Uyghur-Reader
Uy gh ur Re ad er
Na bija n Tur sun
U yg h u r R ea de r
N ab ija n Tu rs un
dp
200 7
DU NW OO DY P R E S S
Uyghur Reader Copyright «:> 2007 by McNeil Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
All inquiries should be directed to: Dunwoody Press 6525 Bel crest Rd., Suite 460 Hyattsville, MD 20782, U.S.A. ISBN: 978-1-931546-42-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007943960 Printed and bound in the United States of America
About the Author Nabijan Tursun is a US-based specialist in Central Asian and Uyghur Studies. He received his Ph D from the Oriental Studies Institute at the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995. From 1985 to 1990, he taught Modern Uyghur, Ancient Turkic for the Department of Chinese Languages at Xinjiang University in Urumchi. He has participated in various conferences, giving speeches and lectures at universities and research centers throughout the United States, Russia, Central Asia and Xinjiang providing data on issues concerning Uyghur and Central Asian political and cultural history. From 2000 to 2003, he was a member of the Xinjiang Project at the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute of Johns Hopkins University and, from 2002 to 2004, was a member of the Xinjiang Study Group at the East-West Center in Washington, D.C. He has published more than 100 articles in a variety of languages including Uyghur, English and Russian.
His publications include: Book Chapter: Political History and Strategies ofControl, J884-1978,(with James Millward).ln Frederick Starr, ed. Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. M.E. Sharpe, 2004 Modern Uyghur Poetry Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 2002 (in Russian) Issues of Uyghur Political History in the Chinese Historiography Moscow, Russia, 1997 (in Russian) Issues of the Uyghur Ethnogenesis in the Chinese Historiography, Moscow, Russia, 1998 (in Russian) Moscow Thoughts Urumqi, China, 1995-1997 (in Uyghur). Moscow Thoughts Listed among the 100 best works ofUyghur literature in 201h century.
For My Parents
Table of Contents
Preface In Uyghur .......................................................................................................... i In English ............................................................................. ... .. ....................... iii General Facts on the Language Itself: Where the language is spoken and who speaks it ............ 00000000 .. 00 ... 00 ......... v History of the Language: How it evolved and how it changed .. .......................... .. ...... ...... 00 ................ vi English 1 Uyghur Grammatical Terms ........................ 0000 .......... ...... ...... vii Abbreviations 000000 ......................................................................... ..... ........... .viii Bibliography ...... ....................................... ..... .................................................. ix Grammar Sketch ........... .......... ..... .. ..... ...................................... .. 00 ............... . xiii Selections 1: oLojl......., ..:_r.Jt:; ..:_r~1) 1;k ................................................ ................ 000000 1 2: )4t5 ................................................................... 00 0000000000000000ooOOOooOOOOoo0 00003 3: ~t:;4~~,s-~ ................................................... oo ooo 0000 o000000 4
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1: A WeatherForecast .. ..................................................... ..................... 137 2: The Calendar ................................................. ..................... ........ .. ........ 137 3: My Daily Activities .... ...... ........... ...... .. ............................................... 137 4: MyFarnily ..... ................................. .. ... ...... ........... .................... ... ........ . 137 5: Our Classroom ................... ...... ......... ..... ......... ... .................................. 138 6: The Fruits of Our Hometown ............................ ....................... ... ...... 139 7: A Week ofTraveling .......... ...... ...... ............ ........... ............................. 139 8: The Types ofLetters ......... ..... ...... .. ....... .... ... ..... ... .. .................. ..... ..... . 140 9: Qumul District's Aratiirk County Rocked by an Earthquake .. .. ... 141 I 0: Our Views on Time .. ... ........... ..................... ... ............................ ........ 141 II : AIDS in the Uyghur Region .................................... ......................... 142 I 2: Learning a Language .... .. ................. ................................................... 142 13: Khoten Jade ............................................ .. ... .. .............. .. ..... ....... ... ... ..... 143 14: The Uyghur Boshuk ............................................................................ 144 15: Kashgar ...... ... ....... ................ ..... ............ .. .. ......... ... .. .. ........... ........... ...... 144 16: Natural Gas in the Uyghur Region ........................ ........................... 145 17: Uyghur Hospitality ..................................... .......................... .............. 145 18: Family Meals .......................................................................... ... .......... 146 19: The Human Body and the Physical Structure ofUyghurs ............ 146 20: The TarimBasin .................................... ..... .............. ....... .. .................. 148 21: UyghurNames .... ..................................... ... ...... ............. .. ... ................. 149 22: Ancient Caravan Roads from the Uyghur Homeland Abroad ...... 150 23: Nationalities in the Uyghur Region ................................ .. ... .. .......... 152 24: Liberation Day ..... ............................................................................... 155 25: The Thirty - Boy Meshrep .............................................................. ... 156 26: Uyghur Holidays ........... ...................................................................... 156
27: Uyghur Musical lnstruments .. ................................ ........................... 159 28: Our Sense of Adventure ........ ...... ....................................................... 160 29: A Chemical Fertilizers Price Increase .. ................ ........................... 161 30: Traditional Uyghur Medicine ........ .................................................... 162 31 : The Idea ofUyghur Trade Names .. ........ .. ................ ............ ............ 162 32: Mahmud Kashgari and His Tomb .................. .......... .. ...................... 163 33: Uyghur Homes ......... ....... ... ....................................... .. .. ........ .............. 165 34: Patriotism and Educationalism .................................. .. .......... ............ 166 35: Uyghur Region Schools ............ ...... .............................. .. ........ ........... 167 36: Monuments with Uyghur Writing .................................................... 170 37: The Geographic Situation ofUyghur Region .. ............................... 171 38: An Oil Pipeline ............... .. .. ...... ....................... .. .......... ..... ................. .. 172 39: Two Representatives of Modem Uyghur Literature .... .................. 173 40: Two Poems: " Wake Up Uyghur" and "Trace" ........ .. ........ .. ........... 174 41 : Famous Uyghurs ................................ .................. ............................... 175 42: Factors in the Formation ofUyghur Nationalism .......... ................ 180 43: Moscow Thoughts .... ........ ............ ... ..... ........................................... .... 181 44: Production and Construction Corps .... ........ .. .......... ........................ 183 45: Anecdotes and Jokes Are a Part of Uyghur Life .. .......................... 185 Glossary ...... .. ... ... .. .. ... .................... .. ..... ... .................................... ... .. ........ .. .... 191
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Preface The Uyghur Reader in your hands was compiled to fill the needs of those studying the Uyghur language either as specialists or on their own time. Because it does not include basic information about Uyghur, such as phonetic information and writing exercises, this reader is targeted towards students who already have some background in Uyghur, or, for that matter, in Uzbek, Turkish or any of the other Turkic languages. As such, this book can help students progress from an intermediate understanding of Uyghur to one of a higher level. The given reader consists of a total of 45 selections, the majority of which have been taken from official publications such as books and newspapers. Some sources have come from Kazakhstan, others from inside the Uyghur Autonomous Region. Several of the selections in this reader are journalistic in style and have been taken from the web sites of news agencies and edited or otherwise adapted for use here. Another large portion of these selections was composed by me directly or taken from my other writings. In addition to covering topics including the geographic, political, economic, and socio-cultural circumstances in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (also known as East Turkistan, Uyghurstan and the Uyghur Region) the selections in this reader also address the history, religion, education, daily life, customs, language, literature and health of the Uyghurs. Readers will, on one hand, be introduced to both simple and complex phrases of the Uyghur language and its methods of expression and thought, and on the other gain a basic understanding of the Uyghur nationality as a whole.
The glossary of this reader includes not only words used in the daily lives ofUyghurs, but also many specialized terms belonging to social and natural science fields such history, language and literature, culture and education, nationalism and politics, economics and international relations as well as geography, climate, health, agriculture, ranching and others. These readings are rich in vocabulary and granunatical expressions, and have been organized from the more simple to the more difficult according to their relative complexity. The vocabulary presented in this work consists of approximately three thousand words, all of which have been put into a dictionary-style glossary in the back. At the end of each lesson, there is a list of important granunatical suffixes, interesting words, notes on people and places, and various cultural, historical, and socio-political terms. I worked for nearly a year to collect, organize and, finally, to place in order the materials for this book. I then decided which of the texts were appropriate. The next step was to translate the selections into English and
iii
prepare an official working copy of each. I received a great deal of help in this process. Naturally, this help and support played a critical role in making this book a reality. First and foremost, I want to express my great thanks to Mr. Michael Horlick. He spent many hours editing the translations, comparing the English and Uyghur variants side by side, even translating some texts in their entirety. He also provided significant technical and material support and oversight. He made great contributions toward the completion of this book. He has my special thanks and appreciation. I also want to thank Mr. Thomas Creamer for his work bringing this book to the world. More specifically, I want to thank him for his leadership and his valuable suggestions for improving the work as a whole. I also would like to thank my friends Mel Deatherage, Dr. James Millward, Dr. Gardner Bovingdon, Farhad Bilgin, Obul Qasim Tuman, Ilhamjan Musayev and Enwer Qadir for their support, encouragement and advice. Last, I need to thank my dear parents for visiting me during the writing of this book - the spiritual and emotional support they gave was absolutely invaluable. They helped me overcome difficulties and roadblocks on many, many occasions and played a huge part in my finishing this book. I also want to thank my wife, Muhabat, and my daughter, Nazima, for allowing me to work and for giving me their endless enthusiasm. They have my immense gratitude and respect. Nabijan Tursun Fairfax, Virginia September 2007
iv
General Facts on the Language Itself: Where the language is spoken and who speaks it
"Uyghur" refers to one member of the Turkic group of the Altaic language family. More specifically, it is a term that describes the language spoken and written by the people who live in the area they call "East Turkistan," which is officially known as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. According to statistical data from a 2004 Chinese census, there are currently more than 8 million 970 thousand Uyghurs living in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. However, according to more unofficial - and perhaps more accurate- numbers provided by the Uyghurs themselves, this number may be as high as fifteen million. Uyghur is also spoken in the various republics of Central Asia including Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. It is likewise spoken in Russia. The available data on these areas suggests a total population of more than one million Uyghurs. Uyghurs are also spread throughout the Middle East, making lives for themselves in countries such as Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Egypt and Pakistan. Uyghurs began settling in European countries in the 1980s and 1990s, and can now be found living in Germany, HoUand, Sweden, Switzerland, Belgium, Norway and England. Uyghur communities have also formed in Canada and the United States.
v
History of the Language: How it evolved and how it changed
The Uyghur language has a long history. While it was not actually referred to as "Uyghur" until the twentieth century, the earliest ancestral forms of the modem variant- appearing in the form of artifacts, memorials and stele - date as far back as the eighth century. Subsequent examples of the language substantiate the formation of a huge written culture between the Ninth and the Fourteenth centuries, and include great amounts of literature and social, legal and religious documents. From the Thirteenth century through the end of the Nineteenth century, a language called Chaghatay was spoken. Modem Uyghur, as we know it, is closely related to this highly literary language. During the twentieth century, both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets were adopted for writing Uyghur. The Cyrillic variant was used in the Fonner Soviet Union beginning in 1947 and is still in use in those same regions today. In China, a significant lack of popularity of the Latin script- which was an offshoot of the Latin-based "Pinyin" system used in China - led to its being phased out in favor of a return to the Arabic script in 1987. Currently, there are also a number of Latin variants in use on the Internet. Modem Uyghur can be divided into three dialects: Central, Khotan and Lopnor. The Central dialect is spoken in a wide stretch of land from Qumul in the east to Ui in the west and from Urumqi in the north to Kashgar and Yarkent in the south. This dialect comprises the majority of the inhabited portions of the Uyghur region. The Khotan dialect is spoken throughout the southwest, including an area from the Charqiliq county of Korla in the east to the Guma county of Hoten in the west. The Lopnor dialect, spoken in Lopnor county, has some unique characteristics unknown to the other dialects.
vi
English 1 Uyghur Grammatical Terms Vowel Consonant Harmony, agreement Adjective Adverb Noun Case Verb Participle Gerunds Adverbial Mood Tense Person Voice Positive Negative Conjunction Interjection, exclamation Numeral Pronoun Measure word Postposition Particle, discourse marker Function word, auxiliary Imitative, onomatopoeia Suffix
vii
J- ~5\J 0~;,..... J-~5\J ~~)~ ~\
~
.
.I
0"'-:,_...
J->5o) ~
~
~ ~
....r· 1..0.u' .,.....
J-1~
J-l.>..,.!._,5o) <,?l;,~
L>Lol; ~
0jl.:.;J,. _r--.!o;J"'
<.?.'~L' ;;.-.~
L>L. J-W~
;;.-. )J.i.....o ~..S,r-3
~~ · )r~o.:}:! ;;.-. t.S",W;.u ~,;.-:._,;
.Lo
Abbreviatio ns adj. adv. conj. inf. int. mw. n. num. part. perp. pro. v. vn.
Adjective Adverb Conjunction Infinitive Interjection Measure Word Noun Numeral Particle, Discourse Marker Preposition Pronoun Verb Verbal Noun or Gerund
viii
Bibliography Works cited, consulted
Abdukerim Raxman (1999). J.J.;"-:1/yJ-J.J~..f ...,S:...Jft a~ (Legends on the Silk Road). Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House. Abdulla Talip (1987). >')Sr.":Y .:.r~):; ';"""'>\j\.... >~~(A History ofUyghur Education) Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House. Abdureyim Otkur (1985). or-'L;J.._. Jfof (Journeys of a Lifetime). Urumqi: Shinjang Youth Publishing House. Abduxaliq Uyghur (1986). o_,...!~ ._j..ll.;..j.J.,JIJ (Poems ofAbduxaliq Uyghur). Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House. Dannie) St.John (1997). w.c.jl "-;'-~ "-;'.JJi..>..Y (A Concise UighurEnglish Dictionary). Urumqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House. Hahn, R. (1991). Spoken Uyghur. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Ham it Tomiir (1993). ~t_,~,_...l.JJ_r.;.: (A Grammar of the Uyghur Language). Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House. Horlick, Michael (2007). Uyghur-Eng/ish Dictionary. Hyattsville: Dunwoody Press. Imin Tursun (2001) . .u.l.;;j;_,.; (Noruz). Urumqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House. Kaydarov, A. and Arziyev, R. (2001). ,_...LJJ_r.y(the Uyghur Language). Alma-ata: Academic Publishing House. Nabijan Tursun (1998). tSrlJ~ l_;L.,.. (Moscow Thoughts) . .i.l~ ~..).._. (Xinjiang's Culture), Number 5-6. Nabijan Tursun (2003) . .... • · IL <~ ,.IL · ( ~6jJ~~ J_r.y (The Formation ofUyghur Nationalism). Nabijan Tursun and Abdureyim Tursun (2002). yilzypcKcm no33Wl ( Uyghur Poems). Bishkek
ix
James A. Millward and Nabijan Tursun, "Political History and Strategies ofControl, 1884-1978"; In Frederick Starr, ed.Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland, ME.Sharpe,2004 Nadzhip, E. (1968). yi:tzypcKo-pyccKUu Cll06apb (A Uyghur-Russian Dictionary). Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia. Niyaz Kerim (2000). orlf_,: u~LS~...; .!L..:.S'~ (The Ancient Caravan Roads ofXinjiang). Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House. Rahile Dawut (2001 ). or-'); ~A J.f<=Y (Uyghur Mausoleums). Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House. Reweydulla Hemdulla, Abdikerim Raxman, Sherip Xushtar (1996). J.f<=Y orE_,.,fJ~jJ (Uyghur Customs). Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House. Sawut Mollawudov (2005). d4.,-.IJ.f<=Y (Uyghur Literature). Alma-ata: Academic Publishing House. Sulayman Seper (2002). J..-;J.f<=Y u~Af; ~_rjt,. (The Modern Uyghur Language). Urumqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House. Turdi Exrnet (1989). J..-;J.f<=Y u~Af; ~.rJt,. (The Modern Uyghur Language). Urumqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House. Ziya Semedi (1995). s..,_.~~ -::.._.;.~(Mister Ahmad). Alma-ata: Jazushi Pubslishing House. ~;J ..;.J...~ &...:...J....; J~~ (Annotated Dictionary of the Uyghur Language)
(1999). Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House. ~;J ;~.J.._; o; ~ &...:...J....; ~o.>~ )~~ 0\..ol; ~r}"" (An Orthographic
and Pronunciation Dictionary ofUyghur Language). Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House.
X
The author also wishes to thank the following web sites and publications for the materials whjch have been republished here
Web sites • • • • • • • •
Radio Free Asia (www.rfa.org) The Uyghur American Association (www.uyghuramerican.org) Meshrep (www.meshrep.com) Biz Uyghur (www.bizuyghur.com) My Homeland (www.diyarim.corn) Tian Shan (www.tianshannet.corn) Shabnam (www.xabnam.com) lzdiffish (www.izdinix.com)
Newspapers and Periodicals • vl:!l.A. h
(The New Life), Almaty. Kazakhstan
• lS);~ )~~(The Uyghur Voice), Almaty. Kazakhstan • lS~¥ ~)'(The Buds of Tarim), Uriimchi, Chlna
• ~~ ~~ (Xjnjiang Culture), Uriimchi, Chlna
xi
Grammar Sketch
TheSoundsofUyghur The sounds of the Uyghur language are represented by 8 vowels and 24 consonants. Uyghur consonants are classified as either voiced or unvoiced. Unvoiced
Voiced
Uyghur Vowels are said to be either rounded and unrounded. Rounded vowels are produced with pursed lips, unrounded vowels without. The rounded vowels are: i>, ~. ~ ,'J> The unrounded vowels are: w, .u, .r. <.J' , ,.
p
~
"
Syn-harmony Syn-harrnony is an important characteristic of Uyghur phonology, and all Uyghur words are governed by its rules. Suffixes are generally added in a manner that reflects vowels and consonants of a similar phonological classification to that of the root. For instance, when the root or stem of a word is rounded, subsequent additions made to the stem - through agglutination, declination, or conjugation- will also be rounded. Parts of Speech
Nouns Nouns are the class of words that include material objects, conceptual things and the names of people and places. The word "object" is used here
xiii
Grammar Sketch
in a wide sense to include everything that can constitute an answer to the questions "who," "what," or "where." As in English, Uyghur nouns can be divided into two types - common nouns and proper nouns. Common nouns indicate the names of objects and proper nouns refer to cities, countries, and people.
Plurals The plural form of nouns is made by adding the suffix } / ;.J to the singular noun. ~L.l.J (food) 7 ;)lSL.l.J (foods) u.u....L.d.J> (country) 7 ;.J.;.u..J...d.J> (countries)
However, the lack ofthis suffix does not categorically indicate singularity, so care must be taken when using it.
Indicating possession, ownership of nouns Uyghur can express the possession of things either by use of a genitive construction or through the ownership-dependent inflection of nouns. These ownership-dependent forms of are divided into three persons.
i- lr-· iJ>-1ii>-
First Person Singular (my) First Person Plural (our)
ro-l~-
Second Person Singular (your) Second Person Plural (your)
.!I-/&-, .!!;-/ .!!,_ )')5-f;'R>-, )')5;-1;&;-
Third Person (his, hers, their) .._:;.U<>~
~".;
.&....:.....;.,.; ._...:-.,..;.,~
~"~ )~".;
._...:-.,..;.,,
~
homeland my homeland your homeland his/her homeland our homeland your (pl.) homeland their homeland
__!"_~ .!!~
~
~
~')5~
~
older brother my older brother your older brother his/her older brother our older brother your older brother their older brother
Besides these, Uyghur has additional second-person singular and plural ownership-indicative suffixes which appear as "rJ>-1~-" and '\.syJ-" respectively. The use of either of these suffixes indicates esteem or respect.
xiv
Grammar Sketch
Second-person, singular: ~ ~ ~ )It,.~
y.l-Jl,>
Second-person, plural:)'!.,~ lS_,..LJI.,
J¥~ ~lSr-11¥~ The Declension of Nouns As an agglutinative language, Uyghur words are altered according to their grammatical and syntactic relationships. The rules that govern the application of these affixes are typically analyzed from a standpoint of "cases." There are generally said to be six cases, though there is a certain amount of disagreement among Uyghur linguists as to what they are and how many of them exist- some place the number as high as fourteen. This grammatical sketch will work based upon the belief that there is a nomnitive case, a dative case, a locative case, an ablative case, an accusative case, and a genitive case. The Nominative Case The nominative case functions to identify the subject of a sentence or phrase and is characterized by a zero-ending. The Dative Case The dative case typically functions to identify the indirect object of an action. It can also indicate direction. The ending used in such instances is determined by the rules of syn-harmony and, as such, many appear in any of the following four forms: .SjiJj 45.jli:.. The Locative Case The locative case typically identifies the place in which a process occurs or the place at which an object is located. This place can be an actual physical location, an abstract location, or even a temporal one. Which ending is seen in these instances is determined by the rules of syn-harmony and, as such, many appear in any of the following four forms: J..jjbj o:>jb. The Ablative Case The ablative case is typically used to indicate the direction from which an action or noun has come. As with the locative case, this location can be physical, conceptual, or temporal. The ending used in these instances is determined by the rules of syn-harmony and, as such, many appear in either offollowing two forms: .:.rJ/.:,r:>.
XV
Grammar Sketch
The Accusative Case The accusative case identifies the direct object of the transitive verbal processes. The case ending involved in such constructions-'\.~-" - is only seen in instances in which the object is definite. Otherwise, the object is unmarked. The Genitive Case The genitive case indicates that something is possessed by or somehow related to another thing. This case is indicated by the presence of the suffix ~.
Adverbs Uygbur adverbs are divided into four types according to bow they modify the action of a verb. Those divisions are: 1) Adverbs of time. For example: 0~j.? (today), 7 ..)..s~> (now) 2) Adverbs of direction. For example: ~~ (forward), t.....y-9_;: (upwards) 3) Adverbs ofDegree. For example:~......, (very), ~~ (extremely) 4) Adverbs of Manner. For example: ~b (always), ~;~"5 (brutally) It should also be noted that, as a rule, most adjectives can be used in place of adverbs with little or no alteration.
Pronouns Uyghur pronouns can be divided into the following seven types. 1) Personal pronouns. For example: 0J....o (I), 0......_, (you) 2) Demonstrative Pronouns. For example: j.! (this), :Y (that) 3) Interrogative Pronouns. For example:~ (what), ~ (who) 4) Reflexive Pronouns. For example:;;, (self), iJ;;, (myself), (yourself) 5) Comprehensive Pronouns. For example: ~"-.ss>, ~;l,. (all) 6) Negative Pronouns. For example:~ (no one) 7) Indefinite Pronouns. For example:;;~ (someone), ;~1-'-'t.; (somehow)
ll,;;,
xvi
Grammar Sketch
Numerals
Uyghur numerals are divided into two types - simple and complex. Simple numerals are those that function solely to count and quantify, as in:
r
~
'.
~
oJ>
. .._,
If
0
4,_;,j .._,
y.SSJ......, )~~
•
L.>J"'
4..1>~ 0, - - ,.
)~,.,
<>'~
~~
~~
.
-.._,
l..)"'"'-'>-' -
L.>~J.......
L.>w~
jj! &.... 0~ ~)~
One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Twenty Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety One hundred One thousand One million One billion
The other, more complex varieties are produced by means of inflection. They include: 1) Approximate Numerals. For example: ~~ (approximately fifty), formed with the suffixes "~.. ~-/~.0- " or " ~-". 2) Ordinal Numerals. For example: ~r (first), ...r. · .5:5: ~ (second), formed with the suffixes ''..s>:~-l.._ri>-". 3) Fraction Numerals. Measure Words
Measure words are used to help enumerate different varieties of nouns. While English has phrases like "a pair of shoes" or "a pound of dates," Uyghur requires that such quantifiers be placed into phrases in a much
xvii
Grammar Sketch
larger number of cases. More often than not, words that are governed by the same measure word have one or more characteristic in common. Examples include: d..:> (used for grains of sand, kernels of com, and other similarly shaped items) )"-:dj (used for people, collected individuals) Jl:; (used for strands of hair, individual cigarettes, or other long and sender items) Adjectives Adjectives describe the characteristics of nouns, referring to features such as color, appearance, taste, smell, and quality. Uyghur adjectives are divided generally into two types: adjectives of degree and simple adjectives. The adjectives of degree can likewise be subdivided into four varieties. 1) The "positive" or original degree. 2) The decreasing degree, formed either by reduplication, suffixation, or both. For example: ..;l_;;j~-u;j~ (long-longish),~ ..~-~ (smallsmallish). 3) The emphatic degree, a construction typically formed by a reduplication of the root to indicate an excessive or extreme degree of the original adjective, e.g., j.>_r.3 ~ J-.~ (bright red, deep red), ~;j;-. ~ ~;iHY. (clear). 4) The endearing degree, also known as the diminuative form of adjectives, formed by the suffixation of "L....;;..I~-1~-1~-" to indicate affection, cuteness, etc. e.g., ~L. ~ ~L. (comfortably cool), ~ ~ • · ~ =: S (tiny, cute as a button). Word-forming Affixes
The Uyghur language uses a wide array of affixes to create derivative words from roots that are inherent to one part of speech or another. They include affiXes that are added to nouns or adjectives: ~;J-
I ..;;J-I a.J_ I ..;.J-
-r---
-(..>!.;--
-cr.--
-J-.=:.xviii
Grammar Sketch -0l_...-
-LS5-I~lf";~
)"5;~
-..r.-G-
Affixes that are added to verbs:
Verbs
Uyghur verbs come in three different types.
1) "Basic" verbs or actions that are described by the use of a semantic root that is inherently verbal in nature.
2) "Derived" verbs or actions that are described by placing a verb-forming suffix on a semantic root that is not immediately verbal in character. 3) "Compound" verbs or actions that are described by combining any number of different roots into one verbal phrase. Verbal Participles
Uyghur participles can be divided into three types: 1) Perfect Participles 2) Progressive Participles 3) Imperfect Participles Perfect participles are formed by adding the suffixes 04..5-" and indicate the completion of action.
xix
"-I 0\j_ I0~- I0li
Grammar Sketch
For example: ~,)~ 0li._;....; (a ripened apricot, i.e. an apricot that has ripened) ).illy 0.S..::...J> .,~,)~(days spent in Urumqi) ~r.-"\j 0~0~'J> J.-3 )_;...:~(an American who has learned Uyghur)
The Progressive participle is formed by infixing the stem from one of several different verbs - typically "-..::..>~-, " "-)j;J~-, " "-)j;-, " and"-)~-." The result is an action that covers an expanse of time, regardless oftense. Imperfect participles can be distinguished from their perfect counterparts by the presence of the infix "-LS~-" or the suffix "-..:;ldu~-/ ..:;ldu~". For example: ..:;ldu..)..J+);5 (looking) ..:;ldu..)..J+j~ (writing) A second form of the imperfect is formed by the suffix ")\j __ , Verbal Moods
The mood of a Uyghur verb indicates the way in which the subject of the sentence intends the information to be received. Sulayman Seper identifies three different types while Hamit Tomlir suggests thirteen varieties. These moods including imperatives and indicators of anxiety, regret, and even necessity. This sketch will not address them, but, for a more lengthy explanation of these types, please see the related words mentioned above. Verbal Tense
While traditional Uyghur linguistics identifies three tenses, namely the present, past, and future, Professor Hamit Tomlir posits that each type of predicate form can combine with any of the verbal moods to create a statetense verbal phrase. The result is a much larger number of options, including the Direct Statement Mood, the Indirect Statement Mood, the Hearsay Statement Mood, the Subjective Assessment Mood, and the Objective Assessment Mood. This topic will likewise not be addressed here. For more information on this, please see Hamit Tomur's Uyghur Grammar.
XX
Grammar Sketch
Verbal Voicing Voicing is a category that shows the relationship between the action expressed by the verb and the grammatical subject. The voice category of the Uyghur verb can be broken into five types.
The Original Voice The original voice indicates that the grammatical subject of the action is also its logical subject. The verbal root in these cases is unmarked. The Passive Voice The passive voice is formed by the inclusion of the affixes "--I .:_r:,- I 0 0}>-10~", or "JJ>-IJ~IJ..:.IJ" after the verbal stem and serves to indicate that the subject of the sentence or phrase is also the object of the verb. The actor is by definiton someone or something else. The Reflexive Voice The reflexive voice of verbs is used to indicate that the person carrying out the action and the recipient of that action are one and the same. Reflexive verbs are also found in subjectless sentences. This voice is produced by attaching the suffix "-0}>-10~-l.:._r:,-10" or "JJ>-IJ~-IJ..:.-IJ" to the verbal stem. The Causative Voice The causative voice of verbs is used to indicate that a certain action has been precipitated from the object by the subject. This voice is indicated by the presence of any number of verbal suffixes including "-1"/J:- •;:Y-1/y• )~" and others. The Mutual Voice The mutual voice functions to indicate that an action is being carried out by a number of people simultaneously and that, in some cases, that action may be directed by those same people at one another. It is produced by attaching the affix "J- }>-I J- ~-I...;-:,- IJ-" to the verbal stem. Negated Verbal Forms Verbal stems are negated by the inclusion the affix suffixes follow any suffixes added to indicate voicing.
xxi
"-6...1>-IL:.".
These
Selections
Selection 1
Vocabulary ;J.....<:~ v. it will rain, will precipitate (inf. 0\....:~)
...s:!l; l_;k n. weather ..:r..J~ adv. before ol...;Jd...o n. report ol...;Jd...o ..:r..J~ n. forecast ;~~ n. information, data, news r)k adv. now, at present }-<>->)7! v. we give, we will provide (inf ~d...o;&...:>) Jl-""~ n. circumstance, condition o~L.. n. hour ;~adj. following, next 4..3~ n. tomorrow ~
~ ~~ adv. afternoon, in
the p.m. 0~~ adj. clear, open l;,.,~ ·-l - n. t emperature
LT';~~ n. degree ~adj. hot ~...S adv. in the evening ~\.9 adv. again, once more
';";>jli;Jj.! v. it will be cloudy, become cloud-covered (inf ,. ) "~
- L.,..;)b~
...,
01;;~ adj. less, to a smaller degree )~ adj. little, small, tiny ;~.u:. v. it will fall, will drop (inf~~"5?)
.._;;;
Notes 1. The "~-/ ..:r~-" suffix indicates the presence of ablative case constructions which often, but not always, involve the meaning "from." In this particular instance, the equivalent English syntax is different and calls for the word "for" instead. Thus, this phrase is most properly translated "We will now provide the weather forecast for the next twenty-four hours."
Additionally the word "~~" is formed by adding the adjectiveforming suffix"-~" to the postposition"~ ·
1
Selection 1
2. "yjl~" is a participial form of the verb '\.;W~" (to be), and often acts to indicate that a sequence of actions is, was or will be taking place. 3. When two numbers are placed in a phrase using an ablative case ending for one and a dative suffix for the other as seen here, the result expresses a block or range of numbers. Similarily, such constructions -with identical suffixes - can be used to identify blocks or time of space. 4. The adjective used tends to vary with the conditions at hand. Typical examples of this phenomenon include '\.;_¥,.-." (cold), "~L" (-cool), and "~" (warm).
2
Selection 2
)
.
l.M.Jt5
Vocabulary &LL.~ adv. generally, typically d....::;->->)L.... n. the western calendar
and each year based upon a predetemilned cycle) ._;1..0j.o pro. like, such ._:_,I~LA. n. animal ;J....J....J~ v. is called, is named (inf.
(the calendar centered around the birth of Jesus Christ) )4l5 n. calendar ; ' - I • ~ v. they use (inf.
._;Wb~)
~43~)
\.9''}! n. OX lT' IJ!J:! n. tiger ._:_,l.i....:._,; n. rabbit ;~~.G n. dragon 0~ n. snake o~ n. horse c.,;;,; n. sheep ._:_,~Lo n. monkey ;>_,; n. chicken ~ n. dog l.i....:. r. n. ptg ._:_,l.i....:.l:; n. rat lT'l> ili;" adj. special, characteristic ~~'l'~ n. characteristic
l.i....:.l,> ..:,r.>..L;~ adv. additionally, what' s more
._:_,W,;..-._;.o n. Muslim ._;l.;;~ adj. common, shared d....:-'~
n. the Islamic calendar, the Hejri ;~_,; v. they put to use, adopt (inf ...;~W,;) ;~r-~ v. they separate, they split into (inf ...;~_r-~) J~;o n. the Zodiac (i.e. a calendar that attributes one of twelve animals to each month
0
3
Selection 3
Vocabulary ~;t;...>~ n. university ~adj. year ~J->y adj. daily, typical o~k n. life ~)d...) adj. orderly, structured .:.)))~ n. place, spot (e.g. a seat, a
~ n. tooth, teeth ";">L;b v. I wash, clean (inf
0U;b) Jl3L..... n. beard 0~~ ~_rlJI.3L..... v. I shave my beard (inf 0W~ Jl3l.....) ~ ..J~ n. quarter (e.g. of an hour, a
bed) ";";)~ 0-'J...o_rJ~ v. I get up, rise from my place (inf. 0-'~J~ 0Lo)~) L)~.u. n. stadium, sports field f"# mw. half
dollar) n. class, lesson 04->y-S .o._,)..~ v. I go into the classroom, enter the classroom (inf. ~.u.y-S .o._,).. ~) 0~~ i .. ~ v. I rest, take a break (inf 0W~ i .. ~) cL.tL..;~ adj. morning l.;L;.,' -! < l'b .')"rn. 1 rary 0~'i)j)d...) v. I review, go over again (inf. ~~)}'d...)) J- '7! adj. free, empty ..;:...,...jl; J- '7! n. free time LJ"" ) .. ~
n. sport, physical activity 0~;.:_;-.:. v. I play, occupy myself with, take part in (inf. 0\.o.;)U_;c_;-.:.) 0b~ n. living space, quarters 0.....,_._;j:!j:! v. I bathe, wash myself (inf 0\.o.;j:!j:!) Notes
1. The "<>~-J ..~-Jb-jb-" affixes indicate locative-case constructions and denote where an item is at a specific time, whether physically, temporally, or otherwise.
4
Selection 3
2. The verb -.;WW;.:;,...:. can be translated as ''to occupy oneself with" or "to take part in," but is difficult to translate into English directly or independent of context. Here, since the speaker is telling of his taking part in sporting activities, the phrase "play sports" has been used because it is the most appropriate equivalent English phrase for the situation. 3. The verbal phrase "0~~~ ~ ~l9" is made up of "~L; ~.....JO"" and "-.;W~~". The compound structure here, which begins with a verb in participial form, suggests a sequence of actions or, namely, that our speaker first goes back to his dormitory and then washes up. "~ ~l9" is itself a verbal compound with "~..._J.Q", (to come) commenting on the direction of the verb "-.j~l9" (to return). "~.....J.Q"" typically indicates direction towards the speaker, while "~"'-o3
5
Selection 4
Vocabulary -~H:~
~~ n. family
n. my younger sister (nom. r-J=L-.)
0~ n. life, living thing (e.g. a
;;:..>,~ n.
person) il5J:' n. my grandfather (nom. l5J:') (Lor n. my grandmother (nom. Lor) ibb n. my father (nom. bb) i\_j~ n. my mother (nom. \_j~) i~~ n. my older sister (nom. ~~) it% n. my older brother (nom. l%) ~ n. my younger brother (nom.
doctor, physician
\_jl;.;;:..>,~ n. hospital, clinic
0~ ~ i"~ v. they have retired, they no longer work (inf. ...;~ ~ i"~) ;~ o.u._r..> v. he works (inf ...;l...1...3 o.w._r..>) .:.r5~j.o adj. assistant, deputy y~"'-" l;y.;~ ~;J~ n. middle school
~)
6
Selection 4
ydu &)1......!.4 n. primary school ydu IJ~~ 0;J_,J n. high school ..s-->~ acij. individual, personal (.,W\.9 ~L v. is maintained, is kept up (inf 0lJ\.9 ~L) c.,?_,J n. celebration (e.g. a wedding, a cradle party, a circumcision) 0~ c.,?_,J acij. unmarried, bachelor 0W-..3 c.,?_,J acij. married, having a spouse ..:;.,.:,");~ n. child, offspring
~");~ acij. child ~4 n. young child o_¥~ ~'>\...; n. birth control,
planned procreation 0;.--;~~ acij. traditional,
customary according to, in accordance with 1..:5,_.... n. gift, present .~~> W~ n. God, Allah ~5,;~~ vn. killing ~5,;j-!>r. vn. aborting 01;~ adv. just, only ~'.7! prep.
Notes
I. The suffixes "i-" and ·~-" are added to singular and plural nouns to indicate possession, in this case, " my" and "our" respectively. 2. The presence of specific words for "older sister" and "younger sister" and "older brother'' and ''younger brother" is a characteristic of many Asian languages and is not unique to Uyghur. 3. The phrase '\....-~\r.-~ yy ~"translates directly as "are often met," but is perhaps better glossed here as "common." 4. The word "~r." comes from the verb "~u;j.-!>r.". As a a causative form of the verb "~~r.", "~u;j.-!>r."means "to make go out'' or "to cause to go down." The implication is clear here, though, that an abortion is being discussed. However, independent of context, one would likely need to say " ~4 ~5,;j-!>r." for this meaning to be apparent.
7
Selection 5
Vocabulary ~L;._,;"~ n. our classroom (nom.
L;._,j' n. copy, example (e.g. of a
\jL;._,) .. ~)
book) n. window J~ n. flower ;...-. n. water Y-o->;;> y~~ ;...-. v. we pour ..;;--0;;~ n. chair J~~ n. table hadj. new ~..;;> v. taking turns, alternating (inf ~~.J.; ..;;>) ~)1..,;\:; v. we clean, wash (inf.
~"'-:> adv. very, quite
"'rr.~
~4 adj. beautiful, attractive ll~ adj. right
j,_... adj. left n. side \:in. wall [ _ ;~ n. world .,_;_,;.G. n. map, chart 0~ v. is hung, has been suspended (inf 0~) iL-."; n. painter, artist ...:;li~ v. painted, rendered (inf
';'" ;4.3
..;U;ll) ~;,_,
..;l.o~) ...:;W\:;~ v. called, named (inf.
n. we wipe, daub (inf.
~ol..o-3),_,)
9'5> n. home J.u:~d.5' n. poor, indigent ~;"~ n. textbook Jd...,.., adv. a little, a bit ..;ji:,......adj. cold, chilly
..;Wll~)
o ..;,_, n. picture, image
...:;~13'r. v. enlarged, made bigger (inf. ..;~13'r.)
8
Selection 5 u,...~~-.......J~ vn./n. warming,
~n. winter .._;..-..> n. brick uo;o n. level, floor ;4 n. steam, vapor if........, n. oven, stove ';-';!;;~ Jt;)~ v. fitted with, placed in (inf ...;W;)~ Jt;)~) )YY n. coal ; ' I ~ v. are heated, made bot (inf ._;1.1 ~) if;!;);; n. building, construction ~~ n. installation
beating ..;:..:,4..5 n. village, small town \5:.......'.:. n. blackboard ;'Y n. chalk ~;.t.-. n. level . .)•u.>..>;J~~r. v. explaining, describing (inf. ~ . . . . .);~~r.) ';-'")d.3 n. side Jj; n. money J.li!ljl.... n. classmate 0--:!~ adj. very, most
Notes
I. Ghazy Emet is a famous contemporary Uyghur artist. Once a professor and president of the Xinjiang Artistic Institute, he currently lives in Ururnqi. 2. The Uyghur "Muqam" are a set of traditional musical pieces and dances, each of a different style, that represent an important part ofUyghur culture. There are many famous images of the Mukham being performed, a lot of which were painted by Ghazy Emet. 3. The verbal phrase ''.r->;;; ';-'j:!_;; ;-." is made up of the verbal phrase "._;~;; ;-." (to put water on, to water) and the verbal complement "._;l...)_;....,, that is compounded to it, which indicates that the verb is in a progressive, ongoing state. 4.
'\?• • · -,!
~"
is a phrase made up of a noun and a verb.
"~• • • - , !" means "to meet" or ''to match." In this case, the phrase acts
as an adjective, describing students whose class-levels do not match. 5. The phrase "~)d.3 ~ ..._;"-:! ••• ~)d.3 ~"describes an "on the one hand, on the other hand" context. However, such a context usually involves an ablative structure, and the syntax here is clearly dative. It is important to notice the difference. The result is a sentence that reads ''teaching a low-level lesson to one side and a high-level Jesson to the other." 6. The compound verb ''..)..u.>..>;J~~r. ....-'~" is made up of the verbs "._;l...;~" and "~ . . . . .;J~~r.", which together create the phrase "writing out an explanation."
9
Selection 6
Vocabulary ._:;.t.5:..,~o;J .
< .~ v. are exported, are sent abroad (inf
._;w....; u)J .
"~-"~ n. fruits and nuts (in
general)
o;.;.-:..G n. pear
.( .~)
6.J~ n. grape melon 0~ v. ripened, made ready for eating (inf ...;~) o;,.-. n. grade, kind '-;'')~ v. grafting, splicing (inf
'¥;,5 n. Korla (a city in the Uygbur Region) ;~):; v. are pulled to, are brought to (inf ...;W-...:i):;) -.::>")}Jl> n. temperature l~;;;~y.; vn. heat, redden (inf
..:;¥,S n.
