Uniforms of The Swedish Army in the Great Northern War

Den Karolinska Arméns uniformer under Stora Nordiska Kriget

Lars-Eric Höglund

The Uniforms of The Swedish Army in the Great Northern War

Lars-Eric Höglund

Table of Contents

Forward, or Why One Would Write Such A Book A Short Chronology of the Great Northern War Traditional Views The Years When The Indelta Infantry Regiments Were Mustered In The Standard Uniform Uniform Models Badges of Rank and Other Distinctions All the King's Horses and All the King's Men Combat Methods The Artillery Regiment The Fortification Establishment The Fleet The Uniforms Of The Regiments of Horse and Foot The Artillery Regiment Indelt (Provincial) cavalry Indelt (Provincial) infantry Värvat (Enlisted) cavalry Värvat (Enlisted ) infantry Männingsförband till häst (Temporary Horse Männingsförband till fot (Temporary Foot Holstein Regiments in Swedish Service, 1714 - 1715 Sources

4 5 7 8 9 9 10 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 22 34 43 52 54 59 60

Forward, Or Why One Would Write Such A Book The increase in serious interest in the era of Charles XII in the last few years is due in large part to the books of Peter Englund and Alf Åberg. On the other hand, for those who wish to study the uniforms of the period in greater depth, the offerings are somewhat limited. The recommended works in Swedish are first and foremost Bellander's, "Dräkt och uniform", Åberg and Göransson's, "Karoliner, and Gripenberg's, "Finsk Krigsmannabeklädnad. However, these only deal with the Swedish and Finnish indelta regiments, as well as the Livgardet and Artillery. The värvade units in the German provinces are described in two excellent volumes by Georg Tessin, "Die Deutschen Regimenter der Krone Schweden; however, all of the his uniform information is not correct. In the last couple of years a number of English and American booklets on the Swedish Army in the Great Northern War have appeared. Unfortunately, they all have the same things in common. They are carelessly produced and full of errors. Finally, uniform information is lacking on the garrison units in Sweden and the Baltic, as well as information on all of the temporary and värvade regiments raised during the war, except perhaps for a footnote in some regimental history. A large part of earlier published information now appears to be unsupported by the facts which one finds in the General Muster Rolls for the specific units. For the benefit of those who are interested in uniforms, in particular those brave souls who paint military miniatures, I have been encouraged to publish my notes. This I do with a certain hesitation. Seen from the economic and technocratic perspective of our stress filled age with its blind demand for effectiveness and profitability, such a book as this is in all honesty unjustified. On the other hand, it has been extremely satisfying to have written it. One thing or another in the book is in direct opposition to earlier published information and traditional views. I take this risk. People who do such research are not to be trifled with. Nevertheless, as far as I have be able to interpret the muster rolls, accounts, reports, orders and other documents, my uniform information is reliable. In questionable cases, it is at least highly probable. I hope readers profit from what I have produced. I would also like to thank Sören Henriksen of Roskilde in Denmark and Marc Grieves who has done the beautiful illustrations, together with Leif Törnquist , Anders Thornström of the Krigsarkivet and Jean Claesson who have contributed some valuable uniform information, and last, but not the least; my warmest thanks to Dan Schorr of Harrison, Maine, who have done a superb and very fluent translation of my book into english !

Karlstad, July 1996 Lars-Eric Höglund

"Here's fourteen shillings on the drum To those who voulenteered to come To list and beat the French today Over the hills, and far away Over the hills and over the main To Flandres, Portugal and Spain Queen Anne commands and we'll obey Over the hills and far away.

A Short Chronology of the Great Northern War 1697: The Peace of Rijswik ends the War of the League of Augsburg. Charles XI dies of stomach cancer. The old castle "Tre kronor" burns down. Royal successor, Crown Prince Charles, only 15 years old is crowned King of Sweden. 1698: The Swedish Princess, Hedvig Sofia, marries Duke Fredrik of Holstein. 1699: Denmark, Saxony-Poland and Russia enter into a secret offensive alliance against Sweden. Native Swedish regiments are mobilized and shipped to Pomerania. 1700: The Great Northern War begins with Saxon forces invading Livland in February and beginning to beseige Riga. The Danish Army invades Holstein. The Swedish Army mobilizes and new regiments are set up over the Summer. With the contributions of a British -Dutch squadron, The Swedes land at Humlebäck on Zealand. Peace between Denmark and Holstein is signed at Traventhal. In August the Russians invade Ingermanland. The Swedish Army is shipped to Estland and is victorious at Narva. 1701: The Swedes cross the Düna River at Riga and defeat the Russian- Saxon Army. The Saxons evacuate Swedish Livland. The Swedish Army invades Kurland and Lithuania. The Russians are victorious at the Battle of Erastfehr. 1702: Saxons and Poles are defeated at Klissow, Krakow is captured by the Swedes. Russians take Nöteborg on Lake Ladoga and defeat the Swedes at Hummelshof. The first Polish troops in Swedish service, "Valacker", are set up. 1703: The Swedes defeat a Russian-Lithuanian army at Saladen in Kurland. Nyenskans on the Neva falls into Russian hands, and the foundation of Russia's new capital, St.Petersburg, is laid there. In Poland the Swedes defeat the Saxon cavalry at Pultusk. The fortress of Thorn is besieged, and surrenders to the Swedes after a five months siege. 1704: Through Swedish pressure, the Poles depose August II and elect Stanislaus Leszcynski the Polish King. The city of Lemberg is stormed by the Swedes. In Kurland, Lewenhaupt defeats Russians and Lithuanians at Jacobstad. During the Summer, the Russians capture Dorpat, Narva and Ivangorod and destroy the Swedish flotilla on Lake Peipus. The Saxons retake Warsaw. Swedish cavalry victories at Punitz and Oderbeltsch.

1705: Lewenhaupt defeats the Russians at Gemäurthof Swedish cavalry defeats the Saxons at Warsaw. Stanislaus is crowned King of Poland. At the end of the year, Charles XII is beginning to encircle Grodno where a Russian army is located. 1706: Rehnskiöld defeats a Saxon-Russian army at Fraustadt. Russians lose ca. 15,000 men during the siege of Grodno, but the remainder succeed in escaping the pursuing Swedes. A Russian force is destroyed at Kleczk. Peace in Alt-Ranstadt between Sweden and Saxony. General Mardefelt is defeated at Kalisz by a RussianSaxon-Polish army when he does not receive word on the Peace Treaty. 1707: The King's Army begins its march East. In Sweden, enlisted units are set up of Saxon prisoners of war. 1708: The attack against Russia begins. General Lybecker attacks the Russians in Ingermanland, and Lewenhaupt begins to march from Kurland to meet the King's Army at the Russian-Polish border. Swedish victories at Holofzin, Rajovka and Malatitze. Lewenhaupt is defeated at Ljesnaja and loses all the supplies and half of his army. The Swedish Army is forced to turn towards the Ukraine, and thousands of Swedish soldiers freeze or starve to death. 1709: The Swedes besiege Veprik which surrenders after an unsuccessful storm. In early Summer Poltava is besieged, there the Swedes are totally defeated and the whole army surrenders at Perevolotjna a few days later. Charles XII escapes with a few hundred followers to Turkish territory. The Saxons, later in the year, reenter Poland. Denmark declares war on Sweden and invades Scania. The Swedish army in Poland under General Crassow retreats to Pomerania. 1710: The Danes are defeated at Helsingborg. In the Baltic the last fortresses of Riga, Reval and Pernau fall into Russian hands. The plague begins to ravage Europe and strikes particularly hard in south and east Sweden. Viborg and Elbing are captured by the Russians. 1711: The Turks formally declare war on Russia. Tsar Peter and his army is surrounded at Prut, but thanks to the hesitation of the Turkish commander, the Russians succeed in negotiating peace and liberty to march off. The Danes occupy the Dukedom of Bremen, and besiege Wismar for a time. 1712: A Swedish army lands in Pomerania, but at the same time the Swedish transport fleet is destroyed by the Danes, who also capture the fortress of Stade. General Magnus Stenbock defeats the Danes and Saxons at Gadebusch, but is forced to retire to Holstein territory.

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land. Included in the Royal court in the field is among other things a court orchestra under the direction of Johan Jacob Bach (the brother of Johan Sebastian), a court jester, the midget Luxemburg and a number of Turkish belly dancers. Charles XII dies at Fredrikshall. The Main Army retires immediately to Sweden. Armfelt's Jämtland Army does not begin to withdraw until the first of the year and is caught in a snowstorm. 80% of his main force freezes to death or dies of frostbite. 1719: Russian galleys raid along Sweden's east coast. An attempt against Stockholm is stopped at Staket. Ulrika Eleonora becomes Queen of Sweden. Peace with Hanover. Bremen-Verden is ceded in return for one million riksdaler. 1720: Peace with Prussia and Denmark. Prussia retains the conquered portion of Hinter Pomerania in return for two million riksdaler. Sweden again is forced to pay the Sound Tolls to Denmark and the alliance with Holstein is ended. Frederik I becomes King of Sweden. 1721: Russian galley attacks against southern Norrland. Peace with Russia at Nystad. Sweden gives up Livland, Estland, Ingermanland, Dagö, Ösel, Kexholm and half of Viborgs county.

1713: Stenbock capitulates at Tönningen where the Swedish army had been encircled for several months. The fracas in Bender. The Russians invade Finland and defeat General Armfelt at Pälkäne. The Finnish army retreats to Österbotten. 1714: Charles XII rides incognito through Europe to Stralsund. The Russians win at Storkyro in Österbottens and the sea battle of Hangö Cape. The Finnish army retires to Sweden, and the whole of Finland falls into Russian hands. 1715: Prussia and Hanover declare war on Sweden. The Battle of Stressow on Rügen. Stralsund is besieged and surrenders. Charles XII returns to Sweden. The first coin symbol "emergency coin" is minted. 1716: The first Norwegian campaign. Wismar, the last Swedish overseas possession, falls. 1717: Peace negotiations begin with the Russians and continue to the following Fall. 1718: The second Norwegian campaign. Norway is attacked by three columns from Dalsland, Värmland and Jämt-

So ended the Great Northern War, even called, "The Great Discord!" The most legendary, the most debated, criticized, admired, analyzed and longest of all of Sweden's wars. In spite of the fact that the war only amounts to a semicolon in World History, the literature on it fills meters of shelves. For the average person it meant that the authorities now had a new "hereditary f o e " for propaganda purposes. Instead of the "Juten (Dane)" which could now be retired after having been in steady use since the days of Gustaf Adolf, we had the "Russian", which has remained more or less current to the present day.

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Traditional Views The prevalent picture of Charles XII's soldiers can be ascribed to the Swedish artist Gustaf Cederström. "Karl XII:s likfärd (Charles XII's Funeral Procession)", as with Bruno Lijefors' hares and foxes together with Carl Larson's idyllic watercolors, became an accepted part of the Swedish consciousness. However, Cederström's martial representations of our dauntless forefathers are a little anachronistic. Cavalrymen in long, yellow elkskin coats belong to an earlier time. Guardsmen with yellow lapels on their coats which did not appear before the 1730s, and infantrymen marching in immense boots, as well as peasants in wooden shoes and only shirt sleeves in the middle of winter also lacks historical authenticity. The sharply defined three corner hats, as well as the blue coats with small cuffs and turned-back coat skirts, also do not belong to the men who fought at Narva, possibly to those who fought at Helsingborg and Gadebusch. To further distinguish from earlier accepted beliefs, blue coats with yellow lining and cuffs were not reserved to the infantry, or were blue coats with blue lining reserved to the cavalry. As is well known, the Närke Värmland and Jönköping Regiments had red as their distinctive color, and Västerbotten Regiment had white. On the other hand, the Adelsfanan wore gray cloth coats faced with yellow far into the war; several cavalry regiments had coats with yellow lining; and the Finnish cavalry regiments were in grey coats since the 1690's. Even if red (orange to crimson) facings were a rare occurrence on national Swedish soil, probably three Finnish regiments had red facings (Viborgs, Savolax and Tavastehus) and at least eight enlisted units. I only have found white as a facing color with one Finnish regiment (Nylands) and two German (Änkedrottningens Livregemente in Pomerania and Vietinghoff's dragoons). A true soldier of Charles XII, as he appeared at the outbreak of war, wore a uniform coat which was 8-10 years old. It had 36 buttons, double vertical pockets and cuffs which were at least 1/4 aln ( O n e aln = 59.4 cm). wide together with coat skirts which were not turned back. On his head he wore a karpus of blue cloth faced with blue or in the regimental color. If he belonged to a Finnish regiment, he probably had blue cloth breeches and blue stockings. Björn Asker in a series of interesting articles in "Meddelande från Armémuseum" has destroyed a number of old myths among them that the Swedish indelta infantry did not have a common or standard uniform at the outbreak of the Great Northern War. I will here introduce what I have found out about the Finnish regiments from the easily accessible source material. What is so noticeable is that previously published information has shown the Nylands Regiment in a red uniform in 1696. This is in direct contradiction to the 1687 Circular on the introduction of the standard uniform. Another error is that the Finnish regiments were clothed in grey vadmal, Coarse woolen homespun wool usually in various shades of grey, with blue cuffs and lining,between 1702 and 1711. This does not fit with the information that the Åbo läns txemänningsinfanteri was clothed in blue with yellow. The Nylands Regiment had, according to the 1683 uniform list, blue coats with white cuffs. In 1687 at least the following Finnish units received new uniforms: Nylands, Åbo läns and Öster-

bottens. The Nylands Regiment received blue coats with white lining and cuffs, blue breeches and white stockings. The other two received blue coats with yellow lining and cuffs, yellow breeches and stockings. Probably even the Tavastehus Regiment received a new uniform at the same time, but the information is vague. The Österbottens Regiment kept their coats until 1705 when they finally received a new uniform issue. The Nylands Regiment on the other hand had the same color combination both in 1696 and 1698 when they received a new issue, but with blue breeches and stockings. The Åbo läns Regiment received a new uniform issue during 1694 when they received blue coats with yellow cuffs and lining, blue breeches and stockings! They retained these breeches and stocking colors, according to the Muster Rolls, throughout the 1690's. Why Gripenberg describes yellow breeches and stockings, and to certain degree even a different color for the karpus and drummer's lace, that does not agree with this Muster Roll information for the uniforms of 1696, is unknown. However, in all probability Gripenberg used the uniform data for the Björneborgs Regiment which received the standard uniform between 1689 and 1692 General Muster Rolls show that regiments in Finland and the Baltic had cuffs and lining in the same color from the 1680's to the outbreak of war. What could vary, and which has been mentioned above, was the color of breeches and stockings. The Viborgs and Savolax Regiments which had blue coats with red facings as early as 1683 are hardly likely to have changed facing colors. According to a Royal decree, the Finnish cavalry should have had gray cloth coats with cuffs, lining and schabraques in the provincial (regimental) color. The Nylands Cavalry Regiment is often described as having blue coats with red lining and cuffs in 1696. This is based on a vignette figure on a map from 1696 showing the regiment's indelning area, but on this map the coat color is gray not blue, perhaps a bluish gray if one is charitable. It is also probable that the hat was not furnished with red feather plumes, unless one has mistaken bows in the hat band for feathers. In 1694 the commander of the Karelska Cavalry in reply to a question on what color his officers' new coats should be was told that they should be gray "the same as Colonel Wachmeister's regiment" (Åbo läns Cavalry), but the schabraque should be in the regimental color. The most interesting information on Finnish equipment, which gave rise to many misinterpretations, Gripenberg in particular, is a Royal letter dated 2 January 1702 concerning the Karelska Cavalry. It has been printed in "Meddelande från Armémuseum" I, 1938, and it is often cited in uniform literature. The letter reads in part, "that which We find best is that the coats should be gray as with the other Finnish regiments, but the lining should be blue." On the other hand, if one looks for the War Council's letter to the King dated 19 November 1701, which is preserved in rough draft, then one gets a completely different picture. In the letter the Council reported among other things that they had 2,684 "daler silvermynt" to cloth the Karelska Cavalry. However, since they had not received instructions on color etc., they wondered now if the uniforms should be carried out, "as was done last for the Åbo and Nylands Regiments, namely of light grey

cloth, pewter buttons and gray baize for the lining." On the same rough draft the King's reply is noted, "His Royal Majesty finds that it would be best that these coats should be gray like those of the other two Finnish cavalry regiments, but the lining should be blue, since that is the regimental color, and the coat fastened with pewter buttons." The results are that the Åbo läns and Nylands Cavalry Regiments by 1701 at the latest received uniform coats of light gray cloth with gray cuffs and lining, also that the Karelska Cavalry should get gray cloth coats with blue lining and cuffs, not gray vadmal. Likewise, the order only concerned the ordinary Finnish cavalry regiments and not the entire army. The Finnish infantry regiments received blue coats during the war, although not with any degree of regularity, but they nonetheless received them when available. On the other hand, according to a memorandum of Commissioner Wingeflyckt, the Finnish fördubblings battalions received gray vadmal coats with yellow cuffs and collars, not blue. As a result we can eliminate another old myth that the Finnish regiments should have had gray vadmal coats with blue lining. As long as possible, blue uniform items were issued to Finnish regiments, along the same lines as the national Swedish and enlisted Baltic units; even though the color is

thought to have been standard; blue coat with yellow cuffs and lining. Another of Gripenberg's misinterpretations is that the Österbottens Regiment received excess uniform items from the Jönköpings Regiment (blue coats with red lining and cuffs), and wore these items throughout the war. This idea fails from its own unreasonableness. The Jönköpings Regiment was issued the standard uniform in 1692, and is believed to have worn the same coat until 1706 by which time they should have been pretty threadbare. The truth is that after the Peace of Rijswik in 1697, which ended the War of the League of Augsburg and Sweden's participation in it, the Österbottens Regiment which was in garrison in Riga received around 400 men from the units that were disbanded. On arrival at the regiment, these men were "completely ununiformed" but received excess uniform items from the other garrison units. Among these items were old blue coats with red lining and cuffs which were in storage and belonged to the Guvernementsregementet i Riga. A similar arrangement could have occurred during the siege of Riga in 1710 when units of small means (money) also were clothed in excess uniform items from the other regiments in garrison.

The Years When The Indelta Infantry Regiments Were Mustered In The Standard Uniform 1688: Nylands, Åbo läns, Österbottens. 1689: Skaraborgs, Björneborgs (part). 1690: Västmanlands, Södermanlands, Dalregementet. 1691: Upplands, Närke-Värmlands, Västgötadals, Elfsborgs. 1692: Östgöta, Jönköpings, Kronobergs, Kalmar, Björneborgs (part) 1694: Åbo läns, Västerbottens, Hälsinge (probably with horizontal pockets). 1698: Nylands regemente (new uniform).

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The Jämtlands, Savolax and Viborgs Regiments had blue coats as early as 1683. The Jämtlands Regiment did not receive new uniforms before 1709. The other two regiments were issued new uniforms earlier, but it is unknown when. The Tavastehus Regiment, which in 1683 had red coats with yellow lining, should have had blue coats with red facings, the standard uniform in 1696.

Uniform Models In accessible literature (Bellander) the Carolingian uniform has been divided into the "older" model 1687, and the "younger" model 1706. I have some doubts that such is correct. One has assumed that from the introduction of the standard uniform, the "older" uniform coat was the model which was worn through the departure from Saxony in 1707 when the regiments received new coats of the "younger" model. If we look closer at the problem, we see that this simplification does not hold up. The blue coats which were made during the 1680's to the first years of the 1690's were undoubtedly totally in accordance with the uniform which is preserved in the Armémuseum (AM inv. nr 3031): Blue coat without collar, quite sizable cuffs in the regimental color, double vertical pockets and a button row which runs the whole length of the front of the coat. The uniform of the other ranks has three dozen buttons: 12 for the false pockets, one for each shoulder strap, and 22 for the front of the coat. There are exceptions: the Dalregementet's coat had 48 brass buttons in 1688, and the Närke-Värmlands Regiment had 42 pewter buttons for the other ranks' coats and 54 buttons for corporals' coats in 1691. These additional buttons were probably placed on the pockets. However, When the Åbo läns Regiment received new uniforms in 1693-94, according to the General Muster Roll the coats had "tvärtaskor", that is a new model coat with horizontal pockets. Unfortunately, the number of buttons is unknown, but they ought to been in the neighborhood of 27 to 30. The number varied depending on whether there were three or five buttons on the pockets. The reduced number of buttons also are a result of a reduction of the number of buttons to 12 to 14 on the front of the coat. The Livgardet, which was the style or fashion setter, was suppose to have 26 buttons in its model 1699, plus 6 small ones on the arms for the cuffs. Probably even the uniform they were issued in 1695 had this number of buttons. The Livgardet certainly did not receive the Model 1699 coat before 1704. In any case, when at the beginning of the war requests went out for standard coats, the model always was, "as those used by the Guard." The buttons on the m/1699 coat were placed 12 on the button row on the coat front, 5 on each pocket, 1 on each side of the coat and 1 on each shoulder strap for a total of 26. New uniform ordinances were issued during the stay

in Saxony which primarily concerned the uniform of the other ranks. The coats were ordered to be made wider further down, and provided with pleats on the sides and back, like the coats of the officers and noncommissioned officers. This is now the "Classic Karoliner Uniform" with the button row on the coat front stopping at the waist, small cuffs, turned-down collar and coat skirts turned-back. As far as the cavalry was concerned, the Livregementet had two dozen buttons in 1706 with three on each pocket, and the Adelsfanan had 19 buttons in 1709: Twelve in the button row on the coat front, three on each pocket and on one the "axelsnodden (shoulder cord)" to hold the belt in place. The result is that we have three models of Karoliner uniforms: an "Older" model without collar which was manufactured during the 1680's up to about 1692; a "Transitional" model worn between 1694 and 1706 with a collar; and a "Younger" model which was primarily worn from about 1709-1710 by indelta Swedish units. On the other hand, the uniform coats issued to units in the Baltic 1707-1709 were likely of the "Younger" model. De la Gardies' enlisted regiment reported coats with 21 pewter buttons (1707?) which probably were in the cut of the "Younger" model. The three-cornered hat probably was not worn either until some years into the war. Paintings and copper engravings of the period show hats with folded-up front and in some cases rear brims. As late as 1706 the Drabants wore hats of this sort which are illustrated on a copper engraving of Charles XII's and August II's meal at Alt-Ranstadt. Hats of this type were probably in use in other units. Something else which is worth noting is that headgear and coats, even for non-commissioned officers and other ranks, and particularly in the mounted units, were often quite expensive items. Silver braid on hats and karpus, embroidered buttonholes and braid on cuffs and pockets were quite usual. And these were for everyday use, not just parades. As the war progressed and the shortage of money became pronounced, many of these earlier showy details disappeared, but even then one tried to at least provide for the small amount of gold and silver on the Oboist's uniform, so that at least they could look smart. The regimental commander himself or all of the regimental officers could pay out of their own pockets for a little braid of noble value.

Badges of Rank And Other Distinctions Badges of rank in the modern sense are not to be found in the army of Charles XII. To a certain degree, however, there was an attempt to distinguish differences in rank, primarily on officers' parade coats. General Officers and regimental commanders were free, according to their means and desires, to adorn their uniform with gold braid. On service, however, the coat had to be blue, narrow in the waist and with cuffs. Charles XII's regulation of 1697 prescribed an officer's uniform for dairy service: a blue coat "without any ornament", a hat and belts with gold braid, sword and halfpike with gilded hilt, together with gauntlets with gold braid and a gorget. The Colonel's parade coat

should be so lavish that he "distinguishes himself" from his subordinates. Around his neck he wore a gorget of gilded silver with the King's monogram under a royal crown and other ornamentation in enamel. Lieutenant Colonels' and Majors' coats should be the same in ornamentation with wide gold braid on cuffs and pockets, gilded buttons and buttonholes decorated with gold thread. A gorget of gilded silver with monogram and crown between crossed palm branches in enamel. Captains' coats should be provided with gilded buttons, decorated buttonholes and gold braid on the cuffs and pockets, but narrower than the Major's and Lieutenant Colonel. The gorget of gilded silver with crown and 9

monogram in enamel. Lieutenants' and Ensigns' should have coats as the Captain, but without braid on the cuffs and pockets. Their gorget was of polished silver with the monogram and crown in gold. For parade a hat, belts and gauntlets with gold braid, together with blue stockings should always be worn. On the other hand, it is doubtful that the officers provided themselves with a third required uniform type: a poor gray coat with pewter buttons for field use. Besides the cloak, an officer might possibly have a form of overcoat known as a "syrtut" or surtout. The other company noncommissioned officers from the regimental sergeant major to staff sergeant and guide were uniformed the same: a hat with silver braid, coat with pewter buttons and frequently silver braid on cuffs and pockets. They were armed with partisan together with a sword with a burnished hilt. Even corporals had uniforms which separated them from the men: on the "older" uniform it might be a larger number of buttons on the pockets, silver braid on the karpus etc., but the most common seems to have been embroidered buttonholes often in the form of stylized lilies. Even the dress of the Army Chaplains is known: Except for the weapons, the Regulation ordered the clothing to be "In all parts equal to the Non-commissioned officers, but the cloth shall be black."

The color of the cuffs, lining and stockings was supposed to be blue for officers and non-commissioned officers, but even here there were variations. If one can rely on a vignette figure from the Tavastahus Regiment's indelning in 1696, regimental officers had red stockings. See Bellander, p.202 and color picture in Gripenberg. Captain Conrad Sparre of the NärkeVärmlands Regiment avoided capture on the battlefield of Poltava perhaps because bis uniform was in the style of the common soldier: blue and red with red stockings. In the Russian Army at Poltava there were at least four regiments with similarly colored uniforms: Hallart's, Kutuzov's, Pskovski and the Semenovski Guard. Russian uncertainty is therefore understandable. Generally, information on officers' uniforms rarely appears in the Muster Rolls. Probably, they dressed as ordered by His Royal Majesty, if finances allowed. Frequently, the poor ensign would have to remake or repair his uniform himself so that it was acceptable. Non-commissioned officers, who had to purchase their own uniforms, were, after a while, obliged to rely on the State for their uniforms when they themselves did not have the means.

All The King's Horses And All The King's Men "His Royal Majesty's Military on Horse and Foot", at the outbreak of the Great Northern War consisted of 12 cavalry and 22 infantry units, the so called indelta, permanent provincial regiments in Sweden and Finland. In addition there was the the Livgardet, as well as other enlisted regiments in Sweden and other areas of the Empire. These latter totalled 9 horse and 14 foot together with the artillery establishment. Charles XI's army reforms, the so called "Younger Indelningsverket" can be said to consist of three parts: 1 The basic Indelningsverket, which grants each officer and non-commissioned officer in the permanent provincial regiments, in lieu of pay, a place to live along with its produce, together with a specified income based on rents from divided taxes and crown lands. 2 Rusthållet, which provides that a freehold owner undertook in peacetime as well as war to provide and maintain a horse and rider. For this he was freed from the basic taxes. As a complement in case his own freehold was not able to bear the expenses, he received an "augment", income from supplementary freeholds. 3 What we today commonly call indelta soldiers the permanent Knekt (soldier) and Båtsman (sailor). Two to five farms made up a "rote" which undertook to provide and maintain a soldier or sailor. For this, the "rote" was freed from conscription, but not from taxes. Exempted from this were the manors of noblemen;the freeholds belonging the officers and non-commissioned officers of the indelta regiments; the residences of the county constables; postmen, innkeepers and the mining districts. Fully developed, it was the intention that each province should have an infantry regiment. Exempted were Blekinge, Öland, Gotland and parts of the coastal provinces where "Båtsmän" (sailors) were set up instead. The former Danish provinces were also exempted from setting up "rote". Here and in Bohuslån three cavalry regiments and a dragoon squadron were set up instead, together with an Adelsfanan company. In addition four 10

indelta cavalry regiments were set up in Svealand and Gotaland together with four Adelsfanan companies. In Finland three cavalry regiments were set up together with an Adelsfanan company and a county dragoon squadron. Two- thirds of the foot soldiers were armed with musket and sword. The bayonet began to enter service in the Swedish Army during the 1690's, and were first issued to the twelve grenadiers in each company. The other one-third were armed with a 4.5-5 meter long pike and a sword. Cavalrymen and dragoons had a sword, two pistols and a carbine, musket for dragoons. Completely equipped a musketeer cost 60 "daler silvermynt". A cavalryman with horse and horse equipment cost 260 "daler silvermynt". The pay for a common soldier was 20 "daler kopparmynt" (1 daler silver = 3 daler koppar). Infantry swords had blades 90cm in length and blackened iron hilts, while cavalry swords had blades a good 96cm in length and burnished hilts. The muskets the soldiers carried were 140cm long and the bayonet was 70cm. With these sizes, one gets the impression that a soldier of Charles XII must have been a tall man, but quite the opposite was the case. A tall person at the time, today would be considered of about average height. Charles XII was 178cm in height, and was considered tall. Tsar Peter at a good 2 meters was a veritable giant. Those who have visited the Armémuseum and seen the preserved uniform of the time instead get the impression that those men who filled Northern Europe with terror must have had an average height of 165 to 170cm. One did not want to have soldiers who were too small, or too tall. Leaving out those with frail bodies, the main reason appears to be that uniforms were produced in only a few sizes. (Minimum length for a Swedish recruit was 11 quarters and 1 thumb! 165 cms) If the men were short in stature, horses were also. Using present day measurements, an acceptable horse

of the time was 139cm high behind the saddle. They could be smaller, but only if they were wider and stronger. The horsemen of Charles XII rode what we would consider ponys. According to Waxberg, the measurement of 139cm behind the saddle corresponds to approximately 146cm in height at the withers. Today, the boundary between a pony and a horse is 148cm in height at the withers. When the Swedish cavalry lost their horses at the beginning of the 1970's the minimum height for an acceptable remount was 155cm at the withers. The color was supposed to be dark, from black to various shades of brown. No yellows, roans or whites were permitted. The use of bays with lightcolored tails was not permitted. When the Ståndsdragoner and Temporary regiments were set-up during the war, "Klippare" or common cart horses were issued to the men. These were pure farm horses which were even smaller than the regular cavalry horses. Major Odelström of the Västgöta tre-och femmänningskavalleri Regiment relates that the cavalrymen's horses were so small when they met the Danish Horse Guards at the Battle of Helsingborg that they almost could creep under the belly of the Horse Guards' larger horses. When the war was well underway, it became apparent that all the regulations on uniforms and horse colors etc. could not be maintained. The domestic cloth was not sufficient, and one had to import cloth and gray vadmal replaced blue cloth in the Temporary regiments. Shortages of good skins (leather), and probably for more practical reasons, resulted in vests and breeches of various types of material to an increasing extent. Many regiments, principally after 1709, became pure musketeer units. This was not the result of any new military thinking, but simply because there were no pikes to be found. Cavalrymen had to make do with the shorter infantry sword when the longer and heavier cavalry sword were no longer obtainable. As for horses, one took what was available, regardless of color. The main condition was that the horse came fairly close to the approved height, so that one had something on which to ride. In the cities and fortresses in the Baltic provinces, the German possessions, Southern and Western Sweden and in Stockholm were enlisted units of horse and foot, together with artillery. For the Livgardet in Stockholm only native Swedish recruits were accepted. The same was the case, judging by the muster rolls, with the Svenska Livregementet till fot in Gothenburg, but even in the garrisons of Malmö and Landskrona a "försvenskningskampanj" took place, a campaign to rid the units of individuals who were not native born Swedes. Through pure physical and mental intimidation, foreigners were persuaded to request a discharge in order to be replaced by Swedes. However, the muster rolls from the late 1690's still show a array of people from the Baltic region. In the Pomeranian and Bremen garrisons, where one was not so particular about nationality, and in the numerous dragoon and infantry regiments which were set up in Germany and Poland during the war the bulk of the soldiers were pure mercenaries, enlisted for "fourteen shillings on the drum" as a contemporary English soldier's-song, put it. Most were good soldiers, but even so "three different princes served in the same pair of shoes": deserters, wind driven individuals and other refuse from the continent's mass armies. For the Crown the war became a quite expensive affair, despite the fact that the "indelningsverket" help it

avoided some of the rather large expenses of pay, as well as being able to turn over responsibility for procurement of soldiers to the farmers and freeholders of the "rote" and "rusthåll". Already at the beginning of the war, large shortages appeared. When the ordinary (indelta) regiments departed, there were little if any units remaining for the defense of Sweden itself. As early as 1700 it was decided to set up reserve units, the so called "Männingar" (Temporary units), and in Finland even "fördubblingsmanskap" or a doubling of the "rote". Three "rotar" were placed together and set-up a soldier which resulted in a "Tremänning" regiment or battalion. Originally, these were intended for the defense of Sweden and Finland proper, but even these soon disappeared to the various theaters of war. Further steps were taken, the so called "Fyr-och femmärinings" regiments. The provinces whose indelta regiment was not in a theater of war organized a "fyrmännings" regiment. The other provinces only generated individual soldiers known as "femmännigar." In, Finland and the Baltic provinces nobles, the clergy and tenants on crown land, together with the raining districts, were required, based on income, to raise "Stånds-" or "Lant-dragoons. "In the mining districts an infantry battalion was raised in 1701 and a second in 1703. In 1705 these two battalions were combined into a regiment. In Estland and Livland a number of county militia units were organized; however, they never met the expectations of those in power. The problem was not that the soldiers were of poor quality, quite the opposite. The soldier material was generally regarded as good, but their training and equipment was particularly poor. The officers and noncommissioned officers were as inexperienced as the men in the mysteries of exercises and use of weapons. The weapons were old matchlock muskets, and the equipment consisted of discarded items from the regular units. As for uniforms, there were none. What in peacetime had worked well, showed itself in the long run to be just as costly in terms of manpower resources as 17th Century conscription. Many "rusthåll" and "rotar" had to set up three and four horsemen or foot soldiers, and became destitute as a result of the steady demand for new soldiers. For die they did in the thousands and tens of thousands. Researcher Jan Lindegren has calculated that approximately 150,000 soldiers from Sweden proper died during the Great Northern War, and around 50,000 from Finland. In addition, there were an unknown number of enlisted and militia from the German possessions and the Baltic provinces, certainly at least 50,000, probably more. These are dizzying numbers, especially considering the small numbers that fell in regular battles. The greatest number died of pure neglect: starvation, epidemics and surgical fever. Groups of recruits always were taken in excess, since one coldly counted on 1/4 to 1/3 dying during the first year. They quite simply did not manage to adjust. Those who survived, on the other hand, became properly hardened; but regiments in the field and in garrison seldom, if ever, were up to full strength, and the number of veterans in the companies was always reduced. A record is a company of the Viborgs Regiment in 1702 which had 20 men commanded by a captain, a lieutenant, two senior and two junior noncommissioned officers and four corporals! Two men per officer or non-commissioned officer. The average strength with the army in Poland was around 50%-60% of authorized strength, in certain cases even lower. Between 1701 and 1705 the Dal11

regementet drew a total of 1,022 recruits. The Västmanlands Regiment in Västerås county with 785 "rotar" received 854 recruits and 46 train personnel between 1700 and 1709. The Norra Skånska Cavalry drew 1,043 men between 1702 and 1707, and the Södra Skånska Cavalry drew 850 men through 1708. The Hälsinge Regiment for 1702, 1706 and 1707 drew a combined total of 1,061 recruits. Närke-Värmlands tremännings Regiment began the war with 1,023 men. It became so weakened through sickness that it was reduced to a battalion, and only through the most strenuous efforts was able to maintain a strength of 300-400 men. For other units during the period, the numbers are comparable. If one adds on the catastrophes of Poltava/Perevolotjna and the outcome of Stenbock's 1712-13 campaign which meant that two armies disappeared, the continuing war in Finland and the Baltic provinces, the ravages of the plague in 1710-11 and the outcome of the 1718 campaign where the entire Jämtland's Army either froze to death or died of frostbite, one can understand that Lindegren's numbers are not exaggerated by any means. A regiment's manpower in fact could have turned over three or four times during the war. In 1707 recruiting was so difficult before the approaching Russian Campaign that it was decided to organize enlisted units from among Saxon prisoners of war. One regiment and three independent battalions were organized and shipped to Viborg to fight against the Russians. The three battalions were more or less destroyed, although on different occasions. Only "The Saxon Regiment" survived to the end of the war. Besides Saxons, the regiment contained other Germans, Danes and Norwegians, together with men from Scania!

