea strainer. 2. Pour strained material into a L')-ml centrifuge tube and centri fuge at 1 ,500 rpm for 2 minutes. :v I i x the sed imcnt in 1 0 ml of flotation solution and pour i nto a beaker; add additional 3 2 ml of flotation so3. lution. 4. With a pi pette, rransfer suspension to a lv lc;v laster counting chamber and fill both chambers. 5. Transfer the slide to a microscope and count all eggs inside the ruled squares. 6. :v I u ltiply the number of eggs in both ch,1mbers by 50 for the rotaI number of eggs pcr gram of feces. Note: This technique is not very accurate for samples with small numbers of eggs. J\/lcN l aster Slides a re availa ble from Adva nced Eq uill e Products, 5004 228th Avc. S F , Issaquah, WA 98029, 425-39 1 - 1 1 69, (wwlll.ad[lallcedeqllille.colII/ l'£'terillaryj.

6

Diagnostic Parasitology

Table 7. Di rect smear This techni que is used primarily for diagnosis of Giardia. It is a very inefficient tec h n ique for d iagnosis o f other parasitc i n fections. l.

2. 3.

4.

A'lix a fecal sample the size of the head of a match (1-2 mm3) with a d rop of water or saline on a microscope slide. Mix the d rop with a circular motion until the specimcn is approximately 1 x 1 cm . Add a coverslip and examine u nder the microscope. I f large particles a re present under the coverslip, remove the particles or start with a new sample.

Table 8. Skin scraping for external parasites This technique is used primarily for the diagnosis of mites. I. Add several drops o f mineral oil o r glycerin to the a rea to be scraped. The a rea should be at the periphery of the cutaneous lesion, not i n the center of the lesion. 2. With a scalpel blade, scrape the a rea to a depth that blood hegins to ooze from the woun d . 3. Transfer the bloody material that was scraped to a microscope slide. 4. Add additional minera l oil and cover with a coverslip. 5. Examine u nder low power (x40) of the microscope first, and i f nothing is seen, i ncrease the magnification. Note: Large amounts of hair or skin can be digested i n 10%, KOH for 12-24 hours, and the sediment can be exa m ined for m ites e ither directly a fter centr i fuging, o r the sediment c a n he m i xed with the suga r flotation solution.

Table 9. Evaluation of blood for microfilarial' K nott's test: ;vl i x 1 ml of blood with 9 ml of 2'Yo formal i n i n a 1 5-ml tube. Ivlix by i n verting the tube several times after l. covering the top of the tube with your thumb. 2. \\fa it 2-3 m i n utes and centrifuge the tube for 5 m i nutes at 1,500 rpm. Usc a pi pette to draw off 1 or 2 drops of sediment from the base of thc tube and transfe r to a microscope 3. slide. Add a coverslip and examine at x400. 4. A d rop of O. I '�\) methylene blue added to the d rop on the microscope s lide can be hetpful in making the diagnoS1S. Hematocrit method: l. fill a microhematocrit tubc with blood and centrifuge for 1 minute. 2. \'(!ait a fcw min utes and thcn examine the buffy coat with a dissecting microscope. Look for l ive microfi lari­ al'. 3. Break the tuhe a t the buffy coat and dab the buffy coat on a microslide. Add coverslip and examine for mi­ crofilarial' on low power o n the microscope. D irect blood smear: I. Place I drop o f fresh blood or heparinizcd blood o n a microslidc and cover with a covcrslip. 2. 3.

Examine under low power for l ive microfila rial'. To slow the m icrofila rial', placc a drop of 10% forma l i n at the edge o f the coverslip.

7

Section I

Microscopy Table 10. Cal i bration of the microscope The accurate measurement of microscopic diagnostic stages of parasites recluires the calibration of th.·' III'KrO'ic e. op . . " . Two scale s are necessary: the ocul a r InIcrometer In the ocular of the mICroscope, which IS a glass disc bearing an arbitrary scale of 50 or 1 00 d ivisions, and the stage micrometer, which is a commercial slide etched with an a bsolute �cale I or 2. 111m long, subdivided into u nits of 0. 1 m m and 0 . 0 1 111m . ivlost microscopic objects a rc measured in microns (pm) or (Fm). Therefore, these units of measurement are impo rtant:

I mm 1 ,0 00 pm 0 . 1 mm 1 00 �1111 0 . 0 I 111111 I 0 �1I11 =

=

=

:vlost parasite d iagnostic stages are between I 0 �1I11 and 1 00 pm long. The lIumber of magnifications is determined by mu ltiply i ng t he ocu lar power ( usually x I 0) by the objective power. Therefore, a x 1 0 ocular with x4 o bjective is x40. On the lowest power of the microscope (usually a x4 objective) , superim pose the ocular micrometer over the stage mi­ crometer. Line up the left-hand ends of the scales. Find a place on the sca les where one line 011 each scale coincides direct­ ly over the others and count the n u m ber of ocular units with a kllown metric unit 011 the stage micrometer. Exa mplc: 5 8 units of the ocular micrometer coincides with 0 . 3 6 mm on the stage m icromete r. One space of the ocular micrometer, therefore, equals 0.36 mm d ivided hv 58 units 0. 0062 ml1l per ocular unit or 6 . 2 u n i t . \X1hcn a parasite egg i s measured a n d is 1 2 ocular units long, m ult iply t h e conversion factor ( 6 . 2 ) b y 1 2 ocular units t o obtain t h c length of t h c egg (74.4 �1I11 ) . Using t h e same technique, c a l i brate all objectives o n thc microscope and record the cOllversion factors 011 t h e microscope. :Vlost microscopes with x I 0 eyepieces will have conversion factors similar to these: x4 objective 2 5 . 0 �1I11 per unit spacc x I 0 objective 9.0 �1111 per unit space x40 objective 2.5 pm per unit space xlOO objective 1 .0 �lm per unit space =

p m per ocular

=

=

=

=

10

40

l

! 1 1

60

80

I

1IIIIIIIIil l lll l l l l ll il l l l lil! l lliml ll1! 11111 11 1 11111 11 1 1 !111 [1!111 1 1

\'

� ----------

Fig. 5. Example of calibration of the ocular micrometer

with the x4 o b j ect i c and 10 ocular. "'ote: 45 spaccs 760 fllll; I space 16.9 pm.

Fig. 4. Example of a stage mi crometer a nd all ocular mi­ crometer in the evepiece.

0.76 mm

8

=

=

=

Diagnostic Parasi tology

Fore)'t W]: Diagnostic Parasitology. In Parn' B\X' (ed): The Vetl'rillary Clillics of North America: Clilli,',,1 Pathology, Part 1989 ,

I I . Philadclphia, W.B. Saunders Co,

pp . 979 - 1 000.

Forcyt \\1.1: Recovery of ncmatode eggs and lan'ac in deer: Evaluation of fecal preservation methods. I AlII Vet Med Assoc 9: 1065 -1067, 1986.

Garcia LS, Ash LR: D ia gllostic Parasitology Clillic,r/ Laboratory Mallllal. 2nd edition. St. Louis, CV ;\,[os[,,', [979.

Gibbs HC, Hcrd R P, ivlurreli KD (cds): The Vl'terillclry Clillics of North America: Food Allimal Practice Parasites: Epidemiology mid COlltral. Philadelphia,

W.B. Saunders Co., 1 986. Gordon H, MeL, Whitlock HV: A new technique for counting ncmatodc eggs in sheep feces . COllllcil St'i Illd Res (Alls/rali,,), 12:50-52, 1939.

Grievc RB (cd): The Veterillary Clillics of North Alllerica: SIII(//l ;\nim,1i l'r"ctice - Parasitic Illfectiolls.

Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 1987. Hangay G, D ingley 1,,1: Biological Museum N[ethods. Vol.

2.

with thc LOO (oil emcrsion) objective and xlO ocular. Note: 73 spaces 0.07 nll11 70 �1I11; I space 1 .0 4 �1I11. =

=

1'1,111/5, IIIl'{'rte/n.rtcs al/(I Techlliqlles.

Academic

Press, New York, Il)X5.

Fig. 6. Examplc of calibration of thc ocular micrometcr

Hcrd RP (cd): The Vl'feriJ/(lry Clillics of North America:

=

Eqlline Practice - I',ltasito/ogy. Philadelphia, \\l.B.

Saunders Co., 19H6. H ubert j, Kcrbocuf D: A new method for culture of Jar,"ae used in diagnosis of ruminant gastrointestinal strongy­

Bibliography

losis: Comparison with fecal cultures. Call j Com{! Med, 4 8: 6 3 -71 , 1984.

{\dam K:"IC;, Zaman pJV: Medical (/1/(1 Veterillary Proto�oo/()gy.l.ondon,

jorgensen Rj: Isolation of infective Dictyoc"lIll1s larvae

Churchill l.ivingstone, 1971.

from herbage. Vet I'arasito/, 1 : 6 1 -6 7 , 1984.

Arundel .1H: field procedures for counting gastrointestinal worms in sheep and cattle. Allst Vet I 43:592-597,

Lappin MR, Calpin .II', Prestwood AK: Laboratory di'lgno­ sis of protozoal infections. In Green C.E (ed ): Illfectiolls

1967.

Diseases of the Dog alld Cat. Philadelphia, W.B.

Beane RD, Hobbs NT: T he Bacrmann technique ior esti­

Saunders Co., 1990, pp. 75 1-762.

mating Protostrollgyills iniection in bighorn sheep:

1"IcKenna PB: The diagnostic value and interpretation of

Effect of Iaboratorv procedures. J Wild Dis 19:7-9,

fecal egg counts in sheep. N Z Vet J 29: 1 29- 1 32, 1 98 1 .

1983.

Bowman D D : Georgis' I'£lr£lsito/ogy I(JI' Vetl'rill£lrialls. 7th

!vlclvin Dj'"I, Brooke i'vIM: Laboratory Procedllres for the Diagllosis of Illtestinal Parasites.

edititon. Philadelphia, \'1I.B. Saunders Co ., 1999.

U.S. Dcpt. of Health

and I-I uman Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta,

Brunner C.1, I lcndrix C\I, BI'lgburn Bl., et al.:

Georgia, 1980.

Comparison of serologic tests for detection of antigen in canine heartworm infections ..1 A lII Vet Med Assoc

:vlinistry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. ldallllal of Veteril/(II")' P,lrasitological Laboratory Techlliqlles.

192:1423-1427,1988.

Tcchnical Bullctin No. 18, London, Ebenezer Baylis and

Calpin Jp, Prestwood ;\K: Diagnosis of protozoan infec­

Son, The Trinity Press, 1976.

tions. In C;reene CE (ed): Clillic£ll Microbiology £llld

Parry BV (cd): The Veterinary Clillics of North !\lIIcrietl:

Illfectious ])ise£lSI'S of the ])og £llld Cit. Philadelphia,

.'lilli/II Anili/(r/ Practice-Clillic
\XI.B. Saunders Co., 1984,1'1'.137-143.

Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 1989.

Christie :-.:, jackson F: Specific identification of strongyle

Pritchard "'I II, Kruse GO\,\I: The Col/ectioll alld

eggs in sm'll1 samples of sheep ieccs. nes Vet Sci,

I'resen'iltioll 0/ Allimal I'ilrilsites.I.incoln,

32: 113-117, 1982.

Da\'id ED, l.indquist \VD: Determination of specific gravi­

Nebraska,

University of ;\cbr'lska Press, 1982. Reinccke RK: Identification of helminthcs in ruminants at

ty of certain helminth eggs using sucrose gradient cen­

necropsy. I S Ali' Vet tlssoc 55:135-143,1984.

trifugation. J P£lr(/sito/65:916-919,19N2.

9

S ection

1

Ro berts .II., SW
University Press, 1994.

haemonchosis I. Relationship between fecal egg counts

Traunt AL, Elliott SH, Kelly MT, et al.: Compari�()n of formalin-cthyl ether se dim entat ion, formalin-cthvl ac­ etate sedimentation, and zinc sulfate flotation tc h­ niqucs for detection of intcstinal parasi tcs . J Gill

and total worm counts. Vet Part/sito/ 8: 165-171, 1981.

�

Schillhorn van Veen T\,\': �'l ethod s for Diagnosis of I'
Micro/Jio/13:882-884, 1981.

A lIlerica: Food Allim<7i Pr
Whiteley HE: Your diagnostic protocol for Dirofilaria illI­

gy alld CO/ltro/. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders

mitis infection in dogs. Vet Med,8:328-345, 1988.

Co., 1986, pp. 3 3 5-344.

Williams JI'� /ajac A: Diagllosis o( gastroilltestillal para­

Sloss :vlW, Kemp RL, 7,ajak A�'l: Veterill(IrY C1illica/

sitism ill dogs (lIld C
Parasitology. 6th edititon. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State

Missouri, 1980.

10

Section 2

GENERAL PARASITOLOGY Classification Simplified Table 11. Parasite classification simplified Example: A scaris SIIIIIII, the swine roundworm

K i ngdom - Animalia Phylum - Nemathclmintes Class - Nematoda S ubclass - Secernentea ( Phasmida) O rder - Ascaridata Superfamily - Ascaridoidea Family - Asca rididae S ub family - Ascaridinae Genus - Ascaris Species - Slllllll Classification of Parasites of Veterinary Interest Phylum: Sarcomastigophora ( Protozoa), the single-celled animals

Subphylum: S u bphylum:

Sarcodina ( Amoebas) Mastigophora (Flagel lata)

Example: Example:

Su bphylum:

Apicomplexa ( Sporozoa)

Example:

Subphyl u m :

Cil iophora ( Ciliata )

Exa mple:

sp. in swine in dogs, Tricholllollas sp. in b irds Toxo/,lasllla gOlldii in cats, Eimeria spp. i n ruminants Balalltidilllll coli in swine

Elltollloeba

G iardia callis

Phylum: Nemathelminthes, the roundworms

Class: Nematoda Superfa mily: Asca ridoidea, the ascarids, very large worms i n the intestine, d i rect l i fe cycles Example: A scaris SIIIIIII in swine Family: Asca ridae Heterakidae Example: Heterakis gallillantll1 i n poultry Superfamily: O xyuroidea, the pinworms, females have long pointed tails, d i rect l ik cycles Family: Oxyuridae Example: OXYllris eqlli in horses Superfamily: Spi ruroide'1, the spi ruroids, spiral tails in males, use intermediate hosts Exa mple: Habrollellla mic rostollla i n horses Family: Spiruridac Example: Thelazia lacrilllalis i n horses Thelaziidae Physaloptera rara i n dogs Example: Acuariidae Superfa mily: IVlctastrongyloidea, the l ungworms, sma ll buccal capsule, usually have i ntermediate hosts Family: :vlerastrongylidac Example: !vletastrollgyllls apri in swine Mllellerills Cilpillaris in goats Example: I'rotostrol1gylidac Example: Crellos()/Ili/ [llIlpis in dogs Crenosomatidac A ellll'Ostl'OlIgyllls ahstl'llslIs in cats Exa mple: Filaroididae

11

Section 2

Tahle 11. Parasite classi fication simplified (continlled) Superfamily: TrichostrDngylo idca, small hairlike Trichostrongylidae Family: HelignHlIlsom,nid,le Amidosto matidae Oll ulan idae D ictyoca ul idae

worms, "strongyles", la rge bursa in males Exa mple: /-l,1('lIlonc/JII $ conto rtlls in sheep Nelllatos/Jiroides dl/billS in Exa mple: mice AlIlidostOllll l1ll <11lseris in duck Example: s Olllllalllis triCllsfJis i n cats Exa mple: Example: Dictyocallills l'il'ifJarus in cattle

Superfa m i ly: Rhabd ito idea , free living cycles, vcry small worms, small buccal capsule Family: Strong�'loididae Example: Strongyloides Il'esteri in horses SlIperfa mily: Strongyloidea, l a rge bucca l capsu le, Family: Strongyl idae '['richonematidae A ncy lostoma tidal' Stephanuridae Synga midae

cuticu lar a pPl'l1ciages, Example: Strongyills 1'1Ilgaris in horses Oesop/Jilg()stolllllln wdi'1f11l1l i n cattle Exa mple: Ancy/ostollhl cilllinlllll in dogs Exa mple: SlefJ/;anlll'l/s dellt,ltlls in swinc Exa mplc: Syngallllls twc/;ed in birds Example:

Supcrfa m ily: Filarioidea, thc fi la rioids, long slendcr worms, havc microfilariae in the blood Family: Filariidae Exa mple: Paril{ilari'l lJOl'icold in cattle Setariidac Exam ple: Setaria eqllina in horses Onchoccrcidae Example: Diro{i/,nia illllllilis in dogs Phylum: Nemathclminthes, the roundworms Class: Nematoda (continued) Superfa m i ly: Dracunculoidca, rarc i n domestic animals Dracunculidae Family: Examplc:

[)raClII/CII/IIS lIIedinensis

in dogs

Superfamily: Trichuroidea, long narrow csophagus with stichisome cells family: Trichuridae Examplc : 1i'ic/Jllris sllis in swine Trichinellidae Example: 'Ji-ic/;inella spir,Iiis in swinc Su perfamily: Dioctophymoidea, t he la rge kidncy worm, These ,I re rare in domestic '1I1 i mals. Family: D iocto phymatidae Example: [)ioctop/;Yllle rella/e in dogs Phylum: Acanthocephala - thorny-headed worm (J'v!acrac,lIIt/}()r/;YIlc!JIIs sp, in swine) Phylum: Platyhelmi nthes - flatworms Class: Trematoda, fl u kes Subclass: Monogcnea, mostly on fish or a mphibians and reptilcs. Subclass: Digcnea, a l ternation of scxual and asexual gencrations, one or more intermediate hosts Family: Fasciolidae Example: Fascio/a /;e/Jil!ica in cattle Paramphistomatidae Paralnp/;is!Olllllln cervi i n cattle Example: Dicrococl i idac Example: l'IatYllosollla f,7S!OSIIIII in cats Opisthorch iidac Example: Metorc/;is con;lIc!lIs in dogs Hctcrophyidac Exa mplc: Cryfi!ocoty/e lil/gua i n dogs Troglotrcmatidae Paragollilllus hellicotti in cats Exa mplc: Echinostoma tidae Echil/ostollla rello/utulII in birds Exa mple: Strigcidac Plagiorchidae

Exa mplc: Exa mple: Exa mple:

Schistosomatidac

12

A/aria callis

in dogs

Prosthogonilllus lIIacrorc/Jis Schistosollla I/asali

in horses

in birds

General Parasitology

Table 1 1 . Pa rasite classification simpl i fied ( colltilllled) Class: Cestoidea, ta peworms Order: Pseudophyllidae, scolex unarmed, bothria present Exa mple: Example: O rder: Cyclophyllidea, scolex with four suckers Davaine idae, scolexFamily: a rmed, small intestine of birds Anoplocephalidae, scolex unarmed without rostellum Mesocesto id idae, scolex without rostellum, median genital pores D ilepididae, rostellum a rmed, two lateral genital pores Hymenolepididae, small intestine o f birds, maml11als, and humans Taeniidae, scolex a rmed, genital pore lateral Phylum: A rthropoda Class: Insecta, the insects Order: Diptera - flies Siphonaptera - fleas ivlallopilaga - biting l ice

Example:

Davaillea sp. and RaillietiJl
Example:

MOlliezia benedelli i n cattle

Example:

Mesocestoides sp. in cats

Example:

Di/)ylidilll1l Cai/ill/llIl in dogs

Example:

HYlIll'llolepis sp. in rats

Example:

EchillOCOCCIIS grallll/oslls in dogs

Example: Example: Example:

Mllsca spp., Si/)h()I1{/ sp., on cattle Ctellocephalides sp. 011 dogs

Example:

Anoplura - sucking lice

Diphyllobothrilll1l latlll1l in dogs Spirometra sp. in cats

Bovicola spp. on cattle, Trichodectes sp. on dogs /-lael1latopillllS sp., Lillogllathlls sp. on horses

Class: A rachnida O rder: Araneida - spiders Order: Acarina - mites and ticks Family Ixodidae - hard ticks Argasidae - soft ticks Dermanyssidae - mites Sarcoptidae - m ites Delllodicidae - mites Cheyletidac - mites Psoroptidac - mites

Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: Example:

13

Dermacentor sp., etc. Otobills sp., etc. Derma/1yssl/s S(1., etc.

Sarco/)tes S(1., etc.

Demodex S(1., etc.

Cheyletiella sp., etc.

l'soro/)tes S(1., etc.

Section 2

edition. Philadelph i a , W.B. Saunders Co., 1 986. Fowler r.'I E ( cd ) : Z o o alld Wild Allimal M edicine. Currellt Them!)y 3. Phi ladelphia , \'\I. B. Saunders Co., 1 99 3 . Gaafer SM, Howard WE, M a r s h RE (cds): Parasites, Pests, alld Predators. New York, Elsevier, 1 985. Gibbs H C , Herd RP, M u rrell K D (cds): The Veterillary

Bibliography Anderson RC: Nelllatode Parasites of Vertebrates. Camb ridge, U nited K i ngdom, U niversity Press , 1 9 92. Anderson RC, Chabaud AG, Willmot S (eds ) : CIli Keys to the Nelllatode Parasites of Vertebrates.

Clillics 0/ North Alllerica: Food Allilllal Practice­

Farnham Roy a l Bucks, England. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau. No 1 . Anderso n RC, Chabaud AG, \X1illm ot S: General Introduction, G lossary of Terms, Keys to Subclasses, Orders and Superfam i lies, 1 974 . No 2. Hartwich G: Keys to Genera of the Ascaricloidea, 1 974. No 3. Chabaud AG, Anderson RC, Bain 0: Keys to the Order Spirurida (3 pans ) , 1 975- 1 976. No 4. Petter Aj, Quenr i n .IC: Keys to Genera of the Oxyuroidea, 197(, . No 5. Anderson RC: Keys to Genera of the Superfamily ivlcr'lstrongyloidea, 1 976. No 6. Chahaud AG: Keys to Genera o f the Superfamilics Seurato idea, Cosmoceroidea, Heterakoidca and Subu luroidea, 1 976. No 7. Lichtenfels J R : Keys to Genera of the Superfa mily Strongyloidea, 1 9 8 0 . No 8 . Lichtenfels J R : Keys t o Genera of the Superfamil ies AncylostoJl1atoidea and Diaphanocephaloidca, 1 9 80. No 9. Anderson RC, Bain 0 : Keys to the Dioctophymatoidea, Rhabd itoidea, Trichuroidea and :Yluspiceoidea, 1 98 2 . No 1 0. D ur ette-Desset :VIC: Keys to Genera of the Su perfa m i ly Trichostrongyloidea, 1 98 3 . Bowman D D : GeOl'gis' Parasitology tCir Veterinari
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co., I n6. Greene C E (cd ) : II//ectiolls D iseases 0/ the Dog al/d Cat. Philadelphia, \\1. B. Sau nders Co., 1 990. Grieve, RB (cd ) : T h e Veteri/h7rY Clillics o ( North l'al"ilsites: Epidellliology alld C(Jlltrol.

Alllerica: SlIIall Allill/al l'ractice - Parasitic In/ectiolls. Philadelphia, \\1. B. Saunders Co., 1 987. Gut ierrez Y: D iagllostic Pathology ()( Parasitic III(ectioll luith Clillical Correlatioll. Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 1 990. Hendrix Civl: D iagllostic Veterillary Parasitology, Mosby, 1 998. Herd R P (cd ) : T h e Veterillary Clillics o ( North AII/erica: Eqllille Practice-Parasitology.

Philadelphia, \'(I. B. Saunders Co., 1 9 86. K ranz (;\\1: A Mallllal o f Acarology. 2nd edition. Corvallis, Oregon, Oregon State U niversity Book Stores, 1 97 8 . La page E (ed): MOIIIII�r(s Veterill<7rY Helmilltho logy Lllld Elltolllology. 5 t h edition. Baltimore, Ma ryLlIld, William & Wilkins, 1 962. Lapage, G : Veterilhlry Parasitology. 2nd edition. Springfield, I l linois, Charles C. Thomas, 1 968. Lee JJ , I !tltner SH, Bovee EC (cds): All llillstr
Infectiolls and Parasite D iseases of Wild B irds.

Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1 97 1 . Dunn A M : Veterinary Hellllillthology. London, William Heinemann ;V[edical Books Ltd., 1 978. Flynn RS: l'arasites o f LalJOratory Allill/als. A mes, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1 973. Forrester, D.J: Parasites a n d D iseases 0/ \Vild M allllllais ill florida. Gainesville, Florida, Un iversity Press of Florida, 1 992. Fowler :v[E (cd ) : Z()O 0 " W/ild Allill/al Medici/Ie. 2nd

14

•

General Parasitology

Schell. SC: I [,lIld/}()ok of hell/at odes of North AlIlerica North or Mexico. :Vloscow, Idaho, Un ivcrsity Press of Idaho, 1 9 8 5 . Schm idt GA: Handbook o f 'Iii/Jell/om I Idelltificatioll. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, 1 9 8 6 . Sloss ivlW, Kemp RL, Zajak A M : Veterillary Clillical Pal'ilsit% gy. 6th edition. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1 994. Soulsby EJL: Helmillths, Arthropods alld Protozoa of Domesticated Allimals (Mollnig). Philadelphia, Lea & Febigcr, 1 96 8 . Soulsby EJL: Text/}()ol: o f Veterillary Clillical Parasitology. Philadelphia, EA. Davis Company, 1 965.

Thienpont D, Rochette l-� Vanparijs OFf: Diagllosing Helm illthiasis T hrollgh CO/Jrological LX,llll iJl<1t irm.

Beerse, Belgium, Janseen Research Foundati()\l, 1 979. Urquhart Gi'vl, Armour J , Duncan JL, Dunll A iv 1 , Jennings FW: Veterillary Parasitology. 2nd cdition. Oxford, England, Blackwe l l Science, 1 996. Wal lach JD, Boever WJ: Diseases o f Exotic Allill/als. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co., 1 98 3 . Williams J F, Zajac A : Diagllosis o f Gastroilltestinal Parasitism ill D ogs <111£1 Cats. Ralston Purina Company, Saint Louis, M issou ri , 1 9 80.

15

Section 3.

PARAS ITES OF DOGS Fecal Eggs and Oocysts

Toxocara canis 87

x

75)Jm

Toxascaris leonina 82

x

70)Jm

Nanophyetus salmincola

90 x 45)Jm

Ancylostoma caninum Alaria canis 122 x

76}Jm

60

x

40)Jm

10)Jm �

Uncinaria stenocephala

72

x

45}Jm

Fig. 7. Common parasite eggs and oocysts found in dog feces.

17

I packet Isospora ohioensis 24)( 21)Jm

Capillaria aerophila 70 x 35)Jm

80 38)Jm x

Grain Mile Egg 105 x 63}Jm nonparasitic

Section

3

Location of Major Parasite s

Zoonotic Disease s

Parasites of D ogs

Ectoparasltes

Fleas

-

Ctenocephalides canis Ctenocephalides felis

Con nect ive

Dirofilaria immitis

-

Lice

-

Rhipicephalus sanguinius Trichodectes canis Linognathus setosus

r---�L:..�

Mites

-

Demodex canis Otodectes cynotis Sarcoptes scabei

F l ies

Filaroides (Oslerus) osleri Filaroides hirthi Capillaria aerophila

Cecum & Colon Trichuris vulpis Gnathostoma

Small

I ntest i n e

Spirocerca Physaloptera

Ixodes spp.

Dermacentor s PP.

Tissue

Dipetalonema

H e a rt & Lu n g s

Echidnophaga spp.

Ticks

Toxocara canis

Taenia ovis

Toxascaris leonina

Taenia serialis

Uncinaria stenocephala

Taenia multiceps

Ancylostoma caninum

Taenia hydatigena

Strongyloides stercoralis

Taenia pisiformis

Dipylidium caninum Echinococcus granulosus

Fig. 8. Locations of the major parasites found in dogs.

18

-

Cuterebra spp. l arvae

Parasites of Dogs

Tahle 1 2 . "-'lajor zoonotic diseases associated with dogs Organism

Disease

Method of Infection

Amoebiasis Visceral leishmaniasis Cutaneous leishmaniasis PncuI110 cystis i n fection Trypanosomiasis

Ingestion Contact with arthropod vcctor Contact with arthropod vector Ingestion or i n halation Contact with arthropod vector

Cutaneous larva migrans Dirofilariasis Cutaneous larva migrans Strongyloidiasis Visceral larva migrans

Contact with larvae Bite of Jllosquito Contact with larvae Ingestion of larvae Ingestion of la rvated eggs

D i pylidiasis Hydatid cyst d isease Alvcolar hydatid discase

Ingestion of cysticercoid i n flea Ingestion of cggs Ingestion of eggs

Acariasis Acariasis

Contact with infected dog Contact with i n fected dog

Protozoa Elltomoeba histolytica Leishmallia dOllovalli Leishmallia dOllovalli Pllellll/ocystis cm'illii Trypallosoll/a cruzi

Nematodes A llcylostoma

spp.

Dirofilaria ill/mitis Strollgyloides

spp.

Strollgyloides stercoralis Toxocara callis

Cestodes Di/Jylidillm callill/lm Echillococclls grall/lloslIs Echillococcus II/l/ltiloClilaris

Arthropods Cheyletiella

spp.

Sarcoptes scabiei

Cutaneous Larva Migrans

�

�

�,

>-�-' .- '

� ,

-

,

, .

Visceral Larva Migrans

F ig. 9 . Visceral h1l"\'a migrans c'llIsecl

,�-(- - �/

(@ \

®

/

fi3

Fig. 1 0 . Cutaneolls larva migrans "creeping eruptions"

b y Toxocara «(Illis.

caused hy Allcylostoll/(I spp. ( Sec also page 2 2 . )

(See also page 2 1 . )

19

S ection

3

Drugs Table 1 3 .

Efficacy of anthclmintics against major internal parasites of cats and dogs Common Trade Namc

Drug

Dose ( mg/kg PO)

Bunamidine HCr. D ichloro phenc Dichlorl'os

Scola ban Va riolls Task

25-50 220 5-33

D iethylca rba mazi ne

Ca ricide/Fi la ri bi ts

D isophcnol D ithiazanine

Va rious/DNP Dizan

3 . 0-6 .6 daily 25- 1 00 7.5- 1 0 (2nd dose in two weeks) 20 q 24 h x 3- 1 3 d

Epsiprantel

Cestex

Fcbantel + praziqllantel + pyrantcl pamoate Fcnbendazolc

Drontal Plus

5.5 (dogs) 2 . 8 (cats) q 24 h x 3 d (dogs & cats) Combination product

Panacur

50 q 24 h x 3 d

Ivermectin

Ivomec

0 . 2 SC

Mebcndazole

Ivomec Hea rtgard Tcl mintic

0 . 05 0 .006 (30-day interva ls) 20 q 24 h x 3-20 d

Melarsominc

I m midicide

Methylhcnzcne + dichlorophene ivletron idazole

Va rious

2.5 mg/kg L'vl, twice, 24 hours apart 2 00-275 mg/kg o f each drug PO

�vl ilbemycin oxime

I nterceptor

Flagyl

Niclosamide Yomesan II-butyl chloride Various is oftcn m ixed with toluenc Pi pcrazine Various Praziquantel Praziqllantcl + pyrantcl Pyrantel pamoate Sclamectin

D roncit Drontal Nemcx Revolution

Thenium c10sylatc pi perazinc

Various

+

25 q 1 2 h x 5 d ( dog) 1 0-25 q 1 2 h x 5 d (cat) 0.5 ( 3 0-day interva ls) 1 00 ( dog), 200 (cat) Read the la bel 1 00-250 (2nd dose a fter 1 0 days), o r 1 00- 1 5 0 q 24 h x 2 d 5-50 Combination product 1 5 (dog), 20-30 (cat) 6- 1 2 (topica l )

500 q 2 4 h x I d 250 q 24 h x 2 d

Par asit es Sus cep tibl e Cestodes Cestodes Ascarids, hookworms, whipwonns Heartworm prevention ( L4 ) Ascarids Hookworms Nliscellaneous nematodes, heartworm microfilariae Ta peworms Tapeworms Ascarids, hookworms, whipworms, tapeworms Ascarids, hookworms, Giardia, whipworms, 'ii7ellia spp. tapeworms \,\Ih ipworm, many other nema todes Hea rtworm microfilariae I leartworm prevention Ascarids, hookworms, whipworms Adult hcartworms Ascarids, hookworms, cestodes G iardia

Heartworm preventative, hookworms, ascarids Cestodes Asca rids/hook\vorms Ascarids Cestodcs Cestodes, ascarids, hookworms Ascarids, hookworms Heartworm prevention, hookworms, ascarids (cats), many arthropods I look worms, ascarids

Note: Read labe l directions carefully. The label is the most a uthoritative source of i n formation (Sec Courtney and Sundlof, 1 99 I ) .

20

Parasites of Dogs

Internal Parasites Toxocara canis

Common name: Ascarid or roundworm (Ascaridoidea). Size o f adult: 7-1 8 cm in small i n testine. Size of egg: 80 11m x 75 11m. Importance: Larval migration causes liver and lung damage a nd death in you�
Fig.11 b. Toxocara callis (arrows). Toxascaris leonina is also shown (lower right).

Fig. l lc. Toxocara callis.

21

Sectio n 3 Toxascaris leonina Common name: Ascarid

or roundworm (Ascaridoidea ) .

S i z e of adu lt: 6-1 7 em i n s m a l l intestine. Size o f egg: 80 �Im

x 70 �Im.

Importance: Chronic d i a rrhea and i l l th ri ft,

"� �

not a

zoonotic disease. Diagnosis:

Eggs i n feca l flotation.

Treatment: Treat when any eggs arc detected .

Dichlorvos, 1 00 mg/kg PO F enbcn d a z ol e , 50 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 3 d Ivlebendazole, 22 mg/kg PO q 24 h X 5 d P i perazine, 1 1 0-200 mg/kg PO; repeat in 10 days. Pyra ntel, 5- 1 0 mg/kg PO, b itches prior to whelping. Note: A 1 '1., solu tion of sod i u m hypochlorite removes the albumin coat from ascarid eggs, and eggs can then be washed away with steam sterilization.

Toxascaris leonina

Fig. 1 2 a. Toxascaris leonillil

(Q)

-�

prepatcnt period is 6 weeks.

Trichuris vlIlpis Common name: \Xlhipworm (Trichuroidea ) . Size of adu lt: 3-8 c m i n cecu m . Size of egg: 7 5 p m x 4 0 pm. I mportance: Typhlitis, weight loss, diarrhea . Not a zoonotic disease. D iagnosis: Eggs in feca l flotat ion. Treatment: Treat when any eggs arc detected. Dichlorvos, 30 mg/kg PO Fenbendazole, SO mg/kg PO q 2 4 h x 3 d Ivermectin, 0. 1 mglkg SC PO Mebendazole, 20 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 3-20 d Note: Eggs in the environment arc di fficu l t to kill. ( B leach x 1 % ), steam sterilization, and direct sun­ light arc helpfu l in kennel situations.

Trichuris vulpis

Fig. 1 3 a. Trichuris vul/Jis prepatent period is 3 months.

Ancylostoma callilttt11l

Fig. 1 4 a. AIICylostolll
Common name: Southern hookworm ( Strongyloidea) . Size o f adult: 8- 1 6 111m i n small intestine. Size of egg: 60 pm x 40 p m . Importance: Anemia, weakness, poor growth. Cutaneous larva m igrans in humans. Diagnosis: Eggs in feca l flotation. Treatment: Treat when eggs arc detected. Butamisole, 2.4 mg/kg SC Dichlorvos, 30 mg/kg PO Disophenol, 2.2 mg/kg SC fenbendazole, 50 l11g/kg PO q 24 h x 3 d Ivermectin, 0.05 l11g/kg SC or PO Ivlebendazole, 22 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 3-5 d Mi l bemycin oxime, 0.5 mg/kg PO I'yrantel, 5-1 0 mg/kg PO Theni ull1 closylate, 50 mg/kg PO q 1 2 h x I cl Note: For larvicidal treatment of kennels use sodium borate ( Borax) 1 0 lb. per 1 00 ft2 or I 'Yr, bleach.

prepatent period is 2 weeks.

22

Parasites of Dogs

Fig. 12b. Toxascaris (arrow}, Toxocara, Nanophyetes.

Fig. 1 3 e. Trichuris vulpis.

Fig. 1 3b. Trichuris vulpis.

Fig. 1 4b. Ancylostoma caJ1illll1J1. Fig. 14c. AJ1cylostoma callilllllll.

23

Section 3 Uncinaria stenocephala

�

ommon name: Northern hookworm (Strongyloidea ). SIZC of adult: 5-1 2 111m i n small intestine. Size of cgg: 75 �lIn x 45 �lm. Importan cc: Lcss pathog cnic than Anc)'lostC)II/a spp. WI worms I1a \',' . cuttll lg platc s rathe r than tecth . Not a zoon otic disea se. , DIagnosis: Eggs i n fecal flotation. Treatment: Treat when eggs arc detectcd. Butamisole, 2.4 mg/kg S C D ichlorvos, 30 mg/kg PO D isophenol, 2 . 2 mg/kg SC Fenbendazole, 50 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 3 d Ivermectin, 0.05 mg/kg SC or PO ivlebendazole, 22 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 3-5 d Pyrantel, 5 - 1 0 mg/kg PO Then ium closylate, 50 mg/kg PO q 1 2 h x 1 d rig. 1 5 a. Un cina ria stenocephala prepatent period is 2 weeks.

Strollgyloides stercoralis Common name: Threadworm ( Rhabditoidea ). Size o f adu lt: 0.7-2 .2 mm in small intestine. Size of egg: 55 �lIn X 30 p m . Importance: Severe d iarrhea, pneumonia a n d dermatitis. Causes severe il lness and diarrhca in human infants. Diagnosis: Fecal flotation ( must be very fresh), larvated eggs and larvae in feces, Baermann technique for larvae, skin scrap­ ing when dermatitis is involved. No transplaccntal or trans­ mammary infection. Treatment: Treat when eggs or larvae arc detected. D iethylcarbamazine, 1 00 mg/kg PO \vermectin, 0.2 mg/kg PO ;vlebendazole, 20 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 3- 1 4 cI

Dirofilaria illt11Iitis

Fig. 16a. Strollgyloides stercoralis prepatcnt pcriod is 1 wcck.

Dirofilaria immitis Fig. 1 7a. D irofi laria im/llitis prepatent period is 6-7 months.

Common na me: Hcartworm ( Fila rioidea ) . Sizc of a d u l t i n heart: 1 2-30 c m microfilariae in blood. Sizc of microfilaria: 270-325 �lIn X 6.7-7.0 �lIll. Importancc: Causes congestive heart fai lure in dogs, pulmonary and skin lesions in humans. Diagnosis: Microfilariae i n blood. Knott's test, b uffy coat exami­ nation, direct blood smea r, millipore filtration of blood, various serologic tests. Note: Adult hcartworms can l ive for 8 years. Treatment for adults: Mclarsomine dihydrochloride ( l m m idicide), 2.5 mglkg I ivl, given twice 24 hours apart. Trea tment for m icrofilariae: \vermectin, 0.05 mg/kg SC or PO Levamisolc, 1 1 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 7- 1 0 d (given starting 2 weeks a fter caparsolate) . ivl i l bemycin oxime, 0.5 mg/kg P O Treatment as prophylaxis: D iethylcarbamazinc, 1 .2 mglkg PO q 24 h d u ring mosqu i to season. \vermecrin, 0.006 mg/kg PO every 30 days. i'vli l bemycin oxime, 0.5 mg/kg every 3 0 days. Nloxidectin, 0.03 mg/kg PO every 30 days. Selamecti n, 6-12 mg/kg ( topically) every 3 0 days.

24

Para sites of Dog s

Fig. 1sb. Uncinaria stenocephala. Fig. 1sc. Uncinaria stenocephala.

Fig. 1 6b. Strollgyloides stercoralis.

Fig. 1 6c. Strongyloides stercoralis. Photo courtesy of Dr.

Linda Mansfield.

Fig. 1 7c. Dirofilaria immitis.

Fig. 1 7b. Dirofilaria illllllitis.

25

Section 3

Table 14. Comparison of micro filariae of Dirofilaria immitis and DilJetalollellIa recollditllllI

Parameter

Dirofilaria ill/mitis

Dipetalollema reconditllm

N u mbers present iVlotility Head shape Acid phosphatase stain Tai l Body Length by K nott's test ( �1I11 ) Length by filter test (�lIll ) Width by Knott's test (pm) \X'idth by filter test (�1I11)

1v[any Nonprogressive Tapered Excretory, anal pores Straight Straight

Very few Progressi ve Blunt D i ffuse B utton hook Curved

280-320

2 1S -2 70

235-2 85

2 1 5-240

6 . 1 -7.2

4 . 7-5 . 8

5 . 8-7.0

4-5

Table 14a. I nterpretation of heartworm tests Heartworm Microfilariae Present in Knott's Test

A ntigen Test

Results and [ Recommendations [

Positive

Positive

Negative

Positive

Positive

Negative

Negative

Negative

Patent heartworm infection [Treat with adulticidc, micro filaricide, use preventative] False-negative Knott's test, no adults present, immature worms only, all male or female worms, treated with a microfilaricide, antibody against microfilariae [Treat with adulticide, usc preventative] False-positive K nott's test, few worms present, recent patent infection, immune response that removes or masks the a ntigens detected in the serological tests, misidentification of the microfilariae observed [Treat with microfilaricide, use preventative [ No heartworms present, low worm burden, immature worms present, immune mediated occult infection [ Usc preventative if in heartworm transmission area]

Note: J\/lodified Knott's tests are general l y used for microfila riae detection, and a t this time antigen tests ( ELISAs) are primarily recommended for serological tests. (See Blagburn, 1 994; Henry and D il lon, 1 994).

26

Parasites of Dogs

HEARTWORM DISEASE : A Diagnostic/Treatment Protocol

[

S( ree-�ng Tes[ Knotts Or Filter

-" T - -� : (+) (-)

Confirm Wit h Antigen Test·

---

1 (-) +

-

-

[�

epeat

( ) -

.

�':.rce-"��t§J

��:� t

R

An�igen lest

_

r

Or No Worms Present) (-)

J-. _ _

"mm",,,

�

I

____':"_ .

tn c

-. '------'

--

-

.- , - -

-

Suspect Infection

_

\t.';�let)6

r'

Appropriate \leans. For Example.

Radiognphy. Serum Chemistry Profile.

l'ri nalysis. CBC, Worm Burden Estima, · tion : · And Other Tests As IndicJted. Take Any Corrt'Cli \'t" SICPS :\'cn· ....sary

,

Before Adulticide Treatment .

,

- --

-

--

-- - -

_____ _

�

--

�\f

I

J

...........

- -

�

( on fl rm l-ffll3q lh A nogcn In l I 1 ter Adult' ' _ ,_ , _

�

[l�-l'a�n��nl Succ;o;;:tl.�IJ -

-

t

(-)

- -'----,

+

,

-� ---

ConduC[ PrClfCJlmcnl E\'a]u3t ion l '�ing

�- -

,

.l:.."

--

(Signs, History)

"'" ,;,=i;;;" ; 1 �,. l-----2�'���.-----�'" r --(for Palen!

Mlcrofila;lCl de l 'mil Screenmg )Tcst Nt'

-

-' Suspect Infection Not Do --

( - )1---+ 1

( + ) -+

(Few

�_ _

r ( +' )

�

(+)

[-(��l�d�-; �

'-

....- _

_

_

�,

For

Occuh

I n fcction!'l.

Atlminislcr Prnenti\'e

� � ���d�J

RClfc3lin-g D og \\'it_h_ � �I_I

---

,\1aimain Preventive Program -Ih PrO[CCl Paticnt From Ikanworm Infection --

-

-

Fig. 1 8 . D iagnostic protocol for d i agnosis and treatmcnr of hcartwOI 'ms

( Dirofildria ill1l1litis).

':' [n 'l d d i t ion to ant igen test, rad iogra phy, cchocHd iography, a nr i bociy, a n d other tcsts may be llsed to aid di agnosis. " ':' Experts be l icvc that predicting worm bu rden could prOl'ide a useful guidc for prognosis and treatmcnr.

( \Xli t h perm i ssion frol11 Dr. Charles H. Courtney, Universit\' of Florida, Ga inesv i l lc, Florida, and Agri Tech Systems, Inc', Port l a n d , ,\;hl i ne. )

27

Section 3

Dipetalonema reconditum Common name: ( F i l arioidea ) . Size of adult: 4-8 cm i n subcut aneou s tissues . Size of micro fi l a rial': 2 1 5-270 �lm x 4 . 7-5 . 8 Um. Sl ightly small er than micro filaria e of D ro/i ldri,l ill/II/itis ( See Table 14). Importance: Nonpathogenic. l'vlust be different iated from D irofilaria ill/II/itis because dogs infected with Vipl'talollell/il rl'Collditllll/ arc not treated. Diagnosis: M icro fi l a rial' in blood (Sec Table 1 4 ). Treatment: None needed; nonpathogenic.

;

Fig. 1 9a. Di/iI'i£I/()III'II1
days.

Filaroides osleri Common name: Tracheal worm ( �vletastrongyloiclea ) . Size of adult: 5- 1 5 mm. E osleri coi led in nodules a t bifurcation of trachea. Adult L hirthi in pul­ monary parcncl1Vma. Size of first stage larva: In trachea 2 3 7-2 6 7 pm in feces 3 25-3 7X �lIn.

Importance: Cough ing, chronic tracheobro nchitis. D i agnosis: Larval in feces or sput u m . Sputu m smear, transtracheal wash, or feca l notation. Treatment: Treatment i s experiment a l . A l bendazole, 25-50 mg/kg P O q 1 2 x 5 d ( repeat i n 2 1 days) Fenbendazole, 50 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 7 d Ivermectin, 0.4 mg/kg SC: or PO

Filaroides osleri

Fig. 20a. Fi/£Iruidcs ( Os/Cnts) ()s/eri in bronchi. F. hirthi in pulmonary parenchyma. i'rep,nent period is 1 0 weeks for F. os/eri and 5 weeks for F. hirthi.

Physalo/Jtera

spp.

Common name: Stomach worlll (Spiruroidea ) . Size of adult: 3-6 c m in stomach. Size of egg: 40 �lm x 3 0 pill. I mportance: I n freq uently causes gastric mucosal ero­ sion a nd gastritis; adults attach with mouth parts. Diagnosis: Larva tecl eggs in feces. Fecal flotation or worms in vomilus. Treatment: Treat when eggs a rc detected. Dichlorvos, 2 7-33 mg/kg fcnbendazole, 5 0 mg/kg PO q 24 h x .') d Ivermectin, O . OS-0 . 5 IlIg/kg SC: or PO Fig. 2 1 a. l'hvs
28

Parasites of Dogs

Fig. 1 9c. Dipetalonema reconditum (ar[()w).

Fig. 19b. Dipetalonema reconditu11l.

Fig. 20c. Filaroides osleri in lung section. Fig. 20b. Film'oides osleri, first-stage larvae.

Fig. 2 1c. Physaloptera sp.

Fig. 21b. Physaloptera sp.

29

Section 3

DEFINITIVE HOSTS

NmlOphyetus salmincola

with adult trematodes

Common name: Salmon poisoning fluke (Troglotrematidae).

adult: 0.5-1 .5 mm i n small intestine. Size of egg: 70 pm x 40 �t m . I mporta nce: Vector f o r Neorickeftsia he/mi . nt!leca, eoo_ I ogl' . cal agent of salmon pOlson mg disease in dogs. Hemor rhagic enteriti s with general ized lym­ phaden opathy, vomitin g, diarrhe a, l eth argy, inappe­ tence, fever, death. Diagnosis: Gold, operculated eggs i n feces. Hi story, fecal flotation in sugar or fecal smear, clinical signs. Treatment of salmon poisoning ( rickettsial disease) : Trea tmen t i s necessa ry. O xytetracycline, 7 mg/kg IV q 1 2 h x 3 d Doxycycline, 1 0 mg/kg IV q 1 2 h x 7 d Treatment of Nallo/J!JYl'tlis s£lilllill(o/a: Treatmcnt may be Size of

.

:

�\.

_ 'G" _ � . C9

CERCARJA

Fig. 22a. NllllofJ!Jyetlls sa/millco/a

o

MIRACIDIUM

Jlr<9/ OXYTREMA-SNAIL with rediae

prepatent period is 5-7

days. ( See also Fig. 52j . )

beneficia l .

Praziquantel, 2.5-5 mg/kg PO or SC Note: freezing or cook ing fish will k i l l metacercariae.

Paragonimlls kellicotti Common name: Lung fluke (Troglotrematidae). Size of adult: l. 0- 1 .5 cm in l ung. Size of egg: 90 �lJl1 X 50 p m . I mportance: Nlay cause chronic respiratory disease. D i agnosis: Gold operculated eggs in feces o r sputu m. Fecal flotation in suga r or sputum smear. Treatment: Treat when eggs a re detected. A l bendazole, 25-50 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 1 4-2 1 d Fenbendazolc, 50 mglkg PO q 24 h x 1 0-1 4 d Praziquantel, 25 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 2 d

Paragonimus kellicotti

Fig. 23a. Paragollimus kellicotti prepatent

period is 5-6

weeks.

A/aria

spp_

Common name: Intestinal fl uke (St rigeidae ) . Size of adult: 2- 1 0 mm in small intestine. Size of egg: 1 34 �lJl1 x 70 �lJl1. Importance: Mostly nonpathogenic. Lung migration may cause somc damage. :Vl inor zoonotic potential from larval st ages from intermed iate hosts. Diagnosis: Eggs in sugar fecal flotation. Treatment: Parasites a re of minor signi fica nce un less l a rge nu mbers a re present. Niclosamidc, 1 57 mg/kg PO Praziquantel, 10 mg/kg PO or SC:

Fig. 24a. A/e/rill

spp. prepatent period is .35 days.

30

Parasites of Dogs

Fig. 22b. Nanophyetlls salmincola (arrow). The other egg is Toxascaris leonina.

Fig. 22c. Nal10phyetus salmincola. alTO\\'.

'l::l;1e operculum is at the

Fig. 23b. Paragollimus kellicotti.

Fig. 24b. A laria sp. (arrow), Nanophyetlts.

Fig. 24c. A laria sp. (arrow). The other two eggs are Nanophyetus.

31

Section 3

Taenia pisiformis Common na me: Tapeworm (Taeniidac), Size of adult: U p to 2 0 m i n sma l l intestine. Size of egg: 3S �lm x 32 pm. I mporta nce: Possib le intestin al obstru c ticll1S \VI' t l1 I1ea . \,v . infectio ns. The usual Tae/lia i n dogs I' S 'f.le ' /lh' l pisi/()}'//l is, whic h is acqu ired by eatin g cysticerci in rabhits. D i agnosis: Segments i n feces or on perianal regio n, eggs in feca l flotation. Treatment: Treat when eggs or segmcnts a rc detected. Hunamidine, 25-50 mg/kg PO D ichlorophene, 220 mg/kg PO Epsipr;1ntel, 5 . 5 mg/kg PO Fenbendazolc, 50 mg/kg PO q 24 h x .3 d :Vlchendazole, 22 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 3-5 d Niclosal11ide, 1 5 7 mg/kg PO Praziquant e l , 2 .5-5 mg/kg PO •

< •

� �

� Taenia pisiformis

Ld

Fig. 25 a, 'Ll£'lli£1 pisi(ol'lllis

� '

�

prepatcnt period is

2

months.

DipylidiulIl Canill/llIl

t,

'

Dipylidium caninum

@ " :" .::��

;..�: .

�

Fig. 26a. Dipylidilllll ca/lillltlll

month.

Coml11on name: Flea ta pcworm ( Di lcpididae ) . Size of adult: 1 5-75 c m in sma l l intestine, Size of egg: 25 ,lI m-30 �1I11 in oblong packets of 2 0 or fewer eggs. Eggs packets a re 200 pm x 1 50 pm. Importance: Indicates the presence of fleas. Anal pruri­ tus, chronic enteritis, vomiting, o r nervous disor­ ders may resu lt. \,\Iill infect humans, Diagnosis: Segments on feces or perianal region, feca l notation. Treatment: Treat when eggs or segments a re detected. Bunamidinc 25-50 mg/kg PO D ichlorophene, 220 mg/kg PO Epsipra nte l , 5 . 5 mg/kg PO Niclosamide, 1 5 7 mg/kg PO P raziquantel, 2 . 5-5 mg/kg 1'0

prepatent period is

Echinococc/ls gralllt/osus ( sec also Figs. 52h <1ncl 5 2i )

Fig. 27a. EciJiIWCO(OIS g/'(/IlIl/()SItS

Common name: Hydatid tapeworm ( Taeniidae). Si/.e of adult: 2-9 mm in sma l l i ntestine. Size of egg: 35 p m x 30 �lI11, Im portance: :vl ild disease in carn ivores; highly patho­ genic or fatal in humans ( hydatid cyst ) . Diagnosis: Eggs in feca l flotation. Eggs a r c indistin­ guisha ble from '[�/('/liLl spp. eggs. Treatment: Treat a ! 1 dogs if suspccted. Bunamid ine, 20-50 mg/kg ( repeat in 2 days and in mont h ) . iVlehcncbzole, 22 mg/kg PO q 2 4 h x 3-5 d Praziquantcl, 2 5-50 mg/kg ( preferred trcatmcnt ) . Prevention: Do n o t feed infected sheep or w i l d rumi­ nant viscera to dogs.

prepatent period is 50

days.

32

Parasites of Dogs

Fig. 25b. Taenia sp. Note hooks in egg (arrow).

Fig. 25c. Taenia sp. Note hooks in egg.

Fig. 26b. D i/Jylidilll1l caninlll1l.

Fig. 26c. Dipylidium canillum.

Fig. 27b. Echinococcus granuloslIs.

Fig. 27c. Echil1ococClts gral1ulosliS.

33

Section 3

Isopora

spp.

Common name: Coccidia ( Apicomplexa) . S i zc of oocyst: [sos/JOra ohioellsis 24 �lm x 2 1 �1I11; /sos{JOra bigilllilla 1 3 �lm x 10 �m; [sos/Jora callis 36 �lIl1 x 30 � lm. I m portance: ivlay cause hemorrhagic entcritis, diarrhea, poor growth. Primarily i n puppies. D iagnosis: Oocysts in fecal flotation; in smal l intestine. Treatment: Trcat i f morc than 1 ,000 ooc)'st/g and diar­ rhca is prescnt. Sulfadimelhoxinc, 55 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 1 0 days, or until asymptomatic for 2 days. Prevention: Samc as treatmcnt. Decoquinate, at I mg/kg PO is used experimcntally. Notc: Ionophores can be tox ic in dogs and cats. Ampro l i um, 1 00-200 mg/kg q 24 h x 7 days ( trcatment or prevention ) .

(

�

fig. 28a. Isospora sp. prepatent period is I week.