...;U~)
._;\.,j~j-o-9)
a..L~ adj. juicy, moist ~l.; adj. sweet, tasty "~ n. fruit
J. ;;; - · -. ~ vn. creating, making (inf ~d..b;; -
• -. ~)
Notes
I. The complex verbal phrase "._:;.t.5:.., 1 I . : ; .. ~r.-:' ~" can be broken up into two main parts: "~r,-:> ~" and "._:;.t.5:.., 1 .I. - • .''.
"...-.Lr,-:> ~" is a construction that means ''to bring to." The main verb "...;W~" is commented upon by "~d.A;d...?", which appears here as the
passive variant "~~r,-:>".
10
Selection 6
The second half of the phrase "00:.,' I · ·" is also a passive verb, taken from "Jl..;l....;•, "to sell" or "to buy." The combined phrase means "to bring and sell" or ''to bring for sale." 2. The variant of '\jWJ:'" seen here, "~liJJ:'", contains a special affix which indicates the meaning "owing to" or "because of." In this case, "~liJJ:' 0~ l.>....--!.;;;~y.3 d,;,j"))~ l.Sr-9~" means "due to their ripening in the high temperatures (of the sun)".
11
Selection 7
Vocabulary ~~
..:;.....;\; n. time
~~;.:>
j---.... · I!~ v. we shall walk around, stroll (inf ~~~~) ~~ n. silk .)~ ~~ n. the Silk Road
n. Sunday n. Monday ~~"'--' n. Tuesday ~~)L:: n. Wednesday ~~~ n. Thursday d...br n. Friday ~
b,_... n. trade .:>~ n. economy, economics
if ;);.:-..-:.w~ vn. trading, exchanging 0l.u.>...>)_;;..;~ ~~ v. representing, reflecting (inf ~~ ~d...b);;..;~)
c.SrA~ oji>~ n. Idiqut City
c.SrA~ Ji')~ n. Yarghol City ~..)7:> adj. adorned, decorated
)li:.n. cave
)1;-o;j_;:; n. vineyard 12
Selection 7
~"¥~ n. gardening, horticulture Jvn. irrigation, watering Jbl..9 n. canal 4l)> n. ruins, remains o.J5~ n. state ~...__. adj. sincere ;~~4 v. benefits, uses (inf.
JL.o.,J..J~> adv. nearly all of l..!..>b n. song J;......~ n. dance ~'r\j adj. beloved, liked ~~~ J- ;> adj. joyous, happy ~;>-j~ n. nature, temperament, disposition jj-3 adj. direct, candid (shows character of person)
;;¥;......
~W)l,~4)
Notes I. The suffix '\..r.-"on the verb barmaq ~Lo;V"' indicates the verb is in the future imperfective tense. With the conjugated form "_;....-.;l;;J,.", it forms a compound verb indicating decided or intended action.
2. Dongkowruk is a famous bazaar and trading center named for the small part ofUrumqi in which it is located.
r .. ·
3. In this context, " l2\j" means ''to walk around" without having a particular destination in mind - walking as a means of exploring, visiting, or seeing. In other contexts, it could also indicate an effort to go around something - like an obstacle. 4. The Uyghur word "d....or" comes from an Islamic term referring to the congregational salat said by Muslims just after noon on Fridays. The word has also been expanded to include the meaning Friday as well. 5. This ancient Uyghur city was one of the great cultural and trade centers of the Silk Road and the political center of the Uyghur States until the 14th century. Idiqut is located about 10 kilometers (6 miles) west of Turpan. 6. " ;d...ll>...__:. cr->~u J,C)-:!" literally means "Yarghol Old City." It's located not far Turpan, and was also one of the biggest Uyghur cities throughout the Fourteenth century. 7. The phrase '\)··"·".>...>;~.0 u--S.0" contains the word "u--S.0" (image) and a causative form of the verb "~<43.0" (to fire). The resulting phrase means ''to reflect" or, more figuratively, ''to represent." Variants of words that do not include certain vowels- '\.r-S'.0" instead of "u--S.0", for instance- are seen regularily. As such, readers will need to be flexible when it comes to spelling.
13
Selection 7
8. The Bezeklik Buddhist Caves are found in the cliffs of the Valley of the Flaming Mountains, 50km (31 miles) east of Turpan. These 77 caves contain ornately painted Buddhist murals. 9. A "Kariz" is an underground irrigation system first constructed over 2,000 years ago. To this day they are considered one of the greatest engineering achievements of ancient times. A series of wells and underground channels, kariz move water - usually from glaciers at the base of the Tangri Tagh- to nearby communities.
14
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Selection 8 <>-> 7 o~L... ~...S •...;>J5-12 ~~-11 !~l; od..>
J-.3
Od....od...,..od..Jl>;..
...;>J5-10 ~~-12 ·~-2003
Vocabulary o~~ n. poetry, verse ...;WL... Ll"L...~ v. to found ...;W;c~ v. to birth r:--' l;r n. ceremony ~~_,...Jl>. v. commemorate ~ I.~~ .,~L:,r n. party, soiree ...;l..W ..-!5d_j v. to invite ..::>~->~ acij. creative, inventive ~u;_,s3~ v. to hold ~rn. discussion ..;I c.- I • ;. , ! v. to dedicate ...;Ul>. v. to want ~n. person ...;l..W ~Lo ~-> v. perform o~u n. advice ...;l..W .......,~d_j i<>->o v. to come with honor ...;W~ ~;l; v. to welcome f..~ J~ n. place's name (probably) - 1 ~ 1.:....· ' Y USUpJan . El.1 <.S'";-' 0 ·vr'J! n. (person's name) L.J Jj:>f> n. Obul Hasan (person's name)
i'YL... n. greetings, salutations od..> n. letter, note a...!.r->.U acij. dear ..;I c.-· ;. , · v. to miss, to long for .yl)i..~ acij. interesting 9l.>.l0j:> n. wheat ...;L,...,r,-3 v. to plant ...;!....;;;;; v. to dry out ...;~~ v. to spread, to lay out ...;!....;;;;; ~ (comp v) to lay out to dry ...;~l; v. to bale, to bundle ~~~ v. to bale ...;Lo;f> v. to thresh ~u;y..>J; v. to prepare for, to make ready for J--. '; n. season n. autumn, fall j~ n. summer J...;d_j n. vacation j.)......b~ n. tomato l} n. paper ;t.:t; n. bundle, package
;J5
16
Selection 8 ~,.._, u
..;L..;_;;.l~ v. to sit down, to settle ...::..,.._, n. court ..;WJ:' .~tl;~ v. to witness ...::..-..> n. promissory letter (": ..; n. ties, connection ilJ;;_;5 n. bridge ..;WJ:' <.S); v. to agree
name) c.;;<} n. shift
J-3
._;WI~ v. to buy
..;.w adj. in cash .JJ.u
n. resident district
17
Selection 9
Vocabulary ._;, ..)~4.3 )~
..)~ n. bureau, office u------'.G.J.3j.o n. expert, specialist ,~'l/j.o n. opinion L.>.Q,->-:!d...b) )~ v. (no earthquakes) were said to have happened (inf
n. earthquake
0..>...>)~4.3 )~
v. quaked, experienced a quake (inf ~"'-<>->)~4.3 )~) ..::.>~)L~ n. district ~bn. county ~,LS' n. kilometer 0 ~~ ~)~4.3 v. were shaken (inf
~d...b)d.,> j~) ...:,.u:l~ v. died ( inf ~41~) ...:,l.:}i~ ';"');;J..S v. caused by,
~~..;~4.3)
~\..,._;~ adv. any, some • . I. t.,_ vn.~I n. woun d'mgs,
brought about by (inf
';"');;J..S
~L.}i'"':') ~~~ n. event, incident
~)
instances of injury Notes
1. While the use of decimal amounts is a regular occurrence, they are read aloud according to a scheme not immediately clear in the written rendering itself. The whole number is read first and then the second as a ratio of the given number over the whole decimal amount most logical to it.
18
Selection 9
In this case, "7.8" would be read as 'J-SSd...-. .:.r.>:>,Y 0~~
d..:;.j4." or "seven whole and eight out often" with ten being the most logical, whole base-ten decimal place.
Had the number been "7.80" instead, the Uyghur would read
"0~~ d..:;.j4.
0~d...-. .:.r.:.;~" or "seven whole and eighty out of one hundred."
2. Uyghur has no specialized term for the word "epicenter" so the idea is instead conveyed by the phrase '\s;..-S;d....o if<>;;.u ;4." or "earthquake center." 3. The verb '\s.JJ? ~;;.w...,, comes from "~.._;..;;.w...,, (to shake, to tremble). 4. "~)~ if<>;;.u ;4." is the specialized name given to China's Earthquake Research Unit and is perhaps equivalent to the US Geological Survey. 5. "J~" is a measure word that is used to help enumerate the magnitude of earthquakes. It can also describe the strength of wind. It's closest English equivalent is "force," as would be used in a phrase like "a force eight gale".
19
Selection t 0
Vocabulary ~l5n. time
,).J_;;~ ~_;... v. was fixed to,
.._r..o;;:; n. Urumqi (capital,
was pegged to (inf. -.;W_;;~ ~_;...) ~r}g, ~ adv. until now, to
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) w~ adv. a bit, some ..::...ui...:. n. attention, care ~ ..::...ui...:. v. if attention is not paid ( inf. -.; l.J_._; ..::.. .ui...:.) -.;.Jbl> n. mistake, error ~r.-! j}! vn. incident, instance ;.J;J--y-6 n. conversation, speaking ur5d.A adj. existing, present
this day ~... .:.)""'"";' n. unity, unanimity
~.t.-..S"J! adj. high, lofty J- )l9L. vn. preserving,
preservation 0~~ v. not thinking about, (they) do not consider (inf -.;W~) 1•.;.J.•.~.)5~ n. trouble, difficulty .....;\..,~ n. justification, reasoning
20
Selection 10 ._..1,! I ~ "--'·l..l,L,. V. JUSU • 'fy'mg, • or--'
~
excusing (inf. 13t....L..; .GlA.\.,>) ~t....L..; 13)~ v. do not distinguish, don't tell apart (inf
0
0Y v. the sun rises (inf
-~
. !<)
• 0/
;,>. . . 34 0Y v. the sun sets (inf 0Y 13!...:;4)
~d....o),~ill)~)
~} n. distance, interval J1~~ n. situation, event
~lfr n. geography (as a study)
0~.J.;.. .:.e; v. are used to, are accustomed to (inf ~4-).J.; ...:.e;)
~ n. knowledge
\;,_; adj. true, correct, right o~~l; n. principle, concept ..:;lSl.. n. hometown, native land i.JL......L...; ud....o)~ v. if you respect, should you honor (inf wd....o)~ 13l....L..3) ..:;L..~ adj. bad &~ n. province ~~1) ~1; n. time zone
.. ~.G adv. as a result, consequently ~b adv. often, always ~\.......=.¥~ n. misunderstanding, miscommunication ;~ ~ v. happen, occur, come out of (inf 13~ ~) J-.~ adv. originally, at first adj. kind, type
J.->
Notes
1. "Beijing Time" is the standard time index for the entire People's Republic of China. In spite of the tremendous geographic disparity between east and west, even people in western Tibet and Xinjiang are subject to it. 2. "Xinjiang Time" is set two hours behind Beijing Time. Most Uyghurs in the Autonomous Region use Xinjiang Time, which is also called "Urumqi Time", despite the official endorsement of the other system. The resident Han Chinese, however, primarily use Beijing Time. 3. The noun "13)~, means "difference" or "disparity." As such, simple constructs like "13W~ 13)~, (to be different) and "13l....L..3 13)~, (to differentiate) are easily formed. The form seen here, negated and fitted with a locative suffix means "by not differentiating." However, the 13l....L..3/13W~ forms described just now need to be clearly differentiated from the base level and causative forms ~"-'ill)~ and ~d....o)J~ill)~· While ~4-Jill)~ is close enough in meaning to 13WJ:' 13)~, ~d....o;J~ill)~ is actually a bit closer in meaning to "separating out" or "causing to be different from".
";,>......3lj. -
I • · ~ y;)~ >L)e;" is made up of "13l...)~)L)e;, and"~" which mean ''to confuse, to mix up" and
4. The compound verb
''to utilize, to implement" respectively. When they occur together as seen
21
Selection 10
here, they intermingle their meanings to create the phrase "to use incorrectly, to use ineffectively." 5. The phrase "1..0~ 0-'~ ~lfr" contains a form of the verb "._;~" which means "to speak" or "to say." The ablative suffix
suggests speaking from a certain point of view, resulting in the complete meaning "speaking from a standpoint of geographic knowledge." 6. While the "L-" suffix on"._;~" quite often indicates a conditional syntax, it can just as easily set up a conjunctive structure, lending an "and then" feel to the verb to which it is attached, along with any that follow. 7. The verb "._;~~" means simply "to live." The verb that is compounded to it, "~~;5" means ''to be used to" or ''to be accustomed to." Together, seen here as ''..s~-J.;
22
Selection 11
Vocabulary ~\...,~ adj. suspected, presumed .:)-U.;d...:! v. reached, hit (inf. ~43d...:!)
~.s_..., n.
health, wellness department, office 0~e; v. called, opened (inf.
oo);l.; n.
t5~ n. inside, inner portion .&~ n. province ;".:.or-? adv. comparatively, relatively I.S: · - ;~ n. statistics .....:;.j"5f adv. now, currently 0-U.;~ v. crossed into, moved up to (inf. ~43~) o.u..J..oo~...o n. nation, country 0• ( I ..t. ~ v. comprise, represent
04e;) d}~.>e; n. press, news ~n.
meeting
)->~~ n.
AIDS, HIV
LJ"jr5 n. virus, infection ;~y_;)L.¥j:
n. infected people, afflicted persons (sing.
..r.-;;u)L.¥j:) 0;;~ n. place, level
(inf.
0.U.....:._r. v. fell, has fallen (inf ~~Y.) 0l..J~l_, v. was detected, was discovered (inf 0~\.,>)
~ ..-9- I ( ~)
C:,.s_...,~
num. percent (i.e, as a ratio of one hundred)
23
Selection I I
Notes 1. "~ ~ 0~ d).~->~" is a term specific to journalism. Translated literally, it means a "news announcement meeting," but an acceptable English equivalent would be "press conference." However, the creation of equivalent terms in Uyghur for standard English words and phrases has created a large number of variants for each. As such, students should not expect for this one rendering to be the one they will always see.
2. The suffixes "~" and ''....~-~-", seen here in "~:}", form ordinal numerals from cardinal numbers, much like the English suffixes "st," "-nd," and "-th." 3. The number of people in the Uyghur region infected with lllV is increasing every day. According to official numbers from November of 2004, there were 9,347 registered cases, but many experts fear the actual numbers are much, much higher. The Uyghur Region in particular is being affected because of an increasing illegal drug problem. 4. Numerals decline according to their grammatical usage just like other words. When the numbers are spelled out, these endings appear seamless, but when numerals are used instead, the endings are still added to ease the reading process. 5. '\s-!.S~~" is the short name of the Guanxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The Zhuang nationality is an ethnic minority that has the most members of any officially recognized minority group in China.
24
Selection 12
Vocabulary
~" vn. learning, studying
.r--"~ n. century
...?~>;;5 ~~ ~ol..:' v. they really liked, enjoyed (inf ~~ ~d....o)'Y> ~~>;~ adv. in Arabic, in an
~/)~~adj. literary ~~
adj. religious, spiritual ~o~..:>~ n. medicine (as a study) 0~ n. science (in general) 0lc;~ v. wrote (inf ...;L.;~) ~{>!y. adv. today, nowadays ~,;;~-LS~ adj. Indo-European if _;;b n. sound ;~.Jd...J n. pronunciation
Arabic manner ~;~ adv. in Persian, in a Persian manner U";; n. (the) Russian (language) ~ n. (the) English (language) 0&" adj. past, previous
25
Selection 12 ~ 9\.;\c~ n. the Chaghatay
';"~d....o prep.
belonging to, governed by ._:_,l.... ~ adj. easy, simple 0¥;~ adj. many, numerous ~l...:...>~ n. similarity, common trait r--' .u n. influence, impact r--' ~ n. century ~ adj. last, recent
language 0~ J~,; v. accepted, received (inf ~l...;.....W J~,;) ~)~ v. lessening, decreasing (inf. ~~~;~) ;;~
n. (Han) Chinese
~W~ v. traded (places with), exchanged (inf ~L..-!.W~)
Notes 1. The word "~;4" may also be found spelled "~;4". The exclusion of such fill vowels or the inclusion of extras is common in vocabulary borrowed from other languages.
2. This adverbial connotes a meaning of "from day to day" or "on a daily basis." 3. The word "0:Y.:Y" has several different meanings in Uyghur, including "for," "on account of," and others, and must therefore be interpreted in context. The first instance in this reading occurs in the phrase "0:Y.:Y };~:Y" and means "for Uyghurs." The second appears in this fairly lengthy phrase:
It can be translated as "on account of the numerous similarities in pronunciation between Uyghur and the Indo-European languages." 4. Here, the suffix "~\;'' is added to the adjective "0L~" indicating a comparative structure and, in this case, is equivalent to the English suffixes "ier" or "er." 5. Proper use of the postposition "';"~d....o" requires the use of the dative case to indicate what object the subject of the phrase is being attributed to. 6. Students should note the presence of the pluralizing suffix appearing here with an ablative affix.
26
";.J/}-",
Selection 12
Plurals are sometimes required in Uygbur where they are not in English, and vice-versa. In this case, saying "end of the nineteenth century" actually glosses as" ends of the nineteenth century". 7. The infix "J~" seen here is a derivative of the verb '\jW~" and acts as a modal particle indicating that Uyghurs "are able to pronounce" the sounds of Indo-European languages.
)
8. In Uyghur, the phrase ''the sixties", appearing here with a dative ending, is expressed by the use of sixty as an ordinal numeral. Thus, "601 · )l.Loo,., is read as " )IL <..S; - · • ...;~ " " <..S'-'"-:! - • • ...;~" ' on the other <..S; hand, means (nineteen) sixty. 00
)
00
0
27
Selection 13
Vocabulary ~l9n.jade
..:;li;;~l:! c.b\.9 v. they developed,
J-li n. stone, rock
made blossom (inf c.b\.9
~b adj. famous, of renown ,)5 n. mine, excavation site c:'Y~6..b n. product, good -~ v. reco gruze "d, 0 loLl ';' )-'-'-;--'
..;L..);~l:!)
~ adj. valuable, precious ~,Jf.-,>}~ n. archeology ~~4 vn. taking advantage of, benefiting from .!!..; n. color, hue )~"';adj. colorful c.~;-. n. quality ;~ n.jewel ;!; n. kind, type ..:;~}>prep. on account of, because of ..;~ adj. white .Yr.--' adj. yellow ~;5 adj. blue l;\.9 adj. dark ~J$";5 adj. light blue J-...l)j-3~ adj. valued, thought precious
acknowledged as ;~~ v. considered, deemed (inf. ..;l...;~~) ;~6..b
adj. well-known, prestigious, renown ~~ n. silk JJ! n. road, path .:..r - • 1~ l..Q.W)! n. appearance, emergence )l.;j;j? adv. even before, just before l}~Al.G. adj. international, worldwide b,_. n. trade, business
28
Selection 14 Notes
1. "JG_;;j,>" is simply the adverb "..:;_;;j,>'' with the additional suffix "':/". "':/" works to accentuate the meaning of the word to which is it attached, making the end result here "even before". In other instances, it could just as well mean "immediately before". 2. '\s;;o~ ;)l.ll;~ J-L;·•• is the Uyghur equivalent of the archaeological term "Stone Age". Translated literally, it means "the Stone Tool Era".
29
Selection 14
Vocabulary ~"-"'~ adj. regarding, pertaining to \.;;:_;..;; adj. strong, sturdy ;.G~ n. craftsmanship, workmanship ..::.o~J,_., n. art, craft ..::.o~d,_.,o-;.G~ n. craftsmanship ,sl I :.G n. beauty, elegance LJ""'.).).u;..., adj. holy, sanctified, sacred ;..l.;!.J.r.).U v. value, revere (inf
,)....,1; n. time, age ._;1;~ adj. long, lengthy ,);J¥ji v. born, birthed (inf
...;W¥ji)
w· ··-
<- . · n. newbom, .._,+'J? L.> ~:7' ~ infant ..:_,J=:J> conj. for, for the benefit of Lr+->u adv. specially, specifically ..:_,WL... ~ v. built, made (inf. ...;l-...~)
..!1~.r.).U)
dj>}5 n. bed ~.).U
0- - • . I , · v. placing, laying, putting (inf ...;WL...) 9~ n. feast, celebration f""""'"'1;~ n. ceremony, proceeding
adj. ancient, extremely
old
w;;;.; n. structure ..::.."-"'~
n. aspect, side
30
Selection 14 0-'.,:,li...!,~ v. ftlled, made full (inf.
;~ )'r--' v. they paint, shellac (inf.
0~~) o .. .:.~ n. custom, tradition )14 n. child ._;;~~ n. item, thing .;..;;~ mw. set, collection (e.g. of books, of clothes) L..~ n. master, expert ~y n. handle, hilt dj->)5 n. bed E.o;~ n. edge, lip
._;Ur---) ~.u.l; adj. comfortable, pleasant ~)',; adj. useful, helpful
.j-J);4 adj. valuable, worth the investment v. while shaking, as they rock (inf. E.......;..;;o0) l..!....;..\j 9.JJ~ n. lullaby 0L..;~-j);~ n. hope, wish i4-1~-u;.o.:> n. hardship, adversity ~;;.0
Notes
1. When referred to in English, the term "E,_:.;l' is probably best left untranslated because the nearest English equivalent, "cradle," is not complete enough a term to describe this culturally significant item. Boshuk has been preserved in the translation provided. 2. ";~G. ~;"'..,, is a collective term that refers to all the Turkic peoples. In all, there- are more than 30 different groups, including the Uzbeks, the Kazakhs, the Tatars, and the Uyghurs. They live throughout Eurasia, in Russian Siberia, in the Volga and Ural river basins, in the Caucasus, and throughout Afghanistan, Mongolia, and elsewhere. 3. " L>-.).;\j" is simply the word "l}.;\j" with a locative suffix. It means "ranks" or "lists." It is difficult to produce an equivalent English phrase that includes all the components of the sentence, but essentially means that boshuk are seen as valuable and, as such, are held in the list of things deemed sacred. 4. "9~" is a general term which simply means "feast'' or "celebration." It can refer to a wedding, a circumcision, a cradle party, or any number of special events. 5. The phrase "~ 0-'.>:.li...!.~ 0Y ~-Y.r-9 y_;J_¥.y )14" should be translated as "forty days after the birth of the child." While the syntax of the Uyghur is different from that of the equivalent English, all component parts are present: "yjl_¥.y )14 (with a child's birth) and "0Y ~-Y.r-9 ~ 0-'.,:,li...!._,....,, (after forty days have filled).
31
Selection 14
6. Phrases like "~5? l.S_r-3;:" which join two words together in one compound are quite common in Uyghur. These couplets can be made up of either antonymous or synonymous words and can be made from adjectives, nouns, and even adverbs. They also appear both with and without hyphens between them.
32
Selection 15
Vocabulary
);.o v. complicating, making complex (inf ~J..A)~~.OS..)r) J-.y.3 adj. red ~)"..:. n. river ~ .. ,~ n. edge, lip tl;J~ ~ n. the tropics ...;;1.9;);; lf_r. n. mainland, continent l)J'~ ·-l - n. t emperature ._;li:)j9 adj. dry, arid ol.-L.5 n. climate ;J......i~ v. lies (inf ._;\...;~) ..:_,.6)~~.os..
...;jb;j~ ~)~ n. east longitude
a..J.S..S :.,J~..,...._.!. n. north latitude <.Sjj! A~n. sea level
- 1-\.;_...~n. oasts . J.. Jli;f )"-:! n. topography l.f'"--! adj. lower ~ n. flow, movement (e.g. of a river) )~ n. cliff, precipice ~ J-.--.L!. v. forming, creating (inf ._;w..-; J-.--.L!.) J5~ )"-:! n. geography ~
33
Selection 15 Notes
1. While western conventions for using latitude and longitude traditionally involve giving the coordinates for latitude first and longitude second, the opposite tends to be the case in Uyghur. The same is true of the cardinal directions and any combination of them, with the term "east north" being preferable to "north east" and so on. 2. The complex verbal phrase ";.4.3~ ~ ';"1).3 .W;~ ~;d.i." contains three verbs, the last of which comments on the combined meaning of the first two. "~d.....J~", as has already been discussed, conveys a meaning of"crossing". The other two verbs maintain their original meanings, describing a flow that looks and passes from west to east.
3. The verb '\jl..Jl,t typically means "to lie, to lay." However, in this case, the creation of as natural an English rendering as possible necessitates changing the verb to "falls."
34
Selection 16
Vocabulary ~4.3 adj.
~o~...o n. source 0~ v. was found (inf. J~) ~ vn. opening (inf 04~) 0~l) n. region, area ~~;5 vn. increasing, causing to increase (inf
natural if~l; n. reserves, stores .:.)~ num. billion ~;5 n. cubic meter 0..0~ v. was made clear (inf 0\.o.;~)
~~~y) 0Lo..J:,~ v. is planning, is making ready to (inf 0~~) 0~ J.l......;~ con). thus, so
)..;....:.. n. news, (recent) information l..0\..u)l..,l......~ prep. according to, as per 0~} num. trillion ).U....... n. amount, quantity 0;t;;);; n. land, continent 0;t;;);; il_r. n. mainland (e.g. of China proper, as opposed to Taiwan) 0.Q.,~ ~4.3 v. apparently comprising, said to make up (inf 0~ ~4.3) ,sJ .I _ 3,Jw adj. geological, pertaining to geology if ;)~4.3 n. investigation, study
~)~ adj.
eastern adj. western o.J~\.5 n. pledge, guarantee ~);..0....t.J~I.S' v. guaranteeing, pledging (inf ~o~...o);..0....t.J~I.S') name .;)_;.; n. pipe, tube ~)d..i.
cl>n.
~n.line .&~ n. province ~ ~~ adv. directly 0l.,;._,~~-"' v. obedient to (inf 0\.o.;~J;')
35
Selection 16
;.>...>;~t;_;; v. connecting, joining .if.. ...,-L.),..,._. '- ·t;'-) ,., (In
~jt;;~ n. length ;~~ v. longer than (i.e. to be
more than a certain length) (inf ~~~)
Notes
1. The suffixes '\:_,~-" and "0~~-" indicate that the information in the related phrase came to the speaker from another source. It is somewhat akin to "they say" or "I've heard." It might also, depending on context, be translated as "apparently." 2. While English speakers would typically read this phrase as "Kela Number 2," this and other similar Uyghur constructions call for using the ordinal number system instead. As such, when including the accusative marker"~-", this phrase reads "<..S"". -:- • S:S: ~ ~". 3. The word "f.S:Y." is used to refer to the People's Republic of China in all official publications in Xinjiang as per a government mandate banning the use of '\sl..::.....>". The state deems it to be pejorative in nature. The alternative comes from the equivalent Chinese-language term zhongguo
(9=t 00). In spite of the ban, '\?\..::.....>." is the term preferred by Uyghurs and the speakers of other Turkic languages. This term comes from an older word for the Mongol tribe of north-eastern China that established the Liao Dynasty. 4. When the suffix"~-" is used in conjunction with the verb "~WJ:>", the resulting verbal compound, seen here as '\:_,~~,. ~jJ.j.J.;.J4t5"", indicates that an action is possible or a certain result attainable. 5. The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonmous Region is but one of several Autonomous Regions in the People's Republic of China. Others include the Tibetan Autonomous Region and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. 6. The use of ";.!.5;.......," refers to the "central" government of the People's Republic of China. 7. "~43~ ~" is a compound verb made up of the verbs "~lc,.......l,>" and "~43~". In this case, "~43~" functions to indicate that the verbal action moves in a crossing motion. In this case, the actions crosses the expanse of China.
36
Selection 17
Vocabulary 0~n. guest
';'.J.r'~u v. they respect, give value too (inf ~.__j.r~u)
0;t.;:..-._,.;.;~ n. hospitality,
0Lo\.; n. food 0\.;~ n. living room f._'1J>-o~ n. horses, animals 0lok adv. always, once 9~ n. (traditional) tea 9~ ~~;.-. n. milk tea 0l; n. bread 0l; ~ n. flat bread 0l; Wl; n. puffed bread ..:;..ju n. cubed sugar d;t; n. rock candy J~ adj. fresh, moist .oJ.:-.o J~ n. fresh fruits ..::.>d........)j; n. chance, opportunity ~->-:?4 v. using, taking advantage of(inf 0~>L->-:?4)
cordiality 0\..R:;lW ·• • I ol;b v. ongoing, continuous (inf. • I ol;b ~~..S) .::...>~
n. happiness 0\.;.;l; )~ adv. any ~1).-.:. n. circwnstances ~~~prep. under, beneath ~.J--9 adv. fervently, enthusiastically ;.w~ ~ )l; v. they receive, greet
(inf. 0W~ ~)t;) 0\..;.L~~ v. invited, summoned
(inf. 0l.L~~) ~~~L..\.; adv. unexpectedly, by
chance f')~d..9 prep.
regardless, independently, no matter
37
Selection 17
Notes
I. Here, the word "~" appears as a simple adjective and not in its superlative form "~..~". Nevertheless, standard English usage demands it be translated as "finest." 2. '\jf>;" is an Islamic term that refers to the daily sustenance provided to each person by God - one's "daily bread." This rizq can be shared by friends, family members, guests, and even strangers. 3. The verbal phrase '\jW~ ~}.9" means ''to welcome" or ''to greet." However, the subject of the sentence here is '\)~...o". The verbal structure of'\.jW~ ~}.9", however, is active and not passive. Because of this, it seems clear that the sentence is lacking a "he." In spite of this, the meaning of the sentence is not adversely affected. 4. ")~"and '\jJ:!" are likely among the first words a student ofUyghur will encounter. In spite of this, their meanings can be quite complex and are heavily context-dependent. In this case, they refer to that which is ready for use and that which is not. 5. The word ",. ).
38
Selection 17
9. "t_'i:j>-V'G " is a general, collective term for horses and all other beasts of burden or pack animals. Such "compound nouns" are quite common. 10. ' ._:;!.> ~" is one of the many different kinds of Uyghur bread. This particular variety is flat and is often decorated with a pointed tool called a "&~". Other kinds of bread include'\.)!.> Ut.;" which is puffed. 11 . "1;!~" is a food typically eaten at breakfast and is made from oil, sugar, and flour.
39
Selection I 8
Vocabulary ~ v. preparing, making (inf
-.;Lot; n. meal, allotment of food
~
-.;15 mw. time, instance ~~~~ v. food and drink
;.....,~
~1)...:. n. circumstance, situation
;.>-.J, 04->/'"-! v. enjoy, get some
; ' • 1 ~"-! v. determines (inf.
(inf -.;W, 04->/'"-!) -=....;4..3 n. ritual washing, ablutions ~ -=....;4..3 v. (ritual) cleansing, washing (inf -.;W~ w<>;d..3)
~~"-!)
~;;_r vn. consumption,
eating
40
n. morning
Selection 18 j~t. n. (Muslim) prayer
~_;....:.~
;~;;~ j~G v. (they) pray, read
additional a.J.S"4-;-:! n. food ..;;J;; adj. dry (!Jj!yn. grape(s) (!J.>f ..;;J;; n. raisin ._;I..St-:!n. walnut ~n. nut, kernel L...l ' . . lly .. J'Y'n. Jam, Je ..;~~adj. soft ..:_,t.
(their) prayers (inf ..;~;;~ j~t.) ·• I ;. ! v. gather, (they) collect
(i.e. into a group inf ..;~) ~ . . . . . J..>Jk v. encircling,
surrounding ( inf ';'" .>..>J_r.) n. china bowl ~ il~ n. (larger) china bowl ';' ~ v. soak, soaking (inf. ~
..;~) ~d..AJ:P.9 v. to dip into, to put into
;~
';'iJJ:P.9 v.
(they) dip
J"":..U ~;.o
(something) and then drink (inf.
adj. unalike, dissimilar
~~ · ~e· -) • ...... • :JYr'J'
..:_,~l..:..;..~
._;\.9):; adj. spread out, sparse
9~
~ n. field
yogurt food
n.
n.
vegetable
~~adj. containing vegetable ~;J~ n. fried, cooked Jl. · - ·~ n. use, consumption ;~~ Jl. · - ~ v. (many)
~n.
J.~
adj. supplemental,
broth, soup
cannot eat, are unable to eat (inf.
L..>~ n. manta
Notes 1. "o..J~" is a word that has no immediate English equivalent on a semantic level. Its presence in this case indicates that a list of some sort has just been provided. In other instances, it can work to reduce or minimize the affect or significance of the phrase that it follows.
2. The compound verb ";' · : I (I~ ';'~\.9" is made by joining "._;l.,..,J\.9" and "~~~" . "._;l.,..,J\.9" typically means "to see" or "to look at." However, it can also mean "to look to" or ''to depend on." It is the latter of these senses that applies here and• together with "~~~,, works to create the meaning "depends on and is determined by." 3. Here, the "J;:;-" affix has been attached to the verbal noun '\Y..·-~" to make the predicate phrase "J;- ~ =: ~"
41
Selection 18
It should also be mentioned that certain types foods that are "eaten" in English are "drunk" by Uyghur speakers. These include soups, broths, and other liquids. 4. '\.;Lo_;;~ ;Lot:. ~ o";.u..,, means "ritual washing and prayer." According to rules governing the performance of the Salat, Muslims are required to perform a cleansing before praying. 5. '\.;Lo;;.-J~ ";"';;;; l;~" contains the verb '\jl..o;;.-1~" which means ''to sit." However, when used as the second half of a compound verb as seen here, it often indicates a progression of action with the original semantic meaning being lost. That is not the case here, however, as it truly does serve to indicate that someone is seated. The compound is used to describe "Indian-style" sitting, with one's legs crossed. 6. '\:;.........s-.J>• is traditional, long noodle. The word itself has a number of different pronunciations depending on the dialect of Uyghur being spoken. Variants include "L>.t..oi:.J" and "L>~.J". They are among the most popular and most well-known Uyghur foods.
42
Selection 19
Selection 19
Vocabulary ..:_;l.i.J~ n. the palm of the hand ...;Lo;~ n. finger ...;t..~ n. nail t:;J:? n. thighs
0"~'-!
n. body, physical structure ~bacij. exterior, outer o~~ n. appearance, look ..:_;d.....wL~ adv. basically if~ n. head ..:..;j.!J! n. neck -.~;~ n. body, torso n. hand, arm u~ n. foot, leg
~
n. lap
.._;~\j4 n. leg ...;;.....:.~ n. calf
J,;
..:..;41:; n. ankle ...;Lo;~ n. finger ...;;;~-<..?4 n. face, countenance ...;)L......j.! acij. round, circular <..?J! n. stature, size, body ~;. n. color, looks ...;~,_... acij. oval-shaped . ;:::b.• n. harr ;J$" 9,; acij. lamb-colored eye JljL n. beard o;;j.! n. mustache ...;j.!,; acij. thick, lush ~d..! acij. giant, big ...;~~ adj. white-skinned,
~n.part ;~;J~ v. is separated (inf. ~.._;;J~)
~ n. brain ..:..;li-.!. ~~ acij. located, placed .yj;~ (pron) all, every I;~ n. member, component o.u._r.> n. work, function ...;L;,; n. stomach ...;_;1.-.!.J! n. area, cavity n. eye ...;'Y;s n. ear ..:..;;;j.! n. nose ~n. mouth .y.J;t:;\j adv. such us, like, similar ;~ acij. exists, is present, is had ~n. teeth J...; n. tongue ~ ..;j.! n. heart U;;. n. lung ..:_;l;li-.!.~ n. belly, tummy <..?~:Y n. innards, guts, intestines ; ~. n. l.1ver ~ ..;~ n. kidney Jl:; n. spleen n. hand ~~n. arm ~~~n. elbow ~n. wrist
jy
pale-skinned ~ acij. thin, delicate o~~ n. appearance, looks .y.)}..!-3\j adj. having a high nosebridge ~d...S';-. n. bone < ?v • \., kull ~,...... ._,.... . n. s J;s:-.._?-0 n. muscle, sirlew ~ adj. tight, firm ~k;\j ;;5 n. pupil ;;fo;. acij. sharp, fierce ~ ~ adj. curved, bent if \j n. eyebrow J~-Jd.....w n. (a) little bit, (a) small amount ~;L:-~ adj. meaty, with meat
"< -: ·
J,;
44
Selection 19 ~;....:.~ n. hole (e.g. as is found in a
,:_}.....~;;J,~adj. like a wave,
rippling -...;~ n. forehead [_¥...)\.....adj. yellowish, yellowed a...L~;~ adj. heavy-bodied, large 0~~ adj. flat, smooth ~ adj. thick, stout ;ts';ts' n. (the) Caucasus
bucket) ~;-...;J;,S.adj. visible, marked,
obvious
;;5 ~ n. green eyes 041..9 n. eyebrow lNI.....!. adj. scarce n. race, ethnicity
0r;
Notes 1. Uyghur has simple words like"~~, and "J,;", which mean arm and hand respectively, and others like "0~1..94" and "0~f", which refer to different parts of the leg.
However, it needs to be mentioned that the terms "J,;" and "o~" can both be conceptually expanded to mean the entire "arm" or the "leg" in general. 2. Particular attention needs to be given to the word "0\..o}/' (finger) so that it is clearly differentiated from the verb of motion ''._;.-')"";! •0\..o}l' (to go) with which it is homographic. While the pure infinitive form is rarely seen outside of dictionaries, it is still important to understand that not every word ending with the "0\..o-" and "~J...o-" suffixes are verbs. 3. While the suffix "01;-'' is typically used to mark the superlative degree of adjectives, it can in some cases, as seen here, also act as a quantifier. The author of this article is not trying to say that Kashgar Uyghurs have the roundest heads, but rather that their heads are "quite round." Other examples of the same phenomenon can be seen in "01;~~, and " 0~-1 · I "" 4. The verb "~~.t..5", as used here, demonstrates that, much as in English, verbs of motion can be used conceptually. This sentenced can be translated as "Aksu Uyghurs come light-skinned, but their complexion is ever-soslightly wheat-colored." 5. The division between the "European Race" and the "Mongoloid Race" is a distinction typical of Soviet scholars and of people educated in the Soviet educational system.
45
Selection 20
Vocabulary
..:,li...!.~~ v. positioned, located (inf 0Lo....!.~~)
..:,j;:Jtj n. gold ';-'1)~ v. surrounded by, encircled by (inf. 0~)~)
';-'';~ n. vicinity, surrounding area
46
Selection 20 ~~ n. plateau, raised area
,).,;.!;;,_... v.
0U3....S if b;; v. connected, joined (inf ~l_.!.b;;) 94 n. arc, half circle 1¥ n. sand 0\.>J~ n. dune, pile, hill 0lJ~ n. storm, strong wind ~5:! v. move, causing to shift . if.. ~~U3v~) (m 0l.;u~\.:; v. to be abandoned, to be cast off (inf ~W~b) 0~JC.;J> adj. changed, altered ..r'}6....o n. scenery, landscape d....L.r}6....o adj. scenic, eyecatching J\j n. snow ;j-o n. ice, frost
extending, stretching
(inf ~W;;,_...)
i.JY n. area, scale
~,L-5 dJ~l;S" n. square
kilometer ~_;!;;J;; n. continent, mainland
~_;!;;J;; ~ adj. inland, internal lf~ adj. low, lacking significant height ..Jr, n. foothills, piedmont \34 n. boundary, edge, distant side ~ n. rock, gravel il....S adj. wide, having breadth 0~.w adv. about, approximately
Notes 1. The compound verb "~l..J;; ylJ~, is made up of"~~J~" and "~l..Jj>""''. In this case, the verb "~L..J;;" loses its normal meaning and indicates that the verb is moving forward in a progressive fashion. An additional example of this same phenomena can be seen in "j..uJ;; ~5:!", which appears later in the given text. Several important mountain ranges are mentioned in the given text. The "E\.:; ..s~d...>""'', a large mountain range in the Uyghur region which extends into Central Asia. It is also widely known by its Chinese name "Tian Shan" (R The "..H \;J;;", an extremely large mountain chain that extends from eastern-most Afghanistan to north of the Himalayas. It is likewise widely known by it Chinese name, the "Kunlun Shan" ( ~ 1?;-U..J).
w).
The " E\.:; 0yl~" is a large mountain range located between the eastern part of the Uyghur region and the Chinese provinces Gansu and Qinghai. 2. The use of the first person plural possessive form of the word o.o.:.J....6....o, - "our country" - is typical of media and officially produced texts from the People's Republic of China. Phrases such as ·~~~J" - "our region" - are also quite common.
