Transdiscourse 1: Mediated Environments

MEDIATED ENVIRONMENTS COLOUR PLATES

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Figure A: Edward Burtynsky, Résidus de mine de nickel No 34, Sudbury, Ontario, 1996, Épreuve à developpement chromogéne, 102 x 152 cm, Image © Edward Burtynsky, Courtesy Galerie Stefan Röpke, Köln/Flowers East Gallery, London. Figure B: George Steinmann, Montsegorsk, Kola, Russia (from the series ‘From-To-Beyond’), 1995, B/W Print, Blackberry juice (Rubus fruticosus L.), 12.5 x 18 cm, Image © George Steinmann.

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Zvjezdana Cimerman

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Figure C: Robert Smithson, Floating Island to Travel Around Manhattan Island, 1970, Graphite on paper, 47 x 60 cm, © 2009, ProLitteris, Zurich. Figure D: Olafur Eliasson, Your mobile expectations: BMW H2R project, 2007, BMW H2R chassis, stainless steel, ice, and cooling unit, 140 x 560 x 240 cm, Installation view at Studio Olafur Eliasson, Berlin, Germany, 2007, Photo: Jens Ziehe, Courtesy the artist © 2007 Olafur Eliasson.

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Figure A: Nuage Vert, HeHe, 2008, Photo: Niklas Sjöblom.

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Tiffany Holmes

Figure B: Nuage Vert, HeHe, 2008, Photo: Niklas Sjöblom.

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Figure C: STATIC, Power Aware Cord: Seeing Personal Energy Consumption, prototype. Project Team: Anton Gustafsson and Magnus Gyllenswärd, Photo: Magnus Gyllenswärd. Figure D: Flower Lamp displaying low energy loads, lamp ‘blooms’. By Front and Interactive Interactive Institute Project Team: Sofia Lagerkvist, Charlotte von der Lancken, Anna Lindgren, Katja Sävström, and Göran Nordahl, Photo: Anette Andersson. Figure E: DIY Kyoto’s Wattson.

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Tiffany Holmes

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Solid Red Solid Blue

Activation / Event has been activated and is currently

Standby / No event is currently underway

in progress.

Pulsing Red Solid Yellow

Activation / Event in progress and another declared

Warning / Day-ahead event warning has been issued.

for the following day.

Solid Green Pulsing Yellow

Testing / Demand response notification system is

Warning / An event will occur later in the day.

being tested.

Figure F: Energy Orb, or the PG&E Demand-Response Orb, Pacific Gas and Electric Co., 2006. Figure G: Colour key, Ambient Energy Orb, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, sold through Ambient Devices (USA).

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Helen & Newton Harrison

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Part of the Survival Series,1970–1973 and introduced to create self sufficient farming techiques to feed an over populated world. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, as a part of the exhibition Earth, Air, Fire and Water Figure A: Hog Pasture: R.W. Schumway’s Annual Hog Pasture Mix, 1970 Figure B: Portable Earth Farming Series_Wheat. Figure C: Portable Earth Farming Series_Wine. Figure D Portable Earth Farming Series_Salad.

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Ecosystems of the Western Salt works. 1971. Art and Technology Los Angeles Museum of Contempory Art, LA USA Figure E: Four co-joined 10 foot by 20 foot ponds, seeded with algae Dunaliella make a changing colour field as the algae develop carotene in response to increasing salinity pond by pond. Figure F: Brine shrimp eggs are added and after 30 days are harvested and re-harvested every 30 days thereafter. Figure G: Brine Shrimp ready for harvest. Figure H: The ponds become far more salty. The right pond turns white as the water completely evaporates. Figure I: Salt is harvested.

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Helen & Newton Harrison

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Figure J: The Force Majeure: Peninsula Europe Part III: Where a new complex forest ensemble is composed by using paleo-ecological research methodologies to rehabit the lands as far as possible, where snow and glacial melt formerly supplied the rivers with consistent flow. The ecological design will seek to create a sponge phenomenon, which would replace, in some measure, the original glacial melt, reducing the effects of flood and drought. Figure K: The Force Majeure: Tibet is the High Ground Part III: Acknowledges that glacial melt, vastly accelerated by Global Warming, is putting the 7 great rivers that flow through the continent at risk for flood and drought. This work proposes, through an elaborate process of paleo-ecological research, to slowly replace the 2.4 million square kilometer plateau with a vast, water-holding, bio-diverse grassland/ open-canopy forest ecosystem. The potential for carbon sequestration suggests that 6 gigatons of carbon can be sequestered per decade.

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Jill Scott

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Selected (2x16x9 ratio) 3D Images from the Dome Format storyboard of Atmosphere One: Jill Scott and Andrew Quinn Sequence One The Water Cycle: the evaporation of molecules in the atmosphere Figure A: A Tetrakaideacahedra (or Tetra based on the minimal space-dividing cell) rolls over the ocean, its movements and occupants being affected by evaporation. Figure B: The Tetra becomes an Atmospheric Chamber: A researcher and a learner measure the water quality and carbon levels in the atmosphere. Sequence Two The Carbon Cycle: Photosynthesis and Climate History Figure C: A small Tetra is constructed by a fabricator to enter the leaf of plant as Carbon Dioxide. The slow process of Photosynthesis into Oxygen can be witnessed by the audience. Figure D: In a Tetra close to the leaf surface, a researcher and a fabricator talk about how the insect life and forest growth have been affected by climate change over time.

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Selected (2x16x9 ratio) 3D Images from the Dome Format storyboard of Atmosphere One: Jill Scott Sequence Three The Oxygen Cycle: Energising the Body Figure E: A shrunken Tetra with a learner inside travels through a set of Oxygen Molecules (o2) and asks the audience to breath in deeply. Figure F: The Tetra is sucked down into the lungs while chasing the O2 molecule and it enters into blood stream though the alveoli. The learner asks the audience to all breathe out loudly. Sequence Four The Energy Cycle: The Sharing of Electrons Figure G: Tetras behave like electrons travelling through an electric wire. Discussions occur about these processes. Figure H: Hundreds of Tetras join together as a metaphor for our homes in sustainable cities, where alternative energy is shared between citizens.

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Figure A: Public Smog Offsets Tomorrow Today, Douala, Cameroon, 2009, Amy Balkin. Figure B: Parks on Trucks: Project for the City of Aachen, 1999, Eve Andrée Laramée in collaboration with the bio-geographer, Duane Griffin.

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Andrea Polli

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Figure C: SUPERGAS/USER/UTA, Cambodia,2001, SUPERFLEX. Figure D: Sarah Jane Pell, Under Current V, The Bonnington Gallery, Nottingham UK 2004, Photo:graph Richard Graham.

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Stills from the film We Feed the World, Austria 2005, Directed by Erwin Wagenhofer. Courtesy of Allegro Films.

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Angelika Hilbeck

Stills from the film Food, Inc., USA 2008, Directed by Robert Kenner Courtesy of Magnolia Pictures

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Figure A: The Crossing, Photo: Malcom Cross for Jill Orr (C) Latche Latche danceman, Peter Peterson. Figure B: Jill Orr, The Crossing, Photo: Malcom Cross for Jill Orr (C) Jill Orr, nun.

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Jill Orr

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Figure Figure Figure Figure

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C: Global Mind Project, ‘Spectacle of the Imaginary’, Photo: Malcom Cross. D: Global Mind Project, ‘Spectacle of the Imaginary’, Photo: Malcom Cross. E: Faith in a Faithless Land, Photo: Naomi Herzog for Jill Orr (C). F: Southern Cross – to bear and behold, Photo: Naomi Herzog for Jill Orr (C).

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Figure A: Apartheid Museum Johannesburg. Courtesy Wikipedia commons. Figure B: Exhaust Sculptures. Photo: Urs Hochuli.

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Teresa Steffen

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Figure C: Wooden structure outskirts of Johannesburg. Photo: Urs Hochuli. Figure D: Johannesburg from above. Photo: Urs Hochuli.

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Figure A: Minimising borders and maximising edges between nature and technology, FoAM, 2008. Figure B: The term cultivation is at the root of the word culture.

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Nik Gaffney & Maja Kuzmanovic

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Figure C: Solar powered cricket. Luminous Green, Belgium, 2007. Figure D: ‘A problem cannot be solved by people who are concerned with only one or another of its parts’, Fukuoka, 1978.

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Examples of Emergency Design Figure A: Rendering Freedom, © Anthony Ling / Seasteading Institute Figure B: Oasis of the Sea, © Emerson Stepp Figure C: © Greenpeace Figure D: © Dietmar Mathis / Feuerwehr Rankweil Figure E: Auroville Copyleft Wikimedia commons Figure F: Homeless Shelter, © Yana Milev, Kyoto 1999

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Yana Milev

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Examples of Emergency Design Figure G: Case Study Homes © Peter Bialobrzeski Figure H: Antartic Village – No Borders © Lucy + Jorge Orta Figure I: Les enfants du Don Quichotte, on the Capitole place, Toulouse, France, May 2009. Foto © Ludovic Courtès, 2009 Figure J: Identify me, © Yana Milev, Berlin 2009 Figure K: Waiting for the Guards © DarkFibre Figure L: Sandbag shelter © Nader Khalili / Cal-Earth

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Figure A: The Neon Bone Yard 2009. Art wasted, waste as art, Jim Venturi.

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Denise Scott Brown

Figure B: Las Vegas in the late 1960s, Denise Scott Brown and VSBA.

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Figure C: Example of ‘Shack Chic’, township residents in South Africa creating lively interior spaces with what is available.

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Denise Scott Brown

Figure D: Shoes made from recycled tires.

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TRANSDISCOURSE 1 MEDIATED ENVIRONMENTS EDITED BY ANDREA GLEINIGER • ANGELIKA HILBECK • JILL SCOTT

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INTRODUCTION TO MEDIAT E D E N V I R O N M E N T S Andrea Gleiniger, Angelika Hilbeck, Jill Scott



MEDIATING AND DESIGNIN G E N V I R O N M E N T S – ART AND NATURAL SCIENC E Zvjezdana Cimerman



BEYOND ECO-ART: 21ST C E N T U R Y E C O - V I S U A L I S A T I O N Tiffany Holmes



HELEN AND NEWTON HARRI S O N I N C O N V E R S A T I O N W I T H BRANDON BALLENGÉE edited by Juanita Schläpfer-Miller



THE INVISIBLE PRESENT: ART AND SCIENCE PROJEC T S F O R M E D I A T E D D O M E F O R M A T S Jill Scott



WHO OWNS THE AIR? EMISSIONS TRADING AND C O N T E M P O R A R Y M E D I A A R T Andrea Polli



RE-CONNECT Angelika Hilbeck



HEAT: ART, PEOPLE & CL I M A T E C H A N G E Jill Orr



SOUTH AFRICAN URBAN SPACE: A ‘MEDIATED’ ENVIRONMENT Therese Steffen



LUMINOUS GREEN Nik Gaffney & Maja Kuzmanovic



EMERGENCY DESIGN – NEW SEMIOTIC ORDERS OF URBAN SURVIVAL Yana Milev



T H E ART IN WASTE Denise Scott Brown



B I O G RAPHIES

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C O L O R PLATES Various Artists #ICNNGT[QHYQTMUTGHGTTGFVQKPVJGVGZV



I N TRODUCTION T O MEDIATED ENVIRONMENTS

Andrea Gleiniger, Angelika Hilbeck, Jill Scott

Outline /GFKCVGF'PXKTQPOGPVUCFFTGUUGUVJGRTQDNGOVJCVVQFC[UQEKGV[KPVGTRTGVUQWTGPXKTQPOGPVVJTQWIJVJG XGT[EQPFKVKQPGFCPFEQPUVTWEVGFTGRTGUGPVCVKQPUQHOCKPUVTGCOOGFKCCPFPQVKPCVTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[YC[ YKVJVJGJGNRQHCTVKUVUCTEJKVGEVUȧNOOCMGTUEWNVWTCNVJGQTKUVUCPFUEKGPVKUVU+PUKFGOQUVWTDCPEGPVTGU QHVJGFGXGNQRGFYQTNFVJGUGHCDTKECVQTUCPFFKUEQXGTGTUMPQYVJCVQWTNKXGUCTGCNUQOGFKCVGFD[VJG VGEJPQNQIKGUVJCVUWTTQWPFQWTGXGT[FC[GZKUVGPEGCPFCHHGEVQWTGPXKTQPOGPVU+PHCEVQWTXGT[DQFKGUCTG DGKPIUJKHVGFD[FKHHGTGPVCPCNQIWGFKIKVCNCPFCTVKȧEKCNFKUEQXGTKGUCPFUEKGPVKȧEVTCPUNCVKQPUQHUQEKCNCPF GVJKECNTGCNKVKGUVJCVUWTTQWPFWU6JGYTKVGTUKPVJKUDQQMCNNCTGCVVGORVKPIVQETQUUEQTTGNCVGOGFKCHTQO FKHHGTGPVFKUEKRNKPGUCPFTGEQPUVTWEVKVKPTGNCVKQPVQWTDCPVGEJPQNQI[UQEKQNQI[CPFUEKGPVKȧEOGVJQF 6JG[UGGHQTOUQHȧNOCEVKXKUVCPFRGTHQTOCPEGFQEWOGPVCT[CUCMG[VQCJKIJNGXGNQHTGȨGEVKXGETKVK EKUOQPGVJCVWUGUOGFKCCUCPGYHQTOQHGORQYGTOGPVCPFEQOOWPKECVKQPCDQWVVJGRTGUUKPIKUUWGU QHWTDCPNKHG

Main Aims 1WTOCKPCKOUYGTGVQHQEWUQPVJGRQVGPVKCNUQHOGFKCCTVCPFCTEJKVGEVWTGVQCFFTGUUDQVJUQEKQRQGVKECN KUUWGUKPCPGPXKTQPOGPVVJCVKPENWFGUUEKGPVKȧEKPHQTOCVKQPUWUVCKPCDKNKV[KPTGNCVKQPVQRJ[UKECNWTDCP FGXGNQROGPV CPF VJG TCKUKPI QH EQORCTCVKXG CYCTGPGUU KP UQEKGV[ 0GY CRRTQCEJGU CTG PQV VQ DG HQWPF KPVJGRQRWNCTOCKPUVTGCOQHVGNGXKUKQPCPFVJGFCKN[PGYURCRGTUDWVKPVJGQDUGTXCVKQPTGFGUKIPCPF EWNVWTCNOGCPKPIQHTGRTGUGPVCVKQPD[OQTGETGCVKXGCPFCTVKUVKEUVTCVGIKGU#UGFKVQTUYGYGTGKPVGTGUVGF KPJQYVJGOGFKWOECPDGWUGFCURCTVQHVJGOGUUCIGVQYQTMYKVJEQOOWPKV[ITQWRUQTVTCPUFKUEKRNK PCT[CTVCPFUEKGPEGVGCOUUQVJCVVJGCEEGUUKDKNKV[VQGZRTGUUKQPECPDGUJKHVGFCPFPGYFKUEQWTUGUHQWPF +P/GFKCVGF'PXKTQPOGPVUCWVJQTUCPFTGUGCTEJGTUUVTKXGVQGPEQWTCIGNQECNRGQRNGVQȧPFCPFJQNFQPVQ VJGKTRQNKVKECNCPFUQEKCNXQKEG6JGUGCWVJQTUYGTGEJQUGPDGECWUGVJG[CNNGZRTGUUVJKURQVGPVKCNHTQOVJG DCEMDQPGQHVJTGGDCUKEUWDECVGIQTKGU6JGUGCTG/GFKCVGF#TEJKVGEVWTG'%1#TVCPF.CPF9QTMUCPF #TVCPF5EKGPEGEQTTGNCVKQPU



Mediated Architecture: +PTGNCVKQPVQJKUVQT[QHCTEJKVGEVWTGOGFKCJCUDGGPKPEQTRQTCVGFCUCRQVGPVKCNXQKEGHQTVJGWTDCPETKUKU (QTGZCORNGOGFKCKPHQTOCVKQPYCUUGGPCURCTVQHVJGKPKVKCN$CWJCWU/QXGOGPVCPFHQEWUGFQPVJGECTG QHVJGUQEKCNTGNCVKQPUKPFYGNNKPIU6QFC[VJKUEQPEGRVJCUPQYGXQNXGFCPFOGFKCVGEJPQNQIKGUCTGKPVG ITCVGFKPVQCTEJKVGEVWTGPQVQPN[CUCEVWCNOCVGTKCNUDWVCNUQCUVTCPUOKUUKQPUCDQWVVKOGCPFTGȨGEVKQPU QPVJGUWTTQWPFKPIURCEG6JGRTQDNGOUQHUQEKCNGPICIGOGPVJCXGDGEQOGCPKORQTVCPVNKPMVQCFFTGUU VJGRTQDNGOUQHKPETGCUKPIWTDCPK\CVKQPYJKEJKULGQRCTFK\KPIQWTEQPVKPWGFGZKUVGPEGCPFSWGUVKQPKPI QWTUWUVCKPCDKNKV[/GFKCECPCNUQJGNRFGUKIPGTUCPFCTEJKVGEVUVQEQPUVTWEVOQTGVJCPXKUKQPUCPFWVQRKCU QHCEKXKEEKV[GPXKTQPOGPVDGECWUGOCP[RTQDNGOUECPQPN[DGUQNXGFYKVJVTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[UQNWVKQPU (QTGZCORNGKPJGTGUUC['OGTIGPE[&GUKIPs0GY5GOKQVKE1TFGTUQH7TDCP5WTXKXCN;CPC/KNGXFGUETKDGU XCTKQWUQTFGTUQHpGOGTIGPE[FGUKIPqCPFJQYVJGUGJCXGDGGPCRRNKGFVQUVTCVGIKGUQHWTDCPUWTXKXCNCPF NKXKPI 5JG UWIIGUVU VJCV PGY FGUKIP UVTCVGIKGU YJKEJ CEVWCNN[ ECVGT HQT URQPVCPGQWU UQEKCN GPICIGOGPV JCXG VQ DG EQPUKFGTGF 6JKU PGGF KPȨWGPEGU JQY VJG SWCNKVKGU QH VKOGDCUGF OGFKC KVUGNH ECP DG TGCFKN[ KPVGITCVGFKPVQQWTNQECNGPXKTQPOGPVCNRNCPPKPI +PFGGFJQYVQFGCNYKVJVJGGOGTIGPE[QHVJGQXGTRTQFWEVKQPQHYCUVGOCVGTKCNUKPWTDCPEGPVTGUJCU CNTGCF[DGEQOGCRTQDNGOKPOCP[FGPUGWTDCPGPXKTQPOGPVU6JGCTEJKVGEV&GPKUG5EQVV$TQYPGZCOKPGU VJGRQVGPVKCNUQHTGE[ENKPIYCUVGKPVJGUGEGPVTGUCPFOCMGUCPCPCNQI[YKVJKPVJGEQPVGZVQHVJGPCVWTCN DKQNQIKECNE[ENGQHNKHG5JGEQTTGNCVGUVJGWTDCPFGENKPGKPUQOGYGUVGTPEKVKGUVQCPKPETGCUGKPCTVOCFG HTQOYCUVGCPFEQORCTGUVJKUUEGPCTKQVQVJGTGCRRTQRTKCVKQPQHYCUVGKPFGXGNQRKPIEQWPVTKGU7UKPI GZCORNGUTCPIKPIHTQOVJGPGQPUKIPUQH.CU8GICUVQVJGCTVHTQOVTCUJQDLGEVUOCFGHQTVQWTKUVUKP5QWVJ #HTKECUJGFKUEWUUGU 'WTQRGCPCPF75ENCUUCVVKVWFGUVQYCUVGXGTUWU #HTKECPXKGYUQHKVCPFJQYVJG WUGQHVJGGXGT[FC[GPXKTQPOGPVECPDGEQOGCEWNVWTCNCPFCTVKUVKETGUQWTEG #UCPKNNWUVTCVKQPQHVJGHCEVVJCVVJGWTDCPNCPFUECRGECPKPURKTGNKVGTCT[GZRTGUUKQP6JGTGUC5VGHHGPGNW EKFCVGU QP 5QWVJ #HTKECP WTDCP URCEG CU n/GFKCVGFo 'PXKTQPOGPV D[ RTQXKFKPI C EQORTGJGPUKXG TGXKGY QH +XCPoU 2QTVTCKV YKVJ -G[U VJG EKV[ QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI WPNQEMGF +P VJKU GUUC[ 5VGHHGP pUGGMU VQ CPCN[\G VJGRTQNKȧEETGCVKXGRTQEGUUGUqKP8NCFKUNCXKäoUNKVGTCT[VGZVUYJKEJWUGXCTKQWUGZCORNGUQH5QWVJ#HTKECP WTDCPKV[PQVQPN[CUCEQPVGZVHQTETGCVKXKV[DWVCNUQHQTOGFKCNKV[ +PCNNECUGUVJGITQYVJQHWTDCPKV[KUUGGPCUCPGPQTOQWURTQDNGODWVCNUQCUCRTQEGUUKPYJKEJVJGOQTG EJCNNGPIKPIUGVUQHOCVGTKCNUCPFUVTWEVWTGUCTGCXCKNCDNGHQTVJGETGCVKXGOKPFVQITCRRNGYKVJ+HOGFKC ȧVU VJGP C UWOOCT[ QH NQECN JKUVQTKGU CPF OCVGTKCNU HQWPF CNQPI VJG RCVJYC[U ECP DGEQOG CP KPURKTC VKQPCDQWVVJGURCEGCPFRNCEGQHGZRGTKGPEG6JWUVJGGOGTIGPEGQHPGYVGEJPQNQIKGUQHEQPPGEVKXKV[ PGVYQTM EQOOWPKECVKQP CPF KPHQTOCVKQP ECP GORQYGT UQEKCN GSWCNKV[ D[ KPXQNXKPI EKXKE EWNVWTG *GTG



RQTVTCKVWTGVJCVKUCUDTCKFGFHTCEVCNCPFKPXQNWVGFCUVJGRGQRNGYJQKPJCDKVKV

ECO Artists and Local Living Conditions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oU QDLGEVKXGUCTGVQETGCVGFKUEQWTUGUEQPVCEVUCPFRTQRQUKVKQPUVJCVNQQMnDG[QPFCPFDGPGCVJoEQPUGTXCVKQP CPFUWUVCKPCDKNKV[6JG[DGNKGXGKPUOCNNEJCPIGUCPFVJCVYQTMKPIKPU[PGTI[YKVJGCEJQVJGTECPJGNRVQ UJCTGUVTCVGIKGUUWEJCURGTOCEWNVWTGCPFNQECNHQQFEWNVKXCVKQP6JTQWIJVJGKTYQTMUJQRUCPFOGGVKPIU DCUGFQPnIWKNFICVJGTKPIo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ȧEWNVJKUVQTKECNVTWVJUECPEQPVTKDWVGVQCPQRGPFGDCVG CPFCTVKUVUOWUVCHHGEVEJCPIGVQIGVJGTYKVJQVJGTUTCVJGTVJCPVCMGCP[RQYGTQXGTQVJGTUKPCETGCVKXG RTQEGUU+PJGTGUUC[$G[QPF'EQ#TVUV%GPVWT[XKUWCNK\CVKQPU6KHHCP[*QNOGUOCMGUCEQORCTKUQPQH .CPF#TVCRRTQCEJGUYKVJXKUWCNK\CVKQPRTQLGEVUVJCVWUGF[PCOKEHGGFDCEMVQVTKIIGTGPGTI[TGURQPUKDNG DGJCXKQWTKPVJGJQOGQTYQTMRNCEG5JGEKVGUCPWODGTQHCTVKUVUCPFFGUKIPGTUYJQCTGCVVGORVKPIVQ RTQXGVJCVF[PCOKEHGGFDCEMECPRTQFWEGCTGȨGEVKXGTGURQPUGHTQOXKGYGTUCDQWVVJGKTGPGTI[EQPUWOR VKQPRCVVGTPU5JGCTIWGUYJ[EGTVCKPUVTCVGIKGUJCXGJGNRGFEQPUWOGTUCPFEKVGUUQOGGZCORNGUHTQOJGT QYP CDUVTCEVGF n'EQXKUWCNK\CVKQPUo QH JQY TGCN VKOG YKVJ NQECN GPGTI[ EQPUGTXCVKQPU ECP RTQXKFG OQTG GHHGEVKXGGPEQWTCIGOGPVVJCPRWDNKEFCVCVTCPUOKUUKQP6JGEJCNNGPIGVQUJKHVDGJCXKQWTUKUCNUQCFFTGUUGF D[,KNN5EQVVCOGFKCCTVKUVYJQCFFTGUUGUVJGXCNWGQHKOOGTUKQPKPVJGFQOGHQTOCVYKVJ&ITCRJKEU



Introduction to Mediated Environments

VJGFGUKIPGTVJGYTKVGTCPFVJGCTEJKVGEVCNNDWKNFKPVQnVJGKTOGFKCVGFEKVKGUoCEGTVCKPNGXGNQHPCTTCVKXG

CU C ECVCN[UV VQ TCKUG CYCTGPGUU CPF DTKPI OQNGEWNCT DGJCXKQWT DCUGF QP UEKGPVKȧECNN[ TQDWUV KPVGTRTGVC VKQPUCDQWVENKOCVGUEKGPEGKPVQVJGRWDNKETGCNO$[WUKPIRNCPGVCTKWOUCUGFWECVKQPCNRNCVHQTOUNKPMGF VQDNQIUKPVJGJQOGTGRTGUGPVCVKQPUECPJGNRVQGZRCPFVJGRQVGPVKCNUQHWPFGTUVCPFKPIQHnVJGHGCTQH VJGUECNGQHVJGRTQDNGOoCPFVJGNGXGNQHEQOOWPKV[GZEJCPIG#NNVJGGUUC[UD[VJGCDQXGCTVKUVUFKUEWUU VJG HQTOCVKQPU QH ETKVKECN VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ URCEGU YJGTG EQODKPGF UEKGPVKȧE CPF CTVKUVKE CRRTQCEJGU VQ GPXKTQPOGPVCNKUUWGUECNNHQTGODQFKGFRTCEVKECNCUYGNNCUVJGQTGVKECNUQNWVKQPU

Art and Science correlations 6JKU UGEVKQP RTQXKFGU C RNCVHQTO HQT YTKVGTU YJQ CTG EQPEGTPGF YKVJ VJG TGNCVKQPU DGVYGGP CTV CPF UEK GPEG CPF JQY EQNNCDQTCVKQPU OKIJV nOGFKCVGo WPFGTUVCPFKPI URTGCFKPI EQPVGPV CPF JGNR EQOOWPKVKGU *QYECPPGYCRRTQCEJGUVQOGFKCJGNRWUWPFGTUVCPFVJGRTQDNGOUQHCITKEWNVWTGCPFVJGNCPFUECRGCPF VJGTGNGXCPEGQHGPXKTQPOGPVCNUEKGPVKȧETGUGCTEJ!*QYKUOGFKCUJGFFKPINKIJVQPVJGRTQDNGOUKPQWT GPXKTQPOGPV!+PJGTGUUC[#PIGNKMC*KNDGEMCUEKGPVKUVETKVKECNN[TGȨGEVUQPYJ[OQFGTPFC[CITKEWNVWTG CPFHQQFRTQFWEVKQPU[UVGOUJCXGHCKNGFVQRTQFWEGJGCNVJ[HQQF6JKUHCKNWTGJCUNGFVQVJGFGITCFCVKQP QHDQVJJWOCPJGCNVJCPFVJGGPXKTQPOGPV6QFC[VJKUHQTOQHRTQFWEVKQPJCUIGPGTCVGFUQEKCNKPLWUVKEG YJKNGDGKPIGEQPQOKECNN[XGT[UWEEGUUHWNCPFKVJCUNGFVQRWDNKEN[HWPFGFTGUGCTEJCIGPFCUVQDGEQOG EQORNKEKVCPFEQORNCEGPVYKVJVJGKPVGTGUVUQHRTKXCVGRTQȧV5JGEQOOGPVUQPVJGTGUWNVCPVFKUEQPPGE VKQPCPFRTQHQWPFEQPHWUKQPHQTVJGIGPGTCNRWDNKECPFJQYVJGOGFKCYCUTGURQPUKDNGHQTDTKPIKPIVJKU UJKHVKPUEKGPEGCPFVGEJPQNQI[FGXGNQROGPVHTQORWDNKEVQRTKXCVGKPVGTGUV*QYGXGTVJGCWVJQTUWIIGUVU VJCVOGFKCCPFCTVKPVJGHQTOQHPGYKPXGUVKICVKXGFQEWOGPVCT[ȧ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nIKXKPI VJGOo YGCVJGT TGEQTFKPI UVCVKQPUVQTGEQTFCPFOQPKVQTNQECNCKTSWCNKV[5JGRTQXGUVJCVCTVCPFCTVKUVUJCXGCPKORQTVCPVTQNGVQ RTQOQVGUQEKCNOQXGOGPVUCPFCEVKXKUOCPFGORQYGTVJGOCUVJGEKVK\GPUQHVJGGCTVJ <XLG\FCPC%KOGTOCPCPCTVKUVCPFUEKGPVKUVTGȨGEVUKPJGTGUUC[QPVJGRQNCTKV[DGVYGGPUEKGPEGCUVJG RTQEGUUQHIGPGTCVKPIMPQYNGFIGCPFVJGCTVUCUVJGRTQEGUUQHOCMKPICPFRWVUVJKUEQORCTKUQPKPVQC JKUVQTKECNRGTURGEVKXG5JGRQUVWNCVGUVJCVVJKURQNCTKV[KUPQYQDUQNGVGCUVJGGVJKECNJQTK\QPJCUUJKHVGF HTQOCPCNVTWKUVKESWGUVHQTVTWVJVQCUQEKQRQNKVKECNTGURQPUKDKNKV[%QPUGSWGPVN[CTVKUVUKPETGCUKPIN[HGGN VJGPGGFVQHQEWUQPUQEKGV[CPFVJGDWTPKPIKUUWGUVJCVVJTGCVGPQWTEQNNGEVKXGGZKUVGPEG6JGTGHQTGUJG



KPUEKGPEGVQYCTFUCRRNKGFVGEJPQUEKGPEGQPN[FTKXGPD[VJGWTIGPVPGGFHQTKPUVCPVITCVKȧECVKQPKPHQTO QH ȧPCPEKCNN[ NWETCVKXG CRRNKECVKQPU 9KVJ PQ TQQO HQT CP QNF HCUJKQPGF FKXKUKQP KPVQ DCUKE CPF CRRNKGF TGUGCTEJȧGNFUEWTTGPVUEKGPVKȧETGUGCTEJRTQLGEVUCTGQPN[UVCTVGFYJGPVJGTGKUCENGCTRTQFWEVKPOKPFCV KVUQPUGV5JGFGUETKDGUJQYVYQFKXGTIKPIUEKGPVKȧERTQRQUKVKQPUHQTHWVWTGCITKEWNVWTGCPFHQQFRTQFWE VKQPsCITQDKQVGEJPQNQIKGUCPFQTICPKEHCTOKPIsJCXGIGPGTCVGFFKHHGTGPVIGPTGUQHCTVKUVKEGZRTGUUKQPU CPFTQNGUQHCTVKUVUCPFVGEJPQNQIKGUKPVJGGPUWKPIFGOQETCVKEINQDCNVTCPUFKUEQWTUGQHVJGHWVWTG(KPCNN[ VJGKFGCURTGUGPVGFKPVJKURCTVQHVJGDQQMCTGHQTOWNCVGFCPFFKUEWUUGFKPCPKPVGTXKGYV[RGGUUC[YKVJ VYQHQWPFGTUQHVJGGEQCPFCEVKXKUVCTVOQXGOGPVKPVJGUCPFU*GNGPCPF0GYVQP*CTTKUQP 6JGKPVGTXKGYGTKU$TCPFQP$CNNGPIÅGCPCTVKUVCPFDKQNQIKUVYJQCNNQYUWUVQJCXGCFGGRGTKPUKIJVKPVQ VJGKTRGTURGEVKXGQPCTVCPFUEKGPEGCUCRTQEGUUQHUJCTKPIETGCVKXKV[9JKNGOWEJQHVJGKTYQTMKUDGKPI UGGPCUGEQCTV CPF CTV CEVKXKUO VJG[ FQ PQV VJKPM QH VJGOUGNXGU CU CEVKXKUVU DWV CU nTGURQPUKDNG RGQRNG TGURQPFKPIVQCEKTEWOUVCPEGo6JG[FGRNQTGVJCVCTVKUVUCPFCNUQCTVETKVKEUCTGQHVGPCHTCKFQHUEKGPEGUCPF GEQU[UVGOKEVJKPMKPICPFCTGQHVGPDCUKECNN[GEQNQIKECNN[KNNKVGTCVGCPFKPOCP[YC[UUEKGPVKȧECNN[KPFKH HGTGPV6JG[EQPVGPFVJCVVJGFKXKFGDGVYGGPCTVKUVUCPFUEKGPVKUVUPGGFUVQDGTGOQXGFKPQTFGTVQEQOG WRYKVJNCTIGTGCNYQTNFUQNWVKQPU4GEQIPK\KPIVQFC[oUUJKHVKPUEKGPEGVQYCTFUUGTXKPIRTKXCVGKPVGTGUVU TCVJGTVJCPRWDNKEKPVGTGUVUKPVJGKTTGNCVKQPUJKRYKVJUEKGPVKUVUVJG[QHVGPCEVCUnCUVCNMKPIJQTUGoUC[KPI CNQVQHVJGVJKPIUUEKGPVKUVUECPPQVUC[YKVJQWVVCMKPIUGTKQWUTKUMUQHDGKPIQUVTCEK\GFD[VJGUEKGPVKȧE EQOOWPKV[XGUVGFKPVGTGUVITQWRUQTDGKPIEWVQHHHTQOHWPFKPI

Conclusion 6JGCDQXGXKGYUHTQOVJGUGVJTGGVTCLGEVQTKGUEQTTGNCVGVQCFFTGUUVJGKUUWGUQHnOGFKCVGFGPXKTQPOGPVUo #NVJQWIJVJGUGCWVJQTUJCXGXGT[FKHHGTGPVDCEMITQWPFUHTQOGCEJQVJGTURCPPKPIOGFKCCTVCTEJKVGE VWTGWTDCPRNCPPKPIGPXKTQPOGPVCNUEKGPEGUQEKCNUEKGPEGDKQNQI[CPFEWNVWTCNUVWFKGUVJGYJQNGOCMGU WRCMKPFQHnVTCPUFKUEQWTUGoCDQWVVJGEJCNNGPIKPIVCUMQHYQTMKPIVQIGVJGTQPUQNWVKQPUVQUQOGINQDCN RTQDNGOUCPFVQKPXGPVUVTCVGIKGUHQTVJGTCKUKPIQHRWDNKECYCTGPGUU(QTGZCORNGKPHQTVJGȧTUV VKOGKPQWTJWOCPJKUVQT[VJGPWODGTQHRGQRNGNKXKPIKPEKVKGUJCUGZEGGFGFVJGPWODGTNKXKPIKPTWTCN GPXKTQPOGPVU1HVJGRNCPGVoUDKNNKQPRGQRNGOQTGVJCPDKNNKQPPQYNKXGKPWTDCPGPXKTQPOGPVUYJGTG TGUQWTEGUCTGTWPPKPICVOCZKOWONGXGNUHQQFCPFYCVGTUWRRNKGUCTGFKOKPKUJKPICPFWTDCPUNWOUCTG ITQYKPI#UOQTGȧPCPEKCNETKUKUNQQOUCJGCFRGTJCRUVJKUUKVWCVKQPYKNNTGXGTUGCPFRGQRNGOC[TGVWTP VQVJGKTDCTTGPNCPFUVQITQYVJGKTQYPHQQF!6JGUGOKITCVKQPUEQWNFDGCHCEVQTVJCVOC[LGQRCTFK\GQWT EQPVKPWGFGZKUVGPEG$[ICVJGTKPIVTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[UQNWVKQPUCPFVJQWIJVUCDQWVUWDLGEVUNKMGVJKUYGHGGN VJCVETGCVKXGVGCOUEQWNFEJCPIGQWTYC[QHVJKPMKPICPFEQPUGSWGPVN[YC[QHNKXKPI +PVJKUNKIJV/GFKCVGF'PXKTQPOGPVUEQWNFDGCEQPVTKDWVKQPVQVJGFKUEQWTUGCDQWVCJKIJGTNGXGNQHJWOCP UVGYCTFUJKRVQYCTFnUWUVCKPCDKNKV[o$[YQTMKPIYKVJOGFKCKPUVGCFQHCICKPUVKVYGCNNECPETGCVGUKORNG



Introduction to Mediated Environments

CFFTGUUGUVJGTQNGUQHEQPVGORQTCT[UEKGPVKUVUCPFCTVKUVU5JGCNUQTGGPHQTEGUCPFUWDUVCPVKCVGUVJGUJKHV

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ȧPGVJGKORCEVQHnRTQITGUUCPFFGXGNQROGPVoQP QWTGFWECVKQP6JGYTKVGTUKPVJKUDQQMCTGCTVKUVUCPFUEKGPVKUVUCPFUGGVJGOUGNXGUCUQRGPOKPFGFRTQ HGUUKQPCNUKPCECFGOKC9GDGNKGXGVJCVQPN[D[VJKPMKPIQWVUKFGQHQWTPCTTQYFKUEKRNKPGUCPFEJCPIKPI VJGUNQRGQHQWTNGCTPKPIEWTXGUECPYGEJCPIGQWTEQNNGEVKXGVJQWIJV



M E DIATING AND DESIGNING ENVIRONMENTS – A R T AND NATURAL SCIENCE Zvjezdana Cimerman

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n9JCV KU TGCNN[ WPECPP[ JQYGXGT KU PQV VJCV VJG

RQKGUKUOCMKPIVJGUEKGPEGUCUVJGQTGVKECN HTQO

YQTNF KU DGEQOKPI VJQTQWIJN[ VGEJPQNQIK\GF DWV

VJG )TGGM VJGQTKC  EQPVGORNCVKQP QXGTXKGY

VJCV OCPMKPF KU WPRTGRCTGF HQT VJKU VTCPUHQTOC

5KPEG VJCV CPEKGPV VKOG YJGP CTVU CPF UEKGPEGU

VKQP s VJCV YG CTG UVKNN KPECRCDNG QH EQOKPI OGP

YGTG UGRCTCVGF DCUKECNN[ D[ VJG RQNCTKV[ DGVYGGP

VCNN[ VQ VGTOU YKVJ YJCV KU FCYPKPI KP QWT CIGo

CPGRKUVGOQNQIKECNCPFRQGVKEOQOGPVPGYFKHHGT

/CTVKP*GKFGIIGT

GPEGUCTQUG%QPUGSWGPVN[CEQPUKFGTCDNGFKUVCPEG DGVYGGPCTVCPFUEKGPEGJCUGXQNXGF 6JG CPCN[VKECN CRRTQCEJ VJG HTCIOGPVCVKQP 1

Art and science today – a contrastive view

KPVQOCP[URGEKCNKUVFKUEKRNKPGUCPFUWDFKUEKRNKPGU CTG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH UEKGPEG YJGTGCU CTV QRVU TCVJGTHQTVJGU[PVJGVKEXKGY5EKGPEGKUIQXGTPGF

(TQO%NCUUKECN#PVKSWKV[VJTQWIJVJG/KFFNG#IGU

D[ OGVJQFQNQIKECN TWNGU CTV KU PQV UEKGPEG CKOU

VQ VJG 4GPCKUUCPEG VJG DQWPFCTKGU DGVYGGP CTVU

HQT EQPEGRVWCN CDUVTCEVKQP CTV HQT EQPETGVG UGPUC

CPF UEKGPEGU YGTG PQV FKUVKPEV 6JG[ YGTG CNNKGU

VKQP5EKGPEGUGGMUVQWPFGTUVCPFYJCVKVQDUGTXGF

VJGCTVUYGTGEQPEGKXGFCURQGVKE HTQOVJG)TGGM

KPPCVWTGCPFVJGNCDQTCVQT[CPFVJWUVQCUEGTVCKP



CPF HQTOWNCVG VJG NCYU QH VJG GZRGTKGPEGF YQTNF CTVHQEWUGUQPVJGYQTNFQHGZRGTKGPEGPQVQPN[KP

Environmental footprints of art and science

KVUQWVGTTGCNKV[DWVCNUQKPKVUUWDLGEVKXKV[QPVJG KPPGT EQPFKVKQP QH VJG QDUGTXGT CU KPFKXKFWCN CPF

9JCV VJGP CTG VJG FGȧEKVU QH VQFC[oU QTFGT CPF

CUVJGUWDLGEVQHUQEKCNEJCPIG

YJCV HGCVWTGU UJQWNF DG NQQMGF HQT KP VJG PGY! 1PG YC[ VQ CPUYGT VJGUG SWGUVKQPU KU VQ GZCOKPG

/QTGTGEGPVN[JQYGXGTVJGRQNCTKV[VJCVFGTKXGF

VJG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH VJG GPXKTQPOGPV CU YGNN CU

HTQOVJGEQPEGRVQHUEKGPEGCUMPQYKPICPFCTVCU

VJG RQUKVKQPKPI QH CTV CPF UEKGPEG KP CPF KP HCEG

OCMKPI JCU DGEQOG NCTIGN[ QDUQNGVG 7PFGT VJG

QHVJGGPXKTQPOGPVsVJGVGTOGPXKTQPOGPVDGKPI

KORCEVQHVJGUJKHVHTQOVJGQT[VQVGEJPQNQI[VJG

VCMGP KP VJG DTQCF UGPUG CU TGHGTTKPI PQV QPN[ VQ

RQGVKE EJCTCEVGT DGEQOGU OQTG CPF OQTG KORQT

GEQNQIKECNU[UVGOUDWVVQVJGYJQNGUQEKQGEQPQOKE

VCPV KP UEKGPEG %QPFKVKQPGF D[ VJG RCTCOGVGTU QH

OKNKGWKPYJKEJYGNKXG

GEQPQOKECPFKPFWUVTKCNFGXGNQROGPVUEKGPEGJCU DGEQOGVGEJPQUEKGPEG9JKNGGZRNQTKPIVJGRQUUK

5EKGPEGCUCRRNKGFUEKGPEG

DKNKVKGUHQTFGXGNQRKPIUEKGPEGKPETGCUKPIN[CRRTQZ

6JG EWTTGPV GPXKTQPOGPVCN QTFGT ECP DG GZGORNK

KOCVGU KPXGPVKQP RQKGUKU CPF VJG VTCFKVKQPCN TQNG

ȧGF KP VGTOU QH C FQOKPCPV VGEJPQGEQPQO[ CPF

QHCTV#PFUGGPPQNQPIGTKPVGTOUQHVJGMPQYN

KVUEQPUGSWGPEGU#UVJG(TGPEJUEKGPVKUV,GCP/CTE

GFIGKVETGCVGUDWVQHKVUKORCEVQPVJGINQDCNCPF

.ÅX[.GDNQPFRWVKVKPCPKPVGTXKGY

JWOCPGPXKTQPOGPVKVUGVJKECNJQTK\QPJCUUJKHVGF HTQOCPCNVTWKUVKESWGUVHQTVTWVJVQCDWTFGPUQOG

n6JG RTQDNGO KU VJCV HWPFCOGPVCN TGUGCTEJ KU

UQEKCN CPF RQNKVKECN TGURQPUKDKNKV[ %QPXGTUGN[ VJG

DGEQOKPI KPETGCUKPIN[ CODKXCNGPV 7PVKN C HGY FGE

FTKXKPI HQTEG QH CTV JCU DGEQOG VJGQTGVKECN TCVJGT

CFGU CIQ QPG EQWNF UVKNN GPVGTVCKP VJG KFGC VJCV

VJCPETGCVKXG5KPEGVJGUYJGP,QUGRJ$GW[U

TGUGCTEJ YCU OQVKXCVGF D[ EWTKQUKV[ FGVCEJGF HTQO

UGV QWV VQ TGXKVCNK\G KVU UQEKCN HWPEVKQP VJG GRKUVG

CP[ VJQWIJV QH KVU CRRNKECVKQPU $WV UKPEG VJG OKF

OQNQIKECNENCKOUQHCTVJCXGDGEQOGOQTGUVTKFGPV

VJEGPVWT[VJCVFKUVKPEVKQPJCUDGEQOGWPVGPCDNG

+PHWUGFYKVJVJGQT[KVJCUGPVGTGFVJGUQEKCNCTGPC

# UKPING JKUVQTKECN GXGPV QH INQDCN UKIPKȧECPEG KP

CPF FGOCPFU C XQKEG KP RQNKVKECN CPF GVJKECN FKU

DQVJVJGNKVGTCNCPFȧIWTCVKXGUGPUGRTQXGFKVUQVJG

EWUUKQP6JG)GTOCPRJKNQUQRJGTCPFCTVJKUVQTKCP

CVQO DQOD +V YCU FGXGNQRGF D[ VJGQTGVKECN RJ[UK

9QNHICPI 9GNUEJ CUUGTVGF KP VJG U VJCV VJG

EKUVUYJQQEEWRKGFVJGOUGNXGURWTGN[D[VJGFGUKTG

GTC QH FQOKPCVKQP D[ VJG UEKGPEGU YCU QXGT n#TV

VQMPQYYKVJVJGOQUVHWPFCOGPVCNSWGUVKQPJQY

KU PQ NQPIGT VJG JCPFOCKF QH UEKGPEG UGGMKPI VQ

CPCVQOKEPWENGWUHWPEVKQPGF6JGDQODYCUFGXGN

KOKVCVG VJG OCPPGTU CPF EQORGPUCVG VJG HCKNKPIU

QRGF D[ VJG UEKGPVKUVU VJGOUGNXGU 6JGTG YCU PQV

QHKVUOCUVGT0QYKVKUCTVVJCVFGȧPGUVJGRCVVGTPU

MPQYNGFIGVTCPUHGT(TQOVJKUOQOGPVQPRWTGCPF

QH UEKGPEGo 9GNUEJ  #PF VJG CTVKUV /CTKPC

CRRNKGF UEKGPEG JCXG OGNFGF KPVQ GCEJ QVJGT VQFC[

#DTCOQXKäQDUGTXGFKPVJGUVJCVn#TVKUVUCTG

VJG[ CTG UECTEGN[ UGRCTCDNGo .ÅX[.GDNQPF 

EQORCPKQPUCPFIWKFGUKPVJGSWGUVHQTCPGYQTFGTo

#DTCOQXKäEKVGFKPXQP&TCJVGPR



n#UCUEKGPVKUV+JCXGVJGKORTGUUKQPVJCVCNNKUPQVYGNN

TGUGCTEJ JCU CNTGCF[ KP HCEV XCPKUJGF KP EGTVCKP

YKVJUEKGPEG+PETGCUKPIN[KVKUGPEQWPVGTKPIFKHȧEWN

FKUEKRNKPGUHQTVJGUKORNGTGCUQPVJCVHWPFCOGPVCN

VKGUCPFEQPVTCFKEVKQPUCPFKVUGGOUVQOGVJCVVJGUG

TGUGCTEJCNTGCF[GODTCEGUVJGQDLGEVKXGUQHCRRNKGF

ECPQPN[DGQXGTEQOGD[JCXKPITGEQWTUGVQVJGGZRG

TGUGCTEJ0QOQTGDGKPIWPFGTVCMGPRWTGN[HQTVJG

TKGPEGICVJGTGFQXGTVJGEGPVWTKGUD[YTKVGTUCTVKUVU

UCMG QH MPQYNGFIG UEKGPVKȧE TGUGCTEJ KU FKTGEVGF

CPFRJKNQUQRJGTUVQVJGEWNVWTCNVTCFKVKQPHTQOYJKEJ

CDKPKVKQVQVJGCVVCKPOGPVQHRTCEVKECNHQTVJGOQUV

KV UVC[GF CNQQH HQT UQ NQPIo .ÅX[.GDNQPF 

RCTV EQOOGTEKCN IQCNU %QPUKUVGPVN[ YKVJ VJKU MPQYNGFIG CPF VGEJPQNQI[ VTCPUHGT DGVYGGP VJG

#PF JG GZRTGUUGU JKU ITCVKVWFG VQ VJG CTVKUVU YJQ

WPKXGTUKV[ CPF KPFWUVT[ RNC[U CP KORQTVCPV TQNG

JCXGJGNRGFJKOȧPFVJGETKVKECNFKUVCPEGTGSWKTGF

HTQOVJGDGIKPPKPI

D[ EQPVGORQTCT[ FGXGNQROGPVU KP UEKGPEG CPF

)GPGVKEGPIKPGGTKPIHQTKPUVCPEGJCUPQTQQO

VGEJPQNQI[ (QT TWNGF D[ GEQPQOKEU VJG VGEJPQ

HQT C FKXKUKQP KPVQ RWTG CPF CRRNKGF 6JG VTCFK

UEKGPEGUCPFVJGKTRTQFWEVUUVCPFVQFC[CVVJGJGCF

VKQPCN RCVVGTP QH TGUGCTEJ EQOKPI DGHQTG RTQFWEV

QH C NQPI EJCKP KORCEVKPI FGHQTOKPI CPF KPVGP

FGXGNQROGPV KU GXGP TGXGTUGF HQT KP OCP[ ECUGU

VKQPCNN[CGUVJGVKEK\KPI DWVCVVJGUCOGVKOGCPCGU

TGUGCTEJGTU OWUV JCXG VJG RTQFWEV KP XKGY DGHQTG

VJGVK\KPIVJGGPXKTQPOGPVUKPYJKEJYGNKXG

VJG[ UVCTV s VJGKT XGT[ HWPFKPI FGRGPFU QP VJGKT CDKNKV[ VQ RTGUGPV VJGKT ECUG KP VJKU NKIJV +PFGGF

#PCPCGUVJGVK\GFYQTNF

DKQVGEJPQNQIKECN TGUGCTEJ HTGSWGPVN[ DGIKPU QPN[

6JGQTGVKEKCPUQHCGUVJGVKEUJCXGQDUGTXGFVJCVCGU

CHVGT VJG RTQFWEV JCU DGGP ETGCVGF )GPGVKECNN[

VJGVKEU JCU OQXGF HTQO VJG URJGTG QH CTVU VQ VJG

OQFKȧGFUGGFHQTKPUVCPEGOWUVȧTUVDGRTQFWEGF

FCKN[ NKHG n/QTG CPF OQTG GNGOGPVU QH GXGT[FC[

QP C UECNG NCTIG GPQWIJ HQT KV VQ DG CITKEWNVWTCNN[

NKHGCTGCGUVJGVKECNN[GZCIIGTCVGFCPFGXGT[FC[NKHG

UQYP QPN[ VJGP WPFGT nPCVWTCNo EQPFKVKQPU ECP

KVUGNHKUKPETGCUKPIN[RGTEGKXGFCUCPCGUVJGVKEEQP

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Zvjezdana Cimerman

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QHTGEGKXGFCPFGUVCDNKUJGFUVTWEVWTGUCPFVJQWIJV

VJGEQPFKVKQPQHCPCGUVJGUKCYJGTGVJGUGPUGUCTG

RCVVGTPU6JGETKUGUQHVJGRTGUGPVCTGKPVGTNKPMGF

CEVKXCVGFCPFRGQRNGȧPCNN[TGCNK\GVJCVUGPUKDKNKV[

6JG GEQNQIKECN ETKUKU KU PGKVJGT EQPEGRVWCNN[ PQT

CPFETGCVKXKV[OWUVTGRNCEGEQPUWOGTKUO

RQNKVKECNN[ UGRCTCDNG HTQO VJCV QH JWOCPMKPF CU C

9JGP VJKU KU TGCEJGF VJGP YG OC[ DGIKP VQ

YJQNGCPFECPPQVDGUQNXGFKPKUQNCVKQP9KVJQWV

OQXGQWVQHVJGGRQEJQHGZRGTKOGPVKPVQVJCVQH

EQQRGTCVKQPYKVJVJGJWOCPKVKGUCPFVJGUQEKCNUEK

CTV 6JG ENKOCVG GZRGTKOGPV YKNN JCXG DGEQOG C

GPEGUCNNVJGKPXGPVKQPUKPPQXCVKQPUCPFUWUVCKP

YQTMQHCTV

CDNG EQPEGRVU QH UEKGPEG CPF GPIKPGGTKPI YKNN DG KPECRCDNGQHQXGTEQOKPIVJGETKUKU 0QTECPCTVDGNGHVQWVQHVJGGSWCVKQP#HVGTC

Transdiscourse towards a future environment

NQPIRGTKQFQHKPFKHHGTGPEGCPFKUQNCVKQPKVUITQYKPI EQOOKVOGPV VQ VJG CEVWCN JWOCP RTGFKECOGPV KU OCPKHGUV #TV GZRNQTGU CPF GZRTGUUGU VJG YQTNF KP

6TCFKVKQPCN UEKGPEG JCU DTQWIJV WU CP GXGT OQTG

KVUO[TKCFGPXKTQPOGPVU$WVVQYJCVGZVGPVECPKV

UQRJKUVKECVGFVGEJPQYQTNFDWVQPGKPYJKEJJQOQ

UGTXGCUCRCVVGTPHQTUEKGPEG!6QYJCVGZVGPVECPKV

UCRKGPUJCUEQNNGEVKXGN[EQPUKFGTGFKVUVQQNUVQUGVKV

JCXGCEQPUVTWEVKXGGHHGEVQPVJGYQTNF!+UCTVPQV

CDQXG VJG GPXKTQPOGPV 4CVJGT VJCP KPJCDKVKPI KV

CNUQ NQUV KP VJG OCGNUVTQO QH C VGEJPQGEQPQOKE



Zvjezdana Cimerman

YKVJKFGCUVJCVEQOGHTQOFGUKIPGEQPQO[CPFVJG

UQEKGV[!%CPCTVUJQYOQFGTPYQOGPCPFOGPCP CNVGTPCVKXGYC[!

 5OKVJUQPoU RTQLGEV YCU QPN[ TGCNK\GF KP  UGG JVVRYYYJCDGTCTVUEQOUOKVJUQP 

5WEJSWGUVKQPUOWUVUVKNNDGCPUYGTGF)GTPQV

 (QT GZCORNG VJG ȧNO #P KPEQPXGPKGPV VTWVJ

$ÒJOG UGGU CTV CU VJG RNCEG YJGTG VJG UGPUGU CTG

PWOGTQWU GZJKDKVKQPU CPF RTQLGEVU UWEJ CU %CPCT[

TGVWTPGF VQ JWOCPKV[ $ÒJOG  #PF

2TQLGEV JVVRYYYECPCT[RTQLGEVQTI  QT %CRG

JG FQGUPoV OGCP VJG UGPUGU OGTGN[ CU HCEWNVKGU QH

(CTGYGNN JVVRYYYECRGHCTGYGNNEQO  .CWPEJGF

RGTEGRVKQP IGCTGF VQ ICVJGTKPI FCVC KP C OCVGTKCN

KP  D[ VJG $TKVKUJ CTVKUV &CXKF $WEMNCPF %CRG

YQTNFDWVCUVJGUWOQHVJGCHHGEVKXGGOQVKQPCN

(CTGYGNNJCUVCMGPCTVKUVUGFWECVKQPCNKUVUCPFOGFKC RGQRNGVQIGVJGTYKVJUEKGPVKUVUQPFKHHGTGPVGZRGFK VKQPU VQ VJG #TEVKE DGVYGGP  CPF VJG RTGUGPV

Notes

6JG RTQLGEV CKOU VQ EQPXG[ ENKOCVG KUUWGU CV GOQ VKQPCNCPFGFWECVKQPCNCUYGNNCUUEKGPVKȧENGXGNU#TV

 6JG HQNNQYKPI QDUGTXCVKQPU CTG EQPEGTPGF YKVJ VJG PCVWTCNUEKGPEGUCPFVJGȧPGCTVU

QTKIKPCVKPI HTQO VJG GZRGTKGPEG JCU DGGP GZJKDKVGF YKFGN[KP'WTQRG0QTVJ#OGTKECCPF,CRCP+P

 9JGVJGTQTPQVVJGTGYCUTGCNRTQITGUUKPGKVJGTCTV

C OKPWVG ȧNO QP VJG RTQLGEV YCU OCFG YKVJ VJG

QT UEKGPEG FWTKPI VJKU RGTKQF KU C OCVVGT QH FKURWVG

$$% CPF KP  C DQQM YCU RWDNKUJGF EQPVCKPKPI

#NTGCF[CVVJGGPFQHVJGVJEGPVWT[VJG8KGPPGUG

GUUC[UCPFUVCVGOGPVUD[UEKGPVKUVUCPFCTVKUVU

CTVJKUVQTKCP#NQKU4KGIN JCFTWNGFQWVVJGKFGC

 (QT GZCORNG /KVEJ 'RUVGKP YKVJ JKU RJQVQITCRJKE

QH RTQITGUU KP CTV UV[NGU EJCPIG DWV CTV FQGU PQV

UGTKGU #OGTKECP 2QYGT JVVRYYYOKVEJGRUVGKP

RTQITGUU KP CP[ SWCPVKVCVKXG UGPUG 2CWN (G[GTCDGPF

PGV QT#O[$CNMKPYKVJ2WDNKEUOQIJVVRYYY

UCYVJGUEKGPEGUCUEQORCTCDNGYKVJVJGCTVU

RWDNKEUOQIQTI 

KP VJKU TGURGEV JGTG VQQ VJGTG YCU PQ QDLGEVKXGN[ CUEGTVCKPCDNGRTQITGUU

 (QTGZCORNG2GVGT(GPF1EGCP'CTVJ#PFTGC 2QNNKJVVRYYYCPFTGCRQNNKEQO 

 #TV CPF UEKGPEG CTG GXGT[YJGTG CRRTQZKOCVKPI UVW FKQUCTGVWTPKPIKPVQNCDQTCVQTKGUCTVKUFTCYKPIQP UEKGPEGHQTKVUVJGOGU'ZCORNGUECPDGHQWPFKPDKQ

References

VGEJPQNQI[ CTVKȧEKCN KPVGNNKIGPEG TQDQVKEU CPF VJG PGWTQUEKGPEGU  (QTGZCORNG#TU'NGEVTQPKECKP.KP\2CT

#NVJÒHGT*-WPUVWPF7OYGNVs7OYGNVWPF-WPUV 2GVGT.CPI(TCPMHWTV/

CFKUG 0QY 2KEVWTKPI VJG )GPGVKE 4GXQNWVKQP 

#TPU+n1PEQPVGORQTCPGKV[6JGOGFKCCTVUKPVJG

KP 0GY ;QTM )GPG UKU %QPVGORQTCT[ #TV 'ZRNQTGU

CIG QH VJGKT RQUVOGFKWO EQPFKVKQPo KP /GFKC #TVU

*WOCP )GPQOKEU  KP 5GCVVNG VJG 'WTQRGCP

<WTKEJ2QUKVKQPUHTQOVJG0GY/GFKC2TQITCO;GCT

/GFKC #TV (GUVKXCN  KP 1UPCDTØEM RWV QP [QWT

DQQM<WTKEJ7PKXGTUKV[QHVJG#TVU5EJGKFGIIGT

DNWGIGPGUKP$GTNKP

5RKGUU<WTKEJRRs

 5GGCTVKUVUoYGDUKVGCVJVVRYYYVECWYCGFWCW  CEEGUUGF,WPG  5GG CTVKUVoU YGDUKVG CV JVVRYYYGMCEQTI  CEEGUUGF,WPG



$ÒJOG )  (ØT GKPG ÒMQNQIKUEJG 0CVWTÀUVJGVKM 5WJTMCOR(TCPMHWTV/ $ÒJOG )  #VOQURJÀTG 'UUC[U \WT PGWGP  UVJGVKM 5WJTMCOR(TCPMHWTV/

0GUVNGT)n>/GPUEJCNU>KXCVoKPVGTXKGYYKVJ

UKVG CEEGUUGF  ,WPG  JVVRYYYGFYCTF

)GTCNF0GUVNGTD[&KGVGT$WEJJCTV-WPUVHQTWOPQ

DWTV[PUM[EQO 

RR

FG -GTEMJQXG &  n6QWEJ XGTUWU XKUKQP  UVJGVKM

2WVQP[QWTDNWGIGPGU$KQ6GEJ-WPUVWPFFKG8GTJGKUUWPIGP

PGWGT6GEJPQNQIKGPoKP99GNUEJ GF&KG#MVWCN

FGT $KQVGEJPQNQIKG  GZJKD ECV 0GWG )GUGNNU

KVÀVFGU UVJGVKUEJGP(KPM/WPKEJRRs

EJCHVHØTDKNFGPFG-WPUV 0)$-$GTNKP

&KEMUQP&n'WTQRGURNKVUQXGTIGPGTGIWNCVKQPo5EK GPEGXQNPQRRs

4KGIN#5RÀVTÒOKUEJG-WPUVKPFWUVTKGPFGF#WU VTKCP5VCVG2TKPVKPI1HȧEG8KGPPC

&KQP/n/KYQP-YQPKPEQPXGTUCVKQPYKVJ/CTM

5EJPGKFGT' GF5CPVKCIQ5KGTTCVQPUCPFRTG

&KQPo KP .) %QTTKP / -YQP  0 $T[UQP /CTM

XKQWUYQTMU GZJKDECV-WPUVJCWU$TGIGP\9CNVJGT

&KQP2JCKFQP.QPFQPRRs

-ÒPKI%QNQIPG

'NKCUUQP 1  ;QWT OQDKNG GZRGEVCVKQPU $/9 *4 RTQLGEV.CTU/ØNNGT$CFGP (G[GTCDGPF 2  9KUUGPUEJCHV CNU -WPUV 5WJTMCOR (TCPMHWTV/ *CEM*,*GTOCPP,QUGH*CEMYGDUKVGCEEGUUGF,WPG JVVRYYYJGTOCPPLQUGHJCEMFG  *QFIUQP ,  n# ITGGP NKIJV HQT FGDCVGo 0CVWTG $KQ VGEJPQNQI[XQNPQR +##56&  5WOOCT[ HQT FGEKUKQP OCMGTU QH VJG INQDCN TGRQTVCEEGUUGF,WPGJVVRYYYCICUUGUU OGPVQTI  .CVQWT$n#VOQURJÄTGCVOQURJÄTGoKP5/C[ GF 1NCHWT 'NKCUUQP 6JG YGCVJGT RTQLGEV 6CVG 2WDNKUJKPI .QPFQPRRs .ÅX[.GDNQPF,/n&KG9KUUGPUEJCHVWPFFKG9GNV FKG-WPUVWPFKEJo(6'+PHQ/CIC\KPØDGT'WTQRÀKUEJG (QTUEJWPI URGEKCN KUUWG CEEGUUGF  ,WPG  JVVRGEGWTQRCGWTGUGCTEJTVFKPHQURGEKCNACU CTVKENGAAFGJVON 

5JCPMGP'# GF#TVCPFGNGEVTQPKEOGFKC2JCKFQP 2TGUU.QPFQP 5VGKPOCPP )  n-WPUV CNU IGUGNNUEJCHVUDG\QIGPG 2TCZKUo+PVGTXKGYYKVJ)GQTIG5VGKPOCPPD[#PFTGCU (KGFNGT+P2TKZ/GTGV1RRGPJGKOs+PVGT XKGYU$WPFGUCOVHØT-WNVWT$GTPRRs XQP &TCJVGP &  n9GNVGKPJGKV 6TCWO QFGT 9KTMNK EJMGKVGKPG¸DGTNGDWPIUHTCIGoKP(/GUEJGFG GF /CTKPC #DTCOQXKä 'FKVKQP %CPV\ 1UVȧNFGTP4WKV RRs 9GNUEJ 9  n-WPUV WPF 9KUUGPUEJCHVo -WPUVHQTWO PQRRs 9GNUEJ 9  n&CU  UVJGVKUEJG GKPG 5EJNØUUGNMCVG IQTKGWPUGTGT
.[QVCTF ,(  n#PKOC /KPKOCo KP 9 9GNUEJ GF

0GY
&KG #MVWCNKVÀV FGU  UVJGVKUEJGP (KPM /WPKEJ RR

 CPF XQN  PQ  RR s CEEGUUGF  ,WPG

s



/KGTUEJ/n#ITCTYKUUGPUEJCHVNGT0QTOCP$QTNCWI

JVVRYYYVECWYCGFWCWCV)NCPEGRWD

/CKP(TCOGUJVON 

/WVVGT0CVWTKUV)GPVGEJPKMGTKPo9GNVYQEJGPQ  1EVQDGT CEEGUUGF  ,WPG  JVVRYYY YGNVYQEJGEJCWUICDGPCTVKMGN OWVVGTPCVWTKUVIGPVGEJPKMGTKPJVON 



Zvjezdana Cimerman

$WTV[PUM[''FYCTF$WTV[PUM[2JQVQITCRJKEYQTMUYGD

B E YOND ECO-ART: 2 1 S T CENTURY ECO-VISUALISATION Tiffany Holmes

'EQXKUWCNKUCVKQPU s CTVYQTMU VJCV VTCPUNCVG GEQNQIKECN FCVC KPVQ GCU[VQ WPFGTUVCPF KOCIGU CPF UQWPF s GZRCPF VJG VTCLGEVQT[ QH VJG GPXKTQPOGP VCNCTVCTGPC'EQXKUWCNKUCVKQPCTVYQTMRTQOQVGUUWUVCKPCDKNKV[VJTQWIJC UJCTGFGZRGTKGPEGQHCTGCNVKOGnJCRRGPKPIoVJCVKUEQPVTQNNGFD[CEQORWVGT QT CUUQEKCVGF GNGEVTQPKE VGEJPQNQI[ s CU QRRQUGF VQ QTICPKE OCVGTKCNU NKMG NKXGTYQTVUVJCVȧNVGTYCVGTKP,CEMKG$TQQMPGToUTGEGPVDKQUEWNRVWTGU/WEJ QHVJKUGEQXKUWCNKUCVKQPYQTMKUSWKVGPGYsCPFUQHCTVJGTGCTGXGT[HGY GZCORNGU&WGVQVGEJPKECNEQORNGZKVKGUUQOGKPUVCNNCVKQPUTGOCKPRGTOC PGPVN[KPVJGRTQVQV[RKPIUVCIG%QPEGRVWCNN[VJGYQTMKUSWKVGUVTQPIFWG VQVJGKPPQXCVKXGGZRNQTCVKQPQHPGYGFWECVKQPCNUVTCVGIKGUOCFGRQUUKDNGD[ KPETGCUKPIN[CEEGUUKDNGOGFKCHQTOUUWEJCUEQORWVGTCNIQTKVJOUCPFNCTIG RWDNKEN[CEEGUUKDNGFCVCDCUGU1XGTCNNVJGGEQXKUWCNKUCVKQPRTQLGEVUKPEQTRQ TCVGCOGUUCIGQHRQUKVKXGGPXKTQPOGPVCNUVGYCTFUJKRCUCRTKOCT[HQEWUs QHVGPVJTQWIJFKURNC[KPCRWDNKERNCEGVQHCEKNKVCVGEQOOWPKV[FKCNQIWG$WV FQVJGXKGYGTUTGEGKXGCPFRTQEGUUVJGOGUUCIG!6JKUKUCRQKPVVQFGDCVG 

Overview: From Eco-art to Eco-visualisation

RWDNKE URCEG ECP JCXG C DGPGȧEKCN UQEKGVCN GHHGEV CPF CNUQ TCKUG RWDNKE CYCTGPGUU CDQWV GEQNQIKECN KUUWGU #TV JKUVQTKCPU NKMG )TCPV -GUVGT JCXG UWI

.CPFCTVGCTVJYQTMUCPFGPXKTQPOGPVCNCTVOCFG

IGUVGFVJCVCTVKUVUsCUQRRQUGFVQGPIKPGGTUQTUEK

RTKQT VQ  EQPUVKVWVG CP KORTGUUKXG NKPGCIG

GPVKUVUsOKIJVRQUUGUUWPKSWGCDKNKVKGUVQXKUWCNKUG

QH ETGCVKXG CEVKXKV[ VJCV RTQXKFGF GXKFGPEG VJCV

CPF JCNV VJG GHHGEVU QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP

CTVKUVKE KPVGTXGPVKQPU RCTVKEWNCTN[ YJGP OCFG KP

-GUVGTR



6JKURCRGTEQPEGTPUKVUGNHYKVJVJKURTKOCT[SWGU

)QCN  EQPUGTXG TGUQWTEGU )QCN  QT GUVCDNKUJ

VKQP KP VGTOU QH JQY KV TGNCVGU VQ EQPVGORQTCT[

PGY FKCNQIWGU CDQWV TGUQWTEG EQPUGTXCVKQP )QCN

CTV CPF FGUKIP %CP XKUWCNKUCVKQP RTQLGEVU VJCV WUG

+PCFFKVKQPJ[DTKFCTVFGUKIPRTQLGEVNKMG56#6

F[PCOKE HGGFDCEM VTKIIGT GEQNQIKECNN[ TGURQPUKDNG

+%oUnUOCTVoJQWUGJQNFFGEQT&+;-[QVQoU9CVVUQP

DGJCXKQWT UWEJ CU GPGTI[ EQPUGTXCVKQP! 6Q EQP

CPF #ODKGPV &GXKEGUo 'PGTI[ 1TD QHHGT NQECN EKVK

UKFGTVJKUSWGUVKQPPGYYQTMUHTQOUGXGTCNCTVKUVU

\GPUCPFQTICPK\CVKQPUVJGQRRQTVWPKV[VQRGTUQP

CPF FGUKIPGTU YJQ XKUWCNN[ VTCPUNCVG GPGTI[ FCVC

CNN[ TGIWNCVG CPF EQPVTQN VJGKT QYP TGUQWTEG EQP

XKCF[PCOKEHGGFDCEMHQTVJGRWTRQUGQHRTQOQVKPI

UWORVKQP56#6+%&+;-[QVQCPF#ODKGPV&GXKEGU

UVGYCTFUJKR YKNN DG CUUGUUGF WUKPI VJG HQNNQYKPI

HQEWUQPKPVTQFWEKPIEWUVQOQDLGEVUKPVQVJGJQOG

ETKVGTKC

QT YQTM URCEG VJCV QHHGT F[PCOKE KPHQTOCVKQP HGGFDCEMCVCINCPEG#NNQHVJGRTQLGEVUFGUETKDGF

 &KFVJGCTVYQTMKPETGCUGEQPUGTXCVKQPDGJCXKQWT

JGTG FQ PQV RTGUWOG VQ QHHGT C WPKXGTUCN UQNWVKQP

KPVJGXKGYKPIRQRWNCVKQP!*QYYCUVJKUCEEQO

VQ VJG RTQDNGO QH QXGTEQPUWORVKQP DWV TCVJGT

RNKUJGFCPFHQTJQYNQPI!

VQGZRNQTGCTVCPFFGUKIPCUCOGCPUQHRTQOQVKPI

 9JCVHQTOUQHXKUWCNKUCVKQPCTGOQUVGHHGEVKXGVQ

XCTKGFHQTOUQHGPXKTQPOGPVCNUVGYCTFUJKR

CKFKPIEQPUGTXCVKQPQHTGUQWTEGU!  9JCVCTGVJGCGUVJGVKEUQHUVEGPVWT[GEQXKUWCN KUCVKQP!&QRCTVKEWNCTMKPFUQHCGUVJGVKEUKPURKTG ITGCVGTCOQWPVUQHEQPUGTXCVKQPCEVKQPQTMPQYN GFIG!

Nuage vert: The cloud that counted kilowatts  0WCIG XGTV YCU C EKV[UECNG NKIJV KPUVCNNCVKQP RTQ

%QPVGORQTCT[ CTV CPF FGUKIP VJCV KPVGITCVG

FWEGFD[VJGEQNNCDQTCVKXG*G*GEQORQUGFQHCTV

F[PCOKE HGGFDCEM TGNCVGF VQ GNGEVTKEKV[ WUCIG YKNN

KUVU*GNGP'XCPUCPF*GKMQ*CPUGPCPF2KZGNCEJG

DGVJGHQEWUKPVJGUGEVKQPUVQHQNNQY6QTGKVGTCVG

UGG%QNQWTRNCVGKX(KI#'XGT[PKIJVHTQOVJG

VJGUGNGEVGFETGCVKXGGPFGCXQWTUDTGCMPGYITQWPF

PF VQ VJG VJ QH (GDTWCT[  VJG XCRQWT

EQPEGRVWCNN[ CPF CNUQ KP VJGKT OCVGTKCN GZGEWVKQP

GOKUUKQPUHTQOVJG5CNOKUCCTKEQCNDWTPKPIRQYGT

6JGUGRTQLGEVUJCXGPQVDGGPETKVKSWGFKPCECFGOKE

RNCPV YGTG KNNWOKPCVGF YKVJ C JKIJ RQYGT ITGGP

LQWTPCNUPQTKPCTVOCIC\KPGUOWEJNGUURWDNKUJGF

NCUGT CPKOCVKQP 6JG CPKOCVKQP FTCYP YKVJ VJG

KPDQQMU+VKUVJGEQODKPCVKQPQHKPPQXCVKXGEQP

NCUGTEQTTGURQPFGFKPTGCNVKOGVQJQYOWEJGNGE

EGRVU UVCVGQHVJGCTV VGEJPQNQI[ CPF EQPVGORQ

VTKEKV[YCUDGKPIWUGFD[VJGEKV[TGUKFGPVU+HVJG

TCT[XKUWCNKUCVKQPCGUVJGVKEUVJCVOCMGCNNQHVJGUG

ITGGPENQWFUJCRGYCUXGT[NCTIGVJGGPGTI[EQP

RTQLGEVU VCTIGV GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQDNGOU KP C EQO

UWORVKQPEKV[YKFGYCUTGFWEGF+HVJGITGGPENQWF

RNGVGN[PQXGNYC[6JGUGRTQLGEVUGZVGPFVJGJKUVQT[

YCUUOCNNKPCTGCVJGGNGEVTKEKV[NQCFUKP4WQJQNCJVK

QHGEQCTVKPVQVJGUVEGPVWT[UQVJGTGKUCUVTQPI

YGTG RTGUWOCDN[ SWKVG JKIJ UGG %QNQWT RNCVG X

EQPPGEVKQP VQ VJG RCUV *QYGXGT VJG EQPVGORQ

(KI$8KGYGTUYGTGGZRGEVGFVQYQTMEQNNGEVKXGN[

TCT[YQTMUNKMG*G*GoU0WCIGXGTV QHHGTPGY

VQ WPRNWI FGXKEGU KP VJGKT JQOGU VQ KPETGCUG VJG

MPQYNGFIGCDQWVJQYRWDNKECTVECPKORCEVCEQO

UK\G CPF UEQRG QH VJG ITGGP ENQWF JQXGTKPI CDQXG

OWPKV[oU CDKNKV[ VQ GPICIG KP UKVGDCUGF NGCTPKPI

VJGUOQMGUVCEM



RKGEG KP 2CTKU DWV OGV TGUKUVCPEG 6JG CTVKUV FWQ

OCP[ RGQRNG IQV VQ UGG KV QT DG KPȨWGPEGF D[ KV!