As the war progressed, the authorities were forced once again to begin conscription. Forcible enlistment was legion with methods that would have honored the English Navy during Lord Nelson's days. Desertion and hiding became so acute that the authorities had to issue "Pardonsplakat" or amnesty proclamations, "For all fugitive cavalrymen, dragoons and foot soldiers residing in Sweden," issued in Ystad, 23 December 1715. Those who abandoned their service because of recklessness and depravation should, not later than the end of May 1716, once again report, and they would be free from punishment, "Together with Our Royal Mercy and Protection again take up an existence." Those who by the end of the period still stayed away, as well as those who hid them, would "be punished with all seriousness and without mercy." After the death of Charles XII several of the enlisted and temporary units were disbanded or combined. Also many who had served so long under the colors found that they could not adjust to civilian life. From among these, a small number of garrison units were organized after the return of peace. Some of these units were stationed in Sweden, and others in what remained of the German possessions: Ribbing's Regiment ( T h e garrison regiment in Gothenburg and several other places) Horn's Regiment (A garrison regiment in Scania) Adlerfelt's Regiment (A garrison regiment in Scania) Posse's Regiment (The garrison regiment in Stralsund) Other units were incorporated into the Guard or Artillery, while others became "indelta" in Finland or came under the "Båtsmanshåll".

Combat Methods when small talk in the ranks was a common occurrence both before and during combat, this was a tactic which could set the enemy's nerves trembling. At seventy paces from the enemy a halt was made. The two rear ranks of musketeers advanced, fired and drew their swords. The advance continued, and at 30 paces a second halt was made and the other two ranks of musketeers fired and drew their swords. Then with drawn swords, leveled pikes and bayonets the wavering position in front of them was rushed. This is the "Carolignian manner" in a nutshell. An aggressive tactic where the intent was to achieve dominance from the beginning. If it degenerated into a long firefight, every attempt was made to maintain the initiative. This tactic reminds one to a certain degree of the contemporary Scots: often only in a single line and all at one time. The tactic could be crowned with success as at Killiekrankie and Prestonpans, but it could also result in total defeat as at Culloden, the Highlanders' Poltava. The basic tactical unit of the cavalry was the squadron. Two combined companies of horsemen who in a tight formation, knee behind knee in two or three ranks, rode to the attack at high speed with cold steel. The Swedish cavalry's technique and maneuverability was probably the foremost of its day, at least compared to well-trained units, which even non-Swedish military historians acknowledge. Against the cavalry they met, or wavering infantry units, the tactics were without a doubt good. But against steady infantry which had the time to form square, the tactic came up short for which

The smallest tactical unit for the infantry was the battalion. It consisted of four companies, usually in four ranks, the pike division in the middle, musketeers on the flanks. The officers stood in the first rank to the left of their division. There was no color bearer out in front of the battalion wildly swing the colors, as is often depicted on romantic pictures, but eight grenadiers as a protection for the batallion-commander! Instead the colors were carried in the middle of the battalion between the second and third ranks. The files which marched with the colors were called the color platoon, and they should have been the best men in the battalion whose primary mission was to protect the colors. The drummers marched behind the colors. Behind the whole battalion came the non-commissioned officers, ready to move in if their superior fell, maintaining the battalion's order, and primarily ensuring that no one held back from the advance. Those who suddenly fled would be cut down immediately. The position of the grenadiers in the battalion is a little uncertain, but probably they stood on the flanks. When a battalion was "späckad" that is the first two ranks were entirely musketeers, or if one formed square it appears as if the grenadiers went to the middle of the battalion and threw grenades. See the painting "The Crossing of the Duna 1701". When the order to advance was given, it was made in total silence. The only things that were heard were the beat of the drums, the tramp of thousands of feet and the measured rattle of the metallic parts of weapons and equipment. In an era 12

there are several examples. In short, this tactic, combined with God's help, dominated the enemy in most battles. That is until God the Father, during a few early hours on 28 June 1709, suddenly converted to GreekOrthodox. The author, who completed his military service as a well off staff sergeant of infantry and whose equestrian views are in agreement with the late General Joseph Stillwell, Vinegar Joe, embraces the somewhat heretical outlook that perhaps all of the talk about tactics and maneuverability of the time is a bit overstated. Was it decisive tactics or luck, did victory go to those who were most successful in pounding the life out of one's opponent inside the gunpowder smoke, or to those who on

the day of battle were able to muster the most "Bloods and Guts"? Otherwise, how can one explain how a Swedish army, where half of the regiments consisted of fresh recruits and of the other half only a small part had been in the field for any length of time, was able to defeat an equally strong Danish army of professional soldiers which happened at Helsingborg, 28 February 1710? Was it the "Carolignian Manner" or, for three farthings' schnapps? The latter, which was consumed on an empty stomach, was the only breakfast the Swedes had that cold February morning. Each man marched to battle with half a"kvarting", a small bottle, inside.

Swedish Artillery under Charles XII. From D. Grundell, "Nådig underrättelse om artilleriet."

The Artillery Regiment The Royal Artillery Regiment had its beginning with the early Vasa Kings' "Bysseskyttar och Byxmästeri" which received a permanent organization under Gustaf II Adolf. Under Charles XI in peacetime it was organized into 44 establishments and 42 garrison locations. It was on par with an enlisted regiment, and it ranked after the Livgardet and before all the other regiments. The "Generalfälttygmästaren" or Quartermaster General was the overall commander for all artillery, armories, ammunition and all related items in the entire Kingdom, as well as having responsibility for the artillery's field organization. Under him stood the Colonel for Artillery. Quartermaster General: Erik Dahlberg 1692, J. Sjöblad 1693, N. Strömberg 1712, H.R. Horn 1715, H. Hamilton 1719. Colonel For Artillery: E.J. Meck 1697, M. Granatenhjelm 1702, R. von Bünau 1706, C.G. Appelmam i710, C. Cronstedt 1716. For those interested in more details on the organization and history of the Swedish Artillery, there is a series of books published by the Militärhistoriska Förlaget (1975-1994). The section on the artillery under Charles XI and Charles XII was used for this section. At the time of The Great Northern War, the artillery had the following organization: Artillery in Sweden and Finland Stockholm, with Dalarö and Vaxholm Gothenburg, with Bohus and Marstrand Scania and Halland, with Malmö, Landskrona, Halmstad and Varberg 13

Kalmar and Blekinge; Kalmar and Karlskrona Jönköping Norrland and Finland; Sundsvall, Frösö, Åbo, Ny slott and Viborg. Baltic Provinces Ingermanland, with Kexholm, Nyen, Nöteborg and Ivangorod Estland, with Narva, Reval and Arensburg on Oesel Livland, with Riga, Dorpat, Pernau, Kobron and Kokenhusen German Possessions Pomerania, with Stettin, Stralsund, Damm, Anklam, Demmin, Greifswald and Wolgast Wismar Bremen-Verden, with Stade, Carlsburg, Otterberg and Berg Total: 1,888 men and 3,742 pieces. At the outbreak of war, field artillery was mobilized from the garrison establishments. It consisted of a staff, company personnel, ammunition personnel and miners, supply personnel and artisans, together with stable hands. The different field artillery establishments, despite what has been written in older literature on Charles XII, took an active part in the different theaters of war in the Baltic, Poland and Russia. Even at the famous Battle of Fraustadt, which officially was won by the Swedes without artillery, a number of light artillery pieces known as "piquet cannons" were present. After Poltava, the field artillery took part in two great victories, Helsingborg in 1710 and Gadebusch in 1712, where

the Swedes, next to God, had, "Cronstedt and his cannons to thank for the victory." Things were different in Finland where the artillery, despite brave efforts, was lost at Pälkäne and Storkyro. Charles XII reorganized the artillery before the last Norwegian Campaign. It consisted of Fortress Artillery and Field Artillery. The latter was organized with a staff, one pyrotechnist, one miner and five cannon companies all of which took part in the invasion. In addition, the Finnish cannon company took part with Armfelt's Army in Jämtland. Some of the heavier siege artillery pieces

were lost when the Swedish army retired into Bohuslän, but the four three-pounder field pieces with Armfelt's Army were faithfully dragged by hand back to Sweden by his surviving artillerists. Perhaps this is an example of the strange, love relationship which exists between artillerymen and their pieces. On the other hand, after the capitulation at Perevolotjna the Chief of Field Artillery, Colonel von Bünau, died on 4 July, officially of surgical fever. But the truth was that he could not stand to see his beloved cannon in the hands of the Russians, and died quite simply of sorrow.

The Fortification Establishment Those personnel responsible for fortress construction and other military engineering tasks were organized in 1641 into the Fortification Establishment. In 1700 it consisted of 376 persons under the leadership of a Quartermaster General, no one less than Erik Dahlberg. Out of this, a Field Fortification Establishment was organized with 25 officers and 12 artisans under the leadership of the Field Quartermaster General. This officer corresponded to a present day Chief of Staff who also had responsibility for the army's order of march, billeting and reconnaissance. Fortification officers, who often had to draw their own maps, were among the most artistically gifted (Dahlberg, Rommel, Loos etc.). Commanders: E. Dahlberg 1696 (The entire Kingdom). C.M. Stuart, Field Quartermaster General 1700-1701, Quartermaster General and Director of Fortifications 1703. C.M. Palmquist, Quartermaster General 1703. G. Ehrenschantz, Field Quartermaster General 170102.

A. Gyllenkrook, Field Quartermaster General 1703. A. Löwen, 1719. Under Dahlberg many fortified places were modernized or newly constructed for the dizzying sum of 8 million "daler silvermynt." The main effort in all this was in the south and southwest (against Denmark). The money which was probably destined to repair the fortresses in the Baltic, instead had to be directed to the purchase of grain during the years of bad harvest in the 1690's. In Sweden Karlskrona was constructed, and Gothenburg, Malmö, Marstrand and Kalmar were modernized. In Germany, money and effort were put into Wismar and Stralsund, together with Stade which was regarded as the most modern fortress in Northern Europe. In the Baltic only Narva, Reval and Riga with Neumünde had large amounts of money spent on them, despite Dahlberg's frequent warnings. For many of the Swedish world's 100 fortresses, redoubts and fortified castles, repair efforts came too late or not at all.

The Fleet Apart from Tacitus, who relates the "the Swiones are powerful through their fleets", the Viking times and the maritime raiding of the Middle Ages, the Swedish Navy can derive its traditions from 1522 when Gustaf Vasa purchased ten men-of-war from Lübeck on credit. The modern Swedish fleet was born when Hans Wachtmeister, following the Scanian War, received the mission from Charles XI to rearm and restore the deplorably decayed navy. The results were by 1700 the Fleet had a new, principal base at Karlskrona which became ice-free several months earlier than the old one in Stockholm, a new "indelningsverk" for sailors and not less that 38 ships of the line and 10 frigates, together with brigs and other smaller vessels. At the outbreak of war 71 Wessels could be mustered with 2,910 cannon and 19,313 crewmen, Marines included. A smaller station existed at Gothenburg, and during the war, temporary stations were established at Stralsund, Stockholm and Viborg. The highest commanding officer was the "Admiral General", Hans Wachtmeister himself. Under him were 1 Admiral, 3 Vice Admirals, 1 "Admiral lieutenant and ekipagemästare" (Equipage Master), 1 "Admiral lieutenant and tygmästare"(Ordnance Master), 3 "scoutbynachtter", 3 Majors, 33 Captains, 6 Artillery and 1 Ammunition Captain, 45 Senior Lieutenants and 30 Junior Lieutenants. At the outbreak of war there

were 129 officers, but the number increased during the war and in 1717 there were 217. Non-commissioned officers' occupational branches of navigation, artillery and basic seamanship were divided into Senior, Intermediate and Apprentice Mates, "Konstapel" (Master Gunner), "Konstapelsmat" or arklimästare" (Gunner) and "Högbåtsman" (Boatswain), together with Senior, Intermediate and Apprentice Ship's Master. In 1700 these numbered 412. Crewmen were provided on the same premises as the army, and were primarily based on farming. The organization consisted of enlisted, "indelta", "roterade" and the Staple towns' sailors. The latter, where many came from inland, were crewmen on the cannon as they lacked experience at sea. "Indelning": 1st, 2nd and 3rd Blekinge Company, 1,500 men 1st, 2nd and 3rd Södra More Company, 801 men "Roteringen" 2 Bohuslän companies, 4 Norrlands companies, Smaland's, Tjust's and Ostgöta's companies, 2 Öland companies, 2 Gotland companies, 2 Södermanland companies, 4 Roslagen companies, together with companies from Åland and Southern Finland. Total: 3,846 men "The towns' sailors" Stockholm Company, Uppstädernas (Staple Towns) 14

matross-companies, Scania, Halland and Blekinge towns' companies. Total: 892 men Enlisted Volunteers and Merchant Seamen: 1,200 men Ships' boys: 100 The volunteers provided the basis for the artillery crews and garrison troops in Karlskrona. The merchant seamen basically were the only ones with experience at sea, and in war time were to be divided among the whole fleet. As an additional reinforcement in wartime, men were enrolled in Bohuslän, Scania and Halland. Each man, it was thought, would in peacetime receive 4 "daler silvermynt" in pay under the condition that he would continue service as a merchant seaman, and was free from recruitment; but in wartime he would be called to service with the fleet and receive a month's wages. The number of man in this category was never higher than 3,000. There were no uniforms in the Fleet. There are a considerable number of portraits of senior officers, but they all are clad in the conventional blue, gold-covered coat with a cuirass. The "rote" were responsible for providing their sailors with a vadmal outfit, shoes and stockings etc., together with a blue cap or a karpus. The Staple towns' sailors; a blue outfit and a blue cap. Compared with the army, the Fleet's efforts during the war were modest. As long as the provinces' coasts were secure, the Fleet concentrated on troop transport and convoy service. When the first bases in the Baltic Provinces began to fall, it became necessary to send squadrons into the Gulf of Finland; and when the Danes reentered the war, everything available was fitted out, despite sever shortages of money. During the entire period, there were great shortages of personnel with training and experience at sea. Although perhaps somewhat exaggerated, the French minister's report from 1717 says a great deal, "The Commander of the Fleet is Baron Claes Sparre, a capable man. Besides him, Count Hans Wachtmeister (the Younger) and his cousin Carl Wachtmeister, none of the other officers have ever been outside the Baltic. All of the others possess only the inborn Swedish bravery. The common sailor has no experience at sea. They are drawn from inland farm hands." It is appropriate to the subject to point out that what happened with a 90-gun ship of the line was quite the opposite to what we see in Hollywood films, evolutions

were not made in the twinkling of an eye. After having fired their salvos and sailed past one another, it could take up to an hour to turn the vessels, and often they went aground in unfamiliar or shallow waters. Despite poor odds, the Swedish Fleet fought with bravery on the occasions that arose, but they seldom brought home victory. The romantic aspect of the war, at least for all the citizens of Gothenburg, was the privateering activity. The most prominent representative for this legal piracy was the Onsala's skipper, Lars Gate, ennobled Gathenhjelm and a captain in the Fleet. Immortalized by authors of books for boys, he was in reality quite a poor naval hero, but more a financier and capable organizer. Charles XII, always open to new possibilities, had grasped onto a plan to let the pirates of Madagascar, who at the same time were in the process of becoming homeless, take over Stralsund as the home-base for their questionable livelihood. With the city's fall in 1715, the plans never came to fruition. After his return home, the King reorganized the Fleet in 1717 into seven regiments: Volontärregementet (Volunteers and the Staple Towns matrosses). Kofferdiregementet (Merchant Seaman companies) Roslags sjögastregemente (the four Roslags companies). Ölands sjögastregemente (Öland and Gotland's companies). Sluproddarregementet (Västgöta and Bohus companies). Änterkarlsregementet (Norrland's companies). Smålands äntergastregemente (Småland, Tjust and Östgöta companies) Södermanlands äntergastbataljon (Both Södermanland companies). The last three units were to be uniformed, armed and trained as infantry regiments under infantry officers and non-commissioned officers. Änterkarlsregementet "The Boarding-regiment" (1717, 1,246 men) Colonel: Vice Admiral E.D. Taube The companies were named Hälsinglands, Medelpads, Södra Ångermanlands, Norra Ångermanlands. The men were used primarily for work in the Crown shipyards and for guard duty, a few were ordered to sea. As with Charles XII's other naval regiments, they were broken up in 1719, and the old organization was reinstated.

The Uniforms of the Regiments of Horse and Foot Before we go further into the uniform section, there are a few terms which need to be explained which may appear in the descriptions: "Bröststycke - Bröstharnesk" (Cuirass): In the field armies the cuirass was discarded during the first year of the war. The Temporary units were never issued any. The latest documented use of the cuirass was with the Västgöta Cavalry at Helsingborg. Under the cuirass, a stuffed, sleeveless vest of chamois, a "bröstlapp" or breast piece was worn to prevent sores. "Bröstlapp, Livstycke": Originally an armless vest which was buttoned over the coat. When the cuirass was discarded, this item was probably retained and used as a protective garment in unsuitable weather. The "Bröstlapp" could be made of material other than 15

chamois, for example "vadmal" or cloth at times lined with fur. "Kamisol": The same as a vest. Both garments provided with sleeves. "Nattmössa": A knitted cap which was used at night time or as a camp cap. "Överstrumpor": A predecessor to gaiters. In unsuitable weather, they were worn over the ordinary stockings and probably secured with a pair of straps which were tied under the shoe. They were usually of a coarse material; linen, "vadmal" or wool In addition to a uniform description, I have provided a short regimental history, together with the names of the companies, if known. The companies of the provincial regiments usually bore the name of the di-

strict, "Härad" ("Hundred"), in which they were raised. In the enlisted units, they were named after their company-commander. In the latter case, since commanders changed quite often during the war, I have not include them in the regimental histories. The Colonel's Company was called the "Livkompaniet" which has been shortened to "Col-". The Lieutenant Colonel's and Major's Companies are "Ltc" and "Maj-" respectively. The historic facts have been taken from Nordensvan's "Svenska arméns regementen 1700-1718 (KFÅ 1920)

and the General Staffs "Karl XII på slagfältet", IV (Stockholm, 1919). If any errors appear You must blame them, not me! A few readers perhaps will be disappointed over the fact that "his regiment" is not covered in the detail that he desires where it concerns uniforms. I am very conscious of this, but unfortunately neither the General Muster Rolls nor regimental histories provide any further information. In the case of the latter, they have frequently been shown to be in error.

The Artillery Regiment The Artillery in Malmö and Landskrona, 1694 "Styckjunkare" (sergeant-major), "fyrverkare" (pyrotechnist/ammunition), "Minörer" (miners), sergeants and "kardusbindare" (cartridge maker): Hat with wide silver lace. Dark gray cloth coat with silver buttons and wide silver lace on the cuffs and pockets. Leather vest with silver buttons, leather breeches, blue stockings. "Konstaplar" (gunners), "underfyrverkare" (junior pyrotechnist), "Minörgesäller" (apprentice miner), "Lärkonstaplar" (apprentice gunner), "gevaldiger" (provost) and other personnel: Gray karpus with blue lining. Gray cloth coat with brass buttons and blue lining, together with a "pajrock", a type of overcoat usually issued in place of the cloak, in the same colors. Leather breeches and blue stockings. The Artillery in Narva, Riga, Kobrun and other Baltic fortresses in 1694 Regimental Officers: Hat with wide gold lace and a red band around the crown of the hat. Gray coat with gilded buttons and wide gold lace on the cuffs, pockets and coat edges, buttonholes decorated with gold thread, leather vest with gilded buttons and wide gold lace. Leather breeches and blue stockings. Waist belt with gold lace and a hunting sword (hirschfängare) with gilded hilt. Lieutenant and Ensign: Hat with gold lace. Steel gray coat with gilded buttons and decorated buttonholes. Blue vest with the same ornamentation as the coat, leather breeches and blue stockings. Waist belt with gold lace. Non-commissioned Officers: Gray karpus with gold and silver lace. Gray pajrock with silver-plated buttons and lining of blue velvet, buttonholes decorated with silver thread. A steel gray cloth coat embellished with silver lace and silver-plated buttons. Blue stockings. Gunners: Gray karpus with blue facings and yellow lace. Steel gray coat with brass buttons and blue lining, together with a pajrock in the same colors and blue stockings. The Artillery in Riga and Kobrun in 1697 The same uniform as in 1694 but the gunners now had a hat with silver lace. The ordinary artillerymen had hats with yellow lace. New uniforms were issued in 1698, "of the new model" (with horizontal pockets). These were regarded as worn-out and used up, "by the difficult service on the walls" during the siege. New uniforms in 1704 which were worn-out in 1708. The Artillery in Wismar 1695 Gunner: "Kaskett" with blue lining, yellow lace. Gray coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Indigo blue stockings. The Artillery in Bremen-Verden and Wismar in 1703 Gunner: Hat with gold lace and a gilded button. Gray cloak with blue lining. Gray coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather breeches and blue stockings.

1709: 130 new uniform coats of gray cloth were procured on the eve of the Scanian campaign. Karlstad's Field Artillery Establishment in 1712 Gunners and ordinary artillerymen: Hat, blue surtout, blue vest, blue breeches and blue stockings together with hunting swords. Train Personnel: Blue karpus, blue surtout, blue vest, leather breeches, blue or gray wool stockings. At Gadebusch in 1712 artillerymen were dressed in an entirely blue uniform with hat. In 1717 the Field Artillery received a hat, blue coat, vest and stockings which were regarded as worn out in 1719. The Fortress Artillery in Landskrona had not received a new uniform issue in eight years, but had to resort to civilian items, "of different colors." Artillery Drivers in 1692: Gray karpus with yellow lining. Gray pajrock, blue coat with yellow lining, leather breeches and blue stockings. In contrast with other troop types, artillery officers retained the wide cuffs on their coats, if one believes contemporary authors: (See D. Grundell "Nödig underrättelse om Artilleriet", 1705 and Johan Möllerheim "Artillerie", 1720).

Officer vid Artilleriet, 1704. Artillery Officer, 1704

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Indelt (Provincial) Cavalry Livregementet till häst (1,505 men) Descended from the ryttarfanan in Uppland and Västmanland which were set up in 1536. In 1636 united with the Södermanlands ryttare under the name Upplands ryttare. In 1667 raised to the status of a household regiment and indelt in 1687 in 12 companies: Col-, Ltc, Maj-, East Västmanlands, East Närkes, Södermanlands, Roslags, Örebro, Fellingsbro, Kungsörs, Vadsbo and Northern Upplands. Colonels: J. Spens 1693, C.G. Creutz 1704, L. Meiendorf v. Yxkull 1710. Took part in the landing on Själland in 1700 and transferred the same year to Livland and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Captured after Poltava and rebuilt in 1709-10. Took part in the Scanian Campaign and stationed in Scania 1710-14 and 1715-16. Norwegian Campaign 1718. 1700: Hat with gold lace. Black neckcloth, a "light blue", (Sky blue) coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs (pockets with three buttonholes). Leather vest, leather breeches. Blue schabraque with yellow border and Three crowns" in yellow in the outer corners. Blue pistol covers. 1703/06: Hat with gold lace, a light blue coat with blue lining, buff colored cloth vest. 1707: Hat with gold lace. Black neckcloth, a light blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs, straw yellow cloth vest, leather breeches. Sword knot in blue and yellow. 1710: Hat with white braid, blue cloak with a brass clasp and blue lining. Black neckcloth, blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs, leather vest, leather breeches. The Närke Companies were clothed in vadmal items. With the General Musters of 1711 and 1714-16 uniforms were characterized as worn out and defective or unserviceable. 1718: New hats, cloaks, leather vest and boots. Otherwise, old discarded items. 1719: "Completely ununiformed!" 1720: New coats. The kettledrum color was white with gold fringe, Royal monogram over crossed palm branches all in gold. Adelsfanan i Sverige och Finland (600men). Presumedly the oldest unit in the army at the time of the 1809 reductions. Its origins can be traced back to the time of Erik of Pomerania. In 1425 it consisted of 300 mounted marksmen. During the rime of the Vasa Kings, the Adelsfanan varied in size and organization until Charles XI in the 1680's organized the unit in 6 companies of which one was in Finland: Col. (Uppland, Västmanland, Dalarna, Norrland), Ltc (Finland), Maj (Västgöta-Bohus), Östgöta-Smålands, Södermanlands (Sörmland, Närke, Värmland) and Skånska (Scania, Halland, Blekinge). Colonels: F. Wachtmeister 1695, A. Hummerhjelm 1701, A. Ramsvärd 1706, H.A. Kruse 1709, O.W. Stael v. Holstein 1712, N.C. v. Baumgarten 1717. Shipped to Livland in 1702 and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Östgöta-Smålands Company with Lewenhaupt's Army and the Finnish Company with the army in Finland. Captured after Poltava and rebuilt 1709-10. Took part in the Scanian Campaign and the Battle of Helsingborg with two companies. The Norwegian Campaigns of 1716 and 1718. 17

1696: Officers: Black hat with gold lace, blue coat with gold lace. Blue schabraque with gold lace together with the Royal monogram and crown. Noncommissioned Officers: Black hat with gold lace. Blue cloak and blue coat. Schabraque and pistol covers blue with gold lace. Corporals: Black hat with gold lace. Blue cloak and coat. Schabraque and pistol covers blue with gold lace. Other Ranks 1689-1704: Gray hat with blue and yellow lace. Gray cloth cloak with yellow lining and collar. Lace on the collar in blue and yellow. Gray cloth coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. Yellow schabraque and pistol covers. The schabraque had a blue border with a blue Royal crown in the outer corners. 1704: Black hat with silver lace. Black neckcloth, blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs, blue cloak with blue lining and silver lace on the collar. Leather vest and breeches. 1705: Recruits in hats with white braid, blue coat with brass buttons, gray pajrock, leather vest and breeches. The Finnish Company remained in gray coats until the end of 1708. 1710: Hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with a brass clasp, blue lining and lace on the collar. Blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. 1711-12: The same uniform as 1710 which was regarded as completely worn out. Certain companies received new uniforms in 1713. 1716: Uniforms from 1710/13 "completely worn out and unserviceable. New uniforms 1716-18. Trumpeter: Yellow coat with braid in blue and gold on the arms, cuffs, seams and edges. Black hat with gold lace. Yellow schabraque and pistol covers. Västgöta kavalleriregemente (1,000 men) A Västgötafanan is mentioned before 1550. The regiment was established in 1628 (Västgöta ryttare). Indelt in 1691: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, South Vassbo, Älfsborgs, Gudhems, Barne härads, Vartofta. Colonels: G. Zelow 1679, J. Burensköld 1704, L. Hjerta 1708, C.G. Dücker 1710, C.G. Wolfrath 1712. The regiment took part in the landing on Själland in 1700, then in the homeland. The Scanian Campaign in 1710 and shipped to Germany in 1712. Captured at Tönningen and rebuilt. The Norwegian Campaign of 1718. New Uniform 1695. 1700: Hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with brass clasp and yellow lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, black neckcloth, leather vest and breeches. Breast plate (cuirass). Yellow schabraque with a false hem of leather, yellow pistol covers. 1708: Unserviceable leather vest, worn out cloaks, coats and hats. Items 8-12 years old. 1710: Cloaks, hats, coats, boots and schabraques worn out or missing for the entire regiment (GMR, August 1710). 1712: New hats, cloaks and schabraque. Boots were unserviceable and coats had not yet been delivered. 1715: Hat with white braid. Blue cloak with yellow lining, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs, one white and one black neckcloth. Leather vest and breeches. Uniform items completely unserviceable and worn out. Many of the cloaks and coats were blue colored vadmal.