' .T """ · < 166..-o"
3. While the primary meaning of the verb "~W)l.,~" is ''to be considered" or ''to be deemed," it is also used in many situations in which
47
Selection 20
perfectly verifiable or otherwise quantifiable facts - such as whether or not a desert is the largest within a country - are presented. 4. The suffix ",).-·-"'-", seen here in the word 0~~'"', functions exactly as the English suffix "-shaped" and is widely seen in texts of all kinds. In this case, it creates the adjective "arc-shaped" or "curved." 5. Some scholars maintain that the name "Taklimakan" actually means "Grape Land" because the worcl)543" "resembles the word for "grape" in the Turpan dialect. 6. The compound verb phrase "0~ 0li-:.)GI.Sl. ';""..u;r." is made up of "._;!_.:. )GI.Sl." (to settle) and "~o~..o->..u;r." (to surround, to block oft). The combined result is ''to settle centered around" or ''to make a home surrounding.
48
~
bJ 0
r(- &t0
~
~ "'
,....... .!:·
·
~-,.:..._
-C''t"
l
'f.. -::J
fr
t. r
,.._
(-l1·< ~
'-"E-:,. '-' ·"" ... . t G, " n. ~ f ~f
1
r
AA &1·
~ 'l, · J v \o • l ~ '-" ' "'·•
~C'"- .v ~ t.te. ,j!· 'i (~!. \e-;.
r
rJ . 1:-.,:, 'b't \~. 'Lt. ~~cr~ l. c- v 't\1~ r- r"'e_c·c...... 'f>· t. p;· f.~ L .c-'t ,.. ·c-;; 'f> - (;"" ·~ ,t •( ~-< c-;; t 'l l• t ' t. "'[•( " -~ t ~ t •• ~• "" " ,. 't· t. ~ " ~ 'F ~ "'!D7'1 t c- ~- c· S ~ ~ - ~'t to · ~~ r [s l · · ~· ~ c-;; ·C ,. 'f.;._"',. '-'.c. """ li\• l. • ~ .c- . ,....... t ' C
-~
'f v_
-.;J< "" "
"
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Selection 21
Vocabulary ~&.......);5 r----43 v. to have an
~ n. name, appellation J.. ~_,9 ~ vn. namegiving,
impact upon, to influence (inf. );5 r---- 43) ';·"-· adj. pure, unsullied )ll~ n. God, Allah ~'J'kn. angel )6...:--'>~~ n. prophet, Messenger of God Jj-9 n. slave, servant 0~~U adj. obedient, submissive ~ n. knife, dagger o4-J1> ..) n. thanks, gratefulness ~ }>1>0 n. expression, exhibition ~ .,__; &.......
naming r----43 n. influence, impact • - L.. ~ . n. stage, step 0~)Y.d..5 ~4 v. went through, experienced (inf. ~4 ~ .......)Y.d-.5) o~~ n. Islam, the Islamic
faith 0\.,;.L; J~_,9 v. accepted, received
(inf ~W-..9 J~_,9) ~ .. ~~..) adv. like, as
0.J......_,"'-" conj. for example, for instance
so
Selection 21
d..L...o\.9 n. last name, surname,
o~;,.-.
n. adjective, descriptive word ol9jl>.u. n. living things, organisms ~ n. belief, faith J;..-.~ n. style, manner .J;..-.~ ifr;~ n. lifestyle ~)i.._r-9 adj. interesting, fascinating ~ n. topic, theme ~....; n. result, consequence Kl_,; n. (the) Volga River Jl;~ n. (the) Ural Mountains ' ~< v. wh o em1gra . t ed , . &...5 ':;'
family name )l..;~ adv. all together, all at once ~.;..;;.J\.9 0-'.J"'-"~ v. to be
done away with, to be eliminated (inf 0-'.J"'-"~
.jW;j.J\.9) -s.J\.9 ~~ v. turned into, became (inf .jW\.9 ~~)
.c;:j.,;_;; adv. currently, presently, now ~~) n. intellectual, academic
.il;J;H..i n. importance, necessity ~ ':;';.;,_; v. recognizing,
knowing n. clan, family i.Ud..l n. nickname .s.:..:.j> prep. as, like ~.w n. suggestion, piece of advice G~_,; \.;._,;~~ v. putting forward, suggesting (inf. .j~,; \.;._,;~~) ,).o.--.o}~~ );\.9 v. making no decision, resolving nothing
o.u.~
~<)
v 'Y:'/
~ n. neologism, new thing ~ n. movie, film ~~ adj. enjoyable, pleasant
04..>~-U n. hero, brave person "r'..ibr n. discussion, debate Notes
I. When the phrase "0~ ~;..-..." occurs as a post-position, it coveys a meaning equivalent to "in the capacity of' or, even more simply, "as." 2. The term "~;j:> ..:_,..-..;.:;~ ~, describes the period before the Uyghurs converted to Islam. Under the control of the Khans of the Karakhanid Dynasty, which was established in the 9th century, nearly all Turkic people refused to convert. Similarly, the term "..:_,..-..;.:;~~ ~, refers to the period that began in the I Oth century when the Uyghurs accepted Islam. 3. The term "~ ~.:.1;~ " is a political term used to separate pre-I949 China from the current Communist era. 4 • The word "·'Vj .::............;LR....:. 'Y;r-/ :..;;~=-" contains the suffix "-·" , ? u~ " which indicates a continual increase in the attribute to which it has been attached. The word ".sr,--'li:}l', which has this same suffix attached to ".jL.;l,.", has an equivalent meaning, but describes no specific quality or characteristic.
51
Selection 21
5. The phrase"}}~ ;~l:-", from the Persian words for the "four friends", is a reference to the first four Caliphs, Abu Bakir, Omar, Osman, and Ali. 6. The phrase'\../ · •; · l.:;)L.;~" or the "Devotion to the Mothers," is a reference to the Pagan, pre-Islamic beliefs of the Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples, in particular those of central Asia and southern Siberia. 7. The ninety-nine names of Allah are a list of attributes of God oft referenced by Muslims. 8. The names from the Old Testament familiar to many Christians may sound a bit less familiar when rendered in their original form or in another language. A small comparison of some ofthose names follows,
L._;...- Moses ~~-Jesus ~.~...oJ>
- Mohammad ~~-Abraham ';'j-9~- Jacob y,__.~- Josef ~ts:.......-Michael ~;5b- David
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,_)..;.._,.)..>)!., l.,;u~lj ~~<>§.0 ~;) ":;"\)\,; ~)~ 0-'-'-:!~ ·~:Y -J~ Vocabulary J~ n. road, path
J,S n.
. .)§}5 n. caravan, trade route
.y).r'~ n. hill, mound
~Jd..i
t.>W;;IJ\.; n. guardhouse, centry
adj. western n. south '-!~~ ~J~ n. southwest y_;J;J_;, ;,, turning (inf ...;W;J.;,.) 0-'~lj adv. then, after which ._;-.L..;Jlj adv. through, via ~ ..r,-3 n. tree ..)§b n. hiJlside, slope ..:;,Jlj n. mountain pass Jts:5'~ n. jungle 'y-i=~ n. (a) Kyrgyz <>§.0 adv. belonging to, governed by - •• <1.>
'-!~
lake
post
.
y.ili~ Y~J:' v. follow along, moving forward along (inf ~~~":;"~J;') ~Lt. v. crossing, passing over (inf ...;Uk) ;-'-:!....t<>§~ v. moves downwards, drops (inf ~~..§~) ~n. mouth .....;\...>}; n. tributary, branch ..:_,;j~ adj. long, lengthy
Geographic Names
i;J;;IJ\.;: Qarakururn,
._;b'lr': Ladakh (a region in India) J.d..:>: Besh Terek, "Five Trees" (a Uyghur village) L_;;: Pusa (a Uyghur village) .. ~J5: Kude (a Uyghur village) ..:;,Jlj ...;.>r.-': Seriq Art, "Yellow Pass" (a Uyghur Region mountain pass) ))..on.: Mazar, "Tomb" (a Uyghur village) Jts:5'~ 'y-i=~: Kyrgyz Jangal (a Uyghur Region jungle) ..:;,Jlj ~;5: Kok Art, "Blue Pass" (a Uyghur Region mountain pass) W;-'-:!~: Shaydulla (a Uyghur border town) ~..r,-3
"Karakorum" (a Uyghur village, a mountainous region) J...!.S'.J: Langar, "Anchor" (a Uyghur village) 4 .iL....o: Ming Teke (a Uyghur village, a Uyghur Region mountain pass) ~: Gilgit (a Kashmiri border town) ~b: Tashmiliq, "Overflow" (a Uyghur village) J,S il_;J_;,: Buiung Kol, "Comer Lake" (a Uyghur village) ..:_,L:J~b: Tashkurgan, the Tajik Autonomous County, Uyghur Region
54
Selection 22
L.l'L ..:;~j-9: Quyun Salama (a
J- ,Y: Osh (a Kyrgyz city)
Uyghur village) ...r..'}"! ~~: Ghijek Boyi (a Uyghur village) ~)9 ~y: Kok Turk, "Blue Turk" (a Uyghur village) .:.r~.r~~ ..:;~;..-.: Subhan Bedir (a Uyghur Region border crossing) ..:;l>1;4~: Abawahan (an Afghan village) ~ J- ji>~: the Hindilcush Mountains ~l': Lashit (a Pakistani village) 1;;>: Hunza (a Pakistani river) ~~: Tikenlik, "Thorny" (a Uyghur village) ';-'~j-9: Qunjirap (a Uyghur Region mountain pass on the Pakistani Border) ~~6..5)~: Erkeshtam (a Uyghur Region crossing on the border with Kyrgyzstan) ..:;l;b ~..~: Terek Dawan, "Treed Pass" (a Uyghur Region mountain pass)
ol.:)~: Torgart (a Uyghur Region
mountain pass on the border with Kyrgyzstan) ..:;4)~~: Uchturpan (a Uyghur county) o)~ J .. ~~: Bedel Art (a Uyghur Region mountain pass) .:_r)b: Narin (a Kyrgyz city) ~: Issik Kol, "Hot Lake" (a Kyrgyz lake) L)"'\.:)_,9: Korgas (a Uyghur county) b;J~: Almaty (a Kazakh city) 9bl.:l,>)b: Tarbaghatay (a Uyghur district) L5~ ~4: Baqtu(a Uyghur Region crossing on the border with Kazakhstan) 9u~: Shemey, Semipalatinsk (a Kazakh city) 9~: Jeminay (a Uyghur county) ..:;~1;: Zaysan (a Kazakh lake)
JJS"
Notes 1. The name "Xinjiang" (~H), which means "new territory" or "new frontier," was an administrative title given to East Turkistan by the Qing empire in 1884. Previously, the Uyghur region was known as "Huijiang" ( §I)H- the Muslim territory. Though called "East Turkistan" long before 1884, it was also known by the name "Tianshan nanlu" (::;RLlJ1¥JM;) by some on the southern side of the Tengritagh and as "Tianshan beilu" (::;R LldtMJ) by others on the northside of the Tengritagh.
55
Selection 23
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56
Selection 23
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'e·-..:
r.f ~f. \.;~ 'k"
1.-.r.·l~~ 't. t.. ':t"
~
w
N
::l
a·
...~
VI
Selection 23
Vocabulary a.J)d...:! adj.
rJ:.~ n.
local
~~_;..o adj. independent,
Kyrgyz
~j~ n. Uzbek }:;\3 n. Tatar n. Manchu ~)r.t... n. Manchuria
sovereign o.J_;.:. n. state, nation ~ ~)<~..:> v. establishing, founding (inf. ~L,W ~)<~..:>) J- .J)~r vn./n. estimating, conjecture (inf ~~)~r) ~~adj. social ~.:>~adj. economic ~}l.!.4 n. leadership ~~,Y j_,) v. to play a role bl; n. (river) basin p;:.: n. China ~") adj. official :r~,o n. population l.S: - ;~ n. statistic, ratio .. .>.....1.....~ adv. in fact, really ~ adj. lastest, most recent adv. earlier, before ~.G- ~)!j n. Turkic people )~.:> n~ land, country .::..-.-. ~,Y n. prefecture ~t.;n. county ~;)~· n. ranching ~r--:-----' n. Siberia "-::----";) n. Russia ~l}j n. Kazakh
r.t...
~n.
Shiba
)_;.:b n. Daghur
;.):?;> n. Huizu, Dungan ;;.G- n. Han (Chinese) ~bn. Tajik l.f:f.S.Y n. Tungus, Evenki 0~ n. Iran 9W~ n. Altay ~\j n. Kargiliq ~,; n. (the) Volga Jl)~ n. Ural Mountains 0~5)l.., n. Slavic J~)4 n. Barikol (a Uyghur
Region county)
.:.r--0;);,.
;..... j.>~ n. Qizil Su (a Uyghur Region river, prefecture) 0~j:i n. Dungan, Hui ..:.,.J~4 n. Bayingolin (a
Uyghur Region prefecture) Bortala (a Uyghur city, prefecture) J~~ n. Chapchal (a Uyghur Region county) )'L:;)_;, n.
Notes
1. In addition to identifying the predicate of a sentence as here, the affix ");.:.-" also indicates the causative voice of verbs, something of which the reader has likely long since been aware. These infixes are added to verbal stems as per the rules of syn-harmony. 2. The term "o.J.l......o" should not be confused with the term " ~L.... j~ )ti:i.J.l......o" . The former refers only to a nationality - any of hundreds
59
Selection 23
throughout the world. The latter, however, in this case, refers to the list of ethnicities "officially recognized" as minorities by the government of the People's Republic of China. 3. The affix"~-" is used to imply a meaning similar to "according to" or "as per." Here it is added to the verbal noun "J-4.-lJ~;o" to create the phrase "according to estimates." 4. There is a variety of contradictory information about the population numbers for the Uyghurs. Some Uyghur sources say about 15 million, others say 20 million. The actual numbers are generally thought to be higher than the official Chinese reports. 5. The Barikol Kazakh Autonomous County is located in the Qumul district of the Uyghur Region. 6. The Red River Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture was established in the Uyghur Region in 1954. 7. These data are based upon official numbers from 2004. 8. The suffix '\s~-" indicates the neutral past tense and can generally be translated as ''was" when used in a stative sentence and placed after the compliment. 9. The Hui, also known as Chinese Muslims in Gansu, Shanxi and other Chinese provinces. Also known as the Dungans in Russian, are a Central Asian people, living mainly in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, who number around 100 thousand. They use the Cyrillic alphabet, but their language is similar to that of the Chinese Muslims in Gansu and Shanxi provinces of China. 10. The "Bayingholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture" is located in the south of the Uyghur Region and was established in 1954. 11. The Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture is located in the northern part of the Uyghur region and was established in 1954. 12. The Chapchal Shibe Autonomous County is located in the Uyghur Region's IIi District. 13. The term '\.~)....., ~;)~ ))l..;b;l_P ~;)" means the "Russian Civil War period" and refers to the time after the Communists took control of Russia during which war broke out between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.
60
Selection 24
Vocabulary u
r,l:!J' n. November od...::-';~r n.
republic • · I 9 0 ~ v. was declared, was announced (inf 0~ ._;l._:.....L..j) ~1; adj. provisional, temporary
(inf~~.t.3)
;;;4 n. hero, brave person 0tn;; n. Hui, Dungan
61
Selection 24 ~n.
~ 0---'>4.3 vn. providing,
Shibe
...r.~ adv. as, like
supplying, furnishing (inf. 0---'> 4.3) d.J;";1;~ n. equality, equanimity 0¥J"' n. right, privilege ~ 0;~ vn. developing, fostering (inf. 0U--; 0;~) ~~ ~;,_... n. the Soviet Union 0jL:...-..?.:. n. friendship, comradery J-9~ n. connection, tie ~;~ vn. establishing, setting up (inf 01....;\..;;~) \.;_;d.Jb adv. even (i.e. as much as, as far as) J- .J...:.......o4J vn. furnishing, providing (inf. ~~4.3) J- ;;;..,_;~1;1; vn./n. development, progress (inf. 0\...o;j-0~1;~) o-0\..;l... n. industry J-;..;;; n. daily life ._)>... .:. n. effect, influence _r--..-L;... .:. adj. inviolable, inalienable ~ "'-:!t._...., vn. protecting, guarding (inf. 0U--; "'-:!t._....,) ~1)l~.:. n. declaration, official announcement ~J;~~~ adj. whole, total, complete d.Jbl... n. field, sphere ~~ n. direction, orientation )~ n. capability, facility i".:.J-9 n. step, pace o.Jl.ll> n. condition, state ~..;J-0 adv. of course, naturally o~~ n. possibility, chance 0~J.:> n. enemy, adversary
J.-$..; n.
~ ......_; .0
representative, designated speaker ~;4.3 n. structure, make-up ~Lo n. finance, money-related manners ~.:..0 n. justice, rule of law •,--}~l...o n. education ;~ ~ n. internal affairs ~"-' n. health, wellness ~~.:> adj. agriculture .. I .. -· b. h" . I ~.?; • n. ranc mg, anuna husbandry ~~ n. bank, financial institution ~..r-V-A> adj. military, armed o~d.Jb n. member, component \..;~~ n. taxation, revenue JW~"--:> n. treasury o~";43 n. development, progress b,_... n. trade, business o~y--:, n. company, corporation l...o}i-.:.4-o<>))\..; n. departments, divisions 0~~43v. was established, was set up (inf. ~~~4.3) v"-'~ n. politics, matters of
state
L.,...'?.?.r. n. program, plan 0.W}.S~ v. they laid out, made clear (inf 0W}.S~) ~¥--~ n. invader, aggressor o~~ n. occupying, controlling .........W .:.1)~ v. freeing, liberating (inf 0U--; .:.1)~) 8......L..5;.0 n. freedom, liberty Notes
1. Elihan Tore (1885-1976) was an Uzbek who came to the Uyghur Region at the begirming of the twentieth century. In addition to being an
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Selection 24
Islamic scholar, he was also the chairman of an underground organization known as the "Liberation Organization" which was established in Ghulja in April of 1944. He was also president of the ETR (East Turkistan Republic) from its founding in 1944 until July of 1946. The Soviets then forced him back to the Soviet Union where he lived until his death under house arrest in Tashkent in 1976. 2. Hakimbeg Ghoja (1871-1957) was one of the famous political figures in the Ili region. 3. Obulhair Tore (1890-1970) was a more visible political figure among the Kazakhs in the lli region during this historic period. 4. Gheni Batur (1901-1978) was a Uyghur folk hero who played an important role during the IIi Uprising. For his activites, he was named a "Hero of the People" by the East Turkistani government. He returned to the Soviet Union in 1950, dying in Almaty in 1980. 5. Jani Y oldashev was a member of the ETR government and director of the Investigation Committee of ETR. 6. Salihjan Bay (1870-1954) was an Uzbek and a member of the ETR government, acting as the Minister of Agriculture and Ranching. 7. Muhemmedjan Mexsum (1902-1962) was a member of the ETR government, acting as the head of its supreme court. He was also a member of the underground "Liberation Organization." 8. Abdurewup Mexsum (1914-2004) was a member of the "Liberation organization" and a member of the ETR government, even serving as its Secretary General. 9. Rehimjan Sabiri (1906-1973) was a member of the "Liberation Organization" and a member of the government, serving as Minister of Internal Affairs. 10. Kerim Haji was a well-known Hui who lived the Ili Region during this historic period. 11. Hebib Yunichi (1906-1945) was an ethnic Tatar and member of the East Turkistani government, the Minister of Education. He received a university education in Turkey and Germany.
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12. Boke Amba1 was a Mongol and was well-known among Mongols in IIi. He was also the head of Arshang County. 13. Chang Baxshi was an ethnic Shibe and was well-known among the Shibe in the lli district. 14. Pavel Pavlovich Moskalev, a Byelorussian. was a member of the East Turkistani government, the Assistant Minister of Internal Affairs. He also acted as the Assistant Chief of Police in the IIi district. 15. "~ ..:;.U..., a...;~, is a conjunctive phrase which means "along with" or ''together with." 16. A few words need to be said about the word "ol.i.;.-:..._,.., •. While the term is most often translated as "propaganda, " the connotation attached to this particular English word suggests strongly that there is deception or manipulation involved. This connotation is not, however, implied or expressed in the Uyghur. As such, glossing it as "communications" is perhaps more appropriate. 17. Jungaria is a term for the northern portion of the Uyghur region. From the Fisteenth to the eighteenth centuries, the Mongol Jungar tribe controlled this same section of land, establishing the Jungarian Dynasty there. Likewise, Kashgaria is a term for the southern part of the Uyghur region that was first used by Uyghur scholars long ago.
64
Selection 25
Vocabulary
;j:;.Jj> num. thirty Jjej> n. boy, youth
j4AA.5'j.o adj. perfect, ideal ~t; vn. participation, taking
~}> vn. (wide) spreading,
part 0\.;._,~~ v. is limited to, is restricted to (inf ~--.;ill'~) ~.w adj. organizational,
stretching, expanding ..~b n. scope, scale ~4..5' n. breadth, wideness ~;u_,... n. richness, fullness iJ'J9 n. structure, organization, shape
layout-related
w;;;,; n. structure, formation
..$~ n. sir (an honorific title)
65
Selection 2 5 if~ n. head, chief yl!......!.~ n. guard
_r.-;;J adj. without permission, unauthorized _r---..:><>5A........ adv. without cause, without justification ~ ...:_,l:!~ v. reporting, announcing (inf ,JI...W ...:_,l:!~) ~l;j.o adj. appropriate, valid, sufficient u · · <.-;- vn. retreating, withdrawing (inf ~."*.: <,-;-) ~Gn. song ;L... n. music ...3~\.-; n. joke, amusing anecdote c.r;J~ y'i vn. bragging, boasting 0~.Y n. game, contest ...:_,j.o;u n. content lJ" !f n. characteristic, flavor J;..-.~ n. harvest I .:. 1 J;..-.~ vn. harvesting, reaping, to collect the bounty from (inf ...3~ J;..-.~) ;~.0 n. spring (i.e. of the four seasons) ;.;.L_r:-3 n. planting l)~ n. punishment, sanction, penalty
Ju.G n. official, responsible person ...:_,~\.:;
..,...SJd.J v. made up of, consisting of (inf. ...3~\:; -,.-..$Jd.3) ~)"5 n. post, position y.Jd.J n. appeal, request ~~ ';-'.Jd.J n. appellant, person with a request .:.:.;J n. permission, leave ..:r~l.;.L.; .:.:.;J v. (after) permission is given (inf .ji...W .:.:.;)) U"~ n. appeal, request ;.w...; U"~ v. appeals, requests (inf. .j\...W l.J"~) ...:_,t.J~,; v. agreed, assented (inf .JW~,;)
.. ~~ n. regulation, rule ~d.J adj. detailed, annotated ~"'-'Jy.;~ v. explains, details (inf .jl....)y_;~) -< n. collective,
,11,s-
community
Notes 1. The term '\ -'"ru" is the name given to a traditional Uyghur social activity. The word itself conveys the meaning of a ''harvest celebration" and is held by peasant farmers in their fields. Meshrep typically include a feast accompanied by singing, music, dancing, joke telling, games, poetry reading, and other entertaining activities. 2. "~"'-'J~ ~~;~" is an inflected form of the compound verb ".ji....J~ ~~;~", which serves here to indicate that the Thirty-Boy Meshrep is made up of all the characteristics described. 3. The "Thirty Boy-Meshrep" is a the name of the meshrep convened in the lli area. 4. The "Judge" is second in command during the meshrep.
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5. The "Chief' or "Head of the Boys" is in charge of all events and activities during the meshrep. 6. The "Social Director" heads up the entertainment activities of the meshrep. 7. The "Host" of the meshrep is responsible for making all the necessary arrangements for food and other logistical concerns. 8. The "Pashshap" acts as the "guard" at the meshrep, and fills a role similar to that of a policeman or a sergeant-at-arms. 9. '\.:;~ l5..J~" is an adverbial phrase that often works as a discourse marker. Its meanings can include "first and foremost," "for starters," "to begin with," and other similar phrases. I 0. The subject of the phrase "
4
•
•
translate this sentence into English is complicated by an ambiguity surrounding the defmiteness or indefiniteness of the phrase "boy who wants to join the meshrep." 11. The verb ";~~" is a conjugated form of "~
"..r:S4...o-/ .._ri3lo-" indicates an intent for
13. The phrase "~o~;-G ~1.9" contains the similitive suffix "~o~", which typically indicates that one thing is like another. In this case, it is part of an adjectival phrase that means "explanatory" or "meant to convince". 14. Should any participating member break one of the Meshrep rules, he is "punished" in a fun and entertaining way. For such a penalty to be doled out, a member usually notifies the "court" that a certain individual has broken a rule or regulation. Such "violations" can include failing to respect an elder - by saying things that might have hurt his feelings - or drinking alcoholic beverages. In some cases, an "accuser" may simply make up a story as a chance to have fun at a friend's expense as a joke.
67
Selection 26
68
Selection 26
69
Selection 26 Vocabulary
;lr-~ n. holiday, festival 1.5;,-;G.G adj. traditional .. ~~adj. special, particular j • · · • ,_w~ \.;..L.; v. our discussing, our taking up (inf. 0W~ \.;..L.;) 0~;j3 n. sacrifice, offering ._;....W ~~;;; vn./n. sacrifice, offering
.F:
;~ 0
~)'~ e;::§-0 v. reaches a high point, peaks (inf. 0W~ e;::§-0) ~)\; n. cleanliness, hygiene ll-....::.......~-0->~ n. rivers and
streams ~ n. animal stable if t~~_,~ vn. to clean, to wash (inf. 0~~~) ._;....~-1;,5 n. troughs, water
v. make the Hajj (inf.
e::~)
receptacles
1;_,; n. fast, abstention from food
01~;, adj. complete, total
and drink ;~;:; 1;_,; v. they fast, abstain from food and drink (inf. 0\....>j; 1;J;) ;~,...... 9~ v. they slaughter a Iamb (inf 0~,...... <.,;;_,.9) ~.. ~j--!- conj. also, likewise ;~"',......n. businessman, merchant J.u:~.!..S adj. poor, indigent 0..,.:..._, n. charity, donation 1);~ adv. each other • : 1- _, "' v. while visiting, amidst calling on (inf 01• .I - - . ..) ;~..;~_;... v. they congratulate (one another, inf
if;;~_,; vn. filling, causing to
be full (inf. 0L.;~_,;) ;1;~ - ~,... n. the house and yard if;;~;..-. '::'"-'r.-' vn. sweeping up and taking away (inf '::'"-'r.-'
~d....<>)~;-.)
~"-'-~n. pastures, fields ';'_ H l;j:! v. moving toward, moving in the direction of (inf. ~~~jj:!)
04l3 n. gourd ':;-';;;~_;5 v. burning, setting fire to (inf. ~d....oj~_;S") n. cold, lack ofheat ;~ )1.:__,.9 v. they chase out, drive away (inf 0l-.1:_,.9) ~ 1.5~~ v. making fun of, mocking (inf. 0~ tS~~) ~-0L:._,.9 n. songs ll~~ n. song 0l;u~ adj. tied to, connected to, related to 0W~ n. bonfire, campfire 0~;; n. tornado, twister if )l3J:! vn./n. visiting "r.u n. grave, marker if We} vn. straightening, aligning (inf 0~c}) ~\.::- ~ adj. orphan, without family tS;~-tSr.-9 n. elderly people
0;.:,......
~~.JS..)~;...) .G.!...;!
adv. still, else
li....:.~ adj. other, additional 1~;~ adv. among ~;-'":' adv. together, as one Lr'L;_;...:..;~.. .:.d....o n. cultural expert,
cultural anthropologist
4)... n. eve
~~ v. broadcasting, announcing (inf 0\....>)IS~) ~.._;_;6-.) adj. celebratory, festive ~)'~ ~;; v. takes on the flavor of, becomes characteristic of(inf Lr';y 0W~)
70
Selection 26 .r---;-:?-~ n. orphan ~ n. handicapped
._r;;~
infirm man
shooting
0~1.; n. cream ~n.
vn./n. running
~ '-::-9~ vn./n. archery, bow
person,
.J..l.u..u.-~~ n. people, citizens ~....L_j n. wish, hope
yogurt
u0-ul..~ n. peace ~~ n. abundance
~ ........... n. outing, day-trip 0L!...._:,~ - f._:}~ n. (the) young
0;JJrJ"' J,.-n.
and (the) old
bountifulness, fecundity ~~ n. solidarity 0p,~ n. friendship 01.....!.,; n. poem ~~~;5 n. thoughtfulness ~; ..;;~~ n. humanity
01.5,::;--~ n. young women, girls
. n. swmg ~;5;-.. n. hide-and seek ~L;... n. competition u;5 ~;;~~ n. last day ~ vn./n. wrestling, grappling ~• d..? n. horse racmg . .f ;;~;;,....... );,> vn./n. cock fighting, running, archery ~
Notes I. "Qurban Heyt" is a three-day festival that commemorates Abraham's near sacrifice of his son, Ishmael, who was saved at the last minute when God intervened.
2. "Roza Heyt" is the term for the last day of the holy month of Ramadan. 3. The Uyghur word");;,>" comes from the Persian and is the name of a festival that starts precisely at the beginning of spring on the V emal Equinox, usually on or about March 21. 4. In addition to meaning "sacrifice," the word "u\.,>;j3" is also a given male or female name. 5. The twelfth month on the Islamic calendar is called "Dhu al-Hijjah." It is the time of the year during which the Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five pillars of the Islamic faith, is carried out. 6. Although the phrase '\.s"''; ;~d.J" literally means "prepared spirit," it has been translated here as "willingness." 7. The phrase ";':t'~.J~" is the Uyghur equivalent of " ~ .&I
uL-
FJ" (God's peace be upon Him) which, according to Quranic law, must be uttered after every mention of the name of a the Prophet.
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8. The compound phrase ";~,...... <.,?<} '-;'!.;~ ~, means ''to slaughter a Iamb in recognition of the holiday." It contains the phrase '\j\........;~ ~, which means "to dedicate" or ''to do in honor of." 9. This is not a month of constant fasting, but one carried out from sun up to sun down for an entire lunar cycle. 10. While the Spelling and Pronunciation Dictionary of Modern Uyghur renders the word "';';;;J;j:!" as "~jj:!", readers will, in general, need to be prepared to encounter any number of variants when reading. 11. The''...:;~~-" suffix on ''..:;~<4-<>.u." creates a class of words somewhat similar to the "duet," "trio," "quartef' or "twosome," "threesome," "foursome" of English. In this case, the implication is that everyone goes in one large group. 12. "~..:;"is a game played with a small stuffed pouch that is somewhat similar to a hacky sack. 13. "Oghlaq Tartishish" or "Buzkashi", a game played on horseback in which two teams compete for the corpse of a goat is widely played among Uyghur, Khazakh, Kyrgyz and other Turkic peoples. 14. A "Zarakhatma" is a prayer said by farmers at the beginning of the planting season as a means of blessing the fields to ensure a plentiful harvest.
72
Selection 27
73
Selection 27 Vocabulary J-1~~ n. brother, comrade ....;lj.;J_,:; adj. settled, established ,sJ • , • , ~ adj. aesthetic, qualitative ~~ n. sense, ability to perceive 1.5: > : n. psyche, mindset 9Y n. tone, melody ~}:>~ adj. beautiful, lyric 6 ;j.o adj. complex, complicated w;;;; n. structure, form 0~"--:> v. determined, decided (inf ~....._wJ~) .!ILl.~ n. tone, sound ....;j:!,_; adj. dense, thick ....;1;~ n. flavor, fragrance ~)....,;.. n. treasury
0\..i...:. ~ adj. standardized 0~J...L:.;;~ adj. established 0\;.L9 ';'..J...:; v. demands, required (inf. ....;lo.L..; ....,...,4.3) ~d.:! adj. wind, played by wind ...;.J.L.; adj. strung, fitted with strings, bowed J.--; n. (animal) hair
....,o:s
....;;_r-;; n. tail
~L.t5 n. (small) bow
J- AS;,_. vn.
rubbing, fricating (inf. ~~;,....) t5r. n. choka, stick ~~adj. plucked, strummed ~4->bj n. plectrum, pick W,_...., adj. precussion, stuck, beat
Notes
1. The Uyghur term "yl;-.~" clearly means ''tool" or "implement." However, it is important to avoid concluding that the word ";o..ll:-" must therefore mean "musical."
In fact, ";o..ll:-" can be used to mean "musical instrument" independently. In spite of this, the compound term is regularly seen. 2. The phrase "....;ji:l'~" is equivalent to "0.J.........d....o" but is a bit more literary in register. 3. The Uyghur Muqam is considered to one of the world's most complex and beautiful musical forms. It combinesung poetry and dance with the telling tales, often about famous people, lovers, and other legendary figures. 4. The "Sanam" is variety of folk dance that is widely popular among Uyghurs in the Uyghur Region. 5. The "Chong Naghma" is the longest and most complex section of the Uyghur Muqam. 6. The compound verb "0\.,;,_,' · I,=; ....,.._,5~" is made up of "~.,__j5~" and "....;WL:-". "....;WL:-" simply means ''to play" and gives no explicit
74
Selection 27
information as to how that playing is done. It is the first part of the verbal compound that does this - in this case the verb "~~5~" - which means ''to puff' or ''to blow." 7. The Nay is a double-reed instrument with a piercing sound. There are Persian, Indian and Chinese variants of this clarinet-like instrument. 8. The Baliman is a double-reed instrument made from long reeds grown in dry areas. The body has eight holes and produces a soft tone. 9. The Burgha is an ancient instrument formed from the hom of a cow or other similar animal.
I 0. The Sunay is a tube-shaped instrument with seven holes along its length and a hole at each end. 11. The Kanay is a a long instrument typically made from brass or bronze. 12. The Satar is like Tambur, bowed instrument that has anywhere between seven to thirteen strings.
13. The Khushtar is a bowed instrument that has a distinctive bird shape carved into the head of the device in which the strings are tightened and tuned. 14. A Nakhun is a device tied to the fmger which assists in the playing of a plucked or strummed instrument. 15. A Zahmak is a device held in the hand which assists in the playing of a plucked or strummed instrument. 16. The Rawab is a plucked instrument that comes in three string and fivestring varieties. 17. The Dutar is a plucked instrument with an oval-shaped barrel for a body and a long neck that is fitted with 8 to 15 movable frets. 18.The Dap is a percussion instrument that is quite similar to a tambourine.
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Selection 28
Vocabulary ~~..;.w n. risk, chance,
01..0_;...:.;... adv. like this, as such ~.0 adj. scarce, in short supply i-;;'J": adv. certainly, surely ..::.....;L..~ n. courage, bravery ~oadj. fum, unyielding .. ~~ n. determination, resolve ;J;5..i adj. necessity, importance 0~b n. foal , pony
adventure -"''); n. spirit, sense L.>Ji n. night ~1).3 adj. dark, gloomy ..::...~n. wisdom, time-derived knowledge ;;..... ~~ n. words of wisdom
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Selection 28
J.t......d...b n. fable, allegory ';'J~~
._;l;L-d.....:->~.w n. experience,
v. shouldering, carrying (inf
lesson ...:;~y"-:? v. (they) will receive,
~d...b,~~) .j~ n. squirrel
will gain (inf ~~y"-:?) ~~~ n. sky, heaven .~~>l.....!. n. king, shah, sovereign lord
)~~ adj. deep, having significant depth o~Jr n. bravery, daring ;.!..:!W)L.; o~ v. not daring to (inf ._;\.,..L..; o~)r) 'Y1..5 n. cow ~adj. shallow, lacking depth JJW~ ';'L........ v. try, give it a shot (inf ._;W~ ';'L........) ,sl I . loi.i: adj. victorious l.)-~-->) n. damage, harm ._;\.>.,;\.;pro. how, what kind ;~ )5 v. (they) give up on, renounce (inf ~~J..S' )5) \.!..:!~ n. benefit, profit J,s-,;5 n. heart, soul ;..---5~ adj. unlimited, boundless ~l;.......bl.....!. v. they will be happy. will experience joy (inf.
.o:...Jd...b n. princess, queen
Jr
U"'WJ_,; adj. fearless, unshakable J~~ adj. brave, hero d)~~ adj. heroic, brave ~J'J;; adj. various, several ._; I ~ · _ ,j adj. difficulty,
adversity o':Yy._.:.:y. n. issue, dilemma 9~l.....!.J:' v. we do not weaken, do not lose strength (inf .j~l.....!.J:>)
o_r.;; n. body, being ~Ju. adv. simply. just U"'H~ n. pity, shame ~)l..,H~ v. you will not regret (inf ._;l.,..;)l..,H~)
._;L....;':Y~l.....!.)
Notes 1.. The word "J'j._...j,5" refers to "the older generation" and can be translated as ''the elders . " It is also an example of how an adjective with the plurizing suffix can turn into a noun, as was mentioned in an earlier note.
2. "~"is the imperative form of the verb ".j~~" which means "to rise above"or ''to surmount." 3 . This proverb can be translated as ''to learn to cross the mountain pass or go in the dark of night." 4. ";.!..:!WJ:> WJ:' i
77
Selection 28 5. " ·• · I S:S: ~, is a participial form of the verb " ~4.>~" which
means ''to vacillate between two different decisions" or ''to be hesitant," ''to be ambivalent." 6. The infix "-c.,?A..o-/9L." indicates a negative or negated form of a verb. 7. Adil Hoshur is a Uyghur high wire and tightrope acrobat who has set and broken many world records with his dizzying feats of bravery and skill. 8. Gul Zohra was a Uyghur girl who ran all the way across the Taklamakan desert, becoming the first person to do so and setting a Guinness World Record in the process. To this day, she is known by the name "the Sandy Princess." 9. Jiiret Obulqasim was a Uyghur man who rode a motorcycle all the way across China. 10. '~'lr'h lRJY.-j5" means " we can bring into reality" or "we can make happen." It uses the modal infiX "-al" in order to convey the fact that the action is possible or manageable. 11. This proverb can be translated as "place your boat in the river of risk."
78
Selection 29
Vocabulary
1.55- _ "" .;,. adj. chemical
..:_,.w~
adv. relatively, comparatively ~l.4p n. agriculture, farming __;...,~~ vn./n. production, output ~I; n. tool, implement Jl..olj_.,)~ n. methods, means b~.w n. cost, price <>-=>l..::->; adj. extra, surplus
oji;f n. fertilizer l..l.l,> n. price 1.5J...J;~ v. to increase, to rise, to go up (inf ~~;~) y.--3~j3 adj. suddenly, unexpectedly G)-9 prep. with regard to, in response to
79
Selection 29 ;~~ n.
0~~_;-.3 v. were brought
phosphorus
o;c~ ~;J;~~ n. phosphorus-
under control, were reigned in (inf ~~~j--.3) ~ );~ vn. borrowing money, taking out a loan (inf );.U
derived fertilizer o,;~ n. nitrogen o;c~ ~_;!;,;~ n. nitrogen-derived fertilizer ~~ n. burden, weight ._&d_o.j~ v. intending to lighten, meaning to ease (inf
~W~) ~~ n. food, grain
~~ vn. buying,
purchasing n. expenses, costs 0~-l..:! v. apparently unable to pay for (inf ~~,;>) 0t..;._,_w;c,. v. choking, struggling
~d_o.j~)
~
~~ v. halting, stopping (inf ~d_o.j~~)
~r
. . .,_;. .:. n. affiliate,
subsidiary Notes
l. The phrase "0t..;._,~;c;...:. 0~" means "involved with" or "connected to." 2. The Autonomous Region Farm Tool Production Group is an important government company that controls the production and sale of chemical fertilizer (as well as other agricultural materials) in the Uyghur Region. 3. The phrase ~# .!L...;_;~~ means "as far as possible," "to as large a degree as possible" or "as far as one is able." 4. "~l...J~ )I.L..> the varieties of."
y;s'" means "to expand," "to diversify," or ''to increase
5. Here, "l.Jl~" " is in the conditional form, marked by the affix "L-", expressesing a meaning akin to "should they buy," "if they buy." 6. The word "Jy." or road, path is used figuratively here, indicating that some choose to use loans as a road to paying for fertilizer.