RCVKGPVN[ KPKVKCVGF CPF WNVKOCVGN[ PGIQVKCVGF VJG

6JGRTQLGEVIQVCPGPQTOQWUCOQWPVQHOGFKCEQX

TKIJV VQ GZJKDKV VJG RWDNKE CTVYQTM KP 4WQJQNCJVK

GTCIGCNNVJGNQECNPGYURCRGTUVJGEKV[YKFGRTGUU

YKVJ UWRRQTV HTQO VJG HQNNQYKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU

PCVKQPCN TCFKQ CPF TGIKQPCN 68 PGYU HGCVWTGF VJG

VJG NCUGT RJ[UKEU FGRCTVOGPV CV *GNUKPMK 6GEJ

RTQLGEV RTQOKPGPVN[ 'XCPU  (QT TQWIJN[

PKECN7PKXGTUKV[VJGEQORWVGTUEKGPEGFGRCTVOGPV

TGUKFGPVUQH*GNUKPMKVJKUOGFKCEQXGTCIG

CV VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH +NNKPQKU CU YGNN CU C OGFKECN

OWUVJCXGDGGPUKIPKȧECPV6JG4WQJQNCJVKFKUVTKEV

NCUGTOCPWHCEVWTGTCPFVJGRQYGTRNCPVKVUGNH*GN

KU NQECVGF KP VJG UQWVJYGUVGTP RCTV QH VJG EGP

UKPMK 'PGTI[ 6JG UJGGT PWODGT QH EQURQPUQTKPI

VTCN EKV[ CTGC QH *GNUKPMK ENQUG VQ VJG .CWVVCUCCTK

QTICPK\CVKQPU QWVUKFG QH VJG VTCFKVKQPCN CTV YQTNF

+UNCPFCPFKVHWPEVKQPUCUVJGRTKPEKRCNEQPPGEVKQP

YCU KORTGUUKXG CPF IKXGP VJG VGEJPKECN EJCNNGPIG

DGVYGGP VJG *GNUKPMK EKV[ EGPVTG CPF VJG EKV[ QH

VJG UWRRQTV QH GCEJ YCU XKVCN VQ VJG RTQLGEVoU UWE

'URQQVQVJGYGUV+PCPGHHQTVVQOGFKCVGOGUUCIGU

EGUU #NUQ VJGUG FKXGTUG ITQWRU HTQO EWNVWTG UEK

HQT0WCIGXGTVVJGCTVKUVUFGXGNQRGFCEQOOWPKEC

GPEGKPFWUVT[EQOOWPKECVKQPCPFGEQNQI[YQWNF

VKQPU RNCVHQTO VJCV GORNQ[GF CP KEQPKE NCPIWCIG

PQV QTFKPCTKN[ YQTM VQIGVJGT s VJG CTVKUVU YGTG

FGUKIPGF D[ &GXCNGPEG C 2CTKUKCP FGUKIP ITQWR

VJG NKPMKPI HCEVQT )KXGP VJG PWODGT QH RGTUQPU

9QTMKPIYKVJNQECNEWNVWTCNOCPCIGOGPVUVWFGPVU

KPXQNXGF VJG RTQLGEV OQUV NKMGN[ FGGRN[ KORCEVGF

UNQICPUYGTGETGCVGFHQTȨ[GTUCPFRQUVGTUUWEJCU

GCEJQHVJGEQNNCDQTCVQTUCPFHCEKNKVCVQTUCPFVJGKT

n#WTQTCDQTGCNKUKP*GNUKPMK!o9KVJ&QFQC(KPPKUJ

HCOKNKGU #NVJQWIJ PQV SWCPVKȧCDNG VJKU QRRQTVW

GPXKTQPOGPVCN CEVKXKUV ITQWR 0WCIG XGTV YCU RTG

PKV[VQYQTMQPCEQOOWPKV[RTQLGEVYKVJJKIJXKU

UGPVGF CPF FKUEWUUGF YKVJ  NQECN UEJQQN EJKN

KDKNKV[ OWUV JCXG KPȨWGPEGF GCEJ VGCO OGODGToU

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Tiffany Holmes

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VJG OGCPKPI EQPXG[GF D[ VJG ITGGP ENQWF *GNGP

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UQOG UGETGE[ 6JG CTVKUVU EQPȧTO VJCV VJG RQYGT



Tiffany Holmes

PQZKQWU XCRQWTU CPF VJWU VJKU RTGUWOGF U[ODQN

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&+; -[QVQ CPF #ODKGPV &GXKEGU t VQ XKUWCNN[ EQOOWPKECVGGPGTI[WUCIGETGCVKXGN[WUKPIEQNQWT KOCIGCPFQTNKIJVYKNNDGFKUEWUUGF6JGRTQFWEVU



S TAT IC (Sweden)

VJCVVJGUGFGUKIPITQWRUCTGETGCVKPICTGHCTOQTG ICFIGVQTKGPVGFVJCPVJGOQTGQRGPGPFGFRTQFWE

56#6+% KU C FGUKIP TGUGCTEJ RTQITCO NGF D[ VJG

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CPF VJG RTQITCO YCU HWPFGF D[ VJG 5YGFKUJ

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GVVG QH UCORNG RTQVQV[RGU VQ KNNWUVTCVG VJG RQUUK

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KP VJG 56#6+% ITQWR JCU VYQ RTKOCT[ HQEWUGU  VJG KFGC VJCV VJG EQNNCDQTCVKXG OKIJV YQTM YKVJ GPGTI[ OQPKVQTKPI PQV QPN[ HTQO C VGEJPKECN DWV

‘Power’ of the gaze: Smart objects promote energy conservation

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QDLGEVU YKVJ GODGFFGF FCVCJCTXGUVKPI VGEJPQNQ

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n%QPUKFGTHQTKPUVCPEGJQYVJGpFGUKIPRTQDNGOqQH

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WUGTU KP QPG KPUVCPV XKC C UKORNG INCPEG +P OQUV

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ECUGU VJG KPHQTOCVKQP KU TGFWEGF VQ C OGOQTCDNG

WVKPIRQYGTQPVJGQVJGT+HYGFQPQVYCPVVQJKFG

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CPF CFXKUQT KP CKTETCHV EQEMRKV FGUKIP UWEJ UOCTV

UWTHCEGUq DWV KPUVGCF GZRQUG KUUWGU UWEJ CU UWUVCKP

QDLGEVU ECP CNNQY JWOCPU CNTGCF[ UWHHGTKPI HTQO

CDKNKV[CUCPKPVGITCNRCTVQHCPQDLGEVYGUQOGJQY

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PGGFVQOCMGGPGTI[KVUGNHOQTGRTGUGPVKPVJGFGUKIP

CPF CEEWTCVGN[ n(KNVGTKPI KPHQTOCVKQP KP VJKU YC[

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OCMGU UGPUG UKPEG VT[KPI VQ RTQEGUU VQQ OWEJ

NKXKPIYKVJUWEJVJKPIUo $CEMNWPFGVCNRR

KPHQTOCVKQP KU C UQWTEG QH UVTGUU CPF ECP NGCF VQ



Tiffany Holmes

Fig. 1: STATIC, Disappearing Pattern Tiles, prototype, By Front and Interactive Institute. Project Team: Sofia Lagerkvist, Charlotte von der Lancken, Anna Lindgren, Katja Sävström, Photo: Front, 2005

9JKNGVJGTGCTGOCP[UEKGPVKȧEUVWFKGUVJCVFGUETKDG

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QHGNGEVTKEKV[WUCIGXKCPWOGTKEHGGFDCEMVJGTGCTG

JQNF FGETGCUGU KVU GPGTI[ WUCIG VJG (NQYGT .COR

XGT[ HGY RTGEGFGPVU HQT GNGEVTQPKE CTV QT FGUKIP

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EQPUWORVKQP JCXG PQV DGGP CFGSWCVGN[ OGCUWTGF

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CPF FQEWOGPVGF 6JG ENQUGUV GZCORNGU QH QDLGEVU

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6JG ITGCVGUV TGYCTF VJG NCOR KP HWNN DNQQO ECP

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Wattson/Holmes by DIY Kyoto (UK)

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Ambient Energy Orb by Pacific Gas and Electric Company (USA)

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#ODKGPV UQNF  KP  (GNDGTDCWO 

CVVGORVUWUKPICWVQOCVGFVGZVOGUUCIGUGOCKNUCPF

6JG YGDEQPPGEVGF INCUU DCNNU YGTG RTQITCOOGF

RJQPGECNNUJCFPQGHHGEVYJCVUQGXGT5Q/CTVKPG\

VQ INQY FKHHGTGPV EQNQWTU DCUGF QP VJG RGTHQTO

DQWIJV CP #ODKGPV 1TD CPF VJG JCEMKPI DGICP

CPEG QH VJG 75 UVQEM OCTMGV +H VJG &QY CXGTCIG

/CTVKPG\ TGCNK\GF JG EQWNF WUG VJG 1TDU VQ UKIPCN

YCU WR HQT VJG FC[ VJG 1TD INQYGF ITGGP 1P C

EJCPIGU KP GNGEVTKECN TCVGU RTQITCOOKPI VJGO VQ

FQYP FC[ VJG 1TD TGFFGPGF 6JG EQNQWTUo KPVGP

INQY ITGGP YJGP VJG ITKF YCU WPFGTWUGF s CPF

UKV[TGȨGEVGFVJGGZVGPVQHVJGUYKPI[GNNQYOGCPV

VJWUGNGEVTKEKV[EJGCRGTsCPFTGFFWTKPIRGCMJQWTU



Tiffany Holmes

UCXKPIOQPG[DWV+FKFPoVUGGCNQVQHRGQRNGWUKPI

YJGP EWUVQOGTU YGTG RC[KPI OQTG HQT RQYGT *G

QWVUVTKR UWRRN[ 1o4GCToU 1TD YKNN EJCPIG EQNQWT

DQWIJV1TDUTGVTQȧVVGFVJGOVQINQYDCUGFQP

HTQODNWGVQ[GNNQY UGG%QNQWTRNCVGXKK(KI(CPF

VJGF[PCOKE%CNKHQTPKCGNGEVTKECNITKFVJGPJCPFGF

(KI ) 9JGP VJG [GNNQY 1TD GXGPV QEEWTU $WEM

VJGOQWVHQTHTGGVQJKUDKIIGUVGPGTI[EQPUWOGTU

+PUVKVWVG OCPCIGTU YKNN EQPVCEV 2)' CPF NGV VJG

CPFCYCKVGFVJGTGUWNVU 6JQORUQP

EQORCP[MPQYJQYOWEJVJG+PUVKVWVGECPTGFWEG KVUWUGQHGNGEVTKEKV[6JG$WEM+PUVKVWVGYKNNTGEGKXG

+P CDQWV C OQPVJ VJG 1TD WUGTU TGFWEGF VJGKT

CRC[OGPVDCUGFQPVJCVCOQWPV$GECWUGKVJCUKVU

RGCMRGTKQF GPGTI[ WUG D[  RGTEGPV 6JQORUQP

QYPIGPGTCVQTVJGKPUVKVWVGECPGXGPUGNNCRQTVKQP

 9J[! $GECWUG /CTVKPG\ GZRNCKPU VJG

QHKVURQYGTVQ2)'KPUQOGUKVWCVKQPU1o4GCTKU

INQYKPI URJGTG YCU NGUU CPPQ[KPI CPF OQTG RGT

VJTKNNGFYKVJVJGTGYCTFCTTCPIGOGPVHQTEQPUGTXC

UKUVGPVVJCPCVGZVCNGTVn+VoUPQPKPVTWUKXGoJGUC[U

VKQPQHGPGTI[

n+VJCUCTGNCVKXGN[DGPKIPGHHGEV$WVYJGP[QWUWF FGPN[UGG[QWTDCNNȨCUJKPITGF[QWPQVKEGo EKVGF

n'XGT[ FQNNCT YG ECP UCXG QP GNGEVTKEKV[ KU C FQNNCT

KP 6JQORUQP  /CTVKPG\ FKUEQXGTGF XKC VJG

YG ECP URGPF QP UEKGPEG =e? 6JG +PUVKVWVG URGPFU

1TD CP GZEGNNGPV YC[ VQ DTQCFECUV MG[ GPXKTQP

DGVYGGPCPFC[GCTQPGPGTI[e

OGPVCN KPHQTOCVKQP GEQXKUWCNKUCVKQP QT F[PCOKE

+HYGEQWNFUCXGRGTEGPVQHVJGOQPG[YGURGPF

HGGFDCEM EQWRNGF KP VJKU ECUG YKVJ C OQPGVCT[

QP GPGTI[ GCEJ [GCT VJCV EQWNF CNNQY WU VQ JKTG

TGYCTF ECUJ TGDCVGU 6JG 'PGTI[ 1TD JCF CP GCU[

QPGOQTGKPXGUVKICVQTQTCFFQPGOQTGRGTUQPVQC

VQ TGCF KPVGTHCEG VJCV YCU CDUVTCEV GPQWIJ PQV VQ

TGUGCTEJVGCOo EKVGFKP4QIGTU

TGSWKTG OQTG VJCP C OKNNKUGEQPF VQ EQORTGJGPF 6JG 2)' EQPUWOGTU TGURQPFGF YGNN DGECWUG

#U VJG 1TD EQPVKPWGU VQ EJCPIG HTQO [GNNQY VQ

F[PCOKE HGGFDCEM ECP CKF EQPUGTXCVKQP GHHQTVU

TGF$WEM+PUVKVWVGOCPCIGTUYKNNVTCPUHGTUQOGQH

IGPGTCNN[DGECWUGQHVJGGCUGQHTGEGKXKPIVJGFCVC

VJGDWKNFKPIoUOQUVKORQTVCPVHWPEVKQPUVQKVUQYP

n%QIPKVKXG RU[EJQNQIKUVU ECNN VJKU RTGCVVGPVKXG

IGPGTCVQT CPF TGFWEG RQYGT EQPUWORVKQP KP VJG

RTQEGUUKPIoUCKF#ODKGPV&GXKEGU2TGUKFGPV&CXKF

TGUVQHVJGDWKNFKPI*QYFQGUVJG+PUVKVWVGCEVWCNN[

4QUGnDGECWUGKVWUGUCRCTVQH[QWTDTCKPVJCVJCR

EQPUGTXGRQYGT!1o4GCTEQPVKPWGUVQGZRNCKP

RGPUDGHQTG[QWTEQPUEKQWUOKPFCVVGPFU6JKPMQH KVCURWTGRGTKRJGTCNXKUKQP[QWTGEGKXGVJGKPHQT

n2CTVUQHVJGDWKNFKPIYKNNUJWVFQYPCPFQWTJGCVKPI

OCVKQPYKVJQWVRGTEGKXKPIKVCUDGKPIVCZKPIo EKVGF

XGPVKNCVKQP CPF CKT EQPFKVKQPKPI YKNN DG TGFWEGF VQ

KP9CNMGT6JGTGYCTFEQORQPGPVYCUHCKTN[

VJGNQYGUVEQOHQTVCDNGUVCPFCTFe9GoNNDGVWTPKPICU

UWDUVCPVKCNCPFYKNNPGZVDGKNNWUVTCVGFVJTQWIJQPG

OCP[ QH QWT NKIJVU QHH CU YG ECP CPF UYKVEJKPI VQ

EQORCP[oURCTVKEWNCTGZRGTKGPEGYKVJVJG1TD

GOGTIGPE[RQYGTo EKVGFKP4QIGTU

6JG$WEM+PUVKVWVGKUCPGZCORNGQHCPGPGTI[ EQPUWOKPIEWUVQOGTYJQTGEGKXGFCHTGG1TDHTQO

6JCVMKPFQHXQNWPVCT[EQPUGTXCVKQPEQWNFJGNRVJG

2)'6JG1TDUKVUQPVJGFGUMDGNQPIKPIVQ4CNRJ

TGIKQPCXQKFVJGMKPFQHDNCEMQWVUCPFDTQYPQWVU

1o4GCTXKEGRTGUKFGPVQHHCEKNKVKGUCPFRNCPPKPIHQT

VJCVRNCIWGF%CNKHQTPKCFWTKPIVJGGNGEVTKEKV[ETKUKU

VJG0QXCVQ#IG4GUGCTEJ+PUVKVWVG1PFC[UYJGP

QH  CEEQTFKPI VQ 2)' TGRTGUGPVCVKXGU

VJG TGIKQPoU FGOCPF HQT GNGEVTKEKV[ VJTGCVGPU VQ

2)'DGNKGXGUVJCVVJG1TDUECPJGNRTGFWEGRQYGT



7PNKMG&+;-[QVQVJG#ODKGPV&GXKEGUȧTOKUPQV

UWRRN[JQOGUKPETKVKECNUKVWCVKQPU

RCTVKEWNCTN[ EQPEGTPGF YKVJ OCTMGVKPI VJG 1TDU YKVJ UWUVCKPCDNG FGUKIP RTKPEKRNGU KP OKPF VJG

n7R WPVKN VJG GCTN[ U %CNKHQTPKC YCU QPG QH

1TDUCTGOCFGKP%JKPCXKCUVCPFCTFOCPWHCEVWTKPI

VJGRCTCOQWPVUVCVGUHQTGPGTI[EQPUGTXCVKQPoUCKF

5Q VJG 1TD KU RGTJCRU PQV CU ITGGP CU KV EQWNF DG

.NQ[F%QMGTC2)'URQMGUOCPn9GUGGOVQJCXG

CNVJQWIJVJGINCUUEQWNFDGTGE[ENGF1PVJGRQUK

IQVVGPCYC[HTQOVJCV$WVYKVJVJGTGEGPVEQPEGTP

VKXG UKFG RQUUKDN[ FWG VQ VJG XQNWOG KP UCNGU CPF

QXGTGPGTI[YGoTGJQRKPIVQDGCDNGVQTGEVKH[VJCVo

XGTUCVKNKV[VJG1TDUCTGOQTGEQUVGHHGEVKXGVQWUG

EKVGFKP4QIGTU

+PVJG[YGTGRTKEGFCVVQFC[VJG[TGVCKN HQT CTQWPF  6JG 1TD KU KPȧPKVGN[ OQTG EQP

1VJGT %CNKHQTPKC WVKNKV[ EQORCPKGU JCXG GZRGTK

ȧIWTCDNG VJCP C FGXKEG NKMG 56#6+%oU (NQYGT .COR

OGPVGF KP UKOKNCT YC[U YKVJ VJG 'PGTI[ 1TD CPF

QT&+;-[QVQoU9CVVUQP#ODKGPVQRGTCVGUCUGTXGT

IGPGTCVGFTGEQTFGPGTI[UCXKPIU+P5QWVJGTP

VJCV RWUJGU CNN UQTVU QH FCVC VQ 1TDU VJCV CTG UGV

%CNKHQTPKC'FKUQPQPGQHVJGUVCVGoUVJTGGWVKNKVKGU

WR KP XCTKQWU YC[U #P[ 1TD EQPUWOGT ECP DTKPI

NCWPEJGF C RKNQV RTQITCO VQ VGUV F[PCOKE RTKEKPI

CP KFGC HQTYCTF NKMG VJG KPPQXCVKXG RTQLGEV OCP

*CNHQHVJGEWUVQOGTUKPVJGRTQLGEVYGTGIKXGPCP

CIGT/CTM/CTVKPG\FKFYJQJGNRGFFKUVTKDWVGVJG

1TDRTQITCOOGFVQVTCEMGNGEVTKEKV[EQUVU+VINQYGF

'PGTI[1TDVQWVKNKVKGUEWUVQOGTU1HCNNVJG

DNWG FWTKPI QHHRGCM JQWTU CPF ITGGP YJGP VJG

UOCTV QDLGEVU FKUEWUUGF KP VJKU UGEVKQP VJCV QHHGT

RTKEGQHGNGEVTKEKV[YCUCVKVURGCMn6JGEWUVQOGTU

GCU[VQTGCFFCVCCVCINCPEGVJG1TDKUD[HCTVJG

YKVJVJG1TDUEQPUGTXGFVYKEGCUOWEJGNGEVTKEKV[

OQUV GHHGEVKXG KP CUUKUVKPI KPFKXKFWCNU VQ EQPUGTXG

CU VJG EWUVQOGTU KP VJG EQPVTQN ITQWRo UC[U /CTM

GNGEVTKEKV[QPCNCTIGUECNGFGURKVGVJGNCEMQHCVVGP

/CTVKPG\VJGRTQLGEVOCPCIGTYJQEQPEGKXGFCPF

VKQPVQITGGPFGUKIPRTKPEKRNGUKPKVUEQPUVTWEVKQP

KORNGOGPVGFVJGRTQITCO EKVGFKP5ECPNQP 6JG'PGTI[1TDRTQLGEVJCUUKPEGDGGPGZRCPFGFVQ CNNVJTGG%CNKHQTPKCWVKNKVKGUCPFVQ 1TDUYGTGFKUVTKDWVGFKPCNQPG

Conclusions about Eco-visualisation for resource conservation

6JG 'PGTI[ 1TDU CTG CP KPETGFKDN[ UKIPKȧECPV FGXGNQROGPV KP VJG NCPFUECRG QH GEQXKUWCNKUCVKQP

&[PCOKEHGGFDCEMsYJGPFGNKXGTGFKPCXKUWCNnCV

#U FKUEWUUGF RTGXKQWUN[ VJG 1TDU FGNKXGT nCV C

CINCPEGoHQTOsYQTMUVQTGFWEGGPGTI[EQPUWOR

INCPEGoXKUWCNHGGFDCEMCDQWVGNGEVTKEKV[NQCFUQPVJG

VKQP0WCIGXGTV(NQYGT.COR&KUCRRGCTKPI2CVVGTP

%CNKHQTPKCITKFKPTGCNVKOG'PQTOQWUCOQWPVUQH

6KNGU 2QYGT#YCTG %QTF 9CVVUQP CPF VJG 'PGTI[

GNGEVTKEKV[YGTGEQPUGTXGFCUTGRQTVGFD[5QWVJGTP

1TDCNNUJCTGVJGUCOGCKOVQWUGETGCVKXGKOCIKPI

%CNKHQTPKC'FKUQPCPFKPVJGECUGQHVJG$WEM+PUVK

sGEQXKUWCNKUCVKQPsVQGPEQWTCIGCNQECNRQRWNCVKQP

VWVGNCTIGSWCPVKVKGUQHOQPG[YGTGTGEGKXGFCUC

VQ EWV DCEM VJGKT GPGTI[ WUCIG /QTG VTCFKVKQPCN

TGYCTFHQTEQPUGTXCVKQP6JG1TDCPFVJG9CVVUQP

EWTVCKNOGPV UVTCVGIKGU WUKPI PWOGTKE HGGFDCEM QP

DQVJTGRTGUGPVVYQQHVJGQPN[GZCORNGUQHGEQXKU

UVCPFCTF.%&UETGGPUEQWNFDGFQQOGFVQHCKNGURG

WCNKUCVKQPVJCVJCXGDGGPVGUVGFQPCNCTIGUECNGQP

EKCNN[KPNKIJVQHOQTGKPPQXCVKXGKOCIKPIFCVCEQO

C NQPIVGTO DCUKU KG NQPIGT VJCP C HGY OQPVJU

OWPKECVKQPUQNWVKQPU6JGSWGUVKQPKUYKNNICFIGVU



Tiffany Holmes

EQPUWORVKQPD[OGICYCVVUsGPQWIJRQYGTVQ

NKMGVJG1TDCPFVJG9CVVUQPTGVCKPVJGKTGHHGEVKXG

GHHGEVKXGCPFRTQXQECVKXGVQTGVCKPCWFKGPEGRCTVKE

PGUUQXGTVJGNQPIVGTO!1TYKNNVJG[DGEQPUKIPGF

KRCVKQP CPF KPVGTGUV &GURKVG VJG INQQO[ QWVNQQM

VQ VJG NCPFȧNN YKVJ VJG TGUV QH QWT JCPFJGNF GNGE

QPVJGCFXCPEGFUVCVGQHINQDCNYCTOKPIETGCVKXG

VTQPKEU! #PF CTG TGNCVKXGN[ UJQTVVGTO DWV NCTIG

VJKPMGTU CTVKUVU CPF FGUKIPGTU CTG ENGCTN[ OCMKPI

UECNG XKUWCNK\CVKQP RTQLGEVU NKMG 0WCIG XGTV WUGHWN

ITGCVUVTKFGUKPKPVTQFWEKPIPGYKFGCUVQVJGRNCPGV

CPFVQYJCVFGITGGIKXGPVJGNKOKVGFVKOGHTCOG!

VQRTQOQVGGPGTI[EQPUGTXCVKQP

9JKNGFGXKEGUNKMGVJG(NQYGT.CORCPFVJG9CVVUQP QHHGTGFKPVGTGUVKPIYC[UHQTJQOGWUGTUVQOQPKVQT VJGKT NGXGNU QH GPGTI[ EQPUWORVKQP VJG VTWN[ RKQ

References

PGGTKPIRTQLGEVUYGTGVJGQPGUVJCVKPVGITCVGFETGC VKXG XKUWCNKUCVKQP FKTGEVN[ YKVJ VJG FCVC HTQO VJG

$CEMITQWPF KNNWOKPCVKQP  'EQPQOKUV ,WPG 

NQECNWVKNKV[EQORCP[6JG0WCIGXGTVRWDNKEKPUVCN

CEEGUUGFQPNKPGCV#ODKGPV&GXKEGUoUYGDUKVG#RTKN

NCVKQPCPFVJG'PGTI[1TDRTQLGEVDQVJGPCDNGFNQECN



GPGTI[EQPUWOGTUVQCEVWCNN[UGGCPFDGEQPPGEVGF

JVON 

JVVRYYYCODKGPVFGXKEGUEQOECVPGYU

YKVJVJGNQCFWUCIGUVCVKUVKEUQHVJGPGCTD[RQYGT

$CEMNWPF5)WUVCHUUQP#)[NNGPUYÀTF/+NUVGFV*LGNO

RNCPVU KP TGCN VKOG 0WCIG XGTV TGSWKTGF GZVGPUKXG

5/C\Å44GFUVTÒO,n5VCVKE6JG#GUVJGVKEU

EQQRGTCVKQP HTQO VJG RQYGT EQORCP[ CPF KP VJG

QH'PGTI[KP'XGT[FC[6JKPIUoKP(TKGFOCP-.QXG6

ECUG QH VJG 'PGTI[ 1TD VJG RTQLGEV YCU KPKVKCVGF

%QTVG4GCN' GFU9QPFGTITQWPF2TQEGGFKPIUQH

D[VJGWVKNKV[CPFTGSWKTGFYKFGURTGCFEQQRGTCVKQP

VJG&GUKIP4GUGCTEJ5QEKGV[+PVGTPCVKQPCN%QP

HTQOVJGTGUKFGPVWUGTU$QVJETGCVKXGGPFGCXQWTU

HGTGPEG0QXGODGT.KUUCDQP

UJQWNFDGJGNFWRCUGZGORNCT[GHHQTVUHTQODQVJ

%CTYKNG ,. .WW *6 $CUUGVV .5 &TKUEQNN &# ;WCP %

VJGRWDNKECPFRTKXCVGUGEVQTCUOQFGUQHKPKVKCVKPI

%JCPI ,; ;G : %CNCHCV #/  /KEJGNU -$ 

RGTKQFU QH EWTVCKNOGPV QH EQPUWORVKQP CU DQVJ

n2QN[ECTDQPCVG DQVVNG WUG CPF WTKPCT[ DKURJGPQN #

YQTMGF SWKVG OCIKECNN[ VJQWIJ KP XGT[ FKHHGTGPV

EQPEGPVTCVKQPUo 'PXKTQPOGPVCN *GCNVJ 2GTURGEVKXGU

YC[U0WCIGXGTVFWGVQVJGEQORNGZKV[QHVJGUGEW

XQNPQRR

TKV[KPXQNXGFYKVJVJGNCUGTUYCUTGUVTKEVGFVQCXGT[

&+;-[QVQ9CVVUQPRTQFWEVUCNGUYGDUKVGCEEGUUGF

UJQTVGZJKDKVKQPRGTKQFCNVJQWIJVJGRTQLGEVJCFC

 #RTKN  JVVRYYYFK[M[QVQEQOWM  CPF

NCUVKPIKORCEVKPVJCVVJGRQYGTRNCPVOCFGCIITG

WUGT VGUVKOQPKCNU CEEGUUGF  #RTKN  JVVR

ICVGF WUCIG FCVC CXCKNCDNG QPNKPG VQ *GNUKPMK TGUK

YYYFK[M[QVQEQOWMECUGUVWFKGU  9CVVUQP 8KN

FGPVUVJKUKUPQVCEQOOQPRTCEVKEGKPVJGKPFWUVT[

NCIG CEEGUUGF  ,CPWCT[  JVVREQOOWPKV[

%QPXGTUGN[VJG'PGTI[1TDCNNQYGFCYJQNGRQRW

FK[M[QVQEQOOGODGTU 

NCVKQPQHEQPUWOGTUVQUCXGXCUVCOQWPVUQHOQPG[

'XCPU *  n0WCIG XGTVo %NWUVGT /CIC\KPG 6TCPUOKV

QP GPGTI[ D[ GSWKRRKPI YKNNKPI EQORCPKGU YKVJ

VKPI #TEJKVGEVWTG PQ  /C[ 6QTKPQ CEEGUUGF 

C INCUU DCNN VJCV EJCPIGF HTQO DNWG VQ [GNNQY VQ

,CPWCT[  JVVRYYYENWUVGTGWXGFKVKQPU

UJQY RGTKQFU QH NQYGT GPGTI[ RTKEKPI #TVKUVU CPF

GXCPU 

FGUKIPGTUJQRKPIVQGZRCPFQPVJGNGICE[QH*G*G

(GJTGPDCEJGT-n9CVVUQP;QWT*QNKFC[)KHV.KUV!o'CTVJ

CPF#ODKGPV&GXKEGUUJQWNFGOWNCVGDQVJRTQLGEVU

6GEJ&GEGODGTCEEGUUGF#RTKNJVVR

KP VJG HWVWTG CPF VYGCM VJGO VQ DG GXGP OQTG

GCTVJVGEJEQO9CVVUQP[QWTJQNKFC[IKHVNKUV 



9CNMGT .  n5VCTV7R $WKNFU .GUU &GOCPFKPI

XKUWCNU[UVGO#ODKGPV1TDEJCPIGUEQNQWTVQTGȨGEV

/CEJKPGUo 9CUJKPIVQP 2QUV 1EVQDGT  CEEGUUGF

VTGPFUKPKPHQTOCVKQPo/50$%6GEJPQNQI[UEKGPEG

,CPWCT[JVVRYYYCODKGPVFGXKEGUEQO

6GEJ CPF ICFIGVU #RTKN  CEEGUUGF  #RTKN 

ECVRTGUU9CUJKPIVQP2QUV#1EVJVON 

JVVRYYYOUPDEOUPEQOKF  )[NNGPUYCTF/)WUVCHUUQP#n6JG2QYGT#YCTG %QTF 'PGTI[ #YCTGPGUU VJTQWIJ #ODKGPV +PHQTOCVKQP &KURNC[oKP2TQEGGFKPIUQH%QORWVGT*WOCP+PVGTCE VKQP#%/0GY;QTMRR *G*G  0WCIG XGTV CEEGUUGF  #RTKN  JVVR JGJGQTI HTGGHT  +UJKK *  7NNOGT $  n6CPIKDNG $KVU 6QYCTFU 5GCO NGUU+PVGTHCEGUDGVYGGP2GQRNG$KVUCPF#VQOUo%QPHGT GPEGQP*WOCP(CEVQTUKP%QORWVKPI5[UVGOU6CPIKDNG /GFKC)TQWR/+6%CODTKFIG/#CEEGUUGF#RTKN JVVRVCPIKDNGOGFKCOKVGFWRTQLGEVU  -GUVGT)%QPXGTUCVKQP2KGEGU%QOOWPKV[CPF%QO OWPKECVKQP KP /QFGTP #TV 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU$GTMGNG[ .ÒHUVTÒO '  8KUWCNK\KPI GPGTI[ KP JQWUGJQNFU VJG RQYGT CYCTG EQTF CU C OGCPU VQ ETGCVG GPGTI[ CYCTG PGUU'WTQRGCP0GVYQTMHQT*QWUKPI4GUGCTEJ+PVGT PCVKQPCN %QPHGTGPEG 5WUVCKPCDNG 7TDCP #TGCU 4QV VGTFCO 4QIGTU 4  n$WEM +PUVKVWVG YQTMU VQ CXQKF UWOOGT DNCEMQWVUo /CTKP +PFGRGPFGPV ,QWTPCN /C[  CEEGUUGF  ,CPWCT[  JVVRYYYOCTKPKL EQOEKA  5ECPNQP,n#P1TDYKVJC)CNCZ[QH7UGUo$WUKPGUU 9GGM ,WN[  CEEGUUGF  ,CPWCT[  JVVR YYYDWUKPGUUYGGMEQOKPPQXCVGEQPVGPVLWN FKAJVO  6JQORUQP %  n&GUMVQR 1TD %QWNF 4GHQTO 'PGTI[ *QIUo9KTGF/CIC\KPG,WN[CEEGUUGF,CPWCT[ JVVRYYYYKTGFEQOVGEJDK\RGQRNGOCIC \KPGUVAVJQORUQP 



Tiffany Holmes

(GNDGTDCWO /  n0GY VGEJPQNQI[ TGNKGU QP JWOCP

HELEN AND NEWTON HARRISON IN CONVERSATION W I TH BRANDON BALLENGÉE Helen & Newton Harrison, edited by Juanita Schläpfer-Miller

2KQPGGTU QH VJG GEQCTV OQXGOGPV VJG EQNNCDQTCVKXG VGCO QH 0GYVQP CPF *GNGP/C[GT*CTTKUQPJCXGYQTMGFHQTCNOQUVHQTV[[GCTUKPKVKCVKPIVTCPUFKU EQWTUGDGVYGGPUEKGPVKUVUCTEJKVGEVUWTDCPRNCPPGTUCPFQVJGTCTVKUVU9JCV HQNNQYUKUCEQPXGTUCVKQPVJG[JCFYKVJ$TCPFQP$CNNGPIÅGCPCTVKUVYJQ KUMPQYPHQTJKUGZRNQTCVKQPQHVJGDQWPFCTKGUQHCTVUEKGPEGCPFCEVKXKUO

$TCPFQP$CNNGPIÅG $$%QWNF[QWVCNMCDQWV[QWT

YQWNF MKPFN[ JCPI UQOG EQNQWT KP URCEG HQT OG

GCTN[RTQLGEVUYKVJVGEJPQNQI[!&KF[QWYQTMYKVJ

1WV QH VJKU GZRGTKGPEG + FGXGNQRGF CP CTVKȧEKCN

0#5#!

CWTQTCYKVJȧXGHQQVVCNNqFKCOGVGTXCEWWO EJCODGTU C TCTG ICU KPLGEVKQP U[UVGO FKHHGTGPV

0GYVQP *CTTKUQP 0* +P TGVTQURGEV KP  QT

HQT GCEJ ICU CPF RTQITCOOCDNG 9KVJ KV + ETGCVGF

n+YCUYQTMKPICPFVJKPMKPIKPCTWFKOGPVCT[

C UQTV QH EQNNGEVKXG CTVKȧEKCN CWTQTC +V YCU GZJKD

YC[KPVJTGGFKUEKRNKPGU6JG[YGTGQEGCPQITCRJ[

KVGF CV VJG #OGTKECP 2CXKNKQP KP 'ZRQ  CPF

RNCUOC RJ[UKEU CPF DKQNQI[ +P QEGCPQITCRJ[ +

VJGTGCHVGTKPVJG#TVCPF6GEJPQNQI[GZJKDKVKQPHQT

FKF C YQTM DCUGF QP C YCXGCEVKQP QEGCP RWOR

VJG.#%QWPV[/WUGWOQH#TV(QTVJG.#%QWPV[

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CNN[ DGKPI CP CTVKUV CPF NCVGT nHTGGNCPEGo DKQNQIKUV

0*6QDGCȧUJHCTOGT+YGPVVQVJGȧUJHCTOUCV $TCYNG[CPFVTCKPGFVJGTG5Q+DGECOGCYQTMGTKP VJGKTȧGNF6JG[EQWNFUMKPCECVȧUJKPUGEQPFU+ DGECOGCEEGRVGFYJGP+EQWNFUMKPQPGKPOKPWVG CPFUGEQPFU6JGP+YCUVQNGTCVGF6JG[UJQYGF OGJQYVQFQCNNVJCVUVWHHUQ+UKORN[DGJCXGFCU VJG[DGJCXGFHQTVJGGZJKDKVKQPVJCVoUVJGYJQNG UVQT[ $$9JGPEQPFWEVKPIRTKOCTKN[DKQNQI[TGUGCTEJ+ DTKPIVJGRWDNKEGCEJUVGRQHVJGYC[D[UGVVKPIWR $KQCTVNCDQTCVQTKGUD[FQKPIGZRGTKGPVKCNȧGNFVTKRU CPF KP C UGPUG ETGCVKPI RWDNKUJCDNG UEKGPEG FQPG YKVJ C ITQWR F[PCOKE +V KU VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ CTV UEKGPEG CPF GEQNQIKECN CYCMGPKPI 6JGTG KU C TGCN RWUJVQYCTFUGPXKTQPOGPVCNGFWECVKQPCPFVT[KPI VQKPURKTGRGQRNGVQGPCEVEJCPIGYJKNGCUMKPITGCN YQTNF SWGUVKQPU CPF UGGMKPI CPUYGTU VQ EQORNGZ SWGUVKQPU ** 5VTCPIGN[ YG JCXG HQWPF VJCV VJG KORTQXKUC VKQPCPFTKUMUVJCVYGVQQMGCTN[QPYKVJVJGEGNN VJGETCDOGCFQYINQDCNYCTOKPICPFKPVJGOKF UYCVGTUJGFUTGENCOCVKQPCVUOCNNUECNGCUKP#TV 2CTMCNNDGECOGKPVGTYQXGPVJGOGUKPQWTYQTMKP VJG EQPVGZV QH GXGTGPNCTIKPI UECNG CU QWT WPFGT UVCPFKPI QH VJG KUUWGU KPXQNXGF DGECOG OQTG CPF OQTGNWEKFCPFPQY6JG(QTEG/CLGWTG UGG%QNQWT RNCVG ZK (KI ,  - YJKEJ KU QWT YC[ QH WPFGT UVCPFKPIVJGINQDCNKORCEVQHRNCPGVCT[YCTOKPI VJ,CPWCT[CVVJG4QPCNF(GNFOCP)CNNGT[ 0GY;QTM



T H E I N V I S I B L E PRESENT: ART AND SCIENCE P R OJECTS F O R MEDIATED DOME FORMATS Jill Scott

6JG +PXKUKDNG 2TGUGPV s n+P VJG CDUGPEG QH NQPIVGTO TGUGCTEJ UGTKQWU OKU LWFIGOGPVUECPQEEWTKPCVVGORVUVQOCPCIGVJGGPXKTQPOGPVo

,QJP,/CIPWUQP

Introduction

#U .NQ[F #PFGTUQP FKTGEVQT QH UEKGPEG CV VJG 0CVKQPCN 'PFQYOGPV HQT 5EKGPEG 6GEJPQNQI[ CPF

6JKU RCRGT QWVNKPGU UQOG QH VJG TGRTGUGPVCVKQPCN

#TV 0'56#KPVJG7-JCUUWIIGUVGFCTVCPFUEK

KUUWGU TGNCVGF VQ VJG CPVJTQRQIGPKE GHHGEVU QP ENK

GPEGVGCOUEQWNFDGEQOGnCIQTCoUoQTTGCNOGGVKPI

OCVG EJCPIG CPF VJG XCTKQWU CRRTQCEJGU QH CTV

RNCEGU YJGTG UWDUVCPVKCN NGXGNU QH VKOG CPF URCEG

KUVU CPF UEKGPVKUVU VQ FGCN YKVJ VJG UECNG QH VJKU

ECP HQUVGT GVJKECN FKUEWUUKQPU CPF KFGCU ECP ȨQY

RTQDNGO 6JTQWIJ FKUEWUUKQPU CPF C ECUGUVWF[

OQTG GCUKN[ 6JG GEQNQIKECN PGEGUUKV[ QH DWKNFKPI

RTQRQUCN + TGEQOOGPF C UGV QH IWKFGNKPGU HQT VJG

nITGGP EQTTKFQTUo CTQWPF WTDCP URCEGU EQWNF DG

HQTOCVKQPU QH VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ VGCOU YJGTG FKU

WUGF CU C OGVCRJQT JGTG +P GEQNQI[ VJGUG EQTTK

EWUUKQPUCDQWVRTQFWEKPIȧNORTQLGEVUHQTGZKUVKPI

FQTU CTG PQV KUQNCVGF DKQVQRGU DWV EQOOWPKVKGU

KOOGTUKXG GFWECVKQPCN GPXKTQPOGPVU NKMG VJG

YJKEJ ECP RTQOQVG DKQFKXGTUKV[ CPF CNNQY CPK

2NCPGVCTKWO &QOG CPF JCNHFQOG VGEJPQNQI[ ECP

OCNU VQ GZEJCPIG JCDKVCVU 5KPEG  + JCXG EQ

JGNR VQ TCKUG CYCTGPGUU NGXGNU CPF JGNR GFWECVG

FKTGEVGF VJG 5YKUU DCUGF CTVKUVUKPNCDU RTQITCO

VJG IGPGTCN RWDNKE CDQWV VJG TGURQPUKDKNKVKGU QH

YKVJ +TÄPG *GFKIGT CPF YG JCXG CVVGORVGF VQ

ENKOCVG EJCPIG #PVJTQRQIGPKE GHHGEVU CTG RTQD

ETGCVG UWEJ nITGGP EQTTKFQTUo DGVYGGP CTV CPF UEK

NGOU FGTKXGF HTQO JWOCP CEVKXKVKGU CU QRRQUGF

GPEG TGUGCTEJGTU D[ RNCEKPI OCP[ CTVKUVU KPVQ VJG

VQRTQEGUUGUVJCVQEEWTKPVJGPCVWTCNGPXKTQPOGPV

NCDQTCVQTKGU QH UEKGPEG HQT TGUKFGPEKGU *GTG VJG

YKVJQWV JWOCP KPȨWGPEGU #NVJQWIJ UQOG GZCO

CKO JCU DGGP VQ WVKNK\G CRRNKGF nJCPFU QPo EQP

RNGUQHOGFKCCNTGCF[GZKUVVJCVCFFTGUUVJKUKUUWG

VGZVU UQ VJCV EWNVWTCN GZEJCPIG ECP QEEWT DCUGF

VJGTG KU C IGPWKPG PGGF VQ YQTM YKVJ CTV CPF UEK

QP RWDNKE VJGOGU QH UQEKCN CPF GVJKECN TGNGXCPEG

GPEGVGCOUVQJGNRCWFKGPEGUICKPCFGGRGTWPFGT

9G CTG EWTTGPVN[ GPICIGF KP YQTMUJQR RTQRQUCNU

UVCPFKPICDQWVENKOCVGTGUGCTEJCPFVJGUWUVCKPCDNG

VQ CNUQ VTCKP UEKGPVKUVU KP XKUWCN EQOOWPKECVKQP

TQNGUVJG[ECPRNC[KPVJGHWVWTG

CPFCTVRTQFWEVKQPRTQEGUU+PQPGKPUVCPEG&CXKF %QRGNCPF KPXKVGF C EQODKPGF VGCO HTQO DQVJ ȧGNFU QP C ȧGNF VTKR VQ )TGGPNCPF VQ GZCOKPG KEG



FCOCIG 6JG TGUWNVU YGTG UJQYP KP CP GZJKDKVKQP

UGOKPCVKQP QH UEKGPVKȧE MPQYNGFIG HQT VJG IGP

CV VJG 0CVWTCN *KUVQT[ /WUGWO KP .QPFQP  +P CNN

GTCN RWDNKE! (KPCNN[ KP YJCV YC[U ECP CRRTQCEJGU

VJGCDQXGGZCORNGUCTVKUVUJCXGNGCTPVCDQWVYJCV

D[ VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCTKV[ UJKHV QWT RGTEGRVKQP QH VJG

UEKGPVKUVU FQ QP ȧGNF VTKRU CPF KP VJGKT NCDU CPF

RTQDNGO QH ENKOCVG EJCPIG! +P QVJGT YQTFU JQY

VJGUEKGPVKUVUJCXGICKPGFUQOGKPHQTOCVKQPCDQWV

ECPQWTNQECNCPFINQDCNCVOQURJGTKEEQPFKVKQPUDG

VJG UGOKQVKEU QH EQOOWPKECVKQP CPF EQPVGORQ

KPVGTRTGVGFCPFGFKVGFKPVQXKCDNGEJWPMUQHFKIGUV

TCT[CTV+PQWTCTVKUVUKPNCDUFQEWOGPVCVKQP 5EQVV

KDNGMPQYNGFIG!



GF  VJG GZRQUWTG QH CTVKUVU VQ OQTG URGEKȧE TGUGCTEJ EQPVGZVU KP VJG ȧGNFU QH RJ[UKEU DKQNQI[ CPF VGEJPQNQI[ JCU CNUQ UJKHVGF VJGKT KPURKTCVKQP CPF FKTGEVN[ CHHGEVGF VJG QWVEQOG QH YJCV VJG[ RTQFWEG 6JGUG CTVYQTMU YGTG EGTVCKPN[ OQTG UEK

The Value of Local compared to Global Approaches 

GPVKȧECNN[TQDWUV+HOQTGUEKGPVKUVUYGTGKPXQNXGF

5EKGPVKȧE TGUGCTEJ JCU RTQXGP VJCV VJG GZVTGOGU

KPEQNNCDQTCVKQPUQHOGFKCCPFCTVRTQFWEVKQPVJG[

V[RKECN QH ENKOCVG EJCPIG ECP QPN[ DG CEEWTCVGN[

EQWNF NGCTP CDQWV VJG DGPGȧVU QH OQTG KPVGTCE

OGCUWTGFQPNQECNNGXGNUCPFVJGGHHGEVUQHYCTOKPI

VKXG VQQNU QH EQOOWPKECVKQP CPF GZRNQTG VJG XKT

QP C INQDCN NGXGN CTG FKHȧEWNV VQ RTGFKEV QT OQFGN

VWCN RQVGPVKCNU QH nUEKGPEG VQ RWDNKEo RTQLGEVU 6JKU

/[CRRTQCEJKUVQPQVQPN[VQEQORCTGVJGTGUKUV

MPQYJQY VTCPUHGT DGVYGGP FKUEKRNKPGU KU UWTG VQ

CPEG CPF TGUKNKGPEG QH GEQU[UVGOU KP OQTG NQECN

RTQOQVG C DGVVGT RWDNKE WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH UEKGPEG

GPXKTQPOGPVU YKV J GCEJ QV JGT DWV CNUQ VQ WUG

CU CTV ECP DGEQOG C XKCDNG KPVGTRTGVCVKXG ECVCN[UV

RNCPGVCT[OGVCRJQTUVQETGCVGNKPMUHQTVJGXKGYGT

HQTUEKGPVKȧEFGDCVG

DGVYGGPVJGUGUVQTKGU(QTGZCORNGKHUKOKNCTNQECN



HCEVU HTQO VYQ FKHHGTGPV UQWTEGU YQWNF DG EQO

*QYGXGT DWKNFKPI GZEJCPIG EQOOWPKVKGU NKMG

RCTGF NKMG VJG TCVG QH KEG OGNV QH VJG 6UEJKGTXC

VJGUG TGSWKTG NQPIVGTO IQCNU CPF DGECWUG QH VJG

)NCEKGT KP 5YKV\GTNCPF YKVJ VJG TGVTGCV QH VJG KEG

PGGFVQnUWUVCKPoOQTGUYKHVN[+RTQRQUGVQCFFTGUU

KP VJG 7TCNU VJGUG NQECVKQPU EQWNF DG CUUQEKCVGF

HQWTSWGUVKQPUYJKEJOC[JGNRVQOCMGVJGRTGUGPV

VQIGVJGTD[WUKPIUKOKNCTEQOOGPVUHTQOTGEQTFGF

OQTGXKUKDNG(KTUVN[JQYECPOQTGNQECNCPVJTQRQ

KPVGTXKGYU YKVJ QNF RGQRNG YJQ JCXG NKXGF VJGKT

IGPKEGHHGEVUQHENKOCVGEJCPIGDGVTCPUNCVGFKPVQCP

YJQNGNKXGUCVVJGUGTGURGEVKXGNQECVKQPU6JGCKOKU

KOOGTUKXGVGEJPQNQI[CPFVJTQWIJVJKUKPVGTRTGVC

VQGPEQWTCIGXKGYGTUVQKFGPVKH[YKVJJQYRGQRNGoU

VKQP VWTP KPVQ GHHGEVKXG INQDCN OGVCRJQTU! 9QWNF

NKXGUCTGCEVWCNN[CHHGEVGFTCVJGTVJCPVQUKORN[TGN[

VJGUGTGUWNVUDGFKHHGTGPVVJCPQVJGTCRRTQCEJGUVQ

QPnDGHQTGCPFCHVGTUJQVUoQHFKUCUVTQWUUKVWCVKQPU

VJGRTQDNGOUQHENKOCVGEJCPIG!5GEQPFN[JQYECP

9JGPNQECNUEGPCTKQUCTGFGRKEVGFCUUQEKCVGFCWFKQ

VJGUG VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ VGCOU FGCN YKVJ VJG UECNG

KPHQTOCVKQPKUQHVGPPQVKPENWFGF KGVJGnUQPKȧEC

QHRWDNKEFGPKCNQTVJGPGGFVQETGCVGOQTGRWDNKE

VKQPoHTQOUCVGNNKVGYGCVJGTFCVCCPFVJKUGZENWUKQP

UQEKCN UWRRQTV HQT VJG KUUWGU CV JCPF! +P TGNCVKQP

VGPFUVQFCORGPCNCTIGTDKQVQRGXKGY

VQ TGRTGUGPVCVKQP YJ[ EQWNF KPVGTRTGVCVKXG ȧNO CPF UWTTQWPF UQWPF KPUVCNNCVKQPU KP RNCPGVCTKWOU

5QOGTGȨGEVKQPQPGEQNQIKECNVJGQTKGUHTQOTGEGPV

QTXKTVWCNVJGCVTGUOCMGCP[FKHHGTGPEGVQVJGFKU

JKUVQT[OC[CNUQDGCPKORQTVCPVHCEVQTVQKPENWFG



VCMG CP KOOGPUG NGXGN QH QTICPK\CVKQP CPF OQPK

OGPVCNUEKGPVKUV,COGU.QXGNQEM UWIIGUVGF

VQTKPI CPF C  RGTEGPV TGFWEVKQP QH %1 GOKU

VJCV QWT CVOQURJGTG YCU QWT QPN[ DKQVQRG QT KP

UKQPUD[EQPUVKVWVGUCXGT[nVCNNQTFGTo

JKU QYP YQTFU nQWT XGT[ QYP URGEKGU NKHG UWRRQTV U[UVGOo 2QGVKE XKUWCN CPF UQWPF OGVCRJQTU EQWNF

6JWUVJGUJGGTUECNGQHVJGRJGPQOGPCQHENKOCVG

VTCPUHGTVJKUOGUUCIGQHTGNKCPEGCETQUUVQVJGRWDNKE

EJCPIGECPPQVDGWPFGTGUVKOCVGF5JQWNFYGVJGP

KPCFKHHGTGPVYC[#NVJQWIJQPGECPȧPFCPWODGT

HQEWU QP RCTVKEWNCT OGCUWTCDNG UECNGU QH VJG FGU

QH GFWECVKQPCN RTQLGEVU CEVKXKVKGU NKVGTCVWTG CPF

GETCVKQPRTQEGUUVJCVUVCTVGFCNOQUV[GCTUCIQ

YGD NKPMU  YJKEJ CTG EWTTGPVN[ DGKPI RTQFWEGF

QT KPXGPV PGY OGVCRJQTU HQT VJG UJGGT UECNG CPF

KP VJKU CTGC OCP[ CRRTQCEJGU CPF KPVGTRTGVCVKQPU

OCIPKVWFGQHQWTCPVJTQRQIGPKEGHHGEVU!5ECTGVCE

FQ PQV FKUEWUU VJG NQPI VKOG KV KU VCMKPI HQT VJG

VKEUUGGOVQDGCUWUGNGUUCUNGCTPKPIHTQOJKUVQT[

9GUVGTPRWDNKEVQTGURQPFCVCNN6JKUKUYJ[ENQWF

+PUVGCFXKUWCNCPFUQWPFOGVCRJQTUVJCVVTCPUHQTO

DKQNQIKUV CPF CWVJQT 6KO (NCPPGT[  HGCTU

TGCNFCVCKPVQFKIGUVKDNGEJWPMUQHMPQYNGFIGPGGF

VJCVVJKUNQYNGXGNQHRWDNKETGURQPUGOKIJVTGUWNV

VQDGGPEQWTCIGFGURGEKCNN[HQTVJG[QWPIXQVGTUQH

KP NCEM QH EQQTFKPCVKQP CPF VJGTGHQTG VJG IQCNU QH

VJG HWVWTG (QT GZCORNG TGICTFKPI %1 UGETGVKQP

ECTDQPTGFWEVKQPVJCVJCUDGGPUGVDGUEKGPVKUVUCPF

VJGUG OGVCRJQTU EQWNF FGRKEV ECTDQP GOKUUKQPU

IQXGTPOGPVUCV-[QVQYKNNPQVD[TGCEJGFYKVJQWV

CDQXG VJG EKVKGU VJG[ CEVWCNN[ NKXG KP QT EQORCTG

VJGGHHQTVQHOKNNKQPU*WOCPKV[YQWNFJCXGVQCEV

GOKUUKQPU HTQO DTQYP EQCN KP VJG CKT CU CDUVTCEV

RTQORVN[QPCPKPFKXKFWCNPCVKQPCNCPFEQTRQTCVG

UYCTOUQHRKZGNUYJKEJDGJCXGFKHHGTGPVN[KPGCEJ

NGXGN VQ FGECTDQPKUG VJG GNGEVTKEKV[ ITKFU D[ 

CVOQURJGTKE NC[GT 5EKGPVKȧE ITCRJU VJCV FGRKEV

CPFVJGVTCPURQTVU[UVGOD[%QORCPKGUCPF

VJG VQVCN RNCPGVCT[ NGXGN QH DTQYP EQCN GOKUUKQPU

KPFWUVTKGUCTGCNUQGZRGEVGFVQCXQKFQWVTKIJVFKU

CTGWUGNGUUHQTOQUVRGQRNGDWVCPCPKOCVGFENQUG

CUVGTU D[ TGFWEKPI GOKUUKQPU C TGFWEVKQP YJKEJ

WRQHVJGFCTMYKPIUQHCDCVVGTGFOQVJOKIJVDG

OKIJV QPN[ RTQFWEG UQOG TGEQXGT[ QXGT C NQPI

OQTGRQKIPCPV1TYJCVCDQWVCPKOCVKPIJQYVJG

RGTKQFQHVKOG/CP[)TGGPCFXQECVGUCPFCTVKUVU

TGȨGEVKQPQH784C[UQPEQPETGVGECWUGUOQTGJGCV

RTGHGTVJGJWODNGCRRTQCEJYKVJGCEJKPFKXKFWCN

KPVJGCVJOQURJGTG!

VCMKPI GPGTI[ EQPUWORVKQP UGTKQWUN[ KP QTFGT VQ TGFWEG NQECN NGXGNU KG ENKEM ITGGP RQYGT QRVKQPU

6JTQWIJ UWIIGUVKQPU NKMG VJGUG VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[

QP [QWT GPGTI[ DKNN 2GTJCRU VJG QPN[ TGCN GSWK

VGCOU OC[ PQV QPN[ FGXGNQR PGY XKUWCN OGVC

VCDNG YC[ VQ TGFWEG GOKUUKQPU OC[ DG VQ ITCPV

RJQTU DWV CNUQ UJCTG OGVJQFQNQIKGU CPF FKUEWUU

GXGT[KPFKXKFWCNCPGSWCNCPFNKOKVGFnTKIJVVQRQN

JQY VQ GFWECVG VJG RWDNKE CDQWV VJG EJCNNGPIGU

NWVGo NQECNN[ YKVJ ITGGPJQWUG ICU CPF ȧPG VJQUG

CJGCF (QT GZCORNG QPG QH VJG NCTIGUV EJCNNGPIGU

YJQGZEGGFVJGKTNKOKVU1PCRNCPGVCT[NGXGN(NCP

KUCDQWVJQYVQDTGCMVJGE[ENGUQHCXQKFCPEGCPF

PGT[RQUKVUVJCVVJGHQTOCVKQPQHCOCLQTQTICPK\C

FGPKCN VJCV VJG OCLQTKV[ QH VJG RWDNKE CTG GZRGTK

VKQPECNNGF6JG'CTVJ%QOOKUUKQPHQT6JGTOQUVCVKE

GPEKPICUCTGCEVKQPVQENKOCVGEJCPIGVQFC[+HENK

%QPVTQN OC[ DG PGEGUUCT[ VQ OQPKVQT INQDCN EQP

OCVGEJCPIGKUCNYC[UFGRKEVGFKPOCUUOGFKCCUC

UWORVKQP CPF CNUQ EQPVTQN CP GEQPQO[ DCUGF QP

INQDCNF[UVQRKCVJGPVJGVQRKEVGPFUVQUWHHGTHTQO

ECTDQP GOKUUKQPU VTCFKPI 6JGUG UQNWVKQPU YQWNF

C JKIJ NGXGN QH EQPLGEVWTCN FKUDGNKGH CPF EQIPKVKXG



Jill Scott

KP CP[ ȧNO UETKRV #U GCTN[ CU  VJG GPXKTQP

KNNWUKQP 6JGUG TGCEVKQPU ECP RTGXGPV RGQRNG HTQO

Confronting the Psychology

UGTKQWUN[ CEEGRVKPI VJG PGEGUUCT[ EJCPIGU +H QPG EQORCTGUVJGHGYRQRWNCTOGFKCȧNOUQPVJGUWD

+VUGGOUVJCVVJGVJGQTKGUQHECWUGUCPFGHHGEVUQH

LGEVQHENKOCVGEJCPIGYJKEJJCXGDGGPRTQFWEGF

ENKOCVG EJCPIG JCXG DGGP RTQRQUGF CPF TGDWVVGF

VJG ȧNOOCMGTU JCXG QHVGP QXGTNCEGF VJGO YKVJ

HQT FGECFGU KPUKFG UEKGPVKȧE EKTENGU UQ KV KU PQ

UECTG VCEVKEU &C[ CHVGT 6QOQTTQY  QT VJG[ JCXG

YQPFGT VJCV HTQO VJG RWDNKE XKGYRQKPV PQ UEKGP

DGGP FKTGEVGF URGEKȧECNN[ CV VJG EJKNFTGPoU OCTMGV

VKȧE VJGQT[ TGICTFNGUU QH UWRRQUGF nEQPUGPUWUo



CPF QXGT UKORNKȧGF 515  +PUVGCF VJG TGPQYPGF

KVUGNHQHVGPCRQNKVKECNPQVCUEKGPVKȧEEQPEGRVKU

FQEWOGPVCT[ #P KPEQPXGPKGPV VTWVJ YCU CKOGF CV

GXGT DG[QPF UEGRVKEKUO CPF FGDCVG 6JG EWTTGPV

CP CWFKGPEG QH CFWNVU &KTGEVGF D[ &CXKU )WIIGP

EQPUGPUWUGZKUVUUKORN[DGECWUGKVKUVJGCTIWOGPV

JGKOCPFRTQFWEGFD[.CWTKG&CXKFCPF.CYTGPEG

VJCV JCU YQP QWV 6JKU JCU DGGP JGNRGF D[ HCKTN[

$GPFGT VJG ȧNO KPEQTRQTCVGF CURGEVU HTQO VJG

TGEGPV UWDUVCPVKCN GXKFGPEG KP UEKGPEG NKMG VJQUG

NKHG JKUVQT[ QH #N )QTG YKVJ CPKOCVGF ITCRJU CPF

QH,COGU*CPUGPCPFJKUEQNNGCIWGUYJQTGXGCNGF

RJQVQITCRJKE GXKFGPEG KP VJG HQTO QH nDGHQTG CPF

VJCVQWTRNCPGVKUPQYCDUQTDKPIOQTGGPGTI[CPF

CHVGToEQORCTKUQPU#NVJQWIJVJGȧNOFKFUGTXGCUC

GOKVVKPICPGZVTCYCVVURGTUSWCTGOGVGTKPVQ

YCMGWRECNNHQTVJGRWDNKECDQWVENKOCVGEJCPIGD[

QWT CVOQURJGTG *CPUGP GV CN  6JKU HCEV

CEEWTCVGN[FGRKEVKPIENKOCVGEJCPIGGHHGEVUCPFVJG

OGCPU NKVVNG VQ VJG IGPGTCN RWDNKE DGECWUG C FKC

FCPIGTQWUQWVEQOGUKHJWOCPKV[FQGUPQVTGCEVKV

ITCOQHVJKURTQEGUUQPN[KPHQTOURGQRNGCDQWVVJG

HCKNGF VQ FGNKXGT CP WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH CVOQURJGTKE

FGPUKV[ DWV DCUKECNN[ PQV CDQWV VJG KORNKECVKQPU

RCTVKENGUQTRTGUGPVNQECNTGCNRGQRNGUoUVQTKGUVJCV

6JGUGCTGRTQDNGOCVKEHCEVQTUVQEQPUKFGTYJGPQPG

ECP XGTKH[ VJGUG EJCPIGU +PUVGCF KV KU FQOKPCVGF

PGGFU VQ EQPXKPEG CP[ CWFKGPEGU VQ TGURQPF CPF

D[#N)QTGCUVJGOCKPEJCTCEVGTYKVJYJQOVJG

CEV 2GQRNG TCTGN[ DGNKGXG UQOGVJKPI VJG[ ECPPQV

CWFKGPEG KFGPVKȧGU CU C nYQWNF JCXG DGGPo RTGUK

UGG CPF VJGTGHQTG OC[ QHVGP KOCIKPG HCNUG KORNK

FGPV 6JKU FQOKPCPEG VGPFU VQ FCORGP VJG EQP

ECVKQPU6JGCVQOKEOQNGEWNCTCPFEGNNWNCTDGJCX

VGPV $WV + VJKPM VJG DKIIGUV RTQDNGO QH VJG ȧNO

KQWTUQHVJGCVOQURJGTGOC[PGGFVQDGUQOGJQY

KU VJG QOKUUKQP QH CP[ FKTGEV EQOOGPVU HTQO UEK

nGZRGTKGPEGFo 1VJGTYKUG ENKOCVG EJCPIG UGGOU VQ

GPVKȧE TGUGCTEJGTU CPF VJGKT FGFKECVGF YQTM +P C

DG QWVUKFG VJGKT EQPVTQN CPF DGUKFGU TCNN[KPI QP

VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[VGCOVJGUEKGPVKUVUYQWNFJCXGVQ

VJGUVTGGVQTFQPCVKPIVQ)TGGPRGCEGVJG[ECPPQV

TGRTGUGPVCPCEEWTCVGUEKGPVKȧECRRTQCEJYJKNGVJG

KOCIKPG JQY VQ JGNR 9JKNG XKUWCNK\CVKQP CPF

OGFKC CTVKUVU YQWNF HQEWU QP [QWPI WTDCP XQVGTU

CWFKȧECVKQPOC[UQNXGUQOGQHVJGUGRTQDNGOUD[

CPFVJGKTTGCEVKQPUVQGPXKTQPOGPVCNMPQYNGFIGCU

QHHGTKPI OQTG HCEVU PCTTCVKXGU CDQWV JQY QVJGTU

YGNN CU C EQODKPGF GPICIGOGPV YKVJ VJGUG EQO

JCXG CEJKGXGF UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ KP VJGKT JQOG UGGOU

OWPKVKGUQPNKPGCPFQHȨKPG

VQ JGNR RGQRNG VJKPM VJG[ ECP CNUQ RGTUQPCNN[ CEV



#FFKVKQPCNN[KHUEKGPVKȧEKPHQTOCVKQPKUEQPXGTVGF KPVQFTCOCVKEXKUWCNCPFUQWPFUETKRVUKVYQWNFCNUQ JGNR (QT GZCORNG KP &GPFTQEJTQPQNQI[ XQKEGU HTQO YKFGN[ URCEGF TKPIU KP VTGG VTWEMU EQWNF URGCMCDQWVYCTOCPFDQWPVKHWNITQYKPIUGCUQPU



VKQPU VQ INQDCN YCTOKPI KU CNUQ C TGLGEVKQP HCEVQT

EQORTGUUGF TKPIU TGEQTF NKVVNG ITQYVJ KP VJG VTGG

,WUV EQWPV VJG PWODGT QH ECTU JQWUGU QT HCEVQ

CPF VGNN QH CFXGTUKV[ YJGP NQPI JCTF YKPVGTU QT

TKGUYJGTGUQOCP[RGQRNGYQWNFPGGFVQEJCPIG

FTQWIJVDNKIJVGFUWOOGTUVGUVGFNKHGVQVJGNKOKVU

VJGKT DGJCXKQWT KP QTFGT VQ ETGCVG CP[ GHHGEV #FF

#PQVJGT RTQDNGO KU GPEQWTCIKPI RGQRNG VQ IQ

VQ VJG CDQXG XCTKCVKQP CPF TGCEVKQP VQ RTGFKEVKQP

CPF UGG UWEJ RTQFWEVKQPU DGECWUG CXQKFCPEG UVKNN

VJG VJTGG OQUV FKUCUVTQWU UEGPCTKQU UEKGPVKUVU CTG

UGGOUVQDGVJGOCLQTJWTFNG6JKUOC[DGDGECWUG

UWIIGUVKPIOKIJVJCRRGPKHGOKUUKQPUCTGPQVEWT

CURTQITCOOGNGCFGTHQTHQTGUVCPFENKOCVGEJCPIG

VCKNGFVJGUNQYKPIQTEQNNCRUGQHVJG)WNH5VTGCO

0QTDGTV-TÀWEJKRQUKVU JWOCPUCTGVTCRRGF

YJKEJYQWNFECWUGCFTCUVKEFGETGCUGKP'WTQRGCP

KPUKFG/CIPWUQPoUKPXKUKDNGRTGUGPVQTNKXKPIHQTCP

VGORGTCVWTGU VJG FGOKUG QH VJG #OC\QP TCKPHQT

GTCQHVJGOQOGPVCPFNQPIVGTOTGUGCTEJTGUWNVU

GUVUYJKEJEQWNFFGRTKXGWUQHJKIJQZ[IGPNGXGNU

CTGPQVQHVGPTGXGCNGFVQVJGRWDNKE6JKUOC[PQV

CPFȧPCNN[VJGTGNGCUGQHICUJ[FTCVGUHTQOVJGUGC

LWUVDGCPCVVKVWFGRGTUGKVOC[DGCITCXGHCWNVKP

ȨQQTQTOGVJCPGHTQOOGNVKPIRGTOCHTQUVVJCVCTG

VJGJWOCPURGEKGU+PUVGCFQHRTQXKFKPICUGPUKDNG

PQTOCNN[RTGXGPVGFHTQOGUECRKPID[KEGGPECRUW

IGPGTCVKQPCNEQPVTCEVYJGTGVJGNGICE[QHQPGIGP

NCVKQP#NNVJGUGRTGFKEVKQPUCTGEGTVCKPVQCFFnHWGNo

GTCVKQP GHHGEVU VJG OCPCIGOGPV QH HWVWTG IGPGTC

VQVJGYCTOKPICVOQURJGTKEȧTGCUYGNNCUKPETGCUG

VKQPUVJGJWOCPURGEKGURTGHGTUVQNKXGGPVKTGN[KP

OQTG JWOKF YCVGT XCRQWT GXCRQTCVKQP 5QOGJQY

VJGRTGUGPVYJGTGECWUGCPFGHHGEVCTGVGORQTCTKN[

RGQRNG JCXG VQ DG IKXGP JQRG VJCV VJG[ ECP CEVW

FKUEQPPGEVGF6JKUCVVKVWFGTGPFGTUVJGWPEGTVCKPV[

CNN[UJKHVVJGUGECNCOKVKGUVJTQWIJEQNNGEVKXGCEVKQP

QH HWVWTG ENKOCVG RTGFKEVKQP CU CP KPVQNGTCDNG EQP

CPFUKORNGOGCPKPIHWNVCUMUCPFJGTGVJGUVWF[QH

EGRV #PQVJGT VJGQT[ QH RWDNKE FGPKCN VQYCTF ENK

RU[EJQNQI[OC[JGNRVQIWKFGQWTTGRTGUGPVCVKQPCN

OCVG EJCPIG KU TGNCVGF VQ nRTQITGUUo n6JG JWOCP

CRRTQCEJKPCP[CTVCPFUEKGPEGEQNNCDQTCVKQP

URGEKGUo CU (NCPPGT[ UWIIGUVU nJCXG EQOG UWEJ C NQPI YC[ KP UWEJ C UJQTV VKOG VJCV QWT KOCIKPC

#EEQTFKPI VQ RU[EJQNQIKUV 5VCPNG[ %QJGP 

VKQPUCTGKTTGVTKGXCDN[OKTGFKPVJGRCUV[GCTU

VJGECRCEKV[VQCXQKFCIKXGPNGXGNQHCYCTGPGUUKU

QH RTQITGUUo CPF HWTVJGTOQTG nVJGUG KFGCNU QH

VJGPQTOCNUVCVGQHCHHCKTUHQTRGQRNGKPCPKPHQTOC

RTQITGUU CTG FGGRN[ KPUVKNNGF KP HWVWTG VTCLGEVQTKGU

VKQPUCVWTCVGFUQEKGV[(KTUVN[JGCTIWGUnHCTHTQO

RTQFWEKPI C nO[VJ QH NKOKVNGUU ITQYVJo (NCPPGT[

DGKPI RWUJGF KPVQ CEEGRVKPI TGCNKV[ RGQRNG JCXG

R$QVJQHVJGCDQXGTGCEVKQPUCTGCNUQ

VQDGFTCIIGFQWVQHTGCNKV[o#EEQTFKPIVQ%QJGPoU

YQTVJ EQPUKFGTKPI YJGP CVVGORVKPI VQ EQPUVTWEV

FGȧPKVKQP CXQKFCPEG KPXQNXGU C HWPFCOGPVCN RCT

EQPVGPV HQT VJG OGFKCVGF UVCIG 1H EQWTUG QVJGT

CFQZsVJCVKPQTFGTVQUVGRCYC[HTQOUQOGVJKPIKV

TGCUQPU YJ[ RGQRNG UVGR DCEM YJGP EQPHTQPVGF

KUPGEGUUCT[CVUQOGNGXGNVQTGEQIPKUGKVUGZKUVGPEG

YKVJ INQDCN VWTOQKN EQWNF DG VJCV VJG[ CUUQEKCVG

CPFKVUOQTCNKORNKECVKQPU6JKUJGUC[UKUCUVCVGQH

PCVWTCN FKUCUVGTU YKVJ TGNKIKQP QT YKVJ PCVWTGoU

UKOWNVCPGQWU nMPQYKPI CPF PQVMPQYKPIo 2GQRNG

DCEMNCUJCICKPUVJWOCPKV[

ȧPFKVGZVTGOGN[JCTFVQCEEGRVVJGKTTGURQPUKDKNKV[ HQT C ETKOG QH UWEJ GPQTOKV[ NKMG ENKOCVG EJCPIG

*QYGXGT KP TGNCVKQP VQ DGKPI GPICIGF KP ENKOCVG

(WTVJGTOQTG VJG NCPIWCIG QH nENKOCVG EJCPIGo

NKVGTCE[ VJG UJGGT UECNG QH CFFTGUUKPI VJG UQNW

nINQDCNYCTOKPIonJWOCPKORCEVUoCPFnCFCRVCVKQPo



Jill Scott

YJGPVJGUWPUJQPGCPFTCKPHGNNCVVJGTKIJVVKOG

CTGVJGOUGNXGUUEKGPVKȧEGWRJGOKUOUVJCVUWIIGUV

GPVKUVUCTGKPXQNXGFKP(QTGZCORNGENKOCVGUEKGP

VJCVENKOCVGEJCPIGQTKIKPCVGUKPKOOWVCDNGPCVWTCN

VKUVUCUUWOGVJCVVJGENKOCVGU[UVGOKUWPFGTUVCPF

HQTEGU TCVJGT VJCP KP C FKTGEV ECWUCN TGNCVKQPUJKR

CDNGCPFVJGTGHQTGRTGFKEVCDNGVJCVENKOCVQNQI[KU

YKVJ OQTCN KORNKECVKQPU HQT VJG RGTRGVTCVQT 2U[

EWOWNCVKXG CPF UVKNN GXQNXKPI CPF VJCV GORKTKECN

EJQCPCN[VKE VJGQT[ EQPVCKPU XCNWCDNG RQKPVGTU VQ

GXKFGPEGECPDGTGRTQFWEGFCPFXCNKFCVGFVJTQWIJ

VJG YC[U VJCV RGQRNG OC[ VT[ VQ TGUQNXG KPVGTPCN

RGGTTGXKGY'HHGEVKXGUVQTKGUCDQWVUEKGPVKUVUOWUV

EQPȨKEVUNKMGCPITKN[FGP[KPIVJGRTQDNGOQWVTKIJV

DG YQXGP VQIGVJGT YKVJ QVJGT EJCTCEVGTU CPF CP

RU[EJQVKEFGPKCNUGGMKPIUECRGIQCVU CEVKPIQWV

GORJCUKUUJQWNFDGRNCEGQPKPHQTOKPICPFIWKFKPI

KPFWNIKPIKPFGNKDGTCVGN[YCUVGHWNDGJCXKQWT TGCE

PQPUEKGPVKUVUKPJQYVQVJKPMUEKGPVKȧECNN[CPFPQV

VKQPHQTOCVKQPRTQLGEVKPIVJGKTCPZKGV[QPVQUQOG

KP VGNNKPI VJGO nYJCVo VQ VJKPM + VJKPM VJCV VJKU

WPTGNCVGFDWVEQPVCKPCDNGRTQDNGO FKURNCEGOGPV

RTQDNGOQHENKOCVGUEKGPEGNKVGTCE[KUHCTVQQITGCV

QTVT[KPIVQUJWVQWVCNNKPHQTOCVKQP UWRRTGUUKQP

HQTCP[QPGFKUEKRNKPGVQVCEMNGCNQPGUQVTCPUFKUEK

#UVJGKORCEVUQHENKOCVGEJCPIGKPVGPUKH[YGECP

RNKPCT[EQNNCDQTCVKQPECPQPN[KPETGCUGENKOCVGNKV

VJGTGHQTG CPVKEKRCVG VJCV RGQRNG YKNN EQPVKPWG VQ

GTCE[+PFQEWOGPVCT[ȧNOPGICVKXGEQPPQVCVKQPU

EQPUVTWEV OGEJCPKUOU QH CXQKFCPEG CNQPI VJGUG

UWEJ CU FKUNQECVKQP FKURNCEGOGPV NQUU QH YQTM

NKPGU%QPUGSWGPVN[VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[VGCOUUJQWNF

URGEKGU FGRNGVKQP CITKEWNVWTCN GHHQTV CPF FKUGCUG

DG RTGRCTGF VQ DTCKPUVQTO CDQWV CP GFWECVKQPCN

CTG CNTGCF[ WUKPI VJGUG PCTTCVKXG VCEVKEU 5RCEGU

CFXQECE[ HQT VJG RWDNKE YJKEJ EQPUKFGTU VJGUG

NKMG 8KTVWCN 6JGCVTGU CPF 2NCPGVCTKWOU CTG XGT[

RU[EJQNQIKECN TGCEVKQPU 6JKU TGSWKTGU CRRTQRTKCVG

CRRTQRTKCVGXGPWGUVQKPETGCUGVJKUCYCTGPGUUCNUQ

UVWFKGUQHJQYCPCWFKGPEGKFGPVKȧGUYKVJEGTVCKP

UKORN[ DGECWUG VJG UJGGT UECNG QH VJGO ECP RTQ

UVQTKGU DGECWUG YG CNN TGOGODGT VJCV RCUV UQEKCN

XKFGRTQFWEVKQPVGCOUYKVJOQTGRQVGPVKCNVQVWTP

OQXGOGPVUJCXGDGGPDWKNVVJTQWIJKFGPVKȧECVKQP

VJGUG FGNKECVG CRRTQCEJGU HTQO VJG URGEVTWO QH

YKVJQVJGTUYJQECTGGPQWIJVQUJCTGVJGKTEQNNGE

RWDNKEFGPKCNVQRWDNKEGPICIGOGPV

VKXGEQPEGTPU 6JG OCLQTKV[ QH VJG XKGYKPI RWDNKE KU VGNGXKUWCNN[ NKVGTCVG VJKU JCU VQ DG VCMGP KPVQ CEEQWPV 0GY

Planetariums and the Dissemination of Knowledge

FKIKVCN ȧNOU EQWNF CEVWCNN[ FGCN YKVJ VJG RTQDNGO VJCV VJGTG JCU DGGP CP KPETGCUG KP VJG MPQYNGFIG

+V KU VKOG VJCV QNFGT RNCPGVCTKWOU UJKHV VJGKT

CDQWV ENKOCVG EJCPIG DWV PQV CDQWV ENKOCVG UEK

GORJCUKU CYC[ HTQO UKORN[ GZRNCKPKPI VJG WPK

GPEGNKVGTCE[1PVJKUNGXGNVJGTGPQYUGGOVQDG

XGTUGCPFDGEQOGOQTGGZRGTKOGPVCNRNCEGUYJGTG

XCTKQWUNGXGNUQHKPVGTGUVKPENKOCVGEJCPIGFGPKCN

KUUWGUNKMGENKOCVGEJCPIGECPDGRNC[GFQWV2GQRNG

WPKPVGTGUVGF WPCYCTG KPVGTGUVGF CVVGPVKXG CPF

CNTGCF[IQVQVJGUGXGPWGUVQGZRGTKGPEGCPWPKO

GPICIGF9JKNGVJGRWDNKEWPFGTUVCPFKPIQHINQDCN

CIKPCDNG UGPUG QH nUECNGo KP TGNCVKQP VQ VJG JWOCP

YCTOKPIKUQPVJGKPETGCUGOGODGTUQHVJGRWDNKE

DQF[,WUVVJGEWTXGFCPFKORTGUUKXGKPVGTKQTURCEG

YJQ DGEQOG CVVGPVKXG QT GPICIGF KU PQV TGCNN[

QH C FQOG CPF VJG CEVWCN TGNCVKQPCN UECNG QH VJG

KPETGCUKPI%NKOCVGUEKGPEGNKVGTCE[UJQWNFJGNRVJG

XKGYGTVQVJGUETGGPJKIJNKIJVGFD[UWTTQWPFUQWPF

RWDNKE WPFGTUVCPF VJG TGUGCTEJ RTQEGUUGU VJCV UEK

ECPRTQFWEGCWVQOCVKEHGGNKPIUQHJWOCPKPUKIPKȧ



Jill Scott

(KI  &GUKIPU HQT VJG 6JQNQU XKTVWCN TGCNKV[ VJGCVTG KP VJG (QWPFCVKQP QH VJG *GNNGPKE 9QTNF #VJGPU #TEJKVGEVU  )GQTIG #PFTGCMKU 0CVCNKC'HTCKOQINQWCPF+QCPPKU6UKQOKU

ECPEG CPF RNCPGVCT[ HTCIKNKV[ (QT  [GCTU FKIKVCN

FGGRGTEQIPKVKXGCUUQEKCVKQPUECPDGCVVCKPGFVJCP

FQOGU YKVJ VJGKT 5M[UECP VGEJPQNQIKGU CPF &

KPȨCVȧNORTQLGEVKQPU(QTGZCORNGYKVJKPVGTCE

ITCRJKEUCNNQYGFZJKIJFGȧPKVKQPUETGGPUVQDG

VKQPHTQOVJGUGCVUUKOWNCVGFOQFGNUEQWNFRNCEG

RCVEJGFVQIGVJGTUGCONGUUN[KPVQQPGXKUWCNU[UVGO

VJGCWFKGPEGCVVJGVQRQHECTDQPNGXGNUCPFHTQO

6JKUUVTWEVWTGCNTGCF[CNNQYGFHQTRTQFWEVKQPUVQDG

VJGTG YQWNF CNN JCXG VQ YQTM EQNNGEVKXGN[ VQ ENGCP

CFFGFVQVJGUVCTT[RQVGPVKCNUQHQNFEGPVTCNOQDKNG

VJGCKTQTOCMGTGNCVKXGEQORCTKUQPUDGVYGGPENWU


VGTU QH KPHQTOCVKQP $[ OKZKPI RTGTGEQTFGF UGE

JCNHFQOGUCTGXKTVWCNVJGCVTGUYJGTGKPVGTCEVKXKV[

VKQPUQHCPCTTCVKXGYKVJTGCNUVQTKGUQTCEEWTCVGUEK

YKVJVJGGFWECVKQPCNPCTTCVKXGUECPDGEQPUVTWEVGF

GPVKȧE UGIOGPVU C RQYGTHWN WPFGTN[KPI PCTTCVKXG

#HHGEVKQPCVGN[ ECNNGF 5&2U QT 5OCNN &KIKVCN 2NCPG

EQWNFDGDWKNVCPFEQODKPGFCPFVJGTGUWNVUEQWNF

VCTKWOU QT8KTVWCN6JGCVTGUVJGUGRNCVHQTOUQHHGT

JCXG C RQUKVKXG KORCEV QP KORTQXKPI ENKOCVG NKV

KPFKXKFWCN KPVGTCEVKXKV[ VJCV ECP GXGP RGTOKV GCEJ

GTCE[#U-C%JWP;WQPEGUWIIGUVGFFKIKVCNXKFGQ

RCTVKEKRCPV VQ EQPVTQN JKU QT JGT QYP RTQEGUUGU QH

HWNNFQOG RNCPGVCTKWOU JCXG OWEJ OQTG RQVGP

FKUEQXGT[ CPF KPȨWGPEG RCTVU QH VJG PCTTCVKXG QT

VKCN VQ DTKFIG VJG EQORTGJGPUKQP ICR VJCP ȧNO

UVQT[NKPG 5GG(KI

DGECWUG VJG XGT[ WUG QH & XKTVWCN UKOWNCVKQPU KP



KOOGTUKXGGPXKTQPOGPVUGPJCPEGUNGCTPKPI1VJGT $[ECTGHWNN[WVKNK\KPIVJKUUGPUGQHUECNGCPFKOOGT

GFWECVKQPCN VJGQTKUVU JCXG RTQXGF KPVGTCEVKQP CPF

UKQPKPVJGUVQT[RTQLGEVGFQPVJGURJGTKECNUETGGP

KOOGTUKQP ECP KPETGCUG UVWFGPV GPICIGOGPV #P

KPJGTGPVF[PCOKEUQHDQVJCNQECNCPFCRNCPGVCT[

CDKNKV[ VQ XKGY & OQFGNU HTQO OWNVKRNG HTCOGU

PCVWTGECPDGPQVQPN[CYGKPURKTKPIDWVCNUQHWT

QH TGHGTGPEG ECP IKXG CFFKVKQPCN KPUKIJVU KPVQ CP[

VJGT GPJCPEGF D[ n\QQOUo CPF nȨ[VJTQWIJo RCVJ

RJGPQOGPQP VJCV QEEWTU KP C & RJ[UKECN URCEG

YC[U (WTVJGTOQTG UGEVKQPU QH KOOGTUKXG GZRG

4CLC  6JGUG GZRGTKGPEGU ECP DG CWIOGPVGF

TKGPEG ECP JKIJNKIJV VJG FGDCVGU CDQWV UECNG KP

D[ CP Z EJCPPGN UWTTQWPF U[UVGO HQT CWFKQ CPF

TGNCVKQPVQDGKPInKPEJCTIGQH[QWTQYPFGUVKP[oCPF

nUQPKȧECVKQPo QH TGNCVGF XKUWCN FCVC UGVU CP CURGEV

RGTJCRUVTCPUHGTCUGPUGQHTGURQPUKDKNKV[CDQWVUWU

VJCVECPGPJCPEGVJGEQIPKVKXGKORCEVQHVJGGZRG

VCKPCDKNKV[VQVJGXKGYGT%GTVCKPN[D[CNNQYKPIVJG

TKGPEGDGECWUGUQWPFEWGUCTGCPGUUGPVKCNRCTVQH

CWFKGPEGVQUJKHVVJGHQEWUQTCITGGVQCFFEJCPIGU

TGVCKPKPIKPHQTOCVKQP



*QYGXGT KP VJG RCUV QVJGT CRRTQCEJGU VQ VJG

GRTGUGPEGoTGUGCTEJGTUJCXGUJQYPCPKPETGCUGKP

&QOGHQTOCVD[CTVCPFUEKGPEGVGCOUJCXGUJQYP

CVVGPVKQPYKNNQEEWTPQVQPN[KPVJGRGTUWCUKXGPGUU

VJCVCNNOGODGTUQHVJGVGCOPGGFVQRTQEGGFYKVJ

QHVJGOGFKCVGFOGUUCIGDWVCNUQKPKORTQXGOGPVU

UQOG ECWVKQP (QT GZCORNG KP  YJGP EQO

KPOGOQT[CPFTGVGPVKQPCPFKPGPJCPEGOGPVUVQ

OGPVKPI QP C FQOG RTQFWEVKQP ECNNGF n)TG[ /CV

VCUMRGTHQTOCPEG6JGTGHQTG+YCPVVQUWIIGUVVJCV

VGTU6JG$TCKP/QXKGo4QIGT&CPPGPDGTICPF4QD

CP[ KPETGCUG KP nVGNGRTGUGPEGo YKNN KPETGCUG VJG

(KUJGT HTQO %CTPGIKG /GNNQP 7PKXGTUKV[ &CPPGP

GHHGEVKXGPGUU QH URGEKCNK\GF EQPVGPV CDQWV ENKOCVG

DGTI  EQORNCKPGF VJCV YJKNG VJG CTVKUVU KP

EJCPIG CPF TCKUG VJG NGXGNU QH CWFKGPEG NKVGTCE[

VJGVGCOnYGTGPQVRGTOKVVGFVQDGPGWTQUEKGPVKUVU

(WTVJGTOQTGDGECWUGCPVJTQRQIGPKEGHHGEVUQPENK

CPFCEMPQYNGFIGFVJGPGGFHQTUEKGPVKȧECEEWTCE[

OCVGEJCPIGTGSWKTGEQORNGZURCVKCNWPFGTUVCPFKPI

UQOG QH VJG UEKGPVKUV CUUWOGF VJG TQNGU QH CTVKUVU

QH ENKOCVG UEKGPEG TGCNKV[ KP VJG CVOQURJGTG VJG

CPFDGICPVQQXGTTKFGCNNQWTFGEKUKQPUo6JG[EQP

CWFKGPEGKUUWTGVQICKPHTQOXKUWCNK\CVKQPUQHVYCTG

ENWFG VJCV OWVWCN TGURGEV HQT GCEJ QVJGTU FKUEK

TWPPKPIKPUWEJXGPWGU

RNKPGUGZRGTVKUGCPFTQNGUOWUVTGOCKPENGCTHTQO VJGDGIKPPKPI+PUWEJVGCOUVJGTQNGQHVJGOGFKC CTVKUV YKNN CNYC[U DG VQ SWGUVKQP VTCPUHQTO CPF

Art and Science Dome Narratives

EJCNNGPIGVJGVGEJPQNQIKGUVJCVVJG[WUGCUQWT#+. VGCO FKUEQXGTGF KP  HTQO VJG GZRGTKGPEG QH

#U+JCXGCNTGCF[GORJCUK\GFKPVJKURCRGTGZRGTK

RNCEKPIVYQCTVKUVUKPTGUKFGPEG %NGC9CKVG#PFTGY

OGPVCNVGCOUQHCTVKUVUCPFUEKGPVKUVUECPEQPUVTWEV

3WKPPCVVJG2NCPGVCTKWOKPVJG/WUGWOQH6TCPU

PCTTCVKXGU HQT VJG RWDNKE TGCNO DCUGF QP EQOOQP

RQTV KP .WEGTPG (WTVJGTOQTG VKOG TGUVTCKPVU CPF

IQCNU CPF C UJCTKPI QH MPQYNGFIG *QYGXGT VJKU

VGEJPQNQIKECNEQPUVTCKPVUECPQHVGPDGRTQDNGOCVKE

YKNN PQV VCMG RNCEG YKVJQWV C HWTVJGT YGCXKPI QH

FWTKPIVJGVGUVKPIRJCUGCU2NCPGVCTKWOUVCHHQHVGP

OQTG EQORTGJGPUKXG UEKGPEG PCTTCVKXGU YKVJ

RTGHGTNKPGCTPCTTCVKXGUTCVJGTVJCPOQPVCIGUETKRVU

GPVJWUKCUOȧEVKQPCPFEWTKQUKV[CPFCPKPȨWGPEG

HCXQWTGFD[VQFC[oUȧNOOCMGTU 5EQVV

QPOQTGCTVPCTTCVKXGUYKVJTQDWUVHCEVCPFGUUGPEG QH ENKOCVG UEKGPEG +V UGGOU VJCV OQUV RGQRNG CTG

0GXGTVJGNGUU2NCPGVCTKWOUCPFQVJGTGZRGTKOGPVCN

WPCYCTG CDQWV VJG FC[VQFC[ UEKGPVKȧE TGUGCTEJ

XKTVWCN VJGCVTGU YJKEJ JCXG ITQYP WR KP VJG NCUV

PCTTCVKXGU VJCV CTG VCMKPI RNCEG YKVJKP VJG UVWF[

[GCTU ECP RCXG VJG YC[ HQT PGY CTV CPF UEKGPEG

QHENKOCVGEJCPIG/CKPUVTGCOOGFKCPQVQPN[OKU

RTQRQUCNUDGECWUGVJGRQVGPVKCNGHHGEVQHVJGFQOG

TGRTGUGPVU UEKGPVKȧE RTQEGUUGU QT UVQTKGU DWV CNUQ

HQTOCVU VQ ETGCVG C UGPUG QH nVGNGRTGUGPEGo HQT

GXKFGPEGDCUGF FGRVJ KU QHVGP QXGTUJCFQYGF D[

VJG CWFKGPEG KU COC\KPI 6JG YQTF nVGNGRTGUGPEGo

VJGnFWODKPIFQYPQHUEKGPEGoQTD[VJGHCEVVJCV

YCU QTKIKPCNN[ EQKPGF D[ /CTXKP /KPUM[ VYGPV[

LQWTPCNKUVURTGHGTnDTGCMKPIPGYUo)GPGTCNN[GPXK

ȧXG [GCTU CIQ /KPUM[  CPF KV KU FGȧPGF CU

TQPOGPVCN UEKGPEG FQGU PQV OQXG CJGCF KP ITGCV

VJG UGPUG QH nDGKPI VJGTGo C UVCVG YJGP C XKGYGT

NGCRU CPF DQWPFU QT YKVJ UWFFGP DTGCMVJTQWIJU

TGURQPFU RU[EJQNQIKECNN[ VQ C OGFKCVGF GPXKTQP

KPUVGCFFKUEQXGT[OQXGUKPUOCNNKPETGOGPVUYJKEJ

OGPV CU KH VJCV GPXKTQPOGPV YCU TGCN PQV TGOQVG

CTGEQPUVCPVN[TGXKUGF6JGOGUGOGTIGHTQOCITGCV

QTXKTVWCN$[WUKPIXCTKQWUXKUWCNOGVCRJQTUQHnVGN

FGCNQHEQNNGEVGFGXKFGPEGQPOCP[NGXGNUCPFVJG



VQGZRNQKVPGYVGEJPQNQIKGUTCVJGTOCP[CTGPQY

VGNGXKUKQP TCFKQ CPF FCKN[ PGYURCRGTU QHVGP OKU

KPVGTGUVGF KP VJG RQVGPVKCNU QH OGFKC VQ FGCN YKVJ

TGRTGUGPV VJKU RTQEGUU 7PNKMG LQWTPCNKUVU YJQ CTG

TGCNYQTNFKUUWGUCPFHWTVJGTEQPVTKDWVGVQVJGCGU

VTCKPGFVQDCNCPEGVJGKTTGRQTVUYKVJDQVJUKFGUQH

VJGVKEUCPFVJGFGUKIPQHVJGHWVWTG

VJG FGDCVG CTV CPF UEKGPEG VGCOU UJQWNF CVVGORV VQFKURGNVJGKFGCVJCVVJGTGKUPQVUQOWEJFGDCVG

6JGUGKFGCNUCTGHCTHTQOPGYKPVJGFGUKIPYQTNF+P

KP ENKOCVG UEKGPEG CP[OQTG 1WT [QWPI GFWECVGF

VJGUKPFWUVTKCNFGUKIPGT8KEVQT2CRGPGMCNTGCF[

RWDNKECTGPQVQPN[TGCF[HQTOQTGKPFGRVJWRFCVGF

EQPȧTOGFVJCVFGUKIPOWUVDGTGXQNWVKQPCT[KPVJG

MPQYNGFIGCDQWVUEKGPEGDWVVJG[ECPWPFGTUVCPF

OQUV TCFKECN CPF KP VJG VTWGUV UGPUG D[ VJKPMKPI

VJCV GXKFGPEG CDQWV ENKOCVG UEKGPEG FQGU PQV LWUV

CDQWVVJGEQPEGRVUQHDKQPKEFGUKIP 2CRGPGM

nRQRQWVQHPQYJGTGoKVKUCRCKPUVCMKPIN[U[UVGO

n$KQPKEFGUKIPPGXGTOGCPUVQEQR[D[WUKPICXKUWCN

CVKE RTQEGUU FGTKXGF HTQO YJCV KU OGCUWTGF CPF

CPCNQIWG 4CVJGT KV OGCPU VQ UGCTEJ QWV VJG DCUKE

JQY YJCV CPF YJ[ KV KU DGKPI TGUGCTEJGF KP VJG

WPFGTN[KPI QTICPKE RTKPEKRCN CPF VJGP ȧPFKPI CP

ȧTUV RNCEG 6JGTGHQTG VJG TGCUQPU CPF TGXKUKQPU QH

CRRNKECVKQPo *G GXGP HWTVJGT UWRRQTVGF VJG EQP

ENKOCVG UEKGPEG PGGFU VQ DG KPENWFGF KP VJG PCT

EGRV QH n4GFGUKIPo YJKEJ TGSWKTGF VJG CRRNKEC

TCVKXG UVTWEVWTG CPF nTGCN EJCTCEVGTU HTQO UEKGPEGo

VKQPQHVJTGGHWPEVKQPCNRTKPEKRCNU WUGPCVWTGoU

QTUEKGPVKȧEOGUUGPIGTUPGGFVQURGCMKPQTFGTVQ

RTKPEKRCNQHNGCUVGHHQTVQTFQKPIVJGOQUVYKVJVJG

FKURGN EQIPKVKXG KNNWUKQPU QT OKUKPHQTOGF CUUQEKC

NGCUV EQPUWOKPINGUUOKPKOWOFKXGTUKV[YKVJ

VKQPUHQTVJGRWDNKE

OKPKOWOKPXGPVQT[CPF WUKPIVJKPIUNQPIGTQT TGE[ENG 6JWU nJWOCP CPF DKQPKE EGPVTGF FGUKIPo

#TV PCTTCVKXGU ECP QHVGP DG HWNN QH EQIPKVKXG KNNW

ECP DG UGGP CU C ITGCV UVCTVKPI RQKPV CPF KP HCEV

UKQPU CPF UQOGVKOGU CTVKUVU EQWNF KPENWFG UQOG

2CRGPGMoU RTKPEKRCNU YGTG TGEGPVN[ WUGF CU QPG QH

OQTG HCEVWCN GXKFGPEG KP QTFGT VQ TGCEJ QWVUKFG

VJGOCKPKFGCUHQTCFKIKVCNUETGGPCTVRTQLGEVKPVJG

QH VJG CTVYQTNFoU QYP KPHQTOGF CPF HCUJKQPCDNG

FQOGHQTOCV

CWFKGPEG +P VJG NCUV  [GCTU OGFKC CTVKUVU JCXG DGEQOGHCUEKPCVGFKPPQPNKPGCTPCTTCVKXGDGECWUG VQFC[ YG NKXG KP CP CIG KP YJKEJ VJG UVQTKGU HTQO