1717: New blue cloaks and coats together with leather cloths (vest and breeches). 1721: The uniforms were regarded for the most part as worn out and unserviceable. Åbo och Björneborgs läns kavalleriregemente. (1000 men) Descended from the Finnish ryttarfanor established during the time of the Vasa Kings. In 1632 the Åbo och Björneborgs ryttare was established. Indelt in the 1690's: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Vemo, Halikko, Upper Satakunta, Lower Satakunta, Masku. Colonels: B. Rehhinder 1695, G. Enesköld 1701, J.A. Meierfelt 1702, H.J. Schauman 1703, G.A. Lewenhaupt 1706, R.J. de la Barre 1710, O.R. Yxkull 1713. In the Spring of 1700 shipped to Livland and Wellingk's Corps, then with Schlippenbach's Army. Heavy losses in the Battles of Erastfer and Hummelhof. In 1704 and subsequently with Lewenhaupt's Army and with it to the Ukraine. Captured after Poltava. Raised again with the "fördubblingen" as the basis. Thereafter with the army in Finland, included in Armfelt's Army and the campaign against Trondhjem in 1718. In 1721 the remaining elements of the regiment were united with the older, enlisted Livdragonregementet and the Upplands ståndsdragonregemente to form the younger, "indelta" Livdragonregementet which was based in Finland. From 1689/90 the Finnish cavalry regiments were suppose to have gray uniforms with lining, cuffs and schabraque in the provincial colors. For the Åbo läns Cavalry, probably gray cloaks and coats with red lining and cuffs. 1701: Hat or karpus. Gray cloth cloak with gray lining. Gray cloth coat with pewter buttons, gray lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. 1708: Hat, blue coat. 1712: Hat, jacket, vest, breeches of "vadmal". "Much unserviceable and discarded". 1718/19: Hat, pajrock, jacket, vest, breeches probably of "vadmal". For the survivors, the uniforms were often characterized as unserviceable. Smålands kavalleriregemente (1,000 men) Descended from ryttarfanorna in Kalmar and Kronoborg which were set-up in 1543. From 1628 called Smålands ryttare. Indelt 1684-95: Col-,Ltc-, Maj-, Sunnerbo, Växjö, Jönköpings, Vetlanda, Östra härads. Colonels: C. Nieroth 1700, J.V. von Daldorff 1706, H.G. Schmiterhof 1717. The landing on Själland in 1700, shipped to Livland 1701 and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Captured after Poltava, reraised 1709-10 and took part in the Scanian Campaign. In Scania 1712, Norwegian Campaigns 1716 and 1718. 1700 (1704): Hat with narrow gold lace, gray cloak with a brass clasp and yellow lining and collar. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, black neckcloth, blue nightcap, leather vest and breeches. Schabraque and pistol covers in yellow. 1710/12: Hat with white braid. Blue cloak with a brass clasp and blue lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs, black and white neckcloth, leather vest and breeches. Yellow schabraque. Trumpeter had no special livery, but a blue coat as the men. 1714 (New uniform): Non-commissioned Officers: Hat with silver lace. Blue coat and vest with gilded brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather breeches. Sword 18

with gilded hilt. Black leather schabraque with monogram and crown in the corners in gold. Other Ranks: as 1710/12. Train Personnel: Gray vadmal karpus with blue lining, gray vadmal coat with blue lining, leather vest and breeches. Kettledrum color of yellow damask with Royal monogram and crown in gold. Fringe of yellow and blue mixed with gold and silver threads. Trumpet cords of blue and yellow silk mixed with silver thread. Nylands och Tavastahus läns kavalleriregemente (1,000 men) Descended from Nylands ryttare of 1618. Established in 1632 as Nylands och Tavastahus läns ryttare. Indelt in the 1690's: Col-,Ltc-, Maj-, Borgå, Upper Hållola, Lower Hållola, Säxmäkii, Raseborgs. Colonels: A.M. Klingsor 1700, D.F. Patkul 1701, A. Torstensson 1707, A.E. Ramsay 1709, R.J. de la Barre 1713. To Livland in the Spring of 1700 and assigned to Wellingk's Corps. In 1702 assigned to the King's Army except for two companies which remained in Livland. 1705-06 with Rehnshiöld's Corps. Captured after Poltava. Rebuilt with the help of the "fördubblingen" and with the army in Finland. Belonged to Armfelt's Corps and the march against Trondhjem in 1718. 1696: Hat, dark gray coat with pewter buttons, red lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. Red schabraque with yellow border. 1701: Hat or gray karpus. Gray cloth cloak with gray lining. Gray cloth coat with pewter buttons, gray lining and cuffs. "Bröstlapp", leathervest and breeches. 1708: Recruits with Lewenhaupt's Army in gray vadmals coats. 1712: Hat, blue or gray cloak. Vadmals jacket, leather vest and breeches. 1718: Hat, blue cloak and coat, leather vest and breeches. 1719/20: Uniforms were characterized as unserviceable and worn out at the General Muster. The worst shortages were made up through allocations from other units, for example coats from Zöge's Dragoons. 1721: Received new uniforms from the Crown: Hat, blue cloak, blue coat, leather vest and breeches. Kettledrum color was red with monogram, crown and fringe in gold. Östgöta kavalleriregemente (1,000 men) An Östgötafana is found in the 1550's. The Östgöta ryttare was established in 1625. Indelt in 1687: Col, Ltc-, Maj-, Vadstena, Vifolka, Skänninge, Västanstång, Tjust. Colonels: C.G. Mörner 1700, J Burensköld 1704, M. Rosenstierna 1707, H.J. Hamilton 1708, B. Roxendorff 1710, O.J. Koskull 1716. To Scania in 1700, shipped to Livland the following year and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Captured after Poltava and reraised 1709/10. The Scanian Campaign and in Scania until 1712, thereafter in its home province. Norwegian Campaign in 1718. 1697: Officers: Hat with gold lace. Blue coat with gilded buttons, buttonholes decorated with gold thread, pockets trimmed with gold lace, waist belt with gold lace. Non-commissioned Officers: Hat with silver lace. Blue coat with silver-plated pewter buttons, buttonholes decorated with silver thread, silver lace on the pockets. Leather vest and breeches. Blue schabraque.

Norra Skånska (N. Scanian) kavalleriregementet (1,000 men) Descended from Lybeckers Skånska ryttare which was raised in Kristianstads and Helsingborgs county in 1658/59. "Indelt" in 1680 and received its name in 1682: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Sandby, Billesholm, Landskrona, Bjäre härads, Månstorps. Colonels: H.I. Ridderhjelm 1698, G. Horn 1704, H. Gyllenbielke 1710, G. Horn 1715. Shipped to Pomerania in 1700, departed with Gyllenstierna to Poland in 1702 and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Captured after Poltava. Reraised but could only be used as garrison troops because of a lack of horses and equipment. Norwegian Campaign of 1718. 1702 (New uniform): Hat with silver lace. Blue coat with silver-plated pewter buttons, buttonhole needlework in blue. Blue cuffs and collar provided with wide silver lace, together with yellow lining. Leather vest and breeches. Yellow schabraque with blue and yellow border, together with Royal monogram and crown. Pistol covers also probably yellow with blue and yellow border. Train Personnel: Hat with white braid, blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, "bottiner" of linen and German shoes. 1710: Hat with white braid. New blue cloaks, black neckcloth. 502 men received a blue coat, 336 men had leather breeches and 369 men had leather vest. The remainder were in gray vadmal. The schabraque was of yellow-colored vadmal. 1713: The regiment as almost completely equipped: Hat with white braid. Blue cloak, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs, leather vest and breeches. Schabraque as in 1702. 1716: The uniform issue of 1713, "was for the most part usable, but the cloaks are completely worn out. Even officers examined at the General Muster. About First Cornet Lennart Wandon it was written, "About this officer both the Lieutenant Colonel and Major complain that he is nothing but a drunk who each day Mes around intoxicated by beer and schnapps. As a result, he has been relieved, and awaits his Majesty's further command." 1718: One continued to go about with old uniforms many items of which were missing or condemned; horses, weapons, clothes, boots, etc. Horses were found in all colors from black to yellow and light gray despite the fact that dark colors were required by regulation. Many of the best men and horse had been taken for the Livskvadronen. Train Personnel: hat, gray vadmal coat, leather small clothes and boots. 1719: "Uniforms are still somewhat usable, but cloaks and boots are ruined."

1700: Other Ranks: Hat with silver lace. Blue cloak, blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. Red schabraque and pistol covers with yellow border. 1706: New hats with silver lace, leather breeches, schabraque and straw-colored cloth kamisol (Vest). 1709/10: Hat with white braid. Otherwise, the same uniform as 1700. 1712: The same equipment as one received in 1709. In 1713 500 pairs of new boots were received. At the General Muster in 1716, 479 horses were condemned as unserviceable, together with uniforms and belts which were worn out. Uniforms which were ordered in 1717 had not arrived by the time the regiment departed for Norway in 1718. They consisted of a hat with silver lace, blue cloak with blue collar and yellow lining. A blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, leather small clothes (vest and breeches) and a red schabraque with yellow border a griffin of yellow wool in the outer corners. By 1719 the regiment had received these items and was in good shape, except for boots were worn out after the Norwegian Campaign. Karelska (Viborgs och Nyslotts län) kavalleriregementet (1,000 men) Descended from the Karelska ryttare of 1618. In 1628 became the Viborgs kavalleriregemente. Indelt in the 1690's: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Upper Savolax, Lower Savolax, Lappvesi, Veckelax, Äyräpää. Colonels: H.H. Rehbinder 1695, D.F. Patkul 1701, M.F. Wrangel 1701, H.J. v. Burghausen 1703, C.G. Armfelt 1707, J. Danielsson 1712, F. von Essen 1714, P. Jungh 1716. In the Spring of 1700 assigned to Wellingk's Corps in Livland, then to Schlippenbach's Army. From 1704 with Lewenhaupt's Army and with it to the Ukraine. Captured after Poltava. Reraised in 1710 and with the army in Finland thereafter. With Armfelt in the campaign against Trondhjem in 1718. Reorganized as dragoons in 1724 (Karelska dragonskvadronen). 1694: The regiment should have had gray cloth coats, like the Åbo läns kavalleri, with facings and schabraque in the regimental colors. 1702 (New uniforms): Gray karpus with blue lining. Gray cloth coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. Blue schabraque. 1704: Lacks cloaks, carbines, pistols, etc. 1708: Hat, blue coat. 1710: Karpus, cloak and jacket of vadmal. Leather vest and breeches. 1712: Same as 1710, in addition "paltrockar", blue neckcloth and "bröstlapp". 1713 (New uniform): Blue karpus, blue coat, leather vest and breeches, blue schabraque. 1715: New blue cloaks for the other ranks. 1716: Non-commissioned officers, musicians and other staff personnel: Black hat, coat, vest and breeches of blue cloth, together with gauntlets and black neckcloths. The other ranks received a karpus and vest of blue cloth and new leather gauntlets. 1717: Gauntlets, neckcloths, new kettledrum and trumpets. 1718: Coat, vest and breeches of vadmal, black neckcloths.

Södra Skånska (S. Scanian) kavalleriregementet (1,000 men) Raised in 1676 as Ramsvärds kavalleriregemente. Indelt in 1680 and received its name in 1695: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Svabeholm, Borrby, Sallerup, East Göinge, Haglösa. Colonels: A.B. Strömberg 1693, C.G. Ornestedt 1704, C. Riddersköld 1710, A.E. Roos 1713. Shipped overseas in the Fall of 1701 and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Captured after Poltava. Reraised, but like the Norra Skånska kavalleriregementet was only usable as garrison troops. Norwegian Campaign 1718.

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1701 (new uniform): Hat without lace. Blue cloak with blue lining and brass clasp. A light blue (pale blue) coat with brass buttons and light blue lining. Black neckcloth, blue vest and leather breeches. Schabraque and pistol covers blue with yellow border. 1703: Blue cloth and baize for new coats and breeches. New vests made from the old coats. 1704: New hats with silver lace. Recruits in leather vest and breeches. Received excess coats and other items from various infantry regiments. 1705: Coats and breeches of blue cloth, together with boots, worn out and condemned. This year the regiment was mustered by His Royal Majesty himself "on 11 June at Gniem in Great Poland. "From the rolls it is apparent that the regiment had considerable vacancies in the ranks, among other things there was a great shortage of cavalry horses: "Horse dead, rides a klippare, ...rides a train horse," etc. The recruits of 1703 and 1704 had for the most part "received from the Colonel a horse and other necessary uniforms." Old, discharged cavalrymen were allowed to keep their new coats. Many were commanded to Mitau in Kurland with Lewenhaupt's Corps. For many the time in the uniform was short. Cavalryman Nr. 68 of the livkompaniet, Nils Ramberg, accepted as a recruit in 1704, is mentioned in the rolls "shot at a shirmish" on 28 October of the same year. A considerable number of his recruit comrades were part of Polish soil when the King mustered the regiment in 1705, the majority from disease. 1706/07: New uniform. 1711: Only 223 men had approved equipment at the General Muster: hat with camlet-lace. A satiny fabric of silk and wool or goat's hair. Blue cloak, blue coat, black neckcloth,leather vest and breeche and a blue schabraque with yellow border. Otherwise uniform items were lacking or "completely unserviceable!" In order to get the regiment in good shape, it was calculated that it would cost 119,359 daler silvermynt 1718: The regiment inan ordinary uniform as in 1711. 1719/20: Uniform worn out after the Norwegian Campaign. New cloaks and boots.

gauntlets. Major parts of the uniform were disapproved by the Muster Chief, Lieutenant General Nieroth, at the General Muster of 1708: Cloaks and coats deviated in color and quality from the official samples; breeches and gauntlets were improperly sown; the Fyrmännings troopers, who were divided among the companies, had horses which were too small, unserviceable firearms etc. Saddles swords, hats and cartridge boxes which dated from 1689 "somewhat usable!" Nieroth's observations fill seven folio sheets, everything from boots which were too expensive to gauntlets which were too stiff, and which are a biting but interesting read. 1715: Old hats from 1701 with narrow gold lace. Blue coat, kyller (buff coat), leather breeches and gauntlets which were condemned in 1708 are now considered serviceable. Trumpeters had no special livery, but good blue cloth coats. The Other Ranks had new blue cloaks with blue lining and a brass clasp, a "bröstlapp" of chamois, blue and yellow stockings, together with a par of linen stockings. Schabraque and pistol covers were blue, like 1702. Standards, kettledrum and trumpets which were lost at Tönningen had not yet been replaced. 1718: At the General Muster in 1718 the Other Ranks had a hat, a black and two white neckcloths, bröstlapp, blue cloaks, blue coats, leather vest and leather breeches. Blue schabraque and pistol covers. "The cornets have no standards." Kettledrum color: violet with fringe, monogram (HERS) and crown in gold. Bohus dragonskvadron (504 men) Descended from the 1661 Dragonregementet which was raised in the former Danish provinces (Skåne-Bohusläns dragonregemente). In 1667 reduced to a squadron from which it received its name. Indelt in Bohuslän 1685-89: Col-, Maj (Stångenäs), Sotenäs. In 1718 six companies strong: Col- (Bullare och Sörbygdens), Maj- (Stångenäs), Sotenäs, Tanums, l: a Oindelta, 2: a Oindelta. (Temporary companies) The latter two consisted of fyramännings men who were incorporated in the unit in 1704. Colonels: P. Weinholtz 1689, C.G. Kruse 1709, F.G. Bielke 1710, C.A. Grothusen 1715, T.G. Bielke 1716. In the homeland and at the western border. Norwegian Campaigns of 1716 and 1718. 1702: Hat with silver lace. Green cloak with yellow lining, green coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. Schabraque and pistol covers green with yellow border. 1712: New hats with silver lace. 1715: New cloaks and coats: green with yellow lining. Fyrmännings dragoons received green coats in 1706, 1711 new cloaks and boots and in 1712 new leather small clothes. 1718: At the General Muster in this year most of the uniform items were condemned. Oindelta noncommissioned officers and musicians were dismounted, the uniforms of the Other Ranks were completely unserviceable. 1719: uniforms and equipment from 1712 and 1715 was still in use, but worn out. Four new standards were received, and the older ones placed in Bohus castle.

Riksänkedrottningens (Queen Dowager's) Livregemente till häst (800 men) Descended from the Dragonregementet of 1661 of the former Danish provinces and the Bohus-Jämtlands kavalleriskvadron. Indelt in Halland and Bohuslän 1685-89: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Kungsbacka, Fjäre, Faurås, Inlands (Södra) Fräkne. Colonels: C L . von Ascheberg 1693, D. Bildt 1714. S.Walkenstierna 1716. In the homeland. Scanian Campaign 1710 and shipped to Pomerania in 1712. Stenbocks Campaign and captured at Tönningen in 1713. Reraised and took part in the 1718 Norwegian Campaign. In 1720 the regiment was reorganized. The southern part, Halland, was placed under the båtsmanshållet, while the northern part, Bohusläns, was united with the Bohusläns dragonskvadron and indelt in Bohuslän. From 1727 this unit was known as the Bohusläns dragonregemente. Uniform 1702 and 1708: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs, black and white neckcloth, leather vest and breeches, blue nightcap, "bröstlapp", elkskin

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Jämtlands kavallerikompani (100 men) Descended from the Trondhjems dragonregemente of 1658. In 1661 reduced to Bohus-Jämtlands kavalleriskvadron with two companies in Jämtland and two in Bohuslän. In 1670 reduced to one company in Jämtland and placed under the commander of Jämtlands dragonregemente. Indelt in 1689. Spent the whole war in Jämtland. 25 fyrmänning men were placed in the company in 1704. Campaign against Trondhjem in 1718. 1695: Gray karpus with blue lining and trim. Gray cloak with blue lining, gray cloth coat with blue lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. Blue schabraque. 1711: For the ordinary cavalrymen and the 1704 fyrmänning men the uniform and equipment of 1695 and

1705 was regarded as worn out and in need of replacement. 1715: The ordinary cavalryman's uniform was "so completely worn out that they could not any longer be patched or repaired". Yet, by 1717 no new uniforms had been received. The General Muster Roll mentions 125 hats and 125 coats, together with cloaks, saddles and schabraques for the 25 fyrmänning men. Otherwise, it lists gray karpus, gray clothcoats, 25 gray vadmal coats, leather vest and breeches, blue cloaks and old gray cloaks. Many of these were worn out. The unit probably received new uniforms prior to the 1718 Campaign (See the Finnish regiments) but the Muster Rolls are missing for 1718-19.

Stenbock's Dragoons: Drummer

21

Indelt (Provincial) infantry Upplands regemente (1,200 men) Descended from the "fänikor" (ensigns or companies) raised in the 1550's. Indelt 1682: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Rasbo, Hundra härads, Sigtuna, Lagunda, Bälinge. Colonels: O.W. Löwen 1698, N. Rosenstierna 1706, G.F. de Frietzky 1706, H. Stiernhöök 1709, J. Braun 1709, G. Ribbing 1710, G.W. Fleetwood 1711. The landing on Själland in 1700. Transferred to Livland in the Fall of 1701 and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Except for seventy some men assigned to the Train, the regiment was completely annihilated at Poltava. Reraised in 1710 and took part in the Scanian Campaign. Then in Western Sweden and took part in the Norwegian Campaign of 1718. 1691: Blue karpus with yellow lining. Pajrock, blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. Probably white neckcloth. 1701/02 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with silver-plated buttons, blue lining and cuffs, leather kamisol and breeches, blue stockings. Drummer and Piper: hat with lace. Blue coat with yellow and blue braid. Other Ranks: hat with white braid. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings and a blue neckcloth. 1710: Hat with white braid. Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. By the Summer of 1710 a large part of the equipment was missing or worn out. 1715: Hat, gray coat, bröstlapp, leather vest, leather breeches, two black neckcloths and yellow stockings. 1716/18: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with silver lace on the collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Silver lace on the collar, cuffs and pockets. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Other Ranks: hat with white braid. Blue cloak with yellow lining and collar. Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs, leather or yellow cloth vest, leather breeches, yellow stockings. Fatigue uniform consisted of a gray vadmal coat with blue collar and cuffs, together with vadmal breeches. 1719/20: uniforms for the most part were worn out and unserviceable. Skaraborgs regemente (1,200 men) Descended from the companies of men from Västergötland which were separated from Ribbings regemente in 1631. Indelt 1685: Col-, Ltc, Maj-, Wartofta, Skånings, Kåkinds, Wilska, Norra Vadsbo. Colonels: N. Strömberg 1698, C.O. Sperling 1706, C.G. Ulfsparre 1709, C.G. Witting 1709, S. Lagerberg 1717. Transferred to Pomerania in 1699 and participated in the Holstein Campaign of 1700. Departed for Poland with Gyllenstiema in 1702 and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Annihilated at Poltava, only 13 officers and 27 men out of 500 survived the battle. Reraised in 1710. In Gothenburg and Bohuslän in 1712, Wismar (700 men) in 1716. Commanded to the Fleet. Norwegian Campaign 1718. 1700: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with silver-plated pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs, silver lace on pockets and cuffs. Leather vest 22

and breeches, blue stockings. Other Ranks: blue karpus with yellow lining, facings and tuft. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, white neckcloth, leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. Grenadiers were uniformed as the musketeers and had no special grenadier cap. 1701: New uniforms identical to those issued in the 1690's, but black hats instead of the karpus. Recruits of 1706 had the new uniform coat model 1706, the socalled "Younger Karolinska". 1702: New tents of buldan. A two-leaved twill, coarse fabric, usually of linen. 3 1/2 elle long, 3 1/2 elle wide and 3 elle high. On the tents were sown in blue cattun, a kind of cotton fabric, "W - S" (Westgiötha-Scharaborgh) together with the company name and tent number. 1710: Newly raised men had gray vadmal uniforms. 1712/14: Non-commissioned officers: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs, blue vest, blue breeches and blue stockings. Oboist: hat with silver lace. "Blommerant" (pale blue) coat with silver lace and velvet braid in the seams. Yellow cloth vest with border, blue breeches, red stockings. Belts with silver lace. Drummer and Piper: hat with yellow braid. Pale blue coat with blue and white braid in the seams. Blue breeches, yellow stockings. Hunting sword. Other Ranks: hat with white braid. Blue cloak with white braid around the collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, the buttonholes on the corporal's uniform were bordered with yellow and white braid. Yellow cloth vest, blue breeches, yellow stockings and blue "överstrumpor". Regimental Provost: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with silver lace around the collar and cuffs. Had a metal fitted regimental staff (see also Södermanlands regemente). Profoss (provost): "Blue livery with blue and yellow lace." 1716: Same uniform as 1714, but much was worn out. Drummers had a blue surtout, white neckcloth and gray stockings," which they purchased themselves." 1717: Other Ranks in hat, cloak, blue coat, yellow vest, yellow breeches and yellow stockings. 1718: Non-commissioned officers for the most part items. Other Ranks: hat,vadmal coat, leather vest and breeches. 1719/20 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with silver lace on the collar and cuffs, chamois-colored lining, chamoiscolored cloth vest, blue stockings. Oboist: hat with silver lace. Yellow coat with silver buttons, blue cuffs and yellow lining, furnished with 30 "alnar" (1 aln = 24 inches.) silver lace and 30 alnar silk lace. Drummer and Piper: hat with white braid. Yellow coat with pewter buttons and white lace, blue cuffs and yellow lining. Yellow vest, breeches and stockings. Other Ranks: Col's company and Maj's company: blue cloak with yellow lining and collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Blue vest and breeches, gray or white stockings. The other companies had leather vest and breeches. All had hats with white braid and blue or white neckcloths. Åbo läns regemente (1,025 men) Organized in the 1620's when the Finska storregementet was broken up into smaller units. Indelt 1694: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Nykyrko, Bjärnå, Nousis, Letala.

Colonels: R. von Funcken 1695, Chr. Horn 1709, A.F. Krusenstierna 1712, O.R. von Yxkull 1709, O.R. von Essen 1713, E.O. Taube 1718. Two companies in Riga 1699, the remainder departed for Riga in the Spring 1700, fortress garrison thereafter. One battalion with Lewenhaupt to the Ukraine in 1708. After the Battle of Ljesna, the survivors were placed under Västerbottens regemente and were captured after Poltava. The second battalion was captured with Riga's fall in 1710. The regiment was reraised in 1710 and belonged to the army in Finland thereafter. Took part in the campaign against Trondhjem in 1718. 1694 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with blue lining and blue buttons. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Piper and Drummer: Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, laced in the seams and edges in yellow,blue, white and green wool braid. Blue breeches and stockings. Blue karpus with the same braid as the coat. Other Ranks: Blue karpus, blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, together with "tvärtaskor" (Horizontal pockets). The buttonholes on the corporal's coat were stitched in blue and yellow. Leather vest, blue breeches and stockings. 1708: hat(?), blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs, yellow stockings. 1712: Non-commissioned officer: hat, blue cloak or pajrock. Blue cloth coat, blue kamisol. Oboist blue coat. Other Ranks: hat, pajrock and coat of vadmal, blue and white neckcloths. Leather vest and breeches, gray wool stockings, "half-boots. The regiment was equipped solely as musketeers hereafter: muskets with bayonets, cartridge boxes of black leather with yellow belts. 1716: Hat with yellow braid. Cloak, pajrock, coat and breeches of vadmal. Leather vest and wool stockings, "överstrumpor" of linen, together with a black neckcloth. Non-commissioned officers had hats with silver lace. 1718 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officers, musicians, provost and other ranks: hat, green coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Vest and breeches of red cloth, gray wool stockings, black neckcloth and a green cloak with yellow lining. 1720: Drummer in green coat. Other Ranks in hat, blue coat, etc. Uniforms items were regarded for the most part as worn out or missing. 1721: Blue standard uniform. Södermanlands regemente (1,200 men) Descended from the "fänikor" which were raised in Södermanland in the 1550's. Oldest record from 1560. Indelt 1683: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Opunda, Västra Rekarne, Östra Rekarne, Nyköpings, Gripsholm. Colonels: A.A. Mardefelt 1697, G. von Weidenheim 1708, J. Grundel 1709, T. Funck 1710, C.R. von Schlippenbach 1713, R. Fuchs 1716. In 1699 shipped to Wismar and took part in the Holstein Campaign of 1700. Marched with Gyllenstierna to Poland in 1702 and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. In Rehnskiold's Division 1705/06. Captured after Poltava, but reraised. The Scanian Campaign 1710 and transferred to Pomerania the same year. Stenbocks Campaign and captured at Tönningen. Raised again, commanded to the fleet and in Roslagen. One battalion in the Norwegian Campaign of 1716, and the whole regiment in the 1718 Campaign. 1700: Blue karpus with yellow lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, leather vest and breeches, and yellow stockings.

1702 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Oboist: as noncommissioned officer, but the coat decorated with 90 elle wide and 25 elle narrow camlet braid. Drummer hat with braid. Blue cloak with yellow lining and white braid on the collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, collar and cuffs, and decorated with 60 elle wide and 10 elle narrow camlet braid. Leather vest, blue breeches and stockings. Other Ranks: hat with braid (corporal's hat had silver lace). Blue cloak with yellow lining and white braid on the collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Leather vest, blue breeches and white stockings. In addition, the 96 grenadiers were issued grenadier caps, "after the here sent sample and with all fittings," but unfortunately with description. Probably blue with yellow braid and flaps. All of the above were provided with the new model coat with 2 1/2 dozen buttons and "small" cuffs which were 1 1/2 eights elle wide or 12.5cm. (see Appendix 1 for a cloth invoice for Södermanlands regemente.) 1710: Uniform identical with that of 1700. The regiment in January of that year was considered "very well clothed!" In the Summer of that year, however, it was considered in very poor shape. All of the noncommissioned officers had different uniforms, mixed with diverse civilian items. Musicians and provost lacked the entire uniform, and among the other ranks there was a shortage of karpus, shirts, stockings and shoes. 1715: Other Ranks: Blue karpus, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs, leather vest, blue breeches, blue stockings, black or white neckcloth. Provost Marshal: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with, "the Royal monogram and crown in silver lace on the front and back of the coat." (Compare with Närke-Värmlands reg:t) He was also provided with a cane which had a silver-plated brass knob on which the King's and regimental names were engraved. Provost: hat with lace. Blue pajrock with yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. He was also provided with a warhammer and manacles. 1718 (August): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak, blue coat with pewter buttons and lined with chamois-colored baize. Chamois-colored cloth vest leather breeches, blue stockings. Oboist: Blue pajrock with yellow lining. Hat with silver lace. Blue coat with silver-plated pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, together with silver lace in the seams. Yellow vest, leather breeches, yellow stockings. Sword frog with silver lace. Piper and Drummer: Hat with white lace. Blue pajrock with yellow lining and blue cuffs. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, and braid in the seams. Yellow vest, leather breeches and yellow stockings. Other Ranks: hat with white wool lace. Gray pajrock with blue facings, leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings and gaiters. Blue cloaks and coats with yellow lining and cuffs for the other ranks were ordered, but had not yet been delivered in August at the time of the General Muster. The regiment probably participated in the Norwegian Campaign in fatigue uniforms. Kronobergs regemente (1,100 men) Originated with the Småland fotfänikor which were organized in the 1560's, and the Småländska storregemente which was divided into two field regiments

in 1623. Indelt 1692: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Albo, Norra Sunnerbo, Södra Sunnerbo, Kinnevads, Norrvidinge. Colonels: G.E. Heidenfelt 1696, G. Lillienböök 1703, J. Cronman 1706, N. Hästesko 1709, S. Lagerberg 1714, E. von Bildstein 1717. The regiment was transferred to Pomerania in 1699 and participated in the Holstein Campaign 1700. With Gyllenstiema to Poland in 1702 and with the King's Army thereafter. Captured after Poltava, reraised and in the Scanian Campaign 1710. Transferred to Wismar 1711 and captured there in 1716. Raised again, Norwegian Campaign 1718. 1700: Hat with braid. Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs, leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. 1702 (new uniform): Oboist: hat with lace. Blue coat with 2 / dozen pewter buttons, blue lining and 66 elle (1 elle = 667mm) of braid in the seams, on the arms and pockets. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Drummer: hat with braid. Blue coat with 2 / dozen pewter buttons, blue lining, yellow collar and cuffs. Yellow braid on the coat and drum belt. Leather vest and breeches, bluestockings. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Blue coat with 2 / dozen pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Leather vest with two dozen pewter buttons, leather breeches and blue stockings. All of the above also received a blue cloak with yellow lining and collar. Non-commissioned officers had received an allowance ( 3 9 / skill ing kopparmynt) to purchase uniforms for themselves. "The Regimental Provost and Ordinary Provost have received the uniform which was reported in the previous contract." Nothing, however, is known of the appearance. At the same time the regiment received new tents: 48 for the non-commissioned officers, 3 for the oboist, provost and staff members, 168 for the Other Ranks and 36 weapons' tents, "..and all of these units' tents are marked with a number and the company's name in blue cattunsband." 1707: Recruits in hat, grey vadmal coat with pewter buttons, blue lining, cuffs and collar. Leather vest and breeches and yellow wool stockings. 1710: When the regiment was raised it was issued with hat, pajrock, blue coat, leather vest and breeches and yellow stockings. Non-commissioned officers and musicians received the issue, but information on the colors is lacking. A large part of the equipment was lost during the 1710 Campaign. In the Summer of 1710 the unit for the most part wore gray pajrock. 1711: Gray coats with pewter buttons, yellow facings and collar, leather breeches and yellow stockings (from a Danish spy report from Wismar). 1713: Uniforms worn out and unserviceable. 1716/17: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Blue vest, breeches and stockings. Other Ranks: hat. Gray pajrock. Blue coat with yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Vest and breeches of yellow cloth or leather. Yellow stockings. After the 1718 Campaign a great deal was worn out. The whole regiment lacked cloaks, likewise entire companies lacked hats. Those who were without the ordinary uniform, went about in fatigue clothing. T h e men are strong and well, only if they were clothed and provided with good weapons." 1

2

1

2

1

2

1

4

Jönköpings regemente (1,100 men) Descended from the Småländska fotfänikor, oldest record from 1563, and the Östgöta-Smålands lands24

regemente which was divided into two field regiments in 1623. Indelt 1684: Col- Ltc-, Maj-, Norra Vedbo, Västra Härads, Ösbo, Wässbo, Wista. Colonels: L. Clerck 1700, G. von Buchwald 1706, A. Leionhielm 1709, H.O. d'Albedyhl 1714. Transferred to Pomerania in 1699 and participated in the Holstein Campaign of 1700. With Gyllenstierna to Poland in 1702 and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Captured after Poltava. Reraised and took part in the Scanian Campaign of 1710. To Stralsund 1711. Took part in the cities defense and compromise of 1715. Raised again and participated in the Norwegian Campaign of 1718. 1700: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches and red stockings. Musicians: Drummers had a blue coat with 30 alnar wide and 12 alnar narrow lace, unfortunately of unknown color (red, white?). Other Ranks: blue karpus with red lining and facing. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining and cuffs, leather vest and breeches and red stockings. 1702: A hat with white braid replaced the karpus. 1710: Hat with white braid. Vadmal pajrock, blue coat with blue lining and red cuffs. 1716: When the regiment was reraised, weapons were issued, but no uniforms. 1718: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat, blue or leather vest, leather breeches, blue wool stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat with white braid. Gray vadmal coat with red cuffs and collar. Black neckcloth. Leather vest and breeches, white or gray wool stockings. 1719: The other ranks received blue coats with red lining and cuffs. Non-commissioned officers and musicians retained there old issue which they partly procured with their own means and which now was for the most part worn out. Björneborgs regemente (1,025 men) Descended from the finska storregementet which was broken up in the 1620's. Indelt 1694: Col-, Ltc, Maj-, Kuomo, Ruovesi, Eura, Kyro, Vesilax. Colonels: J.L. Creutz 1698, B.O. Stackelberg 1702, O.R. von Essen 1712, C. von Bildstein 1714. Transferred to Riga in the Spring 1700, and belonged to the fortress garrison and Lewenhaupt's Army. With the latter to the Ukraine. After the Battle of Ljesna, the survivors were placed in the Västmanlands regemente. Captured after Poltava. Raised again and belonged to the army in Finland thereafter. With Armfelt against Trondhjem in 1718. 1689/91 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather vest, blue breeches and stockings. (1696) Drummer and Piper: Blue karpus with yellow lining and facings, trimmed with braid in yellow, white and black. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Seams and pockets trimmed in braid in blue, yellow, red and white. Yellow cloth breeches and yellow stockings. (1696) Other Ranks: Blue karpus with yellow lining and facings. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, yellow breeches and stockings. (1696) 1702: Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. 1708: Blue uniform, probably similar to the 1696 outfit.