Sarcocystis

Common name: Nonc ( A picomplexa ) . Sizc of sporocyst: 1 6 � m x I I �lil1 in small intcstine. Import ance: Usually nonpathogenic, bUl is economically important in intermed iatc hosts used for food animals. Diagnosis: OocYSts or sporocysts in fccal flotation. Trcatmcnt: Nonc available. Prcvcntion: Do not feed raw meat to dogs.

o

� � �� . � SarCDCY'';' s p .

J

Giardia callis Common namc: Nonc ( ,Vh1st igophora ) . Sizc of cyst: 1 8 pm x 1 0 p ill ; trophozoitc: I 7 �lm x 1 0 � m i n small and largc intestine. Importance: D i a rrhea, transmissible to humans. D iagnosis: Trophozoites or cysts in fecal flotation or smcar (must usc fresh fccal m,l teria l ) . Sevcral ELISA tests arc available. Treatmellt: Treat i f dia rrhea and C iardi,/ are present. Carnidazole, 5 mg/kg q 24 h x 3 days iVlet ronidazole, 50 mg-70/kg PO q 24 h x 5 d Quinacrine, PO or L'vl Large clogs: 200 mg q 8 h x 1 cl or 200 mg q 1 2 h x6d Sma l l dogs: 1 00 mg q 1 2 h x I d or 1 00 mg q 24 h x 6 d Puppies: 50 mg q 1 2 h x 6 d Cats: 1 0 mg/kg q 24 h x 1 2 d Al bcndazole, 25 mg/kg q 1 2 h x 2 d (4 treatmcllts) Carn idazolc, 5 mg/kg q 24 h x 3 d Fcnbendazole, 50 mg/kg q 24 h x 3 d Prevcntion: G iardia vaccines may be useful in chronic cases.

Fig. 29a. S,/rcoc),stis sp. prepatent period i s 9- 1 0 days.

...... - - ':Il

,

"-

' · '- ·t- + �- · '\

�

Fig. 30a. Gi,miiLl

a

Giardia canis

c l l is

prepatent period is

I

spp.

week.

34

Parasites of D ogs

Fig. 28b. Isospora sp.

Fig. 28c. Isospora sp. (dividing).

Fig. 29b. Sarcocystis sp.

Fig. 29c. Sarcocystis sp. Note sporozoites (arrows).

Fig. 30b. Giardia callis (cysts stained).

Fig. 30e. Giardi,! callis (cysts in sugar flotation). Cytoplasm is comprcssed at OIlC end.

35

Section 3

Taenia hydatigelta Common name: Sheep tapeworm (Taeniidae). Size of adult: 75-500 cm i n small intestine. S i ze of egg: 38 �lln x 3 2 �tl11. Essentia lly the same for most 1,1Cllia spp. in dogs. Cysticerci in peritoneal cavity of sheep. I m portance: Low pathogenicity, source of infection for

Taenia hydatigena

sheep. D i,lgnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation, segments in feces or on perianal region. Treatment: Bunamidine, 25-50 mg/kg PO D ichlorophene, 2 2 0 mg/kg PO Fenbendazole, 50 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 3 d iVlebendazole, 22 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 3-5 d Nielosamide, 1 5 7 mg/kg PO Praziquantel, 2.5-5.0 mg/kg PO

ti '--' I j

Fig. 3 1 . I�IL'lIia hydatigelhl prepatent period is 7 weeks.

Taellia lIlulticeps Coml11on name: Gid tapeworm (l�leniiclae). Size of adult: 40- 1 00 Clll in small illtestine. Size of egg: 31l �tm x 32 �tm. I mportance: Low pathogenicity. In sheep, the Coenurus stage in the brain causes central nervous system d isorders (gid). Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation, segments in feces or on perianal region. Treatment: Bunamidine, 25-50 mg/kg PO Dichlorophene, 220 mg/kg PO Fenbenclazole, 5 0 mg/kg PO q 2 4 h x 3 d J'-'Iebendazole, 22 mg/kg 1'0 q 24 h 3-5 d Nielosamide, 1 5 7 mg/kg PO Praziquantel, 2 .5-5 .0 mg/kg 1'0

Fig. 3 2 . "[;ll'lIia IIII1 /ticl'/)s prepatent period is 7-9 weeks.

Taellia krabbei Common name: Deer or moose tapeworm (Taeniidae). Size of adult: 2 6- 1 00 em in sma 1 1 intestine. Size o f egg: 3 8 �1l11 x 3 2 �tIn. I mportance: Low pathogenicity. C:�'sticerci i n muscles of mule deer, caribou, ancl moose. Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation, segments in feces or on perianal region. Treatment: Bunamidine, 25-50 mg/kg PO D iehlorophene, 220 mg/kg PO Fenbendazole, 50 mg/kg 1'0 q 2 4 h x 3 d ;vlcbendazole, 22 mg/kg PO q 24 h 3-5 d Niclos<1 mide, 1 5 7 mg/kg PO Praziquantcl, 2 . 5-5 . 0 mg/kg PO

Fig. 3 3 . I,IL'lIia krabbei prepatent period is 7-8 weeks.

36

Parasites of Dogs

Capillaria aerophifa Common name: Fox lungworm (Trichuroidea ) . Size of adult: 2 .5-3 . 2 cm in lungs. Size of egg: 70 �lm x 3 5 �ltn. I m portance: IvIa)' cause respiratory distress. D iagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation. Treatment: renbenclazole, 50 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 3-5 d ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg PO or SC Leva misole, 2.5 mg/kg PO q 24 h x :; d Capillaria aerophita

Fig. 34. Ca/Jillaria (Ellcolells) 'lI!l"Ophil
40 days.

Drac/lIlclIfllS illsigllis Common name: Guinea worm, dragon worm, fi rey serpent ( Dracunculoidea ) . Size of adult: 1 -200 cm in subcutancous tissuc. Size of larvac: 500-750 �ltl1. Importancc: Low pathogcnicity, swelli ngs on tihia .l nd tarsus, nonhcaling u lcers. D iagnosis: Nonhealing skin ulcers, isolation of la rvac from the u lcers. Treatment: Bunamidine, 25-50 mg/kg 1'0 Dichlorophene, 220 mg/kg PO Niclosa mide, 1 5 7 mg/kg 1'0 Praziquantel, 2 .5-5 .0 mg/kg 1'0 or SC Surgical removal

fig. 3 5 . Dr,lulIlwllls illsigllis and D. lIledill!'llsis prepatent period is 1 0- 1 4 months.

Diphyllobothrillm fa til III ",

,

,

' ... � �

�

Common name: Broad fish tapeworm ( Pseudoph)·lIidea ) . Size of adult: Up to 1 5 m i n s m a l l intesti ne. Size of egg: 75 �l m X 45 �ltl1. Importance: Low pathogenicity. ResC1"voir of the infec­ tion for humans. Diagnosis: Eggs i n fecal flotation. Treatment: Praziquantel, 7.5 mg/kg PO or SC: q 24 h x 1. d Praziquantel, 35 mg/kg PO Humans: N iclosamicle ( Yomesan ) , 2 g PO (once) Praziquantel, 5-20 mg/kg 1'0 ( once)

�

�l�-Y� /� ..

�

Diphyllobothrium tatum

�� � G

Fig. 3 6 . Diphyllo/Jolbrilllll lallllll prepatent period is 3-4 weeks.

37

Section 3 Spirocerca lli/Ji ( See also Fig. 52k) C0l11111on n a me : Esophageal worm (Spiruroidea ) . Sizc of adult: 3-8 cm in esophagus and stom ach. Size of egg: 40 �L Ill X J 2 pm, larvated. Importance: Ivlay predispose to malignant tumors and dystrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. Di,lgnosis: Eggs in feces in patent i n fections. Treatment: Diethylcarbamazine, 500 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 1 0 d Prevention: Do not feed raw chicken to dogs.

Fi g. 37. Spirocerca II/pi prepatent period is 5-6 1110nths.

Thelazia califomiellsis Common name: Eyeworm (Spiruroide a ) . Size of adult: 1 0-40 mm in conjunctival sac. Size of egg: 5 5 �LIll x 35 �LIll . I mportance: JVlay cause conjunctivitis, lacrimation, photophobia. D i agnosis: Eggs i n lachrymal secretions. Parasites can be seen i n conj u nct ival sac. Treatment: Surgical removal of worms from the con­ j u nctival sac under local anesthesia. I vermectin, 0.2 mg/kg SC: or Evl

Thelazia californiensis

Fig. 3 8 . 1i;el"zia cali/rJl'llil'llsis prepatent period is J 6-20 days.

Dioctophyma rellale Common name: Giant kidneyworm ( D ioctophymoidca ) . Size of adult: 3 5- 1 05 cm in kidney. Size of egg: 65 �LIll x 42 pm. I mportance: Destroy renal tissuc, may causc peritonitis. Diagnosis: Eggs i n urine. Treatment: Surgical removal. Prevention: Do not feed raw crayfish or fish ( the inter­ mediate hosts) .

Fig. 39. DioctophYllla rellale life cycle is u p to 2 vcars.

38

Parasites

External Parasites (See also page 4 8 )

of Dogs

Trichodectes canis Fig. 40b. Trichodectes callis. (See also

Fig. 40a. Life cycle of Trichodectes callis.

Fig.

52b.)

Trichodectes canis

Common name: Biting louse o f dogs (Mallophaga ) . Adults, nymphs, eggs in hair. In cats, the biting louse is Felicola s/lbstratus ( u ncommon) . Size o f adult: 2-4 mm. Life cycle is 3 weeks. Importance: Cause roughened hair coat, itching, dermatitis. May act as intermediate host of Dipylidium callillUI11. D iagnosis: Examination of the hair for adults, nymphs, and eggs ( nits) . Treatment: Carbaryl, coumaphos, diazinon, dioxathion, fenchlorphos ( ronnel ) , lindane, methoxychlor, rotenone, pyrethrins, pyrethroids: treat twice, 7 days apart. Note: Many flea control products a lso k i l l lice and ticks.

Linognathus setosus Fig. 41b. Linognathus setosus.

Fig. 41a. Life cycle of Linog11athus setosus.

Linognathus setostts Common name: Sucking louse of dogs (Anoplura ) . Size of adult: 2-3 mm. Life cycle is 3 weeks. Importance: Cause skin irritation, itching, dermatitis, alopecia, anemia, roughened hair coat. Diagnosis: Examine hair for adults, nymphs, eggs (nits). Treatment: Carbaryl, coumaphos, diazinon, dioxathion, fenchlorphos (ronnel), ivermectin, lindane, methoxychlor, roteno ne, pyrethrins, pyre throids.

39

/\�

.lll� �

\

Ctenocephalides

'�

spp.

______

J

Fig. 42b. Ctenocephalides felis.

Fig. 42a. Life cycle of Ctenocephalides canis and C. felis.

Ctenocephalides canis

Common name: Flea. Size of a du lt: 3-4 mm. Life cycle is variable. Size of egg: 0.5 m m . Importance: In fest dogs and cats. Flea bite dermatitis, anemia, vector for Di/Jylidiul11 CanillUI71, tularemia, plague, etc. Adult fleas infest mammals transiently. Eggs, larvae, and pupae are in the environment. Diagnosis: Examination of skin for adult fleas and " flea dirt", dermatitis. Treatment: Major drugs used for flea control include fipronil ( Frontl i ne®) for adult fleas, ticks, and some mites and lice; i midoclo pr i d (Advantage®) for adult fleas and some lice, but no mites or ticks; n i tenpyram ( Capstar®) for adult fleas only; a nd selamectin ( Revolution®) for adult fleas, flea eggs, ear mites, sarcoptic mange, and some ticks. Other drugs t ha t can be effective in a flea control program include: carbaryl, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyri­ fos, dichlorvos, fipronil, imidocloprid, phosmet, propoxur, pyrethrins, pyrethroids, and insect growth regula­ tors, such a s meth o prene and l u fenuron. Use a s sprays, dips, dab ons, collars, etc.

Note: Treat host and environment. Additional methods for treati n g the home environment are sodium poly borate ( Fleabusters)and nematode larvae (Steinernema carpocapsae).

Note: Fleas die when held below 2000F for 48 hours or at 1 2000F (dry heat) for several days.

HEAD I

THORAX

Table 1 5 . Fleas commonly encountered on animals and birds

ABDOMEN

Dog flea Cat flea Human flea Pulex irritalls Echidllo/Jhaga gallillacea Sticktight flea Oriental rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis Rabbit flea Cediopsylla simplex Leptopsylla segnis Mouse flea Northern rat flea Nosopsyllus fasciatus Diamalllls 111 0 rtall liS Ground squirrel flea O rchopeas howardii Squirrel flea Ceratophyllus Ilige Western hen flea Ctenocephalides canis

Antenna

Ctenocephalides felis

Eye

Genal comb _-'C!IN"1'>­ Maxillary pa!pus

Fig. 43. Basic morphology of a flea.

40

Parasites of Dogs

Genal comb o f 4 spines Eye absent

spines. Eyes present

I Genal comb

I Genal comb

horizontal

em I

I

Labial pa!ps not

extending beyond

(9 Wf{ Various

Leptopsylfa segnis

Rodent

fleas

Nosopsylfus

Spines pointed

(5J :;; � I C

orthopeas

Spine ! of gena! comb distinctly

t

Labial p

ps

extending beyond

I

I

Front margin of

Front margin of

head rounded

head angular

('"'� � Qr Diamanus

Ecflfdnophaga

montanus

galfinacea

�

Ylla

ex

Head rounded

combs absent

present

combs present

Gena! comb of 5 o r more

Gena! a n d pronotal

Pronatal comb

Genal and pronata!

Spine I and spine

II of gena! comb

approximately

spinel!

equal in length

Ctenocephalides

Ctenocephalides

canis

fefis

Mesopleuron divided

divided by vertical

by vertical rodlike

�,�

Head flat

shorter than

Mesopleuron not

Pulex

Xenopsylla

irritans

cheopis

Fig. 44. Simplified key to the common fleas of animals and birds.

/

o o o

�.

� ) "--- � ��� Cuterebra

sp.

Fig. 45a. Life cycle of Cuterebra sp.

Cuterebra

Fig. 45b. ClIterebra sp.

spp.

Common name: Rodent bot fly (Diptera ) . Size o f larvae: U p t o 4 5 mm. Larvae are subcutaneous. Importance: Infest dogs and cats. Larvae infest rodents, companion animals, and occasionally, humans. Act a s an irri­ tant; migration may be fatal. Only larv"ae infest mammals. Eggs, p upae, and adult flies are in the environment. Rodents are the usual host. Larvae are in host for 1-2 months. Diagnosis: Cutaneous l ump with a breathing hole, large light to dark-red larvae with dark spines. Treatment: Careful extraction of larvae, antimicrobial treatment of wound.

41

Sarcoptes scabiei

Fig. 46b. Sarcoptes scabiei (callis ) . Note the long, unjoint­ ed pedicels.

Fig. 46a. Life cycle of Sarcoptes scabiei (callis ) . The life cy­ cle is 2-3 weeks.

Sarcoptes scabiei Common name: Mange mite ( Sa rcoptidae). Rare in cats; cats usually have Notoedres cati. Size of adult: 400-600 Ilm. Larvae (6 legs) and nymphs (8 legs) are smaller. Importance: Cause intense itching, dry and thickened skin that becomes crusty. Infestation usually starts on head and spreads. Diagnosis: Deep skin scraping a t periphery of lesions; adults, nymphs, larvae (6 legs), and eggs. The pedicels on the legs are long without joints (see arrows in figure). Sarcoptes is often difficult to diagnose. Mites are burrowing mites in skin. Treatment: Clip hair and bathe. Amitraz, b enzyl benzoate, lime-sulfur, lindane, malathion, phosmet, ivermectin: 0.2 mg/kg PO, selamectin 6-12 mg/kg (topically)

Note: If you suspect Sarcoptes, treat for it.

eC> -r � -r �-+ �';;E;t,'� Demodex spp.

Fig. 47b. Demodex callis.

Fig. 47a. Life cycle of Demodex canis.

Demodex canis Common name: Follicular mange mite (Demodecidae). In cats, Demodex spp. are rare. Size of adult: 200-3 00 Ilm. Life cycle is ap proximately 21 days. Importance: Areas of alopecia on head, neck, and forelimbs; pyoderma, pruritus. Infection may be localized or generalized. D iagnosis: Deep skin scraping when skin i s squeezed. Face and lips are best a reas. Mites are in hair follicles and skin glands. Treatment: Over 90% cure spontaneously. Amitraz ( 0.025 % ) dip every 2 weeks Rotenone dip (1 % ) Experimental: Milbemycin, 2 mg/kg q 2 4 h for a t least 3 months. Ivermectin, u p to 0 . 6 mg/kg q 2 4 h until resolved. Start a t 0 . 1 mg/kg t h e fi r s t day, 0.2 t h e second day, etc. Treatments m a y last f o r several months.

42

Parasites of Dogs

Fig. 48b. Otodectes cynotis.

Otodectes cynotis Fig. 48a. Life cycle of Otodectes cynotis.

Otodectes cynotis Common name: Ear mite (Psoroptidae) of dogs and cats. Size of adult: 500-S00 11m. Life cycle is l S-2 1 days. Importance: Intense pruritus of ear canal which may be followed by self-mutilation, otitis media, and bacterial infection. D iagnosis: Viewing mites on otoscopic examination or on an ear swab. Nlites can be seen under a dissecting microscope or p laced on a slide under a microscope (adu l ts, nymphs, larvae, and eggs) . Nlites in the ear; occasionally on body. Treatment: Use a ceruminolytic agent first to remove crusty debris. Carbaryl, cythioate, pyrethrins, rotenone: use 1 drop per ear weekly for 4 weeks. Ivermectin, 0 . 2-0.4 mg/kg PO, SC, or diluted drop in the ear. Selamectin, topically.

Cheyletiella spp.

Fig. 49a. Life cycle of Cheyletiella lJarasitovorax. Cheyletiella

Fig. 49b. Cheyletiella parasitovorax.

spp.

Common name: Fur mite of dogs and cats, walking dander ( Cheyletidae). S urface mites. C. parasitavori1x in rabbits, C. yasgllri in dogs, C. blakei in cats. Size of adult: 300-500 �lIn. Life cycle is l S-2 1 days. Importance: Mild alopecia and pruritus; many animals asymptomatic; may cause dermatitis in humans. Diagnosis: Superficial skin scraping, close visual examination of hair coat, rough brushing of animal, and examining dander. Treatment: Carbaryl, dichlorvos collars, malathion, pyrethrins, pyrethroids. Trea t host and environment. Ivermectin, 0.3 mg/kg twice at 5-week interval s . Lime sulfur dip for pregnant or debilitated animals (4 o z . p e r gal H 20 ) .

43

Section 3

Fig. 50a. Life cycle of Rhipicephalus sallguilleus. Fig. SOb. Rhipicephalus sallguillells. Rhipicephalus sanguineus Common name: Brown dog tick (Ixodidae ) . Size of a d u lt: 0 . 7- 1 . 0 c m . Life cycle i s 6 weeks t o 1 year. Importance: Irritant, may cause anemia and tick paralysis when present in large numbers. Vector for canine babesiosis and canine erlichiosis. Problem in dog kennels. Diagnosis: Three-host tick; a l l motile stages ( l a rva, nymph, adult) can be o n the dog or i n the environment. Ticks are only on dogs transiently to feed . Treatment: Fipronil, carbaryl, chlorfenvinphos, dichlorvos, dioxathion, propoxur, pyrethrins, pyrethroids. Treat both the host and environment. Organophosphates, such as diazinon, are often used to treat the outside environment. Se1amectin kills Dermacentor spp. and may be effective against R . sallguilleus. A m itraz collars and dips control ticks.

Fig. S Ib. Babesia callis (arrows).

Fig. 5 1a. Life cycle of Babesia canis. Babesia canis

Common name: None (Apicomplexa) . Size of organism: 2-4 11m. Incubation period is 1 0-21 days. Importance: Hemolytic anemia, depression, a norexia , pyrexia, weight loss. D i agnosis: Examination o f a stained (Wright's s tain) blood smear, serology. Trophozoites are i n red blood cel l s o f dogs. Treatment: D i m inazene aceturate, 3.5 mg/kg 1M Imidocarb d ipropionate, 5 mg/kg once 1M Phenamidine isothionate, 1 5 mglkg q 24 h x 2 d SC

44

Parasites of Dogs Protozoan

Parasite

Fig. S1d. Neospora sp.

oocysts in the feces of a dog.

Oocysts are approximately1 0 11m in diameter.

Fig. S 1c. Neospora Cal/illUIII pseudocyst in brain.

Neospora caninum Common n ame: Neospora callillUI11. Stages i n dogs: Tissue cyst (pseudocyst), tachyzoites, and oocysts. Size o f pseudocyst and oocysts < 100 11m (pseudocyst), 1 0-1 1 11m (oocyst). Importance: Transmitted transplacentally or orally. May cause ascending paralysis and rigid contraction of muscles. Lesions include necrosis, i nflammation, encephalomyelitis, hepatitis, myocarditis, myositis, etc. D iagnosis: Clinical signs and h istologically. Treatment: Drugs for the treatment or prevention of other coccidia may be helpful. Note: Dogs are definitive hosts. Oocyts in dogs are 1 0-1 1 11m and sporulate in 3 days.

B ibliography ( see pages 63-6 8 )

45

Section 4

PARASITES OF CATS Miscellaneous Parasites

M I S C E LLAN E O U S

Babesia s p p.

( i n t ra e r y throcy t i c )

H. felis

(ep i e r y t h r o c y t i c )

PAR A S I T ES

Cytauxzoon s p.

Trypanosoma s p.

( i ntra e r y th r o cy t i c )

(ext r a e ry t h rocy t i c )

H. canis

Haemabartonella

P R OTOZ O A N

spp.

g am e tocyte

s c h i zont

Toxoplasma

Hepatozoon canis

( i n t r a l eu ko c y t i c - g a metocy te) (i ntra muscular- schizont

p s e u d oc y s t

( i nt r a ce l l u l a r

[250 �m ] )

gondii

cyst )

Fig. 52a. Miscellaneous protozoan parasites detected in blood and tissues of dogs and cats. Note: Haemobartonella spp. rickettsiae.

•

47

arc

Section 4

Miscellaneous External Parasites of Cats and D ogs

Fig. 52b. Broad head of the dog-biting louse Trichodectes cams.

Fig. 52c. Unusual head of the cat-biting louse Felicola sub­ ostratus.

Fig. 52e. Ornithonyssus sp., a rodent and bird mite occa­ sionally found on dogs and cats.

Fig. 52d. PneuIIZonyssus canillltllz, the nasal mite of dogs.

Fig. 52g. Another kind of larval chigger sometimes found on dogs and cats.

Fig. 52£. Larval chigger sometimes found on dogs and cats.

48

Parasites of Cats

Fig. 52h. Ad ult Echinococcus gralluloslis (Cestoda) (2 - 3 mm) from the small intestine of a dog or cat.

Fig. 52i. A section of a hydatid cyst of E. graJlllloslIs from a sheep, human, etc. Note the numerous scolices (arrows).

Fig. 52j. Adult Nallophyetlls salmillcola (Trematoda) 1 ( -2 mm) from the small intestine of a dog.

Fig. 52k. Cross sections of Spirocerca lupi (Nematoda) from the esophagus of a dog.

Fig. 521. Gnathostoma sp. (Nematoda) egg from fecal flotation of a cat. Adults are in the stomach of carnivores.

49

Fig. 52m. Trichomollas ( Tritrichomollas) sp. (flagellated protozoan) from the feces of a clog. Pathogenicity is un­ known.

Section 4

Fecal Eggs and Oocysts

R E L AT IV E S I Z E S O F CAT PA R A S I T E E G G S

Isospora rivolta 22

x 1 7p m

Toxocara cati

75 x 6 5 p m

T �

Dipylidium caninum

50p m

Toxoplasma gondii 12

x 10p m

45 x 4 5p m

egg

1 - 6 3 eggs / packet

· ·· · G :

::

'

Toxascaris leonina 80 x 6 8p m

Taenia taeniaeformis Capillaria aerophila 70

37 x 3 1 p m

.

.

-'.

.

'

Ancylostoma caninum 60 x 4 0p m

x 35p m

Fig. 5 3 . Common parasite eggs and oocysts found i n cat feces.

50

Parasites of Cats Location of Major Parasites

Ectoparas ltes

Parasites of Cats

Ctenocephalides felis Ctenocephalides canis Echidnophaga TICks

-

Uncommon

Lice

-

Felicola subrostratus

Mites

-

Notoedres Otodectes

H e a rt

Cheyletiella

& L u ngs

Flies

Dirofilaria immitis

-

Cuterebra

spp. larvae

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus Capillaria aerophila

stomach Small Intestine

Ollulanus tricuspis Physaloptera Gnathostoma

sp.

sp.

Toxocara cati

Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis

Toxascaris leonina

Dipylidium caninum

Ancylostoma tubaeforme

Isospora spp.

Uncinaria stenocephala

Toxoplasma gondii

Echinococcus multilocularis

Fig. 54_

Locations of thc major pa rasites found i n cats. Note: Trichuris spp. a rc vcr)' rare i n cats. Hea rtworms are hccoming

more prcvalent in cats (sec dogs ) . Tritric/JO/l/ol1£1S loetus may cause l a rge howel d isease ( Levy ct a l .

1 04.)

51

2003 . } l'drdsitol i) ':!: ':!'J-

Secti o n 4

Zoonotic Diseases Table 1 6 . NLl jor zoonotic d iseases associated with cats

Orga nism

D isease

�vlethod o f I n fection

'roxoplasmosis Try P,1 nosom iasis

Ingestion of oocysts Arthropod vector

Cutaneous larva migrans Dirofi la riasis I .agochei lasca riasis Cutaneous larva m igrans Visceral la rva migra ns Visceral la rva migrans

Contact with larvae "-'Iosq uito vector Ingestion o f larvated eggs Contact with larvae Ingestion o f la rvated eggs Ingestion of la rvated eggs

Pa ragon imi,1sis

Ingestion of l11etacercariae

D i pylidiasis Echinococcosis Sparganosis

I ngestion o f cysticercoid from fl e a s Ingestion o f eggs Ingest ion or contact with la rvae

Aca riasis Acariasis Acariasis

Contact with i n fected cat Cont,lCt with i n fected cat Contact with i n fected cat

Prot ozoa

TO.Y()/JI£1Sl1l
A llcylostoilla spp. Dirofilaria illl//litis LagociJeilasc£1ris lIlillOr StrrJIIgyloides spp. G lIatiJostolll£1 s/Jill igeJ"lll1l

"/().Yocara cati Trematodes

P£1ragollillllls spp. Cestodcs

Dipylidillill call ill/II 11 EciJillococclls 111111t ilocIII,l ris

Pscudophyllidian tapeworms Arthropods

Cheyletiella spp. Sarcoptes scaliiei Notoedres cati

TOXOPLASMA

VS.

ISOSPORA

UNSPORULATED

SPORULATED

Toxoplasma sp.

Fig.

S S a . l. i fe

cycle o f

·/rJ.Yo/Jl,lSIlI£1 gondii.

Fig.

52

S S h . Comparison

01"

7 rJ.Yo/J/ds/I/(/ with Isospora oocysts.

Parasites

of Cats

Drugs Table 1 7. Efficacy of anthelmintics against major internal parasites of cats and dogs Drug

Common Tradc Name

Dose (Illg/kg PO)

Parasites Susceptible

Bunamidinc HCL Dichlorophene Dichlorvos

Scola ban Various Task

25-50 220 5-33

Diet hy lea r ba mazine

Caricide/Filari bits

D isophcnol Dithiazanine

Various/DNP Diza n

3 .0-G . 6 claily 25- 1 00 7.5- 1 0 (2nd dose in two wecks) 20 q 24 h x 3- 1 3 cl

Epsiprantcl

Cestex

Fcbantel + praziqua ntel + pyrantel pamoate Fcnbcndazole

Drontal Plus

5 . 5 (dogs) 2 . 8 (cats) q 24 h x 3 d (dogs & cats) Combination product

Panacur

5 0 q 24 h x 3 d

Ivermcctin

Ivomcc

0 . 2 SC

A'lebcndazole

I vomcc Heartgard Tclmintic

0 . 05 O.OOG ( 30-day intervals) 20 q 24 h x 3-20 d

A/lclarsom i nc

Immidicide

Methyl benzcne + dichlorophcne Metron idazole

Various

2 . 5 mg/kg 1M, twice, 24 hours apart 200-275 mg/kg of cach PO

Cestodes Ccstodes Ascaricls, hookworms, whipworms Heartworm prevention ( IA) Asca rids Hookworms M iscellaneous nematodcs, heartworm microfilariae Ta peworms Tapeworms Ascarids, hookworms, whi pworms, tapcworms Ascarids, hookworms, Giardia, whipworms, Taellia spp tapeworms \\?hipworm, many othcr nema todes Heartworm microfilariae Hcartworm prevcntion Ascarids, hookworms, whipworms Adult hcartworms

Flagyl ] 0-25 q 12 h x 5 d (cat) I nterccptor

Mil bcmycin oxime

N iclosamiclc Yomcsan II-butyl chloride Various is often mixed with toluene Pipcrazinc Various Praziquantel Praziquantal + pyrantel Pyrantel pamoate Selamcctin

Droncit Drontal Nemex Revolution

Thenium closylate pipcrazine

Va rious

Note:

Sundlof, 1 99 I ) .

+

Ascarids, hookworms, cestodcs

25 q 12 h x 5 d (dog)

Giardia

0.5 (30-day i nterva ls)

Heartworm prcventativc, hookworms Ccstodcs Ascarids/hookworms

1 00 (dog), 200 (cat) Read the label ] 00-250 (2nd close a fter 1 0 days), o r 1 00- 1 50 q 24 h 5-50 Combination product 1 5 ( dog), 20-30 (cat) 6- 1 2 (topical )

500 q 2 4 h x 1 d 250 q 24 h x 2 d

Ascarids x

2 d

Ccstodcs Cestodes, ascarids, hookworms Ascarids, hookworms Heartworm prevention, hookworms, ascaricls (cats ) , m a n y arthrodpods Hookworms, ascarids

Rcad label directions careful ly. The labcl is the most authoritative sourcc o f information (Sec Courtney and

53

Section 4

Internal Parasites Toxocara cati Commo n name: Asca r i d or roundw orm ( Ascaricl oide a). A d u l t size: 4- 1 2 cm i n s m a l l intestine. S i ze o f egg: 75 p m

x

6 5 �1I11.

I m portance: Stunted growth, da mage due to migrations o f l a rvae; possible cause o f visceral l a rv a l migrans in h u m a n s . Dia gnosis: Eggs i n fecal flotation. Treatml'nt: Treat when cggs a rc detcctcd. D ic h l orvos, 1 00 mg/kg PO Fcnbcndal.O l c , 5 0 mg/kg PO q 24 h

�vlebcndal.O le, 22 mg/kg PO q 24 h

x

3 d

x

.') d

P i perazinc, 1 00-200 mg/kg PO, repeat in 1 0 days

Fig. 56a. 7iJX()cal"d cati prepatent period is 50 days.

Pyrantei, 1 0-20 mg/kg PO Seiamectin, 7- 1 3 mg/kg top ically

Toxascaris leollilza

..... ...... io.. �

_ _ _ _

-+

Common Namc: Asca rid or roundworm ( A scaridoidca) .

__ _ �

A d u l t sizc: 3- 1 0 cm in s m a l l i n tcstine. S i ze o f cgg: 8 0 �lm

x

70 p m .

I m portance: Unthriftiness in k i ttcns. Diagnosis: Eggs i n fccal flotation.

Q �ToxascariS leonina

Trcatmcnt: Treat whcn eggs a rc dctected.

.. @

D i c h l o r\'os, 1 00 mg/kg PO Fen bcndazole, 5 0 mg/kg PO q 24 h

��

:vlebendal.Ole, 22 mg/kg PO q 24 h

x

3 d

x

5 d

P i perazine, 1 00-200 mg/kg PO, repeat in 1 0 days. Pyrantel, 1 0-20 mg/kg PO

Fig. 5 7 a . 1ilXdscdl"is leolIilIa prepatenr period is 74 days.

Ancylostoma tllbae{ormae Co mmon name: Hookworm ( Strongy loidea ) . A d u l t size: 9- 1 5 m m i n sma l l intcstine. Sizc o f egg: 6 0 �l I n

x

40 pm.

I m portancc: I n tcrdigital dcrmatitis, p u l mo n a ry Icsions i n heavy i n fcstations, anemia, and poor h a i r coat. D i agnosis: Eggs i n fecal flota tion. Treatmcnt: Trcat when cggs a rc detccted. D i c h l orvos, I I mg/kg PO Fcnbcndazolc, 1 00 mg/kg PO or 5 0 mg/kg q 24 h lVlcbcndazolc, 25 mg/kg PO q 24 h

x

3-5 d

P y rantei, 2 0-30 mg/kg PO Scia mcct i n , 7- 1 3 mg/kg lopica l l y Thc n i u m closy latc, 1 00-200 mg/kg P O Tol ucnc, 0 . 2 2 mg/kg 1'0 Fig. 58a. AlIcylostollla tllbae(Ol"lIIaC prepatent period is

22-2.5 days.

54

x

3d

Parasites of Cats

Fig. 56e. Toxocara cati.

Fig. 56b. Toxocara cati.

Fig. 5 7b . Toxascaris leonina. Larvated eggs (left), normal egg (right).

Fig. 5 7e. Toxascaris leonina.

Fig. 5 8 b . Ancylostoma tubaefo rmae .

Fig. 58e. Ancylostollla tubaeforlliae.

55

Sec tio n 4

AelUroStro1ZGYltls abstrusus Common name: Cat l ungworm (Metastrongyloidea) . A d u l t size: 1 4-1 5 m m i n l lings. Importa nce: Chronic cough and weight loss, pulmonar\' . consolidation; may be fatal. Diagnosis: Larvae in fecal flotation, eggs or larvae in sputum. Treat ment: Fenbendazole, 20-50 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 10 d iVl'rmecri n, 0.2 mg/kg SC: q 24 h x 3 d or PO q 24 h x5d Levamisole, 40 mg/kg PO q 4S h x 6 d

(

Fig. 59<1. rlclllmsiro llgyills (liJsirtislIS p repaten t period is weeks.

5-6

Capillaria (blcolells) aero/Jhila Common name: Cat lungworm or bladderworm (Trichuroidea ) . Adult size: 1 3-25 111m in lung ( c. d(,l"Op/;ild ) , C . p lic(/ in bladder. C. ( A I/elm//;('ed) {JII/orii in stomach. Size of egg: 60 p m x 30 pm. Importance: Relatively nonpathogenic; may cause cough ing (c. (wrop/;i/a ) . Diagnosis: Eggs in feca l flotation in urine sed iment or frolll bronchial swab. Treatment: fenbenda7.0le, 1 00 I11g/kg PO or 5 0 mg/kg q 24 h x 1 0 d

a

Fig. 60<1. Cl/iilldrid
Paragollimus kellicotti COl11mon name: Lung fluke (Troglotrel11atidae) . Adult size: S- I 0 111111 in l ungs. Size of egg: 90 p m x 50 �t m . Importance: Chronic respiratory diseases. Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation, sputul11 smear. Treatl11ent: Albendazole, 50- I 00 Il1g/kg PO q 24 h x 1 4-2 1 d Fen bendazole, 50 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 1 0- 1 4 d Praziquantel, 25 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 3 d Paragonimus kellicotti

Fig. 6 1 a. I'
5-6

56

Parasites o f Cats

Fig. 59b. Aelurostrongyills abstruslis.

Fig. 5 9c. Aeilirostrongyills abstmslIs. Close lip of the char­ acteristic kinky tail (arrow) .

Fig. 60c. Capillaria aerophila.

Fig. 60b. Capillaria aerophila.

Fig. 6 1 b. Parago nimlls kellicotti.

Fig. 6 1c. Paragonimlls k ellicotti. Note prominent operculum (arrows) .

57

Section 4

Spirometra

sp.

Common namc: Tapeworm (Taen i id ae ) . A d u l t size: 7- 1 00 c m i n small intestine. Size of cgg: 70 �1111

X

35 �1I11.

I m port.l I1cc: �'I a y calise dia rrhea, secondary anemia, and sparga nosis.

�

D i agnosis: Eggs i n fecal flotation, segments i n feces. Trea tment: BlI n a m i d i ne, 25-50 mg/kg (600 mg maxi­ mum )

Spirometra

Praziquant e l , 20-40 mg/kg P O o r S C

sp.

¢"� �

�

Fig. 6 2 a . Spirometr,) sp. prepatcnr period is 1 0-30 days.

Taellia taelliaeformis Common name: 'I�l peworm (Taen i i d a e ) , A d u lt s i z e : 1 5-60 c m i n sma l l i ntcstine. Size o f egg: 50 p m I m portance:

x 50

�lnl .

I lea v)' i n fection can cause dia rrhea or i n ­

testinal obstruction. D i agnosis: Segmcnts ( p rogl ottids) i n feces or Oil h a i rs i n peria n a l region, eggs i n fecal flotation, single geni­ tal pore per proglottid . Treatment: B u n a m idine, 25-5 0 mg/kg P O or SC, Epsiprantci, 2 . 8 mg/kg PO; Fenbendazo le, 50

Taenia taeniaeformis

h x 3 d ; Mebcndazole, 22 mg/kg h 3-5 d; N iclosamidc, 1 5 7 mg/kg PO;

mg/kg PO q 24 PO q 24

Praziquant e l , 2. 5-5 mg/kg PO or SC

Fig. 63a. 7iwllia taellilleformis prepatent period is 36-42 days.

Dipylidium Ca1lillUIII Common name: Fica t a peworm ( D i lepididae ) . A d u l t : I n slll a l l intestine. Size of egg: 25 p m

x 30

�lm i n o b long packets of 2 0 or

fewer eggs. Egg packets are 200

x

1 50 �l m .

I mportance: In dicates t h e presence of fleas. Chro n i c e n ­ teritis, a n a l pruritus, vomiting, or nervou s d isor­ ders may resu lt. D i agnosis: Segments on feces or peria n a l region, eggs i n

t

fec a l flotation, t w o g e n i t a l pores per proglottid.

Dipylidium caninum

� .

�

Treatment: Bunamidine, 25-50 mg/kg PO; Dich lorophene, 220 mg/kg PO; Epsiprantel, 2 . 8 mg/kg PO; Fenbendazole, 50 mg/kg P O q 2 4 h

.':, � ..'" ...... :: .. . :.

3 d; N iclosa m ide, 1 5 7 mg/kg PO; Praziquantel, 2.5-5 mg/kg PO

Fig. 64a. Di/Jylidillm wllillllm p rc pa tc n t period is

ll1 o n t h.

58

or

SC

x

Par asit es

Fig. 62c. Spirollletra sp.

Fig. 62b. Spil'Ometra sp.

Fig. 63b. Taenia taeniaeforlllis. Fig. 63c. Taenia taeniaeformis.

Fig. 64b. Dipylidium caninll111.

Fig. 64c. Di/Jylidilll11 canilllll1l.

59

of Cats

Section 4

Fig. 65a. Toxo/Jlasllla gOlldii.

Fig. 65b. Toxoplasma gOlldii oocysts.

Toxoplasma gondii Common name: Toxo ( A picomplexa) , a protozoan parasite. Size of oocyst: 1 2 . 5 flm x 1 1 �1I11 i n small i n testine. Prepatent period i s 3-10 days w he n tissue cysts are ingested and 1 8-44 days when oocysts are ingested. I mportance: May cause transient diarrhea in cats; h i ghly pathogenic to humans, especially the fetus in utero ( first two trimesters); pathogenic t o other a nimals. D i agnosis: Oocysts in fecal flotation, pseudocysts in tissues. Pseudocyst i n dogs is similar to Neos/Jora Cal/im1111 ( see Dubey a n d Lindsay, 1993). Note: O n ly cats ( Fe lidae) shed oocysts i n feces. Treatment: S u l fadiazine, 1 5-60 mglkg day divided i nto 4 doses and pyrimethamine 1 mg/kg q 24 h x 3 d, then 0.5 mg/kg q 24 h until oocyst shedding stops. Clindamycin, P O 8-17 mg/kg for 2 weeks. Prevention: Heat all meat to 1 60°F ( 70°C) to kill the cysts in the meat. Freezing is not a reliable method to k i l l tissue cysts.

Fig. 66a. Sarcocystis sp.

Sarcocystis

Fig. 66b. Sarcocystis sp. oocyst and sporocyst. Note: A sporocyst is one-half of the oocyst.

sp.

Common name: None (Apicomplexa ) , a protozoan parasite. Size of oocyst: 1 8 !-1m x 15 �1I11. Prepatent period is 8-33 days. Importance: Not very pathogenic in cats, but can be pathogenic i n sheep. D iagnosis: Fecal flotation-see sporulated oocysts o r sporocysts. Sporulated oocysts passed i n cat feces. Sheep are inter­ mediate hosts for S. ouirelis. Pseudocyst ( schizont, sarcocyst) in sheep muscles, especially esophagus. Treatment: None needed. Prevention: Do not feed cats raw meat.

60

Parasites of Cats

\

Fig. 67b. Isospora felis oocysts.

Fig. 67a. Isospora spp.

Isospora spp. Common name: Coccidia (Apicomplexa) , a protozoan parasite.

Size of oocyst: Oocysts i n small intestine. I. bigemina, 1 3 !lm

x

!lm. Prepatent

10 !lm; I. felis, 42 !lm

x

31 !lm; I.

rivolta, 23

!lm

x

19

period is 1 week. Importance: Diarrhea in kittens; may be fatal. D iagnosis: Oocysts i n fecal flotation. Treatment: Sulfadimethoxine (Albon), 55 mg/kg q 24 h, then 27.5 mg/kg q 24 h x 5 d. Amprolium, 60-100 mg/kg q 24 h x 7 d . May not be p a latable.

Giardia canis

Fig. 68b. Giardia sp. trophozoite (arrow). (See also Figs. 30b and 30c.)

Fig. 68a. Giardia sp.

Giardia canis Common name: None ( Mastigophora) , a flage llated protozoan parasite. Size o f organism: Cyst, 10 �l1n x 1 8 !lm; trophozoite l O !lm x 17 !lm. I nc ubation period is 1 week. Trophozoites and cysts in smal l and large intestine. Importance: D iarrhea. D iagnosis: Cysts or trophozoites in fecal flotation or direct smear (must use fresh fecal materi a l ) . Treatment: Furazolidone, 4 mg/kg PO q 1 2 h x 5 d Metronidazole, 25 mg/kg PO q 1 2 h x 5 d Fenbendazole, 5 0 mg/kg q 24 h x 3 d Albendazole, 2 5 mg/kg q 1 2 h x 2 d

61

Section 4

External P arasites Notoedres cati Common name: Mange mite ( Sarcoptidae). Size of adult: 3 00-400 I-1m. L i fe cycle is 17 days. Importance: Persistent pruritus and a lopeci a on face, ears, and neck. Humans develop pruritic papular rash. D iagnosis: Deep skin scraping at edge of lesion. M i tes have long nonjointed pedicels like Sarcoptes. Adults, nymphs, lar­ vae, eggs i n dermal tissues. Treatment: Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg SC Lime s ulfur solution, 1:40 d i p Malathion, 0 . 5 % d i p

Fig. 69b. Notoedres cati. Notoedres cati

Fig. 69a. Notoedres cati.

Fig. 69d. Ctenocephalides felis (adult female). Note eggs in flea (arrows).

Fig. 69c. Typical flea larva.

Table 1 8 . Common external parasites of cats Cheyletiella blakei/parasitovorax Ctenocephalides felis/canis Cuterebra spp. Demodex cati Dermanysslls gallinae Eutrombicula alfreddugesi Felicola subrostratus Lynxacarus radovsky Onzithonyssus sp. Otodectes cynotis Rhipicephalus sanguineus Sarcoptes scabiei

(See Fig. 4 9 ) (See Figs. 42, 6 9 c , 69d) (See Fig. 4 5 ) (See Fig. 4 7 ; very rare i n cats) ( From birds, see Fig. 1 95 ) ( Larval chiggers, see Figs. 5 2 f and 52g) (See Fig. 52c) ( Very rare) ( From rodents and birds, see Fig. 52e) (See Fig. 4 8 ) (See Fig. 5 0 ) (See Fig. 46; uncommon i n cats)

62

Par asit es of Cats 3 6 : 1 803-1 8 0 7, 1 975.

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Bea l MW, Poppenga RH, Birdsa ll \XIj, Hughcs D: Respiratory fa il ure attri buta ble to l110xidectin intoxi­ cation in a dog. J Alii Vet iVIed Assoc 2 15 : 1 8 1318 17, 1999.

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Benton A H : A l l A tlas of the Fleas of lhe i-:astem Ullited States. Fredonia, New York, �vl a rginal Media, 1 9 8 0 . Blagburn BL, Vaughan J L, Lindsay DS, et a l . : Efficacy dosage titration of l u fenllron against developmental stages of fleas ( Ctellocephlides felis felis) i n cats. Alii

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Cannon RW: A m itraz i n treatment of canine dcmodico­ sis. Mod Vet Pmct 6 4 : 8 99-900, 1 9 8 3 . Folz SD: Demodicosis ( Delllodex callis ) . COlllpmd

J Vet R es 5 5 : 9 8-1 0 1 , 1 9 94.

Cunning ham .I, Everett R: Efficacy of imidac\oprid on l a rge dogs. COlllP COllt [duc l'raci Vet 1 9 : 2 8 , 1 997. D ryden M W, Long GR, Gaafa r SM: Effects o f u ltrason­ ic collars o n Ctelloceph alides felis on cats. .! Alii Vet

COlltilluillg Ed 5 : 11 6-124, 1 9 8 3 .

Folz S O , Ka kllk TJ, Henke C1., et a l . : Cl inical evalua­ tion o f amitraz as a treatment for canine demodico­ sis. Vet l'arasitol 1 6 : 3 3 5-34 1 , 1 9 84. folz SD, K a kllk Tj, Henke CL, et a l . : Clin ical eva l ua-

ivied Assoc 1 95 : 1 7 1 7-1 7 1 8 , 1 9 8 9 .

I-lall iwell R EW: Factors in the development of flea-bite

67

w w

Section 4

tion o f amitral. for treatment of caninc scabies. M od Vet PWct 6 5 : 5 9 7-600, 1 9 84. Greve .l H , Gerrish R R : Fur m ites ( LYllxt/ctlrtls) frol1l cats in Florida . Felille Pract I I ( 6 ) : 2 8-3 0, 1 9 8 1 . H utchinson �vI D , Jacobs D E, Fox MT, et a l . : El'al uation o f flea control strategies using fipron i l on cats in a controlled sim ulated home environment. Vet Rec 1 42 : 3 5 6-3 57, 1 99 8 . Kunkle G A , )" l i ller \,\11 I : Cheyle/iella i n festation in hu­ mans. Arch Derl/ hl/o / I 1 5 : 1 345, 1 9 80. Kwochka KW: Canine demodicosis. In K i rk RW ( cd): Cill"}"(,/It Veteri/ltll")" Thert/py IX. Philadelphia, WB. Saunders Co. , 1 98 6 . )" iacDonald .1 M : Ecto pa rasites. In K i rk R W ( cd ) : ClIrrellt Ve/erillary Therap), V l l / . Philadelphia, \V B. Sa u nders Co., 1 98 3 .

dogs and O todectes cyl/otis on dogs a n d cats pre­ sented as veterinary patients. Vet Parasitol 9 1 :29 1 -309, 2000. Wagner R, Wend lberge r U : Field efficac y o f moxid ectin in dogs and rabbits natur a lly infeste d by Sacroptes spp., Dell10dex spp., and Psoro/Jtes spp. mites. Vet P(lI"llsito/ 9 3 : 1 49- 1 5 8 , 2000. White St), Stanna rd 1\1\: Canine deInoclicosis. In K i rk RW (cd): Cllrrellt Veterillary Therapy \fliT. Philadelphia, W. B. Sa unders Co., 1 98 3 . Yazwinski TA, Pore L, Ti lleI' W, e t a l . : Efficacy o f iver­ mectin against Sarcoptes sC(liJiei a nd Otodectes c),lI()tis infestations of dogs. Vet Med SlIlall A llilll

Ciill 76: 1 74 9- 1 75 1 , 1 98 I .

Ticks

�I iller WH, Scott DW, Wellington J R , et a l . : Cl inical ef­ ficacy of m i l benwcin oxime in the treatment of gen­ eralized demodicosis in adult dogs. 1 Alii Ve/ iVIed Ass()c 204: 1 42 6 - 1 429, 1 99 3 . N utta l l ·lJ, French AT, Cheetham He, e t a l . : Treatment of TrollllliclIla (lIItlllllllalis i n festation in dogs and cats with a 0.25 percent fipron il pump spray. 1 SlIIall A llilll ['mct 3 9 : 237-239, 1 99 8 . Parad is )',1 : New a pproaches t o t he treatment of canine demodicosis. Vct Clil/ North Alii SlIIall A llilll Pract 2 9 : 1 425- 1 436, 1 99 9 . Scheidt V.I , )'kdleau 1 . , Seward R 1 ., e t a l . : An cl'alua­ tion o f il'ermecrin in the treatment o f sa rcoptic mange in dogs. Alii 1 Vet Rcs 45: 1 20 1 - 1 202, 1 984. Scott D W, Walton D K : Experiences with the use of a mitraz and il'ermcctin for the treatment o f general­ ized demodicosis in dogs. 1 A II1 A llill1 Hos{1 Assoc 2 1 :535-54 1 , 1 98 5 . Shanks D J , ;"IcTier T L , Rowan T G , e t a l . : The efficacy of selamectin in the treatment of natur a l l y acq u i red aural i n festations of Otodectes cYl/otis on dogs and cats. Vet l'arasitol 9 1 :283-290, 2000. Shaw S E, Foster AP: Treatment o f canine a d ult-onset demod icosis. A llst Vet 1 7 8 :243-244, 2000. Shelley ED, Shelley W B, Pula J I:-� et a l . : The diagnostic chal lenge of non-bur rowing mite bites Cheyletiella yasgllri. 1 A lii Med ;\ssoc 25 1 :2690-269 1 , 1 984. Shipstone �vl: Genera l ised demodicosis in dogs, clinical perspccti\T. A lls/ Vet 1 7 8 :240-242, 2000. Six R, Clemence RG, Thomas CA, et a l . : Efficacy and safety o f sclamectin against Sarco{ites scabiei o n

Anderson .IF: Epizootiology of Borrelit/ in Ixodes tick vectors and reservoir hosts. Rei' In/eel Dis II (Suppl 6 ) : 1 45 1 - 1 45 9 , 1 98 9 . Appel, lvUG: Lymc disease in dogs a n d cats. COlllpelld C()lItillllillg EdllCcltioll 1 2:6 1 7-62 6, 1 990. Bowman D D , Giovengo SL: Idcntification o f adult and nymphal ticks. Vel Tech 1 2 : S05-509, 1 99 1 . Eng TR, Wilson )" U ., Spielman A, et a l . : Grcater risk of Borrelicl iil/rgdor/eri infection in dogs than in peo­ pl e . ] In/eel Dis 1 5 8 : 1 4 1 0- 1 4 1 1 , 1 9 8 8 . Estrada-rena A, Ascher F: Comparison of an amitraz­ impregnated col lar with topical admin istration of fipronil for prevention of experimental and n,Hur a l infestations by the brown dog t ick ( Rhipicephaills sallgllillells ) . 1 Alii Vet !VIed r\ssoc 2 J 4: 1 799- 1 7803, 1 99 9 . Jernigan AD, )" lcTier " 1 "1., Chieffo C , e t a l . : E fficacy o f selamectin against experimentally ind uced tick ( Rhi/Jicephaills sallgllillells and Dem/(/celltor l'ilri­ clbilis) i n festations on dogs. Vet P,lI"
Borrelia iillrgdor/eri. ] Clill Microbiol 26: 1 482- 1 4 86, 1 9 8 8 .

Spielman A, C l i fford G"vl, Pieslllan .I, Corwin NI D : H u man b,l bcsiosis on Na ntucket Island, USA: Description of vector Ixodes dOllllllilli. ] iVIed /-:lItolllol 1 5 : 2 1 8-232, 1 979.

68

Section 5

PARASITES OF CATTLE, SHEEP, AND GOATS Fecal Eggs and Oocysts in Cattle

Moniezia benedeni

I

R E L AT I V E BOV I N E

SIZES

PA R A S I T E

OF EGGS

I J papil/osus

60pm

50 x 2 2 p m

Haemonchus Ostertagia sp. TrichoBunostomum sp . Cooperia sp . contortus 80 x 4 5 p m strongylus sp. 9 5 x 50pm 77 x 34pm Nematodirus spathiger 80 x 4 5 p m 85 x 40pm 200 x 9 0)Jm

Cryptosporidium "'" v 6pm

Eimeria zurnii 1 8 x 1 5p m

Trichuris ovis

T � 75 x 35pm

E.

auburnensis

40 x 24pm

Eimeria bovis 2 8 x 20 p m

Fig. 70. Common parasite eggs and oocysts found in cattle feces.

50pm

Coccidia in Cattle Table 1 9 . Major species of coccidia of cattle Species Eimeria bukidllollensis Eimeria aubernensis Eimeria bovis Eimeria cylindrica Eimeria alabamensis Eimeria zurnii Eimeria ellipsoidalis

Prepatent Period 1 5-1 7 days 1 8-20 days 1 5-20, days 11 days 7 days 1 5-17 days 8-13 days

Average size (/1m) 44 x 3 2 3 9 x 23 28 x 20 23 x 1 4 19 x 13 18 x 16 17 x 13

69

Section 5

Location of Maj or Parasites In Cattle

� �

Ectoparasites Lice

�

Ticks

Linognathus

Psoroptes

Solenopotes

Chorioptes Demodex

Damalinia

Flies

Dermacentor

Muscle

Stomoxys

Haemaphysalis

Siphon a

Ixodes

Musca

Otobius

Parasites of Cattle

Mnes

Haematopinus

(in car)

Cecum

&

Colon

Trichuris

Connective Tissue

Oesophagostomum

Onchocerca Hypoderma

Small Intestine Trichostrongylus Paramphistomum

Cooperia Nematodirus

Haemonochus

Bunostomum

Ostertagia

Strongyloides Moniezia Eimeria

Abomasum

Trichostrongylus

spp.

Cryptosporidium

Fig.

71.

l .ocations of the major parasites found in cat tle.

Zoonotic Diseases in Cattle Tablc 20. iVlajor zoonotic diseascs associated with cattle

O rganism

Disease

ivlcthod of Infection

Intestinal sa rcosporidiosis A frican trypanosomiasis Cryptosporidiosis

Ingcstion of raw beef Bi te 0 f tsetse fly I ngestion o f oocysts

Thelaziasis Trichostrongyliasis

Ocular contact with fly vector Ingestion of larvae

Fasciol iasis

Ingcstion o f metaccrcariae

Taeniasis

Ingestion of cysticerci in mcat

Protozoa Sarcocystis /Jolllinis TrY/h1lloS0/ll<J rhodesiellse CrY/ltos/JOridilllll sp.