80
Selection 30
Vocabulary
._;, rJS' vn. immersing,
._;, ~¥ n. the sun 0\;._,~ v. heated, subjected to heat .Yj~ n. sick person, afflicted
submerging (inf. ~d..A ..oy) ._;, )'\5b vn.l n. treatment, regiment -::.."'-:'~ n. medicine (i.e. as a branch of science) -::....)}A> n. temperature, heat index
person
w;;,_... adj. chronic (e.g. said of an illness)
81
Selection 30 J~ n. illness, disease
J~- .::..Ui,~ n. attention,
.::..~~ n. construction, building
interest
o~.,J4.3 n. development,
J~ n. patient (sick or afflicted
progress
person who is receiving treatment) ...;~:; n. achievement, act of success ~.f~ ~d..5J- n. bone illnesses ..Yf~ ~ n. internal illnesses ~..J~ adj. superior, advanced ~!YJ:' adv. especially, in particular Lr"j->J..A adv. special 1J,~ n. drug, medicine J- -'j~ 1J,~ vn. the taking of internal medication (inf. 1J,~
lS..J_,J,__. lS~ v. was moved forward, was advanced (inf ~.......,,),__. lS~)
..:;~n. June ..::.....-..;<:;~ n. August
r..)--il.o..t) n. rheumatism i¥J:' n. joint t;1J~ n. inflammation, swelling J~ n. (physical) back ~~~ J~ n. backache ~~~ .::..~ n. leg pain 9\.;l5 n. windpipe, trachea ..):;11~ 9\.;l5 n. inflammation of the throat ~~ J)l.J~~ n. diseases of women (i.e. gynecological issues) i:Y:Y n. effect, effectiveness <.5"}>:} J- l'1;b n. effectiveness of a treatment ...;;-=.~ adv. in excess of, more than ~~ n. reflection, opposite ~~ r--'4.3 n. side effect ~~ adj. frugal, miserly
~4.-oj~)
u · - I • ~ 1J,~ ~r--' vn. treating, using external medication (inf 1J,~ ~r--' ~43~)
~n. root
J;-.:; n. method, manner
~1..9L. vn. curing, healing (inf ._;~1..9L.) .::..~
n. ratio, proportion
ll~ lll..:. n. Hong Kong
..:r.--o5~ n. Macao L;<>j:4.3
n. Taiwan
Notes 1. While the term "~" is usually translated as "national" or "ethnic," in this context, the nearest English equivalent for the given phrase is "folk medicine". Uyghur folk medicine has more than a two thousand year history. In all that time, it has been influenced by the techniques of Turkic, Indian, Iranian, and Chinese traditions. 2. In the Pichan, Toqsun, and Turpan counties, there are several places where one can receive the "sand treatment," and it is sometimes even provided free of charge.
82
Selection 30
Some of these facilities are government- run and others are private. However, in light of new trends in medical tourism and travel for treatment, some experts are anticipating costs to skyrocket in the coming years. 3. "~0 w;;,......" refers to a disease that is chronic or long- term in its pathology and effects. 4. ";~0 '-)'"'""'J..>;jJ ~;,;"refers to diseases that are recurring or tough to completely eradicate. 5. The suffixes "L;l.._, and "~<~....c>-" denote the present progressive tense when added to a verbal root. 6. VitiUgo, or "White Disease" as it is known is Uyghur, is a skin disease with a pathology that is not completely understood. The disorder causes a complete loss of pigment in the skin and is thought to be a combination of autoimmune and genetic factors. The disease is found in people of all races, but is markedly more visible in people with darker skin tones. 7. The Uyghur Autonomous Regional Uyghur Ethnic Medical Hospital is located in the capital of the Uyghur region, Ururnqi. There are also branch hospitals in several major city including Kashgar, Hoten, Turpan, Aqsu and other places.
83
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Selection 31 Vocabulary <.S;~ ;"-:! adj. global, worldwide
\5)... n. trademark, trade name 11~ n. notion, concept, idea .,:};._,.WL f').G v. if we examine, take a look at (inf. ...;WL f').G) ~~~ n. concept, complex idea ')lll_;~ adv. first of all, before all others ~b n. renown, famousness 0~4..5 ~ v. seeped into (inf ~"-o.i 4..5 ~) d,..;j.,;_;:, adv. following, as below . up ·" - <; ! v. establ'ts h'mg, setting (inf ~. o- ~, !) 0j-.J:! n. manner, method (""_r.Jn. list, register l.L.!.;;;.J~ ~_j--3 v. begun to register (inf ...;t...;;.J~ ~_j--3) 0\.Rlb n. powder ~n. henna -:..;.:....4..5 ~ n. chewing gum );1.3 n. product 0[Ajl5- • I· < .4..5 v. intensifying, increasing (inf ~~.J.-.S:......d..5)
~.U~ adj. basic, elementary (;l;._,~)'l;_;.; '?""'~ -:..~ v. (has been)
able establish a foothold (inf
._;1....)_;.; ';""'~ -::.>~) LS"'~j! t"~ n. cosmetics 0~ n. advertisement, ad ~;,...:.,; \.;\>)5 n. workforce d..R.,~ol..i-0~ n. publicity (advertising, propaganda) ;~t....;\3}:! v. does not lose, does not fail to maintain possession of (inf. ._;l....;\3}:!) J. ;;~ )l.L;..;"-' vn. selecting, choosing (inf ._;I....)~ )l.L;..).._,)
J-.-W .._;..,;;~ vn.
caring for, giving due attention to ;~l;\3 J"-' v. paying little attention, neglecting (inf.
J"-'
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Notes I. The name ''....r.~-lfili~" refers to a specific brand of locally -made silk which is produced in Khoten and Kashgar.
2. The name "<.5~\.Rlb ~;1--!--';~ ~~, refers to a specific brand of instant food powders sold in the Uyghur Region. The word "~;1--!--';~", which usually means "mobile" or "moving," in this case most likely means that the powders are made into food easily and quickly. Thus, "Amina' s On-the-Go Food Powders" would likely be a fair English approximation. 3. "~;~"is a trade name for the knives made by a company in the Y engisar County of the Uyghur Region. Knives are a commonlymade item in the Uyghur Region, but the knives from Y engisar are known for their beauty and craftsmanship.
85
Selection 31
4. '\.s~ rb" is a trademarked brand of henna, which is used to decorate and adorn the body on a temporary basis. It is also used as a temporary dye for hair, fabric, and other items.
5. "i.e.,.._:." is a brand of chewing gum whose name means "dew." 6. '\jlo;~ ';'o;--3 o~" is a phrase that means to establish a foothold, to get one's foot into, to take and to hold. 7. "~" is the name of a county in the Uyghur Region, as well as a popular line of make-up and cosmetics. 8. The literal translation of ''..s<>->r-S ~~~" is "beneficial income," but it essentially means "revenues" or "profits." 9. The phrase ''._:_,\,;..,~)'\;~ \.,lj;;~ lJ..._,..,, means "standing or equal ground" or "equivalent to." 10. This proverb can be translated; "Even among garbage, gold does not lose its value."
86
Selection 32
87
Selection 32
Vocabulary
))..o n. grave, tomb
,sl I • I.G- n. caliphate
i)JJJ"' n. Mullah, Islamic scholar
...::...>~~ n. capital city 0\.;.L..j f"'J..9.w v. gave, presented
u<>;) n. majesty ~...S n. village, small town
with (inf. ...;t.....W f"'J-9.0) n. repair, renovations, refitting ..:;t.o..:....J.... ~JO-?; v. was renovated, was repaired (inf. ...;t.....W ~JO-?;) ;":,.....; r. adv. comparatively, quite \.jl;.~;J...o 1;,; n. fasting room \.j\.:;.j.,fjl.....; n. reading room \.j~~ n. prayer center ~,; adj. double, paired, twin ;\.jj.<> n. tower 1);;":, n. gate u<>;W n. building, edifice ..iJ3 adj. straight, flat U"'J;,:; n. ceiling n. frame :6~ n. rafter ..:;L.1;~ n. door jam .,~~n. pane \.j\,;.5..._;J3 n. guest room, sitting room J1; n. hall, auditorium ~~~l.j n. neglect, lack of attention
,_}~~1}~-~j:> adj. thick, dense ~L,;~ n. orchard, grove ~J..i;.-. adj. clear, transparent ._;'ll~ n. spring, natural water
~JO-?;
source "r'}J...o n. scenery, landscape .>~>l.Sj~ n. place for rest, recreation site .>~>~d......> n. sight, tourist stop U"'\.j~ n. linguist U"' \.j;..:...,;...>).; n. historian U..,.u n. tribe, clan ....;~ n. village, small inhabited area ;,; n. tribe [:>;~ n. kingdom, khanate ~~..i"9 b;~ n. coup, "palace change" ~ J!J;;;..1"9 vn./n. killing, murder ,_).51...- o ;~ n. hometown \.;~ n. side, edge ~L;d......> n. wandering, the life of a vagabond ~.G. n. caliph
t-!
Notes 1. ";........:. \.j,S" means "old city" and refers to a section of Kashgar separated from ";........:. h" - the "New City" - by the Kizil Su river. Kona Sheher is located on the city's northwest side and is home to a prominent bazaar.
88
Selection 32
2. While in English we typically say that a certain place or item is located so many miles from a certain known point, Uyghur usage typically calls for measuring the distance to that location. As such, readers will find dative case constructions when encountering such descriptions, as can be seen in"\.,;...,;-')~ ~\.; ;~G,s" ;U....:..U". 3. The Karakhan Dynasty (943-1212) was the frrst Uyghur-Turkic state. Satuq Bughrakhan was the first king of this Khanate. Hemade Kashgar was his capital and Islam the official religion. 4. "~:y. ;J-o~" means "for the length of one's life" or "for all one's lifetime." 5. "~.G. i~ '-:'";.U" refers to the Arab-Islamic Caliphate that existed from the eight through the thirsteenth century. Baghdad was its capital. 6. In spite of its name, the Dictionary of the Turkic Languages actually covered many different aspects of Turkic culture including language, literature and history.
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Selection 33
Vocabulary
_;.Jl)_;; n. home, living room <.,5~ n. place <.,?"j> n. home, house ~~ n. courtyard 9"f ;.Jl)_;; n. room ~)~ n. structure ...;~,; adj. rich, full L.....~ n. side o ..;.u n. level, floor ..-J>J> n. roof ~...:;adj. smooth, flat ~.5);;.; n. pillar, main support ~..:, n. design, motif ;.w~~ v. they are carved, are engraved (inf ...;W~~) ~n.
.!11}-? n. trellis ...;~~ n. cupboard, shelf ~_;;-~l; n. dishes, cups, and plates ;....1...3' n. tapestry, carpet i f )14 n. rug, small carpet Jr..j>t n. room, chamber ci...bJ....t>---.!. adj. stylish ~,U~ n. flower bed ~~ n. clay, adobe, brick 0~L.lj adj. modem ..:ojL.:j> n. tool, implement ifJ....t> n. stove ...;~~ n. frreplace 0~k n. cast iron 0;.;~ n. firewood t..~~ n. kitchen
brick
91
Selection 33 Notes 1. The phrase "~..._. ~}Sl~" literally means "building art." "~}51.~" on its own means "construction." Combined, they should be
translated as "architecture." 2. The verb ";~J)~" is both passive and reflexive in structure and means ''to (be) split into." There is no component of the word that indicates modality, but when translating the sentence into English, the phrase "can be divided into" is still the best choice. 3. The compound verbal phrase ";.>..>~ ~4,j 0~ ~, describes how designs are made in the sides of buildings using bricks. These designs appear in floral shapes and even in Arabic language inscriptions. 4. The phrase "...sr.S')> <..Jliu.>-.>;_;5" ~~ .......:;;.!!. • , ! "'5 ~)..._r)~" describes ''the flower-addicted and greenery-loving character" of the Uyghurs. The root ")..oj>" can be found in a great number of Uyghur words and always indicates that a strong hunger or craving is involved. 5. ";.ML~ ';-';J;j~~" is another example of verbs being compounded to describe simultaneous and sequential action. In this case, the rocks in question are both "laid" and "stood firmly" into the foundation of the building. 6. The phrase";~~ ~~"means "bent into shape."
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Selection 34 Vocabulary ~~ aqj. conscious, aware ill;"'5;0.w..; n. patriotism, love
~d..-!.
aqj. personal, individual
i.u: n. concern (sadness, misery, worry) real, true Uo.... n. meaning ~u n. heart J. ji;;~ vn. enlightening, causing to shine (inf. .._;\...;;;~) ~n. torch ....,;;;~~ v. igniting, setting ablaze (inf .._;\...;;;~) r~<~..~~> n. share, portion w~ 04J;1"~ v. if he benefits, gains from (inf ....;W~ 04J;1"~) o~;~d...o n. responsibility, obligation ~;Y ....;.J)51~ vn. compensateing, returning (inf.
for one' s country ~;"'5;Y;4...o n.
~aqj.
educationalism, (a) belief in the need for education ~4-.S'J,! aqj. high, lofty ~L: n. idea, notion )¥;!~ aqj. great, wonderful i¥~ n. concept, idea iili..._;;_..,j.o aqj. strong, solid ,).u)l.ct,. v. connected, joined (inf
.._;W)lcl,) &~ n. bellybutton, navel
0.._{1;5";; v. was spilled, was made to fall out of (inf ~~;5?)
J. jo-3y n. the past
~~~ n. the future ~~ n. union, joint, (central)
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;~;l9 v. are intended, are directed towards (inf ....;~;l9)
~;~-<,?~ n. appearance o';'YL n. poise
o.JL.l5 n. perfection, completeness ~~ aqj. academic, intellectual, - higher od....:-:'<~..~~>j.o n. love, adoration 0\..;..,~)1.....; .._;.Jl~ v. can be brave, is able to act from one's heart (inf .._;w...; ....;.Jl~) ~;.:Jk conj. yet, but O;4..-o n. knowledge, wisdom 0~ n. humanity
~;.W-..._}-.;~ n. intelligence,
smarts .._;)I>~ n.
morality o....L;'; n. virtue J .. ~ adv. exactly, precisely ~~ vn.ln. awakening, renaissance 0¥!,~ n. movement, trend (lit. wave) .. ~~L.l> n. luminary, great figure
Notes
1. Just as in English, the phrase "~.._;__:,~ 0~ 0l9" - "as flesh and blood" - implies that two things are closely related. 2. The phrase ''.:.r--o-t) 0.._{1;5? ~ &~ " is a refemce to one' s motherland and translates literally as "the land where one' s umbilical blood was spilled."
94
Selection 34
3. The phrase "0w...; l~ 0~" means "to sacrifice one's life for" or ''to give everything for." 4. The term ";"'~.u ~~l;~" is a political term typicaJiy used by the Chinese to refer to the time before the Communists came to power in 1949. 5. While the use of "0.._sj~, can clearly mean "lasf' or "previous," we need to consider the fact that the text was written during the twentieth century. As such, the translation provided towards the rear of this book reads "the nineteenth century". 6. The first European-style school to teach Uyghur students in their homeland was established by Huseyin Musabayev in the village of Atusb. The name of the methodology associated with such schools is named for him.
7. "0~ ~..bu" means the "light of knowledge."
95
Selection 35
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VI
Selection 35
Vocabulary ~ .. ~r. adj. united, as one .._:).;.);......~ adj. blocked off,
~_;J;j:.....oj.o~ adj. widespread,
common
u4-J)/j.o n. service, duty
surrounded ;.w;)~ "))..;;)~ v. laid out, organized (inf ...;k)~ "))..;;)~) b)Uk ~_;5 adv. most of the
~d..fb adj. fee-based, done for a
charge ~L... n. quality, caliber .)~ o~LS"j.o n. award money,
time, in most cases
scholarship funding
I,S"')j.o
r-'.T-~ adj. separate, segregated ~;;)p.Jr. vn./n. unifYing,
managerial ...;;t...:.;)_;; adj. residential, living ;..w....r-~ v. they are split, are broken into (inf ...;U>.r-~) · dicates, L>w· ~~-w~ v. (.It, thi s) m uses, requires (inf. ...;W_;:,; W~) ._;., ;)_;5 ~)4..3 vn. study, the receiving of one' s education ~l.9 )d..fb pro. each (all, both) l~)~ n. ownership, control, auspices
integration
._;., IJ_;; adj. standardized, unified, joined ~.:..r~r.
adj. sole, only
...;..J~k n. Master' s Degree ...;_;J),_;-5,~ n. Doctorate, Doctoral
Degree
Notes I . "lSJ\.....:. )" is one of many Russian words that has been absorbed into the Uygbur language. The use of such words is often dialectical and limited to those who have regular contact with the countries of the former Soviet Union. As such, many of these borrowings cannot be found in the standard Uyghur dictionaries.
98
Selection 35
2. "._.5:.,->. L,
yy 13ili;..." means ''the majority of, the larger part of."
< _(?:• 0J>~ ,_, ~Lo <..)......) l •.•• 3 . The 1"t phrase " ~:>':r"""r. LS" <>-, ' ~) ~ ~ J J~J"' 0.U...," interesting because is demonstrates that, as in English, a simple pronoun - even one that is indicated by a suffix - "-._.5:.,:>" - can take the place of a noun in Uyghur. This sentence is best trartslated as "the education system in the Uyghur region is unified with that of China." 4. "0iliol..:! ~ y.....SJ...o" describes a child who has reached school- age, typically around seven years- old. 5. The ablative sufftx seen on ";.>..-..l~ .:..r -• II ! .t...;.)~" and then again in ";.>..-..l~ 0-'~ fi~" indicates that these processes are comprised of the indicated number of years in length. 6. "yo:>" is a participial form of the verb "~4;>:>" and is the first half of a great many verbal compounds. It typically implies that speech is a logical part of the given verbal process. 7. The phrase "private."
"~;.....;> 0~"
means "private in character" or
8. "~ ~}~J..:i ..; ~o!..:!" are the essentially the Uyghur-world equivalents of kindergarten and preschool. As in the United States, these classes are used to prepare a child for the regular education system.
9. '\sl....>}3 ~;JJ:' 13h.i;,." means "in spite of this" or "ignoring for the moment that." 10. The phrase ";~ J~ 0~~t.S~~Lo ~ )<>:>" indicates that money is demanded for education materials. 11. The verb ";"'-:!.t...Jo~......!._,~" is a form of the verb "~~~" that contains a modal particle (-J<>) and a negating particle (-<,sA..o). The complete phrase means ''they are unable to get."
12. The lengthy phrase "l~l.;.. )3 ~~)<>.? ._.5:.,~ )~~" translates literally as "examining the situation in the Uyghur Region," but can more or less be boiled down to "currently" or "right now in the Uyghur region, the situation is such that .... " 13. The phrase "~
99
Selection 35
14. The syntax of the phrase" 80 ~w;;¥ .~1 · -,- ·.r.~~ l.l~ ..:;WJ:' ~, is interesting because it is so different from the equivalent English. The nearest direct approximation of this phrase might be, "it is eighty years back to the founding of Xinjiang University." 15. The word ''..~~¥~" is an inflected passive for the verb "~41~" (to carry out, to conduct). According to the Dictionary of Modem Uyghur Spelling and Pronunciation, the verbal noun form should be spelled '\}......L.3~" and the form seen here ".__...;:].J.W~". This is another example of why readers will need to anticipate a certain amount of variation when decoding Uyghur-language texts. 16. The phrase "l..u~-30-20 ~r--'~ ..:;&~,warrants some attention because it is important when reading articles to consider the original print date of the text, in particular if one is translating them.
100
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Vocabulary .::.~~ n. humanity
;J......W )"')4.; v. supposed,
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n. civilization, world
culture 0li..!.~ v. added, made (inf. ._;l......;.~) ~;>
n. contribution, advancement
.J->]-:-:? n. writing
~..oL adv. just now, just ~ ~JS vn./n. invention,
creating ~5"-' n. standard, level .::.~ n. nation, ethnicity 0\;.JY
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J;.o.s,.. n. Mongol
~~n. empire 0Wl~ v. conquered, defeated (inf ._;Wl~) ~~~ adj. great 0\.J;);.....:.~ &o~...oL v. was made a reality (inf. ._;t...);.....:.~ &o~...oL) ) . ;:...-.~ n. teacher
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Notes 1. Mahmud Kashgary, an 11th century linguist and scholar, was the author of the Dictionary of the Turkic Languages. He was born and died in Kashgar.
2. The"~)~ ..::.......:;1..:_;1 ;>lj. d' was edited between 1072 and 1074. It was the first Turkic dialectical dictionary and encyclopedia. 3. S. G. Klyashtomiy was a famous Russian Turklogist and historian who worked at the Russian Academy of Science.
102
Selection 36
4. Dung Huang, one of the most ancient cities in central Asia, is located in Gansu Province of the People's Republic of China. 5. The "Ancient" Uyghur Alphabet or "Old Uyghur Alphabef' is partially based on the Soghdian variant of the Aramaic alphabet. 6. In addition to meaning a "quarter" or a "fourth," a "charek" is also a unit of weight equal to ten kilograms. 7. Chinggis Khan was a world-renown Mongolian emperor who established the Mongolian Empire and conquered all of Central Asia and southern Russia. 8. The Mongolian Empire was one of the dominant empires during the middle centuries and was established by Chinggis Khan. After his death, this empire was split into several smaller parts. 9. The phrase '\s.rLJ' 1.:.~~" is a general religious term referring to the classical Buddhist texts most associated with the teachings of the religion, including the Dhammapada and others. 10. The compound verb ''._.:_,.U....:.J..J;~ ~y-5", which means "to incorporate into," is made up of the verbs "~o~...oy-5" (to enter) and "~4-!.J..J;~" (to merge, to coalesce). 11. According to historical documents, the Uyghurs of the Turpan and Qumul areas were Buddhist until the 15th century. During that period, many Uyghur scholars and religious figures taught Mongol children, spreading Buddhism among the Mongol tribes in the process. 12. Rashiddadin was a Persian historian of 13th century who traveled extensively throughout the different areas of the Mongol Empire. 13. In older forms ofUyghur, '\s.:....>-4" meant "teacher."
103
Selection 37
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Selection 37
Vocabulary
. L5. _ ~ n. ocean, sea
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.Jy n. size, area
G...... n. meaning, sense
.._;...,~;-.
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..:..;;p:y n.
intersection, hub ~j adj. close, intimate . .JOme • d 0 d..5j&..5~ ~ 'r. v. umte, (inf ~.....,.;4..5 ~r:') -.)5.......:. J~ n. terrain, land form ~.>J> adj. special, unique ..:..;L;.L_r..; v. arranged, lined up (inf. .jl..L_r..;) ~n. valley ~y adj. moving, mobile ~-J"' n. rain, precipitation ~J~,Y n. average r · , o II o n. millimeter Notes
1. The use of the ablative case with the word "';-'"'J..._,. , takes the place of the English usage "by" and indicates that the Uyghur Region is called the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region by the Chinese government. 2. The use of" j ..lt.S .J (,Sy" (gives) here, in conjunction with ~4-?..)/ L.Jd·~-r..) is not that different from the equivalent English - "means" or "gives the meaning of." It is also another example of how ~4-?..) is used in its various deverbal forms. 3. One ofthe secondary and more figuarative meanings of "..:..;:Pj>"'' (knot) is "hub" or "intersection."
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Selection 38 Vocabulary ~~ n. agency, network 0lou~-')~lijJ v. connecting, joining (inf ~L.;~lijJ) ~
n. petroleum, oil
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~L.L; vn. competing,
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~- n. agreement, accord ~ n.. stgnature 0\.,;.;)'~ v. was signed (inf ~U~)
Notes I. Atasu, which means "father water," is a city in Kazakhstan and an important center for oil production.
2. Alataw is a Uyghur Region mountain pass on the border with Kazakhstan. 3. Atraw, a port city in Kazakhstan on the Caspian Sea, is an important base for naval and oil operations.
107
Selection 38
4. Maytagh, whlch means "Oil mountain," is an oil field in the Uyghur Region. 5. The term " d)I..S__.:,
108
Selection 39
Vocabulary
0l..l; ~.r;l..t. adj. modern, contemporary .,_~..j
-..;W,.) ))l;__,)l.;:..,l....., n. warlord,
strongman, militarist
ll>Lc;,; n. uprising, overthrow llj.o n. melody, tune L.t.t.,. n. value, appreciation ...,...,~~ n. writer, literary figure ~ n. trace 0l..') n. novel, book u-'jlJd..:>.w n. nickname, pen name, pseudonym
109
Selection 39 ~~),__.~adj. youth ~ )L.S' adj. classic, classical ~.t..L .. .:. adj. first, primary n. representative 0\,;u~~ v. awakened o.JI,.,~ n. idleness, sloth, Jack of
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Notes I. Famous Uyghur writer Zunun Khadiri (1912-1989) wrote short stories and novels during the twentieth century.
2. Teyipjan Eliyop (1930-1989) is a famous twentieth century Uyghur poet. 3. Ziya Semidi (1914-2001) was one of the founders of the modem Uyghur novel writing. He also fought against Chinese rule in the Uyghur Region. He left the country for Kazakhstan in 1960, went on to publish such novels as Exmet Ependi and Mayimhan, and died in 200 I. 4. Zordun Sabir (1937-1998) is one of the most famous Uyghur writers. His three-volume historical novel Motherland, which is about the East Turkestan Republic from 1944-1949, is a time-honored title among the Uyghurs. 5. The word "\..,\,." typically means "value" or "significance," but, contextually speaking, "acclaim" seems a more-likely English equivalent. 6. Awakening Land is an historical novel about the Uyghur uprising that occurred from 1931 to 1937 and the era of the East Turkistan Islamic Republic (1933-1934). 7. The inflected compound verb "'"'-'J;:J~ ~" is a combination of '\j~~" (to chop, to hack) and "~uJ;:J~" (to kill). The entire phrase, including the adverbial, means ''to behead by sword."
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Selection 40
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were produced by (inf 0~ · • • - ,!) r~4.1 n. destiny, fate ..::,.....;1~ adj. untimely, unexpected 0~;¥ n. the Holy Qur' an .r---" n. Egypt I ';~ vn. (its) interference • lS" • (inf -.;L-.;. )I_,;~) ~"; n. chairman, president .:_r;~;.. adj. deputy, vice ~;JJ:' .t...::........1; vn. its mediation, arbitration (inf -.;WJ:' .t...::........1;) !"'" • I ,S n. agreement, accord
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adj. staunch, steadfast ;";1;L adj. worthy of, deserving of ~l.!. ~.J~ n. King of the Sky .>¥J:' n. straight (e.g. the Taiwan Straight)
118
Selection 41 o;~; n. record, great feat
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Notes 1. "0~ ·• • 7 , ~, is a compound verb which means "to appear, to come out of, to grow out of."
2.
"Wrb" is a religious term used to refer to a great scholar or holy man.
3. This republic had 16 ministers, a prime minister, a president, and other governmental structures, as well as a national flag, and a constitution. 4. There are differing opinions about the total number of lives lost. Some sources say that between 1934 and 1943 Chinese warlord Sheng Shicai arrested and killed more than 100.000 people. 5. Eysa Yusup Aliptekin worked as a translator at the Chinese consulates in Endijan and Tashkent from 1926 to 1931. 6. The Straight of San Xia is located in the Sichuan Province of the People's Republic of China. 7. The Rafto Prize was established in Norway, named after human rights activist Thorwald Rafto, and is given once a year. 8. Te December 2004 Issue of Marie Claire magazine, contaired a list of ten World Famous Women that included Rebiya Kadeer.
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Selection 42
Vocabulary J......~ n. factor, element ~~j n. intellectual, academic
~':Ill; n. backward, underdeveloped, outdated IS~-~ n. brothers, male siblings ~4,;5~ adv. in a European style, in the manner of the Europeans ~
121
t,?Uj;¥ n. congress, meeting of delegates J-1..,.;~ adj. soviet, unified ~~ adj. social, societal J.J ~ n. level, scale Jtoj;~ n. faction, party ~ ~;43 vn. propagandizing (inf 0w...; ~;43) ~41;;> adj. superstitious, ignorant ~;~ adj. progressive, forwardlooking
Selection 42 Notes
1. Kazan is the capital of the Russian Federation's Tatar Republic. Kazan was one of the cultural and economic centers of Russia until the beginning of the Soviet period.
2. At the beginning of the twentieth century, many Tatars emigrated to East Turkistan. Tatar intellectuals cooperated with local Uyghurs to open "new-style" schools and to educate local Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and minority populations. 3. Tursun Ependi was one of the representatives of the Uyghur Educationalist Movement in the Kashgar region. He studied in Turkey then went home to teach at schools in Atush Village. 4. Before the opening of European-style schools by Uyghur educationalists, only Islamic schools called "medrese" were available. These medrese taught from religious texts and the classic texts of Turkic and Persian literature. Students were also taught to speak Arabic and Persian. 5. ";~;;~~,means "Revolutionary Uyghur" and is the name of an organization established in 1921 by Uyghur revolutionaries in Tashkent. 6. "Taranchi" is a term that refers to a group ofUyghurs who lived in the northern part of East Turkestan. They generally lived in the IIi Valley and in Russian Central Asia, including the Seven River Area of present-day Kazakhstan. 7. "Kasbgarlik" is a general term referring to a person from Kashgar. This includes many Southern Uyghurs who lived in Tarim Basin area. The "~ / ~" suffix can be used to create terms for people from any location imaginable. 8. Abdulla Rozibaqiyev was a famous Uyghur nationalist and Communist who lived during the first half of the twentieth century. He was killed by Stalin in 1938. 9. Ismail Tahirov was another leader of the Russian and Central Asian Uyghurs. He was also killed by Stalin in 1938. 10. Abdulhey Muhemmedi was a famous Soviet Uyghur author and scholar who taught at the Central Asian University in Tashkent in the 1930s.
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Selection 43
Vocabulary 0L;.L_; "~.u v. which threatened (inf ~t..W "~.u) n. the Kremlin 9~ mw. (used to enumerate shoes, wheat, bullets and other items) ~~ n. bullet, arrow, shot d.l;~J>j-!-~ n. lowering, taking down ~Jl>,_... adj. gloomy, grey ~...........,_;...adj. tyrannical, despotic ~"--' n. chapter (both literally and figuratively) d.J;~ "' vs,,.,)J':J' n. erasure, wiping away 0W\.3 67""o~...o v. denied, deprived of (inf. ~W\.3 67"'.t...o) 0~~ adv. never, at no time U"'W;;_;~ adj. unforgettable, extremely memorable ~L;.L_; tf">Y n. fighting, struggling J~ n. thought, thinking
J.......t?
t
0L..,;;~ cs<>-'.)u v. in which they
have not stepped (inf. cs<>--'.)4...9 ~4-i~)
~4-..y---3~ v. are not shy (inf ~4-..y---3~) ~<4->~.U v. do not hesitate (inf ~<4->~.U) ~;J--=.;5~ adj. successful, yielding
positive results n. sect ~b~o~...o n. root, beginning ~~;; n. ancestry, lineage if _51_5;;; n. composition, structure lS' • , • , ~ n. aesthetic ~~;; adv. owing to, for the reason that ~"~"-": n. circle, ring ~ adj. critical, decisive ~;LY.....,~ n. upper, greater, superior n. lexicon 15 ~~ ~~ n. phonetics 0,J~>Y' n. morphology
y.u;o~...o
o
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124
Selection 43
l.S;...-;.u. adj. meaningful,
0k..J~ l.R,>~ v. without
considering, not taking into account (inf ~W~ l.R,>~)
significant
Notes
1. The English word "lowering" can be rendered in Uyghur in several . Iud"mg " t..r.. ,-,;,-.,=: !1' ways, me an d ''~&·J;,-.,=: . I
•
I
,,
I
..
I
,,
The first is a verbal noun and the latter a noun formed by adding a suffix to a passive form of the same verb. 2. The phrase"~~~ ~" refers to the world's "two political camps," namely, communism and capitalism.
125
Selection 44
126
Selection 44
Vocabulary 0~C:Y v. strengthened, became more powerful (inf ~~C:Y) ,s] I ( ~ n. control, ownership ~;;.5' n. textiles, the textile industry 01}., n. (alcoholic) drinks -:..;51; n. factory, plant
~Jlr ;d..!. n. real estate , ~C: 0~ n. stock, stake Jo;5~ adj. superior, extremely high, very good 015.;f> n. organ, department ~~ n. regiment, team ~..,....,_... n. sum, allotment
127
Selection 44 ..:;..L..lJ~J.o v. estimate (inf
':/1~;.. adv. so much, so many ..:;W_, adj. defeated, surrendered
rl-4..3
~~)~;..) --~ y ~~· , Jy-''7'
n. average, mean ..:;~~.....,.;~ v. unbelieving, (apparent) unwillingness to accept (inf ~..._.,.;~) 0~~L,~ v. doubting, suspecting (inf. ~~}GL,~
if ~ 43 0JJ..5.;'J> vn./n. restructuring, rebuilding n. disagreement, conflict
o
Notes
1. ''..s-~)~ if ;J;J;; <>5 J-->~~ " is a term used for Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. 2. The Uyghur word "..:;<>~" comes from the Chinese word bingtuan ( ~rn).
3. The phrase '\..;Jd...:' • ~Wt; )~;;'_, ... " conveys the meaning "not only, but also" or "in addition to." 4. The construction"..::><>)-:·~", appearing here with the stative suffixation ")~-", indicates that a list or some sort of qualification has just been provided. 5. The main meaning of the term "t'Jld...:>" is "belt". However, here this word is used a bit more conceptually to include climatic zones or "heat belts." 6. Directly translated, this phrase means "these corporations have entered the stock market." While the structure here is clearly active and not passive, the implication seems to be that they "are traded on the stock market" or that they "take part in open trading." 7. The phrase "..:;\.,;._,~ capita."
lj,:;
~ ~" means "per person, per
8. Compared to the per capita salary of a typical Chinese citizen - and in particular that of the average Uyghur citizen - this is an unusually high level of income. 9. The primary meaning of the word '\.r~i'" is simply "population." However, the meaning here is a bit more conceptual and expands to represent the "members" of a work force.
128
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f'~ <>->-·---}).~ '0~ )~
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:;.-;1),_. 0-'-.)..o~ <..s-'~ ~;.-. .!L~_,; {13)LS:..,~ ... ~¥~
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·i~ ;.-;.. ~
. . ';~ ~¥~ J- ;;;> ...,~
~)~~¥~ ~. : ...
1~)~ ;;. '"':~ .. (
Vocabulary ~ y.J vn./n. storytelling, anecdoting I ~ - I - ~6..9b I . kin ~ ~ • • vno~ n. JO g, prank-playing ~ }5';5 adj. entertaining, heart-lightening J- ;;_;;.1~ n. get-together, party -::..~<1..5 n. mood, feeling 0~.u> n. change purse, coin purse ~;:_;.-. n. reward ;.-;~,; ...,;;~;: v. loses, misplaces (inf. ..5~_,9 ...,;)~;:, ~d..A)~j!) ~~ v. fmds, locates (inf
~.u> adj. real, true
~n. owner .j.-bl.2;1;...w ~")};' n. bullying, pushing around ~ o.U\.; vn. tolerating, putting up with (inf .jlJ..J o.Ub) ll1;L n. crazy, mad 1 . . . . . '¥' ;,~ v. umtatmg, munmg, pretending (inf .Jl..,..,;,~) .j~L:. n. palm (i.e. of the hand) ;.-;L:. .j~L:. v. slaps, strikes (inf .J~L .J~l...:.) ~# ~~~ vn. disciplining, punishing (inf. ~~~
A
J
·W1· -) ;;5 e=:~ adj. hungry-eyed, wanting, greedy M;;..~ v. closing, shutting (inf .JW1;r~) U""W~ n. diamond ~;;~ n. ring (i.e. as is worn on the finger) 0W~ n. false, untrue ;.-;_;;~ v. (he) fabricates, concocts, makes up (inf. .jl.oj9~) ~ i....__,,u v. swear, take an oath (inf .JlJ..J i....__,,u) J- int. alright, okay then ~;~)lt."'=~ v. having cleared this up, since we' re agreed that (inf .Jl.o;~ )lt."'=~) ...,~
~4...<>;"'-.>) ' - \j '¥-''J'J;' !I ~ v. becomes . qwet,
~
goes silent (inf .JWJ;> ~) I • 3~ v. becoming right, becoming normal (inf .jl.,.......:...S~)
~ v. rises to, gets stuck in
(inf .Jl.LW) ).>.;..__:..u. adj. privileged, imbued with rights -::..~\..::->) n. banquet, feast o.J_;-. n. style, manner .J.J....__, n. turban, head wrap i....__,,u"'-.> adj. silk, silken 0~ n. chapan (i.e. a variety of long coat)
r
131
Selection 45 •t_, n. boss <..>.?~ adj. lifelong o)~ n. work, office
o~-;..;\j n. food
- 1
~-
d 't t ~ . ,s~~v. oesn ea, doesn't munch on (inf. ~ • - \..._, - !
(
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.
•
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llo~..:? n. sleeve oo;;..-. n. photograph, picture ~j.;-1<1.-!.r.
v. look, appear (inf
~~r.) ~,; n. neighbor
-.::..;..-. n. milk
........,y.-3 v. becoming old, aging (inf. ~\..._,y.-3)
':;-'r.r, v. (being) startled (inf ~d...or.r.)
ulr.U> adj. amazed, surprised
a..b.t..;'l'L.. adj. arrogant, haughty Notes
1. "Y.J" means "anecdote", an interesting (short) story or joke. 2. The verb "~....,;;;:;" generally means ''to pass," in this case means "have come and gone, have passed before us" or, essentially, "there have been." 3. Nesirdin Ependi was a famous Uyghur comedian and humorist. He was popular not only among the Uyghurs, but also among other people of Central Asia and the Near East. Uzbeks called him Xoja Nesirdin, Kazakhs called him Qoja Nasirdin, and the Turks called him Nasreddin Hoca. 4. Molla Zaydin was another famous Uyghur "anecdote teller" who lived during the nineteenth century. 5. Salay Chikhkhan lived in the Kashgar area during the nineteenth century. His anecdotes spread throughout the southern parts of the Tarim Basin. 6. The complex verbal phrase .. .........,;~ ':;-';;;..!-;li l.,;.L;~ ~5--·-~-~-,., contains the verbs "~\...;li" (to find), "~lo;~L.,, (to deliver), and "~d...o;~" (to give). The participial form of "~\...;L"'' sets up a sequence of actions, and the compound verb "~d...o;~ ':;-';;~L.,, conveys a delivery that moves in the direction of the speaker in this case, the rich man. The .._.........,, suffix on "~d...o;~" finishes the phrase by setting up an if-then context that is resolved in the next part of the sentence. The complete phrase can be translated as "should the coin purse be found and delivered to the rich man."
132
Selection 45
7. ")lL.;" is a Persian gold coin used during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 8. The phrase "~~ <.S)Y" contains a negated form of the verb "J~" which means "to separate from" or "to slice away from." 9. The term "I..S"
...
.s:: ... ......, <..5)\..9" refers to an Islamic court.
10. The verb "Jlo;4~" is a contracted form of the compound verb"~
Jl.o)l' which means ''to take." It occurs often in more colloquial forms of Uyghur. 11. The term "I..S" • , independent words-
•cy " means "body" and is derived ".::.-.cy" (above) and"._;..~" (head). •
-
from two
12. ";~"is a term that means "the place of honor" and denotes the spot that would be reserved or set aside for a person of particularly high stature. 13. The name "Ko~" contains the honorific suffix "1.51j" - a word meaning older brother - which is added to the names of people older than the speaker as a form of respect.