Case Study: Atmosphere one

OCUUOGFKCCPFVJGKPVGTPGVJGCXKN[KPȨWGPEGVJG RWDNKE6JGTGHQTGKVKUKORGTCVKXGVJCVOGFKCCTVKUVU

#VOQURJGTGQPGYCUKPURKTGFD[FKUEWUUKQPUYKVJC

GZRNQTG KUUWGU YJKEJ ECP KPETGCUG VJG CWFKGPEGoU

ITQWRQHCTVKUVUCPFUEKGPVKUVUCDQWVVJGHCEVVJCV

RGTEGRVKQPD[CNNQYKPIVJGOVQPCXKICVGVJTQWIJ

OCP[ RGQRNG OC[ PQV TGCNN[ WPFGTUVCPF ITGGP

VJGKPHQTOCVKQPKPVJGKTQYPVKOGCPFURCEG6JKU

JQWUGRJ[UKEUQTVJGDGJCXKQWTQHVJGCVOQURJGTG

JCU CNTGCF[ URCYPGF OWEJ EQNNCDQTCVKQP DGVYGGP

CPF VJCV FQOG HQTOCV EQWNF DG WUGF CU C YC[ VQ

CTVKUVU CPF UEKGPVKȧE GPIKPGGTU QT RTQITCOOGTU

KPETGCUGVJGKTENKOCVGUEKGPEGNKVGTCE[#VOQURJGTKE

DWV VJG TGNCVKQPU DGVYGGP PCVWTCN UEKGPVKUVU CPF

EJCPIG KU DCUKECNN[ CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJG DCNCPEG QH

VJG OGFKC CTVKUVU CTG UVKNN HCKTN[ WPFGTFGXGNQRGF

OQNGEWNGU KP HQWT E[ENGU VJG YCVGT XCRQWT E[ENG

'ZRGTKOGPVCNOGFKCCTVKUVUPQNQPIGTUGGKPFWUVTKCN

VJG QZ[IGP E[ENG VJG ECTDQP E[ENG CPF VJG GNGE

RCTVPGTUJKRU CU CFXCPVCIGQWU HQT CTVKUVU UGGMKPI

VTKECN GPGTI[ E[ENG 6JG RTQLGEV EQODKPGU CTV CPF



Jill Scott

PCTTCVKXGU HQWPF KP VJG OCKPUVTGCO OGFKWOU QH

(KI.QTF-GNXKPoU6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTQP

(KI)TCRJKE.C[QWVQHVJG&QOG2TQLGEVKQP5[UVGO

UEKGPEGFKURNC[UVQUJQYJQYUJKHVUKPVJGUGE[ENGU

HQT C UWUVCKPCDNG DCNCPEG 6JG RTQLGEV WUGU FGUKIP

CPF KODCNCPEGU ECP LGQRCTFK\G QWT HWVWTG *QY

CPF EQOOWPKECVKQP OGVCRJQTU CU YGNN CU CTVKUVKE

GXGT KV WUGF DKQPKE CPF JWOCP EGPVTGF FGUKIP CU

CPF UQPKE KPVGTRTGVCVKQPU VQ ETGCVG C DGVVGT WPFGT

C ECVCN[UV HQT VJKU KPHQTOCVKQP CPF VQ QHHGT UQOG

UVCPFKPIQHVJGUGKPVGTTGNCVGFE[ENGUCPFJQYVJG[

UQNWVKQPU YJKEJ OC[ NGCF VQ C OQTG nUWUVCKPCDNG

ECP DG UWUVCKPGF $CUGF QP VJKU U[PQRUKU YG JCXG

CVOQURJGTGo 6JWU VJG FGXGNQROGPV RTQEGUU QH

CNTGCF[ FGXGNQRGF C ȧTUV VTGCVOGPV C UVCIG VJCV

#VOQURJGTGQPGUJQWNFJGNRVQFKUEQXGTPGYCTVKUVKE

JCUDGGPHWPFGFD[VJG5YKUU/KPKUVT[HQT%WNVWTG

OGVCRJQTU CPF PCTTCVKXGU KP KOOGTUKXG OGFKCVGF

WPFGT VJGKT 5KVGOCRRKPI #YCTFU&KIKVCN 5ETGGP

GPXKTQPOGPVU QPGU VJCV ECP JGNR CP CWFKGPEG

5GEVKQPCPFUQOG&UMGVEJGUHTQOHWTVJGTDTCKP

WPFGTUVCPF VJG GHHGEVU QH ENKOCVG EJCPIG QP FKH

UVQTOKPI D[ O[UGNH #PFTGY 3WKPP CPF /CTKNNG

HGTGPV EQOOWPKVKGU 7UKPI VJTGG EJCTCEVGTU C ENK

*CJPGJCXGDGGPKPENWFGFKPVJKUDQQM

OCVG UEKGPEG TGUGCTEJGT C FGUKIP HCDTKECVQT CPF C NGCTPGT KODCNCPEGU CTG OGCUWTGF CPF FKUEWUUGF

+P VJGUG UMGVEJGU VJG 6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTC 6GVTC 

HTQO C UEKGPVKȧE RGTURGEVKXG 6JG TGUWNVU UJQWNF

MCK CPFFGEC JGFTQPJCUDGGPCRRTQRTKCVGF

GPEQWTCIG VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH PGY nWTDCP EKVK\GP

CU VJG DCUKE DKQPKE OGVCRJQT HQT VJG UVTGPIVJ QH

GEQNQIKUVUoQTnGPXKTQPOGPVCNUVGYCTFUoD[VGCEJKPI

VJG KPFKXKFWCN CU C VTCPURQTVCVKQP XGJKENG CPF CU

[QWPI CFWNVU JQY VQ VJKPM CDQWV CPF KPXGPV PGY

C UVCIG HQT VJG RTGUGPVCVKQP QH EQPVGPV $CUGF QP

YC[UVQEWTDUVTGUUKPVJGCVOQURJGTGD[DGEQOKPI

.QTF -GNXKPoU OKPKOCN URCEGFKXKFKPI EGNN VJG

OQTG nGPICIGFo QP VJG ITQWPF NGXGN VQ TGFWEG

6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTQP UJCRG ECP DG HQWPF KP OCP[

GPGTI[WUCIG2GTJCRUVJGPVJG[ECPUVCTVVQUJCTG

DCUKE RNCPV HQTOU CNICG CPF PWVU 9JGP OCP[

VJG TGURQPUKDKNKV[ QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN UVGYCTFUJKR

6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTQP CTG LQKPGF VQIGVJGT VJG[ ECP

+PUVGCFQHVJGUGnFQUCPFFQPoVUoCRRGCTKPICUNKUVU

HQTO VJG UVTQPIGUV RQUUKDNG UVTWEVWTG HQWPF KP

KP DQQMU #VOQURJGTG QPG KOOGTUGU VJG CWFKGPEG

PCVWTG 5GG(KI

KP UGXGTCN LQWTPG[U VJTQWIJ ITGGPJQWUG ICUUGU CPF VJGKT DGJCXKQWTU VJG nPWODGT QPGo RTKQTKV[



NKMGKP6JGHCPVCUVKEXQ[CIG 75#QTVJTQWIJ VJG OQNGEWNCT YQTNF +PPGTURCEG  6JGTGHQTG YG JCXG CRRTQRTKCVGF VJKU KOOGTUKXG CRRTQCEJ KP QTFGT VQ GPEQWTCIG VJG CWFKGPEGU VQ KFGPVKH[ YKVJ OQNGEWNCT CPF EGNNWNCT NGXGNU QH UWUVCKPCDNG DGJCXKQWT UGG(KI  6JG6GVTCECTTKGUVJGnVYQOCKPRTQVCIQPKUVUoYJQ OCMGGZRGTKOGPVUCPFVJGnNGCTPGTo YJQTGRTGUGPV VJG [QWPI WTDCP [QWVJ YJQ JGNRU VJGO 6JWU (KI/WNVK6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTC&QOG5VQT[DQCTF5VTWEVWTG

UVQTKGUCTGTGXGCNGFVJTQWIJFKUEWUUKQPȨCUJDCEMU CPF ȨCUJHQTYCTFU CPF VJG O[VJ QH PCVWTCN UVC

#U VJG HWNN VKNVGF FQOG RNCPGVCTKWO KU CNUQ OCFG

DKNKV[KUFKURGNNGF+UUWGUNKMGVJGUWFFGPPGUUYKVJ

WR QH C UKZUKFGF RTQLGEVKQP VJG RQKPVU QP VJG

YJKEJENKOCVGECPEJCPIGVJGTWPCYC[ITGGPJQWUG

6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTQP ECP CNUQ EQKPEKFG YKVJ GKVJGT

GHHGEVVJGETGCVKQPQHQZ[IGPVJGTQNGUQHTCFKCVKQP

VKNVGF FQOG VGEJPQNQI[ QT DG TGCFLWUVGF HQT VJG

VJG GHHGEVU QH EQPFGPUCVKQP CPF YGCVJGT RTGFKE

JCNHFQOGRQKPVRTGUGPVCVKQPU 5GG(KI

VKQPOWUVCNNDGVQNFVJTQWIJENGXGTUETKRVKPIYKVJ JWOQWT CPF FTCOC +PVGTCEVKQP UJQWNF IKXG VJG

#NUQVJGUKFGUQHVJGFQWDNG6GVTCMCKFGCECJGFTC

CWFKGPEGENGCTEJQKEGUCPFJGNRVJGOVQTGXGCNCPF

ECP DG WUGF HQT VGZVWTG OCRU QH TGCN ȧNOU QT VJG

KFGPVKH[VJGUKIPKȧECPEGGXKFGPEGCPFRTQQHHQWPF

YJQNG UJCRG ECP DG WUGF KP C UVGTGQUEQRKE YC[

KP UEKGPVKȧE TGUGCTEJ 6JKU RCTV QH #VOQURJGTG QPG

VJWUCNNQYKPIVJGHQWTPCVWTCNE[ENGUCPFVJGKTFKU

YKNN HQEWU QP VJG PGGF VQ VCMG UQOG TGURQPUKDKNKV[

VWTDCPEGUKP#VOQURJGTGQPGVQDGFKURNC[GFKPPGY

HQT VJG RTGUGTXCVKQP QH VJG 'CTVJ CU QWT GZENWUKXG

YC[U (WTVJGTOQTG XCTKQWU UEKGPEGȧEVKQP ȧNOU

CPFPCVWTCNJQOG UGG%QNQWTRNCVGZKKZX(KI#*

KP VJG RCUV JCXG UWEEGUUHWNN[ CHHGEVGF VJG NGCTPKPI EWTXG QH [QWPI CWFKGPEGU D[ WUKPI VJG UJTWPMGP

(KI#TV5EK&KUEWUUKQPKPC6GVTCKP#VOQURJGTGQPG5CORNG ZZTCVKQ&+OCIG



Jill Scott

OKETQOGVJQF QH VTCXGNNKPI KP VJG JWOCP DQF[

#U UWIIGUVGF D[ VJG +PVGTIQXGTPOGPVCN 2CPGN QH

Conclusion: Sustainable Futures

%NKOCVG%JCPIGHQWTVJCUUGUUOGPV +2%%KVKU KORQTVCPVHQTVJGIGPGTCNRWDNKEVQWPFGTUVCPFVJCV

+P VJKU RCRGT + JCXG CTIWGF HQT VJG HWTVJGT FGXGN

VJG CVOQURJGTKE EQPEGPVTCVGU QH ECTDQP FKQZKFG

QROGPV QH VTCPUFKURNKPCT[ CTV CPF UEKGPEG DTCKP

OGVJCPG CPF PKVTQWU QZKFG JCXG KPETGCUGF OCTM

UVQTOKPIVQRTQFWEGENKOCVGEJCPIGNKVGTCE[HQTVJG

GFN[ CU C TGUWNV QH JWOCP CEVKXKVKGU .GXGNU PQY

IGPGTCN RWDNKE /GFKCVGF FQOG GPXKTQPOGPVU CPF

GZEGGF VJG RTGKPFWUVTKCN XCNWGU FGVGTOKPGF HTQO

XKTVWCNVJGCVTGUCTGTGNGXCPVXGPWGUHQTVJGUGCKOU

KEGEQTGUURCPPKPIOCP[VJQWUCPFUQH[GCTU5RG

DGECWUG VJG CEVWCN UECNG QH VJG RTQDNGO TGSWKTGU

EKȧECNN[ KPETGCUGU KP ECTDQP FKQZKFG CTG RTKOCTKN[

KV CPF VJG EQPVGPV ECP KOOGTUG VJG CWFKGPEG HQT

FWG VQ VJG DWTPKPI QH HQUUKN HWGNU CPF NCPF WUG

CFGGRGTGHHGEV6JGRTGUGPVCVKQPQHEQPVGPVD[ENK

EJCPIGYJKNGVJQUGQHOGVJCPGCPFPKVTQWUQZKFG

OCVG UEKGPVKUVU KU HQEWUGF QP VJG EQPFKVKQP QH VJG

CTGRTKOCTKN[FWGVQCITKEWNVWTG+PVJKUGFWECVKQPCN

CVOQURJGTGCPFVJGKTEQPENWUKQPUCTGIGPGTCVGFD[

CPFYQTVJYJKNGGPFGCXQWTUEKGPEGPGGFUVQUQNKEKV

EQNNGEVKQPCPCN[UKUCPFMPQYNGFIGCDQWVNQECNEQP

VJGJGNRQHCTVKUVUCPFFGUKIPGTUYJQCTGPQVQPN[

FKVKQPU4GUWNVUCTGGKVJGTWUGFVQXGTKH[VJGUGEQP

VTCKPGFKPVJGUGOKQVKEUQHEQOOWPKECVKQPDWVCTG

FKVKQPU QT HQT RTGFKEVKQP OQFGNU 6JGUG UEKGPVKUVU

CNUQ KPVGTGUVGF KP ȧPFKPI RQGVKE XKUWCN OGVCRJQTU

CNTGCF[ DGNKGXG KP C TGURQPUKDKNKV[ VQ TGCEJ QWV VQ

CDQWV PCVWTG TCVJGT VJCP FWRNKECVKPI LQWTPCNKUVKE

VJG RWDNKE YKVJ VJGKT TGUWNVU #TVKUVU QP VJG QVJGT

HCEVU6JGTGHQTGVJGOGVJQFUQHGZVTCEVKQPȧNVGTKPI

JCPF GORNQ[ GFWECVKQPCN OGVCRJQTKECN CPF EQO

CPF CDUVTCEVKQP ECP DG WUGF CU KPVGTRTGVCVKQPU VQ

OWPKECVKQP UMKNNU VQ GZRNQTG VJG DQTFGTU DGVYGGP

WPFGTUVCPFVJGWPFGTN[KPIRTKPEKRCNUQHENKOCVGUEK

HCEV CPF ȧEVKQP CPF VJG[ CTG KPVGTGUVGF KP TCKUKPI

GPEG 6JKU EJCNNGPIG KU CWIOGPVGF D[ CP CESWKTGF

CYCTGPGUU CPF TGFGUKIPKPI CVVKVWFGU QH VJG RWDNKE

GZRGTKGPEG KP EQPUVTWEVKPI PCTTCVKXGU YKVJ UQWPF

UQ VJCV VJG[ HGGN GORQYGTGF VQ KPXGPV UQOG UWU

CPF XKUWCNU TCVJGT VJCP VGZV /CP[ OGFKC CTVKUVU

VCKPCDNG UQNWVKQPU QH VJGKT QYP *QYGXGT VJGTG

CTG CNTGCF[ FGCNKPI YKVJ GPXKTQPOGPVCN VJGOGU

CTGEGTVCKPTGSWKTGOGPVUYJKEJPGGFVQDGCITGGF

5QOG CTG FGUKIPKPI RTQLGEVU HQT VJG GZVTGOG JQU

WRQP D[ DQVJ RCTVKGU CDQWV JQY VQ UJCTG ICVJGT

VKNGCVOQURJGTGQHOKETQITCXKV[ -KTUVGP,QJCPUGP

CPF YGCXG FKXGTUG UEKGPVKȧE TGUGCTEJ TGUWNVU KP

YJKNG QVJGTU CTG UQPKH[KPI FCVC QT VTCPUNCVKPI UEK

QTFGT VQ IGPGTCVG F[PCOKE CVVGPVKQP COKF QWT

GPVKȧEOGVTQNQIKECNFCVCKPVQUQWPF #PFTGC2QNNK

CNTGCF[ QXGTETQYFGF KPHQTOCVKQP DKPIG 4CVJGT

QTFGUKIPKPIGEQXKUWCNK\CVKQPUVQEQORCTGMKNQYCVVU

VJCPUECTGVCEVKEUQTnDGHQTGCPFCHVGToEQORCTKUQPU

WUGF D[ EGTVCKP EQOOWPKVKGU 6KHHCP[ *QNOGU

C RU[EJQNQIKECN CRRTQCEJ DCUGF QP VJG KPVGTRTGVC

6JGTGHQTGKUUWGUNKMGECTDQPGOKUUKQPUVJGJGCNVJ

VKQPQHMPQYNGFIGQTGFWECVKQPCNGEQNQIKECNCFXQ

QH VJG NWPIU CPF QWT HQTGUVU QT VJG EQPVTQXGTUKGU

ECE[ KU UQTGN[ PGGFGF KP QTFGT VQ RTQXKFG C OQTG

CTQWPF CITQHWGNU JCXG DGEQOG KORQTVCPV HCEVQTU

RQUKVKXG TQNG HQT VJG XKGYGT 6QFC[oU [QWPI WTDCP

HQTCTVTGUGCTEJGTUVQEQPUKFGT

[QWVJHQTGZCORNGOWUVDGIKPVQEQPUVTWEVEWNVWTCN OGEJCPKUOU HQT UQEKCN UWRRQTV CPF RCTVKEKRCVQT[ EQOOWPCNGZRGTKGPEGU5QKHVJGUGVGCOUECPVTGCV VJGFQOGHQTOCVCUCnDNCPMECPXCUoHQTVJGCWFKQ CPFXKUWCNKPVGTRTGVCVKQPUCPFGFWECVKQPQHENKOCVG



RGTEGPVOQTG%1VJCPQKNCPFKVKUKPETGCUKPIN[

NQECNK\GFCPFGPICIGFKPTGNCVKQPVQVJGUECNGQHVJG

WUGF HQT OQUV QH QWT GPGTI[ TGSWKTGOGPVU %NKOCVG

RTQDNGOEQORCTGF VQ HGGNKPI UQ TGOQVG HTQO VJG

OQFGNU CTG U[UVGOU QH FKHHGTGPVKCN GSWCVKQPU DCUGF

RTQDNGORGTJCRUVJG[YKNNICKPUQOGUEKGPVKȧECNN[

QPVJGDCUKENCYUQHRJ[UKEUȨWKFOQVKQPCPFEJGO

TQDWUVMPQYNGFIGKPCPGZEKVKPICPFCYGKPURKTKPI

KUVT[ 6Q pTWPq C OQFGN UEKGPVKUVU FKXKFG VJG RNCPGV

OCPPGT6JWUOQTGUGTKQWUOKULWFIGOGPVUOC[DG

KPVQCFKOGPUKQPCNITKFCRRN[VJGDCUKEGSWCVKQPU

CXQKFGFVQJGNROCPCIGVJGGPXKTQPOGPVCPFVCMG

CPFGXCNWCVGVJGTGUWNVU#VOQURJGTKEOQFGNUECNEW

VJGTQNGQHOGFKCVGFKPHQTOCVKQPRCUVRWTGFGUETKR

NCVGYKPFUJGCVVTCPUHGTTCFKCVKQPTGNCVKXGJWOKFKV[

VKQPCPFVJGCVTKECNGHHGEVVQCRNCEGYJGTGnVJGKPXKU

CPFUWTHCEGJ[FTQNQI[YKVJKPGCEJITKFCPFGXCNWCVG

KDNG RTGUGPVo DGEQOGU C OQTG CWFKDNG CPF C OQTG

KPVGTCEVKQPU YKVJ PGKIJDQWTKPI RQKPVU VJG RTQDNGO

XKUKDNGHWVWTG

VJCV CNN QH VJGUG GNGOGPVU QHVGP DGJCXG KP C EJCQVKE YC[(QTGZCORNGJKIJN[XCTKCDNGUQNCTCPFOCIPGVQ URJGTG GPGTI[ KPRWVU ECP OCMG +QPQURJGTG OQFGNU

Notes

XGT[ EJCQVKE UGG n+QPQURJGTG 5VQTOU # 4GXKGYo D[



/, $WQPUCPVQ XQN  PQ  #RTKN  5RCEG 5EKGPEG4GXKGYURR5RTKPIGTNKPM

 0'56# 5EKGPEG 0CVKQPCN 'PFQYOGPV HQT 5EKGPEG 6GEJPQNQI[CPF#TVJVVRYYYPGUVCQTIWM 

 6JG &C[ CHVGT 6QOQTTQY  ȧNO FKTGEVGF D[ 4 'OOGTKEJ CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYY

 6JG5YKUUDCUGFCTVKUVUKPNCDURTQITCOECPDGHQWPF

KOFDEQOVKVNGVV  7PHQTVWPCVGN[ VJKU ȧNO

CVJVVRYYYCTVKUVUKPNCDUEJ   6JG #TV QH %NKOCVG %JCPIG  0CVWTCN *KUVQT[

RQUKVU C EQORNGVGN[ FGUQNCVG F[UVTQRJKE TGNCVKQP VQ

/WUGWO .QPFQP %WTCVQT $KTIKV #TGPFU # FQEW

ENKOCVG EJCPIG KP VTWG *QNN[YQQF UV[NG CPF WUGU

OGPV HTQO VJG #TV CPF UEKGPEG RTQLGEV %CRG (CTG

EQORNGVGN[KPCEEWTCVGFCVC

YGNN&CXKF$WEMNCPFUGGJVVRYYYECRGHCTGYGNN



515 2NCPGV  +/#: ȧNO FKTGEVGF D[ $ 5VCUUGP PCTTCVGF D[ 9 %TQPMKVG HWPFGF D[ 99( CEEGUUGF

EQO   6KGORQ%NKOCVG2QTVCN'FWECVKQPCEEGUUGF/CTEJ

 /CTEJ  JVVRYYYVTCXGNXKFGQUVQTGEQO

 JVVRYYYVKGORQE[DGTENKOCVGQTI RQTVCN

RTQFWEVAKPHQRJR!RTQFWEVUAKF  5WRRQUGF VQ

GFWECVKQPJVO 

HQEWUQPVJGKUUWGQHEQPUGTXCVKQPHQTEJKNFTGPsVJG

 (QT CTVKUVU CPF CEVKXKUV CTV QP GPXKTQPOGPVCN KUUWGU

ITGGPJQWUG GHHGEV OCTKPG EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF FGHQT

UGG 6JG )TGGP /WUGWO CV JVVRYYYITGGPOW

GUVCVKQPDWVVJGVJGOGUnGCTVJȧTUVoOGUUCIGKUFGNKX

UGWOQTI   HQT C YKFG NKUV QH CEVKXKUV CEVKXKVKGU UGG

GTGF WR KP C XGT[ UNCRFCUJ OCPPGT DCUGF OQTG QP

JVVRYYYFOQ\QTI 5QEKGV[+UUWGU'PXKTQP

EWVGEJCTCEVGTK\CVKQPVJCPKPHQTOCVKQP

OGPV%NKOCVGA%JCPIG#EVKXKUO 



#P KPEQPXGPKGPV VTWVJ  ȧNO FKTGEVGF D[ &CXKU

 #EEQTFKPI VQ C TGRQTV RWDNKUJGF D[ *COKNVQP KP

)WIIGPJGKOCPFRTQFWEGFD[.&CXKFCPF.$GPFGT

YJGPQKN QTEQORTGUUGF2NCPMVQPUKPINGEGNNU

CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYYECNGPFCTNKXG

MPQYP CU RJ[VQRNCPMVQP KU DWTPV KV RTQFWEGU JKIJ

EQOOQXKGUTGXKGYUENGV VTWVJOC[

NGXGNUQH%1KPVJGCVOQURJGTGDWVD[EQORCTKUQP

UVQT[!EQNNENOTGXKG 

VJG DWTPKPI QH DTQYP EQCN YJKEJ KU [QWPIGT OQTG

 5M[UECP 6GEJPQNQIKGU JVVRYYYUM[UMCPEQO

RQTQWU CPF OQTG OQKUV VJCP DNCEM EQCN RTQFWEGU

2TQFWEVUKPFGZJVON  6JG /WUGWO QH 6TCPURQTV



Jill Scott

EJCPIG CPF GPEQWTCIG CP CWFKGPEG VQ HGGN OQTG

.WEGTPG 8GTMGJTUJCWU FGT 5EJYGK\ 2NCPGVCTKWO

EGNN ,CPWCT[*GVJGPUWIIGUVGFVJCVnVJG

WUGUDQVJ
HQTOQHEGNNGUUGPVKCNN[EQPUKUVUQHHQWTVGGPYCNNUeQH

UVKVEJGFUETGGPUKP*&68VGEJPKECNMPQYJQYCPF

YJKEJGKIJVCTGJGZCIQPCNCPFUKZSWCFTKNCVGTCNCPF

EJCPPGNUWTTQWPFUQWPFUGGJVVRYYYUM[UMCP

YKVJ VJKTV[UKZ GFIGU IGPGTCNN[ EWTXGU QH OGGVKPI

EQO2TQFWEVUKPFGZJVON 

DGVYGGP VJG YCNNU CPF VYGPV[HQWT EQTPGTU YJGTG

 #TGCNN[ȧPGGZCORNGQHCXKTVWCNFQOGVJGCVTGKUVJG

VJTGG YCNNU OGGV # EGNN CPUYGTKPI VJKU FGUETKRVKQP

6JQNQU 8KTVWCN 6JGCVTG #VJGPU CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ

OWUVQHEQWTUGDGECNNGFC6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTQPWPNGUU

JVVRYYYVJQNQUITGP #PQVJGTKUVJG

YGRTGHGTVQECNNKVCHQWTVGGPYCNNGFEGNN'CEJYCNN

&KIKVCTKWO CV JVVRUQHVYCTGGKPPGYUEQOCTVKENG

KUCPKPVGTHCEGDGVYGGPQPGEGNNCPFQPGQHHQWTVGGP

RJR!PKF 

PGKIJDQWTU 'CEJ QH VJG VJKTV[UKZ GFIGU KU C NKPG

 ;W -%  n&KIKVCN (WNN&QOGU 6JG HWVWTG QH XKT VWCN CUVTQPQO[ GFWECVKQPo 2NCPGVCTKCP ,QWTPCN QH

EQOOQP VQ VJTGG PGKIJDQWTU 'CEJ QH VJG VYGPV[ HQWTEQTPGTUKUCRQKPVEQOOQPVQHQWTPGKIJDQWTUo

VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN 2NCPGVCTKWO 5QEKGV[ XQN  PQ 

 (CPVCUVKE 8Q[CIG  ȧNO FKTGEVGF D[ 4 (NGKUEJGT

RRCEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVRYYYKRU

CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYYKOFDEQO

RNCPGVCTKWOQTI RNCPGVCTKCPCTVKENGUKOCIGUCPF

VKVNGVV 

FQEUURGEKCNAHQEWURFH   6YQ UGOKPCN TGHGTGPEGU CTG RGTVKPGPV VQ NKUV JGTG 4GGXGU $  0CUU %  6JG /GFKC 'SWCVKQP *QY



References

RGQRNG VTGCV EQORWVGTU VGNGXKUKQP CPF PGY OGFKC NKMG TGCN RGQRNG CPF RNCEGU %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU

#DDCVCPVWQPQ $2  n#TOCPF 5RKV\ UGNNGT QH UVCTUo

RR  CPF #DDCVCPVWQPQ $ 2  #TOCPF

6JG 2NCPGVCTKWO XQN  PQ  RR  CEEGUUGF

5RKV\5GNNGTQH5VCTU2NCPGVCTKWO,QWTPCNQHVJG+PVGT

 /CTEJ  JVVRYYYKRURNCPGVCTKWOQTI 

PCVKQPCN2NCPGVCTKWO5QEKGV[XQNPQRR

RNCPGVCTKCPCTVKENGU#TOCPFJVON 

 6JG KPKVKCN ITQWR YGTG VJG UEKGPVKUVU 5RCEG : .CD

CTVKUVUKPNCDU CKN RTQITCO KP 5YKV\GTNCPF <WTKEJ 7PK

JVVRYYYURCEGZEJ 95.%GPVTGJVVRYYY

XGTUKV[QHVJG#TVU <*F-CEEGUUGF/CTEJ

YUNEJHQTUEJWPIHQTUEJWPIURTQLGMVGKPFGZA'0 

JVVRYYYCTVKUVUKPNCDUEJ 

2CWN5EJGTTGT+PUVKVWVG8KNNKIGPJVVRYYYRUKEJ 

$WEMNCPF&6JGCTVQHENKOCVGEJCPIG#FQEWOGPV

CPFVJGCTVKUVU,QJCPPUGP-JVVRYYYMKTUVGPLQ

HTQO VJG CTV CPF UEKGPEG RTQLGEV %CRG (CTGYGNN

JCPPUGPFG 2QNNK#JVVRYYYCPFTGCRQNNKEQO 

%WTCVQT$#TGPFU0CVWTCN*KUVQT[/WUGWO.QPFQP

5EQVV,JVVRYYYLKNNUEQVVQTI *QNOGU6JVVR

CEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVRYYYECRGHCTGYGNN

YYYVKHHCP[JQNOGUEQO *CJPG/JVVRUUNGKP

EQO 

UPWNNEQORC[OCVGUGCTEJRJR!XKFRGKF 

$WQPUCPVQ /,  n+QPQURJGTKE UVQTOU # TGXKGYo

 6GVTCMCKFGECJGFTQP YCU ȧTUV FGUETKDGF D[ OCVJ

5RCEG5EKGPEG4GXKGYUXQNPQ#RTKNRR

GOCVKEKCP.QTF-GNXKPKPVJG2TQEGGFKPIUQHVJG4Q[CN

5RTKPIGTNKPMCEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVR

5QEKGV[ QH .QPFQP XQN   RR JVVR\CR

YYYURTKPIGTNKPMEQOEQPVGPVDWPRJJI!R

CVQRKPGVMGNXKPRCRGTUQPAJQOQIGPGQWUAFKXKUKQPA

EGFGHRK 

QHAURCEGJVON  %QORWVGT UKOWNCVQTU CPF FGUKIPGTU

%QJGP 5  5VCVGU QH FGPKCN -PQYKPI CDQWV CVTQEKVKGU

JCXG NQPI DGGP HCUEKPCVGF YKVJ VJG UVTGPIVJ QH VJG



CPFUWHHGTKPI2QNKV[2TGUU%CODTKFIG

-TÀWEJK0KPVGTXKGYUYKVJ0QTDGTV-TÀWEJKD[,KN

VKXG OWNVKOGFKC RTQFWEVKQP QP VJG DTCKPo 2TQEGGF

NKCP 5EQVV 5YKUU %GPVTG HQT (QTGUV 5PQY CPF .CPF

KPIU QH VJG %QPPGEVKEWV EQNNGIG U[ORQUKWO QP CTV CPF

UECRG4GUGCTEJ 95./C[CEEGUUGF/CTEJ

VGEJPQNQI[ CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYY

JVVRYYYYUNEJ RGTUQPCNAJQOGRCIGUMTCG

EUEOWGFW`TDFRCRGTUDTCKPUJQYDTCKPUJQYJVO

WEJKKPFGZA'0 

&KIKVCTKWO XKTVWCN FQOG FKIKVCN RNCPGVCTKWO VJGCVTG

.QTF -GNXKP  n1P JQOQIGPGQWU FKXKUKQP QH URCEGo

CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRUQHVYCTGGKPPGYU

2TQEGGFKPIU QH VJG 4Q[CN 5QEKGV[ QH .QPFQP XQN 

EQOCTVKENGRJR!PKF 

 ,CPWCT[ R  CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVR

(NCPPGT[ 6  6JG YGCVJGT OCMGTU 6JG JKUVQT[ CPF HWVWTG KORCEV QH ENKOCVG EJCPIG 6GZV 2WDNKUJKPI /GNDQWTPGTGXKGYUQHVJKUDQQMCEEGUUGF/CTEJ  JVVRYYYVJGYGCVJGTOCMGTUEQOINQDCN

\CRCVQRKPGVMGNXKPRCRGTUQPAJQOQIGPGQWUAFKXK UKQPAQHAURCEGJVON  .QXGNQEM,6JG#IGQH)#+##$KQITCRJ[QHQWTQYP NKXKPIGCTVJ990QTVQP0GY;QTM /CIPWUQP ,,  n.QPIVGTO GEQNQIKECN TGUGCTEJ

YCTOKPI  )TGGP /WUGWO QPNKPG OWUGWO QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN CTV

CPF VJG KPXKUKDNG RTGUGPV 7PEQXGTKPI VJG RTQEGUUGU

CEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVRYYYITGGPOWUGWO

JKFFGPDGECWUGVJG[QEEWTUNQYN[QTDGECWUGGHHGEVU

QTI 

NCI[GCTUDGJKPFECWUGUoKP$KQ5EKGPEGXQNPQ

*CJPG / CTVKUV YGDUKVG QH /CTKNNG *CJPG CEEGUUGF

RR  CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRNKO

 /CTEJ  JVVRUUNGKPUPWNNEQORC[OCVG

PQNQI[YKUEGFWRGTUQPPGNOCIPWUQPCTVKENGUOCI

UGCTEJRJR!XKFRGKF

PWUQPADKQUEKAXRFH 

*CPUGP,0C\CTGPMQ.4WGF[45CVQ/GVCN

/CTUJCNN)n6JGRU[EJQNQI[QHFGPKCNQWTHCKNWTG

n'CTVJoUGPGTI[KODCNCPEGEQPȧTOCVKQPCPFKORNKEC

VQ CEV CICKPUV ENKOCVG EJCPIGo 6JG GEQNQIKUV  5GR

VKQPUo5EKGPEG'ZRTGUUXQNPQRR

VGODGT CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYY

 CNUQ CXCKNCDNG KP 5EKGPEG CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ

GEQINQDGEJ OQVKXCVKQPGENKOJVO 



JVVRYYYUEKGPEGOCIQTI EIKEQPVGPV

CDUVTCEV  *QNOGU6CTVKUVYGDUKVGQH6KHHCP[*QNOGUCEEGUUGF /CTEJJVVRYYYVKHHCP[*QNOGUEQO +PPGTURCEG  ȧNO FKTGEVGF D[ , &CPVG CEEGUUGF 

/CTEJ



JVVRYYYKOFDEQOVKVNG

VV 

/KPUM[/n6GNGRTGUGPEGo1OPKXQNPQRR  CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYGDOGFKC OKVGFW`OKPUM[RCRGTU6GNGRTGUGPEGJVON  0CVKQPCN'PFQYOGPVHQT5EKGPEG6GEJPQNQI[CPFVJG#TVU

0'56# CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYY PGUVCQTIWM  1RGP &KTGEVQT[ 2TQLGEV n'PXKTQPOGPV ENKOCVG EJCPIG

+PVGTIQXGTPOGPVCN RCPGN QP ENKOCVG EJCPIG HQWTVJ ENK

CEVKXKUOo CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYY

OCVG EJCPIG CUUGUUOGPV  CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ

FOQ\QTI 5QEKGV[+UUWGU'PXKTQPOGPV%NKOCVGA



%JCPIG#EVKXKUO 

JVVRYYYITGGPRGCEGQTI TCYEQPVGPV

ECPCFCGPFQEWOGPVUCPFNKPMURWDNKECVKQPUITGGP RGCEGDTKGȧPIQPVJGKRERFH  ,QJCPPUGP - CTVKUV YGDUKVG QH -KTUVGP ,QJCPPUGP CEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVRYYYMKTUVGPLQJCP PUGPFG 

2CRCPGM8 &GUKIPHQTVJGTGCNYQTNF*WOCP GEQNQI[ CPF UQEKCN EJCPIG UGEQPF GF 6JCOGU CPF *WFUQP.QPFQPR 2CWN5EJGTTGT+PUVKVWVG 25+8KNNKIGP5YKV\GTNCPFCEEGUUGF /CTEJJVVRYYYRUKEJ 



Jill Scott

&CPPGPDGTI 4  (KUJGT 4  n#P CWFKGPEGKPVGTCE

2QNNK#CTVKUVYGDUKVGQH#PFTGC2QNNKCEEGUUGF/CTEJ JVVRYYYCPFTGCRQNNKEQO  4CLC&$QYOCP&#.WECU,0QTVJ%n'ZRNQTKPI VJG DGPGȧVU QH KOOGTUKQP KP CDUVTCEV KPHQTOCVKQP XKUWCNK\CVKQPo 2TQEGGFKPIU QH VJG +OOGTUKXG 2TQLGE VKQP6GEJPQNQI[9QTMUJQR5KIITCRJJVVRRGQRNG EUXVGFW`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



W H O OWNS THE AIR? EMISSIONS TRADING A N D CONTEMPORARY MEDIA ART Andrea Polli

6JG CEEGNGTCVKPI ETKUKU KP ENKOCVG EJCPIG CPF VJG TGCNK\CVKQP VJCV JWOCPU CTGVJGRTKOCT[ECWUGQHVJKUEJCPIGJCUTCKUGFSWGUVKQPUCDQWVQYPGTUJKR CPFTGURQPUKDKNKV[9JQnQYPUoVJGENKOCVGEJCPIGETKUKUCPFYJQKUTGURQPUK DNGHQTOKVKICVKPICPFTGXGTUKPIKVKHRQUUKDNG!6JGQXGTYJGNOKPITGURQPUGVQ VJGUGSWGUVKQPUD[IQXGTPOGPVUQPCPKPVGTPCVKQPCNNGXGNJCUDGGPVQRTQRQUG COCTMGVUQNWVKQPKPGUUGPEGVQUGNNVJGCVOQURJGTG6JKUEJCRVGTGZRNQTGU VJGKFGCQHCKTHQTUCNGHTQOCPGEQPQOKERQNKVKECNCPFEWNVWTCNRGTURGEVKXG %QPVGORQTCT[CTVRTQLGEVUVJCVCVVGORVVQCFFTGUUVJGRQNKVKEUQHCKTYKNNDG FKUEWUUGFKPVJGEQPVGZVQHVJGCWVJQToUGZRGTKGPEGUYJKNGEWTCVKPIVJGQPNKPG #GTGZJKDKVKQPHQTVJG)TGGP/WUGWOKP%CNKHQTPKC

The Buying and Selling of Greenhouse Gasses

VJG[RNGCUGGXGPCUCFKURQUCNUKVG0QVUWTRTKUKPIN[ VJKUCRRCTGPVN[HTGGIQQFKUQXGTWUGF#RTKOCT[CPF CRRTQRTKCVG TQNG HQT IQXGTPOGPV KP UWRRQTVKPI VJG

'EQNQIKECN GEQPQOKEU RTQXKFGU DQVJ C OGEJCPKUO

OCTMGV GEQPQO[ KU VJG FGȧPKVKQP CPF GPHQTEGOGPV

HQT VJG XCNWCVKQP QH GPXKTQPOGPVCN TGUQWTEGU CPF

QH RTQRGTV[ TKIJVU &GȧPKPI TKIJVU HQT WUG QH VJG

CP KPEGPVKXG HQT MGGRKPI YKVJKP CP GUVCDNKUJGF

CVOQURJGTG NCMGU CPF TKXGTU KU ETKVKECN VQ RTGXGPV

GPXKTQPOGPVCNnDWFIGVo+PVJG75%QPITGUU

VJGKTQXGTWUG1PEGNGICNGPVKVNGOGPVJCUDGGPGUVCD

FGUETKDGFKVKPVJKUYC[

NKUJGF OCTMGVU ECP DG GORNQ[GF VQ GZEJCPIG VJGUG TKIJVUCUCOGCPUQHKORTQXKPIGEQPQOKEGHȧEKGPE[o

n(TQO CP GEQPQOKE RGTURGEVKXG RQNNWVKQP RTQDNGOU

75%QPITGUU

CTGECWUGFD[CNCEMQHENGCTN[FGȧPGFCPFGPHQTEGF



RTQRGTV[TKIJVU5OQMGUVCEMGOKUUKQPUHQTGZCORNG

2TQRGTV[ TKIJVU VQ CKT QT VJG TKIJV VQ RQNNWVG VJG

CTG FGRQUKVGF KPVQ VJG CKT DGECWUG VJG CKT KU QHVGP

CKTJCUDGGPTKUKPIKPRQRWNCTKV[CUCYC[VQEQP

VTGCVGFCUCEQOOQPIQQFCXCKNCDNGHQTCNNVQWUGCU

VTQN GOKUUKQPU 9JCV HQNNQYU CTG UGXGTCN GZCORNGU



QH EQPVGORQTCT[ VTCFKPI U[UVGOU YKVJ XCTKQWU

%(%6TCFKPI

IQCNU CPF UVTWEVWTGU 6JG -[QVQ 2TQVQEQN TGSWKTGF

#PQVJGT OQFGN KU 6JG /QPVTGCN 2TQVQEQN QP 5WD

 KPFWUVTKCNK\GF EQWPVTKGU CPF VJG '7 VQ TGFWEG

UVCPEGU 6JCV &GRNGVG VJG 1\QPG .C[GT CP KPVGT

ITGGPJQWUG ICU GOKUUKQPU D[ CP CXGTCIG QH 

PCVKQPCN VTGCV[ VJCV GPVGTGF KPVQ HQTEG QP ,CPWCT[

DGNQY  NGXGNU D[  6JG 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU

  FGUKIPGF VQ RTQVGEV VJG Q\QPG NC[GT D[

(TCOGYQTM%QPXGPVKQPQP%NKOCVG%JCPIG

RJCUKPI QWV VJG RTQFWEVKQP QH C PWODGT QH UWD

6JG -[QVQ RTQVQEQN KPENWFGU C INQDCN ITGGPJQWUG

UVCPEGUDGNKGXGFVQDGTGURQPUKDNGHQTQ\QPGFGRNG

ICUGOKUUKQPUVTCFKPIU[UVGOVJCVJCUPQYDGGPKP

VKQPKPRCTVKEWNCT%(%UCPFJCNQPU6JKU/QPVTGCN

RNCEGKP'WTQRGHQTCNOQUVVJTGG[GCTU6JKUGOKU

2TQVQEQN ETGCVGF C U[UVGO HQT VJG KPVGTPCVKQPCN

UKQPUVTCFKPIU[UVGOEQWNFCNUQDGECNNGFCnECRCPF

VTCFKPI QH CNNQYCPEGU +P VJG RTQVQEQN VTCFKPI KU

VTCFGoU[UVGO+PVJGȧTUV[GCTETGFKVUCTGIGPGTQWU

EQODKPGF YKVJ C VCZ VQ QHHUGV CP[ NCTIG RTQȧVU

CPF VJG VQVCN COQWPV QH GOKUUKQPU HQT GCEJ EQO

HTQO CNNQYCPEGU VJCV OKIJV FKUEQWTCIG VJG TGFWE

RCP[KU FGVGTOKPGF 'CEJ EQORCP[ JCU VQ CEJKGXG

VKQPQH%(%U5KPEGVJG/QPVTGCN2TQVQEQNECOGKPVQ

PQOQTGVJCPVJCVCOQWPV6JGPGCEJUWDUGSWGPV

GHHGEVVJGCVOQURJGTKEEQPEGPVTCVKQPUQHVJGOQUV

[GCT VJG COQWPV QH ETGFKVU CNNQVVGF VQ GCEJ EQO

KORQTVCPV %(%U CPF TGNCVGF EJNQTKPCVGF J[FTQECT

RCP[ KU TGFWEGF CNNQYKPI EQORCPKGU VQ UNQYN[

DQPU JCXG GKVJGT NGXGNNGF QHH QT FGETGCUGF -Qȧ

NQYGTGOKUUKQPU6JGFGUKIPQHVJKUU[UVGOECPDG

#PPCP (QTOGT 5GETGVCT[ )GPGTCN QH VJG 7PKVGF

EQORCTGFVQQVJGTOQFGNUQHVTCFKPIU[UVGOU

0CVKQPUECNNUVJGRTQVQEQNn2GTJCRUVJGUKPINGOQUV UWEEGUUHWNKPVGTPCVKQPCNCITGGOGPVVQFCVGo 0CVWTCN

5WNHWT&KQZKFG6TCFKPI

5EKGPEG  *QYGXGT D[  UOWIINKPI QH

+PVJG75NCWPEJGFCECRCPFVTCFGRTQITCO

%(%U HTQO FGXGNQRKPI PCVKQPU YJGTG VJG[ YGTG

KP UWNHWT FKQZKFG CU CP COGPFOGPV VQ VJG %NGCP

UVKNN RGTOKVVGF KPVQ VJG 75 CPF QVJGT FGXGNQRGF

#KT#EV#PKPKVKCNQDLGEVKXGQHVJGRTQITCOYCUVQ

PCVKQPUJCFDGEQOGDKIDWUKPGUU+P/KCOKKP

TGFWEG UWNHWT FKQZKFG GOKUUKQPU HTQO WVKNKVKGU D[

UOWIINKPIQH%(%UYCUDGNKGXGFVQDGUGEQPFQPN[

OKNNKQPVQPUDGNQYNGXGNU6QCEEQORNKUJ

VQ EQECKPG # OCTMGV UQNWVKQP ECP DG XGT[ UWUEGR

VJKUGNGEVTKEWVKNKV[RNCPVUCDQXGCEGTVCKPUK\GYGTG

VKDNG VQ VJKU MKPF QH GZRNQKVCVKQP 6JG FKHHGTGPEG

IKXGPCPKPKVKCNCNNQECVKQPQHGOKUUKQPUCNNQYCPEGU

DGVYGGPC%1OCTMGVCPFDQVJVJG%(%CPFUWNHWT

DCUGFQPJKUVQTKECNRCVVGTPU6JG#EVKPENWFGFUVKHH

FKQZKFG OCTMGVU KU VJCV VGEJPQNQI[ GZKUVU VQ ENGCP

RGPCNVKGU HQT GZEGUU GOKUUKQPU CV C XCNWG OQTG

WR %(% CPF 51 GOKUUKQPU CPF CRRNKGU QPN[ VQ C

VJCPVKOGUVJCVQHTGFWEVKQPEQUVU6JGRTQITCO

TGNCVKXGN[ UOCNN PWODGT QH EQORCPKGU YKVJ QWV

CEJKGXGFCXGT[JKIJFGITGGQHEQORNKCPEGCPFVJG

FCVGFVGEJPQNQI[YJKNGVJG%1U[UVGOCRRNKGUVQ

75%QPITGUUEQPUKFGTUVJGRTQITCOCUWEEGUU6JG

VJQWUCPFUQHEQORCPKGUCPFFGURKVGQRVKOKUVKEVCNM

EWTTGPV'WTQRGCPITGGPJQWUGICUVTCFKPIU[UVGOKU

QH nENGCP EQCNo VJGTG KU RTGUGPVN[ PQ GZKUVKPI VGEJ

OQFGNNGFCHVGTVJKUU[UVGODWVECPKVYQTMKPGXGT[

PQNQI[VQOCMGEQCNDWTPOQTGENGCPN[QTUGSWGUVGT

UKVWCVKQP! 75%QPITGUU

ECTDQPGOKUUKQPUOQTGUCHGN[QPCNCTIGUECNG



CNNQYKPI DTQCFECUVGTU HQT GZCORNG VQ QYP CP

#PQVJGT OQFGN HQT FKUVTKDWVKPI CKT TKIJVU VJCV ECP

WPNKOKVGFPWODGTQHTCFKQUVCVKQPU6JKUOQXGJCU

DGGZCOKPGFKUVJGTKIJVQHVJGCKTYCXGUQTDTQCF

ETGCVGFCPKPETGCUGKPCFXGTVKUKPIRTKEGUCPFECWUGF

ECUVKPI TKIJVU 6JG 75 (GFGTCN %QOOWPKECVKQPU

CPWPGZRGEVGFQWVET[HTQOEQOOWPKVKGUYJQJCXG

%QOOKUUKQP (%% YJKEJ YCU ETGCVGF QWV QH VJG

HQWPF VJCV VJG EQPUQNKFCVKQP QH VJG OGFKC YKVJKP

%QOOWPKECVKQPU #EV QH  TGIWNCVGU CNN PQP

VJGJCPFUQHCHGYNCTIGEQTRQTCVKQPUJCUTGUWNVGF

IQXGTPOGPV YKTG CPF YKTGNGUU EQOOWPKECVKQPU

KPCNQUUQHSWCNKV[NQECNRTQITCOOKPIYKVJEQTRQ

6JG#EVURGEKȧGFQPN[VJCVDTQCFECUVKPIDGKPVJG

TCVKQPUKPUVGCFRQNNWVKPIVJGCKTYCXGUYKVJJQOQI

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PGQP ZGPQP CPF JGNKWO YGTG TGNGCUGF nHTQO

KPVJGEWTTGPVU[UVGOCPFVQGORQYGTKPFKXKFWCNU

OGCUWTGF XQNWOG VQ KPFGȧPKVG GZRCPUKQPo KP VJG

VQ RTGUGTXG CPF RTQVGEV QWT HTCIKNG CVOQURJGTG

/QLCXG&GUGTV 9QQFRR.WE[.KR

6JG #GT GZJKDKVKQP YCU EWTCVGF D[ VJG CWVJQT CU

RCTF QDUGTXGF KP 5KZ [GCTU VJG FGOCVGTKCNK\CVKQP

RCTVQHJGTTGUGCTEJCPFVJGHGCVWTGFCTVKUVUCTGHCT

QHVJGCTVQDLGEVVJCVnPQXGNV[KUVJGHWGNQHVJGCTV

HTQOPGWVTCNCDQWVVJGKUUWGQHCKTCPFCKTSWCNKV[

OCTMGVoCPFCVVJGVKOGQH4QDGTV$CTT[oU+PGTVICU

2QNNK6JGCTVKUVUKP#GTCNNNQQMETKVKECNN[CV

UGTKGUVJKUnHWGNoYCUDGKPIDWTPGFCVCTCRKFRCEG

CKTKUUWGUCPFWUGXCTKQWUOGVJQFUVQTCKUGCYCTG

EQPUVCPVN[UVTGVEJKPIVJGDQWPFCTKGUQHVJGFGȧPK

PGUU COQPI VJG RWDNKE 5QOG CNUQ VCMG CP CEVKXG

VKQP QH CTV $[ WUKPI VJG VGTO nFGOCVGTKCNK\CVKQPo

TQNGD[FKTGEVN[CHHGEVKPIVJGCKTSWCNKV[CPFVJGTG

.KRRCTF CVVGORVU VQ TGOQXG CTV HTQO KVU UVCVWU CU

HQTGJWOCPNKXGU$GECWUGCKTKUKPXKUKDNGCTVKUVUCTG

EQOOQFKV[ D[ ETGCVKPI UWEJ GRJGOGTCN nQDLGEVUo

HCEGFYKVJVJGEJCNNGPIGQHOCMKPIVJGKPVCPIKDNG

QH CTV NKMG VJQUG KPENWFKPI VJG PCVWTCN GZRCPUKQP

TGCN #KT RQNNWVKQP KU C UKNGPV MKNNGT CPF KV KU EJCN

QH ICU C UWDUVCPEG VJCV YQWNF DG CDUWTF VQ EQO

NGPIKPI VQ IKXG C XQKEG VQ VJG DQF[oU FGRGPFGPEG

OQFKH[ #TVKUVU NKMG $CTT[ YGTG TGCEVKPI CICKPUV

QPENGCPCKT/QUVQHVJGHGCVWTGFRTQLGEVUDNWTVJG

CPF CVVGORVKPI VQ ETGCVG CP CNVGTPCVKXG VQ VJG CTV

NKPGDGVYGGPCTVCPFCEVKXKUOCPFCNNVJGRTQLGEVU

OCTMGV *QYGXGT QXGT VKOG VJKU YQTM JCU PQV

CKOVQEJCPIGRWDNKEWPFGTUVCPFKPIQHCKTCUYGNNCU

DGGPTGOQXGFHTQOVJGCTVOCTMGV6JGGRJGOGTCN

SWGUVKQPCEEGRVGFPQTOUQHQYPGTUJKRCPFTGURQP

CTV OQXGOGPV YCU CEVWCNN[ GODTCEGF D[ EQOOGT

UKDKNKV[

EKCNICNNGTKGUCPFFGCNGTU#U.KRRCTFUWIIGUVUVJKU

#WUVTCNKCP RGTHQTOCPEG CTVKUV 5CTCJ ,CPG 2GNN

OCTMGVPGGFGFVJGHWGNQHVJGUGKPETGCUKPIN[PQXGN

JKIJNKIJVGF VJG DQF[oU VTCPUHGT QH CKT CPF QWT

KFGCU .KRRCTFR

FGRGPFGPEGQPCKTCUNKXKPIDTGCVJKPIDGKPIU*GT YQTMU GZRNQTGF VJG RJ[UKECN CPF GOQVKQPCN NKOKVU

# EQPPGEVKQP VQ VJG OCTMGV OC[ JCXG DGGP PGE

QH VJG DQF[ (QT GZCORNG +PVGTFGRGPF ETGCVGU C

GUUCT[ HQT VJG ETGCVKQP QH VJG CTV CPF VJG UWTXKXCN

ENQUGFEKTEWKVNKHGUWRRQTVU[UVGODGVYGGP2GNNCPF

QH VJG CTVKUV PQPGVJGNGUU KV ETGCVGF C RCTCFQZKECN

CTVKUV /CTV[P %QWVVU CPF 7PFGTEWTTGPV RTGUGPVU C

UKVWCVKQPKPYJKEJVJGKOOCVGTKCNYCUOQXGFKPVQ

UKPING RGTHQTOGT EQPVCKPGF YKVJKP C UGCNGF VTCPU

VJGQDLGEVTGCNO6JGETKVKECNUVCPEGQHVJGCTVKUVQP

RCTGPV FQOG YKVJ C ȧPKVG COQWPV QH DTGCVJCDNG

VJGCTVOCTMGVYCUEQORTQOKUGFVJTQWIJVJGRQUK

CKT6JGUGYQTMUCTGRJ[UKECNN[FGOCPFKPIHQTVJG

VKQPKPIQHVJGYQTMYKVJKPVJGCTVOCTMGV

RGTHQTOGTU CPF ETGCVGF CP QXGTYJGNOKPI GOQ VKQPCN KPVGPUKV[ HQT VJG RWDNKE 2GNNoU YQTMU UGGO VQ IKXG CKT C RJ[UKECN OCPKHGUVCVKQP 6JKU ECP DG



Andrea Polli

ETGCVGFCPCNVGTPCVKXGRCVJYC[HQTVJGCTEJKVGEVWTCN

YKVPGUUGF GKVJGT VJTQWIJ JWOCP KPVGTFGRGPF

CPFKPPQXCVKXGETQUUFKUEKRNKPCT[CPFETQUUEWNVWTCN

GPEG QT VJTQWIJ C UKPING YQODNKMG EQPVCKPOGPV

EQQRGTCVKQPKPVJGHWVWTG

VJCVYKVJQWVDTGCVJCDNGCKTYQWNFDGEQOGCVQOD 2GNNoU YQTMU UGGO VQ JQNF C XKUKQP QH VJG HWVWTG

+PVJGU6JG75ȧTUVKORNGOGPVGFCKTSWCNKV[

6JKUXKUKQPKUCRQECN[RVKEQPGKPYJKEJVJGXGT[CKT

OQPKVQTKPICPFCFXKUQT[U[UVGOUVQCNGTVVJGRWDNKE

YGDTGCVJGKUCNKOKVGFEQOOQFKV[+PVJGHWVWTG

CDQWV FCPIGTQWU NGXGNU QH RQNNWVKQP &WTKPI FC[U

YKNNVJGGCTVJoUHTCIKNGCVOQURJGTGEQPVKPWGVQUWU

QH RQQT CKT SWCNKV[ RWDNKE PQVKȧECVKQP ECOG DWP

VCKPWUQTYKNNYGDGHQTEGFVQTGOCKPEQPVCKPGFKP

FNGFYKVJVJGYGCVJGTTGRQTVCPFRGQRNGYGTGVQNF

EQPVTQNNGFGPXKTQPOGPVUYJKNGQWTOCEJKPGUTQCO

VQ CXQKF IQKPI QWVUKFG 9JKNG VJKU nQPG VQ OCP[o

HTGGN[ TGRQTVKPI VQ WU VJG YQTNF QWVUKFG! $[ UWI

MKPF QH KPHQTOCVKQP GZEJCPIG OC[ YQTM GHHGE

IGUVKPI CP CNVGTPCVKXG HWVWTG QH NKOKVGF CKT VJGUG

VKXGN[ HQT VJGUG MKPFU QH YCTPKPIU QVJGT OQFGNU

YQTMUD[2GNNETGCVGFCRCVJYC[VJCVHQTEGFCWFK

KP C PGVYQTMGF GPXKTQPOGPV EQWNF DG GZRNQKVGF

GPEGUVQEQPUKFGTVJGKORQTVCPVTGEKRTQECNTGNCVKQP

YKVJ TGURGEV VQ CKT SWCNKV[ +P CP QRGP RNCVHQTO

UJKRDGVYGGPJWOCPUCPFVJGGCTVJoUCVOQURJGTG

#TGCoU KOOGFKCVG TGCFKPI #+4 D[ 2TGGORVKXG

6JGCTVKUVoUVGCOECNNGF5WRGTȨGZJCXGETGCVGFC

/GFKC $GCVTK\FC%QUVC,COKG5EJWNVGCPF$TQQMG

RTQLGEVHQTVJGRWTRQUGQHKPȨWGPEKPIUQEKCNEJCPIG

5KPIGT VJG CTVKUVU VWTPGF KPFKXKFWCN EKVK\GPU KPVQ

UGG%QNQWTRNCVGZXKK(KI%5WRGTȨGZYQTMGFKP

XQNWPVGGT nUOQI FGVGEVKXGUo WUKPI C PGVYQTM QH

EQNNCDQTCVKQP YKVJ &CPKUJ CPF #HTKECP GPIKPGGTU

YKTGNGUU RQNNWVKQPOQPKVQTKPI FGXKEGU 6JKU QRGP

QP 5WRGTICU YJKEJ CKOU VQ RTQXKFG C OQFGUV CPF

RNCVHQTOCNNQYGFTGCNVKOGUJCTKPIQHNQECVKQPCPF

GHȧEKGPV RQTVCDNG DKQICU U[UVGO HQT HCOKNKGU KP

VKOGDCUGF KPHQTOCVKQP CDQWV RQNNWVKQP JGCNVJ

#HTKEC5WRGTȨGZKFGPVKȧGUVJGKTCTVYQTMUCUVQQNU

CPFVJGGPXKTQPOGPV/GFKCYCUWUGFCUCUVTCVGI[

UJCRGF D[ C UQEKCN CPF GEQPQOKE EQOOKVOGPV

VQQRGPRWDNKEFKCNQIWG

6JG VQQN 5WRGTICU JCU JGNRGF KPFKXKFWCN HCOKNKGU VQ DGEQOG KPFGRGPFGPV RTQFWEGTU QH GPGTI[ YKVJ

#O[ $CNMKPoU 2WDNKE UOQI 1HHUGVU 6QOQTTQY 6QFC[

OKPKOCNVKOGKPXGUVOGPVCPFYKVJQWVOCMKPIFTC

 RTQLGEV UGG %QNQWT RNCVG ZXK (KI #

OCVKE EJCPIGU VQ VJGKT EWNVWTG 6JKU VTCPUFKUEKRNK

CFFTGUUGUVJGEQOOQFKȧECVKQPQHENGCPCKTHTQOVJG

PCT[ RTQEGUU QH FGXGNQROGPV KPXQNXGF VJG EQO

RGTURGEVKXGQHVJGOCTMGV$CNMKPKUCPCTVKUVYJQUG

OWPKV[ QP C FGGR NGXGN #NUQ VJG FGUKIP RTQEGUU

YQTMUETGCVGOGVCRJQTKEUJKHVUSWGUVKQPUQEKCNCPF

FKFPoV GPF YKVJ KORNGOGPVCVKQP VJG VQQN KVUGNH

RQNKVKECN CUUWORVKQPU CPF VCMG CP CEVKXKUV UVCPEG

YCU QTKIKPCNN[ FGUKIPGF HQT ȨGZKDNG WUG C MKPF QH

*GT YQTM QHVGP KPXQNXGU KPVGPUKXG NGICN ȧPCPEKCN

QRGPGPFGF RNCVHQTO 5WRGTICU ECRVWTGU QTICPKE

CPFRQNKVKECNTGUGCTEJ2WDNKEUOQIKUCRWDNKERCTM

OCVGTKCNUVJCVCTGCPQTFKPCT[CTVGHCEVQHHCTOKPIKP

NQECVGF KP VJG CVOQURJGTG QH EJCPIKPI UK\G CPF

QTFGTVQRTQOQVGKPFKXKFWCNGPGTI[GORQYGTOGPV

ȨQCVKPI KP CP WPȧZGF NQECVKQP #V ȧTUV KV UGGOU

CPFVQRTQVGEVVJGCKTHTQOOQTGRQNNWVKPIHQTOUQH

NKMG C HCPVCU[ *QY ECP CP[VJKPI GZKUV KP UWEJ CP

GPGTI[ RTQFWEVKQP 6JG VJQWIJV RTQEGUU VJCV ECP

GRJGOGTCN NQECVKQP! 6JG RTGOKUG QH #O[ $CNMKPoU

VCMGCRQNNWVKPIEQORQWPFCPFYKVJOKPKOCNEQUVU

YQTMTGHGTGPEGUVJGGEQPQOKEU[UVGOQHGOKUUKQPU

VWTPKVKPVQCPGPGTI[TGUQWTEGECPDGCEQPVCIKQWU

VTCFKPI6JTQWIJJGTRTQLGEVVJGnINQDCNRWDNKEoECP

CEVKXKV[ KP VWTP RTQOQVKPI UKOKNCT KPFGRGPFGPV

RWTEJCUGCUOCP[GOKUUKQPUCNNQYCPEGUCURQUUKDNG



VQ KPȨWGPEG C ITGCVGT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG RTQD

VJGPTGVKTGFKPQVJGTYQTFUVJG[CTGVCMGPQHHVJG

NGOU VJCV OC[ GOGTIG HTQO CP GOKUUKQPU VTCFKPI

OCTMGVOCMKPIVJGOWPCXCKNCDNGVQRQNNWVKPIEQT

U[UVGO$CNMKPKPXKVGURWDNKERCTVKEKRCVKQPVJTQWIJ

RQTCVKQPU$[QRGPN[GODTCEKPIVJGHTGGOCTMGVHQT

VJGRWTEJCUGQHGOKUUKQPUCNNQYCPEGUCPFQHHGTUCP

VJGRWDNKEIQQF$CNMKPRTGUGPVUCUJCTRETKVKSWGQH

CNVGTPCVKXG TGCFKPI QH VJG ECTDQP VTCFKPI U[UVGO

VJGU[UVGOVJGRTQLGEVOWUVQRGTCVGYKVJKP6JGTG

CPF VJGTGHQTG ETGCVGU CP CNVGTPCVKXG RCVJYC[ HQT

HQTG UJG UGGU JGT nRWDNKE URCEGo CU VJG GOKUUKQPU

GZCOKPKPIVJKUOCTMGV

VTCFKPIOCTMGV

6JG OGUUCIG QH 2WDNKE UOQI DGEQOGU GXGP ENGCTGT YJGP UGGP KP TGNCVKQP VQ QPG QH $CNMKPoU

$CNMKPoUYQTMENGCTN[SWGUVKQPUVJGOCTMGVCPFVJG

GCTNKGTYQTMUGPVKVNGF6JKUKUVJGRWDNKEFQOCKP+P

UQNWVKQPUJGRTQRQUGUKUOGCPVVQDGCDUWTF*QY

 $CNMKP RWTEJCUGF C  CETG RCTEGN QH NCPF

GXGT KP VJG EQPVGZV QH EQPVGORQTCT[ EWNVWTG VJG

NQECVGFKP6GJCEJCRK%CNKHQTPKCKPVGPFGFCUCRGT

UQNWVKQP UGGOU NKMG C XKCDNG QPG +P HCEV KV KU XGT[

OCPGPVKPVGTPCVKQPCNEQOOQPUHTGGVQGXGT[QPG

UKOKNCTVQVJGUVTWEVWTGRTQRQUGFD[(GCUVCYJGTG

JGNF KP RGTRGVWKV[ 5KPEG VJGTG YCU PQ RTGEGFGPV

KPFKXKFWCNU DW[ CPF UGNN GOKUUKQPU ETGFKVU QP VJG

KP VJG ETGCVKQP QH UWEJ C EQOOQPU KP VJG EWTTGPV

OCTMGVCPFCEGTVCKPCOQWPVQHGOKUUKQPUETGFKVU

NGICN U[UVGO $CNMKPoU RTQLGEV KPXQNXGF C EQORNK

CTG FKUVTKDWVGF HQT HTGG VQ EKVK\GPU # ITQWR ECNNGF

ECVGFNGICNRTQEGUUVJCVGZRNQTGFUQNWVKQPUKPDQVJ

6JG%QORGPUCVQTU  RTQRQUGU VJG GZCEV UCOG UQNW

TGCNRTQRGTV[NCYCPFEQR[TKIJVNCY6JTQWIJVJKU

VKQPCU$CNMKPENCKOKPIVQJCXGTGVKTGFQXGT

RTQEGUU$CNMKPSWGUVKQPGFVJGHQWPFCVKQPUQHVJG

'7 GOKUUKQPU CNNQYCPEGU 6JG%QORGPUCVQTU 

GZKUVKPINCYUCPFJKIJNKIJVGFVJGFKUCRRGCTCPEGQH

 6JGUG UQNWVKQPU ETGCVG RQVGPVKCN RTQDNGOU

RWDNKE URCEG $CNMKP JCU KFGPVKȧGF VJG RTQLGEV CU

ITQWPFGF KP VJG XGT[ KFGC QH VJG OCTMGV *GCNVJ[

CPCTVRTQLGEVCPFVJKUENCUUKȧECVKQPKUGUUGPVKCNVQ

OCTMGVU OC[ ITQY DWV KH RGQRNG FGEKFG VQ DW[

JGTNGICNCRRTQCEJQPGVJCVGZRNQTGUVJGNCPFCUC

GOKUUKQPUETGFKVUQTENGCPCKTVJGOCTMGVOC[KUUWG

ETGCVKXGYQTMQHCTV6JTQWIJVJKURTQLGEVUJGLQKPU

OQTG GOKUUKQPU ETGFKVU VQ DCNCPEG VJG OCTMGV CPF

COQXGOGPVQHRGQRNGYJQOQXGȨWKFN[DGVYGGP

OGGV VJG FGOCPF 6JKU RTQEGUU YQWNF HQTEG VJG

VJGTQNGUQHCTVKUVUGPXKTQPOGPVCNKUVCPFCEVKXKUV

RWDNKEVQRC[GXGTJKIJGTRTKEGUHQTENGCPCKT 6JG FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP $CNMKPoU 2WDNKE UOQI

1P &GEGODGT   VJG -[QVQ 2TQVQEQN YCU

CPF6JG%QORGPUCVQTU RTQLGEVUNKGUKPVJGHCEVVJCV

CFQRVGFD[VJG75CPFQVJGTPCVKQPUDWVPQV

QPGKFGPVKȧGUKVUGNHCUCPCTVRTQLGEVCPFVJGQVJGT

TCVKȧGF D[ VJG 75 %QPITGUU #OGTKECP KPFWUVT[

CU CP GPXKTQPOGPVCN RTQLGEV DWV VJG WPFGTN[KPI

HQTEGF VJG TGLGEVKQP RTGFKEVKPI nFKUCUVGTo KH %1

OGVCRJQTUCTGUKOKNCT$[WUKPIVJGOGVCRJQTQHC

TGFWEVKQPU YGTG GPHQTEGF +P /CTEJ QH  VJG

RWDNKERCTM$CNMKPoUYQTMCNNQYUXKGYGTUCPFRCT

75CICKPRWNNGFQWVQH-[QVQUC[KPIVJCVEQORN[KPI

VKEKRCPVUVQNQQMCVVJGU[UVGOQHGOKUUKQPUVTCFKPI

YQWNF FGUVTQ[ VJG GEQPQO[ /CP[ 75 EKVK\GPU

VJTQWIJ C HCOKNKCT NGPU /QUV XKGYGTU WPFGTUVCPF

FKUCITGGYKVJVJGKTIQXGTPOGPVoUCEVKQPUCPFCTG

VJGFKHHGTGPEGDGVYGGPRWDNKECPFRTKXCVGRTQRGTV[

EQPEGTPGFCDQWVTCRKFKPETGCUGUKPINQDCNVGORGTC

KPVJGEQPVGZVQHNCPFWUG6JGRTKXCVK\CVKQPQHCKT

VWTGU KEG OGNVKPI CPF UGC NGXGN TKUG EJCPIGU VJCV

CUKHKVYCUCRWDNKERCTMKUCOGVCRJQT$CNMKPWUGF

VJG70KPVGTIQXGTPOGPVCNTGRQTVQPENKOCVG



Andrea Polli

QPVJGGOKUUKQPUOCTMGV6JGUGECTDQPQHHUGVUCTG

EJCPIGUVCVGUKUnWPGSWKXQECNo+PCPQVJGTGZCORNG

VJG DW[KPI CPF UGNNKPI QH YQTMU QT KP VJG RWDNKE

$GP 'PIGDTGVJ RTQXKFGU KPFKXKFWCNU KP XCTKQWU 75

CTV YQTNF KP YJKEJ YQTMU ECP DG UWRRQTVGF D[

EKVKGU VJG EJCPEG VQ RGTUQPCNN[ EQORN[ YKVJ VJG

IQXGTPOGPV QT RTKXCVG KPVGTGUVU UQOG YQTMU CNUQ

-[QVQRTQVQEQN'PIGDTGVJJKOUGNHFQGUPQVKFGPVKH[

QRGTCVG KP VJG UGOKRWDNKE HQTWOU QH VJG OCTMGV

JKOUGNHRWTGN[CUCPCTVKUVQTECNNJKUNCVGUVRTQLGEV

QTVJGKPVGTPGV6JGUGYQTMUDTKPIWRNCTIGTSWGU

2GTUQPCNM[QVQCPCTVRTQLGEVCPFJKURTQLGEVUQHVGP

VKQPUCDQWVVJGRQVGPVKCNQHCTVKPCVKOGQHINQDCN

QRGTCVGQWVUKFGQHVJGCTVOCTMGVQPVJG+PVGTPGV

GPXKTQPOGPVCN ETKUKU CPF OQTG URGEKȧECNN[ VJG

2GTUQPCN M[QVQ CPCN[\GU GNGEVTKE WUCIG KPHQTOCVKQP

RQVGPVKCN QH CTV CPF UEKGPEG EQNNCDQTCVKQP KP ETG

CPFECNEWNCVGUCPGPGTI[TGFWEVKQPIQCNQHYJCVVJG

CVKPI CNVGTPCVKXG RCVJYC[U VQ WPFGTUVCPFKPI CPF

-[QVQ2TQVQEQNOKIJVTGSWKTGHQTCPKPFKXKFWCN2GT

TGURQPFKPIVQENKOCVGEJCPIG$[RNCPVKPIICTFGPU

UQPCNM[QVQCNNQYGFKPFKXKFWCNUVQOQPKVQTGNGEVTKE

KPUKFG QH VTWEM DGFU CTVKUV 'XG #PFTÅG .CTCOÅG

WUGQPCFCKN[DCUKUYKVJVJGIQCNQHTGFWEKPIVJGKT

ETGCVGF C ECTDQPPGWVTCN ȨGGV QH VJTGG /GTEGFGU

RGTUQPCN EQPUWORVKQP QH ITGGPJQWUG ICUGU .KMG

$GP\VTWEMUn2CTMUQP6TWEMUo2TQLGEVHQTVJG%KV[QH

$CNMKPoU2WDNKEUOQI2GTUQPCNM[QVQYQTMUYKVJKPCP

#CEJGP UGG %QNQWT RNCVG ZXK (KI $ #NQPI YKVJ

GZKUVKPIU[UVGOVQGORQYGTRWDNKECEVKQPCPFDGP

DKQIGQITCRJGT &CPG )TKHȧP UJG ECNEWNCVGF VJG

GȧV9JKNG2WDNKEUOQIVCMGUQPVJGRWDNKEN[VTCFGF

COQWPVVJGVTWEMUYQWNFFTKXGUQVJCVVJGKTGOKU

ECTDQP QHHUGV U[UVGO YKVJ EQNNGEVKXG CEVKQP WUKPI

UKQPU YQWNF OCVEJ VJG COQWPV QH CKT ENGCPGF D[

CRWDNKEURCEGOQFGN2GTUQPCNM[QVQNQQMUVQKPFK

VJG ȨCVDGF ICTFGPU *QY HCT EQWNF VJGUG VTWEMU

XKFWCNTGURQPUKDKNKV[CPFCEEQWPVCDKNKV[CUCOGCPU

VTCXGN UQ VJCV VJG[ ETGCVGF PQ JCTO! +P QPG ECUG

VQGPEQWTCIGINQDCNEJCPIG

UJGEQPENWFGFKVYCUPQOQTGVJCPQPGVJKTFMKNQ OGVTGRGTOQPVJ#PFTÅG.CTCOÅGoUYQTMETGCVGF

2TQLGEVU VJCV HQEWU QP RGTUQPCN TGURQPUKDKNKV[ CPF

CPCNVGTPCVKXGRCVJYC[HQTCFFTGUUKPIVJGRTQDNGO

GODTCEG VJG RJKNQUQRJ[ QH nXQNWPVCT[o GOKUUKQPU

QHCWVQOQDKNGGOKUUKQPUD[RTGUGPVKPICRQVGPVKCN

TGFWEVKQPOC[JGNRTCKUGCYCTGPGUUQHVJGRTQDNGO

UQNWVKQP *QYGXGT D[ UJQYKPI VJCV VJKU UQNWVKQP

QH%1GOKUUKQPUCOQPIVJGIGPGTCNRWDNKECPFCU

YCUKORTCEVKECNUJGGORJCUK\GFVJGOCIPKVWFGQH

UWEJ OC[ JCXG CP KORCEV QP VQVCN GOKUUKQPU DWV

VJGRTQDNGO

VJGKTHQEWUQPRGTUQPCNEJQKEGOC[FGVTCEVHTQOVJG WTIGPVPGGFVQEWTDGOKUUKQPUPQY%CPVJG#OGT

%NKOCVG EJCPIG KU C INQDCN RTQDNGO VJCV TGSWKTGU

KECPKPFKXKFWCNKUVKFGCN VJGKFGCNUDGJKPFVJGRTQD

KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQQRGTCVKQP +P VJG CWVJQToU KPVGT

NGOCVKERTQRQUCNOCFGD[VJG75VQVJG'7YJKEJ

XKGYU YKVJ OGVGQTQNQIKUVU CPF ENKOCVQNQIKUVU QP

TGEGPVN[RTQOQVGFXQNWPVGGTGOKUUKQPUTGFWEVKQP

RTQLGEVU KPVGTRTGVKPI YGCVJGT CPF ENKOCVG FCVC

RTQOQVGVJGEJCPIGUPGGFGF!8QNWPVCT[GOKUUKQPU

VJG[JCXGVCMGPCXGT[RTCEVKECNCRRTQCEJVJCVQH

TGFWEVKQPU OC[ DG C ITGCV KFGC QP CP KPFKXKFWCN

VJGOKVKICVKQPQHKPGXKVCDNGENKOCVGEJCPIG+PRCTV

NGXGNDWVECPVJG[YQTMQPCINQDCNUECNG!