Bohus dragonskvadron

Livdrabant

1 Närke-Värmlands regemente, 1700

4 Viborgs fördubblingsbataljon, 1708

Nylands regemente, 1696

5 Stackelbergs Livländska regemente, 1704

3 Smålands femmänningsregemente, 1710

6 Underofficerer, Garnisonsregementet i Stalsund, 1702

Swedish military hair styles. Note the early pigtail. After Rommel's painting of the Battle of Gadebusch. 1711/12: Hat, vadmal coat, leather vest and breeches, gray wool stockings. The regiment consisted solely of musketeers. The drummers received drums paid for by the "Crown" and bandoleer paid for by the province, but no uniform items. Also, the non- commissioned officers did not receive any uniform issue. 1716 (New ordinary uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with silver-plated brass buttons and blue lining. Blue vest, breeches and stockings. Oboist: hat with silver lace and otherwise as the non-commissioned officer, but the coat had dressed baize lining and silver lace on the shoulders. Piper and Drummer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with white braid on the shoulders, leather vest, yellow breeches and stockings. Other Ranks: hat with white braid. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Black neckcloth, leather vest, yellow cloth breeches and yellow stockings. 1718/19 (No new uniform since 1716): hat, blue coat, gray vadmal coat, leather vest, yellow or blue cloth breeches, yellow stockings. 1720: Blue cloak, blue coat with yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Leather vest, yellow cloth breeches, yellow stockings, black neckcloth and hat with braid (new uniform). Dalregementet "The Dalecarlian reg:t" (1,200 men) Descended from the Dalafänikan raised in 1542 and the Storregemente from Uppland, Västmanland and Dalarna which was divided into three field regiments in 1628. Indelt 1688: Col-, Ltc- (Tuna), Maj- (Leksands), Orsa, Rättvik, Mora, Gagnef, Västerdal. Colonels: M. Stenbock 1699, G.H. von Siegroth 1706, M.J. De la Gardie 1709, C.F. Fegensköld 1716. 27

On Själland in 1700, transferred to Livland the same year and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. As good as destroyed at Poltava. Raised again and in garrison at Stockholm with a battalion in 1710. Transferred to Rügen in 1712, Stenbock's Campaign and captured at Tönningen 1713. Raised again and in Roslagen 1715. The Norwegian Campaigns of 1716 and 1718. 1700: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs, buttonholes stitched with silver thread. Leather vest and breeches. Blue stockings and a blue cloak with blue lining. Drummer and Piper: Blue karpus with yellow lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, and yellow braid. White neckcloth, leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Other Ranks: Blue karpus with yellow lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings and white march stockings. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Grenadiers from ca. 1694 had a grenadier cap of unknown appearance. 1702: New leather vest with brass buttons, cloth and baize for uniforms. Recruits in new uniforms. 1710: Hat, pajrock, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Black neckcloth, vest and breeches, both of leather or yellow cloth, yellow stockings. This uniform was worn through the 1712 Campaign. The General Muster Roll for 1714 often mentions, "The old uniform and weapons were lost at Tönningen. "Newly uniformed and complete, 1714, 1715 and 1716, but in 1717 the uniforms were worn out, for which reason non-commissioned officers, musicians and provost received new uniforms from the Crown. 1718: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak, blue coat and vest, leather breeches and

blue stockings. Belts with silver lace. Oboist: hat with silver lace. Blue pajrock with yellow lining. Yellow coat with silver-plated pewter buttons, blue lining and silver lace around the collar, cuffs and pockets. Leather vest and breeches and blue stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat with silver lace. Blue pajrock, coat (yellow?) with pewter buttons and white braid. Yellow cloth vest, yellow breeches and blue stockings. Other Ranks: for the most part old storage items from 1714 and 1716: hat, blue cloak, yellow vest, yellow cloth or leather breeches, black neckcloth and new yellow stockings. Provost Marshal: As non-commissioned officers, but the breast and back of the coat were decorated with the Royal monogram and crown in silver. Cane with silver-plated brass knob and engraved monogram. Descriptions of runaway recruits in May 1718: 1) Black hat, light gray vadmal coat with pewter buttons, red vest, leather breeches, white wool stockings. 2) Black hat, light gray vadmal coat with pewter buttons, striped shirt, leather breeches, white wool stockings. 3) Black hat with a brass button,black vadmal coat with hooks, leather breeches and gray vadmal stockings. 1719/20: Uniforms worn out and unserviceable. Östgöta regemente (1,200 men) Descended from the Östgötafänikor which were organized in the 1550's and the same Storregemente as Jönköpings regemente. Indelt 1685: Col-, Ltc-, Maj, Ydre, Östanstångs, Västanstångs, Kind, Vadsbo. Colonels: G.J. Ulfsparre 1674, N.A. Ungem-Sternberg 1702, J. Sperling 1706, A. Appelgren 1709, (interim M. Gripensköld 1710, P. Stjerncrantz 1712), G. Ribbing 1717, P. Stjerncrantz 1717. Transferred to Pomerania in 1699 and the Holstein Campaign of 1700. With Gyllenstierna to Poland in 1702 and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Captured after Poltava. Reraised and the Scanian Campaign of 1710. Transferred to Germany in 1712 and Stenbocks Campaign. Captured at Tönningen, raised again and in the Norwegian Campaigns of 1716 and 1718. 1692: Blue karpus with yellow lining. Blue cloak with yellow lining and a coat with the same colors. Leather vest and breeches, white stockings. 1701 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with blue lining and cuffs, blue stockings. Other Ranks: hat, blue coat with pewter buttons, buttonholes stitched with white thread, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, white wool stockings. 1707: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining. A blue coat with blue lining and silver-plated buttons. Vest and breeches of strawcolored cloth, blue stockings. Sword frog with silver lace. Red neckcloth. Piper and Drummer: hat with silver lace. Blue pajrock, blue coat with brass buttons and lace on the seams. Red neckcloth, yellow cloth vest, blue breeches and yellow stockings. Other Ranks: hat with yellow and blue lace. Blue cloak with yellow lining and collar. Blue coat with brass buttons, buttonholes stitched with yellow thread, yellow lining and cuffs. Red neckcloth, yellow cloth vest, blue breeches and yellow stockings. 1710: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue surtout with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Gray pajrock with yellow facings. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, a pair of yellow and a pair of gray wool stockings. 28

1714/15: Gray vadmal pajrock, blue cloak, blue cloth coat. 1716: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons and pale yellow lining. Oboist: hat with silver lace. Blue surtout, sky blue coat with pewter buttons and decorated with camlet braid. Piper and Drummer: hat with white lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons and yellow lining, together with braid on the seams. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Vest and breeches of yellow cloth. 1718: For the most part worn out uniforms from 1716. New hats. Each man had received two pair of new stockings and a pair of gaiters. At the time of the invasion of Norway, both yellow cloth and leather breeches, together with yellow cloth vests were worn. 1719: New blue cloaks. Otherwise, the uniforms were worn out. 1720 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace, otherwise a completely blue uniform. Other Ranks: hat with white braid. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Leather vest and breeches, white stockings. Musicians: hat with lace and a uniform as the other ranks. Tavastahus regemente (1,025 men) Raised in the 1620's. Indelt 1696: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Jemsjö, Sysma, Sexmäki, Rautalampi, Assikala. Colonels: G.J. Maidel 1686, G. Zülich 1707, O.J. von Maidel 1712. To Riga in the Spring 1700 and belong to its garrison until the regiment's return to Finland in 1703. With Lybecker to Ingermanland in 1708, then in Viborg and captured there in 1710. Reraised and belonged to the army in Finland. Took part in the Campaign against Trondhjem in 1718. 1683: Red coats with yellow facings. The regiment received new uniforms for the General Muster of 1688, but a description of the uniforms is lacking. 1696: Officer in blue coat with blue lining and cuffs, together with red stockings. Other Ranks: probably in blue karpus, blue coat with red lining and cuffs, blue breeches and red stockings. 1702: Issued blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs while it was in Riga. 1708: Blue karpus, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs, yellow and gray wool stockings. 1712: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat, blue kamisol and breeches, together with blue wool stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat, blue coat, blue breeches. Other Ranks: hat, pajrock and vest of vadmal. Breeches of vadmal or leather. Black neckcloth, yellow or gray stockings, shoes or halfboots . 1716: At the General Muster in September, most was lacking. In October an "ordinary uniform" was issued. Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with blue lining, blue vest, breeches and stockings. Knee boots. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Black neckcloth, yellow cloth vest, yellow breeches, yellow stockings and a blue cloak. Hälsinge regemente (1,200 men) The regiment had its beginning with the fänikor which were raised in the 1540's in Gästrikland and Hälsingland, together with the Norrländska storregemente which in 1624 was divided into two field regiments. Indelt 1682: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Alsta, Delsbo, Arbrå, Ovansjö, Järvsjö.

Colonels: G.J. von Knorring 1700, G. Fock 1708, R.H. Horn 1710, L. von Numers 1717. One battalion was transferred to Finland in 1699 and then to Estland in 1700. The second battalion to Livland in the Fall of 1700. The regiment belonged to Lewenhaupt's Army and went with it to the Ukraine in 1708. One battalion was destroyed at Ljesna in 1708 and the survivors were placed in the Dalregementet. Reraised following Poltava and transferred to Germany. Stenbocks Campaign and captured at Tönningen. Reused again and took part in the Campaign against Trondhjem in 1718. 1695: Blue karpus, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs, yellow stockings. 1702: New karpus, blue cloaks, yellow stockings and shoes. 1705: New uniform, the same as 1695, when the regiment lost all of its equipment with the fall of Mitau. 1706: 435 recruits in fatigue clothes of gray vadmal. 1707: A further 300 recruits, together with 250 pairs of breeches, 365 pair of leather gauntlets and shoes for the entire regiment. 1708: Yellow cloth breeches for the entire regiment. 1712: The regiment was fully uniformed when it was raised again in 1709-10, but the now two year old issue was worn out. Leather vest and breeches for the most part were condemned, 200 had received new uniforms, but the largest part of the regiment took part in Stenbocks Campaign in fatigue clothes. 1715: Only fatigue uniforms: hat, gray vadmal coat, white neckcloth, vest, breeches, gray vadmal stockings and wool stockings. Gray gaiters. 1716: Hat with yellow braid. Blue cloak with yellow lining, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. White and blue neckcloths. Leather vest, gray and yellow stockings. Elfsborgs regemente (1,200 men) Descended from the Västgöta fänikor raised in the 1540's and the Västgöta storregemente which was divided into three field regiments in 1624. Indelt 168385: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Södra Kinds, Norra Kinds, Redvägs, Ås, Giesenäs. Colonels: A. Sparrfelt 1698, J. von Mentzer 1710. In the homeland at the Norwegian border and in Gothenburg. 1703-09 325 men yearly commanded to the fleet. Scanian Campaign 1710. With Stenbock to Germany in 1712 and captured at Tönningen. Raised again, one battalion in the Norwegian Campaign of 1716 and the entire regiment in the 1718 Campaign. 1687-1709: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining and silver lace on the collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Silver braid around the buttonholes, silver lace on cuffs and pockets. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Drummer and Piper: hat with white braid. Blue pajrock with yellow trim, blue coat with brass buttons and yellow braid. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. Other Ranks: Blue karpus with yellow lining until 1708. In that year new hats with white braid. Blue cloak with yellow lining and collar, collar trimmed with blue and yellow braid. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. New uniform in 1710, but as the previous one. In addition, white wool stockings were issued. 1714: Other Ranks: Old karpus, blue cloak and coat. "Non-commissioned officers, oboist, provost, drummers and pipers are ununiformed."

1717: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs, chamois-colored cloth vest. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. 1719: Uniforms worn out or missing following the Norwegian Campaign. Leather clothes were, however, in general in good shape. Västgötadals regemente (1,200 men) The same origins as the Elfsborgs regemente. Indelt in Västergötland and Dalsland 1683-84: Col-, Ltc-, Maj, Sun- och Nordals, Tössbo, Vedbo, Kållands, Kullings. Colonels: J. Fägersköld 1691, G.R. Patkul 1705, N. Palmfelt 1710, L. Rosenstierna 1716. In the homeland, on the fleet and commanded to Karlskrona through 1709. In Bohuslän 1711, then in Germany and captured at Tönningen. Raised again and the Norwegian Campaigns of 1716 and 1718. 1694-1708: Blue karpus with yellow lining and facings edged with blue, white and yellow braid. Blue cloak with yellow lining and collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. 1708 (New uniform): hat with braid of blue-whiteyellow. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Buttonholes stitched with yellow cotton yarn. White neckcloth, leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. Corporals had hats with silver lace. 1714: Gray vadmal coat and pajrock, leather vest and breeches, gray wool stockings. The regiment, later in the year, was issued a regular uniform: hat with white braid, blue coat with yellow lining, vest and yellow stockings, etc. 1719: Uniforms were described as worn out or missing. "Non-commissioned officers do not have their own uniform!" For the other ranks, a hat with white braid, blue coat with yellow lining, cuffs and collar are mentioned, as well as a leather vest and breeches and yellow wool stockings. Viborgs regemente (1,000 men). Raised during the 1620's. Indelt 1696: Col-, Ltc-, MajVeckelax, Ruokolax, Elimä, Äyräpää, Lappvesi. Colonels: Z. Aminoff 1689, G.A. Mellin 1700, A.F. Krusenstierna 1711. Transferred to Livland and Wellingk's Corps in 1700. Belonged to Riga's garrison and captured there in 1710. Raised again and belonged to the army in Finland thereafter. Armfelt's Campaign against Trondhjem 1718. 1683: Blue coat with red facings. 1688: Blue karpus with red lining and facings. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining and cuffs, leather vest and breeches or blue cloth breeches, red stockings. Probably received a new uniform like the other Finnish regiments in the period 1687-98. In 1694, when the regiment ought to have received new uniform items, the non-commissioned officers applied for an issue of cloth for cloaks and coats which, because of lack of financial resources, they could not purchase themselves. (This request was disapproved by His Royal Majesty). 1702: Issued blue coats with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. 1708/09: Hat or blue karpus. Blue coat, vadmal coat, yellow stockings. 1715: Hat, vadmal coat and breeches, vest, gray wool stockings.

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1716 (New uniform after the General Muster in October): Hat with white braid. Blue cloth coat with yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Black neckcloth, kamisol and breeches of yellow cloth, yellow wool stockings. Musicians had blue pajrock. 1717/18: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace, Cloak, coat, vest and breeches of blue cloth, blue wool stockings. 1719: Items lost during the campaign were replaced the Summer of 1719: Blue cloak, blue coat, yellow cloth vest, yellow cloth breeches and gray wool stockings. Savolax (och Nyslotts) regemente (1,033 men) The first Savolax regemente was organized in 1626 (Gustav Homs regemente). Indelt 1695: Col-, Ltc-, MajIdensalmi, Pumala, Jockas, Kuopio, Pixmäki. Colonels: J. von Cronman 1695, E.E. d'Albedyhl 1703, J. Stjernschantz 1710. To Riga in the Spring of 1700 as garrison troops. Captured when Neumünde fell in 1710. Raised again and with the army in Finland, and Armfelt's Campaign against Trondhjem 1718. Should have received blue coats with red distinctions in the 1680's. Probably a new uniform like the other Finnish units 1687-88 (see Viborgs regemente). 1688: Blue karpus with red lining and facings. Blue coat with red lining and cuffs, blue breeches and red stockings. Possibly blue stockings in 1696. 1702: Issued blue coats with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. 1708/09: Karpus, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs, blue or yellow cloth breeches, yellow stockings. 1712: Karpus, pajrock, vest and breeches of gray vadmal. Gray wool stockings. Pipers and Drummers of the livkompaniet received blue coats with yellow lining and cuffs paid for by the Colonel. 1715 (At Umeå): Coat, kamisol and breeches of vadmal, together with gray stockings. 1716: Hat with yellow lace,blue cloth coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Yellow cloth kamisol, yellow cloth breeches and yellow stockings. 1717: Recruits in hat, gray vadmal coat, leather vest and breeches and gray stockings. 1718: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Coat, vest, breeches of blue cloth, together with blue wool stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat with yellow braid, black neckcloth, gray vadmal coat, yellow cloth kamisol, yellow cloth breeches and gray wool stockings. Other Ranks: hat with yellow braid. Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs, Blue cloak, leather vest and breeches, gray wool stockings. Recruits were uniformed as in 1717. Grenadiers were uniformed as the Other Ranks, but with a grenade bag of yellow leather and a blue karpus as headgear. Västmanlands regemente (1,200 men) Traces its origin to the fänikor which were raised in 1559 and the same storregemente as the Dalregementet. Indelt 1682: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Bergslags, Strömsholms, Väsby, Salbergs, Kungsörs. Colonels: A. Sparre 1699, G.J. Tunderfelt 1710, M. Falkenberg 1712, R.R. von Delwig 1716. The landing on Själland in 1700. Transferred to Livland and belong to the King's Army thereafter. Rehnskiölds Army division 1705/06. Captured after Poltava. Reraised and the Scanian Campaign 1710. Transferred to Pomerania in 1712. Stenbock's Campaign and captured at Tönningen 1713. Raised again and took part in the Campaigns of 1716 and 1718.

1700: Non-commissioned officer: Blue karpus with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Other Ranks: Blue karpus with yellow lining and facings. Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, together with blue stockings. 1706: Black karpus with blue facings and yellow lace. 1709/10: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue pajrock, blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Drummer and Piper: hat with camlet lace. Blue pajrock, blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar, buttonholes stitched with yellow thread. Blue vest and breeches, yellow stockings. Other Ranks: hat with camlet lace. Blue cloak with yellow lining and collar, together with a brass clasp. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar, buttonholes stitched with yellow thread. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. Train Personnek Blue karpus, a pajrock of buldan, gray vadmal coat with blue facings. Black neckcloth, leather vest, breeches and boots. 1714/15: Other Ranks in gray vadmal coats. That part of the regiment which was not transferred to Pomerania in 1712, continued to wear the uniform items they received in 1709-10 which were now worn out, 1718/19: The uniforms of the non-commissioned officers were considered completely worn out. Musicians: a new hat with white braid (1719). Blue coat and vest, yellow breeches and stockings. Other Ranks: Old blue cloak, hat with white braid, blue coat, yellow cloth vest, leather breeches and yellow stockings Västerbottens regemente (1,056 men) Norrlandsfänikor are found mentioned in the 1550's. Gustaf Horn's storregemente was divided into three field regiments in 1626, of which the Västerbottens regemente became an independent unit in 1630. Indelt 1696: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Lövångers, Kalix, Skellefteå, Bygdeå, Piteå. Colonels: R.J. von Fersen 1684, A. Lagercrona 1702, M. Cronberg 1709, H.M. von Buddenbrock 1717. Transferred to Livland in 1701 and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Rehnskiold's Corps 1705/06. Captured after Poltava. Reraised and transferred to Reval in 1710 where the regiment was virtually destroyed by sickness. Only 8 men capable of service were supposed found when the regiment was mustered on its return to Sweden. Raised again and on the West Coast 1712-13 and in Roslagen 1714-15. Östergötland 1716, Bohuslän 1717 and the Norwegian Campaign of 1718. 1694: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, white lining and cuffs, leather kamisol and breeches, blue stockings. Oboist: as non-commissioned officer, but the coat was "chamerad" with blue and white braid. Drummer and Piper: Blue karpus lined with white baize and white braid. Blue pajrock lined with "blaggarn" (A coarse linen), blue coat with pewter buttons, white braid, white lining and cuffs. Vest and breeches of white cloth, and white stockings. Other Ranks: Blue karpus with white facings and blue and white braid. Blue coat with pewter buttons, white lining and cuffs. Vest and breeches of white cloth, white stockings. 1710 (In Reval): "...well supplied with necessary ammunition, good weapons and new uniforms."

1712 (June): Gray vadmal pajrock with white facings and collar. Vadmal coat, vest and breeches of buckskin Regiment organized with only musketeers and grenadiers. 1712 (September): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Blue vest, breeches and stockings. Oboist had the same uniform as the non-commissioned officer. Piper and Drummer: Blue karpus with white facings. Blue coat with white braid. Leather vest and breeches, white stockings. Other Ranks: Blue karpus with white facings. Blue cloak, blue cloth coat with white lining and cuffs (also blue vadmal coats). Leather vest and breeches and white stockings. Corporals had buttonholes embroidered with white thread. 1715: Uniforms worn out. "Lacks cloaks", "Lacks full uniform", etc. 1719: Uniforms regarded as generally worn out. The regiment probably did not receive a new, complete uniform issue before 1725. Kalmar regemente (1,100 men) Descended from the Smålandsfänikor which were raised in the 1550's, together with the Storregemente organized in Kalmar and Kronobergs län which was divided into two field regiments in 1623. Indelt 1686 with about 400 men from each of the three Småland counties: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Östra Härads, Uppvidinge, Västra Härads, Aspelands, Konga. Colonels: N. Djurclou 1700, G. Ranck 1701, C. Björnberg 1709, S.A. Natt och Dag 1716. Landing on Själland in 1700. Transferred to Livland in the Fall of 1701 and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Captured after Poltava. Raised again and took part in the Scanian Campaign 1710. Then in Karlskrona and commanded to the fleet. Norwegian Campaign of 1718. 1700: Hat with blue and white twisted braid. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. Blue stockings with blue and white twisted braid in the stocking seams 1710: At the time of the march into Scania, the soldiers for the most part had only received hats and blue coats from the rote, and they had to outfit themselves in their own items where there were shortages. Noncommissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak, blue coat with blue lining and cuffs, leather kamisol and breeches, blue stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat with lace or blue karpus. Blue coat with red lining and cuffs together with braid. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Gray pajrock, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs, a pair of blue and a pair of gray stockings 1711/12: Issued new yellow stockings, otherwise the uniforms were considered worn out. 1713: hats, blue cloaks, blue coats with yellow lining and cuffs. 1715/16: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Oboist: hat with gold lace, otherwise as the non-commissioned officer. Sword frog with gold lace. Piper and Drummer: hat with blue, white and yellow braid. Blue coat with blue, yellow and white braid in the seams and on the pockets. Blue vest, breeches and stockings. Other Ranks: hat, blue cloak with yellow lining, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. 1718: Non-commissioned officers and musicians continued to wear uniforms issued in 1716 and which

were now worn out Provost lack uniforms and appeared in fatigue clothes: gray vadmal coat with blue facings. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Blue neckcloth, leather vest and breeches, yellow and gray stockings. Train Personnel: hat gray vadmal coat, leather vest and breeches, yellow and gray stockings, (gaiters) of vadmal. Uniforms were regarded as old and worn out, those that were not missing entirely. Nylands regemente (1,025 men) Originally Västra (West) Nylands infanteriregemente raised in 1655. Indelt 1696: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Borgå, Helsinge, Ingå, Lojo, Karis. Colonels: G.W. von Budberg 1687, C.G. Armfelt 1711. On battalion in Neumunde in 1699, the remainder transferred to Riga in the Spring of 1700 and became part of its garrison. One battalion went with Lewenhaupt to the Ukraine. Placed in the Västmanlands regemente after the Battle of Ljesna and captured after Poltava. The other battalion was captured with the fall of Riga in 1710. Raised again and in the army in Finland thereafter. Armfelt's Campaign against Trondhjem 1718. 1683: Blue coat with white facings. 1688 (New uniform): Blue coat with white cuffs and lining, blue breeches and white stockings. 1696: Non-cornmissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining and collar, the latter with wide silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs, buttonholes stitched with silver thread. Elkskin kamisol and breeches. Blue stockings, sword knot in blue and silver. Oboist: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs, the latter trimmed with blue, white and crimson red braid. Vest of crimson red with pewter buttons. Blue breeches, crimson red stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat with braid in blue, white and crimson red. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs trimmed with wide braid of blue, white and crimson, otherwise as oboist. Drum belt with blue, white and crimson red lace. Corporals: blue cloth karpus with blue lining with lace and braid in silver. Blue cloak with white lining, blue collar with silver lace and silver-plated buttons. Blue coat with pewter buttons, white lining, cuffs and a small collar. Kamisol of buckskin, blue breeches and stockings. Sword knot in blue and white. Other Ranks: Blue karpus with white lining trimmed with blue and white wool braid. Black neckcloth, blue coat with white lining, cuffs and collar, and pewter buttons. Blue breeches, blue stockings, sword knot in blue and white. 1698: Corporals and men received new coats, breeches and stockings identical to the 1696 issue. 1696: Provost hat with blue and white braid. Blue coat with white cuffs and lining, pewter buttons and buttonholes stitched in white and blue. Blue breeches and stockings. 1702: Issued blue coats with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. 1708: Blue karpus, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs, yellow stockings. 1709: The battalion in Riga was issued excess karpus, coats and yellow stockings. 1710/11: Livkompaniet: hat, blue coat with yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings.

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1712: Non-commissioned officer: hat, blue coat with blue lining and cuffs. Blue kamisol, breeches and stockings. Other Ranks: Livkompaniet the same as 1710/11. The other companies in gray vadmal coat, vadmal vest, breeches, gray and yellow stockings, blue or white neckcloth, hat. All were equipped as musketeers with musket and bayonet. Cartridge box of black leather, belts of yellow leather. 1718: Non-commissioned officer: hat with lace. Blue clothing and boots provided by the Crown. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Blue cloak, blue coat with yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Vest and breeches of yellow cloth and yellow stockings. Recruits in gray vadmal coat. No mention that the Livkompaniet was issued with green coats. Probably confusion with the Abo läns regemente. Närke-Värmlands regemente (1,674 men) Descended from the foot fänikor which were raised in the 1550's in Närke, Värmland and Dalsland, and the Storregemente in Södermanland, Närke and Värmland which was divided in two field regiments in 1624. Indelt 1682 and 1688 with three companies in Närke and seven in Värmland: Col-,Ltc-(Fryksdal), Maj-, Kristinehamns, Örebro, Karlstads, Älvdals härad, Jösse härad, Näs', Nordmarks. Colonels: C.G. Roos 1701, P. Adlerfelt 1709, A. Duwall 1716, A. Torstensson 1717. Four Värmland companies remained at home to protect the border, while six companies were transferred to Livland in 1700-01 and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Rehnskiold's Corps 1705-06. Captured after Poltava. Reraised and went to Germany with 1,200 men in 1712. Captured at Tönningen, but raised again. Norwegian Campaigns of 1716 and 1718. 1700: Non-commissioned officer: Blue karpus with red lining and silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue cuffs and red lining. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Oboist Blue karpus with red lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue cuffs and red lining, the coat was probably decorated with wide braid in blue, red and silver. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Piper and Drummer: Blue karpus with red lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining and cuffs, and decorated with blue, red and white braid in the seams. Leather vest and breeches, red stockings. Other Ranks: Blue karpus with red lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining and cuffs. Corporals had a dozen more buttons on the coat than the men. Leather vest and breeches, red stockings. Blue cloak with red lining and a pewter-plated iron clasp. The coats of the companies remaining at home were sent out to the field regiment. 1706: The companies in the field received new karpus: black with red facings and decorated with white camlet braid. 1712: The 1,200 men who went to Germany lacked a large part of their equipment: 469 hats, 67 cloaks, 79 coats, 500 pair of leather breeches and vests, 386 swords and 381 belts. 1715: The old companies' uniforms were 12 years old and worn out. The newly raised companies were in hat and vadmal coat. "As the Närke-Värmlands Regiment in the previous Summer so wore out its vadmal coats and other fatigue clothes that its now completely unclothed, and it is likely in the coming year to certainly disintegrate." 1717 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red

lining, cuffs and collar, buttonholes stitched with silver thread. Vest and breeches of red cloth, and red wool stockings. Oboist: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining, cuffs and collar, and decorated with "Three finger wide braid in blue, red and white with two rows of silver lace." Red vest breeches and stockings (also leather breeches). Sword frog with silver lace. Drummer and Piper: hat with silver lace, Blue coat with red lining, cuffs and collar, pewter buttons, and blue, white and red braid in all of the seams. Red vest, breeches and stockings. Red drum with the Royal monogram in gold. Other Ranks: hat with white braid. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining, cuffs and collar. Corporals' coats had embroidered buttonholes, red vest, breeches and stockings. Provost Marshal: as the Oboist, but the coat also had the Royal monogram and crown in silver on the front and back of the coat. Provost as the Other Ranks, but buttonholes embroidered in blue, red and white. Österbottens regemente (1,200 men) Raised in the 1620's through a division of the finska storregementet Indelt for the first time 1733: Col-, LtcMaj-, Ijo, Kalajoki, Ilmola, Salo, Kemi (Pyhäjoki, Lochteå ?). Colonels: J.H. von Campenhausen 1691, C.F. Meierfelt 1705, E.J. von Viennghoff 1706 Garrison in Riga 1699. Österbottens tremänningar were placed in the regiment in 1701. Part of the regiment went in the combined regiment of the Riga garrison which went to the support of Schlippenbach's Army in 1702. The remainder belonged to the Riga garrison, and in 1705 joined Lewenhaupt's Army. One battalion went with him to the Ukraine. After Ljesna the survivors of the regiment were placed in the Närke-Värmlands regemente. Captured after Poltava. The other battalion was lost when Riga fell in 1710. Raised again and belonged to the army in Finland. Armfelt's Campaign against Trondhjem in 1718. New uniform authorized in 1688. Individual items received in 1693, 1694 and 1696. Non-commissioned officer: hat, blue coat with blue lining, cuffs and buttons. Elkskin vest leather breeches and blue stockings. Oboist: Blue karpus with blue, yellow and white plush lace on the edges. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Arms, seams and "biärmar", a piece of cloth hanging from each shoulder down the back of the coat of varying length and width. Also known as wings or false sleeves, decorated with wide lace of blue, white and yellow plush. Yellow cloth breeches and blue stockings. Piper and Drummer: Blue karpus with blue, yellow and white braid on the edges. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow fining and cuffs provided with blue, yellow and white braid in the seams and on the arms. Yellow cloth breeches and blue stockings. Other Ranks: Blue karpus with yellow lining and facings. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Blue cloth vest, yellow cloth breeches and yellow stockings. 1698: While the regiment was in garrison in Riga, 423 recruits were assigned to the regiment from the discharged Swedish regiments in Brabant. These were completely ununiformed and some 90 deserted besides. The remainder were incorporated and issued excess uniform items from the other garrison units in Riga, among them blue coats with red lining and cuffs from the Guvernörsregementet i Riga.