133
Tra nsl atio ns
Translations l. A Weather Forecast
We will now give the weather forecast for the next twenty-four hours. For tomorrow, Monday, the weather will be cloudy until noon with rain the entire time. In the afternoon, the weather will be clear and the temperature will be from 16 to 18 degrees. In the evening, the weather will become cloudy again, and a small amount of rain will fall. The temperature will go down a bit. 2. The Calendar Nowadays, Uyghurs generally use the Western calendar, but they also use the "Hejri" calendar, common to all the world's Muslims. Uyghurs separate one year into twelve months, one month into thirty days, one year into three hundred sixty-five days, one month into four weeks, and one week into seven days. There is also a custom among the Uyghurs of using the twelve month "mochel" calendar, which calls each of the months by the name of an animal. In it, the following animal names are used: ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog, pig, and rat. Uyghurs believe that each of these months has its own special characteristics. 3. My Daily Activities I'm in my fourth year of university study. My daily life passes in a very orderly manner. Every day at 6 in the morning, I get up and go to the school stadium where I play sports for half an hour. Afterwards, I come back to the dormitory, wash up, brush my teeth, and shave my beard. After eating breakfast, I go to my 8 o'clock class. Each morning, I have four hours of classes. I have lunch at 12:30, then I rest for one hour. Each afternoon, I go to the library and review my lessons. After dinner, I watch TV and read newspapers and magazines. When I have free time, I go swimming with my friends. Every day at quarter 'til eleven, I go to bed. 4. My Family Our family is a large one. There are nine people in our family. They are my grandfather, my grandmother, my father, my mother, my older sister, my younger sister, my older brother, my younger brother, and me. My grandfather and my grandmother are retired. My father and my mother both work. My father is a doctor and is assistant director of the city hospital. My mother is a middle school teacher. My older brother and my older sister study at Xinjiang University. I study at the high school, my younger brother
137
Translations
studies at the middle school, and my younger sister studies at the elementary school. In some mid-sized cities and villages, the custom of having a large family
is being preserved among the Uygburs. Accordingly, both the unmarried children and married sons - along with their wives - live together with their parents in one large compound. Naturally, the married son and his wife live in a separate home inside the compound. But, in the last few decades, the structure of the Uyghur family has begun to change. Birth control policies are one of the factors in the change in the structure of the large Uyghur family, though before them, Uyghurs were accustomed to having many children. Families with more than ten children were common. According to the birth control policy, Uyghurs in cities were permitted two children, and those in villages were permitted three. According to the traditional Uyghur view, every person has the right to be born and to multiply freely on his own land. A child is God's gift to humanity, and, therefore, a child cannot be killed in the uterus or aborted. We were all born before the birth control policy. Otherwise, there would not be five children in our family. Now, for many young and middle-aged Uygbur families, there are just two or three children, and there is no possibility of being multi-child families. 5. Our Classroom
The inside of our classroom is very beautiful. A map of the world is hung on the right-hand wall. An enlarged copy of a picture called "The Muqam" which was painted by the Uyghur artist Ghazy Emet is hung on the left wall. Different kinds of flowers have been placed on the window sills of the classroom, and water is given to them every day. All the chairs and tables in our classroom are new. Each day we take turns cleaning up our classroom and washing the windows. Our classroom is a bit cold during the winter. Because our classroom is located in a one-story building made from brick and because steam is not the source of heat in our school, a stove was put in to heat it with coal. There are very big differences between our village school and those in big cities the building, the teaching materials, the heating and others. In some poor villages there are not even enough classrooms for the students, so different -level students study in one classroom, creating situations in which the teacher uses a line to divide the blackboard into two parts, providing explanations and lower-level lessons on, one side and giving higher- level lessons on the other. Sometimes, there are situations in which
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there are not enough lesson books or cases in which some classmates have no money to buy the materials. 6. The Fruits of Our Hometown
According to various reports, several types of Uyghur-region fruit are exported, while others are taken to and sold in markets in the inner provinces of China. Among them, Korla peaches are sent to America, while Kashgar melons and Turpan grapes are taken to the provinces of inner China and sold. According to reports, fruit from Kashgar, Khotan, and other such places is taken to markets in Central Asia. One specific characteristic of Uyghur-region fruit IS Its sweetness and juiciness, which is the result of the fruit's ripening at high temperatures and in sunlight provided by the Uyghur Region' s geographic circumstances. However, in recent years, there have been some changes in the taste of these fruits. What's more, instances in which fruit brought from the inner provinces of China was crossed with the local fruits to make new varieties have been seen. 7. A Week of Traveling This Saturday and Sunday we are going on an excursion to Turpan. The bus will be leaving from the Dongkowruk station at 9 A.M. If we leave on Saturday at 9 in the morning, we will be in the center of Turpan City around noon. We will explore the city Saturday and Sunday. If possible, we will stay through Tuesday and return on Wednesday. That week, we will work only on Thursday and Friday. There are many places to visit in Turpan because Turpan is one of the ancient centers for cultural exchange and trade along the Silk Road. There are also the ruins of Idiqut City- an ancient capital of the Uyghur state, the ruins of old Yarghol City, and the Bezeklik Buddhist caves which represent the ancient Uyghur Buddhist culture. The Turpan area of the Uyghur region is the land of vineyards and in this place nearly everyone has one. So, when you enter a Uyghur home you will be received first with grapes and bread and then food will be brought to you. Turpanis love song and dance, are a happy, joyous people, and are of a direct and sincere temperament. Turpan Uyghurs have been farmers and horticulturalists since ancient times. There are underground irrigation canals called kariz here. Nearly every farmer uses kariz water.
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A Letter of Greeting Dear Mom and Dad, How are you? I have missed you ever since I came to Grandpa and Grandma' s in the country. Country life really is quite interesting. Now, I really have taken to it. Due to it being late autumn, Grandpa isn't too busy with the farm. Usually, farmers are busy from March to October. Back in July, Grandpa, Grandma, and Uncle Memetjan harvested, threshed, and baled the wheat, then packed it into large sacks. Grandma spread out tomatoes on papers in the sunshine to dry them out in preparation for winter. Grandpa and Uncle Memetjan have planted the autumnal wheat. Fall here really is beautiful. I will remain here this winter and come back to you(r side) in the spring. I would like to come back to Turpan with you during summer vacation. I miss you, Your son, Misran
An Invitation Respected Mister Tursun, We invite you to a ceremony and evening of poetry to be held on November 12th, commemorating the eightieth birthday ofLutfulla Mutellip, the "talented, fiery-hearted poet" and one of the founders of modem Uyghur poetry. During the event, the writings of the fiery-hearted poet, his revolutionary life, the literary value of his works, and his place in Uyghur literature will be discussed along with several other issues. Those who wish may also recite a piece of their own dedicated to Lutfulla Mutellip or on another topic. If you have any ideas, we welcome your advice. We trust you will honor us with your on-time arrival! Sincerely (respectfully), The Writers' Society Location: Mahmud Kashgar Restaurant, 10 Ghalibiyet Street Time: 7 PM on November 12.
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Translations A Promissory Note I, Muhammad Samat, having borrowed a total of thfee thousand yuan from Yusupjan Eli on December 1Oth of this year, a resident of Gulbagh district in X city, in order to buy ten sheep, will now make a down payment total of two thousand yuan in cash. The remaining one thousand yuan will be given after one month's time. If I cannot make that payment at this time, I agree that Yusupjan can recover this money from me through the courts. The witnesses of our business agreement are Gulbagh district residents Emet Sopi and Obul Hasan. I write this promissory note in connection with this (business). The writer of this promissory note is a resident of the Number Five House at Red Bridge in X city. Muhammad Samat December 10, 2003 9. Qumul District's Aratiirk County Rocked by an Earthquake Before dawn on June 7th at exactly 5:39:7.8 in the morning, seven kilometers from the northeast border of Aratiirk county's Adaq village in Qumul district, a 4.8 magnitude earthquake occurred. The epicenter was located 33 kilometers from the center of Araturk county and at a distance of 139 kilometers from Qumul city. There was powerful shaking in Araturk County and Qumul City. However, no injures were seen. According to the opinions of experts from the Uyghur Autonomous Region's Earthquake Bureau, quakes will not take place in Qumul in the near future. Around the Tarim Basin in the south of the Uyghur region, earthquakes happen often. In February 2002, in Kashgar district's Maralbeshi and Peyziwat counties, a strong 6.7 magnitude earthquake killed 267 people and injured many others. It was the Uyghur region's second largest earthquake m the twentieth
century and caused the deaths of many people. 10. Our Views on Time Terms that could possibly cause instances of error should due attention not be given, such as Beijing Time, Xinjiang Time, and Urumqi Time, exist. Even after Xinjiang time was pegged (flxed) to Urumqi time, there still, to this day, is no (one) standard. Some living in the Uyghur region justify their use of Beijing Time by saying that "high unity with Beijing needs to be preserved" without thinking of the difficulties it causes. There are still
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Translations others who do not differentiate between Xinjiang and Urumqi time, and they also mix things up. Geographically speaking, these times are based upon correct principles; if you respect the time principles of your hometown and local area and pay attention to them, is that wrong? The provinces in the east of China and the Uyghur region are located in different time zones. Customarily, the sun rises two hours earlier in Beijing (than in Urumqi) and sets two hours later in Urumqi (than in Beijing). This is because the distance between Beijing and Urumqi is nearly four thousand kilometers, and the difference with regard to time is very large. There is another situation in the Uyghur region. Most Uyghurs are accustomed to using Xinjiang time, while most every Han Chinese uses Beijing time. As a result, time-related misunderstandings between Uyghurs and Han Chinese come out regularly. In the opinion of experts, the cause of these time-related differences is related to each being used to living in two different geographic regions.
11. AIDS in the Uyghur Region According to reports, during a press conference of the Department of Health of the Uyghur Autonomous Region, it was announced that the number of AIDS-infected people in the Uyghur Autonomous Region has dropped from second to fourth place overall on a China-wide level. The first instance of a person infected with the AIDS virus in the Uyghur Autonomous Region was detected in 1995. At the end of2003, the number of AIDS-infected people reached 8,153. 188 suspected cases of the AIDS virus were discovered, 60 of whom died. In 2003 the number of people infected with AIDS increased quickly (relatively to previous years) in several inner provinces (of China). According to the latest statistical report, provinces and autonomous regions such as Yunan, Henan, and Guangxi have moved into third place. The AIDS-infected people in the Uyghur Autonomous Region represent 13% of the total number of AIDS-carriers in China. Reportedly, 77% of the Uyghur Autonomous Region's cities and counties have AIDS-infected people.
12. Learning a Language In the past, Uyghurs were quite fond of learning Arabic and Persian. In previous centuries, Uyghur scholars wrote works in Arabic and Persian
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related to literature, religion, medicine, and other sciences. Today, English is becoming more popular among the Uyghurs on a daily basis. It's a bit easier for Uyghurs to learn languages that belong to the IndoEuropean group because the pronunciation ofUyghur-language sounds has much in common with Russian, Persian, and other languages that belong to the Indo-European group, so they are able to pronounce them more easily. In addition, starting in the Middle Ages, as Persian began influencing the Uyghur and Turkic languages, many Persian words entered the Uyghur language. One reason for this was that in the Middle Ages and later centuries, Persian literature began influencing the Uyghurs, and Uyghur Turkic poets became accustomed to writing poetry in Persian and the other Turkic languages. From the Middle Ages through the start of the twentieth century, Uyghurs used a language called Chaghatay, which had accepted many Persian words, as the language of literature. Uyghurs began having contact with the Russian language at the end of the nineteenth century, and (as a result) at the beginning of the twentieth century, many academic, scientific, and technical terms, terms of industrial products, and terms from daily life entered the Uyghur language. In addition to being able to easily pronounce the sounds of the Russian language, Uyghurs also learned the grammar easily. Up until the 1960s, there were many among the Uyghurs in the Uyghur region who knew (how to speak) Russian. As this trend abated, the learning of Chinese has taken its place. There were many among the Uyghurs in the central Asian republics who had Russian as a native language, but also knew Uyghur. 13. Khoten Jade
Jade is a world-famous mineral, and Khoten is recognized by everyone as the "land of jade." Khoten had developed the international trade of jade, opening a ''jade road" even before the appearance of the world-renown Silk Road. Ever since, Khoten has been known to the world as ''the land of the precious stone" and ''the land of jade." According to archaeological records, it is certain that Uyghurs started benefiting from jade before the Stone Age. Because of its numerous varieties, colors, high quality, and hardness, Khoten jade has, since ancient times, been considered a precious jewel. Khoten jade comes in white, yellow, blue, black, and light blue, with white and yellow considered the most valuable.
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14. The Uyghur Boshuk Since long ago, Uyghurs have prepared special beds for newly-born children that are called boshuk. The boshuk has been quite common among the various Turkic peoples, including the Uyghurs, the Kazakhs, the Kirghiz, the Uzbeks, and the Turks since ancient times. Among them all, the Uyghur boshuk stands out from the others because of its solid construction and its elegant craftsmanship. The Uyghurs value the boshuk as a sacred thing. As a result, before a child is placed in the boshuk, a ceremony called a "cradle party" is carried out. The ceremony takes place forty days after the birth of the child. Because it is the traditional Uyghur view that putting a child in a boshuk is a good custom, just before the child' s birth, a cradle and a set of new things are prepared for him. Among the Uyghurs, special masters make boshuk. They paint the boshuk's handles and the edge of its bed with many colors. They also decorate it with different kinds of flowers. Boshuk are so comfortable, so useful, and so beautiful that they are of great (monetary) value. In most cases, the highness or lowness of the quality of one's boshuk is tied to the economic status of his family. Among the Uyghur people, there are various lullabies sung as mothers rock their lying children's cradles, in which mothers express their love for their children, their hopes for their futures, and even hardships that the mother and father have suffered. 15. Kashgar Kashgar is situated in the southwest of the Uyghur Autonomous Region at the top of the Kashgar River basin at 75 degrees 59 minutes east longitude, 28 degrees 39 minutes north latitude at an altitude of 1,220 meters above sea level. Kashgar is one of the Uyghur region' s most ancient oases. Examining the land' s general topography, the northern side is high and the southern side low; over the centuries, the flow of the Kizil River changed many times, forming cliffs in the land and making the shape of the land complex. The Qizil River follows along the southern edge of Kashgar City, flowing across from west to east. The Tuman River cuts through the northern part ofKashgar City.
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The climate of Kashgar falls in the characteristically arid range of the continental tropical climate. Here all four seasons are hot. Spring is long and winter is short. The average annual temperature is 11.7 degrees. January is the coldest, the monthly average temperature, 6.5 degrees. July is the hottest; the monthly average temperature is 25.9 degrees. The coldest temperature is 24.4 degrees below zero. The highest temperature is 40.1. From its source up to Kashgar, the Qizil River is called the "Qizil Su."The lower reaches (after Kashgar) are called the Kashgar River. 16. Natural Gas in the Uyghur Region
Natural gas reserves in the Tarim Basin of an apparent 657 billion cubic meters have been announced. According to reports, 8.4 trillion cubic meters of natural gas lie in the Tarim Basin, and this amount comprises one fourth of the total volume of gas reserves of the entire Chinese mainland. As a result of many years of geological reconnaissance, 40 gas sources were discovered here. Presently, work to open the "Kela-2" gas source is continuing. Gas reserves held in this location of a reported 284 billion cubic meters have been announced. Now, China has prepared to increase the volume of gas taken from this region to 30 billion cubic meters per year. Thus, the eastern regions of China will reportedly be guaranteed delivery of natural gas from western areas for as much as 30 years. This "East-West" gas pipeline crosses nine provinces, autonomous regions, and cities obedient to Beijing. The total length of the pipeline is more than 4,000 kilometers. This connects the Tarim Basin directly to Shanghai. 17. Uyghur Hospitality
Since ancient times, hospitality has been one of the finest traditions among the Uyghur people. The Uyghur people believe that guests bring their "rizq" along with them and that when a guest comes, happiness comes along as well. As a result, regardless of the circumstances, when a guest arrives, he is always welcomed enthusiastically. Everything in the home is brought out to the guest, and anything not ready is prepared. Uyghurs greet guests with the same deference whether they arrive unexpectedly or by invitation. Not only is the guest provided with the best of everything, but his horses, should he have any, are also well looked after. Immediately upon a guest's arrival, families provide him with water for cleaning his hands, spread a tablecloth, give him the customary tea and flat or puffed bread, then offer him sugar and rock candy for his tea. Then,
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18. Family Meals Uyghurs traditionally have meals three times a day - in the morning, at noon, and in the evening. A family's eating habits are determined by their financial circumstances. Usually, two of the meals involve eating bread and drinking tea, and the evening meal involves cooked food. (Nowadays, cooking for the noon meal has become popular.) In the morning, Uyghurs get up, wash their face and hands, and enjoy a chance to get some fresh air. After ablutions, adults read their morning prayers. They then all meet up and drink tea. Those who are financially capable prepare their morning tea with some milk or cream in it. The family members sit Indian-style around the tablecloth according to their status in the family. If the tea is poured into a large bowl, the bread is soaked in it and then drank; if the tea is put in a smaller bowl, the bread is dipped and eaten. The noontime tea is informal and consists of either tea and bread or bread and yogurt and is served in the field (where everyone is working). During the summer, melon is eaten along with the bread. In the evening, after returning from work and washing up, the family gathers around the table and sits according to family status. A cooked meal is then brought. After the cooked food, if Iangman are being eaten, they are served with broth. If pilaf or manta are served, they are eaten with s inchai. During the summer, fresh fruits are eaten after the meal. It has also become popular among Uyghur families to have one additional meal - the consumption of which or lack thereof depends on the financial state of the family. It consists of raisins, walnuts, jellies and jams, sugar cubes, and candies with tea, eaten with fresh grapes and small of soft bread. Uyghur family meals, whether served with meat or without, are varied from earlier meals whenever possible. Meals consisting of vegetables are for the most part not eaten.
19. The Human Body and the Physical Structure ofUyghurs The external structure of the human body can be divided into four parts: the head, the neck, the torso, and the hands and feet. The brain is located in a person' s head and manages the functions of all the parts of his body. The torso is separated into two parts: the stomach and the chest. The eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and brain are in the head. Structures such as the teeth and
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tongue are in the mouth. Structures such as the heart and lungs are in the chest. The stomach area contains the stomach itself, the intestines, the liver, the kidneys, and the spleen. The human hand is composed of the arm, the elbow, the wrist, the palm, the fingers, and the nails. The leg is composed of the upper and lower thigh, the knee, the ankle, the heel, and the toes. With regard to their anthropological makeup, the Uyghurs living in the Uyghur Autonomous Region have characteristics that - to a certain extent distinguish them from one another. Kashgar Uyghurs have round heads, are of a medium build, have a wheatcolored complexion, an egg-shaped face, a nose that is of medium width but tall (raised off the face) ; (they are also) black-haired, (have) lambcolored eyes (brown), and are hairy-faced (that is, the men have thick beards and mustaches). Hoten Uyghurs are muscular, but of medium build, white-skinned (of a light complexion), have rounded heads, have thin but raised noses, eggshaped faces, black hair, thick beards and mustaches, and black eyes. The appearance of Atush Uyghurs is basically the same as that of Kashgar Uyghurs; their noses are thin but high-bridged; they have very round skulls, their hair and beards are thick and black, they are of a wheat-colored complexion with lamb-colored eyes, and of a medium build; (They have) muscular bodies, egg-shaped faces, sharp pupils, and arched eyebrows. Aksu Uyghurs come light-skinned, but their complexion is ever-so-slightly wheat-colored; they are wide but full-faced, and their hair is dark and wavy. Their eyes are both lamb-colored and varied. Their noses are wide, as are their foreheads. The (complexion) appearance of Turpan Uyghurs is yellowish; they are tall and muscular, their noses are rather flat and thick, their nostrils are a bit large, their faces are wide and their cheeks pronounced (clear, obvious); their eyes dark but grey, their eyelids are full, their hair straight and black, and their beards and mustaches patchy. The appearance of Qumul Uyghurs is more or less the same as that of Turpan Uyghurs. What's more, Ili Uyghurs and Korla Uyghurs have some characteristics of their appearance that resemble that of (Uyghurs in) Aksu, Kashgar, Kuchar, and other such places. Thus, it can generally be said that it is possible to tell what region a Uyghur is from by examining his face.Some western scholars point out that the Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and others Turkic peoples of Central Asia are the result
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of the mixing of the Caucasian race and the northern Asian race, while scholars of the former Soviet Union suggested that the Uyghurs belong to the European race, but also have a small amount of Mongoloid features.Among the central Asian people, the Uyghurs and the Uzbeks have many shared characteristics, but the differences between the Uyghurs and the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs are a bit larger.
20. The Tarim Basin The Tarim Basin is situated in the south of the Uyghur Autonomous Region with the Tangritagh, the Kunlun and the Altuntagh mountains surrounding it. Its western edge starts at the Pamir Plateau. Its eastern edge extends all the way to Gansu Province. Its length from east to west is 1,400 km, its width from south to north is 550 km, and its total area 530,000 square kilometers, making it the largest inland basin in our country. It is situated in the near (these) high mountains, the altitudes of which are from 4,000 to 6,000 meters. The average elevation of the basin is from 800 to 1,300 meters above sea level. It is high (in elevation) in the west, low in the east, and the climate is dry. The foothills are (both) rocky or lush. For instance, the Taklamakan desert is situated between the Aqsu and Kashgar oases. The length of the Taklamakan desert from east to west is approximately 1,000 kilometers, the width from south to north is about 400, and its total area is 324,000 square kilometers making it the largest desert in our country. Arc-shaped sand dunes cover it from beginning to end. The height of the sand dunes is (generally) 70-80 meters, with the tallest being as much as 250 meters in height. Its western portion is influenced by the northwesterly winds, which cause its sand dunes to move from the east towards the south. The name "Taklamakan" is an alteration of the words "Tarki-Makan" and Tashlanghan-Makan, which mean "abandoned land" and "discarded land" respectively. Accounts place the Taklamakan in the middle of the Tarim Basin in a place that is wide and low. In ancient times there were rivers and water was abundant; the landscape was beautiful and there were bustling towns. Later, the sands shifted, and, after they blocked the region off, people fled to all four comers of the Taklamakan to makes homes in the surrounding areas. That is why this place is called the "Tarki-Makan." There are rich oil resources there. The water resources in the Tarim Basin are formed by the snow and ice from the mountains which surround the Tarim Valley. The basic rivers of the Tarim Basin are the Konchy, the Dinar, the Kuchar, the Ogan, the Aksu, the Boghuz, the Chakmak, the Kizil, the Y arkent, the Teznap, the Gum a,
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the Qariqash, and the Yorunqash along with some small rivers. The Tarim River is the largest inland river with a length of more than 2,000 kilometers. 21. Uyghur Names
As one of the ancient nationalities of Central Asia, Uyghurs formed naming customs that were for the most part based upon their acceptance of the religious beliefs, the styles of daily life and daily customs, and the cultural influence of the nationalities that surrounded them throughout the course of their history. The issue of Uyghur names is one of the hot research topics for experts. According to a book called Uyghur Customs which was published in the Uyghur region, the giving of names among the Uyghurs went through several stages. It is possible to explain them in three stages. 1. 2. 3.
Pre-Islamic Names Post-Islamic Conversion Names Post-Liberation Names
Before accepting Islam, the Uyghur people were generally accustomed to using Uyghur words for their names. Such names included Baytamir (i.e. iron-like man), Iltabir (leader of the people), Begbuqa (ox-like man), Karabahshi (great teacher), and others. After the Uyghurs had accepted Islam, the Muslim religion influenced Uyghur names. Starting then, Arabic and Persian words used as Uyghur names began increasing. For example, Abdulla (servant of Allah), Habibulla (friend of God), Saipulla (dagger of Allah), Mutiulla (obedient slave of Allah), Rahkmitulla (grace of God), and other similar names. With the strengthening and continual deepening of their belief in the Islamic faith, Arabic names began to take over places (otherwise occupied by) names given from pure Uyghur words. To express their devotion to Allah, his prophets, his angels, his disciples, and (the Ancient) mothers, Muslim Uyghurs began calling themselves with their names. 1. The names that express the qualities of Allah are seen relatively often. For example, Halik (creator of man), Kadir (the strongest), Gopur (mercy). 2. It has become a tradition to name someone after an angel. For example, Israpil, Mikail, and so on. 3. Giving the names of prophets. For example, Davut, Mussa, Aisa, Muhkammat, Ishkak, Ibrahkim, Ismail, Yakup, Yusup, and so on.
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Translations 4. Giving the names of men offaithful followers of the prophets: Ababakir, Umar, Usman, Ali, and others. According to the work of researchers, Uyghur name- g1vmg customs underwent a number of changes at the beginning of the twentieth century. Some new examples appeared among Uyghur male and female names as a result of the Uyghurs having contact with the Tatar, Uzbek, and other Turkic peoples who emigrated from Central Asia and the Volga-Uratic region. After the 1950s, there was one more change in Uyghur names: Uyghurs began naming their children after the enjoyable heroes from works of Turkish, Indian, and Pakistani literature and film that had come to the Uyghur region. Now, there is also a lot of debate about another point, namely the adoption of surnames. In the past, the Uyghurs had been influenced into adopting Arabic and Persian surnames, but at the beginning of the twentieth century, the custom of using a Russian-style surname - something that existed among the people of Central Asia - appeared among the Uyghurs. This custom continued until the 1960s. For example, in choosing the surname of a boy, the custom was to take the name of the father or grandfather, have the Russian suffix "ev" or "ov" added to it, or the suffix "eva" or "ova" added in the case of a female. For instance, the male names: Abdukerim Abbas-OV, Seydulla Seypullay-EV, and others. Female names: Mahinur Qasim-OVA, Patigul Sayfula-EVA. After Sino-Soviet relations broke off, these customs were done away with. Uyghurs were then referred to only by their own name and that of their father. As a result, Uyghurs turned into a "surname-less" nationality. Currently, Uyghur intellectuals understand the need to use a surname, and they have put forward various viewpoints on the matter. Some scholars have even suggested that making a family name should be based upon the widely popular customs of using nicknames, and then determining which clan someone belongs to through that nickname have become widely popular because there is a custom of making such nicknames a surname in Turkey. But, there is still no one (united) conclusion, and the government has not put out any decision on this point. 22. Ancient Caravan Roads from the Uyghur Homeland Abroad 1. Ancient Caravan Roads to India. Throughout history, there were two main roads that went to India from Xinjiang both of which passed through the Karakoram Mountains.
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The first of them is the Kagilik-Ladak Road. From Kagilik, it heads in a southwesterly direction through Beshterak, Pusa, Akaz Davan, Koda, and Serikart, finally reaching Mazar. Then, it turns to the west, going to India through the Kyrgyz Jangal, Kokart, Shaidulla, Karakorum, and Langar. From Kagilik, the second caravan road crosses the Pamirs via the Mingteke Pass, reaching the Gilgit region of Indian Kashmir which is presently under the control of Pakistan. 2. The Kashgar-Minteka Caravan Road to Pakistan, Kashmir, and Afghanistan. Leaving Kashgar and passing Tashmilik, Bulunkol, and Tashkurgan, it divides in two upon reaching Koyun Salama (Gichakboiy). The road that goes west divides in two once again when it gets to Mingteke. One of these passes, the Subhan Bandiradin Guardhouse at Kok-Turuk hills, then enters Afghan territory, following the Abavahan River, and, passing Langar, once again divides in two. One of these goes to the central part of Afghanistan and the other crosses over the Hindikush Mountains reaching Lashit in Pakistani territory. The other road leaving Minteke goes to the southwest, crossing the Minteka Pass and the Patima Hills of the Pakistani-controlled Kashmir region, following the river Hunza down to Gilgit. The south-westbound road goes to Tikanlik and, from there, turns to the west, crossing through the Kunjirap slopes into Kashmir territory, continuing along the eastern branch of the Hunza river. 3. The Caravan Roads Going to Russia. Because the border between Xinjiang and Russia is so long, there were many roads going to Russia. There were six fundamental roads among them. Three were south ofTengritagh and three were north of it. 1. The Three Roads South of Tangritagh. The frrst is the road that goes west to the Russian city Osh from Kashgar through Erkeshtam, crossing the Terak Pass of the Tengritagh Mountains. The second is the road that goes into Russia through Turghat from Kashgar. The third is the road that goes across the Badal slopes from Uchturfan to the Naryn and Issyk-Kul region (in Russia territory). 2. Three Roads North ofTengritagh.
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The first is the road that goes west to Almata from Khorgas. The second is the road that passes into Russian territory and then on to Shemey (Semipalatinski) to the northwest through the Baktu Pass. The third is the road that goes to the west to Zaisan in Russian territory from Jeminay. 23. Nationalities in the Uyghur Region Nowadays, besides the Uyghurs, 12 others nationalities live in the Uyghur Region. Naturally, some of them came to the Uyghur region from other lands in recent centuries. Others were indigenous nationalities who have lived in the Uyghur region since ancient times. It is possible to put them into divisions according to their language characteristics. The five nationalities that speak Turkic languages, including the Uyghur, follow below.
The Uyghurs Uyghurs are the principle and indigenous nationality in the Uyghur Region. They have lived in this place since ancient times, establishing several independent states and playing leading roles in the politics, socialeconomics, and culture (of the region). According to Chinese official population statistics from 2004, the number of Uyghurs was more than 8 million 970 thousand, comprising 45.73% of the total population of the region. But, according to the Uyghurs' own estimates, the number of Uyghurs is much more than is accounted for in the Chinese government report. In fact, in 1949, the Uyghurs made up more than 75% of the population of the Uyghur region. As the Chinese comprised just 5% of the all population at the time, they were a minority. Kazakhs The Turkic Kazakh people are one of the nationalities in the Uyghur region who are present in large numbers. Their population is around 1 million, 338 thousand. Kazakhs mainly spread througout the IIi Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, the Barko! Kazak Autonomous County, and other such places. They generally live in the Jungarian Basin and IIi Valley located between the Tengri Mountain and Altai Mountain, and subsist by ranching. Most Kazaks live in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kyrghyzs Kyrghyzs are a Turkic-speaking people. They lived mainly in the south of the Uyghur region in the ranching areas of the Qizil Su Kyrghyz Autonomous Prefecture and the Kashgar and Aqsu districts. Their
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population is more than 171,112. Uyghur Region Kirghizs write Kirghiz based on the Arabic alphabet, while the Kirghizs of Kirghizstan use the Slavic alphabet.
Uzbeks Uzbeks are one of the Turkic peoples. In 1949 they numbered more than 13,130. In 1950s and 1960s, most of the Uzbek people went to the Soviet Union. The Uzbeks live mainly in Urumqi, Chochek, Ghulja, and Qaghiliq cities, and other villages. Their religious beliefs, manners and customs, foods, clothing, and daily lives (and so on) are basically thesame as that of the Uyghurs. Now, population number ofUzbeks more than 14,000. Tatars The Tatars are a Turkic-speaking people, the majority of which live in the vicinity of the Volga-Ural River in the Russian Federation, in Siberia, and in Central Asia. The Tatars who came to the Uyghur region in the Nineteenth and Twentieth centuries made critical contributions to the business-economic and cultural-educational efforts of the region. Their population numbers more than 4,700 and they have spread mainly to Urumqi, Ghulja, Chochek, and other cities. The nationalities of the Sino-Tibetan language group are below:
Han Chinese The Han population in the Uyghur region is counted as an ethnic minority because, in comparison to the number of Chinese now in the region, the Uyghurs have 1 million, 100 thousand more people. According to official statistics from 1949, their population was around 200 thousand, comprising 5% of the population in the region. At that time, in many parts of the Uyghur region, there were no Hans at all. According to current, official statistical reports, their population is now more than 7 million, 800 thousand.
Huis The Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and other Turkic peoples customarily refer to them as "Tunggan." According to Hui scholars, the Hui appears as a result of a mixing of the Arab, Persian, and Turkic peoples with the Chinese. The Hui people have been coming to the Uyghur region since the eitgheenth century. Now, their Uygur region population is more than 870 thousand. There are four nationalities belonging to the Mongol-Tungus language family and they are below.
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Mongolians The Mongolian are a nationality that believes in Lamaism. Their population is more than 169,960. Their language belongs to the Mongolian language family of the Altay system. The Mongols live in the Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, the Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, and other areas of the Uyghur Region. TheDaurs The Daur language belongs to the Mongol language family of the Altay language system. The Daur live in the Tarbaghatay district of the northern Uyghur region. Their population is more than 6,700. They were sent to the Tarbaghatay in the eighteenth century by the Qing emperor to protect the border. TheXibes Much like the Daur people, the Xibe ethnic minority carne to IIi Oasis from Manchuria in the eighteenth century under the order of the Qing emperor to protect the border where they made their home (they settled there). Their language belongs to the Altaic language system. Most of the Xibes live in the Chapchal Xibe Autonomous County. Their population is more than 40,000. Manchus The people who carne to the Uyghur region in the eighteenth century during the period of the Qing dynasty occupation were of the Manchu nationality. Their language belongs to the Tungusic branch of the Altaic language system. Today they have lost their own language and generally speak (use) Chinese. The Manchu population in the Uyghur region is more than 24,100. There are two nationalities that belong to the Indo-European system, and these are below:
Russians Russians are counted as an ethnic minority in China. In the last part of the eighteenth century, some Russian tribesman entered Chochek from Russia to do business and settle down. At the end of the nineteenth century and during the Russian Civil War, some other Russians came to Chochek and Ghulja and settled. After 1949, the Chinese government established their official name as the Russian nationality. Russian generally live in Ghulja, Chochek, the Altay, and Urumqi. Their population is more than II ,300. Tajiks The Tajiks' language belongs to the Iranian family of the Indo-European language system, and they are Islamic (believe in the Islamic religion).
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Translations Most Tajiks live in Tashkorgan County, which belongs to the Kashgar District. A small number live in Kashgar (city), Qarghiliq County, and other places. Their population is more than 43,000. 24. Liberation Day
With the announcement of the Formation of Republic of East Turkistan on November 12th, 1944, Elihan Tore was assigned as the president of the provisional government. Hakimbek Hoja and Obulhair Tore were appointed vice-presidents while Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Mongols, Dungans, Tatars, Shibes, Russians and other people from others nationalities such as Geni Batur, Jani Yoldashev, Salihjan Bai, Muhammed Mahsum, Rahimjan Sabiri, Kerirn Haji, Habib Unichi, Boka Ambal, Chan Bahshi, and Moskalev became component members in the structure of the government. At the same time, various departments and bureaus were established in the structure of the government including finance, justice, education, internal affairs, propaganda, health, agriculture and animal husbandry, national bank, military committee, taxation, treasury, trade development, and others. Immediately after the formation of the Republic, its political plan (program) was announced. Its main contents: to provide total independence to the entire territory of East-Turkistan from Chinese aggressors; to declare equality of all nationalities; to establish friendly ties (relations) with foreign countries, with the Soviet Union and even (to establish) good relations with the Chinese government; to restore and further develop the financial and economic system; to provide financially for the motherland; to develop cultural and educational work; to develop a trade industry; to improve the daily lives of the people; to protect the religions of every nationality, and so on. This first political declaration of the Republic couldn't reflect all aspects of the spheres of the Republic, but it was capable of indicating the circumstantial demands and the direction (of the government) during this initial period. Of course, at this early stage, there was no possibility of all (governmental) spheres flourishing. From here (from this point), the first item(s) on the agenda appeared to be the goal of centralizing all capabilities, clearing the Ili District of its enemies (as well as) the equal liberation (to give equal freedom to) of the Tarbagatay and Altay districts, and, using these three districts as a base, to free the whole of East Turkistan (namely Kashgaria and Jungaria).
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Among the Uyghurs, of all the local meshrep, the Ottuz Oghul Meshripi is seen as specially formed because of such characteristics as its breadth, the richness of its content, and the perfection of its organization. The "Thirty Boy Meshrep" is the name of a local IIi-region Uyghur Meshrep in which participation is limited to men. The organizational structure of the Thirty Boy Meshrep consists of such positions as the Judge, the Head of Boys, the Host, and the Guard, each of whom has his own responsibility. The number of participants in the Thirty Boy Meshrep is not limited, but the number of participants for one meshrep (typically) does not exceed 30-40 people. For starters, the father of any boy who wants to participate in the meshrep brings his son to the meshrep site. The Guard informs the Judge and the Head of Boys of the news. After they give their permission, the father of the boy makes an appeal in front of the members of the meshrep to make his son a member. The Head of Boys explains in detail the rules of joining the meshrep to the new member. A person accepted for membership in the meshrep cannot leave the meshrep collective or not participate in the meshrep events without getting permission. If he wants to leave the group, he must give a convincing report to the members of the collective with reasons for his departure and introduce a young man whom he considers to be worthy to take his place. Only then will he receive leave. The Thirty-Boy Meshrep, like many other local meshrep, is divided into four sections: singing, music and dancing, joking and boasting, and meshrep games and punishments. The contents of each stage are broad and varied and are filled with artistry. The meshrep usually starts after the fall harvest and continues until the spring planting. 26. Uyghur Holidays
Of the many traditional Uyghur holidays, the Qurban festival, the Roza festival, and the Noruz celebration are the ones we will now discuss specifically. The Qurban festival the largest holiday of the Islamic calendar and is celebrated once each year and customarily lasts three days. Qurban festival is held on the lOth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, namely, seventy days after Ramadan. The feast is connected to a Muslim's commitment, obedience, and self-sacrifice to God. This festival has come out of commemorating the willingness of the Prophet Abraham (s.a.s.) to sacrifice everything for God, including the life of his son Ishmael. God sent the Prophet Abraham (s.a.s.)
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to perform the sacrifice, but, then, so that his son Ishmael would not be the one killed, put a Iamb in his place. Muslims also go on a trip to Mecca to perform the Ha.ii during the Qurban festival. On the first day of festival , families who are able slaughter a sheep in recognition of the holiday. The meat from the sacrifice is then laid on a table with different kinds of sweet foods and fruits. Like the Qurban festival, the yearly Roza festival is also a large celebration before which Muslims fast for thirty days. After the fast has ended, Muslims celebrate. The festival is a day of commemoration for (the end of) the thirty days of obligatory fasting. With the conclusion of the fasting, businessmen, people who have lots of money, and those in good fmancial situations, make donations to poor people. During the Qurban and Roza festivals, Uyghurs visit each other' s homes and congratulate one another. Besides these two holidays, the Noruz festival is also popular among the Uyghurs and is held every year on March 21. The Noruz festival is a traditional festival of the people in central Eurasia who speak Turkic and Iranian languages. In the Iranian languages, Noruz means "new day." Noruz is in fact a new year's celebration. Uyghurs have continued to celebrate Noruz for many centuries, not as a religious festival, but as a traditional national holiday. The Iranian-speaking people of Central Eurasia and Turkic-speaking people such as the Uzbeks, the Kazakh, the Kyrgyz, the Turkmen, and others all hold Noruz celebrations, but the celebrations of each group have some specific national characteristics of their own. As such, the Uygburs also have some of their own customs for celebrating Noruz. For the Uyghurs, Noruz is considered a spring festival. The coming of Noruz is a symbol of the official start of farming duties (the start of the farming season). According to Mister Imin Tursun, a Uyghur cultural expert, Uyghurs have the following customs for holding Noruz. 1.) The Noruz Drums On the eve of Noruz, in cities and towns and in the pastures and in the country, the coming of Noruz is armounced by the playing of drums and wind instruments. As the nation prepares for Noruz, it takes on a celebratory appearance. 2.) " Spring" Cleaning Before Noruz, cleaning activities reach a high point. The streams and ponds are cleared, animal stables are cleaned, water receptacles are completely
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washed and filled with clean spring water, and the house, the yard, and the threshing mill are swept, among other activities. 3.) Chasing out the Cold On the eve ofNoruz, the men come together, burn (collected) gourds, and then go out into the pastures (from their homes and fields) singing songs that make fun of the cold in order to chase it away. They sing songs dedicated to Noruz. They then surround a bonfire and dance around it like a tornado. 4.) Visiting Until noon on Noruz Day, visiting activities are carried out. Children who have left the homes of their parents come to visit. Graves are visited, cleaned, straightened up, and then prayers are read for the dead person in question. Elderly people who have no families, orphans, and handicapped people are also visited. 5.) The Noruz Meal During the Noruz festival, Uyghurs have special customs for the preparation of meals. Usually, special foods, including creams, yogurts, and other dairy products and meat dishes prepared with various green vegetables and grains -- wheat in particular -- are prepared and eaten. 6.) The Noruz Outing Once Noruz has begun and after the visits have been completed, everyone, whether young or old, goes to the fields together for an outing. The young women then swing on swings and play "tapkuch " and hide-and-seek. 7.) The Noruz Games On the last day ofNoruz, competitions are held. These are basically sports. For instance, wrestling, horse racing, Buzashi, cock fighting, running, archery, and others. 8.) The Noruz Meshrep On the third day of Noruz, a large meshrep is held. The meshrep is a very organized and happy event. 9.) The Noruz Good Wishes On the fourth day ofNoruz, the people of the town perform a "zarahetma" under the leadership of mullahs. In this activity, a collective prayer is made for a year of peace, abundance, and (agricultural) fecundity.
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Another characteristic of the Noruz festival is that this is a holiday of unity and solidarity. Noruz is a traditional national holiday, work holiday, and holiday of friendship. As pioneering Uyghur cultural researcher !min Tursun said, there are many specific Noruz customs that have been preserved to this day and many Noruz poems created among the Uyghurs have spread.
In these poems, the Uyghurs' love of their country and the natural world and the notions of friendship, thoughtfulness, and humanity are among the ideas expressed. 27. Uyghur Musical Instruments Compared to their other Turkic brothers, the Uyghurs established a settled lifestyle the earliest. This daily environment had a deep influence on their aesthetic sensibilities and artistic psyche and determined the rich harmonic and complex compositional character ofUyghur music. For instance, the Uyghur folk pieces known as "The 12 Muqam", comprised of 320 melodies, are differentiated from each other by their tone. There are many thousands of folk music tunes such as standardized and established muqam, senem, and elneghme, in the diverse, ethnically dense, and locally-flavored treasury ofUyghur folk music. This situation demands the existence of many types ofUyghur musical instruments. Of the ancient, traditional Uyghur instruments, about twenty-one have been preserved and are still being used today. Uyghur musical instruments are divided into four main types according to how they were constructed and how they are played: wind instruments, stringed instruments, plucked instruments, and percussion instruments.
Wind Instruments Wind instruments are the instruments played through the puffing of the mouth, whose sound - the loudness or softness of which - is controlled by the flow of air from our throats and the shape of our mouth. Examples of basic wind instruments include the Nay, the Bariban, the Burgha, the Surnay, and the Kanay. Stringed Instruments The stringed musical instruments are the type that produce sound by the rubbing a bow made from the tail hair of horses and other such animals along a string. Basic examples of stringed instruments include the Satar, the Ghijak, the Komul Ghijak, and the Khushtar.