VJKU RTCEVKECN CRRTQCEJ KU TGNCVGF VQ VJG FCOCIG

6JG RCTCFQZKECN RTQDNGOU CPF OGVCRJQTU VJCV

CNTGCF[ CHHGEVKPI VJG CVOQURJGTG 'XGP KH %1

JCXGDGGPTCKUGFD[VJGUGCTVYQTMUCTGRCTVQHVJG

GOKUUKQPU YGTG VQ UVQR VQOQTTQY VJG[ TGHGTGPEG

U[UVGOKPYJKEJVJGYQTMUGZKUV6JG[CTGGKVJGTKP

VJCV ENKOCVG EJCPIG KU RTGFKEVGF VQ EQPVKPWG HQT

VJG CTV YQTNF YKVJ KVU ICNNGT[ GEQPQO[ DCUGF QP

CV NGCUV VJG PGZV  [GCTU 2GTJCRU CPQVJGT RCTV



Conclusion

CP WPFGTUVCPFKPI VJCV CV VJG RTGUGPV VKOG VJGTG KU C NCEM QH RQNKVKECN YKNN VQ FQ YJCV KU PGEGUUCT[

6JGYQTMQHVJGCTVKUVUKPVJGCWVJQToUEWTCVGFGZJK

QP C INQDCN NGXGN VQ TGFWEG ITGGPJQWUG ICU GOKU

DKVKQP#GTCPFVJGTGNCVGFCTVCPFCEVKXKUVRTQLGEVU

UKQPU 6JG RTQLGEVU KP VJG #GT GZJKDKVKQP PCXKICVG

FKUEWUUGF KP VJKU CTVKENG TGRTGUGPV VJG DGIKPPKPIU

VJG GEQPQOKE CPF RGTUQPCN RQNKVKEU QH CKT CPF CKT

QH CP GHHQTV VQ CFFTGUU VJG KUUWG QH CKT RQNNWVKQP

SWCNKV[#UVJGUGRQNKVKEUECPDGEQORNGZCPFEQP

HTQOCOWNVKFKUEKRNKPCT[RGTURGEVKXG+PVJGU

VTQXGTUKCN 2NCVHQTO .QPFQP C ITQWR YJQUG YQTM

;XGU -NGKP 4QDGTV $CTT[ *CPU *CCEMG CPF QVJGTU

ETQUUGU FKUEKRNKPCT[ NKPGU VQ CEJKGXG UQEKCN CPF

FGXGNQRGF CTVYQTMU HTQO GRJGOGTCN OCVGTKCNU $[

GEQNQIKECNLWUVKEGCVVGORVUVQDNWTVJGDQWPFCTKGU

OCMKPI CTVYQTMU HTQO CKT CPF YCVGT VJGUG CTVKUVU

DGVYGGP CTV CPF CEVKXKUO 6JGKT RTQLGEVU KPXQNXG

RWUJGFDQWPFCTKGUCPFGZRCPFGFVJGFGȧPKVKQPQH

TKIQTQWU TGUGCTEJ CFXQECE[ RWDNKE CTV CPF GFWEC

CTV#VVJGVKOGVJCV-NGKP*CCEMGCPF$CTT[YGTG

VKQP QT XCTKQWU EQODKPCVKQPU QH GCEJ 6JG INQDCN

ETGCVKPI VJG GRJGOGTCN YQTMU FKUEWUUGF KP VJKU

RTKEG QH QKN KU UGV CV .QPFQPoU +PVGTPCVKQPCN 2GVTQ

CTVKENGYCVGTCPFCKTYGTGUGGPCURWDNKETGUQWTEGU

NGWO'ZEJCPIGCPFVJGKTCTVYQTMGPVKVNGF7PTCX

*QYGXGT D[ VJG GCTN[ U DQVVNGF YCVGT JCF

GNNKPI VJG ECTDQP YGD NQQMU ENQUGN[ CV VYQ OCLQT

DGEQOGCRQRWNCTKVGOKPUVQTGUCPFCKTRQNNWVKQP

RNC[GTU KP VJG QKN KPFWUVT[ VJCV JCXG JGCFSWCTVGTU

VTCFKPI U[UVGOU KP 5WNHWT &KQZKFG CPF %(%U JCF

KP .QPFQP $2 CPF 5JGNN 6JG RTQLGEV HQEWUGU QP

CNTGCF[DGGPKORNGOGPVGF$GECWUGCTVYQTMUIGP

VJGKT CEVKXKVKGU KP +TCS VJG HQTOGT 5QXKGV 7PKQP

GTCNN[ QRGTCVG YKVJKP XCTKQWU GEQPQOKGU YJGVJGT

CPF 0KIGTKC 6JGUG JCXG KPENWFGF VJG QKN KPFWUVT[

VJG[ CTG ICNNGT[ YQTMU QT YQTMU QH RWDNKE CTV VJG

KP 0KIGTKC CPF VJG RQNKE[ QH 5JGNN # EQORQPGPV

RQUKVKQPQHGRJGOGTCNCTVYQTMUCURTKXCVGRTQRGTV[

QH VJG RTQLGEV D[ 2NCVHQTO .QPFQP VJG 4GOGODGT

OC[ JCXG WPKPVGPVKQPCNN[ UQHVGPGF VJG RWDNKE VQ

MGPUCTQYKYCRTQLGEVYCUCVTKDWVGVQVJG0KIGTKCP

VJGKFGCQHUGNNKPIDQVVNGFYCVGTCPFVQVJGDW[KPI

YTKVGTCPFCEVKXKUVYJQNGFCPQPXKQNGPVECORCKIP

CPFUGNNKPIQHCKT6JGEQPVGZVKPYJKEJCPCTVYQTM

CICKPUVVJGGPXKTQPOGPVCNFCOCIGCUUQEKCVGFYKVJ

KURTGUGPVGFHQTGZCORNGCUCJKIJRTKEGFRTQFWEV

VJGQRGTCVKQPUQH5JGNNCPFQVJGTOWNVKPCVKQPCNQKN

KPCICNNGT[QTKPCRWDNKEURCEGCHHGEVUVJGGZVGPV

EQORCPKGUKPVJG0KIGT&GNVC*KUGZGEWVKQPD[VJG

QHKVUOGUUCIGCPFVJGGHHGEVKXGPGUUQHVJGYQTMKP

0KIGTKCP /KNKVCT[ KP  RTQXQMGF KPVGTPCVKQPCN

TGURQPFKPIVQCINQDCNETKUKUNKMGENKOCVGEJCPIG

QWVTCIG2NCVHQTO.QPFQPVJGPEQQTFKPCVGFCEQCNK

6JGTGHQTG TGEGPV EQPVGORQTCT[ CTVKUVU WUKPI

VKQPQHQTICPK\CVKQPUCPFKPFKXKFWCNUVQEQPVTKDWVG

GRJGOGTCNOCVGTKCNUJCXGTGURQPFGFVQVJGKFGCQH

C UGTKGU QH NKXKPI OGOQTKCNU VQ 5CTQ9KYC VJGUG

UGNNKPICKTD[QHHGTKPICPCNVGTPCVKXGTGCFKPIVQVJG

KPENWFGFCDQQMQHRQGVT[CPFCUVCKPNGUUUVGGNDWU

OCKPUVTGCO EQOOGTEKCN OGUUCIGU VJCV GPEQWTCIG

OCFGD[0KIGTKCPDQTPCTVKUV5QMCTK&QWINCU%COR

OCTMGVKPI VJGUG TGUQWTEGU %QPVGORQTCT[ CTV

6JKU ITQYKPI RTQLGEV CRVN[ PCOGF 7PTCXGNNKPI VJG

KUVURTGUGPVGFKPVJKUCTVKENGJCXGWUGFVGEJPQNQI[

ECTDQP YGD EQPVCKPU CP CTEJKXG QH TGNCVGF PGYU

CU C OGCPU QH ETGCVKXG CPF ETKVKECN KPVGTXGPVKQP

JKUVQTKECNFQEWOGPVUCPFCPCN[UKUKPENWFKPIHCDNGU

5CTCJ ,CPG 2GNN +PVGTFGRGPF CPF 7PFGTEWTTGPV JCU

VJCV VT[ VQ TGCEJ VJG EQPUEKGPEG QH VJG INQDCN QKN

FGUKIPGF YQTMU VJCV JKIJNKIJV VJG JWOCP DQF[oU

KPFWUVT[

KORCEVCPFFGRGPFGPEGWRQPCKT UGG%QNQWTRNCVG



Andrea Polli

QH VJG HQEWU QP OKVKICVKQP OKIJV GXGPVWCVG HTQO

ZXKK(KI&*GTYQTMUUWIIGUVGFVJGKORNKECVKQPU

D[UWIIGUVKPICYC[HQTKPFKXKFWCNUVQEQNNGEVKXGN[

QH CP CNVGTPCVKXG HWVWTG KP YJKEJ CKT KU C NKOKVGF

UWDXGTVVJGU[UVGOCPFTGVWTPVJGCKTVQVJGRWDNKE

TGUQWTEG'XG#PFTÅG.CTCOÅG 2CTMUQPVTWEMUCNUQ

FQOCKP

WUGFCXGJKENGVQKNNWUVTCVGVJGRQVGPVKCNQHCKTDWV VJCVXGJKENGYCUUGXGTGN[JCPFKECRRGFD[VJGEQP

'CEJJWOCPDGKPIKUCHHGEVGFD[RQQTCKTSWCNKV[CPF

UVTCKPV VJCV KV JCXG PQ PGICVKXG KORCEV QP VJG CKT

ENKOCVGEJCQUCPFVJGTGURQPUGQHIQXGTPOGPVUVQ

SWCNKV[6JTQWIJVJKUYQTM#PFTÅG.CTCOÅGKNNWU

RTKXCVK\G VJG CKT OC[ PQV UQNXG VJG RTQDNGO DWV

VTCVGF VJG OCIPKVWFG QH GOKUUKQPU EQOKPI HTQO

TCVJGTOKIJVETGCVGOQTGFKHȧEWNVKGU5GXGTCNQHVJG

GCEJ KPFKXKFWCN CWVQOQDKNG EQORCTGF VQ KVU RJ[U

CTVKUVUFKUEWUUGFKPVJKUCTVKENGJCXGETGCVGFCNVGTPC

KECNHQQVRTKPV

VKXGRCVJYC[UVQJKIJNKIJVVJGȨCYUKPVJGECTDQP VTCFKPIU[UVGOCPFVQGORQYGTKPFKXKFWCNUVQRTG

#UJCUDGGPUJQYPVJTQWIJVJGEQPVTQXGTUKGUUWT

UGTXG CPF RTQVGEV QWT HTCIKNG CVOQURJGTG #U JCU

TQWPFKPIVJGETGCVKQPQHINQDCNOCTMGVUVJCVVTCFG

DGGP UJQYP KP VJKU CTVKENG CTVYQTMU ECP UGTXG CU

KPCKTCPFVJTQWIJCTVKUVUoETKVKECNTGURQPUGUVQVJKU

CPCNVGTPCVKXGOGFKWOHQTRTQOQVKPIUQEKCNOQXG

EQPVTQXGTU[ VJGTG ECP DG PGY OGEJCPKUOU HQT

OGPV CPF CEVKXKUO CPF CU C UQEKCN CEVKQP VJCV ECP

EQOOWPKECVKPI RTQDNGOU TGNCVGF VQ VJG GPXKTQP

NGCFVQVJGFGXGNQROGPVQHPGYUQEKCNKPVGTCEVKQPU

OGPV KP IGPGTCN CPF ENKOCVG EJCPIG KP RCTVKEWNCT

CPFUVTWEVWTGU

(TQO C VQR FQYP RGTURGEVKXG ECTDQPVTCFKPI U[U VGOUOC[RWVVJGCVOQURJGTGWPFGTVJGEQPVTQNQH CUOCNNPWODGTQHNCTIGEQTRQTCVKQPUTCVJGTVJCPKP

References

VJG JCPFU QH VJG EKVK\GPU VJCV PGGF VQ DTGCVJG CKT VQUWTXKXG*QYGXGTVJGTGOC[DGCPQVJGTMKPFQH VTCFKPIU[UVGOVJCVCTVKUVUECPRNC[CTQNGKPFGXGN QRKPIQPGVJCVHCEKNKVCVGUCITCUUTQQVUGZEJCPIGQH KFGCUKPQRRQUKVKQPVQEQTRQTCVGEQPVTQN

#NDGTTQ #  $WEJOCP 5  #TV CHVGT EQPEGRVWCN CTV /+62TGUU%CODTKFIG/# (GFGTCN %QOOWPKECVKQPU %QOOKUUKQP (%% CEEGUUGF  1EVQDGTJVVRYYYHEEIQX  (NCPPGT[66JGYGCVJGTOCMGTU)TQXG2TGUU0GY

6QYCTFUVJCVCKO5WRGTICUPQVQPN[QRGTCVGFQWV UKFG QH VJG VTCFKVKQPCN CTV OCTMGV DWV CNUQ QRGT

;QTM )GNKPCU0n#ECTDQPVCZYQWNFDGENGCPGTo9CNN5VTGGV

CVGFQWVUKFGQHVJGINQDCNGPGTI[OCTMGV5WRGTICU

,QWTPCN  #WIWUV CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVR

HWPEVKQPGFCUCECVCN[UVHQTUQEKCNEJCPIGD[VWTPKPI

YYYOCPJCVVCPKPUVKVWVGQTI JVONAYULCAECTDQPA

EQPUWOGTU KPVQ RTQFWEGTU 'PIGDTGVJ 2GTUQPCN

VCZAYQWNFADGAENGCPGTJVO )NCUUKG,p#KTKPFGZ

M[QVQ FTGY CVVGPVKQP VQ INQDCN GHHQTVU VQ TGFWEG

KORTGUUKQPKUOq0GY;QTM6KOGU/CIC\KPG&GEGODGT

ITGGPJQWUG ICUGU CPF CNUQ TGFKTGEVGF VJG RQYGT

CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYYP[VKOGUEQO

QH VJCV TGFWEVKQP VQ KPFKXKFWCN EKVK\GPU 2TGGOR

OCIC\KPGUGEVKQP#VJVON 

VKXG/GFKC #+4CNUQRNCEGFVQQNUKPVJGJCPFUQH EKVK\GPU D[ GORQYGTKPI VJG RWDNKE VQ TGEQTF CPF OQPKVQT NQECN CKT SWCNKV[ CPF #O[ $CNMKP 2WDNKE UOQIETKVKECNN[SWGUVKQPUVJGECTDQPVTCFKPIU[UVGO



)QTG# 'CTVJKPVJGDCNCPEG'EQNQI[CPFVJG JWOCPURKTKV4QFCNG'OOCWU2#

XQNPQRRR +PVGTIQXGTPOGPVCNRCPGNQPENKOCVGEJCPIG KREE %NKOCVG%JCPIG6JGRJ[UKECNUEKGPEGDCUKUUWOOCT[ HQTRQNKE[OCMGTU(GDTWCT[CEEGUUGF/CTEJ JVVRWUGTUVGNGPGVDGLLCPUUGPU%QOOGPVU52/ YGDRFH  +PVGTIQXGTPOGPVCN RCPGN QP ENKOCVG EJCPIG YQTMKPI

2GTTGOGPV /  n%QTTWRVKQP UVCNNU IQXGTPOGPV CVVGORVU VQ EWTD %(% VTCFGo  &GEGODGT %JKPC &GXGNQROGPV$TKGHCEEGUUGF0QXGODGTJVVR YYYEJKPCFGXGNQROGPVDTKGHEQOPQFG  2QNNK #  #GT QPNKPG GZJKDKVKQP CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ JVVRITGGPOWUGWOQTI ECGTKPFGZJVO  4KODCEJ,n1Z[IGPDCTKP#VNCPVKE%KV[0,HGGFU HTGUJCKTVQVQWTKUVUo(TGG4GRWDNKE&GEGODGT

ITQWR++TGRQTVn+ORCEVUCFCRVCVKQPCPFXWNPGTCDKNKV[o

5KOOU #  n6JG ITGCV GOKUUKQPU TKIJVU IKXGCYC[o

 %QPVTKDWVKQP QH VJG YQTMKPI ITQWR ++ VQ VJG

HQWPFCVKQP HQT VJG GEQPQOKEU QH UWUVCKPCDKNKV[

HQWTVJCUUGUUOGPVTGRQTVQHVJGKPVGTIQXGTPOGPVCNRCPGN

HGCUVC 0GY 'EQPQOKE (QTWO /CTEJ CEEGUUGF 

QPENKOCVGEJCPIG5WOOCT[HQTRQNKE[OCMGTUCEEGUUGF

/CTEJ  JVVRYYYHGCUVCQTI FQEWOGPVU

/CTEJJVVRYYYKREEEJKREETGRQTVUCT

GPGTI[GOKUUKQPURFH 

YIJVO  ,QKPVGEQPQOKEEQOOKVVGG5VWF[QPVTCFCDNGRQNNWVKQP

5QNQOQP &  n%NKOCVG EJCPIGoU ITGCV FKXKFGo 9CNN 5VTGGV ,QWTPCN  5GRVGODGT CEEGUUGF 

GOKUUKQP75%QPITGUU,WN[CEEGUUGF0QXGODGT

/CTEJ

JVVRYYYJQWUGIQXLGEEQUVIQXTGIUEQUV

5$JVON 

GOKUUKQPJVO  -CPVGT ,  n$CPMU WTIKPI 75 VQ CFQRV VJG VTCFKPI



n5VTCVQURJGTKE Q\QPG FGRNGVKQP  [GCTU CHVGT /QPVTGCNo  0CVWTCN 5EKGPEG  1EVQDGT CEEGUUGF 

QH GOKUUKQPUo 0GY ;QTM 6KOGU  5GRVGODGT

/CTEJ

CEEGUUGF/CTEJJVVRYYYP[VKOGUEQO

EQXGTJVON 

DWUKPGUUDCPMJVON  -NGKP ;  ;XGU -NGKP #KT CTEJKVGEVWTG 0QGXGT 2  2GTTKP( GFU/#-%GPVGTHQT#TVCPF#TEJKVGEVWTG .QU#PIGNGU -[QVQ 2TQVQEQN  7PKVGF 0CVKQPU HTCOGYQTM EQPXGP

JVVRQPNKPGYULEQOCTVKENG



JVVRPCVWTCNEKGPEGEQOPUEQXGT

6JG%QORGPUCVQTU CUUQEKCVKQPVQFGETGCUGGOKUUKQPCNNQY CPEGU CEEGUUGF  1EVQDGT  JVVRYYYVJG EQORGPUCVQTUQTI  9QQF 2  /QXGOGPVU KP OQFGTP CTV EQPEGRVWCN CTV &GNCPQ)TGGPTKFIG'FKVKQPU0GY;QTMRRs

VKQPQPENKOCVGEJCPIGCEEGUUGF0QXGODGT JVVRWPHEEEKPVM[QVQARTQVQEQNKVGOURJR  .KRRCTF.5KZ[GCTU6JGFGOCVGTKCNK\CVKQPQHVJGCTV QDLGEVHTQOVQ2TCGIGT0GY;QTM .KRRCTF .  %JCPFNGT ,  n6JG FGOCVGTKCNK\CVKQP QH CTVo#TV+PVGTPCVKQPCNXQNPQRR .QJOCP.n%CTDQPVTCFKPI#ETKVKECNEQPXGTUCVKQP QP ENKOCVG EJCPIG RTKXCVKUCVKQP CPF RQYGTo &GXGN QROGPV &KCNQIWG PQ  5GRVGODGT RR  RR  CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYYFJH WWUGRFHȧNGT&&AAECTDQPAVTCFKPIECTDQPA VTCFKPIAYGDRFH 



Andrea Polli

*CTFKP )  n6JG VTCIGF[ QH VJG EQOOQPUo 5EKGPEG

R E -CONNECT

Angelika Hilbeck

9GCTGEWTTGPVN[GZRGTKGPEKPIVJGUKOWNVCPGQWUFGENKPGQHGUUGPVKCNN[CNN HWPFCOGPVCNU[UVGOUJWOCPUQEKGVKGUTGUVWRQP#UVJGENKOCVGWPFGT IQGUFTCOCVKEEJCPIGUCPFDKQFKXGTUKV[UVKNNFKUCRRGCTUCVWPRTGEGFGPVGF TCVGUQWTGEQPQOKEJGCNVJCPFHQQFRTQFWEVKQPU[UVGOUCNUQHCNVGT 9JKNGVJGTGCUQPUHQTVJGHCKNKPIQHVJGUGU[UVGOU

ETGCVKXKV[ PQXGNV[ CEVKQP GZRQUWTG CPF RTQXQEC

CTGTQQVGFKPWPEQWPVCDNGFKUEQPPGEVKQPUKVUOCP

VKQP1PGȧGNFVJCVUGGOUVQJCXGVCMGPQPUWEJC

KHGUVCVKQPU CTG EQPPGEVGF +P VJKU EJCRVGT + NQQM

TQNG KU ȧNO + CNUQ FKUEWUU JGTG YJ[ FQEWOGPVCT[

KPVQUQOGQHVJGUGFKUEQPPGEVKQPUCPFCVJQYVJG

ȧNOU JCXG UKIPKȧECPVN[ KPETGCUGF QXGT VJG RCUV

QRGTCVKQPCNGPXKTQPOGPVUKPJWOCPUQEKGVKGUJCXG

FGECFG CPF VJGKT TQNG KP VJG EQPVGZV QH GPXKTQP

DGGP OGFKCVGF VQ VJG RQKPV QH OCPKRWNCVKQP UQ

OGPVCNCPFJWOCPJGCNVJFGENKPG

VJCV CP CU[OOGVTKECN U[UVGO JCU GOGTIGF HQT QPG UQNG RWTRQUG OQPGVCT[ RTQȧVU CPF ITGGF 0QXGN

6JGPGYTQNGQHFQEWOGPVCT[ƌNOU

CRRTQCEJGU CPF EQPEGRVU HQT TGOGFKCVKQP OWUV DG

6JG WPHQNFKPI EQPUGSWGPEGU QH JWOCP KPVGTXGP

EQPEGKXGFCPFKORNGOGPVGFSWKEMN[6JGCTVUJCXG

VKQP CPF RTGOCVWTGN[ KPVTQFWEGF VGEJPQNQIKGU CTG

CRTQOKPGPVsKHPQVMG[sTQNGVQRNC[KPVJKUKORNG

ȧPFKPI TQQVU KP VJG EQPUEKQWU QH INQDCN JWOCP

OGPVCVKQP CU KV UGGOU VQ DG QPG QH VJG NCUV FKUEK

UQEKGVKGU6JGRWDNKEPGGFCPFFGUKTGVQICKPDGVVGT

RNKPGUNGHVYKVJVJGNCTIGUVFGITGGUQHHTGGFQOHQT

WPFGTUVCPFKPI KP VJG KPVTKECEKGU CPF EQORNGZKVKGU QHVJGWPFGTN[KPIOGEJCPKUOUQHVJGEWTTGPVHCKNKPI U[UVGOUKUDGUVTGȨGEVGFKPVJGKPETGCUGFRQRWNCTKV[ QHFQEWOGPVCT[ȧNOU7PVKNCDQWVVYQFGECFGUCIQ VJG TQNG QH FQEWOGPVCTKGU YCU RTKOCTKN[ GFWEC VKQPCNVCKNQTKPIOCKPUVTGCOMPQYNGFIGHQTVJGIGP GTCNRWDNKECDQWVPCVWTCNRJGPQOGPCQTUEKGPVKȧE VGEJPKECNKPPQXCVKQPU&QEWOGPVCTKGUUWEJCUVJQUG D[5KT&CXKF#VVGPDQTQWIJCDQWVVJGGXQNWVKQPQH VJGGCTVJCPFXCTKQWUINQDCNGEQU[UVGOUYGTGCPF

(KI6JGFQOKPQGHHGEVQHVJGEQNNCRUKPIU[UVGOUUWUVCKPKPI

TGOCKPXGT[RQRWNCTCPFYQPRTGUVKIKQWUCYCTFU

JWOCPEKXKNK\CVKQPCPFGZKUVGPEG

9JKNG VJKU GFWECVKQPCN TQNG QH FQEWOGPVCTKGU UVKNN



TGOCKPVJGIGPTGKUKPETGCUKPIN[EQORNGOGPVGFD[

UQPUCPFEQPVTQXGTUKGUCTQWPFENKOCVGEJCPIG6JKU

FQEWOGPVCT[ ȧNOU VJCV VCMG QP CP KPXGUVKICVKXG

ȧNOTCPKPOCKPUVTGCOVJGCVTGUCTQWPFVJGYQTNF

TGXGCNKPICPFGZRQUKPIHQEWUOQTGQHVGPVJCPPQV

CPFTGCEJGFOKNNKQPUQHXKGYGTUCPFKVTGEGKXGFVJG

SWGUVKQPKPI OCKPUVTGCO UEKGPEG CPF GUVCDNKUJGF

#ECFGO[ #YCTF KP  6JKU HCEVQT UKIPKȧECPVN[

MPQYNGFIG5WEJKPXGUVKICVKXGFQEWOGPVCTKGUEQP

EQPVTKDWVGF VQ #N )QTG TGEGKXKPI VJG 0QDGN 2GCEG

VKPWG VQ ICKP ITGCV RQRWNCTKV[ CPF UQOG QH VJG

2TK\G VQIGVJGT YKVJ VJG UEKGPVKUVU HTQO VJG +2%%

OQUV YGNNMPQYP ȧNOU QH VJKU IGPTG CTG NKUVGF KP

6JKU FKF ȧPCNN[ GUVCDNKUJ VJG HWPFCOGPVCN TGNC

6CDNG6JGOQUVJKIJN[CEENCKOGFGZCORNGKUVJG

VKQPUJKR DGVYGGP GPXKTQPOGPVCN FGITCFCVKQP CPF

FQEWOGPVCT[ ȧNO #P KPEQPXGPKGPV VTWVJ D[ &CXKU

YQTNFRGCEG

)WIIGPJGKOHGCVWTKPIHQTOGT75XKEGRTGUKFGPV#N )QTG CU VJG OCKP EJCTCEVGT YJQ TGXGCNU VJG TGC

&CVGQH4GNGCUG

(KNO0COG

(KNO/CMGT

1EVQDGT

-Q[CCPKUSCVUKs.KHGQWVQH$CNCPEG

)QFHTG[4GIIKQ



(WVWTGQH(QQF

&GDQTCJ-QQPU

/C[

5WRGTUK\GOG

/QTICP5RWTNQEM

,WN[

.KHGTWPPKPIQWVQHEQPVTQN 68

$GTVTCO8GTJCCI

,CPWCT[

&CTYKPoU0KIJVOCTG

*WDGTV5CWRGT

5GRVGODGT

9GHGGFVJGYQTNF

'TYKP9CIGPJQHGT

#WIWUV

+PEQPXGPKGPVVTWVJ

#N)QTG

0QXGODGT

(CUV(QQF0CVKQP

4KEJCTF.KPMNCVGT

,WPG

$NCEM)QNF

/CTECPF0KEM(TCPEKU

0QXGODGT

#ETWFGCYCMGPKPI6JGQKNETCUJ

$CUKN)GNRMG 4C[/E%QTOCEM 4GVQ%CFWHH

1EVQDGT

6JG JQWT VJ

.GQPCTFQFK%CRTKQ 0CFKC%QPPGTU

/CTEJ

6JGYQTNFCEEQTFKPIVQ/QPUCVQ 68

/CTKG/QPKSWG4QDKP

5GRVGODGT

(NQY

+TGPC5CNKPC



(QQF(KIJV

%JTKUVQRJGT6C[NQT

#RTKN

-KPI%QTP

#CTQP9QQNH

,WPG

(QQF+PE

4QDGTV-GPPGT

,WN[

6CRRGF

5VGRJCPKG5QGEJVKI

5GRVGODGT

%TWFG

,QG$GTNKPIGT

5GRVGODGT

6JG#IGQH5VWRKF

(TCPP[#TOUVTQPI

,CUQP.KPFUG[

6CDNG#NKUVQHRQRWNCTFQEWOGPVCTKGUTGNGCUGFUKPEG



EQORNGVG PQT EQORTGJGPUKXG KV FQGU KPFKECVG CP

Revealing the disconnections: its drivers and profiteers!

KPETGCUGKPHTGSWGPE[CPFKVUJQYUVJGDTGCFVJQH VQRKEU FGCNKPI YKVJ WPUWUVCKPCDNG TGUQWTEG GZVTCE

$QVJ FQEWOGPVCTKGU UJQY JQY VJG UWTTGPFGT QH

VKQP CPF CDWUG QH DQVJ PCVWTG CPF JWOCPU CNKMG

CITKEWNVWTGCPFHQQFRTQFWEVKQPJCUFKEVCVGFRTQȧV

9JKNG KP VJG U QPN[ QPG FQEWOGPVCT[ OCFG

OCZKOK\CVKQP CPF NGCF VQ VJG EWTTGPV RTGFCVQT[

KV KPVQ OCKPUVTGCO VJGCVTGU CPF TGEGKXGF KPVGTPC

U[UVGOQHWPUWUVCKPCDNGOGVJQFQNQIKGULGQRCTFK\KPI

VKQPCNTGEQIPKVKQPPQPGQHVJCVECNKDTGYCUHQWPF

QWTEQNNGEVKXGGZKUVGPEG6JKUnRTQȧVȧTUVoOQFGNKU

KPVJGU*QYGXGTKPXGUVKICVKXGFQEWOGP

ITQWPFGFQPVJGPQVKQPVJCVUQEKGVCNFGXGNQROGPV

VCTKGU YGTG TGNGCUGF KP VJG RCUV  [GCTU YKVJ 

KUGZENWUKXGN[DCUGFQPVJGGEQPQOKEU[UVGOVCMKPI

KPVGTPCVKQPCNTGNGCUGUKPCNQPG5QVJKUVTGPF

ECTGQHCNNJWOCPPGGFU'EQPQOKEKPEGPVKXGUFTKXG

UGGOUVQDGUVKNNWPCDCVGF

QTQXGTTWNGCNNQVJGTU[UVGOUUJCRKPIJWOCPUQEKG

6JGUGCTGKPXGUVKICVKXGFQEWOGPVCT[ȧNOUVJCV

VKGUHTQOGEQU[UVGOUVQUQEKCNU[UVGOU6JGKFGCKU

JCXG GPQTOQWUN[ JGNRGF VQ TGXGCN VJG FKUEQPPGE

VJCVKH[QWRWVCRTKEGVCIQPGXGT[VJKPIKPENWFKPI

VKQPU CPF nTGEQPPGEV VJG FQVUo VJWU GPCDNKPI C

GEQU[UVGOCPFUQEKCNUGTXKEGUKVYKNNICKPGEQPQOKE

DTQCF CWFKGPEG VQ DGEQOG KPHQTOGF EKVK\GPU CPF

XCNWGCPFGXGPDCUKEUWRRNKGUNKMGHQQFCPFYCVGT

TGCNK\G VJCV OCP[ KH PQV OQUV QH VJGUG FGXGNQR

ECPDGVTGCVGFCPFVTCFGFNKMGJQWUGJQNFCRRNKCPEGU

OGPVUCTGPQVKPVJGKTKPVGTGUV#NVJQWIJVJGTCPIG

CPFECTU

QH NKUVGF FQEWOGPVCT[ ȧNOU KPENWFGU OCP[ VQRKEU O[ HQEWU YKNN DG QP CITKEWNVWTG HQQF RTQFWEVKQP

ne YCVGT KU C HQQFUVWHH NKMG CP[ QVJGT CPF NKMG CP[

CPFDKQUEKGPEG6YQXGT[RQRWNCTHCKTN[TGEGPVFQE

QVJGT HQQFUVWHH KV UJQWNF JCXG C OCTMGV XCNWG 2GT

WOGPVCTKGUYKNNDGWUGFCUKNNWUVTCVKXGGZCORNGU9G

UQPCNN[+DGNKGXGKVoUDGVVGTVQIKXGCHQQFUVWHHCXCNWG

HGGFVJGYQTNFCPF(QQF+PE UGG%QNQWTRNCVGZXKKK

UQVJCVYGoTGCNNCYCTGVJCVKVJCUKVURTKEGCPFVJGP

ZKZ6JGUGVYQȧNOUUVCPFKPCEQPVKPWWOQHQVJGT

VJCVQPGUJQWNFVCMGURGEKȧEOGCUWTGUHQTVJGRCTVQH

KPXGUVKICVKXG CPF GZRQUKVQT[ FQEWOGPVCT[ ȧNOU

VJGRQRWNCVKQPVJCVJCUPQCEEGUUVQVJKUYCVGTCPF

DGECWUGCVNGCUVOQTGFQEWOGPVCT[ȧNOUFGCNKPI

VJGTG CTG OCP[ FKHHGTGPV RQUUKDKNKVKGU VJGTGo 2GVGT

YKVJHQQFCPFYCVGTKUUWGUCTGNKUVGFKP6CDNG9G

$TCDGEM%'10GUVNÅ9GHGGFVJGYQTNFOKPWVGU

HGGFVJGYQTNFCPF(QQF+PEYGTGUGNGEVGFDGECWUG

sOKPWVGU

GCEJYCUUWTRTKUKPIN[CPFGZEGRVKQPCNN[UWEEGUUHWN KP TGCEJKPI VJG RWDNKE s QPG KP 'WTQRG CPF VJG

#U EQTRQTCVKQPU DGEQOG TKEJGT CPF OQTG UWE

QVJGTKPVJG75#NVJQWIJDQVJJCXGUKOKNCTOGU

EGUUHWN FQ VJG[ ETGCVG LQDU CPF OCMG UQEKGV[ UWH

UCIGUVQEQPXG[CPFQXGTNCRKPVJGHGCVWTGFKUUWGU

ȧEKGPVN[ TKEJ UQ VJCV RWDNKE IQQF YQWNF EQOG

VJG[CNUQJCXGCPWODGTQHFKHHGTGPEGU

CDQWV D[ KVUGNH ! #EEQTFKPI VQ VJG EWTTGPV nUWRRN[ CPF FGOCPFo OQFGN GUUGPVKCN VJKPIU KPENWFKPI HQQF UVWHHU YQWNF DG RTQFWEGF EQUV GHȧEKGPVN[ CPF IQ YJGTG VJG[ CTG PGGFGF CPF WNVKOCVGN[ VTKEMNG FQYP VQ VJQUG YJQ JCXG NGUU GXGPVWCNN[ CNUQNKHVKPIVJGKTUVCPFCTFQHNKXKPI5KOKNCTN[CNUQ



Angelika Hilbeck

9JKNG VJKU NKUV QH FQEWOGPVCT[ ȧNOU KU PGKVJGT

GPXKTQPOGPVCNEQPEGTPUCPFWPUWUVCKPCDNGRTQFWE

RQYGT VJCV ECPPQV DG QXGTGUVKOCVGF 6JKU RQYGT

VKQPOGVJQFUYQWNFGXGPVWCNN[DGUQNXGFQWVQHCP

OCUUKXGN[ CPF FKURTQRQTVKQPCVGN[ KPȨWGPEGU VJG

nGEQPQOKE NQIKEo CU KV YQWNF DG KP VJG KPVGTGUV QH

UJCRKPI QH QWT HWVWTG DNQEMU RTQITGUU CPF JKP

EQTRQTCVKQPU PQV VQ GTQFG VJGKT QYP DCUG 1PG KU

FGTU RTQITGUUKXG UQNWVKQPU VQYCTFU C UWUVCKPCDN[

JCTF RTGUUGF VQ ȧPF C UGIOGPV QH JWOCP CEVKXKV[

HWPEVKQPKPIYQTNF6JG[JCXGUQGHHGEVKXGN[GUVCD

KP YGUVGTP UQEKGVKGU YJGTG VJG nRTQȧVȧTUVo OQFGN

NKUJGFCnTGXQNXKPIFQQToUVTCVGI[YJGTGEQTRQTCVG

JCU PQV DGGP CRRNKGF CPF JCU PQV ECWUGF C UVCIG

GORNQ[GGU UYKVEJ DCEM CPF HQTVJ DGVYGGP EQTRQ

QHETKUKUVQUQOGFGITGG$WVVJKUOQFGNVWTPUQWV

TCVKQPUCPFVJGKTQXGTUGGKPITGIWNCVQT[CWVJQTKVKGU

VQUGTXGQPN[COKPQTKV[CPFHCKNUHQTVJGOCLQTKV[

VJCV VJG[ CTG GUUGPVKCNN[ YTKVKPI VJGKT QYP TWNGU

QHVJGINQDCNJWOCPUQEKGV[+VRTQOQVGUGZRNQKVC

(QQF +PE UJQYU OWNVKRNG ECUGU QH VQR NGXGN OCP

VKXG GPXKTQPOGPVCN DGJCXKQWT VQ VJG RQKPV QH EQN

CIGOGPVGORNQ[GGUQTNCY[GTUYQTMKPIHQTQPGQH

NGEVKXG UGNHFGUVTWEVKQP 9G CTG PQY NGCTPKPI VJCV

VJG DKIIGUV DKQVGEJ EQORCPKGU /QPUCPVQ VCMKPI

nPGGFo CPF nFGOCPFo CTG SWKVG UGRCTCVG KUUWGU CPF

WRVQRNGXGNRQUKVKQPUCVVJG(QQFCPF&TWICFOKP

VJCV JKIJ FGOCPF QH CHȨWGPV EKVK\GPU FQGU PQV

KUVTCVKQP (&# CPF VJG 'PXKTQPOGPVCN 2TQVGEVKQP

VTKEMNGFQYPVQUCVKUH[VJGnPGGFUoQHVJGRQQT+P

#IGPE[ '2#CPFXKEGXGTUC

VJG OCTMGV GEQPQO[ YQTNF nFGOCPFo VTCPUNCVGU KPVQ nYCPVo CPF OQUV KORQTVCPVN[ YJCV ECP DG

6JGTGHQTG C IKCPV UGNHTGKPHQTEKPI U[UVGO JCU

RCKFHQTKV$WVnYCPVKPIoUQOGVJKPICPFnPGGFKPIo

GOGTIGF QXGT VJG RCUV ȧXG VQ UKZ FGECFGU VJCV

UQOGVJKPICTGEQORNGVGN[FKHHGTGPVVJKPIU6QFC[oU

ECWUGURGQRNGVQDGEQOGKPETGCUKPIN[FKUEQPPGEVGF

INQDCNGEQPQO[DQKNUFQYPVQCU[UVGOQHnUWRRN[

HTQOVJGRTQFWEVKQPQHVJGKTIQQFUVJGKTGPXKTQP

CPF YCPVo QT RGTJCRU UQOG nUWRRN[ CPF FGOCPFo

OGPV VJGKT HQQF CPF ȧPCNN[ VJGKT QYP DQFKGU

CU NQPI CU QPG JCU VJG ȧPCPEKCN OGCPU DWV NKVVNG

$QVJ FQEWOGPVCT[ ȧNOU TGXGCN JQY VJGUG FKUEQP

nUWRRN[CPFPGGFo+VHCKNUEQORNGVGN[HQTVJQUGYJQ

PGEVKQPUYGTGDTQWIJVCDQWV

FQPQVJCXGOQPG[CPFPGGFVJKPIUn2TQȧVOCZK OK\CVKQPKUVJGOWTFGTQWUUVTCVGI[o ,GCP
Agriculture

HGGFVJGYQTNF #HVGT9QTNF9CT++YGTGFGUKIPGFQWTCITKEWNVWTCN +P QTFGT VQ MGGR VJKU FGEQWRNGF OCTMGV U[UVGO

CPFHQQFRTQFWEVKQPU[UVGOUUJKHVKPIHTQOVJGRTK

UVTKXKPI VJG GEQPQO[ nOGFKCVGUo VJG GPXKTQP

OCT[IQCNQHRTQFWEKPIHQQFCPFHGGFVQVJGIQCNQH

OGPV KP C YC[ VJCV KV UCVKUȧGU CPF IGPGTCVGU C

OQPGVCT[ RTQȧVU 6JKU YCU CEJKGXGF D[ KPETGCUKPI

UWHȧEKGPV PWODGT QH EQPUWOGTU YJQUG EQPUWOR

RTQFWEVKXKV[ KP VGTOU QH [KGNFUHQTRTQȧV NKVGTCNN[

VKQP DGJCXKQWT KP VWTP TGGPHQTEGU CP KPETGCUKPIN[

CVCP[EQUVU9KVJVJGJGNRQHEJGOKECNRGUVKEKFGU

EGPVTCNK\GFOQPQRQN[U[UVGOTWPD[CJCPFHWNQH

CPF EJGCR QKN EJGCR EQOOQFKVKGU CPF RTQEGUUGF

INQDCNEQTRQTCVKQPUYJQEQPVTQNVJGGPVKTGRTQFWE

HQQFU YGTG DTQWIJV VQ OCP[ KP VJG KPFWUVTKCNK\GF

VKQP EJCKP HTQO TCY OCVGTKCN VQ ECTU ȧGNF VQ HQTM

YQTNF $[ U[UVGOCVKECNN[ GZVGTPCNK\KPI VJG PGIC

 CPF DG[QPF 6JKU KP VWTP RTQXKFGU VJGO YKVJ C

VKXG UKFG GHHGEVU QH VJKU KPFWUVTKCNK\GF CITKEWNVWTCN

FGITGG QH PQPFGOQETCVKECNN[ UCPEVKQPGF RQNKVKECN

RTQFWEVKQPU[UVGOVQUQEKGV[CVNCTIGWPRCTCNNGNGF



VKQPUHTQOCTGOQVGQHȧEGXKCEQORWVGTEQPVTQNCPF

NKPMGFFKUVTKDWVKPICPFTGVCKNKPIEQTRQTCVKQPUEQWNF

IKXGQTFGTUVQVGEJPKEKCPUCPFYQTMGTU1HEQWTUG

DGTCKUGF6JGTGUWNVKPIWPRTGEGFGPVGFINQDCNEQT

CNUQVJGUGQRGTCVQTUCPFGPIKPGGTUDGEQOGNCTIGN[

RQTCVGRQYGTCPFVJGKTȧPCPEKCNTGUQWTEGUCNNQYGF

FKUEQPPGEVGFHTQOVJGRWTRQUGQHHQQFRTQFWEVKQP

VJGOVQWUGCNNOGCPUCXCKNCDNGVQOGFKCVGVJGUQEK

CPFCKOVQOCZKOK\GRTQȧVU+PVJKUU[UVGOKVFQGU

GVCNCPFRQNKVKECNGPXKTQPOGPVD[FGGRN[KPITCKPKPI

PQVOCVVGTCP[OQTGVQCPGPIKPGGTYJGVJGTJGQT

VJGUWDNKOKPCNOGUUCIGKPVQUQEKGVKGUVJCVVJGTGKU

UJGJGNRUFGUKIPFGXKEGUCPFCUUGODN[NKPGUHQTVJG

QPN[QPGYC[VQRTQFWEGUWHȧEKGPVCHHQTFCDNGHQQF

RTQFWEVKQPQHJCKTFT[GTUQTHQTVJGOCUUMKNNKPIQH

HQT CNN s VJG KPFWUVTKCN YC[ 6JWU INQDCN EQORC

CPKOCNUVJCVCTGJCPFNGFNKMGEQOOQFKVKGU

PKGUGHHGEVKXGN[OGFKCVGFVJGUQEKGVCNCPFRQNKVKECN GPXKTQPOGPVCPFVJGUVTKMKPIHCEVVJCVYGJCXGKP

(QQF

HCEV HGF NGUU CPF NGUU RGQRNG UKPEG VJG OKF U

.QIKECNN[RTQEGUUGFHQQFUVWHHUHTQOVJGUGEQOOQF

YJGP VJKU KPFWUVTKCN RTQȧVȧTUV OQFGN YCU KPUVK

KVKGUHQNNQYUVJGUCOGKPFWUVTKCNRTQȧVȧTUVOQFGN

ICVGF YGPV NCTIGN[ WPPQVKEGF +PUVGCF YG JCXG

(KTUV CNN EQOOQFKVKGU RTGFQOKPCPVN[ UQ[ DGCPU

RTQFWEGF OQTG CPF OQTG TCY OCVGTKCN HQT KPFWU

CPF OCK\G CTG RTQȧVCDN[ CPF UEKGPVKȧECNN[ FKUCU

VTKCNRWTRQUGUQHCPFHQTVJGTKEJ GI(#1

UGODNGFKPVQVJGKTUOCNNGUVOCTMGVCDNGEQORQWPFU

+##56&2CVGN

QPN[ VQ DG TGCUUGODNGF CICKP KPVQ PQXGN CFXGP VWTQWU EQODKPCVKQPU KP RTQȧVCDNG HQQF RTQEGUUKPI

$QVJ FQEWOGPVCT[ ȧNOU UJQY VJG UQWNNGUU CPF

HCEVQTKGUVQYJCV0GUVNG ECNNUn6GEJPQ(QQFo

ETWGNOGEJCPK\GFRTQFWEVKQPU[UVGOUQHKPFWUVTKCN

QT 2QNNCP  nGFKDNG HQQFNKMG UWDUVCPEGUo +P

CITKEWNVWTCN HCEVQTKGU VJCV TGFWEG NKXKPI UWDLGEVU

(QQF +PE 2QNNCP EKVGU VJGUG HQQF UVWHHU CU nENGXGT

RNCPVU CPF CPKOCNU CNKMG KPVQ KPCPKOCVG QDLGEVU

TGCTTCPIGOGPVU QH EQTPo CPF  [GCTU CIQ (WU

(QQF +PE TGXGCNU JQY D[ FKUCUUGODNKPI VJG EQO

UGNNFGUETKDGFVJKUUCOGFKUCUUGODNKPITGCTTCPIKPI

RNGZKVKGUQHTWPPKPICHCTOGPVGTRTKUGKPVQVJGUWO

UVTCVGI[ KP JGT JKIJN[ EQORTGJGPUKXG DQQM QP

QH OKPFNGUU TGRGVKVKXG CUUGODN[ NKPG UV[NG CEVKXK

OCK\GCUHQNNQYU

VKGUVJGHCTOJCUDGGPVWTPGFKPVQCHCEVQT[6JKU UVTCVGI[ JCU CNNQYGF HCTOGTU VQ TGFWEG VJG QRGTC

n(TQO VJG RGTURGEVKXG QH KPFWUVTKCN HCTOGTU EQTP KU

VKQPCNEQUVUDGECWUGJWIGCITKEWNVWTCNHCEVQTKGUECP

QHXCNWGQPN[CUKVECPDGVTCPUHQTOGFEJGOKECNN[KPVQ

PQYDGTWPD[WPUMKNNGFWPGFWECVGFWPRTQVGEVGF

YJCVGXGTEQOOQFKV[KUOQUVKPFGOCPF6JGOGVJ

CPFGCUKN[TGRNCEGCDNGEJGCRNCDQWT9QTMGTUYJQ

QFQNQI[ QH PKPGVGGPVJEGPVWT[ EJGOKUVT[ WPFGTNKGU

QHVGP PGKVJGT WPFGTUVCPF PQT ECTG HQT VJG GPVKTG

VJG TGȧPKPI QH EQTP CU KV FQGU VJG TGȧPKPI QH QKN

RTQEGUU (CTOGTU EQPUGSWGPVN[ NQUG QYPGTUJKR

CPCN[\GVJGU[UVGOHTCIOGPVVJGRCTVUSWCPVKH[VJG

CPF DGEQOG FKUEQPPGEVGF HTQO VJGKT RWTRQUGU

RCTVUCPFU[PVJGUK\GCVYKNN+PUWEJCU[UVGOQTICPKE

#FFKVKQPCNN[ CPF RGTJCRU OQTG KORQTVCPVN[ VJG

RNCPVU CTG DWV TCY OCVGTKCN HQT VJG RTQEGUUQT YJQ

EQPVTQN CPF QXGTUKIJV QXGT VJG GPVKTG RTQFWEVKQP

HCDTKECVGU RTQFWEVU HQT YJKEJ VJG OCPWHCEVWTGT ETG

U[UVGOUQHVJGUGJWIGCITKEWNVWTCNHCEVQTKGUTGUKFGU

CVGUVJGFGOCPFo (WUUGNNR

YKVJ C JCPFHWN QH UMKNNGF GFWECVGF RGQRNG GPIK PGGTUHQTVJGOQUVRCTVYJQnQXGTUGGoVJGUGQRGTC



Angelika Hilbeck

RTQȧVU VQ EJGOKECN CPF QKN EQORCPKGU CPF VJGKT

#U KP KPFWUVTKCN CITKEWNVWTG WPRTGEGFGPVGF INQDCN

PGEVKQPHTQOHQQFRGTUGETGCVKPIPGYFGRGPFGP

EQTRQTCVG RQYGT CPF GUUGPVKCNN[ WPNKOKVGF ȧPCP

EKGU QP EQPUWNVCPVU CPF GPIKPGGTU 9JCV WUGF VQ

EKCN TGUQWTEGU JCXG CNNQYGF VJG KPXQNXGF INQDCN

DG CIGQNF HQNM MPQYNGFIG JCU DGGP VTCPUHQTOGF

HQQF RTQEGUUKPI KPFWUVTKGU VQ OGFKCVG VJG UQEKGVCN

KPVQ C UEKGPVKȧE GZGTEKUG VJCV QPN[ C RTQHGUUKQPCN

CPF RQNKVKECN GPXKTQPOGPV D[ FGGRN[ KPITCKPKPI

CECFGOKECNN[VTCKPGFPWVTKVKQPKUVECPOCUVGTsOQUV

VJG OGUUCIG VJCV VJKU HQQF YCU nOQFGTPo nDGVVGTo

QHYJQOCTGENQUGN[GPOGUJGFYKVJTGIWNCVQTUCPF

CPFnJGCNVJKGToVJCPVJGQTKIKPCNQTKVUYJQNGHQQF

KPFWUVTKGU+VKUPQUWTRTKUGVJCVVJGUGnGFKDNGHQQF

DCUGU #U 0GUVNG  FGOQPUVTCVGF KP C YGNN

NKMGUWDUVCPEGUoFQPQVCEVWCNN[UWKVQWTDKQNQIKECN

TGUGCTEJGF DQQM QP HQQF RQNKVKEU KP VJG 75 VJG

TGSWKTGOGPVUCPFPGGFU

RTKOCT[ OKUUKQP QH HQQF EQORCPKGU KU UVKNN VQ UGNN RTQFWEVU6JGTGHQTGnPWVTKVKQPDGEQOGUCHCEVQTKP

+ORCEVUQPJWOCPJGCNVJ

EQTRQTCVGVJKPMKPIQPN[YJGPKVECPJGNRUGNNHQQFo

6JG RTQȧVȧTUV OQFGN VWTPU HQQFOCPWHCEVWTKPI

RTQFWEVU #NVGTPCVKXGN[ 2QNNCP  VTKGU JGTQK

DWUKPGUUGU KPVQ KPFWUVTKCN RTQEGUUKPI HCEVQTKGU

ECNN[ VQ FGHGPF HQQF HTQO VJG HQQF KPFWUVT[ QP

VJCV RTQFWEG DK\CTTG nGFKDNG HQQF NKMG UWDUVCPEGUo

VJGQPGUKFGCPFPWVTKVKQPCNUEKGPEGQPVJGQVJGT

YJKEJ KP VWTP IGPGTCVGU VJG nENKGPVGNGo HQT VJG

$QVJ OCUUKXGN[ QRVKOK\G VJGKT RTQȧVU D[ OCMKPI

CNNKGFRJCTOCEGWVKECNEQTRQTCVKQPUVJCVOCMGVJGKT

VJG UKORNG RTQEGUU QH GCVKPI CPF HQQF CV NCTIG CU

RTQȧVUHTQOVTGCVKPIVJGU[ORVQOUQHVJGXKEVKOU

EQORNKECVGFCOCVVGTCURQUUKDNG6JKUUVTCVGI[JCU

QH VJGUG nHQQFUo #U KPFWUVTKCN HQQF EQPUWORVKQP

RTQHQWPFN[EQPHWUGFOCP[RGQRNGKPYGUVGTPCPF

KPETGCUGF UQ FKF VJG PGICVKXG KORCEV QP JWOCP

YGUVGTPKPȨWGPEGFUQEKGVKGUVQCRQKPVYJGTGVJG[

JGCNVJ#EEQTFKPIVQVJG%GPVGTHQT&KUGCUG%QPVTQN

FQPQVWPFGTUVCPFCP[OQTGYJCVKUIQQFHQTVJGO

%&% QDGUKV[ CPF KVU TGNCVGF JGCNVJ RTQDNGOU

VQGCVYJGPCPFYJ[ 2QNNCP0GUVNG+V

NKMGFKCDGVGUJCXGTGCEJGFGRKFGOKERTQRQTVKQPUKP

JCUCNUQECWUGFVJGNCEMQHTGIWNCVKQPCPFQXGTUKIJV

YGUVGTPUQEKGVKGUCPFEQPVKPWGVQENKOD*QYGXGT

QH YJCV V[RGU QH nGFKDNG HQQFNKMG UWDUVCPEGUo CP

VJGUG JKIJN[ FKUVWTDKPI FGXGNQROGPVU QP JWOCP

KPFWUVT[ECPRTQFWEGCPFNCZNKOKVCVKQPUTGICTFKPI

JGCNVJCTGNCTIGN[URWPCUCPGZVGTPCNUGNHKPȨKEVGF

VJG RQUUKDNG JGCNVJ ENCKOU  6JWU VJG EQPUWOGTU

DWVEGTVCKPN[FKUEQPPGEVGFKUUWG 0GUVNG(QQF

DGECOG FKUEQPPGEVGF HTQO HQQF OCMKPI CPF VJG

+PE $[ NWTKPI NQYKPEQOG HCOKNKGU KPVQ GCVKPI

RWTRQUG QH HQQF KPITGFKGPVU s C UNQY CPF UWDVNG

WPJGCNVJ[ HCUV HQQFU YJKEJ CTG OCFG CTVKȧEKCNN[

RTQEGUU JCTFN[ CP[DQF[ PQVKEGF 6JKU YC[ UKORNG

EJGCRGT VJCP YJQNG HQQFU VJTQWIJ JKIJN[ UWDUK

FKUJGU DCUGF QTKIKPCNN[ QP RGTJCRU  KPITGFKGPVU

FK\GFOCK\GCPFUQ[DGCPUKPEQOGQTGFWECVKQP

EQPVCKP C OWNVKHQNF QH VJCV YKVJ PCOGU GXGP CP

NGXGNDGEQOGUVJGDGUVRTGFKEVQTQHQDGUKV[CPFKVU

GFWECVGF EQPUWOGT ECPPQV TGEQIPK\G 6CMG VJG

CUUQEKCVGF JWOCP JGCNVJ EQPFKVKQPU UWEJ CU FKC

GZCORNG QH DTGCF 9JQ YQWNF VJKPM VJCV C DCIGN

DGVGUCPFJKIJDNQQFRTGUUWTG

YJKEJ OCP[ RGQRNG DGNKGXG KU OCFG QH ȨQWT CPF





YCVGT C NKVVNG [GCUV UQOG UCNV CPF UWICT CPF RGT

n9GFKFPoVGXGPVJKPMCDQWVJGCNVJ[GCVKPIDGECWUG

JCRUUQOGCFFGFIQQFKGUNKMGPWVUQTDGTTKGUECP

YGWUGFVQVJKPMGXGT[VJKPIYCUJGCNVJ[0QYVJCV

KPFGGF EQPVCKP CU OCP[ CU  KPITGFKGPVU 6JKU

+MPQYVJCVVJGHQQFKUTGCNN[WPJGCNVJ[HQTWU+HGGN

EQPHWUKQPNGCFUVQFKUGORQYGTOGPVCPFCFKUEQP

IWKNV[IKXKPIKVVQO[MKFU=e?9JGP[QWJCXGQPN[C



FTKXGP UEKGPEG CIGPFC YKVJ VJG DGUV KPVGPVKQP VQ

[QW IQ VQ VJG OCTMGV CPF VT[ VQ HKPF UQOGVJKPI

EQPVTKDWVG RQUKVKXGN[ VQ UQEKGV[ 6JG[ YKUJ VJCV

VJCVoUEJGCRQTIQLWUVUVTCKIJVVQVJGFTKXGVJTWCPF

nUQOGoIQQFYKNNEQOGHTQOVJGKTYQTM $KQUEKGPEG

IGVVYQUOCNNJCODWTIGTUHQTVJGOo /CTKC#PFTGC

4GUQWTEG 2TQLGEV $42 %QOOGPVCT[  2WDNKE

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Science and research

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Secrecy and lack of transparency in agriculture, food production and science

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Angelika Hilbeck

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UGTXGVJGKOOGFKCVGPGGFQHRGQRNG/QTGQXGTVJG

CUEKGPEG6JG[IQVKVȧIWTGFQWV+H[QWECPITQYC

OQFGTPOGFKWOQHȧNOOCMKPICNNQYUFKTGEVQTUVQ

EJKEMGPKPFC[UYJ[YQWNF[QWYCPVQPG[QWIQV

RTQFWEGUWEJȧNOUYKVJOQTGCHHQTFCDNGUQRJKUVK

VQITQYKPVJTGGOQPVJU!o 8KPEG'FYCTFU(QQF+PE

ECVKQP

8KPEG'FYCTFUJCFCNUQEQORNKGFYKVJVJGnTGEQO

+P9GHGGFVJGYQTNFVJGFKTGEVQT'TYKP9CIGPJQHGT

OGPFCVKQPoQH6[UQPVQPQVCNNQYVJGȧNOETGYKPVQ

KPVGTXKGYGFVJG%'1QH0GUVNÅ2GVGT$TCDGEMYJQ

VJG EJKEMGP JQWUGU VQ ȧNO JQY VJG[ YGTG MGRV

TGXGCNGF JKU RGTUQPCN UVCVG QH FGPKCN CPF NCEM QH

9JKNGJGRGTUQPCNN[EQWNFPQVUGGCP[VJKPIYTQPI

KPUKIJVKPVJGHCKNWTGQHVJGU[UVGOVJCVJKUINQDCN

CPFYQWNFJCXGDGGPOQTGVJCPJCRR[VQJCXGJKU

QNKICTEJ[CU,GCP
EJKEMGPU ȧNOGF JG HQNNQYGF VJKU nTGEQOOGPFC

GUVCDNKUJ 5VWDDQTPN[ $TCDGEM RQKPVU VQ VJG UWE

VKQPoD[6[UQP

EGUUGU QH JKU UVTCVGI[ CPF CTIWGU VJCV KVU HCKNWTGU

(QQF +PE WUGU OCP[ UQRJKUVKECVGF CPKOCVKQPU

CTGFWGVQnDCFoKORNGOGPVCVKQPQHVJKUQVJGTYKUG

VJCVGZRNCKPVJGWPFGTN[KPIEQPPGEVKQPUVJCVYQWNF

YQTMKPI UVTCVGI[ *KU JQPGUV[ KU RGTJCRU QPG QH

DG FKHȧEWNV VQ UGG KP TGCNKV[ (QT GZCORNG -GPPGT

VJG DGUV UCTECUVKE CEJKGXGOGPVU QH VJKU ȧNO CU VJG

UJQYUVJGFKUCUUGODNKPIQHOCK\GKPVQCO[TKCFQH

XKGYGTU ECP GCUKN[ QDUGTXG JQY NQUV CPF FKUEQP

EJGOKECN EQORQWPFU VJCV CTG CFFGF VQ PGY V[RGU

PGEVGFUWEJEQTRQTCVGNGCFGTUCTGHTQOVJGHCNNQWV

QHRTQEGUUGFHQQFU

QHVJGU[UVGOVJCVJCUOCFGVJGOKOOGPUGN[TKEJ /QUV OGOQTCDNG CTG VJG ENQUKPI UGPVGPEGU KP 9G HGGF VJG YQTNF URQMGP D[ $TCDGEM CPF NGHV WPEQO

Summarizing conclusions

OGPVGF+VDGECOGUVWPPKPIN[ENGCTHQTVJGXKGYGT JQY VJG EQTRQTCVG GNKVG KU KORTKUQPGF KP C YQTNF

&KUEQPVGPVKUITQYKPI/CP[RGQRNGHGGNVJCVUQOG

QHOCTMGVCPFRTQȧVNQIKEUGXGTGN[TGUVTKEVKPIVJGKT

VJKPIKUYTQPIYKVJVJGYC[YGITQYCPFRTQFWEG

KPVGNNGEVWCN QRVKQPU HQT RTQITGUUKXG UQNWVKQPU CPF

QWT HQQF $GECWUG VJG GZRNQKVCVKXG RTQȧVȧTUV GEQ

QRVKQPUDG[QPFCPFCDQXGVJGEWTTGPVU[UVGO

PQOKE OQFGN KU PQY CRRNKGF VQ CNN HWPFCOGPVCN U[UVGOU QH JWOCP UQEKGVKGU VJG U[UVGO JCU PQY

5QOGSWGUVKQPUUVKNNTGOCKPQRGPCPFWPCFFTGUUGF

TGCEJGFKVURGCMURGCMYGCNVJHQTCUOCNNOKPQTKV[

*QYECPYGRTQITGUUKPVJGHCEGQHUWEJRQYGTHWN

RGCMQKNRGCMYCVGTRGCMKPFWUVTKCNHQQFNGCXKPI

DNQEMGTU CPF UVCMGJQNFGTU YJQ UGGO VQ DG FGVGT

QPN[QPGFKTGEVKQPVQIQsFQYPYCTF9KVJINQDCN

OKPGFVQRWTUWGVJGRCVJQHUGNHFGUVTWEVKQP!9J[

YCTOKPICPFVJGȧPCPEKCNEQNNCRUGNGCFKPIVJGYC[

FQPoVCP[QHVJGFQEWOGPVCVKQPUGZVGPFVJGKTNKPGU

CITKEWNVWTGHQQFCPFJGCNVJCTGHQNNQYKPI+PXGUVK

QH FQVEQPPGEVKQPU VQ KPENWFG VYQ HWTVJGT XGT[

ICVKXGFQEWOGPVCTKGUCTGUGTXKPICPKORQTVCPVTQNG

KORQTVCPVITQWRUQHUVCMGJQNFGTUKPVJKUȧGNFRJCT



Angelika Hilbeck

YKVJVJGKTTWNGUJGTGNKGUQPVJGKTVGEJPQNQI[CPF

OCEGWVKECN EQORCPKGU CPF RWDNKE UGEVQT UEKGPEG! +

QRGTCVKQPCPFFGCNYKVJNCTIGTGVCKNGTUUWEJCU9CN

JCXGCVVGORVGFVQRQKPVVQVJGKPVKOCVGTGNCVKQPUJKR

OCTV +P EQPVTCUV VJG QPEG UOCNN QTICPKE HCOKN[

QHVJGRJCTOCEGWVKECNEQTRQTCVKQPUVQVJGKTHGNNQY

FCKT[HCTO5VQP[ȧGNFYGPVVJGQRRQUKVGYC[6JG[

CITKEWNVWTCNCPFHQQFRTQEGUUKPIEQWPVGTRCTVUYJQ

DQWIJVKPVQVJGGEQPQOKENQIKEQHUECNGCPFEJQUG

IGPGTCVGKVUnDGUVEWUVQOGTUo+TQPKECNN[OQUVEJGO

VQYQTMYKVJ9CNOCTVCPFYGTGDQWIJVQWVD[VJG

KECNDKQVGEJEQORCPKGUYJQHQTGZCORNGRTQFWEG

NCTIG VTCPUPCVKQPCN EQTRQTCVKQP &CPQPG #NVJQWIJ

RQKUQPQWU RGUVKEKFGU CPF IGPGVKECNN[ OQFKȧGF

VJG[ HQNNQY QTICPKE UVCPFCTFU YJGP KV EQOGU VQ

ETQRRNCPVUCTGCNUQRTQFWEKPIRJCTOCEGWVKECNUKP

RTQEGUUKPI [QIJWTV CPF VTCPURQTV VJG[ JCXG HQN

TGNCVGFDTCPEJGUQHVJGKTINQDCNCIINQOGTCVGU

NQYGFVJGEWTTGPVGEQPQOKEOQFGNQHITQYVJDCUGF QP C NCTIG UECNG EGPVTCNK\GF FKUVTKDWVKQP U[UVGO

1RVKQPUHQTVJGYC[HQTYCTF

6JGKT UCNGU KPETGCUGF UKIPKȧECPVN[ YJGP 9CNOCTV

6JGTG UGGO VQ DG VYQ RTGUUKPI KUUWGU KPXQNXGF CV

FGEKFGF VQ UGNN VJGKT RTQFWEVU 6QFC[ 5VQP[ȧGNF

VJKUVKOG1PGFGCNUYKVJVJGUGCTEJHQTRTQFWEVKQP

+PE KU QPG QH VJG HGY DKI EQTRQTCVKQPU KP QTICPKE

OQFGNU VJCV EQWNF UGTXG CU DCUKU HQT FGXGNQROGPV

OKNM RTQFWEVKQP s YKVJQWV WUKPI RGUVKEKFGU CPVK

CVCNCTIGUECNGVJCVYQWNFCNNGXKCVGVJGHCKNWTGUQH

DKQVKEU CPF CDWUKPI RGQRNG CNN QH YJKEJ FGUGTXGU

VJG EWTTGPV OQFGN 6JG QVJGT FGCNU YKVJ VJG DKI

GPQTOQWU ETGFKV $WV YG UVKNN PGGF C RWDNKE FKU

SWGUVKQP 9JCV CTG VJG QRVKQPU HQT CEVKQP HQT VJG

EQWTUGQPYJKEJQHVJGUGOQFGNUECPDGUVUGTXGQWT

OCLQTKV[ QH RGQRNG! 2GQRNG YJQ TGCNK\G VJCV VJG

PGGFU CPF CNUQ TGVCKP C UOCNN GEQNQIKECN HQQVRTKPV

U[UVGOOWUVEJCPIGDWVCTGKPECRCDNGQHDTKPIKPI

1PN[ VJGP ECP YG CHHGEV EJCPIG CPF IGCT VJG UEK

CDQWVVJKUEJCPIGDGECWUGVJGTWNKPIGNKVGUCTGWPK

GPEGCIGPFCUVQYCTFURGQRNGoUPGGFUCICKPCUYGNN

ȧGFKPCUVCVGQHFGPKCN'NKVGUYJKEJCTGVKGFFQYP

CUFGXGNQRQRVKOK\GFRTQFWEVKQPU[UVGOU

D[ VJG EQTRQTCVG EQPVTQN QH VTCPUPCVKQPCN EQORC PKGUYJQUGRQYGTJCUUWTRCUUGFVJCVQHOCP[QT

2TQITGUUKPVJGHCEGQHDNQEMCFGU

OQUVUQXGTGKIPPCVKQPU

%TKVKECNFQEWOGPVCTKGUJCXGUWEEGGFGFKPTGXGCNKPI CPFFGEQPUVTWEVKPIVJGWPFGTN[KPITGCUQPUNGCFKPI

#NVGTPCVKXGRTQFWEVKQPOQFGNU

VQ VJG INQDCN FGENKPG QH GEQNQIKECN CPF GEQPQOKE

(QQF +PE HGCVWTGU VYQ EQPVTCUVKPI OQFGNU QT UQNW

U[UVGOU+VUGGOUVJG[CNUQECPIGPGTCVGOQOGPVWO

VKQPU1PVJGQPGJCPFVJGTGKUVJGNCTIG75YKFG

CPFOQXGRGQRNGVQVJGRQKPVQHECVCRWNVKPIVJGO

QTICPKE EQTRQTCVKQP 5VQP[ȧGNFU +PE CPF QP VJG

UGNXGU QWV QH VJG XKEKQWU URKTCN CPF VJGKT KPXQNWP

QVJGTJCPFVJGUOCNNFGEGPVTCNK\GFHCTOKPIQRGTC

VCT[ EQORNKEKV[ VQ GZKUV YKVJ UWEJ C RTQDNGOCVKE

VKQPQH2QN[HCEG(CTOU TWPD[VJG5CNCVKPHCOKN[

U[UVGO6JGUGETKVKECNFQEWOGPVCTKGUNGCFVJGYC[

6JG2QN[HCEGHCTOKPIOQFGNENGCTN[ECNNUHQTCOQTG

CPF ECP JCXG C VTGOGPFQWU TQNG KP EQPPGEVKPI

HWPFCOGPVCN UJKHV KP RTQFWEVKQP CPF FKUVTKDWVKQP

VJG FKUEQPPGEVGF KUUWGU QH GEQNQI[ GEQPQO[ CPF

VQYCTFUCNQECNFGEGPVTCNK\GFU[UVGO(QTGZCORNG

UQEKQRQNKVKEU + CTIWG VJCV UEKGPVKUVU PGGF VQ LQKP

2QN[HCEG (CTO TGHWUGU VQ UJKR RTQFWEVU QWVUKFG QH

GHHQTVU HQT VJG EQPEGRVKQP CPF KORNGOGPVCVKQP QH

VJGKT XKEKPKV[ CPF GPEQWTCIGU RGQRNG VQ NQQM HQT

PGYEQPEGRVUYKVJETGCVKXGȧNOOCMGTUCPFQVJGT

QVJGTNQECNHCTOGTU6JGQYPGTUQH2QN[HCEG(CTOU

CTVKUVU



VJG5CNCVKPHCOKN[JCXGPQFGUKTGVQKPETGCUGVJGKT



EQORCPKGU CPF RGUVKEKFG EQORCPKGU CU YGNN CU HGTVK

GPICIGVJGRWDNKEKPCYQTNFVJCVJQXGTUnDGVYGGP

NK\GTEQORCPKGUsCNNJCXGDGGPRNC[KPICPKORQTVCPV

EQORNGVG CPZKGV[ CPF C VQVCN KPECRCEKV[ VQ RTG

TQNGKPEQPXKPEKPIVJGRWDNKEVJCV[QWPGGFVQJCXG

FKEV QT KOCIKPG EQPUGSWGPEGU CU UGGP KP JWOCP

VJGUG KPRWVU VQ RTQFWEG HQQF +XGVVG 2GTHGEVQ 2TQ

RTQXQMGF GPXKTQPOGPVCN EJCPIGU CPF CIITGUUKXG

HGUUQTHQT'EQNQI[7PKXGTUKV[QH/KEJKICPsJVVR

RQYGTUVTWIINGUo 5CKVÐ9JCVYGUJCTGKUVJG

YYYȨCIUCQTIDNQIQTICPKEHCTOKPIECP

EQNNGEVKXG FGUKTG VQ PQV DG FGUVTWEVKXG CPF PQV VQ

HGGFYQTNFJVON 

DGNWTGFKPVQEQORNKEKV[CPFEQORNCEGPE[YKVJVJG



+P VJG NCVG VJ EGPVWT[ EQTP VTCPUHQTOGF HTQO C

RQYGTUCPFNQIKEUQHRTGFCVQT[DGJCXKQWTCPFECN

HQQFQTHGGFETQRVQCTCYOCVGTKCNEQORGVKPIKPWUGU

EWNWU #TVKUVU CTG PGGFGF VQ JGNR KP VJG SWGUV HQT

YKVJ ETWFG QKN QT RGVTQNGWO +P  VJG 0CVKQPCN

URCEGHQTVTCPUEGPFKPIFKUEKRNKPCT[DQWPFCTKGU#U

%QTP )TQYGTU #UUQEKCVKQP FGENCTGF VJCV nCP[VJKPI

5CKVÐ UWIIGUVUn6QFC[VJGCTVKUVoUEQPUVTWE

OCFGHTQOCDCTTGNQHRGVTQNGWOECPDGOCFGHTQO

VKXGKPVGTXGPVKQPKUVQUETWVKPK\GEQOOQPN[RTQȧV

C DWUJGN QH EQTPo 6QFC[ QWV QH o KVGOU QH C

FTKXGP RTQEGUUGU QH EQNNCDQTCVKQP VQ CFFTGUU VJG

TGIWNCTITQEGT[UWRGTOCTMGVKPVJG75EQPVCKP

UQEKQRQNKVKECN FKNGOOC KP C YQTNF QDUGUUGF YKVJ

EQTP KP QPG HQTO QT CPQVJGT CPF VJG YGDUKVG NKUVU

UJQTVUKIJVGF TGUWNVUo 6JKU KU VJG RGTHGEV RTGVGZV

QXGTRTQFWEVUVJCVWUGEQTPQHVJQUGTCPIKPIHTQO

HQT nEQNNCDQTCVKXG CTVo s C UJKHV HTQO DTKPIKPI CTV

DGGT EQUOGVKEU VQ RCKPV QT XCTPKUJ VQ RJCTOCEGWVK

VQVJGRGQRNGVQKPUVGCFYQTMKPIYKVJVJGRGQRNG

ECNU VKTGU CPF [QIJWTV (WUUGNN UVCVGF KP VJG U

VQETGCVGCTV 5QYFGT9GJCXGCLQKPVSWGUV

VJCVNGUUVJCPQHCNNEQTPKUCEVWCNN[GCVGPCUHQQF

HQTUWUVCKPCDNGRTQITGUUCPFCHWVWTGDG[QPFITGGF

RGTEGPVKUEQPXGTVGFKPVQCPKOCNUCPFVJGTGUVKU WUGFHQTKPFWUVTKCNRWTRQUGU (WUUGNN 

Notes

n'OGTIKPIUEKGPEGUGGOUVQUWIIGUVVJCVUWDUVCPEGZ =CXKVCOKPKPCHWPEVKQPCNHQQFRTQFWEV?OC[CFFVQ DTGCUVJGCNVJosUVCVGOGPVJGCTFD[CWVJQTKPCEQO



JVVRYYYKOFDEQOPCOGPO 

OGTEKCN QP C EQWPVT[ TCFKQ UVCVKQP KP 9[QOKPI KP



+PVGTIQXGTPOGPVCN RCPGN QP ENKOCVG EJCPIG QH VJG

,WN[

7PKVGF0CVKQPU 





+PITGFKGPVU QH C TCPFQON[ EJQUGP DTCPF QH DCIGNU KP

(QQF +PE /KEJCGN 6C[NQT  CV -KPI 

C 75 UWRGTOCTMGV NKUVU   OQUVN[ JKIJN[ RTQEGUUGF

5RCWNFKPI JG UGTXGF CU NCY[GT CFXKUKPI /QPUCPVQ

KPITGFKGPVU QDXKQWUN[ OCMKPI VJKU C RTQȧVCDNG nGFKDNG

QP IGPGVKECNN[ OQFKȧGF HQQF NCDGNNKPI +P  JG

HQQFNKMG UWDUVCPEGo +PITGFKGPVU KPENWFG YJGCV ȨQWT

OQXGFVQVJG(&#CUFGRWV[EQOOKUUKQPGTHQTRQNKE[

OCNV DCTNG[ ȨQWT PKCEKP HGTTQWU UWNHCVG VJKCOKP

YJGTGJGQXGTUCY(&#oUFGEKUKQPPQVVQNCDGNIGPGVK

OQPQPKVTCVG TKDQȨCXKP HQNKE CEKF YCVGT DNWGDGTT[

ECNN[ OQFKȧGF HQQFU 1PEG VJCV YCU CEJKGXGF JG

DKVU UWICT EQTP ȨQWT FGZVTQUG EQTP UVCTEJ UQ[DGCP

OQXGFDCEMVQ/QPUCPVQKPWPVKNCUXKEG

QKN HTWEVQUG FTKGF DNWGDGTTKGU PCVWTCN CPF CTVKȧEKCN

RTGUKFGPVHQTRWDNKERQNKE[

ȨCXQWTU YJGCV UVCTEJ EKVTKE CEKF UCNV TGF  DNWG 

n%QTRQTCVG KPVGTGUV KP CITKEWNVWTG CPF VJG YC[ CITK

DNWGITGGPUWICTYJGCVINWVGPUCNV[GCUVOQPQ

EWNVWTG TGUGCTEJ JCU DGGP EQPFWEVGF KP NCPF ITCPV

FKIN[EGTKFGUIWCTIWOECNEKWORTQRKQPCVG CRTGUGTXC

KPUVKVWVKQPUYKVJCNQVQHKPȨWGPEGD[VJGEJGOKECN

VKXG EQTP U[TWR UQNKFU OQNCUUGU GP\[OG UQ[ QKN



Angelika Hilbeck

9G PGGF VQ FGXGNQR VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ VGCOU VQ

CUEQTDKECEKF  

 n9J[6QOCVQGUVTCXGNMOVJTQWIJ'WTQRGCPF

%GPVGT HQT &KUGCUG %QPVTQN %&% s JVVRYYYEFE

#HTKECPU CTG FTCYP VQ VJG TKEJ PQTVJGTP EQWPVTKGU

IQXQDGUKV[ 

CPFQWTXGIGVCDNGUGPFWRQP#HTKECoUOCTMGVUo

JVVRYYYKLUCHQTI CTEJKXGNQVVGTRFH 

 n6JG[ =RTQFWEV FGHGPUG ITQWRU? EQODKPG UEKGPEG YKVJ RWDNKE TGNCVKQPU VQ JGNR ENKGPVU CXQKF TGIWNC

 'In$GUVFQEWOGPVCT[o6JG)WKNFQH)GTOCP #TV *QWUG %KPGOCU CDQWV  OGODGT EKPGOCU NCTIGUVUWEJCUUQEKCVKQPKP)GTOCP[

VKQP CPF NKVKICVKQP =e? 6JG KPVGPV KU VQ ECUV FQWDV

 JVVRYYYUVQP[ȧGNFEQO 

QP TGCN UEKGPEG 6JG KPFWUVT[ JCU FGGR TQQVU KP VJG

 JVVRYYYRQN[HCEGHCTOUEQO 

ȧIJV QXGT VQDCEEQo &CXKF /KEJCGNU ,CPWCT[  JVVRYYYHCUVEQORCP[EQOOCIC\KPGOCP WHCEVWTKPIFQWDVJVON 

References

 n'EQNQIKUVU CITKEWNVWTCN UEKGPVKUVU OQNGEWNCT DKQNQ IKUVU CPF QVJGTU PGGF DTQCFGT VTCKPKPI VQ CFFTGUU

$KQUEKGPEG 4GUQWTEG 2TQLGEV  n6JG CIGPFC ICR KP UEK

VJGCDQXGTGEQOOGPFCVKQPU9GUVTQPIN[GPEQWTCIG

GPEGo (GDTWCT[ CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVR

ITGCVGT OWNVKFKUEKRNKPCT[ VTCKPKPI CPF EQNNCDQTCVKXG

YYYDKQUEKGPEGTGUQWTEGQTIEQOOGPVCTKGUCTVKENG

OWNVKFKUEKRNKPCT[ TGUGCTEJ QP VJG GPXKTQPOGPVCN TKUMUCPFDGPGȧVUQH)'1Uo 5PQYGVCN

RJR!KF  'FKVQTU 5EKGPVKȧE #OGTKECP  o&Q UGGF EQORCPKGU

 %QOOGPVD[//CTXKGTn)KXGPVJCVVJGEWT

%QPVTQN )/ ETQR TGUGCTEJ!o #WIWUV CEEGUUGF 

TGPVVTGPFKPDKQNQIKECNGFWECVKQPKUVQOQXGVQYCTF

/CTEJ  JVVRYYYUEKGPVKȧECOGTKECPEQO

GXGT OQTG URGEKCNK\GF EWTTKEWNC ECNNU HQT OWNVKFKUEK

CTVKENGEHO!KFFQUGGFEQORCPKGUEQPVTQNIOETQR

RNKPCT[VTCKPKPIUGGOVQDGHCNNKPIQPFGCHGCTU$WV

TGUGCTEJ 

JCXKPICPCTTQYDCEMITQWPFECPNGCFVQUQOGJKIJN[

'V\MQYKV\ *  n6JG TKUG QH VJG GPVTGRTGPGWTKCN WPK

WPFGUKTCDNG EQPUGSWGPEGU (QT GZCORNG + TGEGPVN[

XGTUKV[o +PVGTPCVKQPCN ,QWTPCN QH %QPVGORQTCT[ 5QEK

OGVCUEKGPVKUVHTQO+PFKCYJQYCUYQTMKPIVQIGPGV

QNQI[XQNRR

KECNN[ GPIKPGGT CP GPFCPIGTGF ȧUJ UQ VJCV KV OKIJV

(QQFCPF#ITKEWNVWTG1TICPKUCVKQP (#1n6JGUVCVG

DGVVGTVQNGTCVGYCVGTUVJCVJCFDGEQOGKPVGPUGN[RQN

QH HQQF KPUGEWTKV[ KP VJG YQTNF 'EQPQOKE ETKUGU

NWVGFYKVJJGCX[OGVCNU9KVJLWUVCNKVVNGVTCKPKPIKP

s KORCEVU CPF NGUUQPU NGCTPGFo 4QOG CEEGUUGF

GEQNQI[ VJKU OQNGEWNCT DKQNQIKUV YQWNF NKMGN[ JCXG

 /CTEJ  JVVRYYYGGQGFCEWMRQUV

TGEQIPK\GFVJGHQQNKUJPGUUQHJKUTGUGCTEJCODKVKQP

ITCFWCVG/5EGPXFGXKPVFGXȧNGU(#1AHQQFAUGEW

CHVGT CNN JCXKPI QPG URGEKGU QH ȧUJ VQNGTCVG JGCX[

TKV[ARFH 

OGVCNU YQWNF QPN[ OGCP VJQUG OGVCNU EQWNF DG CEEWOWNCVGFCPFRCUUGFWRVJGHQQFEJCKPRQUUKDN[

(WUUGNN $  6JG UVQT[ QH EQTP 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 0GY /GZKEQ2TGUU#NDWSWGTSWG

GXGP VQ JWOCPU 6JG PGGF HQT DTGCFVJ KP DKQNQIKECN

+##56&)NQDCN4GRQTVn#ITKEWNVWTGCVC%TQUUTQCFUo$

VTCKPKPIUKORN[ECPPQVDGQXGTUVCVGF5CFN[=e?VJG

/E+PV[TG**GTTGP,9CMJWPIW469CVUQP GFU

ICRDGVYGGPVJGTGEQOOGPFCVKQPUOCFGKPVJG'5#

-GPPGT 4  n'ZRNQTKPI VJG EQTRQTCVG RQYGT DGJKPF

RQUKVKQPRCRGTCPFTGCNKV[KUJWIGoJVVRYYYVYP

VJGYC[YGGCVVJGOCMKPIQH(QQF+PEoKP-9GDGT

UKFGQTI UIVKVNGUGTXKEGJVO 

GF (QQF +PE *QY KPFWUVTKCN HQQF KU OCMKPI WU

 JVVRYYYVCMGRCTVEQOHQQFKPE 

UKEMGT HCVVGT CPF RQQTGT CPF YJCV [QW ECP FQ CDQWV



,QJPU*QRMKPU7PKXGTUKV[2TGUU$CNVKOQTG/&

-TKOUM[ 5  5EKGPEG KP VJG RTKXCVG KPVGTGUV *CU VJG

5PQY###PFQY&#)GRVU2*CNNGTOCP'/2QYGT

NWTGQHRTQȧVUEQTTWRVGFDKQOGFKECNTGUGCTEJ!4QYOCP

#6KGFLG,/9QNHGPDCTIGT..n)GPGVKECNN[

.KVVNGȧGNF.CPJCO/&

GPIKPGGTGFQTICPKUOUCPFVJGGPXKTQPOGPV%WTTGPV

.CE[5 GF/CRRKPIVJGVGTTCKP0GYIGPTGRWDNKE CTV$C[2TGUU5GCVVNG9#R .QVVGT & C n6JG IGPGVKE GPIKPGGTKPI QH HQQF CPF VJGHCKNWTGQHUEKGPEGs2CTV6JGFGXGNQROGPVQHC ȨCYGF GPVGTRTKUGo +PVGTPCVKQPCN ,QWTPCN QH 5QEKQNQI[ QH#ITKEWNVWTG(QQFXQNRR

UVCVWUCPFTGEQOOGPFCVKQPUo'EQNQIKECN#RRNKECVKQPU XQNRR 9CNV\'Cn)/ETQRU$CVVNGȧGNFo0CVWTGXQN RR 9CNV\'Dn7PFGTYTCRUo0CVWTG$KQVGEJPQNQI[XQN RR

.QVVGT&Dn6JGIGPGVKEGPIKPGGTKPIQHHQQFCPFVJG

9GNUJ4)NGPPC.n%QPUKFGTKPIVJGTQNGQHVJG

HCKNWTG QH UEKGPEG s 2CTV  #ECFGOKE ECRKVCNKUO CPF

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Angelika Hilbeck

KVCRCTVKEKRCPVIWKFG2CTVKEKRCPV/GFKC0GY;QTM

H E AT: ART, PEOPLE & CLIMATE CHANGE

Jill Orr

6JGRTGOKUGQHVJGRGTHQTOCPEGYQTMCPFVJKUGUUC[KUVJCVVJTQWIJCYCTG PGUUQHJKUVQTKEEWNVWTCNCPFNQECNTGNCVKQPUVQCP[IKXGPRNCEGNKGVJGUGGFU QH JWOCP UVGYCTFUJKR VJCV + DGNKGXG KU CP KORQTVCPV KPITGFKGPV HQT UQEKCN EJCPIGTGICTFKPIENKOCVGEJCPIGUQNWVKQPU 6JKU GUUC[ TGȨGEVU QP O[ YQTM CU C RGTHQTOCPEG

VWFGUTGICTFKPIRGQRNGCPFRNCEGYJGTGUGXGTGFKU

CTVKUVYJQGPICIGUYKVJVJGETQUUEWNVWTCNTGNCVKQPU

CFXCPVCIG VJTQWIJ TCEKUO RQXGTV[ IGPQEKFG CPF

KP URGEKȧE UKVGU CU C OGCPU VQ CFFTGUU VJG DGJCX

NCEMQHGFWECVKQPCTGHGNVCUVTCWOC

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6JGKFGPVKV[QH+PFKIGPQWURGQRNGECPPQVDGUGRC

RGTHQTOCPEGKPUVCNNCVKQPRJQVQITCRJKECPFXKFGQ

TCVGF HTQO VJGKT CPEGUVTCN NCPF 6JGKT EJCNNGPIG

TGURQPUGU VQ OCP[ FKHHGTGPV RGTHQTOCPEG RTQLGEVU

JCU UKPEG EQNQPKUCVKQP DGGP QPG QH UQEKGVCN TGE

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CEMPQYNGFIGOGPV CPF NCPF TKIJVU JCXG KP VJG NCUV

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UGXGTCN[GCTUUGGPUQOGUWEEGUUGU'CEJENCKOOWUV

CPFCEVKQPECPDGUGGPCUCPKPVGTHCEGDGVYGGPVJG

FGOQPUVTCVG WPDTQMGP CPEGUVTCN NKPMU VQ VJG NCPF

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KP SWGUVKQP 6JGUG TKIJVU GPCDNG EQOOWPKVKGU VQ

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RTCEVKEGEGTGOQPKCNCPFEWNVWTCNVTCFKVKQPUQPVJCV

UQPCN KU RQNKVKECNo JCU TGUQPCPEG JGTG DGECWUG VJG

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CPFEWNVWTCNUGPUG6JGUGEQOOWPKVKGUHCEGWTIGPV

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QHCVTQEKVKGUKPVJGJCPFUQHYJKVGUQEKGV[JCXGDGGP

VJCV RTQJKDKV KPVGTCEVKQP DGVYGGP RGQRNG 5QOG

CEMPQYNGFIGF D[ VJG 4WFF )QXGTPOGPV KP VJG

DNQEMCIGUOCPKHGUVKPJKUVQTKECNNQPIUVCPFKPICVVK

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6JG RTQEGUU CPF VJG UECTU QH KPVGTIGPGTCVKQPCN

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VJG UVQNGP IGPGTCVKQPU YJGTG IQXGTPOGPVU VQQM

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QPVQQVJGTRGQRNGURCUVCPFRTGUGPVKPCPGHHQTVVQ

6JGNCUVKPEKFGPEGQHHQTEGFTGOQXCNYCUQHȧEKCNN[KP

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CDWUG 6JG VTQWDNKPI NCEM QH GFWECVKQP CPF JGCNVJ

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GPXKTQPOGPVCN UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ KH YG CTG VQ UWEEGGF

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QPGRGTUQPITQWRVTKDGRNCEGEQORCP[RQNKVKECN

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RCTV[ QT EQWPVT[ ECP GHHGEVKXGN[ GODTCEG CNN VJGTG

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n+H RCUV KOCIGU YJGVJGT YTKVVGP QT RJQVQITCRJGF

KPVJGUCOGNQECVKQPCPFCTGVJGUWDLGEVQHUGXGTCN

YGTG RGTOGCVGF D[ CVVKVWFGU QH EQNQPKCNKUV UWRGTK

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#NN CURGEVU QH NKHG CTG QP VJG VCDNG CU VJG %QRGP

YCVGT KU FGNKECVG CU OCP[ ITQYGTU NGCXG VJG NCPF

JCIGP /GGVKPI QP %NKOCVG %JCPIG KP &GEGODGT

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 FGOQPUVTCVGF 6JG #HTKECP CPF QVJGT FGXGN

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QRKPIPCVKQPUJCXGENGCTN[FGOQPUVTCVGFVJCVVJGKT EQWPVTKGUYKNNDGCHHGEVGFȧTUVD[KPETGCUGUKPINQDCN

6JG TKXGT KU KORQTVCPV VQ VJG OCP[ +PFKIGPQWU

VGORGTCVWTG CPF VJG[ TGSWKTG GSWCN EQPUKFGTCVKQP

VTKDGUYJKEJYGTGCDWPFCPVDGHQTG9JKVGUGV

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VNGOGPV DTQWIJV YKVJ KV UOCNNRQZ VJCV FGEKOCVGF

VJG7PKVGF0CVKQPU(TCOGYQTM%QPXGPVKQPQP%NK

VJQWUCPFU QH #DQTKIKPGU YJQ YGTG CNUQ FKURNCEGF

OCVG %JCPIG JCU UCKF n2QNKVKECNN[ VJGTG KU C JKIJ

VJTQWIJNCPFENGCTCPEGCPFQXGTJWPVKPI6JG(KTUV

FGITGG QH OKUVTWUV DGVYGGP FGXGNQRGF CPF FGXGN

0CVKQPU RGQRNGU CPF VJGKT NCPFU EJCPIGF KTTGXQ

QRKPI EQWPVTKGU ;GV ENKOCVG EJCPIG ECPPQV DG

ECDN[6JKUKUVJGJKUVQTKEUKVGQHVJGTKXGTETQUUKPI

VCEMNGFYKVJCNCEMQHVTWUVo FG$QGT

HQT OCP[ +PFKIGPQWU VTKDGU RCUUKPI 0QTVJ 5QWVJ 'CUVCPF9GUVQHVJGTG6JGPCOG-QQTKGTGHGTUVQ

6JG KUUWG QH VTWUV KU VGUVGF KP VJG ETGCVKQP QH 6JG

CNN +PFKIGPQWU #WUVTCNKCPU VJCV VTCFKVKQPCNN[ QEEW

%TQUUKPIYJKEJKUCOKETQXGTUKQPQHVJGGPQTOKV[

RKGF8KEVQTKCCPF0GY5QWVJ9CNGU9KVJKP-QQTKG

VJCV HCEGU KPVGTPCVKQPCN TGNCVKQPU KP FGCNKPI YKVJ

KFGPVKȧECVKQP VJGTG CTG OCP[ FKHHGTGPV VTKDGU 6JG

ENKOCVGEJCPIGUQNWVKQPUQPCINQDCNNGXGN

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The Crossing 6JG YQTM KU KPURKTGF D[ NQECN UVQTKGU CDQWV ETQUU + CO CP QWVUKFGT C XKUKVKPI CTVKUV CPF CNVJQWIJ +

EWNVWTCN TGNCVKQPU VQ RNCEG CPF KPEQTRQTCVGU GCTN[

JCXG GOQVKQPCN CPF URKTKVWCN VKGU VQ /KNFWTC C

EQNQPKCN KPUVKVWVKQPCN EJCTCEVGTU VJCV JCF FKTGEV

TGIKQPCN EKV[ YJQUG CPEKGPV /WTTC[ 4KXGT HTCOGU

EQPPGEVKQPUYKVJVJG+PFKIGPQWURQRWNCVKQPUWEJ

VJG VQYP O[ KFGC FKF TGSWKTG KOOGPUG EQPUWN

CU VJG OKUUKQPCTKGU YJQ GUVCDNKUJGF UGXGTCN OKU

VCVKQP + YCU KPURKTGF D[ .QEM +UNCPF Ũ C RCTVKCNN[

UKQPU KP VJG TGIKQP 6JG[ RTQXKFGF HQQF UJGNVGT

CTVKȧEKCNKUNCPFKPVJG/WTTC[4KXGTŨVQETGCVGVJG

CPF GFWECVKQP KP TGVWTP HQT UCNXCVKQP #V VKOGU

RGTHQTOCPEG GXGPV 6JG %TQUUKPI UGG %QNQWT RNCVG

VJKU YCU C HTCWIJV TGNCVKQPUJKR 6JG RGTHQTOCPEG

ZZ(KI#$

EJCTCEVGTU TGRTGUGPVKPI VJKU CTG VJG PWP CPF VJG OKUUKQPCT[6JGDWUJPWTUGUCTTKXGFKP#WUVTCNKCKP VJG NCVG GKIJVGGP JWPFTGFU CPF YQTMGF COQPIUV



Jill Orr

6JG YQTMU + YKNN FKUEWUU CTG 6JG %TQUUKPI 6JG

DQVJ YJKVG UGVVNGTU CPF +PFKIGPQWU EQOOWPKVKGU 6JGKTOKFYKHGT[UCYVJGDKTVJUQHPWOGTQWU+PFKI

The collaborative structure may hold a key

GPQWUDCDKGUQPVJGGCTVJȨQQTUQHVJGOQDKNGVGPV JQURKVCNU6JGKTTQNGYCUHGNVPGEGUUCT[D[VJGUVCVG

%QNNCDQTCVKQPU YKVJ #WUVTCNKCP +PFKIGPQWU RGQRNG

DGECWUGOCP[QHVJG#DQTKIKPCNDKTVJKPIRTCEVKEGU

TGSWKTG ITGCV VTCPURCTGPE[ QH KPVGPVKQP ENCTKV[ QH

TGSWKTGFCEEGUUVQVJGKTNCPF6JG.CVEJG.CVEJGCPF

QYPGTUJKRTGURGEVQH+PFKIGPQWUEWNVWTCNJGTKVCIG

$CTMKPFLKHGOCNGGNFGTUYKVJYJQO+URQMGCTGVGU

CPF ENGCT OGVJQFU HQT ETGCVKPI KP VJKU KPUVCPEG

VCOGPVVQVJKU

VJG EQNNCDQTCVKXG RGTHQTOCPEG GXGPV )KXGP VJCV VJGYQTMCNUQKPENWFGFQVJGTRGTHQTOGTUHTQOPQP

6JG%TQUUKPINGCFUCWFKGPEGUCETQUUVKOGVQKPENWFG

+PFKIGPQWU DCEMITQWPFU + YQTMGF YKVJ VJG KFGC

VJGEQPVGORQTCT[n.QUV/CNC[UKCPoYJQKUPGKVJGT

QH ETGCVKPI UOCNN RGTHQTOCPEG ECOGQU YJGTG VJG

EQNQPKUGTPQTEQNQPKUGF*KUFKUUQEKCVKQPKUJKUNCEM

RGTHQTOGTU OCFG YQTMU VQ URGEKȧE DTKGHU 6JKU KU

QHEQPPGEVKQPVQVJKURNCEGCU[ORVQOQHINQDCNKUC

YGNNWPFGTUVQQFKPVJGEQPVGORQTCT[RGTHQTOCPEG

VKQPCPFKOOKITCVKQP2GTHQTOGFD[6QP[;CRYJQ

NCPIWCIGDWVKVYCUCȧTUVHQTVJG/KNFWTC-QQTKGU

KUC/CNC[UKCPVTCPEGFCPEGOCUVGTVJGFCPEGHQTO

9JKNGURGCMKPIYKVJVJG.CVEJG.CVEJGFCPEGOCP

KU GCTVJGF CPF [GV FTCYU QP CP GPGTIGVKE VTCPUHGT

JGTGXGCNGFVJCVJGYCUKNNKVGTCVGUQCNNQHO[RTKQT

FWTKPI VJG RGTHQTOCVKXG RTQEGUU 6JGTG KU CNUQ C

EQTTGURQPFGPEG YCU PQV WPFGTUVQQF *CXKPI UCKF

EQPVGORQTCT[nYJKVGVTGGURKTKVoYJQKUCPCOCNICO

VJCVJGYCUCOCUVGTQHKORTQXKUCVKQPCPFQWTEQO

QHO[QYPEJKNFJQQF%GNVKEHCKTKGUCPF#WUVTCNKCP

OWPKECVKQPYCUNCTIGN[HGNV6TWUVYCUXKVCNCPFVJKU

DWUJURKTKVUVTCPUNCVGFD[VJGFCPEGT'OOC5VTCRRU

GPCDNGFCPGZVTCQTFKPCT[QRRQTVWPKV[HQTU[ODQNKE

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JGCNKPIVQQEEWT+YKNNGNCDQTCVGQPVJKUUJQTVN[

FTCYUQPCUVTQPIGCTVJGFEQPPGEVKQP 6JG /KNFWTC -QQTKGoU VCUM YCU VQ FGUKIP CPF RGT 6JGRTGUGPVTGCNKV[KUVJG-QQTKGEJKNFTGPYJQFCPEG

HQTOVJGKTUGEVKQPUYKVJPQKPVGTHGTGPEGD[OG+P

VJGKTCPEKGPV4KXGTFCPEGKPVJGRNCEGQHVJGKTCPEGU

VJKU YC[ C ENGCT URCEG YCU OCFG CPF VJG[ EJQUG

VQTU 6JG FCPEG KU RGTHQTOGF KP UJQTV TGRGVKVKQPU

JQY VQ TGRTGUGPV VJGOUGNXGU VJWU IKXKPI TGURGEV

VJCVDWKNFQPCXKDTCVQT[ECNNHTQOVJGGCTVJVJTQWIJ

HQTVJGKTCTVKUVKEKPVGITKV[6JKUYCUCETWEKCNHCEVQT

VJGHGGVVQCDUQTDTGNGCUGCPFEQPPGEVVJTQWIJVJG

+V FGOQPUVTCVGF VTWUV CPF O[ QYP EQOOKVOGPV

RTGUGPV VQ VJGKT CPEGUVTCN URKTKVU 'CEJ FCPEG HQTO

VQ C UKPEGTG EQNNCDQTCVKQP 9G CNUQ FKUEWUUGF VJG

KU FKHHGTGPV [GV EQPPGEVGF VJTQWIJ C ETQUUEWNVWTCN

EQPVGZV KP TGNCVKQP VQ VJG QVJGT RGTHQTOGTU 6JKU

KPVGPVKQP QH WPKH[KPI VJG DQF[ OKPF CPF URKTKV VQ

RTKPEKRCN + DGNKGXG KU C XGJKENG HQT FGXGNQRKPI

VJGRNCEG+YCUOQUVKPVGTGUVGFVQRNCEGVJGUGFCPEG

VTCPUFKUEQWTUGQPCFGGRNGXGNVJCVECPEQPVTKDWVG

HQTOU VQIGVJGT CU C U[ODQNKE CEV QH EQGZKUVGPEG

VQJWOCPUVGYCTFUJKR%TGCVKXGRTQEGUUGUYJGVJGT

YJGTGGCEJEQPVTKDWVGUVQVJGQXGTCNNYQTMYKVJQWV

KP VJG CTVU KPFWUVT[ UEKGPEG CPF EQOOWPKV[ RTQ

EQORTQOKUG 6JKU KU U[ODQNKE QH VJG DTQCFGT UQEKCN

EGGF YJGP VTWUV KU HGNV 6JKU OGVJQF YQTMGF CPF

EJCNNGPIGVQYCTFUKPENWUKXGEQNNCDQTCVKQPVJCVTGSWKTGU

GPCDNGFKPVWKVKXGKORTQXKUCVKQPVQFGXGNQR

VTWUVYQTVJ[CPFTGURGEVHWNTGEQIPKVKQPQHFKHHGTGPEG CUVJGȧTUVDCUGVQYCTFUUQEKQGEQNQIKECNEJCPIG



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VJG QDUGTXGT RNC[U C TQNG KP VJG QDUGTXGF SWCPVWO

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WOGPVKPI O[ RGTHQTOCPEGU HQT VJG ECOGTC 6JG

UVCPFKPI DGPGCVJ VJG PKIJV UM[ 6JG QDUGTXCVKQPU

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CPF EQTRQTGCNKV[ +V NKXGU 6JCV HQT OG KU C ETWEKCN

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The Southern Cross - to bear and behold and Faith in a faithless land.