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1701: 48 men were transferred to the Russian border: karpus, vadmal pajrock, blue coat, yellow breeches, yellow stockings. Tremänningar, "well clothed in vadmal", were assigned to the regiment. 1703: Recruits in hat, pajrock and coat of vadmal, leather vest and breeches. Otherwise the Other Ranks in old uniforms from the 1690's, 10-12 years old. 1705/08 (New uniform): Blue karpus, blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Blue breeches and yellow stockings. Regiment consisted solely of musketeers equipped with musket and bayonet. 1709: Recruits arriving at Riga were issued cloth and baize for uniforms. The old battalion received excess uniform items from the other garrison units. 1712: Karpus, coat, vest and breeches of vadmal. Blue neckcloth and wool stockings. 1718 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with blue lining and cuffs. Black neckcloth, yellow cloth vest, leather breeches and red wool stockings. Blue cloak. Musicians: hat with braid, blue coat with braid. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Blue coat with red lining and cuffs. Black neckcloth, leather vest, red breeches and red stockings. Blue cloak. Grenadiers were equipped and uniformed as the musketeers. Yellow grenade bag. Provost: hat with braid. Blue coat, vest and breeches of yellow cloth, red stockings. 1720: Issued hats, leather breeches, shoes, gray or red wool stockings. Jämtlands dragonregemente (1,048 men) The regiment considers its origins to be the Ångermanlands, Medelpads och Jämtlands regemente raised in 1646. Part of this regiment and a few companies of

Sperlings dragonregemente formed the Jämtlands regemente till fot in 1670. Indelt in 1689 and received its final name: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Brunflo, Hallens, Qvickens, Rävsunds, Bergs. Except for the cavalry company, the regiment was dismounted. Colonels: C. Hård 1688, B. Ribbing 1705, M. Planting-Berglood 1710, R.H. Horn 1717. In the homeland guarding the Jämtland border with Norway. In 1704 150 men were taken for the Livgardet. Armfelt's Campaign against Trondhjem 1718. 1709: Blue karpus with yellow lining and facings. Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs, yellow stockings. Pajrock with yellow lining and cuffs. At the General Musters in 1706 and 1708 the uniforms were in poor shape. 1709 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with gold lace. Blue coat with blue lining and cuffs, leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Other Ranks: Blue karpus with yellow lining and facings. Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. 1715: The uniforms from 1709 were still in good shape. 1717: Lacks cloaks, blue coats and leather vests for the whole regiment. Prior to the 1718 Campaign, the regiment apparently was issued complete uniforms as both cloaks and pajrock are mentioned in the rolls. 1719: Application for weapons and uniforms for the regiment as it suffered great losses during the campaign. The regiment was probably uniformed in vadmal coats and small clothes of vadmal or leather this year. 1721: No new uniform issue as yet.

Oboist and Engign, Guvernörsregementet i Wismar. Grenadier, Garnisonsregementet i Stade 33

Enlisted cavalry Drabantkåren. (The Trabant corps) The Drabants, like the Livgardet till fot, traced its origins to Gustaf Vasa's Bodyguard and Fotgångarfänika which were raised in 1521. Under several names and organizations: Gårdsfänikan, Hovregementet, Gula regementet, (The Court's, The Yellow Regiment, respectively) it finally received during Charles XII's reign the name "Kunglig Majestäts Livgarde till häst och fot." Charles XII separated out the mounted unit when in 1700 the Drabants were formed into a special corps. The individual drabant had the rank of Cavalry Captain in the Livregementet till häst with the King himself as Captain. The unit was normally commanded by a Kapten-löjtnant with Major General's rank. The strength of the unit was finally set at 200 men, but varied during the war; however, attempts were made to maintain an average strength of 150. The Drabants took part in all of the campaigns of the King's Army, including Poltava. After the King's return to Sweden in 1715, the unit was reorganized and in 1716 called, "Kunglig Majestäts Drabanter och Livskvadron." The remaining Drabants entered this unit, as well as selected cavalrymen from the Livregementet till häst, Östgöta kavalleri, Norra and Södra Skånska kavalleriregementena. The old Drabants, as well as the Livskvadron formed two units each of three troops with a strength of 349 men in 1718. Officer: hat with a gold button and wide gold lace. Blue coat with gilded buttons, buttonholes stitched with gold thread, blue cuffs and lining. The coat was richly decorated with gold lace on the edges, seams, cuffs and pockets. Blue vest, likewise provided with gilded buttons, lace and gold stitched buttonholes. The lace for the coat and vest weighed between three and four kilograms. Breeches of blue cloth or leather with gold lace. Waistbelt and sword frog were covered with blue velvet and gold lace, together with gilded metal fittings. Schabraque and pistol covers in blue with wide gold lace and gold fringe. Quartermaster and Adjutant: hat with gold button and gold lace. Blue coat with gilded brass buttons. Blue lining and cuffs, buttonholes edged with 15 alnar of lace. Otherwise, the coat was decorated with 27.5 alnar of wide gold lace and 54 alnar of narrow. Leather vest with gilded buttons, stitched buttonholes and lace. Leather breeches and gauntlets with gold lace. Sword frog, carbine belt and cartridge box covered with blue velvet, gold lace and gilded metal fittings. Blue schabraque with 8 alnar wide and 16 alnar narrow lace, together with 8 alnar of gold fringe. Blue pistol covers with gold lace and fringe. The Corporals uniform and equipments was in large part the same as the Quartermaster's, but the lace weighed only 2.2 kilograms as opposed to the Quartermaster's 2.7 kilograms. Also, the schabraque and pistol covers lacked the fringe. Common Drabant: hat with gold lace. Blue coat with gilded brass buttons, gold stitched buttonholes and facings of blue plush. The coat was edged with 11.75 alnar of lace and decorated with 8.75 alnar wide and 17.5 alnar narrow gold lace. Kamisol of leather, edged with gold lace and stitched buttonholes. The lace for the Common Drabant weighed a kilogram. Leather breeches, gauntlets with gold lace. Cloak of blue cloth with a gilded clasp and lace on the collar and edges. Sword frog, belts and cartridge box covered with blue plush and three rows of gold lace. Sword hilt for all in the Drabantkåren was gilded. The uniforms for the Dra34

bant company ordered in 1699 cost almost 56,000 daler silvermynt. The same amount it cost to equip four cavalry regiments with carbines and pistols. Kettledrummer and Trumpeter wore blue, richly decorated with silver lace. Trumpet cords were of gold and silver thread, tassels of blue and yellow silk mixed with gold thread. The kettledrum color was white silk damask embroidered with the Royal monogram, crown and palm branches in gold, with gold fringe. Kungl. Majt:z Drabanter och Livskvadron 1717: hat with finger wide gold lace. Black neckcloth, blue cloak with blue collar and buff-colored lining. Blue coat with blue collar and cuffs, and buff-colored lining. Gilded brass buttons. Leather vest and breeches. Carbine belt and cartridge box trimmed with four blue and four gold rows. Leather schabraque and pistol covers of buff-colored cloth. Adelsfanan i Estland och Ingermanland (600 men) Landsåtare in Estland are mentioned in the 1560's. The oldest preserved rolls date from 1642. Colonels: E.J. Budberg 1692, F. Wachtmeister 1700. Departed in the Spring of 1700 to Wellingk's Corps, the fördubbling were placed in the ordinary unit, then with Schlippenbach until 1704-05 when it was transferred to Lewenhaupt. Remained in Estland in 1708, and in garrison in Riga and Reval. Captured there in 1710. Dark gray hat with yellow and blue lace. Gray cloak with yellow lining, gray coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. Yellow schabraque and pistol covers. 1701: According to the General Muster Roll, the regiment was obviously in poor shape, "...we have found great and indefensible defects, not only with the uniforms, but with everything." 1704: The regiment was completely ununiformed after Erastfehr and Hummelshof. 1708/09: Hat, blue coat, leather vest and breeches. Adelsfanan i Livland och pä Ösel (1702: 300 men) The earliest known Adelsryttare in Livland date from 1615. The oldest records from 1641. Colonels: E.J. von Vietinghoff 1700, O.F. Brakel 1700, Gabr. Horn 1702, O.J. von Rosen 1705, E.C. von Glasenapp 1710. In Riga at the beginning of the war. In 1702 the unit was with Schlippenbach and the fördubblingen were placed in the ordinary unit Transferred to Lewenhaupt's Army and with it to the Ukraine (strength of 200 men). Captured after Poltava. A small part remained in Riga and was captured there in 1710. Uniform identical to that of the Adelsfanan i Estland. Adelsfanan i Pommern (160 men) "Ritterpferde" existed already in the 1550's. Oldest record from 1690. Colonel: C. Mewius 1694. The unit does not appear to have been assembled before 1710. Took part in the defense of Stralsund and captured there in 1715. The uniform is unknown, but probably similar to the Adelsfanan in Estland and Livland.

W . A . von Schlippenbach dragonregemente, 1709

Trumpetere Livregementet till häst

Pukslagare Livregementet till häst

Adelsfanan i Bremen-Verden (144 men) Oldest rolls from 1645. Colonel: G. von Schultz 1705 Does not appear to have been used independently, at its assembly in 1700, "The aforementioned Corps, consisting of 140 horses, is so badly constituted and discipline that no service can be expected." 1703: According to the General Muster, the uniforms were moth-eaten, weapons, saddles and leather equipment was condemned. Kunglig Majestäts Livregemente dragoner; Livdragonregementet (1700: 600 men) Raised through enlistments in all of Sweden in 1700. The landing on Själland in 1700, transferred to Livland the same year and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Rehnskiöld's Corps 1705-06. In 1707 increased to 1,500 men. Captured after Poltava. Raised again but with great difficulty (maximum 600 men). Incorporated after 1721 in the Younger Livdragonregementet (see Åbo läns kavalleri). Colonels: C.G. Rehnskiöld 1700, H.J. Hamilton 1700, H.H. von Liewen 1711, E.C. Odelström 1714. 1700: Officer: hat with gold lace. Blue coat with blue lining and gold lace. Blue coat with gilded buttons, buttonholes stitched with gold thread, lining and cuffs of blue velvet. Leather vest decorated with gold lace, leather breeches. Waistbelt and sword frog covered with blue cloth and furnished with gold lace. Sword with gilded hilt, clasp and fittings. Non-commissioned officer: hat with gold lace and gilded button. Blue cloak with gold lace in the seams and on the collar. Blue coat with gilded buttons, stitched buttonholes, gold lace on the collar, blue cuffs and lining. Blue vest with lace and leather breeches. Gauntlets with gold lace, blue schabraque and pistol covers with gold lace. Drummer: hat "with border. "Blue Cloak, blue coat with brass buttons and camlet lace. Leather vest with brass buttons and leather breeches. Other Ranks: hat with camlet lace. Blue cloak, black neckcloth. Blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. Yellow schabraque with blue border, yellow pistol covers. Corporals' coats were stitched with gold thread in the buttonholes. Provost: Blue cloak with blue lining and collar. Long blue cloth cap. Blue coat with brass buttons and blue lining. Staff Members including Provost Marshal, etc.: hat with yellow lace. Blue cloak with blue lining and gold lace in the seams. Blue coat with gilded brass buttons and leather kamisol with gilded buttons. Leather breeches, blue neckcloth. For everyday use one wore a blue coat with blue lining and blue buttons. 1716: Hat with lace. Pajrock, blue coat, leather vest and breeches, blue or white neckcloth Drottningens (The Queen's) Livregemente till häst; o r . Estniska kavalleriregementet. (800 men) The regiment had its origins in Wellingks värvade kavalleriregementet, Taubes Estländska dragonregemente and Skantzenstiernas Ingermanlands lantdragoner, which were raised 1675-76. These regiments were combined in 1679 to form von der Pahlens Estländska kavalleriregemente, sdso called Unga Drottningens (The Younger Queen's) Livregemente till häst. Colonels: H.H. von Tiesenhausen and J.H. von Tiesenhausen 1700. Two companies in Riga and two in Narva in the Spring of 1700. In Ingermanland and Finland, took part with 37

390 men under Lieutenant Colonel Glasenapp in Lybecker's attack on Ingermanland in 1708. In Reval 1709/10 and captured there. 1697/1699: Hat with gold lace. Blue cloak with brass clasp, white neckcloth with a red band (Livkompaniet) or blue. "Collete", leather breeches, white schabraque. The regiment probably still had yellow leather coats in 1699 (with white edging) "Collete" instead of blue coats. Coats or jackets are not mentioned either in the 1697 or 1699 rolls. 1707: New neckcloths, leather breeches, stockings, saddles and leather equipment. 1709 (In Reval): "... supplied with passable horses and uniforms." Kettledrum color of yellow damask with silver fringe, Royal monogram and crown. Above the crown on the left AN and on the right NO, and under the monogram on the left 18, and on the right 82, all in silver. Pommerska kavalleriregementet (800 men) Raised in 1688 with Field Marshal Nils Bielkes Bajerska kavalleriregemente (raised 1685) as its basis. Colonels: J. Mellin 1698, G. Zülich 1713. Took part in the Holstein Campaign of 1700. With Gyllenstierna to Poland in 1702 and belonged to the King's Army until 1705 when it returned to Pomerania. Four companies took part in the 1712 Campaign and were captured at Tönningen. The remainder were captured when Stralsund fell in 1715. Some 30 men managed to reach Sweden and became part of the Tyska dragonregementet in 1716. 1702: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with crimson red lining and cuffs, leather vest and blue breeches. Kettledrummer and Trumpeter: hat with silver lace. Middle blue coat with 2 / dozen silver-plated buttons, crimson red lining, cuffs and collar, and decorated with silver lace in the seams, on the collar, pockets, buttonholes, cuffs and on the "axelcapelle" (shoulder straps). Bröstlapp, "supreveste" of blue with red lining and a double row of pewter buttons with the buttonholes and seams with white lace. Kettledrum color of crimson red cloth with fringe and tufts in silver. Other Ranks: hat with white lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, buttonholes stitched in white, crimson red lining, cuffs and collar. Leather breeches, cavalry gaiters and boots. Blue schabraque with red, yellow and white border and "His Excellence the Count's (Mellins)" coatof-arms in the outer corners. 1

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Bremiska kavalleriregementet (800 men) Raised in 1688 by F. von Günterroth by enlistments in the Dukedom of Bremen: four companies of horse and four companies of dragoons. In 1693 the regiment was converted to a cavalry regiment. Colonels: C.G. Horn 1700, C.G. Mellin 1707. Half of the regiment took part in the Holstein Campaign of 1700. With Gyllenstierna to Poland in 1702 and then with the King's Army. Remained in Poland until 1707, then in Pomerania and on Rugen. Became part of Stralsund's garrison in 1712. Four companies in the campaign against the Danes and captured at Tönningen in 1713. The remainder were in Stralsund and captured there in 1715. Two officers and 24 men managed to reach Sweden and were placed in the Tyska dragonregementet. 1696: Hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining and silver lace on the collar. Blue coat with white lining

and cuffs, leather vest and breeches. Schabraque and pistol covers blue with white lace and the Royal monogram in white. 1701: Non-commissioned officer: hat with two finger wide gold lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs, buttonholes embellished with gold lace, cuffs and pockets edged with gold lace. Leather vest and breeches. Schabraque and pistol covers blue with gold lace, and monogram and crown in gold. Other Ranks: hat with gold lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs, buttonholes stitched in blue. Corporals had narrow gold lace on the cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. Schabraque and pistol covers in blue with blue and yellow lace and monogram and crown in yellow. Yellow cartridge box with Royal monogram as on the schabraque. Bremiska dragonregementet (800 men) Raised in 1699 by Colonel Krassow through enlistment. Colonels: F.D. Krassow 1699, J.C. Strömfelt 1711. Holstein Campaign of 1700. Then with Gyllenstierna to Poland in 1702 and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Rehnskiöld's Corps 1705-06. Remained in Poland 1707 and then to Pomerania. Part of Stralsund's garrison 1712, and in Stenbock's Campaign. Captured at Tönningen 1713, a part of the unit remained in Stralsund and was captured there in 1715. 8 officers and 109 men managed to reach Sweden and were placed in the Tyska dragonregementet. 1700: Officer: hat with wide silver lace. Blue coat with silver buttons, chamois-colored lining together with silver lace, "according to one's rank". Gilded sword hilt. Blue pistol covers with silver lace. Blue schabraque with chamois-colored border, silver lace and Royal monogram in silver. Non-commissioned officer: hat with wide silver lace. Blue cloak with chamois- colored lining and silver lace on the collar. Blue cloak with silver buttons, buttonholes stitched with chamois-colored thread, chamois-colored lining. Collar, cuffs and pockets with silver lace. Black neckcloth, leather vest with silver buttons, leather breeches. Sword frog, carbine belt and waistbelt with silver lace. Brass sword hilt. Schabraque and pistol covers with yellow border and silver lace. Oboist: hat with silver lace. Pajrock of chamois-colored cloth, pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs, decorated with blue braid. Blue coat with silver buttons, chamoiscolored lining and cuffs. Coat decorated "all over" with silver lace on the collar, pockets, cuffs, arms, in the seams and on the coat front Black neckcloth, leather kamisol with silver buttons and leather breeches. Waistbelt and sword frog with silver lace. Chamoiscolored schabraque with blue border. Drummer: Uniformed as the Oboist but chamois-colored braid instead of the silver lace on the coat. All musicians were mounted on "Mohrköpfe" or dapple-gray horses. Corporals were uniformed as the non-commissioned officers, but with narrower silver lace. Other Ranks: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with chamois-colored lining and silver lace on the collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, buttonholes stitched in blue, chamois- colored lining and cuffs. Black neckcloth, leather kamisol with pewter buttons, leather breeches. Chamois-colored pistol covers, blue schabraque with blue and yellow border. Regimental Provost and Regimental Clerk: as non-commissioned officers. Ordinary Provost: blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Otherwise as the Other Ranks. Saddle Maker and Farrier: as the Other ranks, but brass buttons on the coat. 38

Karelska Lantdragonskvadronen (1700: 313 men) Raised in the backwoods homesteads in Viborgs, Nyslotts, Tavastahus and Nylands län, four companies. Colonels: N. Grotenfelt 1686, B.F. Zöge 1702. In Ingermanland in the Spring of 1700, then with Schlippenbach's Army. Transferred to Lewenhaupt's Army probably in 1704, and with it to the Ukraine. Captured after Poltava. Raised again and expanded to a regiment. In the army in Finland, and took part in the retreat to Sweden after the Battle of Storkyro. In 1716 had a strength of 67 men and 22 horses of a total of 504. In 1718 was based in Svealand. 1719 combined with Brakel's ingermanländska dragoner. Disbanded in 1721 and the men placed in the Kymmenegårds läns infanteri. 1696: Gray vadmal coats. According to a Royal order should have had gray cloth coats which still had not been issued by 1699. 1701: New vadmal coats, together with breeches, stockings, saddles and muskets. 1704: New swords, pistols and muskets. Received blue coats during the period 1704-08. 1712: Hat with yellow braid. Cloak, coat, vest and breeches of vadmal. 52 men from Viborgs län were, "tolerably supplied with winter clothing", but the contingent from Nylands and Tavastahus were, "completely naked." 1716: The whole strength of 67 men received new uniforms of hat with braid, blue cloth coat, black neckcloth, leather breeches and stockings. 1717/18: Recruits and the newly enlisted in blue vadmal coats. 1720: Uniforms worn out. "The men have nothing to cover their bodies other than a slovenly coat." Livländskt dragonregemente (600 men) Raised by enlistment in 1700.Colonels: G.E. d'Albedyhl 1700, G.C. von Schreiterfelt 1704. In Kurland 1701. Half of the regiment with Schlippenbach's Army. The remaining companies were with the King's Army, and in 1703 they became the basis for Meierfelts dragonregemente. Those in Livland were transferred to Lewenhaupt's Army in 1704, and went with it to the Ukraine. Captured after Poltava and not raised again. 1703/08: Hat, blue coat, leather vest and breeches, blue schabraque. Ingermanländska dragonregementet (600 men) Raised by enlistment in Ingermanland by General O. Wellingk. Colonels: O. Wellingk 1700, G. Hastfehr 1706, H.O. Brakel 1710. First occupation duty in Ingermanland, and then in the army in Finland. Took part in Lybecker's attack on Ingermanland in 1708. A part of the regiment was in Viborg and captured there in 1710. The remainder went in the army in Finland as Brakels dragoner. Transferred to Sweden and combined with Zöges dragoner. 1700: Probably karpus, coat and breeches of vadmal. 1701: "...in poor condition, they will soon be naked and unable to do service." 1708 (New uniform): Musicians: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with plush lace, blue breeches. Sword frog with silver lace. Other Ranks: karpus, hat with braid. Blue coat and kamisol, bröstlapp. 1712: Uniforms were regarded as worn out. 1713: Coat and breeches of vadmal, leather vest and yellow stockings.

Livländskt dragonregemente (600 men) Raised in 1700 in Livland by Colonel W.A. von Schlippenbach through enlistment. Colonel: W.A. von Schlippenbach 1700. With Wellingk's Corps in Livland in 1700, then in Schlippenbach's Army. Great losses at Hummelshof. In 1703 only 79 men strong. Reraised and mustered at full strength in Reval the same year. With Lewenhaupt's Army to the Ukraine and captured after Poltava. Not raised again. A part of the men entered Russian service as did Schlippenbach himself 1703/07: Hat with yellow lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, blue kamisol and leather breeches. Blue cloak with yellow lace on the collar. Blue schabraque and yellow pistol covers. Livländsk dragonskvadron (200 men) Raised by enlistment in 1701 by A. J. von Schlippenbach. Colonels: A.J. von Schlippenbach 1701, G.R. Skogh 1706. In the beginning belonged to Schlippenback's Army, but in 1705joined Lewenhaupt. With him to the Ukraine and captured after Poltava. Not raised again. 1708: Hat with braid, blue coat, leather vest and breeches.

persons of rank. Colonel: A.L. von Rosen 1700. Mustered in 1701 in Reval. Transferred to Schlippenbach's Army. Serious losses at Rappin in September 1701 where von Rosen died. The survivors were placed in the öselska lantdragonskvadronen. 1701: Karpus, gray vadmal coat with pewter buttons and yellow cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. At the muster in Reval that year, at large part of the uniform issue was characterized as defective: unlined coats, tattered boots, frayed pistol covers, missing horse furniture, etc. Laurentzens fridragoner. (Dragoon Free corps) Raised in 1701 in Livland from the inhabitants of the towns of Wenden, Wolmar, Walk and Lemsal. Colonel: Major Laurentzen (Lorentz) 1701. First with Schlippenbach, then in Lewenhaupt's Corps. Took part in the Battle of Gemäuerthof with 65 men. The unit was broken up in 1706. Uniform: unknown. Lewenhaupts frikompani Probably the same unit as Erik Humblas frikompani. With Lewenhaupt in Livland and Kurland Enspännarekompaniet For the most part used as escort for the Quartermaster General when he laid out camps, conducted reconnaissance, etc.

Livländsk dragonskvadron (1701: 123 men) Raised in 1700 from tenant farmers on crown lands in Livland. Colonels: H.G. von Buddenbrock 1700, M. von Brömsen 1704. Garrison in Kokenhausen, then with Schlippenbach's Army. With Lewenhaupt in 1705, and later based in Kurland and Livland. Ruined at Howelshof in 1708. The remainder in Riga and captured there in 1710. 1701: Blue karpus with yellow lining. Pajrock with pewter buttons. Blue coat with pewter buttons, leather vest and breeches. Probably blue schabraque and pistol covers. 1708/09: Hat, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs.

Verdiska dragonregementet (1,000 men) Raised in 1702 through enlistments in the Dukedom of Bremen by Governor General Nils Gyllenstierna. Colonel: C.G. Marschalk 1702. In Pomerania, then Rehnskiöld's Corps 1705/06. Mardefelt's Corps 1706. Remained in Poland 1708 under Krassow, then based in Pomerania and BremenVerden. 1712 Campaign and captured at Tönningen. The remainder captured when Stralsund fell in 1715. 3 officers and 33 men made it to Sweden and were placed in the Tyska dragonregementet in 1716. 1703: Officer: hat with wide silver lace. Blue coat with blue buttons, blue lining, cuffs and collar, decorated with wide silver lace. Blue cloth kamisol with blue buttons and silver lace. Leather breeches with silver lace in the seams. Sword frog with silver lace, gilded sword hilt and a sword knot of twisted silver thread. The shoulder belt which cornets wore over their left shoulder and which was fastened to the staff with a carbine hook was covered in blue cloth and furnished with silver lace. Blue schabraque and pistol covers with border, lace and fringe in silver. Between the lace and border a serpentine form "Schlangenweis" in silver was looped. Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with blue lining, a double row of blue buttons and buttonholes stitched with blue silk. Collar and pockets had silver lace. Leather kamisol and breeches, sword with brass hilt and yellow sword knot. Schabraque and pistol covers blue with silver lace. Corporals were uniformed like the noncommissioned officer but had narrower silver lace on the collar and pockets. Kettledrummer and Oboist: as the non-commissioned officer, but the coat had pewter buttons and silver lace in the seams, buttonholes and on the cuffs. Kettledrum color: blue with fringe and embroidery in silver. Other Ranks: hat with white lace. Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with blue lining and cuffs, double row of pewter buttons and buttonholes

Öselska Lantdragonskvadronen (200 men) Raised on Ösel in 1700 from tenant farmers on crown lands and from the households of the clergy and persons of rank. Colonels: H.J. von Brandt 1700, J. Kaulbars 1702, M. Giezing 1705. Should have reached a strength of 400 men in eight companies, but was only 181 men strong by December 1702. Shattered at Wolmar in 1702 and belonged to Schlippenbach's Army thereafter. Transferred to Lewenhaupt in 1705 and went to the Ukraine with him where the squadron was placed in Schlippenbachs dragonregemente after Ljesna. Captured after Poltava and not raised again. 1703-04/08: Non-commissioned officer and Oboist: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Blue coat with silver lace and stitched buttonholes. Trumpeter: hat with yellow lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, and yellow lace in the seams. Other Ranks: hat, blue cloak with a brass clasp and yellow lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Vest and breeches of leather, yellow schabraque. Provost: Blue coat and pajrock with brass buttons. Estländska Lantdragonskvadronen (200 men) Raised in 1700 in Estland from tenant farmers on crown lands and from the households of the clergy and 39

Schabraques and pistol-covers

Livregementet till häst

Svenska adelsfanan

Östgöta kavalleriregemente, 1718

Västgöta, Åbo läns, Nylands m.fl. kavalleriregementen

Norra skånska kavalleriregementet

Pommerska kavalleriregementet

Verdiska dragonregementet, officer

Taubes dragonregemente, officer

40

stitched in white. Collar and pockets edged with white lace. Leather vest and breeches. Schabraque and pistol covers blue with white border. Drummer: as the Other Ranks, but the coat decorated with white camlet braid in the seams and buttonholes. Provost Gray coat with blue lining, blue and white twisted braid on the collar, pockets and in the seams. Company Colors: blue with silver fringe. Blue staff with gilded brass finial. Pommerska dragonregementet (1,000 men) Raised in 1703 by Governor General Nils Gyllenstierna through enlistments. Colonels: W.B. Muller von der Lühnen 1703, A.Ph. Marderfelt 1710. Based in Pomerania. In 1704 ,150 men were transferred to the newly raised Duckers dragonregemente. 1705/06 with Rehnskiold's Corps and in 1706 with Marderfelt Remained in Poland in 1708 and then based in Pomerania. In 1711 75 men were transferred to Bassewitz dragonregemente. 1712 Campaign and captured at Tönningen. Reraised and based in Stralsund where it suffered large losses at the Battle of Stressow. 7 officers and 126 men managed to make it to Sweden after Stralsund's fall, and were placed in the Tyska dragonregementet. 1703/07: Officer: hat with gold lace. Blue coat with blue buttons, blue vest and leather breeches, all richly decorated with gold lace in the seams, on the cuffs and pockets. Schabraque and pistol covers blue with gold lace and fringe. Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with gilded brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Collar, cuffs and pockets with gold lace. Red neckcloth, and kamisol and breeches of leather. Blue schabraque and pistol covers with gold lace. Corporals were uniformed like the non-commissioned officer, but had narrower gold lace on the cuffs. Other Ranks: hat with golden yellow lace. Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Buttonholes stitched with golden yellow thread. Pockets, collar and cuffs trimmed with golden yellow lace. Vest and breeches of leather. Blue schabraque with golden yellow border. Drummers were uniformed like the Other Ranks, but the coat was decorated with wide golden yellow and blue lace in the seams, buttonholes, on the collar and pockets. The Kettledrummer was a "Mohr" (Moor). Blue coat and leather kamisol with gilded brass buttons, wide gold lace in the seams and on the pockets. A red turban with gold cords, an orange sash with a saber. Otherwise as the non-commissioned officer. The kettledrum color was blue with Royal monogram and crown in gold. In 1703 the regiment consisted of 34 Swedes and men from Scania, 7 from Livland, 9 from Holstein, 617 from Pomerania, 26 Brandenburgers, 3 Poles, 2 Danes, 1 Hessian, 1 Dutchman, 45 Saxons, 3 French, 1 Swiss and 16 Hungarians. Stenbocks dragonregemente (600 men. 1707: 1,000 men) Raised by Major General Magnus Stenbock in 1704 through enlistments. Colonels: M. Stenbock 1704, N. Hielm 1706. Belonged to the King's Army. Captured after Poltava. Not raised again. 1705: Officer: hat with gold lace. Blue coat with gilded brass buttons and buttonholes with gold lace. Leather kamisol and breeches. Waistbelt and sword frog with silver lace. Schabraque and pistol covers yellow with