Ncmatodcs Thelazia spp. �Ii·ic/Jostrollgyills spp.

Trcmatodes Fasciola hepatica

Ccstodes Taenia sagillata

70

(Larva)

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

SARCOCYSTIS (

I i' I I "

- +--�

L I FE

CYCLE

<

/

l ( Ii \If

)

� Taenia saginata

Fig. 72a. Life cycle of Taenia saginata.

Fig. 72b. Life cycle of Sarcocystis hamil/is. S. bovicallis is S. crllzi S. bovifelis is S. hirslita S. bovihomillis is S. hOlllinis

Fecal Eggs and Oocysts In Sheep and Goats RELATIVE SHEEP

Eimeria E.

OF

E GGS

Moniezia expansa

species:

crandallis

E.

parva

1 6 x 1 4 )J m

50 - 60)Jm

ahsata

33 x 24 )Jm

22 x 1 9)J m

E.

SI Z ES

PARA S I T E

� �,.

E.

ovina ..

E.

Stpapi rongyll/oosusides

intricata

50 x 2 2 )J m

47 x 3 2 )J m

27 x I S)Jm

Trichuris ovis Haemonchus Tricho-us contortus Ostertagia strongyl sp.

SO x 4 5)J m

SO x 4 5 )J m

S5

x

T �

75 x 3 5)J m

sp.

50)Jm

4 0 )J m

Fig. 73. Common parasite eggs and oocysts found in sheep feces.

71

Nematodirus spathiger 200 x 90)Jm

Section 5

Coccidia in Sheep and Goats

E. E.

E.

ovinoidalis

ahsata E.

E.

crandallis

E.

granulosa

pal/ida

faurei

E.

E.

intricata

E.

parva

bakuensis (ovina)

40 jJ m Fig. 74. Sporulated Eimeria species found in sheep.

E.

alijevi E.

apsheronica

E. E.

E.

arlonigi

E.

E.

hirci

christenseni 30 fl m

Fig. 7 5 . Sporulated Eimeria species found in goats.

72

E.

caprina

caprovina

jolchijevi E.

ninakohlyakimovae

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Table 2 1. M ajor species of coccidia i n sheep and goats Species Sheep

Size (�lIn)

x

32 24 21

x

21

Eillleria iJl/ricata

47

x

Eilllcria ahsata

x

Eillleria cralldallis

33 29 29 23 22

x

Eillleria paruo

16

x

Eillleria {aI/rei Eillleria Ol1i1W

Eillleria Ol1illOidalis

x

IS

19 14

Prepatent Period 20-27 days I S-2 1 days \ 2 - 1 4 days 1 9 days 9-1 5 days 1 5-20 days I I- I S days

Location of Major Parasites

m

Size ( �l ill )

Species Goats

I' r e p a te lH Pe r i od

Eillleria chris/cllselli Eillleria caprillil Lillleri£l £n/oillgi

38

x

25

1 4-23 days

32 27

x

23

1 7-20 days

x

18

23

1 9 days

Lillleria hirci

x

19

I S-20 days

EillIeria II illilkoh/YLlk illlOULle Eill/eriLl o / igel'i

23

x

18

1 0- 1 3 days

16

x

14

7- 1 2 days

Sheep and Goats

Parasites of Sheep Ectoparasites

Lice

Brain Mesenteries

Damalinia

Taenia multiceps

Linognathus

Ked

Strike Flies

Melophagus Lucilia

Nasal S i n u s

Calliphora

Oestrus ovis

Chrysomya

Mites -

(Coenurus)

Chorioptes Dictyocaulus

Cecum

&

Muellerius

Coton

Hydatid cyst

Oesophagostomum Chabertia Trichuris Thysanosoma

S m a l l Intes t i n e Trichostrongylus Cooperia

Abomasum

Nematodirus Bunostomum

Paramphistomum

Haemonchus

Strongyloides

Ostertagia

Moniezia

Trichostrongylus

Fig. 76. Locations of the major parasites fOllnd in sheep. (Most of these are also in goats.)

73

Sec tio n 5

EIMERIA

SCH I Z ONTS

ACROGA ME TOCYTE

{�}

I CROGAMETOCYTE ( CJ' )

-a::[ ��'.3;:P· M I CROGA M E T E S ( d' d' d' . . . )

OOC Y S T OF HOS T

. - 0; : ...

,,�

� '�

o:rr- !m ... " R OGA M E T E

.

.

L EA VES HO S T

Fig. 77. Life cycle of Eimeria spp. i n sheep and other ruminants.

Zoonotic Diseases in Sheep and Goats Table 2 2 . Major zoonotic diseases associated with sheep O rganism

D i sease

Method o f Infection

Toxoplasmosis Cryptosporidiosis D i a rrhea

Ingestion of raw meat Ingestion of oocysts Ingestion of raw meat

Strongyloidiasis Trichostrongyliasis

Ingestion of larvae Ingestion of larvae

Fascioli a s is

Ingestion of metacercariae

Myiasis Myiasis

Contact with adult flies Contact with adult flies

Protozoa

Toxoplasma gondii Cryptosporidium sp. Sarcocystis bovihominis Nematodes Strongyloides

spp. spp.

Trichostrongylus Trematodes

Fasciola hepatica Arthropods Calliphora

spp.

Oestrus ovis

74

(9)

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

""

-------�

------

(

-: / : '

Cryptosporidium spp.

Fig. 79. CrYllios/i()ridilllll spp. ( OOC\'sts ill feces. I

Toxoplasma gondii rig. 78. '/C)XOp/£ISJ))£1 gOlldii. ( Pscudocyst ill the brain of a

shcep).

Microgametes � , .',' acrogametocyte . e t e m a g o r c Ma \: Schizonts �zygote s t s y c Oo Oocyst ,-� Sporozo.ites. � t s y c Oo � r� -:. ---�6:;;,i -- d�-;���� -7 (dd)

.

�'" . ��

(9)

"

'Co. � ..

--"""" � ::�,

S e xual

\ l

�' , G ,

- �

� -------

Ing e s

� _ '

.

'

.

.

�

�

� '

.

.

Fig. 80. Life cycle of Crypi()S/io ridill))l /i<7rl'lI))1.

75

�i'"

�

.. � �

Leaves -� .

.

.

.

.

.�

Host

(9)

Sectio n 5

Fig. 8 1 a. Histologic section of lamb small intestine with numerous Cryptosporidum oocysts (arrows) imbedded in the brush borders of the villi.

Neospora caninum Common name: NeosfJora callilZlll11. Size of pseudocyst: Usually dOO 11m .

Importance: This parasite can cause a bortions. Liveborn calves may be underweight, weak, un­ a ble to stand, and may have neuromuscular signs. Transplacental transmission occurs. Diagnosis: Clinical signs and histologically. Pseudocysts seen in neural tissue at necropsy. Source of infection: Unknown. Treatment: Treatment is experimental. Some coc­ cidiostats and coccidiocides may be helpful. Fig. 8 1b. Neospora callill/lIIl pseudocyst in the brain o f an aborted cal f.

76

Drugs Used in Ruminants Table 23. EffiGlCY D rug

A I bC I lLbzolc

C I 0 rs u l 0 n"

Cou illa phos Dora lllcctin E p r i n o lllccrin Ft:ba ntel Fenbendazoll'

I verlllccti n l.cvaill i soic M o rantel

'-.l '-.l

:Yl oxidectin O x tcnLbwlc O x i bcndawlc Phenothiazine i'yrantel

of anthelm inrics

DosL' ( I llg/kg

1'0)

aga i n st m a j o r i n t er n a l p a r a s i tes of

Tric/JIIsi /"( !I1gyills

Cooperid

Nellhllodints

1i1l110S/01111/1I1

'1 '1- 1 00

'1 7- 1 00

� 7- I OO

1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'1 5- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

()slcrhlgid

/-/delllOl/c/J//S

1 0 .0

'17- 1 0 0

'1 7-'1 '1

21>

� O - I ()O

0.5 Pour o n

'15- 1 00

51 1 0

'15- 1 00

7-�

'15- 1 00

7.0

0.2 SC/ l Jvl 7.5

0.2 SC:

catrle

EfficlCV aga i n s t A d u l t 1\elllatodes ( 'X. )

'15- 1 00 '15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00 '15- 1 00 '15- 1 00

'15- 1 00 0- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

10

� O- I OO

2.5

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

� O- I OO

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

0.5 Pour o n

'15- 1 00

10

'15- 1 00

25

'15- 1 00

210-400

'15- 1 00

� O- I OO '15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00 '15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

� O- I OO

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

�O- I OO '15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

0- 1 0 0

0- 1 00

'15- 1 00 0- 1 00

'15- 1 00

95- 1 00 N O- I OO

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

Oeso/lhag" SI'!!I//!II/

1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00 '15-'17

S/I"(JIIgy/oides

'15- 1 00 '15- 1 00 '15- 1 0 0 '15- 1 00

'15- 1 00 '15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

'15- 1 00

Dash indiGHes i nsu fficient data or not e ffective. ,'95- 1 00 'i{. e ffective aga inst Fasciola hepatica, both i m mature and matu re. bq 24 h x 7 d . Note: Lactating dairy cattle can be treated with eprinomcctri n at 0.5 mg/kg as a pour on, 0.5 mg/kg moxidectin as a pour on, couIll a phos as a top d ressing on feed at 2 mg/kg for 6 consecutive days, fcnbendazole at 5- 1 0 mg/kg PO, or with morantel at 1 0 mg/kg PO (see Courtney and Sundl of, 1 9 9 1 ) .

� � ,.., �

-. .... (1) V'J V'J

o ,..,.,

(') � .... .... �(1) CJl ::r (1) (1) 'J'

� ::: 0.-

CJ o �

.... V'J

� l. �

Table 24. E fficacy o f a n t h e l m i nt i cs against m�l j or i ntern�l l parasites o f sheep a n d goats Efficacy aga i nst A d u l t Parasi tes

( 'X,)

� 1 :l

Dose( mg/kg PO)

J-I ael11 0 IlcilllS

Ostertagia

Trichostrongylus

Cooperia

Ne11latodims

A l bend azo lc

10

9 9- 1 00

97- 1 00

9 9-100

9 9- 1 0 0

9 9- 1 0 0

Dora mecti n

0.2 5

95- 1 00

10

95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95-100

95-100 95- 1 00 95-100 95- 1 00

95-100 95-1 00 9 5- 1 00 95- 1 00

95- 1 00 95-1 00 95- 1 00

95- 1 0 0

95- 1 00

9S- I OO

95- 1 0 0

95- 1 0 0

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

95- 1 0 0

95- 1 00

0- 1 00

95- 1 00

9S- I OO

95- 1 0 0

9S-100

D rug

Febantel Fenbendazolc I vcrmecti n

0 . 2 SC

Lev�l m i s o l e

7.5

BIIII()S{0I1111111 Strollgyloides

Cihl/!ertia

M Olliezia

1 00

1 00

10

O x fendazo lc

5 10 25

O x i bendazolc Pyrantc l

95- 1 0 0 95- 1 0 0

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

95- 1 0 0

95- 1 00

95- 1 0 0

95- 1 00

95- 1 00 tl O- I OO tl5-95 95- 1 00

95- 1 00

60-tl5

95- 1 00

95-1 00 95-1 00 95-1 00 95- 1 00

95- 1 0 0

95- 1 0 0

95- 1 0 0

0- 1 00

D a s h i n d icates not e ffective or i n s u fficient data ( sec Courtney a n d S u n d l o f, 1 9 9 1 ) . Note: D o ra mect i n a n d ivermectin are s i m i b r d r ugs.

'-.) 00 Table 2 6 . M a j o r �l nticocc i d i a l d rugs used in sheep a n d goats

Table 25. Major an ticocc i d i a l d rugs used i n carrlc Drug

Method

Usc Level

Drug

Method

Usc Level

A m p ro l i u m ( p reve n t i o n )

In feed/water

5 mg/kg x 2 I d

A m p ro l i u m

Wa ter

5 0 mg/kg o f body weight q 24 h

Decoq u i n a te

Feed

0.5 mg/kg of bodv weight in feed

Las�l l ()c id

Feed

A m p ro l i u m ( treatment)

[n feed/water

1 0 mg/kg

A u reomyc i n -tetracycl i ne ( p revention )

I n feed

35 g/d

[)ecoq u i n a te ( p reventi o n )

In feed

0 . 5 mg/kg

L a s a l ocid ( p reventi o n )

In feed

I g130 kg feed

M o n e n s i n ( p reventi o n )

:!. o :::

c.r.

95- 1 0 0

(5 SC & 1 M ) :Yl orantel

Vl (;) (")

[ n feed

x

x

5 d

2tl d x

2tl+ d

x

2 1 d or 0 . 2 % in feed

30 g/909 kg ( to n ) of feed 454 g( 1 5 % active)/2.1 kg ( 5 0 I b )sa l t

( I mg/kg o f

\II onensin

Feed

1 0-30 g/90 9 kg ( t o n ) o f feed

b o d y weight)

S u l fa g u a n i d i n e

Feed

0 . 2 % concentration in feed

I g130 kg feed

S u i fa mcthazine

Feed

up to 0 . 5 % concentration in feed

( I mg/kg o f body weig h t ) S u i faq u i n o x a l i n e

In water

1 3 111g/kg

S u l famerazine

In feed

6 5- 1 3 0 mg/kg

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Table 27. lvlajor drugs for control of external parasites in ruminants Drug (Trade Namc)

Parasites

Application D i p, spray

Organophosphates Chlorfenvinphos (Supona )

Ticks, lice, flies, keds, mitcs

Chlorpyrifos ( Dursban)

Ticks, lice

Dip, spray, pour on, dust, back rubber

Coumaphos ( Co-Ral )

Fle,ls, flies, keds, lice, ticks, cl ttle grubs

O i l', spray, pour on, dust, back ru hber,

Crotoxyphos ( Cyodrin)

Ticks, mites, lice, flies

Dust, spray

iced additivc Crufomatc ( Roulene)

Flics, lice, mites, ticks

Oil', spray, pour on

Diazinon

Flies, lice, keds, ticks

O i l', dust, spray

Dichlorvos (Vapona)

Flies

Resin granules, rcsin strips, spray

Dimethoate ( Cygon)

Flies

Spray

Dioxathion ( Dcinav)

Flies, keds, lice, ticks

Famphur (Warbex)

Flies, lice, cattle grubs

O i l', spray, back rubber Pou r on, spray

fcnchlorphos (Korlan-ronncl)

Flies, lice, mites, ticks

Dust, oral, spray, back rubber, pour on

Fenthiol1 (Tiguvon)

Cattle grubs, shecp nose bots,

Spray, pour on, spot on

lice, keds, blowflies Malathion (Cythion)

Fle,ls, flies, lice, keds, m i tes, ticks

D i p, dust, spray

Phosmct ( Prolate)

Flies, licc, cattle gruhs, ticks

Spray

Tetrachlorvinphos

Fle'ls, flies, lice, ticks

Dust, car tag, back rubber, spray

Cattle grubs, flics, lice, mi tes

Pou r on, ora l , injectable, spray

CarbarYl (Sevi n )

Fle,ls, flies, lice, mites, ticks

Dip, dust, spray

Propoxur

Flies

Spray

( Ra bon-stirophos) Trichlorfon ( Negu von) Carbamates

Organochlorines Lindane

Flies, keds, licc, mitcs, ticks

Dust, spray, pour on, back rubber

;,'lethox),ch lor ( ;,'larla te)

Flies, keds, l icc, mites, ticks

Dust, spray, back rubber

Toxaphene

Flies, keds, l ice, mites, ticks

Dip, dust, spray, back rubber

Ticks, mitcs, lice +1- '-

Dip, spray

D i a m i d i nes Amitraz ( M itaban, Triatox, Ilaam, l'rcventic collars) lvliscellaneous"- ,-

Dip

Cypcrmethrin ( 1') ( C uratick)

Ticks

Doramectin ( Dectomax)

Sucking lice, gruhs, Psoroptes, Sdl'CUptes

Eprinomectin ( I ,'omec-Eprincx)

Lice, horn flies, S£ll'coIJtes,

SC: or 1 ;',1 ( 0 , 2 mg/kg) Pour on ( 0 _ 5 mg/kg)

Chol'ioptes, grubs Fenva lerate(P) ( Fetri n )

Flies, ticks

Ivcrmectin ( I vomec)

Lice, mites, cattle gruhs

Spray, car tags

Oral, injectahle SC, 1 \ 1 (0,2 Illg/kg)

Mcthoprene ( l C R )

Flies

Feed additivc

Moxidcctin (Cydectin)

Lice, Chol'iolJtes. pS<J/'Optes

Pour

Pyrethr u m

Flies, fleas, keds, lice

Spray

Resmeth rin ( 1')

Flics, licc, mites, ticks

Dip, spray

Ticks

Spray

i\(]uatic insect I,u'-'le

Dried powdcr

Permcthrin (1') (Ectiba n ) ( Expar) Bacillus tlJ/ll'illgicllsis (Il)

,'- +/-

=

011

varia ble efficacy,

':- ':- Inc\udes pyrethroids ( P ) , insect growth regulators ( lC R ) , bacteria ( H ) , a n d others. Note: For lactating dairy cattle, the fol lowing drugs are used: coumaphos, crotox)'phos, dichlorvos, eprinol11cnrin, fenvalcrate, malathion, mcthoprene, methoxychlor, pennethrin, pyrethrins, and stiro fos, Read label dircctions carefully. The label is the most authoritative source of i n formation.

79

Section 5

Internal Parasites HaeIllOIlc!JIIS COli to/titS Comm on name: Barber \ pole or wire wor m (Trichostro ngyloid ea ) . , mm III abomasum . Adult s i z e : 1 0-.)0 Size of egg: 8 0 flIll

x

45 flIll.

I m portance : ,\cute a nemia i n I,ullbs; bottle jaw, death, chronic weigh t loss i n adults.

refrigeration. At necrops\', a d u lts a re found i n abom � sum.

D iagnosis: Feca l flotation; eggs do not larvate a ftcr 4-5 days o f Treatmcnt: Drug resistance often dC\Tlops. Albendazole, 10 mg/kg 1'0 Doramcctin, 0.2 mg/kg 1 \1 or SC: Eprinomcctri n , 0.5 mg/kg pom on I\'ermectin, 0.2 mg/kg SC Fenbendazole, :) mg/kg 1'0 l.eva m isole, 5-1) mg/kg 1'0 (cattle) Fig. 82a. Hal'/llOlIclifls colltortus (sheep) HaclllollciJIIs pla­ cei (curle) prepatent period is 1 7-2 1 days.

Morantel tartrate, 9 .7 mg/kg 1'0 Moxidectin, 0.5 my/kg pom on

Tetram isole, 15 mg/k g 1'0 ( for sheep, do not exceed total 600mg dosage)

Osteltagia ostertagi Common name: Brown stomach worm (Trichostrongvloidea). Adult size: 6- \ 0 m m in abomasu m . Size of egg : 80 ftm

x

45 flIll .

I m portance: l.arvae destroy gastric glands of cattle; may cause

severe d i a rrhea a n d weight loss. Type I : Lan'ae matmc a n d a d u lts produce eggs. Prc - t ype I I : Not clinicallv apparent. Fourth-stage larvae arc inh ihited i n gastric glands. T,'pc I I :

iV!atura t ion o f i n h i bited la rvae with weight loss, diarrhea, anorexia, anemia, n o fever, o ften no eggs i n feces.

Ostertagia ostertagi

Diagnos i s : Fecal flotation; plasma pepsinogen levels may be in­ creased. At nccrops)', adults and nodule1 r lesions are fou n d

i n abomasum. F i g. 8 3 a . Ostcrtagid ()stcrtdgi (cattle) Tel,ll/orsdgid cirCIIIII­ CillC1<1 ( s heep ) prepatent period i s 1 6-23 days.

Tre a t ment: A l bcndazo le, J 0 mg/kg 1'0 kills Tvpc II Doramectin, 0.2 mg/kg I :-vl or S C

Eprinomectrin, 0.5 mg/kg p o u r on Fenbcndazole, :) mg/kg 1'0 k i l l s Typc II ,1 1 J 0 mg/kg [vermcctin, 0.2 mg/kg SC: k i l l s Ty pc I I

\·lora n tel tartrate, 9 .7 mg/kg PO

.:vloxidectin, 0.5 mg/kg pom on k i l ls Ty pe I I

\

j

mehos'mngylus axel

�

-< _ _ _ _________

------

(f!P

/

Fig. 84a. Trichostrollgylus axel prepatent period is 3

weeks.

Trichostrollgylus axei Common ll<1mc: g,1 I1 k rupt worm or small st()l1l'1ch worm (Trichostrong!'loidca ) . Adult size: 4-8 mm in abomasu m . Size of egg: 8 0 ftm x 40 flIll.

I m portance: In cattle, sheep, goats there i s diarrhea, dehydration, bottle j aw, and emaciation i n stressed a n i ma l s . D iagnosis: Eggs in fccal flotation. At necropsy, a d u l t s (4-6 m m ) ill a homasulll.

Trcatment: A l helldazole, 10 mg/kg PO Doramectin, 0.2 ll1g/kg I .:vl or SC

Eprinoll1cctri n , 0.5 ll1g/kg pour on Fcnhendazolc, Spring, 5 mg/kg PO

[verll1cctin, Fall, 0.2 mg/kg SC

\'lora ntel tartrate, 9 .7 mg/kg PO \;l o x idecrill, 0 . 5 ll1g/kg pour on

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Fig . 82b. Haemonchus cOlltortus.

Fig. 82c. Haemonchus cOlltortlls .

Fig. 83b. Ostertagia ostertagi.

Fig. 83c. Ostertagia ostertagi.

Fig. 84b. Trichostrongylus axei.

Fig. 84c. Trichostrongylus axei.

81

Section 5

Ne1llatodims

spp.

Coml11on name: Thin-necked i ntestinal worm (Trichost rogyloidea ). Adult size: 1 0-25 mm i n smal l i ntesti ne. Sheep: N. (ili­ collis, N. halllls. N. sf!athiger; cattle: N. hell'e­ ti,II/IIS.

Size of egg: N. filiwllis 200 pm

,

(j IS \. "

\

/

I

/

�od:,p:

Fig. 85a. Nelllatodims spp. prepatcnt period is 1 4-2 1 days.

(

----:(:�--� @ � � � /i0; - - _ +_ _r -" \ LJtJ-,-.. \

])T�'-

"-"_�_T-':-

�:>-" - �

Fig.

"

--

..,

�

'\

-"-0'

--<

---

86<1. Strongyloides

COl11mon name: Threadworm ( Rhabditoidea ) . A d u l t size: 3-6 m m i n small intestine. Size o f egg: 5 0 p m x 22 �1I1l. I mporta nce: Cutaneous cxposure in sheep may con­ tribute to foot rot, d ia rr hea in young a n i mals; tra nsmamma ry tra nsmission possi ble. D i agnosis: Larvated eggs or larvae in fecal flotation. Treatment: Eprinomectrin, 0.5 mg/kg pour on Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg SC

�\

if"

�/J

Strongyloides papillosus

( � ---

90 p m ; N. battlls 1 75

Strongyloides pa/Jilloslis

'x

�

x

pm x 75 pl11. I mportance: Acute diar rhca in young a n imals; may be fatal, especially N. balllls. Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flota tion. At necropsy, adults are found in small intestine. Treatment: Albendazole, 1 0 mg/kg PO Eprinol11cctrin, 0.5 mg/kg pour on Fcn bendazolc, 5 mg/kg PO Ivermccrin, 0.2 mg/kg SC i .cI-,ull isolc, 5-!l mg/kg PO .'IioranteI tartrate. 9 . 7 mg/kg PO ,'doxidecti n , 0.5 mg/kg pour on

QU

spp. prep,uenr period is 1 -2 weeks.

Oeso/J/Jagosto1ll U1II colu1IIbia1/ 11111 Common name: Nodular worm ( Strongyloide a ) . Adult size: 1 4-22 mm i n large i ntestine. Sheep a nd goats: O. CO/lll11hiallllll/. O. l'ellll/oslIlII; cattle: O . radiatlllll.

\

Size of egg: 80 pm x 40 �lIn. Importa ncc: Nod ular worm of shecp a n d cattle. May cause dia rrhea with subsequent fly strike in sheep. Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation. At necropsy, nodules a re seen in walls of small and large intestincs and adu lts a re found in large i ntestinc. Treatment: A l bcndazolc, 1 0 mg/kg PO Doramectin, 0.2 mg/kg 1 M or SC Eprinomectrin, 0 . 5 mg/kg pour on i .eva misole, 5-!l mg/kg PO iVi orantel tartrate, 9 . 7 mg/kg PO Moxidectin, 0.5 mg/kg pour 011

� ,�!) ",----

Oe,ophago,tomum cotumNanum

Fig. 8 7<1 . Ocsoplhlgost()llllllll CO/IlIll/Ji,lI:illII prepatent peri­ od is 40 davs .

82

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Fig.

8sb. Nematodirus filicollis. Fig. 8Se. Nematodints battus.

Fig. 86b. Strongyloides spp. Fig. 86c. Strungyloides spp . .'

Fig .

87b. Oesophagostomum columbial111111.

Fig. 8 7c. OesophagostoJJlum (OIUlllbialZlf/ll.

83

Section 5 Trichostrollgylus colli b rifo rill is

r", _

�

( fi

...... � ,

�

':i.

�

'

�

- � -fo��� @-->-

�

--------

Fig. 8 8 . Tric /}()st/'()//gyills

/ I

\ �

,

found in small intestine. Treatment: Al bendazolc, 1 0 mg/kg PO Doramect in, 0.2 mg/kg I:-vl or SC: Eprinolnectrin, 0.5 mg/kg pour on fenbendazolc, 5 lng/kg PO Leva m isole, 7.5 mg/kg PO :vlor'l ntel tartrate, 9 . 7 lng/kg PO :v\oxidecrin, 0 . 5 mg/kg pour on

/

Tdchos',ongylus COIUbdlo,miS

.3 weeks.

1/

Common name: Hair worm, black SCour worm (Trichostrongvioidea ) . Adult size: 4-1\ mm in small i ntestine. Size of egg: 85 p m x 40 �1I1l. I m porunce: In sheep and goats, acute diarrhea in young; chronic d i'1 rrhea in older animals. "'lay cause bottle jaw and severe reduction in growth. Diagnosis: Eggs in feca I flotation. A t necropsy, adults are

co III Inif(JrlI1 is

@

prepatent period is

Cooperia

�-

--

spp.

Common name: Cattle bankrupt worm (Tricho-strongy­ loidea ) . Adult size: 4-8 mm in small intest ine. Cattle: C. pectilwta, C. IlllI/clLllLI, C. spatl/latll, C. 1IIC1l1asteri (sltrllillh1da) ; sheep and goats: C. plllietata, C . pectillilta. Size of egg: 77 �1I11 x 34 �1I11. I mportance: In cattle, sheep, and goats, not h ighly patho­ genic; d i a rrhea, anorexia, depressed growth. Synergistic with Ostertagia ostertagi£l. Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation. A t necropsy, adults are found in small i ntestine. Trea tment: Al bendazole, 1 0 mg/kg PO Dora mectin, 0.2 lng/kg 1 M or SC Eprinomcctri n, 0.5 mg/kg pour on Fenbendazo le, 5 mg/kg PO /vermectin, 0 . 2 lng/kg SC Levamisole, 5-1\ mg/kg PO :Vlorantel tartrate, 9 . 7 mg/kg PO Moxidectin, 0.5 mg/kg pour on

� p:::- �---,.. -- � - - - � '

Cooperia spp.

Fig. 8 9 . Cooperia spp. prepatent period is .3 weeks.

Bl1110StOlll1l1ll

spp.

Common na me: Hookworm (Trichostrongyloidea ) . A d u l t size: 1 0-2 8 mm in sma l l intestine. Cattle: B. ph/e­ bOtOIllIIllI; Sheep: B. trig()//oceplh1ll/m. Size of egg: 95 �1I1l x 50 pm. Importance: In catrle and sheep, anemia and d ia rrhea i n young an imals, loss of weight, death. Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation. At necropsy, adults a rc found in small i ntestine. Trea tment: A l bendazolc, 10 I1lg/kg PO Dora mectin, 0.2 I1lg/kg 1M or SC Eprinol11ectrin, 0.5 I1lg/kg pour on Fenbcndazole, 5 mg/kg PO Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg SC �vl()xidectin, 0.5 mgikg pour on

Fig. 90. BlIl1ostOlllll1ll spp. prepatent period is 2 months.

84

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats Table 2 8 . :vl iscellancous Tr i chos t ro ng y l e parasites of ru m i n a n ts that h a ve similar " s t ro ngylt:- t ypc" eggs i n feces, and

othcr miscella neous paras i te s

Cattle Strongyles B II 11 ()S tOIll 11111 phielJOt (J1I1I11Il

Cooperia IIIclIlasteri ('ill'/I£z/)dd,l) Cooperia O IlCOp/JO/'il Cooperia /Jllllctata Cooperia pect ill,1l iLl HaelllollchllS pldcei Oesophagostollllllll rddidt II/II Oesophagestolllll III I 'elll t/OSIlIIl Ostertagid osterfLlgid Tric/JOstn JIIgyllls dxei Tric/) ( Istnlllgyilis colllinilel/"lll is

hookworm Cattle ban krupt worm Cattle bank rupt worm Cattle bank rupt worm Ca t t le b a n krupt worm Barber's pole worm Nodular worm Nodular worm Brown stomach worm B a n kr u p t or h a i r worm Hair worm

A d u l t i n s m a l l intestilll:

Hookworm La rge-mouthed bowel worm Cooperid Coo pe rid Cooperid Cooperid Ba rber's pole worm Nodu lar worm Nodular worm Brown stomach worm Brown stomach worm Brown stomach worm Bank rupt or hair worm I-l a i r worm I-lair worm Hair worm

A d u l t i n small i ntcstinc

Cattle

A d u l t i n s m a l l i ntestine Adult in s m a l l i ntestine Adult in s m a l l i n test i n e Adu lt i n

sma ll i n testine

Adult in a bo m a s u m i\c\ u l t i n l a rge i n tl'stinc ,-\C\ u l t i n la rgl' i n testi n e A d u l t i n a bomasum Adult i n a bomasum Adult i n silla l l i ntcstine

Sheep and Goat Strongyles

1311 1I0StOllllllll trigollocephallllll Chdl)ert ill Ol'ill,l Cooperia (IIrticei Cooperia pectillata Cooperia pllllctata Cooperia ollcopho/"d Hllelllollc /JIIS cOlltortlls Oesophagostollllllll CO III III iJ id 1/11111 Oesophagost 011111111 I 'e II II losll III Ostertagia I),r,lta Teladors,7gid circllilicillctd Teladorsilgill tri(lIrcdta Trichostrollgyills dxei Trichost rollgylllS collliJri{t)1"I11is Trichostrollgyills l'itrilllls Trichostrollgyills capricola

Adult i n colon Adult i n

small intestinc

Adult i n sma l l intestine Adult in s m a l l i n testinc A d u l t i n small i ntest i n c A d u l t i n 'l homasum

Adult i n h1 i'gc i ntcst i n c A d u l t i n l a rgc i ntcst i n e A d u l t i n a bonwsum A d u l t i n a bom;l s u l11 A d u l t in a h o m'l s u l11 A d u l t i n a bo l 1 1 a s u l11 A d u lt i n s m a l l i ntest i n e A d u l t i n s m a l l i nt estinc Adult i n s m a l l i ntesti n c

Other Miscellaneous Nematodes Parasites Cattle

Parafilaria bOl'ico/,1

Filarial worm

Adult i n s u bc u t a n eous tissuc

Pinworm

A d u l t i n cecum

Sheep and Goats

SkrjabillclIl£7 Ol'is

85

Section 5

"' - - - + - - - - �

/

.�

\�.

Trichuris avis

�f11 " --- -"

Coml11on name: \,\l h i pworm ( Trichuroidea). Adult size: 2-3 111m i n cecum and large intestine.

ilJ· · �()

Size of egg:

75 p l11

35 p m .

X

I m portance: Rarel�' pathogenic; overwhel ming infec­ tions may ca use fatal hemorrhage into ceCUlll. D i agnosis: Eggs in fecal flot a t i o n . At necropsy, adults a re found in cecum a nd l a rge i n testines . Treatment: Doramectin, 0.2 mg/kg

L'v! or SC

Eprinomectrin, O . S mg/kg p o u r on

)

Fenbendazole, .5 mg.lkg PO Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg SC

/

Trichuris avis

fig. 9 l a. Tri( /Illris ol'is prepatent period is 2 months.

Chabel1ia ovilla Common name: Large-mouth bowel worm ( Strongyloidea ) . A d u l t size: 1 3-20 111m i n large i ntest ine. S i ze o f egg: I 00- 1 20 �lIn

x

40-50 �1I11.

I m portance: Occa sionally ca uses severe ane m i a . D i agnosis: Eggs i n feca l flotation. At necropsy, adu lts are found i n colon .

\ �.

Treatment: A l bendazole, 1 0 mg/kg PO Fenbendazole, 5 mg/kg PO

---

Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg SC

Chabertia avina

�

Fig. 92a. Cihlberti,l ()l'illa prepatent period is 2 months.

Capillaria

sp.

Common name: Capillary worm (Trichuroidea ) . Adult s i ze:

5-8 m m i n s m a l l i n t estine.

Size of egg: 50 ,ll m

x

3 0 �l m .

I m portance: ':vlostly nonpathogenic, b u t egg m a y be confused with TriciJllris spp. D iagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation. Treatment: None tested. Dora mectin, 0.2 mg/kg

1M or SC

Eprinomcctrin, 0 . 5 mg/kg pour on Fcn bendazole, 5 mg/kg P O ive rlllcctin, 0 . 2 mg/kg SC

Fig. 93a. Cl /lil/aria sp. pre p atent period is

6 weeks.

86

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Fig. 91b. Trichllris ovis.

Fig. 91c. Trichllris ouis.

Fig. 92c. Chabertia ouilla.

Fig. 92b. Chabertia ovina.

93b. Capillaria sp.

Fig. 93c. Capillaria sp.

87

Sectio n 5

Dictyocalllus vivipants Common name: Lu ngworm (Trichostrongyloidea ) . A d u l t size: 3 - 8 cm in l ungs. Size of b rva: 3 9 0-450 .llm X 20-25 p m . Im pol'tance : Young a n i ma ls (acute form ) : cough, cyanosis, dyspm·,l. A d u lts (chronic form ): cough, dyspnea, letha rgy. D iagnosis: Baermann technique for brv,le from feces: cha racteristic larvae (many interstitial cells, short ta i l ) . Fecal flotation: larvated ova or somc free larvae in feces. At necropsy, adult (3-5 c m ) in passages of l u ng. Cattle: D. uil'ipa/'1ls; shcep: D. filaria.

Treatmcnt: Albcndazole, 1 0 mg/kg PO Dora mectin, 0.2 mg/kg 1 :"-1 or SC: Eprinoll1cctrin, 0.5 Il1g/kg pour on Fl'I1 hcncbzolc, 5 mg/kg PO Ivcrmcctin, 0.2 mg/kg SC: Lcvam i so le, 5-8 Il1g/kg PO in carll' spring ':vloxidectin , 0 . 5 mg/kg pou r o n

Fig. 94<1. D idyoCdllllls l'il'i/l
Protostrollgylus

\

spp.

COll1mon name: Bighorn shecp l u ngworm ( :'vlctastrongyloidca ) . Adult size: J 0-20 mm in l ungs. Size o f larva: 340-400 �tll1 x 20 �tIn. I mporta nce: Predisposcs to pneumonia i n bighorn shcep; transplacenta l tra nsmission i n highorn sheep, respi ratol'\' signs. D iagnosis: Uncommon i n domestic sheep. Baermann technique for larvae from fcces. Fiber optic cndo­ scopc to visualizc adults. Treatment: A lbcndazolc, I () mg/kg PO Fcnbcndazolc, 1 5 mg/kg PO Ivermcctin, 0.2 mg/kg SC

� protostr�ngylus s� U ) .?-�). +---� ""'

Fig. 95a. ProtostrollgylliS m!£'sCi" lS ( sheep), 1'. /'1Ishi, 1'.

stilesi ( highorn sheep) prepatent period is .') weeks.

Mllellerius capillaris Common namc: Goat l ungworm ( ':vlctastrongyloidea ). Adult size: 4- 1 2 mm in l ungs. Size o f larva: 300 �tIn x 1 5 �tIn. Importance: :vJay prcd ispose to pncumonia . D iagnosis: Baermann rech niquc for larvae from feces. Trcatmcnt: Al bendazole, I () mg/kg 1'0 Fenbcndazo lc, 15 mg/kg PO Ivcrmccrin, 0.2 mg/kg SC

Fig. 96a. Mlle//erilis C
88

Paras ites of Cattle , Sheep , and Goats

Fig. 94b. Dictyocaulus vivipams.

Fig. 94c. Dictyocaulus vivipams.

Fig. 95b. Protostrongylus sp.

Fig. 95c. Protostrongylus sp. ( Note long, straight tail.)

Fig. 96b. Muellerius capillaris.

Fig. 96c. Muellerills capillaris. (Note kinky tai l . )

89

Section 5

Fasciola hepatica Common name: Common liver fluke (Fasciolidae). Adult size: 3-4 cm in hepatic bile ducts. Size of egg: 1 40 �lJn x SO �l1n. Im portance: Acute syndrome: hepatic trauma due to migration may result in hepatitis and death. Chro n ic synd rome: anemia, weight loss, decreased production and weaning weights, l iver condemna­ tion; predisposes to clostridial diseases. Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal sedimentation. At necropsy, trematodes ( fl ukes) a rc found in bik ducts, tracts within liver pa renchynw. Serology: ELI S A test. Treatment: A l bendazole, PO 1 0 mg/kg (cattle); 1 5 mg/kg (sheep) C lorsu lon, 7 mg/kg PO Nitroxynil, 1 0 mg/kg S C

Fig. 97a. hlscio /a he{hllic,l prepatent period is 1 0- 1 2 weeks.

R a foxanide, 7.5 mg/kg PO Prevention: Snail control; fence o ff sna i l - i n fested a reas.

// --� v -·· - · . � -: . .�.-r.;;. ,

MOlliezia belledelli

-'1

�*

Common name: Ta peworm ( Anoploceph.llidae). Adult size: U p to 1 00 cm in small i ntestine. Size of egg: 60 �lJll. Importance: Relatively nonpathogenic. D iagnosis: Recta ngular segments in feces, eggs in fecal flotation. A t necropsy, adult tapeworms (100 c m ) i n small intestine. Treatment: A l bendazole, 1 0 mg/kg PO D ichlorophen, 200-400 mg/kg PO Fenbendazole, 1 0 mg/kg PO Lead a rsenate, 0 . 5-1.0 g/50 lb. PO N iclosamide, 50 mg/lh. PO

)�

"

/

Moniezia benedeni

Fig. 98a. M Ol1iezid iJelll'delli (cattle), MOl1iezia eX{hlllS,( (sheep) prep<1 tent period is 40 days.

Trttrtchomonas foetus [:J--

,

--�

_______

(:B

J.

( ' -� .(�I

Ii Ii j i!J

Tritricho11lollas foetlls

[ ') - _

�:'j Gj �'

,/ '

� -,-

Common name: Trich ( Mastigophora ), a flagellated protozoan pa rasite. Size of trophozoite: 1 0-25 p m i n gen ital tract. Importance: Venereal d isease o f cattle, early a bortion storms ( 1 5 to I S days a fter conception) and py­ ometra. D iagnosis: Preputial wash ings and culture. Treatment: ipro n i dazole, 30 g/bull on day I, then 1 5 g/bull q 2 4 h on days 2 and 3 . :Vletronidazok, 75 mg/kg IV q 1 2 h x 3 d Self-limiting in cows not bred for 90 days a fter a bor­ tion. Note: Trichomonas vaginalis in humans is t reated with metronidazole, 500 mg q 1 2 h x 7 d, o r 2 g in a single dose, or 2 g q 24 h x 3-5 d .

II\

�

I f: Uu

Fig. 99a. TritricfJOl11ollas {()etlls

reproduces

qu ickly.

90

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Fig. 97b. Fasciola hepatica.

Fig . 97c. Fasciola hepatica. The operculum has opened.

Fig . 98b. Moniezia benedeni.

Fig . 98c. Moniezia benedeni. Note hooks in egg.

Fig. 99c. Tritrichoillonas foetlls. Stained specimen. Fig. 99b. Tritrichomonas foetus. Fresh smear.

91

Section S

Babesia bigemina Common name: Babesia or pyroplasma (Apicomplexa) . Size o f trophozoites: 2-3 �lln x 4-5 �lln i n red blood cells. I m portance: Causes Texas cattle fevcr (babesiosis pvro­ plasmosis ), ancmia, h igh fevel; splenomegal ,. h is is an exotic and reportable discase in the USA. It is transmittcd by B o ophillls ticks, which are also reportable. D iagnosis: Stained blood smear. Treatment: D i p for ticks. Acri flavinc, 200-400 ml IV or I :200 to I : 1 ,000 solu­ tion Bereni l , 3 . 5-5 . 0 mg/kg I �vl Phenamide, 9 . 0- 1 3.5 mg/kg I l'vl

;

Fig. 1 00a. Babesia ( 1 4-70 days).

bigelllilla.

Incubation

period is va riable

Eimeria

Fig. 1 0 1 a .

Eillleria spp. Prepatent period

is 1 2- 1 8

T

spp.

Common name: Coccidia (Apicomplexa). Sizc of oocyst: 1 6--4 7 � l m x 1 3-32 �LIll in small intes­ tine; several species. (See Tablcs 1 9 and 2 1 . ) Importancc: Some pathogenic species cause clinical coc­ cidiosis. Young animals: bloody diarrhea, death. Adults: decreased production, diarrhea. Diagnosis: Occysts in fecal flotation. Hyperemic, hem­ orrhagic intestines, whitish raised lesions in intes­ tines fou n d at necropsy. Treatment: Ampro liul1l, 1 0 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 5-2 I d S u l famethazine, O.S% in feed, or 1 30 mg/kg PO, then 65 mg/kg q 1 2 h x 4 d Prevcntion: Decoquinate, 0.5 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 2 8 + d Lasalocid, I mg/kg PO q 24 h x 30+ d lvlonensin, 0.25 mg/kg PO in feed q 24 h x 3 I d Sulfaguanidine, 0 . 2 'X, of feed

days.

CI},ptos/JOridillm

spp.

Common name: Crypto (Apicomplexa ) . Size o f oocyst: 6 p m x 6 �LIll in small intestine. I mportance: D i a rrhea in calves 1 -2 weeks old; varying pathogcnicity; transmissible to humans. Diagnosis: Oocysts in feca l flotation. Oocysts float high against coversl i p - focus h igh. Treatment: Supportive care.

Cryptosporidium

spp.

Q Fig. 102a. CrY/Jtosporidilllll sp. Prepatent period is 3-5 clays.

92

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Fig. l ODe. Babesia iJigemina. In the red blood cells.

Fig. 10ab. Babesia bigemina (arrows). In the red blood cells.

41

Fig. 1 0 1 c. Eimeria sp.

Fig. 101b. Eimeria sp. (arrow).

1

r}

Fig. l 02e. Cryp tos/J oridilllll sp. Fig. 102b. CrY/Jtos/Joridiltlll sp. (arrowheads).

93

S ection .5

GOllgy/ollel1la

('� '�

___

"'r

-

- _

Common name: Esophageal worm (Spiruroidea) . Adult size: 3- 1 2 c m in mucosa o f esophagus. Size of egg: 70-35 fun. I mportance: Very low pathogen icity, b u t may cause i rri­ tation. Diagnosis: Eggs i n fecal flotation. Treatment: None k no\\'n .

_ '" /f O

_ _

\�

sp.

_ /

Gongylonema sp.

�-----

Fig. 1 03 . GOllgylollcllhl pllic/;mlll prepatent period is lIn­ knO\\'n.

Stephallofilaria

spp.

Common name: Brisket worm ( F ilarioidea ) . Adult sizc: 3-8 c m i n subcutaneous tisslle. Sizc of microfilaria: 500-600 p m . Importance: Causes dcrmatic lesions o n t he vcntra I a b ­ domen. D iagnosis: Deep skin scrapings; look for adu lts or mi­ crofilariae i n tisslle ncar lesion. Treatmcnt: None. Prevention: Control o f horn flies, the vector. Stephanofilaria spp.

Fig. 104. Slcpllllllo(il<1ri£1 sl ilesi prepatent period is 6-8 wccks.

Ollchocerca ./1<,....._ .

�"\

\

,

Common name: Skin nodular worm ( Fi la rioidea ) . Adult ( u p t o 80 cm ) coi led i n s u hcutaneous tissue. Size o f microfilariae: 200 - 260 pm. I mportance: Microfilariae may cause keratitis or iritis. I n fected carcass may not be suitable for sale. Diagnosis: Identification of m icrofila riae from an ex­ cised piece of skin near nodules. Treatment: None. Prevention: Arth ropod control .

* I

I

'....

""' ..... .....

--).,.-- - - ./y

spp .

"/'

Onchocerca spp. fig. 1 0 5 . Ollc/;()CerC£l spp. prepatent period is 6- 1 2

months.

94

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Setaria cervi Common name: Abdo m i n a l wmm I I' i Ll r i o i de'l ) .

Adult size: 8- 1 3 c m ; free i n a b d o m i n 'l l cl \" i t \" i n cattlc. sheep, and goats.

Size of m icrofi l a r i a e : 1 40-2 3 0 p m . Importanc e: M a y ca use cerehral n cm,l tod i 'lsis. l i ,>u,d l \" nonpa thogen i c .

Di agnos i s : Identification o f m ic ro fi l a r i a c i n h l ood. Treatment: None.

Setaria cervi Fig. 1 06. SI'[,nia (A rtiol/('lIIll) s p . prepatent period is variable.

Paramphistollll/l11

sp.

Coml11on n,ll11e: R U l11en fl u k e ( P'l J"
O xycloz a n i d e, 25 mg/kg PO

Fig. 1 07. l'arlllll/ihist()11111111 sp. prepatent period is 4S-95 days.

Taellia sagillata Common n a m e : Bcd cysticercosis, measles ( T,)L' n i i d 'l e ) . Cysticercus i n me,l t . S i ze o f cysticercus:

3- 1 () m m .

I m portance: Res ponsihle for ca rC1 SS conde m n a t ion, IT­ tent ion, o r t ri m m i ng . Tra nsmission i s from eggs in h u m a n feces to catt le Iw i ngestion. D i agnosis: O bser v a t i o n a t nccrops\"; serological t ests. Treatmcnt: l\:one that a rc l'coll o m ica l l y j u s t i fi l' d . Preyc n t i o n : Prevcnt col l t a m i n a t ion o f h u m'1I1 kccs i n cat t i c feed.

Taenia saginata

Fi g. lOS. Ttll'llid sdgilldta prepat ent period is

In h u m a ns. T s,lgilltli<1 i s t rl·,l tnl w i t h lliC\ O'o'l l11 i d e

( Yomcsan ) 2 g c h ewed , 1 S a single do,>e q 24 h x :)

8- 1 0 weeks.

d or w i t h prazi q u a n t e l 5-20 mg/kg PO ollce.

95

S ection 5

ThysaJlOSOllla actillioides COlll i llon name : Fring cd tapeworm (Anop loccp halida e). Adult size: Up to 3 0 111m i n comm on bilc duct and small intestine. Size of egg packet: 1 00 p m x 90 �lm . I mporta nce: Relatiycly nonpathogenic; decreased weight gains. Rcsponsible for l ivcr condemnation. D iagnosis: Segments in feces; observe at nccropsy. Treatment: Albcndazo le, 1 0 mg/kg PO Fenbcndal.Ole, 5- 1 0 mg/kg PO

Fig. 1 09. Thys
month.

Taellia hydatigella Common name: CysticerclIs tl'lI/lico/lis (Taen i idae) . Size of cysticercus: Up to .3 cm. I mportancc: Cysticercus has one scolex; relatively non­ pathogenic;, ma)' be con fused with a hycla tid c),st (many scolices). Diagnosis: Cysticerclls found free in peritoneal c,wity or attachcd to or in omentum or l iYer at necropsy. Trcatmcnt: Nonc. Prevention: Do not feed sheep offal to dogs. Deworm clogs for tapeworms. Do not allow access of sheep to dog feces.

Taenia hydatigena Fig. 1 1 0. days.

'/;/('lIi
Prepatent period in dog is 5 1

EchillOCOCCIIS grallll/oslIs Common namc: Hydatid cyst ( Taeniidae). S ize of hydat id cyst: U p to 10 cm. Importancc: Shccp a rc i ntermecliate hosts for E. grwlII­ /osis and sources of infection for c.1rnivon:s. D i agnosis: Cyst i s uSllally found i n lung or l iyer a t nccropsy. Treat ment: Nonc. Prevention: Do not feed sheep offal to dogs or wild can ids, treat all dogs for tapeworms.

Fig. 1 1 1 . LciJillOCOCClIs gr,lJIl1/oslIs. Prepatent period in

dog

i s 7-9

weeks,

96

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Taenia avis Common name: Sheep cysticercosis (Taen iidae) . Size of cysticercus: Up t o .5 m m . Importance: Responsible for condemnation or trimming. D iagnosis: Cysticercus is found in muscles a t necropsy. Treatment: None. Prevention: Do not feed raw meat to dogs or wild canids. Deworm a l l dogs for tapeworms.

Fig. 1 12.

Taellia ollis. Prepatent

period in dogs is 60 days.

Taellia IIlIl/fice/}s

,

Common name: Gid rE1eniilb e ) . Size of coenurus: Up to 4 cnl. I mportance: Rare in the United States. Causes CNS disorders. Diagnosis: Coen uru s usually in brain at necropsy. Treatment: None. Prevention: Do not feed ra w offa I to dogs or wild canids. Deworm all dogs for tapeworms.

I

Taenia multiceps Fig. 1 1 3 . months.

Taenia IIIl1lticeps. Prepa t e n t pe r io d

in dogs is 2-3

Elaeophora sclmeideri Common name: Sorehead, filarial dermatitis (Filarioidea ). Adult size: 6- 1 2 mm in a rteries anterior to hC,l rt, mi­ crofi la rial' in skin of head. Size of microfilaria: 300 �t m x 6 pm. Importance: A common parasite of mule deer in the \X'estern United States. Causes fi larial dl'J'matitis " sorehead " i n sheep, usually older sheep. D iagnosis: "-;licrofilariac can be seen in skin, such as a skin punch from the car placed in saline in a Petri dish. Treatment: None.

Elaeophora schneideri Fig. 1 1 4. months.

U
period is

4-5

97

S ection 5

External Parasites

FLI ES

Sarcophaga

Calliphora

Cochliomyia

�

Siphona Musca domestica

Stomoxys

Musca autumnalis

I

5 mm

Fig. 1 1 5 . Common flies found on ruminants.

Tab l e 29. List of common flies fou n d on ruminants Genus a n d Species Biting F l ies Simulium spp. Cltlicoides spp.

Common Name Black flies, buffalo gnats Biting gnats, p un kies, no see-ums Horse and deer flies Stable fly Horn fly Sheep ked Mosquitoes

Tabanus/Chrysops spp; Stomoxys clticitrans Si1Jholla (Haematobia) irritans Melophagus ovillus Aedes, Culex, An01Jheles, etc.

Nonbiting F l ies Face fly House fly Latrine fly, l ittle house fly Drone fly, rat-tailed maggot

Musca autlt11111alis Musca domestica Fannia spp. Erystalis tenax

Myiasis-producing Flies Hypoderma spp.

Ca ttle bot fly Screwworm fly Sheep bot fly Caribou warble fly Deer nasal bot fly Blowflies or fleece worms

Cochliomyia homillovorax Oestl'lls ovis Odemagella tarandi Cephellemyia spp. Phaellicia (Lucilia), Phormia, Calliphora

98

I

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Hypoderma lineatulIl Common name: Common cattle bot fly ( 1-1. 1i1l('(lIl1111 i a n d northern cattle bot fly

( I f. /)()l'is) ( l n sc cLl ­

D i pler a ) . S i ze: Larvae ( g r u b s ) a re u p t o

30 m m .

I m portance: l .a rvae m igrate th rough flesh and C
,1

recl uction in weight gain and valuc of h i d c s , ;'vligrate t o esophagus umn

(1-/. /)()l'is)

(1-/. lil/ell/lIl11 )

o r s p i n 'l l c o l ­

before form i n g w a r bles o n thl'

back. A d u l t fl ies do not sting or bite, but tcrn t'\ cattle and pred ispose to physica l i n j ur y and si g n i f i ­ cant producti o n losses, D i 'lgnosis: Thi rd-stage l a rvae form wa rbles on t h e b,l C k of cattle. [\ Iso occasi o n a l l y i n bison, h o r 'ocs, ,h l'l'P , a n d goats.

Fig. 1 1 6. Hy/lodeml
Trc,ltment: Pour-on orga n o p h osphates: coulllaphll'o,

cycle is 1 0- 1 2 months.

fa mph ur, fen t h i o n , trichlo rfon; i V l 'rmecti n , do­ ramectin, e p r i nomecti n , mox idecti n . Do not t r e ,l l with organop hosphates in late fa l l \\'hen g r u b s ,1J'l' in the su bm ucosa of the esophagus

( I I. lilled/1I111 i

because an i n fl a m matory edem,1[ous reaction 111a\' occur, o r in the e p i d u r a l fat o f the spin'l l c a n 'l l I l l .

iJouis) because i n flammation a n d paraplegi'l !l1 a \ occur.

Cochiiolllyia hOlllillivorax Common name: Screwworm ( I n secta - D i plera ! . l.arvae size: Larvae a re up to 1 5 mnl.

I m portance:

-� 'f

A reporta ble d isease i n t he Un i ted Sel l e" ,

Highly pathoge n ic to a l l l ivesto c k , causing lll " r ! ;l l l

g

t y. idaggots penetrate i n to tissue where th erl' i ,

U

broken s k i n . Usu a l l y found i n southern Tl' \ 'h o I l h .

t

D i agnosis: Send la rvae from wounds t o state d i 'l gl l < l , t i L' laborato r y.

c;:::;

Treatment: Ivermccti n , o rganop hosphates,

Cochliomyia hominivorax

Preven tion: Release of sterile male flies.