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Plucked Instruments Musical instruments that use a nahun, a Zahmak, or a finger in order to pluck strings to produce sound are called plucked musical instruments. Basic examples of such instruments include the Barbab, the Rawab (the Kashgar Rawab, the Dolan Rawab, the Chap lima Rawab ), the Tambur, the Dutar, the Kalun, and the Chang. Percussion Instruments Percussion musical instruments are stringless and are played by the beating of hands or (hitting with) tubular sticks. These musical instruments determine the rhythm of the music. They also place a lively and influential mood upon the music. The main percussion instruments are the Tabilvaz, the Naghra, the Dap, the Sapayi, the Qoshuq, the Tash, and so on. The large number of Uyghur musical instruments places the Uyghurs in a high position among world nationalities. 28. Our Sense of Adventure Our elders have some words of wisdom: to learn to cross the mountain pass, go in the dark of night. Right now, this spirit is in short supply. We absolutely need to do everything with such an attitude. People should always have the attitude that they are creating something new. For this, courage and drive, along with a spirit of adventure, are necessary. We all know the parable of the foal crossing the river. In the story, the foal is crossing the river while carrying a bag of wheat on his back. At that very moment he meets a squirrel who tells him of the river's depth. He begins to vacillate as to whether he should dare to cross the river. Then, he meets a cow who tells him of the river's shallowness. The foal is then all the more unsure of what he should do. He goes to his mother's side to ask her help, and she answers, "Try to cross the river yourself, then you will know of its shallowness or depth." So, he returns, and finally crossed the river victoriously. Today, many think like the foal from this parable while doing something, thinking about questions such as, Could I be harmed? And How will this be? and, while vacillating between these thoughts, decide to refuse to do it. In my opinion, had they a spirit of adventure, they would not think about receiving benefit or harm, but just do it: should they succeed, they would be boundlessly joyful; should they be harmed, they would gain extremely helpful experience. Our own countryman the " Sky King" Adil Hoshur, the "Sand Princess" Gulzohra, the " Son of the Taklamakan" Jiiret Obulqasim and others
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Translations achieved victory by being bold. They demonstrated their fearlessness and heroic resolve. We should dare to be bold like that! Of course, while doing something we will meet with various difficulties and issues. Certainly, if we have a firm, unweakening desire to try, we can make all things a reality. In a nutshell, put your boat in the river of risk! Whether it floats or whether it sinks, at least you will have no regret. 29. A Chemical Fertilizer Price Increase
According to reports, in response to a sudden increase in fertilizer prices in the Autonomous Region, the Uyghur Region's largest chemical fertilizer business, the Autonomous Regional Farm Production Tool Group Company, has used all available means to decrease the costs associated with using chemical fertilizers by as large a degree as possible. According to reports, this year the rise in the prices of chemical fertilizers in the Uyghur region has been relatively high. The price of the chemical fertilizer most used by farmers in the Uyghur region, which is sent in from America, has increased harmfully. The price of phosphorous-derived fertilizer produced domestically (in China) increased from 600 yuan to 740 yuan per ton. The price of nitrogen-derived fertilizer produced in the Uyghur region increased by roughly ten percent. The Uyghur Autonomous Region Farm Tool Production Group Company, which, with regard to the chemical fertilizer business, controls 90 percent of the Uyghur Region market, is trying to stop the chemical fertilizer price increases to lighten the burden of the farmer. Reports indicate that before the increase in the price of chemical fertilizers, the number of sources from which materials could be gathered was expanded and sufficient reserves were amassed. If farmers buy chemical fertilizer, a company subsidiary will take on all shipping fees, decreasing the overall costs. As a result, the price increases for chemical fertilizer in the northern and southern areas of the Uyghur Autonomous Region have been brought under control. But, according to some Uyghur farmers, due to their low financial income, the possibility of buying the needed chemical fertilizer is small. Some are buying fertilizer with borrowed money. Some have used loans to buy chemical fertilizer, but since food prices are low, they are unable to pay for the loan and other costs, and, therefore, a situation is created in which they are choked by their debt.
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Translations 30. Traditional Uyghur Medicine 1. The Sand Immersion Treatment In the Turpan district of the Uyghur region, providing medical treatment by immersing a person in sand has been recognized for a very long time. Treatment by immersion in sand is seen as an important component of Uyghur folk medicine. The completion of a set of buildings for carrying out the treatment of some chronic illnesses, during which the body of the afflicted person is submerged in sun-heated sand during the summer in the high heat and dry climate, has moved the development of the sand treatment facilities of the region forward. Every day from June though the end of August, more than ten thousand visitors come to this place for treatment for such chronic diseases as rheumatism, joint inflammation, back and, leg pain, throat inflammation, women's afflictions, and other illnesses of a chronic or recurrent character. The treatment is more than 92% effective. The sand treatment attracts the interest not only of local people, but also of foreigners because of its lack of side effects, its low cost, and its fast results. For the last several years, patients from Russia, America, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and other countries have been coming for treatment. 2. Achievements in Treatment of Vitiligo The results brought by treatment at the Uyghur Autonomous Regional Uyghur Folk Medicine Hospital by the departments of Vitiligo, Bone, and Internal Medicine are superior to that of similar (equivalent) hospitals. The specialized department for the treatment of vitiligo is in particular recognized as the best special department for this disease in all of China. In this hospital, the method used to treat the difficult-to-treat vitiligo includes the taking of (internal) medicine, the use of external medicine, and treatment with plant roots, effectively handling relatively 96-98 percent of cases.
Now, the number of people coming for treatment from the inner provinces of China, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan is increasing.
31. The Idea of Uyghur Trade Names If we examine our history, we see that the concept of a trademark was first formed among the Uyghur people long ago. For instance- Hotan carpets, silk and nuts, Kashgar pomegranates, Komul melons, Kucha wool and apricots, Turpan grapes, Ghulja apples, Atush figs - the renown of many products has seeped their way into the very minds of our people.
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The following Uyghur businesspeople have a deep understanding of the critical importance of these trade names. Bit by bit, they are beginning to include their product's names in these legal lists and competing to establish marks for their own products. For instance, such names as Arman's Products, Amina's On-the-Go Powders, Darman's Breads, Yengisar's Knives, Alisher's Shoes, Naju's Henna, Shabnam - chewing gum, and numerous other products have all appeared. In connection with this, Uygbur businesspeople are now faced with the difficult issue of making their products well-known amidst this era of intensifying market competition. Recently, the American magazine Business and Industry Journal published a list of the 100 most valuable trademarks in the world. Coca-Cola was first one the list, with a value of 689.5 billion dollars. Microsoft Corporation, with a value of 650.7 billion, was number two. Of all these trademarks, 62 are American. We still don't have an internationally or even nationally recognized corporation or well-known trademark that has established a foothold in even the most basic of provincial markets. Even products such as our Arman, Amina, or Mizan brands and others - Niya Cosmetics and others which we know and are, relatively speaking, very familiar to us, are unknown to a large number of people in the markets of the inner provinces in spite of their being advertised nonstop on a daily basis on television. Businessmen in economically developed countries typically spend 10 to 20 percent of their total revenues on advertising. Although our products are equivalent to those of national and international markets, weak advertising is one reason we cannot put our products on the national - and international - stage. The current era is the era of market competition. The era in which it was said "even among garbage, gold does not lose its value" is gone. Many of our businessmen are paying little attention to the observation of market circumstances, the selection of their workforce, and the (good) care and strengthening of their product marks. Some businessmen who have their own products watch over everything. 32. Mahmud Kasbgari and His Tomb The Mausoleum of Mahmud Kashgari is located 5.47 kilometers to the west ofKashgar and 5.32 kilometers from the Kashgar Kona Sheher county bazaar on a hill in the village of Mollam Gardens in the town of Opal, and is called the Hazrat Mollam Mausoleum. According to historical sources, this mausoleum was built at the beginning of the twelfth century. The
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Translations Mahmud Kashgari family cemetery is located behind it. On the east side, there is a lush forest, a clear-water spring, and a landscape that is said to be extremely beautiful. Since the time of the Karakhan Dynasty, this area has been a place of rest and relaxation. Mahmud Kashgari came into the world in approximately 1008 A.D. in the village of Azigh in the town of Opal, which was governed by Kashgar. He was a famous linguist and historian of the Karakhan era. He was involved with knowledge and education for all of his life. He carried out detailed investigations on the cities and villages in which Turkic tribes lived, compiling materials and doing academic research on the languages of these Turkic tribes and their differences, their ethnic roots, their history, their geographical locations, and their culture and customs. In 1058 A.D. during the Karakhan dynasty, there was an internal coup in which his father Hussein was killed, after which Mahmud Kashqari was forced from his homeland, and forced to live the life of a vagabond in outer lands for more than 14 years. In 1072 A.D. he arrived in Baghdad, the capital of the Arab-Islamic Caliphate. Here, he wrote his Dictionary of the Turkic Languages, which he completed in 1076 and then presented to the 27th Caliph, Obulkasim Abdulla Binni Muhkammadil Muktadiy Bin Amirulls of the Abbasid Caliphate.
According to historical sources, the Mausoleum of Mahmud Kashgari has been restored several times since the twelfth century. It is clear that in all of these instances, the local people collected the funding to restore the Mausoleum ofMahmud Kashgari twice- in the Muslim year 1245 (1829 in the Christian calendar) and the Muslim year 1315 (1897 in the Christian calendar). The Mausoleum of Mahmud Kashgari includes buildings such as a fasting center, a reading room, a praying room, a mosque, and a gate with double towers. These buildings are made from brick and wood, have flat ceilings, and have decorated frames, rafters, and doorjams. Window lattices are set into the front and northern side of the fasting center. The guest rooms and the darvaza zali - the Gate Hall - have been made with domed ceilings. In general, the tomb's layout, the materials used in construction, and the decorations and adornments put upon it embody the characteristics of Uyghur Islamic architecture. However, during the last 100 years, because of the lack of proper care - and in particular because of the destructive earthquake which took place in 1985 -only the tomb and the gates remain. Traces of the ancient medrese still remain on the left side of the tomb.
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It is said that towards the end of his life, around 1080 A.D., Mahmud Kashgari left his Baghdad borne and returned to Opal where be taught for several years at the local medrese. In 1105 A.D., the 97-year-old died. 33. Uyghur Homes
The architecture of Uygbur homes can be divided into the courtyard and the house. There are many styles, each with rich ethnic and cultural characteristics. In additionto its own particular characteristics, Uyghur architecture was also influenced by the styles of surrounding nationalities. Before their practice of Islam, Uygbur architecture was influenced to a certain extent by Indian architecture, which they had contact with during the Buddhist period, something proven by the presence of the Buddhist caves in Turpan and Kuchar and likewise by ancient city ruins. After the Uygburs converted to Islam, Arabic and Persian styles of architecture began influencing their building styles. For the most part, this influence appears in the form of mosques, religious schools, tombs, and minarets, as well as in palaces, mansions, the pillars of buildings, and in colorful and ornate decorations. This also had a marked influence on the homes of the normal population. Most homes are four-sided and single-story. The roofs are smooth. Floral patterns are carved into the main support, windows and doors. The top edge of the wall has a design made with bricks. Uygburs like making grape trellises for their courtyards, as well as planting fruit-bearing trees and plants. The reason for this is, first of all, tied to their addiction to flowers and love for greenery, and, secondly, because of their lifestyle and the geographic area and environment in which they live - the majority of them are farmers and horticulturalists. Further, because the climate in which they live is hot during the summer, most Uygburs put grape trellises in their courtyards and then enjoy resting and eating food underneath them. Inside the home, shelves are made in the walls and food, dishes and tools for the making of handicrafts are placed upon them. Tapestries bang on the wall and rugs are placed upon the floor. The rooms are decorated according to ethnic characteristics and arranged stylishly. Uyghur homes also have regional characteristics with small differences existing between homes constructed in the Kashgar, Aksu and Hoten districts in the south of Tangritagb and homes constructed by Uyghurs in the Turpan and Khumul areas.
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However, the creation of gardens, making a place for flowers, decorating one's home, and cleaning the home and the courtyard are common customs for Uyghurs in all areas. The homes of Uyghurs in the south of the Tarim Basin have their own specific characteristics. The roofs of the houses are straight and flat. Their foundations are packed with stone. Clay bricks are then laid on top of them, or the entire building will be framed with wood after which bricks will be stacked between the studs. The large amount of wood in such homes makes them very sturdy, providing an excellent defensive measures, from earthquakes. In the Turpan area, most houses are made with domed roofs. The top of
Kemir houses are covered with half-circle shapes formed (bent into shape) in raw clay. With the exception of the doors and windows, no wood is used. Kemir homes are warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Older Uyghur homes did not have heating and cooling systems. But, instances of cooling and heating being installed in modem homes are becoming more numerous. This is mostly dependent on (tied to) a person's economic status. But, some traditional Uyghur homes have brick fireplaces and wood burning stoves and are thus heated in the winter. However, starting in the middle of the twentieth century, cast iron and metal stoves appeared. So, in the winter, those who were able to put these stoves in their homes, warmed their homes with coal or firewood. This has become very popular. The homes of Uyghurs usually have many rooms, one of which is used especially for cooking. This room is called the ashkhana. During the winter, food is made there. But, food isn't made here during the summer, but is instead prepared in a kitchen that is set up in the courtyard. A stove or specially- made oven is used for cooking food. A chimney is formed in the wall next to the stove for pulling the smoke that comes out of it outdoors through the roof of the house. 34. Patriotism and Educationalism In conscious society, the link between patriotism and educationalism is a
relationship that embodies a lofty idea of great value. These two concepts are as solidly connected as flesh and blood. The concept of a ''motherland" is aimed at the central place where the past, present, and future of a people - a people who have grown up and had their umbilical blood spilled in the same place -join. The concept of "patriot''- on the other hand - describes those conscious people who can act with a great love, giving everything of
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themselves so their country and their people can walk the path and reach intellectual perfection. Yet, only a person with an education, a true patriot and enthusiastic educationalist, can love his motherland with everything in him. A person can only be capable of telling the difference between his own personal needs and those of his country through his level of education. The true meaning of maarip, meripet, and other such Arabic-language terms expresses the concept of filling the hearts of one's children with the light of knowledge. It is the schools and the teachers who are the lighters of these torches. So, a child whose heart has been opened by education can understand that his destiny is closely connected with the destiny of his motherland, and, that if he receives one share of benefit from his motherland, he is obligated to return this share hundredfold in size. Yet, the level of an educated society is visible not in whether or not they have achieved great appearance or poise, but rather in whether or not they are intellectually fulfilled and whether or not they have moral virtue. Such levels can only be achieved through education and a struggle for enlightenment. Educationalists are the people who lead the way towards fulfilling this great responsibility. Before the liberation, there were three waves of enlightenment in Uyghur society. The Huseiniya School, established during the second half of the nineteenth century, as well as other educational centers, including the Maksudiya, Talimiya, and Mat/a II Irpan Schools which were founded at the beginning of the 20th century, represent this first movement. The famous representatives of that educational era were Bawudon Musabai, Mahsut Muhiti, Abdukadir Damulla, Husainhan Tajalli, Molla Musa Sairami, and others. Some were scholars who studied in other lands, and some were leaders who were the first to lay a foundation for the creation of a national industry, bringing tools and technology from abroad. The second of these movements for enlightenment was in the 30s of this (20th) century. Qutluq Shewqi, Memet Eli Tewpiq, Abduxaliq Uyghur, Jirjis Haji, Memtimin Sopizade, and others were representative of this wave. 35. Uyghur Region Schools Elementary, secondary, and technical schools- as well as universities- are all completely surrounded by high walls or iron fences, and the inside of these schools is laid out in an orderly fashion. In most cases, schools are separated into several parts, such as teaching buildings, administrative offices, athletic fields, school gardens, and employee (teachers and other workers) residence buildings. Some middle schools - and all technical schools and universities - have student dormitories and cafeterias, and the
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Translations overwhelming majority of students live in the dormitories that are on the campus. The educational system of the Uyghur region is unified with that of China and uses a nine-year compulsory system. As such, all school-age children must receive nine years of education. Elementary and mssiddle school are each six years long. Middle school is divided into two three-year parts - an "incomplete middle school" and a "complete middle school." "High vocational" or (associate degree-offering, "community") colleges last for three years, and universities for four. All schools are government -owned. While some private elementary, incomplete middle, and vocational schools have started opening recently, they must still obey the state-administered educational program. While these special schools operate under the educational policies and programming framework of the government, in addition to having characteristics such as the ability to determine what professional classes are taught, being able to guarantee a high quality education, and being able to invite high-tier educators for work, private schools also have the right to independently establish their own tuition fees. The fees for study at such schools are relatively high. In the Uyghur region, the traditional age for entering elementary school is seven, before which they are educated in kindergarten and preparatory classes. However, this is not an entirely common situation. In many regions, including agricultural regions densely populated with Uyghurs where kindergartens are either absent or present only in small numbers, most children go directly to elementary school at the requisite age. In the Uyghur region, as in the rest of China, the nine years of education are given free of charge. However, in spite of this, the schools in each area still charge various service fees on their own. Most schools also charge materials fees. Complete middle schools are all fee-based. These fees are all different and based upon the quality of the school concerned. Universities are fee-based, and the tuition changes every year. While scholarships have been established at universities, because the money is limited, most students cannot get them. Even more recently, some banks have put systems in place to provide student loans.
Uyghur students and Chinese students study in separate schools and separate classrooms. But recently, Uyghur and Chinese schools have started to integrate. Some Uyghur middle schools are gradually changing to instruction in Chinese. Students are chosen for university through a standardized, nationwide exam and a system of minimum scores taken every year in June. Currently, most students want to study the fields of business and economics, accounting, foreign languages, and medicine in order to make finding a job in their future easier.
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Xinjiang University, the largest university in the Uyghur region, and Xinjiang Medical University are the higher educational facilities at which students most want to study. Besides these, these are ten or so other institutions of higher education including the Agricultural University, the University of Business and Economics, and the Kashgar Pedagogical Institute. Xinjiang University was founded eighty years ago and was in fact the sole university in the Uyghur region. Until 2002, courses at this school could be conducted in both Uyghur and Chinese. Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and other minorities heard lectures in Uyghur while Chinese students took lectures in Chinese. But, since 2002, with the elimination of Uyghur language instruction, all Uyghur teachers give their classes in Chinese. Xinjiang University is the center ofUyghur education and Uyghur culture, and Uyghur intellectuals have been educated there for sixty years. Among them have been many scholars, writers, politicians, and other luminaries. Professional studies for master's and doctoral degrees have been established at Xinjiang University. Uyghurs began going abroad to study in the twenties and thirties of the previous century, mainly going to study at institutions of higher learning in Turkey, India, Egypt, and the Soviet Union. This was the first wave of study abroad by Uyghurs in history. Having studied there and then returned home, most Uyghur intellectuals were killed off by Sheng Shicai and other militarists. The second wave happened in the fifties and sixties. At that time, Uyghurs were generally sent to the Soviet Union. Uyghurs took their education in cities such as Tashkent, Moscow, and Alma-Ata (known today as Almaty). The third wave began in the eighties and nineties. This time there was a trend towards study in Japan, the United States, Turkey, Pakistan, Egypt, Russian, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and some other European countries. The number of people studying abroad at their own expense has risen continuously, but the number of Uyghurs compared to the number of Chinese is significantly lower. As a result of the current circumstances, Uyghurs are contacting western culture, trying to understand it, and getting excited about it, and, as such, there is a large trend for young Uyghurs to go to America to study, where they get an American education and take on American cultural values. Since the mid-nineties, scholars who have earned doctoral degrees have begun appearing among the Uyghurs in the Uyghur region. Most earned their doctorates studying at universities and research centers in the United States, Russia, Japan, Turkey, China, and some European countries.
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However, Uyghur doctors appeared in the Soviet Union in the thirties and forties, and, according to some records, there are now more than five hundred doctors from every branch of science among the Uyghurs in Russia and the former Soviet Republics of Central Asia. Many of them are counted as the leading scholars in the noted universities and scientific research centers of Russia and the other republics. 36. Monuments with Uyghur Writing One of the greatest contributions of our people to human culture is Uyghur writing. In ancient times the use of writing indicated the highest level of cultural development because so very few peoples had reached the level needed to invent such a thing. This writing system was used by our ancestors continuously from the fifth through the eighteenth centuries for 1,300 years. From the fifth through the eleventh centuries, the Uyghur writing system was used in equal amounts with the Ancient Turkic writing sistem. Mahkmud Kashgari wrote about this point in his book Divanu Lughati Turk. In it, it is said that besides the Uyghur's 24-letter alphabet, another (type of) writing was used for official letters and documents that other Turkic tribes did not know. Historian S.G. Klayshtorniy suggests (surmises, hypothesizes) that this later writing is probably an Ancient Turkic one (writing). This is because the latest complete monuments found at Turpan, and the first legal documents found in this city of ancient culture (Turpan) and Donghuang, were written in the ancient Turkic writing. This work of M. Kashkariy is one the last examples that used this now-defunct Turkic writing system. So, our ancestors used both the Uyghur and the ancient Turkic writing sistems equally for five to six centuries. Uyghur writing is small regard to the number of letters and simple to use with regard to writing. It therefore took the place of the ancient Turkic alphabet by the eleventh century. The number of monuments with Uyghur writing found in Turpan and the surrounding vicinity is very large. But, there are 14,000 monuments with Uyghur language (inscriptions) and Uyghur writing kept in Berlin and Saint Petersburg. In addition to these cities, thousands of monuments created by our ancestors are kept safe in London, Urumqi, Tokyo, Paris, Istanbul, and Beijing. In the first quarter of the thirteenth century after Chingis Khan had
accepted the Uyghur alphabet as the official writing of the Mongol empire, Uyghur writing spread to all places which had either been conquered by Chingis Khan or with which he had established ties.
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Nearly all demands for writing (writing related work) of this great state were brought into reality (filled) by the Uyghurs. Besides being the teachers of Chingis Khan's descendants and carrying out the affairs of state, the Uyghurs also spread the Buddhist faith. They translated numerous Buddhist texts from Uyghur to Mongolian. In the process, hundreds of Uyghur words were incorporated into the Mongolian language. According to some sources, based upon the Mongols' belief that Uyghur was to be the language of the Buddhist religion Gust as the Arabic language is the language of Islam), Mongols prayed to Buddha in Uyghur. Historian Rashida-Din wrote that knowledge of the Uyghur alphabet in the 13th and 14th centuries was a sign of a high culture. Then, after the fall of the Mongol empire and in spite of Islam's strengthening influence, the Uyghur writing system was still widely used in Central Asia. In Central Asian cities such as Yazdi, Heart, and Samarkand, many literary works were written and copied into the Uyghur writing system. Many of the masters (most skilled scribes) were Uyghur. They were called "Bakhshi." 37. The Geographic Situation of Uyghur Region The Uyghur Region, now officially called the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region by the Chinese government, is situated at the center of the Eurasian continent and is counted as one of the places furthest from the ocean. Throughout history, the Uyghurs have calJed their (own) country various names such as East Turkistan, Uyghurstan, and Uyghur Eli (Uyghur Land). The Chinese name "Xinjiang" first appeared at the end ofthe 19th century and means ''new border" or "new territory." The name Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region has been used since 1955. The Uyghur Autonomous Region is 1.66 million square kilometers in size and accounts for one sixth the total area of China. Uyghur Land borders eight countries: Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Mongolia, India, and Afghanistan. In history, the Uyghur region, which was seen as the intersection of the famous Silk Road, played critical roles in the economic and cultural relations between East and West. Since ancient times, the Uyghurs have formed and developed in this land, and their destiny is connected to this place. The characteristics of the Uyghur Region terrain are special: mountain chains and basins are arranged side by side; high mountains surround basins. Therefore, this land is described as "three valleys and two basins."
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Translations The Altay Moutains are located to the north and, the Kunlun Mountain System is located to the south. The Tengritagh (Mountains) are located in the center and divide the Uyghur region into northern and southern parts. The Tarim Basin is in the south, and the Jungar Basin is in the north. The Tarim basin is the largest in the world. It's territory is more than 530,000 square kilometers and it is located among the Tianshan (Tengritagh) and Kunlun Mountains. The world-famous Takla Makan Desert is located in the middle of the basin, and its territory is more than 324,000 square kilometers, making it the world's second largest (mobile) desert. The Jungar Basin is smaller than Tarim Basin, with a territory of 280,000 square kilometers. It is located in the north ofUyghur Land. Ayding Kol, which is located in the Turpan Basin, is the (region's) lowest point -154 meters, the second lowest place in the world.
In the Uyghur land there are many rivers - both large and small - and there are 570 of them. The Tarim River is the longest inland river with a length of more than 2,100 kilometers. The climate of the Uyghur Region is dry. There is little precipitation, with an (yearly) average of about 100 millimeters. The rivers of the ''Uyghur Land" are all inland continental flows. Most rivers extend (spread) into deserts or agricultural regions. Only a few collect in basins, where they form lakes. Uyghur Land has many Jakes. Among the these biggest are Baghrash Lake, Ebinur Lake, Sayram Lake, and others. Lake Lopnur was one of the largest lakes, but has now dried up. The Uyghur Region· s underground resources are very rich; oil, coal and others are abundant. Besides these, tungsten, gold, copper, and others are in rich supply. Uyghurs love and value their broad, holy land and see it as their mother country. 38. An Oil Pipeline
According to reports from Kazakh and Chinese news agencies, it has been decided that work on the oil pipeline that is to connect the Kazakh city of Atasu and the Uyghur Autonomous Region city of Alataw will begin this year and will be completed at the end of2005.
In addition to guaranteeing it will send China more than 10 million tons of raw crude every year once the pipeline is put into service, Kazakhstan which is counted as a state with an open market economy - has said it
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welcomes other countries to conduct trade with them and send oil to China through this pipeline. To build the pipeline, China and Kazakhstan conducted research and did preparatory work - work that included addressing issues of security - on numerous occasions. The Atasu-Alataw pipeline is nearly 1,000 kilometers and will be a critical component of a larger pipeline from the west of Kazakhstan to the west of the China. According to a report, the China-Kazakhstan petroleum pipeline has extreme strategic significance for China and a total length of more than 3000 kilometers. This line begins in the west of the western part of Kazakhstan from the Caspian Sea port city of Atraw, cutting across the entire expanse of Kazakhstan to Alataw on the Kazakh-Chinese border, then connecting to Maytagh in the Uyghur Region. The project will be completed in three stages. In the opinion of experts, the construction of the Sino-Kazakh petroleum pipeline will tum Xinjiang into an oil depot, playing a critical role in filling China's demand for oil. According to the opinions of experts, China's need for oil is currently increasing on a daily basis.
After September eleventh, in order to solve problems relating to the Chinese government's future need for oil, they, along with Russian and Central Asian governments, have been paying attention to the strengthening of cooperation in energy-related spheres. Establishing cooperation with Central Asian governments and countries on the Caspian Sea that have large oil resources has become a critical goal for the Chinese government. Observers indicate that the Chinese government is, on one hand, trying to meet it's own oil needs, and, on the other, strengthening its military and political cooperation with the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (such as Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan) in order to accelerate its fight against the Uyghur independence movement. The oil pipeline agreement between China and Kazakhstan was signed when Kazakhstan president Nursultan Nazarbayev visited Beijing in May 2004. 39. Two Representatives of Modern Uyghur Literature
Modern Uyghur literature has many famous representatives such as Lutfulla Mutellip, Qutluq Shewki, Zunun Qadiri, Teyipjan Eliyov, Ziya Semidi, Zordun Sabir, Turghun Almas, and many others. Besides these, another two well-known writers are worthy of both a high place in Uyghur
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Translations literature and high respect among the Uyghurs. The first is the renowned writer, poet, and scholar Abdureyim Otkur who passed away in 1995. The other was nationalist Abduxaliq Uyghur who was killed by warlords. Abdureyim Otkur was one of the people who played a critical role in 20th century Uyghur culture. He was born in 1923 in Qumul and graduated from the Xinjiang Inistitute in Urumchi in 1942. Mister Otkur first released his poems in 1940. The poems "Along Tarim River" and ''Melodies of the Heart" received the high acclaim of society. The author' s novels The Trace and The Awaked Land, which were published in the 1980s and 1990s, became some of the most popular novels of Uyghur literature. He was not only a poet and writer, but also a Uyghur historian and researcher of classical literature. Abduxaliq is another Uyghur poet. His used the pen name "Uyghur" and was born in Turpan in 1901. As a youth, he read works of classical Uyghur literature and learned Arabic and Persian in a religious school. He also knew Russian, Chinese, and, of course, other Turkic languages. Abduxaliq Uyghur as one of the first representatives of the Uyghur Educationalist Movement and tried to educate Uyghurs on the ideas of nationalism, patriotism, and independence. Abduxaliq called on his own people to awaken from inactivity and to take control of their future through revolution. Abduxaliq Uyghur was a participant in the 1933 Turpan Uprising. During the uprising, Warlord Sheng Shicai beheaded this young poet along with 17 ofhis compatriots. Abduxaliq wrote many poems such as ''Wake Up" "Open Up," and others.
40. Two Poems: "Wake Up Uyghur" and "Trace" Wake Up Uyghur By Abduxaliq Uyghur Hey, poor Uyghur, wake up! You 've slept enough. You have nothing. You have nothing to lose but your life. If you do not rescue yourself from this death, Oh, your situation is dangerous, is dangerous. Get up, I said! Raise your head and open your eyes. Cut off your enemy' s head. Spill his blood! If you don' t open your eyes and have a good look around, You will die in your sleep one day. There is no other way.
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Your body already looks lifeless! Do you have no fear of death? I call to you, but you lie there motionless Will you die like that without waking up? Widen your eyes and look around you, Think long and hard about your future. If you lose this precious opportunity, Your future will be in trouble, will be in trouble! Oh, I feel pity for you, my Uyghur, My compatriot, my brother, my kin! Out of concern for your state, I awaken you, But you don' t listen! What happened to you?! The day will come when you will regret, At that time, you will understand my words. You will say "Oh," but it will be too late. Then, Uyghur, you will accept my words! Turfan, 1921
Trace By Abdureyim Otkur We were young when we started our journey, Now our grandchildren are able to ride on horses. We were very few upon setting out, Now we're advancing and leaving marks in the desert sand. Our traces are in the deserts and some are in the valleys, There are many heroes buried in the deserts without graves. Don't say those graves were left unmarked, Our graves are covered with blossoms in the spring. All the marks and all the destinations are faraway, And while the wind blows and the sand moves, our trails never sink away. The caravan never stops, and though our horses may wither away, Our grandchildren or great-grandchildren wilJ certainly one day find those traces. 41. Famous Uyghurs
In the twentieth century, many famous pariotic people - national heroes, famous artists, writers, athletes, and others - appeared among the Uyghurs. Some of them were killed by their enemies, taken before their time. There
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are many famous Uyghurs. Below, I will describe a few of examples of them. Sabit Damolla Abdulbaqi Sabit Damolla was a famous man who holds a very important place in twentieth century Uyghur political history. Through his establishing the East Turkestan Islamic Republic in Kashgar on November 12th, 1933, he laid the foundation for the appearence and formation of republican ideas among the Uyghurs. Sabit Damolla was born in Atush in 1883. He received his education in the former Soviet Union, some European countries, Turkey, Egypt, India, and other countries and made scholarly trips abroad. By participating in the 1933 Khotan and Kashgar uprising, Sabit Damolla turned into one of their leaders, and, as a result, at the formation of the East Turkestan Islamic Republic in Kashgar on November 12, 1933, was chosen as prime minister and, as such, led all affairs of state. After the demise of the republic, as a result of the interference by the Soviet Union, Sabit Damolla was thrown into prison by Sheng Shicai and killed at the end of 1941. As a famous religious scholar, he wrote many articles and books and translated the Qur'an into Uyghur. Khoja Niyaz. Hajim Khoja Niyaz Hajim was one of the leaders of the widescale national liberation movement, president of the East Turkestan Islamic Republic founded in Kashgar in 1933 and vice-chairman of the provincial government. He was born in Qumul and in, 1912 when he was young, he participated in the Qumul Separatist Uprising. He lead the Qurnul Uprising in 1931 and was very quickly recognized as the leader of the struggle for national liberation in the entire Uyghur region. On account of the interference and mediation brought by the Soviet Union, he put together an agreement with the Moscow-controlled Sheng Shicai that stopped the fighting, and he became vice-chairman of the provincial government. But, in October of 1937, Sheng Shicai suddenly discarded the agreement and, with the support of the Soviet Union, arrested, purged, and killed Khoja Niyaz Hajim and many other famous people, intellectuals, businessmen, and industrialists. Muhemmed /min Bughra Muhemmed lmin Bughra is a well-known Uyghur historian and political leader. He was born in 1901 in Khotan, received his religious education there, and was known among his people in his youth. He led the 1932
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Rotan Uprising, founded the Rotan government and was given the name ''the Emir of Rotan." Muhemmed Imin Bughra was confirmed as one of the famous leaders of the Uyghur National Liberation Uprising in 1933. When the uprising was defeated in 1934, he went to Afghanistan to seek asylum. Afterwards, he went to Nanjing, worked for the Chinese central government, and returned to Urumqi in 1945 where he acted as vice-chairman of the provincial government along with other roles. In September of 1949, he left his country and went to Turkey where he settled and Jed activites directed towards East Turkestan's politcal claims. The activites of Muhemmed Imin Bughra were twofold: the first was a struggle fought with arms, the second was a struggle fought with a pen. He wrote a thick-volumed book called The History of East Turkestan that was the first such book among the Uyghurs. Muhemrned Imin Bughra's The Struggle of the Pen, The History of East Turkestan, Geography and Current Situation, East Turkestan and its Fight for Freedom and many other books, articles, and works of literature were published in Uyghur, Arabic, Persian, Chinese, Turkish, English, and other languages. He died in Turkey in 1965.
Eysa Yusup Aliptekin Eysa Ylisilp Aliptekin was one of the most widely known Uyghur political leaders of the twentieth century. He was born in Kashgar's Yengi Hisar county in 1901 and, as a young man, worked in the diplomatic service. In 1948, after becoming secretary of the provincial government in Urumqi, he went abroad with Muhemmed Imin Bughra, settling in Turkey, where he became known as a leader in pressing the claims of East Turkestan and headed the political activites ofUyghur aborad before finally dying in 1995.
Essentially, Eysa Yiislip Aliptekin spread the ideas of Uyghur nationalism and the idea of a Turkic identity, and was instrumental in these ideas being spread among the Uyghurs and with their becoming known abroad.
Mesud Sabiri Doctor Mesud Sabiri Bayqozi was one of the founders of the Uyghur Educationalist Movement and one of the leaders pressing for Uyghur political claims. Doctor Mesud Sabiri Bayqozi was born in Ghuja in 1887 and was the first man among the Uyghurs to go to Turkey to study medicine. In 1947 he became the first Uyghur chairman of the provincial government in Urumqi.
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During this time, along with his compatriots Muhemmed Irnin Bughra, Eysa Yiisup Aliptekin, and others, he invited the government of Chiang Kai Shek to change the name of Xinjiang to Turkestan on several occasions and made an appeal to change the Chinese constitution to give high autonomy to this region. Doctor Mesud Sabiri died in prison in 1952. Exmetjan Qasimi Exmetjan Qasimi was the leader of the National Liberation Revolution from 1944 until 1949. He was born in 1914, and, as a young man, received his primary and secondary education in the Soviet Union. He then purused university study at the Central Asian State University in Tashkent and the Moscow Eastern Languages Institute. He became the deputy secretary of the government and the minister of the Ministry ofMilitary of the East Turkistan Republic which established in Ghulja, On Novenmber 12, 1944. From 1946 on, Exmetjan Qasimi was the leader of the National Liberation Revolution.
To this day, Uyghurs are suspicious about the plane crash that killed him in August of 1949 while he was on the path towards making the Uyghur people's dream of freedom a reality. Turghun Almas Turghun Almas was a well-known Uyghur historian and poet. He was born in Kashgar in 1921. Beginning in the 1980s, Turghun Almas conducted Uyghur historical research, writing numerous articles and publishing books such as The Uyghurs and A BriefHistory of the Huns.
The basic tenets of Turghun Almas' historical research demonstrate that the Uyghurs are the most ancient Asian culture, that they established many independent states, and that they never belonged to China. After his books were harshly criticized and banned by the Chinese government, his influence among Uyghurs and in the international community suddenly increased. His book The Uyghurs was translated into several languages and then republished. He passed away in 2001 . Lutfulla Mutellip Lutfulla Mutellip was a talented revolutionary poet. He is one of the representatives of modem Uyghur literature. He was given the name "the poet with the fiery heart" by his people, not only because he was a talented poet, but also because he was a steadfast revolutionary.
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Lutfulla Mutellip was born in 1922. In 1945, he organized an underground organization called the East Turkestan Young Sparks Union to struggle against the enemies of his people. As a result, the 23-year-old poet was arrested by those enemies and, in September of 1945, along with other compatriots, was killed in prison. Lutfulla Mutellip produced literature for only eight years, but he still produced a wealth of results. He wrote many poems, epic tales, dramatic works, and other pieces of literature. There is not a single Uyghur who does not know his poems. His poems such as Answers for the Years and Thoughtful Dream are especially famous.
Rabiye Qadir The Uyghurs produced Rabiye Kadeer, a famous public and political figure, and human rights activist well-known to the international community. Rabiye Qadir has obtained huge success in business. She has carried out various activities including providing help to the poor and to citizens in regions that have met with disaster, obtaining work for Uyghur women, opening schools, and educating young people. In August of 1999, she was arrested and given an eight -year prison
sentence. Her activities have been recognized by the international community and by international humans rights organizations. In November of 2004, she was given the Rafto Prize, a Norweigian-based
international human rights award and, as such, was asserted as one of ten world famous women in Marie Claire Magazine, which is published in the United States. Rabiye Kadeer was released from jail on March 17, 2005 and arrived in America and continues her activities protecting human rights.
AdilHoshur The Uyghurs have produced a famous acrobat. He is an acrobat famous not only among the Uyghurs, but also throughout China. Adil Hoshur was deemed worthy of the name "the King of the Sky." He set a world record for the first time in 1997 when he walked across a 640 meter long steel cable 403 meters high stretched across China's Sanxia Strait on the Changjiang River. Immediately after, he also crossed several other high places.
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Adil Hoshur is the person who introduced the international community to the 2000-year-long history of the Uyghur acrobatic arts. His family is known for their more than four centuries of work in this profession. Adil Hoshur is loved as a hero by his people. 42. Factors in the Formation ofUygbur Nationalism
The following four factors played important roles in the formation of Uyghur nationalism at the beginning ofthe twentieth century. First of all, the educationalist movement was based upon the new-school style of teaching. In nearly all the new-style schools that appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century, the people who taught were Tatar intellectuals from Kazan who held Jedidistic ideologies and young Uyghur people, such as Mesud Sabiri, Tursun Ependi, and Memtili Tewpiq, who studied in Istanbul and in other locations and had the goal of turning their people's lack of development around, providing their people with an education and finding a future for them. Besides them, pro-development, anti-superstitious scholars such as Islamic scholar Abdukadir Damolla and the politically-opinionated Khutluk Shewkhi carried out various propaganda campaigns. Representatives of the progressive Uyghur bourgeoisie such as the Musabayov brothers, Tash Ahun, and Mexsut Muhiti built the material foundation of this movement and supported it. By benefiting from the new school approach, finding out about world happenings and comparing their own people to other free people, they trained their spirits to struggle and learned to think about their own futures and their own current circumstances. They structured their lessons according to the European style of teaching, preparing and printing their own teaching materials. Their goal was to nurture their people' s spirit of nationalism and, ultimately, though education, to get political rights for the Uyghurs. The given Educationalist Movement played a significant role in the formation and development ofUyghur Nationalism. Second, after the First World War, there were political, social and cultural changes in neighboring Central Asia. Obviously, monarchy had ended in Russia. Seeing this as their opportunity to become free of the Russian monarchy and to be independent, Central Asian people participated actively in political and social movements. Using this opportunity, political parties formed in Central Asia. These parties advocated separating from Russia and forming an independent state of the Turkic people. Third, the formation of Uzbek, Kyrghyz, Kazakh, and other Turkic nationalism within the confines of communism at the beginning of twentieth century influenced the development of Uyghur nationalism.
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Starting in 1924 with the implementation of the Autonomous Republic Policy in Central Asia, the Tajik, Turkmen, Kazakh and Kirghlz Soviet Autonomous Republics appeared on the scene. Within a short time, there were various developments in culture and education, art, science, health, transportation, and other such spheres. Uyghurs saw these changes in Central Asia with their own eyes and these changes in turn influenced them. They then compared these changes to the situation in their homeland. Fourth, Uyghurs living in Soviet territory participated actively not only in the movements happening in Central Asia, but also established their own political organization called the Revolutionary Uyghur which placed great significance on the development of a Uyghur national spirit. On the 2nd of June 1921 , a congress was convened in Tashkent where it was decided that the names Taranchi and Kashgarlik would be done away with and that the name Uyghur would be adopted. The strength of Central Asian Uyghur nationalism and the growth of their educational level brought about the idea of overthrowing the Chinese oppressors in their motherland and establishing their own nation.
In the twenties and thirties [of the 20th century], Central Asian Uyghur intellectuals and writers in particular, wrote many literary works on the topic of Uyghurstan. Political and cultural figures such as Abdulla Rozibaqiyev, Ismail Tahirov, Abdulhey Muhemmidi, and others strengthened the Uyghurstan Movement and were developers of the Uyghur nationalistic ideology. Uyghur nationalism had essentially formed by the 1930s, and, as a result, the national liberation movement of the period that extended from 1933 to 1937 had arisen. Afterwards, Sheng Shisay and the tyranny of the Guomingdang government strengthened Uyghur Nationalism all the more. During the time of the East Turkestan Republic from 1944-1949, Uyghur nationalism continued to develop. At the end of the twentieth century and today, it has reached its peak. 43. Moscow Thoughts
During the final stages of the Soviet Union from 1990 until 1996, I was in Moscow, living the life of a research student. During this period I saw with my own eyes how the flag of Communism - which threatened the world for seventy years - was lowered from the Kremlin without a single shot being fired and how this gloomy and tyrannical empire which divided humanity into two political camps was erased from the pages of history. I knew how these people, who had been denied their democratic rights for such a long time, had struggled for a new life. For me, these days are unforgettable.