41

silver lace. Non-commissioned officer and Corporals: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Buttonholes stitched with blue camlet yarn. Red neckcloth, leather kamisol and breeches. Yellow pistol covers with blue lace. Blue schabraque with lace in mixed yellow and silver. Kettledrummer and Oboist: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with silver-plated pewter buttons. Cuffs, collar, pockets, buttonholes and seams furnished with blue and white lace. Leather kamisol and breeches. Yellow pistol covers with blue lace. Blue schabraque with blue and white lace. Kettledrum color yellow with embroidery, fringe, tufts etc. in gold and silver. Drummer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons and decorated with twisted blue and pale yellow braid on the cuffs, collar, in the seams and buttonholes. Red neckcloth, leather kamisol and breeches. Schabraque and pistol covers as the Other Ranks. The drums were painted with blue and yellow flames and decorated with Stenbocks coat of arms. Drum belts were decorated with blue and pale yellow lace. Other Ranks: hat with yellow braid. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Red neckcloth, leather vest and breeches. Yellow pistol covers with blue border. Blue schabraque with yellow and black camlet lace, together with the Royal monogram in yellow edged with yellow and black thread. Provost: hat with white lace. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Blue coat with silver-plated pewter buttons, blue lining, cuffs and collar. Red neckcloth, vest and breeches of chamois-colored cloth. Train Personnel: hat with red lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining, cuffs and collar. Buttonholes stitched in yellow. Vest and breeches of chamois-colored cloth, gray stockings, stibletter and boots. Colors: yellow with fringe and tufts in gold and silver. Yellow staff with gilded brass finial. Meierfelts dragonregemente (600 men. 1707: 1,250 men) Raised through enlistment with a squadron from G.E. d'Albedyhls dragoner as its basis. Colonel: J.A. Meierfelt 1703. With the King's Army. Took part in the investment of Grodno in 1706. Captured after Poltava and not raised again. 1703: Hat with yellow lace. Blue cloak with yellow lining and collar. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. Blue schabraque with yellow border. 1706: Hat with silver lace. Blue coat with auroracolored cuffs and lining. Vest and breeches of buffcolored cloth. Taubes or Schlesiska dragonregementet (600 men. 1707: 1,000 men) Raised in 1704 by enlistments with 150 men from the Verdiska dragonregementet as its basis. The remainder were recruited in Bremen, Pomerania, Livland and Kurland. Colonel: G.A. Taube 1703. Belonged to the King's Army. Took part in the investment of Grodno and the march to Wolhynien. Captured after Poltava and not reused again. 1704/05: Officer: hat with gold lace. Blue coat with gilded brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Buttonholes, pockets, coat edges and cuffs decorated with gold lace. Buff-colored cloth vest with gilded brass buttons, buttonholes and edges with gold lace. Sword frog with

gold lace. Schabraque and pistol covers blue with three finger wide gold lace. On the schabraque the Royal monogram and "tre kronor" in gold in the outer corners. Non-commissioned officers and Corporals: hat with three finger wide silver lace. Blue cloak with brass clasp and yellow lining. Blue coat with gilded brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Color and pockets with gold lace. Black neckcloth, leather vest and breeches. Blue schabraque with blue and yellow border, yellow monogram and crown in the outer corners. Yellow pistol covers with blue border. Oboist and Drummer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with brass clasp and yellow lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Buttonholes, seams and coat edges decorated with braid in blue, white, orange and black. Leather vest with brass buttons and buttonholes stitched in yellow. Leather breeches. Yellow pistol covers with blue border. Blue schabraque with yellow border with blue and yellow braid along the edges. Other Ranks: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with brass clasp and yellow lining. Black neckcloth. Blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. Yellow pistol covers with blue border. Blue schabraque with yellow border edged with blue and yellow braid. The standards were blue, undecorated with a yellow silk fringe mixed with gold thread. A blue staff with a gilded brass finial. Kettledrum and drums were blue with Taube's coat-ofarms painted in gold and natural colors. The kettledrum color was blue with fringe in yellow and gold. Dückers or Preussiska dragonregementet (600 men. 1707: 1,000 men) Raised in 1704 by enlistment with 150 men from the Pommerska dragonerna as its basis. The remainder were recruited in Bremen, Pomerania, Livland and Kurland. Colonel: C.G. Dücker 1704. Belonged to the King's Army. Storming of Lemberg in 1704 and the investment of Grodno in 1706. Captured after Poltava and not raised again. 1705: Non-commissioned officer and Corporal: hat with gold lace. Blue cloak with yellow lining and gold lace on the collar. Blue coat with brass buttons and gold lace on the cuffs and pockets, buttonholes stitched in yellow. Blue vest with brass buttons and blue breeches. Blue pistol covers with yellow border, blue schabraque with yellow lace. Oboist and Drummer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining and yellow lace on the collar. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, buttonholes stitched with blue and yellow lace. Blue vest with brass buttons, yellow lace and red lining. Leather breeches. Sword frog with blue and yellow lace. Blue schabraque with yellow border. Other Ranks: hat with silver lace, blue karpus with yellow braid. Blue cloak with a brass clasp and blue lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Black neckcloth, leather vest and breeches. Blue schabraque with yellow border. Görtz dragonregemente (1,500 men) Raised in 1706 by Colonel H.W. Görtz from the survivors of his infantry regiment which was shattered at Kalisch. Görtz died in 1707 and the regiment was divided in two: H.O. d'Albedyhls and N. Gyllenstiernas. Each regiment probably of six companies (750 men). Both regiments were captured after Poltava, and neither was raised again. Dragoons of d'Albedyhl's regiment were those who at Perevolotjna gave their famous answer when asked 42

whether or not they wished to fight the approaching Russians. 1706: Hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with red lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining and cuffs. Blue vest and leather breeches. Blue schabraque with red(?) border. Bassewitz dragonregemente or Dragonregemente i Wismar (600 men) Raised 1711 with 350 men from Bremiska and Pommerska dragonregementena as its basis. The remainder were supposed to be recruited in Wismar and Bremen. Colonel: U.C. von Bassewitz 1711. In Wismar 1711 during the siege. Took part in Stenbock's Campaign in 1712 and captured at Tönningen in 1713. Raised again and took part with 222 men in the defense of Stralsund. 3 officers and 71 managed to make it to Sweden and were placed in the Tyska dragonregementet in 1716. 1711: hat with silver lace. Cloak with blue lining and collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Black neckcloth, blue vest and leather breeches. Blue schabraque with blue and white border. Schwerins dragonregemente (1711: 200 men) Raised in Bremen by Colonel P.B. von Schwerin in 1710 by enlistment. Colonel: P.B. von Schwerin 1710. The original plan was for Schwerin to recruit 200 men and the remaining strength would come from drafts from the Pommerska and Bremiska regiments; however, this never took place. In 1712 the unit was part of the garrison of Stade, and was lost when the city fell. Not raised again. 1711: Hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Vest of red cloth, leather breeches. Blue schabraque with red and white border. Vietinghoff's or Barthska dragonregementet (300 men) Raised in 1714 by Lieutenant Colonel O. Vietinghoff. Colonels: O. Vietinghoff 1714, J.K. von Düring 1715. In Wismar. Took part in the defense of Stralsund and was lost with the city's capitulation. 1 officer and 12 men managed to make it to Sweden where they were placed in the Tyska dragonregementet in 1716. 1714: Hat with white lace. Blue cloak with white lining and collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, white lining and cuffs. White cloth vest and blue breeches. Blue schabraque with white border. Rudenska kommandot (1715: 28 officers and 445 men) After the Allied landing on Rügen and the Battle of Stresow, which the Swedes lost, Lieutenant Colonel Tettenborn and 473 officers and men were cut off. They managed to make it to the island of Ruden, and from there to Sweden. There they formed the basis for the following unit: Tyska dragonregementet (1718: 460 men) Organized in 1716 from the remnants of the Pomeranian and Bremish regiments, the Artillery establishment of Pomerania, together with the Benderska and Niesterska dragoons. Colonel: J.K. von Düring 1717. The first general muster on Swedish soil took place in the late winter of 1716. Uniforms consisted of hats, with

or without lace, or karpus. Gray, blue, red, brown or black coats. Leather kamisols, blue vests, brown cloth kamisols, blue cloth breeches, leather breeches or gray vadmal breeches. The General Muster Roll indicates that the unit gave a "mottled impression." 1716: Tettenborn provided a uniform recommendation which was supposed to cost 161 daler kopparmynt for each dragoon. Hat with silver lace. Blue cloak, blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Blue vest, blue breeches and blue stockings. Whether or not this uniform was ever issued, the sources give no indication, even if they are generous with information on other things for the Tyska dragonregementet. 1720: Uniform consisted of a hat, cloak, coat, kamisol, breeches, neckcloth, "chaberaque", etc. without any indication as to color or quality. A great deal is described as worn out, condemned or missing. Polska regementet till häst Descended from the Polish and Lithuanian free companies which in 1706 formed the Vallack- or Volloscherregementet. With the survivors of this unit

as the basis, the Niesterska dragonregementet was formed in Bender in 1712. A major portion of the unit was lost when Stralsund fell. 2 officers and 21 men were placed in the Tyska dragonregementet. The Poles and others made up this Polish regiment which took part in the 1718 Norwegian Campaign, 99 men strong. Colonels: Sandul-Kolza 1706, B. Urbanowitz 1712, J. Stenflyckt 1715. The unit should have had red uniform coats in 1718. Smlegelskis polska dragonskvadron Polish freikorps raised in 1711. Took part in Stenbocks Campaign in 1712 with 100 men. Captured at Tönningen. Benders ka dragonregementet Raised from Swedish personnel at Bender in 1712. To Pomerania and Stralsund's defense. 2 officers and 14 men made it to Sweden and were placed in the Tyska dragonregementet in 1716. Colonel: A. Koskull 1712.

Värvat (Enlisted) Infantry Kunglig Majestäts livgardet till fot "The Royal Life Guard" (1,800 men. 1707: 3,000 men) The regiment had the same origins as the Drabantkåren (which see). During the war, the strength of the Guard increased to four battalions of which one was a grenadier battalion. In 1701 one company each was taken from the Svenska and Tyska Livregementet till fot, and the Drottningens livregemente. In 1703 a two battalions, one each from the Upplands tremänningsregemente and the Östgöta-Södermanlands tremänningsregemente, were incorporated, as well as 150 men from the Jämtlands dragonregemente together with those newly recruited. Colonels: K. Posse 1696, C M . Posse 1706, J. Graudell 1712, G. Ribbing 1712, M. Törnflyckt 1717. The Guard took part in the landing on Själland in 1700, was transferred to Livland later in the Fall, and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Captured after Poltava. Raised again through enlistments throughout Sweden, but despite great efforts, could only be brought up to a strength of 13 companies. Norwegian Campaign of 1718. 1695: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with silver lace on the cuffs and facings. Leather vest with silver lace, blue breeches and stockings. Blue cloak with yellow lining and gold-insilver lace. Oboist: hat with gold lace. Blue coat with blue lining and cuffs with gold-in-silver lace. Blue vest, breeches and stockings. Gauntlets with gold lace, sword frog with gold lace and sword knot of gold thread. Piper and Drummer: hat with braid. Blue coat and blue vest with lace. Blue breeches and yellow stockings. Sword frog and drum belt with lace. Other Ranks: hat with lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Blue breeches, yellow stockings. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Provost: hat with lace. Blue coat, leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. In 1699 Charles XII established a new uniform for the Livgardet. However, this did not come into service with the Guard before 1704. Until then, they retained the uniforms from 1695. A consignment of cloth and baize for lining was issued to the Guard in 1701; 43

however, not the finished uniforms which in 1702 were shipped to Livland. They were appropriated by the commandant in Riga, Lieutenant General Frölich, and issued to the garrison units. The Livgardet had to serve quite a long time in threadbare uniforms mixed with the Saxon coats which were issued in 1703 to the tremänningarna recently incorporated into the Guard. The new uniforms (model 1699) issued in 1704 were worn through April 1707, but were quite worn out. Blue cloaks, together with yellow vests and breeches of cloth were sewn up on "the spot" in Saxony. These uniforms which were in accordance with m/1699 were worn through Poltava. When the Livgardet was raised again, the Krigskollegium established a new uniform model, here called m/1709. It was considerably less expensive than the m/1699. In 1716 approved a new uniform which in general was as expensive as m/1699. On the other hand, there is nothing to indicate that this uniform ever was in use during Charles XII's lifetime. Just the opposite, the Livgardet was one of the poorest uniformed units at the time of the attack on Norway in 1718. In large part the unit was clothed in vadmal coats and old, worn out and patched items. M/1699 (Worn 1704-1709): Officer: hat with wide gold lace. Blue cloak with blue lining and collar with gold lace on the collar, the front and backsides at the slits and a gilded clasp. Coat of blue cloth, gilded buttons, blue cuffs and lining, edged with narrow gold lace, on the other facings wide gold lace and lace around the buttonholes. Vest of blue cloth decorated like the coat. Blue breeches, blue stockings. Gauntlets with gold lace and for regimental officers gold fringe. Sword frog covered with blue linen and with gold lace. Gilded sword hilt and sword knot of gold thread. Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with yellow lining and collar, and a silver-plated clasp. Silver lace on the collar and the front and back slits. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining, cuffs and collar. Buttonholes stitched with silver thread, and silver lace on the cuffs and collar, vest of buckskin decorated like the coat, blue breeches, blue stockings. Sword frog covered with blue linen and with silver lace. Sword knot of blue silk with

silver thread. Oboist: hat with gold lace. Blue pajrock with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar with lace in gold-silver-silk (gold, silver, blue?). Blue coat with silver-plated pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar decorated with gold and silver lace. Blue vest decorated like the coat, blue breeches, blue stockings. Sword frog with lace in gold-silver-silk. Piper and Drummer: hat with lace in gold-silver-silk. Blue pajrock with pewter buttons, decorated with braid in yellow and blue. Blue coat with gilded buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, lace in gold silver-silk. Blue vest decorated like the coat, blue breeches, yellow stockings. Sword frog and drum belt with lace in gold-silver-silk. Other Ranks: hat with lace in gold-silver-silk. Blue cloak with yellow lining and collar. Collar lace in gold-silver-silk. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Leather vest, blue breeches and yellow stockings. Corporals' coats had buttonholes stitched in yellow silk with a "leaf work" (stylized lilies). M/1709 (Worn 1713-?): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with silver lace on the collar. Blue coat with silver-plated brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs, buttonholes bordered with blue cloth and decorated with silver lace. Leather vest with pewter buttons, blue breeches and stockings. Sword frog with silver-plated clasp. Oboist: hat with lace in gold-silversilk. Blue coat with silver-plated brass buttons, yellow lining, buttonholes stitched in yellow. Coat furnished with 43.5 alnar of gold-silver-silk lace. Blue vest decorated like the coat. Besides 19 2/3 alnar border lace in the seams on the coat and vest. Blue breeches and stockings. Sword frog like the non-commissioned officer. Piper and Drummer: hat with silver lace. Blue pajrock with pewter buttons and yellow lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Blue vest and breeches, yellow stockings. Coat and vest decorated with 53 alnar of lace in gold-silver-silk. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Blue cloak with yellow lining and collar with silk lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Corporals' coats had yellow braid around the buttonholes. Vest and breeches of yellow cloth and yellow stockings. Uniform m/1716 is described and illustrated in Åberg/Göransson's "Karoliner", as well as in Meddelande från Armemuseum VII, 1945. for the inquisitive. But it is hardly probable that this uniform was worn at Fredrikshall other than by well-off non-commissioned officers. Riksänkedrottningens Livregemente i Pommern (1,200 men) The regiment traces its beginnings to Erskines bataljon of 1679 and von Sydows dragonregemente of 1680. These two units were combined in 1680 into a regiment under C.L. Müller von der Lühnen, and received its final name in 1693. Colonels: C.L. Müller von der Lühnen 1686, J.C. Stuart 1707, J.B. Traurwetter 1715. Took part in the Holstein Campaign of 1700, then a garrison unit in Stettin and several other places in Pomerania. After the compromise of Stettin, in Stralsund and captured there in 1715. 1695/1702: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining and blue velvet collar. Blue coat with silver buttons, silver lace on the collar and pockets. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Drummer and Piper: hat with blue and white lace. Light gray coat with blue lining and cuffs. Blue 44

and white lace in the seams, edges and on the pockets. Leather breeches and blue stockings. Oboist: uniformed as the other musicians, but the coat was richly furnished with blue and white lace in the seams, sides and edges. Hat with silver lace. Other Ranks: hat with blue and white braid. In 1701 grenadiers had a grenadier cap trimmed with bearskin. The cap was probably white (as 1695) with the Queen Mother's monogram (HERS) under a royal crown, both in blue (see illustration). Blue cloak with white lining and collar. Corporals had silver lace on the cloak's collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, white lining and cuffs. Leather breeches and white stockings. Provost were uniformed as the Other Ranks.

Änkedrottningens livregemente till fot (HERS) Kunglig Majestäts Svenska Livregemente till Fot (1,111 men) Originally a battalion of Västgöta sixth men from Älfsborgs län which did garrison duty in Gothenburg 1675-79. After the Scanian War this unit was combined with Nils Bielkes 1678 Uppländska dragonskvadron, together with discharged men from Douglas enlisted dragoons and the Marin Regiment. This new regiment received the name, Svenska Livregemente till fot. After the Crown Prince's birth in 1682, it became Prins Carls Livregemente. It returned to its original name in 1697. Colonels: G. Macklier 1680, R.J. von Fersen 1702, N. Posse 1705, H.J. Burensköld 1711, Prince von Hessen-Homburg 1715, B. Ribbing 1715, G. Lilliecrona 1716, J. Aminoff 1718. The regiment was the garrison of Gothenburg, in Älfsborg, Bohus and Varberg fortresses. In 1701 300 men took part in the sea expedition to Archangel. In 1709 the regiment was transferred to Wismar, and lost 650 men in the sortie of 1711. Captured after Wismar's compromise. All national Swedish were shipped back to Sweden. The remainder were combined with the Tyska Livregementet. After the death of Charles XII were placed in the Bergsregementet. 1698/1700 (New uniform): Hat with white lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. Cartridge box of yellow leather with the royal monogram. 1702: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue cuffs and lining, button-holes with a silver lace. Blue breeches and blue stockings. Sword-belt with a silver lace. Oboist: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue cuffs and lining, decorated with wide and narrow lace. Blue breeches and blue stockings. Piper and drummer: hat with lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow cuffs

and lining, decorated with yellow braid in seams, buttonholes and on the sleeves. Blue breeches and blue stockings. Corporals and other ranks: hat with lace, blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow cuffs and linings. Blue breeches and yellow stockings. Kunglig Majestäts Tyska (The German) Livregemente till Fot (1,200 men) Originally 8 companies of the Livgardet which since 1660 was based in Riga and called the Tyska Gardet or the Guard on the Livland side. In 1672 shipped to Pomerania. After the Scanian War the regiment lost its Guard status, was based in Halmstad and Landkrona. Since 1680 called the Tyska Livregemente till fot. Colonels: R. von Liewen 1693, J. de Coroset 1701, P.F. Rothlieb 1704, F.O. de Witte 1712. In garrison in home bases, then transferred to Pomerania. In garrison in Wismar and Stettin, and when these were given up in Stralsund. Captured there in 1715, and the survivors combined with the Svenska Livregemente till fot (see above). 1698/1701,02,03: Piper and Drummer: hat with blue, yellow and white lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, yellow stripes in the seams and on the arms. Blue breeches, yellow stockings and probably yellow drums. Other Ranks: hat with blue and yellow lace. Blue cloak with brass clasp and yellow lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Yellow breeches and blue stockings. Corporals' coats had buttonholes stitched with yellow thread. The companies in 1698 consisted of Swedes, Brandenburgers, Finns, Jutes (Danes), Frenchmen, men from Scania and one "born in Scania of Swedish parents", and even a Muscovite. Drottningens Livregemente till Fot (1,000 men) After Charles XI's marriage to the Danish Princess Ulrika Eleonora in 1679, the Old Bergsregementet, which was the garrison unit in Malmö, received the rank and position as the Drottningens livregemente. After the Queen's death, it as also known as the "Gamla Malmöhus regemente". Colonels: A. Faltzburg 1693, L. Ribbing 1709, G. Grubbenhielm 1714. One battalion took part in the landing on Själland in 1700. The regiment was transferred to Pomerania in 1709 and became part of the garrison of Stralsund. Captured with the city's fall in 1715. The survivors were placed in the Bergsregementet in 1716. 1696/1702: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with silver-plated buttons, silver lace on cuffs and pockets, blue lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Oboist hat with silver lace. Blue coat with gilded buttons, buttonholes stitched in blue and gold, blue lining and cuffs, lace in blue and gold around the edges, cuffs and pockets. Blue vest decorated like the coat, leather breeches and blue stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat with blue and yellow lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and small collar. White lace around the collar, pockets and edges. Vest and breeches of yellow cloth, yellow stockings. Other Ranks: hat with yellow lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Vest and breeches of yellow (buff-colored) cloth. Yellow stockings. Black neckcloth for all. Provost Marshal: hat with silver lace. Gray cloth coat with silver-plated buttons, blue lining. Blue vest, leather breeches and blue stockings. 45

Pommerska infanteriregementet (1,200 men) Created in 1682 by the merger of two Pomeranian independent companies and two companies from von Sydows dragonregemente which was broken up. One battalion under the command of Lieutenant Colonel K.G. Jordan. In 1688 expanded to a full regiment under Nils Bielke by the addition of two District companies and new enlistments. The unit garrisoned Greifswald, Anklam, Wollen and several other places in Pomerania. Colonels: J. Mellin 1698, E. Sparre 1703, C.G. Horn 1704, T.S. Horn 1708. With Gyllenstierna to Poland in 1702, and belonged to the King's Army thereafter. Mardefelt's Corps in 1706. In 1707 increased to 18 companies and 1,800 men. Remained in Poland under Krassow in 1708. Thereafter in Stettin, and after the compromise, garrison in Stralsund. Captured there in 1715. 1702: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Pajrock of blue cloth with red lining. Blue coat with silver-plated buttons, buttonholes stitched with silver thread. Red lining and cuffs. Silver lace in the seams. Leather vest with the same decorations as the coat, leather breeches, white stockings. Drummer and Piper: hat with red and white lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining and cuffs, red and white lace in the seams, on the pockets and buttonholes. Leather breeches, red stockings. Oboist: as above but richly furnished with red and white lace. Corporals: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, narrow silver lace on the color and cuffs. Leather breeches and red stockings. Other Ranks: hat with yellow lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather breeches and white stockings. Grenadier: Noncommissioned officer's cap of blue cloth, the front and back flaps, "Stutz", decorated with the Royal monogram and crown in brass, tuft of yellow wool yarn. The Other Ranks' and Musicians' caps were yellow with a blue tuft, otherwise identical. All caps were edged with bearskin. Grenade bags were blue with the monogram and crown in brass. In 1702 1,200 bayonets were issued together with new tents of buldan (coarse linen). The tents were decorated with blue and yellow flames, Royal monogram and crown, together with the name GRAF MELLINS REG:T on the sides of the tents. 1710: "The uniforms are good and complete." Probably identical to the 1702 outfit.

Pommerska infanteriregementet

Garnisonsregemente i Stralsund (1,200 men) Originally one of Ture Oxenstiernas enlisted regemente in Sweden. Colonels: C.J. Klinkowström 1699, M. Schultz von Asheraden 1702. Garrison in Stralsund. One battalion in Stenbocks Campaign and captured at Tönningen. The other captured with Stralsund's capitulation in 1715. From the prisoners of war from Stralsund a famous Prussian infantry regiment was raised: Prinz von Anhalt-Dessau (IR 27). 1702: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue pajrock. Blue coat with silver-plated pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Buttonholes stitched with camlet yarn. Leather vest and breeches, chamoiscolored stockings. Drummer and Piper: hat with white lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, orange lining and cuffs, buttonholes stitched in white. Coat decorated with two finger wide orange lace in the seams, edges and pockets. Leather breeches and orange stockings. Corporals: hat with white lace. Blue cloak with orange lining and white lace on the collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, orange lining and cuffs. Buttonholes, cuffs, seams and pockets edged with white braid. Leather breeches and orange stockings. Other Ranks: hat with white braid. Blue cloak with white braid on the collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, orange collar, cuffs and lining, together with the pocket edges. Leather breeches and orange stockings. (The orange is a deep orange almost vermilion.) 1703 (new uniform): Oboist hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining and cuffs, buttonholes stitched in white. Coat decorated on the cuffs, pockets, border and in the seams with wide and narrow multicolored braid (in blue-red-silver?). Red breeches and stockings. Drummers: hat with wide white lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, buttonholes stitched in white, red lining and cuffs. Coat decorated with muticolored braid, without any description of the color. White cloth vest with pewter buttons and buttonholes stitched in red. White cloth breeches and red stockings. Grenadiers received new grenade bags with the lid or flap covered with red cloth. Provost and Stock Master: blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. The uniform of the Other Ranks was identical to that described earlier. Guvernörsregemente i Wismar (1,200 men) The regiment traces its origins to the Riksamiralens (later Riksfältherrens) Livregemente which was raised in 1661 by Karl Gustaf Wrangel. The unit was first a garrison unit in Pomerania and Bremen-Verden, but after 1693 in Wismar when it received its final title (the regimental Colonel was named governor). Colonels: B. von Liewen 1698, H.I. Ridderhjelm 1704, H.J. von Wrangelin 1710, A. von Furstenberg 1711, G.A. Taube 1713. The regiment was among the troops which were loaned to the Duke of Holstein in 1699. One battalion was lost when the Danes stormed Friedrichstadt in 1700. Returned to Wismar after the peace. Lost 800 men in the failed sortie in 1711. Captured when Wismar fell in 1716. The men of the regiment were pressed into service in Danish and Prussian foot regiments. 1699: Non-commissioned officers: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining and silver lace on the edges. Blue coat with blue lining, silver-plated buttons and

46

silver lace on the pockets and collar, in the buttonholes and seams. Blue cloth breeches and blue stockings. Oboist: hat with lace in blue, gold and silver. Blue coat with silver buttons, yellow lining and decorated with lace in gold, silver and blue. Buttonholes stitched with golden yellow silk thread. Blue breeches, orange-red stockings, from 1704 of blue wool. Drummer and Piper: as the Other Ranks, but the coat was decorated with wide orange and white lace in the seams, on the edges and cuffs. Other Ranks: hat with orange and white lace. Blue cloak with yellow lining and blue collar with wide orange and white lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. 1704 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer and Regimental Provost hat with silver lace, Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with silver-plated buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Collar, pockets and cuffs trimmed with silver lace. Leather vest and breeches, chamois-colored stockings. Oboist: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, buttonholes with yellow braid. Yellow lining, blue collar and cuffs. Coat decorated with blue, orange, white and red braid in the seams, on the pockets, cuffs and arms. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Drummer: hat with braid. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Coat decorated with multicolored braid in all of the seams. Yellow vest, leather breeches and blue stockings. Drum belt with silver lace. Other Ranks: hat with yellow braid. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, buttonholes stitched in yellow, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Leather breeches and yellow stockings. Corporals were uniformed as the Other Ranks but had silver lace on the hat, collar, pockets and cuffs. Provost: as the Other Ranks, but hat and buttonholes with orange lace. 1713: Blue coat, blue kamisol, blue breeches and yellow stockings. Garnisonsregemente i Wismar (1,200 men) Raised in 1679 with von Sydows dragonregemente as its basis. Colonels: M. Palmquist 1699, C.G. Sperling 1706, C.J. Lewenhaupt 1709, C.A. Stackelberg 1714. One battalion (five companies) in Holstein service in 1695 and in 1698 received the title "The Duchess Own Batallion". The other seven companies in Wismar. The regiment lost 479 men in the sortie of 1711. The Holstein battalion was ordered into Swedish service the same year, and was placed in garrison in Stade where it was lost at the time the city capitulated in 1712. The remaining companies were placed in Stralsund in 1714, and were lost in 1715 when Stralsund fell. 1703/06: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining and silver lace on the collar. Blue coat with silver-plated buttons, buttonholes stitched in blue silk with three silver braids on each side. Blue lining and cuffs, crimson red collar with silver lace. Leather vest and breeches, red stockings. Oboist: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with silver-plated buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Lace in crimson red and silver on the arms, pockets, edge and in the seams. Leather vest and breeches, red stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat with red and white lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining, cuffs and collar, furnished with red and white lace on the arms, edges, pockets and in the seams. Leather breeches and red stockings. Other Ranks: hat with white braid. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining, cuffs and collar, buttonholes stitched in white. Leather breeches and white wool stockings.

The buttonholes on the Corporals' coats were decorated with three white braids on each side. Provost: coat as the Other Ranks, but buttonholes stitched in red, and red stockings. 1713: Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Blue vest and breeches. Bremiska infanteriregementet (1700: one battalion of 800 men. 1703: a regiment of 1,128 men) Traces its beginnings to Lieutenant Colonel Bidal's District battalion which was raised in 1682. Colonels: N. Gyllenstierna 1699, L. Wöllwart 1711, B. Ribbing 1715. Garrison unit in the Dukedom of Bremen. Gave up 255 men in 1707 to the Pommerska infanteriregementet. In 1708 one battalion was in Hamburg as District troops, and the other battalion was in Bremen-Verden. Two companies were based in Stade, and were lost when the city fell in 1712. The remaining companies were in Stettin, then in Stralsund, and were lost there when the city capitulated in 1715. 1702: Non-commissioned officer: hat with gold lace. Blue cloak with orange lining. Blue coat with gilded buttons, blue lining and cuffs with gold lace on the collar and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Drummer and Piper: hat with blue, white and yellow lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, orange lining and cuffs. Seams, cuffs and biä, ärmar with blue, white and yellow lace. Orange vest with brass buttons and blue lining, leather breeches and blue stockings. Other Ranks: hat with orange braid. Blue cloak with orange lining and blue collar with orange lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, orange lining, cuffs and collar. Leather vest and breeches, orange stockings. Provost: hat with orange braid. Yellow coat with brass buttons, buttonholes stitched in blue, blue lining and cuffs. Leather breeches and blue stockings. Up to and including 1702, gray hats were worn. Noncommissioned officers also had orange and white speckled stockings. Musicians wore orange coats with blue lining and cuffs. Garnisonsregemente i Stade (1,200 men) Raised in 1680 with Wangelins dragonregemente as its core. Colonels: M. Wellingk 1686, O B . von Rosen (deputy commander) 1710. H.G. Wrangel 1715. One battalion entered Holstein service in 1699 as a garrison unit in Tönningen. The other battalion remained in Stade and was lost when the fortress fell in 1712. In 1714 the battalion in Holstein service was released, and received free passage and was placed in Wismar. The unit, however, was very weak: 10 officers and 44 non-commissioned officers and men. In addition, 3 officers and 52 men came from the Stade garrison who had either been exchanged or had fled from Danish captivity. All were lost with Wismar's capitulation in 1716. 1695: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with crimson red lining and a double collar. The upper of crimson red velvet, the lower blue with silver lace. A buff coat of elk skin with silver plated buttons. Leather breeches and blue stockings. Other Ranks: hat with crimson red and white lace. Blue cloak with crimson red lining with red and white lace on the collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, crimson red lining and cuffs. Leather breeches and crimson red stockings. 47

Piper and Drummer: as the Other Ranks, but hat with blue, white and red lace. Coat with blue, red and white lace in the seams, on the arms and pockets. 1704/1710 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Surtout of blue cloth with pewter buttons, crimson red cuffs and silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, crimson red lining and cuffs. Silver lace on the cuffs and on the buttonholes. Gauntlets with silver lace, leather kamisol and breeches with silver lace in the seams. Crimson red stockings. Oboist: hat with silver lace. Crimson red coat with pewter buttons, crimson red lining, cuffs and collar decorated with lace of crimson red and silver. Leather vest and breeches and red stockings. Drummer: hat with crimson red braid. Blue coat with crimson red cuffs, lining and collar. Leather vest and breeches, white stockings. Red drum with brass fittings. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Blue cloak with red lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, crimson red lining and cuffs. Blue kamisol made from old coats, leather breeches, damasker and white stockings. Bayonets were issued to the whole regiment in 1704. In 1710 the grenadiers received blue grenadier caps, together with new grenade bags of yellow leather covered with red cloth and decorated on the lid or flap with a burning grenade. For officers the cap and bag were stitched in gold and silver embroidery. Noncommissioned officers had flintlock weapons, coats with real silver buttons, gauntlets with silver lace, caps and bags with silver embroidery. Other Ranks had caps and bags embroidered with white camlet yarn. Provost: hat with red and white braid. Crimson red coat with pewter buttons, red lining and cuffs, and white braid on the buttonholes. Leather breeches and white stockings. At the 1715 General in Wismar, the remaining 118 men of the regiment "Lacked everything".