Fig. 1 1 7 . Cochliolllyia /}()lIIilli1'ordx. Life cycle is 3 weeks. - -� -

Blowflies Common n a me: Sheep b l owfl i es or bottle H i l's ( / ,l1 (iiI, I ,

Phorlllia, Calliphorll, etc . ) ; ( I nsecta - D i p t er,l ) , l.arvae size: La rvae (grubs) a re u p

to

15

mill,

I m portance: Responsible for m y i a s i s " st r i k e " i l l ,hl'l' P , D i agnosis: Fincl l a rvae in rotti n g wool on sheep. Treatment: Clean the wound a n d treat with org'l I H l l ' h ", phates. Preve ntion: S a n i tation a n d m a n 'lgenll'nt

to

l'ren'llt

\\ l' 1 .

et l . ;

Blowfly

d i rty wool - crutching , doc k i n g, shearing, ' trea tIllent o f pa rasites a n d other organ i s m , t h ,1 1 pred ispose t o d i a rr hea; f l y contro l .

Fig. 1 1 8 . Sheep blow H i es (bottle H i es). L i fe cycle is 1 0 days.

99

Sec tion 5

Ocstms ouis COlllmon name: Sheep nasal bot fly ( I n secta-D iptera ). Larvae size: Ll l'\'ae u p

to

15

1l1 1l1 .

I mporta nce: Causes nas;11 discharge a n d d i fficu lty in breath i ng. A d u l t flies frighten sheep and predis­ pose to reduced production . D iagnosis: C l i n i c a l signs; observe I G rvae at necropsy.

0 . 2 mg/kg SC Bacilills tlJllrillgil'llsis a s ,1 n aerosol

Treatment: I vermecti n ,

Oestrus avis f i g . 1 1 9.

Oestrus ()l'is is in host for I l110nth

or

through

the w i nter.

Mlisca alltlllllllalis Common name: Face fly ( l nsecta -Di ptera ) , A d u l t size:

6-9 m m .

I m portance: I rritate the eyes a n d nost r i l s , Ill a �' predis­ pose to bacte r i a l ke ratoco n j unctivitis " p i n k eye " , transmit eyeworms ( Thel,lZid spp. ) , a n d i n fectious b o v i ne r h i notracheitis. D i agnosis: Identi fication o f Hies. Treatment: Sec Ta ble 27.

Musca autumnalis

Prevention: Sanitation; feed la rvacicbl d rugs such a s

Fig. 1 20 . Mllse" dlltllll111dlis. Life cycle is variable, 1 0-J 4

methoprene o r tetrach lorvi nphos; insect icide­

days.

i m p regnated car tags; b i o l ogica l control methods.

Musca dOlllcstica Comillon nalllc: House fly ( l nsecta-D i ptera ) . A d u l t size:

5- 1 2 mill .

I m p ortance: I rr itate cattle, cause reduced weight gains and loss o f production. D i agnosis: I d c n t i fication of fl ies. Treatment: See Ta b l e

27.

Preven tion: San itation; feed l a rvacid a l drugs s u c h a s methoprene, tetrach lorv i n phos, o r c h l o r fe n v i n ­ p h os; i nsecticide-im pregnated c a r tags; b i ologic a l control mcthods.

Musca damestica Fig. 1 2 1 . MIISCd d()1111'Sticd. L i fe cycle is vari'l hle, J ()- 1 4 days.

1 00

Parasites of Cattle, Shee p , and Goats

1£:'

,'.---./,� .., ,\ai "J]:, 1: , 1;1 .'

-----

//-

- -). - -

-�

,�

Sipholla (Hae11latobia) irritalls

�

- - _

\

.

Common name: Horn fly ( I nsecta - D i ptera ) . A d u l t size:

\

\

4-5 m m .

I mportance: I r r i tate cattle; occ u r i n la rge n u m bers and cause weight a n d blood loss, a n d reduce produc­ tion. Diagnosis: Identi fication o f a d u l t fly. S i z e is slll.l l ler than a house fly. Usua l l y feed with head down. Treatment: Sec Ta ble 27.

Siphona (Haematobia) irritans

Preve n t i o n : Iverillen i n k i l l s l a rvae i n Illanure; metho­

Fig. 122.

Sipbolla ( I-I
weeks

more.

Of

prene as a feed a d d i ti ve; i nsecticide-impregnated ( fenl'al enre, permeth r i n ) car tags; biological con­ trol . ;'v\ o x i decti n ,

/

/

Stomoxys calcitralls

/

//

/'

/ �' ..(' - """ ' ''''' ' ... ..... .....

-;� -t--,t/-I , / / / I ""�," ,�� / t .

� _ /

/oj)" �

/ - - - - .... ..... ',

�

, ,?'t

"', \\ \ ,

Common name: Stable fly ( I nsec t a - D i ptcr a ) . ' .....

A d u l t size: 7-8 m m .

\it, \ ,

'�

I:

:/ I

11 / '/' I I,

r

'-i�' \ '.�

Stomoxys ca/citrans

\

that bite and i rritate cattle; cause reduced I\'eight

1

gains a n d reduced iced efficiency. D i agnosis: Identification of a d u l t

I

I

'(

;t. �-> .-.J

/��

StOll/ox)'s ca/citr'/lls. Liic cycle is

I m portance: These a rc persiste n t blood-s ucking flies

'->I

\

Fig. 123.

0.5 mg/kg as a pour on is effective. 0.5 mg/kg a s a pour on i s e ffective.

Epri nomectin at

"-

- ' -�.

./ '"

fly.

Size of a house

tly,

but proboscis projects straight forw.l rd . Treatment: Sec Ta ble 2 7 . Prevention: flies breed i n rotting vegetation; therefore, ''

sanitation i s h e l p f u l . Meth oprene fcd

/

to

a n i ma l s

or u s e H£lCilllls t/Jllrillgiellsis.

4 weeks or

more.

Taballlls

spp.

Common name:

I I o rse fl y ( I n secta - D i ptcra ) . 30 mm.

A d u l t size: Up to

I m po rtance: Vic i o u s biters, c a u s i ng sta mped ing and re­ d uction of weight ga i n . Tra nsmit a n a p l a sillosis, etc. D i agnosis: Idenri fication o f a d u l t Treatment: Sec Ta ble

Fig. 124.

Tabillllls spp. One generation per year.

101

31.

tIy.

Section 5

L I CE

BOV I N E

Solenopotes

capillatus

07'1

I

.•

�

�"""'( j' .

I

�.� l

Bovicola bovis

.

I mm

Haematopinus eurysternus Linognathus vituli Fig. 1 2 5 . Common lice found on ruminants.

Table 30. List of common l ice found o n ruminants Genus and Species Mallophaga ( biting l ice) Bovicola ( Damalinia) spp.

Common Name Biting or chewing louse

Anoplura ( sucking l ice) Hae11lato!Jinus eurystenllls Linognathus african us Linognathus vitI/ii Linognathus stenopsis Linognathus pedalis Lil10gnathus ovitlus Soienopotes calJillatus

Short-nosed cattle louse African blue louse Long-nosed cattle louse Goat sucking l ouse Sheep foot louse Sheep face and body louse Little b l ue cattle louse

1 02

Parasites o f Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

/ .", .J..'�..

. . '\

.....

�

Biting Lice

�l;i,-� f!I, ' Fig. 126a. Life cycle of a biting louse (about

4 weeks) .

Fig. 126b. B o vicola ( Dalllalinia) bovis.

Bovicola (Damalinia) bovis Common name: Biting louse ( Insecta-M a llophaga) of cattle, sheep, and goats.

Treatment: See Table 27. Usually dipping or high pressure sprays Coumaphos, 2 5 % wettable powder at 0 . 0 6 'X,

Size of adult: 2-3 mm.

Diazinon, 5 0 % wettable powder at O . 0 3 'Yo

Importance: Cause irritation and weight loss; constant

Cypermethrin, 2 . 5 % as a pour on Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg S C

scratching, licking, and biting a ffected areas. .Most common in fal l and winter. In cattle are

Eprinomectin, 0.5 mg/kg as a pour on

usually on neck, brisket, head, and between legs.

Moxidectin, 0.5 mg/kg pour on

Diagnosis: Examination of skin and hair for eggs,

All animals must be treated simultaneoLlsly.

nymphs, and adult lice.

/

'\

�

,

\

S ucking lice

)�

�

Fig. 127a. Life cycle of a sucking louse (about 4 weeks) .

Linognathus

Fig. 127b. Linognathus sp.

sp.

Common name: Sucking lice (Insecta-Anoplura) of cattle, sheep, and goats. Includes L . vituli ( long-nosed or blue cattle louse) ; Haematopinus eurysternus (short-nosed cattle louse ) . In sheep, L inognathus spp. are primarily on the Affected animals lick, scratch, and bite-affected areas. Size of adult: 2 . 5-5 .0 mm. Importance: Cause irritation and weight loss; may cause anemia. Diagnosis: Examine skin a nd hair for eggs, nymphs, and adults. Treatment: See Table 27. All animals mLlst be treated simultaneously.

103

Section 5 Capitulum anterior: scutum present

Capitulum inferior: scuturn absent FAMILY AR(,A'>IDAE - SOF 1 TICKS

fAMILY IXODIDAE - HARD TICKS

.�------�Margin ------� + of body thick, rounded.

Ventral

of

Margin of body with definite sutural line.

Anal groove either behind

without definite sutural line,

anus, indistinct or absent.

Ixodes

Argas f

Hypostome with well devel­

Hypostome vestigial or with­

oped teeth. Integument mamil­

out effective teeth.lntegu­

Second segment of palpi lat­

laterally produced.

erally produced.

ment tuberculated or granu­

lated

� Haemaphysal ��is

lated.

Ornithodoros

Palpi ridged dorsally and laterally.

Fig.

Otobius

Festoons absent.

Boophilus 1 2 8 . S i m p l i tled key

Dermacenlor

to

t

Second segment of palpi flot

f

I

T

Mouthparts much longer than

Mouthparts as long as basi")

basis capituh. ScutUIll with eyes.

capltuli.

Basis capituli laterally pro­

BaSIS rdpituh not laterally

duced.

produced.

Palpi not ridged.

Festoons present.

Dermacentor

Rhipicephalus

cOl1lmon ticks oi a n i m a ls a n d b i rds.

Ambylomma

Ixodes

BoophiluS

Rhipicephalus

Fig. 1 29. l'vl o rphology of hasis capitu l u m a n d scutum o i the major genera o f ticks.

1 04

Haemaphysalis

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

�----

�----

Pa l p u s

.-:-="II"t--- B a s i s capitu l u m

�'-P-t"---- B a s i s ca pitu l u m

It-'--'r--- Cervica l G roove Eye

�-t...e!!�-- Gen ita l Apert u re

Lateral G roove

\-�"""'1r---- Gen ital G roove

)-r.+--- O rnate M a rk i n g s

S p i ra c u l a r P late --+fi�

"f--- A n u s -H"V--- A da n a l S h i e l d

,J---- Festoon

M etata rsus

.-----

-.----,.....:7T::JI

fig. 130. S i m p l ified l11orphology of a

Hyposto m e

Ta rsus

tick.

Table 3 1 . Common ticks and mites of cattle �r

GenllS ,Inc! Species Ticks [)erJIIilCellt()r l '
Common Name America n dog tick Rocky .'vlouIHain wood tick Winter tick Pacific coast tick Black-legged tick Lone star tick Gulf coast tick Cattle tick Southern cattle tick Spi nose ear tick i'ajoroello tick

M ites ['soro/Jtes Ol 'is S,II"Coptes sc,lhei Chorioptes I}()l'is [)elllode,\' I}()l 'is ['sor('l'g
:vlange mite, scah mite ;vla nge mite �,! angc mite �'I ange mite Itch mite

l OS

O"Y�L��.� �r./"'-:''\ Fem ale

C 1 j, .., 1r-;.' ":,-'.:r V Adult r

..,

"

+3

?, , E ngorge d � '1::\ '.... :\ I �,

....\.. t ()

, I

Tick

\v�}��

E99

��" " .2y;-m Ph (�'",-"-

' - ----

L

.".

J

r'j@ '� " "

--------------Host #1

Fig. 1 3 I . L i fe Cycle o f a th ree-host tic k .

Section 5

Psoroptes

sp.

C ommon n,lIne: ;v! a nge m i te or scab m i te o f cattle, sheep, and goats ( A rachn ida-Pso roptid a e ) . Adult s i z e :

500 p m ( m a l e ) ; 700

�lIn ( female).

I mportance: T h i s i s a repo rt a ble disease i n cattle and sheep i n some states. I t is very contagious and h i g h l y p;Hhoge nic, causing d ramatic weight loss. �'! i tes pu ncture skin a n d cause inflamma tion and hair loss. A ffected a n i m a l s bite and scratc h . Affects cattle and sheep. D i agnosis: Skin scraping at the periphery of the crusty lesion. �'l ites have long, joi nted pedicels. Treatment: IVeI"mectin

0.2 mg/kg SC; treat twice at 3-

week interval

Psoroptes sp .

Doramectin, �'loxidectin,

Fig. 1 3 2 <1. Psoro{ltes sp. l.ife cycle is a bout 3 weeks.

0.2 mg/kg SC o r I �'! 0 . 5 mg/kg pour on

Sarcoptes scabiei Common name: �'! ange m i te of cattle '1 ml sheep ( A rachn id,l-Sa rcoptidae). A d u l t size:

250 p m (male); 600

�t m ( female).

I m portance: This is a reportable discasc in cattle i n s o m e states. Causes intensive itching. D iagnosis: Skin scraping. �'! ites have long, nonjointed pecliccls. Treatment: Ivermectin

0.2 mg/kg SC; treat twice at 3 -

week i n t e rva l

0 . 5 mg/kg pour on 0 . 2 mg/kg SC or 1 M

Eprinomectin, Doramectin,

Sarcoptes scabiei Fig. 1 3 3a. ')lIrco/ J tes sC<1/Jiei. l . i fe cycle is ahout .3 weeks.

Chorio/Jtes

sp.

Common name: :Vl'l nge mite of cattle, sheep, a nd goats ( A rach nida -Psoroptidac ) . Adult size:

250

�lin ( m a l e ) ;

600

�lin ( fema l e ) .

I mportance: T h i s i s a reporta ble disease i n cattle i n some statcs. I t i s not a s pathogenic as Psoroptes or Sarcoptcs. Causes tail o r foot mange. D i agnosis: Skin scraping. I>'l ites have very short, uu­ joi nted pediccls. Treatment: Ivcnncct in,

0.2 mg/kg SC; treat twice a t 3-

week i nterval

0.2 mg/kg SC or Iiv! 0.5 mg/kg pour on :v!ox idectin, 0.5 mg/kg pour on

i)oramcctin,

Eprinomectin,

Chorioptes sp. Fig. 134a. C/mriO /lIC$ sp. Life cycle is a ho u t .> weeks.

1 06

Parasites

Fig. 132b. Psoroptes sp.; a mating pair of Psoroptes.

of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

Fig. 132c. Psoroptes sp. adult female with egg ( large arrow). Inset shows jointed pedicels at ends of legs (smaller arrows).

Fig. 133c. Sarcoptes scabiei enlarged anterior view (ar­ rows: nonjointed pedicels).

Fig. 133b. Sarcoptes scabiei. Arrows indicate nonjointed pedicels.

F ig. 134c. Chorioptes sp. (arrows: very short peclicels).

Fig. 134b. Chorioptes sp.

107

S ection 5

Psorergates

sp.

Fig. 1 3 S a. Life cycle of Psorergates sp.

Psorergates

Fig. 13Sb. Psorergates sp.

sp.

Common name: Itch mite (Arachnida-Psoroptidae). Adult size: 165 �tm (male); 190 11m (female). Body is almost spherical.

Importance: May be confused with reportable mites, but is much smaller. Infection spreads very slowly over several years. Mild, chronic irritation. Affects cattle and sheep, but is rare. Diagnosis: Skin scrapings. Treatment: Ivermectin, 0 . 2 mg/kg S C Organophosphate sprays a fter shearing

Melophagus ovinus

Fig. 136b. Melophaglls OViI1I1S.

Fig. 1 36a. Life cycle of Melophagus OViIlIlS.

Melophagus ovinus Common name: Sheep ked, erroneously called a sheep tick (Insecta-Diptera) . Adult size: 5-8 mm. Life cycle i s about 3 months, adults live about 3 months. Importance: Causes irritation, lesions to the skin (cockle), anemia, wool loss, and reduction in weight gain. Diagnosis: Visual observation of wool for pupae and adults. Treatment: Spray applications of trichlorphon, coumaphos, crotoxyphos, fenchlorphos, tetrachlorvinphos, phosmet. Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg Sc. Treat a fter shearing because shearing removes a majority of the keds.

108

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

J'dountain bighorn sheep. Vet iVIed .'i1ll,lIl II /Iilll C1ill 7 8 : 1 435- 1 43 9 , 1 98 3 . Gibbs HC: Gastrointestinal n e m atod i a s i s i n dairy cat­ tle. J Dairy Sci 65: 2 1 82-2 1 8 8 , 1 9 8 ! . Gibbs HC: wlechanisms of survival of nematode para­ sites with emphasis on hypobiosis. Vet Parositul 1 1 :25-48 , 1 98 2 . Gi bbs He: Relative i mportance of winter survival o f l a r v a l nematodes i n p as t ur e and infected carrier ca lves i n a study o f parasitic gastroenteritis in calves. A lii J Vet Res 40:22 7-23 1 , 1 979. G ibbs He:, Kitsos A : Effecti veness o f a slow release, morantel tartrate allthel m i ntic bolus for controlling p a rasitic gastroente ritis i n replacement dairy heifers. A lii } Vet Res 4 6 :224 1 -2244, 1 98 5 . Coudie C, Evans N A , Gration K A , e t a l . : D o ramecti n : a pot en t n o v e l e n decto c i d c . Vet P'lr£lsito/ 49:5- 1 5, 1 99 3 . Gregory E, Fore y t WJ, Breeze R: Efficacy of i vermec r i n .1 Ild fen bendazo\e a ga i n s t lu ngworms. Vet Med 80; 1 1 4- 1 1 7, 1 98 5 . Grisi L , l()(ld 1\C: Preva lence o f gastr o i ntest i n a l para­ sites among milk ing cows i n \,\'isc o n s i n , Pcnns�'h-ania, and North Ca rol i n a . Alii } Vet Res 3 9 : 5 1 -54, 1 9 7 1 L Guichon PT, Jim G K , Booker C :\V, l't a l . : Relati\'C cost­ effectiveness o f treatment o f feed lot c a l ves with iver­ mcctin versus tre.ltment with a combination o f fe n ­ bcndazo l e , permcth r i n , a n d fcnthio n . } A lii Vet iVlcd Ass()c 2 1 6 : 1 965- 1 969, 2000. Gu pta RP, G i b b s HC: Ep ide m io logi c] l i n vestigations o n Dictyocallllls l 'il'ip<1I'IlS ( Block, 1 78 2 ) i n fection i n ca ttl e . e1ll Vet } 1 1 : 1 49- 1 56 , 1 970. Hamlllerberg B, L1I11m \\lD : Cha nges i n pc r ip.] rtll ri e n t fecal egg counts in beef cows c a l v i n g in the spring. ;\111 r Vet R es 4 1 : 1 6 8 6- 1 6 1-l 9 , I no. I l erd I Z P: A practical a pp roach t o pa rasite control in dairy cows and heifers. COlII/Icl/(1 COlltillllillg hi 5 :73-80, 1 98 3 . lIerd R P, I leider LE: Control of in te rn a l parasites i n d a i r y re pl acemc nt h e i fers by two tr eatment s i n the spring. } Alii Vet Mcd Assoc 1 77:5 I -54, 1 980. Herd RI', Parker CI'� ivlcClure ]( E: Epidemiologic ap­ proach to the control of s h e e p nema t odes. ) Alii Vet Med ;\ssoc 1 1-l4 : 6 80-6 1-l7, I n4 . Herd RP, Riedel Rjvl, l leider L E : I de nt i fica tion a nd e p i ­ demiologic sign i ficance o f nematodes i n .] d a i r y ba rn . } A lii Vet Med Assoc 1 76 : 1 3 70- 1 3 73, 1 980. Herlich H: T h e effects o f the i n test i n a l worms, COO/leria pectill£1t£1 and Cooperia oIlCO/lho/"l1 on ex­ peri menta lly i n fected ca l ves. Alii -' Vet Res 26: 1 032- 1 03 5 , 1 96 5 . Herlich I I : T h e i m p o rta nce o f helm i n t h i n fect ions i n ruminants. \Vorld A llilll l� el' 2 6 : 22-26, 1 9 78.

Bibliography Nematodes Anderson N : The efficiency of levamisolc, thiabenda­ zole a nd fenbendazole against natura lly acquired in­ fections of Ostertagia ostertagi in cattle. Res Vet Sci 23:29 8-302, 1 977. Armour J : Bovine ostertagias;�: A review. Vet l{ec 8 6 : 1 8 4-1 90, 1 970. Armour J : Parasitic gastroenteritis i n cattle. Vet Rec 95:3 9 1 -395, 1 974. Armour J, Bruce RG: Inhibited development o f Ostertagia ostertagi in fections: A dia p au s c phenome­ non i n a nematode. Parasitology 60: 1 6 1 - 1 74, 1 974. .J i"! : Anthelmintic effi" - I-(Ien K ' Preston f\ rmour J , B�I : cienq of ivertnt'ctin agai nst natur a l l y occurr ing gas­ trointestinal nematodes o f sheep. Vet Rec _

1 1 1 : 809-8 1 , 1 982. Baker N r� Fisk RA, Bushnell RB, et al.: Sea s o n a l occur­ rence of i n fective nematode l a rvae o n irrigated pas­ tlIre grazed by cattle in Cal i fornia. A lii J Vet Res 4 2 : 1 1 8 8- 1 1 9 1 , 1 98 ! . Barger lA, G i bbs HC: Milk production of cows infect­ ed experimentall�' with trichostrongylid parasites. Vet P,/I'(lsitol 9 : 6 9-73, 1 98 1 . Beckl und \\'\\': Revised check list o f internal a n d extt'r­ nal parasites of domestic animals in the U n ited States and possess i o n s and in C a n a d a . Alii J Vet Res 25: 1 3 8 0- 1 4 1 6, 1 964. Bliss l ID, Todd AC: Milk production by Vermont dairy cattle a fter deworming. Vet Med SlIIall Allilll Clill 8 1 : 1 25 1 - 1 254, 1 976. Brunsdon RV: The seasonal variations in the nematode egg cou n ts of sheep compa rison of the spring rise phenomenon in breeding and unmated ewes. NL Vet r 1 2: 75-80, 1 96 6 . C(; nnan R :vl: T h e post part u r i e n t rise in fecal nematode egg counts of ewes: Its aetiology and epidemiological significance. \\forld Rei' Allilll Prod 4 : 5 3-5 8 , 1 96 8 . Courtney U I, Sund lof S F : Veterillary A lltilhlrasitic Dntg , A COlllpreshe/ISil'e COlllpelldill1ll of FDA­ Appl'Ol'ed A lllilhirasitic D ntgs, American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists Publication SP96, University of Florida, Ga inesvil le, 224 pages, 1 99 1 . Craig TM : Season a l transmission o f bovine gastroin­ testinal nematodes in the Texas G u l f Coast. J Alii Vet Med Assoc 1 74 : 844-847, 1 970. Donald A D , lvlorley FHW, Wa l ler PH, et a l . : Effects of reproduction, genotype and a nthelmintic treatment o f ewes on Ostertagia spp. populations. lilt Parasitol 1 2 :403-4 1 1 , 1 98 2 . Foreyt \\'J, \\lescott R B , Johnson R, et a l . : Treatment for lungworms ( l'rostostrollgylllS spp. ) in Rocky

�

1 09

Section 5

C�'dectin moxiclectin I 'y., injccta ble against expcri­ mental infestations of DicYOCLlltills l'iuiparolls and IlllllostOllldll1ll ph/e/JOtollllllll superi mposcd on natu­ ral gastrointestinal i n fections in ca lves. Vet Parasitol

Kenned y T I , Todd A C : Efficacy o f fenbendazo lc against uastroi ntestinal parasites o f shcep. A lii .I Vet R es

3 6 : 1 465- 1 4 67,

1 975.

Lyon s F-I� Drudge .I I I : Two eye worms The/azia gll/osa a nd The/'l::: i'l slajaliilli in cattle in Kentucky. J

43 :293-29 9 , 1 99 2 .

l'lIrlisitn/ 6 1 : 1 1 1 9- 1 1 22, 1 9 75.

Will iams .Ie, Sheehan D S , fuselier RH, et a l . : Experimental a nd natural infection of calves with

:-vla lczcwski A , \,\Iestcott RH, Spratling B.'vI, et a l . : I nternal parasites of \,\Iashington cattle. I\/}/ . I Vet

HlIlIOstOllllll1l ph/e/)()tollllllll . Vet P,mlsito/ 1 3 :225-237, 1 98 3 .

[{es 3 6 : 1 67 1 - 1 675, 1 975.

Yazwinski T, Tucker c:, Copeland S, Ya zwinski 'C Guerino f: Dose confi rmation of moxidcct in pour­ on against natural nematode i n fections of lactating dairy cows. Vet Parasito/ !l 6 : 223-2 2 8 , 1 9 9 9 .

Randall RW, Gibbs HC: Effects of clinical and subclini­ cal gastrointesti nal helminthiasis on digestion and energy metabolism in ca l\'("s. I\/}/ J Vet /{es 42: 1 730- 1 734, 1 9 8 1 .

Robers .I I . , SW'lll RA: Quantitative studies of ()vine haemonchosis I. Relationship between feca l egg counts a nd total worm counts. Vet Pllrdsito/

Trematodes

!l : 1 65- 1 7 1 , 1 98 1 .

A rmour .J : The epidemiology and control of bovine fas­ cioliasis. Vet Rec 96: 1 98-20 1 , 1 97 5 . Boray ./e, Cl"Owfoot P D , Strong .\cI B, et al.: Treatment o f immatur e and mat ure l-'.lsciold he/lLlticd infections in sheep with tricla bendnole. Vet Rec 1 1 3 : 3 1 5-3 1 7,

Ross .I G, Do\\" C: The cou rse and development of the abomasal lesion in calves experimentallv i n fected with the nematode parasite OstertLlgiLl ostertagi. H I' Vet J 1 2 1 :22!l-233, 1 96 5 .

Smi t h 1 1.1, A rchibald R :v1cG: The ovcrwinter survival o f ovinc gastrointcstina I parasites in the m a ritimc provi nces. Call Vet J 6 : 2 5 7-2 67, 1 965. Thcodorides V.I , N 'lwal inski T, Chang .J : Efficacy of a l ­ bendazole aga inst Hae/}/ollclJils, NellIatodims, DictYOCLIlI/IIS, and MOlliezia of sheep. A lii J Vet Res

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C r a i g "\"\,1, Bell RR: Seasonal transmission of l ivcr flu kes to cattle in the Texas gulf coast. J ;\111 Vet Med Assoc 1 73 : 1 04- 1 07, 1 9n .

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3 7: 1 5 1 5- 1 5 1 6 , 1 976.

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:

D a rgie .I D, Berry CI, Parkins I J The pathophysiology o f ovine fascioliasis: Studies on t he feed intake and d igestibility, body weight and nitrogen balance o f sheep given rations of hay o r h a y p l u s a pelleted s upplement. /{es Vet Sci 2 6 : 2 8 9-29 5 , 1 97 9 . Doyle .1.1: Acquired immunity to cxperimental infection with Fdscio/a hepaticd in cattle. Res Vet Sci . .

PLlI"llsito/ I I : 3 93-3 9 8 , 1 98 3 .

Todd KS, \ Iansflcld .'vIE, DiPetro .I A : Anthelm i ntic dfi­ C
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1 2 :5 2 7-534, 1 9 7 1 .

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Wcscott R B , LcaMastcr BR: Efficacy o f ivcrmcctin against natura l ly acqu ircd and cxperimenta l l y in­ duccd ncmatode i n fections in shccp. AIII .I Vet [{es

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Foreyt \,\IJ : Experimcnta l i n fection o f Iymnaeid snails in \,\Iisconsin with miracidia o f Llsci% ides lIIagl/a and Fascio/a hepatica. ] ['.lI"asitoI 64: I Li2- 1 134, 1 97 8 . Foreyt \,\1.1 , fore)'t K:"I : Albendazole treatment of cx­ perimcntally induced Fasci% ides lIIaglla i n fection in goats. Vet Med 5111al/ 1\lIilll Clillic 75: 1 44 1 -1 444,

Williams je, Know j W, Baumann BA, et al.: Seasonal changes of gastrointcstinal nematode populations in ycarling beef cattle i n Louisiana with emphasis on prcvalcncc o f i n hibition of Ostertagia ostertagi. lllt .r Parasito/ 1 3 : 1 33 - 1 43, 1 9 8 3 .

Williams .IC, Lovacano AI'� DcRosa A, ct a l. : A COI11parison of persistent anthclmintic cfficacy of topical formulations of doramcctin, ivcrmcctin, epri­ nomcctin a n d l110xidcctin aga inst natu ra l l y acquircd nematode i n fections of beef calvcs. Vet Pamsito/

1 9 !10.

Foreyt W./, H u nter R L: Clinical Fascioloides /IIagna in­ fection in sheep in O regon on pasturc sharcd by Col umbian white-tailed dcer. A/II .r Vet R es 4 1 : 1 53 1 - 1 532, l nO.

8 5 : 2 77-2 8 !l , 1 99 9 .

Forcyt W.I, -I()dd AC: Developmcnt of thc large American liver fluke hlsci% ides /IIaglla in white-

Williams .IC, Nault C, Ramsey RT, et a l . : Efficacy o f

110

Parasites of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

A llilllal Clill 74: 1 33 9- 1 342, 1 979.

tailed deer, cattle, and sheep. ] Parasitol 6 2 :26-32,

1 976.

Baker NF, Wa lters GI� Fish R A : 1\mpro l i u m for control of coccid iosis i n feed lot l a m bs . Alii ] Vet Res

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distri b u tion and experimental treatment. Vet !VIed

Barr BC, Rowe ] D , Sverlow KW, et al.: Experimental

SlIIall A llilll Clill 7 1 : 8 1 6-822, 1 976 .

reproduction o f bovine fetal Neos/ior
Hjerpe CA, Ten n a nt BC, Crenshaw GL, et '1 1 . : Ovine

death with a bovine Neospori/ isolate. ] Vet Diagll

fascioliasis in Cali fornia. ] Alii Vet Ivied Assoc

Illuest 6 :207, 1 9 94.

1 59 : 1 2 6 6- 1 2 7 1 , 1 971.

Bergstrom RC, Maki L R : Coccidiostatic action of mon­

Hoover RC, L i n c o l n .ID, H a l l R I--� et a l . : Seasonal trans­ mission of Fasciola hepatica to cattle in northwest­

ensin fed to lambs: Body weight ga ins and feed con­

ern United States. ] Alii Vet iVIed Assoc 1 84:69.

version efficacy. Alii ] Vet R es 37: 79-8 1 , 1 976. Bergstrom RC, .\'l a k i L R : Effect of monensin i n young

K r u l l WH, M a p e s CR: Studies on t h e biology o f

Dicrocoelillll1 delldritiC/1I1I ( R udol phi, 1 8 1 9) 1.ooss,

crossbred lambs with natu ra l l y occurring cocci d iosis.

1 899 (Trematoda: Dicrocoel i i dae), including its rela­ tion to the i n termediate host, Ciollella Illbrica

] 11111 Vet iVIed Assoc 1 65 : 2 8 8-2 89, 1 974. Beverly JKA, \,\la tson \,\11\ : Prevention of experimental

(Nluller) . IX Notes on the cyst, metacerca riae, and

and natur'l l 1 y occ urring m'ine abort ion due to toxo­

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44: 3 8 9-4 1 0, 1 954.

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outbreaks of c l i n ical d i sease. /3r Vet ] 1 3 9 : 546-555,

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1 98 3 . Clark B L , Parsonson [,'vl, Wh ite I"IE, et a l . : Control o f

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trichomoniasis i n la rge herd of beef cattIe. Allst Vet ]

coast cattle based on seasonal transmission. /3ouille

5 0:424-425, 1 974.

Pract 1 7: 1 26- 1 33 , 1 98 2 .

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iVl alone J B , Ramsey RT, Loyacano A F : Efficacy of clor­

and horizontal transmission parameters of Neos/iori/

s u lon against 8 week -old ex perimentally i n d uced

Cilllilllllll i n fections in d a i ry cattle. lilt ] l'arllsit()1 29: 1 6 8 3 , 1 999.

and ma ture naturally acqu i red Fasciola hepatica i n cattle. A l ii ] Vet Res 4 5 : 8 5 1 -8 54, 1 9 84.

D u bey J P: A review o f Sarcocystis of domestic animals

r.'la lone .I B , Smith PH, Loyacano A, et al.: Efficacy of

a nd of other cocc i d ia o f cats and dogs. ] Alii Vet

a l bendazole for treatment o f natur a l l y acq u i red

Med Assoc 1 6 9: 1 06 1 - 1 078, 1 976 .

Fasciola hepatica i n calves. Alii ] Vet Res

D u bey J P : Epizootic toxoplasmosis associated with

4 3 : 8 79-8 8 1 , 1 9 82.

a bortion i n d a i ry goats i n Montan a . ] Alii Vet Med

O lsen 0 \,\1: Longevity of metacercariae o f Fasciola he­

Assoc 1 78 : 6 6 1 -6 70, 1 98 1. D u bey .IP: Toxoplasllla, Halllmolldia, Sarcocystis,

/iatica on pastures in the u pper coastal region of Texas and its re lationsh i p to l i ver fl uke contro l . ]

Beslloitia and other tissue cyst-form ing coccidia of

Parasitol 3 3 : 3 6-42, 1 947.

man and an imals. I n Kreier, J P, (cd ) : Parasitic

Protozoa. New York, Academic Press, 1 977, pp 1 0 1 -237.

Price E\X': The fl uke situation i n American rumina nts . ]

Parasito/ 39: 1 1 9- 1 34, 1 95 3 .

D u bey J P : Toxoplasllla-induced abortion i n dairy goats.

Symons LEA, Boray .I e : The anemia of acute a n d chronic m'ine fascioliasis. Z Tropellllled l'arasit

] A m Vet Med Assoc 1 78 : 6 71-674, 1 9 8 1.

1 9:45 1-472, 1 96 8 .

Du bey JP: Neosporosis in cattle : biology and econol1lic

to ivermcctin and oxfendazole i n COO/ieria species of

D u bey J P : Recent advances i n Neos/7ora and neosporo­

Ve rmunt ] ] , West D M , Pomroy WE: M u ltiple resistance

impact. ] Alii Vet ""led Assoc 2 1 4: 1 1 60, 1 999. sis. Vet Parasitol 84:349, 1 999.

cattle in Ncw Zea land. Vet Rec 1 3 7:43-45, 1 995.

D u bey J P, K i rk bride CA: Epizootics of (JVine a bortion

Wescott RB, Fa rre l l C], Shen DT: Diagnosis o f natural­

due to Toxoplasma gOlldii in north central Un ited

l y occurring Fasciola hepatica i n fections i n cattle

States. ] Alii Vet Med Assoc 1 84:657-660, 1 984.

with an ELISA test. Alii ] Vet Res 45: 1 78- 1 79,

1 9 84.

Dubey J P, Lindsay DS, Anderson i\'I L, et al.: Ind uced transplacenta l transmission of Neos/lora CilIlilllllll in cattIe. ] Am Vet Med Assoc 20 1 : 709, 1 992.

Protozoa

D u bey J P, Specr CA, Epling G P : Sarcocystosis i n new­ born calves feci Sarcocystis crtlzi sporoc),sts from

A bbit 13, Meyerholz GW: Tricholllollas (oetlls i n fection

coyotes. Am ] Vet nes 43:2 1 47-2 1 64, 1 9 S 2 .

of range b ul l s in south Florida. Vet iVIed SlIIall

111

Section 5

Ivens & Fritz, 1 962 from the domestic goat, Ca/Jra

D ubey J P, Weisbrode SE, Speer CA, et a l . : S,l I"cocystosis in goats: Clinic signs and pathologic and hematolog­ ic findings. J Alii Vet Med Assoc 1 78 : 6 83-6 99,

hirms. L. .I l'rotozoo/ 2 7: 59-64, 1 98 1.

Long :vIT, Baszler TV: Fetal loss in BALB/C micc i n fcct­ cd with Neos/JOrd c
In!.

rayer R, Reid \,\11'1'1: Control of coccidiosis. I n Long Pr ( cd ) : The Bi% gy o( the Coccidia. Balti more, Nla r�'land, Un iversity P'1 rk Press, 1 98 2 . Fitzgera ld P R , ,'dansfield ,'vi E: O v i n e coccidiosis: Effect of the antibiotic monensin against Eillleria Izi­ ,wkoh/Yilkilllol'ac and other natur a l ly occurring coc­ cidia of sheep. ;\111 .1 Vet Res 3 7 : 7- 1 0, 1 97 8 . Fitzgerald P R , Johnson A E , I iammond D�il: Treatment of genital trichomoniasis in bulls. Alii J Vet Res

1 99 6 .

;"kDougal LR: Attempted cross-transmission of coc­ cidia betwecn shecp and goats and description o f Eillleria ol'ilzoidalis s p . n. J l'rot()z()o/ 26 : 1 09- l l 3, 1 979.

;vlcLough lin D K : D imctridazole, a systemic trcatment for bovine venereal trichomoniasis I: Oral adminis­ tration. 1 l'al"l1sito/ 5 1 : 835-836, 1 96 5 .

;'.,,[ o rgan B B : BOl'ille tricholllolliasis. M i nneapolis, ;vlinnesota, Bu rgess Publishing Co., 1 944. O 'Handley R ;"'I, Olson �vI E, McAllister TA: Efficacy of fenbendazolc for treatmcnt o f giardiasis in ca kes.

1 43 :2 5 9-262, 1 96 3 .

roreyt W.J , Gates N L, Rich JE: Eval uation o f Iasalocid in salt against ()Vine coccidia . ;\111 .I Vet R es

Alii 1 Vet Res 5 8 : 3 84-3 8 8 , 1 997.

42:54-56, I n I .

Olson lvl t-:, Guselle N I I, O'Handlcy Rlvl, et a l . : Giardi,l and Cryptosporidi/llll in da iry calves in British Col umia. Call Vet 1 3 8 : 703-706, 1 997. Parsonson 1 ;"'1, Clark BL, Du fty .J : Thc pathogcnesis of TritricIJolllollas f()etlls infcction in thc bull. A/lst Vct

Foreyt W./, Gates NL, Wescott RB: Efiects of lasalocid and monensin against experimenta lly ind uced coc­ cidiosis in confinement-reared lambs from weaning to market weight. Alii J Vet R es 40: 97- 1 00, 1 97 9 . Foreyt W.J, Parish SM, Foreyt K lvl : Lasalocid for im­ proved weight gains and control of coccidia in lambs. Alii .I Vet R es 42:57-60, 1 98 1. Gasparini G , Vaghi M , Tarda n i T: Treatment o f bovine trichomoniasis with metroni dazole. Vet Rec

1 50:42 1 -523, l n4 .

Pellerdy L P : Coccidia alld Coccidiosis. Berl in, Parcy, 1 974.

Pout D D : Coccidiosis of sheep: A review. Vet Rec

75: 940-943, 1 96 3 .

n : 340-34 I , 1 976.

Hammond D ;vl , Kuta J E , M i n e r ML: Amprolium for control of experimental coccid iosis in lambs. Conzell

Radostits 0 1vl : Stockdale PHG: A brief review of bovine coccidiosis i n western Canada. Celli Vet .I

Vet 5 7: 6 1 1 -623, 1 96 7 .

2 1 :227-230, I no.

I-lorton G,'vlJ, Stockdale P H G : Effects of a mp rolium and monensin on oocyst d ischarge, feed utilization and rumen meta bolism of lambs with coccidiosis. ;\111 J Vet Res 40:96 6-970, 1 979. K i rkpa rtrick CE, farrell JP: Cryptosporidiosis.

Samizadeh-Yazd A, Rhodes CN, Todd AC: ()vine coc­ cid iosis; Comparison of the effects of monensin a nd a ureomycin on lambs infected with coccidia. Alii 1 Vet R es 40: 1 1 07- 1 1 09, 1 979.

Soulsby E.JL: Helminths, A rt/;ro/JOds OIzd l'rotozoa o( DOlllcsticated Allillla/s. Edit ion 7. London, Ba illiere Tindall, I n2 . Thurmond ;"'IC, Hicta la SK: Effect o f congenitally ac­ qu ired Neos/Jori/ ellizill/lIll infection on risk of a bor­ tion and su bseq ucnt a bortions in dairy cattle. Alii J

COlllpelld COlltillllillg Ed 6 : 1 54 - 1 65, I n4 .

Leek RG, faycr R , Johnson AT: Sheep experimenta lly infected with Sarcocystis from dogs: I . Disease in young lambs . .I Parasito/ 6 3 :642-650, 1 977. Leek Re, FayeI' R, lvlcLoughlin DK: Effect of mon­ cnsin on experi mentally infections of Eimeria lIi­ lZakoh/yakilllou<1e in lambs. ;\111 .I Vet R es

Vet R es 5 8 : 1 .3 8 I , 1 997.

Wilson SK, Koc1I1 AA, Gaudy ET, et a l . : Thc prcva­ lencc of trichomoniasis in Oklahoma beef bulls.

3 7 : 3 3 9-34 1 , 1 976.

Levinc ND, Ivens V: The CoccidialZ Par£lsites (Protozoall: Sporoz.oa) of R lllllilZllIztS. Illinois Biology Monograph No. 44, Urban, I l l inois, University of I l li nois Press, 1 970. Levine ND, IVl"Ils V, Fritz TE: Eillleria christellsCizi sp. n. and othcr coccidia ( Protozoa: Eimeriidae) of the goat. J l'm'asitoI 4 8 : 2 5 5-26 9 , 1 96 2 . L i m a .J D : Eillleria c£lprilla s p . n . from t h e domestic goat, Capra hirclls, from the USA . .I l'£lrasito/

Bouille l'met 1 4: 1 09- 1 1 0, 1 979.

\\fouda W, Moen AR, Schukken YH: Abortion risk in progeny of cows aftcr a Neos/Jora COIzillltlll cpidem­ ic. TIJeriogell% gy 49: 1 3 I I , 1 9n . Xiao L , Saeed K , Herd RP: Efficacy o f alben(hlzole and fenbendazole against Giardia infcction i n cattle. Vct l" l/"asito/ 6 1 : 1 65- 1 70, 1 9 9 6 .

Extemal Parasites

65:902-90 .3 , 1 9 79.

Lima J[): I . i fe cycle of Eillleria christellselli Levine,

Bequacn .J : A monograph o f thc lvlc/oplJagillae, or kcd

1 12

Parasites of C attle, Sheep, and Goats

I-Iourriga n .II.: Spread and detection of psoroptic sca ­ bies of cattle in thc U nited States. J A/II Vet Med

A ies, of sheep, goats, deer and a ntelope (Diptera, HiPllOboscidae). E l lotto /ll o A /II 22: 1-220, 1 942.

Desch C E J r. , Hoogstraal H, Nutting WB: Biology of ticks ( Metastigmata: Ixodida). In Nutting W B (ed ) : Ma/ll/llaliall Dis('l1ses alld A ra ch ll ids , v o l I . Boca Raton, Florida, eRC Press, I nc., 1 984, pp I I 1 - 1 40. Drummond RO, George J E, Kunz SI-:: CO ll tro l o(

A ssoc 1 75 : 1 278- 1 2 8 0 , 1 979.

Keirans JE, Cli fford C M : The genus Ixodes in the United States: A scanning electron microscope stlllh· and key to the adults. J Mct bl toll /() l (Sll ppl) 2 : 1 - 1 4, 1 9n .

A rthro/}od Pests oj" Lil'cstock: II R Cl 'icl l' oj" Techllology.

AkLallgh lin RF, Addison EA'I : Tick ( D erlllacelltor dl­ /Jipictlls)-indllced winter hair loss in captin' moose

CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FI., 1 9 8 8 ,

2 4 5 pages.

( A lccs alccs ) . J \\'ildl Dis 2 2 :5 02-5 1 0, 1 9 8 6 .

Steelman CD: Effccts of external and intcrnal a rtlHo­ pod pa r,lsitcs on domestic livestock production. A ll

Drummond RO, Lambcrt G, Smalley HE J r., et a l . : Estimated losscs of livcstock t o pests. In: eR e Halldbook oj" Pest M
Rcl' Fllto/llo/ 2 1 : J 6 6- l n , 1 9 76.

Strickland RK, Gerrish RR, Hourrigan .II., ct al.: nd:s 0/ \'eterilla ry //II/Jortililce, no. 4 8 5 . \X'ashingron, D.C., Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Depart ment of Agricu lture, 1 9 76, p , 1 22. Williams RE, Hall RD, Broce AB, et a l . (cds): Lit'estoc/, Ellto/llo/ogy. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1 98 5 , Wright Fe:, Guill iot FS, A'lelcney \\IP: Transm ission o f psoroptic mites from bighorn sheep ( O l 'is call£ldellsis IIICXicillla ) to domestic sheep, cattle and rahbits. J \\fi ldl Dis 1 7: 3 8 1 -3 8 6 , I n ! .

Volume I . Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Prcss, 1 98 I . Foil LD, Hogsctte .11\: Biology and control o f tabanids, stable A ics and horn flies. ReI' Sci 'l£'c/J 1 3 : 1 1 25- 1 1 3 8, 1 994.

Guglielmone ;\A, �ilangold AJ, :vI unoz c:, et a l . : Nloxidectin pour-on for control of natu ra l pOpUL1tions of the cattlc tick B o oph ill ls /II i cropll ls (A carilla: hodiae) , \'ct l'arasitol 8 7 : 237-24 1 , 2000. Ha rwood R I-� J a mes :vlT: Ellto/llology ill Hlt /l lall £111£1 Allilllal Health. ivlaclVlillan, New York, 1 979.

1 13

L,,",,,-,,�'U'�L

6

PARASITES OF LLAM AS

Fecal Eggs and Oocysts

Relative Sizes of Llama Parasite Eggs

Cooperia sp.

Haemonchus sp.

77x34!lm

80x45 �lm

Ostertagia sp.

T b

80x45�lm

Trichostrongylus sp.

Camelostrongylus sp.

85x40gm

80x...J.5 �l m

Oesophagostomum sp. 80x40gm

so pm

Strongyloides sp.

Cryptosporidium

Eimeria lamae 38x18�lm

50x22�lm

Capillaria 50x30�lm

E. macusaniensis 92x67�lm

Moniezia sp. 50x60�lm

Fasciola hepatica 1 40 x 80�lm

Marshaflagia sp.

Trichuris tenuis 64x32�lm

194x89�lm

Fig. 137. Common parasite eggs and oocysts found in llama feces.

Coccidia in Llamas Table 32. Species of coccidia (Eimeria) i n llamas':' Species

Size (�lIn)

Prepatent Period

Eimeria alpacae

26

x

21

1 6-1 8 days

Eimeria lamae

38

x

28

15-16 days

Eimeria mactlSal1iellsis

92

x

67

3 3-34 days

Eimeria {Jltl1oel1sis

21

x

18

10 days

" All have micropy lar caps.

1 15

Nematodirus sp. 200x90�l m

Section 6

Location of Maj or Parasites

Icompartment 31

PARASITES

OF

Cephenemyia

LLAMAS

Camel ostrongylus Haemonchus OstTricehostrtagirongyl a us Marchallagia

Lice

Oesophagostomum Trichuris

Cecum and Colon

Mites

Capichostl ariraongylus TriCooperi a rus Nemat o di Strongyl oides Moni e zi a GiEimareridiaa Cryptosporidium

Damal ia us MiChor crotiohiptnoraci Sarcopteess

Fascioloides Sarcocyst is ) (Pseudocyst Toxopl(Pseudocyst asma )

Fig. 1 3 8 . Locations of the major parasites fOllnd in llamas.

Drugs Table 3 3 .

Anthelmi ntics used commonly in lla mas

Dnw n

Dosage

Parasites A ffected

Al bendazole Clorsulon Doramectin Fenbendazole I vermecti n

1 0 mg/kg 7 mg/kg 0.2 mg/kg 5- 1 0 mg/kg q 24 h 0 . 2 mg/kg

Levamisole Mebendazole Pyrantel pamoatc

5-8 mg/kg 22 mg/kg q 24 h x 3 d 1 8 mg/kg q 24 h x 1 -3 d

Liver flukes, gastro i ntestinal nematodes, l ungworms Liver fl ukes Gastrointestinal nematodes, lungworms, external p a rasites Cestodes, gastrointestinal nematodes, lungworms Gastroi ntestinal nematodes, lungworms, sarcoptic mange, sucking l ice Gastrointestinal nematodes, lungworms Gastro i ntestinal nema todes Gastrointestinal nematodes

x

3d

1 16

Parasites o f Llamas Internal Parasites

Species of Camelostrongylus, Cooperia, Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum, Ostertagia, and Trichostrongylus Common name: Strongyles.

Size of eggs: 77 �lm x 45 pm. Importan ce: These are the most prevalent parasites i n llamas. Clinical signs o f infection are stunted growth, emaciatio n, and diarrhea. Prevalence is highest in young. Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation. Treatment: Albendazole, 10 mg/kg PO Fenbendazole, 10 mg/kg q 24

Fig. 139. Typical strongyle eggs. Prepatent period is 1 7-36 days.

x

3 d PO

Ivermectin or doramectin, 0.2 mg/kg SC or 1M Levamisole, 5-8 mg/kg SC, PO Mebendazole, 22 mg/kg q 24 h

x

Pyrantel pamoate, 1 8 mg/kg q 24

3 d PO x [-3 d PO

Trichuris tenuis Common name: \X'hipworm. Size of egg: 64 �lm x 32 pm.

Importance: Poor growth, diarrhea. Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation. Treatment: Efficacy is unknown. Recommendations are treatment with: Albendazole, 10 mg/kg PO Doramectin, 0 . 2 mg/kg SC or 1M

Fenbendazole, 1 0- 1 5 mg/kg q 24 h x 3 d PO Ivermectin, 0 . 2 mg/kg S C

Fig. 140. TI-ic!JlIris teill/is. Prepatent period is unknown.

Capillaria

spp.

Common name: Capillary worm (at least two species) .

Size o f egg: 5 0 p m x 3 0 �1I11, 7 5 p m x 4 0 �lm. Importance: Unknown. Low prevalence on fecal analysis, high prevalence upon necropsy. Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation. Treatment: Efficacy is unknown. Recommendations include treatment with: Albendazole, [0 mg/kg PO Doramectin, 0.2 mg/kg S C or 1M Fenbendazole, 1 0-1 5 mg/kg q 24 h

Ivermectin, 0 . 2 mg/kg S C Fig. 141. Capillaria sp. Prepatent period is unknown.

117

x

3 d PO

S ection 6

Nematodirus battus, N. helvetianus Comm on name: Thin-n ecked inte stin a l worm. Size of egg: 200 !lm x 90 �lm. Importan ce: Common i n llamas, especially young; es poor growth, diarrhea.

Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation. Treatment: Albendazole, 10 mg/kg PO Doramectin, 0.2 mg/kg SC or 1 M Fenbendazole, 1 0 mg/kg q 24 h

x

3 d PO

Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg S C Levamisole, 5-8 mg/kg SC, PO

Mebendazole, 22 mg/kg q 24 h x 3 d PO

Pyrantel pamoate, 18 mg/kg q 24 h

x

1-3 d PO

Fig. 142. Nematodirus battlls (arrow)/N. heivetialllls. Prepatent period is 2-3 weeks_

Eimeria lamae Common name: Coccidia. Size of oocysts: 3 8 !lm

x

2 8 �lm.

Importance: Very common i n llamas, especially young. Causes diarrhea and poor growth, especially i n llamas less than 4 months old. Diagnosis: Oocysts in fecal flotation ( see Table 3 2 ) .

Treatment: Amprolium, 1 0 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 5-21 d Sulfamethazine, 0 . 5 % in feed; or 1 3 0 mg/kg PO, then 65 mg/kg q 12 h

x

4 d

Prevention: Decoquinate, 0.5 mg/kg PO q 24 Lasalocid, 1 mg/kg PO q 24

x

x

28+ d

30+ d

Monensin, 0.25 mg/kg PO in feed q 24 x 3 1 Sulfaguanidine, 0 . 2 % o f feed

Fig. 143. Eimeria lamae. Prepatent period is 1 5-1 6 days.

Clyptosporidium

sp.

Common name: Crypto. Size o f oocyst: 5 !lm

x

6 !lm.

Importance: Uncommon in llamas, but our laboratory has seen Cryptosporidiul11 associated diarrhea i n neonatal l lamas a n d weaned llamas. Diarrhea i n young less than 30 days o f age i s most common. Note: Cryptosporidiul11 can infect humans. Diagnosis: Oocysts in fecal flotation. Treatment: None. Prevention through sanitation is helpful.

Fig. 144. Cryptosporidium sp. (arrows). Prepatent period

is 3-7 days.

118

Parasites of Llamas External Parasites

Damalinia (Bovico la) sp. Commo n name: Biting lice. Size of adult: 2-4 111m .

Importance: Common in llamas, especially in winter. Causes itching, restlessnes s, hai r loss, and poor growth. D iagnosis: D irect observatio n of hair, especially along

dorsal midline and rump. Examining with a flash­ light is helpful. Treatment: Treat all animals s imultaneously. Coumaphos, dust, spray Fenvalerate, spray Invermectin-type products (See Table 2 7 for complete list.)

Fig. 145. Damalil1ia sp. ( biting lice). Life cycle is approxima tely 3 weeks.

Microthoracius sp. Common name: Sucking l ice. Size of adult: 2-5 mm. Importance: Common i n llamas, especially i n winter. Causes itching, restlessness, hair loss, and poor growth. D i agnosis: D irect observation o f hail; especially along dorsal midline and rump. Examining with a flash­ l ight is helpful. Treatment: Treat all animals simultaneously. Coumaphos, dust, spray Fenvalerate, spray Invermectin-type products ( See Table 27 for complete l ist. )

Fig. 146. Microthoracius sp. (sucking lice). Life cycle is approximately 3 weeks.

Sarcoptes scabiei Common name: Sarcoptic mange mite. Size of adult: 250-600 [lin. Importance: \X1as very common, but prevalence is de­ creasing, probably due to use of ivermectin. Causes alopecia on face, neck, and other areas; pruritus. Diagnosis: Deep skin scraping at edge of lesion. Observe mites microscopically. Treatment: Treat a l l animals simultaneously. Ivermectin or doramectin , 0.2 mg/kg SC; repeat i n 1 0- 1 4 d.

Fig. 147. Sarcoptes scabiei (mange mites) . Life cycle is approximately 3 weeks.

119

Section 6

Brown TT, Jr, Jordan HE, Demore st CN: Cerebrospinal parelapho strongylosis in llamas. ] Wildt Dis 14:441-444, 1 97 8 .

Conboy G A , O'Brien TD, Stevens D L : A natural infec­ tion of Fascioloides magna i n a l lama (Lama glama). ] ParasitoI 74:345-346, 1 9 8 8 .