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Translations The six years of my life in this empire are the theme of a book I wrote called "Moscow Thoughts. " What follows is just one ofpart of it. Today, there may not be a single town in Central Asia, the Far East, or even in Europe in which the Uyghurs have not stepped. Central Asia has provided Uyghur businessmen with especially favorable circumstances because they are neither shy nor hesitant while working there. These favorable circumstances are: First of all, with regard to religion, all the people of Central Asia adhere to the Sunni sect of the Muslim faith. Second of all, with regard to ethnicity, the Uyghurs have common origins and ancestry with the Kazakhs, the Kyrgyzs, the Uzbeks, the Turkmen, the Karakalpaks, and the other nationalities of Central Asia and a more or Jess common temperament, daily life, set of customs and anthropological makeup, as well as common aesthetic and philosophical views, values, and business psychology. The differences between the Uyghurs and their brotherly peoples began to appear and increase mainly in the twenties of the twentieth century. From the end of the fifties through the middle of the eighties, due to the cutting of ties, these differences became more pronounced. Extremely different characteristics formed among the people who lived in these two different national systems and cultural circles. In spite of this, and due to their having so much common ground, these differences have not had much impact and the common ties have not vanished entirely. Third, regarding language, the tongues of the Turkic people of Central Asia belong to the Turkic family of the Altaic system, and, if the slight lexical, phonetic, and morphological differences are not taken into account, the languages are generally said to be mutually intelligible. So, in short, an Uzbek trader from Samarkand can freely speak and do business with a Uyghur trader from the village of Shor Eriq or Ong Eriq in Atush, or from Khotan, Kashgar, Yarkend, Aksu, Turpan, Komul, Gbulja, or Chochek. And he can do so without having to bother finding an interpreter. Naturally, it is the same with the Kyrgyzs and the Kazakhs. These favorable linguistic circumstances send Uyghurs into all of Central Asia and to the farthest villages and cities of Kazakhstan without impediment. When Uyghurs go among such local people, those others are not even able to recognize them quickly. The fourth such favorable circumstance is the important factor of the Uyghurs becoming a local presence in Central Asian cities. This is especially the case in the Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Turkmen, and Tajik republics where a relatively large number of Uyghurs have settled. The
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Translations
Uyghurs in these places live collected in groups and solidly preserve their customs, language, and temperament, as well as a direct spiritual link with their motherland. What's more, many in the Uyghur population attach importance to trade and have experience and connections. Therefore, the spirit of patriotism and nationalism is high, and they preserve their deep love for their motherland. All of the given reasons provide the Uyghurs with favorable circumstances. 44. The Production and Construction Corps
Uyghurs indicate that the Production and Construction Corps, which for the more than 50 years of its existence in the Uyghur region has strengthened and developed on all fronts, is being formed not only as a military and political power, but also an economic one. In the opinion of observers, these are China's "armed farmers" who stand against all activities of Uyghurs carried out in pursuit of their political dream of establishing an independent government. The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps is customarily referenced (called) by the abbreviation "Bingtuan." The regions controlled by the Bingtuan have two characteristics: the south of the Uyghur region is basically a region of agricultural production and Urumqi, Ghulja, Shihezi, Wujiachu and others places situated to the northern of Tengritagh were formed into an economic zone. These places are bases for the production of "Bingtuan" cotton, crops, and ranching, as well as the production of basic food stuffs, textiles, and electronics, and are therefore considered critical for providing the Bingtuan with an economic foundation. Currently, II Bingtuan-controlled companies, such as the Ili High Quality Alcohol Factory, the August First Textiles Factory, the Kui Tun Electrical Station, and the Tian Ye Real Estate Corporation are traded on the stock market. The Uyghur Region is blessed with superior geographic circumstances, as it is bordered by many foreign countries, which is good for foreign trade. However, sixteen of the Uygur Region's border ports are under the control of the Bingtuan - a situation which creates an opportunity for the Bingtuan to do business with Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and others directly. This is because Bingtuan controlled areas are situated where the Uyghur Region borders other countries. Now, the Bingtuan has direct economic ties with 66 countries and more than I70 export bases. According to a report of the Bingtuan Economic Meeting, the Bingtuan has 130 regiments and production sites, with one regiment reaching an economic income level of 368 million American dollars in 2003 and an
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Translations approximate per capita income of 22000 yuan. In 2004, the Bingtuan reached an estimated output level of28 billion of yuan. Recently, a Chinese news agency said that the Bingtuan personal average yearly income has reached more than II ,700 yuan. This is a very large number. According to an official Chinese report, currently the Bingtuan' s population is more than 2 million 500 thousand. Most of observers estimate that, in reality, the population of the Bingtuan is much higher. Some of these observers do not believe the height of the average personal Bingtuan income and suspect the reliability of the news. In I949, after the Chinese Communist Party took the Uyghur Region under
its control, the Bingtuan established a through reorganization of the People's Liberation Army - which had entered the Uyghur Region - and the surrendered Chinese Kuomintang Army. Because all of the Bingtuan government departments - economic and justice systems, cultural, educational, and other systems alike - do not belong to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regional Government. The Bingtuan is a separate government that is not subservient to the Uyghur Autonomous Regional Government, Chinese writer Wang Lixiong said, "The Bingtuan is like a Han Chinese autonomous province which belongs directly to the Chinese Central Government that lies within the territory of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region." The political and economic power of the Bingtuan are growing equally. At the same time, as a result of increased development, the lifestyle gap between the Bingtuan and the local people is becoming larger. One Bingtuan farmer said that the economic income of the Bingtuan population has gone upwards and that their monthly income is several thousand yuan larger. Although, as was said in the Chinese media, the average personal yearly income was more than 11,700 yuan, the number was more than IO times that of local Uyghur farmers. According to various sources, the average yearly personal income of Uyghur farmers in the southern areas of the Uyghur region did not reach one thousand yuan. So, this shows the huge difference between local Uyghur farmers and members of the Bingtuan. A Chinese Bingtuan farmer points out that government taxation and other beneficial, special- interest policies played critical roles in the fast development of the economy and the high income level of Bingtuan members. The Chinese writer Wang Lixiong pointed out that the placement of the Bingtuan around water sources - and the control of those water sources has caused many conflicts and problems between the local Uyghur people and the Bingtuan because water shortages in the southern area of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region are a big problem.
184
Translations 45. Anecdotes and Jokes Are a Part ofUyghur Life Anecdote-telling and joke-playing are some of the traditional heartlightening customs of Uyghur daily life. Most of the time, at get-togethers with families and friends - and at community entertainment functions and weddings - entertainers tell various interesting and funny anecdotes and jokes, raising the spirits of the group. Throughout Uyghur history, there have been many letipe or anecdote tellers. There are represented by Nesirdin Ependi, Molla Zeydin, Seley Chaqqan, and others. Hesam is a star of modem Uyghur comedy. He was born in Ghulja City in 1930. Uyghurs call him a living Nesirdin Ependi. Nesirdin Ependi lived in the Middle Ages. His anecdotes are widespread among Uyghurs and other peoples of Central Asia. Among Uyghurs, his anecdotes have moved from generation to generation for many centuries. Here are several examples of anecdotes told by Nesirdin Ependi.
The Change Purse and the Diamond Ring A rich man loses his change purse. He tells the people should someone fmd it and deliver it to him, he will reward that person with half of the 100 til/a inside. After a few days, a poor man finds the purse and delivers it to him. Seeing the found change purse, the hungry-eyed rich man is reluctant to give away half of the tilla inside. Closing his eyes, he weaves a lie that a diamond ring was in the change purse and is not there now. So, the two go to see a judge. Judge Ependi asks the rich man: "Can you be 100% sure that besides the 100 gold coins, there was also a diamond ring?" The rich man answers, "Yes, I can swear by the name of God." Ependi concludes, "Well, if that is the case, since there is only 100 gold coins inside the change purse and no diamond ring, it is clear that this change purse is not the one that you lost. So, I will keep this change purse and deliver it to its real owner. You can go look for the purse with the diamond ring in it."
Wisdom and Power One day, seeing a rich man bullying a poor man - and being unable to tolerate it- Ependi runs up as if he were crazy and slaps him. "Why did you do that?" the angry rich man asks.
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Translations
"I'm crazy! I do not know what I'm doing," answers Ependi. So, the rich man takes Ependi to the King in order to have him disciplined. Seeing the king, Ependi becomes quiet. The king asks Ependi, "Hey, aren't you crazy? Why are you acting so normal all of a sudden?" "I'm not afraid of anyone, but when I see you my heart rises to my throat." "Why?" asks the king. "Because you are less wise than I, but you are also more powerful," answers Ependi.
Help Yourself, My Fancy Silk Robe! A rich man invites some wealthy and privileged people to his home for a visit and Ependi is among them. Ependi goes to the banquet dressed in everyday clothing. Having looked at him, the refined guests do not offer him a seat nor do they invite him to have something to eat. Seeing this, Ependi goes home, puts on a new turban and his fancy silk robe, and then returns to the party. As soon as he enters the room, everyone stands up and greets him warmly. They give him a seat at the place of honor and place the finest delicacies in front of him. But Ependi does not eat anything. Instead, he puts the sleeve of his fancy silk robe towards the table and tells it, "Help yourself, my fancy silk robe! " A Few ofHesam' s Jokes
How do we look? Hesam' s wife asks him, "Did you bring the pictures? How do we look in them?" "How else would we look?" asks Hesam. "One of us is standing, and the other is sitting."
lfyou retire ... A neighbor ofHesam' s was an arrogant boss who throughout the year took milk home from work. One day that man mentioned to Hesam, "I've gotten old, I think I should retire."
186
Translations "How can you do that?" Hesam retorted. "In my opinion, you shouldn't retire!" "Why not?" asks the amazed neighbor. Hesam explained to him, "If you retire, who will bring home the milk?" He has privileges Someone asked Hesam, "Hesam, your neighbor looks very arrogant. Does he have a lot of power at his work?" "Yes, he does," said Hesam. "What kind of powers does he have?" "He's allowed to work until he retires," said Hesam.
187
Glossa ry
Glossary
...;...LL.. j~ adj. minority .j-.1->1;~ (n, adj) liberation ...;~1;~ v. to decrease, to become smaller ...;1J;~ adj. short, brief o,;~ n. nitrogen ...;;t,;~ adj. nitrogen b~ n. Azigh (a Uyghur village) ...;WL.. \.J'"'L..~ v. to create, to found ...;l...;)L.L..~ v. to agree to, to come to accord \.J'"'L..~adv. generally, for the most part ~l....w prep. according to 8 .. _,.~_,.0..........,L..~ adv. basically, essentially 0L..~ adj. easy, simple ~~prep. under, beneath ...;t_.r'~ v. to protect, to guard 01)i.~~ n. belly ~~ n. food, grain ...;t-:.~ v. to pass over, to cross .Yj~ n. sick person, afflicted person 0~[;.9~ n. Mghanistan ...;~ adj. white; pure J~ ...;~ n. vitiligo ...;~~ adj. pure white, pristine ~ n. older brother ~~ n. agency, group ...;'}~ n. connection, tie ~..)..,...0>'1~ n. characteristic, element <>..).....0>'1~ adj. special, particular 9U~ n. Altay (a mountain range) 0;;J~ n. gold ...;t.,..,_,...>-1~ v. to hurry, to rush ..:.r.0~ adv. before, earlier ol..jl
A ~~
n. family n. mom, mommy ...;L..J4~ v. to take away 8 ....)~ y-->_r;~ v. to take away 0~1J iY~~ n. autonomous region o~~ n. disaster, calamity o~ n. horse '1 }>-o~ n. horses, pack animals ...;Wb~ v. to be called, to be named ...;L..J;o;~ v. to initiate, to get underway ...;~ ~~ v. to start, to set out ...;t-3~ v. to dedicate, to do in the name of J- _?;~ n. Atush (a Uyghur city) ;;5 ~~ adj. greedy, wanting ~~ n. older sister ...;4~ v. to extract; to open d}-:>~ n. news, media ~_,.,..;.~ adj. last, final ...;t-:.'1_,.,..;.~ v. to end, to conclude o .. _,.~ n. custom, tradition ..__;_;.,_,.~ adv. typically, customarily 8....,...J.J.,_,.~ v. to be used to, to be accustomed to .._..;...->~ i"-'~ n. the human body 1J~ prep. between, amongst 0~~ adv. just, only oJ~ n. (mountain) pass ~,Jf-7->J~ n. archeology 0L..J~-;;J~ n. hope, wish 0)L.J~ n. lion; Arslan (given male name) ~lcJ~ n. rope, string ._;...L;J~ adv. through, via 0L..J~ n. hope; Arman (given male name) 1..,.___,)~ prep. among, amidst ...;L..J;;:..-.:.")1_,)~ v. to mix, to (cause to) combine; to confuse ...;t-:.")LJ~ v. to mix, to combine ~)~ n. distance, gap \.,~ ,
t
191
Glossary LJ"'W~ n. diamond .._;L.J~W~ v. to exchange, to swap
out .._;~W~ v.
to change, to alter to take; to buy b;J~ n. Almaty (capital, Republic of Kazakhstan) 0\i.J~ n. palm (i.e. of the hand) ,-1~ n. scholar, academic ~~ adj., academic, intellectual, high ~w~ ..J>.>..o.J~ v. to pass away, to die 1.11....~ n. tone, sound JL.~n. method, way u0-ul.~ n. peace }~~ n. warehouse, storeroom ..;'ro~ adj. beloved, liked J--o~ n. factor, element ,._;,_._..~ n. Amine (given female name) K.r.--~ n. America \..;~ n. mother ).;~ n. pomegranate _;.Jt..;~ n. analysis, synthesis ~,J~,,r->~ n. anthropology ~~ adv. a few, a modest number of ..:r.J.>~ adv. then ~ n. notion, idea; mind, consciousness .._;L...;")l.$"~ v. to broadcast .._;...lS"~ adj. intelligent, smart .._;.J.•.':"-.);~ n. trouble, difficulty )l.ll;~ adv. first of all, before all others ~p;~ n. Australia ..::........;<:;~ n. August ._r...o;~ n. Macao t~~ n. shoe .._;L.J~ )lk.,~~ v. to make clear up t'T-~ adv. separate, individual .._;\...,T-~ v. to separate, to split .._;L.J;.J.>~~ v. to turn into, to make become ..;W~ v.
..;W~~
v. to walk around, to explore; to walk around, to circumvent .._;Wt; ~~ v. to turn into, to become
LJ"'H.0 n. shame, regret .._;W)l......;.--;.0 v. to feel ashamed of, to regret .._;t....W v. to apologize, to ask forgiveness for <.5.J.>"-;.L; n. mister, sir 1~1;.0 adv. around, approximately ';'l;.L; n. vicinity, immediate area, around, surrounding area <...<:!l.:.- LJ"'ili.L; n. Etles-shayi (i.e. a variety of silk made in Khoten) 0L.:J.0 adv. in the morning ._;Lot.; ~L.;;.L; n. breakfast, the morning meal jl:-J.L; n. spring (i.e. one of the four seasons) .._;U);-;.L; v. to value, to give value to -...;.0 n. tomorrow .,l~.L; n. ancestor, forebear )4.->~.L; n. dragon .._;)l;..L; n. morals, ethics ..;:,...l>.L; n. trash, garbage ~.,.L; n. justice, equality, fairness ._,.....,.,.L; n. writer ~ ......)"'-:> ~.,.L; v. to discipline I..S"""!"'".L; adj. literary -:,~J.L; n. public figure, prominent person .:_r5;.L; adj. free, liberated; Erkin (given male name) ~J.L; n. freedom, liberation il.;:_:..SJ.L; n. Erkeshtam (A Uyghur Region border post) ~.,).L; adv. in Arabic, in an Arabic manner lj.L; n. member, participant
x.0
192
Glossary ~~ n. teacher )~ adv. is; has lllJ~ n. trellis ~)";')~ n. levelness, evenness ,.)>)~ n. dune, mound .j.JJ~ adv. all, each
._)-. .W adv. originally, at first ,.J.-.L.W (conj /adv) in fact, actually ~.W n. installation r-' .W I n. prisoner r-' .W II n. century ._,.,1;.-..W n. musical instrument j-;.W n. wisdom ~J~-J-9-W n. intelligence, smarts .).J..;.W adj. basic, elementary ~ ......J~.S ...L-...5-G v. to return, to send back ._rS.W n. reflection; opposite ~ . . . J;.::;.w ._rS.W v. to represent, to reflect, to portray r-'.:; ._rS.W n. side effect, unintended result ~.W adj. curved, bent -.. ;:. ;..;J.W adv. of course, naturally i.J.W n. pain, misery ..s.>..o.W adv. just now, just ~..r...w n. work, labor l.f ...... .w adv. is not, does not have J . . . .W n. reality ..;LJ;J;.Jt.; V>.J ...... .W v. to do away with ..;L.J;...:.~ & ..... .w v. to make a reality -...;:..;~ . . . .w adv. in fact, actually ..s;--;~.w adj. traditional )r..w n. fig ~.W n. people ..:;,~.G n. significance, impact Jl;..o.W n. circumstances, situation ..;LJ~ <:;.w v. to peak, to reach a high point J ..;;.W adj. superior, extremely good ~ ..;;.W n. advantage, superiority :>'li;.W n. descendant j>~.W n. AIDS, HlV
~._J.S lAA.....J)~ v.
to appear, to come into being ..;L.J~ I n. finger, digit ..;L.)~ 11 v. to go J~J~ n. Barikol (a Uyghur county) l;~ n. base, bottom );~ n. bazaar, market ..;Wy. ...,W);~ v. to have value, to be marketable <&--~ n. stage, period ~¥---~ n. aggressor, invader ..;t._.~ v. to press; to push; to print ..;..~ n. head ~ ......)~.S ~~ v. to undergo, to experience l.o.....!.~ pro. another, a different L.Jl.o.....!.~ n. department, section ..;L.)~~ v. to manage, to head ~)l..:.~ n. leader, head ._;t....L; ~)l..:.~ v. to lead, to head y-..;5.._... &)l..:.~ n. primary school ~~ n. boss, manager {'~n. garden .;\.J.C~ n. Baghdad ._;l...>)L:~ v. to be connected to ..;l-...li:~ v. to connect to ~..¥~ n. gardening, horticulture ..s~ ~~ n. Baqtu Crossing (a Uyghur border crossing with Kazakhstan) ..;W~ v. to look at, to see J~ mw. force (i.e. as is used to quantify the power of wind, an earthquake) ~n. child .j.J~ n. city
B );>~ n. hero, brave man
d);>~ adj. heroic, brave <:~ n. tax, tariff
193
Glossary uU~ n. balirnan (i.e, a doubled-
~G.-.~ n. prairie
reeded Uyghur musical instrument K.~ n. bank, fmancial institution LA>~ n. price, cost JLA>~ n. spring (i.e. one of the four seasons) ._;LA,~ n. justification, reasoning ~w.....; ._;LA,~ v. to justify, to reason out 9~ adj. rich, wealthy . ::L.~.~~ adj. rich, abundant u~~ n. report, announcement ~w.....; u~~ v. to report, to announce ~lA n. flag, banner i'r-~ n. holiday, festival ~~~ v. to detect, to discover ~~ n. resource, source of wealth u-J~~ n. Bayingolin (a Uygur Region prefecture) c.>'-! n. happiness ..:;,}~ Jo~'-! n. Bedel Art (a Uyghur Region mountain pass) u"~'-! n. body ~w.....; 4)4...? v. to establish, to found ~ .....)'-! v. to give "~)'-! adv. sometimes, occasionally J..L)'-! pro. some aLd..? adj. giant, big ~"d J.-4...? n. Besh Terek (a Uyghur village) i ........ ..;'-! n. silk ~'-! adv. very, quite ..$'-! n. sir J'-! n. back ~~'-! to indicate, to stipulate ~'-! n. mark, target t';l'-! n. zone JU~'-! n. treasury ~U~ u'-'/'4...? v. to benefit from Y~J'-! n. barbab (i.e. a variety of Uyghur musical instrument) )~ n. chalk ulJ~ n. wind ~w.....; ~")~ v. to bully, to force into
._;.. ~ adj. free, idle, unoccupied ~l-!.L.:.~ v. to weaken, to lose
strength ..;..J.S'L.:.~ n. weakness, lack of
fortitude ~~~ n. depression, sunken area )f~
n. throat; straight
~u;c~ v. to be choked, to be
strangled n. joint, juncture ~U~n. to be ~;J~ adv. especially, in particular 9~ n. length, edge, side ~J9-9~ n. appearance, look ~t_;~~ v. to obey, to submit to ~~~ v. to follow along, to trace u~~ n. neck l;~ n. grandfather ~l;~ n. infant, newborn ~),_;.G....,> n. safety, security 94 r. mw. (used to enumerate shoes, wheat, bullets, and other similar items) J"~..; r.adv. comparatively, relatively .___.u. r. n. portion, share ~t; r. pro. a few, several ;'r. adj. little, a bit )l.;'r. adv. all together, all at once r.- .:.r~r. adj. unique, individual .&JS,.~r. n. unity, unanimity ~....:;.S ~r. v. to unite, to combine cl...lr. adv. together, as one ~~.Jr. v. to unite, to come together ~r. n. union, nexus ~~r. v. to join, to unite ~ n. learning, knowledge ~~n. arm )~ n. patient, sick person ...;-JJ~ n. construction, building u"~ n. Bingtuan, military construction corps i¥~
194
Glossary .._;__..,1~ adv. directly, without
p
intervention .::.....31~ adj. untimely, unexpected ~,J~ n. biology
0~4 n. activity
l.:.>4 n. cotton
'llli>_;.. n. Bortala (a Uyghur city, prefecture) ~">_;.. n. kidney ~.._!_;.. v. to separate, to split i;J_;.. n. department, bureau ~....,.;;'_;.. v. to separate, to split ~~ b~;,. n. Buddhism, the Buddhlst faith L:>j,> n. burgha (i.e. an ancient Uyghur musical instrument) 0;;;,. n. mustache .:_,;>;,. n. nose ._:r,).j;>;,. adv. since, from .._;L.jj,> v. to break, to destroy .,s1.>.ij,> n. wheat
.>~>L!.....~4 n. king, sovereign
;4 n. steam ~>4 mw. scrap, shred, piece ~>4 adv. in Persian, in a Persian
manner yl...:....-!.4 n. chief, guard (i.e. of a meshrep) .._;~\.;4 n. leg uL...S"4 n. Pakistan lY''l/4 n. rug, small carpet .._;l.,.;)I.A>li4 v. to ask for asylum, to seek refuge ~~ ..s4 n. stock, stake ..s_rjl.,. ~~ ..s4 n. stock market ..::...>~4 n. capital 1->-:!4 n. benefit, profit, gain .._;l...;)L->-:!4 v. to take advantage of, to reap the benefits of ..::..:,.._,~ n. percent, percentage ~,J~ n. psychology 0>~ n. port 0'll~ n. iron, steel ~~ n. regiment ...;~n. knife .._;U-.; 1~ v. to be brave, to act from one's heart ~w.._,>_;s- -.;.J}Sl~ v. to compensate for, to fill the gap from .._;~ v. to become ready for eating, to ripen ~W"-:? ~ v. to ripen fully, to come of age ~ n. opinion, thought 0jCj3 ._;..1;~ n. birth control .._;W~ v. to plan 0~ n. foot .._;t..>;; Y"~ 0~ v. to establish a foothold, to get a handle on l...:.>~ adj. solid, sturdy
l.;j,> n. OX .._;'llj,> n. spring, water source 0;';,. n. cloud .._;;t;J;,. adj. cloudy J.;5 lljlj,> n. Bulung Lake (a Uyghur Region lake, village) .:_,..l..,. .i.L.;;,. conj. thus, as such, so .:_,l:!j,> adv. since, from .:_,W1),. ~-"'adj. thick, dense, lush ._A,!f.-"' adj. today's ~~-"' adj. great, wonderful ~ .........7:-:' v. to decorate, to adorn ~"7:-:' n. decorating, adornment &J.S"oj-;-:> adj. decorated, adorned ~w~ ~ v. to cross, to move across .._;W1~ v. to conquer, to vanquish ~n.wrist
._;I. I • ;. , yv.
to dedicate
~~ v. to execute, to carry out 0~ n. station, terminal ~n. Beijing
195
Glossary ..::..._,>~ n. chance, opportunity,
occasion n. Pusa (a Uyghur villiage) u~L.;.~ n. regret, remorese !}~ n. citizen, residence J~n. money ~ ......>~~ v. to complete, to finish up ~"-';;~~ v. to be completed ~"-'9J! v. to be completed, to be finished ~;;;-;;;}! adj. complete, whole, total ~._;.S;J! v. to be covered with, to be submerged in .._;~ n. forehead h adj. poor, destitute ...;~ ·<' _ · ,: v. to retire, to stop working .;;..:,.);~ n. child, offspring ...;;~ n. difference, disparity ~.._;....:; ...;>~ v. to differentiate, to identity as separate ~ .....>;~ill>~ v. to differentiate, to . identity as separate ...;W-..9 ._f..>;;~ v. to watch over, to guard )";~ n. guess, estimate ...;W-..9 )";~ v. to guess, to estimate ..::...J...;~ n. virtue, ambition if~ adj. low; evil J--.-.~ n. season ~.....J~ n. philosophy .JJ~ n. level ~...1~ n. sky, heaven ;;.).....J>~ n. tomato 0~ n. science "~~ n. lattice (e.g. of a window pane) ...;U,. I-":~ v. to appear, to emerge, to show up dj>fl~ n. Peyziwat (a Uyghur County) ~~~ n. Thursday >~~~ n. prophet
T
L.....~
u4b n. ankle ._;~l; v. to fmd, to locate ;l;l; n. Tatar ._;..l;l; adj. sweet, sweet-tasting ~t;
n. Tajik ...;Ul>t; v. to be spread ~l>t; n. Taranchi (historical name oflli Uyghurs) 9blil,.>l; n. Tarbaghatay (a Uyghur district) ._;\...;>\; v. to pull, to drag; to bring ...;U~>t; v. to be spread ...;Lo).; n. tributary, branch t'>t; n. history lJ"L;~>t; n. historian ~~~ t"'>t; n. Tarim Basin l;b adj. clean, pure ...;W;b v. to clean, to wash ~_,L.....t; adv. unexpectedly, by chance if b n. stone, rock ~l; adj. exterior, outer tS~l; n. external, foreign uli;_;L:.b n. Tashkurgan (the Tajik Autonomous County of the Uyghur region) ._;l..;~l; v. to be abandoned, to be thrown away, to be discarded .._;....L-....:t; n. Tashmiliq (a Uyghur village) tb n. mountain >let; n. bundle, package ...;W-..9 ..::.......;\; v. to tolerate, to put up with ~ adv. until, up to Jb n. spleen ~'l/l; n. talent, ability; Talant (given male name) ~'l/l; adj. talented, capable L>l.QJl; n. powder it; n. wall ._;Lob n. food
196
Glossary
..;t_l.L.b v. to come to an end, to finish ..;~b n. foal, pony J..j~l.J n. Thailand );b n. product ;;;L> n. watermelon ..;. ;;L> n. sound ..:.>.r---1; num. trillion ..;~_,.; v. to collect, to gather ._;l-.;.>,_; v. to stop, to halt ;>_,.; n. chicken ul<:J,_; n. Torgart (a Uyghur Region mountain pass) Ll";J,_; n. ceiling ;.<JL.,_; n. block, impediment 0li-!.,_; n. rabbit ..;L.;;.o-:,,_; v. to fill, to cause to be full ..;~_,.; v. to fill up, to become full ..;t..;....:.,_; v. to carry, to transport If,_; adj. true, correct ~.....J.S If,_; v. to fit, to suit, to be appropriate for ~_,.; n. comfort, abundance, wellness ..;t..;;,_; v. to fabricate, to make up ~;;_,.; n. textiles, the textile industry 0!:. ~t.;,_; n. small bread y.:-5,_; n. Tokyo 'J,_; adj. a lot, many ..;;J,_; adj. full, complete ';-' ...:;.5.__. \)~~ ..;;J,_; n. high school ';-'...:;.5.__. ~~~ _r--.9;!_,.; n. middle school 0,_; n. chapan (i.e. a long coat) L.:..;,_; n. metric ton ~4-i'-:! ';"'y,_; v. to recognize, to know ..;lJ;>,_; v. to be recognized, to be known ..;L.;>,_; v. to know, to recognize ..;;_,.; n. feast, celebration (e.g. for a wedding, a birth)
..;W ..;;_,.; v. to have a celebration, to feast ..:;.,'-!~ n. medicine ~"J~ n. merchant, businessman ..;t:._,.-J n. fingernail, claw j--3 n. lap ~~j--3 v. to bring under control, to harness ..;U>j--3 v. to be arranged, to be lined up r-'f3 n. list, register ..;t..J;.J~ lo.....j--3 v. to list, to register ~~ v. to plant, to stand ~~ n. Tikenlik (a Uyghur village) J...; n. tongue; language u.G. J...; n. promissory note t:,l;._j";Jl..J n. reading room, study room Ll"t:.~ n. linguist ..;lJ~ I..J.._j v. to take up for discussion, to talk about ~...t....; n. hope, wish ..;~ n. squirrel L.l:- 0_;; adj. four-sided ~;.-:._;; n. hole ~~_;; v. to shed, to spill ~.....J_;5_;; v. to be shed, to be spilled ~._j_;; v. to pay, to settle accounts for );.._;; n. iron, metal ~_;; n. contribution, offering ..;~,; ~_;; v. to contribute, to offer forward ~....._t";_;; v. to go down, to drop ..;L.J~b_;> v. to connect, to hitch to &;> n. handle ;.<JIJ_;> adj. residential ..;;'9 ;.<'~;> n. home, room ..;L.J_;> v. to stand; to stay; to live ..;.;...);> n. daily life .J;-.~ ..;. ;...);> n. lifestyle ~;);> n. pipe, tuba ~l..oc_;> n. ancestry, decent
197
Glossary
...;W;.:~ v. to be born adj. first, initial _r--.;~~ adj. suddenly, unexpectedly u~~ n. Hui, Dunggan ....,9 mw. used to enumerate plants etc... ~~9 adv. owing to, for the reason that, on account of ;9 n. kind, type ~;9 adj. Turkic ~;9 n. Turkey ~;1;9 adj. various, assorted .....;9 n. jail, prison .>9 adj. direct, candid; straight, unwavering ~ ......>9 v. to draw up, to compile J.. ;J-'.>9 n. composition, structure t-'.>9 n. system, approach l..l"'9 n. characteristic, flavor ...;W~ lf9 v. to take on the appearance of u!P9 n. knot; intersection, hub ~W~9 v. to halt, to stop &.....;~Ji v. to dip into, to put into u9 n. night ~..__;9 v. to stay up all night ~,;;9 n. main support, pillar ...;~ v. to be found ~~ v. to save, to be frugral with ~~adj. frugal, miserly, stingy ~ n. technology p .P..s.:...X.Su n. technical school ~ adv. even more, all the more ;-L_r.; n. crops, plants ...;l->_r.; v. to plant, to seat ~ .._r.; n. tree ul;b ~.._r.; n. Terek Dawan (a Pamir mountain pass) ;,.7-';.;l;-> n. television ~ n. topic, theme ~~~ n. temperature ~adj. shallow, lacking depth
~..:;
adj. natural, non-synthetic
j;lo.,...:; n. Tabilvaz (name of
~~
Uyghur musical instrument) ~..:; adj. detailed, complete
~..:; n. tapkuch (i.e. a game similar to hacky-sack) ..::.t.i..i;.:; n. research, investigation ~..:; n. vacation, leave .._;l;L-d...:->_r.-d.J n. experience, lessons-learned u....:...->.:; adv. approximately, roughly I f_;D..;...:; n. pen name, pseudonym ~~;..:; v. to educate, to teach ~;..:; n. order, sequence ~;..:;adj. orderly, organized ~;..:; n. translation, equivalent, rendering ...;U-.9 ~;..:; v. to translate ...;U-.9 ~;..:; v. to propagandize, to spread information about ~.._;.L; ~;..:; v. to cast off, to abandon ~;..:; n. structure ~;..:; adj. component, constituent ...;4-;b .....S;.:; v. to be composed of, to consist of ~~;..:; v. to define, to stipulate ';-'";..:; n. side ..:.o;~..> n. ritual washing, ablutions d.~_...a;.,J.:; n. development, progress ...;W~ v. to surrender, to capitulate ;-----..:; n. influence, impact ~w .......;;5 ;-----..:; v. to (subject to) influence, to impress upon ~~ ...r---'.:; v. to be established, to be set up ...;U-.9 ...r---'.:; v. to establish, to set up ...;U-.9 J...S--.:..:; v. to give shape to, to form ~ .... II < • ..:; v. to organize, to shape
r-1--..:;
198
Glossary oli..;-:. ..._; n. propaganda,
information n. destiny, fate ..;\.J-..3 r-'~-...; v. to give, to gift ~ adv. about, proximately ..;U)J-...; v. to review, to go over again ._r.S-...; adj. smooth, level ~..._.>~.....; v. to investigate, to study, to research ~.....; n. invitation, offer ..;\.J-..3 ~.....; v. to invite ~_;L.;; 0l5t-J5-...; n. Taklamakan Desert ~..._._LS-...; v. to emphasize, to stress ';-'.J-...; n. demand ..;\.J-..3 ';-'.J-...; v. to demand _;~.J-...; n. pronunciation ~"-'r'-"-...; v. to hesitate, to vacillate ~~~ 0-'-"-...; v. to supply with, to provide ~~.....; v. to supply, to provide .J ~ ~ 0.0 v. to consent to, to give in to ~>...:;.:,.....; n. sporting, physical activity aL...:;.;,-...; adj. celebratory ..;\.J-..3 ~.....; v. to criticize, to fault b...:..;-...; n. cost, price o...S:..>~-...; n. sport ~...s:..,>~-...; n. sportsman .j-l}-:·,!.0 n. preparation ~~.....; v. to be assigned to 0"~-...; n. Taiwan 11-...; adv. equal, equivalent ..s}-...; n. heaven ~>'.....; vn. quaking, shaking ~~">'.....; v. to jog, to rock ..,.....; adv. belonging to ~;ss n. risk, adventure
J
r~-...;
..;;.>.:>~ n. item, thing ..;t_...;.>.:>~ v. to prepare, to get
oneself ready for
..;\.J-..3 <.5>~ v. to develop, to progress l}~ n. punishment, sanction .:;,.,>L..~ n. courage, bravery ..;U}5~ v. to declare, to announce o~L.~ n. community, society 0~ n. life; people !.,?~ n. place, location ..;t_.:. ~~ v. to place, to locate
~n.jungle u.Jk~ n. idleness, inactivity ~~~ adj. urgent, important ~ .....>p~~~ v. to exacerbate, to make more urgent, to complicate >~ n. liver ~n. valley ..;W,. ~ v. to go quiet, to become silent ~lfr n. geography .::.>~>~r n. republic Prn. China u~)r. n. bravery, daring o~>r ..;\.J-..3 v. to dare, to be bold enough to .u._r. n. Friday; Juma !.,?~ n. Jeminay (a Uyghur county) ~~ n. beam, joist .::.>~~ n. society uLo~ n. clan, kin -.,.._;>~ n. south ~~~n. elbow .:;.,....,~ n. aspect, regard
CH J~l:- n. Cbapchal (a Uyghur
. ,-. .;
county)
199
Glossary
<£t...• n. h" arr
~ adj. tight, firm uL>~ n. Chinggis Khan ~ ......_r._r. v. to be startled, to be
04~ v. to scatter, to disperse ....,:.._.::.J~ n. Wednesday
~~Jk v. to surround, to
0~~ v. to chop up, to hack 0\.;~ n. error, problem, difficulty
~;J~ n. ranching l;J~ n. animal "J~ n. method, way Jlo~-"J~ n. methods, approaches
LA.s..l...; ~ adj. sticking on, stick up ~dj. musical instrument ~ n. chang (Uyghur musical instrument) ~"J~ n. quarter, one-fourth portion ._)i. . :.~ n. rat c_· [.... n. tim" e ._)..,..; ..sbl.:~ n. Chaghatay language 0~~ n. joke, anecdote 0u....; 0~~v. to tell a joke, to play a joke on JLA_;jily '<'..b>! lj4- v. to sit with Indian style li..!.r. n. pig i¥r. adv. certainly, surely IS~ n. stick used to play certain musical instrument uYr. n. star llr. adj. big, large 0~;J_;.; llr. n. mainland 0~1..S"r. v. to enlarge, to make bigger 0~1..S"r. v. to increase, to grow bigger J;3r. adj. deep, of significant depth 0;J;;-9~ n. face, countenance ~~ adj. beautiful, pretty ~ n. tooth, teeth ~.._;..S ~ v. to depart, to leave ~ n. expenses, costs J~v. to soak 0~ n. prairie ~ adj. real, true ~ n. china bowl
scared by encircle ~"-'J...>Jk v. to surround, to
encircle plant "Jk n. border, edge ~._s_r. v. to sink, to fall beneath JY.- n. desert ~JUY.- n. desert u~Y.- n. cast iron u;Jj! ~_r. adv. morning, in the a.m. ~ ~_r. adv. afternoon, in the p.m. ~~r. v. to drop, to fall ~ ......J;-:._r. v. to drop, to lower, to cause to fall ~.._;..;;J;-:._r. v. to abort ~._.::._r. n. understanding, belief, opinion ~ ......J;~._.::._r. v. to explain ~~ n. to retreat, to withdraw ~ n. border, boundary l5~ ~ n. port (e.g. of entry, of departure) ...;l...>'ll~ v. to be bordered by ~ vn.ln. wrestling ..::..~ adj. distant, far away J.W ..::..~ adj. foreign, nonnative ~~~ v. to bale, to bind y.--.5~ adj. unlimited, boundless ~.._..!5~ v. to limit, to restrict ~.....,.;.J5~ v. to be limited, to be restricted ~ v. to pluck, to strum ~..~~ n. circle, ring o;;~ n. great grand-child '<'~n.
X ~t.;L;. n.