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DNCEMENC[EQXGTGFD[CUCNV[ETWUVCEGQWUUWTHCEG+V



Jill Orr

YKVPGUUGFVJGYQTFnGPXKTQPOGPVoEJCPIGHTQOCP

6JG5QWVJGTP%TQUUsVQDGCTCPFDGJQNFKUCPKOCIG

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EGUUKDNGGEQNQIKGUCUCPKPVKOCVGUETGGPGZRGTKGPEG

ITCN VQ OCPKHGUVKPI KFGCU CPF GPGTIKUKPI EJCPIG

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HGTGPEG DGVYGGP J[RG CPF UKPEGTKV[ CPF DGVYGGP

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VQJGT)NQDCN/KPF2TQLGEV UGG%QNQWTRNCVGZZK(KI

EQPUVTWEVGF CICKP YKVJ PGY WRFCVGF VGEJPQNQI[

%&YKVJCRGTHQTOCPEGVJCVVQQMRNCEGKP/GN

6JG)NQDCN/KPF2TQLGEVNQYDWFIGVKPUEQRGGZKUVU

DQWTPGCV(GFGTCVKQP5SWCTGKP,CPWCT[6JG

FWG VQ -CTGP %CUG[ YJQUG UKPIWNCT CTVKUVoU XKUKQP

)NQDCN /KPF 2TQLGEV KU C /GFKC #TVU CPF $TCKP 5EK

KUEQORNGOGPVGFD[*CTT[5QMQNoUUQHVYCTGFGXGN

GPEGUKPKVKCVKXGD[-CTGP%CUG[KPRCTVPGTUJKRYKVJ

QROGPV YKVJ PGWTQJGCFUGVU HTQO 'OQVKXG 5[U

UQHVYCTGFGUKIPGT*CTT[5QMQN

VGOU CPF VJG VJTGG RGTHQTOCPEG CTVKUVU 9G ECOG



VQIGVJGTWPKVGFD[VJGRQVGPVKCNQHCPKFGC+VJKPM

7UKPI WPKSWG XKFGQ GHHGEVU UQHVYCTG VQ IGPGTCVG

VJCVVJGUWUVCKPCDKNKV[QHNKHGQP'CTVJKUCEQORNGZ

TGCNVKOG CWFKQXKUWCN GHHGEVU HTQO DTCKPYCXGU

OKZ QH JKIJGPF KPPQXCVKQPU CPF OQTG JWODNG

)NQDCN /KPF 2TQLGEV CKOU VQ ETGCVKXGN[ KPVGTRTGV

CVVGORVUVQTGCNK\GRCVJYC[UHQTYCTF+VKUCNNPGEGU

OKPFUVCVGUVQDGRTGUGPVGFCUNKXGUETGGPCTVCPF

UCT[KPVJGOKZ6JKUCTVOGFKCVGFQPNKPGKUQPGQH

QPNKPG RGTHQTOCPEGU 6JG RTQLGEV KU VJG EWNOKPC

OCP[KPKVKCVKXGUVJCVEQPVTKDWVGVQVTCPUFKUEQWTUG

VKQPQHUGXGTCN[GCTUQHTGUGCTEJCPFFGXGNQROGPV



KPKVKCVGFKPYKVJVGUVKPICVVJG$TCKP5EKGPEGU

6JG)NQDCN/KPF2TQLGEV5RGEVCENGQHVJG/KPFYCU

+PUVKVWVG 5YKPDWTPG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 6GEJPQNQI[ KP

C NKXG RGTHQTOCPEG VJCV WVKNK\GU JKIJ GPF DTCKP

/GNDQWTPG )NQDCN /KPF 2TQLGEV YKNN DG CP QPNKPG

YCXG VGEJPQNQI[ VQ FGOQPUVTCVG VJG RGTHQTOGToU

CEEGUUHQTRGTHQTOCPEGYGDECUVUCPFWNVKOCVGN[C

OKPFEJCPIKPIVJGRTQLGEVGFKOCIGUCURCTVQHVJG

OGCPU VQ HCEKNKVCVG XKGYGT KPVGTCEVKQP KP VJG HQTO

NKXG CEVKQP 6JKU YCU CNUQ UVTGCOGF QPNKPG 6JG

QH FKTGEV OKPF KPVGTCEVKQPU YKVJ VJG CTVKUV CPF

RQVGPVKCN VQ UETGGP VJG NKXG RGTHQTOCPEGU UKOWN

QVJGTU JVVRYYYINQDCNOKPFRTQLGEVEQO  6JG

VCPGQWUN[QPRWDNKEUETGGPUKPQVJGTEQWPVTKGUHQT

KFGCQHCINQDCNOKPFJCFCPKPUVCPVCVVTCEVKQPRCT

GZCORNG 0GY ;QTM .QPFQP 6QM[Q GVE KU QPN[ C

VKEWNCTN[ DGECWUG KV KU C INQDCN OKPF VJCV + DGNKGXG

OCVVGT QH HWPFKPI CPF EQQTFKPCVKQP 6JG OGOQ

KUVJGWPKH[KPICPFCEVKXCVKPIHQTEGQHQWTVKOGHQT

TCDNG0GY;GCTU'XGVJCVYCUVGNGECUVCETQUU

GPXKTQPOGPVCN EJCPIG + UGG VJKU OGVCRJ[UKECNN[

VJGINQDGXKUWCNK\KPIGCEJEQWPVTKGUGPVT[KPVQVJG

CU YGNN CU VJTQWIJ RTCEVKECN QPNKPG HQTWOU /[

PGYOKNNGPPKWOKUCPGZCORNGQHVJKUYQTMKPI6JG

KPVGTGUVKUVJGURCEGKPDGVYGGPVJGDQF[CPFJKIJ

KORQTVCPV FKHHGTGPEG QH 6JG )NQDCN /KPF 2TQLGEV KU

GPFVGEJPQNQI[CUCOGCPUVQITQWPFJWOCPRJ[UK

VJG RGTHQTOCPEG QH CPF OCMKPI XKUKDNG UVCVGU QH

ECNKV[ CU VJG nVTCPUOGFKWOo DGVYGGP VJG CEVWCN

OKPF VJTQWIJ VJG UWDVNG EQOOWPKECVKQP QH CP

GPXKTQPOGPV CPF OGFKCVKQPU TGRTGUGPVKPI KV 9G

KPFKXKFWCNVJTQWIJDTCKPYCXGVGEJPQNQI[VQVJG

JCXG TGEGKXGF XCNWCDNG HGGF DCEM HTQO VJKU GXGPV

INQDCNCPFNQECNEQNNGEVKXG6JKUKUXGT[FKHHGTGPVVQ

YJGTGCWFKGPEGUDGKPICOKZVWTGQHKPXKVGFIWGUVU

VJGEQNNGEVKXGEGNGDTCVKQPUQHVJG0GY;GCT

CPFVJGIGPGTCNRWDNKETCPIGFHTQOCOC\GOGPVVQ FKUCRRQKPVOGPV 6JGTG KU C ITGCV GZRGEVCVKQP VJCV

/[ RGTHQTOCPEG HQT 6JG )NQDCN /KPF 2TQLGEV 6JG

VGEJPQNQI[YKNNPQVQPN[DGCOC\KPIDWVVJCVKVYKNN

URGEVCENG QH VJG OKPF FTGY QP VJG EQTRQTGCNKV[ QH

ȧZCNN2GTJCRUVJKUOC[DGUQ

VJG JWOCP DQF[ CU C UKVG DGVYGGP JKIJGPF VGEJ



Jill Orr

The Global Mind Project 2010.

PQNQI[CPFNCVGGKIJVGGPVJEGPVWT[OCIKEUJQYU+

FKURNC[ /[ VCUM YKVJ VJG JGCFUGV KU PQV QPN[ VQ

COHCUEKPCVGFD[VJGWPUGGPOCFGXKUKDNGYJKEJKP

ETGCVG CEVKQPU VJCV CTG RTQITCOOGF VQ CNVGT VJG

RCTVKUCEJKGXGFVJTQWIJVJGGHHGEVUQHVJGJGCFUGV

RTQLGEVKQPU YKVJ OQXGOGPVU HTQO VJG LCY HCEG

YJGTGVJGTGKUCSWCNKV[QHOCIKECPFFKUDGNKGHYJGP

JCPFU CTOU CPF HWNN DQF[ + CO CNUQ GXQMKPI JKU

XKGYKPIVJKU+UVJKUTGCNN[CHHGEVGFD[DTCKPYCXGU!

VQTKEOGFKWOUYJGTGVJGVTCPEGUVCVGKUCPCNVGTGF

+YCPVGFVQEQPVTCUVVJKUYKVJJKUVQTKEOCIKEUJQYU

UVCVGQHEQPUEKQWUPGUUQHVGPCUUQEKCVGFYKVJUÅCPEGU

YJGTGVJGVTKEMGT[YCUCNOQUVDGNKGXGFCPFEJCT

CPFRJ[UKECNRJGPQOGPC6JGVTCPEGUVCVGKUUKOKNCT

NCVCPUYGTGOCP[6JGINQDCNOKPFKUCNUQCDQWVC

VQOGFKVCVKQPUWEJCUCUNQYKPIQHVJGJGCTVDGCV

URKTKVWCNFKOGPUKQPFKUEWUUGFGCTNKGTKPVJKUEJCRVGT

UNQYFGGRDTGCVJKPICPFCNVGTGFDTCKPRCVVGTPU+VKU

YJGTG RGQRNG CPF RNCEG CTG URKTKVWCNN[ EQPPGEVGF

CNUQUKOKNCTVQVJGRGTHQTOCPEGUVCVGJVVRYYY

6JKUDGKPICFKOGPUKQPVJCVKUYKVJKPVJGEWNVWTCN

XQKEGUQHURKTKVEQWMRCIGUCDQWVVTCPEGJVO 

EQPPGEVKQP VQ UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ + TGCF VJG URGEVCENG QH VJGOKPFCUVJGEKRJGTDGVYGGPVJGDQF[OKPFCPF

+ YCU GXQMKPI /CFCOG $NCXCVUMK YJQ YCU C

URKTKVVJCVKUUKVGFYKVJKPOCIKECPFVGEJPQNQI[

TGPQYPGF OGFKWO KP VJG GKIJVGGP JWPFTGFU 5JG YCUVTCKPGFD[OCUVGTUHTQO6KDGVCPFGUVCDNKUJGF

7UKPIVJGKNNWUKQPQHC*QWFKPKGUECRGHTQOCNCTIG

6JGQUQRJ[ YJKEJ UJG ECNNGF n6JG MPQYNGFIG QH

VTWPMNKMG EQHȧP + CO TGNGCUGF D[ O[ CUUKUVCPVU

VJG FKXKPGo 5JG GZRNCKPU VJCV n$TQVJGTJQQF KU PQV

%TCKI2GCFGCPF$GP%KVVKFKPK9GCTGGCEJFTGUUGF

COGTGKFGCN+VKUKPHCEVKPPCVWTGQPVJGURKTKVWCN

KPNCVGQNFUV[NGOQWTPKPIEQUVWOGGZEGRVO[JGCF

RNCPG=?9GCUUGTVVJCVVJGFKXKPGURCTMKPOCP

IGCT XKUKDN[ KPEQTRQTCVGU VJG JGCFUGV RNCEKPI VJG

DGKPI QPG CPF KFGPVKECN KP KVU GUUGPEG YKVJ VJG

QNFUV[NG OCIKE VJGCVTG KP VJG JKVGEJ RTGUGPV +

7PKXGTUCN 5RKTKV QWT p5RKTKVWCN 5GNHq KU RTCEVKECNN[

CO JCPFGF C JCPFMGTEJKGH KPVQ YJKEJ + URKV 6JKU

QOPKUEKGPV DWV VJCV KV ECPPQV OCPKHGUV KVU MPQYN

KU VJG ȧTUV KORQTVCPV IGUVWTG QH GODQFKOGPV CPF

GFIGQYKPIVQVJGKORGFKOGPVUQHOCVVGT0QYVJG

RTQLGEVGF XKUEGTCN VTWVJ # NKXG XKFGQ ENQUG WR

OQTG VJGUG KORGFKOGPVU CTG TGOQXGF KP QVJGT

CU C EWV CYC[ FKUUQNXGU VJTQWIJ VJG DTCKP YCXG

YQTFU VJG OQTG VJG RJ[UKECN DQF[ KU RCTCN[\GF

KOCIGU QP UETGGP %TCKI KU FKUTQDGF FQYP VQ JKU

CU VQ KVU QYP KPFGRGPFGPV CEVKXKV[ CPF EQPUEKQWU

NQPILQJPUYJKNUVVJGQVJGTIGPVN[YKRGUJKUG[GU

PGUUCUKPFGGRUNGGRQTFGGRVTCPEGQTCICKPKP

PQUG OQWVJ GVE 9KVJ GCEJ YKRG VJG PGYN[ YGV

KNNPGUU VJG OQTG HWNN[ ECP VJG KPPGT 5GNH OCPKHGUV

JCPFMGTEJKGH KU JWPI KP VJG XGTVKECN VTWPM 6JKU

QP VJKU RNCPG 6JKU KU QWT GZRNCPCVKQP QH VJQUG

RTQEGUUEQPVKPWGUCU%TCKIoUDQF[KUYKRGFCNNQXGT

VTWN[ YQPFGTHWN RJGPQOGPC QH C JKIJGT QTFGT KP

CPFVJGPWOGTQWUJCPFMGTEJKGHUDGEQOGȨWVVGTKPI

YJKEJ WPFGPKCDNG KPVGNNKIGPEG CPF MPQYNGFIG CTG

YJKVGENQVJUYKVJKPVJGVTWPM$NQQFYCUUOGCTGF

GZJKDKVGFo YYYDNCXCVUM[PGV  +P VJKU YC[ VJG

QXGT JKU EJGUV CPF UVQOCEJ 6JG ET[KPI NCWIJKPI

DTCKPYCXG KPVGTCEVKQP QP VJG UETGGP DGEQOGU NGUU

UPGG\KPI FKIGUVKPI GZRGNNKPI CPF DNGGFKPI DQF[

KORGFGFD[OCVVGTDGECWUGKVKUEQPFWEVGFXKCVJG

YCU QP FKURNC[ CU XWNPGTCDNG HTCIKNG CPF KOOG

GNGEVTKECN KORWNUG HTQO VJG DTCKP /CFCOG $NC

FKCVG 6JG URGEVCENG YCU RWTG VJGCVTG YKVJ UOQMG

XCVUMKJCFJGTFGVTCEVQTUYJQCEEWUGJGTQHTCEKUO

OCEJKPGU RWHȧPI CPF HCNUG DNQQF CV VJG ENKOCZ

RCTVKEWNCTN[ CPVK5GOKVKUO 5JG YCU CEEWUGF QH

DGNKGH CPF FKUDGNKGH URGEVCENG CPF TGCNKV[ CTG QP

DGKPICEJCTNCVCPCHTCWFCPFCPKORQUVGTKP



Summary

Jill Orr

CPFYCUENGCTGFQHVJGUGENCKOUKP5JGKUCP WPTGNKCDNG EJCTCEVGT KP VJG HCEG QH UEKGPEG DWV JGT KPȨWGPEG VJTQWIJ OGVCRJ[UKEU CPF VJGQUQRJ[ KU

+PEQPENWUKQPVJGPCVWTGQHGCEJYQTMFKUEWUUGFKU

DTQCFCOQPIUVDGNKGXGTU+ȧPFJGTYQTMQPUVCVGU

EQNNCDQTCVKXGETQUUFKUEKRNKPCT[CPFEQPVTKDWVGUVQ

QH OKPF CP CRV EQWPVGTRQKPV VQ WUG YKVJKP C RGT

VJG DTQCFGT VTCPUFKUEQWTUG QP OGFKCVGF GPXKTQP

HQTOCPEG QH JKIJ VGEJPQNQI[ DQF[ CPF VJG URGE

OGPVU6JGKOCIGUETGCVGFCUVJGNCUVKPITGUWNVUQH

VCENG QH VJG OKPF /CFCOG $NCXCVUMK KU PQV PGEGU

VJGRGTHQTOCPEGGZRGTKGPEGJCXGVJGKTQYPnCWTCo

UCTKN[ OCFG MPQYP VQ VJG CWFKGPEG 5JG KU QPG QH

YJGTG GPICIGOGPV KU FKHHGTGPV CPF [GV GUUGPVKCNN[

VJGKPȨWGPEGUVQO[QYPCEVKQPUCUCnDTCKPYCXG

VJGUCOGCUVJGNKXGGZRGTKGPEG8KGYGTUVCMGCYC[

OGFKWOo 2GTJCRU KP CPQVJGT KPECTPCVKQP QH VJKU

VJG KOCIGU CU OGOQT[ CPF KUUWGU CU RQKPVU QH

YQTMJGTRTGUGPEGOC[DGCEMPQYNGFIGF

FGDCVG6JGEQPVKPWGFRTGUGPEGQPNKPGCUCPKPVGT CEVKXG GPXKTQPOGPV CFFU VQ VJG GZKUVKPI KPVGTPC

+P VJG ENQUKPI CEVKQP $GP VCMGU VJG JCPFMGTEJKGH

VKQPCNHQTWOUVJTQWIJKPFKXKFWCNITQWRCPFKPVGT

VJCV+URCVKPHTQOVJGVTWPMCPFUJQYUDQVJUKFGU

FKUEKRNKPCT[ETQUUNKPMCIGU

CU FT[ VQ VJG CWFKGPEG *G PGCVN[ HQNFU KV CPF TGVWTPUKVVQJKURQEMGVVJWURTQXKPIVJCVHQTEGUQH

6JG%TQUUKPI6JG5QWVJGTP%TQUUVQDGCTCPFDGJQNF

GXCRQTCVKQPYGTGCVYQTM#OKFUVRNWOGUQHVJGCV

(CKVJKPCHCKVJNGUUNCPFCPF6JG)NQDCN/KPF2TQLGEV

TKECNUOQMGYGNGCXGVJGUVCIG6JGNKXGCEVKQPYCU

CTGGZCORNGUQHOGFKCCTVEQPVTKDWVKPIVQUWUVCKP

EWV HTQO VJG NKXG ECOGTC CV FKHHGTGPV VKOGU QPVQ

CDNG FGXGNQROGPV VJTQWIJ UQEKQRQGVKE KUUWGU

VJG KOCIGU QP UETGGP +P VJCV YC[ VJG CWFKGPEG

(CEVU ECP QPN[ UC[ UQ OWEJ DGHQTG VJG[ DGEQOG

EQWNF UGG VJG DTCKPYCXGU CNVGTKPI VJG RTQLGEVGF

CNKGPCVKPI FT[ UVCVKUVKEU *WOCPKV[ VJTKXGU QP VJG

XKFGQ KOCIGU O[ CUUKUVCPVU RGTHQTOKPI XKUEQUKV[

KOCIKPCT[ YJGTG UVQTKGU PCTTCVKXGU CPF UJCTGF

CPF O[UGNH CU VJG DTCKP YCXG OGFKWO 6JG XKFGQ

EWNVWTCNGZRTGUUKQPECPDGVJGURCTMVJCVGPGTIK\GU

KOCIGUYGTGUGVKPHQWTUGSWGPEGUȧTUVN[ȧGT[NCPF

OWNVKRNGHQTOUQHETGCVKXGOCPKHGUVCVKQP

UECRGUVJCVDGECOGȨCUJRQKPVUKPVQCPQVJGTYQTNF 6JGP VJGTG YGTG KOCIGU HTQO URKVVNG VJCV DGECOG KOOGPUG NCPFUECRGU CPF EQUOKE VTCXGN HQNNQYGF

References

D[VJGLQWTPG[VJTQWIJKPVGUVKPGUYKVJRWNUKPIEGN NWNCTCEVKQPCPFNCUVN[VJGJGCTVCUDNQQF[RWORKPI

#WUVTCNKC  5WOOKV  6JG (WVWTG 1H 4WTCN #PF

CPF RWNUKPI EGNNU 'CEJ DTCKPYCXG KPVGTTWRVKQP

4GIKQPCN #WUVTCNKC #RTKN CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ 

EJCPIGFVJGKOCIGUD[GPNCTIKPIJQNGUCPFQTKȧEGU

JVVRYYYCWUVTCNKCIQXCWVQRKEUTWTCNEHO 

EJCPIKPIURGGFETGCVKPIOWNVKRNGCPFQXGTNCRRKPI

$CTVJGU4 %COGTC.WEKFCVTCPUND[4*QYCTF

RGTURGEVKXGU 6JG KOCIGU YGTG GXQECVKXG CPF PQV TGCNKUVKEKPCP[YC[

8KPVCIG%NCUUKEU4CPFQO*QWUG.QPFQP FG $QGT ;  'ZGEWVKXG 5GETGVCT[ 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU (TCOGYQTM%QPXGPVKQPQP%NKOCVG%JCPIG9JCVECP CPF OWUV DG CEJKGXGF CV %QRGPJCIGP CFFTGUU VQ VJG 0GY;QTM$CT#UUQEKCVKQPTF5GRVGODGTCEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRWPHEEEKPVȧNGURTGUUPGYUA



TQQOUVCVGOGPVUCRRNKECVKQPRFHAURGGEJA PGYA[QTMRFH  &GPKI)n5QPINKPGUCPF5GCYC[Uo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oU +PFKIGPQWU 2GQRNGU  /CTEJ  CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVR YYYCRJIQXCWJQWUG4WFFA5RGGEJRFH  8QKEGU QH URKTKV 5 6[NGT9CNVGTU #DQWV 6TCPEG YYY XQKEGUQHURKTKVEQWMRCIGUCDQWVVTCPEGJVO 



S O UTH AFRICAN URBAN SPACE: A ‘MEDIATED’ E N VIRONMENT Therese Steffen

+XCP8NCFKUNCXKäoU2QTVTCKVYKVJMG[UVJGEKV[QH,QJCPPGUDWTIWPNQEMGF n9G CTG UVQTKGU +VoU C PQVKQP UQ UKORNG GXGP C EJKNF EQWNF WPFGTUVCPF KV 9QWNFVJCVKVGPFGFVJGTG$WVYGCTGUVQTKGUYKVJKPUVQTKGU5VQTKGUYKVJKP UVQTKGU YKVJKP UVQTKGU 9G TGEGFG GPFNGUUN[ HTCOGF CPF TGHTCOGF WPVKN YG CTGWPTGCFCDNGVQQWTUGNXGUo n+CONQQMKPIHQTYCTFVQUGGKPI,QoDWTIHTQOVJGCKT#UVJGCKTETCHVNKHVU[QW QWVQHKVCDQXGKVoKVDGEQOGUHQTCOQOGPVEQOHQTVKPIN[GZRNKECDNGo +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKä2QTVTCKVYKVJMG[UVJGEKV[QH,QJCPPGUDWTIWPNQEMGF

7TDCP NKVGTCT[ CPF XKUWCN EWNVWTG KU C EQPFGPUGF

CPF CTVKUVU 9KNNKCO -GPVTKFIG QT 9KNNGO $QUJQHH

CTVKUVKE YC[ QH DQVJ CFFTGUUKPI CPF UV[NKUVKECNN[

TGURQPF VQ VJG VTGOGPFQWU OQXG VQYCTF VJG EKV[

GZRTGUUKPIUQEKQJKUVQTKECNHCEVUCPFUQEKGVCNEJCPIG

CUDQVJUGVVKPICPFUWDLGEVVJCVJCUQEEWTTGFUKPEG

.KVGTCT[CPFXKUWCNCTVKP5QWVJ#HTKECKUPQGZEGR

VJGFGOKUGQHCRCTVJGKFDQWPFCTKGUCHVGT

VKQPVQVJKUTWNG#TCPIGQHEWNVWTCNVGZVUETKVKECNN[ CPFCGUVJGVKECNN[TGȨGEVWTDCPK\CVKQPCNRTQEGUUGUKP

6JKU EQPVTKDWVKQP UGGMU VQ CPCN[\G VJG RTQNKȧE

5QWVJ #HTKEC UKPEG VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG 'PINKUJ

ETGCVKXG RTQEGUUGU CPF VJGKT OGFKCNKV[ KP +XCP

NKVGTCT[ VTCFKVKQP KP VJG U $[ VJG DGIKPPKPI

8NCFKUNCXKäoUNKVGTCT[VGZVUYKVJCHQEWUQPVJGEKV[

QHVJGUVEGPVWT[CDWTIGQPKPICTVKUVKECVVGPVKQP

QH IQNF VJG nFKUQTFGTN[o nGNWUKXGo OGVTQRQNKU QH

JCUDGGPRCKFVQVJGEKV[KP5QWVJ#HTKEC%QPVGO

,QJCPPGUDWTI 0WVVCNN/DGODG#RQN[EGP

RQTCT[ 5QWVJ #HTKECP CWVJQTU CPF CTVKUVU COQPI

VTKECPFKPVGTPCVKQPCNEKV[YKVJCJ[DTKFJKUVQT[VJCV

VJGO YTKVGTU +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKä QT 2JCUYCPG /RG

EQPVKPWCNN[ RGTOGCVGU VJG RTGUGPV ,QJCPPGUDWTI



,QoDWTIQT,Q\KJCUDGEQOGCRNCEGQHKPVGTOKPINKPI

n.KXKPIVJG%KV[o%GPVGTQH%QORGVGPEGKP#HTKECP

CPF KORTQXKUCVKQP C EKV[ VJCV KU HCUV FGXGNQRKPI

5VWFKGU7PKXGTUKV[QH$CUGN

KVU QYP DTCPF QH EQUOQRQNKVCP EWNVWTG KP 5QWVJ #HTKEC $GHQTG FGNXKPI KPVQ +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKäoU 2QT

0GZV VQ GEQPQOKE UQEKQNQIKECN JKUVQTKECN QT

VTCKVYKVJMG[UVJGEKV[QH,QJCPPGUDWTIWPNQEMGF

CPVJTQRQNQIKECNUVWFKGUȧEVKQPCPFCTVsKGKOCI

CUQEKQJKUVQTKEEQPVGZVYKNNUGVVJGITQWPF

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EQPFKVKQPU CU VJG[ CTG QT UJQWNF DG 6JG JWOCP

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South African urbanity as text and context to creativity and mediality

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7TDCPK\CVKQP KU C YQTNFYKFG RJGPQOGPQP VJCV

TGURQPFVQWTDCPK\CVKQPRTQEGUUGUKP5QWVJ#HTKEC

CHHGEVUVJGHWVWTGQHCP[RQRWNCVKQPKPKVUGEQPQOKE

UKPEG VJG RTGFQOKPCPVN[ CITKEWNVWTCN CPF OKPKPI

RQNKVKECN UQEKGVCN CPF EWNVWTCN FGXGNQROGPV 6JKU

EQWPVT[ KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ JCU DGEQOG KPFWU

TCRKF RTQITGUU QH C INQDCN WTDCPK\CVKQP DGICP

VTKCNK\GF CPF WTDCPK\GF CVVTCEVKPI TWTCN KPJCDKV

CNTGCF[KPVJGVJEGPVWT[YKVJCITQYVJQH

CPVUsDQVJDNCEMCPFYJKVGsVQEKVKGURQTVUCPF

VJG WTDCP RQRWNCVKQP D[  VQ CRRTQZKOCVGN[

OCPWHCEVWTKPIEGPVGTU$[TGICTFKPICNNPQPYJKVGU

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EKV[ GXGP VJG OGVTQRQNKU QT VJG OGICNQRQNKU KP

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VJG ECUG QH %CKTQ &CMCT .CIQU QT ,QJCPPGUDWTI

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VJG ICR n,QoDWTI 0QY $CWUVGNNG 5ØFCHTKMCo CP

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CPF RGTHQTO KP VJGUG FGVGTTKVQTKCNK\GF PQOCPoU

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NCPFU CPF KODWG FKNCRKFCVGF KPPGT EKV[ FKUVTKEVU

RQUKPIKPVCNN&KUPG[YQTNFOKOKET[EQPHTQPVCPF

YKVJPGYCTVKUVKEOGCPKPIKPCPCEVQHEWNVWTCNTG

EQPVTQN VJG UWTTQWPFKPI VQYPUJKRU 6JQUG UVKNN

VGTTKVQTKCNK\CVKQP

NKXG QP VJGKT ETCHV QH KOCIKPCVKQP TGE[ENKPI CPF KORTQXKUCVKQP 5KPEG  JQYGXGT PGY WTDCP

6YQRCTVKEWNCTDWKNFKPIUUJQWNFGZGORNKH[CEWTTGPV

RNCPPKPI JCU UQWIJV VQ VTCPUITGUU UWEJ VTCFKVKQPCN

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RNCVGZZKK(KI#

PGUUFKUVTKEVQH5CPFVQPKPVJGUJCTRGUVQHRQUUKDNG EQPVTCUVU EWTTGPV JQWUKPI RTQLGEVU VT[ VQ CNNGXKCVG

9JKNG )QNF 4GGH %KV[ CNNQYU VJG XKUKVQT VQ GZRGTK

VJKU ENCUU VGPUKQP YKVJ PGY DWKNFKPIU EQPUVTWEVGF

GPEGVJGFKHHGTGPVJKUVQTKECNUVCVKQPUQH5QWVJ#HTKEC

ENQUG D[ QP VJG NGUU CHȨWGPV UKFG 5QEKCN JQWUKPI

 IQNF FKIIKPI JGTG JCU FGIGPGTCVGF KPVQ C VQWT

CTGCU CTG CNUQ DWKNV VQ GPNKXGP VJG KPPGT EKV[UECRG

KUVKECOWUGOGPVPGZVVQC%CUKPQVJG/WUGWOQH

CPFVQTGFWEGCPGXGTKPETGCUKPIETKOGTCVG6JWU

#RCTVJGKFEQORNGVGFKPTGRTGUGPVUVJGȨKR

VTCFKVKQPCN VQYPUJKRU NKMG 5QYGVQ CTG KPETGCUKPIN[

UKFGQHVJGIQNFGP4CPF9KVJKVURTKUQPNKMGJKIJ

NKPMGF YKVJ VJG EKV[oU WTDCP KPHTCUVTWEVWTG VQFC[

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0GZVVQVJGUGCDUQNWVGPGEGUUKVKGUKPRQUVCRCTVJGKF

OGPV CPF FGVGPVKQP QP DQVJ UKFGU 2CTCFQZKECNN[

WTDCPRNCPPKPICNUQXKUKQPUQHCDGVVGTHWVWTGȧPF

C YJKVG EWDG RTGUGTXGU VJG FCTMGUV RCTV QH 5QWVJ

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#HTKECoUJKUVQT[KPCUOCNNURCVKCNUNQV6JQWIJEQP

RCTMUCPFRWDNKEUSWCTGU6JG9CNVGT5KUWNW5SWCTG

ȧPGF PQY CRCTVJGKF KU VJWU ECWUGF VQ NKXG QP KP

GIURGCMUVJGNCPIWCIGQHVJGn(TGGFQO%JCTVGTo

RWDNKE OGOQT[ ,QJCPPGUDWTIoU EWTTGPV UVTWIINGU

5VWFKQ /#5 YJGTGCU VJG 5QYGVQPGKIJDQWT

VQOQXGDG[QPFCRCTVJGKFoUFWCNUVTCVGIKGUCTGDGUV

JQQF -NKRVQYP HGCVWTGU C OQPWOGPV U[ODQNK\KPI

UWOOCTK\GFD[#EJKNNG/DGODG

GSWCNKV[HTGGFQOCPFQRGPPGUUCUCPKFGPVKV[HWT VJGTKPI CTEJKVGEVWTCN FGXKEG # UKOKNCT RQNKE[ IQX

n9KVJ VJG GPF QH NGICNN[ UCPEVKQPGF UGITGICVKQP

GTPU VJG PGYN[ EQPUVTWEVGF RTGOKUGU QP %QPUVKVW

,QJCPPGUDWTI KU PQYCFC[U C OGVTQRQNKU KPETGCU

VKQP*KNNYJKEJKU NQECVGF DGVYGGP VJG FQYPVQYP

KPIN[HQTEGFVQEQPUVTWEVKVUGNHQWVQHJGVGTQIGPGQWU

CTGC CPF VJG FGPUGN[ RQRWNCVGF IJGVVQ *KNNDTQY

HTCIOGPVU CPF HQTVWKVQWU LWZVCRQUKVKQPU QH KOCIGU

1P%QPUVKVWVKQP*KNN1//&GUKIPFGXGNQRGFVJG

OGOQTKGU EKVCVKQPU CPF CNNWUKQPU FTCYP HTQO KVU

0CVKQPoU %QPUVKVWVKQPCN %QWTV VQ GODQF[ VJG PGY

URNKPVGTGF JKUVQTKGU 5QOG QH KVU HTCIOGPVU UGGO VQ

URKTKVQH5QWVJ#HTKECPFGOQETCE['XGPVJGITCPF

TGECNNVJGRQUVEQNQPKCNEKV[HQTOKP#HTKEC6JGNCVVGT

VTKCNJCNNKUMGRVVTCPURCTGPV*GPEG,QJCPPGUDWTI

KUEJCTCEVGTK\GFPQVUQOWEJD[FGEC[CUD[VJGEQGZ

EQPVKPWGU VQ NKXG QP CPF YKVJ KVU UVCTM EQPVTCUVU

KUVGPEG QH FKXGTIGPV GNGOGPVU QH FKHHGTGPV QTKIKPU

+V KU C UGGVJKPI ECWNFTQP QH VJG QNF CPF PGY VJG

DTQWIJV VQIGVJGT KP C URCEG YJQUG NKOKVU CTG EQP

TKEJCPFRQQTVJGDNCEMCPFYJKVGRNWUGXGT[VJKPI

UVCPVN[ OCFG CPF TGOCFG .KHG JGTG KU NKXGF WPFGT

ETGCVKXG CPF VJTKXKPI KPDGVYGGP CU YGNN #TVKUVU

XQNCVKNGEQPFKVKQPU=e?+VKURQUUKDNGVQQDUGTXGUWEJ

COQPI QVJGTU FGUKIPGT #VJK2CVTC 4WIC GZRNQTG

FGXGNQROGPVU KP RTGUGPVFC[ EGPVTCN ,QJCPPGUDWTI



Therese Steffen

KVURGTKRJGT[FGRQRWNCVGFnFGCFoDWUKPGUUFKUVTKEVU

QTKP*KNNDTQY(QTVJGOQUVRCTVVJGYJKVGRQRWNC

QHHGTU JKIJURGGF CEEGUU VQ VJG +PVGTPGV $WKNFKPIU

VKQP JCU CDCPFQPGF VJGUG CTGCU NGCXKPI DGJKPF CP

DCUGOGPVU CPF RWDNKE URCEGU JCXG DGGP URGEKCNN[

KPHTCUVTWEVWTG PQY QEEWRKGF KPJCDKVGF QT WUGF D[

FGUKIPGFHQTJKIJEGNNWNCTTGEGRVKQP6JKUVGEJPQNQI

DNCEMUKPYC[UUQOGVKOGUTCFKECNN[FKHHGTGPVHTQOKVU

KECNUQRJKUVKECVKQPGZVGPFUVQUGEWTKV[9JGPKVUVJTGG

QTKIKPCNRWTRQUGUo R

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,QJCPPGUDWTINQUGUKVUQTKIKPCNEQPVQWTUKUTGFWEGF

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VQ CP GORV[ UGV QT RCTCFQZKECNN[ ICKPU FGRVJ

OWNVKRNGZGTU  ECOGTCU RNWU ȧHVGGP JKIJ URGGF

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FQOGU  KPRWV OCVTKZGU ȧXG YQTMUVCVKQPU CPF

FGHTCOKPI CPF GPHTCOKPI JCU UGV FKHHGTGPV TGRGT

C UWRGTXKUQT UVCVKQPo YYYFGFKECVGFOKETQUEQO 

VQKTGUQHURCVKCNKOCIKPCVKQPUCPFRTCEVKEGUKPVQEQN NKUKQP  UGG%QNQWTRNCVGUZZKKZZKKK

+PCPCEVQHRCTCFKIOCVKEURCVKCNVTCPUKVKQPNWZWT[ EQOOWPKVKGUUWEJCU/GNTQUG#TEJQT/QPVGECUKPQ

6JWU,QJCPPGUDWTITGUGODNGUQVJGT#HTKECPEKVKGU

CTG FKURNCEGF HTQO VJG QNF EKV[ EGPVGT VQ VJG QWV

KP VJG CHVGTOCVJ QH FGEQNQPK\CVKQP VJG OQUV

UMKTVU0QNQPIGTEGPVTCNDWVOCTIKPCN/GNTQUG#TEJ

OQFGTPCPFHQTOCNEQORGVGYKVJTWTCNKPHQTOCNKV[

QT/QPVGECUKPQJCXGVJWUVWTPGFKPVQGORV[RNCEG

TGRTGUGPVKPI C EQORQUKVKQPCN RTQEGUU OCTMGF D[

JQNFGTUHQTVJGTGRTGUGPVCVKQPQHYJKVGUWRTGOCE[

RQN[RJQPKE FKUUQPCPEGU /DGODG  

GTQFGF D[ VKOG TCVJGT VJCP TGOGODGTGF D[ KV

+PFGGFEQPVGORQTCT[,QJCPPGUDWTIKUWPFGTIQKPI

6JCV KU YJ[ VJG[ CTG NCTIGN[ VJG OCPKHGUVCVKQP QH

C OCUUKXG URCVKCN TGUVTWEVWTKPI PQV WPNKMG VJG QPG

VJG HCKNWTG QH VJG TCEKCN EKV[ VQ CUUKOKNCVG VJG RCU

VJCVQEEWTTGFWPFGTCRCTVJGKF+PVJGEGPVTCNDWUK

UCIGQHVKOG6JGKTUKUCPCTEJKVGEVWTGPQNQPIGTQH

PGUU FKUVTKEV YQTPQWV UVTWEVWTGU CTG EQORGVKPI

'FYCTFKCPQTOQFGTPKUVOKOKET[DWVQHnJ[UVGTKCo

YKVJ IQXGTPOGPVURQPUQTGF DWKNFKPI RTQLGEVU

CU /CTFGT UQ CRVN[ UCKF WPFGTUVQQF CU C HQTO QH

'NUGYJGTGITQYVJKUHWGNNGFD[RTKXCVGECRKVCNHQT

UWHHGTKPIHTQOnTGOKPKUEGPEGUTGRTGUUGFOGOQTKGU

OKFFNG CPF WRRGTKPEQOG TGUKFGPVU KPUWTCPEG

VJCVHCKNVQDGKPVGITCVGFKPVQVJGRU[EJGo /CTFGT

EQORCPKGU DCPMU CPF EQTRQTCVKQPU /DGODG

KP /DGODG  +P VJG RTQEGUU VJG[ FGXGNQR C

1PGQHVJGUGGZCORNGUCNWZWT[VQYP

HQTOQHnTGITGUUKXGHQTIGVVKPIoKVUGNHCPCVVGORVVQ

UJKR KP VJG ITGGP UWDWTDU QH 0QTVJGTP ,QJCPPGU

YCTFQHHVJGOQXGOGPVQHVKOG

DWTI /GNTQUG #TEJ KU C RTKXCVG FGXGNQROGPV D[ VJG 5GPVKPGNU /KPKPI +PFWUVT[ 4GVKTGOGPV (WPF +V KU CP GKIJVGGPJGEVCTG QHȧEG TGVCKN TGUKFGPVKCN CPF TGETGCVKQPCN EQORNGZ PGCT VJG OGICOCNNU QH

South African urbanity unlocked by Ivan Vladislavić: the premises

5CPFVQP CPF 4QUGDCPM /GNTQUG #TEJ KU C PGY WRUECNG EKV[ YKVJKP VJG EKV[ C ENGCP YGNN NKIJVGF

6JG ȧEVKQP QH QPG QH 5QWVJ #HTKECoU OQUV UVKOW

RNCEG KDKF#EEQTFKPIVQTGNGXCPVCFXGTVKUG

NCVKPI YTKVGTU VQ GOGTIG HTQO VJG VTCPUPCVKQPCN

OGPVUKVUUGEWTKV[DGNVKUQWVUVCPFKPI

RGTKQF +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKä UJQYU C MGGP CYCTGPGUU QHVJGUGFKNGOOCUKPJGTGPVKPVJGRTQEGUUQHIKXKPI

n/GNTQUG#TEJKUUWTTQWPFGFD[CȧDGTQRVKETKPIVJCV



URCVKCN QT EQPETGVG TGRTGUGPVCVKQP VQ VJG VTCPUK

HQNNQYUKPJKUHCVJGToUHQQVUVGRU#NTGCF[JGYCUCP

,WFKP $NCPM #TEJKVGEVWTG #RCTVJGKF CPF #HVGT C

CTFGPVEKV[OCRRGTCUVJGCWVJQTTGECNNUJKUWTDCP

MCNGKFQUEQRKE XKGY QP CTEJKVGEVWTG KP 5QWVJ #HTK

WRDTKPIKPIKP2TGVQTKC

ECoU EJCPIKPI EKV[UECRG CU CP GEQPQOKE UQEKQEWN VWTCNCPFCGUVJGVKEUKIPKȧGT*KUEQPEGTPYKVJURCEG

n9JGP + YCU + EJKNF O[ HCVJGT C EKV[ OCP VJTQWIJ

CPFURCVKCNFKOGPUKQPUCVNCTIGRGTOGCVGUJKUGPVKTG

CPF VJTQWIJ C NQXGT QH YCNMKPI CPF FTKXKPI ȧPGN[

QGWXTGUQHCTDWVTGOCKPUWPFGTGXCNWCVGF

CVVWPGF VQ EJCPIG KP VJG YQTNF CTQWPF JKO CPF VJGTGHQTGCDNGVQIKXGFKTGEVKQPUYKVJETGCVKXKV[CPF

8NCFKUNCXKäoUECTGGTCUCȧEVKQPYTKVGTDGICPKP

RTGEKUKQP VCWIJV OG VJCV KV PGXGT JCTOGF CP[QPG

YKVJVJGRWDNKECVKQPQHCEQNNGEVKQPQHUJQTVUVQTKGU

VQ JCXG C OCR KP JCPF =e? 5KPEG VJGP GZRGTKGPEG

GPVKVNGF/KUUKPI2GTUQPU*KUTGRWVCVKQPITGYYKVJ

JCU VCWIJV OG =e? VJCV IGVVKPI NQUV KU PQV CNYC[U C

JKU ȧTUV PQXGN 6JG (QNN[  +P VJG RQUVCRCTV

DCF VJKPI 1PG OKIJV GXGP EQPUKFGT OKUFKTGEVKPI C

JGKF GTC JG JCU RWDNKUJGF 2TQRCICPFC D[ /QPW

UVTCPIGTHQTJKUQYPIQQFo 2QTVTCKVYKVJ-G[U

OGPVUCPF1VJGT5VQTKGU *KUUGEQPFPQXGN 6JG 4GUVNGUU 5WRGTOCTMGV  YCU HQNNQYGF

+ YKNN CTIWG VJCV +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKä KU C OQUV ECTGHWN

D[ JKU VJKTF QPG 6JG 'ZRNQFGF 8KGY  CPF

QDUGTXGTYKVJCPCVWTCNKUVQTnUQEKCNTGCNKUVoUoG[GKP

6JG /QFGN /GP  9KNNGO $QUJQHH CRRGCTGF

JKUCEWVGTGPFGTKPIQHVGNNKPIFGVCKNUQHVJGVTCPUK

KPCPF2QTVTCKVYKVJ-G[U6JG%KV[QH,QJCP

VKQPCNRTQEGUU;GVCVVJGUCOGVKOGJGCNUQTGOCKPU

PGUDWTI7PNQEMGFKP+HYGEQPUKFGTVJGVKOG

EQOOKVVGFVQVJGnUQEKCNECWUGoQPN[VJGRCTCOGVGTU

HTCOGKPYJKEJ+XCP8NCFKUNCXKäoUYTKVKPIECTGGTJCU

VJCV FGȧPG VJG nUQEKCN ECWUGo JCXG EJCPIGF UKPEG

DGGP VCMKPI UJCRG  WPVKN RTGUGPV YG PQVKEG

#NVJQWIJJKUQDUGTXKPICPFTGCUQPKPIKUCVKVU

VJCVKVGZCEVN[URCPUYJCVJCUGCTNKGTDGGPTGHGTTGF

EQTGCOQTCNQPGJKUTGCUQPKPIKUDCUGFQPHTCIOGP

VQ CU VJG RGTKQF QH nQHȧEKCNo VTCPUKVKQP HTQO 

VCT[ EQPVKPIGPV PQVKQPU QH OQTCNKV[ +V KU FGTKXGF

VQCPFKVUPQVNGUUVTCPUKVKQPCNCHVGTOCVJVJCV

HTQO C OQTCNKV[ VJCV CEMPQYNGFIGU VJG NKOKVU QH

GZVGPFUVJGVTCPUKVKQPCPFUQEKGVCNVTCPUHQTOCVKQP

VJGPQVKQPUKVKUDCUGFWRQPUWEJCUTCEGEWNVWTG

*GPEG +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKäoU YQTM KU FGGRN[ KODWGF

ENCUUIGPFGTFKUVKPEVKQPUCPFJGPEGCNUQCEMPQYN

YKVJVJGRTQEGUUQHWTDCPURCEGCUnOGFKCVGFoGPXK

GFIGUKVUQYPNKOKVU(QTVJGUGTGCUQPUVJGCWVJQToU

TQPOGPV

RGTURGEVKXGU QP VJG EKV[UECRG UJKHV EQPUVCPVN[ 9JKNG DQVJ 8NCFKUNCXKä CPF JKU RTQVCIQPKUVU UGGO

+XCP 8NCFKUNCXKä QH %TQCVKCP QTKIKP YCU DQTP KP

VQDGOCRRKPI,QoDWTITWPPKPIGTTCPFUQDUGTXKPI

2TGVQTKC KP  CPF JCU NKXGF KP ,QJCPPGUDWTI

OGGVKPIITGGVKPICXQKFKPIRGQRNGVJKUEQPVKPWKV[

UKPEG  *G KU VJG RCTCFKIOCVKE WTDCP G[GYKV

QHCPKVKPGTCT[KUEWVYKNNKPIN[D[VJGECOGTC+G[G

PGUU QH EKVKUECRGUo VTCPUKVKQP TQCOKPI VJG WPGCU[

+P EJCPIKPI KVU XKGY RQKPVU CPF EWNVWTCN RGTURGE

CTGCUQHCNCTOUGNGEVTKEHGPEGUCPFUGEWTKV[IWCTFU

VKXGU QHVGP CV VKOGU CDTWRVN[ KP UGNGEVKPI TGRTG

GZRNQTKPIVJGEQPVGUVGFDQWPFCTKGUDGVYGGPVJQUG

UGPVCVKXGUEGPGUCPFUGVVKPIUQHEJCPIGVTCPUKVKQP

YJQNQEMVJGOUGNXGUCYC[CPFVJQUGYJQTGOCKP

YCUVG CPF FGEC[ VJG ECOGTC +G[G FQGU PQV QPN[

QWVUKFG ;GV KP EQPUKUVGPVN[ NKXKPI YCNMKPI CPF

FKUEQXGT CPF WPEQXGT VJG JKFFGP VJG WPUGGP DWV

YTKVKPI KPDGVYGGP UVGTGQV[RKECN FKEJQVQOKGU JG

CNUQ EQOOGPV CPF ETKVKEK\G FGXGNQROGPVU HTQO C



Therese Steffen

GPEGQHOGOQT[+PJGEQGFKVGFYKVJ*KNVQP

ETKVKECN FKUVCPEG 6JWU JKIJNKIJVGF CPF LWZVCRQUGF

EKPCVKQP YKVJ CTEJKVGEVWTG KP VTCPUKVKQP KG VJG

D[8NCFKUNCXKäVJGEKV[UECRGURQTVTC[GF KPUJQTVGT

RNCEGU RGQRNG EJQQUG VQ NKXG CPF VJG VJKPIU VJG[

QT NQPIGT UPCRUJQVU KG PWODGTGF RCTCITCRJU QH

UGGMVQETGCVGn'XGT[FC[+VTCYNCNQPIO[JCDKVWCN

XCT[KPINGPIVJICKPCJKIJNGXGNQHURKTKVGFXKUWCN

TQWVGUTGCF[VQDGUVCTVNGFD[UQOGVJKPIGNUG+JCXG

CPFXGTDCNETGFKDKNKV[

OKUUGFWPVKNPQYo 2YM*KUUMKNNCVJCPFNKPI UWDVNG UQEKCN EQOOGPVCT[ HTQO UOCNN FGVCKNU CPF NCTIGTEKV[UECRGUCUYGNNKUGXKFGPVVJTQWIJQWVJKU

Johannesburg’s urbanity unlocked: Ivan Vladislavić’s Portrait with keys 

QGWXTG *G KU CNUQ C JKIJN[ KPPQXCVKXG OQPVCIG VGEJPKEKCPKPOQFGTPKUVCPFRQUVOQFGTPKUVYC[UCU JGEWVUCPFRCUVGUMG[RCUUCIGUQTUPCRUJQVUHTQO

5Q HCT VJG OQUV KPENWUKXG EKV[UGSWGPEG D[ +XCP

QPGUJQTVUVQT[E[ENGVQCPQVJGTHTQOCPQXGNDCEM

8NCFKUNCXKä YCU RWDNKUJGF WPFGT VJG VKVNG 2QTVTCKV

VQ C UJQTV UVQT[ CPF XKEG XGTUC 6JWU VJG TGCFGT

YKVJ MG[U VJG EKV[ QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI WPNQEMGF KP

KU VCMGP CNQPI QP XCTKQWU KVKPGTCTKGU [GV XKC TGR

,WPGCPCTEJKXGQHYTKVKPIUQPCUGIOGPVQH

GVKVKQP CPF TGKVGTCVKQP KU DGKPI QHHGTGF EQPVKPWKV[

,QJCPPGUDWTIVJCVJCUDGGPYCNMGFQDUGTXGFCPF

YKVJKPEQPVKPIGPE[

TGȨGEVGFWRQPQXGTVJG[GCTUCPFRCTVN[RWDNKUJGF KPUOCNNGTE[ENGUGCTNKGT2QTVTCKVYKVJMG[UVJGEKV[

$G[QPFVJGFTKXKPICPFYCNMKPIEQPVKPWWOQHVJG

QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI WPNQEMGF  EQPUKUVU QH 

RTQVCIQPKUVoU KVKPGTCT[KGU VJTQWIJ ,QJCPPGUDWTI

PWODGTGF UJQTV VGZVUUPCRUJQVU GCEJ CFFTGUUKPI

VJG UJCTRN[ EWV CPF LWZVCRQUGF UEGPGU CNNQY VJG

NKHGCPFCTEJKVGEVWTGKPVTCPUKVKQPKP,QJCPPGUDWTI

TGCFGT VQ HQTO VJGKT QYP TGOQTUGNGUUN[ CEEWTCVG

6JGVKOGHTCOGUVTGVEJGUHTQOTGEQNNGEVKQPUQHVJG

GPICIGFCPFFGVCEJGFKPFKXKFWCNUVQRUKPCEKV[KP

NCVGUVQVJGKOOGFKCVGRTGUGPV6JGRTQVCIQ

VTCPUKVKQP 6JG OGUUCIG KU ENGCT ,QoDWTI ECPPQV

PKUVKUKPOQUVKPUVCPEGU+XCP8NCFKUNCXKäJKOUGNH

DGRGTEGKXGFQVJGTVJCPCUCMCNGKFQUEQRKERCPQR

CNVJQWIJVJGTGCTGFQ\GPUQHQVJGTEJCTCEVGTUYKVJ

VKEWO%QPUGSWGPVN[2QTVTCKVYKVJMG[UVJGEKV[QH

YJQOJGUJCTGUGPEQWPVGTUCPFKPVGTCEVKQPU

,QJCPPGUDWTIWPNQEMGFENQUGUYKVJCPKPFGZQHXCT KQWUn+VKPGTCTKGUoVJGTGCFGTECPEJQQUGHTQO 

2QTVTCKV YKVJ MG[U VJG EKV[ QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI

 6JG[ CTG ENCUUKȧGF CU ..QPI //QFGTCVG

WPNQEMGF s 8NCFKUNCXKäoU RGTURGEVKXGU QP VJG EKV[

55JQTV CPF QHHGT VJG HQNNQYKPI n+VKPGTCTKGUo n#P

UECRG CNYC[U UJKHV s EQORTKUGU VYQ RCTVU 2QKPV #

CEEKFGPVCN KUNCPFo . n#TVKUVUo DQQM / n$GIICTU

UPCRUJQVU  CPF 2QKPV $ UPCRUJQVU 

CPFUGNNGTUo /n$QF[NCPIWCIGo /n$TCPMQo /

QHHGT C FQWDNG RGTURGEVKXG 9JGTGCU 2QKPV # GPFU

n%KV[ EGPVTGo . n%NQUGT VQIGVJGTo / n'PICIKPI

YKVJVJGRTQVCIQPKUV UNGCXKPI,QJCPPGUDWTIQPC

VJG)QTKNNCo .n(CNNKPIo UGGn9CNMKPIon)CTFGPUo

ȨKIJV 2QKPV $ DGIKPU YKVJ VJG VCMGQHH QH C RNCPG

5 n)JQUVKPI VJTQWIJo 5 n*QOG VGTTKVQT[o .

VQ ,QJCPPGUDWTI 6JG URCVKCN CPF VGORQTCN ICR

n+PUGEWTKV[o UGG n5GEWTKV[o n.KCTU CPF VJKGXGUo

DGVYGGP UWIIGUVU DQVJ ENQUGPGUU VQ CPF FKUVCPEG

/ n/GOQTKCNUo / n1DLGEV NGUUQPUo . n1NF

HTQOJQOG[GVVJGUPCRUJQVUEQPVKPWGKPVJGUCOG

NKXGUo 5 n2CKPVGF YCNNUo 5 UGG CNUQ 9CNNU n5CHG

XGKPKP2QKPV$6JG[CTGȧPGN[ETCHVGFKPVGTNKPMGF

CPF UQWPFo . n5GEWTKV[o . n5GNH UVQTCIGo .

UJQTVGTQTNQPIGTVGZVUVJCVTGXGCN8NCFKUNCXKäoUHCU

n5VTGGVCFFTGUUGU,QJCPPGUDWTIo .n6TCFGUGETGVUo



GTPKUV 6JWU 8NCFKUNCXKä ETGCVGU CPF TGETGCVGU JKU

n9CVGTo 5n9TKVGTUoDQQMo /n;QWPINKXGUo /

QYP XKXKF OKOGUKU QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI KP VTCPUKVKQP XKCJKUTGE[ENKPIEWVCPFRCUVGUV[NGQHJKUVGZVUn$[

+XCP 8NCFKUNCXKäoU KPURKTCVKQP HQT JKU VJGOCVKE

pOKOGUKUq YG UJQWNF s CEEQTFKPI VQ 5VGRJGP *CN

KPFGZKPI KU *WORJTG[ ,GPPKPIoU ITGCV EQORGP

NKYGNNWPFGTUVCPFCECRCEKV[VQKFGPVKH[QPGUGNHQT

FKWO QH TGCFKPIU 2CPFGOQPKWO  6JG

GUVCDNKUJUKOKNCTKVKGUYKVJUQOGVJKPIGNUGYJKNGCV

%QOKPIQHVJG/CEJKPGCU5GGPD[%QPVGORQTCT[

VJGUCOGVKOGKPXGPVKPIUQOGVJKPIQTKIKPCNo

1DUGTXGTU 2CPFGOQPKWO JQYGXGT KP ,QJP /KN

.GVWUVWTPVQCnOGFKWOLQWTPG[oCPKVKPGTCT[

VQPoU 2CTCFKUG .QUV C YQTF YJKEJ /KNVQP EQKPGF

QH O[ QYP UGNGEVKQP 6JG PWODGTGF UPCRUJQVU

HTQOVJG.CVKPRCP CNNCPFFGOQPKWO FGOQPUKU

HQT ENQUGT KPURGEVKQP VJCV ȧTUV HQTOGF VJG ECTG

VJGECRKVCNQH*GNNNKVGTCNN[VJGRNCEGQHCNNFGOQPU

HWNN[ GFKVGF E[ENG n,QoDWTIo HQT )4#06# 

9KVJVJGRCUUCIGQHVKOGVJGYQTFECOGVQOGCP

CTG CNUQ KPVGITCVGF KP 2QTVTCKV YKVJ MG[U VJG EKV[

CP[ RNCEG QH YKNF FKUQTFGT PQKUG CPF EQPHWUKQP

QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI WPNQEMGF  5PCRUJQV PWO

6JKUKFGCKUUWDVN[GORJCUK\GFYKVJ/KNVQPoUEJQKEG

DGTUDGNQYTGHGTGKVJGTVQVJKUNCVVGTGFKVKQP 2YM

QH/WNEKDGTCUVJGCTEJKVGEV/WNEKDGTYCUCPQVJGT

QT VQ n,QoDWTIo VJG E[ENG RWDNKUJGF KP )4#06#

PCOGHQT*GRJCGUVWUVJG)TGGM)QFQHVJG(QTIG

 n,QoDWTIo +P CPCN[\KPI UGNGEVGF UPCR

YJQYCUVQUUGFHTQO1N[ORWUD[CFTWPMGP
UJQVU YG UJCNN VTCEG VJG RTQVCIQPKUVoU EQPEGTPU

/WNEKDGTKUEQPUGSWGPVN[CȧIWTGQHUQOGTKFKEWNG

VJGRNCEGUKPVTCPUKVKQPXKUKVGFTGXKUKVGFCPFWNVK

CPFPQVVJGOQUVNKMGN[CTEJKVGEVVQDWKNFCNCUVKPI

OCVGN[EJCPIGFVJGUCHGV[OGCUWTGUKPXQNXGFVJG

EKV[1PGQVJGTCURGEVQHVJGEQPUVTWEVKQPQH2CPFG

EQPVGPVKQP DGVYGGP RTKXCVG CPF RWDNKE URCEG HGNV

OQPKWOsCPFRCTVKEWNCTN[KPXKGYQH,QJCPPGUDWTI

CPFGPFWTGFKPUJQTVJKUGPXKTQPOGPVnOGFKCVGFo

sKUYQTVJEQPUKFGTCVKQP/COOQPCPFVJGQVJGT

KP C UGTKGU QH NKVGTCT[ UPCRUJQVU UQ XKUWCN CPF RTG

FGXKNU ȧPF OKPGTCN TGUQWTEGU KPENWFKPI IGOUVQPGU

EKUGVJCVVJG[HWPEVKQPCNOQUVCUCRKEVWTGICNNGT[

KPVJGKTUGCTEJHQTDWKNFKPIOCVGTKCNU6JKUFKUEQXGT[

6JGQRGPKPIUPCRUJQVQH+XCP8NCFKUNCXKäoU2QTVTCKV

QHTGUQWTEGUUWIIGUVUVJCVVJG*GNN/KNVQPJCUKOCI

YKVJ-G[U 2YMNGCXGUPQFQWDV+PVJKUURTCYNKPI

KPGFKUCOWNVKHCEGVGFCPFVKOGNGUURNCEGVJCVOKIJV

5QWVJ#HTKECPOGVTQRQNKU[QWCTGGKVJGTKPQTQWV

CU YGNN TGHGT VQ ,QJCPPGUDWTI'IQNK VJG RNCEG QH

KPQTQWVQH[QWTRTGOKUGU[QWTYQTMKPIQTNGKUWTG

IQNF CPF FKCOQPFU %H ,QJP /KNVQP 2CTCFKUG

GPXKTQPOGPV [QWT URQTVU ENWD GXGP [QWT RWDNKE

.QUV $QQM  NKPGU  HH ;GV +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKäoU

NKDTCT[ 6JKU EWVVKPI CPF WPTGOKVVKPI DQWPFCT[

WPKSWG OQPVCIG VGEJPKSWG QH KPVGTVGZVWCN GEJQGU

FTCYKPIFKXKFGUVJGCKTCUUJCTRN[CUVJGQRGPKPIQT

QHEWVVKPICPFRCUVKPIKFGPVKECNUPCRUJQVUQTGPVKTG

ENQUKPI QH C DCPM UCHG 0Q KOCIKPCT[ nVJKTFURCEGo

E[ENGUKPPGYVJGOCVKEUVTKPIUKUFKUVKPEVN[JKUQYP

DGVYKZVKPPGTCPFQWVGTURCEGCNNQYUHQTOWUKPIU

%H #WVJQToU 0QVG 2QTVTCKV YKVJ -G[U 

VJQWIJVU QT VCTFKPGUU 8CNWCDNG KVGOU KPENWFKPI

0QV QPN[ FQGU JG CEJKGXG EQJGUKQP XKC TGEQIPK

[QWT DQF[ OWUV DG RTQVGEVGF D[ CNN OGCPU CU VJG

VKQP CPF TGKVGTCVKQP DWV KP FQKPI UQ JG CNUQ RCT

QRGPKPINKPGUUVCVGYKVJWVOQUVENCTKV[

CNNGNU CPF TGRTQFWEGU VJG EKV[UECRGoU CTEJKVGEVWTCN OKOKET[ s GXGT[ EQNQPKCN VQYP KOKVCVGU HQTOGT

n9JGPCJQWUGJCUDGGPCNCTOGFKVDGEQOGUGZRNQ

CTEJKVGEVWTCN UV[NGU HTQO 'FYCTFKCP VQ JKIJ OQF

UKXG +V OWUV DG CTOGF CPF FKUCTOGF UGXGTCN VKOGU



Therese Steffen

. n7PFGTITQWPFo 5 n9CNMKPIo . n9CNNUo 5

C FC[ 9JGP KV KU CTOGF D[ VJG VQWEJKPI QH MG[U

.KHG JQYGXGT KP CNCTOGF RTGOKUGU UGGOU VQ DG

WRQP C RCF KV GOKVU C YJKPG VJCV UGPFU VJG QEEW

WPPCVWTCN6JGICVGFKPPQEGPEGQHCYJKVGCHȨWGPV

RCPVU TWUJKPI QWV DCPIKPI VJG FQQT DGJKPF VJGO

EQOOWPKV[CRRGCTUFKON[CPFENKPKECNN[NKIJVGFCU

6JGTG CTG PQ NGKUWTGN[ FGRCTVWTGU VJGTG KU PQ VKOG

KH VJKU KPPQEGPEG PGGFGF VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH C DGNN

HQTUGEQPFVJQWIJVUHQTVCMKPICUECTHHTQOVJGJQQM

LCT CHTCKF QH VJG FCTMGT TGCNOU QH GZRGTKGPEG QWV

DGJKPF VJG FQQT HQT EJGEMKPI VJCV VJG CPUYGTKPI

UKFG+VKUCUKHYJKVGRGQRNGCTGHQTEGFVQJKDGTPCVG

OCEJKPGKUQPHQTCȧPCNNQQMKPVJGOKTTQTQPVJG

KP UVTCPIGN[ YGNNNKV RNCEGU #P KPETGCUKPI CPZKGV[

YC[ VJTQWIJ VJG JCNNYC[ 6JGTG CTG PQ UCXQWTGF

OCPKHGUVUKVUGNHKPKPETGCUKPIUCHGV[OGCUWTGU

JQOGEQOKPIUGKVJGT[QWFQPQVWPYKPFKPVQUWEJC



JQWUGMKEMKPIQHH[QWTUJQGUDTGCVJKPIVJGHCOKNKCT

n,QJCPPGUDWTIKUCHTQPVKGTEKV[CRNCEGQHEQPVGUVGF

CKT 'XGT[ FGRCTVWTG KU RTGEKRKVCVG GXGT[ CTTKXCN KU

DQWPFCTKGU6GTTKVQT[OWUVDGUGEWTGFCPFFGHGPFGF

C UETCRKPIKP +P CP CNCTOGF JQWUG [QW CYCMG KP

QTKVYKNNDGNQUV6QFC[VJGEQPVGUVKUȧGTEGCPFUQVJG

VJG UOCNN JQWTU VQ ȧPF VJG TQQO WPPCVWTCNN[ NKIJV

FGHGPEGU OWNVKRN[ 9CNNU TGRNCEG HGPEGU JKIJ YCNNU

6JG MG[U QP VJG VQWEJ RCF CTG CINQY YKVJ C NWOK

TGRNCEG NQY QPGU VJG JKIJGUV YCNNU CESWKTG GNGEVTK

PQWU ENKPKECN ITGGP NKMG C PKIJV NKIJV HQT C EJKNF

ȧGF YKTGU CPF URKMGU +P VJG YGCNVJKGT UWDWTDU VJG

YJQoU CHTCKF QH VJG FCTMo 2YM UPCRUJQV  

RCVVGTP KU VQ MPQEM VJKPIU ȨCV CPF UVCTV CNN QXGTo

n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV2YMUPCRUJQV

6JG WPCPKOQWU RTQEGFWTG QH NQEMKPIWPNQEMKPI KU UVKNNVJGGPVTCPEGVKEMGVVQCEKV[KPVJGXKEKPKV[QH

n#TQWPFJGTGRGQRNGOCMGVJGOQUVQHYJCVVJG[oXG

VJG 9KVYCVGTUTCPF YKVJ KVU WPKXGTUKV[ KVU JKUVQT[

IQV VJG YCNNU VGPF VQ ITQY D[ KPETGOGPVU # UVQPG

QH IQNF CPF FKCOQPFU KVU DWUKPGUUGU &QWDVNGUUN[

YCNN KU JGKIJVGPGF YKVJ RTGHCD RCPGNU C RTGHCD YCNN

VJGNGICE[QHCUQEKQRQNKVKECNN[FKUEGTPKPIU[UVGO

KU JGKIJVGPGF HWTVJGT YKVJ UVGGN RCNKUCFGU VJG RCNK

DGHQTG FWTKPI CPF GXGP CHVGT  UVKNN IQXGTPU

UCFGU CTG VQRRGF YKVJ TC\QT YKTG 9QQFGP RKEMGVU

VJGJCXGCPFJCXGPQVU

QP VQR QH DTKEM QTPCVG YTQWIJVKTQP RCPGNU QP VQR QHRNCUVGTDNCFGYKTGQPVQRQHURNKVRQNGU6JGUGnRKI

+XCP 8NCFKUNCXKä FQGU PQV QPN[ FKUUGEV VJG NKXGU QH

I[DCEM YCNNUo CTG PGCTN[ CNYC[U WIN[ $WV UQOGVKOGU

JKU EQPVGORQTCT[ n,QoDWTIJGTUo YKVJKP VJGKT RTQ

VJG YJQNG GPUGODNG CEJKGXGU C FGITGG QH GNCDQTC

VGEVKXGYCNNUJGQDUGTXGUVJGEKV[oUXKUWCNEJCPIGU

VKQP VJCV DGEQOGU DGCWVKHWN CICKP NKMG C RCIG KP VJG

KP VJGKT QRGPKPI CPF ENQUKPI U[UVGOU CV NCTIG *G

*QOGOCMGToU (CKT ECVCNQIWG =e? 6JG VQOCUQP QH

MGGRU OCRRKPI DQVJ VJG JQTK\QPVCN CPF XGTVKECN

CEEGUU KU QWT URGEKCNV[ 6JGTG CTG XCPKUJGF ICVGYC[U

URCEGU CPF RNCEGU KP VJGKT OCMKPI CPF DTGCMKPI

GXGT[YJGTG 1P CP[ UVTGGV [QW OC[ ȧPF C RCPGN

6JG JKUVQT[ QH VJG %CTNVQP %GPVGT KP VJG HQTOGT

KP C YCNN YJGTG VJG DTKEMU CTG C FKHHGTGPV EQNQWT QT

DWUKPGUU FKUVTKEV *KNNDTQY KU C UVTKMKPI GZCORNG QH

VJG EQWTUGU RQQTN[ CNKIPGF KPFKECVKPI VJCV C ICR

C NCPFOCTM KP FGEC[ 2YM  6JWU VJG RTK

JCU DGGP ȧNNGF KP # ICTFGP RCVJ NGCFU VQ C HGPEG

XCVG CPF VJG RWDNKE URCEGU CTG PQV QPN[ GZRNQTGF

TCVJGT VJCP C ICVG =e? 6JG OQUV EQOOQP VQOCUQP

DWV EJCPIG DGEQOGU QDXKQWU KP VJG GXGT[FC[RGT

QH CEEGUU D[ HCT KU VJG OGVCN JKPIGo n,QoDWTIo

HQTOCPEG QT ENQUWTG QH ,QJCPPGUDWTIoU DWKNFKPIU

UPCRUJQV   2YM UPCRUJQV  

UVKNN VJG EQWPVT[oU ȧPCPEKCN CPF GEQPQOKE EGPVGT



)QNF FKIIKPI TGOCKPU VJG IQXGTPKPI OGPVCNKV[ QT

nVQOCUQPoCUOCNNVQMGP

TCVJGTPGEGUUKV[HQTCNCTIGRCTVQHVJGRQRWNCVKQP VJCVNGCFUVQVJGUVGCNKPICPFWNVKOCVGFGUVTWEVKQP

n6JG VGTO pVQOCUQPq YCU EQKPGF D[ )GPRGK

QHCEJCTOKPIJGKTNQQOECUMGVHWNNQHNCRGNDCFIGU

#MCUGICYC VQ FGUETKDG C RWTRQUGNGUU QDLGEV HQWPF

nDCFIGU QH KFGPVKV[o CPF nUKORNG OCTMGTU QH C NKHG

QPCEKV[UVTGGV*GJCUVTCEMGFCPFVCIIGFJWPFTGFU

UVQT[oJCPFGFFQYPVQVJGRTQVCIQPKUVD[JKUITCPF

QH VJGO KP ,CRCP CPF QVJGT RCTVU QH VJG YQTNF #

HCVJGTVQHCVJGTVQUQPCPFVJGPIQPG6JKUYJKVG

VQOCUQP KU C VJKPI VJCV JCU DGEQOG FGVCEJGF HTQO

NKPGQHKFGPVKȧECVKQPKUFGȧPKVGN[DTQMGP+PVTKIWKPI

KVU QTKIKPCN RWTRQUG 5QOGVKOGU VJKU FGVCEJOGPV

KU VJG UGETGV NQEM QH VJKU ECUMGV VJG RQCEJGTU NCVGT

OC[ DG UQ EQORNGVG VJCV VJG QDLGEV KU VWTPGF KPVQ

EQWNFPQVQRGP

CP GPKIOCVKE RW\\NG CNVGTPCVKXGN[ VJG QTKIKPCN RWT RQUGQHVJGQDLGEVOC[DGSWKVGCRRCTGPVCPFKVUEWT

ne C YQQFGP ECUMGV JCNH VJG UK\G QH C RGPEKN ECUG

TGPV WUGNGUUPGUU VQWEJKPI CPF COWUKPI 6QOCUQPU

FGEQTCVGFYKVJHQTGUVUEGPGUOCFGQHKPNCKFUGIOGPVU

VJTKXG KP VJG OCPOCFG YQTNF KP URCEGU VJCV CTG

QH UVCKPGF YQQF PQY HCFGF VQ C RGTRGVWCN CWVWOP

EQPUVCPVN[ DGKPI TGOCFG CPF TGFGUKIPGF HQT QVJGT

6JGTG YCU C UGETGV OGEJCPKUO HQT QRGPKPI VJG

RWTRQUGU YJGTG VJG HWPEVKQP QH C VJKPI VJCV YCU

FTCYGTCYQQFGPUYKVEJEQPEGCNGFDGPGCVJCUOCNN

WUGHWNCPFPGEGUUCT[OC[DGUYGRVCYC[KPCVKFGQH

VKNGVJCVEQWNFDGUNKFCUKFGKVȧVVGFUQRGTHGEVN[[QW

EJCPIGQTYCUJGFQHHNKMGCNCDGN6JG[CTGETGCVWTGU

EQWNF PQV GXGP KPUGTV C ȧPIGTPCKN KPVQ C ETCEM [QW

QHVJGDQWPFCT[VJG[ITCXKVCVGVQYCNNUCPFHGPEGU

JCFVQOQKUVGPVJGVKRQH[QWTȧPIGTCPFRWNNIGPVN[

VQGPVTCPEGUCPFGZKVUo 2YMUPCRUJQV

2TGUUKPI VJG UYKVEJ ECWUGF VJG FTCYGT VQ URTKPI QRGPo n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV

,QoDWTIYCUCPFUVKNNKUCIQNFFKIIKPIUGVVNGOGPV 5KPEG  C IQNF FKIIKPI OGPVCNKV[ JCU UWTXKXGF

6JQWIJVJGECUMGVTGECNNUVJGUGETGVOGEJCPKUOUQH

XCTKQWU RGTKQFU QH VTCPUKGPEG +P 8NCFKUNCXKäoU

CPCNCTOGFJQWUGKVIQVUVQNGPD[VJGVYQRQCEJGTU

YQTFU

VQ YJQO VJG RTQVCIQPKUV ICXG HQQF KP JKU CRCTV OGPVCUVTQPICPFRCKPHWNOQOGPVQHTGEQIPKVKQP

n)QNF YCU FKUEQXGTGF QP VJG 9KVYCVGTUTCPF KP

CPFVTCPUKVKQP#VGGPCIGTCPFJKU[QWPIGTDTQVJGT

VJG YKPVGT QH  =e? %QOOKUUKQPGT 5VTGGV VJG

DQVJKPTCIUITCDDGFYJCVVJG[EQWNFKPJKUCRCTV

DCEMDQPG QH VJG EKV[ HQNNQYU VJG QNF YCIQP VTCEM

OGPV YJKNG JG YCU HGVEJKPI HQQF HQT VJGO .CVGT

DGVYGGPVYQQHVJGȧTUVOKPKPIECORUHTQO,GRRGU

JG HQWPF DWV URNKPVGTU QH VJG DQZ PGCTD[ n(TWU

VQYPKPVJGGCUVVQ(GTTGKTCUFQTRKPVJGYGUV5QVJG

VTCVGFD[VJGKTKPCDKNKV[VQQRGPVJGDQZVJG[JCF

EKV[oUURKPGYCUHWUGFVQVJG/CKP4GGHVJGUWDVGT

UOCUJGFKVo KDKF

TCPGCP IQNF FGRQUKV VJCV ECNNGF KV KPVQ NKHG 6QFC[ IQKPI FQYP %QOOKUUKQPGT KPVQ VJG JKIJTKUG JGCTV

(TQO VJKU RGTUQPCN TGCNO QH NQUU CPF HTWUVTCVKQP

QH #HTKECoU TKEJGUV EKV[ + CO TGOKPFGF VJCV JGTG YG

VJG UGSWGPEG OQXGU QP VQ ,QoDWTIoU RWDNKE RNCEGU

CTGCNNUVKNNRTQURGEVQTUYKVJCFKIIGToUENCKOQPVJG

KPVTCPUKVKQPVJGEKV[oURCTMUCPFUEGPKEYCVGTYC[U

GCTVJ DGPGCVJ QWT HGGVo n,QoDWTIo UPCRUJQV  

VJGRQPFCV4JQFGURCTMQT$TWOC.CMG9KVJQWV FQWDV VJGUG nYJKVGU QPN[o FC[U URGPV KP n$GTGC



Therese Steffen

1PG QH VJG EJKGH UKIPKȧGTU QH WTDCP EJCPIG KU VJG

2CTMoQTn1RRGPJGKOGT2CTMoHWNNQHCTVKȧEKCNNCPF

6JGUGWTDCPRQCEJGTUPQVQPN[NKVGTCNN[FGEQPUVTWEV

UECRKPICFLWUVGFVQYJKVGVCUVGUCTGCNUQIQPGHQT

YJKVG OQPWOGPVU KP RWDNKE URCEGU VJG[ CNUQ CEV

GXGT8NCFKUNCXKäUVTGUUGUXCTKQWUCURGEVQHEQNQPKCN

CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG nIQNF FKIIKPI OGPVCNKV[o QH VJG

OKOKET[

,QoDWTIQH4QWIJN[QPGJWPFTGF[GCTUNCVGT VJG[ FKI CPF RQCEJ PQ NQPIGT IQNF KP VJG OKPGU

n+P,QJCPPGUDWTIVJGDCEMFTQRKUCNYC[UCOCPOCFG

WPFGTPGCVJDWVVJGYJKVGRKQPGGTUoJKUVQTKEOQPW

QPG9GJCXGRNCPVGFCHQTGUVVJGDKTFUGPFQTUG(QT

OGPVU 0KIJVN[ DTKICFGU FGEQPUVTWEV VJG VJGOG

JKNNU YG JCXG OKPG FWORU EQXGTGF YKVJ ITCUU 9G

RCTE QH UWRTGOCVKUV PQUVCNIKC CPF KP QTFGT VQ UGNN

FQ PQV YCKV HQT VKOG CPF VJG GNGOGPVU VQ YGCVJGT

VJG OGVCN QP VJG DNCEM OCTMGV GXGP *GTOCP

WU YG EJCPIG VJG UEGPGT[ QWTUGNXGU VQ UWKV QWT

9CNFoU.GCRKPI+ORCNCVJGnGKIJVGGPCPKOCNUKPHWNN

OQQFU 0CVWTG KU HQT QVJGT RGQRNG KP QVJGT RNCEGUo

ȨKIJVoIQVEJQRRGFQHHRKGEGD[RKGEGQWVQH'TPGUV

n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV

1RRGPJGKOGT 2CTM CNVJQWIJ VJGUG CPKOCNU YGTG nUGV VQ UWTXKXG VJG EGPVWT[ WPUECVJGFo n,QoDWTIo

n9GCTGJCRR[VCMKPIVJGCKTQPVJG4CPFDWTI9CVGT

29-UPCRUJQV9JCVKUNGHVCTG

HTQPV YKVJ KVU RCUVGDQCTF YJCTXGU CPF OCUVU QT

GORV[ RGFGUVCNU 6JG RTQVCIQPKUVoU NCEQPKE EQO

YCVEJKPIVJGRNCUVKEFWEMUDQDKPVJGUVTGCOCV/QP

OGPVQPVJKUVJKUKUnIGVVJGLWORQPVJGRQCEJGTU

VGECUKPQQTGCVKPIUWTHoPoVWTHQP%NGQRCVTCoU$CTIG

D[UGNNKPIVJGDQQV[[QWTUGNHo n,QoDWTIo

KPVJGOKFFNGQH%CGUCToUo KDKF

0GZVVQVJGPKIJVN[RQCEJGTUCTGVJGFCKN[DGIICTU 9KVJ JKU ITGCV UGPUG QH KTQP[ VJG CWVJQT HWTVJGT

COQPI VJGO n6JG OCP YJQ RCEGU WR CPF FQYP

NKPMU nYKNFNKHGo KP VJG RCTMU YKVJ VJG PGY nYKNF

QWVUKFG VJG )GO 5WRGTOCTMGV NKMG C ETGCVWTG KP

NKHGo QH VJG OGVCN JWPVGTU QT UETCR FGCNGTU CU VJG[

ECRVKXKV[o n,QoDWTIo*GKUCUVQPKUJKPIN[RKEM[

RQCEJ VJG OQPWOGPVU QH YJKVG UWRTGOCE[ RKGEG

YJGP

D[RKGEG ne VJG YQOCP GORVKGF VJG EJCPIG HTQO JGT RWTUG n,QJCPPGUDWTIJCUCPCDWPFCPEGQHYKNFNKHGCPFVJG

KPVQ JKU RCNO *G GZCOKPGF JGT QHHGTKPI EWTK

RQCEJGTUJCXGVCMGPHWNNCFXCPVCIGQHVJGQRGPUGCUQP

QWUN[ $GHQTG UJG EQWNF YCNM QHH JG DGICP VQ RKEM

6JG[oXG DCIIGF C DTQP\G UVGGPDQM HTQO 9KVU 7PK

VJTQWIJ KV CPF IKXG VJG UOCNNGT FGPQOKPCVKQPU

XGTUKV[CJQTUGHTQOQWVUKFGVJGNKDTCT[KP5CPFVQP

DCEMVQJGT#HVGTCOQOGPVoURW\\NGOGPVUJGJGNF

ȧTUVFQEMKPIVJGDGCUVVQUGGKHCP[QPGYQWNFOKPF

JGT JCPF VQ CEEGRV VJG TGLGEVU 5JG UGGOGF HCUEK

CPFVJGPJCEMKPIQHHKVUJGCFNKMG/CȧQUKCRCKTQH

PCVGF D[ VJG GZEJCPIGo n,QoDWTIo UPCRUJQV  

GCINGUPGUVKPIPGCTVJG5VQEM'ZEJCPIGCPFCPQVJGT UVGGPDQM KP VJG $QVCPKECN )CTFGPU CV 'OOGTGPVKC

9CUJGWPITCVGHWNGXGPKPUWNVKPIQTLWUVVGCEJKPI

=e?1HEQWTUGWTDCPRQCEJGTUCTGPQVLWUVJWPIT[HQT

CNGUUQPVQVJGCHȨWGPVDW[GTUYJQEQWNFDGOQTG

JQTUGȨGUJCP[QNFKTQPYKNNFQ6JG[CTGGURGEKCNN[

IGPGTQWU!+VKUKORQTVCPVVQPQVGVJCV8NCFKUNCXKäoU

HQPF QH VJG EQXGTU QP OCPJQNGU CPF YCVGT OCKPUo

PCTTCVQTPGKVJGTLWFIGUPQTGXGTOGPVKQPUVJGUMKP

n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV

EQNQWTQHJKUEJCTCEVGTUKPXQNXGF;GVCHVGTVJKURCT VKEWNCT OQOGPV QH TGLGEVKQP QH RTGUWOCDN[ YJKVG



=e?'XGT[PGYDWKNFKPIKP,QJCPPGUDWTIJCUUGEWTG

VJCVQHHGTUCOQFKEWOQHRGCEGCPFIQQFJQRGHQT

EQPVTQNNGF XGJKENGHTKGPFN[ GPVTCPEGU CPF GZKVU 6JG

VJQUGGPHQNFGF

YGNNJGGNGFsYJQPCVWTCNN[CTGCNUQVJGYGNNYJGGNGF sUJQWNFDGCDNGVQTGCEJRQKPV$YKVJQWVUGVVKPIHQQV

n#UVQGRKP)QQF*QRG5VTGGV6JGFGGRDNWGICTFGP

KP VJG UVTGGV 6JG OCNNU CTG JGOOGF KP D[ RCTMKPI

YCNNJQNFUCRTGEKUGOGCUWTGQHVJGVYKNKIJVUVKNN=e?