Guvernementsregementet i Riga (1,000) Descended from the Estniska enlisted regemente which was raised 1690/91. Colonels: E. Dahlberg 1696, J.A. Clodt von Jürgensberg 1702. In Riga for the siege of 1700. One battalion in Lewenhaupt's Army 1707. The whole regiment in Kurland 1708, and thereafter in Riga. Captured there in 1710. 1694 (new uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with blue buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather vest, red breeches and stockings. Other Ranks: hat with yellow lace. Blue cloak with red lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining and cuffs. Corporals' coats had buttonholes stitched with red thread. Vest and breeches of red cloth, red stockings. Complete uniform items were issued 1695 and 1697. In 1698 the regiment was "well clothed." 1708/09: new uniforms. Excess uniform items were issued to other garrison units. Garnisonsregementet i Riga (1,000 men) Descended from the Rikskattmästarens, later the Rikskanslärens, Livregemente till häst which was raised in 1656. The regiment was reorganized as infantry in 1686, and received its final name. Colonels: C.G. Frölich 1700, G. von Buchwald 1706, E. Hillebard 1706. In Riga during the siege of 1700. Took part in the crossing of the Duna in 1701. Then with Schlippenbach's Army and heavy losses at Hummels-

hof in 1702, among other things the regiment lost all of its colors. Part of the regiment was in the "Riga Detachment" with Lewenhaupt's Army. Thereafter in Riga, and captured there in 1710. 1694 (new uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, buttonholes stitched with silver thread, blue lining and cuffs. Blue vest, leather breeches and blue stockings. Drummer and Piper: hat with white braid. Blue coat with biärmar, decorated in the seams and on the pockets with white or sky blue silk. Leather breeches and blue stockings. Other Ranks: hat with white braid (Corporals had hats with silver braid). Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. In 1698 also blue karpus, blue breeches and gray wool stockings. 1699: Officer: hat with gold lace, blue uniform without decoration. Gauntlets and waistbelts with gold lace, gilded sword hilt and new halfpike with gilded blade (His Royal Majesty's new regulation on officers' uniforms). Provost: hat with white braid. Red coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Red vest with brass buttons, blue breeches and stockings. 1701: After enduring a campaign and siege, the uniform and equipment was regarded as "quite worn out." 1709: Cloth and lining baize, together with yellow stockings. Livländskt infanteriregemente (1,400 men) Descended from the Colony companies in Kexholm and Nöteborg which were raised in 1623. Incorporated in the newly raised Koloniregementet in 1667 which from 1674 was called the "Blue Regiment". Combined in 1699 with K.G. Skytte's regiment, formerly Taubes infanteriregemente i Riga which was raised in 1657. Colonels: Blue Regiment (battalion) E. Pistolekors 1696, K.G. Skytte 1697. The regiment was in garrison in Dorpat, Pernau, Kexholm and Nöteborg. The Pemau companies (Pistolekors) with Schlippenbach's Army and roughly handled at Erastfehr. Only 89 men in the ranks in 1702. The Dorpat battalion (Skytte) lost all of its equipment when the city capitulated in 1704. With Lewenhaupt's Army in 1707. In Riga 1709 and captured there in 1710. 1695 (Skyttes battalion in Dorpat): Hat with blue lace, blue karpus with yellow lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather breeches, yellow stockings. 1698 (Pistolekors battalion in Pemau): Hat with yellow lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow braid in the seams and on the pockets, yellow lining and cuffs. Yellow cloth breeches, yellow stockings and usable gauntlets. 1699: The entire regiment received new hats with silver lace. 1703:The regiment suffered shortages of adequate uniforms up until it received a consignment of cloth when they were in Riga in 1709. "...they are very worn and naked, to such an extent that they don't have breeches to wear."

ment was captured when Narva fell in 1704. Those in Kexholm went in Lybecker's Army in Finland. Later the remnants were placed in the Finska värvade battalion. (The enlisted Finnish batallion) 1694 (new uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with blue buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, red stockings. Other Ranks: hat with blue lace, blue karpus with red facings. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining and cuffs. White neckcloth with a red ribbon, leather vest and breeches, red stockings. New uniform issue probably in 1699. Grenadiers probably wore a blue cap with red lining and edging identical to that illustrated on page 276 in Bellander's "Dräkt och Uniform", and page 52 of Åberg's "Karoliner".

Probably the grenadiercap of the Garnisonsregementet i Narva.. Blue cap with red edging. Black grenades with yellow flames. Crown, monogram and lion in yellow. Yellow tuft. Eständskt infanterieregemente (1,000 men) Raised in 1700 by the Governor General in Estland, A.J. de la Gardie, through enlistments. Colonel: C A . de la Gardie 1700. Raised in Reval with Freiburg's company of the Garnisonsregementet i Narva as its nucleus. One battalion with Cronhjort's Army in Ingermanländ. The other battalion with Schlippenbach's Army and roughly handled at Hummelshof in 1702. Raised again with the help of Zöge's battalion (see below). In 1702 and 1703 so poorly provided with uniforms and provisions that the unit had to be placed in Reval. Part of the regiment in Narva and captured there in 1704. In Lewenhaupt's Army in 1707, and with it to the Ukraine. The regiment lost half of its strength at Ljesna. The survivors were placed in the Vesterbottens regemente and were lost after Poltava. 1706/07: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Other Ranks: blue karpus with yellow lining, braid and tuft. Blue coat with 21 pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, yellow stockings. Livländsk Infanteribataljon (480 men) Raised in 1700 through enlistments. Colonel: C A . Stackelberg 1700 With Schlippenbach's Army and destroyed at Erastfehr and Hummelshof. Raised again and expanded to a regiment in 1703. With Lewenhaupt's Army in 1707, then in Kurland and Riga. Captured there in 1710. 1704: Hat with blue and yellow lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Blue breeches, yellow stockings.

Garnisonsregemente i Narva (1,400 men) Originated with the "Scanian regiment" raised in 1658 from men in Scania, Blekinge and Halland. Transferred to Ingermanland and stationed in Narva and other fortresses. Named a garrison regiment. Colonel: H.R. Horn 1695. Garrison in Narva, Kexholm and other fortresses in Ingermanland and Estland. The majority of the regi48

1709: Issued a parcel of vadmal to sew uniforms, together with excess items from the other garrison units in Riga. Livländsk infanteribataljon (450 men) Raised in 1700 through enlistments. Colonel: H.H. Liewen 1700 A unit dogged by misfortune. Completely "ruined" at Erastfehr and Hummelshof. Raised again and expanded in 1703 to a regiment of 12 companies each of 84 men. The Livkompaniet was equipped as grenadiers. The regiment was as good as annihilated at the defeat of Vinna in August 1708 with 704 men killed and 241 prisoners of war. Raised a third time and garrison in Reval where it was captured in 1710. 1700: Probably clothed in vadmal when it was first raised. 1707/08: Hat, blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Blue breeches and yellow stockings. 1709: "Completely ununiformed", received cloth and baize, together with old, stored uniforms from the arsenal in Reval's castle.

With Schlippenbach's Army 1703-04. Majority of the regiment in Narva and lost when the city fell in 1704. The remainder were merged in Hüenes bataljon (see below). Uniform unknown. Estländskt infanteriregemente, Wieris district (1,000 men) Raised in 1701 as land militia in Estland. Colonel: W.H. Hastfehr 1701. In Estland. In 1704 incorporated into the previous regiment. Uniform unknown. Estländskt infanteriregemente, Wikis district (1,000 men) Raised in 1701 as land militia in Estland. Colonels: G. Wrangel 1701, H. von Fersen 1701. In Narva during the siege of 1704 and lost when the fortress fell. The survivors were incorporated into Hüenes bataljon (see below). 1706: "Completely without uniforms, only provided with old, gray vadmal coats". Estländskt infanteriregemente, Harris district (1,000 men) Raised in 1701-02 as land militia in Estland. Strength maintained through enlistment. Colonel: B. von der Pahlen 1701. In Reval. A few companies in Narva in 1704. Partly raised again and garrison in Reval. Captured there in 1710. 1707: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with silver lace, blue vest, blue breeches and blue stockings. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, blue breeches and blue stockings.

Ingermanländskt infanteriregemente (1,000 men) Raised in 1700 by Governor General O. Wellingk in Ingermanland and Kexholms län. Colonels: O. Wellingk 1700, H. Hastfehr 1706. With the army in Ingermanland and Finland. Half of the regiment was in garrison in Viborg in 1710, and it was captured there. 1700: Karpus, pajrock, vest and breeches of grey vadmal, gray stockings. 1701: "General Wellingk's regiment is in such poor condition that they are naked and cannot perform service." 1707: Blue coat, leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings.

Estländskt infanteriregemente (1,000 men) Raised in 1702 through enlistment. Colonel: B.J. Mellin 1702. Garrison in Reval and captured there in 1710. 1704: "poorly uniformed." 1706: Hat, blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Blue breeches and blue wool stockings. Grenadiers had grenadier caps. Grenade bag of yellow leather. 1709: Issued cloth and baize for lining.

Livländskt infanteriregemente (800 men) Redsedin 1700/01. 16 companies of musketeers each of 50 men. Colonel: M.W. Nieroth 1700. Garrison in Reval, one battalion with Schlippenbach's Army in 1701 and 1703. In Pernau 1708, then in Reval where it was captured in 1710. 1703: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace, Blue cloak, blue coat with silver lace, blue vest, blue breeches and blue stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat with yellow braid. Blue coat with silver lace in the seams and on the arms. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Drum belt with silver lace. Other Ranks: hat with yellow braid. Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, blue worsted yarn or gray wool stockings. 1708: New uniform issue: hat, blue coat, breeches and stockings.

Livländskt infanteriregemente (1,000 men) Raised in 1703 as land militia, maintained through enlistment. Colonel: C.F. von Mengden 1703. With Schlippenbach's Army in 1704, then in Livland. Captured at Riga in 1710. 1708/09: Hat with braid. Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs, yellow stockings. Elbingska garnisonsregementet (1,200 men) Raised in 1703 through enlistment. Colonels: Claes Ekeblad 1703, J. Jaeger 1711. Garrison in Elbing. Krassow's Corps in 1707. The major part of the regiment was lost when Elbing fell in 1710. Raised again and based in Greifswald. Took part in Stenbock's Campaign in 1712, and lost at Tönningen. a small remaining part was in Stralsund and on Rügen and captured there in 1715. 1706/11: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Leather breeches and blue stockings. Oboist: hat with silver lace. Blue surtout with pewter buttons and light blue camlet lace on the

Livländsk infanteribataljon (400 men) Raised in 1700. Colonel: A. Zöge 1700 Provided men to De la Gardies regemente in 1702. Probably part of Dorpat's garrison in 1704. Not raised again after the city's capitulation. 1700: Probably vadmaluniform. 1702: The battalion consisted of "...mostly ununiformed, new and untrained personnel." Estländskt infanteriregemente, Jerwis district (1,000 men) Raised in 1701 as land militia in Estland. Even had a mounted dragoon company. Colonel: O. Rehbinder 1701. 49

sides. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs, decorated with light blue lace. Red neck cloth, leather breeches and blue stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat with white lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs, decorated with white braid on the buttonholes and seams. Blue surtout decorated like the coat, red neckcloth, leather breeches, white stockings. Other Ranks: hat with white braid. Blue cloak with yellow lining, collar with white lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Buttonholes stitched with white thread. Leather breeches and white stockings. The corporals' coats had buttonholes with lilies on the ends. Livländskt infanteriregemente (1,000 men) Raised in 1703 through enlistment. Colonel: J.H. von Schwengeln 1703. Garrison in Pernau, captured there in 1710. 1704: Mustered and "in good shape", without any indication of the uniforms appearance. 1709: New uniform: hat, blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Blue breeches and yellow stockings. Livländsk infanteribataljon (600 men) Raised in 1703 through enlistment. Colonel: C.G. Wrangel 1703. In Dorpat during the 1704 siege and captured there. Uniform unknown. Livländskt infanteriregemente (1,000 men) Raised in 1704 through enlistment. Colonek J.V. von Bechem 1704. Garrison in Riga, and captured there in 1710. 1708 (New uniform): Hat with yellow lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Blue breeches and yellow stockings.

Hungarians, 25 Scandinavians and Baits, of which 10 were Swedes. 1706/10: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with blue lining and cuffs, silver-plated buttons and wide silver lace on the pockets, cuffs and collar, in the seams and buttonholes. Blue vest, blue breeches and blue stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat with white braid. Blue pajrock with brass buttons, red and white lace in the seams. Blue coat with brass buttons, red and white lace on the pockets, cuffs, edges, in the seams and buttonholes. Black neckcloth, blue vest, blue breeches and aurore-colored stockings. Other Ranks: hat with white braid. Blue cloak with aurore-colored lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, aurore-colored lining, blue cuffs and collar. Black neckcloth, blue vest and breeches, aurore -colored stockings. The corporals' coats had buttonhole stitching in aurore-colored silk. Sachsiska infanteriregementet (1,152 men) Raised in 1707 through enlistment of Saxon prisoners of war. Colonels: J.B. Schommer 1707, G.D. Zengerlein 1716. Transferred to Finland and took part in Lybecker's expedition against Ingermanland in 1708. The climate and the unfamiliar diet (dried and heavily salted food) together with horrid quarters, resulted in high death and sickness rates among the Saxons. "Uniforms are ruined by smoke from flares because of a shortage of candles, and from the dust and dampness. No bedding is to be found, therefore soldiers must sleep in their clothes, as a result bites and uncleanliness among them grow and the boys expire from disease and uncleanliness."

Units raised through enlistment of prisoners of war from the battle of Fraustadt, febr. 1706. German regiment, named "the Bavarian regt" (1200 men) Colonel: H.W. von Görtz Swiss batallion (600 men) Commander: J. Funck French batallion (600 men) Commander: H. G. Von Krüger All these three units belonged to Mardefelt's corps, and were broken and captured at the battle of Kalisch, oct. 1706. Never reraised, survivors enlisted in newly raised dragoon regiments. "These 3 rescently raised Regiments and Battalions will soon be dressed up, in blue, red and aurore" (Gen. Rehnskiöld's rapport to the King, July 22, 1706) I.e: The units probably had cuffs and lining in blue, red and bright yellow, respectively.

Grenadiercap with complete front plate in brass, probably Sachsiska infanteriregementet 1718. To Sweden in 1709 and the Scanian Campaign of 1710. Then in Scania, Karlskrona and commanded to the fleet. The Norwegian Campaigns of 1716 and 1718. Broken up in 1721. 1707: ordinary uniform: blue coat with yellow facings. According to information in the Krigsarkiv, the coats were provided with gold lace in the seams, since the unit ought to be exhorted "to faithfulness and zeal for His Majesty's service." 1710: New uniforms. The regiment was equipped as musketeers, but swords were lacking. 1717/18 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with silver lace on the collar. Blue coat, blue vest and breeches, blue stockings. Black silk neckcloth. Piper and Drummer: hat with

Enlisted "Främlingsregemente'', Regiment of Foreigners , (1,200 men) Raised in 1706. Colonel: C. Breitholtz 1706. In Pomerania and Crassow's Corps in 1708. With the retreat from Poland in 1709, 960 men deserted. The remainder were placed in other units in 1710. This unit was a veritable "Foreign Legion": 524 Germans, 521 Frenchmen, 100 Italians, 39 Walloons, Flemish and Dutch, 66 Englishmen, Scots and Irish, 6 Spaniards and Portuguese, 19 Poles, Bohemians, Croats and 50

braid. Blue cloak, blue coat with braid, blue vest, blue breeches and yellow stockings. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Blue vest, blue breeches, yellow stockings and gaiters. Grenadiers were uniformed as the musketeers, but the Other Ranks and Musicians wore a grenadier cap (with full front plate of pressed brass?). Sachsiska infanteribataljon (510 men) Raised in 1707 like the preceding unit. Commander: E. von Straelborn 1707. In Finland and part of garrison of Viborg in 1709. Transferred to Sweden and in the Scanian Campaign. The entire battalion surrendered to the Danes in the skirmish at Fjelkinge in January 1710. Not reused again. Sachsiska infanteribataljon (521 men) Raised in 1707 like the previous units. Colonel: A. Boije 1707. In Finland and Lybecker's Campaign of 1708. The battalion was completely destroyed at Kolkanpää in October 1708. Only 67 men could be mustered in Viborg in 1709, these were placed in Schommer's Regiment. Sachsiska infanteribataljon (518 men) Raised in 1707 like the previous units. Colonel: H.M. von Seulenburg 1707. Like Boije's battalion had the misfortune of being cut off at Kolkanpää. The 55 survivors were placed in Schommer's Regiment. Straelborn's and Boije's battalions received uniforms which had been set aside for national Swedish units. Seulenberg's, however, was allowed to order blue uniforms from Norrköpings Manufactures. Stabsmajorens i Reval bataljon (454 men) Raised in 1707 through enlistment, for the most part it consisted of the remaining manpower from the Wieriska, Wikiska and Jerwiska district regiments. Commander: Major J.C. von Hüenes 1707. The unit was an "engineer battalion" for the most part made up of artisans who work on Reval's fortifications. Garrison in Reval and captured when the city fell in 1710. 1708: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons and silver lace around the buttonholes. Black neckcloth, leather vest and breeches, blue and yellow stockings. Gauntlets with silver lace. Piper and Drummer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with plush edges on the pockets, cuffs and edges. Black neckcloth, leather breeches, blue and yellow stockings. Blue drums, drum belt with silver lace. Other Ranks: hat with yellow braid. Blue coat with pewter buttons, black neckcloth, leather breeches and blue stockings. Corporals had hats with silver lace. Franska dragonregementet or "Mounted Grenadiers" (600 men) Raised in 1707 through enlistment. A foreign regiment. Colonel: G. Zülich 1707. Remained in Poland under Crassow. Broken up after the retreat to Pomerania in 1709. To a certain degree in Polish (Stanislaw's) service. Some ten men who made their way down to Charles XII in Demotika were placed in the Niesterska dragonregementet. Uniform unknown.

51

Tysk infanteribataljon (1712: 335 men) Raised in 1710 from German prisoners of war from the Battle of Hälsingborg. Colonel: P. Stöhr 1710 In 1711 served in the fleet. In 1712 incorporated in Schommers regemente which had been considerably reduced by the plague. Bremiska lantregementet Raised in 1710 as land militia. Colonels: M. von Issendorff 1710, H.J. Wagelin 1710. In 1711, 959 men were mustered of which 300 worked on Stade's fortifications. In Stade during the siege of 1712, 981 men strong, the greater number of which deserted before the surrender. Lantregemente i Stettin (1,200 men) Raised in 1710 as land militia. Colonel: J.A. Meierfelt 1710. Garrison in Stettin 1715. Following the compromise to Stralsund, only 300-400 men strong during the siege. Taken prisoner and broken up 1715. Anklamska lantregementet Raised in 1711 as land militia. Colonels: J.J. Wrangel 1710, W. Dobrokowsky 1711, J.J. Mellin 1711. Reached only nominal strength. Took part in the defense of Stettin and Stralsund, and was broken up in 1715 and the latter's surrender. Rügenska Lant- or Marinregementet Raised in 1710 as land militia. Colonels: H.J. Wangelin 1710, J.J. Wrangel 1711, M. Hench 1715, C.E. Lewenhaupt 1715. Originally of nominal strength. In 1715 when the unit was commanded to the fleet it was brought up to a strength of 500 men. Took part in the Battle of Stresow and Stralsund's siege. Broken up with the surrender. The German lantregiments probably never wore any form of a standard uniform. Danish sources describe captured militia soldiers as "clothed in simple farmer dress." Finska värvade bataljonen Raised in 1711 from the remainder of regiments in the Baltic and Kexholm län. Colonels: B.J. Gyllenström 1711, I. Wattrang 1713, H. Wright 1717. Took part in the war in Finland and Armfelt's Campaign against Trondhjem. Broken up in 1719. In 1712 the uniforms were described as old and worn out. Only weapons (muskets with bayonets and swords) were intact and in good shape. No information on dress is found in either the Rolls for 1717 or 1719. Probably they received new issue before the Norwegian Campaign similar to that of the other Finnish units. Rhenländska infanteriregementet (1715: 534 men) Raised in Zweibrücken in 1712 through enlistment. Colonel: C M . von Leutrum 1712. The unit was supposed to enter Swedish service in 1714, but when it was forced to pass through enemy territory, the unit was broken up. The officers and men dressed themselves as artisans, and supplied with Hessian passes they tried to make it to Swedish Pomerania. A few hundred men, plus officers, actually managed to reach Wismar and from there to Stralsund. The unit took part in the siege, and after the surrender, the survivors were pressed into service in Danish and Prussian regiments.

Männingsförband till häst (Temporary Horse units) Upplands (Livregementet och Östgöta) tremänningsregemente till häst (834 men) Raised in 1700 in Svealand and Östergötland. Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Örebro, Linköping, Vadstena, Västmanlands, Södermanlands. Colonels: C.G. Kruse 1700, F. von Köhler 1712, C.O. Nielke 1716. To Livland in 1701 and then the King's Army, captured after Poltava and raised again in 1712. In Uppland 171415. Norwegian Campaign of 1716 and then in the homeland. Broken up in 1719 and the personnel placed in the Upplands Ståndsdragonregemente. 1700: Hat with white braid. Blue cloak with brass clasp and blue lining. Blue coat with brass buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Black and white neckcloths, leather vest and breeches. Corporals had hats with silver lace. 1712: When raised again, the same uniform as in 1700. 1715: Great shortage of adequate horses, but "made do with many fairly good klippare which for the most part measured 9 quarters. Non-commissioned officers and musicians lacked complete uniforms and equipment, likewise most of the men lacked horses as well as uniforms. The rusthålls procured horse equipment and leather small clothes, while the Crown accepted responsibility for the other uniform items. 1717: A large part of the uniforms were worn out or condemned after the Norwegian Campaign. "Swords good, the rest unserviceable", is a usual statement. 1719: New uniform: hat with braid, vadmal pajrock, vadmal coat, vest of leather or vadmal, and black neckcloths. Västgöta (och Bohus läns) tremänningsregemente till häst (600 men) Raised in 1700. In 1701 fyrmänningar (4th men) from Skaraborgs län (250 men) and in 1704 femmänningar (5th men) from Småland (200 men) were assigned to the regiment. Thereafter the regiment was called the Västgöta tre- och femmänningsregemente till häst. Colonels: G. Ulfsparre 1700, G.F. Lewenhaupt 1701, D.J. von Löwenström 1717. Scanian Campaign of 1710, then for the most part on the West coast and in the homeland. Broken up in 1721 with the men placed in the Finnish infantry regiments. 1704: Hat. Cloak and coat of vadmal. Leather vest and breeches, blue or black neckcloth, and a blue schabraque. 1708: Cloaks from 1703 were no longer usable. The other uniform items were in poor condition. 1710: Cloak and pajrock of vadmal, leather vest and breeches. 1711-13: A great deal condemned and worn out, among other things the regiment lacked coats. 1715: The ordinary cavalryman, "had no uniform items from head to foot, "but had to clothed themselves in items which they purchased themselves. The Colonel on his own initiative secured money for the purchase of leather vests and breeches. 489 of 582 horses were either condemned or missing. 1716 (New uniform): Hat with braid. Blue cloak, blue coat, leather vest and breeches, boots, gauntlets, stockings and bröstlapp.

Skånska och Småländska tremänningsregementet till häst (1,000 men) Raised in 1700. Femänningar from Scania (400 men) were assigned to the regiment, while the Smålands contingent (333 men) were transferred to the Upplands femmänningsregemente. Thereafter the regiment was called the Skånska tre- och femmänningsregementet till häst. Colonels: G. Gyllenstierna 1700, R. Lode 1718. In the homeland. The Scanian Campaign of 1710. In Scania 1714 and 1718. Broken up 1721 with the men placed in four temporary infantry regiments. 1700/01: Hat. Blue coat with red lining and cuffs (old discarded items from the Södra Skånska kavalleriregementet). Leather vest and breeches. 1710: A great deal characterized as unserviceable and worn out; 20 year old coats and boots, etc. 1711 (New uniform): Regimental kettledrummer:hat with gold lace. Blue cloak with silver lace on the collar. Blue coat with silver lace, leather vest and breeches. Trumpeten hat with gold lace. Blue coat with silver lace. Other Ranks: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak, coat, vest, breeches, neckcloth and stockings. 1712: Blue schabraque. 1716: Uniforms from 1711 and 1712 characterized as unserviceable. 1718: New shoes and stockings. Lacked 449 horses, the entire regiment (848 men) had their uniforms condemned as worn out and unserviceable. Åbo, Nylands och Viborgs läns tremänningsregemente till häst (1,000 men) Colonel: C M . Rehbinder 1700. With Wellingk's Corps in Livland. Unit broken up with Rehbinder's death in 1701. The contingent from Nylands was assigned to the Nylands kavalleriregemente. The other contingents were assigned to their respective fördubblingskavalleri regiments. Uniform: probably hat, gray vadmal coat with pewter buttons and blue facings. Vest and breeches of leather. Upplands Ståndsdragonregemente (600 men) Raised in Middle Sweden from the households of persons of rank and the clergy. Colonels: E.G. Stenbock 1700, A. Wennerstedt 1703, H. von Fersen 1712. To Livland in the Spring of 1701. Half of the regiment with Schlippenbach's Army and roughly handled at Erastfehr. The remainder of the unit with Lewenhaupt where the regiment, including new recruits was reunited. With Lewenhaupt to the Ukraine and captured after Poltava. Raised again in 1712, and in 1716 increased to 1,000 men. In the Norwegian Campaign of 1718 with 200 men. The remainder were based at the Eda Redoubt. Broken up in 1721, and the men were placed in the new Livdragonregementet. 1704: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue vest and leather breeches. Yellow schabraque with silver lace. Drummer: hat with silver lace. Blue pajrock, blue coat with yellow braid, yellow vest, leather breeches. Other Ranks: hat with silver lace. Blue pajrock. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Blue and white neckcloth, leather vest and breeches. Yellow schabraque and pistol covers. Provost: hat with white wool lace. Blue coat, leather vest and breeches.

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1714: Identical uniform to that of 1704. Other Ranks had a blue cloak instead of a pajrock. 1715: Uniform items worn out, missing, patched, and repaired. 1718 (New uniform): hat with silver lace, blue cloak, coat and vest, leather breeches. In 1718 the regiment consisted of men of various nationalities: Swedes, Finns, Germans, Hungarians and Poles. Skånska Ståndsdragonregementet (600 men. 1707: 1,250 men) Raised from the households of the clergy, persons of rank and the well situated in Southern Sweden. In 1716 the companies were called: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, 3:e Skånska, 4:e Skånska, Bohus läns, Jönköpings läns, Kalmar läns. Colonels: K.K. von Barnekow 1700, C.A. Buchwald 1701, Prince of Würtemberg 1707, G.A. Taube 1710, J. Gjerta 1713, H.H. d'Albedyhl 1717. In the Spring of 1702 to Livland and the King's Army. Rehnskiold's Corps 1705-06. Captured after Poltava. Raised again through enlistment in 1712. Broken up in 1721 and the men placed in temporary infantry regiments. 1702: Hat with braid. Blue pajrock, Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Black neckcloth, leather vest and reeches. 1704: Blue cloth breeches and yellow stockings. 1712: New uniform issued, but no description of the type or colors. 1716 (New uniform): Hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Blue vest and leather breeches. Provost: hat without lace. Blue cloak, blue coat with pewter buttons, blue vest and breeches of vadmal. Train Personnel: hat without lace. Gray pajrock of vadmal, gray coat with pewter buttons and blue facings. Gray vadmal breeches. In addition the regiment had 8 standards, a kettledrum with color, 16 drums, 1 dulcian, 3 oboes and 8 manacles. 1719: New uniform issue identical with that of 1716. Västgöta Ståndsdragonregemente (664 men) Raised from the households of the clergy and persons of rank in Västergötland, Närke and Värmland. Colonels: C.G. Kruse 1703. C.G. Hård 1706, A. Rosensvärd 1706, T. Bielke 1709, A. Sparre 1712. In the homeland. Four small companies in Värmland 1709-10. Livkompaniet in Finland 1710-11. Two companies united with the Bohus dragonskvadron to form a regiment under T. Bielke 1710-12. On the West coast 1714 and in Uppland in 1715. In 1717 incorporated in the Livdragonregementet. 1704: Hat with white braid. Gray vadmal pajrock. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches. 1709: Ståndsdragoner from Livgedinget (Queen Dowager's lands), probably from Östergötland or Sörmland: hat with braid. Blue pajrock. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow braid on the shoulders, buttons on the cuffs (3 each), leather vest and breeches. 1710: Much of the above was in unserviceable condition. 1712: Hat with yellow lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches.

1714: For the most part uniform items were quite worn out or unserviceable. "The drummer have an old, yellow exercise coat, horse, but no uniform." The horses were old, between 18 and 24 years. "Their uniforms are worn out and for the most part thread bare. If they do not receive a new uniform, His Royal Majesty cannot expect orders or service to be carried out. Weapons are old, saddles and belts are very worn out. Horses are altogether unserviceable, and at this General Muster condemned. No cloaks for the men, but worn out vadmal coats to pajrock." 1716: Hats, coats, leather vest and breeches were issued. Finska Ståndsdragonskvadronen Raised from the households of the clergy and persons of rank in Finland. Commanders: S.F. Knorring 1700, A.J. von Berch 1706. To the Baltic in 1701 with four companies. In 1708/ 09 incorporated in the Ingermanländska dragonregementet. Uniform unknown, but probably similar to the other Ståndsdragon units. Gotlands Ståndsdragonkompani (50 men) Commander: F. Stürtzenbecker 1700. On Gotland during the entire war. Used mostly for coast watch. Broken up in 1721. Uniform unknown, but probably similar to the other Ståndsdragon units. Åbo låns fördubblingsregemente till häst (667 men) Raised in 1700. Colonels: C.J. Wrangel 1700, C. Pereswetoff-Morath 1703. With the army in Finland and a part possibly in Narva. United in 1701 with the Åbo låns tremänningar; however, each was accounted for as a separate unit. Lybecker's Campaign of 1708. Was incorporated in the Åbo läns kavalleriregemente when it was reraised in 1709. 1707: Hat, blue cloak, blue coat, leather vest and breeches. Nylands fördubblingsregemente till häst (667 men) Raised in 1700. Colonel: A.E. Ramsay 1700. With the army in Finland. Lybecker's 1708 Campaign. In 1709/10 became the nucleus of the reraised, ordinary Nylands kavalleriregemente. 1707/08: Hat, gray vadmal coat with pewter buttons, yellow facings and collar. Vest and breeches of either leather or vadmal. Karelska (Viborgs län) fördubblingsregementet till häst (667 men) Raised in 1700. Colonels: A.G. Mühl 1703, A. Torstensson 1706, C.G. Armfelt 1707. With the army in Finland. In 1701 united with the tremänningar. With Lybecker in Ingermanland in 1708. Part in Viborg and captured there in 1710. The remainder were incorporated in the ordinary Karelska kavalleriregemente when it was reraised. 1701: Hat, gray vadmal coat with blue facings. 1707: Hat, blue coat, leather vest and breeches. The schabraque for all of the Finnish temporary mounted units was blue with a border of black leather.

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Upplands (Livregementet och Östgöta) femmänningsregemente till häst (501 men) Raised 1701/02. Colonels: L. Hjerta 1703, L. Meidendorf von Yxkull 1708, J. Lenck 1709, W. Bennet 1710. In home provinces. 1705 received tremanningår from Småland, which belonged to the Skånska tremanningsregementet. The Scanian Campaign of 1710. In Scania 1714,1716 and 1718. Broken up in 1721.

1710/13: Hat, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Black neckcloth, leather vest and breeches, nightcap. Trumpeter: hat with silver lace. Cloak with lace on the collar. Blue coat with silver lace, sword frog with silver lace. Kettledrum Color was white with fringe and tufts of white silk. The motif was the same as the m/1686 company color for the Närke-Värmlands regemente: Crossed arrows with silver roses inside a green laurel wreath with silver highlights.