200
mistake, error
Glossary ~.__L~l> v.
to remember, to recollect ...3l-!.~1>\.> v. to collapse, to fall apart ._,.1>\.> n. ruins, remains (e.g. of a city) o~l> n. characteristic, quality .jUl.> v. to want, to desire it.> adj. raw, unprocessed )>_,> n. rooster, cock ._;, _,> int. alright, okay ...3WJ:' ._;,_,;- v. to be happy, to be content .,sl;....,;.. n. China, Han Chinese o.u._;...> n. work, function ...3~ o.u._;...> v. to work, to labor c.r:J ....._;...> n. worker, employee ....;..-.> n. brick J-> n. kind, type cS~ adj. chemical ~ n. chemistry ~ n. thought, idea 0~ adj. thoughtful, mindful cS~~;> prep. as if, like ._;..1;41>;> adj. superstitious ;~;> n. Hui, Dunggan ~n. henna 0~ n. Henan (a province of China) '.-'.G. int. oh, my o.G. n. letter, note >..:;.G. adj. dangerous, threatening .&..? n. throat, portion of a musical instrument from which sound emanates .;.;...>.G. n. map ._;l.G. n. people ~~.G. adj. international ~.G. n. caliphate ~.G. n. caliph ;;.G. n. Han Chinese >";.G. n. news, recent information ..Up n. treasury
D
....,b n. shaldap: a tambourine ..r;b n. area, realm ~1~ adv. always, each and every time bb n. dad, daddy .S 4 .,s.L)~ n. entertainment director (i.e. of a meshrep) );)~ n. acrobat 0L.b n. epic poem 0~b n. tablecloth >¥b n. Daghur (i.e. an ethnicity of China) 'lib n. open country, countryside 0bn. grain ~b adj. famous, well-known ~;-.J1;b n. medical professional, healer .jl....J1;b v. to treat, to cure .jl-!.)l.1;b v. to continue u-"1;b adv. continually 01;b n. hillside, slope L.1>~ n. drama >_;;->,~ n. doctor Lt.>>_;;->,~ n. clinic, hospital ~,~ n. drug, medicine ~ .....)~ 1>,~ v. to take medication .jl_.>,~ v. to imitate, to mime .::....-.,~ n. friend ...3;t.;..-.,~ n. friendship, comradery ts:.....,~ n. blackboard o")l5,~ n. report, paper 0;-oJ,~ n. wave 01.--...;;.o!,~ adj. rippling, wave-like ~L.~~ n. diplomacy oua..~ n. attention, care >~ -oua..~n. attention, interest ...3~ oua..~ v. to pay attention to, to focus on ~~ adj. religious, spiritual ;~~ n. land, country o.J;~ n. state, nation o ..;)L.;_\j;~ n. prayer
201
Glossary ~;..> .J~J.l
n. world n. Dutar, Uyghur musical
instrument ~-..J.S li:~;..> v.
to come into the world, to be born ..:;..__.:.;..> n. enemy, adversary ~......:.;..> n. Monday bj>r,..>n. window ~l)l~..> n. declaration ~b~~..> adv. like, as A..>n. sea ...s)~ A..> n. sea level 0~..> n. fanner, peasant ~~..> n. agriculture J>b..> n. hindrance i..J~-..>Jb..> n. hardship ...r)b..> n. class, lesson L;G.......)b..> n. classroom ~)b..> n. textbook ~)b..> n. river )~ -~)b..> n. rivers and streams ~)b..> n. level, degree l);)b..> n. gate ~.Lb..> adj. initial, primary JY.- ~b..> n. desert, wasteland Jb..> adv. exactly, precisely ...;U~ ib..> v. to rest, to take a breather ...;~ ~ ib..> v. to retire, to stop working \;b..> n. claim, allegation
l;,J n. fast (i.e. abstention from food and drink) ._;lo.;j.i l;,) v. to fast, to abstain from food and drink ...,..--..;L>.S..) ...... l;,J n. fasting room J,J n. role, part ...;~y J,J v. to play a role, to have a hand in ..:;L..,J n. novel ...,) n. spirit, sense ~:r) n. rizkh, daily bread ..::.~;) n. penn iss ion, assent ._;U-..; ..::.~;) v. to penn it, to allow _r--.J~;) adj. unauthorized ...r;J n. Russian ~;) n. Russia ..::.)~) n. record f"'~t..,.J n. rheumatism ..;;...:,}'>!) n. repair ._;U-..; ..;;...:,}'>!) v. to mend, to repair, to fix ~.J n. ritim ~b) n. chairman, president il-....b) n. painter, artist ...r--'bJ adj. official, sanctioned -,-.;b) n. competitor, opposition .!lb) n. color )~b) adj. colorful -::.._..b) n. thanks, gratitude
z ...r4l; n. reserve, store ._;.G.~~ n. zarehetme, blessing of the fields Jl; n. hall, auditorium ..:;L..l; n. time, period, age ...s~L..l; adj. modem, contemporary o;;l; n. factory ._;~\),; v. to become bigger, to become stronger ~) adj. close, intimate ..::.~..>.!->) n. disagreement, conflict ..::.~~) n. banquet, feast b..>~) adj. extra, surplus
R
...;U,. ...s)) v. to agree, to be satisfied with 9\J n. mood ..:;y.lJ n. region ~ .......\)adj. comfortable, at ease . .,_,\;\) n. Rawab (Uyghu musical instrument) ._;t...);~~\;\) v. to (cause to) develop, to make move forward ._;t..,..~l;\J v. to be developed, to be made to advance
202
Glossary
0"J'-:--; n. visit, trip; interview ._;t....L; 0"J'-:--; v. to visit u--1'-:--.> n. intellectual, academic 0'-:--.> n. damage, harm ._;\.,;}j u'-:--) v. to be harmed, to be damaged J;J;) adj. needed, necessary, important ~;JJ;J;) n. need, necessity, importance ;.?';.> n. oppression, tyrany ~jn.land ~J") n. blow, hit ~ .....)~ ~J") v. to beat, to hit &.wj n. Zehmek is plectrum,
pick (for playing rawab) ZH Jt.J;; n. magazine
s 0~L., n. hour ';'\_.., adj. pure, unsullied ._;t.,;L., v. to sell, to exchange for money .Jt:J..... n. Satar, a Uyghur musical instrument ll~l.., n. craziness, madness &JL., adj. yellowish, yellowed )L.., n. saz (i.e. a musical instrument) ..;LJ,. J"'l;L., v. to deserve, to be worthy of jt;L., n. beard ..;LJ~ Jl9l.., v. to shave ._;~l;L., v. to cure, to heal ._;l.,;~L., v. to be preserved, to be saved ._;L....J.;L., v. to preserve, to save 0~')/l.., n. confidence, arrogance i ')Jl.., n. greetings, regards o.:~L...n. Sapaye, a Uyghur musical instrument
._;l.,;)L.._Q)L., v. to coo I, to chill ._;l.Jl.., v. to spread, to Jay 0~t.L., n. industry 0._..~\_.., n. excursion, outing ._..\_.., n. field, realm ~ l..l.9l'L., n. classmate 0~')L. adj. Slavic 0,_.., n. court, judge b,_.., n. trade, business J.L.,,_..,n. businessman, merchant 0),_.., n. grade, kind ..;~),....., v. to ask, to inquire n. place, spot u;;,...., adj. chronic, protracted ..;l.J;j,_.., v. to extend, to stretch ..;;c,_.., n. cold, lack ofheat ..;~,_.., adj. oval-shaped ..;W,_.., v. to hit, to strike J,...., adj. left ~.,...,_.., n. sum, amount ..;~,....., v. to slaughter, to kill n. gift, present ~~ ~,,_.., n. Soviet Union ~~ n. Siberia ~w~ lJ,., ~r-' v. to use (extemal)medication, to treat .y.)r-' adj. mysterious, strange ..;Wr-- v. to paint, to she lac ._;L...i-'-' v. to draw, to render ..;W~ ';'L._.., v. to try, to test out ..;L._... n. trial, test 9~ n. customary tea JJ:'\t..:...._... n. Singapore I.S'-'"' l:----- adj. po litica I .;......,l:----- n. politics ~w.S ~ v. to seep into j...k...-. n. younger sister 0.J_;..... n. style, manner ~~_;..... n. reward ~....S"_;..... n. bone 0~_;..... n. meeting; dialog, talk ; - n. water '-"uJ... n. A tube-shaped Uyghur wind instrument ~ ;;y ;- vn. swimming
u;J,_..,
I.e,,_.,
203
Glossary r~"-! ..:;~;...-.
n. Subhan Bendir (a Uyghur Region check point) ...;Lo;;.:;...-. v. to irrigate, to give water to ~;...-. n. dynasty o~;...-. n. quality, characteristic o~,_. n. adjective n. milk ~;u,_. adj. milk ~....,:;;,_. n. to wipe, to swab ~;';,_.adj. gloomy, dark o ..;,_. n. photo, picture ~._:.r. .SS,;,_. v. to take a picture of ~..._s;,_. v. to rub against ~,),_.adj. clear, transparent ...;U1~ v. to buy, to purchase ~"-";~,_.-......,.r.-' v. to sweep clean .Yr.-" adj. yellow o)~ .Yr.-" n. Seriq Art (a Uyghur Region mountain pass) o~.S ~ n. chewing gum ...;~ v. to miss, to long for ...;Lo;;- • 1, · v. to compare ._;..1~.__. n. comrade ;~"--' n. journey, trip u,.).__. n. donation, offering ...;\.J.....; '-;';"--' v. to spend, to expend ...;Lo;~)l.L..>;"--' v. to select, to pick over ...;U,. ..:;L;"--' v. to wander, to amble J"--' adv. a little, a bit ...;!_.;!.; J"--' v. to pay little attention to, to neglect .J.J "--' n. turban ~.__. adj. sincere, honest ~.._;;"-""--' n. Samarkand (an Uzbek city) ;I.Jb"--' n. morning o~ ......... n. art, craft ;i.S,j~.__. n. artist F n. folk dance "-:-'~"--' n. Tuesday ...~.__. n. destination
o,_.
~ .........
n. outing, expedition 1-i"""' n. vegetable ~ ......... n. chapter, era ~ ......... n. health, wellness "-:.-->5 ......... n. standard, level ~"5"--' adv. without cause, without justification '-;'"5"--' n. cause, reason SH ~~ n. poet J~~n. peach ...;~~ n. palm (i.e. of the hand) ...;UL.. ...;~~ v. to slap ...;t-;'lb~ v.
to enjoy, to be happy
about ~1;~ n. condition, situation ~~ adj. scarce, rare illll~ n. Hong Kong
...~ n. king, shah .._;.~ ;,_:..n. Shor Eriq (a Uyghur village) n. Xibe (an ethnicity of China) "}~ n. Shi Hezi (a Chinese city) o.S~ n. company, corporation adj. juicy, moist ~.S ~n. north latitude "-!_;..:. n. bureau, department ~~ "-!_;..:. n. afftliate, subsidiary ...;t_;)l.J;.:~ v. to take part in, to occupy oneself with )l;1~~ conj. as a result, consequently ~ .. .J.L.i~ conj. likewise, as well ~
&Lr
~n.poem
~ n. rock, gravel
n. dew ._r>
204
Glossary ..;;L;;~ ~)~
n. east longitude JS~ ~- form, shape s"-o-i.Jl.S~ v. to be formed, to be shaped J....:-i~ n. Sunday )IJ_;~~ n. Shaydulla (a Uyghur border village)
..;4..-.41.; v. to bale, to put into a
bundle )\.; n. snow
l)t.; adj. dark, without light n. Kharakhan Dynasty ..;L>}A.~ ))t.; v. to render a decision, to announce ._;.,I)\.; n. view, opinion ;_;);;1)1.; n. Kharakhorum (a Uyghur Region village, mountain range) ~l)t.; adj. dark, gloomy l:.W_;~IJt.; n. guardhouse, checkpoint ..;U~ ~Jt.; v. to receive, to meet, to welcome ...;~)\.; v. to be directed at, to be focused upon ..;t....)t.; v. to look at, to examine l;t.; n. death, killing .._;l;t.; n. Kazakh . .).~-~1;1.; n. Kazakhstan ..;l..:.l;t.; v. to obtain, to gain, to acheive .S"-:? <.5)\.; n. judge (i.e. of an Islamic court) ._;., \.; n. eyebrows ~;..... ))l....;l..>l)t.;
GH )\;; n. cave "-:?\;; n. dream, ideal
..;U,c v. to collapse, to fall down Uyghur musical instrument n. s~
c.r.?J! s~ n. Ghijek Boyi (a
Uyghur village)
'-:')..;; n. west ~)..;;adj.
western n. southwest ~..;; victory, success i..;; n. concern (sadness, misery, worry) -:;,~..;; n. booty, spoils yj>~ ~)..;;
n:
F
~\.;n.jade ~t.;
.L.\.9 n. last name, surname ),.._._,s n. phosphorus ..;_;JJ,.._._,s adj. phosphorus ~_,9 n. phonetics ts..._.r.-9 n. physic
n. Kargiliq (a Uyghur county) .._;)'\.;adj. backward, underdeveloped, outdated ..;L.J_;.Jt.; v. to leave behind, to make stay .._;L.t.; n. prison, jail ..;t....,)..ot.; v. to supply, to provide 01.; n. blood ..;L.J;~l:? ol:.\.; v. to develop, to cause to advance Jl:.l.; n. canal ..;I_,_;\.; pro. how, what kind o~;>t.; n. principle, concept ~\.; adv. again, once more, anew .._;~\.; n. cream .._;\.J.-.j ~\.; v. to persuade, to convince
Q .. ~t.; n. regulation, rule, law .._;~\.; n. brow }:;\.; n. line, column; rank ..;.J}:;\.; (post/pro) such as, like, similar ._;....;.:;\.; adj. hard, harsh, severe . .).:. Wt.; n. puffed bread .._;t-;,L.:;t.; v. to participate, to take part in, to have a hand in ~;;-~t.; n. dishes (cups and plates)
205
Glossary ~)-.:.3\j
n. having a high nasal
ridge ._;LJ...; Jj,>,S v. to accept, to take ._;\.,..:.....U Jj,>,S v. to be accepted, to
be received v. to stand, to place ...;L.....;,S n. stomach LJ""li;,S n. Korgas (a Uyghur county) LJ""W;,S adj. fearless, unshakingly brave ...;Wli;,S v. to break out, to set in motion ll)l...:;,S n. uprising, revolt ...;L.;;> ~;,; v. to break out, to set in motion ._;.. ,S adj. double, paired ...;L.:.,S n. epic poems, songs ~...;L.:.,; n. songs and tales ...;t_.:.,; v. to add, to combine \..;__.:.,; n. neighbor ...;Wj-.!-,S v. to agree, to come to ..:;j-.!-,S n. force, garrison, contingent ~j-.!-,S adj. supplemental, additional ...;j-.!-,S n. spoon ...;lo..Jc,S v. to give chase, to expel u¥,S n. melon J,S n. hand 9'X,S adj. easy, simple ~'X,S adj. useful, helpful ...;W~ w,; v. to arrest, to seize ~ .....)~.s w,; v. to get, to lay one' s hands on ._;l...;)U,S v. to be adopted, to be put into use 9,S n. sheep ...;;,.,; adj. rich, thick i;,; n. tribe, clan ~ n. pasture, plain 'r-"--'-~n. farmland, pasture and plains ~~n. Kyrgyz J~~ ~~ n. the Kyrgyz Jungle (i.e. of the Uyghur Region) ...;~,;
...;L.)_;..-3 v. to turn red, to blush n. young women ...;t..;;->_;..-3 v. to heat, to make hot .:_r-i;_;..-3 adv. fervently, enthusiastically ~;li.._;..-3 adj. interesting, fascinating ...;W.._;..-3 v. to be interested in, to fmd fascinating .}_;....; adj. red ;-. .}_;....; n. Khizil Su (a Uyghur prefecture, red river) ...;l->_;..-3 v. to become hot, to heat up ..:;..._._..; adv. in part, partially ~ n. part, piece ._;)l.:.....j n. village ~n. winter ~ n. sword, dagger J..-9 n. animal hair ._;.J.L..; adj. stringed (bowed) ~....._.._; adj. valueable ..::......._.._; n. value, worth ...;Ur--9 v. to shimmy, to wiggle ..::..~~ n. appearance, looks ...; 1 '!' · _ .; n. difficulty, adversity ...;L.}.o.;_;; v. to rescue, to save 0~;_;9 n. Qur' an c.:;l,.;_;9 n. sacrifice, offering ...;li;_;9 adj. dry, arid ~~.S ~;;;; v. to dry up ...;;;;; adj. dry ._;t..,.;;;;; v. to dry, to cause to dry out 9W;;;; n. congress, meeting of delegates w;;;; n. construction, structure J¥ n. slave ...;'X_;; n. ear i¥ n. sand J;..;; n. Khumul (a Uyghur county) ~~;; n. Khunjirap (a Uyghur Region mountain pass) ...;..\:;; n. the sun ..s;;>...;.. ~;; n. sunlight ...;~_;; v. to pour ..:;lS~-_;..-3
206
Glossary
..:;;:;.; n. tornado, twister I...L ..:;;:;.; n. Khuyun Salama (a Uyghur village) ~n. yogurt <5)r.-<Sr.-3n. the elderly ._;L.,..,r,-3 v. to age, to become old ,_;..1.4->r,-3 n. comrade, brother-inarms ,_;..1.4->r,-3 n. pencil .:rY adj. thick, stout ._;I...)_;..;.....;:.~ v. to standardize, to give (regular) shape or..U n. graves ~.u n. tribe, clan ~.u adj. firm, unyielding J")~.u prep. regardless, independent of, no matter cl..J.r_,,u adj. dear, held dear ~._j.r'_,,u v. to respect, to treat with deference ~_,,u adj. ancient, extremely old ~<4-J"-:! 1...5-'_,,u v. to reach, to set foot in i"_,,u n. step, pace )J.U n. debt, owed sum ...;W~ )J.U v. to borrow money, to take out a loan ~ ......)"-:! )J.U v. to give money, to give loan ...;U--.9 i........,,u v. to swear, to take an oath to )~.u n. Kashgar (a Uyghur city) cl..JJ~.u n. Kashgarlik (i.e. a person from Kashgar) ..,J.U n. heart iJ.u n. pen ..:;_j,U n. cubed sugar J~.u adj. steadfast, staunch ..:_,L.,..,_,A>.U n. hero, person vo5.U n. level, floor K .:;,J4l5 n. guarantee, pledge
~ ......J;..>-i..tJ4l5 v. to guarantee, to
pledge LL;..J\.5 n. workshop, work space i-'J\.5 n. Kariz, underground irrigation system in Uyghur region dj.>)\.5 n. bed ..:.,15)\.5 n. caravan ..:.,L ~ n. flat bread 'l/\.5 n. cow )4\.5 n. calendar .:;,JI...\.5 n. completeness, wholeness ..:_,\.5 n. mine (e.g. a coal mine) 9Ll5 n. windpipe, trachea ;\.55\.5 n. the Caucuses ...r.-')L... J.+:}' n. the Kremlin 'l/),5 n. Korla (a Uyghur city) ...J-.>~-1;,5 n. trough ~,5 n. collective, community i_;....;;-,...,5 n. Communism ~,5 n. street t'r-S' n. income -.5~ '
207
Glossary
aJJ._;-'J;s adj. visible, apparent,
0~ ~ v. to happen, to come
obvious ;;5 n. eye
out of • I , ..S n/adj. poor, indigent ..::-:,...5 n. village o~..S n. mood, feeling ll..S adj. wide, broad
~~
i
l5);5 v. to be reluctant to, to hesitate; to not take one's eyes from <.?.~");5 n. observer ~.....,:;");5 v. to observe, to oversee ~;5 adj. blue -::.}~ ~;5 n. Kok Art (a Uyghur Region mountain pass) ~)~ ~;5 n. Kok Turk (a Uyghur village) d.::S,S n. vegetable cz;5;5 adj. light blue J;s' n. lake h J;s' n. host (i.e. of a meshrep) i.J,S n. scale, size ~ v. to immerse, to submerge J;.-;5 n. coal ~...J;.-;5 v. to be buried, to be covered ~.._;;5 v. to agree; to be satisfied with; to become accustomed to ~ .....J_,~;s v. to burn, to set afire ...;.-t~~,Sn. thoughtfulness ~._;~;s v. to care about J~;s' n. heart, soul ~,J;;s n. bridge ~;5 n. cubic meter t.t:;._,.')'rn. •-!< l"b 1 rary ~ n. power, strength "~;s n. Kude (a Uyghur village) 0w....; ._;.,"J;s v. to fight, to struggle for ;;5 n. autumn, fall 0~4 u;5 v. to set (i.e. of the sun) 0~ u;5 v. to rise (i.e. of the sun) cl..LJ..j;5 adj. daily ~w;s adv. progressively, more and more u~;5 n. Kuitun (a Uyghur city) ~,LS -::.~~1;5 n. square kilometer ~~ n. loaf, brick J~ n. illness, disease
. . . . .;s
208
G )~ n.
gas
<..?~ adv. sometimes, occasionally
U'"'~'? n. degree (e.g. of
temperature) <..r"~j.! f"'~ n. cosmetics, make-up ~"§~ n. edge, lip i~ n. rug, carpet
._;.,'f. n. meat ~_;1--!...,S adj.
meaty, muscular
Ju,'f. n. jewel -"-'J~ n. faction, party ul...~ n. doubt, suspicion 0~)l;l...~ v. to doubt, to suspect ~L.~ adj. suspected, presumed
.ju,. ..,.1;~ v. to testify, to offer testimony J~ n. flower ~~ J~ n. flowers
0W~ n. bonfire ~,U~ n. flower bed, garden )"--:J>~ n. dome, peak
Glossary ~,J~ n. geology ..::->~ n. newspaper ;..J),_.-y ~ (n comp.) conversation,
talk ~;~ adv. although, in spite of 8.J..._,;~ adj. heavy-bodied .,_,;~ n. body L
';'';/ n. boasting, bragging ..;L.;y ';'';/ v. to boast, to brag 1} n. perpper; wax paper n. frame
r
~n.line
0~_,9 o.u:_;J
n. lexicon, word base
~COf!j. but
i...;..J n. nickname ;&..J n. Langar (a Uyghur village) ~ n. noodle, Uyghur food M .....,}~L.
n. education
~r,-:;L. n. material ~1;L. n. Maralbeshi (a Uyghur
county) l5JL. n. tradename, mark
);L. n. Mazar (a Uyghur village) );L. n. tomb ..:_,l5L. n. hometown; land, place ..;~ '>Gl5L. v. to establish a residence, to make a home JLo n. commodity, good ~';/L. n. angel \.;,jl.o n. Manta, Uyghur food ~';/L. n. Malaysia ~L. n. fmance, treasury r.L. n. Manchu "-::-';r.L. n. Manchuria ..:_,~L. n. monkey ..;UL. v. to walk, to move r-"'L. n. master, expert ~,J_,9;r n. morphology Jr adj. rich, well-off
i)U"' n. Mullah, Islamic scholar Lor n. grandmother n. Mongol ..;!;>-;~ n. nature, temperament, disposition r--" n. Egypt )..~.i-on. amount, quantity 0->)L.. n. the year zero; the Western calendar 1 · , .11 • n. millimeter o.JL.... n. nationality, ethnicity ;";;y.JL.... n. nationalist ~;";;y.JL.... n. nationalism ->;L:J..... num. billion s~v. to ride -!L... num. thousand 4 -!l..... n. Ming Teke (a Uyghur village) ~n. brain s..._1;~;.. v. to estimate, to guess ..:r;~;.. adj. vice, deputy n. teacher s..._jS.,;l,>;.. v. to congratulate ~.G-'-.3;.. n. expert, specialist LJ""';;"->;.. n. teacher (i.e. at an Islamic school) ,--.1;;.. n. ceremony sol..b;~~...5:5.,;;.. v. to complicate, to make more complex 4l.JJ.o n. jam, jelly ;;.. n. ice, frost u...,.L.;.. n. competition, contest ~...:;_...,;..adj. tyrannical, despotic J;s:.....;.. n. muscle ts:.-;;..n. music it.;;.. n. Muqam, type of Music J-9...:;_...;.. adj. independent, selfsufficient i~......::...-.;.. adj. strong, solid, firm ..:;W;,....;.. n. Muslim ~;..pro. this, these ..;1~~;.. adv. as such, so ..;~ ~;.. v. to fix, to peg ll"'"_,_,...;;.. adj. holy, sanctified, sacred
J;a.s-,...
r....:;;..
209
Glossary
o41Sr n.
prize, award j<4->..Sj.o adj. perfect, ideal "7-"''llr n. editorial, statement of opinion .sl I ~ · .u.;.. n. love ~15;.. n. appropriate, fitting o~~"5r n. result, consequence o'll~:y n. issue, dilemma ~..._.:.;5:y n. hide-and-seek ~;Jy n. property ~n. infirm person, handicapped person u~n. guest ..;;J.;---.,.0~ adj. hospitality oj.;-o n. fruit o~-oj.;-o (n comp.) fruit (in general) t.J,.._.. n. funding, capital .::.""-:-')~._.. n. responsibility, obligation .r+->._.. adv. especially, 1 specifically o~jl> ...... n. living things, organisms ~):. ...... n. Islamic school o~o:.._.. n. culture ;..S) ...... n. center o"-7')._.. n. knowledge, wisdom, education )"5)Y"-7')._.. adj. educationalist ~)"-')Y"-7')._.. n. educationalism );5;._.. pro. the designated, the given ~) ...... n. period ur) ...... n. content
n. sect ...... n.mosque .::.~ ...... n. counsel, advice u...L....... ...... adv. for example, for instance J .............. n. fable, allegory if._.. n. stove Y"r ...... n. meshrep )~._.. adj. famous, well-known J~ . . . n. torch ..;U--9 od.........9 ...... v. to make a goal of, to works towards ~ ...... n. princess d ...;J ...... n. report .::.~ ...... n. nation (.$');.. ...... adj. administrative G...... n. meaning, sense "-:-.i._.. n. origin, source, root ~_,..; ...... adj. scenic, pretty ".r'i'._.. n. scenery, landscape J-.; . . . n. destination y;..._; . . . prep. belonging to ..;U,. y;..._; ...... v. to belong to, to be a member of ).J.;.........;._.. adj. privileged, imbued with rights 0~._.. adj. moral, spiritual ul~ ...... n. site, location, stadium ..;U~ ;;_,.. ...... v. to deny, to deprive of o'llj-.A ...... n. product .JJ.u. ...... n. district oY.-5._.. adj. existing, present y.u.; ...... ~
N L!..>L n. song ..;~ l..!..>l.; v. to sing a song
oo);L n. department, section .r;L n. provincial head o~;;L n. food it.; n. name, apellation o.>..i~l.ol.; n. landmark, milestone L>L; n. bread ~l.;n. county
210
Glossary ~~!... conj. yet, but ._;WI... v. to cross, to pass over oili n. condition, state 0L.L.. adv. at once, straight away o~L.. n. life 01~1... n. animal 1;t... n. air ._r-~ 1;t... n. weather J;.-.,. n. harvest ...;~ J;.-.,. v. to harvest ...;_;;,. n. power, right, privilege i1)~ - ~,. n. homestead, house and courtyard ~,. n. courtyard 4....-:;>~ n. Hejri, the Muslim calendar ...;W ~t......... v. to protect, to guard 0L:.-.,~ n. India 4,;;~-.s~ adj. Indo-European o~_;.. n. document ...;W o"-";_;.. v. to respect, to treat with deference ...;W v. to hand down a judgment, to sentence o ....... n. government J_;.. adj. fresh, moist, juicy ~-J_;.. n. rain, precipitation 04....-:;>;Y. n. freedom, liberty ;._.¥' n. craftsmanship, workmanship L.-.!J! ~ adv. will certainly, absolutely 0~~ adv. never, at no time ...;1~~ adv. any ...;W~ ~~ v. to take under consideration ...;~~ v. to consider, to deem o~n. wisdom ~ n. religious festival ...;lo..J~ ~ v. to dedicate ._;I. 1- _ , "' v. to visit for the holiday ~~n. week ~~ adv. even, as far as ~~ n. volume, loudness
d;L n. rock candy if~,. n. population );;,. n. Noruz ~;;,. n. Norway r.~,. n. November ..:.:;..;,. adv. now, currently o~ n. ratio, proportion 0._,~ adv. relatively 0L..:...... n. goal, target ._.:,-.._;, adv. how many, a lot ~ n. Niya (a Uyghur county) s...__:..J.;..;_;. v. to take turns, to act in succession );:. n. light 0!f;Y adj. many, numerous t:;.__._;:, n. copy, example ~ n. petroleum, oil ~._, adj. beautiful, elegant .. ~-...prep. as a result, as a consequence ~._. n. result, consequence ...;WL. ;")._. v. to examine, to look at o~-..>n. pear ...;~ _,......,:.-... v. to be published, to be sent to press J~ .._;-..> n. cash s~-..> v. to carve, to engrave ";;-... n. grandchild
i;s_;..
;s,...
H ~adv. still
..__,_,t.., n. event, incident oo))t... n. heat, hotness ...;1;1... n. alcoholic drink, victual 4;1... n. eve r)t... adv. now, at present ~r)t... adj. current 0L.~ ~rit... adj. modem ...;Ur)t... v. to prepare, to make ready ...;WJ! J--.1... v. to appear, to form ...;W J--.1... v. to obtain, to attain JL.. n. condition, state 211
Glossary ~\.J..j cSY.-'-"
v. to make fun of, to tease ;"-"' adv. each, every ~1..01..9 ;"-"' adv. any, every ~>"-"adj. military Y;'-" n. letter, glyph r5;'-" adv. simply, just ..:..U..>'-" n. action, movement ..::..";)"-" n. majesty, regalness ...___,"-"' n. share, portion -.!l..J:;~'-" adj. stylish, in vogue ~"-"' n. price, cost, fee "~"-"'prep about, concerning ~"-"' adj. real, true, actual ~L-:..'i)S.-"'-" v. to cooperate, to work together ~"-"' adv. nearly all of "-""-"'pro. all ,).;:-o'-" n. change purse 9'-" int. hey ~u,. ,)r.'-" v. to amaze, to strike dumb ~\.J..j "~"-"' v. to threaten, to intimidate 0 ,)~,Y adj. complete, good .::-.-.~;,
n. prefecture, oblast
0..._."-" Jj!,Y
n. Obul Hasan
..::..;, n. fire ~W~ ..::..;, v. to ignite, to set ablaze l.::---~ l;;.:z.;,Y n. Central Asia
y d ..... l;;.:z.;,Y n. middle school ...,..~ l;;.:z.;,Y n. average ~>;.:;.;;,
n. average
r->r-S ~>;.:;.;;, n. average income ~4.:?,; ta..>;.:z.;;, v. to put forward, to suggest
);.:;.;;, num. thirty ..:_,j;,Y n. firewood ~~;, n. fireplace ~~;, adj. clear, open J-l..!...>,Y adj. similar, alike
~l..!...>,Y
n. similarity, commonality ~t...>;; yl;,Y v. to surround, to stand around ~I.Jl;,Y v. to be surrounded, to be encircled ~'u>,Y adj. common, shared b>,Y n. horde, palace ~~);. b>,Y n. coup, overthrow (e.g. of a king) ..:_,15.;,Y n. organ, apparatus (e.g. of government) ~L..>,Y v. to thresh, to fell ...;.-Lt...>Y n. forest ~t...;t..>,Y v. to establish, to put in place ~t...>;; .:..r.;._;,;,Y v. to get up, to wake up ~;>;, adj. thin, slender u;;,Y n. place, bed ~;..0;>;, n. chair, seat ~t._:.. )!..;;>;, v. to be located, to be positioned Joy n. Osh (a city, a district in Kyrgyzstan) ~;..:.;, adv. in excess of, more than ~;..:.;, n. calf ~>'u ~').;:,Y n. Buzkashi ..::..;<:;, n. fertilizer J;<:,Y n. boy ~;, n. bullet; arrow ..r.-jii¥,Y n. teacher ..r.-¥¥.Y n. student, learner ~t...;;;, v. to read; to study uL?.Y n. ocean ~L..;;.J,Y v. to seat, to make sit J-;;;.J,Y n. get-together, party ~L-:..>L..j.o,Y v. to become popular, to spread ~t...J~,Y v. to awaken, to rouse ~~;, v. to think, to consider u~.Y adj. unanticipated, unwanted ~4.:?;, v. to carve, to engrave ..:_,4.:?,Y n. basin
212
Glossary .y.L4..!~ n. basin ...;~~ v. to play ...;~~ n. cupboard; shelf 0~~ n. game ll~ adj. right (as opposed to left) ._;.,~ ll~ n. Ong Eriq (a Uyghur
u~;~~ n. Uyghurstan ~~ n. sleep, slumber ...;l-!.~~ v. to unite, to join
together
6
village) ...;~~ v. to straighten, to align ...;_;L-.:.;5"~ adj. successful, beneficial
~9 n. lung ;~9 adj. sharp, jagged ~ .......>~9 v. to bold, to convene
u...s39 adj. last, past ._;.. Jo39 n. the past ~.._;9 v. to pass, to cross ~.._; ..,;J;::-9 v. to erase, to cause to vanish ~.._j;9 v. to increase ~.._;.S y...!;9 v. to increase ~;;9 n. apricot l)~ .>9 adv. each other, one another ~.>9 n/adj. Uzbek ~.>9 adj. special, specific ~.._;;~.>9 v. to cause to change, to alter ~ .... 11 < · ..:; ~;~.>9 v. to reorganize, to restructure ~ ......;~.>9 v. to change, to become different ~~...!.>9 v. to incorporate, to adopt lf'L:;.. ..L.>9 adj. special ~ . . . ;;:..-.9 v. to raise, to cause to rise ~;J;;-.9 adj. young, youthful ..}9 n. roof ~ ...... ~9 v. to learn, to acquire through study ~ ......;;;J9 v. to kill, to cause to die ..5.19 n. province, region ~...J9 v. to die, to cease to live i;J9 n. death, passing ll.J9 n. song, melody ;;..9 n. life ...r..J? ;;..9 adj. lifelong <.?9 n. home, house ll9 n. color; appearance
u ...;_;>~ n. achievement,
accomplishment u4;~~ n. Uchturpan (a Uyghur
county) ...;t.....r:~ v. to meet, to come to face ;Y.-~ n. news, data, information ._;.. ')l;.~ vn. sleeping Jl;~ n. the Urals (a mountain
range) war, armed conflict ...;\)~ adj. long, lengthy ...;;t;)~ n. length t;__,~ n. master )t;__,~ n. teacher ._;\.J...j ...;.Jjl;__.~ n. to teach, to mentor J;-.~ n. method, manner ...;~~ J;....-..~ v. to dance ...;t..;;:.;~ v. to inform, to put in the know ...;-L~;;~ n. misunderstanding, miscommunication i¥~ n. concept, idea ...;lo..!W~ v. to (cause to) increase ...;W~ v. to connect, to tie to ...;t...!.__.=.~- t;J~ (n comp) the old and the young }¥;!~ adj. great, wonderful ...;Wj;-i~ v. to forget Lo....;.~ 0-'.J:....;~ adv. additionally, what' s more ~r.;....;~ n. university ._;..;;~ n.
213
Glossary ~ .....)"-:! )~ v. to attach
0
importance to, to give value to ~"--.-:? ~ v. to cook, to prepare
4:>;y n. mulberry 0~Y conj. for; on account of;
owing to 9'-.::Y n. innards, guts ~-'JY n. Urumqi (capital, Uyghur Autonomous Region) ~,;:; n. ring ~.._,_,;:; v. to be cut, to be severed 1-'..iY n. grape )T<>-'..i:Y n. vineyard ~~~:; n. upper, higher J....:;:__,:Y n. table ..:.,s.-.:y n. tool, device ~._,):fJ:Y v. to be in time for, to catch iJ>Y n. effect, result
w ..;U, ..::..41; v. to die, to pass away ..s.:.l; n. oasis, river basin ~~.S ); v. to give up, to
renounce; to renege ....:..........\; n. tool, implement ..;U, ....:..........\; v. to mediate, to be an intennediary for .::.....,..;\; n. time ..;1; n. time, instance ~1; adj. interim, provisional, temporary ~ili\; con). however, but LJ"-'r5 n. virus, infection ..::.."-:!")L; n. district 0...-;"; n. country, homeland ~J"5J0...-;.,; n. patriotism C"; n. tie, connection "-7>)"5 n. job, position J..S..; n. representative
for eating
yp v. to recognize, to acknowledge .:.~ n. belief, creed ._;LJ_._; .:.~ v. to believe, to subscribe to ..;~ v. to be shot ..;~ v. to pity, to empathize with ..;.J.r~ n. hill, mound ~~~ v. to get, to acquire ._;t_,J.>u~ v. to clean i.l...::_...~-._;...~ n. streams, tributaries IS:: - , - , ~ n. aesthetic, artistic sense ~ adj. valuable, precious "~).,_,~adj. significantly, severly ~ n. mouth, opening ~..._.$...-; ~ v. to eat, to consume ~ n. stable (i.e. for an animal) ~ n. flow, movement (e.g. of a river) ~ n. branch river, tributary ..::..)~ n. export ~~ n. plateau, raised area 0~ n. advertisement; announcement ._;l.J_._; 0~ v. to declare, to announce ..::..l.i,;._.:....-;-0~ n. advertising, propaganda 0'~ n. electronics ~ adj. electric ..;t. 19 • , ~ v. to make clear, to clarify 0~n. energy ..;~ v. to say, to utter c~ n. demand, need ._;LJ_._;
E )~ n. interest, attention
214
Glossary
0\.J_.j J~ v. to seize, to take control of o~~ n. seizing, conquering 0\.o.....!. )l;;JY ~ v. to find work, to get a job ~...._.:.....,rS ~ v. to put into service, to begin using 0L.}"-~~ v. to produce, to put out ~......;~ v. to use, to employ ~ ....... ~ v. to believe, to trust )~ n. capability, facility ->~ n. economy, economics (S'->~ acij. economic, fmancial ~ n. control, ownership ~~ v. to comprise, to represent ~~ - ~ acij. oprhaned, without family ~ n. owner, possessor 0U_, ~ v. to have, to possess <:~ n. chance LJ"l--.:.W n. appeal, request 0\.J_.j LJ"l--.:.W v. to appeal, to beseech ~J~ acij. progressive, forwardlooking ~ ....);..-. <.5~ v. to move forward, to cause to progress ~...__1.,~ v. to progress, to advance ~ n. knowledge ~~ n. swing (i.e. plaything) oo)~ n. building, edifice .· 'L . . 1'tsm r->r _~• n. unpena "-7'~ n. empire ~ n. signature 0U~ v. to sign, to endorse o~~ n. capability, facility ~u n. solidarity, unity ~~ acij. very, quite ~ acij. thin, delicate 0~ nlacij. human a..JJ.,;J-0~ n. humanitarianism o~~ n. humanity
I ~n. dog 0\.J_.j o~~ v. to obey, to submit to 0~~~ acij. obedient, compliant ._;.I~~ acij. soviet, allied U"'";'~ acij. enjoyable, pleasant ~_,~ acij. creating, inventing ~~ acij. social, societal ~.f~ ~ n. internal illness J~ ~ n. internal affairs 0;t;;J_;3 ~ acij. inland, internal <.5~ acij. inside, inner ..)~ n. bureau, department 0~.._:. o~~ n. Idiqut City o.>~ n. determination, resolve 0~ n. Iran 0~ n. race, ethnicity ~ n. trace, remnant ._....-.\..;~ n. sign, mark 0\.J_.j }"'~ v. to indicate, to express ~~ n. statistics J~~ n. Istanbul Li~ n. station, terminal ~~ n. strategy, gambit ..,\D.u.~ n. resort, place of rest Jl.• - ~ n. future 01. ~ v. to heat, to cause to be hot ~ acij. hot, heated t';J'-:> ~ n. the tropics Jy ~ n. Issik Kol (a lake, a district in Kyrgyzstan) u ~ vn. warming, heating i~ n. Islam; given male name o"-:--"~ n. Islam ;,~b ~~ n. Ismail Tahirov ~ n. name, apellation 0~_,9 ~ v. to name, to affix with a name ._;....:, n. work, labor ~ n. worker, laborer
215
Glossary ..:)~~ n. construction, building y ~ n. revolution, overthrow ~ n. younger brother ...:;~n. June
y ~~l:! adv. in Japanese, in a
Japanese manner ...;~l:! ac!j. flat, smooth 1 • • L_ad. ..r---;-=-y lJ.
very green
...;bl:! n. quarters, living space ...;l-.r-->l:! v. to be shy ...;l...il:! v. to lay ~ .....J_;s ~l:! v. to like, to look well upon monument, stele Jl:! n. cliff ~_;AJIJl:! n. creator; inventor .._;l...;IJl:! n. to create, to invent ~ .....)'"-! ~Jl:! v. to create, to make .._;l...;)l,Jl:! v. to be injured, to be damaged ;l:! n. summer ~;c;l:! n. writer ...;L+ v. to write ...;WL.....l:! v. to be made, to be constructed ...;L.....-.l:! v. to build, to structure
l;~ n. thigh ...;t....;;J~ v. to cause to shine, to
illuminate good manners, appropriate behaviors, customs .._;l...;t;~ v. to lose, to misplace .._;L.,...J;~ v. to visit, to go to J~ n. road, path ...;~ W~ v. to depart, to set out Ll"l_;J~ n. tiger ~~n. silk ...;~ ac!j. far, distant ~ n. meeting, gathering -:;~ v. to gather, to collect ~ ~ n. head guy (i.e. of a meshrep) ~n. year ...:;~n. snake ~n. root ~ac!j. year ~~ v. to eat, to consume ~ v. to lighten, to lift, to ease ~~ v. foods, meals ~~n. food ~._J..5:J~ v. to move J-L..;~ n. direction, orientation oJ~ n. hometown ...;l...i)l..;.g~ v. to be infected, to be contaminated ...;)1......~ ac!j. round, circular ...;l...;~~ v. to wash oneself ~ ....;_,~ v. to shoulder, to carry J.;J~ mw. set, collection if ;J~ vn. running, walking ~"J~ n. heart ~ ....)'"-! )~ v. to happen, to take place ~~..J;~ v. to move toward, to approach ~~ n. load, burden ~......_$"~adj. high, lofty, supreme ~-~ n. orphan r-'~ n. half .j.>j-;-:? n. writing ...:;;-.~ n.
216
Glossary ~adj. green
~ .......);J..j )~
~adj.
v. to quake (i.e. of the
earth)
close ~adj. recent ~.......;~ v. to lighten, to lift, to ease ...;t..;;);; ~ (comp v) to lay out to dry ~adj. new )~ n. Yengisar (a Uyghur county) ~ ;;s:;~ v. to send, to pass, to relay ~ ......)"-:> ";";;;s:.>~ v. to send, to convey ~.......;~ v. to arrive, to reach )~ n. earth, land ._.-::...-.~)~adj. subterranean, underground ~;!;;¥ )~ n. geography, lay of the land
~ ..);....:; )~
n. earthquake
..s}~ )~ n. globe, planet ~;!;.. )~ n. real estate ~)~adj. local ~..._:..J.S:..J)~
v. to settle, to take up residence in ~..._:..J)~ v. to settle, to take up residence in 1;.;.: n. village, country --;.4..-!..5~ n. Saturday ~.........t;5~ v. to receive, to take from "-'~ adv. what's more, further ll~ n. sleeve 8..J.l~ adj. air, wind
.....
217