Cornick JJ: Gastric squamous cell carcinoma and fasci­ oliasis in a llama. Cornell Vet 78:235-24 1 , 1 98 8 . Foreyt WJ, Lagerquist J : Experimenta l infections o f Eimeria alpacae a n d Eimeria pltl10ensis i n l lamas (Llama glama ) . ] Parasitol 78:906-909, 1 9 92.

Foreyt WJ, Rickard LG, Dowli ng S, Parish S, P i pas M: Experimental infections of two llamas with the meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis). ] Zoo and Wildl Med 22: 3 3 9-344, 1 9 9 1 .

Fowler ME: Medicine and surgery of South American call1elids: Llama, alpaca, vicuna, gllallaco. Iowa State U niversity Press, Ames, Iowa, 1 9 8 9 . Fowler M E , Paul-Murphy J : Cephellemyia sp. infesta­ tion in the llama. Calif Vet 3 9 : 1 0-1 2, 1 9 8 5 . Hodgin C, Sch i l l horn v a n Veen TW, Fayer R , et a l : Leptospirosis and coccidial i n fection i n a guanaco. ]

Fig. 148. Meningeal worm larvae in spinal cord. Prepatent period is 90 ± 9 days in deer. Larvae are approximately 50 11m in diameter.

Parelaphostl'Ongylus tenuis

Am Vet Med Assoc 1 85 : 1442-1444, 1 98 4 .

Common name: Nleningeal worm or brain worm. Size of l a rvae: Less than 1 00 11m i n d i ameter in CNS. Importance: This parasite is found normally in whitetailed deer in the Eastern USA and Canada. When larvae i n snails are ingested by l l amas, the para­ site migrates i nto the spinal cord and brain and usually kills the l l a ma . Paralysis and incoordina­ tion are seen before death. Larvae cause severe in­ flammation to the CNS. Death usually occurs 30-60 days after i n fection. ( See references. ) D i agnosis: Evaluation of CNS fluid; eosinophilia i s present. A t necropsy larvae are seen h istological l y i n spinal cord and brain. Treatment: Ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg SC a t 1 4-day i n tervals may prevent most l a rvae from causing significant damage. Ivermectin treatment should be i nitiated before transmission o f larvae occurs. Once lesions develop, damage i s irreversible.

KiOl'pes AL, K irkpatrick C E , Bowman DD: Isolation of Giardia from a l lama and from sheep. Can ] Vet Res 5 1 :277-280, 1 987.

Krogdahl D W, Thilsted JP, Olse n SK. Ataxia and hy­ permetria caused by Paralaphostrongylus tenllis in­ fection i n llamas. ] A m Vet Med Assoc 1 9 0: 1 9 1- 1 9 3 , 1 987.

Lunn D P, Hinchcliff KW: Cerebrospinal flu i d eosinophilia and ataxia i n five llamas. Vet R e c 124:302-305, 1 9 8 9 .

O'Brien T, O'Leary TP, Leininger J R, e t al.: Cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis i n Minnesota. Minn Vet 2 6 : 1 8-22, 1 98 6 .

R ickard L G , Bishop J K : Prevalence of Eimeria spp. ( Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in Oregon l lamas. ] Protozool 3 5 : 3 3 5-33 6 , 1 9 8 8 .

Rickard L G , Bishop J K : Redescription o f Trichuris tenuis Chandler, 1 93 0 from l lamas i n Oregon (Lama glama) with a key to the species of Trichuris present in North American ruminants. ] ParasitoI 77:70-77,

B ibliography

1991.

Baumgartner W, Zajac A, H u l l BL, et a l . : Parelaphostrongylosis i n llamas. ] A m Vet Med

Rickard LG, Bishop J K : Helminth parasites of l lamas i n t h e Pacific Northwest. ] Helmil/thol Soc Wash 5 8 : 1 1 0-1 1 5 , 1 99 1 .

Assoc 1 8 7 : 1 243-1245, 1 9 8 5 .

Riemann H P, Behymer D E, Fowler ME, et al.: Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii i n captive exotic mammals. ] A m Vet Med Assoc

Bishop J K , Rickard LG: Fecal s urvey of l lamas (Lama glama) in Oregon: Incidental recovery of Nematodil'lls hattus. ] Am Vet Med Assoc

1 6 5 : 79 8-800, 1 974.

1 9 1 : 1 5 79-1 5 8 1 , 1 9 87.

120

Section 7

PARASITES OF HORSES Fecal Eggs and Oocysts

I

Relative Sizes of Equine Parasite Eggs

I

I

Oxyuris equi Eimeria leuckarti 76

x

Ty p i c a l

5 2 pm

90

S t r o ng y le s

70 - 1 3 0

x

x

4 2 )J m

4 0 - 6 5 )J m

Strongyloides westeri Anoplocephala

45

sp.

5 0 - 80)J m

x

3 5 pm

Paranoplocephala mamillana 60

x

50)Jm

Habronema muscae Dictyocaulus arnfieldi 30 0 - 480

x

( rare)

45

1 6)J m

x

1 0 )J m

Parascaris equorum 1 00

Fig. 149. Common parasite eggs and oocysts found in horse feces.

121

x

9 0 }J m

S ection

7

Location o f Major Parasites

Parasites of Horses Nuchal Ligament Anterior Mesenteric

Onchocerca cervicalis

E c t o p a r a s ites

Strongylus vulgaris

Haematopinus

(Larva)

Linognathus Damalinia

Ticks

-

Dermacentor Ixodes

M ites

Lungs

-

Psoroptes Chorioptes

Flies

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

-

Stomoxys Cuficoides Simulium

S m a l l I n testine Strongylus edentatus

Parascaris equorum Strongyloides westeri

Gastrophilus

spp.

Draschia megastoma Habronema

spp.

Trichostrongylus axei

Strongylus vulgaris Strongylus edentatus Strongylus equinus

Small strongyles

Anoplocephala perfoliata

Fig. 1 5 0. Locations of the major parasites fou n d in horses.

1'otc: MicrOIlClllii ( i-idlicl'phdi{)/ms) dl'/cirix larvae are i n tisslies. Adults are saprophytes.

122

Anoplocephala magna Paranoplocephala mammifana

Parasites of Horses

Zoonotic Diseases Table 34.

;vlajor zoollotic diseases associated with horses-uncol1lmon

Orga nisl1l

Disease

Niethod of Infection

Arthropods Gastrophillls spp.

Lice

:Vlviasis Tra nsient pecliculosis

123

Contact with adult Ay Contact with infected horses

Section

7

Drugs Table 35. Common na mes ,md sources of d rugs used for deworming horses

Generic and Class Name

Trade Name

Source

�let hod

Eq\'a lan

.',·(erial

Paste

Quest

Ft. Dodge

Oral gel

Panacur Tclmin Tel min-B Benzelmin AntheIcide-EQ Equipar

Hoechst Pitman-l\·'\oore Pitma n-�loore Diamond Nordell Cooper

feed, paste, stomach Feed, p,lste, stomach Feed, p,lste, stomach Feed, stomach tube Feed, paste, stomach Feed, paste, stomach

R i ntal Combotel

Haver Haver

Feed, paste, stomach tube Paste

R i percol-Piperazine

Beecham

Stomach t ll be

Equ i max

Ft. Dodge

Paste

Equigard Equige l Com bot

Squibb Sq uibb Haver

Feed Paste Paste, stomach tube

Various

Various

Stomach tu be

Pa rvex Plus

Upjohn

Stomach t u be

Dyrex, T.F.

Ft. Dodge

Stomach tu be

Strongid-T or P I ma thal-Equine

Pfizer Beecham

feed, paste, stomach tube Feed, stomach tube

Va rious Va rious

Va rious Various

Feed, stomach tu be Stomach tube

Avermectins

I vermectin Ivl i l b e my c i n

,.,

iVloxidectin

Bcnzimidazoles

Fenbendazole '\·Iebendazole ivlebendazole + trichlorfon OxfendazoIc O xibendazole Oxibendazole

tube tube tube tube tu be

Phenylguanidines

Febantel Fe n b en dazole +

trichlorfon

Imidothiazole

Levamisole

+

piperazine

Isoquinolenes

Praziquantcl

+

ivermectin

Organophosphates

D ichlorvos Dichlorvos Trichlorfon Piperazincs

Piperazine Piperazine-carbon disulfide + phenothiazine Piperazine + Phenothiazine + trichlorfon Pyrimidines

Pyranrel Pyra me\ Other

Phenothiazine Ca rbon disulfi de

124

Parasites of Horses

Table 36. Antiparasitic compounds for major intcrnal parasitcs of horscs

D rug

Bots

Avcragc Rcmoval Expcctanc y ( % ) Stro ng y l cs Ascaricls S. !JI/lgaris S. edelltatis Small

Oxyuris

Toxicosis Factor'

0.2

95- 1 00

90- 1 00

95- 1 00

95-1 00

95-100

72-1 00

6- I Ox

0.4

95- 1 00

90- 1 00

95- 1 0 0

95-100

95- 1 00

5- 1 0 8.8 10 10

0 0 0 0

9 0- 1 00 95- 1 00 90- 1 00 90- 1 00

95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00

95- 1 00 65-95 95- 1 00 95- 1 00

90-1 00 8 0-95 95- 10 0 95- 1 00

95- 1 00 95-1 00 95- 1 00 90- 1 00

J OOx 40x l Ox 60x

6

0

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

40x

6.6

0

90- 1 00

95- 1 00

6 7-75

90- 1 00

60-70

20x

88

0

95- 1 00

40-60

0-1 0

90-1 00

40-60

3x

1 0-35 40

8 0- 1 00 95- 1 00

90- 1 00 95- 1 00

0- 1 00 0

70-80 0

85-95 0

90-1 00 95- 1 00

2-3x Ix

8+88

0

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

6 0-70

9 0- 1 0 0

30-40

3x

4 .4-55

0

0

50- 1 00

20- l 00

8 5- 1 00

0

Ix

8 . 8 + 40

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

65-95

80-95

95- 1 00

Ix

6 + 35

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

Ix

5 8 + 52 + 1 8

65-75

95- 1 00

90- 1 00

70-90

90- 1 00

50-70

4x

88 + 28 + 40

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

95- 1 00

3 0-50

90- 1 00

90- 1 00

Ix

53

90- 1 00

5 0- 1 00

0

0

0

0

Ix

Dose ( mg/kg P O )

Avcrmcctin

I vcrm ccti n Milbemycin

lvloxidcctin

5x

Bcnzimidazolcs

Fcn bcndazolc Mcbcndazolc O x fcmhlzolc O x i bcndazolc Phcnylguanidincs ( Pro-BZ)

fcb.l ntel Pyrimidines

Pyrantcl P i pc r azin c s

Pipcrazinc Organophosphatcs

Dich lorvos Trichlorfon Imidothiazole

LCV;l lll isolc + p iperazlIle Phenothiazinc

Phenothiazine Combinations

Mebcndazolc + trichlorfon Fcbantcl + trichlorfon Pi perazinc+cl rbon disulfide + phcnothiazinc Piperazinc + phcnothiazinc + trichlorfo n Carbon disulfidc

':'Toxicosis factor i s the Icvel above thc rccommcndcd dosagc th;1t has bcen shown to produce toxic cffccts.

(Scc Courtney and Sundlof, 1 99 1 . )

125

Section

7

Internal Parasites Strollgyllls vIIlgaris Common name: l.a rgl' strongyle ( StrongYloidea) .

1 4-24 mm in la rge illtestine and cec u m . 90 p m x 5 0 �lIn.

Size of a d u l t : S i ze o f egg:

I m p o rtance: Larval m igration cau ses fo rmation of

aneurysms and i n fa rcts o f i n test i n a l circulati on, w h ich may be fata l . Adults nuy ca use a n e m i a . D i agnosis: Eggs i n feca l Hot<1tion. 1\ecrops\' sh ows a ne u rysm of cranial mesenteric a rten'. Identi fica tion of l a rvae t h a t have hatched in feces ach ieved by using Ihermann a p p a ratus. Treatment:

0,2 mg/kg 1'0 0.4 mg/kg PO

Fig. 1 5 1 a . StrollgY/IiS s pp . (S. I 'll/garis, S. ('delltatlls, S.

Larvae: Ivermecti n ,

I'qlliIlIlS ) . Prepatent period is 200-3 3 2 days.

A d u lts: Fenbendazolc, 5 mg/kg PO

:v[ox idect in, I vermectin,

0 . 2 mg/kg PO

( lv[ost equine wormers a rc effective . )

( t. \

Species of Cyathostollllllll, Cylicocycllls, Cylicocephallls, Gyalocephallls, etc. Common name: S m a l l strongvle or cl'
� �

Small strongyles

- �/ �

�

( Strongy lo idea ) .

@ I

@'

/

S i ze of a d u lt: 7-25 m m i n l a rge intestine a nd cec u m . S i z e o f egg:

90 �lIn x 5 0 p m .

I m portance: Cause u n t h r i fti ness a n d p e r i o d i c enteritis due to local migrations. Diagnosis: Eggs i n feca l flota t i o n , Identification of l a r­ vae that h a ve hatched in feces a c h ieved with a Bacrmann a pparatus. Treatment: lknzimidazole/p i perazine ( sec Ta ble

Fig. 1 5 2 a . Small strongyles (cyathostomes). Prcpate!1t peri·

36)

0.2 mg/kg PO ;v[o x idect in, 0.4 mg/kg PO Piperazine, 5-7 gil 00 I b PO P:'l'<1ntel pamoate, 6 . 6 mg/kg PO

I v e nnecr i n ,

od is 40 cl ays.

-----

----- , :::-:=--===-----=::::OXYll ris eqlli Common name: Pinworm ( Oxyuroic\ea ) ,

9- 1 5 0 mill. 90- 1 00 pm x 40-50 p m i n colon and I'CC­

Size o f a d u l t : S ize o f egg: t U I11.

I m porta nce: Pruritus of a n a l region, t a i l r u b bing, a n d beh a v i o ral problems. These w o r m s do not i n fect other a n i ma l s . Diagnosis: G a t h e r eggs by placing cellophane tape across a n lls; m icroscopic demonstra t i o n of eggs. Eggs in fecal flotation.

Oxyuris equi

Trea tment: lv[ox idect in,

0.4 mg/kg PO

Pi perazine, 5 . 7 g/ l OO lb. PO

Fig. 1 5 3 a . OX),lIl'is (''1 IIi. Prepatent period is .5 months.

Pyrantel,

126

1 2.5 mg/kg PO

Parasites o f Horses

Fig. 1 5 1b. Typical strongyle eggs.

Fig. I S le. Typical strongyle egg.

Fig. 152b. Heavy infection of stongyles.

Fig. 1 52c. Typical strongyle egg (arrow) next to Parascaris egg.

Fig. 153b. Oxyuris equi (arrows) . Other eggs are strongyle s and Parascaris.

Fig. 153c. OXYllris eqlli (arrow) next to strongyle egg.

127

Section

7

Gastrophillls

COl11mon na me: Bot fly ( D i ptera ) . Size of larvae: Appro�i mately 2 c m i n stomach. I m portance: Genera l l y nonpathogenic; rarely may cause perforating gastric ulcers. " \'(10rry factor" due to buzzing of fcmale Hy as she oviposits. D iagnosis: Ycllow eggs on hair of legs, facc. At necrop­ sy la rvae a rc at pyloric or cardiac region of stom­

,

*

G , ,'mph;}"

"

' PP

-------

O

ach. Treatment: Carbon disulfide, 5.3 mil l 00 kg PO D ich lorvos, 1 0 mg/kg PO Ivermcctin, 0.2 mg/kg PO �ilo�idectin, 0 0 4 mg/kg PO Trichlorfon, 40 mg/kg PO Remove all eggs as soon as the)' a re laid.

/

Fig. 1 54a. C<1strophillls spp. have one generation per year.

--- --

Parascaris eqllontlll COl11mon name: Asca rid or roundworm (Ascaridoidea ) . Size of adult: 1 5-2D CI11 in sma ll intestine. Size o f egg: I DO �tIn. Importancc: ;vligrat ing larvae da magc liver and lungs. Foals may show i ntermittent dia rrhea anel consti­ p.l lion or colic. Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation. Trcatmcnt: Fen bcndazole, 5 mg/kg PO Piperazine, 5-7 gl l OD I b PO x 1 /2 dose at 3-4 mo; fu ll dose at 4-5 1110 ( I 00-2DD mg/kg) Pyrantel pamoate, 6.6 mg/kg PO �'lcbendazole, S . S mg/kg PO Iwrmectin, 0 . 2 mg/kg PO �·Io�idectin, 004 mg/kg PO Prevention: Regular worming sched ule and propcr ma nagcmen t.

�:-�� -" ,

'"

...

.

..--.... .

Parascaris equorum Fig. 1 5 5 a. l'<1r<1sc<1ris eq 110 1"11111. Prepatent period is 1 2 weeks.

Habrollema ...... . .A::-

-

-

-

-

_

""-

Habronema

spp.

spp .

C0l111110n name: Stomach worm (Spi ruroidca ) . Size of adu lt: 1 0- 1 5 m m in stomach. Size of egg: 50-SO p m x I 0-20 �tIn. Importance: �'l igrating larvae C
Fig. 1 5 6a. Habrollemil spp. Prepatent period is 2 months.

128

Parasites of Horses

Fig. 1 54b. Gastrophilus illtestillalis.

Fig. 1 54c. Gastrophilus illtestinalis (anterior end).

Fig. 155b. Parascaris equomm.

Fig. 155c. Parascaris eql101'llm.

Fig. 1 56c. HabrolZema sp.

156b. Habronema sp.

129

Se cti on

7

Strongyloides westel'i Common name: Threadworm (Rhabditoidea) . S ize o f adult: 5- 1 0 mm i n s m a l l intestine. Size of egg: 5 0 .llm. I mportance: ACllte diarrhea in foals 1 -3 weeks o l d . coughing due to lung m igration. Zoonotic di ease potential. D iagnosis: Larvated eggs i n feca l flotation. Treatment: Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg PO Oxibendazole, J a mg/kg PO

�

Fig. t 57a. Strollgyloides lUesteri. Prepatent period is 7- 1 0 days.

Anoplocephala spp. Common name: Tapeworm ( Anoplocephalida e ) . Size of a d u l t : Up to 80 cm i n s m a l l intestine. Size o f egg: 80 �lIn x 50 p m . Importance: "-/[ay cause u lceration and inflammation o f i leocecal valve area; generally nonpathogenic. Diagnosis: Identification of segments on feces or eggs in feca l flotations. Treatment: Albendazole, 25 mg/kg PO iv[ebendazole, 15 mglkg PO Pyrantcl pamoate, 1 3 mg/kg PO (double dose) Praziquantel, 1 .5 mg/kg and Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg PO ( EquimaxD') Fig. 1 5 8a. Alloplocephala spp. Prepatent period is 2 months.

Babesia spp. Common name: ( A picomplexa ) . Size o f trophozoites: 2-4 �lIn long in red b lood cells. I mportance: Persistent fever, anemia, icterus, and splenomegaly. D iagnosis: Microscopic exam of blood smear. Treatment : Phcnamidine, 9 mg/kg I lv[ q 24 h x 2 d Prevention: Tick control.

Fig. 1 5 9a. Bahesia spp. Incubation is 1 0-30 days.

130

Parasites of Horses

Fig. 1 5 7b. Strongyloides westeri.

Fig. 1 5 7c. Strongyloides westeri.

Fig. 1 5 8 b . Anoplocephala sp.

Fig. 1 5 8c. Anoplocephala sp.

Fig. 159b. B abesia sp. (arrows). Fig. 1 59c. Babesia sp. (arrows).

131

S ection

7

External Parasites

Fig. 159d. Dermacentor albipictlls, adult male on left, adult female on right. Common on large animals in winter. Table 3 7 . Major drugs for control of external parasites i n horses Drug (Trade Name) Organophosphates Coumaphos ( Co-Ral ) Crotoxyphos ( Ciodrin) D iazinon D ichlorvos (Vapona) D ioxathion ( Ko r lan-ronnel) Malathion (Cythion) Trichlorfon ( Neguvon)

Parasites

Application

F l ies, lice, ticks, Ticks, mites, l ice, flies F l ies, l ice, keds, ticks Flies, stomach bots F lies, keds, l ice, ticks F lies, l ice, keds, mites, ticks Flies, l ice, mites, stomach bots

Spray, dust D ust, spray D ust, spray Resin granules, resin strips, spray Spray D ust, spray O ral, injectable, spray

Carbamates Carbaryl (Sevin )

Lice, mites, ticks

D ust, spray

Organochlorines Lindane Methoxychlor (Marlate)

Flies, l ice, m i tes, ticks F lies, lice, m i tes, ticks

Dust, spray D ust, spray

Pyrethroids Fenvalerate (Ectr i n ) Permethrin (Atroban, Expar)

Lice, mites, ticks Ticks, flies

Spray Spray

Miscellaneous Carbon disul fide Ivermectin ( Eqvalan) Moxidectin ( Q uest) Pyrethrins

Stomach bots Lice, mites, stomach bots Lice, mites, stomach bots Flies

Oral Oral O ra l Spray

Note:

Read la bel d i rections careful ly. The label is the most authoritative source o f i n formation.

132

Parasites of Horses Table 38. Common external parasitcs on horscs Gcn us and Species Licc Bovicola (Damalillia) eqlli HaematopillllS asilli, Microthor£lcills sp.

Flics Mllsca domestica lvlllsca alltlllllllalis Sipholla ( Haelllato/Jiil) Stomoxys calcitralls Taballlls and Chryops spp.

Mosquitocs Hypoderma spp.

Common Namc

figure Numbcr

Biting lousc Sucking louse

Fig. 1 26, 1 45 Fig. 1 25, 1 27, 1 46

House fly Face fh' I lorn fly Stable fly I Iorse fly/deer fly Se\'eral species Cattle grubs

Fig. fig. Fig. Fig. fig.

D ry ma nge Sca le and wet mange l;l i l and hock mange Nodular mange

Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.

121 1 20 1 22 1 23 1 24

Fig. 1 1 6

Mitcs Sarcoptes SCi/biei Psoroptes eqlli Choriuptes /JOl'is Dell1ode.\' sp.

1 33 , 1 4 7 1 32, 230b 1 34 47

Ticks Sce listings u nder clt t ie, Ta blc 3 1

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Section

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1 34

Parasites of Horses

proudman Cj, French N P, Trccs A.J: Tapeworm infcc­ tion is a significant risk factor for spasmodic colic and i leal impaction colic i n thc horse. Eq Fet J 30:1 94- 1 99, 1 99 8 . I'roudman Cj, S w a n jD, Trccs A.J: Efficacy o f pyrantel embonate and praziquantel against the equinc tape­ worm A l loplocephala ilia 1/1 illalla. Vet Rec 13 7:45-46, 1 99 5 . Proudman Cj, Trccs A J : Ta pcworms as a cause of i ntes­ tinal d iscase in horses. Parasitol Today 1 5 : 1 5 6- 1 5 9,

1 979.

A I-Khalidi NW, We isbrode SE, Dubey .II' : 1\1thogen icity o f Toxo/J lasllla gOlldii ooc),sts to ponie,. Alii 1 Vet Res 4 1 : 1 54 9- 1 55 1 , 1 980. Clark EG, Townsend I-IGG, "-/lcKenzic NT: Eq u i ne pro­ tozoal myelocnccphalitis: A rcport o f two c ases from Westcrn Canada . ew Vet ] 22: 1 40- 1 44, 1 98 1 . Dorr TE, H iggens R.I, Dangler CA, ct a l . : Protozoal m yc l o en cep h a liti s in horses in California. "f Alii Vet Med IIssoe 1 85 : fW 1 -802, 1 9 84. Dub ey .11': Toxoplasllla, /-/al/llllolldia, Beslloitia, Sarcocystis and other tissue cyst-forming coccidia o f m a n a nd animals. I n : l'arasitic Protozoa. Volume 3 . New York, Academic Press, Inc. 1 977, pp. 1 0 1 -2."37. Du bey .I I', Davis GW, Koestner A, et a l . : Equinc cncepha lom),elitis due to a protozoan parasite resembl ing ToxoplllSllhl gOlldii. J 11 111 Vet !VIcd Assoc 1 65 :249-255, 1 974. Dubey JI', Streitel RH, Stromberg PC, et a l . : Sarcocystis j;lyeri sp. I/. from the horse. 1 I'
1 999. Rodriguez-Bertos A, Corchero .I, Castano M, et al.: Pathologica l alterations caused by Alloplocephala perfoliata i n fection at the ileocecal j unction of cquids. ] Vet lvled 46:26 1 -269, 1 999. Slocombc JOD, "-/l c Cra w HM, Pennock P\,\', et al.: Effcctiveness o f ivcrmectin aga inst latcr 4th st age StrollgylllS 1'1I1garis in ponies. AI/I ] Vet Res 43 : 1 525- 1 529, 1 98 2 . Slocombe JOD, ;vlcCraw 13M, Pennock PW, ct a l . : Effectivcness of fen bendazole aga inst later 4th-stage StrollgylllS 1'1I1garis in ponics. Alii 1 Vet R es 44:2285-2289, 1 9 8 3 . Siocombe J O D , McCraw BM: Evaluation o f pyrantel pamoatc, nitramisole and avcrmcctin 13 1 against mi­ grating Strollgylus 1'1I1garis larvae. ew 1 COIllP Med 44:93- 1 00, 1 9 80. Slocombe J O D : Pathogcncsis o f helmi nths in equi ncs. Vet l'arasitol 1 8 : 1 3 9- 1 53 , 1 98 5 . Torbert BJ, Kramer BS, K lci T R : E ffi c a c y of injectable and oral paste formu lations of ivcrmectin against gastrointestinal parasites in ponics. Alii 1 Vet Res 4 3 : 1 45 1 - 1 45 3 , 1 9 82. Uhl ingcr C, Johnstonc C : Failurc to recsta blish benzim­ idazolc susccptible populations of sma ll strongyles a ftcr prolonged trcatment with non-benzimidazolc drugs. Eqllille Vet Sci. 4:7-9, 1 984. Wescott RB, jen LW, Hellicr LE, et al.: E ffic acy of com­ binations of p i perazine and fcnbendazole against bcnzimidazole-resistant sma ll strongyles in horses. Vet Med SlIIall Allilll Clill 77:247-249, 1 98 2 . Williamson R M C , Gasser R B , Midd lcton D, et a l . : The distribution of Alloplocephala per/oliata in the intes­ t inc of the horse and associatcd pathological c h a nges . Vet Parasitol 73:225-24 1 , 1 997. Yazwinski TA, Hamm D, Williams M, ct a l . : Effcctive­ ncss of i vermectin in the treatmcnt of cquine l'arascaris eqllOrtll1l and Oxyuris equi infcctions. Alii 1 Vet R es 43: 1 095, 1 98 2 .

Protozoan Parasites AI-Khalidi NW, Du bcy .II': Prevalence o f Toxoplasllla gOlldii i n fection in horscs. 1 l'arllsitoI 65:33 1 -3 3 4,

135

� 'n

S ectio n

7

horses in ;viontana. Alii } Vet Res 3 8 : 1 673- 1 674,

K lei TR, Torbe rt B , Chapm an MR, e t a l . : Preval ence of OIlc/JOeerca eeruiealis in equid s in the Gulf Coast re­ gion. Alii J Vet Res 45 : 1 646- 1 647, 1 9 84. Knapp 1'\,\1: Arthro pod pests of horses III WI" \Y I I I ta ' ms, Rl:, et al. (cds): Lil'estoek Elltomo/ogy. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1 98 5 . Kunkle G A , Greiner EC: Dermatitis i n horses and man caused by the str.IW itch mite. J A l i i Vet M e d Assoc

1 977.

Simpson Cl-� ;vl ayhew IG: Evidence for Sarcocystis as the etiologic agent of equine protozoal mvelocn­ cepha l i tis. } Protowol 27:288-292, 1 9 80. Vetterl i ng, .I :vi, Thompson DE: K/ossiell'l eqlli Baumann, 1 946 (Sporozoa Eucoccidia: Adelcina ) from et]uids . .r Par,lsitol 5 8 : 5 8 9-5 94, 1 972.

•

• •

1 8 1 :467-46 9 , 1 9 82.

Loomis EC: Common ectoparasites and their COntro l . In Robinson, N E (cd): Currellt Therapy ill Eqllille Medicille. Philadelphia, \,\I. B. Saunders Co., 1 983. Reinemeyer CR, Scholl P.I , Andrews Hil , et al.: Efficacy of moxidectin equine oral gel against cndoscopicallv­ ' confirmed Gasterophilus lIasalis and Gasterophilus illtestillillis ( D i ptera: Oestridae) infections in horses.

Extema/ Parasites Besch ED, Griffiths I IJ : Dcmonstration of Delllode.': eqlli ( Ra i l l iet, 1 98 5 ) from a horse in ;viinnesota . .r /\111 Vet Med ilssoc 1 55 : 82-8 3 , 1 95 6 .

D rummond R O : Effectiveness of ivenncctin for control of arthropod pests of l ivestock. Soutll/pest Elltolllol (Suppl. 7):34-42, 1 98 5 . fadok V A : Parasitic s k i n diseases of large a n i m a l s . Vet

Vet Parasitol 8 8 : 287-29 1 , 2 000.

Scholl P.I, Chapman J'v1 R, French DD, et a l . : Efficacy of moxidectin 2 'X, oral gel against second- and thi rd-in­ star Gasterophillls ill testillillis De Geer. .r Parasitol

Clill North Alii Large Allilll !'raet 6 :3-2 6 , 1 984.

Fadok VA, Nlu l lowney PC: Derm<1tologic diseases of horses. Part I . Parasitic dermatoses of the horse.

84:656-657, 1 99 8 .

Scott D W, White KK: Demodicosis associated w i t h sys­ temic glucocorticoid therapy in two horses. Equille

COlllpelld COlltill Ed Vet Praet 5 : 5 6 1 5-56 2 3 , 1 9 8 3 .

Kettle DS: lv!edical alld Veterillary Elltol11o/ogy. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1 9 84.

Pract 5 : 3 1 -32, 1 9 8 3 .

136

.. 8 PARASITES OF PIGS

·U'lvlvUV J.

Fecal Eggs and Oocysts

R ELAT I VE OF

PIG

-, I

trophozoite

22 x 20).lm

1 9 x 1 6 ).1 m

62 x 4 5).1 m

E GG S

Isospora suis

Eimeria debliecki Ascaris suum

SIZES

PA R A S I T E

T �

cyst

50).lm

Ascarops strongylina

80 x 40pm

sp.

30- 1 50

x

25 - 1 20pm

Strongyloides ransomi 45 x 27pm

36 x 20).l m

Oesophagostomum

Balantidium coli

Metastrongylus apri

Trichuris suis

5 0 x 4 0).l m

55 x 23pm

Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus 80 x 5 2 ).1m

Fig. 160. Common parasite eggs a n d oocysts found in p i g feces.

137

S ectio n 8

Location of Major Parasites

Parasites of Pigs E c t o p a rasites Stomach

Haematopinus Mrtes

-

Sarcoptes Demodex

Ascarops

Flies

Musca

-

Physocephalus M u sc l e

(Cysticercus)

Esophagus

(Larva) (Pseudocyst)

Gongylonema Cecum

&

Colon

Oesophagostomum Trichuris

Ascaris Macracanthorhynchus Fasciola

Globocephalus

Ascaris

Strongyloides

(Larva) Stephanurus (Larva)

fig. 1 6 1 . Location of the major parasites fOllnd in pigs.

138

Parasites of Pigs

Zoonotic Diseases Table 39. ?v1 a j or zoonotic parasites assoc i a ted with pigs D i sease

Method of I n fection

Sarcocystis slIiholllillis

S a rcospo r i d i o s i s

Toxoplasllla gOlldii

'roxo plasmosis

'Ii"ypallosollla c/"llzi

' I "rypanosom iasis

I ngestion of raw meat I ngestion of raw meat Contact with arthropod vector

Orga n i s m

Protozoa

Nematodes A scaris SIIIIIIl

Asca r i a s i s

Strollgyloides spp.

Cutaneolls l a r va

Trichillella spiralis

Tr ich i n os i s

Ingestion of larvated eggs Contact with larvae I ngestion of raw meat

Ta en iasis-cysticercos i s

Ingestion of raw meat

Aca r i a s i s

Contact with i n fected pigs

migrans

Cestades Taellia SOIiIlIll

Arthropods Sarcoptes sCllbiei

Fig. 1 63. 7l-ichillell1l spiralis.

Toxoplasma gondii Fig. 1 62. "[().\"()pl
139

S ection 8

Drugs Table 40. Efficacy of anthelmintics in swine Efficacy against Parasites ( 0;;, ) Ol'sopiJ-

[-{yostrt)//gyltl s

Strollgyloides

Ste/JhGllllI'IIS

l'IIiJidtls

/'allsolll i

delltatlls

Dose ( Illg/kg P O )

Ascaris

(lgos tOllll 1111

1i'ic/Jllris

51111111

spp.

SlitS

2 75-440

75- 1 00

0

0

0

0

0

Pyrantel tartrate

Preventative: 96 glton feed Thera peutic: 800 glton feed at I l b . feedl 40 I bs. BW, repeat 751 00 Ibs. B\X'

96- 1 00

99- 1 00

0

0

0

0

Hygromycin B

L2 glton feed

95-100

95-100

8 5- 1 00

0

92- 1 00

95-100

90- 1 00

0

9 9- 1 00

6 0-8 7

0

1 00

99

80

1 00

99

99

1 00

D rug Piperazine

!l'IetastwlIgyilis

spp.

0

to be fed for 4-6 weeks D ichlorvos

LOO q 24 x

h

30 d prior

to farrowing; or 0 . 0 5 % of ration x 2 d Doralllectin

0.3 mg/kg (lNI )

Lcvamisolc

8 9 9- 1 00

8 0- 1 00

26-80

90-100

94-1 00

80-95

83

Fenbendazole

3-25 q 24 h x 3 d

92- 1 00

1 00

6 6- 1 00

9 7-1 00

9 9- 1 00

0-98

1 00

I vcrlllccti n

0.3 mg/kg

1 00

63-99

0-9 1

9 9- 1 00

8 6- 1 00

6 6- 1 00

1 00

( Sec Courtncy and Sundlof, 1 99 1 . )

140

Parasites o f Pigs

Table 4 1 . lvlajor drugs for control of external parasites i n pigs

Parasites

Application

Ficas, flies, l ice, ticks, Ticks, mites, l ice, flies Flies, lice, ticks Fl ies, lice, ticks Fl ies, lice, mites, ticks Flies, lice Fleas, flies, lice, mites, ticks Fl ies, lice Fl ies, lice, mites

Dip, spray, dust D ust, spray Dip, d u st, spray Dip, spray Dust, spray Pour-oIl Dip, d ust, spra y D ust, spray In jecta ble, spray

Flies, lice, m ites, ticks Flies, lice, mites, ticks Fl ies, lice, mites, ticks

Dust, spray Dust, spray Dip, d ust, SIX,1),

Ivermectin ( Ivomec)

Lice, mites

Pyrethins Pyrethroids

Flies, fleas, lice Flies, fleas, l ice

Injectable (SC, 1 :,,1 ) or i n feed Spray Spray

Drug (Trade Name) Organophosphates

Coumaphos ( Co-Ral) Crotoxyphos ( Ciodrin) Diazinon D ioxath ion ( Delnav) Fenchlorphos ( K orlan-ronnel) Fenthiol1 (Tiguvon) J\'lalathion ( Cyth ion) Tetrachlorvinphos ( Rabon) Trichlorfon(Negu\'on ) Organochlorines

Lindane lVlcthoxychlor ( ,'via rlate) Toxaphene Miscellaneous

Note: Read label directions carefully. The la bcl is the most authoritatil'c source of i n formation.

141

Section 8

Internal Parasites Ascaris

Fig. 1 64a. Ascaris

511//1)1.

SI/u1II

Common name: Ascarid or roundworm (Ascaridoidea) . Size of egg: 8 5 �llll x 8 0 �LIll. I m portance: Pathogenicity varies. In young pigs, stunt­ ing and poor growth, coughing, "milk-spots" in l iver; iron-deficient pigs get " th u mps" . In adults, reduced weight gain, intestinal or bile duct block­ age, potential zoonotic d isease. D iagnosis: Eggs in feca I flotation. Adults found in small intestine and " milk spots " i n liver sccn at necrop­ sy. Treatmcnt: D ichlorvos, 1 2-22 mg/kg 1'0 Doramectin, 0.3 mg/kg I M Fcnbendazolc, 3 mg/kg q 2 4 h x 3 eI Hygromycin B, 1 2 g/ton of fced Ivermection, 0 . 3 IJvl , SC, or in fccel Lcvam isolc, 5-8 I11g/kg PO ( a fter overnight fast) Piperazine, 1 1 0 mg/kg 1'0 in feed or w,Her

a

P rep te nt period is 8 weeks.

Trichllris sllis Common name: \,\Ihipworm (Trichuroidea ) . Size o f egg: 5 5 �tm x 2 5 �LIll. Importance: Stunting, bloody diarrhea, p rolap se poor growth. D iagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation. Adu lts a rc found in large i ntestine at necrops�-. Treatment: Change quart ers. Dichlorvos, 1 2-22 mg/kg PO fenbendazolc, .3 mg/kg q 24 h x 3 d H ygrol11ycin B, 1 2 g/ton of feed Ivermectin, 0 . 3 mg/kg 1,'1'1, SC, or in feed (variable re­ sults)

,

Fig. 1 65a. Trichllris SlIis. Prepatent period is 6 weeks.

Oesophagostolllum del/tatlllll

( �Jr

� �

Common name: Nodular worm (Strongyloi dea ) . Size of egg: 70 �tm x 40 �l m . Importance: Nodules in g u t wall ma), cause ill-thrift o r enteritis; condemnation of intestines at slaughter. D iagnosis: Eggs in feca l flotation. A dults in large intes­ tine at necropsy. Treatment: D ichlorvos, 1 2-22 mg/kg PO Doramectin, 0.3 I11g/kg Il'vl fcnbendazole, 3 mg/kg q 24 h x 3 d Hygromycin B, 1 2 glron feed Ivermectin, 0 . 3 mg/kg H vl, SC, or in feed Levamisolc, 5-8 I11g/kg PO (after overnight fast) I'yrantel tartrate, 8 00 glron feed for 1 feeding per day Prevention: Pyrantel tartrate, feed 96 glron daily.

'i1iJl." �

Oesophagostomum dentatum

"---------

-. -

., >

� ------ cg7

- 4---------

)

fig. 1 66a. OCS() /I'hlgOS[OIllIlIll dCII[ailllll. P re p ate nt pe r i od 40 days.

is

1 42

Parasites of Pigs

Fig. 164b. Ascaris SUtll11.

Fig. 1 64c. Ascaris

Fig. 165b. Trichuris suis.

Fig. 1 65c. Trichuris suis.

166b. Oesophagostolllum delZtatulIl .

SUltlll.

Fig. 1 66c. Oesophagostolllulll del/tatlflli.

143

S ection 8

Strollgyloides mllsomi Common n a me: Threadworm ( R habditoidea). Size o f adults: 3-5 mm. Size o f egg: 5 0 �LIn x 30 �LIn.

Fig. 167a. days.

Strollgyloides /"allsoll1i.

Importance: In piglets, acute mucoid enteritis and bloody dia rrhea, transmammary oral o r percutaneous transmission . Emaciation and anemia results in stunting; 70-80 '},;, mortality results in severe eco­ nomic loss. In adult pigs, mangelike symptoms. D i agnosis: Fecal flotation. At necropsy mucosal scrap­ i ngs o f smal l intestine contai n adult females. Treatment: Management. D ichlorvos, I g/sow q 24 h for last 30 days o f gestation Doramectin, 0.3 mg/kg I:vI Ivermectin, 0 . 3 mg/kg, SC, o r in feed Lev'l lnisole, 5-8 mglkg PO ( a fter overnight fast) Prevention: Proper management.

Prepatent period is 5-7

Metastrollgyllls

Fig. 168a. month.

lvletdstrollgyills

spp.

Common name: Lungworm ( lvletastrongyloidea ) . Size o f adults: 2-5 cm. Size of egg: 55 �LIn x 40 .llm. I mportance: Coughing, poor growth. Lungworms en­ ha nce other diseases. Diagnosis: Larvated eggs i n fecal tlotation. At necropsy adults a rc found in l ungs and a reas of consolida­ tion at the tips of the diaphragmatic lobes o f the l ungs. Treatment: Fenbendazole, 3 mg/kg q 24 h x 3 d Doramectin, 0.3 mg/kg Iiv[ Ivermectin, 0.3-0.5 mg/kg 1M, SC:, or in feed Levamisole, 5-8 mg/kg PO ( a fter overnight fast)

spp. Prepatent period is

IsosfJom suis

( @�

1

Isospora suis

��

\

Common n a me: Coccidia ( A picomplexa ) . Size of oocyst: 1 6-20 �LIn x 1 9-22 �LIn. I mportance: In piglets, diarrhea and decreased weight gain. Adults are resistant carriers. Diagnosis: Oocysts i n feca l tlotation. (Test must be re­ peated; may not shed oocyrs until J 0 days a fter in­ fection. ) Oocysts i n intestines seen h istologically. Treatment: Decoquinate, J mg/kg q 24 h x 2 I d to sows before and a fter farrowing. Su l famethazine 0 . 5 % i n feed, or 1 30 mg/kg PO then 65 mg/kg q 1 2 h x 4 d Prevention: Proper management.

�

) ({j/

Fig. 1 69a. /SOS/JOl'd slIis. Prepatent period is 2 weeks.

144

Parasites of Pigs

Fig. 167c. Strongyloides ransoll/i.

Fig. 167b. Strongyloides ransoll/i.

Fig. 1 68b. Metastrongyills sp. Fig. 1 68c. Metastrongyills sp .

.'

Fig. 169b. Isospora slIis (arrowheads).

Fig. 1 69c. Isospora slIis.

145

Section 8

Eimeria

��

j

� ��

Eimeria spp.

� ------

Fig.

1 70 . Eimeria

�

spp.

Common name: Coccidia (Apicompicxa ) . Size of oocyst: 1 5-25 p m . Importance: Similar t o Isos/)ora spp., but n o t as patho­ gell le. Diagnosis: Oocysts in feces; very similar to Isospora spp. Oocysts found in i nrcstinc at necropsy. Treatmenr: Decoq ui natc 1 mg/kg q 24 h x 2 1 d to sows before and a fter fa rrowing ('1 1so for prcvention). Su lfamethazinc, 0 . 5 '?;, in fecd, or 1 30 mg/kg PO, then 65 mg/kg q 1 2 h x 4 d Prevention: Propcr management.

Q

) .:

@

spp. Prcpatent pcriod is 7 days.

Ascarops strollgylilw Common name: Stomach worm (Spiruroidea ). Size of egg: 20 p m x 40 �lm. I mport ancc: Dung bectle is intermediate host. Nonpathogenic, u nless present in large n umbers; causes gastritis in adult pigs. Diagnosis: Fecal sedimcntation shows embryonated ova. Eggs do not float wel l . Adu lts found in Stolll­ ach ,1 1 necropsy Treatment: Dichlorvos, 1 2-22 mg/kg PO Doramectin, 0.3 mg/kg IlVI Ivennectin, 0.3 mg/kg I;v[, SC, or i n feed Preyenrion: Proper ma nagement.

HYOStrollgyllls rztbidis

Fig.

,1

1 72 . Hyostrollgylus ruiJidus. I ' re p

weeks.

Coml11on name: Stomach worm (Trichostrongyloidea ) . Size of adu lts: I cm. Size of egg: 65 �lIn x 3 S �lIll; these do not float well . Importance: !v[ay cause anemia, poor appetite, gastritis, and melcna duc to invasion of gastric glands. Diagnosis: Fccal flotation shows larvatcd ova. At nccropsy a d ults arc thin red worms i n gastric mu­ cosa. Trcatmcnt: D ic hlorvos, 12-22 mglkg PO Doramcctin, 0.3 mg/kg 1M Ivcrmcctin, 0.3 mg/kg 1 M Ie

n t period is 3

146

Parasites of Pigs

MacracallthorhYllclJlls IJirudillacezlS

-

Common name: Spiny-headed worm, thorn y h e a ded worm ( Acanthocephal a ) . S ize of egg: 1 00 �t m x 5 0 �lIll.

(

Importance: Uncommon in USA. ",la y cause p eriton i t is . The head is firmly embeddcd in thc mucosa. Diagnosis: Fccal flotation. Adults are found attachcd to the sma ll intcstinc at necropsy. Trca tment: Dichlorvos, 1 0 mg/kg PO Prevcntion: Kce p p i gs off d i rt , away from beetles.

Mac,"canlh","ynchus h;wd;naceus

�?' �..

id

, ---­

.

Fig. 1 73. lvfacracl7I1t/}()l'hYlldJIIs hintdill
period is 3--4 months.

GOllgylOlzellla

sp.

Common name: C u llet or es o p hagea l worms ( S p i r u ro i clea ). Size o f egg: 58 pm x 3 2 pm. Importance: Re l a t ively non pa th ogc n ic . Diagnosis: Eggs o cc a s i ona l l y i n feces . A d u l ts found in mucosa of esophagus at necropsy. Treatment: None known.

Fig. 1 74. COJIgY/OIlCIII
. Stephallurus delltatlls Common name: Swinc k i d ney worm ( S t rongy loidea ) . Size of egg: 1 00 p m x 60 pm. Importancc: Loss of wcight. Diagnosis: Eggs are i n u rine. At nccrops)" adu lts arc found in cysts in pe r i ren al fat and pelvis of k i d ­ ncy. Larvac found ill l iver. Treatment: Usc u n i n fccted g i l ts for hreed i n g. Ivermectin, 0.3-0.5 mg/kg I:"', SC:, or i l l feed Doramcctin, 0.3 mg/kg 1 :V1

Fig. 1 75 . StefJ/NlI/lInts dClltatlls. >l1th,.

Prepatent period is 8-1 6

In,

147

S ection 8

Trichil/ella spiralis Common namc: Trichina worm (Trichuroidac) .

�

Size o f larva: 1 00- 1 ,300 �tln x 6-40 �tm . I m portance: I n fects all a ni mals, cspecially wild l i fe. Diagnosis: I n hu mans, death, stiffness, muscle pain. Detection of larvae i n musclc biopsy by squeezing mus­ cle between two glass slides, or digcsting musclc i n 1'Yo acid pepsin solut ion. Eosinophilia is supportive in a di­ agnosis. Serologic tests a n d skin tests arc helpful . Histology: (Sec Fig. 23 3 . ) Trea tment: H umans: Albendazole, 20 mg/kg q 24h x 5-7 days Mebendazole, 50 mg/kg q 8 h x 1 (1+ d Corticosteroids in severe disease Pigs: None Prevention: Do not feed u ncooked garb,lge to pigs. Cook all meat to 77°C ( 1 70°F) or 66°C for .3 minutes. Freeze meat to - I SoC (5°F) for 2 1 days, -2YC (- 1 0°F) for 1 0 days, o r -3 0°C ( _22°F) for 6 cinys. Note: Trichillella i n wildlife is not k i lled by freezing.

Fig. 1 7 6 . Trichillella spira/is. T\\,enty days for larvae to be i n fective. Larvae

to adult in 4 days.

Taellia solillill I I I

Common name: Pork tapeworm CLlen iidae). Adu lts only in humans. Size of egg: 3 5 x 25 pm. Import ance: Cysticerci a re in pig skeletal and cardiac musclc. \,\lhCII eaten bv humans, the ,ldult tapeworm develops. I iumans a lso can de\Tlop cysticercosis. No major path­ ogenicity in pigs. D iagnosis: Observation of cysticerci i n pigs at necropsy; serological tests i n humans and pigs, eggs in feces of in­ fected humans. Treatment: I n huma ns: Niclosamide, adults 2 g; children 1 .0- 1 .5 g. Prevention: ;Vla nagemcnt to prevent pig ingestion o f human feces. Cook pork to 45-50ooC ( I 1 3- 1 22ooF) for 20 min utes. Freeze pork to - I OooC ( 1 4ooF) for 4 days.

! I(" I I

I

...

I

\_� +

�

I\ ---+ �

/'--<. �..---

Taenia solium

Fig. 1 77. 7;lellia SOIiIllIl. Prepatent period is 2 1110nths.

BalalltidiulII coli Common name: None ( Ciliophor a ) . Size of trophozoitc: 30- 1 50 �tm. S izc of cyst: 40 to 6 0 p m. Importancc: Pig is the usual host, usually considered a com­ mensal, but can cause m i ld to severc enteritis. This is a zoonotic i n fection. D iagnosis: Clinical signs, and largc n umbers o f orga nisms in fccal flotation or smear. Lesions seen at necropsy. Treatmcnt: In humans: ;v\ctronidazolc, 750 mg q 8 h x .5 d Pigs: Tct racyclinc anti biotics ( 200 mg/gal H/) ) Fig. 1 78 . BalalltidiulII coli. L i fe cycle is 6- 14 days.

148

Parasites of Pigs External Parasites

� �CJ/ -

Haematopinus suis Fig. 1 79a. Life cycle of Haematopillus suis.

Haematopinus suis

Fig. 1 79b. Haematopinlls sllis.

Common name: Hog louse ( Insecta-Anoplura). Size of adult: 5-7 mm. Life cycle is 3-4 weeks. Importance: Irritation, anemia, may transmit Eperythrozoan suis (a rickettsia) . D iagnosis: Examination of skin for adult eggs, nymphs, and adult lice. Treatment: Amitraz, coumaphos, crotoxyphos, diazinon, d i oxathion, fenchlorphos, fenvalerate, i vermectin, lindane, malathion , methoxychlor, phosmet, permethrin, pyrethrum, pyrethrins, pyrethroids, tetrachlorvinphos, trichlorfon.

Sarcoptes scabiei

Fig. 1 8 0b. Sarcoptes scabici.

Fig. 180a. Sarcoptes scabiei.

Sarcoptes scabiei Common n a me: M a nge mite ( Arachnida-Sarcopti dae ) . Size of ad u l t: 3 5 0-450 11m. Life cycle is 3 weeks. Importance: Irritation, anemia, weight loss, constant scratching, and self mutilation . Diagnosis: Skin scraping Treatment: Amitraz, crotoxyphos, fenchlorphos, fenvalerate, ivermectin, l indane, methoxychlor, permethrin, phosmet,

toxaphene.

149

Section 8

Table 42. List of common external parasites of pigs Genus and Species Lice HaelllatopillllS slIis

Common Name

Figure

Sucking louse

Fig. 1 79

House fly

Fig. 1 2 1

Human flea D igger flea

Fig. 44 Fig. 44

Wood ticks Black-legged tick Southern ticks

Figs. 1 28- 1 3 1 Figs. 1 2 8- 1 3 1 Figs 1 2 8- 1 3 1

[vlange mite Follicle mite

Fig. 1 80 Fig. 47

Flies Mllsca dOlllestica

Fleas I'lIlex irritalls TlIllga pelletralls

Ticks

�

Dermacelltor spp. Ixodes scaplliaris A mblyo/llma spp.

M i tes Sarcoptes scabiei Demodex phylloides

Lindsay OS, Currcnt \XIL, and Taylor JR: Effects of cx­ perimental Isospora sllis infection on morbidity, mortal ity, and wcight gains of n ursing pigs. Alii -'

Bibliography Batte EG: A review and update of swine parasite con­ t rol. ] A I11 Vet Med Assoc 1 70:343-344, 1 977. Bennett DG, and Copema n DB: Gastroi n testinal helminth i n fections i n feeder p igs. Alii ] Vet Res

Vet Res 46: 1 5 1 1 - 1 5 12, 1 98 5 .

Logan N B , Weatherley AJ, Joncs R M : Activity of do­ ramccti n agai nst nematode and arth ropod parasites of swinc. Vet Parasit 6 6 : 87-94, 1 997. Lord, WD, and Bullock W L: Swinc asca riasis in hu­ mans. N Ellgl J Med 306: 1 1 1 3, 1 9 82. Marti OG, Stcwart TB, and I lalc OM: Comparative ef­ ficacy of fenbendazolc, d ichlorvos, and leva misole HCI against gastro intestinal ncmatodes o f pigs. -'

3 1 : 1 093- 1 09 6 , 1 970.

Cargil l CI\ and Dobson Kl: Experimental Sarco/J tes scabiei infestation i n pigs: ( 1 ) Pathogenesis Vet Rec 1 04: 1 1- 1 4, 1 97 9 .

Cargill C F, and Dobson Kl: Experimental Sarcoptes scabiei infestation in pigs: ( 2 ) Effects on production.

Paras ito I 64: 1 02 8- 1 03 1 , 1 978.

Vet Rec 1 04:33-36, 1 979.

[vlurrell KD, Gamble HR, and Schad GA: Experimcntal transmission of 7/-ichillella spiralis to swine by in­ fected rats. I'roc I le/millthol Soc \\lash 5 1 :66-70,

Courtney CI I , Sund lof SF: Veterillary Allti/Jarasitic Dmgs, A Comprehellsive Compelldillm of FDA­ Approved Allti{mrasitic Dmgs, American

1 984.

Association of Veterinary Parasitologists, P u bl ication SP96 , University of Florida, Gainesville, 224 Pages,

Polley LR, and Mostert PE: Ascaris Sl/lllll in Saskatchcwan pigs: An abattoir survey of prevalcnce and intensity of infection. Call Vet -' 2 1 :307-309,

1 99 1 .

Foreyt W], Todd AC, Foreyt KJvi: Fascioloides magna ( Bassi, 1 8 75) in feral swine from sOllthern Texas. -'

1 9 80.

Schad GA, Kelly {vi, Leiby DA, ct al.: 7/-ichillella spi­ ralis in "'/l i d-Atlantic slaughterhouses: Relationship to hog ma rketing systems. Preu Vet Med 3:39 i-399,

W/ildl Dis 1 1 :554-55 9 , 1 975.

Lindsay OS, Currcnt W I ., Ernst lV, et a l . : D iagnosis of nconatal porcinc coccidiosis caused by Isospora sllis.

1 985.

Vet Med Small Allim Clill 7 8 : 8 9-95, 1 9 8 3 .

Schantz Plvi: Trichinosis in t h e United Statcs,

L i ndsay O S , Ernst J V, Current \'I? L , et a l . : Prevalence o f oocysts of Isospora sllis a n d Eillleria spp. from sows on farms with and without a h istory of nconatal coccidiosis. ] Alii Vet Med Assoc 1 85 :4 1 9-42 1 ,

1 947- 1 98 1. Food TeclJ/loI 3 7: 83-86, 1 983.

Schill horn van Vecn TW, and G ibson CD: Anthelmintic activity of ivcrmectin in pigs naturally i n fectcd with Ascaris and 7j·iclJllris. Am ] Vet Res 44: 1 732- 1 733,

1 984.

1 983.

150

Parasites o f Pigs Sheahan BJ: Experimental Sarcoptes scabiei i n fection i n pigs: Cl inical signs and significance of infection. Vet

Stewart TB, lvlarti OG, and McCormick We:: Ef fic ,l CY of ivcrmcctin aga inst the swine kidnt:y worm,

Rec 94: 202-209, 1 974.