ICTCIGU%QORNGZGUQHCRRCTGPVN[KPFGRGPFGPVDWKNF

9GJCXGDGGPVCNMKPICPFNCWIJKPIHQTJQWTURWVVKPI

KPIU FGUKIPGF VQ UKOWNCVG VJG PGKIJDQWTJQQFU QH C

QWTRTGFKECOGPVUKPVJGKTRNCEGȧPFKPIYC[UVQMGGR

EQPXGPVKQPCN EKV[ CTG WPFGTOKPGF D[ JWIG WPKVCT[

QWTDCNCPEGKPCVKFGQHEJCPIG9GEQWNFHGVEJHTGUJ

ICTCIGU VJCV FGUVTQ[ VJG KNNWUKQP 5WRGTDCUGOGPVU

DGGT INCUUGU HTQO VJG FQQT QH VJG HTKFIG DWV VJGUG

1NFGT DWKNFKPIU JCXG VQ CFCRV VQ VJG PGY TGSWKTG

YCTO QPGU UVKEMKN[ ȧPIGTRTKPVGF CPF UOGNNKPI QH

OGPVUo n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV

[GCUVUWKVVJKUUCVKCVGFEQPXGTUCVKQPDGVVGT9GURGCM VJGUCOGNCPIWCIGo n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV

#VVJG2WDNKE.KDTCT[VJGQDXKQWUTGXGTUCNKUTGHTGUJ KPIN[ KPIGPKQWU YJKNG VJG DNCEM UEJQQNEJKNFTGP

6JKUKUQDXKQWUN[CYJKVGYQTNFKPYJKEJQPGOC[

YJQ CTG PQY VJG OCKP WUGTU QH VJG HCEKNKV[ UVTQNN

TGVTGCVHTQOVJGEKV[UECRGKPVTCPUKVKQPCPFKVUEJCN

CTOKPCTOWRVJGDTQCFUVCKTECUGHTQOVJGNKDTCT[

NGPIKPIOQOGPVU#VNCTIGVJGRTQVCIQPKUVUENCKO

ICTFGPUQTICVJGTKPVJGITCPFNQDD[VQIKIINGCPF YJKURGTVJGHGYYJKVGUWDWTDCPKVGUYJQUVKNNXGP

n6JKU KU QWT ENKOCVG 9G JCXG ITQYP WR KP VJKU CKT

VWTGJGTGRCTMWPFGTITQWPFCPFUNKRKPWRVJGDCEM

VJKUNKIJVCPFYGITCURKVQPVJGUMKPYJGTGKVITCURU

UVCKTU

WU9GMPQYVJKUGCTVJVJKUITCUUVJKURQNKUJGFTGF UVQPG YKVJ VJG UQNGU QH QWT HGGV 9G YKNN PGXGT DG

#NQPIGTUPCRUJQVFGXQVGFVQVJG%CTNVQP%GPVGTKU

QWTUGNXGUCP[YJGTGGNUG*CRRKGTRGTJCRUJGCNVJKGT

C UYCP UQPI QP ,QoDWTIoU DKI OQPWOGPV QH OQF

NGUU DWTFGPGF OQTG UGEWTG $WV YG YKNN PGXGT DG

GTPKUVCTEJKVGEVWTG$WKNVKPVJGGCTN[UVJGUM[

ENQUGT VQ YJQ YG CTG VJCP VJKUo n,QoDWTIo KDKF

UETCRGToUFGEC[KU,QoDWTIoUOQUVVGNNKPIOQPWOGPV QHVTCPUKVKQP

1PG FC[ VJG RTQVCIQPKUV XKUKVU VJG ,QJCPPGUDWTI 2WDNKE .KDTCT[ VQ TGCF WR QP /CZ VJG )QTKNNC VJG

n'XGT[OQPVJHQTVJGRCUVȧHVGGP[GCTUQPVJGUGEQPF

\QQoU OQUV HCOQWU TGUKFGPV s JG ECWIJV CPF DKV

6JWTUFC[ QH VJG OQPVJ + JCXG OGV O[ DTQVJGT

RQCEJGTU CPF RQNKEGOGP CNKMG s CPF KU KPUVGCF

$TCPMQ HQT EQHHGG CV VJG %CTNVQP %GPVTG + EQWNF

CDUQTDGF KP VJG VTKXKCN O[UVGT[ QH C UVTKMG IQKPI

EJCTVVJGNKHGCPFFGCVJQHVJKUITGCVEQORNGZD[VJG

QP $WV DGHQTG YG ECP GPVGT VJG .KDTCT[ YG OWUV

UGSWGPEGQHEQHHGGUJQRUYJKEJECOGVQUGTXGCUQWT

CEEQORCP[ VJG XKUKVQT VJTQWIJ CP WPFGTYQTNF QH

TGIWNCT OGGVKPIRNCEG QXGT VJG [GCTU HTQO VJG -QH

nUCHGV[RCTMKPIoKPITGCVVTCPUKVKQP

ȧGJWKU YJGTG VJG YCKVTGUUGU YGTG IQV WR CU &WVEJ FCKT[OCKFU KP ENQIU CPF NCEG ECRU VQ VJG $TC\KNKCP

n5VGRRKPI WR HTQO VJG *CTT[ *QHOG[T 2CTMKPI

%QHHGG5JQRYJGTGVJGEWRUCPFUCWEGTUCTTKXGFCPF

)CTCIG6JKUXCUVDCUGOGPVYJGTGKPVJG[GCTURCUV

FGRCTVGFQPCEQPXG[QTDGNV n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV

[QWoFJCXGDGGPNWEM[VQȧPFCDC[KUCNNDWVGORV[

 6JGP KP VJG OKF0KPGVKGU VJG ECT RCTM DGICP



Therese Steffen

IGPGTQUKV[VJGUGSWGPEGVWTPUVQKVUEGPVTCNRKGEG

VQUJTKPM6JGFGOCPFHQTRCTMKPIHGNNNGXGND[NGXGN

VJQUGEQORGNNGFVQNKXGVJGKTNKXGUKPRWDNKE

NKMG C DCTQOGVGT QH EJCPIG KP VJG EKV[ EGPVTG 6JG RGQRNGYKVJECTUYGTGENGCTN[IQKPIGNUGYJGTG=e?+P

=e?6JGTG YCU C OC\G QH O[UVGTKQWU URCEGU WPFGT

/C[YJGP+VWTPGFKPVQ/CKP5VTGGVVJGTGYCU

HQQVMPQYPQPN[VQVJQUGYJQEQWNFUGGKV#PFVJKU

CEJCKPUNWPICETQUUO[WUWCNGPVTCPEG=e? *16'.

URGEKCN MPQYNGFIG VWTPGF VJGO KPVQ VJG RTKXKNGIGF

%.15'&=e?9JGP+TGUWTHCEGFKPVQVJGEJKNN[CKTC

QPGU OCFG VJGO RCTV[ VQ UQOGVJKPI KP YJKEJ YG

NKVVNGNCVGTCȧGTEGYJKVGNKIJVECWIJVO[G[G9GNFGTU

YJQ NKXGF KP JQWUGU YKVJ YCTFTQDGU CPF EJGUVU QH

KPQXGTCNNUYGTGUGCNKPIQHHVJGECPQRKGFGPVTCPEGQH

FTCYGTUCPFCVGVJTGGUSWCTGOGCNUCFC[EQWNFPQV

VJG%CTNVQP*QVGNDGJKPFCRCNKUCFGHGPEGo n,QoDWTIo

RCTVKEKRCVGo n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV

UPCRUJQV   2YM UPCRUJQVU   n+VoU RCVJGVKEo + UCKF nVJCV RGQRNG CTG UQ RQQT

6JG HQNNQYKPI UPCRUJQV KU CNUQ FGFKECVGF VQ VJG

VJG[ JCXG VQ UVQTG VJGKT DGNQPIKPIU KP JQNGU KP VJG

VQRKE QH RGQRNG OGGVKPI FQYPVQYP .QWKUG C

ITQWPFon0QKVoUPQV+VoURCVJGVKEYJGPRGQRNGFQPoV

HTKGPF PQY VGCEJKPI CV VJG 6YKNKIJV %JKNFTGPoU

ECTG CDQWV VJGOUGNXGU YJGP VJG[ IKXG WR 6JGUG

5JGNVGTCPFVJGRTQVCIQPKUVMPGYGCEJQVJGTCUGFK

RGQRNG CTG TGUQWTEGHWN VJG[oTG OCMKPI C NKHG QWV QH

VQTUCV4CXCP2TGUUKP1o4GKNN[4QCF[6JG[YQWNF

PQVJKPIo n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV2YMUPCRUJQV

OGGV CV VJG (NQTKCP KP *KNNDTQY 6JKU 8GPGVKCP



EQHHGG JQWUG QHHGTGF 'PINKUJ DQCTFKPIJQWUG HCTG +VKUVJGF[KPI.QWKUGYJQKPVTQFWEGUVJGRTQVCIQ

6JKU KU QPG QH VJG VQWEJKPI RCUUCIGU YJGP FWG

PKUVVQUQOGVJKPIWPGZRGEVGFCDQWVVJGYQTNFVJCV

JQOCIGKUDGKPIRCKFVQVJGTGUQWTEGHWNPGUUQHCP

CNYC[UȧNNGFJGTYKVJCPKPHGEVKQWUYQPFGT1PEG

KPXKUKDNGITQWRQHRGQRNGYJGPEJCPIGCPFVTCPUK

UJGVWIIGFJKOQXGTVQVJGDCNEQP[CVVJG(NQTKCP

VKQPCTGOGCUWTGFKPFKHHGTGPVYC[U6JGPGZVUPCR

VQRQKPVQWVVJGKTQPEQXGTUQPVJGYCVGTOCKPUUGV

UJQVTGRGCVGFKPXCTKQWUE[ENGUDGNQPIUVQVJGKVKP

KPVQVJGRCXGOGPVU

GTCTKGUnUCHGV[oCPFnUGEWTKV[o+VKUCRVN[RQUKVKQPGF DGHQTGVJGITGCVRTKXCVGDKTVJFC[RCTV[CVVJGJQOG

n&KF+MPQYVJGUGURCEGUDGNQYVJGUGEQXGTUYJGTG

QH VJG RTQVCIQPKUV CPF JKU YKHG /KPM[ 7RQP VJKU

VJG OGVGTU YGTG JQWUGF! 9GNN VJG RQQT RGQRNG QH

QEECUKQPUGEWTKV[KUOQTGKORQTVCPVVJCPHQQFCPF

,QoDWTIVJGUVTGGVRGQRNGYGFKFPQVECNNVJGOnVJG

VJG IWGUVNKUV *GTG KU VJG DGIKPPKPI QH CP KORTGU

JQOGNGUUoKPVJQUGFC[UVJGVTCORUECTRCTMGTUCPF

UKXGNKUVQHNQEMUCPFUCHGV[OGCUWTGU

WTEJKPU WUGF VJGO CU EWRDQCTFU 6JG[ UVQTGF VJGKT YKPVGT YCTFTQDGU VJGTG CPF VJG TCIU QH DGFFKPI

n6JGTCPIGQHUVGGTKPINQEMUCXCKNCDNGKP5QWVJ#HTKEC

VJG[ WUGF CV PKIJV VJG[ RTGUGTXGF VJGKT UETCRU QH

KUKORTGUUKXGVJGYKNF&QIVJG/Q6Q3WKRCPVKVJGHV

HQQF VJGKT RGTKUJCDNGU KP EQQN UJCFG VJG[ DCPMGF

NQEMVJG6YKUVNQMVJG5.#WVQ.QMVJG'CING%NCY

VJG GORV[ DQVVNGU VJG[ EQNNGEVGF HQT VJG FGRQUKVU

D[;CNGVJG%JCNNGPIGT=e?#NNVJGUGNQEMUYQTMQP

+V VKEMNGF JGT s UJG NCWIJGF QWV NQWF LWUV CU KH VJG

VJGUCOGRTKPEKRNGVJG[CTGCVVCEJGFVQVJGUVGGTKPI

KFGCJCFRQMGFJGTKPVJGTKDUsVJCVUWEJWVKNKVCTKCP

YJGGNCPFKOOQDKNK\GVJGXGJKENGD[RTGXGPVKPIVJG

URCEGU UJQWNF JCXG DGGP CRRTQRTKCVGF CPF FQOGUVK

YJGGN HTQO DGKPI VWTPGF 6JG NQEMU CNUQ JCXG VJG

ECVGF VTCPUHQTOGF KPVQ TGRQUKVQTKGU QH RTKXCE[ HQT

UCOGDCUKEFGUKIP=e?6JGCUUQEKCVKQPYKVJYKNFCPK



UR[QPJKOCUJGNGCXGUEQWPVKPIVJGEQKPUUVGRRKPI

CNUQ HQWPF KP QVJGT CTGCU QH VJG UGEWTKV[ KPFWUVT[

QWVSWKVGEQPȧFGPVN[+VJKPMJGKURTGVGPFKPIVQDG

VKIGTUGCINGUCPFQYNUCRRGCTQPVJGUJKGNFUQHCTOGF

C DCEMYCTF TWUVKE VQ MGGR O[ U[ORCVJ[o n,QoDWTIo

TGURQPUGEQORCPKGUCPFTJKPQEGTQUGUCPFGNGRJCPVU

UPCRUJQV2YMUPCRUJQV

KP VJG NQIQU QH EQORCPKGU VJCV UWRRN[ GNGEVTKȧGF



HGPEKPICPFTC\QTYKTGo n,QoDWTIoUPCRUJQV

+PEQPENWUKQP+CTIWGVJCV+XCP8NCFKUNCXKäYKVJJKU UPCRUJQVUQHCPFKVKPGTCTKGUVJTQWIJ,QJCPPGUDWTI

6JGȧPCNUPCRUJQVKPO[KVKPGTCT[GPVKVNGFn/GFK

CEJKGXGUCnTGPGYCNQHRGTEGRVKQPo )C[NCTF

CVGF'PXKTQPOGPVoEQWNFDGECNNGFn6TCPUFKUEQWTUG

6JGTGCFGToURGTEGRVKQPDQVJQHQDLGEVUKPVJGXKU

KP ,QJCPPGUDWTIo CU KV RGTHQTOU CP GZEJCPIG

KDNGVCPIKDNGYQTNFCPFQHVJGYQTFUVJCVTGRTGUGPV

DGVYGGPJWOCPDGKPIUWVVGTN[DG[QPFCPFFGURKVG

VJQUGQDLGEVUsYQTFUCPFYQTNFUVJCVECPDGEQN

UCHGV[OGCUWTGUCPFNKPIWKUVKEOGCPU+VKUCUGETGV

NGEVGFNKUVGFVCMGPCRCTVTGCUUGODNGFEQPVTCEVGF

WPFGTUVCPFKPIQHIKXKPICPFVCMKPICFC[oUDGIKP

GZRCPFGFCWIOGPVGFCPFQVJGTYKUGOCPQGWXTGF

PKPIYKVJUJCTKPIPGEGUUKVKGU$GVYGGPOGVCNUGEW

YKNNDGEJCPIGFHQTGXGT;GV8NCFKUNCXKäoUTGPFKVKQP

TKV[ DCTU C JWOCPJWOCPG CNCTO U[UVGO MGGRU

CPFNKUVKPIQHURGEKȧEQDLGEVUKUPQVCPCEVQHFKUGP

TKPIKPI CPF DCPIKPI KP VJG GCTN[ OQTPKPI JQWTU

ICIGOGPVHTQOVJGYKFGTRQNKVKECNTGCNKV[SWKVGVJG

9KVJCENQEMNKMGTGIWNCTKV[CDNCEMHCEGMGGRURQR

TGXGTUG *KU YQTMU CNUQ CEMPQYNGFIG VJG RQNKVKECN

RKPI WR DGJKPF VJG DCTU WPVKN VJG YJKVG RGTUQP

FKNGOOC VJCV VJG WPGSWCN FKUVTKDWVKQP QH VJQUG

FTCYU VJG DGFTQQO EWTVCKPU ICVJGTU VJG UOCNN

QDLGEVUKORNKGU

EJCPIG FGUVKPGF VQ TGCEJ VJG QVJGT UKFG +P VJG

+P TGPFGTKPI WTDCP VTCPUKVKQP KPVQ XKUWCN VGZVU

DGIKPPKPIQHVJKUFCKN[TKVWCNQHGZEJCPIGVJGDGI

OGFKCVGF VJTQWIJ NCPIWCIG +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKä JCU

IKPIHCEGUJQYGFWRNKMGCDTKGHKFGPVKV[OCTMGTC

DGEQOGQPGQHVJGHQTGOQUVEJTQPKENGTUQH,QJCP

U[PGEFQEJGCUKHVJGFQPQTYQWNFUJQWNFJQPQWT

PGUDWTI (WTVJGT JG GUVCDNKUJGU C VTCPUFKUEQWTUG

CP KPFKXKFWCN TCVJGT VJCP C TGRTGUGPVCVKXG QH VJG

PQV QPN[ DGVYGGP VJG XKUWCN CPF VJG NKVGTCT[ DWV

OCP[ PGGF[ 6JG TKVWCN JCU CV NCUV VYQ JWOCP

CNUQDGVYGGPEQNQWTCPFENCUUDCTU*GUGGUWPFGT

DGKPIUTGCEJKPIQWVVQVJGVKRQHVJGKTGZVTGOKVKGU

UVCPFU CPF EQPFGPUGU VJG RGTEGKXGF CU VJTQWIJ C ECOGTC+'[G6JWU2QTVTCKVYKVJMG[UVJGEKV[QH

n*G TCVVNGU VJG OGVCN ECVEJ QP QWT DCEM ICVG GXGT[

,QJCPPGUDWTIWPNQEMGFKPFGGFQRGPUWRVJGnGNW

VJKTF QT HQWTVJ FC[ 9JGP + NKHV VJG EWTVCKP CV VJG

UKXGo CPF nGPVCPINGFo OGVTQRQNKU KP OWNVKHCTKQWU

DGFTQQO YKPFQY VQ UGG YJQoU VJGTG JG UJQYU JKU

YC[U CPF MGGRU TGOCRRKPI PGKIJDQWTJQQFU CPF

HCEGDGVYGGPVJGKTQPDCTUQHVJGICVGNKMGCPKFGPVKV[

,QJCPPGUDWTI CV NCTIG 6JWU 2QTVTCKV YKVJ MG[U

ECTF*GWUGFVQUC[JKUPCOGDWVPQYJGJCUHCNNGP

FGOQPUVTCVGU VJG RTQNKȧE ETGCVKXG RTQEGUUGU CPF

DCEMQPVJKUXKUWCNUJQTVJCPF'XGPKPVJGINQQO+

VJGKTOGFKCNKV[KPCPGZGORNCT[YC[

TGEQIPK\GJKUYJKVGRGCMGFECR+IQQWVCPFNGVVJG OQPG[ HCNN KPVQ JKU EWRRGF RCNO *G USWKPVU CV OG VJTQWIJ VJG DCTU CPF FTQRU C NKVVNG EWTVUG[ 0GKVJGT QHWUUC[CYQTF9GJCXGDGGPTGFWEGFVQCUKORNG OGEJCPKUO QH UWRRN[ CPF FGOCPF 1EECUKQPCNN[ +



Therese Steffen

OCNU MPQYP HQT VJGKT URGGF UVTGPIVJ QT HGTQEKV[ KU

UKXGOGVTQRQNKU9KVU7PKXGTUKV[2TGUU,QJCPPGUDWTI

References $CTPCTF 4  #RCTVJGKF CPF DG[QPF 5QWVJ #HTKECP YTKVGTU CPF VJG RQNKVKEU QH RNCEG 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU0GY;QTM.QPFQP $QPF )%  )KDUQP 0% GFU  %QPVGUVGF VGTTCKPU CPF EQPUVTWEVGF ECVGIQTKGU %QPVGORQTCT[ #HTKEC KP HQEWU9GUVXKGY2TGUU$QWNFGT%1 )C[NCTF )  #HVGT EQNQPKCNKUO #HTKECP RQUVOQF GTPKUO CPF OCIKECN TGCNKUO 9KVU 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU ,QJCPPGUDWTI )TCJCO 5  n/GOQT[ OGOQTKCNK\CVKQP CPF VJG VTCPUHQTOCVKQP QH ,QJCPPGUDWTI +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKèoU 6JG 4GUVNGUU 5WRGTOCTMGV CPF 2TQRCICPFC D[ /QP WOGPVUo /QFGTP (KEVKQP 5VWFKGU XQN  PQ  5RTKPIRR *CNNKYGNN 5  6JG #GUVJGVKEU QH OKOGUKU #PEKGPV VGZVU CPF OQFGTP RTQDNGOU 2TKPEGVQP 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU2TKPEGVQP0, /DGODG#n#GUVJGVKEUQHUWRGTȨWKV[o2WDNKE%WN VWTGXQNPQRR /DGODG #  0WVVCNN 5  n9TKVKPI VJG YQTNF HTQO CP#HTKECPOGVTQRQNKUo2WDNKE%WNVWTGXQNPQ RR /KNVQP, 2CTCFKUG.QUV$-.GYCNUMK GF $NCEMYGNN/CNFGP/# /QTRJGV64GXKGYQH+XCP8NCFKUNCXKän2TQRCICPFC D[/QPWOGPVUCPF1VJGT5VQTKGUo9QTNF.KVGTCVWTG 6QFC[XQNPQRR 0WVVCNN 5  n%KV[ HQTOU CPF YTKVKPI VJG p0QYq KP 5QWVJ #HTKECo ,QWTPCN QH 5QWVJGTP #HTKECP 5VWFKGU XQN&GEGODGTRR 0WVVCNN 5  'PVCPINGOGPV .KVGTCT[ CPF EWNVWTCN TGȨGEVKQPUQPRQUVCRCTVJGKF9KVU7PKXGTUKV[2TGUU ,QJCPPGUDWTI 0WVVCNN5/DGODG# GFU,QJCPPGUDWTI6JGGNW



5CKF '9  n+PXGPVKQP OGOQT[ CPF RNCEGo %TKVKECN +PSWKT[XQNPQYKPVGTRR 8KNLQGP*8CPFGT/GTXG%0 GFU5VQT[UECRGU 5QWVJ#HTKECPRGTURGEVKXGUQP NKVGTCVWTG URCEG  KFGPVKV[2GVGT.CPI0GY;QTM 8NCFKUNCXKä +  n5VTGGV #FFTGUUGU ,QJCPPGUDWTIo + 8NCFKUNCXKä  * ,WFKP GFU $NCPM #TEJKVGEVWTG CRCTVJGKFCPFCHVGT0#+2WDNKUJGTU4QVVGTFCO 8NCFKUNCXKä +  n+PVGTXKGY YKVJ +XCP 8NCFKUNCXKäo D[ %JTKUVQRJGT 9CTPGU /QFGTP (KEVKQP 5VWFKGU /(5 XQNPQURTKPIRRR 8NCFKUNCXKä +  n,QoDWTIo )TCPVC  6JG XKGY HTQO #HTKEC+,CEM GF)TCPVC.QPFQPRR 8NCFKUNCXKä+2QTVTCKVYKVJMG[UVJGEKV[QH,QJCP PGUDWTIWPNQEMGF2QTVQDGNNQ.QPFQP

L U MINOUS GREEN Nik Gaffney and Maja Kuzmanovic

.WOKPQWU )TGGP KU C UGTKGU QH ICVJGTKPIU CDQWV RQUUKDNG HWVWTGU CDQWV C JWOCPYQTNFVJCVKUGPNKIJVGPGFKOCIKPCVKXGGNGEVTKȧGFCPFOQUVKORQT VCPVN[sNKXKPIKPCHGTVKNGU[ODKQUKUYKVJVJGRNCPGV.WOKPQWU)TGGPGPEQWT CIGUVTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[FKUEWUUKQPUCPFEQNNCDQTCVKQPUDGVYGGPRGQRNGHTQOCNN YCNMUQHNKHGKPENWFKPICTVKUVUFGUKIPGTUCECFGOKEUCEVKXKUVUUQEKCNGPVTG RTGPGWTUGEQPQOKUVUCPFRQNKE[OCMGTU6JGQDLGEVKXGKUVQURCYPKPURKTKPI EQPXGTUCVKQPU EQPVCEVU CPF RTQRQUKVKQPU WUKPI JQNKUVKE OGVJQFU HQT NQQM KPI DG[QPF CPF DGPGCVJ EQPUGTXCVKQP CPF UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ 'XGT[QPG YJQ DGEQOGUKPXQNXGFKPVJGUGICVJGTKPIUKUKPVGTGUVGFKPOCMKPIVJGKTYQTMCPF NKHGCPGZCORNGQHTGUKNKGPEGKPPQXCVKQPCPFKPURKTCVKQP

Present Continuous

EWTKQUKVKGU2NGPV[QHEQPUWORVKQPRNGPV[QHEQO OWPKECVKQPCPFRNGPV[QHCEVKQPCFFKPICFFKVKQPCN

%WTTGPV NQECN VTCPUNQECN CPF INQDCN EQOOWPKEC

UVTCPIG CVVTCEVQTU VQ GZKUVKPI EJCQVKE UKVWCVKQPU #

VKQP RCVVGTPU UGGO VQ DG TGȨGEVKPI VJG VWTDWNGPV

NGKVOQVKH VJTQWIJQWV VJG XCTKQWU EQOOWPKECVKQP

EQPFKVKQPU QH QWT GEQNQIKECN GEQPQOKE CPF UQEKCN

EJCPPGNU KU C SWKVG NGIKVKOCVG UGPUG QH WTIGPE[

JCDKVCVU 6JG OGFKC KP VJGKT O[TKCF UJCRGU CPF

(TGSWGPVN[ VJG TGURQPUGU VQ VJKU WTIGPE[ VCMG VJG

HQTOU RTQXKFG XCTKQWUN[ EQNQWTGF NGPUGU VJTQWIJ

HQTOQHVJGHCNNCE[n9GOWUVFQUQOGVJKPI6JKUKU

YJKEJVQYCVEJVJKUVWTDWNGPEG/CUUOGFKCYKVJ

UQOGVJKPI6JGTGHQTGYGOWUVFQKVo+VKUPQVENGCT

VJGKTHQEWUQPGCUKN[FKIGUVKDNGUQWPFDKVGUQHKPHQT

JQY OWEJ KH CP[ VJQWIJV IQGU KPVQ EQPUKFGTKPI

OCVKQP QHVGP QXGTUKORNKH[ VJG KPVGTTGNCVGFPGUU

VJG YKFG TCPIG QH CPUYGTU VQ VJG OQTG KPXQNXGF

DGVYGGPKUUWGUKPCPCVVGORVCVENCTKV[+PHQTOCVKQP

SWGUVKQPUUWEJCUsYJCVECPDGFQPGYJCVECPDG

HQWPFQPVJGKPVGTPGVECPDGTKEJCPFXCTKGFQHVGP

FQPGPQYYJCVECPDGFQPGPQYVJCVKUTGNGXCPV

TGSWKTKPI C JGCNVJ[ FQUG QH UEGRVKEKUO EQPEGTPKPI

YJCVECPDGFQPGPQYVJCVYKNNUGVVJGHQWPFCVKQP

VJGVCPINGFRCVJUQHKPVGTRTGVCVKQPCPFVTCPUNCVKQP

HQT HWVWTG KORTQXGOGPVU CPF OQUV KORQTVCPVN[

HTQO QTKIKPCN UQWTEGU 5QEKCN OGFKC ECP RTQXKFG

YJCVECPDGFQPGVJCVYQPoVGPFWROCMKPIVJKPIU

C FKXGTUKV[ QH QRKPKQPU GZRGTKOGPVU CPF QVJGT

YQTUG!



/WEJQHVJGEWTTGPVVJKPMKPICDQWVVJGUWUVCKPCDKNKV[

WUHTQOPCVWTCNFKUCUVGTUQTNGCFVQYCTFUCUWUVCKP

QH QWT NKHGUV[NGU KU RTGFQOKPCPVN[ HWVWTG HQEWUGF

CDNGHWVWTG

s KP  D[  KP   QT  [GCTU s VJKPIU YKNNEJCPIGHQTVJGDGVVGT CEEQTFKPIVQPGQNKDGTCN

#PQVJGT NGPU HTGSWGPVN[ WUGF VQ GZCOKPG EQPVGO

QRVKOKUOQTHQTVJGYQTUG CEEQTFKPIVQUQOGUEK

RQTCT[ KUUWGU KU VJCV QH VJG OCTMGV GEQPQO[ 6JG

GPVKȧE RTQLGEVKQPU QT FGGR ITGGP RGUUKOKUO +P

QRVKOKUO VJCV OCTMGVDCUGF CRRTQCEJGU YKNN UQNXG

VJG OGCP VKOG VJG HWVWTG JCU CTTKXGF CPF DGIWP

QWT GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF UQEKCN RTQDNGOU JCU DGGP

VQWPTCXGNKPVQVJGRCUVSWKGVN[CPFWPPQVKEGF+P

FCORGPGFUQOGYJCVD[VJGȧPCPEKCNETKUKUQH

VJGTWUJVQRTGFKEVQTEJCPIGVJGHWVWTGYGCNNVQQ

DWV KV UVKNN UVTQPIN[ EQNQWTU VJG XKGY 6JG ȧPCPEKCN

GCUKN[ PGINGEV VJG RTGUGPV VJG QPN[ VKOG KP YJKEJ

ETKUKU FGOQPUVTCVGF KP FGXCUVCVKPIN[ WPRTGFKEVCDNG

YGECPCEVWCNN[KPȨWGPEGCPFGZGTEKUGQWTRQUUKDNG

HCUJKQPVJCVINQDCNU[UVGOKEHCKNWTGUECPQEEWTGXGP

HWVWTGU $[ DGEQOKPI OQTG EQPUEKQWUN[ RTGUGPV KP

KP VJG JGCTV QH VJG UGEVQT VJCV KU DWKNV CU C OCTMGV

VJGnJGTGCPFPQYoYGECPDGIKPVQFKUEGTPCEQP

nQP KVU QYP VGTOUo 6JKU UJQWNF RTQXKFG C FQWDNG

VKPWQWU UVTKPI QH RTGUGPV OQOGPVU UVTGVEJKPI KPVQ

GFIGFYCTPKPICDQWVINQDCNOCTMGVUHQTDQVJVJQUG

VJG O[VJKECN nNQPI VGTOo 9G ECPPQV UCETKȧEG VJG

YJQ CTG SWKEM VQ FGHGPF CPF VJQUG YJQ CTG GXGP

RTGUGPV HQT CP WPCVVCKPCDNG HWVWTG [GV YG ECPPQV

SWKEMGT VQ FGPQWPEG 1P QPG JCPF YG ECPPQV NGV

TGVTGCV KPVQ CP nKPPQEGPVo RCUV YJKEJ URCYPGF QWT

UQOGVJKPI GUUGPVKCN VQ QWT UWTXKXCN UQOGVJKPI UQ

RTGUGPVRTQDNGOU5QVJGSWGUVKQPDGEQOGUYJCV

WPKSWGN[ RTGEKQWU CU QWT QPN[ NKHG UWRRQTV U[UVGO

ECP YG FQ VQ NKXG OQTG HWNN[ KP VJG RTGUGPV YQTM

DGFTKXGPD[OCTMGVHQTEGUYJKEJCTGDCTGN[WPFGT

VQYCTF C OQTG NWOKPQWU HWVWTG YJKNG FTCYKPI

UVQQF CPF HTGSWGPVN[ GZRNQKVGF # YQTT[KPI CURGEV

KPURKTCVKQPHTQOVJGRCUV!

QH CRRN[KPI GEQPQOKE OQFGNU VQ VJG GPXKTQPOGPV QTUQEKGV[CVNCTIGKUVJCVVJGUGOQFGNUQHVGPKIPQTG RCTVU QH CP GZEJCPIG VJCV CTG FKHȧEWNV VQ OGCUWTG

Capitalism and technological optimism

QTFKTGEVN[SWCPVKH[CUnGZVGTPCNKVKGUoVJKPIUGZKUVKPI QWVUKFG QH C VTCPUCEVKQP +P C ENQUGF U[UVGO UWEJ CU QWT UGNHTGIWNCVKPI UGNHUWHȧEKGPV DKQURJGTG

1WTRTGUGPVKUVGEJPQNQIKECNN[FTKXGPCPFVJWUYG

VJGTG ECP DG PQ GZVGTPCNKVKGU 1P VJG QVJGT JCPF

YKNN PGGF VQ CFFTGUU EWNVWTCN RQNKVKECN CPF GPXK

VJGȧPCPEKCNETKUKUCNUQFGOQPUVTCVGFJQYKPVGTEQP

TQPOGPVCN KUUWGU VJTQWIJ C VGEJPQNQIKECN NGPU

PGEVGFKPVGTFGRGPFGPVCPFINQDCNQWTVGEJPQNQIKECN

*QYGXGT VGEJPQNQI[ KVUGNH KU PQV GPQWIJ +V KU C

U[UVGOU HQT XCNWKPI CPF CNNQECVKPI TGUQWTEGU JCXG

DNWPV QDLGEV CP WPFKTGEVGF CWVQOCVQP YKVJQWV

DGEQOG+VYQWNFDGHQNN[VQFKUOCPVNGUWEJCU[UVGO

JWOCP YKNN FGUKTG QT KPVGTGUV #P[ VGEJPQNQIKECN

JCUVKN[ GURGEKCNN[ KH VJG CNVGTPCVKXG KU VQ TGRNCEG KV

NGPU PGGFU VQ DG HQEWUGF D[ nGPNKIJVGPGFo KPVGP

YKVJUQOGVJKPIGXGPOQTGHGWFCN RTQVGEVKQPKUVECT

VKQP CPF VJCV KPVGPVKQP KNNWOKPCVGF D[ CP WPFGT

VGNU NQECN YCTNQTFU QT TQDDGT DCTQPU HQT GZCORNG

UVCPFKPI VJCV JWOCPKV[ KU CP KPVGITCN RCTV QH VJG

)NQDCNECRKVCNKUOKHKVKUVQUWTXKXG YJKEJKUCDKI

PCVWTCNYQTNFYGKPJCDKV9GJCXGPQYJGTGVQIQKH

nKHoHQTUQOGOWUVGXQNXGKPVJGHCEGQHEQORNGZKV[

YGNGCXGQWTnDNWGDCNNQHCJQOGo *QTXKV\

CUUWOGTGFWPFCPE[CPFTGUKNKGPEGTCVJGTVJCPGHȧ

(WVWTKUVKEVGEJPQNQIKECNRTQITGUUCNQPGECPPQVUCXG

EKGPE[UECTEKV[CPFHTCIKNKV[ 6CNGD



YKFGN[ VJGUG RTKPEKRNGU ECP DG CRRNKGF *QNOITGP  VJG 2GTOCEWNVWTG FGUKIP RTKPEKRNGU VJCV

+HVJGTGYGTGUKORNGVGEJPQNQIKECNQTOCTMGVnUQNW

IWKFG VJKU V[RG QH HCTOKPI CTG C TGEWTTKPI KPURK

VKQPUoVQVJGUGXCTKQWUETKUGUYGYQWNFPQFQWDV

TCVKQP VQ RGQRNG HTQO CNN YCNMU QH NKHG KPVGTGUVGF

JCXG KPUVKICVGF VJGO CNTGCF[ *QYGXGT VJG RQNKV

KP CRRTQCEJKPI VQFC[oU EJCNNGPIGU HTQO C nYJQNG

KECN CPF UQEKCN U[UVGOU VJCV CTG UVTWIINKPI VQ EQP

U[UVGOUo RGTURGEVKXG 7UKPI RGTOCEWNVWTG RTKPEK

HTQPV NQPIVGTO U[UVGOKE NKHG VJTGCVGPKPI RTQD

RNGUYGECPCRRTQCEJFGUKIP QTCP[QVJGTJWOCP

NGOU CRRGCT CU WPEQPEGTPGF CU VJG OGVCRJQTKECN

GPFGCXQWTCUCYJQNGU[UVGOYJGTGGCEJGNGOGPV

HTQIPQVPQVKEKPIKVUGNHDQKNKPIVQFGCVJ#P[nUQNW

EQPVTKDWVGU VQ VJG YJQNG 6JG TQNG QH JWOCPU KP

VKQPUoUVKNNNGHVCXCKNCDNGVQWUEQNNGEVKXGN[CTGIQKPI

VJKU U[UVGO KU VQ EQPVKPWCNN[ QDUGTXG VJG YJQNG

VQ DG EQORNGZ DWV PQV PGEGUUCTKN[ EQORNKECVGF

HTQO YKVJKP UKPEG YG CTG C RCTV QH VJG U[UVGO

CPF OGUU[ 9G OC[ PQV JCXG VJG NWZWT[ VQ OCMG

QWTUGNXGU CPF EQPUKFGT QWT CEVKQPU YJKEJ KPȨW

KPETGOGPVCN EJCPIGU CP[ NQPIGT DWV VJCV UJQWNF

GPEG KPFKXKFWCN GNGOGPVU YJKNG EQPVTKDWVKPI VQ C

PQVRCTCN[UGWU6JGTGCTGOCP[OCP[UOCNNTGEKR

INQDCN F[PCOKE DCNCPEG +P VJG YQTFU QH VJG PCV

TQECNN[EQPPGEVGFEJCPIGUVJCVECPYQTMKPU[PGTI[

WTCN HCTOGT CPF HQTOGT OKETQDKQNQIKUV /CUCPQDW

KP VJG (WNNGT UGPUG VQ HQTO NCTIGT NQPIGTVGTO

(WMWQMC nVJG WNVKOCVG IQCN QH HCTOKPI KU PQV VJG

U[UVGOKE CPF EWNVWTCN UJKHVU 9JCV FKUVKPIWKUJGU

ITQYKPIQHETQRUDWVVJGEWNVKXCVKQPCPFRGTHGEVKQP

UWEJ EJCPIGU HTQO KPFKXKFWCN KPETGOGPVCN nȧZGUo

QHJWOCPDGKPIUo (WMWQMC

KU CP KNNWOKPCVGF WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH EQPPGEVGFPGUU CPF KPVGTFGRGPFGPEG DGVYGGP VJGO &GXGNQRKPI CPGEQNQI[QHKORGTHGEVEQORNKOGPVCT[UQNWVKQPU

Culture and Cultivation

TCVJGT VJCP UVTKXKPI VQ RGTHGEV C UKPING QPG YJKEJ OKIJVYQTMKPUQOGKPFGȧPKVGHWVWTG6JGTGD[YG

6JGVGTOEWNVKXCVKQPKUCVVJGTQQVQHVJGYQTFnEWN

PQV QPN[ URTGCF VJG TKUM DWV CNUQ QRGP WR RQUUK

VWTGoKPOCP[+PFQ'WTQRGCPNCPIWCIGU%WNVWTKPI

DKNKVKGU VQ WPGZRGEVGF CPF RTGXKQWUN[ WPKOCIKPGF

UVKNN TGHGTU VQ VJG ITQYKPI ETQRU QT EWNVKXCVKPI

QWVEQOGU

DKQNQIKECN OCVGTKCNU DCEVGTKC [GCUVU QT VKUUWGU KP

2GTOCEWNVWTG *QNOITGP  RTQXKFGU C

CTVKȧEKCNEQPFKVKQPUDWVOQUVEQOOQPN[YJGPYG

EQORGNNKPI GZCORNG QH JQY VQ UWEEGUUHWNN[ CRRN[

VCNMCDQWVEWNVWTGYGVCNMCDQWVVJGEWNVKXCVKQPQH

CP nGEQNQI[ QH UQNWVKQPUo VQ ITQYKPI HQQF CPF

JWOCPDGKPIUsQWTVJQWIJVUDGJCXKQWTUCEVKQPU

KPETGCUKPI DKQFKXGTUKV[ +P KVU UKORNGUV HQTO RGT

EQOOWPKVKGU CPF WNVKOCVGN[ QWT EQNNGEVKXG EQP

OCEWNVWTG RTQXKFGU C OGVJQF QH ICTFGPKPI VJCV

UEKQWUPGUU 6JG CTVU UEKGPEGU CPF URKTKVWCN VTCFK

HQEWUGUPQVQPN[QPVJGFGUKTGFETQRDWVPQWTKUJGU

VKQPU ECP CNN DG EQPUKFGTGF VGEJPQNQIKGU QH EWNVK

VJGGEQU[UVGOQPYJKEJKVFGRGPFU6JGTGUWNVKPI

XCVKQP HWGNNGF D[ EQNNCDQTCVKQP DGVYGGP FKHHGTGPV

ICTFGPU CNUQMPQYPCUnHQQFHQTGUVUoFGXGNQRKPVQ

RGQRNG +P RGTOCEWNVWTG CU YGNN CU QVJGT JQNKUVKE

TQDWUV UGNHUWUVCKPKPI U[UVGOU CDNG VQ RTQXKFG CP

CRRTQCEJGU VQ VJG YQTNF EWNVKXCVKQP QH VJG GPXK

CDWPFCPEGQHHQQFHQTJWOCPUCPKOCNUCPFRNCPVU

TQPOGPV CPF VTCPUHQTOCVKQP QH EWNVWTG CTG CEVKXG

YJKNGTGSWKTKPICOKPKOWOQHKPRWVUQXGTVJGNQPI

CPF EQPVKPWQWU KPVGTTGNCVGF RTQEGUUGU YKVJKP VJG

VGTO9JKNGVJGTGKUQPIQKPIFKUEWUUKQPQXGTJQY

UCOGU[UVGO7PFQWDVGFN[VJGEWNVKXCVKQPQHGPXK



Nik Gaffney and Maja Kuzmanovic

Ecology of Solutions

TQPOGPVU CPF EWNVWTGU YKNN EQPVCKP C FKXGTUKV[ QH

Guild Culturing

UQOGVKOGU EQPVTCFKEVQT[ CRRTQCEJGU s C EQPEQE VKQP QH VGEJPQNQIKECN GEQPQOKE GPXKTQPOGPVCN

9JKNG VJG EQORNGZKV[ CPF VJG XCUVPGUU QH INQDCN

CPF EWNVWTCN KPITGFKGPVU KP XCTKQWU OGCUWTGU

KUUWGU OC[ TGOCKP CU CDUVTCEV ȧIWTGU CPF VJTGCVU

$TKPIKPIVQIGVJGTCRNGVJQTCQHFKXGTUGCRRTQCEJGU

YKVJQEECUKQPCNPGYUTGRQTVUQHFKUCUVGTUKPHCTQHH

YKNNTGSWKTGEQORTQOKUGUVQDGOCFGXGUVGFKPVGT

NCPFUYGTGOCKPEQNNGEVKXGN[RCTCN[UGF QTUKORN[

GUVUFKXGUVGFQRKPKQPUEJCPIGFNKHGUV[NGUTGUV[NGF

CRCVJGVKE +P QTFGT VQ OCMG PGEGUUCT[ EJCPIGU

CPFPGYnWPJQN[oCNNKCPEGUYKNNPGGFVQDGHQTOGF

EWNVKXCVKPICOQTGKNNWOKPCVGFEWNVWTGVJGXCTKQWU

CPFKHYGRNC[QWTECTFUTKIJVCRJQGPKZOC[TKUG

ETKUGU PGGF VQ DG FGCNV YKVJ UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ QP C

HTQOVJGCUJGU

INQDCN GEQNQIKECN CPF C JWOCP RGTUQPCN UECNG %JCPIKPI EWNVWTGU TGSWKTGU ȧPFKPI CRRTQRTKCVG

n# RTQDNGO ECPPQV DG UQNXGF D[ RGQRNG YJQ CTG

NGXGNU CV YJKEJ KPFKXKFWCN EQPVTKDWVKQPU ECP DG

EQPEGTPGFYKVJQPN[QPGQTCPQVJGTQHKVURCTVU6Q

OQUV GHHGEVKXG 6Q HWTVJGT VJG EQORCTKUQP YKVJ

VJGGZVGPVVJCVVJGEQPUEKQWUPGUUQHGXGT[QPGKUPQV

RGTOCEWNVWTG YG PGGF VQ ȧPF UQEKCN CPF EWNVWTCN

HWPFCOGPVCNN[VTCPUHQTOGFRQNNWVKQPYKNNPQVEGCUGo

GSWKXCNGPVUQHIWKNFICTFGPKPIsYJGTGYJKNGUWU

(WMWQMC UGG%QNQWTRNCVGZZX(KI&

VCKPKPI QWT KPFKXKFWCN UGNXGU GCEJ QH WU RGTHQTOU HWPEVKQPUVJCVCNUQEQPVTKDWVGVQVJGFGXGNQROGPV

#PQVJGT KORQTVCPV NGUUQP HTQO RGTOCEWNVWTG KU

QHVJGIWKNFCUCYJQNG

VJCV EWNVKXCVKQP DGIKPU YKVJ VJG KOOGFKCVG UWT

9GPGGFEQORNKOGPVCT[CPFQHVGPTGFWPFCPV

TQWPFKPIU QH VJG JWOCP FYGNNKPI s UVCTVKPI KP

CEVKQPU QP CNN NGXGNU (QT GZCORNG RGQRNG HQEWUGF

VJG MKVEJGP YKVJ VJG JGTDU QP VJG YKPFQYUKNN

QP INQDCN RQNKE[ CTG KPXQNXGF KP PGIQVKCVKPI VTGC

URTGCFKPI KPVQ OKZGF RCVEJGU YJGTG XGIGVCDNGU

VKGUUWEJCUVJG-[QVQCPF%QRGPJCIGP2TQVQEQNU

HTWKV CPF nYGGFUo CTG ITQYP KP IWKNFU *QNOITGP

UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ EQORWVGT GPVJWUKCUVU CTG RWVVKPI

(TQOVJGGFIGUQHVJGUGRCVEJGUNCTIGTVTGGU

VQIGVJGT KPKVKCVKXGU UWEJ CU #/'' &+; -[QVQ QT

ITQYVQHQTOHWNNDNQYPHQTGUVUKPYJQUGRTQVGEVKXG

RCEJWDGRJKNCPVJTQRKUVUCTGQTICPKUKPIINQDCNKPK

UJCFGCXCTKGV[QHUJTWDUETGGRGTUCPFJGTDCEGQWU

VKCVKXGU VQ EQQTFKPCVG ITGGP GPGTI[ KPXGUVOGPVU

RNCPVU ECP ȧPF C JQOG 'XGP VJQWIJ EWNVKXCVKQP

CPF UQEKCN GPVTGRTGPGWTUJKR FGUKIPGTU CTG TGKP

QHVJGYJQNGHQTGUVKUVJGIQCNVJGȧTUVn\QPGo VJG

XGPVKPIRTQFWEVUCUUWUVCKPCDNGUGTXKEGUKPFWUVTKCN

JQOGKPYJKEJJWOCPUURGPFOQUVQHVJGKTVKOG

OCPWHCEVWTGTUCTGUJCTKPIKPHQTOCVKQPCDQWVVJGKT

CPF GHHQTV KU VJG \QPG VJG ENQUGUV VQ QWT GXGT[FC[

UWRRN[ EJCKP WUKPI OGVJQFU KPURKTGF D[ 1RGP

NKHG 5KOKNCTN[ HQT OQUV RGQRNG INQDCN VWTDWNGPEG

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Nik Gaffney and Maja Kuzmanovic

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Imagining, greening and illuminating possible worlds

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Nik Gaffney and Maja Kuzmanovic

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Integrated approach to complex issues

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HTWUVTCVKPI RTQEGUU +V VQQM EGPVWTKGU VQ HTCIOGPV



Nik Gaffney and Maja Kuzmanovic

CRRTQCEJ VQ WPYKGNF[ RTQDNGOU GZRGTKGPEG YKVJ

MPQYNGFIGKPVQCO[TKCFQHWUGHWNURGEKCNKUCVKQPU

RTQHGUUKQPUVQGPVJWUKCUVKECOCVGWTUYKVJCFQKV

UQ YG GZRGEV KV YKNN VCMG C YJKNG VQ TGEQPPGEV VJG

[QWTUGNH CRRTQCEJ 6JGTG KU CP QXGTNQCF QH KPHQT

YGCXG *QYGXGT YG UWIIGUV VJCV VJKU RTQEGUU KU

OCVKQP QWV VJGTG CPF YJKNG CEEGUU VQ KV DGEQOGU

KPXCNWCDNG HQT ETGCVKPI OQTG JQNKUVKE UWUVCKPCDNG

GCUKGTVJGTGKUUVKNNCPGGFVQDGCDNGVQEWVVJTQWIJ

JWOCPEWNVWTGUCDNGVQNKXGYKVJEQORNGZKV[YJKNG

VJGLWPINGQHPQPUGPUGVQDWKNFMPQYNGFIGTGNGXCPV

WPFGTUVCPFKPIVJGPGGFHQTURGEKCNKUCVKQP

VQ QWT QYP NKXGU CPF GPXKTQPOGPVU 4CVJGT VJCP n6JG5QNWVKQPoYGUJQWNFDGNQQMKPIHQTGEQNQIKGU

+P $TWEG 5VGTNKPIoU OCPKHGUVN[ ITCPFKQUG GURQWUCN

QHUQNWVKQPUKPVGTFGRGPFGPVCPFTQDWUVPQWTKUJGF

QH VJG IWKFKPI RTKPEKRNGU HQT VJG 8KTKFKCP &GUKIP

D[ NQECN EQPFKVKQPU YKVJ UVTQPI VTCPUNQECN VKGU

/QXGOGPV VJGTG KU C UKPING UCNKGPV n8KTKFKCP

CDNGVQGXQNXGVJTQWIJEQNNCDQTCVKQPCPFVTWUV

4GUGCTEJ 2TKPEKRNGo VJCV GPEQWTCIGU 8KTKFKCPU VQ n9CNM6JTQWIJVJG9CNNUQH-PQYNGFIG)WKNFUs6JG

6JG ETGCVKXG UGEVQT JCU GZVGPUKXG GZRGTKGPEG YKVJ

DQWPFCTKGUVJCVUGRCTCVGCTVUEKGPEGOGFKEKPGNKV

RCTVKEKRCVQT[HQTOUQHEWNVWTG+PRCTVKEWNCTOGFKC

GTCVWTGEQORWVCVKQPGPIKPGGTKPICPFFGUKIPCPF

CPF GNGEVTQPKE CTVU JCXG OQXGF VQYCTF GPICIKPI

ETCHV IGPGTCNN[ CTG PQV FKXKPG 6JGUG DQWPFCTKGU

CWFKGPEGU CU EQCWVJQTU WUKPI C YKFG TCPIG QH

CTGUQEKCNN[IGPGTCVGF4GUGCTEJVGEJPKSWGUCTGPQV

OGVJQFUCPFHQTOCVUHTQORGTHQTOCVKXGKPVGTXGP

KFGPVKECNPQTCTGTGUWNVUCNNGSWCNN[XCNKFWPFGTCNN

VKQPU KP RWDNKE URCEGU GI (WVWTG (CTOGTU $NCUV

EKTEWOUVCPEGUSWCPVWORJ[UKEUKUPoVQRGTC6JGTG

6JGQT[ CPF JCRRGPKPIU HQEWUKPI QP TGNCVKQPCN

GZKUVU C UGPUKDKNKV[ VJCV ECP VTCPUEGPF KPVGNNGEVWCN

CGUVJGVKEU GI $QQ %JCRRNG #TCDGUEJK FK .CVVG

VWTH YCT YKVJ PQ NQUU QH TKIQWT +H [QW EJQQUG VQ

VQICOGU GI5KZVQUVCTV6CNGQH6CNGUKPVGTCEVKXG

FQKV[QWECPUVGRQWVUKFGVJGDQWPFCTKGUJKUVQT[

GPXKTQPOGPVU GI 6KOGoU 7R (Q#/ CPF EQO

OCMGUHQT[QW;QWECPYCNMVJTQWIJYCNNUo 5VGT

OWPKV[ YQTMUJQRU CPF HGUVKXCNU GI %QPUVCPV

NKPI

%KV[/KPGF &GUKIP JCU DGEQOG KPUVTWOGPVCN KP GPICIKPI nGPFWUGTUo CU RCTVKEKRCPVU KP VJG FGUKIP RTQEGUU KVUGNH HTQO DGKPI RCUUKXG EQPUWOGTU VQ

Participatory culture

DGEQOKPI CEVKXG RTQFWEGTU 5QEKCN FGUKIP GPICIGU EQOOWPKVKGU VQ TGVJKPM VJGKT FCKN[ JCDKVU GI

1PGQHVJGPQVCDNGFKHHGTGPEGUDGVYGGPVJGGPXKTQP

2CTVKEKRNG RTQFWEV FGUKIP DGEQOGU C TGNCVKQPCN

OGPVCNOQXGOGPVUKPVJGUCPFVQFC[KUVJCV

UGTXKEG KPFWUVT[ GI 'NGRJCPV &GUKIP 4GRTCR

YG CTG DGIKPPKPI VQ WPFGTUVCPF VJCV RTGUETKDKPI

VJG DNCEM DQZGU QH FKIKVCN VQQNU CTG DTQMGP QRGP

WPKXGTUCN UQNWVKQPU CPF VGNNKPI RGQRNG YJCV VQ FQ

CPFRNCEGFCUVQQNMKVUKPVQVJGJCPFUQHVJGKTWUGTU

FQGUPoVYQTM6JGTGOC[DGCUOCP[CRRTQCEJGUVQ

GI 6KPMGTKV $TKEQNCDU OCVGTKCNU CPF UVTWEVWTGU

RTQDNGO UQNXKPI CU VJGTG CTG RTQDNGOU 9JCV YG

CTG DGEQOKPI CFCRVKXG CPF TGURQPUKXG VQ GZVGTPCN

CTGNQQMKPIHQTVQFC[CTGYC[UKPYJKEJGXGT[QPG

UVKOWNK GI .QQRRJ 6GZVKNG (WVWTGU 'CEJ QH

ECP DGEQOG CP CEVKXG RCTVKEKRCPV CPF YQTM QP

VJGUG GZCORNGU TGURQPF VQ C RTGUGPV PGGF YJKNG

ȧPFKPIURGEKȧEUQNWVKQPU#P[QPGUJQWNFDGYKNNKPI

CNUQYQTMKPIVQEJCPIGRGQRNGoUCVVKVWFGUVQYCTFU

VQRTQCEVKXGN[VJKPMCPFGPICIGsGXGT[QPGoUJGNR

EWNVWTGsHTQORCUUKXGVQCEVKXGHTQOEQPUWOKPIVQ

KUPGGFGFsHTQOVJQUGKPCECFGOKCKPFWUVT[QTVJG

GZRGTKGPEKPI #TGPoV VJGUG RTGEKUGN[ VJG CVVKVWFGU



HQTGEWNVWTCNEJCPIG#ICKPKVKUVJGETGCVKXGUGEVQT

NGOUQHQWTVKOGU!

VJCVJCUGZVGPUKXGGZRGTKGPEGYKVJVJGUGFQOCKPU 9GOCMGVJKPIUVJCVRGQRNGYCPVVQEQPUWOGUWT TQWPF VJGOUGNXGU YKVJ CPF KOOGTUG VJGOUGNXGU

Beautiful things, delightful stories

KP$GCWVKHWNVJKPIUKPCNNVJGKTUQWPFUEQNQWTUVGZ VWTGU VCUVGU UOGNNU CPF OQXGOGPVU ECP HQEWU WU

1PG QH VJG EWNVWTCN EJCNNGPIGU HQT VJG PGCT HWVWTG

HWNN[ QP GZRGTKGPEKPI VJG RTGUGPV OQOGPV YJKNG

KU C FGENWVVGTKPI QH VJG YQTNF HTQO WPPGEGUUCT[

UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ HGGNKPI EQPPGEVGF VQ nUQOGVJKPI

nUVWHHo s VJKPIU YG FQPoV YCPV UWEJ CU GYCUVG

NCTIGTo VQ VJG EQPVKPWWO QH DGCWVKHWN CPF O[UVG

QT //6%&'U  DWV CNUQ OCP[ QH VJG VJKPIU YG

TKQWUVJKPIUVJCVUVTGVEJGUVJTQWIJVKOGKOOGOQ

DGNKGXG YG YCPV NKMG ECTU GNGEVTQPKE ICFIGVU

TKCN 9KVJQWV CGUVJGVKE GZRGTKGPEGU CP[ URGEKȧE

VJTQY CYC[ EWRU QT EJGCR DTGCMCDNG HWTPKVWTG

UQNWVKQPU VQ VQFC[oU RTQDNGOU YKNN TGOCKP KP VJG

*QY OWEJ QH VJKU UVWHH KU VTWN[ HWNȧNNKPI C PGGF

URJGTGQHVJGHWPEVKQPCNCPFYKNNGZRKTGQXGTVKOG

GPJCPEKPI QWT GZRGTKGPEGU KORTQXKPI NKXKPI EQP

+HCUQNWVKQPKUDGCWVKHWNCUYGNNCUHWPEVKQPCNKHKV

FKVKQPU!*QYFQYGUGNGEVYJCVVQOCMGYJCVVQ

VQWEJGURGQRNGPQVQPN[KPVGNNGEVWCNN[DWVCNUQQP

WPOCMG CPF YJCV PQV VQ OCMG KP VJG ȧTUV RNCEG!

GOQVKQPCNCPFGXGPURKTKVWCNNGXGNUKVJCUCEJCPEG

*QY ECP YG KPȨWGPEG VJGUG FGEKUKQPU YJGP VJG[

QHOQTGRTQHQWPFN[KPȨWGPEKPIRGQRNGoUVJQWIJVU

CTGOCFGQPCINQDCNUECNGKPȨWGPEGFD[NCTIGOCT

DGJCXKQWTU CPF EWNVWTGU +P $WEMOKPUVGT (WNNGToU

MGVKPIOCEJKPGUCPFUKPINGKUUWGNQDD[ITQWRU!+P

YQTFU



VJG ȧPCN 8KTKFKCP PQVG $TWEG 5VGTNKPI RTQRQUGU C UGV QH ETKVGTKC HQT nWPENWVVGTKPIo QWT UWTTQWPFKPIU

n9JGP + CO YQTMKPI QP C RTQDNGO + PGXGT VJKPM

D[CRTQEGUUQHECVGIQTKUCVKQPCPFGNKOKPCVKQP 

CDQWV DGCWV[ + QPN[ VJKPM CDQWV JQY VQ UQNXG VJG

n$GCWVKHWN VJKPIUo CDNG VQ ȧNN [QWT NKHG CPF VJG NKHG

RTQDNGO$WVYJGP+JCXGȧPKUJGFKHVJGUQNWVKQPKU

QHQVJGTUYKVJOGCPKPIHWNCGUVJGVKEGZRGTKGPEG 

PQVDGCWVKHWN+MPQYKVKUYTQPIo

n'OQVKQPCNN[ KORQTVCPV VJKPIUo YJQUG UVQT[ [QW



YCPV VQ TGOGODGT KP QTFGT VQ UJCTG YKVJ QVJGTU

,WUV CU VGEJPQNQI[ CNQPG YQPoV UWHȧEG DGCWV[ QP

 n6QQNU FGXKEGU CPF CRRNKCPEGU VJCV GHȧEKGPVN[

KVU QYP KUPoV GPQWIJ $GCWVKHWN VJKPIU ECP ENWVVGT

RGTHQTO C WUGHWN HWPEVKQPo  n'XGT[VJKPI GNUGo

VJGYQTNFKPOCP[PGYCPFGZEKVKPIYC[UDWVQPN[

-GGRKORTQXGQTCESWKTGVJKPIUKPECVGIQTKGU

UQOGQHVJGUGVJKPIUYKNNGPFWRDGEQOKPIEWNVWT

CPFIGVTKFQHGXGT[VJKPI [GUGXGT[VJKPIKP

CNN[ UKIPKȧECPV CPF UQEKCNN[ OGCPKPIHWN s YJGP

ECVGIQT[ 5VGTNKPI

VJG[DGEQOGWUGFUJCTGFCPFKPVGITCVGFKPVQVJG UQEKCNHCDTKECUUVQTKGUIKHVUQTGZRGTKGPEGU'XGPVW

6QQNUCPFVGEJPQNQI[CTGQHVGPQPVJGCIGPFCCPF

CNN[ VJKU nUVWHHo DGEQOGU YJQNN[ EQPUWOGF YQTP

UKPEG YG CTG VQQNWUKPI CPKOCNU YKNN PGEGUUCTKN[

QWV VJTQWIJ GZVGPUKXG TGWUG VTCPUHQTOGF CPF

HQTO C RCTV QH QWT CRRTQCEJ VQ RTQDNGO UQNXKPI

TGRWTRQUGFTKRRGFCRCTVVQDGEQOGnEQORQUVoHQT

#GUVJGVKEU CPF UVQT[VGNNKPI RQR WR NGUU HTGSWGPVN[

PGY UVQTKGU CPF GZRGTKGPEGU nEQPUWOCDNGo KU VJG

KPGPXKTQPOGPVCNCPFRQNKE[FGDCVGUDWVVJG[CTG

VTWGUVUGPUGQHVJGYQTFsEQPUWOGFWPVKNOCVVGT

MG[EQORQPGPVUQHEWNVWTCNGZRGTKGPEGU CPFVJGTG

FKUUQNXGUCDUQTDGFKPVQCUVQT[VJCVGPFWTGU



Nik Gaffney and Maja Kuzmanovic

PGGFGFVQCFFTGUUUQOGQHVJGOQUVRTGUUKPIRTQD

n6JGRTQEGUUQHWPHQNFKPIIQGUUVGRD[UVGRQPGRCVVGTP

VQ EQODKPG GZKUVKPI GHHQTVU UJCTG MPQYNGFIG CPF

CVCVKOG'CEJUVGRDTKPIULWUVQPGRCVVGTPVQNKHGCPF

DWPFNG TGUQWTEGU 6Q KPXQNXG RGQRNG QRGTCVKPI QP

VJGKPVGPUKV[QHVJGTGUWNVFGRGPFUQPVJGKPVGPUKV[QH

VJG QWVUMKTVU QH VJG ETGCVKXG UGEVQTU CU YGNN CU

GCEJQPGQHVJGUGKPFKXKFWCNUVGRUo #NGZCPFGT

VJQUG YJQ OC[ JCXG HQTIQVVGP VJCV YG GZKUV 9G CKOVQKPVGITCVGTCVJGTVJCPUGRCTCVGENCTKH[TCVJGT VJCPTGFWEGYQTMKPIVQYCTFUCUJCTGFCDWPFCPEG

Looking inward

TCVJGTVJCPGPHQTEGFUECTEKV[

6JGTG KU OWEJ VJCV ETGCVKXG RTCEVKEGU ECP QHHGT VQ VJGYQTNFDWVVJGTGKUCNUQOWEJYQTMVQDGFQPG

Inconclusion

VQ OCMG EWTTGPV RTCEVKEGU OQTG GPXKTQPOGPVCNN[ CPFGVJKECNN[UWUVCKPCDNG1PVJGUKORNGUVNGXGNVJKU

.WOKPQWU)TGGPICVJGTKPIUCTGEQPEGKXGFCUEQO

OGCPUTGȧPKPIVJGOCVGTKCNEQPFKVKQPUKPYJKEJYG

RNGVG GZRGTKGPEGU YJGTG YG CKO VQ UVKOWNCVG VJG

YQTMEJQQUKPIPQPVQZKEOCVGTKCNUWUKPITGPGY

RCTVKEKRCPVU KPVGNNGEVWCNN[ CPF GOQVKQPCNN[ KP

CDNG GPGTI[ UQWTEGU CPF ECTGHWNN[ GZCOKPKPI QWT

DQVJOCVGTKCNCPFURKTKVWCNURJGTGU1WTIQCNKUVQ

UWRRN[EJCKP6JKUKUPQFKHHGTGPVHTQOVJGTGURQP

KOOGTUGQWTUGNXGUKPCPKOCIKPCVKXGRTGUGPVVQDG

UKDKNKV[QHGXGT[QVJGTRGTUQPQPVJGRNCPGV/QTG

CDNG VQ GPXKUCIG RQUUKDNG HWVWTGU 9G FQPoV VT[ VQ

URGEKȧECNN[YGECPNQQMCVJQYVJGRTCEVKEGKVUGNH

HQTEG CP[ RCTVKEWNCT HWVWTG PQT EQPENWFG YKVJ C

PGGFU VQ DG VTCPUHQTOGF VQ KPJCDKV CPF GODQF[

ȧXGRQKPVCEVKQPRNCP6JGTGCNQWVEQOGUQH.WOK

UQOG QH VJG KFGQNQIKGU VJCV YG RTQRQUG 6JKU

PQWU)TGGPCTGVJGNCUVKPIKORTGUUKQPUQPVJGRCT

KPXQNXGU SWGUVKQPKPI QWT OGVJQFU HQTOCVU CPF

VKEKRCPVUoNKXGUsYJGVJGTVJTQWIJCPGYEQNNCDQTC

CTVGHCEVUCNQPIYKVJGZCOKPKPIVJGKPVGITKV[QHQWT

VKQPKPURKTKPIFKTGEVKQPUCPGZEKVKPITGNCVKQPUJKR

QYPGXGT[FC[NKXGU6JGETGCVKXGUGEVQTECPDGEQOG

QTUQOGVJKPIGNUGVJCVPQPGQHWUGZRGEVGF0QPG

CNCDQTCVQT[HQTRQUUKDNGHWVWTGUKPYJKEJYGECP

QH VJKU ECP DG FGUKIPGF KPVQ VJG RTQITCOOG DWV

GZRGTKOGPV YKVJ FKHHGTGPV OQFGNU QH YQTMKPI

YJCVFQGUJGNRKUCECTGHWNN[RTGRCTGFEQPVGZVCP

NKXKPI CPF UJCTKPI /QXKPI DG[QPF ETKVKSWKPI

KPURKTKPI UGVVKPI C HTKGPFN[ ITQWR QH RGQRNG CPF

CPF EQOOGPVKPI QP VJG UQTT[ UVCVG QH VJG YQTNF

C IQQF FQUG QH CVVGPVKQP 'XGT[QPG CV .WOKPQWU

VQ IGPGTCVKPI FKHHGTGPV TGCNKVKGU UVCTVKPI YKVJ QWT

)TGGPKUGPEQWTCIGFVQDGEQORNGVGN[RTGUGPVCPF

QYP YQTMURCEGU UVWFKQU QT NKXKPI TQQOU 0CVCNKG

EQOOKVVGFVQVJGGZRGTKGPEG9JGPVJKUJCRRGPU

,GTGOKLGPMQ EH n'PXKTQPOGPVCN *GCNVJ %NKPKEo

YGDGEQOGCYCTGQHYJCVoUTGCNN[CVUVCMGCPFYJCV

/CTMQ2GNLJCP EHn/CMTQNCDo-CVG4KEJ EHn(GTCN

TQNGYGECPRNC[#EEQTFKPIVQ/CUCPQDW(WMWQMC

6TCFGoCPF*GCVJ$WPVKPI EHn6JG5VCVWU2TQLGEVo

nYG JCXG EQOG VQ VJG RQKPV CV YJKEJ VJGTG KU PQ

HQT GZCORNG RTQXKFG C TCPIG QH ETGCVKXG CEVKXKVKGU

QVJGTYC[VJCPVQDTKPICDQWVCOQXGOGPVVQDTKPI

YJKEJGPEQWTCIGWUVQGODCTMWRQPVJGNQPILQWT

PQVJKPI CDQWVo (WMWQMC  6JGP HTQO VJG

PG[U VQYCTFU PGY TGCNKVKGU .WOKPQWU )TGGP CKOU

EGPVTG QH PQVJKPIPGUU YG ECP DGIKP VQ UGG OQTG

VQ DG C VGORQTCT[ RQKPV QH GZEJCPIG YJGTG UWEJ

ENGCTN[ YJCV KV KU VJCV YG ECP FQ VQ DGEQOG OQTG

RQUUKDNG HWVWTGU ECP DG NGCTPGF GZCOKPGF UWR

NWOKPQWU

RQTVGFQTETKVKSWGF9GYCPVVQGPEQWTCIGRGQRNG



Acknowledgements

References

.WOKPQWU )TGGP JVVRNWOKPQWUITGGPQTI  CPF

#NGZCPFGT %  6JG VKOGNGUU YC[ QH DWKNFKPI 1ZHQTF

ITQ9QTNF JVVRHQCOITQYQTNF  YGTG KPKVKCVGF D[(Q#/JVVRHQCO QTICPKUGFKPEQNNCDQTCVKQP YKVJVJG)WKNFHQT4GCNKV[+PVGITCVQTUCPF)GPGTC VQTU JVVRITKIKPHQ  UWRRQTVGF D[ VJG (NGOKUJ #WVJQTKVKGU8#(&GUKIP5KPICRQTG+5'#CPF

7PKXGTUKV[2TGUU0GY;QTM $GP[WU ,/  $KQOKOKET[ +PPQXCVKQP KPURKTGF D[ PCVWTG9KNNKCO/QTTQY%Q0GY;QTM (WMWQMC /  6JG QPGUVTCY TGXQNWVKQP #P KPVTQFWE VKQPVQPCVWTCNHCTOKPI4QFCNG'OOCWU2#

VJG%WNVWTG(TCOGYQTMQHVJG'WTQRGCP%QO

*QNOITGP&2GTOCEWNVWTG2TKPEKRNGUCPFRCVJYC[U

OKUUKQP1WTVJCPMUIQGUVQVJGPWOGTQWUKPFKXKF

DG[QPF UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ *QNOITGP &GUKIP 5GTXKEGU

WCNUCPFQTICPKUCVKQPUCTQWPFVJGINQDGYJQJCXG

*GRDWTP#WUVTCNKC

OCFGVJGUGKPKVKCVKXGURQUUKDNG

*QTXKV\4n9JQNGGCTVJEWNVWTGoCTVKENGQTKIKPCNN[ YTKVVGP HQT VJG EQPHGTGPEG &KXQêKPC LCMQ HGPQOÅP KPVGIT½NPÉ MWNVWT[ 9KNFGTPGUU CU C RJGPQOGPQP QH

Notes

KPVGITCNEWNVWTG-NGPQX½%\GEJ4GRWDNKEs/C[ CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYJQNGGCTVJEQO



2GTOCEWNVWTGFGUKIPRTKPEKRNGU *QNOITGP





=?1DUGTXGCPFKPVGTCEV





=?%CVEJCPFUVQTGGPGTI[





=?1DVCKPC[KGNF





=?&GUKIPHTQORCVVGTPUVQFGVCKNU

'CTVJ 5WOOGT CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVR





=?+PVGITCVGTCVJGTVJCPUGITGICVG

YYYYJQNGGCTV JEQOKUUWGGNGEVTQPKEGFKV KQP





=?7UGUOCNNCPFUNQYUQNWVKQPU

RJR!KUU 





=?7UGCPFXCNWGFKXGTUKV[





=?7UGGFIGUCPFXCNWGVJGOCTIKPCN

YGDUKVG CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYY





=?%TGCVKXGN[WUGCPFTGURQPFVQEJCPIG

XKTKFKCPFGUKIPQTIPQVGUVJGANCUVAXKTKFKCPA



(TQO.CVKPEWNVWTC ITQYKPIEWNVKXCVKQPCPFEQNGTG

VQVGPFEWNVKXCVG



5GGJVVRYYYQRGPURCEGYQTNFQTI CNUQMPQYP CU7PEQPHGTGPEGQT(QQ%COR



/KNNKQP/GVTKE6QPUQH%CTDQP&KQZKFG'SWKXCNGPVU

JKUVQT[YJQNGGCTVJEWNVWTGRJR  1YGP*1RGP5RCEG6GEJPQNQI[#WUGToUIWKFGTF GFP$GTTGVV-QGJNGT5CP(TCPEKUEQ 5VGTNKPI $  n6JG XKTKFKCP RTKPEKRNGUo 9JQNG

5VGTNKPI $  n6JG NCUV XKTKFKCP PQVGo 8KTKFKCPFGUKIP

PQVGJVON  6CNGD006JG$NCEM5YCP6JGKORCEVQHVJGJKIJN[ KORTQDCDNG4CPFQO*QWUG0GY;QTM 9KNUQP 2.  9GKPDGTI $ GFU  #XCPV ICTFGPKPI 'EQNQIKECN UVTWIING KP VJG EKV[  VJG YQTNF #WVQPQO GFKC$TQQMN[P0;



E M ERGENCY DESIGN – NEW SEMIOTIC ORDERS O F URBAN SURVIVAL Yana Milev

6JGEQPEGRVQHGOGTIGPE[FGUKIPFTCYUVQIGVJGTXCTKQWUFGUKIPOGFKCCPF UQEKQEWNVWTCN RJGPQOGPC ȧTUV QDUGTXGF KP CUUQEKCVKQP YKVJ OCTIKPCNK\GF NKXKPIURCEGUCUUWEJKVJCUDGEQOGCOCVVGTQHITQYKPIRWDNKEFGDCVG

Introduction

VJG n(KTUV +PVGTPCVKQPCN 5[ORQUKWO QP 'OGTIGPE[ &GUKIPoVQQMRNCEGCV<WTKEJ7PKXGTUKV[QHVJG#TVU

+P+NCWPEJGFVJGTGUGCTEJRTQLGEV'OGTIGPE[

<*F- KP  VJG RTQEGGFKPIU YGTG RWDNKUJGF

&GUKIP s &GUKIP 5VTCVGIKGU KP
D[5RTKPIGT 9KGP0GY;QTMYJQCNUQRWDNKUJGF

UQQPFGXGNQRGFKPVQCNQPIVGTOTGUGCTEJRNCVHQTO

VJGȧTUVQHCHQWTXQNWOGUGTKGUGPVKVNGF'OGTIGPE[

HQEWUKPIQPHQWTFKUVKPEVCTGCUUVCVGUQHGOGTIGPE[

'ORKTG'OGTIGPE[&GUKIPKP#OWUGQNQIKECN

ECVCUVTQRJGU EQPEGRVU QH GOGTIGPEG CPF FGUKIPU

UGTKGU nVCNMU KPDGVYGGP GOGTIGPEKGUo JCU OGCP

HQT UWTXKXCN 6JG TQQVU QH VJKU 'OGTIGPE[ 5VWFKGU

YJKNG DGGP UGV WR KP EQQRGTCVKQP YKVJ VJG %GPVGT

2TQLGEV IQ DCEM VQ VJG GPF QH VJG %QNF 9CT CPF

HQT #TV CPF /GFKC -CTNUTWJG 6JG RTGUGPV GUUC[

VJG DGIKPPKPIU QH RQNKVKECN RQUVOQFGTPKUO C

CKOU VQ RTQXKFG C EQPETGVG UWTXG[ QH GOGTIGPE[

VKOGYJGPOCP[QHVJGKUUWGUPQYEQPHTQPVKPIWU

FGUKIP FGȧPKPI KNNWUVTCVKPI CPF FKUEWUUKPI ȧXG

DGICP VQ ET[UVCNNK\G PGY V[RGU QH CU[OOGVTKECN

PGY UGOKQVKE URCEGU QH WTDCP UWTXKXCN CPF NKXKPI

YCT GEQPQOKE ETKUGU PCVWTCN ECVCUVTQRJGU KP VJG

UGG%QNQWTRNCVGZZXKZZXKK(KI#.