Männingsförband till fot. (Temporary Foot) Upplands (Västmanlands och Dalarnas) tremänningsregemente till fot (1,197 men) Raised in 1700. In 1718 the companies were named: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Stockholms, Uppsala, Västerås, Falu, Roslags. Colonels: A. Lewenhaupt 1700, G.V. Coijet 1712. In the Spring of 1701 to Livland and occupation duty in Kurland. In 1703 transferred a battalion to the Livgardet. This was replaced by a battalion from the Södermanlands-Östgöta tremänningsregemente which was dissolved the same year. In Lewenhaupt's Army and with it to the Ukraine. After the Battle of Ljesna, the survivors were placed in the Livgardet. Reraised in 1712 and divided between the Dal- and Hälsinge regiments, but reraised on the King's orders. In Uppland in 1715 and in Scania in 1718. Broken up in 1719 and the men assigned to the Livgardet and Östgöta tremänningsregemente among others. 1701: "Only vadmal coats." 1705/08: Blue karpus. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Leather breeches and yellow stockings. 1718: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak, blue coat with silver lace, blue vest, blue breeches and blue stockings. Other Ranks: hat, blue cloak. Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Vest and breeches of yellow cloth and yellow stockings. 1719: Uniforms for the most part worn out. Södermanlands (och Östgöta) tremänningsregemente till fot (800 men) Raised in 1700. Colonels: E.L. Putbus 1700, G. Oxenstierna 1712. Transferred to Livland in the spring of 1701, and occupation duty in Kurland. After Putbus' death in 1703, the regiment was broken up with one battalion transfered to the Livgardet and the other to the Upplands tremänningsregemente. Reraised in 1712, but in 1714 divided between the Södermanlands and Östgöta regementen but raised on the King's orders. Increased to 1,200 men through enlistment the same year and called Östgöta tremännings-regemente till fot With the army in Uppland in 1715, then in the home provinces through 1718. Received manpower from the Upplands tremänningsregemente and Vrmlands tremännings-regemente in 1719. Broken up in 1721 and the men were placed in the Livgardet and Horns värvade regemente. 1701: Hat, gray vadmal pajrock with blue facings and collar. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. 1713: Hat, gray vadmal coat, leather vest and breeches. 1715: Uniformed in old fatigue clothes. 1718: Non-commisioned officers: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with blue lining and cuffs. Blue cloak, vest, breeches and stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat with 54

blue and white lace. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Lace in blue, white and black, Vest and breeches of yellow cloth, white stockings. Other Ranks: hat with white braid. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Vest and breeches of yellow cloth, white stockings. Corporals' coats had embroidered buttonholes. Smålands tremänningsregemente till fot (1,100 men) Raised in 1700. Colonels: N. Skytte 1700, P. Baner 1704, C. Cronstierna 1712, C.A. Stackelberg 1717. In the Spring of 1701 transferred to Livland and occupation duty in Kurland. In Lewenhaupt's Army and with him to the Ukraine. Following the Battle of Ljesna, the survivors were placed in the Livgardet. Raised again in 1712 and combined with Smalands femmänningsregemente in 1719. Later, became a part of the Garnisonsregementet i Halmstad. 1704: Hat with yellow braid. Gray vadmal pajrock with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Blue and black neckcloth, leather breeches, yellow stockings and march stockings. 1714: "To an exceptional degree they are poorly provided with clothing, such that with winters arrival it will be impossible to conserve them." 1718/19: Non-commissioned officers: hat with silver lace. Blue pajrock, blue coat, blue vest,breeches and stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat, yellow coat, vest and breeches of yellow cloth, yellow wool stockings. Grenadier: hat, blue cloak. Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Vest and breeches of yellow cloth, yellow wool stockings and black stibletter. Grenade bag of yellow leather. Black neckcloth for all. Västgöta tremänningsregemente till fot (1,200 men) Raised in 1700. Colonels: F. von Köhler 1700, G. Fock 1712, A.J. Hilchen 1716, B. Ribbing 1716. One battalion in Estland 1703-07. Remainder in the homeland, commanded to the fleet, as well as in garrison in Karlshamn and Landskrona. With the fleet in 1712, West coast 1714 and in Scania 1716 and 1718. In 1719 became part of the Gamisonsregementet in Gothenburg. 1701: Hat, gray pajrock with blue and yellow braid. Gray vadmal coat with blue cuffs and braid. (The soldiers wanted to have blue coats and offered to pay half of the coat of the cloth, but the King rejected the idea.) 1710/13: Hat, pajrock, blue coat, leather vest and breeches. 1715: Many items in poor condition, among other things the non-commissioned officers and musicians had not received new uniforms since 1711 when they

received a blue coat. Other Ranks received new blue coats with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. 1718: Coat and breeches of gray vadmal. 1720: Hat with white braid. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining, cuffs and collar. Blue vest and leather breeches, yellow stockings, black neckcloth and a blue cloak.

Tavastahus, Viborgs och Savolaxs tremänningsregemente till fot (1,019 men) Raised in 1700. Colonel: J.J. Lode 1700. In the Spring of 1700 in Wellingk's Corps. In Narva in 1704 and was lost when the fortress fell in 1704. Not raised again. Uniform unknown, but probably of vadmal.

Närke-Värmlands tremänningsregemente till fot (1,023 men) Raised in 1700 in Närke and Värmland (472 rotar) and new rotar in Bergslagen (551). In 1718 the companies were called: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Väster-Närkes, Öster-Närkes, Kristinehamn, Mellansysslet, Västersysslet. Colonels: P. Bäärnhjelm 1700, N. Posse 1701, E. Sparre 1712. Shipped to Livland in 1701 and occupation troops in Kurland. Strength reduced to a battalion under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Staël von Holstein. Assigned to Lewenhaupt's Army and with it to the Ukraine. Placed in the Livgardet after Ljesna in 1708. Raised again in 1712 (not in Bergslagen) and brought up to 687 men through enlistment in 1716. In Roslagen and commanded to sea duty 1715-16. Broken up in 1720 and divided among the Livgardet, Östgöta tremänningar and the artillery. 1700: Hat with blue and yellow lace. Gray vadmal coat with pewter buttons, blue facings and edging. The contingent from Bergslagen had gray pajrock and blue coats with yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, wool stockings. Grenadiers were armed with a grenade musket, musket and bayonet, and as a side weapon a hunting sword. 1705/08: Blue karpus, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. 1713: "All in gray vadmal clothes." 1714/15 (New uniform): Other Ranks: hat with white braid. Gray or brown vadmal pajrock with brass buttons, red lining, cuffs and collar. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining, cuffs and collar. Red neckcloth, yellow cloth vest, leather breeches and red stockings Non-commissioned officer: same as the Other Ranks but hat with silver lace and a blue vest. Drummer and Piper: As the Other Ranks, but coat decorated with blue, white and red braid in all the seams. 1718/19: New blue coats, yellow vests, leather breeches, shoes, gauntlets, neckcloths and white wool stockings.

Hälsinge-Gästrike tre- och femmänningsbataljon (400 men) Raised in 1700. Companies: Ltc-, Maj- (Hedesunda), Arbrå, Ljusdal, Forssa, Ockelbo. Commanders: C. Björnberg 1700, M. PlantingBerglood 1709, J.H. Böckler 1710, G.R. Skogh 1718. 400 tremänningar from Hälsingland and Gästrikland, increased by 240 femmänningar in 1702. In the homeland. 200 men in Reval 1709-10. Placed under the Hälsinge regemente in 1715. In home areas and in Jämtland. Armfelt's Campaign against Trondhjem in 1718. Broken up in 1719 and the men divided between the Hälsinge and Jämtland regiments Through 1716: Hat, gray vadmal coat with yellow facings. 1717 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with brass buttons and blue lining. Leather vest and breeches, blue stockings. Other Ranks: hat with yellow braid. Blue cloak. Blue coat with horn buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Black neckcloth, leather breeches and yellow wool stockings. Pipers were uniformed as the Other Ranks. Drummers likewise, but the coat was decorated with blue and white braid.

Åbo, Björneborg och Nylands tremänningsregemente till fot (1,025 men) Raised in 1700. Colonels: M.C. Tiesenhausen 1700, G.J. Wrangel 1705. In the Spring of 1700 with Wellingk's Corps in Livland. In Dorpat 1701 and 1704 during the siege. Reraised in Reval, and in 1705 and 1706 received new recruits. Thereafter in Lewenhaupt's Army and with it to the Ukraine (1 battalion). The survivors of the Battle of Ljesna were placed in the Västmanlands regemente. The remaining battalion became the nuclei of the indelta regiments when the were raised again in 1709/10. 1706: Hat, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Leather vest and breeches, yellow stockings. 1708/09: Uniformed as in 1706.

Åbo läns fördubblingsbataljon (684 men) Raised in 1700. Colonel: A.F. von Krusenstierna 1700. With Cronhiort's Corps in Ingermanland, then with the army in Finland. Lybecker's expedition in 1708. Incorporated in the indelta Åbo läns regemente when it was raised again in 1710. 1709: Gray vadmal coat with pewter buttons, yellow facings and collar. Blue cloth coat, leather vest and breeches. Drummer: Blue cloth coat and blue breeches. Björneborgs fördubblingsbataljon (680 men) Raised in 1700. Colonels: M.C. von Stefken 1700, M. Stjernstråhle 1704. With Cronhiort's Corps in Ingermanland and then with the army in Finland. In Reval in 1706. Lybecker's Campaign of 1708, then in Viborg and captured there in 1710. 1707/08: Hat, gray vadmal coat with pewter buttons, yellow facings and collar, lined with blaggarn. Vest and breeches of leather or vadmal. Gray or yellow stockings. Tavastehus läns fördubblingsbataljon (661 men) Raised in 1700. Colonel: O.J. Maidel 1700. With Cronhiort's Corps, then in Finland. Took part in Lybecker's expedition of 1708. Formed the nucleus of the indelta regiment when it was raised again. Uniform the same as Björneborgs fördubblingsbataljon. Nylands fördubblingsbataljon (674 men) Raised in 1700. Colonel: C. Boije 1700. With Cronhiort's Corps and then in Finland. With Lybecker in 1708, and then in Viborg and captured there in 1710. Uniform as Björneborgs fördubblingsbataljon.

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Viborgs läns fördubblingsbataljon, together with tremänningar (869 men) Raised in 1700. Colonels: C. von Hagen 1700, J. Stjernschantz 1705, M. Stjernstråhle 1710. With Cronhiort's Corps, then with the army in Finland. Lybecker's expedition, and then in Viborg and captured thee in 1710. 1707: Hat, gray pajrock with pewter buttons, yellow facings and collar. Vadmal breeches and gray stockings. Lybecker complained that non-commissioned officers were in non-regulation dress, "There is one in an old blue coat, there goes smother from the same company with an old black, red or other color." Savolax (Nyslotts) fördubblingsbataljon, together with tremänningar (1,036 men) Raised in 1700. Colonel: A. Pereswetoff-Morath 1700. Cronhiort's Corps, then with army in Finland. Lybecker's expedition, and then in Viborg and captured there in 1710. 1707/08: Hat, gray vadmal coat with pewter buttons, yellow facings and collar. Leather vest and breeches, yellow wool stockings. Upplands (Sörmland, Västmanland, Dalarna) femmänningsregemente till fot (960 men) Raised in 1703. Companies were named: Col-, Ltc-, Maj-, Hedemora, Nyköpings, Österdala, Sala, Livgedinget. Colonels: L. van der Noth 1703, C. von Bildstein 1710, C. Posse 1717. In home provinces. Scanian Campaign in 1710. Increased to 1,200 men and based in Scania 1714 and 1716. Incorporated in the new Garnisonsregementet i Stralsund in 1720. 1703: Hat, gray vadmal coat with pewter buttons, blue facings and collar. 1710: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Blue vest, breeches and stockings. Gauntlets with silver lace. Other Ranks: hat with yellow lace. Blue cloak with yellow lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Vest and breeches of yellow cloth, yellow stockings. Corporals' coats had the buttonholes stitched with yellow thread. Piper and Drummer: identical to the Other Ranks, but the coat had yellow braid in the seams and on the edges, together with yellow shoulder straps. 1713: New uniform, like that of 1710. 1716: received new shoes and old blue cloaks from storage. Otherwise items were worn out or consisted of fatigue dress. 1718: Non-commissioned officer: No cloak. Blue coat, an old, worn out vest, new gauntlets. Hat, stockings, breeches, etc they procured themselves. Oboist: Blue coat, vest and breeches which the officers purchased. Other items they purchased themselves. Piper and Drummer: Old black hat, old blue coat, vest and breeches. Black neckcloth and yellow stockings. Other Ranks: Cloaks from 1716. Shoes and yellow stockings received this year, but the coat, vest and breeches were completely worn out. Provost Marshal: Blue coat and vest, leather breeches. Hat, neckcloth, stockings, etc they purchased themselves. Provost: hat, old blue coat, blue vest, leather breeches and yellow stockings.

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Västgöta (Närke-Värmlands) fyr- och femmänningsregemente till fot (1,209 men) Raised in 1703. Colonels: G.R. Patkul 1703, W. Sinclair 1705, J.V. von Bechern 1715. In the homeland. In Gothenburg 1712, Scania and Marstrand 1714 and Scania in 1716. Incorporated in the new Garnisonsregementet i Stralsund in 1720. 1703/04: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak. Blue coat and blue stockings paid for by the Crown. Other Ranks in gray pajrock with yellow and blue braid, gray vadmal coats with yellow facings, leather vest and breeches. 1711: Issued hats, white and gray wool stockings. 1712: Uniforms characterized as completely worn out Oboist were "ununiformed, drummers have no coats." 1713/14: New blue coats with yellow lining and cuffs. 1717/18: Non-commissioned officers received new uniforms in 1717 paid for by the Crown, but Oboist nothing. 1718 among other things were issued stockings and shoes, "but with other uniform items there is a shortage of everything, which was reported in the previous General Muster Roll (1717)." Smålands (och Östgöta) femmänningsregemente till fot (900 men) Raised in 1703. The companies were called: Col-, Ltc, Maj-, Habo, Vexjö, Sunnerbo, Östra Härads, Vadstena. Colonels: H. Hamilton 1703, E. Gyldengrip 1710, H.h. von Essen 1716. Garrison in Stockholm 1703-09, thereafter in Malmö. Scanian Campaign of 1710. In Gothenburg and on the East coast, 1712-14. Norwegian Campaign of 1718. In 1719 united with the Smålands tremänningsregemente. 1710: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with silver-plated pewter buttons and blue lining. Vest and breeches of blue cloth, blue stockings. Gauntlets and sword frog with silver lace. Oboist: hat with silver lace. Yellow coat with silver-plated buttons and blue lining. Buttonholes stitched with blue silk. Blue vest and breeches, blue stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat with blue and yellow lace. Yellow coat with pewter buttons, buttonholes with blue cloth lace. Vest and breeches of blue cloth, blue stockings. Other Ranks: hat with blue lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Buttonholes stitched with yellow thread. Vest and breeches of yellow cloth, yellow stockings. 1711: Received new hats. 1715: New cloaks, black neckcloths and yellow stockings. 1716: Received new uniforms identical with those of 1710. A great deal was worn out in the Norwegian Campaign of 1716. 1718: Items from 1716 still in use. Much was defective, for example, 675 of 900 muskets were unusable. Bergsregementet (Bergslagens bataljon femmänningar) (500 men) One battalion which was raised in 1701 under W. Sinclair was united in 1705 with a battalion raised in 1703 under S. Zeedt. Expanded to regimental strength in 1709. Colonel: S. Zeedt 1705. Occupation duty in Kalmar, after 1709 in Karlskrona and with the fleet In 1710/11 the unit suffered so severely from the plague, that in 1711 Zeedt noted that his battalion was, "practically near exhaustion." 1716 and 1718 in Scania. In 1722 incorporated in the Garnisonsregementet i Malmö.

1701/05: Hat with braid. Gray vadmal pajrock. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Yellow cloth vest, leather breeches and yellow stockings. 1707: Zeedt's battalion lacked cloaks, coats and vests. Many uniform items were completely worn out. 1715: Had not received any new uniform items for 12 years. 1716's General Muster Rolls provides, in its laconic style, a very depressing read: "Oboist and other musicians without uniforms. Non-commissioned officers the same." For the Other Ranks, "blue uniforms worn out. Belts of older models; condemned. Without uniforms. Uniforms for train personnel are not to be found. Fourirskyttar likewise. Ammunition and bread wagons the same." At the General Muster shoes, shirts, vadmal vests and the like had been issued to the most in need. 1719: Issued new hats, black neckcloths, gauntlets, yellow and gray wool stockings, waistbelts in order to offset the worst shortages. H.G. von Buddenbrocks sammansatta garnisonsregemente i Riga (1,090 men) Raised in October 1709 from recruits destined for the main army and fugitives from the Battle of Ljesna: men from Halland and Närke-Varmlands tremänningsregemente 455, men from Uppland 101, men from Västgöta 90, men from Östgöta 87, men from NärkeVärmlands regemente 63, men from Västmanland 80, men from Sörmland 60, men from Västerbottens 154. Per Baners sammansatte garnisonsregemente i Riga (1,121 men) Raised in October 1709 from recruits destined for the main army and fugitives from the Battle of Ljesna: men from Scania 879, men from Jönköpings regemente 70, men from Kronobergs regemente 77, men from Kalmar regemente 95. The Other Ranks in both of the above two units wore either fatigue clothing or the uniform of their respective regiments. Both units were broken up in 1710 when all native Swedes were called home. Östra Skånska utskrivningsregementet (1715: 600 men) Raised in 1711. Colonels: C.G. Skytte 1712, H.H. von Liewen 1717. With the army in Scania 1712-14. Norwegian Campaign of 1718. Incorporated in the Garnisonsregementet i Malmö. 1713/16: Hat with braid. Pajrock, blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Vest and breeches of yellow cloth, yellow stockings.

cuffs. Vest and breeches of yellow cloth, yellow stockings. Provost: hat with braid. Yellow coat with pewter buttons, blue vest and breeches, yellow stockings. Hallands utskrivningsregementet (1718: 700 men) Raised in 1711. Colonels: D. Bildt 1712, A. Rutenskiöld 1712, O.W. Stael von Holstein 1717. On the West coast in 1712, in Scania and Bohuslän in 1714 and in Strömstad 1717. Broken up in 1721. 1712: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with blue lining, blue breeches and stockings Piper and Drummer: hat with braid. Yellow cloth coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Buttonholes and seams bordered with blue yarn. Blue vest, breeches and stockings. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Blue coat with pewter buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Vest and breeches of yellow cloth, yellow stockings. Grenadjärbataljonen (1718: 512 men) Raised in 1716 on the King's orders. Colonels: J. Clausen 1717, G.A. Stockmann 1718. The battalion consisted of selected men from the Smålands and Västgöta tremänningsregemente, Upplands and Västgöta femmäningsregemente, Ö. Skånska, V. Skånska and Hallands utskrivnings regiments, and the Bergsregementet 8 companies each of 64 men. The battalion was supposed to be a type of shock troop or picket force which could be placed in whenever or wherever needed. "They were so organized that at a nod from the King they feared nor fire or water." In Bohuslän 1717and 1718. Norwegian Campaign of 1718. Broken up in 1719 and incorporated in the Livgardet. 1716 (New uniform): Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak, blue coat, blue vest, blue breeches and blue stockings. Piper and Drummer: hat with braid. Blue pajrock. Blue coat with yellow braid, black neckcloth, yellow vest, blue breeches and yellow stockings. The drummers from the V. Skånska had yellow coats with pewter buttons and blue braid, blue vest and leather breeches (see that unit). Other Ranks: hat with braid. Blue coat with yellow lining and cuffs. Black neckcloth, yellow vest, yellow breeches, white and yellow stockings. 1719: Uniforms characterized as completely "worn". Estländsk och Livländsk lantmilis, raised between 1701-1704. (Estonian and Livonian Militia) The regiments covered earlier from the Jerwiska, Wieriska, Wikiska and Harriska districts were initially militia units, but became enlisted later. The same is true for von Mengden's Livländska regemente, and the Öselska lantmilisbataljon. Livländsk lantmilisbataljon, Kokenhus district (300 men) Raised 1701-02 Colonel: O.R. Tiesenhusen. In Marienburg 1702 and captured when the city fell.

Västra Skånska utskrivningsregementet (1718: 665 men) Raised in 1711. Colonel: O.M. Hastfehr 1711. On the West coast in 1712 and in Scania 1714-21. Incorporated in Garnisonsregementet i Stralsund. 1713/19: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue cloak with blue lining. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Blue vest and breeches, blue stockings. Oboist: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, buttonholes with silver lace. Blue vest, blue breeches and blue stockings. Drummer and Piper: hat with braid. Yellow coat with pewter buttons. Blue vest, blue breeches and blue stockings. Other Ranks: hat with braid. Blue coat with yellow lining and

Livländsk lantmilisbataljon, Dorpat district (300 men) Raised in 1703. Colonel: H. Hastfehr. In Dorpat in 1704 during the siege and captured there. Livländsk lantmilisbataljon, Venden district (300 men) Raised 1701-02. Colonel: F.W. von Liphardt. In Marienburg in 1702 and captured there. 57

Livländsk lantmilisbataljon, Fellin district (300 men) Raised 1701-02. Colonel: H.J. von Buddenbrock. Livländsk lantmilisbataljon, Tirsen district (300 men) Raised 1704. Colonel: J.F. von Liphardt. Livländsk lantmilisbataljon, Pemau district (300 men) Raised 1701-03. Colonel: M.F. von Wolffelt. Livländsk lantmilisbataljon, Oberpahlen district (300 men) Raised 1703-04. Colonel: B.W. Taube. In Dorpat during the siege and captured there. Livländsk lantmilisbataljon, Wolmar district (300 men) Raised 1701. Colonel: F.B. von Liphardt. Broken and destroyed in August 1702. Livländsk lantmilisbataljon, Walken district (300 men) Raised in 1702. Colonel: R. von Lünow. Livländsk lantmilisbataljon, Treyden district (300 men) Raised in 1701. Colonel: F. von Rosen. In Marienburg in 1702 and captured when the city was taken.

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Öselska lantmilisbataljon (1708: 580 men) Raised in 1702. Colonel: J.G. von der Osten-Sacken. In Lewenhaupt's Army in 1707 and with it to the Ukraine. After the Battle of Ljesna, the 75 survivors were placed in the Västerbottens regemente. 1704(?)/1708: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Silver lace on the buttonholes. Vest and breeches of leather, blue stockings. Drummer and Piper: hat with yellow lace. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Yellow braid in the seams. Other Ranks: hat with yellow braid. Blue coat with brass buttons, yellow lining and cuffs. Yellow vest, breeches and stockings. The land militia battalions were generally poorly uniformed and equipped: vadmal coats and old rejected or discarded weapons. Armament for the most part consisted of old, reconditioned matchlock muskets. The men were adequate and capable, but inexperienced in military service, likewise the officers, "and one has limited access to those who understand the job." (Cronhiort to the King, 1701). Shortages of equipment resulted in desertions occurring continuously. With Fersen's and Hastfehr's regiments which were in Narva, barely 50 men were available in each regiment in January 1703. Militia units hardly ever reached their authorized strength, or the expectations one had for them. "...But, Most Gracious Majesty, where shall one go with empty hands? The land militia, upon which Your Royal Majesty reflects, will truthfully amount to nothing in the field, other than the officers with their servants consume the little supplies which we have here, which otherwise would be conserved by regular troops." (Schlippenbach to the King, Reval 27 april 1702)

Holstein Regiments in Swedish Service, 1714-1715. As a result of the Convention of 15 May 1714 the Holstein regiments described below entered Swedish service. Holsteinska Dragongardet (997 men. 1715: 562 men) Since 1703 the unit had participated in the War of Spanish Succession. In 1714 in Demmin and Anklam. In 1715 in Stralsund and captured there. After the capitulation, the men of the unit were forcibly impressed into Danish and Prussian regiments. Colonel: G. von der Nath 1703. Uniform: Officer: hat with silver lace, or bearskin cap with red tufts. Blue coat with silver buttons, red lining and cuffs, richly decorated with silver lace on the edges, seams, buttonholes and pockets. White neckcloth, blue vest with silver lace, and blue breeches. Blue cloak with red collar with silver lace. Non-commissioned officer: bearskin cap. Blue coat with silver buttons, red lining and cuffs. Silver lace on the edges, cuffs, pockets, buttonholes and cords. Blue vest with silver lace and leather breeches. Other Ranks: bearskin cap. Blue coat with pewter buttons, red lining and cuffs. White border on the edges, cuffs, buttonholes and pockets. Blue vest, straw-colored breeches and a blue cloak with red collar. Blue schabraque and pistol covers with white border. Drummer: hat with silver lace and a red/white pompon. Blue coat richly furnished with silver lace in the seams, on the edges, cuffs, pockets and the arms. Blue vest with silver lace and leather breeches.

Holsteinska kavalleriregementet (1715: 395 men) Served in the War of Spanish Succession as Holstein's Reich Contingent. Enter Swedish service following the peace, and in 1715 was based on Rügen and in Stralsund. Took part in the defeat at Stresow, and was lost with the capitulation in 1715. Colonels: H.J. von Kirchbach 1714, O.F. von Düring 1715. Uniform: Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons, straw-yellow cuffs and ling. Cuffs with silver lace. White neckcloth. Vest and breeches of leather or straw-yellow cloth. Blue schabraque and pistol covers with straw-yellow border. Other Ranks: hat without lace. Blue coat with pewter buttons. Cuffs, lining, vest and breeches of straw-yellow cloth. Blue cloak with straw-yellow collar. Blue schabraque and pistol covers with straw-yellow border. Trumpeter: like the non-commissioned officer, but the coat furnished with silver lace. Holsteinska infanteriregementet (1714: 600 men) Since 1703 the regiment had participated in the War of Spanish Succession. In Swedish service 1714 and based on Rügen and in Stralsund. Was lost at the capitulation in 1715. Colonels: H.A. von Barner 1703, J.W. von Dellwigh 1715. Uniform: Officer: hat with gold lace. Carmine-red coat with gilded buttons and gold lace on the pockets, edges, cuffs and buttonholes, blue lining and cuffs. White neckcloth, carmine-red vest and breeches, white stockings. Non-commissioned officer: hat with silver lace. Carmine-red coat with silver buttons, blue lining and cuffs. Silver lace on the cuffs. Carmine-red vest,

Holsteinska Livregementet till fot (1715: 197 men) At the siege of Stralsund consisted of only a couple of hundred men. Broken up after the capitulation, and the men forced into Danish and Prussian service. Colonel: A. Koskull 1714. Uniform: Unfortunately, unknown. But with the exception of a hat instead of a bearskin probably was the same as the Dragongardet above.

Appendix 1 Cloth Invoice for Södermanlands regemente, dated February 1701. (Issued at the General Muster, 26 June 1702) For 72 corporals, 36 drummers, 1128 men, 1 regimental and 3 ordinary provost: 17,360 elle blue cloth for cloaks, coats and breeches 12,296.32 Reichthaler 465 elle yellow cloth for cuffs, 1 1 / 2 fourths per coat 329.18 11,160 elle yellow baize for coat and cloak lining 1,860.00 3,100 dozen pewter buttons, 2 1/2 dozen for each coat 516.32 1,240 pair white knitted stockings 903.00 36 pair of blue knitted stockings for drummers 68 pair of blue knitted stockings for 64 non-commissioned officers and 4 oboists 30.00 340 elle fine blue cloth for their coats 340.00 578 elle blue cloth for cloaks for above 409.00 408 elle blue rask 136.00 170 dozen large "modeste" pewter buttons, 2 1/2 dozen for each coat 42.24 68 pair fine blue stockings 68.00 1,240 hats for corporals and men 826.32 68 fine black hats for non-commissioned officers and oboists 68.00 84 pounds of white thread 42.00 120 pounds of straps (to fasten the row of buttons on the inside of the coat 45.00 Tailor Payment 96 Grenadier caps with all fittings, according to the provided model 198 elle lace for corporals' hat 24.36 3,212 elle braid for hats for men 267.32 59

288.00

2,790 elle braid for cloak collars 174.18 360 elle camlet braid for oboist 75.00 100 elle narrow camlet braid for the seams 10.20 2,160 elle braid for drummers' coats 360.00 360 elle narrow braid for the seams 30.00 "Error Calculi" (calculation error) for grenadier caps "_8.00 • Total 18,186.00 Cuff: One "elle" is 667mm. The small, yellow cuff therefore was: "667 x 1.5• = 125mm wide

Sources Unpublished Sources: Krigsarkivet; Stora Nordiska kriget. Krigskollegii arkiv. Statskontorets registratur; expedierade handlingar och protokoll 1707-1709. Generalmönsterrullor -1723. Mönsterrullor -1723. Regementsräkenskaper. Published Sources and Works: Danska Generalstaben: Bidrag till Den Store Nordiske Krigs Historic Köpenhamn, 1899-1915. Generalstaben: Karl XII på slagfältet. Bd IV. Stockholm, 1919. Kungliga Artilleriet, Karl XI:s och Karl XII:s tid. Bohus, 1993. Närkingar i krig och fred. Kumla, 1989. Svenska Flottans historia. II. Malmö, 1943. Sveriges försvar. I. Sthlm, 1927. Alm, J. Blanka vapen och skyddsvapen. Sthlm, 1932. Antoni, R. Fromhold Rutenschiölds berättelse om Revals inneslutning och kapitulation 1710. KFÅ 1913. Arfwidsson, F Försvaret av Östersjöprovinserna 1708-1710. I - II. Gävle, 1936. Artens, G Karolinsk och europeisk stridstaktik 1700-1712. Lidköping, 1972. Asker, B Svenska uniformsförteckningar 1655-1683. AM XXXVII, Sthlm, 1978. Asker, B Upplands regemente och Karl XI:s uniformsreform. AM XXXIX, Sthlm, 1981. Asker, B Om svenska fotfolkets nybeklädnad 1689-1694. AM XXXX, Sthlm, 1983. Bellander, E Dräkt och uniform. Sthlm, 1973. Bensow, E Kungl. Skaraborgs regementes historia. II. Gbg. 1944. Braunerhjelm, C.A. Kungliga Lifregementets till häst historia. III. Uppsala, 1914. Gahm-Persson Kongl. Stadgar, Bref och Resolutioner... Bd I-IV. Stockholm, 1762-1841. Gripenberg, O. Finsk kigsmannabeklädnad. Borgå, 1966. Grotenfelt, N. Anteckningar om indelta dragoner i östra Finland 1644-1721. 1940. Hammarström, C. Båtsmanshållet i Ångermanland och Medelpad. 1972. Hjelmqvist, F. Kriget i Finland och Ingermanland 1707 och 1708. Lund, 1909. Lindh, E Kongliga Björneborgs regemente. Helsingfors, 1928. Lindgren, J. Karl XII. (Kungar och krigare). Malmö, 1993. Lissmark, B. Svenska bajonetter 1696-1965. 1973. Munthe, A. Karl XII och den ryska sjömakten. I-III. Sthlm, 1924-27. Maliern, H. Koloniförband i stormaktstidens svenska krigsmakt. Aktuellt och historiskt. Kristianstad, 1965. Nordensvan, C.O. Värmlands regementes historia. Sthlm, 1904. Nordensvan, C.O. Svenska armén åren 1700-1709. KFÅ 1916. Nordensvan, C.O. Svenska arméns regementen 1700-1718. KFÅ 1920. Pauli, U Det svenska Tyskland. Sveriges tyska besittningar 1648-1815. Norrtälje, 1989. Petander, C-B. J. Anteclsningar om Kungliga Österbottens regemente. Vasa, 1967. Robert Petres dagbok 1702-1709. Sthlm, 1921. Petri, G. Kungl. Första Livgrenadjärregementets historia. III. Sthlm, 1938. Platen, C. G. Kungl. Skånska dragonregementets historia. II. Sthlm, 1911. von Rosen, C. Bidrag till kännedom om de händelser som närmast föregingo svenska stormaktsväldets fall. Sthlm, 1936. Schrebervon Schreeb, T. Kongl. Maij:tz Drabanter 1695-1718. KFÅ 1936. Schreber von Schreeb, T. Karolinska bajonetter och dess föregångare på kontinenten. AM IV, Sthlm, 1941. Schreber von Schreeb, T. Livgardets beklädnad och beväpning från Christina till Karl XII. AM VII. Sthlm, 194 Tessin. G. Die Deutschen Regimenter der Krone Schweden. Köln/Graz, 1973. Törnquist, L. Fanor och standar vid Finska männingsförband. AM XXXIII. Sthlm, 1972. Törnquist, L. Kongl. May:tz saxiske regemente. AM XXXVI. Sthlm, 1976. Waxberg, H. Hästen i det karolinska rytteriet. Borås, 1975. Wernstedt, F. Kungliga Svea Livgardes historis. IV. Sthlm, 1954. Wimmers, J. Die Schlacht bei Kalisz am 29. Oktober 1706. Um die Polnische Krone, Berlin, 1962. Åberg, A. Göransson, G. Karoliner. Höganäs, 1976. 60

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