Ste/Jhalllll'llS delltatlls. AII1 1 \'et nes 42: 1 42 7- 1 42 8 , 1 98 1.

Sheahan BJ, O'Connor PJ, and Kelly EP: Improvcd weight gains in pigs following treatmcnt for sarcop­

Stewart TB, i'ilarti O G , and McCormick \VC : UficK),

tic mange. Vet Rec 95 : 1 69- 1 70, 1 974.

of fenbcndazole against thc swine kidney ' worm, Stephillllll'llS delltatlls. AII1 1 Vet Res 42: 1 627- 1 629, 1 98 ! . Stcwart Tn, Bidner TD, Southern LL, et 3 \ . : Effic3cy of

Stcelman CD: Effects o f cxternal and internal arthro­ pod parasitcs on domcstic livestock production. AIIII Rell ElltOIllO/ 2 1 : 1 55-1 7ll , 1 976. Stewart TB, Fox MC, i'ililcs SE: Doramecrin e fficacy

fenbendazolc against migrating Ascaris 51111111 br �'ae in pigs. Alii 1 Vet Res 45 : 9 84-9 8 6 , 1 984. Stuart HI', Gosser I I S , Allen cn, ct a \ . : Coccidiosis in

against gastrointestinal ncmatodcs in pigs. Vet Parasito/ 66: 1 0 1 - I 0 8 , 1 996. Stewart TB, Marti OG, and I [alc Oid: EffiC
swine: Dose and age response

to

Isospora slIis. Call

1 COIllP Med 4 6 : 3 1 7-.320, 1 98 2 , \X'hiteman C E , Glock RD: [n Bickford A A a n d Scwartz

1 Vet Res 42: 1 1 50- 1 1 62, 1 9 8 ! ' Stewart TB, Marti �;IS, and Halc Oid: Efficacy of ivcr­

KJ (eds): Swille Dise,lse M,l1llla/, Pioneer

mcctin aga inst fivc genera of swine nematodes and the hog louse, l-le/}/{/topiIlIlS slIis, Alii 1 Vet Res

Impressions, Inc., Fort Collins, CO, 1 995, 223 pages.

42: 1 425- 1 42 6 , 1 9 8 ! '

151

i'J!;;; ll.- U,VA.L

9

PARASITES OF BIR DS Fecal

Eggs

and Oocysts

B i rds

Dispharynx

Ascaridia

sp.

sp.

Capillaria

Spo r u lated Cocc id i a

Isospora

sp.

50pm

sp.

Syngamus trachea Eimeria

sp.

IOpm

cyst Trichomonas Giardia

Fig. 1 8 1 .

sp.

gallinae

Common parasite eggs and oocysts found in bird feces.

153

Haemoproteus

sp. Plasmodium sp.

S ection 9

Location of Maj or Paras ites

[

Skin

Menacanthus stramineus Menopon gallinae Goniocotes gallinae

Parasites

Lipeurus caponis Cuclotogaster heterographus

of Birds

Echidnophaga gallinacea Dermanyssus gallinae Ornithonyssus sylvia rum Argas persicus

Ceca Heterakis gallinarum Histomonas meleagridis Eimeria spp.

Ovi d u c t Prosthogonimus macrorchis

S m a l l Intestine

Esophagus & Crop

Davainea proglottina

Capillaria contorta

Raillietina

Trichomonas gallinae

spp.

Hymenolepis carioca Ascaridia galli Eimeria

spp.

Haemoproteus spp. Plasmodium spp.

Histomonas meleagridis Fig.

1 82 . Location of the major parasites fou nd in bird s .

Zoonotic Diseases Table 4 3 . ;vlajor zoonotic diseases associated with birds Organism P["(Jtoloa

Disease

Method of In fection

Toxoplasmosis

I ngestion of raw meat

Trematodes SchistosOInatids

Cercaria I dermatitis

Contact with cercariae in water

Arthropods Biting l ice

Transient pediculosis

Contact with infected birds

TOX() /I/£lSllh/ gOlldii

154

Parasites of Birds

Fig. 183. Trichobilharzia spp. Adult flukes in ducks, cer­ cariae in w a tcr, causc swimmer's itch in humans.

Toxoplasma gondii Fig.

1 84. Toxo/llaSllhl gOl1dii.

Coccidia in Birds Table 44. '-vlajor pathogcnic spccics of coccidia a ffecting chickens, turkcys, clucks, and gecse

Species Affcctcd

A\'cragc size (11m)

Prepatent Period

Region o f Intestine

Chickens

Eillleria acerulllill£1 Eilllerill bntlletti Eillleria lIIaxillla Eillleria lIIiuati Eillleria lIeea/rix Eillleria tellella

18 x 25 x 30 x 16 x 20 x 22 x

15 19 21 13 17 19

26 x 26 x 27 x 19 x

17 21 17 16

20 20 32 17 12

16 16 14 21 10

4 clays 5 clays 5 days 4 days 6-7 clays 6-7 days

Upper small intestine Lower small intestine, rectum �'I icldlc ancl lower sma l l intestine Upper sma ll intestine M iddle

to

entire small intestine

Ceca

Turkcys

Eillleria adelloeides Eimeria dispersa Eillleria gallopauollis Eillleria lIIeleagridis

4 5 4 4

days

Ccca

days

Entire small intestine

days

Lower sma l l intestine, rectum

days

:vlidclle half of small int estine

Ducks

fillleria aythyae Eillleria {}//rcephalae Eimeria sOlllateriae Eillleria tnll/cata Tyzzeria {Jemiciosa

x x x x x

Unknown

Small i ntestinc

Unk nown Unknown

Small intestine

5-6 days 6 days

K idney Entire small intestine

7 days Unknown

Cecum and rectum

5-6 days

K i clney

Kidney

Gecsc Eillleria iIIzseris Eillleria kotlillzi Eillleria tntllcata

22 x 1 7 3 1 x 24 1 7 x 21

155

Posterior small intestine

Section 9

Drugs Table 4 5 . 1vla j or a nt i coccidial drugs in ch ickens and turkeys Dru g Amproliunl Clopidol i ialofuginone Lasalocid .Monensin Nicarbazine

't

Drug N itrofurazone N itro m ide . S u l Ll di methox ine Su lfaquin()xyline Salinomycin Zoalene

Level in teed (ppm) 1 25-250 1 25-250 3 75- 1 25 60- 1 00 1 00-200

Tablc 46. Efficacy o f anthelmintics for chickens D rug Cambendazole

Coumaphos Fenbendazole

H a loxon ivcrmcctin Lcva misolc Mebendazole

Nici('sa mide Phenoth iazine Piperazine

Pyrantcl

Dosc ( mg/kg PO) 1 0 mg 30 50 70 4 0 ppm q 24 h x 10 d·' 5 15 8 q 24 h x 3 d 60 q 24 h x 3 d 30 q 24 h x 6 d 50- 1 00 0. 1 20 40 I O q 24 h x 3 d·' 20 q 24 h x 3 d·' 60 q 24 h x 3 d·' 50 1 ,000 250 5,000 ppm" 3 ,000 ppm' 15 1 00 1 20

Ascaridia 95- 1 00 95-1 00 95-1 00 95-100 95- 1 00

Efficacy aga inst Parasites ( 'X, ) Heterakis Capillaria

95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00

95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00

95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00

Level i n Feed ( ppm) S5 250 1 25 1 50-250 50-75 1 25

Cestodes

95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00

95- 1 00 95- 1 00 80- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00 0- 1 00 80- 1 00

95- 1 00 95- 1 00 80- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00

95- 1 00

Dash ind icates not a ffected or unknown efficacy. ·'Administer in drinking water. "Administer in feed .

1 56

0-80 0-80

Parasites of Birds

Table 47. E fficac y of anthelm intics for pheasants, turkey s , pigeons and geese E f fic acy against Parasites (%J ) Ascaridia PO) (mglkg Dosc Capillaria I-leteral,is Drug Alllidostol ll//}/l ,

Ccstodcs

Phcasants

fcbantel fcnbcndazole Mebcndazolc Niclosamide Turkeys Levamisole N iclosam idc

Pipcrazine

10 6 0 ppm q 2 4 h x 6 d·' 60 ppm q 24 h x 6 d·l 50 or 1 25.1

95- 1 00

30 3 0 0 ppm x I (jI' 50 or . 1 25 ' 4,000 ppm q 6 h" 4,000 ppm q 24 h x 2 d·'

95- 1 00 95- 1 00

7.5 1 00 ppm q 24 h x 3 d 50 20-40 200

95- 1 00 95- 1 00

95- 1 00 95-1 00

95- 1 00

95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00 0- 1 00

S O- I OO 0- 1 00

95- I O() 95- 1 00 0- 1 00 0- 1 00

95- 1 00 95- 1 00

Pigcons

Fenbendazole I laloxon Levam isole Niclosamide

Geese Disophenol fenbendazole Leva misolc :vlebendazole Niclosamide Pyra ntel Trichlorphon

95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00

95- 1 00

0- 1 00

95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00

1 0 SC: 5 60 ppm q 24 h x 6 d·' 15 I O q 24 h x 3 d 6 0 ppm q 24 h x 3 d·l 50 or 1 25·' 50 75

0- 1 00 0- 1 00 95- 1 00 95- 1 00

Dash indicates not effective or unknown efficacy. ·'Administer in food. "Administer in drinking water.

157

S e ctio n 9

Internal Parasites Ascaridia gal/i Common name: Ascarid or roundworm ( Ascaridoidea). Size of adults: 1 2- 1 8 cm. Size of egg: 85 p m x 50 pm. I mportance: May decrease egg production, weight gain; diarrhea, emaciation, anemia in heavy infections. D iagnosis: Eggs in feca l flotation. Adults found in small i ntestine at necropsy. Treatment: Fenbendawle, J 0-50 mg/kg once, repeat i n 1 0 days Levamisolc, 1 5 mg/kg PO; for poultry, 40-50 mg/kg PO Piperazine, 1 00-500 mg/kg and repeat in 3 weeks

Fig. 1 85a.

Ascaridia ga l/i.

Prepatent period is 29-50 days.

Heterakis gallillarum

(

,

Fig. 1 86a. days.

Common name: Cecal worm ( Ascaridoidea ) . Size of adults: 2-4 c m i n cecum. Size of egg: 70 �un x 40 pm. I mportance: Transmits l lislolll ol/as meieagridis, the protozoan agent of blackhead d isease in turkeys. D iagnosis: Eggs in feca l flotation. Adults found in ce­ cum a t necropsy. Treatment: Fenbendazole, 1 0-50 mg/kg repeat in 10 d Levamisole, 40-50 mg/kg PO Prevention for blackhead d isease: Nitrofurazoladone, 7 cclS,OOO cc H20 iVletronidazole, 25 mg/kg q 1 2 h x 5 d Benzimidazoles, before and d uring exposure (See Hegnigi, et a I . , 1 99 9 . )

Blackhead

Heterakis gal/il/amll/.

Prepatent period is 24-36

Capillaria spp. COlllmon name: Several species (Trichuroidea). Size of adult: 5- 1 5 mm. Size of egg: Approximately 5 0 pm x 25 run. Several species have d i fferent eggs. I mportance: Nlay cause emaciation, diarrhea, hemor­ rhagic enteritis, and death. D iagnosis: Eggs in feca l flotation. Adults found in crop lin ing and sma l l i ntestine a t necropsy. Treatment: Fenbendazole, 1 0-50 mglkg q 24 h x 5 d Mebendawle, 25 mg/kg q 1 2 h x 5 d Ivermectin, 0.4 mg/kg PO or 1M Capillaria annulata

Fig. 1 87a. months.

Capil/aria IlIll11tia/a.

Prepatent period is 1-2

158

Parasites of Birds

Fig.

Fig. 1 85c. Ascaridia galli.

185b. Ascaridia galli.

•

Fig.

Fig. 1 86c. Histomonas meleagridis (the flagellated proto­ zoan in a liver section). See arrows. This protozoan para­ site is carried by Heterakis gallillarum. 186b. Heterak is gallinanmz.

Fig. 1 87e. Capillaria sp.

159

S ection 9

SYllgamus trachea Common name: Gapeworm (Strongyloidea ). Size o f adu lt: 2-5 cm i n trachea. S ize o f egg: 90 .Llm x 5 0 pm. Importa nce: Causes "gaping " (labored breathin g ), su ffo­ cation, and death . Diagnosis: Swabs o f tracheal lesions, egg i n fecal flota­ tion. Adults found i n small intestine at necropsy. . Treatment: Fenhendazole, 3 0 mg/kg x 5 d Fig. 1 88a. SYlIgdlllltS trdc/i(',/. Prepatent period is 2 weeks.

0J

3

; I <;>;f;" 1" //

/ 'c ,

� _,

,',

Co 'Y'--

--.

,

-

&d'y/

Raime"na spp,

,��

_

Raillietina

spp.,

Choallotaellia

spp., etc.

Common name: Tapeworm ( Anoplocepha lidae). l'ilany genera i n fect birds ( Raill ietina, Choanotaenia, etc . ) . Size o f adult: Va ries depending o n genera. Adult i n sma ll i ntestine. Sizt' o f egg: 70-90 flIll . Importance: Vary from nonpathogenic to enteritis, ill­ thrift, paralysis, and death. Di.lgnosis: Proglottids o r ova i n feces. Treatment: Niclosamide, 50 mg/kg 1'0 Praziquantel, 6 mg/kg and repeat in 1 0- 1 4 d .

J

______-== @ *--�@

Fig. 1 89a. Ta peworm s (several k i n d s ) . Prepatent period is 2-3 weeks.

Eimeria

spp.

Common name: Coccidia (Apicomplexa). Size o f oocyst: See Table 44. Oocysts i n sma ll intestine. Importance: Hemorrhagic d ia rrhea. D iagnosis: Clinical signs and ooc),sts in fecal tlota tion. Trnatment: A l11prol ium, 0.0 1 2-0.024(X) in water q 24 h x 3-5 d Sulfadimethoxine, 0.006 %-0.05% q 24 h x 6 d Sulfonamides (enteric) , 55 mg/kg PO q 24 h as needed

r

9 � Eimeria tenella � 6),

Fig. 190a. Eillleri£1 spp. Prepatent period is 7- 1 () days.

160

Parasites of Birds

Fig. 1 8 8b. Syngamus trachea.

Fig. 1 88c. SYllgamus trachea.

Fig. 1 89c. Tapeworms. Note hooks in eggs (arrows). Fig. 1 89b. Tapeworms. Note hooks in egg (arrow ) .

Fig. 1 90c. Eimeria spp. Fig. 1 90b. Eimeria spp.

161

Section 9

Trichomonas galfinae

Fig. 1 91 a. Trichomonas gallinae.

Fig. 1 9 1 b . Trichomonas gallinae.

Trichomonas gallinae Common name: Canker i n pigeons, frounce i n raptors ( Mastigophor a ) . S i z e of trophozoite: 5-1 9 11m x 2-9 �l1n . Importance: Weight loss, oral and enteric mucosal lesions. D i agnosis: Flage llated organisms in wet smears from mouth or crop. Lesions with cheesy exudate i n mouth. Treatment: D i metridazole, 0.06-0.08% in water x 7 d or 50 mg/kg PO Ipronidazole, 500 mg/gal water x 7 d Carnidazole (Spartrix), 1 0 mglad u l t bird, 5 mg/newly weaned bird Metronidazole, 6 0 mg/kg PO

Leucocytozoon spp. Fig. 1 92a. Leucocytozoon spp. Fig. 1 92b. LellcocytOZQolI sp. (arrow).

Leucocytozoon spp.

Common name: None ( Apicomplexa) . Size o f organism: Gametocyte 1 4- 1 5 11 m x 5-6 11 m i n white blood cells, usually lymphocytes. Importance: May cause deo'eased productivity and lethargy. Death in young birds. D iagnosis: Blood smear. Gametes occu r i n blood within 7 days. Schizonts can be found i n tissues. Treatment: Clopidol, 0 . 0 125-0. 025% i n feed for turkeys.

1 62

Parasites of Birds

Fig. 193b. Biting louse. Fig. 193a.

Biting l ice.

External Parasites Goniocotes spp., Menopon spp., Menacanthus spp., etc. Common name: Biting l ice (Insecta-Mal lophaga ) . There are many species of biting l ice in b i rds, sucking l ice are not present. Size of adult: 2-4 mm. Importance: Irritant, may be debilitating. D iagnosis: Exam ination of skin and feathers. For adults, nymph and eggs ( nits ) . Treatment: Carbaryl, roost sprays ( 5 % ) Coumaphos, roost sprays Malathion, feather and l itter dust (poultry) Pyrethrin, feather dust

Cnemidocoptes mutans

Fig. 194a. Cnemidocoptes lI1utans.

Fig. 194b. Cllemidocoptes ml/talls.

Cnemidocoptes (Knemidocoptes) mutans Common name: Leg and face mites ( A rachnida-Sarcoptidae). S i ze of a d ult: 400 /.lm. Importance: Proliferative lesions of face, back, vent or legs, especial ly in old chickens and psitticines. Diagnosis: S k i n scrapings of affected areas for adults, nymphs, and eggs ( nits) . Treatment: Benzyl benzoate, 1 0 % topical solution once a week x 4 weeks. Crata miton, apply topically once a week x 4 weeks. Ivcrmectin, 0.2 mg/kg PO or 1 M

1 63

Section 9

Dermanyssus ga/linae

Fig. 1 95b. Dermanyssus gallillae.

Fig. 195a. Dermanyssus gallinae.

Dermanyssus

spp.

Common name: Feather mites ( Arachnida-Dermanyssidae) Size of adult: 1.0 mm. Importance: Pruritus, decreased production, debilitation, anemia. D i agnosis: Observation of mites ( adults, nymphs, larvae, eggs) in feathers. N ight observation is best. Life cycle is 9-1 2 days. Treatment: Treat host and environment. Coumaphos, (0.5 % ) dust topical ly x 3 d Malathion, ( 4 % ) dust topical l y x 3 d

,/

(? O'<

\},

·1'- 1.

L · .�'�_'

Argas persicus HOST

�.


g§

� :p/

Fig. 1 96a. A rgas persiclts.

Fig. 1 96b. Argas fJersiclls.

Argas persicus Common name: Ticks ( Arachnida-Arga sidae). Size of adult: 7 x 5 mm. Importance: Decreased production, anxiety, anemia, vector for fowl spirochaetosis. D i agnosis: Soft ticks o n birds at night or in environment. Birds afraid to go in c h icken house. Life cycle is 1 month. Treatment: Treat host and envi ronment. Premises a t 1-2 gaIl1,OOO ft2 with carbaryl 2% spray, or malathion 1-3 % spray, or sprays contai ning pyrethroids or coumaphos.

1 64

Parasites of B irds

Fig. 1 9 7. Protalges (Fainalges) sp. (feather mite, 3 6 0 �!tll 225 �lm) from a parakeet.

Fig. 1 9 9 . DispharYllx sp. larvated eggs (40 �!tn Adult nematodes in gizzard or proventriculus.

x

Fig. 198. Histologi cal section of bird intestine with coc­ cidiosis (schizonts at arrows) .

X

20 11m ) .

Fig. 200a. Giardia sp. cysts in sugar fecal flotation ( 1 5 �lm ) . Giardia sp. is found in many birds.

200b. Haemoproteus sp. in erythrocytes (Protozoa­ Apicoll1plex a) (arrow s).

Fig. 200e. Sarcocystis sp. (pseudocyst) in muscle (Protozoa-Apicomplexa ) .

1 65

S ection 9

Miscellalleous

Bibliogr aphy

Bennett G F, and Fallis Ai\'l: Blood parasites of birds in

Textbooks

Algonquin Park, Canada, and a discussion o f their transmission. Callad. J. Zool. 3 8 : 32 1 -273, 1 960.

D avis ./ \\1, Anderson RC (cds): P,mlsitic Dise
Bennett G r� G a rn ha m PCC, and Fallis A M : O n the status o f the genera Lellcoc)'toZ.OOII Zicmann, 1 8 9 8 and

1 97 1 .

Haelllop/'()tells Kruse, 1 8 90 ( Haemosporidiida:

Davis .1\\1, Anderson Re:, Karstad L H , Tra iner D O (cds): Illreetiolis
Lcucocytozoidae and I Iaemoproreidae ) . CllIwd J ZooI

Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1 9 7 I .

43:927-932, 1 96 5 . C urrent W I . , Upton SJ, and I iaynes T B : T h e l i fe cycle of

Dunn, Ai"l : Vclerillary I lellIlilltho/ogy. London, \,\Iilliam

Cryptosporidilllll Iwileyi n . sp. (Apicompicxa,

Heinemann :vledical Books Ltd., 1 97 8 .

Cryprosporidiidae) i n fecting c h ickens . .r Pl'Otozool

Fl ynn R S : Panlsites 0 / l.aboratory A llilll
3 3 : 2 8 9-296, 1 9 8 6 .

Iowa State University Press, 1 97 3 .

Fowlcr ivl E (cd): Z o o 0" \Xlild Allilllal M edicille. 2nd edi­

F a i n A, a n d I I r l a n d K E : T h e mites parasitic in t h e lungs o f birds. T h e varia b i l i t y of StC/'I10StOllld trdclieacoirllll

tion. Phi ladelph ia, \X'. B. Saunders Co., 1 9 8 6 .

l .awrence, 1 94 8 , i n domestic and wild birds.

Gaafer S:VI, Howard WE, :vlarsh R E (cds): P,I/'ilsites,

P,'l'<1sito/ogy 52:40 1 -424, 1 9 62.

Pests. ,111£1 Predators. New York, Elsevier, 1 9 8 5 .

Gordon R r� Jordan F rw ( c d s ) : POliltry Diseases. London,

Hcgngi FN, Doerr .I , Cumm ings 'IS, et al.: The effective­ ness of benzimidazole deriv,uives for the treatment and

Bailliere Ti ndall, 1 982.

prevention of histomonosis ( b lackhead ) in turkcys. Vet

Kranz GW: A MdlllIal o r A carology. 2nd edition .

Parasitol 8 1 :29-37, 1 9 99.

Corva lIis, Oregon State University Book Stores, 1 962.

l .apage E (ed): MOllllig 's Veterill
Keymer I F : The diagnosis and treatment of common

Elltolllo/ogy. 5th edition. Baltimore, William &

psittacinc diseases. M o d Vet Prac( 3 9 : 22-30, 1 95 8 . 1 .eibovitz L: Unusual bird-parasite cases a n d overall para­

Wilkins, 1 9 62.

site incidence found i n a diagnostic la bor'Hory d uring a

l .evine Nl): l'roto,o
five-yrar period. Aui,1II Dis 6: 1 4 1 - 1 44 , 1 962.

or Mall. 2nd edition. :vl i nnea polis, Burgess Publishing

ivl anson-Bahr P: The l i fe histor!' o f avian filaria parasites.

Co., 1 9 73.

BIIII HI' 0/'11 C/llb 74:75-77, 1 954.

Olsen 0\\1: ;\ lIilllal Par
:vlcDonald ;"I E: ,IIII/Otated B iiJliogrdphy or [ Iellllillths or

Cycles. 2nd edition. M i n neapolis, Burgess Publishing

\'\"lIerfOlI'I (III/atidae) . U . S . Department of the Interior.

Co., 1 9 67.

Special Scicntific Report-Wildlife No. 1 25 , 1 96 9 .

Petrack :"'o'I L (ed ) : Diseilses or Cage alld Auimy Birds.

:vlcDonald :vI E: Cataloglle o l [ Iellllilltlis o l \\Idler/cJld.

Phila delphia, l .ea & Febigel; 1 98 2 .

U.S. Department of the I nterior. Special Scientific

Richie BW, I-I arrison G J , H a rrison L R : Al'iall M edicille:

Rcport No. 1 26 , I 969b.

Prillciflles
iVlcDonald :"I E: Key to "Ii'ellidtodes Rcported iI/

Wingers Publishing Inc., 1 9 94.

\\Iater/cm.f. U . S. Department of the I n terior, Fish and

Soulsby EJ L : I lelm inths, A rthropods illld ProtOZOil of

DOlllesticated Allilllais (lVIOIlIlig). Philadelphia, l.ea &

\X1ild l i fe Service, Rcsource Publication No. 1 4 2, Washington, DC, 1 9 8 I .

Febiger, 1 96 8 .

Peircc MA, and Bevan BJ: Blood parasitcs of im ported

Wallach J D , Boever W J : D iseases o f Exotic Allilllais.

psittacine birds. Vet Rec 1 00:2 82-284, 1 9 77.

Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 1 9 8 3 .

Radford CD: The mitcs ( A carilla: Allalgesid,le) l i ving on

Wobeser GA: Diseases o f Wild Wla terfo wi. N e w York, Plenum Press, 1 9 8 I .

or i n the fcathers o f birds. Parasitology 42: 1 9 9-230, 1 95 3 . Scholtens RG, Ncw JC, Johnson S: T h e nature and trcat­ ment of giardiasis in parakcets. J Alii Vet Med Assll 1 80 : 1 70- 1 73 , 1 9 8 2 .

166

Section 1 0

PARASITES OF RATITES ( O striches , Emus, and Cassowaries ) Location of Major Parasites

Eye Philophlhalmus

Skin Struthiolipeurus

Toxoplasma

Pterolichidae

pseudocysts

Ctenocephalides Simulium

Lungs

several ticks

I

Intestine Cryptosporidium Giardia Eimeria

Crop/Esophagus

Codiostomum Ascaridia Deletrocephalus Houttuynia Davainea

Plasmodium

Histomonas

Libyostrongylus Dicheilonema

Cymea Habronema

fig. 20 I . Locations of parasites in ra l i tes (ostrich, emu, rhea and cassowa r y ) .

Drugs Table 48. Anthclmintics for ratites

Internal parasites Fenbendazole, 15 mg/kg PO or in feed ( nematodes and cestodes) l\'crmectin, 0.2 mg/kg SC or 1'0 (ncmatodes) Fxtc rnal para sites Ca rh'l rrl ( 5 %, ) dust is used for most external parasites ( t icks, mites, lice, fleas)

I W rllll'ct in , 0.2 mg/kg SC or PO ( ticks, mites, lice)

167

S ection 1 0

Co mm on Par asi tes Table

49. Parasites of ratites Ratite

Protozoa (:rY/it()S/ioridilllli T()xoplasllla gc)//dii

Ostrich, and likely to be found in all ratites All ratites Ostrich, rhea Ost rich, emu Ostrich, emu Ostrich Ostrich Emu, and l ikely to be found in all ratites Ostrich

I I ist()//IOII
Ostrich

e e s t a d es

I IOlltlll)'lIia struthiollis

Ostrich Emu, cassowary, rhea

Dil l 'aillea spp.

N e m a t o de s LilJ),oSlrollgyllIs spp. (wireworms)

Ostrich Ostrich Ostrich, emu, rhea Ostrich, rhea Emu Ostrich, emu Ostrich Ostrich Ostrich R hea R hea Rhea Emu

Codios I 0111 II 111 stm I hi()// is

SYllg
Dichei/ollellhl spp. (filarial worm in connective tissue) Ch<1lullerel/a qlliscali ( \ a rval stage in eNS) ilaylisasmris sp. ( larval stage in eNS) I'a rOllch()cerC£l slnllhiollOlIllS SI rlltliio(ila ria IlIeglll()ccphala Cymea colilli Ilscaridia orthocerca Deleirocephaills spp. I lalJl 'OlIellW (Spiroplera) illceria Dro1l1acstnJ1lgyills /}icllspis (small i ntestine) External parasites

Lice Struthio!ipellrus spp. ( biting lice)

Ostrich, rhea

M i tes l'tcroliehidac spp. ( q u i l l m i te s )

Ostrich Ostrich, rhea Ostrich, rhea

Ga/meillia spp. l'aralges paeh)'l/c111is

Ticks Ticks from a variety of mammalian, avian, and reptile hosts h a ve been reported to infest ratites. These include: AlllblYOlIlIIW spp. A rgas pasiells Haclllophysalis spp. Olo/}ills lIIegllilli I< hipiceph£lllls spp.

Ficas C/elloccphalides lelis

Ostrich

Flies Sillllllilllll spp.

Ostrich

168

Parasites of Ratites ( Ostriches, Emus, and Cassowaries)

Fig. 202. Deletrocephalus sp. egg from a rhea ( 170 �lm 75 11m) .

Fig. 204. A scaridia sp. egg from a rhea (85 �1I11

X

50

X

203. Lr'v/Jt()stlO?rdtl'lm sp. oocysts from a rhea (S lIm

S lIm).

X

�lm )

Fig. 205. Pseudocyst of Toxoplasma gOl1dii from the hrain of a rhea (psuedocyst is 25 �lIn ) .

.

169

S ect ion

10

birds in Canada. Can Vet J 334:11 5- 1 1 6 , 1 99 3 . Greve .I H , H a rrison GJ : Conju nctivitis caused b y eyc flukes in capti ve-reared ostriches. JAVMA

Bibliography

1 7 7:909-9 1 0, 1 9 80. C row A : Exotic ticks on imported ostriches. Foreign AJliJII

Bartlett C:vl, Anderson RC: 1'.zl'OlIchoarca slmlhiollIls

Dis Rep, 1 7 :5-7, 1 9 8 9 . G r u s s B , et a l . : T h e a n thelmi ntic efficacy of resorantel against HOII/tIl),lIia slmtiJioJlis i n ostrich es. J of S

from ostriches (Slmlhio c,lIIlelIlS) with a redescription o f Paronchocerca ciconiarum ( Peters, ( 9 3 6 ) a nd a re­ view of thc genus. ell/ J of Zoo 64:2480-24 9 1 , 1 9 8 6 .

A/i·ieaJl Vel !lssoc 5 9 : 207-2 0 8 , 1 9 8 8 .

Borst GilA, l.a mbcrs G :v l : Typh lohepatitis in ostriches

Hoover jl', et a l . : Q u i l l mites i n a n ostrich with rhinitis, s i ­

(Slmlhio e,lIIlellIs) caused by llisIO/l/()}ILIS i n fection. Ti;

n usitis, and a i r sacc u l itis. COlli i\lIilll I' r,/(: 1 2 : 2 3 -26 ,

('oor Dierg 1 1 0 : 5 3 6 , 1 9 8 5 .

1 988.

Bowthorpe G , Voss G : Breeding t h e rhea ( R hea ,llllericalla)

jCllsen .1 M , Joh nson .j1-I, \X'einer ST: HIIsb,lI/dry illld lIled­

and emu ( D wllliceills lIol'aeho/l,lIu/ide) at \Xlinn ipeg

ical lIlallagelllellt o( ostricbes, elllllS (/11£1 rheas. Collcge

Zoo. 1111 Loo Year 8 : 1 4 7- 1 50 , 1 96 8 .

Station, Texas, Wildlifc and Exotic Animal

hur :\'E vl: Further observations on survival of t h e proto­

Te\ccon s u I U nts, 1 9 92.

zoan parasite I Iis(oIllO}l
:vlalan FS, ct al.: Resistance of Li!J),OSll'OlIgv/lls dO/lglassi

poultry ncmatodes in feccs on i n fccted hirds. Comell

in ostriches to levamizole . }

Vel 5 1 :3- 1 3 , J 96 1 .

Fockcma

A, c t a l . : Anthelmintic efficacy o f fe nbcndazo le

stmtiJiollis in ostriches . } of S Ali·ie-all Vel Assoc

2 7: 1 80- 1 82, 1 9 9 1 .

5 6 :47-48, 1 9 8 5 .

AA:

S !I/riedll Vet ,\ssoc

:vl ertins JW, Schlater .I L: Exotic ectopa rasites of ostriches rcccntly imported into the U n ited States . J of \Vildl Dis

against LibyoSlrollgyllls dOllglassi a nd I lollttll)'lIia

Gajadhar

o(

5 9 : 202-203, 1 9 8 8 .

Ritchie BW, I la rrison G.J, I larrisoll l . R : !ll'i,lI/ Medicine.

Cryptosporidilllll species i n imported os­

Lake Worth, Florida, Wingers P u b l i shing, I nc . , 1 9 94.

tJ·iches and consideration of possible i m p l ications tor

Soulsby E l L, ;Vl o n n ig HO: [-{clJllinllis, ,zrlliro/Jods and /JrotoZ(!
Ba i l l icre Tinda l l , 1 9 82.

1 70

Section 1 1

PARASITES O F LABORATORY ANIMAL S Drugs Table 50. Coccidiostats used i n rabbits

Dosage 0.002 0. 004 '1\' in feed 0.04% in water; 1 25-250 ppm in fced

Drug wlonensin Sui fag u i noxa line

8 g/ga l water; O.5- 1 . 0'Yo ill feed 75- 1 00 mg/kg 62.5 ppm in feed 1 20 ppm in feed

Sulfa methazine Sulfadimethoxine Decoguinate Lasalocid

Table 5 1 . DewormCl"s for use in hedgehogs

Parasite

Drug

Dose/Route

Nematodes

I \'Crl11ecti II

Fleas

Pyreth ri ns/carba ma tes

0.2 I11g/kg PO; SQ once; repeat q 2 weeks 1 0-25 I11g/kg PO once; repeat q 2 weeks 1 5 I11g/kg PO once; repeat q 2 weeks 7 I11g/kg PO; SQ once; repeat q 2 weeks 25 I11g/kg PO BID Topicallv

Mites

Amitraz I vcrmccti n

0.3 % topically weekly for 2-3 weeks 0.2 mg/kg PO; SQ

Fenbcndazole Ylebcndazole Cesrodes

l'raziquantel

Flagellates

.'.;letron idazole

Common Parasites Table 52. Eillleria species (protozoa ) i n fecting rabbits

Species 1:. stiedae

E. irresidlla E. lIIaglla

E. lIIedia E. {Jerfol'i1lls E. exiglla E. illtestillalis l-:. lIIatslI {wyashii 1:. lleo/e{Joris

E. coeeicola E. (lauescells

�dean Size of Oocyst (�tJl1) 37 x 20

38 35 31 21 15 27 25 39 29 32

x x x x x x x x x x

26 24 18 15 13 18 18 20 18 21

Prepatent Period ( clays) / 5- 1 8

7-8 6-7 6-7 5 Unknown 10 7 12 9- 1 0 9

171

Pathogenicity Va riable Diarrhea Diarrhea .Ivloderate Nonpathogenic Unknown Diarrhea Slight Dia rrhea Unknown Dia rrhea

Section 1 1

Table 5 3 . Co mmon parasites i n laboratory animals

Parasite Rabb its Nemato des

COl11ments

Genus and Species

P
Pinworm ( Fig. 209)

Obeliscoides ClIl1iC1l1i

Found in the stomach

Cillot,lelli,1 u,lriaIJilis, C. ctelloidcs

Larval tapeworms (cysticerc i ) may be in thc l i vc r free in the peritoneal cil vity, and attached to the

Tapeworms Mosgo/I()yia spp.

,

omentum

MOlloecocestlls
,\.\ i tes

Hilsstilcsi,1 tricolor

Nonpathogenic

LISci()lil hC!i
Rare

Chcylctiel/a spp.

Fur Ill ite, walking cbnder; common ( Fig. 2 1 1 )

Psoroptcs cllllicllii

Causes mange in the cars; common ( Fig. 2 1 0 )

/ .istrop/JOrIIs

I'm mite; not common ( Figs. 2 1 2, 2 1 3 )

spp.

Hamsters

Protozoa

A flagellated protozoan that may cause enteritis A common flagellated protozoan . Cysts and trophozoites found i n the sma ll intestine and feces Flagellated protozoil n , usually nonpathogenic; 1 5 x 1 0 p m Ellcephalitozooll, PIICIIIIl()C),stis,

Spirollllclells (l /cx
Llltolllocba, Chi/Olllilstix, etc.; uncommon A ciliated protozoan, uSlw lly non pathogenic; u ncommon ;'v!ay cause diarrhea. Oocysts detected i n feces

Crypt()sp()ridillill Nematodes

Eggs approximately 1 1 5

Syph,lcia sp. ( pi nworms)

x

40 �I m Other nematodes

are rare i n hamsters i n North America Cestodes HYlllellolepis 11<1IUl ( di rect l i fe cycle)

Eggs of H. 1/(111<1 arc 50

x

40 pm

H. dilllillllt
Eggs of H. dilllilllita are 50

Larval tapeworms

Cysticerci of T
Dell/odex spp. Notoedrcs sp.

iVlay cause alopecia and d ry, scaly skin; \'ery comillon i'viay cause skin lesions

Omit/J(J/IysslIs bacoti

Blood-sucking mites from birds and rodents ( Fig. 2(7)

Li/JOII),SSIIS bacoti

Blood-sucking mites from birds and rodents

x

65 pm

M ites

Gerbils

Protozoa Giardia sp.

May cause dia rrhea. Cysts and trophozoites can be detected in feces

Nematodes Delltostollle"'l tl"
1 72

If in contact with mice or rats ( Fig. 22 1 )

Parasites of Laboratory Animals

Table

5 3 . Commom p a ra s i te s i n la boratory animals (crJlltillllC'd)

P a r a s i te

�'I i tes

Genus and Species

Co mlllc Ilt s

DC'lI1odC'x spp. LipolI),ssoidC's sp.

,\ l a y l'a US l' s k i n i c , i o n s

spp.

�'I a y ca lise d e b i l i t a t i o n

B l ood-slic k i n g m i tes f r o l l l h i rd s and rodents

Cesto d e s

HYIl1C'lIolepis Mice

Protozoa

7i'YlhillOSOllhi lIIusculi Toxoplasllla gOlldii Sarcoc),stis Ill/Iris K/ossiella lIIuris FIl cep /;£1 lit ()z OLl/1 CIIII iClIIi Pllellllloc),stis ulrillii Gi
F1agcll a tcs i n the hlood CYSts in the t i ss lies Sa rcocy,ts in t h e m llscles

CoC(idid

i n t h e k i d neys

.\ I ic ro s por i d i a i n the hra i n Tro ph ozoi tes a n d cysts i n I li ngs a n d other t i ssues TropllOl.o i tes ,md cysts in sma l l i mcstinc and feces FL1 gc l i ared p rotozoa in sma l l i ntestinc and feces ;-\o n pa r h ()gc n i c fl age l l a te in tht g'1 s rroimcsti n a l tract Pathogenic c()cc i d i '1I1 . Oocysts arc detected in the feces �L1 \' l'a me d i a rrhea, espcc i a l l y in y o u n g a n i m als .

OOC\'Sh ,1re 7 5

x

3 p m Ie.

x

.') p m (e.

IIllIris)

and

/lan'III1l)

Llltollloe/J<1 IIIlIris

Non p,nhogl' n ic orga n i s m

Syphaciil o/Jl'elata ( pi nworm )

A d u l ts a rc 1 . 1 -3 . 4 m m i n t h e l a rge i n tc s t i n l'

Nema todes H igh n U lll hn of worms m a y he pathoge n ic Eggs 'l IT 13 4

Aspintlaris tetraptera ( pinwor m )

x

36 p m

A d u lts a rc 2 . 0-4 . 7 m m i n t h e l a rge i n tl's t i n t H i g h n u m he r ( ) f worms Illay h e p a t h ogen i c Eggs a rc l) O

x

4 1 pm

Ccstodes

i\d u l ts 20-60 m m l o n g

/-IYlllellolepis dilllillllhi

x

4 1 1 1 m w i d e . T h i s tapcworm

ha, no hooks on t h e scolex; rcq u i res a n i n terlll ed i a te i n sect host ,\ d u l ts 25-40 m ill l o n g

i iYlllellolepis 11
x

1 111111 w i d e . It h a s hooks

o n the scolex ( 'HIllCd roste l l u m ) ; docs not req u i re an i l l tl'l'med i a t e host

F lea s

Fo u n d i n t h e h i le d u c t

i iYlllellolepis IIliuostOllhl '[;1ellia taelliae/cmllis

Imer llled i ,nc c\'sticcrcus stage i n t h e l i ver o f Illice

Xellopsylla c/;eopis ( orient a l rat fle.1 ) Nosopsylllls t;lsciatlls ( n orth e rn rat flea ) i.eptosylla segllis ( mouse flea )

Tra n s lll i ts plague

Polyplax selT(lfa ( mouse louse) Hoplopleura spp.

S u c k i ng louse ( Fig. 2 1 4 1

OmithollysslIS iJacoti (tropical rat m i te ) Omit/;oIlYSSIlS syh'ianlill (northern fow l m i te )

[\ 1 1 \' o f t h ese Ill i tes C<1n he fo u n d o n m ice. :v l i t c s oftcn

Lice S u c k i ng louse

�vlites

1 73

CllISC s k i n c ( ) n d i t i o n s a n d i r ritation ( Fig. 2 () 7 )

S ection 1 1

Table 5 3 . C 0!11111 0i11 parasites in la boratory animals ( COIltilllled)

Parasite

Genus and Species

Comments

Lipollyssoides sallgllilleolls ( house

mouse mite) / /aelllogall/(]slIs pOlltiger E li la e lap s s ta/} //Iar is

/.(lel(lps ech idlll l S ( spiny rat mite)

/ /(Jelllolae/a /Js spp.

Myo/Jia IIII1S ( lIIi ( fur mite) [{ad/emf ia amllis ( fur mite)

Psorergates s ill1 /llex (hair follicle mite)

( Fi g . 2 1 6 )

N otoed res IIII1SCIlIi

De//lodex //IlIscllli Myocoptes IIII1SCl/IiIlIlS ( Fig. 2 1 5 )

Rats Protozoa "i i 'Y/I

In blood (nonp,lthogen ic)

'

1 (JXO{J/(ISII/(] gOlldii

Cysts in various tissues

Sarco cystis IIlIlris

Cysts in l11uscles

E ll ce{J/Ja I it O ZO ( lI / (N osell1,l) CIIII i(l[li

.. ..

..

:dicrosporidian, often nonpathogenic

PIICII//locystis cdrillii

Trophowites, cysts, prec),sts, and intrac"stic

Ci(ndiil 1I1l1ris

Cysts and trophozoites in feces. Low pathogenicity

S{!irollllclells (Hcx(lI li ita ) IIIl1ris

Flagellated protozoan (8

E il l l e ria lIiesc/mltz i

Oocysts are 22

ElltOIllOe /Jil IIlllris

Found in the cecum and colon (nonpathogenic)

Syphacia IlIlIris ( pinworm)

In the cecum and colon. Callses reduced growth. Ma les a rc I - I .S 111m long; females are 3-6 111m

bodies in lungs x

3 �tIn ) causes duodenitis.

There are many nonpathogenic flagellates in rats x

1 7 ,lim. It Causes diarrhea, weakness,

emaciation, and death in young rats

Nematodes

AspiClllaris tetraptera (pinworm)

long. Eggs arc 1 40 x 4 5 �tm Bigger worms than Syphacia //Iuris. ;dales arc

Heterakis s{J/I1110Sa

Found in the cecum and colon of wild rats. Has a

2--4 111m; females are 3-4 mm. Eggs are SO typical ascarid-like egg (60

x

x

40 �l1n

50 �tIn). Nonpathogenic

Cestodes HYlllellolepis lIalla

Found in the small intestine. Called the dwarf tapeworm because it is usually 20-40 mm long, by

J mm wide. Hooks arc present on the rostellum. Life cycle is di rect o r indirect ( u sing insects as intermediate hosts ) Can infect humans Hy// l ellolep is dilllillllta

Found in the small intestine. Called the rat tapeworm. It is much larger than H. lIalla (20-60 111m long x 4 m ill wide ). There a re 110 hooks on the rostellum

The spined rat 10llse is common i n laboratory and

Po/ypl(lX spillll/osa

wild rats. Sucks blood and Causes irritation, anemia, and debilitation

1 74

Parasites of Laboratory Animals

Table 5 3 . CommoI11 parasites i n la boratory animals (Colltilllled)

Parasite M i tes

Genus and Species

Comments

Radti;rdia ellsifera (a lso Myohia ratti)

Fur mite of rats. Commonly occurs on wild rats. ;viay cause irritation and ill health

Notoedres lIIuris

Ear mange mite resembles SarcojJtes scabiei, and arc burrowing mites that cause mange. Scab by lesions arc primarily on the head, face, nose, cars, and tail The spin)' rat m ite u ncol11mon on laboratory rats. Lives in bedding and feeds on rats at night. Long,

l.aelil/!s echidlTill/ls

red mites, a pproximately I m l11 long, with long lq,;s . Usually nonpathogen ic, but can transmit I le{Jtoz.ooll /llIlris Guinea Pigs

Protozoa CryjJtosjJoridiullI IUrairi

:vI ay cause diarrhea and death

Gianfi.l CIll'iae

Flagellated protozoans. Trophozoites 1 2 x 5 �lIn. Trophozoitcs a n d cysts can be found in feces. Nonpathologic

Ooc\,sts arc 1 9 x 1 6 �l m. These coccidia may cause diarrhea and weight loss. Sulfas may be helpful in

Eillleria CIll'iae

ToxojJlasllla gOlldii

controlling this i n fection Cysts i n various tissues

Sarcocystis Ciluiae

Cysts i n various muscles Nu merous nonpathogenic flagellated protozoa found i n the g,lstrointestinal l ract

Nematodes Found oCClsionally i n the cecum. Unlikely to cause

I'rasjJidodel"i1 ullcillata

d isease . Cuine,l pigs also experimenta l hosts for ·!i-ichillella s{Jirulis, DictyoCilulus l'il'i{Jants, D. fil,rri'l, Metastrollgyllls ujJri, I'
Gliricola Iilldolphi, G. p ro celli Gy ro{) I / S o[lalis Trilllello/JOIl hispidilllll fleas

Uncommon unless there is a flea problem i n the

Nosophylllls t;lsciatlls

household

Pulex irritalls Ctellocephalides (elis RhojJalo/!sylla c1al'icola \'I iles Delllodex cauiae Chirodiscoides Cilliiae ( Fig. 225) Myocofltes l/I/1sClllillliS Notoedres III/Iris Trixacants calliae ( Fig. 2 1 9 ) ! Icdgcho gs

:-';" l1L1todcs Found i n the lungs

Capillaria aerophila

1 75

Section 1 1

Table 53. Commom parasites i n laboratory animals (continued) Parasite

Genus and Species

Comments

Crellosoma sp.

Found i n the lungs Found i n the liver ( necroti c areas filled with eggs)

Capillaria hepatica Fleas A rchaeops)'lla erinacei Mites Caparini sp. Chorioptes sp. Otodectes c),notis Omithol1)'ssus sp.

May cause severe skin irritation; may bite humans i n t h e household

Ticks Ixodes hexagonus Amblyomma nuttalli

., ,. ..

Fig. 206 Otodectes c),notis causes body mange in hedge­ hogs.

Fig. 207 Ornithonysslis sp. (mite) on a hedgehog. These mites suck blood and calise irritation.

Fig. 208 Hepatic coccidiosis (Eimeria steidae) in rabbits.

Fig. 209 Passaillnts ambiguous (pin­ worm) in rabbits. Adult with bulbous esophagus (arrow). Inset is egg 1 00 �lm

1 76

x 43 �m.

Parasites of Laboratory Animals

Fig. 2 1 1 Cheyletiella spp. ( fu r mite) in rabbits. Note the prominent palpal hooks ( arrow) .

Fig. 210 Psoroptes spp. (ear mites) in rabbits.

Fig. 2 1 3 Listrophorus s p . (ventral view ) .

Fig. 2 1 2 Listrophoms sp., a fur mite o f rabbits ( lateral view).

Fig. 2 1 5 Myocoptes JIlIISClIlillllS ( mite) i s common

214 Polyplax serrata, the mouse louse.

177

011

mice.

Section 1 1

Fig. 2 1 7 Trypanosoma sp. in blood o f mice and rats. Fig. 2 1 6 Psorergates simplex hair follicle mite in section of skin o f mouse (arrows)

.

.. ,.

•

Fig. 2 1 9 Trixacams caviae from guinea pig.

Fig. 2 1 8 G/irico/a, the common biting louse of guinea pigs.

Ic,

Fig. 2 2 1 Pinworm eggs ( Delltostome/la spp . ) in a gerbil. Fig. 220 CryptosporidiIlIll sp. (hamster).

1 78

Parasites of Laboratory Animals

Fig.

222 Giardia cysts

Fig. 223 Otodectes cynotis in the ears

in a mouse.

of a ferret.

Fig. 224 Chirodiscoides caviae ( a mite), Fig. 225 Chirodiscoides caviae (en larged view).

found on guinea pigs.

Bibliography

Hsu CK: Parasitic Diseases. I n HL Foster et al. (eds): The iVlollse in Biomedical Research. II. Diseases. New York,

Brockie RE: The hedgehog mange mite, Caparillia tripilis i n

Academic Press, 1 982, pp. 3 5 9-372. Kummel BA, Estes SA, A r l a n LG: Trixacarus caviae i n festa­ tion of guinea pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:903-908,

N e w Zea land. N Z Vet J 2 2 : 243-247, 1 974. Duwel D, Brech K: Control o f oxyuriasis i n rabbits by fen­ bendazole. Lab Allim 1 5 : 1 0 1-1 05, 1 9 8 1 .

1980. Letcher J D : Amitraz as a treatment for acariasis i n African

Fitzgera l d P R : Efficacy o f monensin or amprolium i n the prevention of hepatic coccidiosis i n rabbits. ] Protozool

hedgehogs ( A telerix albivelltris) . J Zoo Anilll Med

1 9 : 3 3 2-3 34, 1 972.

J 9:24-29, J 9 8 8 .

Flecknell P (ed ) : Manllal of Rabbit Medicine and Surgery.

Lloyd M (ed . ) : Ferrets: Health, Husbandry alld Diseases.

Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1 60 pp., 2000.

Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1 999, 208 pp. M a lley D : Use o f a frontline spray in rabbits. Vet Rec

Flynn RJ: Parasites of Laboratory Animals. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State U niversity Press, 1 973.

1 4 0 : 6 64, 1 9 97. Oge H, Avaz E, Ide T, Dalgic S : The effect o f doramectin,

Graczyk TK, Cranfield MR, Dunning C, et al.: Fatal cryp­ tosporidiosis i n a j uvenile captive African hedgehog

moxidectin and netobimin against natural i n fections

(AteleJ'ix albivelltris). ] Parasitol 8 4 : 1 78-1 80, 1 9 9 8 .

Syphacia 1IIl1ris in rats. Vet Parasitol 8 8 : 2 9 9-303, 2000. Okerman L : Diseases of Domestic Rabbits. 2nd edition.

Harkn ess j E , Wagner J E : The Biology alld Medicine of

Rabbits alld Rodents. 4th edition . Baltimore, W i l l iams &

Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press,

Wilki ns, 1 9 9 5 .

1 79

J 994, 1 60 pp.

S ection 1 1

Percy DH, Barthold S\\': l'
S m i th AJ: Husbandry and medicine of African hedgehogs

alld /{abbits. ,\ mes, lo\\'a, Iowa State Un iversity Press,

(A teierix oibiuel1tris ) . ] Small Exotic A 'lim i\1ed 2 : 2 1 -2 8 ,

1 993. Richardson V: Rabbits: /-lc,r /t/J , HlIsllolldry aw! Discoses.

1 992.

Staley re:, S t aley F E , Beh r ;vl]: Use of permethrin as a miti­ cide i ll the African hedgehog (Ate/crix aibivcl1tris ) . Vet

,\ I1lCS, Iowa, Iowa State Unin-,rsit\· Press, 1 9 99, 1 84 pp.

Rich'1 nlson VCG: Disedscs ol DOll 1cstic Cllinea Pigs. 2nd

HIIII1 Toxicoi 3 6 : 1 3 8 , 1 994.

I.enner I.: Efiective eradication of pinworms (S),/Ihacia 111 II l"i5 , Syph,lci,l olJl'e /ata and A5fiiCllillris tetra /Item) from a rodent breeding colony b y o r a l anthelmintic ther­

cdi t ion. Ames, Iowa, low'1 State Un iversity Press, 200D, 1 52 pp. Richardson VCC: Dise,lses ol .)11101 / DOll1estic Rodents. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1 99 7 , 240 p p .

apv. LIl) ill1illl 3 2 : 3 3 7-342 , 1 9 9 8 .

1 80

Section 12

PA RASITES OF WILDLI F E Important Parasites of Wildlife Table 54. I mportant parasites of selected w i l d l i fe species

Host

Genus and Species

Bears

HLlylis
Location I Iltestine Skin :vl uscles Skin

Common N ame Asca rid "'l ange m ite Trichina worm .'\·!ange m i te

Beaver

Giardi£1 sp. PIL/fYPSy/llls and Prol£1bidoc£1rplls SchizocarplIs lIIillgalldi Stic/JOrchis sp.