YCMGQHINQDCNENKOCVGEJCPIGPGYQTFGTUQHRTG ECTKQWUPGUUsPQOCFKUOJWOCPUWRGTȨWKV[RQX GTV[sCPFPGYUVTCVGIKGUKPVJGOGFKCCPFRTQVGUV

Perspectives

OQXGOGPVU $GJKPF VJGUG RJGPQOGPC NC[ HWTVJGT FGXGNQROGPVU VJG YCT QP VGTTQT FCVC EQPVTQN

%KXKNNCYsGOGTIGPE[CUCUVCVGQHGZEGRVKQP

EQNNCRUKPI ȧPCPEKCN OCTMGVU VJG URTGCF QH EQTRQ

6JGFKEVKQPCT[FGȧPKVKQPQHnGOGTIGPE[osCPGQNQ

TQETCVKE DWUKPGUU VJG GZVGPUKQP QH PGY GEQPQOKE

IKUO FGTKXGF HTQO VJG .CVKP GOGTIGTG VQ CTKUG QT

\QPGU KP VJG HQTO QH YCT \QPGU GVE 9JCV VJKU

DTKPIVQNKIJVsKUnCUGTKQWUWPGZRGEVGFCPFQHVGP

COQWPVGFVQKPVGTOUQHRWDNKECYCTGPGUUCPFFKU

FCPIGTQWU UKVWCVKQP TGSWKTKPI KOOGFKCVG CEVKQPo

EQWTUGYCUCPGYV[RGQHWTDCPECVCUVTQRJG

0GY 1ZHQTF  #RRNKGF VQ EKXKN UQEKGV[ VJG

6JG 'OGTIGPE[ 5VWFKGU 2TQLGEV JCU HQWPF

RQNKVKECNEQPEGRVQHCUVCVGQHGOGTIGPE[KUOQFGTP

GZRTGUUKQPKPCPWODGTQHGXGPVUCPFRWDNKECVKQPU

CTKUKPIQPN[CHVGTVJGGPFQHVJG5GEQPF9QTNF9CT



KVFGPQVGUPQVVJGUKVWCVKQPKVUGNHDWVVJGTGXQECVKQP

'OGTIGPEKGU CTG QP VJG QPG JCPF YCTU CPF ECVCU

QHVJGNCYUJKVJGTVQIQXGTPKPICUQEKGV[CPFVJGKT

VTQRJGU EQPUWOGF KP TGCN VKOG QP QWT VGNGXKUKQP

TGRNCEGOGPVYKVJURGEKCNnGOGTIGPE[oNGIKUNCVKQPVQ

UETGGPUVJGUWKEKFGDQODKPIURNCPGETCUJGUGZRNQ

EQWPVGT VJG UKVWCVKQP 6JG CWVJQTKV[ VQ FGENCTG C

UKQPU GZGEWVKQPU CEEKFGPVU CPF ENKOCVKE FGXCUVC

UVCVGQHGOGTIGPE[KPUKVWCVKQPUQHYCTEKXKNECVCU

VKQPVJCVsCDQXGCNNUKPEGVJGGPFQHVJG%QNF9CT

VTQRJGQTVJGNKMGCPFVQKORQUGUWEJLWTKUFKEVKQP

s RTKOCTKN[ EQPUVKVWVG PGYU #V C OQTG KPFKXKFWCN

KUDCUGFQPVJGEQPEGRVQHPCVKQPCNUQXGTGKIPV[KV

CPFNQECNNGXGNVJGEQPEGRVQHGOGTIGPE[GZVGPFU

KORNKGU VJG TKIJV VQ UWURGPF VJG EQPUVKVWVKQP CPF

VQLQDNQUUUQEKCNKORQXGTKUJOGPVYCXGTKPIRTQU

GHHGEVKXGN[ETGCVGYJCV)KQTIKQ#ICODGPJCUECNNGF

RGEVU DKQNQIKECNN[ FKOKPKUJKPI GORNQ[CDKNKV[ CPF

n\QPGU QH CPQOKGo UVCVGU QH GZEGRVKQP VJCV KP %CTN

VJG OCTIKPCNK\KPI QH YJQNG ENCUUGU QH VJG RQRWNC

5EJOKVVoU VGTOKPQNQI[ CTG nDG[QPF VJG NKPGo (QT

VKQPCNQPIYKVJVJGKTNKXKPIURCEGU1PVQRQHVJKU

5EJOKVV VJG UWFFGP CPF KOOGFKCVG KPEWTUKQP QH

VJG RGTOCPGPV QUEKNNCVKQP QH VJG RCTCOGVGTU QH

UWEJCUVCVGKORNKGUCUQXGTGKIPCTDKVTCTKPGUUKPVJG

UQEKCN KPENWUKQP VJG ȧPG NKPG DGVYGGP VJKU VKOGoU

FGVGTOKPCVKQP CPF CRRNKECVKQP QH WNVKOC TCVKQ s C

XKEVKOUCPFVJKUVKOGoUPCTTQYN[GUECRGFHTWUVTCVGU

EQPEGRVYJKEJKPEQPUVKVWVKQPCNNCYKUWUGFQHVJG

VJGXGT[EQPEGRVQHCUVCDNGPQTO

FGENCTCVKQPQHYCT KWUCFDGNNWOQTVJGNGICNK\KPI

6JGEQPEGRVQHGOGTIGPE[VJWUCRRNKGUVQKPUG

QHCPGZKUVKPIEQPȨKEVYKVJCNNVJGOGCPUTGSWKTGF

EWTKV[QHYJCVGXGTMKPFsHTQOPCVWTCNECVCUVTQRJG

VQRWTUWGKVGXGPDG[QPFVJGRWTXKGYQHKPVGTPC

VQ YCT HTQO PCVKQPCN FGDV VJTQWIJ FGOQETCVKE

VKQPCN NCY #ICKPUV VJG DCEMITQWPF QH VJG V[RG QH

KPVGTXGPVKQP VQ UQEKCN FGENKPG s VJCV RNWPIGU VJG

RQUVOQFGTPYCTVJCVJCUGOGTIGFUKPEGVJGU

UWDLGEVKXG URCEG KPJCDKVGF D[ C RGTUQP PGVYQTM

VJG EQPEGRV QH WNVKOC TCVKQ JCU DGGP GZVGPFGF VQ

QT EQTRQTCVG GPVKV[ KPVQ C UVCVG QH GZEGRVKQP YKVJ

EQXGT CP KPETGCUKPIN[ YKFG TCPIG QH ECVCUVTQRJGU

HWPFCOGPVCNKORCEVQPUWEJKPUVKVWVKQPUCPFXCNWGU

ETKUGU TKUMU CPF RTGXGPVKXG CEVKQPU CU YGNN CU

QHFCKN[NKHGCULWUVKEGETKOGCPFVJGOCTMGV

VJG EKXKN RQNKVKECN GEQPQOKE CPF OGFKC EQPVGZVU YJGVJGTHCEVWCNQTȧEVKQPCNKPYJKEJVJGUGKORCEV

5QEKQNQI[sGOGTIGPE[CUCPGYV[RGQH

UQEKGV[KOCIGUQHCPGPGO[QTCFXGTUCT[CTGCECUG

WTDCPECVCUVTQRJG

KPRQKPV

'OGTIGPEKGUVJGTGHQTGGODTCEGYJCV.CTU%NCWUGP

6JG GZVGPUKQP QH VJG LWTKFKECN UVCVG QH GOGT

JCU ECNNGF nETCUU UQEKCN EJCPIGo CPF nCDJQTTGPV

IGPE[HTQOVJGȧGNFQHEQPUVKVWVKQPCNVQVJCVQHEKXKN

UQEKCN RTQEGUUGUo  KPFGGF VJG YJQNG ICOWV

NCYCOQWPVUVQCTGFGȧPKVKQPQHKVUENCKOTQQVGFKP

QH PCVWTCN UQEKCN CPF RQNKVKECN FKUCUVGTU ECWUGF D[

VJG RU[EJQRQNKVKECN RCTCFKIO QH UJQEM QT VTCWOC

FGRQTVCVKQP OKITCVKQP JQOGNGUUPGUU HCOKPG

KP KVU OQFGTP HQTO KPENWFKPI VGTTQT FQOGUVKE QT

FTQWIJVUJQTVCIGQHYCVGTQTNCEMQHQVJGTGUUGP

HQTGKIPDTGCMFQYPCPFFGVGTTGPEG#UUWEJKVJCU

VKCNTGUQWTEGUVJCVKPQWTRQUVYQTNFYGDWPFNG

DGEQOGUCDCUKERCVVGTPQHTGCEVKQPCRRNKGFVQRTG

WPFGT VJG JGCFKPI QH EWNVWTCN ECVCUVTQRJG +P VJKU

ECTKQWUQTOCTIKPCNK\GFURCEGUCPFVJGKTEQOOWPK

TGURGEVVJGEQPEGRVQHGOGTIGPE[JCUVCMGPQPPGY

ECVKQPKPVJGOGFKC0QRGTUQPQTRNCVHQTOECPDG

RQUVRQNKVKECN CPF RQUVKPUVKVWVKQPCN OGCPKPI EQO

C RTKQTK GZENWFGF HTQO KVU UEQRG YJKEJ GODTCEGU

RNGOGPVKPIKVUKORNKECVKQPUHQTEKXKNNCY

DQVJXKEVKOCPFCIITGUUQT



/GFKCVJGQT[sGOGTIGPE[CUVJGFKUEQWTUG

YGNNCUKPJKUVYQGCTNKGTYQTMU'EQNQI[QHHGCT.QU

QHCPQOKG

#PIGNGU CPF VJG KOCIKPCVKQP QH FKUCUVGT  CPF

6JG XQECDWNCT[ QH GOGTIGPE[ UWTXKXCN UVCVGU QH

.CVG 8KEVQTKCP JQNQECWUVU 'N 0KÍQ HCOKPGU CPF VJG

GZEGRVKQPCPFCPQOKGJCURGPGVTCVGFVJGFKUEQWTUG

OCMKPIQHVJGVJKTFYQTNF /KMG&CXKUIKXGU

PQVQPN[QHRQNKVKECNUEKGPEGCPFUQEKQNQI[DWVCNUQ

VJKU PGY V[RG QH WTDCP ECVCUVTQRJG C NQECN JCDKVC

QHEWNVWTCNCPFOGFKCUVWFKGUCPFVJGKTRJKNQUQRJ[

VKQPCPFCPCOGVTCPUNCVKPIVJGETKVKECNFKUEQWTUGQH

#ICKPUVCDCEMITQWPFQHPGQNKDGTCNOCTMGVUINQDCN

UWEJQRRQPGPVUQHINQDCNK\CVKQPCU0QCO%JQOUM[

DWUKPGUU CPF VJG XKQNCVKQP QH JWOCP CPF EQPUVK

0CQOK -NGKP 'NOCT #NVXCVGT CPF 5CUMKC 5CUUGP VQ

VWVKQPCN TKIJVU VJGUG EQPEGRVU UGTXG CU UKIPRQUVU

VJGEQPETGVGNGXGNQHWTDCPCPQOKGTGRTGUGPVGFKP

KPVJGPGYFKUEQWTUGQHGVGTPCNYCTHCTGVJCVEJCT

VJGUVTWIINGHQTUWTXKXCNVJGUNWOUCPFVJGJQOG

CEVGTK\GU CP CFXCPEGF RQUVYCT GTC QH UQEKGV[ 6JG

NGUUPGUUQHOQFGTPOGICEKV[RGTKRJGTKGU#HWTVJGT

DQCTFTQQOUQHKPVGTPCVKQPCNEQTRQTCVKQPU QTYJCV

EQPVGORQTCT[ EQPVGZV QH GOGTIGPE[ CTKUGU CV VJG

,QJP 2GTMKPU ECNNU nEQTRQTCVQETCEKGUo  FGNKP

KPVGTHCEG DGVYGGP VJG PGY YCT VJGQTKGU QH 4/#

GCVG CPF UVKIOCVK\G RWDNKE URCEG FGUKIPKPI ICVGF

4GXQNWVKQP KP /KNKVCT[ #HHCKTU YKVJ KVU EQPEGRVU

\QPGU VJCV CTG UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ \QPGU QH CPQOKG

QHEQNNCVGTCNFCOCIGQPVJGQPGJCPFCPFHCNUGȨCI

YJQUG nURCEKPIo .ÒY  KU GHHGEVGF KP VGTOU

QRGTCVKQPU YKVJ C JWOCP HCEG QP VJG QVJGT GI

QH VJG DKQRQNKVKECN GZENWUKXGPGUU CPF GZENWUKQP

EQXGTV YGCRQPU VGUVKPI CPF OQPG[ VTCPUHGTU CPF

EQOOWPKECVGF D[ EQTRQTCVG FGUKIP CPF EQTRQTCVG

VJG ITQYKPI PWODGT QH EKXKNKCP XKEVKOU QP VJG

KFGPVKV[ 6JGUG URCEGU JCXG KP VJG RCUV VYQ FGE

RGTKRJGT[QHVJGUCOGOGICEKVKGU6JGTGUGCTEJCPF

CFGUGZRGTKGPEGFVJGVTCPUHQTOCVKQPQTFKUUQNWVKQP

RWDNKECVKQP RTQLGEV 'OGTIGPE[ 'ORKTG'OGTIGPE[

QH VJG ENCUUKECNN[ FKHHGTGPVKCVGF HQWTHQNF UVTWEVWTG

&GUKIPGZCOKPGUVJGUGEQPVGZVUQHEKXKNECVCUVTQRJG

QH RTKXCVG CPF RWDNKE CTGCU RNWU UWDWTDKC CPF VJG

HTQOCUQEKQNQIKECNRQKPVQHXKGY

RGTKRJGTCN\QPGUQHOKNKVCT[ CPFQTOKNKVCPVQRGT CVKQPnDG[QPFVJGNKPGo7TDCPURCEGJCUDGIWPVQ FGȧPG KVUGNH CPGY CU C OWUGWO CP QTFGT FGȧPGF D[RWTEJCUKPIRQYGTCPFJGPEGQPCRCTYKVJRTK XCVGURCEGDWVD[VJGUCOGVQMGPKVKUCNUQCOCT IKPCNK\GFURCEGHQTVJQUGGZENWFGFHTQORWTEJCUKPI RQYGT CPF CEEGUU C ENCPFGUVKPG TGCNO JQOG VQ ETKOKPCNN[ ETGCVKXG HQTEGU VJCV JCTDQWT VJG RQVGP VKCN HQT OKNKVCPVOKNKVCT[ QRGTCVKQPU QH VGTTQT CPF EQWPVGTVGTTQT CV CNN RQKPVU QH VJG RWDNKERTKXCVG URGEVTWO +P VJG FKUEQWTUG QH OGFKC CPF FGUKIP UQEKQNQI[ VJG PGY UVTWEVWTCN OWNVKRNKEKV[ QH WTDCP URCEG KU TGPFGTGF XKUKDNG CPF GZRGTKGPVKCNN[ CEEGU UKDNG

(KI2QUVGTHTQO)GTOCPUVWFGPVYCNMQWV



Yana Milev

+P JKU TGEGPV DQQM 2NCPGV QH 5NWOU  CU

9JQ FQGU RWDNKE URCEG DGNQPI VQ! 5RCEG FGPQVGU C

VQYCTFU VJG GZVGTKQT YQTNF =JCU? HQWPF KVU CTEJK

FGȧPGF KPVGTKQT C OCTMGV ETGCVGF D[ VJG VYKP

VGEVQPKE RKNNCTo 5NQVGTFKLM  R  1P VJG

FGȧPKPIHQTEGUQHFQOGUVKERWTEJCUKPIRQYGTCPF

QPGJCPFVJGPUVCPFUVJGCRRCTCVWUQHUQXGTGKIP

IQXGTPOGPVCNKOOGTUKQP2WDNKEURCEGKUCEQTTKFQT

GZENWUKXGPGUUVJGET[UVCNRCNCEGUQHVJGICVGFEQO

YJGTG DTCPFU CPF DTCPFKPI RTQENCKO QYPGTUJKR

OWPKV[ QP VJG QVJGT VJG JCDKVCV QH VJG OCUUGU

CPF FKXGTUG WPKHQTOU HTQO #TOCPK VQ
VJG XCUV NKXKPI OCEJKPGU QH UNWO IJGVVQ CPF UWD

VJG EJKR ECTFU EQPEGCNGF YKVJKP VJGO GXKPEG VJG

WTDKC PQV VQ OGPVKQP VJG KPHQTOCN UGVVNGOGPVU QH

TKIJV VQ CEEGUU CPF RCTVKEKRCVKQP 6JKU KU VJG RTG

VGPV EKV[ CPF HCXGNC #ETQUU CNN QH KV NKGU VJG UOQI

UGTXG QH C PGY EQODCVKXG RJCNCPZ VJG KPJCDKV

QH UKFGNKPKPI CPF DWTPQWV HQT n=V?JG ECUG QH VJG

CPVUQHVJGNKXKPIOCEJKPGRQUUGUUQTUQHVJGDCPM

nUWRGTȨWQWUo KU OQTG VJCP C OCVVGT QH UVTWEVWTCN

CEEQWPVUVJCVHQT2GVGT5NQVGTFKLM

FKUCFXCPVCIGKPVJGLQDOCTMGV+VKUCOCVVGTQHVJG PCIIKPIVQTOGPVKPIUGNHFGUVTWEVKXGHGGNKPIQHPQV

nRTQXKFGCEEGUUVQRNCEGURGTUQPUIQQFUCPFFCVCs

DGKPICDNGVQMGGRWRKPCYQTNFQHYQTMKPIVQGCTP

QRRQTVWPKVKGU FGTKXGF UQNGN[ HTQO VJG HCEV VJCV VJG

CPF GCTPKPI HQT CHȨWGPEG QH DGKPI WPTGRTGUGPVGF

UVCPFCTFHQTOQHUWDLGEVKXKV[YKVJKPVJGITCPFKPUVCN

KP VJG U[ODQNKE U[UVGO QH RTQHGUUKQPCN TCPM CPF

NCVKQPKUFGVGTOKPGFD[VJGCXCKNCDKNKV[QHRWTEJCUKPI

UVCVWUKPUJQTVQHDGKPIUWRGTȨWQWUKPCUQEKGV[QH

RQYGTo R

UWRGTȨWKV[o 8QIGNR

+VKUCVVJKURQKPVVJCVVJGRTQDNGOQHURCVKCNUQXGT

&GUKIPGEQPQO[sGOGTIGPE[CUVTCPUHQTOC

GKIPV[KORCEVUFGUKIPXKCVJGDKQRQNKVKEUQHOGFKC

VKQPCNVQRQU

KEQPQITCRJ[KPVJGOWNVKRNGFKOGPUKQPUQHNKXKPI

'OGTIGPE[ FGUKIP RTGUGPVU KVUGNH CU C RQVGPVKCN

FTGUU RJ[UKECN CRRGCTCPEG DGCTKPI CPF KPVKOCE[

OQFGN QH URCVKQEWNVWTCN RTQFWEVKQP YJQUG UVTC

s CP KEQPQITCRJ[ VJCV KU CV VJG UCOG VKOG QPG QH

VGIKE HGCVWTGU TGȨGEV VJG OCPCIGOGPV VGEJPKSWGU

UGRCTCVKQP HTQO VJG TGCNO QH VJG QVJGT VJG RTG

QH JKIJN[ GHȧEKGPV NKXKPI URCEGU DTKPIKPI VJGO VQ

ECTKQWUUWRGTȨWQWUCPFFKURGPUCDNGVJGOKITCPVU

DGCTQPUQEKCNJCDKVCVUEQPFKVKQPGFD[VJGUVCVGQH

CPF YCVEJGTU HTQO DG[QPF VJG HGPEG 6JG YQTNFU

GZEGRVKQP&KUEWUUKQPHQEWUGUQPVJGECWUCNTGNCVKQP

QHRQNKVKECNCPFGEQPQOKEVGEJPQNQIKECNCPFOGFKC

DGVYGGPVJGF[PCOKEUQHIGQRQNKVKECNDW[KPIRQYGT

KOOGTUKQP CTG FGUKIPGT YQTNFU QH UQEKCN RQNCTK\C

QPVJGQPGJCPFCPFVJQUGQHRU[EJQRQNKVKECNFKU

VKQPYJGTGVJGGZENWUKXGPGUUQHVJGNKXKPIOCEJKPG

RNCEGOGPVCPFOCTIKPCNK\CVKQPQPVJGQVJGTCNQPI

VJG WTDUFQOWU CIITGICVG KRUQ HCEVQ IGPGTCVGU

YKVJVJGKTURGEKȧEEQOOWPKECVKQPUOGFKCFGUKIP

VJG OCTIKPCNK\CVKQP QH VJG GZENWFGF VJG RU[EJQ

CPF OCTMGVKPI UVTCVGIKGU 9KVJKP VJKU HTCOGYQTM

RQNKVKECN GOGTIGPE[ QH EWNVWTCN ECVCUVTQRJG CPF KVU

CPCN[UKU KU GUUGPVKCNN[ EQPEGTPGF YKVJ FKHHGTGPVK

KPJGTGPV OCTMGV VJG \QPGU QH CPQOKG CPF OGFKC

CVKPI GEQPQOKGU QH RQYGT CPF RTQȧV HTQO VJQUG

J[UVGTKC VJG FGUKIPGT RCTCFKIOU QH OCPCIGOGPV

QHETKUKU CVGTOGV[OQNQIKECNN[CPFRU[EJQNQIKECNN[

CPFRQXGTV[9JCVKUVTWGQHFQOGUVKEURCEGJQNFU

TQQVGFKPCYGUVGTPOKPFUGVGXQMKPIFKXKUKQPFKU

GSWCNN[ HQT RWDNKE JQWUG CPF JQOG JCXG DGEQOG

ETKOKPCVKQPGKVJGTQT#UUWEJKVIGPGTCVGUCȧGNF

nCP KIPQTCPEG OCEJKPG =e? CP KPVGITCN KPUVTWOGPV

KPYJKEJPQVKQPUQHYCTCPFGEQPQOKEUKPVGTCEVCPF

QH FGHGPEG YJGTG VJG DCUKE TKIJV QH PQPTGURGEV

QUEKNNCVGCRTQEGUUVJCVJCUNQPIUKPEGQXGTVJTQYP



VJGTGHQTG QP VJG KPXGUVKICVKQP QH VJG KPVGTHCEG

ȨKEVTGRNCEKPIVJGOYKVJUWEJEQPEGRVUCUnVGNGVQ

DGVYGGPRQYGTURCEGCPFDQF[KPVJGFGUKIPEQPVGZV

RQNQI[o CPF nNKXGVKOG YCTo 8KTKNKQ nCU[OOGVTKECN

*GTGETKUKUsQTYJCV.WJOCPPECNNGFRGTOCPGPVUWU

YCTUo /ØPMNGT XCP %TGHGNF CPF VJG DWUKPGUU

EGRVKDKNKV[VQEQPHWUKQPsDGEQOGUVJGPCVWTCNFGHCWNV

CPFQT OGFKC KPURKTGF YCTU QH ,QJP 2GTMKPUo EQT

EQPFKVKQP QH URCVKCN U[UVGOU 6JG VTCPUNCVKQP QH VJKU

RQTCVQETCEKGU CPF 6JQOCU /G[GToU nOGFKQETCEKGUo

RTKPEKRNG VQ VJG XCTKQWU NGXGNU QH EQPȨKEV TGNKIKQWU

$CUGFQPRWTEJCUKPIRQYGTCPFRQYGTNGUU

GEQPQOKEFKUVTKDWVKQPCNRQNKVKECNQTQVJGTYKUGRGT

PGUU VJG EQPȨKEV QH KPVGTGUVU KU VJCV DGVYGGP nQHH

VCKPKPI KP UQEKCN URCEG CNQPI YKVJ VJG RQVGPVKCN HQT

URCEGoCPFnUWDURCEGoHQTEGUKPXQNXKPIVJGRU[EJQ

EWNVWTCNKOOWPKV[CPFTGUKNKGPEGKVGPVCKNUOKIJVKVKU

RQNKVKECN UQEKQRQNKVKECN CPF FGUKIP FKOGPUKQPU QH

JQRGF HCEKNKVCVG VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH C OGVJQF DGP

VJGWTDCP DQVJRWDNKECPFENCPFGUVKPGCUYGNNCU

GȧEKCN VQ VJG URCEG QH ETKUKU EQPEGTPGF +P VJG NKIJV

VJQUGQHHTGGXUnUJCFQYoVTCFG+VKUKPETGCUKPIN[C

QH VJG HQTGIQKPI CPCN[UKU VJG KPPGT NQIKE QH GOGT

EQPVGZV YJQUG URCEGU CPF VQRQITCRJKGU CTG FGVGT

IGPE[ FGUKIP TGXGCNU KVUGNH VJGTGHQTG KP VJG CZKQO

OKPGFD[VJGF[PCOKEUCPFKPVGTGUVUQHFGUKIPCPF

VJCV YJCVGXGT QWVYCTFN[ VTCPUEGPFU QT UWDXGTVU VJG

VJG OGFKC GXKFGPV KP VJG EQPVTCUVKPI EWNVWTGU QH

EQFGZ QH PGIQVKCVKQPU CPF VJG EQFG QH UGEWTKV[ YKNN

RTQVGUVCPFEQTRQTCVQETCE[

ETGCVGCPGYKPYCTFEQFGQHTGUKUVCPEGCPFKOOWPKV[ 0GY TGNCVKQPCN URCEG YKNN DG IGPGTCVGF YJGTG PGY

6JG ITQYKPI OGFKCNK\CVKQP QH UQEKCN CPF RQNKVKECN

KOOWPKVKGUUWEEGUUHWNN[UJCRGCPFFGRNQ[VJGKTEQO

EQPȨKEV TGUWNVU KP YJCV OKIJV DG ECNNGF C IGQI

OWPKECVKQPUOCPCIGOGPVCICKPUVQWVYQTPU[UVGOUQH

TCRJ[QHETKUKUsQHURCVKCNCPFVQRQITCRJKEȨWKFKV[

UGEWTKV[

FKCURQTKE EQPHWUKQP CPF KPUGEWTKV[ CV VJG JGCTV QH VJGCTEJKVGEVWTGQHUCHGV[CPFUGENWUKQPYJGTGXKVCN ȨQYKPI FGUKIP ECP GPICIG KP UWDXGTUKXG OCPQGW XTGU6JKUKUCMG[VQVJGGOGTIGPE[FGUKIPRTQLGEV

Emergency design: new semiotic orders of urban survival

YJKEJ UGGU UWEJ ETKVKECN URCVKQF[PCOKE TGNCVKQPU CUCȧVVKPIUQEKQNQIKECNTGURQPUGVQVJGUQXGTGKIPV[

%WNVWTGUQHTGUKUVCPEGRTQVGUVTGHWUCN

QH VJG EQTRQTCVGOGFKC EQPLWPEVKQP VJCV KU CHVGT

GZEJCPIGCPFVTCPUHQTOCVKQP

CNN TGURQPUKDNG HQT GOGTIGPE[ CPF EWNVWTCN ECVCU

6JG nUWRGTȨWQWUo $WFG  9KNNKUEJ  CTG C

VTQRJGKPVJGȧTUVRNCEG$WVKVKUPQVLWUVCOCVVGT

PGY IGPGTCVKQP QH XKEVKOU QH INQDCNK\CVKQP EQP

QHTGURQPUGHQTVJGETGCVKQPQHVJGUVCVGQHGOGT

UKUVKPI COQPIQVJGTUQHOKITCPVNCDQWTGTUFGRQT

IGPE[VJG\QPGUQHCPQOKGKUVJGRTGEQPFKVKQPHQT

VGGURQNKVKECNCPFGEQPQOKETGHWIGGUVJGRQQTCPF

VJG IGPGUKU QH C PGY KPPQXCVKXG UQEKCN URCEG VJG

VJGJQOGNGUUCUYGNNCUCTVKUVUCECFGOKEUCPFHTGG

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2KGTTG$QWTFKGWoUFGEQPUVTWEVKQPQHVJGDQWPFCTKGU

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5GEQPFQTFGTNGICNURCEGTGUQWTEGUURCEG

6JKTFQTFGTFCVCURCEGDTCPFURCEG)TKF

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VJGKTFGUVTWEVKQP!o $CTVJGU.KMG/CTVKP-KR

NKEKV[CPF24RTQFWEVKQPUOGFKCCPFCFXGTVKUKPIKP

RGPDGTIGToU UNQICP n6JG CKO QH FGUKIP KU VQ FGȧPG

IGPGTCN s CNN QH KV FGXQVGF UQNGN[ VQ VJG OCTMGVKPI

URCEGo CPF *GPM 1QUVGTNKPIoU n&GUKIP KU &CUGKP

QHGZENWUKXGPGUUKPVGTOUQHCFXCPEGFCPFKPPQXC

=DGKPIRTGUGPEG?o $CTVJGUo CRJQTKUO JKIJNKIJVU

VKXGYQTMYQTNFUCPFUWTHCEGU0QTKUKVKPPQXCVKQP

VJG VTCPUHQTOCVKQPCN SWCNKV[ QH UQEKCNN[ KOOCPGPV

CPF ETGCVKXKV[ VJCV CTG DGKPI OCTMGVGF JGTG DWV

FGUKIP +P EQPVTCUV VQ VJG RQNKVKECN CPF GEQPQOKE

RQYGTCPFFQOKPCPEG*GTGRCTCUKVKEUVTCVGIKGUCTG

VTGPFQHTGEGPVFGECFGUYJKEJJCUDGGPVQUGGMC

GORNQ[GFD[YJCVKUVGTOGFCnRQQToENKGPVGNGsQP

UGEWTGHQQVJQNFKPVJGKPPGTYQTNFQHECRKVCNKPVJG

VJGCPCNQI[QHȨCUJOQDCPFUOCTVOQDEQPEGRVU

NKXKPIOCEJKPGUQHEQOHQTVCPFEQPUWORVKQPETKUKU

s VQ KPVGTTWRV CPF UWDXGTV VJG IQCNU CPF OGVJQFU

ECRKVCNKUVJGPGYEWTTGPE[VJCVQRGPUVJGFQQTVQ

QHRTQURGTQWUEQORGVKPIOCTMGVEWTTGPVU2CTCUKVKE

VJG U[UVGOU CPF EWNVWTGU QH ETKUKU s C VJGUKU CPF C

UVTCVGIKGUCTGWPCPPQWPEGFCPFWPRTGRCTGFRCTVKE

RGTURGEVKXG VJCV VWTPU VJG FKUEQWTUG QH CEEGUU CPF

KRCVKQPU KP GZRGPUKXGN[ RTQFWEGF GXGPVU CPF KPVG

QRRQTVWPKV[ JKVJGTVQ OQPQRQNK\GF D[ RWTEJCUKPI

TKQTUCPFVJGCRRTQRTKCVKQPQHVJGUGHQTCFKXGTIGPV

RQYGTQPKVUJGCF'OGTIGPE[FGUKIPKUVJGVTCPU

EQWPVGTOGUUCIG6JG[FKHHGTHTQOTGE[ENKPIUVTCVG

HQTOCVKQP QH ECRKVCN QP VJG DCUKU QH ETKUKU GEQPQ

IKGU KP PQV FGȧPKPI VJG URGEKȧE VTCEMU QH OCTMGV

OKGU EQPETGVGN[ GHHGEVGF KP VJG RGTHQTOCVKXG NKPM

EKTEWNCVKQPVJG[DTGCMQRGPHQTDWUKPGUUCPFVJGKT

DGVYGGP VJG EWTTGPEKGU QH GUVCDNKUJGF ECRKVCN CPF

RTQZKOKV[ VQ ENCPFGUVKPG VGEJPKSWGU IKXGU VJGO C

ETKUKUECRKVCN*GTGPGYURCEKPIU QTURCVKCNRTQFWE

IWGTTKNNCSWCNKV[#UUWEJVJG[CTGCUKVYGTGVJKTF

VKQPUCTKUGVJCVWPGSWKXQECNN[KPEQTRQTCVGCVTCPU

QTFGT GOGTIGPE[ FGUKIPU CPF JGPEG UVTCVGIKGU QH

HQTOCVKQP QH VJG GUVCDNKUJGF EWTTGPEKGU QH TCPM

EKXKNFKUQDGFKGPEG

OQPG[ KOCIG RWTEJCUKPI RQYGT EQPUWORVKQP CEEGUUVQQRRQTVWPKV[RTGUVKIGDGCWV[MPQYNGFIG

%KXKN FKUQDGFKGPEG KU C YGCRQP 9JKNUV VJG UVCVG

UGEWTKV[GVECUYGNNCUCUJKHVKPVJGUECNGQHRQYGT

FQGUCNNKVECPVQPKRRTQVGUVKPVJGDWFVJGFKUQDG

CPF U[UVGOCVKE FQOKPCPEG VJCV TGUWNVU HTQO VJCV

FKGPVCTGCEQPUVCPVKTTKVCPVQWVUKFGVJGHTCOGYQTM

WRJGCXCN'OGTIGPE[FGUKIPUCTGVQDGHQWPFVQC

QH VJG NCY 9JGVJGT DNQEMCFKPI UVTGGVU CV VJG )

UKIPKȧECPV FGITGG KP GOGTIKPI U[UVGOU PGVYQTMU

UWOOKV QT IGPGVKECNN[ OCPKRWNCVGF OCK\G ȧGNFU CV

RNCVHQTOUCPFFQOCKPU0GYVQRQNQIKGUQHCTVCTG

JCTXGUVVKOGEKXKNFKUQDGFKGPEGECPDGTGNKGFWRQP

PGY VQRQNQIKGU QH EWNVWTCN RTQFWEVKQP CPF CV VJG

VQIGPGTCVGURGEVCEWNCTRKEVWTGUCPFCP[COQWPVQH

UCOG VKOG PGY URCEGU HQT VJG TGFKUVTKDWVKQP QH

RQNGOKEU TCFKQ(41(QTRCTCUKVKEUVTCVGIKGU

EWNVWTCN ECRKVCN 6JG[ HWPEVKQP SWGGTN[ CU ETKVKECN

CTGȧTUVCPFHQTGOQUVFGUKIPUQHTGUKUVCPEGKPRWDNKE

OKETQVQRGU QH VJG KPDGVYGGP SWGGTKPI CPF SWG

URCEG CPVKFGUKIP CPVKRWDNKEKV[ EQPUWORVKQP

T[KPI OGFKC FKUEKRNKPGU RQNKVKEU GEQPQOKEU CPF

ETKVKECN ETKVKECN QH GZKUVKPI RQNKEKGU QH CU[NWO CPF

UGOKQVKEU

FGRQTVCVKQPQHVJG9QTNF'EQPQOKE(QTWOCPF)



QTKGPVCVKQPU QH VJGKT QYP 6JWU EWNVWTCN JCEMKPI KU

VJGUCETKȧEGQHNCTIGVTCEVUQHNCPFVQWTDCPK\CVKQP

VJG EQPVGORQTCT[ TGCNK\CVKQP QH VJG CTV QH CEVKQP CU

CPFKVUCEEQORCP[KPIKPHTCUVTWEVWTGQHOQVQTYC[U

CFXQECVGFD[/KEJGNFG%GTVGCW .KGDN&ØNNQ

CPFCKTRQTVU#PFDGECWUGVJG[CEVHTQOCPKORWNUG QH RTQVGUV DGECWUG VJG[ UGGM VQ DTGCM VJTQWIJ QT

%WNVWTCN JCEMKPI KU RTCEVKUGF KP OCP[ FKHHGTGPV

WPFGTOKPGGUVCDNKUJGFUVTCVGIKGUQHRQYGTDGECWUG

CTGCU CPF EQPVGZVU CPF KPEQTRQTCVGU C PGVYQTM

VJG[CTGOQWNFGFVQCURGEKȧEUKVWCVKQPCPFWPKP

QH FGUKIPGTU CTVKUVU OCPCIGTU CEVKXKUVU CPF CEC

JKDKVGFN[OGNFCTVCPFRQNKVKEUKPVJGKTGZRTGUUKQP

FGOKEU.KGDNCPF&ØNNQRNQVVJGOQXGOGPVoUUVTC

sHQTCNNVJGUGTGCUQPUVJG[CTGGOGTIGPE[FGUKIPU

VGIKE CTUGPCN YKVJ PGY EQPEGRVU UWEJ CU nRNCEGDQ

QHVJGVJKTFQTFGT

RTQFWEVUo nWPKHQTOGF DTCPF EQOOWPKECVKQPo nVGTTQTKUV CRRTQRTKCVKQPo nEQQNPGUU EQORGVGPE[o

2CTCUKVKECPFEKXKNFKUQDGFKGPEGUVTCVGIKGUGPIGPFGT

nFGEQPEGRVWCN EQFKPIo nJ[UVGTKCDCUGF OCTMGV UGI

PGYFKUEQWTUGCPFPGYRWDNKECVKQPUsHQTGZCORNG

OGPVCVKQPoCPFnDTCPFJCEMKPIon%QOOWPKECVKQPU

%WNVWTG*CEMKPI D[(TCP\.KGDNCPF6JQOCU

IWGTTKNNCoCEQPEGRVKPVTQFWEGFD[)GTCNF4CWPKICV

&ØNNQ -QPUWO )WGTTKNNC D[ &KGFTKEJ &KGFGTKEJUGP

VJGGPFQHVJGUKPVJGEQPVGZVQHVJG'WTQRGCP

4KEJCTF  4WJN  0GV\MWNVWTGP  D[

+PUVKVWVG HQT 2TQITGUUKXG %WNVWTCN 2QNKEKGUo GKRER

+PMG #TPU 9KT PGPPGP GU #TDGKV  D[ *QNO

n6TCPUXGTUCNo RTQITCO UVCPFU HQT C EWNVWTCN VGEJ

(TKGDGCPF5CUEJC.QDQ*CPFDWEJFGT-QOOWPKMC

PKSWGUJCTRN[FKUVKPEVHTQOVJGRQNKVKECNCEVKQPKUO

VKQPUIWGTTKNNC  D[ .WVJGT $NKUUGV CPF 5QPLC

QHVJGUCPFU*GTGCTVCPFRQNKVKEUOGTIGKP

$TØP\GNU #PVK&GUKIP  CPF %WNVWTG ,COOKPI

CP CEVKQP U[UVGO QH RTQVGUV EWNVWTG VJCV CKOU VQ

s &CU /CPKHGUV FGT #PVK9GTDWPI  D[ -CNNG

EQODKPG RQNKVKECN CEVKQP YKVJ RGTHQTOCVKXG UGOK

.CUPsCPFHQTOWNCVGGCEJKPVJGKTQYPYC[UWD

QVKEPCTTCVKXGCPFOGFKCKPVGTXGPVKQPU6JGKPVGT

XGTUKXG OQFGNU QH CEVKQP CPF OCPQGWXTKPI KP TGCN

RNC[QHTGRTGUGPVCVKQPUKFGPVKVKGUCPFRQYGTUVTCV

NKXKPIURCEG

GIKGU IKXGU TKUG VQ CDUWTF RCTCFQZKECN CPF J[DTKF EQPUVTWEVU VJCV GZRNKEKVN[ TGLGEV VJG GRKVJGV nCTV

%WNVWTCNJCEMKPIKUCEQPEGRVVJCVNKPMUCPFFGXGNQRU

KPCEVKQPo VJQWIJ VJGKT RWDNKE RGTHQTOCPEG QHVGP

VJGVGEJPKSWGUQH%WNVWTG,COOKPI .CUPUKV

KPXQNXGU CTVKUVU ;GV nKP VJG DWUKPGUU YQTNF QH CTV

WCVKQPKUO CPF KVU FGTKXCVKXGU CPF CFDWUVKPI 6JG

VJCVKUUECTEGN[RQUUKDNGo

GFKVQTUQH%WNVWTG*CEMKPI(TCP\.KGDNCPF6JQOCU &ØNNQYTKVGCUHQNNQYUKPVJGKTHQTGYQTF

6JGXGT[EQPEGRVQHCTVHWPEVKQPUCUCNWDTKECPVGPC DNKPIVJGCWFKGPEGVQKPIGUVVJGOQUVDNCVCPVRTQXQ

%WNVWTCN JCEMKPI VJG CTV QH UVTCVGIKE CEVKQP KNNWU

ECVKQP YKVJQWV EJQMKPI 4CFKECN QDNQSW[ FKTGEVGF

VTCVGUVJGQRRQTVWPKVKGUHQTEWNVWTCNKPPQXCVKQPCXCKN

CV VJG GUVCDNKUJGF CTV UEGPG HQT GZCORNG JCU NQPI

CDNGVQFC[(TQO&CFCVJTQWIJUKVWCVKQPKUOVQRWPM

DGGPECPQPK\GFCPFPGWVTCNK\GFD[VJGCTVKUVKECXCPV

CFKTGEVNKPGQHFGXGNQROGPVNGCFUVQEWTTGPVHQTOUQH

ICTFG 6JG UVQTO QH UKIPU CPF KOCIGU NCWPEJGF D[

UWDXGTUKXGUVTCVGI[6JGUGHQNNQYVJGJCEMGTNQIKEQH

VJG OGTG GORNQ[OGPV QH CTVKUVKE VGEJPKSWGU ETGCVGU

RGPGVTCVKPICNKGPU[UVGOUITCURKPIVJGKTHTCOGUQHTGH

VGPUKQP QPN[ YJGP KV JCU NGHV VJG KPVGITCVKXG HTCOG

GTGPEGCPFUWRRNCPVKPIVJGUGYKVJPGYCPFUWTRTKUKPI

YQTM QH VJG CTV YQTNF DGJKPF 4CWPKI  R 



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5WOOKV QH UVCVG ȧPCPEKCN RCEMCIGU HQT DCPMU QH

+PVJKUUGPUGEQOOWPKECVKQPUIWGTTKNNCECPTCPMCU

ENCUUKECNEQPEGRVQHCTVVJGCTVOCTMGVCPFVJGFKE

C PGY J[DTKF HQTO QH RTQVGUV EWNVWTG DGECWUG CPF

VCVKQPQHCTVKUVKETGRWVCVKQPD[KPVGTPCVKQPCNECRKVCN

KPCUOWEJ CU KVU IWGTKNNGTCU KPJCDKV QTFKPCT[ YQTM

HQTNKMGQVJGTJKIJN[SWCNKȧGFCPFȨGZKDNG WPGO

YQTNFU CPF KPUVKVWVKQPU HTQO YJKEJ VJG[ FQ PQV

RNQ[GFHTGGNCPEGTUVJG[QHVGPNKXGKPEQPFKVKQPUQH

UGGMVQFKUVCPEGVJGOUGNXGUOKNKVCPVN[

OKPKOWOUGEWTKV[YJGTGVJG[PGXGTVJGNGUU QTHQT VJCVXGT[TGCUQPIGPGTCVGJKIJN[ETGCVKXGOKETQRQ

(QT EQOOWPKECVKQPU IWGTTKNNCU KV KU PQV GPQWIJ VQ

NKVKECNU[UVGOUQHUWTXKXCN

MPQY VJGKT GPGO[ VJG[ OWUV VJGOUGNXGU OCUVGT VJGHQTOUCPFUKIPUVJCVEQPUVKVWVGUQVQURGCMVJG NCPIWCIGQHRQYGT%QOOWPKECVKQPU IWGTKNNGT"UCTG PGKVJGT URKGU PQT WPFGTEQXGT CIGPVU KP VJG YQTNFU QHYQTMCPFDQWTIGQKUEQPUGPV#VCPGXGT[FC[NGXGN VJG[CTGQHVGPRCTVQHDQVJYQTNFUVJG[CEEGRVTQNGU CU VGCEJGTU EQNNGCIWGU EQNGIKVKOCVGU CPF CUUWOG HWPEVKQPUYKVJKPVJGECRKVCNKUVU[UVGO+VKUVJKUVJCV OCMGU VJG QUEKNNCVKQP DGVYGGP TCFKECN ETKVKSWG CPF ECOQWȨCIGRQUUKDNG 4CWPKIR

'OGTIGPE[ FGUKIPU QH VJKU UQTV CTG RTQFWEGF KP EQOOWPKECVKXGOKETQVQRGUQHFGNKOKVCVKQPGZRTQ RTKCVKQPCPFQXGTKFGPVKȧECVKQP6JGVJKTFQTFGTQH

(KI.QIQQH4'+0+)70)5)'5'..5%*#(6

GOGTIGPE[FGUKIPKUGZJKDKVGFEQPETGVGN[KPGZCO

/CTVKP-GKN*GPTKM/C[GT

RNGUQHEQOOWPKECVKQPUIWGTTKNNCCEVKXKVKGUEWNVWTCN JCEMKPI%WNVWTG,COOKPICPFCFDWUVKPI

0QYQPFGTCTVKUVUQHVJKUMKPFRTGHGTVQECNNVJGO UGNXGU CEVKXKUVU CU UWEJ VJG[ CTG TGRTGUGPVGF KP

(QWTVJQTFGTOGFKCURCEGXKGYKPIURCEG

XCTKQWUTQNGUQPOCP[RNCVHQTOUCPFKVKUKPUWEJ

CTEJKVGEVWTGUJGNVGTJQWUKPICFXGTVKUKPICTV

EQPVGZVUsKPVJGHQTOUCPFF[PCOKEUQHCNVGTPCVKXG

'OGTIGPE[ FGUKIPU QH VJG HQWTVJ QTFGT CTG HQTOU

CPFCPVKCTVsVJCVQPGUJQWNFNQQMHQTHQWTVJQTFGT

QH EWNVWTCN RTQFWEVKQP YJKEJ NKMG VJQUG QH VJG

GOGTIGPE[ FGUKIP $CPMU[ HQT KPUVCPEG GZGORNK

EQOOWPKECVKQPU IWGTTKNNC CNUQ ETGCVG PGY KPVGT

ȧGU VJG VGEJPKSWGU QH %WNVWTG *CEMKPI CPF %WNVWTG

XGPVKQPKUV OKETQVQRGU KP UQEKCN URCEG VJG FKHHGT

,COOKPI s CPF CNUQ VJGKT UCPEVKQPKPI D[ VJG CTV

GPEG DGKPI VJCV VJG[ TGRTGUGPV CTV HQTOU CU HQTOU

OCTMGV*KUJKIJRTQȧNGCEVKQPUJCXGDTQWIJVJKO

QH UQEKGV[ #FOKVVGFN[ VJG FKUVKPEVKQP DGVYGGP CTV

RWDNKE PQVKEG QVJGTU CTG ȧTUV PQVKEGF D[ HGNNQY

CPFVJGCEVKXKVKGUQHCEQOOWPKECVKQPUIWGTTKNNCKU

CTVKUVU QH VJG GUVCDNKUJOGPV s GKVJGT QWV QH IGP

CȧPGQPGPQVNGCUVDGECWUGCTVKUVUVQQDGNQPIVQ

WKPG U[ORCVJ[ QT QWV QH EQSWGVT[ YKVJ VJG OQTG

VJGTCPMUQHVJGRTGECTKQWUCPFQHRTQVGUVsKPVJGKT

RQYGTHWNN[FTKXGPUEGPGUQHRTQVGUVUVTGGVCTVCPF

ECUG FKTGEVGF CICKPUV VJG CTV OCTMGV CPF KPFWUVT[

JCEMKPI 'OGTIGPE[ FGUKIP CU CP CTV HQTO ECP DG

/CP[ CTVKUVU JCXG NKDGTCVGF VJGOUGNXGU HTQO VJG

WPFGTUVQQF KP VJGUG ECUGU CU CP CPUYGT VQ GOGT



VWVKQPCN RQUVRQNKVKECN CPF RQUVGEQPQOKE YQTNF

ȧTUVQTFGT

5KIPKȧECPVEJCTCEVGTKUVKEUQHUWEJOKETQVQRGUCTGKP

0GYKUUWGUKPCTVCTEJKVGEVWTGCPFCFXGTVKUKPI

VJG ȧTUV RNCEG VJG CEVKXG FKUTWRVKQP QH GUVCDNKUJGF

CTG HTGSWGPVN[ DCUGF QP TGUGCTEJ KPVQ UQEKCN CPF

RQNKVKECN CPF GEQPQOKE WTDCP OCKPUVTGCOU CPF

RQNKVKECN F[PCOKEU KP VJG ETKVKECN OGFKC 6JWU C

VJGKTFKXGTUKQPCPFWVKNK\CVKQPHQTVJGUQEKCNKPVGN

TGEGPVVQRKEVQUYGGRVJGCTVUEGPGYCUUGEWTKV[s

NGEVWCN OGFKC CPF GPGTI[ KPVGTGUVU QH VJG OKETQ

GXKFGPEGF KP VJG $GTNKP GZJKDKVKQP QP n'ODGFFGF

VQRG # HWTVJGT EJCTCEVGTKUVKE KU VJG GZKUVGPEG KP

#TVo s YJGTGCU JCDKVCV UWTXKXCN CPF YCT CTG TGNC

UWEJ OKETQVQRGU QH CIITGICVGU QH TGUKUVCPEG CPF

VKXGN[ UVCDNG CPF TGEWTTGPV CURGEVU QH VJCV UEGPG

TGHWUCN KP VGTOU QH EWNVWTG CPF FGUKIP TGUGCTEJ

$WV VJG OCTMGV KU CNUQ KPVGTGUVGF KP VJG ITCUU

%QPETGVGN[ VJKU OGCPU VJCV VJG RTQFWEVKQP UGI

TQQVU UEGPG CPF JGTG VJG HQWTVJ QTFGT QH GOGT

OGPVU QH VJG PGY ETKVKECN OKETQVQRGU QRGTCVG PQV

IGPE[FGUKIPRTGUWRRQUGUCEGTVCKPOKOKET[QHVJG

QPN[YKVJOCP[FGUKIPUVTCVGIKGUHTQOGOGTIGPE[

GZKUVGPVKCNKUV QTFGTU  YKVJ C XKGY VQ CUUGTVKPI

QTFGTU  DWV CNUQ NGCF VQ PGY V[RGU QH HWUKQP

KVU QYP PQXGNV[ QP VJG OCTMGV ;GV VJG URCEG HQT

CPF VQ PGY RNCVHQTOU RTQITCOU CPF KPUVKVWVGU QH

OQXGOGPVDGVYGGPPGYFKTGEVKQPUKPVGTXGPVKQPU

EWNVWTGCPFFGUKIPTGUGCTEJCUYGNNCUEWNVWTGCPF

CFCRVCVKQPU CPPGZCVKQPU QT KPFGGF EQNQPKCNK\C

OGFKCCEVKXKUO

VKQPU KU QHVGP UOCNN 0QT UJQWNF QPG HQTIGV VJCV VJG/CTEQ2QNQU[PFTQOGVJGOCVK\GFD[%CVJGTKPG

%TKVKECN OKETQVQRGU QH VJKU V[RG KPEQTRQTCVG HQT

&CXKFTGOCKPUETKVKECNKPVJGCTVUsKPENWFKPICTEJK

GZCORNG FGUKIP UVTCVGIKGU HQT VJG TGFKUVTKDWVKQP

VGEVWTG CFXGTVKUKPI CPF ȧNO +P C TGIKQP QH UWEJ

QH EWNVWTCN ECRKVCN HQT %WNVWTG *CEMKPI CPF %WNVWTG

TCRKFN[ȨQYKPIDQTFGTUVJGSWGUVKQPUn9JGPKUCTV

,COOKPIKPFGGFHQTFGUKIPCPFOGFKCCPCTEJ[KP

ETKVKECN!on9JGPKUKVU[PEJTQPQWUYKVJEQOOWPKEC

VJG YKFGUV UGPUG s KPENWFKPI USWCVVKPI DNCEMURQV

VKQPUIWGTTKNNCCEVKQP!on9JGPFQGUKVUWDLGEVFGR

RJKNQUQRJ[ EWNVWTG CPF OGFKC VJGQT[ CPF DTCPF

TKXCVKQPCPFPGGFVQKVUQYPETC\GHQTKPPQXCVKQP!o

OCPCIGOGPV KP HTGGNCDGN UVQTGU s CU YGNN CU HQT

CTG JCTF VQ CPUYGT #HVGT CNN VJG RTQDNGOCVKE QH

RWDNKECVKQPU RNCVHQTOU DNQIU HGUVKXCNU CPF EQP

UWEJ VTCPUHQTOCVKQPCN CEVKXKV[ TGCEJGU CETQUU VJG

HGTGPEGU(QTKPVJGWTDCPURCEGQHINQDCNOGVTQR

DQTFGTU QH CGUVJGVKE UQEKQNQIKECN CPF GEQNQIKECN

QNKU CPF OGICRQNKU C PGY ȨGZKDNG OKITCVQT[ CPF

ECVGIQTKGUKPCUOWEJCUKVUMG[EQPEGRVUsRTGECTK

PQOCFKE OCTMGV U[UVGO JCU GOGTIGF &KXQTEGF

QWUPGUUECRKVCNEWTTGPE[TGFKUVTKDWVKQPQHEWNVWTCN

HTQO VJG OQFGTP KPUVKVWVKQPU QH VJG CECFGO[ CTV

ECRKVCNGVEsCTGQPVJGQPGJCPFUQEKQNQIKECNVQRQK

OCTMGV CPF HTGG OCTMGV KP IGPGTCN KV KU C ITCUU

CPFQPVJGQVJGTHCEVQTUKORCEVKPIEWNVWTCNUVTCVGI[

TQQVU OQXGOGPV YJQUG F[PCOKEU IGPGTCVG VJG

RTGFQOKPCPVN[CUVGEJPKSWGUCPFHQTOUQHUWTXKXCN

DNCEMURQV\QPGU+JCXGECNNGFOKETQVQRGUsCPCOG

QPVJGNCDQWTOCTMGV

VJCVTGȨGEVUVJGKTEQORNGZQTICPKEUVTWEVWTG*GTG UVQTGU CPF UJQYTQQOU FKUUGOKPCVG VQIGVJGT YKVJ

(KHVJQTFGTMPQYNGFIGURCEGRTQITCOURCEG

VJGKTNCDGNUCPFRTQFWEVUVJGRQUVRQNKVKECNVJGQTKGU

6JG ȧHVJ QTFGT QH GOGTIGPE[ FGUKIP EQPUKUVU QH

CPFDNCEMURQVRJKNQUQRJKGUQH%WNVWTG*CEMKPIITKF

VJG EWNVWTG CPF FGUKIP GEQPQOKGU VJCV IGPGTCVG

JCEMKPI CPF VJGKT FGTKXCVKXGU CPF DGJKPF VJGO

CPF OCPCIG ETKVKECN OKETQVQRGU QH VJG RQUVKPUVK

CTGYJQNGUEGPGUVJCVPQVQPN[EQPURKEWQWUN[YGCT



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IGPE[FGUKIPCUVJGURCEGQHUWTXKXCNFGȧPGFKPVJG

CPVKHCUJKQP DWV CNUQ QTICPK\G EQPHGTGPEGU RTQ

UKVUUSOYGTGNGVCVGXGPNQYGTRTKEGU

FWEGUQWPFUCPFGZJKDKVCTVSWKVGCRCTVHTQOITCVK

VQ CTVKUVU CTEJKVGEVU +6 URGEKCNKUVU ETCHVURGQRNG

H[KPIVJGKTOGODGTUoCRRGVKVGUHQTFWORUVGTYCTG

FGUKIPGTU CPF VJGQTGVKEKCPU +PKVKCNN[ XGUVGF CU C

$GJKPF VJG XKUKDNG UJQYTQQOU CPF NCDGN UVQTGU KP

UQTV QH VTWUV KV RTQXGF C UWUVCKPCDNG OQFGN HQT C

VJGEKVKGUVJGKTCEVKQPURCEGUsYJQUGNQIQUQHVGP

PGY U[ODKQVKE EWNVWTCN GEQPQO[ CPF GXGPVWCNN[

TGRTGUGPV QPN[ C YYYFQOCKP s CTG TGURQPUKDNG

DTQCFGPGF QWV KPVQ DGKPI C OGFKC OQFGN HQT VJG

HQT PGVYQTM RNCVHQTOU DNQIU CPF RJ[UKECN USWCVU

GPVKTGEWNVWTGKPFWUVT[

TCXGU CPF PQKUG RCTVKGU DWV CNUQ HQT NKXKPI QHȧEG CPF UVWFKQ URCEG CU YGNN CU KPFGRGPFGPV KPUVKVWVG

#V C INQDCN NGXGN #WTQXKNNG NQECVGF UQWVJ QH

RNCVHQTOU +P VJKU GPXKTQPOGPV WTDCP OCUU CIITG

%JGPPCK KP VJG +PFKCP UVCVG QH 6COKN 0CFW GZGO

ICVGU CTG JCEMGF CETQUU VJG DQCTF HTQO VJG RC[

RNKȧGU VJG PGY OKETQVQRKE \QPGU QH IGQGPGTI[

EJGEM UVTGCO QH EQPUWOGTU CPF DTCPFUJQRRGTU

(QWPFGF D[ /KTTC #NHCUUC nVJG /QVJGTo QP VJG

VJTQWIJ VJG KPHQTOCVKQP ȨQQF QH RQR CPF VTCUJ

DCUKUQHVJGUQEKCNVJGQT[QHVJG+PFKCPRJKNQUQRJGT

EQPUWOGTUVQVJGCURJCNVTKXGTQHGORNQ[GGUPKPG

CPF[QIK5TK#WTQDKPFQKVKURNCPPGFCUCWPKXGTUCN

VQȧXG QHȧEG YQTMGTU ITCEKPI VJG UVTGGVU KP EQO

EKV[CRNCPGVCT[JCDKVCVsPQVKPVJGUGPUGQHWTDCP

RCP[ECTUCPFEKV[UWKVU

QTCTEJKVGEVQPKERNCPPKPINGVCNQPGQHVJGKPVGTPC

6JG IQCN KU HQWTHQNF KPFGRGPFGPV WTDCP URCEG

VKQPCNEQPUVTWEVKQPDWUKPGUUDWVCUVJGHTGGQEEW

USWCVVKPIKPFGRGPFGPVFCVCURCEG ITKFJCEMKPI

RCVKQP CPF RQUUGUUKQP QH WPQYPGF NCPF KP QVJGT

KPFGRGPFGPVMPQYNGFIGURCEGCPFQHEQWTUGNQEC

YQTFUUSWCVVKPI+PUVGCFQHNKHGUV[NGCPFEQPUWOR

VKQPKPFGRGPFGPEGCPFYKVJKVVJGQRRQTVWPKV[HQT

VKQP QT KPUVKVWVKQPCN ECTGGTKUO CPF RTKXCVG QYP

NCDGNCFGSWCVG PGVYQTMKPI 6JG HQNNQYKPI RNCV

GTUJKR VJKU OKETQVQRG KU FGFKECVGF VQ URKTKVWCN

HQTOURTQITCOUHGUVKXCNUCPFKPUVKVWVGUTGRTGUGPV

RTCEVKEGCPFFGXGNQROGPV6JWUVJGTGCTGCUOCP[

VJGUQTVQHETKVKECNOKETQVQRG+OGCP

FKHHGTGPVV[RGUQHJQWUGCPFDWKNFKPIVJGTGCUVJGTG CTG RGQRNG s CPF VJGUG TCPIG HTQO CTVKUVU ETCHVU RGQRNG +6 URGEKCNKUVU FGUKIPGTU CPF VJGQTGVKEKCPU

Conclusion

VQTGUGCTEJKPUVKVWVGU6JGVQYPJCUITQYPQTICPK ECNN[KPVJGHQTOQHCURKTCNDWVPQVQPGFGUKIPGF

/KETQVQRGUsPGY\QPGUQHIGQGPGTI[

QP VJG FTCYKPI DQCTF %WTTGPVN[ KV KU JQOG VQ C

NQECNCPFINQDCN

OCPCIGCDNGRGQRNG8KGYGFIGQRQNKVKECNN[KV

#PGZCORNGQHCOKETQVQRGCUCPGY\QPGQHIGQ

KUCPCWVQPQOQWUGPENCXGKPYJKEJCOKFCINQDCN

GPGTI[ CV VJG NQECN NGXGN KU VJG RTGOKUGU QH VJG

UGC QH RQXGTV[ INQDCNK\CVKQP RTQȧVGGTU OWNVKPC

QNF EQVVQP OKNN KP .GKR\KI KP KVU KPKVKCN CXCVCT CU C

VKQPCNU FKEVCVQTUJKRU FGUKIPGT YCTU FGOQETCEKGU

USWCVVKPI GPVGTRTKUG s C UGNHIQXGTPKPI DNCEMURQV

CPF VCZJCXGPU C PGY UQEKQNQIKECN UGOKQNQIKECN

\QPG KPFGRGPFGPV QH VJG CECFGOKGU CPF KPUVKVW

CPFOGFKQNQIKECNRTQLGEVKUGOGTIKPI

VKQPU FGXQVGF VQ U[ODKQVKE OKETQVQRKE EWNVWTCN RTQFWEVKQP &KUEQXGTGF CPF RWTEJCUGF CV C URGE

9JKNUV KP EQORCTKUQP YKVJ QVJGT GZRGTKOGPVU

VCEWNCTN[ NQY RTKEG D[ CP GPVTGRTGPGWT HTQO VJG

QDUGTXGF D[ VJG 'OGTIGPE[ 5VWFKGU 2TQLGEV

)GTOCP UVCVG QH .QYGT 5CZQP[ CV VJG GPF QH VJG

#WTQXKNNG HQWPFGF  ECP CNTGCF[ NQQM DCEM



QP C EQPUKFGTCDNG JKUVQT[ VJGTG KU CPQVJGT OKETQ

%WNVWTCN%GPVGT#EJDGTICPF(+78GTNCI

VQRG+UJQWNFNKMGVQOGPVKQPJGTGCNUQIGPGTCVGF

9CPIGP#NNIÀW

D[ C U[ODKQVKE EWNVWTCN GEQPQO[ VJCV KU QH OQTG

$NKUUGVV .  $TØP\GNU 5  *CPFDWEJ FGT -QOOW

TGEGPV FCVG 6JG 7TDCP 6[RJQQP RTQLGEV C VTCXGN

PKMCVKQPUIWGTTKNNC YKG JGNHG KEJ OKT UGNDUV CWVQPQOG

NKPIFGUKIPHQTWONQECVGFNCUV[GCTKP&JCTCXKPGCT

CHTKMCITWRRG GFU 8GTNCI .KDGTVÀTG #UUQ\KC

/WODCKKPXGUVKICVGUVJGHWVWTGQHCNVGTPCVKXGUQEK

VKQPGP WPF 5EJYCT\G4KUUG4QVG 5VTCUUG *CODWTI

GVCN HQTOU OGTIKPI ȧTUV CPF HQWTVJ QTFGT GOGT

$GTNKP)ÒVVKPIGP

IGPE[FGUKIPU

$QNVCPUMK.%JKCRGNNQ' GFU6JG0GY5RKTKVQH %CRKVCNKUO8GTUQ.QPFQP $WFG*&KG#WUIGUEJNQUUGPGP&CU'PFGXQO6TCWO

Notes

GKPGTIGTGEJVGP)GUGNNUEJCHV*CPUGT/WPKEJ $WFG*9KNNKUEJ# GFU'ZMNWUKQP&KG&GDCVVG

 .GU GPHCPVU FG &QP 3WKEJQVVG &QP 3WKLQVGoU %JKN FTGPYCUVJGPCOGQHVJGCUUQEKCVKQPVJCVITQWRGF

%NCWUGP.)GGPGP'//CECOQ' GFU'PVUGV

QXGT  JQOGNGUU KP VJKU WPWUWCN FGOQPUVTCVKQP

\NKEJG UQ\KCNG 2TQ\GUUG 6JGQTKG WPF 'ORKTKG FGT -CVCU

6JG KFGC QTKIKPCVGF KP CP CTV RTQLGEV +P VJG HCNN QH VJGCEVQT#WIWUVKP.GITCPFEQPUVCPVN[CEEQO RCPKGF D[ ECOGTCU URGPV VJTGG OQPVJU COQPI VJG 5&( VJG(TGPEJVGTOHQTVJGJQOGNGUUnUCPUFQOK 

VTQRJGP.KVGTCVWT8GTNCI/ØPUVGT &CXKU/'EQNQI[QHHGCT.QU#PIGNGUCPFVJGKOCIKPC VKQPQHFKUCUVGT/GVTQRQNKVCPDQQMU0GY;QTM &CXKU/.CVG8KEVQTKCPJQNQECWUVU'N0KÍQHCOKPGU

EKNGȧZGo9KGPGT
CPFVJGOCMKPIQHVJGVJKTFYQTNF8GTUQ.QPFQP

*GKP\$WFG#PFTGCU9KNNKUEJ *II'ZMNWUKQP&KG

&CXKU/2NCPGVQHUNWOU7TDCPKPXQNWVKQPCPFVJG

&GDCVVG ØDGT FKG b¸DGTȨØUUKIGPo 5WJTMCOR (TCPM HWTV/CKP 

ØDGTFKG¸DGTȨØUUKIGP5WJTMCOR(TCPMHWTV/

KPHQTOCNYQTMKPIENCUU8GTUQ.QPFQP &CXKU /  n&QUUKGT /GICUVÀFVGo KP 2NCPGV FGT

*GKP\ $WFG &KG #WUIGUEJNQUUGPGP &CU 'PFG

5NWOU 7TDCPKUKGTWPI QJPG 7TDCPKVÀV R  CEEGUUGF

XQO 6TCWO GKPGT IGTGEJVGP )GUGNNUEJCHV *CPUGT

 /CTEJ  JVVRYYYDRDFGVJGOGP

/ØPEJGP

5$/2NCPGVAFGTA5NWOUJVON  &ØNNQ6.KGDN(%WNVWTCN*CEMKPI-WPUVFGUUVTCV GIKUEJGP*CPFGNPU5RTKPIGT9KGP0GY;QTM

References

GKRER 'WTQRGCP +PUVKVWVG HQT 2TQITGUUKXG %WNVWTCN 2QNKEKGU 6TCPUXGTUCN RTQITCO 8KGPPC CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ

#ICOCDGP )  n6GTTQTKUO QT 6TCIKEQOGF[!o ȧTUV RWDNKUJGFKP.KDÅTCVKQP0QXGODGT #TPU +  0GV\MWNVWTGP '8# 'WTQRÀKUEJG 8GTNCIUCP UVCNV*CODWTI

JVVRGKRERPGV  (TKGDG*.QDQ59KTPGPPGPGU#TDGKV&KGFKIKVCNG $QJÄOGQFGT+PVGNNKIGPVGU.GDGPLGPUGKVUFGT(GUVCPUVGN NWPI*G[PG8GTNCI/ØPEJGP

$CTVJGU 4  5CFG (QWTTKGT .Q[QNC 5WJTMCOR (TCPMHWTV/ $GW[U ,  -7056  -#2+6#. #EJDGTIGT 8QTVTÀIG

-CUVPGT,6TCPUPCVKQPCNG)WGTTKNNC#MVKXKUOWU-WPUV WPFFKGMQOOGPFG)GOGKPUEJCHV7PTCUV8GTNCI/ØPUVGT

VGZVQHNGEVWTGUCPFFKUEWUUKQPCVVJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN



-KRRGPDGTIGT/KPKPVGTXKGYYKVJ;/KNGXCEEGUUGF

#WUITGP\WPIo KP * $WFG  # 9KNNKUEJ GFU 'ZMNW

/CTEJ  JVVRYYYCQDDOGEQORTGUUG'&A

UKQP'KPG&GDCVVGØDGTFKGb¸DGTȨØUUKIGPo5WJTMCOR

+06'48+'9A/AXA.WRKPRFH 

(TCPMHWTV/

.CUP -  %WNVWTCN ,COOKPI &CU /CPKHGUV FGT #PVK 9GTDWPI1TCPIG2TGUU(TGKDWTI .CUP-#PVK&GUKIP1TCPIG2TGUU(TGKDWTI .KGDN(&ØNNQ6%WNVWTG*CEMKPIs&KG-WPUVFGU UVTCVGIKUEJGP*CPFGNPU5RTKPIGT9KGP0GY;QTM .ÒY/4CWOUQ\KQNQIKG5WJTMCOR(TCPMHWTV/ /G[GT 6  /GFKQMTCVKG &KG -QNQPKUKGTWPI FGT 2QNKVKM FWTEJFKG/GFKGP5WJTMCOR(TCPMHWTV/ 0GY 1ZHQTF &KEVKQPCT[ QH 'PINKUJ  %NCTGPFQP 2TGUU 1ZHQTF 1QUVGTNKPI**GPM1QUVGTNKPIYGDUKVGCEEGUUGF/CTEJ JVVRYYYJGPMQQUVGTNKPIPN 2GTMKPU ,  %QPHGUUKQPU QH CP GEQPQOKE JKV OCP $GT TGVV-QGJNGT5CP(TCPEKUEQ TCFKQ (41  o


T H E ART IN WASTE Denise Scott Brown

+PVJGUCVVJG7PKXGTUKV[QH2GPPU[NXCPKCO[UVWFGPVUCPF+YCVEJGF C NGEVWTG KP NCPFUECRG CTEJKVGEVWTG YJGTG VJG ITQYVJ QH TQUGU YCU FGOQP UVTCVGFVJTQWIJVKOGNCRUGRJQVQITCRJ[9GGPLQ[GFVJGDGCWV[QHVJGOQXG OGPVHTQODWFVQDNQQOVYKEGVJTGGVKOGUsVJGP+TGCNKUGFVJCVYGYGTG UGGKPIQPN[JCNHVJGRCVVGTP#HVGTDNQQOEQOGUDNKIJVVJGTQUGYKNVUYKVJGTU CPFFKGU$WVQWTUGSWGPEGUGPFGFYKVJHWNNȨQYGTU6JG[QOKVVGFVJGYCUV KPIVJCVHQNNQYGF

Wilting, withering and dying

FKUIWUVKPI (QT VJKU TGCUQP C RWTUWKV QH NKPMU DGVYGGP CTV CPF YCUVG OC[ NGCF FQYP RCVJU VJCV

6JG E[ENG QH PCVWTG KU UGGF DWF DNQQO DNKIJV

RGQRNGȧPFKPFGNKECVGGURGEKCNN[YJGPVJGGPSWKT[

FGCVJTGDKTVJCPFCPQVJGTE[ENG6JKUȧIWTGUKPCNN

IQGU VQ JWOCP DCUKEU +OCIKPG C DCD[ YJQ JCU

NKHG CPF CNN O[VJQNQI[ CPF UJQWNF DG VJG EQPVGZV

GUECRGF HTQO C FKCRGT QH HCGEGU +H UJG JCU VJG

HQTFKUEWUUKQPQHJWOCPRTQEGUUGUKPENWFKPIVJQUG

EJCPEG UJG YKNN RNC[ YKVJ VJGO 6JG[ CTG RCTV QH

QH WTDCP NKHG &WTKPI VJG U WTDCPKUVU YJQ

JGT CPF UJG NQXGU VJGO $WV VJG OQVJGT YKNN PQV

YCVEJGF#OGTKECPEKV[EGPVTGUFGVGTKQTCVGCUVJGKT

UWTXKXG 0QT YKNN VJG UQEKGV[ 9G OWUV FGCN YKVJ

QEEWRCPVU NGHV HQT VJG UWDWTDU VQQM C EWG HTQO

VJGUG HCGEGU DGECWUG VJG[ ECP DTKPI FKUGCUG ;GV

PCVWTG CPF ECNNGF VJKU YCUVCIG nDNKIJVo 9JGP KV

YJGPVJGEJKNFKUEQPVTQNNGFVQQOWEJCPFYKVJQWV

URTGCFUQOGWTDCPVJKPMGTUDGICPVQTGCUUGUUVJGKT

VCEV QT MPQYNGFIG VJG TGUWNV OC[ DG KPJKDKVKQP

PQVKQPU QH EJCPIG VQ EQPUKFGT YJGVJGT FGENKPG

RGTJCRU RCTVKEWNCTN[ QH CTVKUVT[ DGECWUG VJG PGGF

EQWNF PQV DG RCTV QH VJG E[ENG QH NKHG KP EKVKGU #

VQRNC[YKVJYCUVGUGGOUVQTGNCVGVQETGCVKXKV[#

XKGYQHYCUVKPICURCTVQHVJKUE[ENGKUDCEMITQWPF

IQQFOQVJGTYKNNVTCPUHGTVJKUPGGFD[JGNRKPIVJG

VQO[VJQWIJVUQPVJGCTVKPYCUVG

EJKNFVQRNC[KPVJGOWFVQOCMGOWFRKGUQTECU VNGUQHUCPFVQFQUQOGVJKPIKPFKTVVJCVKUUCHG

&GƌPKPIYCUVG *WOCP DGKPIU UGG YCUVG RCTVKEWNCTN[ YGV YCUVG

1WT FGȧPKVKQPU QH YCUVG CTG EWNVWTG DCUGF #

CU FKTV[ &WUV KU FT[ CPF TGNCVKXGN[ ENGCP DWV ICT

RGCUCPV YQWNF JCXG C FKHHGTGPV QWVNQQM HTQO CP

DCIG KU FCOR ENKPIKPI CPF UOGNN[ 9G ȧPF KV

WTDCPKVG 6JG ȨQQT QH C %CRG &WVEJ HCTOJQWUG +



XKUKVGF KP 5QWVJ #HTKEC YCU OCFG QH EQY FWPI +V

CNQPI URGEVTC HTQO CXQKFCDNG TGE[ENCDNGU VJCV CTG

YCU RQNKUJGF CPF UOGNNGF HTGUJ 2GCEJ RKVU JCF

PQV TGE[ENGF VQ WPCXQKFCDNG YKNVGF ȨQYGTU CPF

DGGP KPUGTVGF KPVQ VJG FWPI CPF YJGP YCNMGF

JCTONGUU URKNNGF OKNM VQ JCTOHWN VQZKE YCUVG

QP KV HGNV NKMG VJG UQHVGUV TWDDGT &WPI CPF RKVU

#TVKUVT[OC[TGUKFGKPVJGTGWUGQHYCUVGRTQFWEVU

YGTG UGGP CU XCNWCDNG TGUQWTEGU PQV YCUVG KP

QT KP ENGCTKPI WR VJG OGUU QT KP FQKPI UQOG QH

VJCV UQEKGV[ #HTKECP MTCCN JQWUGU CNUQ JCXG FWPI

GCEJ

ȨQQTUCPF#HTKECPUOCMGUJQGUHTQOQNFVKTGU UGG %QNQWT RNCVG ZZZK (KI & 6JG[ CTG GZEGNNGPV HQT TQWIJ TQCFU 6KP ECPU UGTXG CU YJGGNU HQT #HTKECP

Getting to waste via its archetypes

EJKNFTGPoU VQ[U CPF NCTIGT EQPVCKPGTU CEV CU UGCVU ȧTGITCVGUCPFUQWPFKPIDQCTFUHQTOWUKECNKPUVTW

+P  OGODGTU QH C RTQLGEV ECNNGF $CUWTCOC

OGPVU 4GO -QQNJCCUoU TGUGCTEJ KP .CIQU 0KIGTKC

s oDCUWTCo OGCPU nYCUVGo KP 5RCPKUJ s UGG (KI 

HQWPF WTDCP GZRTGUUYC[ KPVGTEJCPIGU TGE[ENGF QP

CUMGF OG VQ NGEVWTG QP VJKU UWDLGEV KP /CFTKF

VJGUCOGRTKPEKRNG

6JGKT KPXKVCVKQP FGTKXGF HTQO QWT UVWFKGU QH VJG

#PF QWT FGȧPKVKQP KU ENCUU DCUGF 7RRGTENCUU

.CU 8GICU 5VTKR 8GPVWTK GV CN  CPF .GXKV

RGQRNG VGPF VQ UGG NQYGTENCUU VCUVGU CPF RTGHGT

VQYPUWIIGUVGFKPVTKIWKPIPGYYC[UVQNGCTPHTQO

GPEGU CPF VJG HCEKNKVKGU VJCV UGTXG VJGO CU XWNICT

VJG GXGT[FC[ NCPFUECRG # XKGY HTQO VJG ICTDCIG

CPF YCUVGHWN 6JG[ ECNN VJGO nXKUWCN RQNNWVKQPo

FWOROKIJVUWIIGUVOQTGRJGPQOGPCVQUGGYKVJ

;GV VJG CPCNQI[ VQ EJGOKECN RQNNWVKQP KU PQV UWR

HTGUJG[GUQVJGTPGGFUVQOGGVETGCVKXGN[CPFHWT

RQTVCDNG%JGOKECNUWDUVCPEGUECPDGRTQXGPVQDG

VJGTWINKPGUUVQFTCYDGCWV[HTQO+PCTTQYGFVJG

JCTOHWN VQ JGCNVJ CPF VJGKT RTGUGPEG KP VJG CKT KU

VQRKEVQn6JG#TVKP9CUVGo 

OGCUWTCDNGKPRCTVKENGURGTEWDKEEGPVKOGVTG*QY

.CU 8GICU KU CP CRQVJGQUKU QH VJG EQOOGT

KUXKUWCNRQNNWVKQPOGCUWTGF!9GCRRN[VJGVGTOVQ

EKCN URTCYN HQWPF QP JKIJYC[U QWVUKFG #OGTKECP

QDLGEVUCPFCTGCUVJCVNQQMWIN[VQWUGURGEKCNN[KH

EKVKGU UGG %QNQWT RNCVG ZZKZ (KI $ .GXKVVQYP

VJG[ JCXG NQYGTENCUU EQPPQVCVKQPU (QT GZCORNG

DWKNV NCTIGN[ HQT TGVWTPKPI 9QTNF 9CT 6YQ XGV

YGECNNNQYGTOKFFNGENCUUUWDWTDCPJQWUKPICPFKVU

GTCPUGRKVQOKUGUNQYGTOKFFNGENCUUUWDWTDKCCPF

GPXKTQPOGPV nWTDCP URTCYNo CPF FGȧPG TWP FQYP

YCU VJG OQFGN HQT VJG UQPI nVKEM[VCEM[ DQZGUo

KPPGTEKV[ PGKIJDQWTJQQFU CPF KPFWUVTKCN CTGCU CU

OCFGHCOQWUD[HQNMUKPIGT2GVG5GGIGT 4G[PQNFU

nDNKIJVo $WV WTDCP URTCYN KU C EQPFGPUGF XGTUKQP

 6Q WRRGTOKFFNGENCUU CTEJKVGEVU .CU 8GICU

QHVJGUWDWTDCPQTGZWTDCPUGVVKPIUOCP[ETKVKEUQH

KU KTTGFGGOCDN[ XWNICT CPF .GXKVVQYP KU FGȧPKVGN[

URTCYNEJQQUGHQTVJGOUGNXGUCPFHQTYCPVQHCP[

UQOGQPGGNUGoUJQWUG5WEJCTEJKVGEVUVJQWIJVVJCV

VJKPIDGVVGTFKNCRKFCVGFQNFDWKNFKPIURTQXKFGNQY

KHYGCPCN[UGF.CU8GICUYGOWUVDGUQEKCNN[KTTG

TGPV JQWUKPI HQT RQQT HCOKNKGU UVWFGPVU CPF CTV

URQPUKDNG$WVLWUVCU+PGGFPQVDGNKGXGKPVJG%TW

KUVU CPF KPEWDCVKQP URCEG HQT UVCTVWR GPVGTRTKUGU

UCFGUVQUVWF[IQVJKEECVJGFTCNUUQ+FQPoVJCXGVQ

$GECWUGPQUQEKGV[RTQXKFGUGPQWIJUQEKCNJQWUKPI

CRRTQXGQHICODNKPIVQNGCTPHTQO.CU8GICU#UHQT

HQT KVU RQRWNCVKQP KP CP GPVKTGN[ PGY QT nIGPVTK

.GXKVVQYP VJG KPHQTOCVKQP KU HCT HTQO EQORNGVG

ȧGFo EKV[ VJGTG YQWNF DG PQ RNCEG HQT ITQYVJ HQT

CPVCIQPKUVUCTGUVKNNCTIWKPIQPYJGVJGTCPFYJGP

RGQRNG CPF KFGCU 9CUVG OC[ NKG QP OCP[ RQKPVU

nURTCYNoEQPUVKVWVGUYCUVCIG/GCPYJKNGKVDGJQXGU



Denise Scott Brown

WU CTEJKVGEVU VQ WPFGTUVCPF VJG PGGFU CPF CURKTC VKQPU KV UCVKUȧGU #PF UQOG NGUUQPU NGCTPGF KP QWT TGUGCTEJECPCRRN[ YKVJRTQXKUQUHQTFKHHGTGPEGUQH EWNVWTGCPFEKTEWOUVCPEGVQNQYKPEQOGCPFUQEKCN JQWUKPIINQDCNN[ UGG(KI E

D

8KC#HTKEC #PQVJGTTQWVGVQVJGCTVKPYCUVGNGFOGXKC5QWVJ #HTKEC)TQYKPIWRKP,QJCPPGUDWTIO[EWNVWTCNNKHG YCUFQOKPCVGFD['PINCPF#NVJQWIJPQNQPIGTC EQNQP[YGYGTGUVKNNEWNVWTCNN[URGCMKPIEQNQPKCNU F

QH VJG OKPF 1WT FCKN[ PGYU ECOG HTQO VJG $$% $QQMU CV JQOG CPF KP UEJQQN YGTG HTQO 'PINCPF

(KI  #P #OGTKECP ECTVQQPKUVoU VCMG QP U .GXKVVQYP C

'PINKUJGZRCVTKCVGUVQNFWUQWTEWNVWTGYCUKPHGTKQT

2WDNKEJQWUKPInURTCYNo DKPCVQYPUJKRQH,QJCPPGUDWTI5QWVJ

VQ VJGKTU &KUFCKPKPI QWT MJCMKEQNQWTGF XNGKU CPF

#HTKECU5SWCVVGTJQWUKPI EPGCTD[EQPUVTWEVGFQHOWFCPF

MQRRKGUVJG[NQQMGFDG[QPFQWTNCPFUECRGUVQVJG

UETQWPIGFYCUVGOCVGTKCNU &GPKUG5EQVV$TQYPCPF85$#

D

F

E

G

(KI  2CKPVGF HTQPVU VQ JQWUKPI C QH VJG /CRQEJ VTKDG 0QVG VJG YGUVGTP UWDWTDCP JQWUGU RCKPVGF CV VJG GPVT[ YC[U 5QOG CTVHTQOVTCUJQDLGEVURTQFWEGFHQT'WTQRGCPUCPF#OGTKECPUCTG PGCVN[ RQNKVG 6JKU ECT D OCFG HTQO C FKUECTFGF RCTCHȧP ECP JCUTWDDGTYJGGNU6JG#HTKECPRGQRNGYQTMKPIQPKVCTGFTGUUGF KP DGCFU # UQFC RQR DQVVNG FGEQTCVGF KP C VTCFKVKQPCN OQFG E 9GUVGTP WTDCPKUO KPVGTRTGVGF KP YQQF KP CP #HTKECP YC[ F (KI5RCPKUJNCPIWCIGTGE[ENGUKIPQWVUKFG85$#QHȧEGKP2JKNC

DWKNFKPIU QH VJG EKV[ QH $WNCYC[Q
FGNRJKC 85$#

VKQPFCVGF &GPKUG5EQVV$TQYPCPF85$#



ITGGPUNQRGUQH5WTTG[#UCEJKNF+SWGUVKQPGFYJ[

6JKU YCU TGȨGEVGF CV VJG ## YJGP VJG CFOKUUKQP

O[DGCWVKHWNJKIJXGNFJCFVQNQQMNKMG'PINCPFCPF

QH UEJQNCTUJKR UVWFGPVU ECWUGF VJG UEJQQN VQ URNKV

TCKNGF CICKPUV VJG KORQTVCVKQP QH QVJGT EWNVWTGU s

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Denise Scott Brown

FGPVU FQKPI CDQWV VJKU RTQDNGO VJCV PQ QPG JCF

KP DWKNFKPI HQT EJCPIG +P RQXGTV[ CTGCU YQTNF YKFG WTDCPKUKPI OKITCPVU UETQWPIG HQT UJGNVGT UGGMKPI KORGTOCPGPV QT FKUECTFGF OCVGTKCNU HQT UJCPVKGUVJCVYKNNDGCHHQTFCDNGKPVJGUJQTVTWPCPF ECP DG WRITCFGF CU VJGKT GEQPQOKE EKTEWOUVCPEGU KORTQXG UGG%QNQWTRNCVGZZZ(KI%$WVFWTKPI VJGUUQEKCNRNCPPGTUUCYVJGTGNGXCPEGQHVJKU CRRTQCEJVQ#OGTKECPWTDCPRQXGTV[CPFKPUWDUG SWGPV FGECFGU nGPVGTRTKUGo \QPGU YGTG RKPRQKPVGF KP EKV[ ITG[ CTGCU *GTG UQOG DWKNFKPI CPF QVJGT TGIWNCVKQPU YGTG NKHVGF VQ JGNR NQYKPEQOG GPVTG RTGPGWTU QT YQTMGTU ICKP C HQQVJQNF KP VJG WTDCP GEQPQO[ +PVJGGCTN[URNCPPGTUDGICPVQCRRTQCEJ VJG EKV[ CU C UGV QH U[UVGOU WUKPI CFCRVGF OKNK (KI6JG0GY%KV[2WPLCD5VWFKQ 7PKXGTUKV[QH2GPPU[NXCPKC  +P VJKU RNCP HQT VJG n%KV[ QH  &GUKIPGTUo IQXGTPOGPV RTQXKFGUCITKFQHFTCKPCIGTQCFUCPFHCEKNKVKGUYJKEJGUVCDNKUJGU C HTCOGYQTM HQT JQWUKPI FGXGNQROGPV D[ NQYKPEQOG OKITCPVU WUKPIUETQWPIGFOCVGTKCNCPFHQWPFQDLGEVUn&QPoVEQPHWUGRTG FKEVKQP TGEQOOGPFCVKQP CPF FGUKIPo UC[ VJG RNCPPGTU nCPF TGOGODGT VJCV [QW ECPoV FGUKIP VJG YJQNG EKV[o &GPKUG 5EQVV $TQYP

VCT[ EQORWVGTU CPF VGEJPQNQIKGU 6JGUG YGTG ȧTUV CRRNKGF VQ UVWFKGU VJCV EQODKPGF WTDCP TGIKQPCN GEQPQOKEU CPF VTCPURQTVCVKQP DQVJ UWDLGEVU VJCV NGPV VJGOUGNXGU VQ UVCVKUVKECN CPCN[UKU + CVVGPFGF UGXGTCNEQWTUGUQPEQORWVGTUCPFEQORWVGTDCUGF WTDCP VJGQT[ CV VJCV VKOG DGECWUG + HGNV VJGKT GXQNXKPI OCVJGOCVKECN OQFGNU EQWNF QHHGT RNCP PGTU C OWNVKFKUEKRNKPCT[ WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG EKV[ CU C UGV QH EQORNGZN[ QXGTNCKF U[UVGOU #NVJQWIJ

VQ QEEWT QXGT VKOG $WV VJCV KU GZRGPUKXG CPF UQ

VJGKTXKGYRQKPVYCUFKHHGTGPVHTQOQWTUVJGOQFGN

KU HTGSWGPV TGPGYCN XKC FGOQNKVKQP s VJG n-NGGPGZ

OCMGTU CVVGORVGF NKMG CTEJKVGEVU VQ DG JQNKUVKE

%KV[o UQNWVKQP # DWKNFKPI FGUKIPGF YKVJ CORNG

KP VJGKT EQPEGTPU CPF VQ CXQKF WPKFKUEKRNKPCT[

UVTWEVWTCN UWRRQTV CPF EQNWOP DC[U YKFG GPQWIJ

VJKPMKPI#UCFGUKIPGT+UCYKPVJGKTDGCWVKHWNCPF

VQCEEQOOQFCVGCDTQCFTCPIGQHCEVKXKVKGUYQWNF

GXQECVKXG WTDCP OCRU CPF FKCITCOU CP GZCORNG

DG RTCEVKECN HQT OCP[ RWTRQUGU +H CU YGNN UVTWE

QHJQYUEKGPEGEQWNFDGOWUGVQCTV*QYGXGTVJG

VWTCNCPFOGEJCPKECNGNGOGPVUYGTGUGRCTCVGFHTQO

TGIKQPCNVTCPURQTVCVKQPUVWFKGUYGTGITQYKPIEQO

CEVKXKV[ URCEGU CPF YKPFQYU YGTG UGV GXGPN[ CPF

RNGZCPFOCKPHTCOGEQORWVGTUQHVJCVVKOGYGTG

HTGSWGPVN[ KP RGTKOGVGT YCNNU VJGP HWVWTG EJCPIG

PGKVJGT WPFGTUVCPFCDNG PQT WUGT HTKGPFN[ VQ RNCP

YQWNFPQVDGKORGFGFD[GZKUVKPIDWKNFKPIU[UVGOU

PGTU 5Q YJGP TGUGCTEJGTU CU VJG[ YQTMGF OCFG

QTNCEMQHNKIJV

CUUWORVKQPU CDQWV WTDCPKUO VJCV YGTG CV NGCUV CU

.[PEJoU VJQWIJV CRRNKGU VQ DQVJ WTDCP CPF

QXGTUKORNKȧGFCUVJQUGQHCTEJKVGEVUHGYRNCPPGTU

CTEJKVGEVWTCN EJCPIG $WV KV HQEWUGU QP TGNCVKXGN[

VTCKPGF KP VTCFKVKQPCN OGVJQFU YGTG CDNG VQ URQV

RGTOCPGPVUVTWEVWTGUCPFKIPQTGUVJGTQNGQHYCUVG

VJGKTOKUVCMGU1PGQHVJGYQTUVYCUVJCVCP[HCEVQT



2QRCTVKUVUFKUEQXGTGFPGYnHQWPFQDLGEVUo/QFGTP

'FWECVGFCPFETGCVKXGU[UVGOURGQRNGNKMG9CNVGT

CTVKUVU QH VJG GCTN[ VJ EGPVWT[ JCF VJGKT QDLGVU

+UCTF VJG TGIKQPCN UEKGPVKUV  YGTG YGNN

VTQWXÅU *GPT[ /QQTG NQQMGF VQ RTKOKVKXG UEWNR

CYCTG QH VJG KORQTVCPEG QH KPENWFKPI RJGPQOGPC

VWTG CPF YCVGTYQTP RGDDNGU CPF GCTN[ /QFGTP

VJCV YGTGPoV OCPCIGCDNG D[ VJGKT VGEJPKSWGU CPF

CTEJKVGEVU UEQWTGF KPFWUVTKCN NQHVU CPF UKNQU VQ ȧPF

WPFGTUVQQF VJG XCNWG QH JWOCP LWFIGOGPV CPF

VJGEWDKUVUJCRGUVJG[NKMGF5Q$QDCPF+JCFDGGP

GZRGTKGPEGCPFVJGCRRNKECDKNKV[QHQNFUEJQQNRNCP

VCWIJVD[VJG/QFGTPKUVUVQNQQMCPFNGCTPKPWPW

PKPI UMKNNU $WV + YQTTKGF CDQWV VJG EQORWVGToU

UWCNRNCEGUDWVYGVWTPGFCYC[HTQOVJGKTRNCEGU

\GCNQWU PGQRJ[VGU O[ UVWFGPVU + JQRGF VQ NGCTP

9KVJJGNRHTQOVJG$TWVCNKUVUVJG2QRCTVKUVUUGX

VQ FGVGEV VJGKT UVWRKF ȧTUV CUUWORVKQPU -G[ HQT

GTCNCTVCPFCTEJKVGEVWTCNJKUVQTKCPUCPFUQOGUQEKCN

FGUKIPGTU CPF JWOCPKUVU KP RNCPPKPI + HGNV YCU

VJKPMGTUYGHQWPFQWTKPURKTCVKQPKPVJGJKUVQTKECN

VJCVYGQRGPOKPFGFN[YGNEQOGVJGEQORWVGTHQT

EKV[ CPF VJG EQOOGTEKCN CPF TGUKFGPVKCN GPXKTQP

YJCVKVEQWNFFQDWVPQVNQUGQWTLWFIGOGPVKPHCEG

OGPVU QH URTCYN 4QOG VJG .CU 8GICU 5VTKR CPF

QHKV#ETGCVKXGTQNGHQTWUEQWNFDGVQFGTKXGCTV

.GXKVVQYPYGTGQWTHQWPFQDLGEVU

KUVT[ HTQO VJG LWZVCRQUKVKQPU QH U[UVGOU HQEWUKPI RGTJCRU QP VJQUG RNCEGU YJGTG VJG[ EQNNKFG 6JKU XKGYJGNRGFOGVQCRRN[O[KPVGTGUVKPOCPPGTKUO