Intestine Skin Skill Cecum

Bea ver fever Bea \"er beetles ;-vi ites Cecal fluke

Bighorn sheep

OtolJills IIIcgllilli ProtostrollgylllS spp. Psoroptes (wis Sk rjalJille/llLl Ol'is

In car call a l Lung Skin Large illtestine

Spinous ear tick Lungworms Scabies Pinworm

Bison

DictYOCLlIIllIS l 'il'i/hl/"llS hlsciol£1 he/ILl tim hlScio/oides /llLlgllLl H£1e/l/(JIlc/JIIs cOlltortlls Oesoph£1gostollllllll r£1di£1 t11111 Ostertagia ostertLlgi

Lungs Liver l .iver Abomasum Large intestine A bomasum

Lungworm l .iver fluke DeC!" livC!" fl uke La rge stomach worm 0
Caribou/ Reindeer

BeSlloitill sp. Ccphellclllyia trolllpe Cysticercus of Ttlelli£1 kr£lblJei DiclyoC£1l1ll1s hadll'elli Oedelllagella taralldi I'a reiap hostnJllgyllls lelllfis

Skin Nasal sinus ",·I uscle Lungs Under skin Spinal cord

Protol.oa n CI'st Bot flv l a rva :,,!casks Lungworm Bots/wa rilles .\-lcn i ngea I worm

Coyote/Fox

DraclIlICllllls illsigllis Lchi1I0CO(CIIS /111111 i/oclIl£1ris hlLlroidcs ( Oslc/"lls) osleri Otodectes c)'IHJtis Physaloptera spp. Sarco/JleS sCLz/Jiei

Under the skin Illtest ine Trachea Lu's Stomach Skin

Su bcutaneous worm A l veolar hvdatid tapeworm Tracheal worm

AlllidostO/lllll1l spp. Lellcocytoz.ooll silllolidi Sarcocystis rileyi

Gizzard lining Blood ;Vl uscles Illtestille

Gil.l.ard worms l .euc(JCyt()l.oonosis R ice hel l y Sever a l

Ducks

Several tapeworms, trematodes, acanthocephala (see ivlcDonald, 1 969a, 1 96 9 11, 1 98 I in bird Bibliography. )

181

Ear mite Stomach worm :-'·I ange mite

Section 1 2

Table 54. I mportant pa rasites o f selected w i l d l i fe spccics ( (JIlt ill/led)

Host Elk

Location Lungs Arteries Liver Spinal cord/bra in Skin

Genus and Specics Dictyocallllls spp. Uaeopliora sc/Jlleideri hlscio/oides IIl
Fish

Cod worm

rl llas,lkis spp. ( larvac) D iphyllobot h rill 111 lalilill DiplostOlllllll1 spp. ( metaccrca ria) Nallopliyet 115 sa 1111 ill cola ( ll1ctaccrca ria ) I'liocclllellla spp. ( la rvac)

Mink

Alaria spp. EII{hll")'pliilllll spp. N,lI/ophyetlls sallllillcola I',1I'agoll i1111 I S k ellicott i DioctophYllla rellale Filaroides lIIartis Physaloptera spp. Skrjabillgyllls lIasicola

A'loosc

Derlllacelltor ,71hipictlls Fascioloides lIIagll£l 1'£1 relap/JOstrollgyllls tellll is Taellia krahbei (cysticcrcus)

Mountain goat

Pare lap /)()S t I"OllgylI I s o docoilei ProtostrollgylllS spp. Skrjahillell1£l ol'is

Mulc dccr

Ce/J/;ellelllyia spp. Uaeopliora schlleideri Fascioloides lIIagl1£l Lipoptel1£l spp. Ollchocerca ceruipedis Parelaphost rollgyllls odocoilei

Cysticcrcus of Taellia krabbei Muskrat

Capillaria hepatica

Cysticcrcus of Taellia taelliafomlis G iardia sp. :" l ites ( n u me rous k i nds) Trcmatodcs ( n umerous kinds) Trichllris opaca

Opossum

Commo n Namc L ungworm Bloodworm Dcer l ivcr flukc Meningeal worm M ange mitc

B r£lcliylaillla uirgillia 1/11111 Capillaria spp. Cntzia alllericall£1 Physaloptera tllrgid,l 'ii'ypallosolllil cntzi

182

Pleurocercoid in m uscle Eye Kidncy, cye, hea rt , ctc. Flesh

Broadfish tapeworm Eye fluke Salmon poisoning fl uke Cod worm

I ntestine I ntestine I ntestine Lungs Kidney Lungs Stomach Nasal sinus

Fluke Fluke Fluke Lung fl uke K idney worm Lungworm Stomach worm Nasal worm

Skin Liver Spinal cord ;vluscle

;doose or w i nter tick Liver flu k e ;vleningeal worm ,\;Ieasles

Yl uscle Lungs Intcstinc

M u scle worm L u ngworm Pinworm

Rctropharyngca I pouchcs A rtcrics Liver Skin Undcr skin M u scle M u sclc

Throat bots A rterial worm Llrge liver fl uke Keds Skin worm :,'I uscle worm Measels

Liver Livcr Intcstine Hair Intestine I ntestine

None (eggs in live r) Liver cysts Beaver fever M i tes flukes \V'h i pworm

Intestine Lungs, intestine Intcstinc Stomach Blood

F l u kc Capillary worm Pinworm Stomach worm Blood flagellate

Parasites of Wildl ife

Table 54. I mportant p,lrasites of selected wildlife species (collfilllled)

Genus and Species Dipctalollcma sp. MOlloecoccstlls s p . Sarcoptcs sp. Trichodectcs SCtOSIIS \l'ellco:lli<1 clillgillata

Location Under skin Small intestine Skin Hair Large intestine

Common Name Skin worm Tapeworm M ange mite Louse Pinworm

Cittotaellia spp. Cysticercus of Taellia pisi/i)l'lllis

Intestine Peritoneal cavity Under skin Sto mach Stomach Large i ntestine Lungs

Tapeworm Larval ta peworm Skin worm Stomach worm Stomach worm Pinworm Lungworm

Physaloptera spp.

Small i ntestine Lungs Stomach Under the skin Stomach

Ascarid Lu ngworm Stomach worm Subcutaneolls worm Stomach worm

Reptiles

Ascarids (many k i nds) K<1liaphallls spp. Ophioll)'sslls sp. Pinworms a re very common Strollgyloides sp.

Intest i nes Intestines Skin Intestines I ntestine

r\sc,l r i d Hookworm ,"l ite Pinworms Threadworm

Rodents

Capillaria hepatica

Liver (eggs)

None

Baylisascaris colll/ll/laris

Small i ntestine Liver (eggs) Stomach Nasal sinus

Asca rid None Stomach worm Sinus worm

Throat Liver Abomasum Skin Skin Skin M uscle ivleninges

Throat bot Large liver fluke Ba rber-pole worm Sucking lice Keds (wingless flies) Biting l ice l'd uscle worm .'vleningcal worm

Stomach Stomach I ntestine/feces

Stomach nodular worm Stomach worm Toxo

Host Porcupi ne

Rabbits

Dirojilari<1 scapiceps G rafihidilllll strigoslllll Obeliscoides c/lilIlicllli Pass,7/11rlls <1l11bigllOIlS Protost rollgyitlS spp. Raccoon

Baylisascaris procyollis CrellOSOllla gofJlei Gllathostollla proc),ollis Dracllllcilills illsigllis

Striped skunk

Capillaria hepatica Physaloptera spp. Skra!Jil/gyllls spp. White-tailed deer

Cephellel11yia spp. Fascioloides lIIagl/a Haell10llchlls cOlltortlls Lillogllathlls spp. a nd Solellopotes spp. LiIJOptella s pp. Tricholiplellrtls spp. Parelaphostrollgyitls alldersolli Parelaphostrollgyllls tellllis

Wild cats

Cylicospiml"£1 spp. Physaloptera spp. Toxoplasllla gOlldii

Note: Many o f the parasites of wild animals are the same as or similar to parasites in related domesticatecl an imals.

1 83

S ection 1 2

Parasites

Fig. 226a. Pare[aphostrol1gY[lIS tenuis.

Fig. 226b. Pare[ap!Jostrongyllls fellI/is (first-stage larvae in feces).

1 84

Parasit es of Wildlif e

Pm'elaphostrollgy!IIS tenuis Commo n name: J'vleningea l worm or brain worm ( lvletastrongy loidea-Protostrongylidae). Adult size: 1 0- 1 5 cm. Prepatent period i s 90 ± 9 days. Size of larvae: 3 00-400 �m, fi rst-stage larvae in feces, with dorsal spine on kinky tai l . I m po rtance: This is one of the most i m portant parasites of w i l d l i fe. Adult P. telluis live associated with the mcninges on the s u r face of the brain of white-tai led deer. The pa rasite is essentially nonpath ogenic to white-taile d deer. However, when i n fective larvae in snails a rc eaten by hosts s uch as moose, caribou, elk, mule deer, exotic species o f deer, l l a m a s , and dome:,ric sheep and goats, t h e infection is often letha l because l a rvae damage t h e s p i n a l cord a n d b r a i n a n d c a u s e severe i n flamma tory reactions t o t h e CNS, resulting in incoordinat ion, paraly sis, and death. Presence o f i n fected wh ite-ta i led deer i n a n ecosystem may severely l i m it the s urvival o f other susceptible hosts (sec bibliography). D iagnosis: A t necropsy the adult worms a rc found on the bra in of white-ta i led deer or larvae in the the spinal cord or brain tissue of susceptible hosts. Dorsal-spined larvae can be found i n the feces o f d e finitive hosts using the Baerman n funnel. Note: There a rc closely related nematodes that also pass dorsal-spined larvae in the feces of wild rum inants (sec Ta ble 55) . There arc still several unknown species of these worms, and there i s considerable variation in thc lengths of the first-stage larvae. The definitive d iagnosis i s to find and identi fy the adult p,l rasites in the host. Some of the adults arc in the muscles ( I'. odocoi/ei, 1'. alldersOIzi, E/ap /;ostrollgy/lts cerl'i), the l ungs ( VaresfwlIgy/us a/pell£7e, Muellerius capilli/ris ) , or on the meninges of the brain ( Pare/ap/;osfr()l/gY/lIs tel/llis ) . Treatment: Ivermectin, 0 . 2 mg/kg S C h a s becn reported to b e effective against early developing 1<1r1"al stages of 1'. feill/is, but is not effective aga inst adult parasites. Prevention: Treatment every three weeks is rccommcnded to prcycnt in­ fection.

Table 55. Lengths of first-stage dorsal-spined larvae ':' E/ap/JostrDlIgY/lIs cewi

3 75-490 �LIll

Mllellerills Cilpi/hlri P(/ reiap/;osfrollgY/IIs ,1l1dersoll i I'areia/J /JosfrOlzgy/z/s odocoi/ei I'areiap/;osfrollgY/lIs tellltis

240-340 �LIll

\�lrestrollg)'/us a/pellae

2 6 0-320 �tm

3 1 0-420 pm 340-3 85 pm 3 1 0-3 80 �LIll

iVlean �,;[ean .\'iean ivlean ivlean Mean

=

425 �lIn

=

280 pm

=

3 5 0 �LIll

=

355 pm

=

350 pm

=

3 0 0 ,LLIll

Note: See Gray et a I . , 1 985, Cal/ .I Loo/ 6 3 : 1 449- 1 454; Pybus and Shave, 1 9 84, .1 \Vi/d/ Dis 20:284-2 8 8 .

" Ivla)' not b e accurate for diagnosis.

1 85

Section 12

Eggs i n manure

\ \>

(Usually fatal in

6 months)

,

Miracidium

Snail

Fig. 227a. Life cycle of Fascioloides magna.

Fig. 227b. Fascioloides magna egg.

Fascioloides magna Common name: Deer liver fluke or large American l iver fluke ( Fasci o lidae) . Adult size: 4-6 cm i n the l iver parenchyma. Size of egg: 150 �LIl1 x 70 !lm , operculated, yellow. Prepatent period is 7 months. Importance: This fluke is nonpathogenic in deer and elk. It i s a fatal i n fection in domestic sheep and goats. Infected cat­ tle, bison, and l lamas do not pass eggs ( dead-end hosts) . Reduced productivity is associated with i n fection in cattle. Diagnosis: In deer and elk, use sedimentation test. In cattle and sheep, use serological tests. Treatment in deer: C lorsulon, 7-2 1 mg/kg PO; less than 80% effective Albendazole, 1 5 mg/kg PO; 9 0 % effective Triclabendazole, 20 mg/kg PO; more than 9 5 % effective

Protostrongylus spp. Life Cycle

Fig. 228b. Protostrongylus sp. larva. Fig. 228a. Protostrongylus spp.

Protostrongylus spp. Common name: Bighorn sheep l u ngworm ( Metastrongyloidea-Protostrongylidae). Adult size: 1 0-20 mm. Size of larva: 340-400 !lm x 20 �ltl1, with straight, p o inted tai l . Prepatent period is 5 weeks. Importance: The most important parasite of bighorn sheep. Transmitted transplacental l y and may predispose to bacterial pneumonia, especially i n lambs. P. rushi i s i n the major air passages. P. stilesi is in the alveolar areas. D iagnosis: Use Baermann funnel and look for first-stage larvae. Treatment: Fenbendazole, 10 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 3 d Ivermect in, 0.2 mg/kg SC Albendazole, 1 5 mg/kg PO

1 86

Parasites of Wildlife

Fig. 229a. Sarcocystis sp. cysts in elk heart. The white cysts can be seen without magnificati on.

Fig. 229b. Histologic section of Sarcocystis sp. in muscle.

Sarcocystis sp.

Common name: Nerve or muscle cysts (Protozoa-Apicomplexa). Size: Usually microscopic, but some species, especially in ducks, elk, and rabbits, 1 mm or more. Importance: Usually nonpathogenic, but large numbers may k i l l the host. Carnivores are the definitive hosts that pass the i n fective oocysts. These do not infect h u mans. D iagnosis: Visual observation; usua l l y by histology. Treatment: None knovvn; some ionophores such as monensin may ameliorate signs.

Fig. 230a. Psoroptes sp. (in bighorn sheep) . Fig. 230b. Psoroptes sp. (long, jointed pedicels).

Psoroptes ovis

Common name: Psoroptic mange mite (Acarina-Psoroptidae). size: Males, 500 11m; females, 750 11m. Importance: This mite can cause serious losses i n bighorn sheep populations. By 2 00 1 , psoroptic mange i n bighorns has been reported in many states (Arizona, New JVlexico, \'\fyoming, JVlontana, \X1ashington, Idaho, Oregon, California) and appears to be spreading. Affected sheep lose their hair and develop crusty lesions in the ears and often over the entire body. Death occurs i n severely a ffected animals. This condition apparently does not spread to cattle or sheep, but mites can grow i n ears of rabbits and deer. Diagnosis: Visu a l observation o f lesions a n d a s k i n scraping of t h e edge of a lesion to isolate mites. Psoroptes s p . mites have long, jointed p edicels, which confirm the diagnosis. '-""""1011'" Ivermectin, 1.0-2.0 mg/kg body weight PO or SC x 7 d. A single injection of ivermectin a t a high level may not kill aU the m ite s. Repeated treatments may be necessary. to p i c a lly o n l es ions Adult

187

Section 1 2

Elaeophora schneideri Common name: Arteri a l worm (Filarioidea) . Adult size: 5-12 cm, found in arterial system anterio r to the heart. Importance: Found i n m u l e deer; normally not patho­ genic. Transm itted by horseflies. In elk, blindness

and necrosis of skin on head may result. In sheep, filarial dermatitis , " sorehead, " may occu r in older

Elaeophora schneideri

sheep. I n moose, blindness may occur. D iagnosis: Take a p u nch of ear skin, p l aced i n saline;

Fig. 2 3 1 . Elaeophora schneideri. Prepatent period i s 4-5 months.

look for l ive microfilariae. Treatment: None.

Baylisascaris procyonis Common name: Raccoon ascarid (Ascaridoidea) . Adult size: 1 2-23 cm, i n small intestine. Size of egg: 8 0 �lm

x

70 11m.

Importance: This ascarid causes visceral larva migrans i n humans and CNS disorders i n a variety of birds and a n i mals. Humans should use hygienic measures when working with raccoons and rac­ coon feces . Eggs are not infective when passed i n feces and require a pproximately 3 0 d a y s o r more to become i n fective. D i agnosis: Fecal flotation. (Similar to Toxocara callis i n dogs) . Treatment: Fenbendazole, 2 0 mg/kg P O q 2 4 h Mebendazole, 22 mg/kg PO q 24 h

Fig. 232. Baylisascaris procyonis (in raccoons). Prepatent period is 5 weeks.

x

x

5 d

5 d

Piperazine, 200 mg/kg PO Pyrantel, 10 mg/kg P O

Trichinella spiralis Common name: Trichina worm (Trichuroidea ) . Larval cyst size: U p t o 3 m m . Importance: Transmissible t o humans via ingestion of meat. Found i n many carnivores and other verte­ brates (see Fig. 1 6 3 ). Diagnosis: Larvae are encysted in muscle. For tissue squash, diaphragm is often used, or digest muscle i n 1 % acid pepsin and look for larvae under a d issecting microscope. Histology is used for diag­ nosis. Treatment: None i n w i l d life. Fig. 233. Trichinella spiralis larvae (arrows) in muscle (bear).

188

Parasites of Wildlife

Onchocerca cervipedis Common name: S kin worm (Filarioidea). Adult size: Up to 20 cm, usually coiled on the surface of the muscles or 011 the subcutaneous side of the s kin Importance: Not pathogenic, but seen hunters. .

Causes p sych os om atic disease in humans. Diagnosis: Can be seen in subcutaneous fascia

the skin), especially on front Treatment: None

of mule deer.

Fig. 234. Ollchocerca cervipedis (in deer).

AnisakislPhocanema Common name: Co d worm

Adult size: S evera l

cm,

Importance: Adults are in

can cause gastritis, disease in h um an s . Diagnosis: Visual observation of Prevention: Cook or freeze fish. Treatment: For humans: Piperazine citrate 75 24 h x 2 d (maximum of 4 g)

q

Pyrantel pamoate, 11 mg/kg (maximum of 1 g)

Fig. 235. A llisakis/Phocallema (Pselldoterrallova) spp. (in

fish) .

Cephenemyia sp. Common name: Deer throat bot (Diptera). Adult size: 1-3 cm. Importance: Found i n ret roph a ryngeal pouches of throat in species of dee r elk, llamas, a nd wild un­ gulates. Usual ly nonpathogenic, even though 50 ,

or more may be present. Diagnosis : Visual at necropsy. Treatmen t: Ivermecti n, 0 .2 mg/kg

Fig. 2 3 6 . CelJhellelllyia s p . ( in deer). O n e generation per year.

1 89

Section 12 Mesocestoides sp. Common name: Tapewor m (Pseudophyllidae). Found i n felines and canines. Size of egg: 50 11m x 40 �lIn, with internal hooks. Importance: These are acquired from intermediate

hosts such as reptiles. Uncommo n, but interesting . Usually no pathogenicity associated with adult

worms, but larval stages may be pathogenic. Diagnosis: Eggs i n fecal flotation. Treatment: Praziquantel, 5-50 mg/kg PO.

Fig. 237. Mesocestoides sp. (in cougars) .

Cylicospirura sp. Common name: Stomach worm (Spiruroidea) . Size o f egg: 40 11m x 3 0 11m. Importance: Found in most wild felids. Causes large

(2-3 cm) nodules in stomach with red worms in­ side. Pathogenicity is unknown, but ulcers and hemorrhage are sometimes associated with the parasites. Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation or nodules found in stomach at necropsy. Treatment: U n known, but ivermectin or fenbendazole may be e ffective. Fig. 238. Cylicospirura sp. (in cougars).

Dirofilaria immitis Common name: Dog heartworm (Filaroidea) . Found i n wild canines a n d occasionally felines.

Size of micro fi laria: 3 1 0 �lm x 7 11m.

Importance: Often fatal to coyotes, red wolves, and wild canids. Diagnosis: Microfilariae in blood (Knott's test). Serologic tests ( ELISA) . At necropsy, worms are found i n right side of heart. Treatment: Nlelarsomine, 2 . 5 mg/kg 1M, twice, 24 h apart Prevention: Ivermectin, 0 .006 mg/kg P O every 3 0 d ( See dog heartworm section. ) Fig. 239. Dirofilaria immitis (in coyotes). Prepatent period is 6 months.

1 90

Parasites o f Wildlife Elaphostrongylus spp. Common name: European brain worm ( Protostrongylidae ) . Larvae size: 425 �tm long, first-stage larvae. Importance: Nonpathogenic in many

but

may cause meningitis and

disease in moose,

caribou, and reindeer. Adult worms are in the epidural s pa ce of spinal cord and brain and in muscles. This parasite has serious IAJ'tt:I!U';ll fications because of its potential some North American wild

Fig. 240. Elaphostrongylus spp.

America, it has been found in w()o(lland i n Newfoundland.

Diagnosis: Larvae in feces (using Adults found in muscles.

(in reindee r).

Treatment: None known.

Wellcomia evaginata Common name: Pinworm Size of egg: 60 �lm x 50 11m. Importance: Very common in po,rclclpjin !,!lk U pathogenic. Diagnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation. Treatment: Most anthel m intics are

n ••n�';" ii

Fig. 241 . Wellcolllia evagillata (in porcupines).

Monoecocestus sp. Commo n name: Tapewo rm (Anoploceph alidae). Size of egg: 85 �lm x 55 11m, with spines. Importa nce: Very common in porcupines. Pathogenicity is unknow n, but is probably relatively nonpatho­ genic. Note: Isn't it interesting that tapeworm eggs in porcup ines have spines? Diagno sis: Eggs in feca l flotatio n. d Treatm ent: Fenben dazole , 50 mglkg PO q 24 x 3 Nic!os amide , 1 5 7 mglkg PO Praziqu antel, 2.5-5 . 0 mg/kg PO or S C

242. MOlloecocestlls sp. (in porcupines). Prepatent pe­ 70 days.

riod is

191

Section 12

Linognathus africanus Common name: Sucking lice (Anoplura). Size of adults: 2.5-5 .0 mm. Life cycle is about 4 weeks. Importan ce: J\!lay cause hair loss on face and body, pruritus. Diagnosis: Visual observation in hair. Using flashlight to perform the exam ination is helpful.

Treatment: Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg 1M, SC, or PO Organophosphate, powders or sprays

Pyrethrin, powders or sprays

Fig. 243 . Linognathus africanus ( in deer).

Lipoptena sp. Common name: Deer ked ( Diptera) . This is a wingless fly. Size of adults: 3-6 mm. Importance: Very common on deer and elk. Usually nonpathogenic. Diagnosis: Visual observation of hair. Keds are often in pairs. Treatment: Organophosphate, powders or sprays Pyrethrin, powders or sprays

Fig. 244. Lipoptel1a sp. (in deer).

Soboliphyme baturini Common name: J\1arten stomach worm (Dioctophymoidea) . Size of adults: Up to 3 8 mm, heavy robust bodies, with a well-developed buccal capsule. Size of eggs: 94 �lm x 45 �ltn (our measurements) . Importance: Large worms i n t h e stomach of martens, especially i n Alaska. Closely related to the giant kidney worm of dogs. The pathogenicity is un­ known, but large numbers of worms are found i n healthy martens. D iagnosis: Necropsy or feca l flotation. Treatment: Unknown. Fig. 245. Soboli/JhY/1/e baturilli eggs (in martens).

1 92

Parasites of Wildlife

Ursicoptes americanus Common name: iVlange mite of bears. Size o f adults: 265-3 5 9 �1I11

x

1 30-1 50 �lm.

Importance: Can cause clinical mange in captivc and free-ranging bcars. D iagnosis: Skin scraping to detect mites. Treatment: Amitraz (0.02 5 % ) dip, every 2 weeks until mites are no longer detected. Ivermectin may be effective.

Fig. 246. Ursicoptes allleriCalllls (mites in bears) .

Wyominia tetoni Common name: Bighorn sheep fringed tapeworm. Size of egg packets: 1 74 �1111 x 145 �lm. Importance: Probably nonpathogenic, but may cause bile duct proliferation and interfere with diges­ tion. Diagnosis: Fecal flotation, or observe tapeworm seg­ ments on the fecal pellets. Adult tapeworms are found in the bile ducts at necropsy. Treatment: Fenbendazole, 10 mg/kg PO

Fig. 247. \Y/yomillia tetolli (egg packet, bighorn sheep) .

Dermacentor sp. Common name: Seed ticks or larval ticks. Adult size: 700 �1I11

x

500 flm (6 legs).

Importance: iVlay cause i n fected animals to scratch, may cause anemia, and may be responsible for the transmission of diseases. Found on rodents and many animals. Diagnosis: Visual observation. Treatment: Dust with pyrethrins, permethrins, car­ bamatcs, or organophosphates.

193

Sarcoptes scabiei Common name: Mange mites. Adult size: 500 �lm x 400 Jlm. Importa nce: Causes sarcopt ic mange in wild canids. Affected animals experien ce hair loss and death may occur. Common on foxes, coyotes, and wolves.

D iagnosis: Deep skin scraping; look for m i tes and eggs. Treatment: Ivermectin, 0 . 2 mg/kg SC or PO

Fig. 249. Sarcoptes scabiei (mites) on wild canids.

Toxoplasma gondii Common name: Toxo. Size of pseudocysts: 20-35 Jlm . Importance: Can b e transmitted t o h u mans. Transmission occurs by cannibalism, ingestion of oocysts, or congenitally. Cats are the only defini­ tive hosts, but all birds and mammals are suscep­ tible to infection and disease. D isease: The disease is characterized by fever, anorexia, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, myalgia, pneumonitis, myocarditis, hepatitis, and encephalitis. Abortion often occurs i n ungulates. Diagnosis: Identify pseudocyts i n histological tissue sec­ tions, primarily CNS. Trophozoites can often be seen see in amniotic fluid and other fluids.

Fig. 250. Pseudocyst of Toxoplasma gondii (protozoa) can be found in CNS of any wild bird or mammal.

Treatment: Sulfas and pyrimethamine. Prevention: D o not eat raw meat, and prevent oral in­ gestion of oocysts from cat feces.

Diphyllobothrium latum Common name: Broad fish tapeworm ( Pseudop hyllidea) . Size of egg: 7 5 �lJl1

X

45 Jlm.

Importance: Transmitted by eating i n fected fish. May compete for vitamin B 1 2, but usually not patho­ genic. Common i n bears. D i agnosis: Eggs in fecal flotation or large tapeworm segments i n feces. Treatment: Praziquantel, 5 mg/kg once PO (same for humans ) . Prevention: Do n o t e a t raw fish.

Fig. 2 5 1 . Egg of D iphyllobothrium latulI1 (tapeworm in bears and humans ) .

1 94

Parasites

Fig.

of

Fig. 253 . Numerous trematode eggs (P. wescotti) in brain tissue.

252. Eggs of Prouterina wescotti ( fecal float) .

Proutenna wescotti Common Name: Bear brain fluke (Trematoda: Prouterinidae). x 4 1 11m.

Size of egg: 68 �lIn

Size of adult: 2-4 mm. Importance: This parasite has been found in the brain, lungs, and nasal sinuses of one black bear that died of neurologic disease. It is very unusual for trematodes to enter neural tissue. Although the black bear may not be the natural host, severe disease occurred. The complete case history is available ( Foreyt et a I . , J Wild Dis 3 2:225-233, 1 99 6 ) . D iagnosis: The best diagnosis is to examine nasal sinuses of bears demonstrating neurologic signs and fi n d the 2 - to 4-mm trematodes. Eggs may float i n sugar flotation. I n histologic sections, eggs and adult trematodes can be seen in brain and lungs. Treatment: None known.

of Gnathostoma sp. from felids and rac­ are

70 11m

X

35 11m.

Fi g. 255 . Omithonyssus sp. (mites) from the foot of an elk. These are probably incidental parasites ( I 111111 long).

195

Fig. 256. Larval chiggers (Trombicula sp.) found on many kinds of animals. They usually bite and then fall off. They are often orange and 1 mm long.

Fig. 257. Protostrongyllfs sp. larvae in the lungs of bighorn sheep (see Fig. 228a and b, for life cycle and diag­ nosis).

Fig. 258. Anterior end of a n adult pinworm ( Passaizmfs a1l1biglflfs) in the feces of a rabbit (note the bulb-type esophagus, arrow).

Fig. 259. Eggs o f a pancreatic trematode, ElfI'ytrema sp., from a cougar. Eggs are 45 �lIn x 3 5 �LIn.

Fig. 2 6 1 . Typical muskrat mite (very common on muskrats).

Fig. 260. Anterior end of Thelazia sp. (the eyeworm) from under the third eyelid of a bighorn sheep.

1 96

Parasites of Wildlife

Lymnaea stagnalis

Fig. 262. Nematodirella sp. eggs from a musk ox. Lymnaea palustris

Lymnaea caperta

Fig. 263. Several Lyllllhzea spp. that are intermediate hosts for liver flukes ( Fascioloides magna) .

B ibliography

Fowler M E, Cubas Z S (eds . ) : Biology, lvledicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals. Amcs, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 2 00 1 , 572 pp. Friend M (ed ) : Field Gliide to \\lildlife Diseases. Resource Publication 1 67, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Science, Washington, D.C., 1 987. Heidenreich M: Birds of Prey: Medicine and NlanagclJlcnl. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 294 pp., 1 997. Levine ND: Veterinary Protozoology. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1 9 85 4 1 4 pp. Petrak ML (ed) : Diseases of Cage and Auiary Birds. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1 9 82. Samuel \,(I;vl, Pybus M (eds . ) : Parasitic Diseases of Wild NIammals, 2nd edition. Ames, Iowa, Iowa Starc Universitv Press, 200 1 , S68 pp. Stocker L Practical \Ylildlife Care. Amcs, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 2000, 296 pp. Thorne ET (ed ) : Diseases of Wildlife in \Vyoming. \'(Iyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1 982. \'(Iallach JD, Bocv'cr \'(Ij : Diseases of Exotic Animals Medical and Surgical Management. Philadelphia, \V B. Saunders Co., 1 98 3 . Williams E S , Barkcr I K (cds.) : Infectiolts Diseases o f Wild Mallllllais. 3 rd edition. Ames, Iowa, Iowa Statc UniYcrsiry Prcss, 200 1 , 5 76 pp. Wobeser G: Diseases of Wild Waterf(llul. New York, Plenum Press, New York, 1 98 1 .

Beynon P H (ed.): Manllal of Raptors, Pigeons and Waterfowl. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1 996, 364 pp. Chapman jA, Feldhamer GA: \'\fild Mammals of North America, Biology, Management, Economics. Baltimore, Maryland, johns Hopkins University Press, 1 98 2 . Davidson \,(lR (ed ) : Diseases and Parasites o f White-tailed Deer. Miscellaneous Publication No. 7, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, 1 98 1 . Davidson WR, Nettles VF: Field Manllal of Wildlife Diseases hz the SOlltheastenz United States. Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife D isease Study, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 1 98 8 . Davis jW, Anderson RC (cds): Parasitic Diseases o f Wild Animals. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1 97 1 . Davis jW, Anderson RC, Karstad L H , Trainer D O (eds) : Infectiolls and Parasitic Diseases o f Y'(Iild Birds. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1 97 1 . Dieterich R A (ed ) : A laskan Wlildlife Diseases. Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1981. Forrester DJ: Parasites a n d Diseases of Wild Mammals i n Florida. Gainesville, Florida, University Press of Florida, 1 992, 45 9 pp. Fowler M (ed): Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. 2nd edi­ tion. Philadelphia, W.B . Saunders Co., 1 986.

197

Section 1 3

PARASITES OF MARINE MAMMALS Marine Mammals

Fig. 264 . Marine mammals ( l'inn i pedia ) : seals, sea lions, wal ruses. .

)-�---.�.

--

Fig. 265 . .viarine mammals ( Cetacea ) : whales, dolphins, porpoises.

1 99

,I � F '

Major Parasites

Table 56. M a j or pa ras i tes o f p i n n i ped i �l ( se a l s , sea l i ons, and wal ruses) Parasite

l.ocation

Vl (;) n

Table 5 7 .

Major parasites o f cetacea

Parasite

( w h a l es, d o l p h i n s , a n d porpoi ses)

Loc a t i o n

Trematodes

Trematodes

Sto m ac h a n d i n tes t i n e

Cryp l()cuty/c

I ntestine

Bratmina

Za/(lpiJ()lrCllla

l.iver

Campltla

Liver

I'ricctr1'lIl<1

I ntestinc

Fascio/a

Liver

Cestodes

[-[adtl'ellills

I n testine

Lel 'easie/la

Intestine

I) ip/;y/Ir l/mt/; rilll7l

I n te s t i n e

N,/sitrell/{/

A i r sinus and bra i n

l'hy//o/w l h rill II I

Tissuc

( ) dIm e riella

Liver

j'I}()/eter

Stomach

Nematodes

N

0 0

Cestodes

A l7is,71�is

Sto m a c h

Ascdris

I ntcsti ne

[) iphyl/o/)() th rill 111

Stomach and i ntestine

COlli r,/ C,I CC I I i i i

Sto m a c h

I'hy//()/)()tiJrillI11

B l u bber

[) ipcta Ir )l/1'II/(1

H e a rt

SI ro lii/ocephaills

I)irofi/'Irid

I-lea rt

Tetr[wbot/;rills

( )stostnlllgY/lls

l.ung

"Ii'igOll()CO ty /e

I'arati/aroides

l. u n g

I ntestine I n te s t i n e Intestine

Nematodes

l'orrocae(11 III

Sto m a c h

Tern1l10l'd

Sto m a c h

A nisa!::. is

Sto m a c h and i n testi n e

Ullcinaria

I ntesti ne

COlltra C,I cc lim

Sto mach a n d i n testi n c

Cr,lssicallda

K i d ney, m u scle, a n d uroge n i ta l system

l-ia/ocerclIs

Lung

Acanthocephala C() rYIIOS()}1I,1

I nt es t i n e

Plhl rllrlls

A i r s i n u s, l u ng, and he�1rt

PhOCan('ll1<1

Sto m a c h

I'sclldalills

l . u ng a n d h e a r t

A n tarctophthims ( l o u s e )

Skin

.')1 I'll II rtt S

Bron c h i

Echillo/ihth irills ( l o u s e )

Skin

Te'1Tall()l'a

Sto m a c h

l-ia/arachlle ( n as a l m i te )

:--.J asal s i n uses

Le/ iido /ih thirzts ( lo u s e )

Skin

Ectoparasites

Acanthocephala C()rYllosol11a

Sto m a c h a n d i n testine

Ectoparasi tcs (;Y,/I1II1S ( I o u s c )

Skin

C. o :::

I-' V.l

Parasites of Marine Mammals

])fugs Table 58. Anthelmin tics for marine mammals

Pinn i p ed s Interna l parasites Melarsom i ne ( adult heartworm) , 2 .4 mg/kg, twice, 24 hours apart Diethylcarbamazine citrate (heartworm preventative) , 5 mg/kg daily administration

Ivermectin (heartworm prevention), 0.00 6 mg/kg every 30 days Droncit (tapeworms and flukes ) , 10 mg/kg PO Fenbendazole, 50 mg/kg PO Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg PO

Levamisole, 10 mg/kg PO Mebendazo le, 15 mg/kg PO q 24 h x 2 External parasites Benzyl benzoate ( 2 0 % ) a nd benzene hexachloride ( 0. 9 % ) applied with sponge ( m ites) Ivermectin, 0.2 m/kg PO

Cetaceans

Internal parasites Droncit (tapeworms and flukes ) , 10 mg/kg PO Fenbendazole, 50 mg/kg PO Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg P O Levamisole, 1 0 mg/kg P O Niclosamide (tapeworms ) , 1 1 0 mg/kg P O Piperazine, 55 mg/kg PO

Internal Parasites

Fig. 266. Otostrongyllls sp., larva 300 !-1m x 20 �lIn.

Fig. 267. Parafilaroides sp., larva 250 !-1m x 20 !-1m.

Table 59. Comparison of first stage of larvae of Otostrongylus sp. and Parafilaroides sp.

Fi rs t s tage larvae ( length and width) Males (le ngth and width) Fcmales (length and width ) -

Location found i n host

Pathogcn icity

O tostrongyilis sp.

270-420 x 1 9-24 �lm 1 05 mm x 1 . 3 111 111

Parafilaroides sp. 240-26 5 x 5-15 �l1n

1 40-1 60 mm x 2 mm

6-1 8 111 111 x 9 0-120 �lIn 1 6-21 111m x 1 70 �lm

Bronchi, trachea, heart Less severe (pneumonia)

Lung parenchyma Severe (bronchiolar obstruction)

201

Section 13

Nematodes (roundworms) of marine mammals are commOI1 . The ascarid group primarily consists of COlltracaeClIl11, Anisakis, Phocanema, and Terranvova.

Ascarids are very common. The larva l stages of these are often seen in fish, and some can infect humans when the larvae in fish are ingested. Marine mammals are usually infected by eating infected fish. The adult parasites are usually large and live in the stomach or intestines. Adult worms are 3-10

CI11 .

Most dewormers listed in Table 58 are effective for

treatment. Prevention for humans is to cook fish well before eating. Pyrantel is used to treat humans.

Fig. 268. Typical nematode egg (ascarid).

Trematodes (flukes) are also common i n marine mammals. Examples are listed i n Tables 5 6 and 57. Eggs are usually operculated at one end.

Fig. 269. Typical trematode eggs.

Acanthocephala are spiny-headed worms and are found commonly i n the intestines of marine mammals. Their spiny heads are firmly imbedded i n intestinal mu­ cosa. Acanthocephalans often appear yellow or orange at necropsy.

Fig. 270. Typical acanthocephala eggs.

Tapeworms (cestodes) are common in marine mammals. The broad fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium sp.) is especially common in those animals that eat fish. Pseudophyllidean tapeworms like D itJhyllobothriu111 spp. are the most common type of tapeworm in marine mammals and have operculated eggs. Tapeworms are often nonpathogenic and can be treated with prazi­ quantel. Fig. 271. Typical tapeworm eggs.

202

Parasites

Fig. 272. Bolbosoma sp. (acanthocep hala), 1 60 �lIn 28 �Hll . Ph oto by M. Dailey. Used with permission.

x

of Marine L¥I£U'"

Fig. 273. Brazl11ina cordiformis (trematode), 1 65 pm 97 �lIll. Photo by M. Dailey. Used with permission.

Fig. 274. Zalophotrema hepatiCltm (trematode), 73 �lm x 48 �m. Photo by M. Dailey. Used with permission.

Fig. 275. CorYlZosoma sp. (acanthocephala), 79 �llll 24 �m. Photo by M. Dailey. Used with permission.

Fig. 276.

Fig. 277. SyntiJesill111 sp. (trelllatode), 5 6 �lnl Photo by M. D a iley. Used with permission.

Pricetrema zalophi (trematode), 33 �m Photo by M. Dailey. Used with permission.

x

1 8 �m.

203

x

33

x

x

Fig. 278. Anisakis sp. (nematode-ascarid), 50 �lm Photo by M. Dailey. Used with permission.

X

Fig. 2 7 9 . COlltracaeCUI11 s p . (nematode-ascarid), 50 �lIn 50 �lIn. Photo by M. Dailey. Used with permission.

40 11m.

Fig. 280. Crassicallda sp. ( nematode) . Eggs are larvated, 55 11m x 37 �lIll . Photo by 1'v1. Dailey. Used with permis­ sion.

X

Fig. 2 8 1 . Alltarctophthirzts sp. (louse), 3 mm.

Fig. 282.

Orthohalarachne dimil!llta. Mites are in the bronchioles and trachea. Photo by M. Dailey. Used with permission .

Fig. 283. O rthohalarachlle attelluata. Mites are in the na­ sopharynx. Photo by M. Dailey. Used with permission.

204

Parasites o f Marine Mammals

Nasitrema sp. Common name: Trematode. Hosts: Various cetaceans, especially dolphins. Size of egg: 82 )1m x 48 )1m. Importance: Located in the air sinus, strandings by infecting the damaging the eighth cranial nerve a l . 1 986, 1 992). Treatment : Praziquant el, 10 PO

Fig. 284. Nasitrema sp. (trematode) egg. Photo by M. Dailey. Used with permission.

Otostrongylus

sp.

Name: Lungworm Hosts: Pinnipeds Size of larvae: 260 )1m

..

x

20 )1m

Importance: Located in the l u ngs the promise respiration and may ,

vv" ",,,,>. u:!,,,¥

monia. Treatment: Ivermectin, 0.2 mglkg PO Fenbendazole, 50 mg/kg PO

Fig. 285. O tostrollgylus sp. (lungworm larva) nematode. Photo from M. Dailey. Used with permission.

Uncinaria lucasi Name: Hookworm ( nematode) . Hosts: Northern fur seal primarily. Size of eggs: 1 3 5 Jlm x 85 �lIn Importan ce: Hookwo rms are located in the small intes­ tine in pups, blubber and fat in adults Tra nsmitted transma mmarily and often causes .

mortali ty in pups ( Lyons, 1 994). Treatment: Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg PO Fenbendazole, 50 mg/kg PO

286.

Uncinaria lucasi (nematode) eggs.

205

Secti o n

13

Bib liography

prefercnce, a n d effects o f i n festation o f two species o f

Hrown RJ, Smith A\V, Keycs ;vlC : Sarcocystis i n the north­

ern fur seal . J Wildl Dis 16:45, 1 980.

Orthohalarchne (Hala rachnidae:Acarine) i n t h e north­ K i n ne 0 : Diseases causcd by parasitcs. In Kinne 0 (cd ) :

e rn fur sea l. J \X'ildl Dis 1 0:5 3 , 1 974. Brown R.I , Sm ith 1\\\1, Keyes ,vi C, ct a l . : Lesions associated

D i seases o f J\'l a rine M a m m a l s . Hamburg, Fcderal

with fat'll hookworm infections i n the northern fur sea l .

Republic of Germany, Biologische Anstalt Helgo land,

AV ivl A 1 65 :804, 1 974.

1 98 5 , pp. 7 1 7-750. I .a uckner G: Diseases of ;Vl a m m a l i a : Pinnipedia. In Kinne

Conlogue G.I, Ogden .lA, foreyt \\'.1 : Pediculosis and se­

o ( c d ) : Diseases of id a rine A nimals, Vol u mc I V, Part 2.

vere heartworm i n fection in a harbor sea I. Vet

I I a mburg, federal Rcpublic of Germany, Biologische

:vlcd/S m a l l A n i m C1in 75: 1 1 84- 1 1 87, 1 9 80.

Ansta lt Helgoland, 1 985, pp. 7 1 3-754.

Dai ley "-'I D, Bro w n e l l RL: A checkl ist o f marine parasites. I n Ridgway SH (cd ) : Mammals of the Sea . C h a rles c:.

Lyons ET: Vertical tra nsmission o f ncmat odes: Empha sis on Uncinaria lucasi in northern fur seals and

Thomas, 1 972, pp. 528-566.

Dai ley :-d D : Diseases of Mammalia: Cetacea. I n Kinne 0

Strongyloides westeri in eguids . .J I-1e l m i n t h o l Soc Wash

6 1 : 1 6 9- 1 78, [ 9 94.

(cd ) : Diseases of Marine Animals, Vo l u me I V, Part 2 .

Measures I., Gossel i n .lE Helmi nth parasites of ringed seal

I l a m burg, Fedcral Repu blic o f Germany, Biologische

Phoca hispida from northern Quebec, Canada . .I

Anstalt Helgoland, 1 98 5 , pp. 8 1 5-84 1 .

Helminthol Soc Wash 6 1 :240-244, 1 994.

Dai ley M D : Parasitology - Basic Considerations ( Cetace'1,

:\·Ior i mitsu T, l't a l . : Parasitic octanlS neuropathy ,1 S a

Pinn ipedia and S i renia ) . In Fowler Ivl E (cd ): Zoo and

«l nse of mass stranding of Odontoceti . .I Wildl Dis

\\'i ld Animal Medicine. Philadelphia, \X'. B. Sau nders

72:469-472, 1 986.

and Co., 1 986, pp. 78 1 -789.

Mori m itsu "1", et a l . : Histopatho logy o f cighth cranial nerve

Elc)' TJ : Dipetalonema spirocauda in Alaskan marine

of mass stranded dolphins at Cow Isla nds, Japan . .I

m a m m a ls. J Wildl Dis 1 7:65, 1 98 1 .

\Vildl Dis 2 8:656-658, 1 99 2 .

Forrester D]: Paras ites and Diseases of \X'ild :vl a ml11als in

Onderka D K : I're\'alcnce and pathology of nematode i n ­

Florida. Gainesvil le, U n iversity Press o f Florida, 1 992,

icctions i n t h e l u ngs of ringed seals ( Phoca hispida ) o f

459 pp.

Gosselin J F, Measures, L. Redescription o f Filaroides

t he western Arctic of Canada . . 1 W i l d l D i s 25 :2 1 8-224,

1 989.

(Para filaroides) gymn u ru s ( R a i l liet, 1 8 99) (Nematoda:

Perry :\'I L : A new species of D i petalonema from the

Metastrongyloidea) , with comments on other species in

California sea lion and a report of microfilarial' fro111 a

pinn ipeds. Can .J Zoo I 75:359-370, 1 997. Howard EB, Britt ] O .Jr., Matsumoto G K : Parasitic dis­

Stellar sea l i on ( Nematod a : fila rioidea ) . .I l'arasit

5 3 : 1 076, 1 967.

eases. I n Howard EB (cd ) : Pathobiology o f �vlarine

Stroud R K , D a iley :\'I D : Parasites and associated patho log",

"-'\ aI11mal Diseases, Vol u l11c I. Boca Raton, florida,

observed in pinn ipeds strancled a long the Oregon coast.

CRC Prcss, I nc . , 1 9 8 3 , pp. 1 1 9-232 .

.I Wildl Dis 1 4:292, 1 978.

Hsu CK, :vlelby EC, Altman N I-I , et a l . : Coccidiosis in

T;1ylor ,\ ER, Brown DH, Heyneman D , et al.: Biology of

harbor seals . .I AVMA 1 64:700, 1 974.

fila rid nematode Dipctaloncma spirocauda ( Leith',

I nskeep W, Gardincr CI-I, Harris RK, D ubcy .I I', Goldston

1 85 8 ) from the heart of captiw ha rbor sea ls and sea l i ­

RT: Toxoplasmosis i n Atlantic bottle-nosed dolphins

o n s , togethcr w i t h pathology of t h e hosts . .J I'arasit

(Tursops truncatus) . .1 Wild I D i s 2 6 : 377-3 82, 1 990.

47:97 1 , 1 96 1 .

.Iohnston DC;, Ridgway SH: Parasitism i n some marine

Woodward .IC, Zam SG, Caldwell D K , ct a l . : Some para­

mammals . .I AV;vIA 1 55 : 1 064 1 969.

sitic diseases of dolphins. Pathol Vet 6:257, 1 96 9 .

K i m KC, I laas V I ., Keyes :vIC: Populations, microh'lbitat

206

Section 14

PARASITES OF REPTILES Common Reptiles

Fig. 287. Reptiles (snakes and lizards).

288. Reptiles (turtlesltortoises/alligatorslcrocodiles).

207

S ectio n

14

M aj or Parasites Table 60. Parasites of reptiles ( sna kes a n d lizards)

P a r a s i t es

Location

Parasites Nematodes

Protozoa

Elltallloeba illl 'adells

Intestine

Ascarids: Ophidascaris,

Eilllerid\lsospord spp. (coccid i a )

Intesti ne/extra -i ntcstinal

Cryptos/lOridilllll s p . Blood protozoa ( Haellloprotells,

I ntestine

Po/yde//Jhis, l lexametra Hookworms: K
Blood or tissues

filarial worms: OSIl'a/do(i/aria, ro/cyelld, Macdolla/dills

He/i£ltozoall, P/aslllodill/ll

CdfJillaria sp.

Flagellates: Ji-icholllollas, / .eis/;lIhlllia Trypallosollla Ciliates: Ba/alltidilllll sp.

StnJlIg)'/oidesIRhahdias

Blood or tissues

Pinworms (oxyurids) :

Intestine

Ellstroll<� y/oides larvae,

Spirurids: Ahbrel'iata,

Trematodes ( renifers)

Lungs

Das),lIIetra sp.

Oral cavit),

Ochetostollla sp.

Oral cavity

Stomatrellla sp.

Oral cavity

Zellgorchis sp.

Stomach

St)'phy/odora sp.

Urinary tract

Spirorchis/l.e
Circulatory system

Intestine LlIngs/SQ/ c i rculatory system Intestine Intestine Intestine SQllungs

P/;ysa/optera spp.

Acanthocephala

Sphaerechil/orhYllchlls sp.

I ntestine

l\'lites

Cestodes

Pseudophyll ideans: Bothridilllll,

Intesti nclstomach

several species

I .lIngsli ntestine Lechriochis sp.

Lo cat i o n

OphiollYSSIIS lIatricis

Skin

ClltOIlYSSIIS, Ophio /JIlelllllico/a

Lungs

I n testine Ticks

Both riocepIJil/lls, Spirollletra Sparga n u m la rvae (pleurocercoids)

�vluscles/SQ

Am b/)'Olllllld, JI /JOIIOIIIIIW,

Mesocestoides la rvae

Anywhere

l lya/olllllla, O nzithodoros

Skin

( tetrathyrid i a ) Proteoccpha/lls, Acallthotaelli
Fly larvae

Intestine

Crepido/Jothrilllll, Ophiotaellia

Sarcophagd

SQ

l'entastomes (several species)

Lungs

Alligators/Crocodiles

Location

Table 6 1 . Parasites of reptiles (turtles and alligators) 'I'urtlesrIorroises

Loc a t io n

Nematodes

Nematodes

AIIglIsticaecIIIIl sp.

I ntestinc

B rcl'illlll/ticaeCIIIII sp.

Stomach

Call/a//all/Is sp.

Intestine

Dlljardillascaris sp.

Intesti ne/stomach

SpriollOllr<1 sp.

Colon

Spirox)'s sp.

Colon

Kaliccpha/lls sp.

Intestine

AcallthostOlllll1ll sp.

Proatractis sp.

Colon

A rc/weodip/ostolllllli sp.

Intestine

Crocodilico/a sp.

I ntestine

Trematodes

Trematodes

, ,?

DictYilIlgill1l/ sp.

Stomach

Herollillllls sp.

Lungs

N('o/}(}/ystollla sp.

Urinary bladder

Te/orchis sp.

I ntestine

Intestine I ntestine

Sehekia sp.

Lungs

Leeches

P/acohdella spp.

Intestine

Protozoa

Elltamoeba illuac/clIs

Po/ycot)'/e sp. PS£'lIdocrocodilico/d sp. l'entastomes

Acanthocephala

NcoechillorhYllclJlts sp.

I n tcstine

I n testine

Eillleria spp.

Intestine

Ba/alltidillm sp.

I ntestine

208

ivlouth/s k i n

Parasites of Reptiles and Oocysts

Fig 290. Eggs of hookworms ( Kalicephalus sp.) from a rattlesnake. Nematode eggs are 80 �lm X 40 �1I11. .

from a rat­ 70 �1I11.

Fig. 289. Eggs of ascarids ( Ophidascaris sp.) tlesnake. Nematode eggs are 90 11m

Fig. 291. Eggs of Kapsllitaenia 90 �lIn

x

x

Fig. 292. Eggs of a pinworm (probably PharYllgodoll sp.) (nematode), 8 7 �lIn X 42 11m. Photo by S . Barnard. Used with permission.

sp. (tapeworm). Eggs are

70 11m. Photo by S. Barnard. Used with permis­

sion.

Fig

Fig. 294. Eggs of Strongyloides sp., a nematode. Eggs are 72 �lm x 3 5 �lIn. Photo by S. Barnard. Used with permission.

293. Eggs of a trematode ( Ocetosollla sp.). Eggs are x 22 �lm. Photo by S. Barnard. Used with permis­ sion. .

40 11m

209

Section 1 4

Fig. 295. Eggs o f Physaloptera sp., a nematode. Eggs are 80 11 m X 40 11m. Photo by S . Barnard. Used with permission.

Fig. 296. Eggs o f Capillaria sp., a nematode from a rat­ tlesnake. Eggs are 80 �ltll X 40 �ltll.

Fig. 297. Eggs of Oswaldcmzia sp., a hookworm (nema­ tode). Eggs are 7 8 �l m X 45 11m. Photo by S . Barnard. Used with permission.

Fig. 298. Eggs of PharYllgdoll sp., a pinworm (nematode) common in lizards. Eggs are 142 �lm x 35 11m. Photo by S. Barnard. Used with permission.

Fig. 299. Eggs of TachygolZetria sp., a pinworm (nema­ tode) common in turtles/tortoises. Eggs are 105 �ltll x 55 �ltll. Photo by S. Barnard. Used with permission.

Fig. 300. Eggs of Oochoristica sp., a tapeworm from a lizard. Eggs are 40 11 m x 32 �ltll. Photo by S. Barnard. Used with permission.

210

Parasites of Reptiles

301. Oocysts of Cryptosporidiu1l1 sp. Oocysts are 5-7 11m in diameter.

Fig. 302. Cysts of Balantidium sp. from a rattlesnake. Cysts are usually between 50 and 100 �lm.

Fig. 303. Eimeria sp. (coccidia) from a rattlesnake. Oocysts are 20 �lm X 1 8 �1I11.

Drugs Table 62. Drugs for reptiles" Parasite

Drug

Dosage ( mg/kg o f body weight)

Nematodes

Dichlorvos (Task)

12.5 50 0.2 10 25 25

Fenbendazole ( Panacur) Ivermectin ( Ivomec), NO TURTLES Levamisole HCL (Tramisol) Mebendazole (Telmin) Pyrantel pamoate (Strongid T) Cestodes

Bunamidine (Scolaban ) Dichlophen ( several names) Niclosamide ( Yomesan) Praziquantei ( D roncit)

Trematodes

50 200 150 7.5

None are reliable Experimentally, Praziquantel or Albendazole can be tried.

Protozoa

1 0 ( fo r flagellates, 5 days) 1 25-275 ( for amoebae, 8 days) 45-90 ( for coccidia) 40-75 ( for coccidia)

Dimetridazole ( Emtryl) Metronidazole ( Flagyl) Sulfadimethoxine (Albon) S ulfamethazine

D ichlorovos "no pest strip"

Topical application Hang in cage for a few hours

Ivermectin ( Ivomec)

0.2 SQ, IM, o r PO

DriDi (a silica dessicant)

one-half dose for turtles.

211

Section 14

Fig. 304. An unknown pentastome (weird parasite ) . Eggs are 95 11m X 78 11m. Photo by S. Barnard. Used with permission.

Fig. 305. Entomoeba sp. ( a rrow) from a rattlesnake.

Internal Parasites Entomoeba sp. Common name: Entamoeba sp. ( a protozoan-amoeba ) . Size o f trophozoite: 9-38 11m x 8-30 11m. Size of cyst: 9-24 �l!n in diameter, with one to four nuclei.

Transmission: Ingestion o f cysts from affected feces

I mportance: Can cause anorexia, weight loss, blood and m ucus in feces, vomiting, and intestinal u lceration. It is most pathogenic in snakes and carnivorous lizards. Death often occurs 2 to 10 weeks after infection. Prevention: Cysts can s urvive more than 2 weeks in the environment. Keep cages clean and quarantine sick animals. D o not mix lizards or snakes w i t h turtles o r crocodilians. Treatment: Metronidazole, \25-250 mg/kg q 2 4 h x 3 d. Do not exceed 400 mg per day. Paromomycin, 40 mglkg P O

Parasites of Animal Tissues. U . S. Dep. Agriculture

Bibliography

Handbook No. 6 5 1 , Washington, DC 83 pp, 1 9 8 8 . Klein TA, Young DG, Greiner E C , Telford S R , Butler J F : Development a n d experimental transmission of Schellackia gal valli and Schellackia occidelltalis by in­ gestion of infected blood-feeding arthropods. lnt 1 Parasitol, 1 8 :259-267, 1 9 8 8 . Lichtenfels J R and Lavies B: Mortality in red-sided garter snakes, Thamno{Jhis sirtalis parietalis, due to larval nematode Ellstrongylides sp. Lab Anilll Sci 26:465,

Aya la sc. Checklist, host index, and annotated bibliogra­ phy of PlasmodiulIl from reptiles. 1 Protozool, 25:87-1 00, 1 978. Barnard SM, SJ Upton: A Veterinary Guide to the Parasites of R eptiles. Volume 1, Protozoa. Malabal; Florida, Krieger Publishing Company, 1 994. Brownstein DG, Standberg, JD, Montaili, RJ, Bush, !vI, Fortner J: Cryptosporidilllll in snakes with hypertrophic gastritis. Vet Pathol 14:606, 1 972. Cooper JE: Disease in East African snakes associated with 31$? Kalicephalus worms (Nematoda: D iaphocephalidae) . Vet Rec 89:385, 1 9 7 1 . Flynn, RJ: Parasites o f Laboratory Animals. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1 973. Fowler M (ed): Zoo and Wild Allimal Medicine. 2nd edi­ tion. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co., 1 98 6 . Frank W : Endoparasites. I n Cooper, J E , Jackson, OF (eds): Diseases of the Reptilia, Volume 1. London, Academic Press, 1 9 8 1 , pp. 291-358. Gardiner CH, Fayer R, D u bey JP: An Atlas of Protozoan

�

1 976. Marcus LC: Veterinary Biology and Medicine of Captive Amphibians and Reptiles. Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 1 9 8 1 . Telford S R : Parasitic diseases o f reptiles. 1. Am Vet Med Assoc, 1 5 9 : 1 644-162, 1 9 7 1 . Telford SR: Haemoparasites of reptiles. In Hoff GL, Frye FL, Jacobsen ER (eds): D iseases of Amphibians and Re{Jtiles. New York, Plenum Press, 1984, pp. 3 85-517. Zwart P, Truyens EHA: Hexamitiasis in tortoises. Vet Parasitol, 1 : 1 75-1 83, 1 975.

212

Section 1 5

PARASITES OF HUMAN S Location of Major Parasites

Pediculus humanus Sarcoptes scabiei

(hair)

in skin

hydatid cyst of Echinococcus Fasciola hepatica

Large Intestine

Small Intestine Giardia

Trichuris trichiura

sp.

Cryptosporidium

Enterobius vermicularis

sp.

Schistosoma

spp. (in vei ns)

Ascaris lumbricoides Necator americanus Strongyloides stercoralis Taenia

Pthirus pubis

spp.

(hair)

Dipylidium caninum Diphyllobothrium latum

Fig. 306. Location of the cOl11mon parasites of humans.

, 213

Section

15

Common Parasites Table 63. Common human parasites Organism

Parasite or D isease

Treatment

Dose

Giardiasis

htr<1Zolione �v1etronidazole Pa romomyci n Secnidazo\e Tinidazole

mg q 6 h x 7- \ 0 cI mg q 8 h x 5 cI 8-3 5 mg/kg q 8 h x 7 cI 2 g once or 3 0 mg/kg once 2 g once or 30 mg/kg once

Protozoa

Gi,lrdi
CryfJtosfJoridilllll

1 00

250

mg/kg q Ii h x 7 d Fluids and electrolytes

Cry prospo rid iosis

l'a romomycin S upportive therapy

25-35

Rou ndworm

Albencbzole I vermcctin iVlcbencbzole Pyralltel pamoate P iperazine

400

A l bendazole :Vlebendazole Pyranrel pamoate

400

A lbendazole l'yrantel pamoate ;Ylebendazo\e

400

Nematodes

Ascaris

Pinworm

Necator

Strollgyloides

Trichuris

Hookworm

"I'hreadworm

\,\lhipworm

I vermecti n ,\Ibendazole

mg once mg once J 00 mg q 1 2 h x 3 d I I mg/kg once ( maximum g) 75 mg/kg ( maximum 3 , 5 g) J2

mg once, repeat in 2 weeks mg once, repeat in 2 weeks I I mg/kg once (maximum I g), repeat in 2 weeks 1 00

mg once I I mg/kg ( ma x I g) q 24 h 1 00 mg q 1 2 h x 3 d

0,2 400

Albendazole J\'le benclazole

400 1 00

mg/kg q 24 h x 2 d mg q 1 2 h x 3 cI mg once mg q J 2 h x 3 d

Cestodcs

"/iJellia s
Beef ta peworm

Praziquanlel

5- J 0 mg/kg once

Taellia SO/illlll

Pork fa peworm

Praziquantel

5- 1 0

Tilellia SO/illlll (cysts)

Cysticercosis

Praziquantcl Albendazole Surgery

5

Flea ta peworm

Praziqua nrel

5- J 0

Hydatid cyst

Al bendazole Mebenclazo\e Surgery

400

Praziquantcl

5- J 0 mg/kg once

EchillococcllS

Di/)!Jyllo/Jot h rillill

fish tapeworm

214

mg/kg once

mg/kg q 24 h x 1 4 d mg/kg q 8 h x 28-30 d

50

40

mg/kg once

mg q J 2 h x 28 d mg/kg daily for months

x

3

d

Taple 63.

C ommon human parasi tes (continued)

Organism Tremato des

Parasite or D isease Liver fluke

Treatment

Dose

Bithionol

3 0-50 m glkg q 48 h x 10-1 5 d 25 mglkg q 8 h x 1 d

Praziquantel Paragoninms

Bithionol

Lung fluke

Praziquantel

Schistosoma Duck flukes Arthropods Sarcoptes Pediculus Pth irus

3 0-50 mglkg q 4 8 h x 14 d 25 mg/kg q 8 h x 2 d

Oxamni quine

15 mg/kg once

Praziquantel

40-60 mg/kg q 8 h x 1 d

Swimmer's itch

Certicosteroid cream

Topical

Scabies

Ivermectin

0.2 mg/kg

Body and head louse

Permethrins

0.2%

Ivermectin

0.2 mglkg

Permethrins

0.2 %

Blood fluke

Pubic louse

Internal Parasites

Fig. 307. Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworms). Eggs are 80 �lm long.

310. Diphylloboth r ium latum

tapeworms). Eggs are 80 11m

Fig. 308. Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms) . Eggs are 75 �1I11 long.

F ig. 311. CrY/Jtosporidium parvum (protozoan). Oocysts are approxi­ mately 5 11m long (arrows) .

215

Fig. 309. Trichuris trichuriata (whip­ worms). Eggs are 80 11m long.

Fig. 312. Giardia lamblia (flagellated protozoan) Cysts are approximately 12-1 5 11m long (arrows).

15

External

Parasites

Pediculus hominis Common name: Human head lice. Adult size: 2-3 mm on the head in the hair. Eggs (nits ) are attached t o the hairs . Importanc e: These a r e sucking l i c e a n d suck blood. They cause itching of the scal p . These lice are host specific i n humans.

D iagnosis: Find the eggs, adults, or nymphs on the head. Treatment: See Table 6 3 . Permethrin shampoos are the standard treatment, but many l ice are resistant. Fig. 3 13 . Pediculus hominis (head louse).

Pthirus pubis Common name: Pubic lice. Adult size: 1 mm, with large claws, i n pubic hair. Eggs ( n its) are attached to p ubic hairs. Importance: These are sucking lice and suck blood. They cause itching of the pubic area. These lice are host specific i n humans. Diagnosis: Find the eggs, adults, or nymphs i n the pu­ bic area. Treatment: See Table 6 3 . Permethrin shampoos are commonly used.

Fig. 3 14. Pthirus pubis (pubic louse).

Sarcoptes scabiei Common name: Scabies mites. Adult size: 4 0 0-600 um. Adults, nymphs, larvae (6 legs), and eggs are i n the skin Importance: Cause severe itching ( "Norwegian itch " ) . Human scabies mites a r e relatively host specific i n humans. Diagnosis: Skin scraping. Find eggs, larvae, nymphs, or adults. Treatment: See Table 63 Ivermectin is often effective.

Fig. 3 1 5 . Sarcoptes scabiei (scabies mite).

216

Parasites of Humans

B ibliography

ivermectin f o r t h e treatment o f head lice ( Pediculosis

capitis). I'rop Med l'
IIS capitis infes­ Bell TA. Treatm ent o f PediCIIllls IJlllllt1I/ val'.

in rarion in Cowlitz County, \\1ashing ton, with ivermect and thL' l.icelvlcistcr comb. Pediatr Illfeet Dis .I 1 7:923 -924 , 1 998. Bur k h 'lrt K M, Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG: Updatc on thera py: ivcrmectin is availablc for usc against licc. Infect Med 1 4:689, 1 997. Campbell WC: Ivcrmectin, an antiparasitic agent. Med Res Reu 1 3 :6 1-79, 1993. Colcman R: The lISC o f ivermectin in the trcatment o f sca­ bies. Ir Med J 89: 1 67, 1 996. Downs AM, Stafford KA, Coles GC: Susceptibility o f British hcad licc, PediCIIIlIs capitis, to i m idacloprid an d fipronil. A,red Vet £lItolllol 1 4: 1 05- 1 07, 2000. Glaziou 1', Cartel J L, Alzieu 1', et a l . : Compa rison of i ver mectin and benzyl ben zo a te for treatment of scabies. Trop Med Parasitol 44:33 1 -332, 1 993. Glazioll 1', Nyguyen LN, Moulia-Pclat .I I', et a l . : Efficacy of

IIII/Jort,lI/ce.

3 r d edition. Boca Raton, Florida, eRe:

Press, 1 999, 440 pp.

.

H u ffam SE, C u r rie BJ : Ivcrmectill for Sarcoples sc
Ellgl J Med 3 3 3 :26-3 0 ,

1 995. Ottesen EA, Campbe l l \'\'C: Ivcrmcctin ill h u m a n med i­ cine. J

r\lIlilllicro/) Chelllolher 34: 1 95-203, 1 994.

Rahman \\11\ : Comparative t ri a l s using a l bcndazoie and mebendazoie ill rhe treatment of h e l m i nths i ll school­ c h i l d ren on i'e n a ng , ivl a laysia. SOlltl}(>,lst rlsi'1I1 J hOI)

iVIed PlIblic l Ie,z/lh 27:765-767, 1 9%.

·

Youssef .\ I Y�I'I, Sadaka H A il , Eissa :\'1.\ 1, e t a l . : ·I()pic a l appl ication o i ivermectin for h u man ectoparasitcs. ,1111

J

Trop iVIed l Iyg 5 3 :652-653, 1 995.

, 217

Section

CO MM O N ARTIFACTS IN FECES

Artifacts

Fig. 3 1 7. Pine pollen.

Fig. 3 16 . Microscopic seeds and seed head.

Fig.

318. Microscopic seeds and seed head.

Fig.

320.

Fig. 3 1 9. Microscopic seeds and plant material.

Fig. 321. Pla n t root hair at arrow vOle). Ascarid eggs are also in the

Pollen.

219

confused with lar-

Section 1 6

Spurious Parasites

Fig. 322. Yeast (in chains, arrow) are often confused with coccidia.

Fig. 3 2 3 . Spyrogyra (an algae), "bedspring artifact" (arrow).

Fig. 324. Thrips ( free-living insects) found occasionally in dog feces when collected from the ground.

Fig. 325. Grain mite eggs with mite inside egg. Grain mites occur in feed, and eggs pass in feces. Eggs are big, usually over 1 00 �lm long.

Fig. 326. An incidental mite ( Acarus sp. ) and Acarus sp. eggs in feces. Eggs arc approximately 1 00-1 3 0 �m long.

Fig. 327. Ascaris foreyti, 1 ,778 mm long.

220

Common Artifacts in Feces

Microscopic seeds from these

m i cr o sco

pic seed

heads often look like p a rasite eggs. These seeds resem­ ble tiny Trichuris eggs to some degree.

Fig.

328. Microscop ic seed head.

iVlites and m ite eggs are often seen in feces. Some of these mites are environmental mites that are ingested and pass out in feces. Some m ites are the result of ani­ mals licking themselves, and some mites are spurious parasites that are the result of ingesting prey species that have m ites. This mite is Cnemidocoptes, a bird m ite in dog feces. Apparently, this dog ate an infected bird.

Fig. 329. A spurious mite in dog feces.

The " horsehair worm" (Gordius) is livestock waterers, freshwater springs, and from springs, toilets, kitchen sinks, etc. parasites o f vertebrates. These are long 6-10 inches long.

Fig. 330 The horsehair worm.

221

Section 1 7

TABLE S

Table 64. �vletric I English conversion factors and measures of concentration Metric I English Conversion Factors I kg

1 ,000 g

2.2 1b

I g

1 ,000 mg

0.035 0z

I I

1 ,000 ml or cc 0 . 034 fluid oz

1 .058 qt

I ml or cc I ml 1 I of water weighs 1 kg

1 ,000 �tl

1 Ib

453.6 g

English I lvletric Conversion Factors 0.454 kg

I oz

28.35 g 1 pt of water weighs approximately I Ib

I gal of water weighs approximately 8.34 I b I gal

4 qt

3 . 785 I

I qt

2 pt

0 . 946 I

I pt

I fluid oz

0.473 I 2 9 . 6 ml

1 ppm

1 pIlI

or

cc Measures of Concentra tion

1 �tl/kg 0 . 000 1 % 0 .0 1 3 oz in 1 00 ga l of water 1 percent

1 0,000 ppm 1 0 gil 1 . 3 3 oz by weightlgal of water 8.34 Ib/ 1 00 gal

0 . 1 'x,

1 ,000 ppm

0.0 1 'X,

1 00 ppm

1 00 mIll

0.00 1 % 0.000 I 0;',

1 0 ppm

1 0 mIll 1 mill

1 ,000 mill

I ppm

cc, cubic centimeter; g, gram; gal, gallon; kg, ki logram; I, liter; Ib, pound; mg, m i l ligram; ml, milliliter; ppm, parts per mil lion; pt, pint; qt, quart; p I , microliter.

223

OZ ,

ounce;

Section

17

Table 6 5 . Temperature, lengt h , and volume conversion chart

Temperature °F 212 1 00 1 94 90 1 76 80 158 70 60 1 40 50 1 22 40 1 04 35 95 30 86 25 77 20 68 15 59 10 50 5 41 32 0 7 ' _.) -5 14 -10 5 -15 -4 -20 -13 -25 -30 -22 -40 -40 °C

cm 2.54 5 .08 1 0. 1 6 20.32 30.48 40.64 50.80 60.96 71.12 8 1 . 28 9 1 .44

Length nll11 25.4 50.8 1 0 1 .6 203.2 3 04 . 8 406.4 508.0 609.6 71 1.12 8 1 2. 8 9 1 4. 4

i nch 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36

Table 6 6 . Abbreviations used ill text

BID B\X! CBC CNS d ELISA h 1 .\,1 IV PO ppm q SC SD

Twice a day Body weight Complete blood count Central nervous systcm Day Enzyme-linked immunosorbcnt assay Hour I ntra muscu la r( I y ) I ntravcnous( Iy) By mouth Pa rts per m i l lion Ever), Subcutaneously Standard deviation

224

Volume l itcrs quarts 1.1 2 2.1 .3 3.2 4 4.2 5 5.3 6.3 6 7.4 7 8.5 8 9 9.5

Index

Ascarid ( roundworm)

IND EX

in in in in in in in

N 1 1II11 I1l'1" s 1' 11 bold italic represent species description. \X1 hen ,1 co!11ma precedes spp., more than one species for m is giv en.

A hbreviations used in text, 224 Abdomina l worm, 95 Acallthocephala, 2 0 1 , 203

birds, 1 53 , 158, 1 59 cats, 50, 54, 5 5 dogs, 1 9, 2 1 , 22 2 3 h umans, 2 1 4 pigs, 1 3 7, 1 42 , 1 43 ratites, 1 6 8, 1 69 reptiles, 209 ,

in wildlife, 1 88 Asc£lridi£l, spp. See Ascarid ( roundworm )

classification of, 1 2

Asc£lris SII1I11I, 1 3 7, 1 42, 1 43

Acariasis

AsCtll'Ops strollgyli/I,l, 1 3 7, 1 46

i n cats, 52 i n dogs, 1 9 i n pigs, 1 3 9

B£lhesiLl, spp.

A elll/'Ostrollgyll/s abstmslIs, 56, 57

in cats and dogs, 47

A laria spp., 30, 3 1

in dogs, 44

A lgae, i n feces, 220 Alligators, parasites of. See Repti les, parasites of Alveolar hydatid d isease, 1 9

diagnosis of, 4 in horses, 130, 1 3 1 in rumina nts, 92, 93

Amblyolllma, 1 68

Baermann technique, 6 Bala/itidilllll, spp.

Amoebiasis, 1 9 Allcylostoma spp., 1 9, 50

in pigs, 1 3 7, 1 48

i n cats, 54, 55 in dogs, 22, 2 3 , 50

in repti les, 2 1 1 Baylis£lscaris, spp.

Allisakisll'hocallell1
in ratites, 1 6 8

A llisakis sp., 20 I , 204

in wildlife, 1 88

A llo{Jlocep/J,Iia, spp., 1 2 1 , 1 30, 1 3 1

Bear brain parasite, 1 95

A ll tarctophthims sp., 204

Bears, parasites of, 1 8 I , 1 93 , 1 94, 1 95. See aiso

Anthelm intics

\,\Iildlife, parasites of

for birds, 1 5 6 , 1 57 for cats, 53

Beaver, parasites of, 1 8 1 . See ,Iiso \X1i ldlife, parasites of BID, defined, 224

for cattle, 77, 78 for dogs, 20

Bighorn sheep, parasites of, 1 8 1 , 1 8 7, 1 93, 1 96 . Sec also Wildlife, parasites of

for goats, 78

Birds

for hedgehogs, 1 7 1

anthelmimics for, 1 5 6, 1 5 7

for horses, 1 24 , 1 25, 1 3 2, 1 3 3 for humans, 2 1 4

zoonotic d ise'1ses associated with, 1 54 Birds, parasites of, 1 53- 1 65

for l lamas, 1 1 6

body, location on, 1 54

for marine mammals, 202

coccidia species table, 1 55

for pigs, 1 40 for rabbits, 1 7 1

external, 1 63- 1 65 fecal eggs and oocysts, 1 5 3

for ratites, 1 6 7 for repti les, 2 1 I

interna l, 1 5 8- 1 62 Bison, parasites o f, 1 8 1 . See also Wildlife, parasites of

for sheep, 78

Bladderworm. See Ca/Jillaria, spp., aerophila, in cats

Arachnida, classification of, 1 3

B lood smear for parasite detection, 4, 7

A rgas persiclIs

B lowfly, 9 9

in birds, 1 64 in r,uites, 1 68

Ho/bosollla s p . , 2 0 3

B o t fly in cats and dogs, 4 1

A rterial worm, 1 88 Arthropoda, classi fication of, 1 3

i n catrle, 99 i n sheep, 1 00 BOl!icoia, spp., 1 02, W3

Arti facts i n feces, 2 1 9-22 1 Ascariasis, 1 3 9

225

Index

Bra in worm, 1 9 1 . See also Meningeal worm

flies, 98-1 0 1

I3r£1llllilla cordiformis, 203

l ice, 1 02-1 03

Brisket worm, 94

m ites, 1 05-1 0 8

Broad fish tapeworm, 1 94

ticks, 1 04-1 05 internal, 80-97

BlI/lostOIl/III11, spp., 84, 8 5

a bdominal worm, 95

BW, defined, 224

Babesia, 92, 9 3 b a n k rupt, or small stomach, worm, 80, 8 1 C a l i bration o f m i croscope, 8

ba rber's pole ( wire worm), 80, 8 1

Call1elostrollgyllls, 1 1 7

beef cysticercosis, 9 5

Canine babesiosis, ticks a s vector of, 44

bighorn sheep lungworm, 88, 89 brisket w o r m , 94, 95

CaIJi/faria, spp.

brown stomach worm, 80, 8 I

i n bi rds, 1 53 , 1 58, 1 5 9 i n cats, 50, 56, 57

capill ary worm, 86, 8 7

i n dogs, 3 7

cattle bankrupt worm, 84

i n 1 1 a m a s , li S , 1 1 7

coccidia, 92, 93 crypto, 92, 93

i n reptiles, 2 1 0 i n r u mi n a nts, 86, 8 7

C),sticerClis tellllicollis, 96

Caribou ( reindee r ) , para s ites of, 1 8 1 . See afsl) \Vi l d l i fe,

esophageal worm, 94, 95 gid, 97

p a ra sites o f Cassowaries, parasites o f . See R atites, paras ites of

goat lungworm, 88, 8 9

Cats, parasites of, 5 1 -62

h a i r worm ( black scour worm ) , 84

extern;]1

hookworm, 84

car mite, 43

hydatid cyst, 96

fur mite, 43

l a rge-mouthed bowel worm, 86, 87

mange mite, 62

l i ver fl uke, 90, 9 1

feca l eggs a n d oocysts, 50

lungworm, 88, 8 9

int e rn a l , 54-6 1

Nl'o/Js/Jol"
ascarid ( ro u ndworm ) , 50, 54, 55

nod u l a r worm, 82, 83

bladderworm, 5 6 , 5 7

r u m e n fl uke, 95

coccidia, 50, 6 1

s h e e p cysticercosis, 97

flea tapeworm, 50, 58, 5 9

skin n o d u l a r w o r m , 94, 95

Giardi
sorehead, 97

hook worm , 54, 5 5

tapeworm, 9 0 , 9 1

l u ng fluke, 56, 5 7

tapeworm, fringed, 96

lu ngworm, 56, 5 7

thin-necked i n testi n a l worm, 82, 83

S
threadworm, 82, 83

tapeworm, 50, 58, 59

trich, 90, 9 1

toxo, 60

t r ichostrongyle parasites, 85

loca tion on host body, 5 1

wh ipworm, 86, 8 7

protozoan pa rasites, 47

Cattle bankrupt worm, 84, 85

Cats, wild, pa r,l s i t es o f , 1 83 , 1 96 . See a/so \,\f i l d l i fe,

C B C , defined, 224

parasites of

Ceca l worm, 1 58, 1 5 9 Cen tri fuga tion, modified double, .5

Cattle a nthelmint ics for, 77, 78, 79

Cephelll'lIlyia s p . , 1 89

zoonotic d i seases of, 70

Cercaria I dermatitis, 1 5 4

Cattle, parasi tes o f. See ,lis() Cat t le, sheep, ,md goats,

Cestodes. See a/so Zoonotic d iseases

para s i tes of

classification of, 1 3

cocc i d i a i n , 6 9

i n gerbils, 1 72

fecal eggs a n d oocysts, 69

in ha msters, 1 72

location on host body, 70

in mice, 1 73

Cattle, sheep, and goats, para s i tes of, 69-108

in ratites, 1 6 8

exte rn a l , 97- 1 0 8

in rats, 1 74

226

Index spp., 4 1 sp., 1 26, 1 2 7 Cylicocephaills sp., 1 2 6, 1 27 CylicocycIlIs sp., 126, 1 2 7 Cylicospimr<1 sp., 1 90 Cllterebra

in rept iles, 2 I 1 Cetace a, parasites of, 1 99-20 5. See also ;\;Iarine mam ma ls, par asites of l ist o f species, 200 Chaberti£1, spp., 86, 87

Cyathostol11l1l11

CYl'lle<1 colilli, 1 6 8

Challdlerel/a qlliscali, 1 6 8

Cysticercosis, 95 Cysts, nerve or m uscle ( Protozoa-Apicomplexa), 1 8 7 Cytallxzooll s p . , 4 7

spp. i n cats, 43 i n dogs, 1 9, 43 in rabbits, 4 3 , 1 77 Chickens, parasites of, 1 55. See also Birds, parasites o f Chigger, larval, 4 8 Cheyletiel/a

Dalll£llillia (Bol'ico/
Chiggers, 1 9 6

sp., 1 1 9

spp., 1 6 8

Deer ked, 1 92 Deer, parasites of, 1 89, 1 92. See ,liso Wild l i fe, parasites of mule, 1 82, 1 88 white-ta iled, 1 8 3 - 1 85 Delet rocephaills spp., 1 6 8 , 1 6 9

Chirodiscoides caviae, 1 79

spp., 1 60, 1 6 1 spp., 1 06, 1 07 Classifica t io n of parasites, 1 1 - 1 3 Choallotaellia Chorioptes,

Cllelllidoco/Jtes IIl11t£lIlS, 1 63

defined, 224 Coccidia. See Eil11eri,l, spp.; /S()SpOr£l, spp. Cochliol11yia, homi nivorax, 9 9 Cod worm, 1 89

CNS,

Delllodex callis, 42 Delltostolllel/a Derlllacelltor,

spp., 1 78 spp., 1 32 , 1 93

DemlilllysslIS gal/illae, 1 64

CodiostOlllll111 stmthicJIlis, 1 6 8

Diagnosis of parasitic i n fections, 3-8 Dichcilollelll(l spp., 1 6 8 DictYOClllIllIs, spp. in horses, 1 2 1 in ruminants, 88, 8 9

Concentra tions, measures of, 223 COlltracaeClI111 sp., 20 1 , 204 Conversion tables, 22.3-224 Cooperia, spp. i n llamas, 1 1 7 in ruminants, 84, 85 CorYllosollla sp., 203 Cows. See Cattle Coyote, parasites of, 1 8 I , 1 90, 1 94. See also \,\Iildlife, parasi tes of Crassicallda sp., 204 Crayfish, as hosts of giant kidneyworm, 38 Crocodiles, pa rasites of. See Reptiles, parasites of Cryptosporidilllll, spp. i n dogs, 40 in h a msters, 1 78 i n humans, 2 1 4, 2 1 5 l i fe cycle, 75 i n llamas, 1 1 8 oocysts, 76 in ratites, 1 68 , 1 69 in reptiles, 2 11 i n ruminants, 92, 9 3 Ctellocephalides, spp., 1 6 8 Cutaneous larva migrans i n cats, 52 i n dogs, 1 9, 2 2 i n h u mans, 1 9 i n pigs, 1 3 9 Cutaneous leishmaniasis, 1 9

DioctophYlIla rellale, 38 D ipetalollellla recollditlllll, 26, 28, 29

spp. dogs, 37 h umans, 2 1 4 marine mammals, 20 I wildlife, 1 94 Dip{ydilllll, spp. i n cats, 50, 58, 5 9 i n dogs, 1 7, 1 9, 32, 3 9 in hu mans, 2 1 4 Dipylidiasis in cats, 52 in dogs, 1 9

Diphyl/o{}()th rilllll,

in in in in

Dirofilaria illllllitis

in cats, 5 2 comparison o f microfilarial' with D ipct
diagnosis of, 4 i n dogs, 1 9, 24, 25 treatment protocol for, 2 7 i n wildlife, 1 90 Dirofilariasis in cats, 52 i n dogs, 1 9

227

Ind ex

Dise ases associated with parasitcs. See Zoonotic d isc,lses Disp/iar)'/lx sp., 1 5 3 in birds, 1 65 Dogs a nthelmintics for, 20 zoonotic diseases o f, 1 9 Dogs, pa rasitcs of, 1 7-45 body, location on, 1 8 external, 3 9-45 biting lousc, 39, 48 brown dog tick, 44 car mite, 43 flea, 40 follicular mange mitc, 42 fur, or surfacc, mitc, 1 9, 43 mange mite, 1 9 Neospora callil/lllll, 45 R b ip ice/,haills sallgllillells, 44 rodcnt botfly, 4 1 sucking lousc, 3 9 ticks, 44 internal, 2 1 -3 8 A laria callis, 1 7

tapeworm, 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 6 , 3 7 threadworm, 1 9, 24, 2 5 TOx£lscLlris leollilla, 1 7 Toxoc£lr£l Cilllis, 1 7

tracheal worm, 28, 29 'li"iclillris lilt/pis, 1 7 [fllcill£lria stclloccpbala, 1 7

whipworm, 22, 23 protozoan parasites, 47 Dr£lOlllclIllIs spp., 3 7 f)mlll£lestrollgyills, 1 6 8

Drugs for external parasite control on huma ns, 2 1 5 on pigs, 1 4 1 on ru mina nts, 79 D rugs for internal parasite control. Sce Anthelmi ntics D uc ks, parasites of, 1 55, 1 8 I . See also Bi rds, parasites of; \,\Iildlife, parasites of

Ear mites, 43 Echinococcosis, 52 EchiIlOCOCCIIS, spp. See also Taellia, spp. in dogs, J 9, 32, 33 in dogs and cats, 49 i n humans, 2 1 4 hydatid cyst, 49 in ruminants, 96 Eilllcri£l, spp. in birds, 1 53 , 1 55, 1 60, 1 6 1 in cattle, 6 9 in hedgehogs, J 76 in horses, 1 2 I in llamas, J 1 5, 1 1 8 in pigs, 1 37, 146 in ratites, 1 6 8 in reptiles, 2 1 I in ruminants, 92, 93 in ruminants, l i fc cycle, 74 in sheep and goats, 7 1 , 72 Uacophora, spp. in ruminants, 97 in wildlife, 1 88 E/£l/)/i OStrollgyIIlS spp., 1 9 1 ELISA, defined, 224 Elk, parasitcs of, 1 82, 1 92 , 1 95 . Sec also Wi ldlife, pa rasites of Emus, pa rasites o f. See Ratites, parasitcs o f EII/Crollills s p . , in humans, 2 J 4 , 2 J .5 Ell/oll locba, spp. in dogs, 1 9 in reptiles, 2 1 2 Esophageal worm in dogs, 38

Allcylostoma cmlillllm, 1 7

anthclmintics for, 2 0 ascarid ( roundwor m ) . See J()xoca/"il, spp.; Toxascaris leollilla

17 coccidia, 34, 3 5 deer or moose tapeworm, 33, 3 6 3 7 Dipetalollema recollditlllll, 26, 28, 29 Dipylidilllll callilllllll, 1 7, 1 9, 32, 39 esophageal worm, 38 eyeworm, 38 fec a l cggs a nd oocysts, 1 7 flea tapeworm, 1 9, 32, 3 9 fox l ungworm, 3 7 Giardia callis, 34 guinea (or d ragon) worm, 3 7 heartworm, 1 9, 24, 25 hookworm, northern, 24, 25 hookworm, southern, 1 9, 22, 23 intestinal fluke, 30, 3 1 Isospora callis, 1 7 Isospora ohioCIISis, 1 7 lung fluke, 30, 3 l Mes()ces/oidcs sp., 1 7 N£lllophyetlls sallllillcola, 1 7 I'hYLl/optera prac/Jlltialis, 1 7 salmon poisoning fluke, 1 7, 30, 3 1 Sarcocystis spp., 34, 35 st omach worm, 28, 29 "/i/('lli£1 sp., 1 7 Capillaria aerophila,

,

228

Index

Foll icu lar mangc mites, 42 Fox, parasites of, 1 8 1 , 1 94. Sce also \,\'ildlife, parasites of

in rum ina nts, 94 Ether- forma lin sed imenta t ion tech nique, 6 Ellrytrel1 hl 5p., 1 96 Eye worm, 38, 1 96

lungworm, 3 7 Fur mites, 43

Faill,dges, 1 6 5 Fascio/'l hepatica, detection of,

6

Ga/Jllcillia spp., 1 68

Fascio/'l, spp.

Gapcworm, 1 53 , 1 60, 1 6 1

in humans, 2 1 5 Fascioloides lIlaglla, 1 86

Gastrophillls spp. , 1 23 , 1 28, 1 29 Geese, parasites o f, 1 55 . See also Birds, parasites of Gerbils, list o f parasitc specics, 1 72

Fecal eggs and oocysts, relative sizcs

Giant kidncyworm, 38

in rumina nts, 90, 9 1

Giardia, spp., 2 1 5

i n birds, 1 5 3 i n cats, 5 0

in birds, 1 53 , 1 65

i n dogs, 1 7 i n horses, 1 2 1 i n llamas, 1 1 5 in pigs, 13 7

in cats, 6 1 i n dogs, 3 4 i n humans, 2 1 4, 2 1 5 isobtion of, 3 , 7 in micc, 1 79

Fecal samples collection of, 3

in ratites, 1 68

flotation of, 4

Gid tapcworm

fccal sedimentation tcchniquc, 6 Feces, art i facts in, 2 1 9-22 1

in dogs, 36 in ruminants, 9 7 Gliricol'l sp., 1 7 8

Feiicola slIlJstratlls, 3 9, 4 8 Filarioides, 2 8 , 2 9

Gllathostollla sp., 49

Fish, as hosts of giant kidneyworm, 3 8

Coats <1nthclmint ics for, 78, 79

Fish, parasites of, 1 8 2. See ,liso Wild l i fc, parasites o f

zoonotic diseases o f, 74

Flatworms, classification of, 1 2- 1 3 Fleas

Goats, p.l rasites o f. Sec Sheep, parasites of G()llgyl()IZel1l
in cats and dogs, 40 in guinea pigs, 1 75

in pigs, 1 4 7

in hedgehogs, 1 76

i n rtllllin'lnts, 9 4

key to, 4 1

G()lli()c
list o f species, 4D

Gordills sp., in feces, 22 1

in mice, 1 73 in pigs, 1 50

Gui llea ( or dragon) worm, 3 7 Guinea pigs, list o f parasite species, 1 75 Gul let (esophagea l ) worm, 1 4 7

in ratites, 1 6 8 Flea ta peworm

Gyal()ceph,lills, 1 2 6 , 1 2 7

in cats, 50, 58, 5 9 i n dogs, 1 9, 32, 3 9 Fl ies

/-/aiJmllellla, spp.

in horses, 1 2 1 , 128, 1 2 9

on pigs, 1 5D on ratites , 1 68

in ratites, 1 6 8 f f
on ruminants, 9 8 , 99-1 0 1

H
Flotation of feca l sample, common solutions, S Flukes. See also Trematodes flukes, duck, 1 55 , 2 1 5

in pigs, 149 in ruminants, 1 02 f-{acllu)l/c!JIIs, spp.

flukes, i ntestinal, 3D, 3 1 flukes, l iver

in llamas, 1 1 7 in ruminants, 80, 8 1 in sheep and goats, 7 1 Haclllo!Jhysalis spp., 1 68 Haellloprotcus sp., 1 53 , 1 65

i n rumi nants, 9D, 9S ill wildlife, 1 86 fl ukes, lung. Sec Paragon imus spp. flukes, rumen, 95

229

Index

i n dogs, 34, 35 i n pigs, 1 37, 1 44, 1 45 in ratites, 1 6 8 I V, defined, 224

Hair worm ( black scour worm), 84, 8 5 Hamsters, l i s t of parasite species, 1 72 Heartwor ms diagnostic/treatment protocol, 2 7 i n dogs, J 9 , 24-27 interpretation of test results, 26 in wild canids, 1 90 Hedgehogs, list of parasite species, 1 75-1 76 Hematocrit method, for detecting microfila riae, 7 HepatozooJl caJlis, 4 7 Heterakis galliJl
Kalicep/Jallts sp., 209 K£lpslIltaellia sp., 209

Knott's test to detect microfilariae, 7

Laboratory a nima ls, parasites of, 1 7 1 - 1 79 Lagocheilascariasis, in cats, 52 Lagoc/Jeihlscaris millOI', 52 l .a rge-mouthed howel worm, 86, 8 7 Larvae, dorsal-spined, comparison of lengths, 1 85 Leis/JIIl£lI1ia d0I101'1IJ1i, 1 9 LelicocytozoOJl, spp. i n birds, 1 62 diagnosis of, 4 in ratites, 1 6 8 LiiJyostrol/gyllts spp . , 1 68 Lice on cats, 39, 48 on dogs, 3 9 o n gUlIlea pigS, 1 75 on horses, 1 23 on llamas, I 1 9 on marine mammals, 204 on m ice, 1 73 on pigs, 1 49, 1 5 0 on ratites, 1 6 8 o n rats, 1 74 on ruminants, 1 02, 1 03 on wildlife, 1 92 LiJloPJl£lt/JIIS, spp. on dogs, 39 on ruminants, 1 02 , 1 03 on wi ldli fe, 1 92 Lipo /Jtell£l sp., 1 92 ListropiJontS sp., 1 77 Lizards, parasites of. See Reptiles, parasites of Llamas, a nthclmintics for, 1 1 6 Llamas, p arasites of, I 1 5- 1 20 external, 1 1 9- 1 2 0 fec,1 1 eggs a nd oocysts, J I S i nternal, J 1 7- 1 1 8 location on host body, 1 1 6 Lung fluke. Sec Paragonim/{s, spp. Lungworm in bighorn sheep, 88, 89 in cats, 50, 56, 57 in cattle, 88 in dogs, 3 7

I:VI, defined, 224 I nsecta, classification of, 1 3 I ntestinal nuke, 30, 3 1 Intestinal worm, thin-necked, 1 1 8 Isolation techniques o f parasites, 6 , 7 Isospora, spp. i n birds, 1 53 in cats, 50, 6 1

230

Index

on ratites,

202, 205

i n marine m,l m m a l s , in pigs,

43, 1 72 1 68 on rats, 1 75 on r u m i n a nts, 1 05- 1 08 on wild can ids, 1 94 on w i l d l i fe, 1 87 M i tes, in feces, 220, 22 1 o n ra bbits,

88, 8 9

in goats,

1 3 7, 1 44 88, 8 9

in ruminants,

Lyllllwea spp., a s hosts o f l i ver flukes,

1 97

MdcrLlca lit horhYIlchllS, spp.

�'lo d i fied d o u b l e centrifugation,

12 in pigs, 1 3 7, 1 3 8, 1 4 7

.\'I odified .\'lc�'laster tec h n i q ue,

classification of,

5 6

MOlliezia, spp.

i'vlange m i tes

90, 9 1 71, 90 MOlloecocestlls s p . , 1 9 1 Moose, parasites of, 1 8 2 . See a/so \Xf i l d l i fe, paras ites o f tapeworm, 36 Mountain goat, parasites of, 1 8 2. See ,liso Wildl i fe, in rumina nts,

62 in dogs, 42 i n cats,

in sheep a nd goats,

M a r i ne m a m m a ls, parasites of, Acanthocephala,

1 23, 1 8 9, 1 99-206

20 1

201 201 hookworm, 205 l u ngworm, 205 nematodes, 20 1 , 204, 205 tapeworm, 2 0 1 trematodes, 20 1 , 205 i'vlarten stomach worm, 1 92. See a/so G i a nt kidney cestodes, flukes,

parasites of

Mllellerills capillaris, Mllsca, spp.,

88, 89

1 00

M uskrat, paras ites of,

1 82 . See 'I/SO Wildlife, parasites

of mites, M y iasis,

worm

1 95 1 23

MyocO/ltes IIIIISCII/ill/IS,

�lc:vlaster tec h n iq ue, modified,

1 77

6

1 08 1 63

M elophaglls OUiIlIlS, Mellacal ltlJIIs spp.,

Nallo/Jhyetlls S(lilllillco/a,

30, 3 I , 49

20S

;Vl e n i ngeal worm

Nasitrellla sp.,

i n l la m a s ,

1 20 1 84, 1 85 MellopoJl spp., 1 63 Mesoces toides sp., 1 90 MetastrollgY/lls s p . , 1 3 7, 144, 1 45

Necator sp., 2 1 4

in w i l d l i fe,

Nema thelmi nthes, cL1ssi fication of,

Metric/English conversion factors, Ivlice, list of parasite species,

classi fication of, I

1 75 1 72 in hedgehogs, 1 75- 1 76 in marine mamma ls, 201 , 204, 205 in mice, 1 73 in rabbits, 1 72 in ratites, 1 6 8 i n rats, 1 74 in reptiles, 209, 2 1 0, 2 1 1 Nelllatodirella sp., 1 9 7

223

in guinea pigs ,

1 72

in ha msters,

4

8 1 82 . See a/so \Xfi l d l i fe, parasites of Miroth o racills s p . , 1 1 9 rdicroscope, cal i bration of, A'i ink, p a rasites of,

�'I i tes

1 93 43, 62

on bea rs, on cats,

detection tec h n i q ue,

Nelllatodims, spp.

7

11 8 in rumina nts, 82, 8 3 i n sheep a n d goats, 7 1

42, 43 on ger b i ls, 1 72

in l lamas,

on dogs,

1 75 1 72 on hedgehogs, 1 76 on l la mas, 1 1 9

on gu i nea pigs,

Neorichettsia helllliJltheca,

on h a msters,

on ma rine mammals,

1-12

i n gerbils, 1 72

M icro fi l a riae. See ,liso Heartworms d iagnosis of,

11

Nematodes. See ,z/so Zoonotic diseases

Neospora, spp.

in dogs, 45 76 82, 83 Notoedres c,l/i, 62 in ruminants,

204

Nod u l a r worm,

1 73 , 1 74 1 96 on pigs, 1 5 0 on mice,

on m uskrats,

231

30

Index

OcetosOlll<1 sp., 209

Pigeo ns, parasites o f . See Birds, parasites o f

Oesophagostollllllll, spp.

Pigs

17 1 3 7, 1 42, 1 43 in ruminants, 82, 8 3 Oestms ()/'is, 1 00 Ollch()cerca, spp., 94 , 1 89 OIlOt /}()Il),SSIlS s p p . , 1 76 Ooch()ristica s p . , 2 1 0 Ophid
1 40

in l l a m a s , I

anthellll int ics for,

i n pigs,

141 1 3 7- 1 50 body, location on, 1 3 8 e:-;terna l , 1 49- 1 5 0 fecal eggs and oocysts, 1 3 7, 1 47 internal, 1 42- 1 48 ascarid ( rou ndwor m ) , 1 42, 143 cocc i d i a , 1 44, 1 45, 146 gull et (esop hagea l ) worm, 1 4 7 l u ngworm, 1 3 7, 1 44, 1 45 nod u l a r worm, 1 42 , 1 43

Opposum, parasites of,

drugs for e:-;ternal parasites,

Pigs, parasites of,

1 82. See also Wild l i fe , paras ites

of

Omitholl),SSIIS s p . , 48 Orthohalaraclme sp., 204

spiny-headed worm (thorny-headed worm ) ,

Osteragia, spp.

stomach worm, 1 4 6

i n sheep a n d goats, 71

s w i n e k idney w o r m , 1 4 7

1 48 1 44, 1 45 tric h i n a worm, 1 3 9, 1 48 w h i pworm, 1 42 , 1 43 P i n n i pedia, parasites of, 200. See also '\'I a r ine tapeworm, pork,

Ostriches, parasites of. See Ratites, paras ites of

OSlIJaldcl"lIzia sp., 2 1 0

threadworm,

Otobills lIIegllilli, 1 6 8 Otodectes [Yllotis i n dogs, 43 in ferrets,

1 79

mammals, parasites of

1 76 OtostrollgylliS s p . , 202, 205 OX)'lIris eqlli, 1 2 I , 126 , 1 27

Pi nworm

in hedgehogs,

2 14 209, 2 1 0 in w i l d l i fe, 1 9 1 , 1 96

i n h u mans, in reptiles,

P l a nt material in feces, P<1l"agonilll iasis,

52

i n b i rds,

56, 5 7 in dogs, 30, 3 I in h u mans, 2 1 5 l',mzlges sp., 1 6 8

in ratites,

i n cats,

1 2- 1 3

I'llellllloc),stis Cclrillii, 1 9 I'llellllloll),SSIlS callill/IIII, 48

224 219 l'olyplax serrata, 1 77 PO, defi ned,

l'arallop/ocep/mla /IIa/llillm/(/, 1 2 1

P o l l e n , i n feces,

Parascaris eq1l01"11111, 1 2 1 , 1 28, 1 29

3-8

1 83 , 1 9 1 . See also \,\Iildlife,

Porc u pine, parasites of,

I" l rel
1 53 1 68

Platyhelm inthes, classi fication of,

l'iII"
Parasitic i n fect ions, d i agnosis of,

2 1 9-22 1

I'I
l'arag(JlliIllIlS, s p p .

in w i l d l i fe,

1 3 7,

1 47

117 i n rum i n a nts, 80, 8 1 i n l l a mas,

parasites of

1 20 1 84, 1 85

Porpoises, parasites of,

200. See also lvlarine mammals,

parasites of

l'ar()llchO(erCil strllthiollllS, 1 6 8

ppm, defined,

l'assilllll"1lS a III bigll OilS

Preservation of parasites,

1 76 in w i l d l i fe, 1 96

in ra bbits,

4

l'ricetre/lla za/ophi, 203 l'rotalges s p . , 1 65

1 54 l'ediwllls hO/llillis, 2 1 5, 2 1 6

Pedi c u l osis, transie nt,

Percent, a s a measure o f concentration,

223, 224

ProtostrollgylllS, spp., 1 86 in bighorn sheep,

223

in w i l d l i fe,

PharYlIgodoll s p . , 209, 2 1 0

88, 8 9

1 96

Protozoan parasites. See also Zoonotic diseases

Pheasants , parasites of. See Birds, parasites o f

c l assification of,

Philo/lhthal/lllls gralli, 1 6 8

d i agnosis of, in blood,

Phocallellla, 2 0 1

in dogs and cats,

Physalo/ltera, s p p . , 2 8 , 29, 2 1 0

i n gerbi ls,

232

1 72

11 4 47, 52

Index i n cats, 60 i n dogs, 34, 3 5 life cycle, 7 1 i n wildlife, 1 8 7 Sarcomastigophora ( Protozo a ) , classification of, J J Si/rco/ltcs scabiei in dogs, 1 9 i n guinea pigs, 1 78 in h u mans, 2 1 5, 2 1 6 i n llamas, 1 1 9 in pigs, 1 49 in rumina nts, 1 06, 1 07 in wildlife, 1 94 Sarcosporidiosis, 1 3 9 SC, defined, 224 Schist()solJla sp., 2 1 5 Screwworm, 99 SD, defined, 224

in g u inea pigs, 1 75 in hamsters , 1 72 in m ice, J 73 in ratites, 1 6 8 i n rats, J 74 in repti les, 2 1 1 prolltcrilla wescotti, 1 95 Psorergates, spp. in mice, 1 78 in ruminants, 1 08 Psoroptes, spp. i n rabbits, 1 77 i n rum i nants, 1 06, 1 07 in wildlife, 1 87 Pterolichidae spp., 1 68 Pthims /Jllvis, 2 1 5, 2 1 6

Q, defined, 224

Sea lions, parasites of, 200. Sce ,lis() :vl a rine mammals, pa rasitcs of Seals, parasites of, 200. Scc a/s() :-'Iarine mammals, parasites of Sedimcntation techn iq ues, 6 Seeds, in feces, 2 1 9, 22 1 Sctaria c('I'l'i, 95 Sheep anthel mintics for, 78, 79 zoonotic d i seases of, 74 Sheep, p,lrasites of. See a/so Cattle, sheep, and goa t ' , parasites of body, loca tion on, 73 coccidia, compared with those in goats, 73 fecal eggs and oocysts, 7 1 ked (sheep tick ) , 1 08 tapeworm, 36 SilJluliulJI, 1 6 8 Sipholl£1 (HaelJlato/li£1j irritalls, 1 0 1 Skin scraping technique for detection o f mites, 4, 7 Skin worm i n ruminants, 94 i n wildl ife, 1 89 Skunk, striped, pal'
Ra bbits, pa rasites of, 1 83 . Sec a/so Wildlife, parasites of Chcy/ctiella parasilill'orax, 43 LilJlcrii/, spp., 1 7 1

list o f pa rasite species, 1 72 mites, 43 Raccoon, parasites of, 1 83, 1 8 8, 1 95 . Scc a/s() \X1ild l i fe, parasites o f Raillietilla spp., 1 60, 1 6 1 Ratites, pa r.l sites of, 1 6 7- 1 6 9 Rats, list of pa rasite species, 1 74- 1 75 Reptiles anthelmi ntics for, 21 I Reptiles, pa rasites of, 1 8 3 , 207-2 1 2 . See ,71so Wild l i fe, parasites o f fecal eggs and oocysts, 209-2 1 1 l ist of parasite species, 208 Rhipiccphalus sp. in dogs, 44 in r,nites, 1 6 8 Rickettsial disease ( sal mon poisoning), 3 0 Rodent bot fly, 4 1 Rodellts, parasites of, 4 1 , 1 8 3 . Sce a/so Laboratory animals, parasites of; Wild l i fe, parasites of Roundworms. See Ascarid ( ro undwor m ) classification of, I 1 - 1 2

pa rasites of Smear, direct, for p :t rasite detection, 7 Sna kes, parasites of. See Repti les, parasites of S()/JO/iphYll1c Iiall/rilli, 1 92

Ruminants, parasites of. Scc Cattle, parasites of; Cattle, sheep, '1I1d gOalS, parasites of; Sheep, parasites of

SO/cIIO/ites, spp., 1 02 Solutions, flotation, in parasite detection, 5 Sorehead, 9 7

Sparganosis, 52 Spiny- he
Salmon poisoning fl uke, 30, 3 1 , 49 S£1ru)c),stis, spp. in bi rds, 1 65

i n pigs, 1 4 7

233

Index

Spirocerca lupi, 38, 49 Spirollletr
Tapeworm, broad fish, 3 7 Tapeworm, fringed

Step/Jill/o(iI£1l'ia spp., 94

in bighorn sheep, 1 93 in ruminants, 96

Step/Ja/lltrllS delltatl/s, 147

Temperature conversion chan, 224 Terr(///Uolla, 20 1 Texas cattle fever, 92

Stomach worm in dogs, 28 in pigs, 146

Thelazia, spp.

in ruminants, 80, 8 1 , 84, 8 5 in wildlife, 1 90

in dogs, 38 in wildlife, 1 96

StOIllOXYS calcitralls, 1 0 1

Thin-necked i ntestinal worm, 82, 8 3

Strongyloides, spp., 209 in dogs, 1 9, 24, 25

Thorny-headed worm, 1 2

in horses, 1 2 1 , 130, 1 3 1

'l'hreadworm

in humans, 2 1 4

in dogs, 1 9, 24, 25

i n llamas, 1 1 7

in pigs, 1 44, 1 45 in ruminants, 82, 83

in pigs, 1 37, 1 44, 1 45

Thrips, in feces, 220

in ruminants, 82, 83, 85

Thys<7Iloso/lla Ilctilloides, 96

i n sheep and goats, 71

Ticks-key, 1 04

Strongyloidiasis, 1 9 Strongyills Imlgaris, 1 26, 1 27 Struthiofilaria megalocep /wla, 1 6 8

in dogs, 44 in hedgehogs, 1 76 in pigs, 1 50

Struthiolipeuws spp., 1 6 8

in ratites, 1 6 8

Swine kidney worm, 1 4 7

in ruminants, 1 04, l OS

SYllgamlls trachea in birds, 1 5 3 , 1 60, 1 6 1

seed or larval, 1 93

in ratites, 1 6 8

ToxllsCilris leon ilia in cats, 50, S4, 55

SYllthesill111 sp., 2 03

in dogs, 22, 23 Toxo. See Toxoplasllla gOlldii; Toxoplas/Ila, spp. Taballus spp., 1 0 1 Tables, conversion, 223-224

"!c)xocara, spp. in cats, SO, S4 , 55

Tachygolletria sp., 2 1 0

in dogs, 1 9 , 2 1

Taeniasis-cysticercosis, 1 .39

"!c):wplas/Ila gOlldii, life cycle, 75

Taellia, spp. See a lso EchilloCOCCI/S, spp. in cats, 50, 58, 59

"!c)xoplasllla, spp. in cats, 50, 52, 60

in dogs, 32, 3 3 , 36, 3 7 i n humans, 2 1 4

in cats and dogs, 47

life cycle o f T. sagillata, 7 I

in ratites, 1 6 8 , 1 6 9

in pigs, 1 3 9

in pigs, 148 in ruminants, 95, 96, 97

in wildlife, 1 94 Toxoplasmosis

1�1pewonn

in birds, 1 54

in birds, 1 60, 1 6 1

in cats, 52

in cats, 50, 58, 59. See also "[iwllia, spp. classification o f, 1 3

in pigs, 1 3 9 Tracheal worm, 22, 23, 28, 29

i n dogs, 1 9, 32-33, 36, 3 7 in humans, 2 1 4

Tra nsient pediculosis, 1 23 Trematodes. See also Zoonotic diseases

in marine mammals, 20 1

classification of, 1 2- 1 3

in pigs, 1 48

i n dogs, 3 0-3 1

in porcupines, 1 9 1

eggs, detection of, 6

i n rabbits, 1 72

in marine mammals, 20 1 , 203, 205

in reptiles, 209, 2 1 0

in rabbits, 1 72

i n ruminants, 90, 9 1

in ratites, 1 6 8

in sheep, 36

in reptiles, 209, 2 1 1

in wildlife, 1 90

Trich. See Tritricho/llonas, spp.

234

Index m) Trichine lla S/liralis (Tric hina wor i n pigs ,

\Y/ellcolllia el'aginata, 1 9 1

1 3 9, 1 48

paras ites of

in w i l d l ife, 1 88 Trichinosis,

\X1hipworm. Sec Trichllris, spp.

1 39

Trichobillill rzia spp.,

p,u'ls ites of; Deer, parasites of; \X1o lves pa rasites of a rterial worm, 1 88

in dog s, 3 9

ascarid ( roundworm), 1 88

48

bear b w i n pa rasite,

TrichOll1onas, spp.

c h iggers,

i n b i rds, 1 53 , 1 62 in dogs a n d cats, i n ratites,

cysts, nerve or m u scle ( P rotozoa -Apicomplexa) i n ,

187 cleer ked, 1 92

117

i n r u m i n a nts, 80,

cleer throat bot, 1 89

8 I , 84, 8 5

e),eworm, 1 96

i n sheep a n d goats, 7 1 Trichllris, spp.

fluke, l i ver, 1 86

23 i n humans, 2 1 4, 2 1 5 in l lamas, 1 1 7 in pigs, 1 37, 1 42, 1 4 3 in ruminants, 86, 8 7 in sheep a n d goats, 7 1 Tritric/JOlI1 onas, s p p . , 49, 90, 9 1 Trixl1c
heartworms, 1 90

Trypanosoll1a, spp.

stomach worm, 1 90

i n dogs, 22,

i n cats and dogs,

1 95

1 96

cod worm, 1 89

49

1 68

Trichostrongyllls, spp. i n l lamas,

1 8 1 - 1 97. See also B i rds,

Wild l i fe, pa rasites of,

155

Trichodcctes canis in dogs a n d cats,

200. See also J\/larine mamma ls,

\'\I h ales, parasites of,

l i ce, sucking, 1 92

1 8 1 - 1 83

list of species,

lungworm, 1 96 m a rten stomach worm, 1 92 meningeal worm,

1 84, 1 85

m i tes, 1 8 7, 1 93 , 1 94 pi nworm, 1 9 1 ,

1 96

s k i n worm, 1 89

47

ta peworm, 1 90,

191

in dogs, J 9

ta peworm, broad fi s h , 1 94

in m ice,

ta peWOI"m, fringed, 1 93

1 78

Trypanosomiasis

ticks, seed or larval, 1 93

52 i n dogs, 1 9 i n pigs, 13 9 i n cats,

toxo, 1 94 \'\Iire worm, 80 i n rumina nts,

81

Wolves, parasites of,

Tur keys, parasites of, 1 5 5 . See also Birds, parasites o f

1 90, 1 94. See also Wild l i fe,

pa rasites of

Tu rtles, parasites of. See Reptiles, p a ras ites of

\I/yoll1illia tetolli, 1 93 Ullcinaria sp., 205 Uncinaria stenoceplJilla, 24, 2 5

Yeast, in feces,

220

Ursicoptes alllericanlls, 1 93 Zalophotrellla he/laticlIlII, in cats, in dogs,

1 54 52 associated w i t h cattle, 7 0 associated w i t h dogs, 1 9 associated w i t h horses, 1 23

52 19

i n h umans, J 9

203

Zoonotic diseases

Visceral larva migrans

associated with birds, associated with cats,

Visceral leishmaniasis,

19

\'
200. See also Ivla r i ne mammals,

associated with sheep and goats, associated w i t h h u mans,

p a ra s ites o f

235

214

74