‘Wasting Well’

VQVJGEKV[+HOCPPGTKUOKUCYC[QHDTGCMKPICTEJK VGEVWTGoU TWNGU EQWNF KV KP WTDCP FGUKIP EQPEGTP

.[PEJoU NCUV DQQM 9CUVKPI #YC[  KU RQGVKE

DTGCMKPIVJGTWNGUQHWTDCPU[UVGOU!6JKUYCUWPC

CPF RJKNQUQRJKECN *G VCNMU CDQWV YCUVG QP OCP[

XQKFCDNG IKXGP VJG EKV[oU O[TKCF U[UVGOU GCEJ

NGXGNU WUKPI YQTFU WPWUWCN KP UEJQNCTN[ YTKVKPI

YKVJKVUQYPTWNGUCPFVJGOCP[EQPȨKEVUDGVYGGP

CPFEGTVCKPN[IGVVKPIQWTCVVGPVKQP*GTGHGTUVQVJG

VJGO ,WZVCRQUKVKQPU GXGP EQPȨKEVU COQPI U[U

PGGFVQnYCUVGYGNNo(QTOGVJKUKORNKGUE[ENGUQH

VGOUECPDGDGCWVKHWNCPFVJGYCUVGVJG[ETGCVGs

DKTVJ CPF FGCVJ VJG EQPEGRV QH TGE[ENKPI CPF KVU

KTTGEQPEKNCDNGLWPEVKQPUDGVYGGPTQCFTCKNVQRQI

CRRNKECVKQP KP VJG nCFCRVKXG TGWUGo QH DWKNFKPIU

TCRJ[CPFUGVVNGOGPVUUNKXGTUQHNCPFYKVJFKHȧEWNV

6JG RTGUGTXCVKQP OQXGOGPV KU RQRWNCT VQFC[ DWV

FKOGPUKQPU CPF PQ ENGCT RWTRQUG s ECP DG RNCEGU

CȧTUVSWGUVKQPUJQWNFDGVQRTGUGTXGQTPQV!8GP

QH HTGGFQO CPF EJCNNGPIG HQT WTDCP RQRWNCVKQPU

VWTKRQKPVUQWVVJCVPQ4GPCKUUCPEGRCNCEGYCUDWKNV

7TDCPCTVKUVUUJQWNFQRGTCVGFGHVN[QPUWEJRQKPVU

QP C RCTMKPI NQV /CP[ YGTG GTGEVGF QP VJG UKVGU

#PF YJGTG DTGCMFQYP KU ITGCVGUV QT PGGF OQUV

QHFGUVTQ[GFOGFKGXCNDWKNFKPIU#VVKOGUYGOWUV

FKTGJKIJGUVKOCIKPCVKQPKUECNNGFHQT

FGUVTQ[ CV QVJGTU UCXG FGRGPFKPI QP VJG UKVWC VKQPDWVFGUVTWEVKQPOWUVDGHQTIQQFTGCUQP#PF

9JGP4QDGTV8GPVWTKCPF+OGVKPYGUJCTGF

YJGPRTGUGTXKPIYGOWUVFGEKFGQPVJGRGTKQFVQ

CP GPVJWUKCUO HQT OCPPGTKUO CPF JG UQQP ECOG

DG HCXQWTGF 4GVWTPKPI VQ C OGFKGXCN DGIKPPKPI

VQ UJCTG O[ HCUEKPCVKQP YKVJ RQRWNCT EWNVWTG CPF

KP'WTQRGQTCPVJEGPVWT[QPGKP#OGTKECOC[

VJGGXGT[FC[NCPFUECRG9GYCVEJGFYKVJKPVGTGUV

FGUVTQ[ C DGCWVKHWN U QT U CFFKVKQP 5Q

CU 2QR #TV DGICP VQ RWV nYCUVGo KP C PGY EQPVGZV

VJGEJQKEGQHCVKOGRGTKQFQTRGTKQFUVQRTGUGTXG

VQ RNCEG C %CORDGNNoU UQWR ECP KP C OWUGWO 6JG

UJQWNF DG C UKVWCVKQPKUV QPG 6CMKPI VQQ RWTKUV CP



Denise Scott Brown

VJCVEQWNFPQVDGOGCUWTGFEQWNFDGKIPQTGF

CRRTQCEJYKNNNC[YCUVGWPPGEGUUCTKN[CPFRTQFWEG CFWNNCPFNKOKVKPIGPXKTQPOGPVnRTGUGTXGFDG[QPF TGRCKToQPGUJWPPGFD[CTVKUVUCPFVJGRWDNKE6JKU KTQPKECNN[YKNNKPFWEGPGGFHQTHWTVJGTEJCPIG UGG (KI #NKXKPIEKV[TGOCKPUHQTGXGTUWDLGEVVQRTGUUWTGUHQT CFCRVCVKQP9JGPVJGUGITQYVQQITGCVHQTVJGJKU VQTKECNHCDTKEGTUCV\RTGUGTXCVKQPOC[TGUWNVYJGTG VJGUGODNCPEGQHJKUVQT[KUOCKPVCKPGFDWVPQVKVU OGCPKPI(QTVJGUGTGCUQPU$CTDCTC%CRKVOCPVJG ITGCV RTGUGTXGT QH VJG /KCOK $GCEJ &GEQ &KUVTKEV

(KI  2TQXKPEKCN ECRKVQN DWKNFKPI 6QWNQWUG (TCPEG  6JKU

WUGFVQUC[nRTGUGTXCVKQPKUUQVGORQTCT[o

IQXGTPOGPVCNEQORNGZUKVUQPVJG%CPCNFW/KFKDGUKFGCPCTVG TKCN JKIJYC[ KP C DWU[ DWV KPVKOCVG NQYGTOKFFNG ENCUU PGKIJ

6JGTGKUCNUQVJGTGWUGQHQNFKFGCU#RCNKORUGUVKUC

DQWTJQQF 1PN[ FWTKPI EQPUVTWEVKQP FKF YG NGCTP VJCV YG JCF

VGZVVJCVEQXGTUCPGCTNKGTVGZV)QDGPGCVJVJGȧTUV

TGGUVCDNKUJGF CP CPEKGPV TQCF C RCNKORUGUV XKUKDNG QP JKUVQTKE

CPF [QW ȧPF VJG UGEQPF #TEJKVGEVU DGHQTG EQO

OCRU DWV FGOQNKUJGF DGHQTG YG UVCTVGF YQTM 6JKU HQTOU VJG

RWVGTUMPGYUQOGRCNKORUGUVUYGNN6JG[YGTGQWT

OCKP RGFGUVTKCP CEEGUU VQ QWT RTQLGEV CPF EQPVKPWGU VQ UGTXG KVU

YQTMKPIFTCYKPIUFQPGKPRGPEKNQPXGNWORCRGT

JKUVQTKE TQNG QH NKPMKPI VYQ CTGCU QH VJG EKV[ 1VJGT RCNKORUGUVU

+H C FGUKIP FGVCKN EJCPIGF YG GTCUGF CPF TGXKUGF

VJGHCECFGUQHVJGEQORNGZEQPVCKPCNNWUKQPUVQVJGJKUVQTKEUV[NGU

VJGFTCYKPICPFKHKVEJCPIGFCICKPYGFTGYQXGT

CPF TGF DTKEM QH 6QWNQWUG CPF VQ C RCKT QH EQNWOPU DGUKFG VJG

QPEG OQTG 6JG NKUV QH TGXKUKQPU CRRGCTGF KP VJG

UKVGVJCVQPEGJGTCNFGFVJGGPVTCPEGVQVJGCTGC6JGRJQVQITCRJU

VKVNG DNQEM CPF GCEJ GTCUWTG TGXGCNGF YJKVG NKPGU

YGTGVCMGPVQUJQYJQYCUVTWEVWTGVJCVEQODKPGUVJGUECNGUQH

GVEJGF YJGTG FTCYKPI JCF DGGP 6JGTG CTG CNUQ

WTDCPYCVGTYC[UCPFDTKFIGUEKXKEDWKNFKPIUCPFRTKXCVGJQWUGU

WTDCP RCNKORUGUVU 7PFGT 4GPCKUUCPEG 4QOG KU

ECPȧPFKVURNCEGKPCPKPVKOCVGCPFOWNVKNC[GTGFEQPVGZV /CVV

OGFKGXCN4QOGCPFWPFGTVJCV'CTN[%JTKUVKCPCPF

9CTIQ

%NCUUKECN 4QOG 6TCEGU QH CNN 4QOGU NKG KP OQFGTP 4QOG #NVJQWIJ QP VJG .CU 8GICU 5VTKR KP VJG

VJG6JKTF9QTNFYJGTGRGQRNGOWUVOCMGFQYKVJ

U VJGTG YCU QPN[ VJG TGEGPV EQOOGTEKCN XGT

YJCVVJG[JCXG%WDCPUETGCVKXGN[WUGYCUVGKPVJG

PCEWNCT CTEJKVGEVWTG CPF VJG FGUGTV KP OQUV EKVKGU

OCKPVGPCPEGQHVJGKTQNF#OGTKECPECTUHQTYJKEJ

YG NKXG QP RCNKORUGUVU CPF VJG RCNKORUGUV EQWNF

VJGTGCTGPQPGYRCTVU6JGFTKXGTQHCVCZKVJCVJCU

DGUGGPCUCOGVCRJQTHQTVJGRTQEGUUGUQHTGE[ENKPI

NQUV KVU ECD NKIJV UWDUVKVWVGU C DWND UGV KP C [GNNQY

QHKFGCUCPFKPȨWGPEGKPCTV

RNCUVKE UQCR RQYFGT EQPVCKPGT CPF FC[ CPF PKIJV [QW UVKNN TGEQIPK\G VJG HCOKNKCT VCZK U[ODQN $WV

#PF VJGTG CTG QNF OGVJQFU n2CNCGQVGEJPQNQI[o

VJGTG KU CNUQ VJG KFGC QH CXQKFKPI VJG RCNCGQVGEJ

2CRCPGMTGHGTUVQVJGWUGQHGCTNKGTQTOQTG

PKECNFGXGNQROGPVQHQVJGTUCPFNGCTPKPIHTQOVJGKT

RTKOKVKXG DWV UVKNN CRRTQRTKCVG VGEJPQNQIKGU QNF

RTGUGPV GZRGTKGPEG s QH 6JKTF 9QTNF RQRWNCVKQPU

ECTVKTGUHQTUJQGUHQTGZCORNG6JKUKUEQOOQPKP

IQKPIFKTGEVN[VQEGNNRJQPGUQOKVVKPINCPFNKPGVGN



/GCPYJKNG VJG nRCRGTNGUUo EQORWVGT TGXQNWVKQP

%JKPC YCU QH CP GNFGTN[ WTDCP XKNNCIGT USWCVVKPI

JCU UWDOGTIGF OG KP C UGC QH RCRGT 'XGP YJGP

QP C EKV[ UKFG YCNM KP VJG RQUG WUGF VJTQWIJQWV

KPVTQFWEGF KP VJG PCOG QH UCXKPIU VGEJPQNQI

VJGTWTCNYQTNFHQTYQTMKPIEQPXGTUKPIGCVKPIQT

KECN KPPQXCVKQP UGGOU VQ CEEGNGTCVG YCUVG RCTVN[

GZETGVKPIYKVJCEGNNRJQPGVQJKUGCT

DGECWUG KVU EQPXGPKGPEG KPFWEGU KPETGCUGF WUG #PFGXGT[EJCPIGETGCVGUPGYV[RGUQHFGDTKUCPF

6JGTG KU CNUQ nUCVKUȧEKPIo 6TCFKVKQPCN GEQPQOKE

FGOCPFU PGY HQTOU QH TGE[ENKPI $[ RTGUUKPI VJG

OQFGNU CUUWOG VJCV CNN RGQRNG CTG RGTHGEVN[ CPF

nFGNGVGoDWVVQPVQFC[oUGNGEVTQPKEVGEJPQNQIKGUIGP

WPKHQTON[TCVKQPCNCPFVJCVVJG[JCXGCNNVJGKPHQT

GTCVGXKTVWCNYCUVG$WVCUGCTEJVJTQWIJO[FGNGVG

OCVKQP VJG[ PGGF VQ OCMG C FGEKUKQP *GTDGTV #

ȧNGUOC[TGXGCNKPHQTOCVKQPWUGHWNVQUQOGQPG

5KOQP QDUGTXGU VJCV KP VJG TGCN YQTNF NKOKVU QP GHȧEKGPE[ CPF TCVKQPCNKV[ CHHGEV FGEKUKQPOCMKPI

$CUWTCOCoU KPVGTGUV KP VJG ETGCVKXG WUG QH XKTVWCN

*KUOQFGN CUUWOGUVJCVRGQRNGOWUVFGEKFG

YCUVGUWIIGUVUPGYYC[UQHnYCUVKPIYGNNo/[EQP

YKVJKPTGUVTKEVGFVKOGRGTKQFUCPFQPVJGDCUKUQH

EGRVKQPUFGUETKDGFCDQXGFGTKXGHTQOUQEKCNGEQ

KORGTHGEVKPHQTOCVKQP*GRQUKVUVJG6CZK)COGCU

PQOKECPFVGEJPQNQIKECNXKGYUQHVJGUYJGP

CPGZCORNGQHVJKUTGCNKV[+PCVCZKYKVJVJGOGVGT

+ UVWFKGF VJGO DWV UQEKCN UEKGPVKUVU JCXG GXQNXGF

TWPPKPI VKOG KU OQPG[ [QW OCMG VJG DGUV FGEK

VJGQTKGU VQFC[ VJCV CFFTGUU INQDCN EJCPIGU KP NKHG

UKQP [QW ECP YKVJKP VJG VKOG NKOKV [QWT OQPG[

RCVVGTPU VGEJPQNQI[ CPF VJG KUUWGU QH UWUVCKP

CNNQYU

CDKNKV[#PFDWTIGQPKPIOGFKCDTKPIGXGPVUVQQWT UETGGPU CNOQUV CU VJG[ JCRRGP GURGEKCNN[ KH VJG[

#PF OQTRJQNQI[ VJG UVWF[ QH HQTO CU C TGUWNV QH

CTG XKUWCNN[ ITKRRKPI 0GY KFGCU QH YCUVKPI OWUV

RTQEGUU6GEJPKECNRTQEGUUGUJCXGJGNRGFHQTOVJG

VCMGVJGUGPGYȧPFKPIUKPVQCEEQWPVCPFVJG$CU

EKV[ KP CNN GTCU %QPUKFGT VJG GHHGEV QH OGFKCGXCN

WTCOCU QH CTEJKVGEVWTG OWUV RTQEGGF FQYP RCVJU

FGHGPEG U[UVGOU QP VJG HQTO QH 'WTQRGCP EKVKGU

YJGTG YG ECPoV HQNNQY +H QWT GCTNKGT GZRGTKGPEG

QTQHVJEGPVWT[VGEJPQNQIKGUQHOQXGOGPVCPF

ECP JGNR VJGO QWT YQTM OC[ DGEQOG RCNKORUGUV

PGQPQPVJG.CU8GICU5VTKR#PFVQFC[EKVKGUOWUV

VQVJGKTU 5QPI

JCTPGUUVJGPGYVGEJPQNQIKGUQHVJGEQORWVGT6JKU DGJGOQVJTGXQNWVKQPJCUOQXGFDG[QPFO[DTCKP RQYGT +VU VGPVCENGU OWUV DG RNWODGF D[ CPQVJGT

Tragic waste

IGPGTCVKQP $WV YKTGHTGG JCPFJGNF K2JQPGU HQT GZCORNG QHHGT OQTG VJCP QPVJGURQV TGETGCVKQP

6JG OGFKC DTKPI PCVWTCN CPF JWOCPOCFG FKUCU

CPF CNVGTGF RQUUKDKNKVKGU HQT NKXKPI CPF YQTMKPI

VGTUVQWURCTVKEWNCTN[YGNNCPFKPCNOQUVTGCNVKOG

6JGKTGOQVKQPCNEQPEQOKVCPVUCTGTKEJ5KORNGDWV

.[PEJFKGFDGHQTG9CUVKPI#YC[YCURWDNKUJGF+

FGGRRNGCUWTGECPNKGHQTKPUVCPEGKPYCPFGTKPIKP

YQWNFJCXGNKMGFVQJGCTJKUKFGCUQP-CVTKPCCPF

CRNCEG[QWNQXGCPFUJCTKPIVJGGZRGTKGPEGCWFKQ

VJG 9QTNF 6TCFG %GPVGT 6JGKT YCUVGU ECP KP PQ

XKUWCNN[CPFKPTGCNVKOGYKVJCHTKGPFCVJQWUCPF

UGPUG JCXG DGGP FQPG nYGNNo DWV ECP VJGKT TGUWU

OKNGUCYC[

EKVCVKQP UJQTV VGTO CPF NQPI VGTO KPXQNXG QWT DGUV RNCPPKPI CTVU! &KUCUVGTU TGFWEG GXGP EKXKNKUGF



Denise Scott Brown

GRJQPGUCNVQIGVJGT#UGCTKPIKOCIG+DTQWIJVHTQO

UQEKGVKGU VQ RCNCGQVGEJPKEU .KXGU CTG NQUV &GDTKU

OGPVU[UVGOUCTQWPFVJG9QTNF6TCFG%GPVGTEQWNF

QXGTYJGNOU $GHQTG QTICPKUCVKQP CTTKXGU YJKEJ

JCXG FKTGEVGF RNCPU HQT KVU PGY ITQWPF ȨQQT #PF

KU UQOGVKOGU UECPFCNQWUN[ NCVG VTCRRGF RGQRNG

RNCPPGTU EQWNF JCXG CFCRVGF VJG GCTN[ RCVVGTPU QH

VT[ HTCPVKECNN[ VQ GUECRG RCUUGTU D[ TWUJ VQ JGNR

TGUEWGCUCOGOQTKCNCPFPWENGWUHQTITQYVJ%QP

+ORTQXKUCVKQP KU VJG QTFGT QH VJG FC[ CPF YKNN DG

XGTVGFVQUVQPGQTUVGGNVJG:GTQZGFUGCTEJUJGGVU

GXGP YJGP ȧTG ȧIJVGTU CPF GOGTIGPE[ YQTMGTU

EQWNF JCXG DGGP NKMG TGOGODTCPEG RNCSWGU VQ

CTTKXG#V)TQWPF
KPFKXKFWCNU VJCV NKPG YCNNU QH 'WTQRGCP EJWTEJGU

QYPQRGTCVKQPUHQTTGUEWGCPFUWRRQTVFGXGNQRKPI

#HȧZGF YJGTG VJG[ YGTG QTKIKPCNN[ RQUVGF VJG[

KPHQTOCVKQPHQTVJGDGPGȧVQHCNNQPCXCKNCDNGHCEKN

YQWNF JCXG HQTOGF C SWKGV YCNM CNQPI DWUVNKPI

KVKGUTGOCKPKPIHQQFUQWTEGUCPFQRGTCVKPIVQKNGVU

TQWVGU CPF C EQORCUUKQPCVG OGOQTKCN VQ RGQRNG

2CVVGTPUQHTGUEWGNKPMGFVJGUKVGYKVJVJGUGHCEKNK

EWV FQYP KP VJG WTIGPE[ QH VJGKT NKXGU #PF VJG

VKGU (TKGPFU CPF HCOKNKGU QH XKEVKOU HQTOGF VJGKT

VYKUVGFTGOCKPUQHVJG6TCFG%GPVGTDWKNFKPIUVQQ

QYP RCVVGTPU RTKOCTKN[ EQOOWPKECVKQP U[UVGOU

RTGVVKȧGFCPFUGPVKOGPVCNHQTO[VCUVGYJGPCNKXG

s RTKPVQWVU YKVJ RJQVQITCRJU CPF FGUETKRVKQPU

NQQMGFUVCTMN[CIQPK\GFRQUVFKUCUVGTQP68VJGKT

CUMKPIn*CXG[QWUGGPO[YKHGUQPHTKGPF!o6JGUG

RQYGTHWNFKUVQTVKQPUU[ODQNK\KPIFGCVJ9JGTGCTG

YGTG RQUVGF QP TWDDNGUVTGYP UVTGGVU YJGTG 0GY

VJG[ PQY! +V YQWNF DG KPEQPEGKXCDNG VJCV PGKVJGT

;QTMGTUUVKNNRCUUGF

RNCSWGU PQT UVTWEVWTG JCXG C RCTV PQV PGEGUUCTKN[ VQIGVJGTKPCOGOQTKCN 5EQVV$TQYPC5EQVV

#NVJQWIJVTCKPGFFKUCUVGTVGEJPKEKCPUNKHVTGUEWGVQ

$TQYPD

COQTGGHȧEKGPVNGXGNVJGEJCQUUVKNNTGSWKTGUVJCV UWRRQTVDGICTPGTGFHTQOVJGYCUVGFGPXKTQPOGPV

+P RQUV-CVTKPC 0GY 1TNGCPU VJG UCOG RTKPEKRCNU

KVUGNH + TGCF QH C [QWPI CTEJKVGEV YJQ LQWTPG[GF

CRRN[ DWV CV C FKHHGTGPV UECNG #U UWTXKXQTU YGTG

VQ C JWTTKECPGJKV #UKCP XKNNCIG VQ JGNR KVU QEEW

NKVGTCNN[ CPF ȧIWTCVKXGN[ YCUJGF WR QP UJQTG VJG

RCPVU DWKNF UJGNVGT HTQO RNCPMU CPF UJCTFU KP VJG

EGPVTCN PGGF YCU HQT GOGTIGPE[ UWUVGPCPEG CPF

FGVTKVWU CV JCPF %CP UWEJ RCNCGQRNCPPKPI YJKNG

UJGNVGT 6JKU VJG HGFGTCN IQXGTPOGPV OKUJCPFNGF

UQNXKPI KOOGFKCVG WTIGPEKGU HQTO VJG GODT[Q

UKIPCNN[ 6JGTGCHVGT CPF KP XKGY QH VJG UECPFCN C

QH VJG PGY VQ EQOG! + HGGN VJCV HQT RTCEVKECN CPF

EQORCUUKQPHQTNQECNIQXGTPOGPVCPWPFGTUVCPFKPI

U[ODQNKETGCUQPUGXGPVJGOQUVOQFGUVȧTUVUVGRU

QH VJG RQRWNCVKQPoU NKOKVGF TGUQWTEGU HQT TGPGYCN

QH GOGTIGPE[ RNCPPKPI UJQWNF DG FKTGEVGF VQYCTF

CPFUQOGOQFGUV[KPKPKVKCNRNCPUYQWNFDGYKUG

IQCNU HQT VJG HWVWTG $WV VJKU ECNNU HQT C OWNVKFKU

5QOGTGDWKNFKPIKP0GY1TNGCPUUGGOUVQJCXGHQN

EKRNKPCT[ WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH JQY FKHHGTGPV RCVVGTPU

NQYGF VJKU CNOQUV KPGXKVCDNG NQYGPGTI[ RCVVGTP

KP VJG EKV[ GXGP KP VJGKT GCTN[ UVCIGU ECP JGNR VQ

UVCTVKPIYJGTGEQPUVTWEVKQPYCUGCU[QPȨCVTGNC

TGKPHQTEG GCEJ QVJGT s VJG UCOG RNCPPKPI UMKNNU CU

VKXGN[KPGZRGPUKXGTGUKFGPVKCNNCPFCVVJGQWVUMKTVU

PGGFGFKPFGXGNQRKPICTGCU

QHVJGEKV[CYC[HTQOȨQQFFCPIGTCPFVJGTGDWKNV DWVPQVVTWUVGFNGXGGU6JKUV[RKECNFGXGNQRKPICTGC

#U VJG DQODGF TGOCKPU QH $GTNKPoU -WTHØTUVGP

QRVKQPYQWNFDGCRRTQRTKCVGHQTGCTN[UVCIGU$WVKV

FCOO HQTOGF VJG PWENGWU QH 9GUV $GTNKPoU RQUV

UJQWNF KP VJG RTQEGUU RC[ RCTVKEWNCT CVVGPVKQP VQ

YCT TGVCKN EGPVTG UQ GZKUVKPI CEVKXKV[ CPF OQXG

VJGPGGFUQHVJGRQQTYJQUWHHGTGFOQTGVJCPCNN



IQQFKPRNCPUYJQUGKOOGFKCVGCKOKUVQFGCNYKVJ

QHEKV[PGKIJDQWTJQQFUUJQWNFYCKVWPVKNTGUQWTEGU

VJGJGTGCPFPQY2GTURKECEKV[KUTGSWKTGFVQYCVEJ

TGVWTP CPF TGDWKNFKPI ECP OGGV EQTTGEV UVCPFCTFU

VJGJQTK\QPHQTVJGHWVWTGYKVJQWVOKUUKPICDGCVKP

KPENWFKPI VJQUG QH ȨQQF RTQVGEVKQP #V VJCV VKOG

VJGRTGUGPV#PFCTVKUVKECNN[VJGȧTUVTGUEWGGHHQTVU

VJG FKHȧEWNV KUUWGU QH GSWKV[ JGTKVCIG CPF UWUVCKP

CPFRKGEGUQHVJGTWKPUUJQWNFDGGODCNOGFKPQWT

CDKNKV[ECPDGVCEMNGFHTQOUVTGPIVJ

OGOQTKGUCPFKPVJGHQTOKPIQHQWTJGTKVCIG1WT DGUV VCNGPVU FGGRGUV KPUKIJV CPF YCTOGUV JGCTVU

/GCPYJKNG EGPVTCN 0GY 1TNGCPU CPF RCTVKEWNCTN[

UJQWNF DG GORNQ[GF VQ EQODKPG EQORCUUKQPCVG

VJG GPVGTVCKPOGPV FKUVTKEV EQWNF DG EQPUKFGTCDN[

TGUEWG VJG RCUUKQP QH VJG OQOGPV CPF DTQCF

UJQTGF WR TKIJV PQY KH OCLQT TGIKQPCN KPFWUVTKGU

QRVKQPUHQTVJGHWVWTG;QWQHHGTFGGRGUVTGURGEVD[

MGRV KP OKPF VJG PGGFU QH VJG EKV[ CU VJG[ TGCU

FQKPI[QWTDGUV

UGTVGF VJGKT YQTNFYKFG CPF PCVKQPCN NKPMCIGU %QPPGEVKQPUVJCVUWRRQTVVJGTGIKQPCNCPFPCVKQPCN GEQPQO[YKNNCNTGCF[JCXGDGGPTGGUVCDNKUJGF1KN

Artistry in waste

YKNN UWTXKXG $WV VJGUG UJQWNF DG TGCUUGUUGF YKVJ VJG CKO QH UWRRQTVKPI QVJGTU DG[QPF VJGOUGNXGU

/GPVKQPCTVCPFYCUVGVQIGVJGTCPF5KOQP4QFKCoU

QHJGNRKPIVQTGXKXGVJGEKV[KVUEKVK\GPUCPFDWUK

9CVVU 6QYGTU EQOG VQ OKPF QT VJG 0GXCFC JQWUG

PGUUGU CPF VJG EWNVWTCN TKEJPGUU QH VJG nDKI GCU[o

QH%JKGH4QNNKPI6JWPFGT+P6JG/QWPVCKPU$WKNV

.QUU QH UMKNNU CPF GXCRQTCVKQP QH CVOQURJGTG CTG

D[NQPGXKUKQPCTKGUVQVJGINQT[QHVJGKTIQFUVJG

COQPIVJGVTCIKEYCUVGUQHWTDCPFGXCUVCVKQPCPF

UQCTKPIVGCEWRUJCTFUCPFCWVQRCTVUQHVJGUGnRKNGU

VJGTGKU PQ YC[ VQ FQ VJGO YGNN $WV OCUU OQXG

QHLWPMoV[RKH[1WVUKFGTCTVYQTNFYKFG6JG[TGNCVG

OGPVCYC[HTQOVJGEKV[OC[JCXGKPFWEGFFKUUGO

VQ VJG KORWTG #HTKECP HQNM CTV CPF JKIJ EWNVWTG

KPCVKQP TCVJGT VJCP NQUU QH EWNVWTG + ECP KOCIKPG

QDLGVU VTQWXÅU FGUETKDGF CDQXG CPF VQ 6TCUJKQP

HWVWTG JKUVQTKCPU QH LC\\ VTCEKPI -CVTKPCKPFWEGF

#TV VQFC[ CPF VJG[ UGGO VQ GRKVQOK\G CTVKUVT[ KP

OKITCVKQPUYGUVCURCTVQHVJGUVQT[VJCVNGCFUHTQO

YCUVG

UNCXGT[CPFVJGEQVVQPȧGNFUXKCVJG/KUUKUUKRRKVQ VJG YQTNF 0GXGTVJGNGUU TGIGPGTCVKPI WTDCP CTV

;GV YJCV QH VJG DTQCFGT CTVKUVKE RQUUKDKNKVKGU QH

CPF EWNVWTG TGSWKTGU FGPUKV[ KPVGPUKV[ CPF NC[GTU

YCUVG!9JQKUVCMKPIVJGOWR!+P$GKLKPIKP

QHJKUVQT[CPFYKNNVCMGVKOG6JKUCRRNKGURGTJCRU

QP CP CTEJKVGEVWTCN LWT[ CV 6UKPIJWC 7PKXGTUKV[ +

RCTVKEWNCTN[ VQ VJG TCE[ GFI[ CVOQURJGTG QH VJG

CUMGF C [QWPI YQOCP YJQUG RTQLGEV + CFOKTGF

GPVGTVCKPOGPV FKUVTKEV #U QPG CTVKUV RWV KV nVJG

YJCV JGT OCLQT YCU CPF UJG TGRNKGF YCUVG YCVGT

JCTFGUV VJKPI VQ TGRNCEG YKNN DG VJG GXKNo 5EQVV

OCPCIGOGPV + YCU UWTRTKUGF UJG YCU UQ DTKIJV

$TQYP

DWVJGTVQRKEUQWPFGFFWNN5Q+CUMGFYJGVJGTUJG YCUUVWF[KPIYCUVGYCVGTOCPCIGOGPVCUCPGPIK

+PUWOCP[FQKPI PQVYCUVKPIYGNNCHVGTJQTTKȧE

PGGTKPI FKUEKRNKPG CPF UJG CPUYGTGF 0Q CU CP

FGXCUVCVKQP KPXQNXGU EQODKPKPI CP KPVGTFKUEKRNK

CTVKUVKEFKUEKRNKPG$CUWTCOCCNUQYQTMUKPVJKUFKU

PCT[ QXGTXKGY CPF QPVJGURQV GOGTIGPE[ UVTCV

EKRNKPG6JGKTVJTWUVKUOGNFKPIVJGTCPFQOPGUUQH

GIKGU +V NKGU KP HQTGUGGKPI HWVWTG RQUUKDKNKVKGU HQT

YCUVG YKVJ VJG OQUV OQFGTP CDKNKVKGU QH KPFWUVT[



Denise Scott Brown

QVJGTUKPVJGFKUCUVGT+PO[QRKPKQPTGJCDKNKVCVKQP

6JG[CKOVQRTQFWEGIQQFUCPFUGTXKEGUOQTGU[U

FGUKIPGTU6JGQTKIKPCNRWDNKECVKQPEQPVCKPUOCTIKPCN

VGOKEVJCPQWVUKFGTCTVsQPGUCDNGVQICKPOCTMGVU

PQVGUKPDQNFVGZVTGHGTTKPIVQCURGEVUQHVJGVGEJPKECN

KORTQXG GEQPQOKGU CPF OQXG RGQRNG #NVJQWIJ

CPCN[UKU UWEJ CU p6JKU JCU DGGP C VGEJPKECN UVWFKQ

YJGPVJG[KPXKVGFOGVQNGEVWTGVJG[FKFPQVMPQY

9GCTGGXQNXKPIPGYVQQNUCPCN[VKECNVQQNUHQTWPFGT

VJGEQPVGZV+JCXGUMGVEJGFJGTGVJG[HGNV.GCTPKPI

UVCPFKPIPGYURCEGCPFHQTOCPFITCRJKEVQQNUHQT

HTQO .CU 8GICU VQQM C ETGCVKXG XKGY QH VJG CTV QH

TGRTGUGPVKPIVJGOqo 6JGWPKUUGP

YCUVG + CITGGF VJCV QWT .CU 8GICU CPF .GXKVVQYP TGUGCTEJRTQLGEVUYGTGWPFGTVCMGPKPVJGUGTXKEGQH CTVDWVCFFGFVJCVEWNVWTCNUQEKCNCPFOGVJQFQNQI

What did we learn?

KECNEQPEGTPUJCFDGGPCUKORQTVCPVKPNGCFKPIWUVQ GZCOKPGVJGEKVKGUQHVJG#OGTKECP5QWVJYGUV#PF

5QHQTWU.CU8GICUYCUPQVUKIPUCNQPG9GUVWFKGF

CPKPVGTFKUEKRNKPCT[CRRTQCEJYCUCUUKIPKȧECPVVQ

KVUU[ODQNKUOCPFKEQPQITCRJ[DWVYGYGTGGSWCNN[

WUKPVJKUTGUGCTEJCUKVYQWNFJCXGDGGPKPFGUKIP

KPVGTGUVGFKPKVUWTDCPHQTORTQEGUUGUCPFU[UVGOU KPUQEKCNKUUWGUUQEKCNFKXGTUKV[VCUVGEWNVWTGURQR

$WV YJ[ .CU 8GICU! $GECWUG KV YCU VJG ENGCTGUV

WNCTEWNVWTGHQNMCPF2QRCTVKPVJGWUGUQHJKUVQT[

GZCORNG KVU UKIPU YGTG DKIIGT VJCP VJQUG QH VJG

CPFKPWTDCPOCRRKPICUCFGUKIPVGEJPKSWG6TCX

CXGTCIG UVTKR KV YCU VJG CTEJGV[RG PQV VJG RTQVQ

GNNKPINKVGTCNN[CPFȧIWTCVKXGN[HTQO4QOGVQ.CU

V[RG #PF KVU EQPVGZV YCU UKORNGT 0Q %QNQPKCN QT

8GICUCPFDCEMVQ4QOGYGVTKGFVQVKGVJGRTGUGPV

VJ EGPVWT[ EKV[ KPVGTXGPGF DGVYGGP 6JG 5VTKR

VQ VJG RCUV CPF VQ HQNF VJG GXGT[FC[ NCPFUECRG

CPFVJGFGUGTV#NVJQWIJ.QU#PIGNGUKUCITGCVGT

KPVQVJGVTCFKVKQPUQHCTEJKVGEVWTGCPFQWTOQFGTP

OQTG GZVGPUKXG CWVQOQDKNG EKV[ VJG RJGPQOGPQP

GZRGTKGPEG 6JG /QFGTPKUVU JCF DTQMGP YKVJ VJG

KUQDUEWTGFVJGTGD[CPGCTNKGTRCVVGTPVJGTCKNTQCF

RCUV 9G JQRGF VQ TGUGCO OQFGTPKV[ YKVJ JKU

EKV[+P.CU8GICUYGEQWNFOGCUWTGKVRWTG

VQT[YKVJQWVFQKPIXKQNGPEGVQGKVJGT#PF[GUYG YCPVGFVQNGCTPCDQWVUKIPUCDQWVJQY.CU8GICU

6JG RWTRQUG QH QWT UVWF[ YCU QWVNKPGF D[ -CTKP

EQOOWPKECVGFYKVJRGQRNGKPECTUCUVJG[VTCXGNNGF

6JGWPKUUGP

6JG 5VTKR CV MO CP JQWT .CVGT YG TGCNK\GF VJCV VJGEKV[JCFVCWIJVWUCOCLQTNGUUQPQPVJGTQNGQH

n6JKUUVWFKQYCUGPVKVNGFp.GCTPKPIHTQO.CU8GICUQT

EQOOWPKECVKQP CU C HWPEVKQP QH CTEJKVGEVWTG CPF

(QTOCPCN[UKUCUFGUKIPTGUGCTEJqCPFYCUKPVTQFWEGF

CUCOGCPUQHUWRRQTVKPIEQOOWPKV[KPWTDCPNKHG

CUpCUVWF[VJCVYKNNJGNRVQFGȧPGCPGYV[RGQHWTDCP

6JGUG CURGEVU JCF DGGP KIPQTGF D[ /QFGTPKUVU

HQTOGOGTIKPIKP#OGTKEC=e?VJCVHTQOKIPQTCPEG

GXGP CU VJGKT FGUKIPU WUGF EWDKUV UJCRGU VQ EQO

YGFGȧPGVQFC[CUWTDCPURTCYNq6JGQDLGEVQHVJG

OWPKECVGVJGKTQWVNQQMQPKPFWUVT[CPFCEJCPIKPI

UVWF[KUIKXGPCUpVQWPFGTUVCPFVJKUPGYHQTOCPF

YQTNF

VQDGIKPVQGXQNXGVGEJPKSWGUHQTKVUJCPFNKPIq(TQO VJKU YG WPFGTUVCPF VJCV .GCTPKPI HTQO .CU 8GICU KU

#UFQGTUCPFOCMGTUQWTCKOYCUCNUQVQCWIOGPV

C UVWF[ KP QDUGTXCVKQP QH VJG HQTO QH VJG EKV[ HQN

QWTUMKNNUCPFVQQNU#FCRVKPIEQPEGRVUHTQOQVJGT

NQYGF D[ VJG TGEQTFKPI CPCN[UKU CPF RTQEGUUKPI QH

ȧGNFUYCUQPGOGVJQF9GNQQMGFKPJKUVQT[KEQ

VJGFCVCVQDGOCFGWUGHWNCUFGUKIPVQQNUHQTWTDCP

PQITCRJ[GEQPQOKEUCPFUQEKQNQI[HQTKFGCUCRRQ



VKOG6JGTGCTGHQNNQYWRUVWFKQUQP.CU8GICUCPF

CPFETGCVKXGYC[UQHGXQMKPIRJ[UKECNFGUKIPUHTQO

.GXKVVQYP CPF RTQLGEVU YJQUG PCOGU UVCTV YKVJ

VJGXGTDCNKPHQTOCVKQPQHVJGUGȧGNFU+P#TEJKVGE

n.GCTPKPI HTQO eo %JCPIKPI UQEKCN CPF GEQPQOKE

VWTGCUUKIPUCPFU[UVGOUHQTCOCPPGTKUVVKOG 5EQVV

RCTCFKIOU CPF PGY VGEJPQNQIKGU GURGEKCNN[ QH

$TQYPD+GZRNCKPUQOGEQPEGRVUCPFFKUEWUU

EQOOWPKECVKQPCTGGORJCUGUQHQVJGTU%TGCVKXGN[

OGCPU QH CRRN[KPI VJGO 2GTJCRU PGCT VJG GPF QH

VCEMNKPI VJG RTQDNGOU QH UWUVCKPCDKNKV[ CPF EJCN

QWTECTGGTUVJGDQF[QHQWTYQTMECPTGXGCNYJCV

NGPIKPI VJG YQTNF QWVNQQM QP YCUVG KU C OCPFCVG

YG NGCTPGF HTQO .CU 8GICU + JQRG KV UJQYU VJCV

CUUWOGFD[KPETGCUKPIPWODGTU#NNJCXGCEEGRVGF

QWTTGUGCTEJJCFDQVJOQTCNCPFCTVKUVKERWTRQUGU

HQT VJGKT IGPGTCVKQP CTEJKVGEVWTGoU RGTRGVWCN VCUM

(CT HTQO NQYGTKPI GZRGEVCVKQPU UVTGUUKPI VJG nKUo

QH TGFKUEQXGTKPI /QFGTPKUO s QH GUVCDNKUJKPI KVU

CPF VJG GXGT[FC[ YCU KPVGPFGF VQ DTKPI ITGCVGUV

PGYEGPVTGKPCEJCPIKPIYQTNF#UCTGUWNVQHVJGKT

KOCIKPCVKQP VQ VJG JCTF TGCNKV[ QH EKVKGU n2NC[KPI

GHHQTVUVJKUTGFKUEQXGT[OWUVPQYKPENWFGCYKFG

KP VJG OWFo UGGMKPI CP WPEQOOQP DGCWV[ KP KVU

G[GFXKUKVVQVJGYCUVGFWOR

ITKVCPFINKVVGTOGCPVEQPUGETCVKPIYCUVGOCMKPI VJGUGEWNCTUCETGF9GUGGQWTUGNXGUCU/QFGTPKUVU

6JGPGQPDQPG[CTF

EQPVKPWKPI VJG /QFGTP VTCFKVKQP DWV CFCRVKPI KVU

+P ,WPG  YG OCFG UWEJ C XKUKV VQ VJG n0GQP

RJKNQUQRJKGUVQPGYEQPFKVKQPUJQRKPIVQFKUEQXGT

$QPG;CTFoCUKIPOWUGWOVJCVUKVUCVVJGQWVUMKTVU

CTEJKVGEVWTGCRRTQRTKCVGVQQWTVKOGU

QH.CU8GICU*GTGITCPFUKIPUVJCVYGFGUETKDGFKP

/GCPYJKNG.CU8GICUJCUEJCPIGF&TCIIGFD[

.GCTPKPI HTQO .CU 8GICU NKG QRGP VQ VJG GNGOGPVU

CHGYUVTQPIOKPFUDG[QPFKVUUKPINGKPFWUVT[HQEWU

.KVGTCNN[ nNCKF YCUVGo VJG[ JCXG DGGP UCYP KPVQ

CPFVQYCTFUVJGDTQCFGTTQNGQHEKVKGUKVJCUUJQV

OQXCDNGUGEVKQPUCPFFWORGFKPVJGFGUGTVCNQPI

NKMGCVGGPCIGTVJTQWIJXCTKQWURJCUGUUQOGOQTG

CNNG[UFGȧPGFD[VJGVTWEMUVJCVDTQWIJVVJGO UGG

IQTONGUU VJCP QVJGTU s 2QUVOQFGTPKUO &KUPG[

%QNQWTRNCVGZZXKKK(KI#

HQTCFWNVU 0GQOQFGTPKUO 2JQVQUJQR EQNNCIG

0GYU JCU IQV QWV CPF XKUKVQTU HTQO CETQUU

5EQVV $TQYP  6JGTG YCU C ITCPF CDQNKVKQP

VJG YQTNF EQOG VQ UGG VJGO #TEJKVGEVWTCN *CO

QHPGQPCPFKVUTGCFOKUUKQPUGXGTCN[GCTUNCVGT6JG

NGVUUVCPFVJGTGVQUC[n#NCURQQT8GICUo 9KVEJGT

YCUVCIG VJCV CEEQORCPKGU TGDKTVJ YCU EGNGDTCVGF

 5EQVV $TQYP  .KPGU QH UKIPU ICVJGTGF

KPVJGȧNOKPIQHVJGKORNQUKQPQHVJG&WPGUUKIP

CTQWPF C EGPVTCN QRGPKPI HQTO PCXGU QHH C RNC\C

YJKEJKTQPKECNN[YCUCNNQYGFVQFGVGTKQTCVGDGHQTG

+ ECPPQV EQPXG[ VJG HQTEG CPF HCUEKPCVKQP QH VJG

KVU FGOQNKVKQP CPF JCF VQ DG TGHWTDKUJGF VQ NQQM

UKIJV +VU CIQP[ ECNNU HQT CTVKUVT[ HQT QRGTC VQ DG

IQQFHQTKVURWDNKEGZGEWVKQP

RGTHQTOGFDGHQTGKV#PFKVFGOQPUVTCVGUCRTKOCT[ TGCUQPHQTVWTPKPIYCUVGVQCTVsVQTGFWEGVJGNQUU

What should others learn? 6QFC[ [QWPI CTEJKVGEVU CPF UEJQNCTU CTG TGE[ENKPI QWT KFGCU UVWF[KPI VJGKT TGNGXCPEG OQTG VJCP  [GCTU NCVGT FTCYKPI KORNKECVKQPU HQT VJGKT QYP



Denise Scott Brown

UKVGVQDWKNFKPICPFVJGRJ[UKECNEKV[UGGMKPINQIKECN

Notes

5WRGTETKV  4QDGTV 8GPVWTK CPF &GPKUG 5EQVV $TQYP .GCTPKPI HTQO .CU 8GICU 4QWVNGFIG .QPFQP $CUGF



8GPVWTK45EQVV$TQYP&#UUQEKCVGUn4GOG

QPVJGU[ORQUKWOn.GCTPKPIHTQO.GCTPKPIHTQO.CU

FKCN *QWUKPI HQT #TEJKVGEVU QT .GCTPKPI HTQO .GXKV

8GICUo7PKXGTUKV[QH9GUVOKPUVGT/CTEJ5VK

VQYPoCUVWFKQIKXGPCV;CNG5EJQQNQH#TEJKVGEVWTGKP

GTNK/+PU$KNFIGTØEMV UVJGVKM(QTOWPF&KU

6JGUVWFKQYQTMVQRKEUYGTGRWDNKUJGFKP8GP

MWTU FGT 5VCFV KP 8GPVWTKU WPF 5EQVV $TQYPU .GCTPKPI

VWTK45EQVV$TQYP&#UUQEKCVGU1P*QWUGU

HTQO .CU 8GICU 2WV KPVQ RGTURGEVKXG #GUVJGVKEU

CPF*QWUKPI#ECFGO['FKVKQPU.QPFQPRR

HQTO CPF FKUEQWTUG QH VJG EKV[ KP 8GPVWTK CPF 5EQVV

# HWTVJGT FGXGNQROGPV QH VJG .GXKVVQYP UVWF[ YCU

$TQYPoU.GCTPKPIHTQO.CU8GICU2J&&KUUGTVCVKQP

KNNWUVTCVGFKPVJGn*QOGoUGEVKQPQHVJG5KIPUQHNKHG

'KFIGPÒUUKUEJG 6GEJPKUEJG *QEJUEJWNG '6* <WTKEJ

5[ODQNU KP VJG #OGTKECP EKV[  GZJKDKVKQP JGNF

+P)GTOCP

KPVJG4GPYKEM)CNNGT[QHVJG0CVKQPCN%QNNGEVKQPQH (KPG #TVU 5OKVJUQPKCP +PUVKVWVKQP KP 9CUJKPIVQP &%KP 

5GGCNUQ85$#DKDNKQITCRJ[CEEGUUGF/CTEJ YYYXUDCEQO 



EKV[o ,QWTPCN QH #OGTKECP +PUVKVWVG QH 2NCPPGTU XQN

F[PCOKE EKV[o ,QWTPCN QH #OGTKECP +PUVKVWVG QH 2NCP

0QXGODGTRR

VJCV UGOGUVGT 4QDGTV 5EQVV $TQYP YCU MKNNGF 5WEJ YCUVCIGECPPQVDGCUUWCIGFDWV+VT[KPO[NKHGVQ





%TCPG&#n%JCPFKICTJTGEQPUKFGTGF6JGF[PCOKE

%TCPG &#  n%JCPFKICTJ TGEQPUKFGTGF 6JG PGTUXQN0QXGODGTRR#VVJGGPFQH



References

)CPU *,   6JG WTDCP XKNNCIGTU WRFCVGF CPF GZRCPFGF6JG(TGG2TGUU0GY;QTM )CPU *,   6JG .GXKVVQYPGTU 9C[U QH NKHG CPF

OCMGWRHQTVJGYQTMJGYQWNFJCXGFQPGKPJKU

RQNKVKEUKPCPGYUWDWTDCPEQOOWPKV[%QNWODKC7PK

.[PEJ -  n'PXKTQPOGPVCN #FCRVCDKNKV[o #+2

XGTUKV[2TGUU0GY;QTM

,QWTPCN XQN  PQ  .[PEJ YTKVKPI HQT RNCPPGTU

*CTTKU 6 U %JKGH 4QNNKPI /QWPVCKP 6JWPFGT CPF JKU

EQWEJGU JKU TGEQOOGPFCVKQPU KP VGTOU QH WTDCP

JQWUG &8&4 6TGPV *CTTKU 2TQFWEVKQPU YGDUKVG QH

HQTO /[ FGUETKRVKQP JGTG CFCRVU JKU VQ CRRN[ VQ

RJQVQU CEEGUUGF  /CTEJ  JVVRYYYUR[

DWKNFKPIUCUYGNN

TQEMEQOPCFCHCTOJVONVJPFGTRKZJVON 

6TGPV *CTTKU %JKGH 4QNNKPI 6JWPFGT +P 6JG /QWP

+UCTF9.QECVKQPCPFURCEGGEQPQO[#IGPGTCNVJGQT[

VCKPUCPFJKU*QWUG&8&46TGPV*CTTKU2TQFWEVKQPU

TGNCVKPI VQ KPFWUVTKCN NQECVKQP OCTMGV CTGCU NCPFWUG

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VTCFGCPFWTDCPUVTWEVWTG/+62TGUU%CODTKFIG/#

6JGnTGNGCTPKPIoUVWFKGUCTGVQQOCP[VQNKUVDWVVJG[

-QQNJCCU 4  1DTKUV *7  n4G.GCTPKPI HTQO .CU

KPENWFG-QQNJCCU41DTKUV*7n4G.GCTPKPI

8GICU CP KPVGTXKGY YKVJ &GPKUG 5EQVV $TQYP CPF

HTQO.CU8GICUCP+PVGTXKGYYKVJ&GPKUG5EQVV$TQYP

4QDGTV 8GPVWTKo %, %JWPI , +PCDC 4 -QQNJCCU 5

CPF4QDGTV8GPVWTKo%,%JWPI,+PCDC4-QQNJCCU

6UWPI .GQPI GFU *CTXCTF &GUKIP 5EJQQN )WKFG VQ

5 6UWPI .GQPI GFU *CTXCTF &GUKIP 5EJQQN )WKFG VQ

5JQRRKPIXQN6CUEJGP-ÒNPRR

5JQRRKPI XQN  6CUEJGP -ÒNP RR  6JKU EQPVCKPUKNNWUVTCVKQPUQHVJG.CU8GICU5VWFKQCV *CTXCTF4CVVGPDWT[4*CTFKPIJCO5 GFU



.[PEJ-n'PXKTQPOGPVCNCFCRVCDKNKV[o#+2,QWTPCN XQNPQ

9JCVKVKUJQYKVJCRRGPUYJ[YGHGCTKVJQYVQFQKV YGNN5KGTTC%NWD$QQMU5CP(TCPEKUEQ

5KOQP*#/QFGNUQHOCP,QJP9KNG[5QPU0GY ;QTM 5OKVJUQP # GF  n6GCO  2TKOGT o

2CRCPGM8&GUKIPHQTVJGTGCNYQTNF*WOCPGEQNQI[

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CPFUQEKCNEJCPIG2CPVJGQP$QQMU0GY;QTM0;

5QPI 5  n5JKHVKPI RCTCFKIOU 4GPQXCVKPI VJG

4CVVGPDWT[ -  *CTFKPIJCO 5 GFU  4QDGTV 8GP

FGEQTCVGF UJGFo 5RCEG PQ  /CTEJ RR 

VWTKCPF&GPKUG5EQVV$TQYP.GCTPKPIHTQO.CU8GICU

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5WRGTETKV4QWVNGFIG.QPFQP

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4G[PQNFU /  .KVVNG DQZGU UWPI D[ 2GVG 5GGIGT 5EJTQFGT/WUKE%QORCP[ 5EQVV $TQYP & C n/GCUWTKPI FQYPVQYPoU HWVWTGo 0GY;QTM6KOGU#WIWUV

/CTEJ  JVVRCTEJKPGEVEQOHGCVWTGUCTVKENG RJR!KFAAAA/  CPF JVVRCTEJKPGEV EQOHGCVWTGUCTVKENGRJR!KFAAAA/  5VKGTNK /  +PU $KNF IGTØEMV  UVJGVKM (QTO WPF &KU

5EQVV$TQYP&Dn9JCVUJCNNYGFQCDQWVVJG9QTNF

MWTU FGT 5VCFV KP 8GPVWTKU WPF 5EQVV $TQYPU .GCTPKPI

6TCFG %GPVGT!o /GVTQRQNKU/CIEQO  #RTKN CEEGUUGF

HTQO .CU 8GICU 2J& &KUUGTVCVKQP 'KFIGPÒUUKUEJG

 /CTEJ  JVVRYYY/GVTQRQNKU/CIEQO

6GEJPKUEJG*QEJUEJWNG'6*<WTKEJ

JVONYVEYVEAFGPKUGUEQVVDTQYPJVON 

6JGWPKUUGP -  n4GDWKNFKPI CU WTDCP VCEVKE 'ZCO

5EQVV$TQYP&Cn6JGTGFGȧPKVKQPQHHWPEVKQPCNKUOo

KPKPI 8GPVWTK 5EQVV $TQYP CPF #UUQEKCVGUo VTCPU

KP48GPVWTKCPF&5EQVV$TQYP#TEJKVGEVWTGCUUKIPU

HQTOCVKQP HTQO YKVJKP VJG #OGTKECP ECORWUo 6JG

CPF U[UVGOU HQT C OCPPGTKUV VKOG $GNMPCR 2TGUU QH

#TEJKVGEVWTG #PPWCN  &GNHV 7PKXGTUKV[ QH

*CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU %CODTKFIG/# RR   5EQVV$TQYP&Dn#TEJKVGEVWTGCURCVVGTPUCPFU[U VGOU .GCTPKPI HTQO RNCPPKPIo KP 4 8GPVWTK CPF &

6GEJPQNQI[&GNHV 8GPVWTK 4 5EQVV $TQYP &  +\GPQWT 5  .GCTPKPI HTQO .CU 8GICU TGXKUGF GFP  /+6 2TGUU %CO DTKFIG/#

5EQVV $TQYP #TEJKVGEVWTG CU UKIPU CPF U[UVGOU HQT C

8GPVWTK 4 5EQVV $TQYP &  #UUQEKCVGU  

OCPPGTKUVVKOG$GNMPCR2TGUUQH*CTXCTF7PKXGTUKV[

n4GOGFKCN JQWUKPI HQT CTEJKVGEVU QT NGCTPKPI HTQO

2TGUU%CODTKFIG/#RR

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5EQVV $TQYP &  n9JCV UJQWNF 0GY 1TNGCPU FQ!o

VKQPU.QPFQPRR

#TVHQTWOXQN&GEGODGTRR

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5EQVV$TQYP&n6JGCTVKPYCUVGoKP7TDCP&KUVQT VKQPU$%6GT½P,.ÏRG\#TCPIWTGP$N½\SWG\ GFU $CUWTCOC/CFTKFRR 5EQVV $TQYP &  n/[ MKPF QH VQYPo #TEJKVGEVWTG

LWPNGCTPKPINCUXGICU  ;QWPI/9KNNOQVV2 (COKN[CPFMKPUJKR KP 'CUV .QPFQP 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU $GT MGNG[

6QFC[0Q,WN[R 5KIPUQHNKHG5[ODQNUKPVJG#OGTKECPEKV[ GZJKDECV 4GPPYKEM)CNNGT[QHVJG0CVKQPCN%QNNGEVKQPQH(KPG #TVU5OKVJUQPKCP+PUVKVWVKQP9CUJKPIVQP&%



Denise Scott Brown

.[PEJ -  9CUVKPI CYC[ #P GZRNQTCVKQP QH YCUVG

B I OGRAPHIES



$TCPFQP$CNNGPIÅG

CU IGPGVKE GPIKPGGTKPI UGPUG GZRGTKGPEG CPF VJG

'ZRNQTKPI VJG DQWPFCTKGU DGVYGGP CTV UEKGPEG

NKOKVU QH JWOCP MPQYNGFIG QT ITCXKVCVKQP 5JG

CPF CEVKXKUO $CNNGPIÅG ETGCVGU CTVYQTMU QWV QH

EQCWVJQTGF n-WPUV WPF )GPVGEJPQNQIKGo #TV CPF

KPHQTOCVKQP IGPGTCVGF HTQO GEQNQIKECN ȧGNF VTKRU

)GPGVKE 'PIKPGGTKPI  CPF n&CU 6KGT KP FGT

CPF NCDQTCVQT[ TGUGCTEJ +P  *G YCU PQOK

\GKVIGPÒUUKUEJGP-WPUVo #PKOCNUKP%QPVGORQTCT[

PCVGFHQTOGODGTUJKRKPVQ5KIOC:+VJG5EKGPVKȧE

#TVCPFUKPEGUJGJCUNGEVWTGFQPn#TV

4GUGCTEJ 5QEKGV[ *KU NGCF CWVJQTGF CTVKENG YKVJ

CPF5EKGPEGoCVVJG'6* 5YKUU(GFGTCN+PUVKVWVGQH

&T 5VCPNG[ - 5GUUKQPU n'ZRNCPCVKQP HQT /KUUKPI

6GEJPQNQI[KP<WTKEJ

.KODU KP &GHQTOGF #ORJKDKCPUo YCU RWDNKUJGF KP  KP ,QWTPCN QH 'ZRGTKOGPVCN
0KM)CHHPG[

TGEGKXGF KPVGTPCVKQPCN OGFKC CVVGPVKQP HTQO VJG

# U[UVGOU CPF OGFKC TGUGCTEJGT CPF C HQWPFKPI

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OGODGT QH (Q#/ *KU UVWFKGU EQXGTGF VJG ȧGNFU

0CVWTG#VGNKGTOKFVQYP/CPJCVVCPoUȧTUVFWCNGEQ

QHEQORWVGTUEKGPEGEQIPKVKXGUEKGPEGCPFQTICPKE

NQIKECN CTV CPF DKQNQIKECN TGUGCTEJ UVWFKQ *G EWT

EJGOKUVT[ 0KM JCU RWV VJKU TGUGCTEJ KPVQ RTCEVKEG

TGPVN[ KU C XKUKVKPI UEKGPVKUV KP VJG DKQNQI[ FGRCTV

VJTQWIJ VJG CTVKȧEKCNNKHG GPXKTQPOGPV nOWVCIGPo

OGPV CV /E)KNN 7PKXGTUKV[ KP /QPVTGCN %CPCFC

OKZGFTGCNKV[U[UVGOUHQTnV UGTKGUoCPFnITQ9QTNFo

6JTGGHQTVJEQOKPIDQQMUQP$CNNGPIÅGoUVTCPUFKUEK

CUYGNNCUD[NGCFKPI(Q#/oUTGUGCTEJKPVQCTVKȧEKCN

RNKPCT[CTVCPFUEKGPEGRTQLGEVUYKNNFGDWVKP

EQORCPKQPU YKVJKP VJG 'WTQRGCP RTQLGEV .+4'%

RWDNKUJGF D[ VJG #TVU %CVCN[UV .QPFQP 'PINCPF

5KPEG LQKPKPI (Q#/ KP  0KM JCU FGUKIPGF

VJG 5JTGYUDWT[ /WUGWO KP 5JTQRUJKTG 'PINCPF

CPFHCEKNKVCVGFCPWODGTQHYQTMUJQRUCPFOCUVGT

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ENCUUGU HQEWUKPI QP VJG TQNG QH KPPQXCVKQP CPF VGEJPQNQI[HQTETGCVKXGRTCEVKEGU6JGTGUWNVUQHJKU

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9CUDQTPKP
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CPFUEKGPEG(QTOQTGVJCP[GCTUUJGYQTMGFCU

CTVCPFFGUKIPHGUVKXCNU

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JCUHQEWUGFQPRTQLGEVUCVVJGKPVGTHCEGQHCTVCPF

# JKUVQTKCP QH #TEJKVGEVWTG CPF #TV *GT VGCEJKPI

UEKGPEG *GT KPVGTGUVU CTG EQPEGPVTCVGF QP VJG

TGUGCTEJCPFYTKVKPIEQPEGTP6JGQT[QH#TEJKVGEVWTG

RQVGPVKCNCPFNKOKVUQHCTVCPFUEKGPEGCUFKHHGTGPV

CPF /GFKC *KUVQT[ QH /QFGTP #TEJKVGEVWTG WPF

OQFGU QH MPQYKPI CPF VJGKT KORCEV QP VJG HQT

#TV 5KPEG  C UGPKQT NGEVWTGT KP UEGPQITCRJ[

OCVKQPQHVJGJWOCPGPXKTQPOGPV+PVJKUEQPVGZV

JKUVQT[ CPF VJGQT[ QH URCEG CV VJG <WTKEJ 7PKXGT

UJGJCUGZCOKPGFVJGTQNGUCPFRCVVGTPUQHCTVCPF

UKV[ QH VJG #TVU 5JG KU CNUQ UWRGTXKUQT CPF GFKVQ

UEKGPEGCPFCDQXGCNNVJGKTTGNCVKQPUKPVJGEQWTUG

TKCNCFXKUQTQHVJG<0QFG2J&RTQITCOQPCTVCPF

QH JKUVQT[ 5JG JCU YTKVVGP CTVKENGU KP VJG ȧGNFU QH

UEKGPEG CV VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 2N[OQWVJ 7- (TQO

DQVJUEKGPEGCPFCTVCPFEQEWTCVGFGZJKDKVKQPUCV

s )NGKPKIGT YQTMGF CU C EWTCVQT CV VJG

VJG %QPKPZ /WUGWO CPF <WTKEJ &GUKIP /WUGWO

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COQPIQVJGTUYJGTGUJGYQTMGFQPUWEJVQRKEU

5KPEGUJGYCUCNGEVWTGTHQTJKUVQT[QHOQFGTP



KUGPVKVNGF6JG.CIQQP%[ENGCEQORNGZRJQVQOWTCN

CPF #TV #ECFGOKGU KP -CTNUTWJG *QEJUEJWNG HØT

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5CQ 2CQNQ $KGPPCNGU &QEWOGPVC  VJG /WUGWOU

QH *KUVQT[ QH #TV 7PKXGTUKV[ QH <WTKEJ +P 

QH /QFGTP #TV KP %JKECIQ 5CP (TCPEKUEQ $QPP

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VKQP KP
CPF5RCEG(TQOVQUJGYCUCIWGUVRTQ

GXGNFKP*QNNCPF6JGKTYQTMVQQM5GEQPF2TK\GCV

HGUUQTCVVJG*H)CPFHTQOsCTGUGCTEJ

VJG0CIQ[C$KGPCNGKPKP,CRCP6JG[TGEGKXGF

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VJG )TQGPGXGNF #YCTF HQT FQKPI VJG OQUV UKIPKȧ

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CTEJKVGEVWTG VJG TGNCVKQP DGVYGGP VJG EQPEGRVU

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QH CTEJKVGEVWTG CPF PGY OGFKC VGEJPQNQIKGU 5JG

VJGRTGUGPV

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%WTTGPVN[ UGPKQT UEKGPVKUV CV VJG +PUVKVWVG QH +PVG ITCVKXG$KQNQI[ HQTOGTN[)GQDQVCPKECN+PUVKVWVGCV

*GNGPCPF0GYVQP*CTTKUQP

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QH VYQ HQWPFKPI OGODGTU QH VJG PGY 8KUWCN #TVU

5VWFKGUHQTVJG<0QFGs2J&RTQITCOHQTCTVKUVUKP

&GRCTVOGPVCV7%5CP&KGIQ*GNGP*CTTKUQPCNUQ

UEKGPEGȧGNFU7PKXGTUKV[QHVJG#TVU<WTKEJ5YKV

EQOKPIHTQO70/FQKPITGUGCTEJDCUGFYQTMCPF

\GTNCPF *GT TGUGCTEJ HQEWUGU QP DKQUCHGV[ KUUWGU

VGCEJKPINKVGTCVWTGYCU&KTGEVQTQH'FWECVKQPCN2TQ

CPF EQPEGRVU HQT GPXKTQPOGPVCN TKUM CUUGUUOGPV

ITCOUCV7%'ZVGPUKQP6JG*CTTKUQPEQNNCDQTCVKQP

CPF RQUVTGNGCUG OQPKVQTKPI QH )/1U 6JTQWIJ

DGICP KP s YKVJ C OCRRKPI VJG[ OCFG

PWOGTQWU TGUGCTEJ CPF ECRCEKV[ DWKNFKPI RTQLGEVU

QH GPFCPIGTGF URGEKGU CTQWPF VJG YQTNF HQT CP

UJG KU JGCXKN[ GPICIGF KP FGXGNQRKPI EQWPVTKGU

GZJKDKVKQPECNNGF(WTCPF(GCVJGTUCVVJG/WUGWO

KP #HTKEC CPF 5QWVJ #OGTKEC CPF 8KGVPCO *GT

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TGUGCTEJ CPF EQPEGRVWCN YQTM CNUQ EQPVTKDWVGU VQ

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VJG KORNGOGPVCVKQP CPF UJCRKPI QH VJG 70'2

ȧUJ HCTOU RQTVCDNG QTEJCTFU CPF ȨCV RCUVWTGU KP

%$&%CTVCIGPC2TQVQEQNQP$KQUCHGV[CPFECRCEKV[

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DWKNFKPIKPFGXGNQRKPIEQWPVTKGU+PUJGYCU

VJG 0GY 0CVKQPCN )CNNGT[ KP $GTNKP 6JG *QWUVQP

CRRQKPVGF CU NGCF CWVJQT QH )NQDCN %JCRVGT  CPF

/WUGWO QH %QPVGORQTCT[ #TV 6JG .QU #PIGNGU

5[PVJGUKU4GRQTVQP$KQVGEJPQNQI[QHVJG+PVGTPC

/WUGWOQH%QPVGORQTCT[#TVCPFXCTKQWUWPKXGT

VKQPCN#UUGUUOGPV#ITKEWNVWTCN5EKGPEG6GEJPQNQI[

UKV[ICNNGTKGU2GTJCRUVJGKTDGUVMPQYPGCTN[YQTM

HQT &GXGNQROGPV +##56& 5JG KU KPETGCUKPIN[



Biographies

CTEJKVGEVWTGOGFKCCPFCTVCVFKHHGTGPV7PKXGTUKVKGU

KPXQNXGF KP DTQCFGT KUUWGU QH VGEJPQNQI[ FGXGNQR

KUVUKPVGTCEVKQPFGUKIPGEQCTVCPFVJGJKUVQT[CPF

OGPV VQYCTFU C FGOQETCVKECNN[ NGIKVKOCVGF UWU

VJGQT[QHGNGEVTQPKEOGFKC

VCKPCDNG INQDCN HWVWTG CPF CEVKXGN[ EQPVTKDWVGU VQ VJGFGDCVGQPCITQHWGNUKPVGTPCVKQPCNCITKEWNVWTG

/CLC-W\OCPQXKE

JWPIGT CPF RQXGTV[ CNNGXKCVKQP 5JG KU C OGODGT

# IGPGTCNKUV YKVJ CP CECFGOKE DCEMITQWPF KP

QH XCTKQWU PCVKQPCN CPF KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQOOKVVGGU

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CPFUEKGPVKȧEQTICPK\CVKQPU5JGKUEQHQWPFGTCPF

RTQHGUUKQPCN GZRGTKGPEG KPENWFGU FGUKIP HCEKNKVC

CEVKPI EJCKTRGTUQP QH C PGYN[ HQWPFGF 'WTQRGCP

VKQP  VTCPUFKUEKRNKPCT[ NGCFGTUJKR /CLC KU VJG

0GVYQTMQH5EKGPVKUVUHQT5QEKCNCPF'PXKTQPOGPVCN

HQWPFGT2+CPFCTVKUVKEFKTGEVQTQH(Q#/2TKQTVQ

4GURQPUKDKNKV[  &KRNQOC KP #ITKEWNVWTCN

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6KHHCP[*QNOGU

DGGP TGEQIPKUGF D[ VJG /+6oU 6GEJPQNQI[ 4GXKGY

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 VJG 9QTNF 'EQPQOKE (QTWO CYCTFKPI JGT VJG

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VKVNGUQH6QR;QWPI+PPQXCVQT ;QWPI

CTFUJKR 4GEGPV RTQLGEVU KPENWFG C EQOOKUUKQP HQT

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VJG 0CVKQPCN %GPVGT HQT 5WRGTEQORWVKPI #RRNKEC VKQPU YJGTG UGSWGPEGU QH GZRGTKOGPVCN CPKOC

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OGFKC CTV CPF EWNVWTCN VJGQT[ KP &TGUFGP OCTVKCN

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CTVU KP -[QVQ WPF $GTNKP CU YGNN CU EWNVWTCN RJK

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5JGNGEVWTGUCPFGZJKDKVUYQTNFYKFGKPVJGUG

KP 8KGPPC CPF KP -CTNUTWJG )GTOCP[ +P 

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KP$GTNKP+PUJGRCTVKEKRCVGFKP&QEWOGPVC

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 F: CU VJG ȧTUV HGOCNG TGRTGUGPVCVKXG HTQO VJG

VKQPoKP,CRCP+5'#0CIQ[C#TGEKRKGPVQHVJG

HQTOGT'CUVGTP$NQEEQWPVTKGU5KPEGUJGJCU

/KEJKICP5QEKGV[QH(GNNQYUTGUGCTEJHGNNQYUJKRKP

VWVQTGF CV XCTKQWU WPKXGTUKVKGU COQPI QVJGTU CV

 *QNOGU JCU GCTPGF CP +NNKPQKU #TVU %QWPEKN

VJG -CTNUTWJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH #TVU CPF &GUKIP CPF

KPFKXKFWCNITCPVCPCTVKUVUKPNCDUTGUKFGPE[CYCTF

VJG <WTKEJ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH VJG #TVU CV VJG +PUVKVWVG

KP 5YKV\GTNCPF CPF C  4JK\QOG %QOOKUUKQP

HQT &GUKIP 4GUGCTEJ &GUKIPEQPVGZV +P  UJG

*QNOGU KU #UUQEKCVG 2TQHGUUQT CPF HQTOGT %JCKT

TGEGKXGF JGT FQEVQTCVG WPFGT 2GVGT 5NQVGTFKLM QP

QH VJG &GRCTVOGPV QH #TV CPF 6GEJPQNQI[ CV VJG

VJG VQRKE QH RQNKVKECN RJKNQUQRJ[ 5KPEG  UJG

5EJQQN QH VJG #TV +PUVKVWVG QH %JKECIQ YJGTG UJG

KUCRTQHGUUKQPCNGZJKDKVKQPEWTCVQTCPFYTKVGT+PK

VGCEJGUEQWTUGUKPEQORWVGTRTQITCOOKPIHQTCTV

VKCVQT CPF NGCFGT QH VJG KPVGTPCVKQPCN HGUVKXCN CPF



KECP#TV#TVRQTVCPF6JG(KGNF/WUGWOQH0CVWTCN


*KUVQT[ *GT YQTM JCU DGGP TGXKGYGF D[ VJG .QU

(QWPFGTQHVJGFGUKIPOGFKCCPFCTVKUVKEUQEKQNQI

#PIGNGU6KOGU#TVKP#OGTKEC#TV0GYU0;#TVU

KECN ITQWR 'OGTIGPE[ &GUKIP CPF KPKVKCVQT QH VJG

CPF QVJGTU +P  UJG URGPV UGXGP YGGMU

FKUEWUUKQP UGTKGU nVCNMU KPDGVYGGP GOGTIGPEKGUo

KP #PVCTEVKEC QP C 0CVKQPCN 5EKGPEG (QWPFCVKQP

9KVJKP VJG HTCOGYQTM QH JGT FQEVQTCN TGUGCTEJ

HWPFGF TGUKFGPE[ JVVRYYYFGITGGUUQWVJ

/KNGX JCU CU QH  DGEQOG C XKUKVKPI TGUGCTEJ

QTI JVVRYYYCPFTGCRQNNKEQO

HGNNQY CV VJG TGUGCTEJ KPUVKVWVG QH VJG -CTNUTWJG 7PKXGTUKV[QH#TVUCPF&GUKIP

,WCPKVC5EJNÀRHGT/KNNGT 4GUGCTEJCUUQEKCVGCVVJG7PKXGTUKV[QHVJG#TVUKP

,KNN1TT

<WTKEJ <*F-5JGKUCPCTVKUVCPFUEKGPEGEQOOW

# OGFKC CTVKUV YJQ JCU FGNKIJVGF UJQEMGF CPF

PKECVQT CPF JCU FGXGNQRGF KPVGTCEVKXG GZJKDKVU HQT

OQXGF CWFKGPEGU VJTQWIJ JGT RGTHQTOCPEG KPUVCN

UEKGPEGEGPVGTUCPFOWUGWOUQPRCTVKENGRJ[UKEU

NCVKQPU YJKEJ UJG JCU RTGUGPVGF KP EKVKGU UWEJ CU

TGPGYCDNG GPGTI[ TGUGCTEJ CPF RTQVGKP ET[UVCNNQI

2CTKU $GKLKPI *QPI -QPI #OUVGTFCO #PVYGTR

TCRJ[ 5JG YCU CP GZJKDKV FGXGNQRGT CPF CTVKUVKP

0GY;QTM6QTQPVQ3WGDGE%KV[)TC\*QPI-QPI

TGUKFGPEG CV VJG 'ZRNQTCVQTKWO KP 5CP (TCPEKUEQ

5[FPG[ /GNDQWTPG #FGNCKFG CPF $TKUDCPG HTQO

*GTCTVYQTMJCUKPENWFGFVJGOGUQHUGNHQTICPK\GF

VJG NCVG PKPGVGGP UGXGPVKGU VQ PQY 1TToU YQTM

ETKVKECNKV[YCVGTCPFHQUUKNHWGNTGUQWTEGUCPFJCU

EGPVTGUQPKUUWGUQHVJGRU[EJQUQEKCNCPFGPXKTQP

DGGP UJQYP KP ICNNGTKGU CPF OWUGWOU KP VJG 75

OGPVCNYJGTGUJGFTCYUQPNCPFCPFKFGPVKVKGUCU

CPF5YKV\GTNCPF%WTTGPVN[CFQEVQTCNECPFKFCVGCV

VJG[CTGUJCRGFKPQPCPFYKVJVJGGPXKTQPOGPV

VJG<0QFGQHVJG<*F-JGTTGUGCTEJKPVGTGUVUCTG

DG KV EQWPVT[ QT WTDCP NQECNGU 1TT ITCRRNGU YKVJ

VJGUQEKCNRCTCOGVGTUQHENKOCVGEJCPIGRTGEKRKVCVGF

VJGDCNCPEGCPFFKUEQTFVJCVGZKUVUCVVJGJGCTVQH

CNVGTCVKQPUKPUOCNNUECNGCITKEWNVWTCNRTCEVKEGUHQT

TGNCVKQPUDGVYGGPVJGJWOCPURKTKVCTVCPFPCVWTG

GZCORNG VJG EWNVWTCN GHHGEVU QH RNCPVKPI DKQHWGNU

(TQOVJG5GCDGICPCDQF[QHYQTMVJCVVTCEGUQXGT

CPFVJGTQNGQHCTVCUCOQFGNQHTKVWCNEQOOWPKEC

NCRRKPIJKUVQTKGUQHKPFKIGPQWUCPFPQPKPFKIGPQWU

VKQPKPUEKGPEGEQOOWPKECVKQPGPFGCXQWTU

TGNCVKQPUVQRNCEG5JGJCUTGEGPVN[EQORNGVGF6JG %TQUUKPI6JG5QWVJGTP%TQUUsVQDGCTCPFDGJQNFCPF

,KNN5EQVV

(CKVJ KP C HCKVJNGUU NCPF VJCV GZRTGUU EWNVWTCN CPF

$QTP KP  KP /GNDQWTPG #WUVTCNKC JCU DGGP

GPXKTQPOGPVCNKPVGTFGRGPFGPEG

YQTMKPICPFNKXKPIKP5YKV\GTNCPFUKPEG%WT TGPVN[UJGKU2TQHGUUQTHQT4GUGCTEJKPVJG+PUVKVWVG

#PFTGC2QNNK

HQT%WNVWTCN5VWFKGUKP#TV/GFKCCPF&GUKIPCVVJG

&KIKVCNOGFKCCTVKUV#UUQEKCVG2TQHGUUQTKP(KPG#TVU

<WTKEJ7PKXGTUKV[QHVJG#TVU <*F-KP<WTKEJCPF

CPF 'PIKPGGTKPI CPF &KTGEVQT QH VJG +PVGTFKUEKRNK

%Q&KTGEVQT QH VJG CTVKUVUKPNCDU 2TQITCO C EQN

PCT[ (KNO CPF &KIKVCN /GFKC 2TQITCO CV 6JG 7PK

NCDQTCVKQP YKVJ VJG /KPKUVT[ HQT %WNVWTG 5YKV\GT

XGTUKV[ QH 0GY /GZKEQ 2QNNKoU YQTM YKVJ UEKGPEG

NCPF5JGKUCNUQ8KEG&KTGEVQTQHVJG<0QFG2J&

VGEJPQNQI[ CPF OGFKC JCU DGGP RTGUGPVGF YKFGN[

RTQITCOQPCTVCPFUEKGPEGFWN[NQECVGFKP<WTKEJ

KPXGPWGUKPENWFKPIVJG9JKVPG[/WUGWOQH#OGT

CPFCVVJG7PKXGTUKV[QH2N[OQWVJ7-*GTTGEGPV



Biographies

U[ORQUKWO'OGTIGPE[&GUKIPs&GUKIP5VTCVGIKGUKP

RWDNKECVKQPU KPENWFG nCTVKUVUKPNCDU 2TQEGUUGU

CPF*CXKPI9QTFU &GPKUGJCUTGEGKXGFVJG

QH +PSWKT[o  5RTKPIGT8KGPPC0GY ;QTM CPF

8KNEGM #YCTF KP CTV CPF VJG 6QRC\ /GFCNNKQP HQT

%QFGF%JCTCEVGTU*CVLG%CPV\'FVQIGVJGT

FKUVKPIWKUJGF VGCEJKPI #U CTEJKVGEVWTGoU nITCPF

YKVJ/CTKNNG*CJPGUJGJCUYTKVVGPOCP[EJCRVGTU

OQVJGTo UJG URGPFU VKOG VJGUG FC[U YTKVKPI HQT

KP KPVGTPCVKQPCN DQQMU QP PGY EQPVGZVU HQT VJG

RWDNKECVKQP CPF EQTTGURQPFKPI YKVJ UVWFGPVU CPF

CTVU 5JG JCU C 2J& HTQO VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 9CNGU

RTQHGUUKQPCNUYQTNFYKFG

7- CP /# HTQO 75( 5CP (TCPEKUEQ CPF VYQ WPFGTITCFWCVG FGITGGU KP GFWECVKQP CPF CTV CPF

6JGTGUG5VGHHGP

FGUKIP 5KPEG  UJG JCU GZJKDKVGF OCP[ XKFGQ

'PINKUJCTVJKUVQT[CPFNKVGTCT[ETKVKEKUOYGTG5VGH

CTVYQTMUEQPEGRVWCNRGTHQTOCPEGUCPFKPVGTCEVKXG

HGPoUUWDLGEVUCV5CP(TCPEKUEQ5VCVG7PKXGTUKV[7%

GPXKTQPOGPVUKP75#,CRCP#WUVTCNKCCPF'WTQRG

$GTMGNG[CPFCVVJG7PKXGTUKV[QH<WTKEJYJGTGUJG

*GTOQUVTGEGPVTGUGCTEJHQTJGTCTVYQTMUKUCDQWV

EQORNGVGF JGT FQEVQTCVG QP 9KNNKCO 5JCMGURGCTG

PGWTQUEKGPEG GODQFKOGPV KP VJG GPXKTQPOGPV

5JGYCUCNGEVWTGTCVVJG'PINKUJ&GRCTVOGPVQHVJG

CPF DTCKP RNCUVKEKV[ KPXQNXKPI VJG EQPUVTWEVKQP QH

7PKXGTUKV[QH<WTKEJRWDNKUJGFCTVKENGUQP'WFQTC

KPVGTCEVKXGOGFKCCPFGNGEVTQPKEUEWNRVWTGUJVVR

9GNV[ VJG n0GY ;QTMGTo ECTVQQP ECRVKQPU 5JCMG

YYYLKNNUEQVVQTI 

URGCTGCPF4KVC&QXG*GTRQUVFQEVJGUKUn%TQUUKPI %QNQWT6TCPUEWNVWTCN5RCEGCPF2NCEGKP4KVC&QXGoU

&GPKUG5EQVV$TQYP

2QGVT[(KEVKQP&TCOCo 0GY;QTM.QPFQP1ZHQTF

#TEJKVGEVRNCPPGTWTDCPFGUKIPGTCPFGFWECVQT#U

72KUVJGȧTUVOQPQITCRJQPVJG#HTQ#OGT

CRTKPEKRCNQH8GPVWTK5EQVV$TQYPCPF#UUQEKCVGU

KECPHQTOGT75RQGVNCWTGCVG4KVC&QXG

UJGJCUIWKFGFVJGFGUKIPQHVJGȧTOoUNCTIGUVKPUVK

5VGHHGPYCUC(GNNQY sCPFKUPQYC

VWVKQPCNCPFCECFGOKERTQLGEVUCPFDGGPKPEJCTIG

RGTOCPGPVCUUQEKCVGQHVJG9'$&W$QKU+PUVKVWVG

QH VJQUG KP WTDCP RNCPPKPI WTDCP FGUKIP CPF

HQT #HTQ#OGTKECP 5VWFKGU CV *CTXCTF 7PKXGTUKV[

ECORWU RNCPPKPI *GT YQTM URCPU HTQO CFXQECE[

+P  UJG YCU CRRQKPVGF 1DGTCUUKUVGPVKP NCVGT

RNCPPKPIHQT2JKNCFGNRJKCoUKPPGTEKV[VQCRTQXKPEKCN

#UUKUVCPV2TQHGUUQTQH)GPFGT5VWFKGUKPVJGCPINQ

ECRKVQN DWKNFKPI KP 6QWNQWUG (TCPEG *GT RTQLGEVU

RJQPG EQPVGZV CV VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH $CUGN 5KPEG

KPENWFGRNCPUCPFFGUKIPUHQT6UKPIJWC7PKXGTUKV[

 UJG KU CNUQ 2TKXCVFQ\GPVKP CV VJG 7PKXGTUKV[

$GKLKPI VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 2GPPU[NXCPKC RNWU KVU

QH <WTKEJ CPF UKPEG  6KVWNCTRTQHGUUQTKP QH

2GTGNOCP3WCFTCPINGCPFVJG7PKXGTUKV[QH/KEJ

)GPFGT 5VWFKGU KP VJG CPINQRJQPG EQPVGZV CV VJG

KICP RNWU KVU .KHG 5EKGPEGU EQORNGZ *GT TGUGCTEJ

7PKXGTUKV[QH$CUGNYJGTGUJGHQEWUGUQPKUUWGUQH

RTQLGEVUJCXGUGVPGYFKTGEVKQPUKPCTEJKVGEVWTGCPF

GVJPKEKV[ #HTQ#OGTKECPCPF#HTKECPNKVGTCVWTGCPF

JGT KPVGTFKUEKRNKPCT[ GZRGTKGPEG JCU EQPVTKDWVGF

EWNVWTGGVJKEUIGPFGTCPFNKVGTCT[URCEG

DTGCFVJCPFKPPQXCVKQPVQFGUKIPRTQEGUUGUKPJGT ȧTO CPF VJG RTQHGUUKQP *GT RWDNKECVKQPU KPENWFG n.GCTPKPIHTQO.CU8GICUo YKVJ4QDGTV8GPVWTKCPF 5VGXGP +\GPQWT TGXKUGF  7TDCP %QP EGRVU  n#TEJKVGEVWTG CU UKIPU CPF U[UVGOU HQT C OCPPGTKUV VKOGo YKVJ 4QDGTV 8GPVWTK