Tourism at the Grassroots
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The Media and the Tourist Imagination &RQYHUJLQJFXOWXUHV Edited by David Crouch, Rhona Jackson and Felix Thompson Tourism and Global Environmental Change (FRORJLFDOVRFLDOHFRQRPLFDQG political interrelationships Edited by Stefan Gössling and C. Michael Hall
Forthcoming Understanding and Managing Tourism Impacts Michael Hall and Alan Lew
Routledge Studies in Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and MobilityLVDIRUXPIRULQQRYDWLYHQHZUHVHDUFKLQWHQGHGIRUUHVHDUFKVWXGHQWV DQGDFDGHPLFVDQGWKHWLWOHVZLOOEHDYDLODEOHLQKDUGEDFNRQO\7LWOHVLQFOXGH Living with Tourism 1HJRWLDWLQJLGHQWLWLHVLQD7XUNLVK YLOODJH Hazel Tucker
Tourism and the Consumption of Wildlife +XQWLQJVKRRWLQJDQGVSRUW¿VKLQJ Brent Lovelock
Tourism, Diasporas and Space Tim Coles and Dallen J. Timothy
Tourism, Creativity and Development Greg Richards and Julie Wilson
Tourism and Postcolonialism &RQWHVWHGGLVFRXUVHVLGHQWLWLHVDQG representations C. Michael Hall and Hazel Tucker Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Journeys Dallen J. Timothy and Daniel H. Olsen China’s Outbound Tourism Wolfgang Georg Arlt
Tourism at the Grassroots 9LOODJHUVDQGYLVWRUVLQWKH $VLD3DFL¿F John Connell and Barbara Rugendyke
Forthcoming Tourism and Innovation Michael Hall and Allan Williams
Tourism, Power and Space Andrew Church and Tim Coles
Understanding and Managing Tourism Impacts Michael Hall and Alan Lew
Tourism, Ethnic Diversity and the City Jan Rath
Tourism Geography $QHZV\QWKHVLVQGHGLWLRQ Stephen Williams
Ecotourism, NGOs and Development $FULWLFDODQDO\VLV Jim Butcher
World Tourism Cities 'HYHORSLQJWRXULVPRIIWKHEHDWHQ WUDFN Robert Maitland and Peter Newman
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Edited by John Connell and Barbara Rugendyke
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Contents
/LVWRI¿JXUHV List of maps List of tables List of contributors Preface and acknowledgements Map
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The tourist area life cycle 3 On the edge of the tourist industry 4 Tourism as transformation 8 The complexities of culture 25 New directions 31 2
Another (unintended) legacy of Captain Cook?: the evolution of Rapanui (Easter Island) tourism
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Contact and colonial history as tourism narrative: visitors and souvenirs 42 Rapanui curbed and curtailed: the island of innocent inmates 44 Turning disadvantage to advantage 46 Towards the modern era 49 Autonomous futures in modernity 52 3
Moderate expectations and benign exploitation: tourism on the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea (5,&./,1(6,/9(50$1
Introduction: the obvious 58
YLLL Contents Sepik tourism 60 A different sort of moral evaluation 62 Dialogues with the wider world 63 The economics of tourist art 64 The rise of the individual 66 Tourist art and identity 67 Anxiety and cognition 69 A traditional hybridity 70 Rediscovering and reinventing culture 71 Local resistance 71 Conclusion 72 4
‘Everything is truthful here’: custom village tourism in Tanna, Vanuatu
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Vanuatu 79 Tourism operators 82 Villages and villagers 86 Tourists 89 Within the village 91 Conclusion 92 5
The whole nine villages: local-level development through mass tourism in Tibetan China
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Jiuzhaigou Biosphere Reserve 98 Village wellbeing and tourism 100 Special conditions of tourism and governance in Jiuzhaigou 105 Attitudes and skills of local entrepreneurs 109 Policies of local government 110 Conclusion 111 6
Weapons of the workers: employees in the Fiji hotel scene <2.2.$1(0$68
Introduction: touristic representation and ideology 114 Voices of the subordinate: workers’ response 118 Institutionalisation of amiability 123 Inequity of power 124 Popular response: dynamics of hegemonic rule 126 Conclusion 127
Contents L[ 7
On the beach: small-scale tourism in Samoa
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Is small beautiful in the tourism sector? 131 The nature of tourism development in Samoa 134 Contribution of beach fale tourism to local development 139 The undervaluation of beach fale tourism 143 Conclusion 144 8
After the bomb in a Balinese village
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Vulnerability and tourism 148 Bali and tourism 149 Tegaljadi and tourism 150 Individual experiences of the tourism decline in Tegaljadi 151 Safety nets 153 ‘Just waiting around for something to change’ – economic vulnerability and tourism 155 Attitudes towards tourism (before and) after the bombings 157 The importance of diversity 159 9
Sustainability and security: Lombok hotels’ link with local communities
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Lombok in context 164 Key issues in tourism employment 168 Need for local community participation 169 Tourism employment on Lombok 169 The informal sector 173 Links with the local community 174 Conclusion 176 10 Priorities, people and preservation: nature-based tourism at Cuc Phuong National Park, Vietnam %$5%$5$58*(1'<.($1'1*8<(17+,621
Prioritising conservation 179 Cuc Phuong National Park 180 The visitors 181 Villagers 185 Prioritising people? 195
[ Contents 11 Communities on edge: cRQÀLFWVRYHUFRPPXQLW\WRXULVP in Thailand
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The business of parks and the role of local people 198 Park ideology in Thailand: territorialisation and excluding local people 199 A history of Khao Yai – tourism and growing state control over local affairs 202 Livelihoods, transition and tourism at the local level 204 Analysing the politics at the local level 208 1HZIRUPVRIUHVRXUFHFRQÀLFWV 210 Conclusion 211 12 Community-based ecotourism in Thailand
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Ecotourism as an alternative and the move toward CBET 215 From mainstream to community-based ecotourism in Thailand 216 Four case studies of community-based ecotourism 220 Environment, society and economy in community-based ecotourism 227 Conclusion: inventing tradition and claiming resources 231 13 Ecotourism and indigenous communities: the Lower Kinabatangan experience
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The sanctuary and its environs 239 The people of the Kinabatangan 240 Nature tourism in the Lower Kinabatangan 240 The sanctuary: friend or foe 242 Red Ape Encounters and Adventures: a community-based orang-utan ecotourism project 243 Conclusion 253 14 Adventures, picnics and nature conservation: ecotourism in Malaysian national parks 1250$1%$&.+$86
Tourism in protected areas 256 National parks and impacts of tourism in Malaysia 258
Contents [L Forms of tourism in Malaysian national parks 260 A World Heritage site: Gunung Mulu National Park 263 Conclusion 269 15 Marginal people and marginal places?
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With the tourists 276 Local participation 277 Onwards and outwards 278 Index
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Maps
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Tables
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Contributors
Norman Backhaus, 'HSDUWPHQW RI *HRJUDSK\ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI =XULFK 6ZLW]HUland. John Connell, 6FKRRORI*HRVFLHQFHV8QLYHUVLW\RI6\GQH\6\GQH\$XVWUDOLD Kelly Dombroski, 'HSDUWPHQWRI+XPDQ*HRJUDSK\5HVHDUFK6FKRRORI$VLDQ DQG3DFL¿F6WXGLHV$XVWUDOLDQ1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\&DQEHUUD$XVWUDOLD Fleur Fallon,8QLYHUVLW\RI1RWWLQJKDP1LQJER1LQJER=KHMLDQJ35&KLQD Philip Hirsch, 6FKRRORI*HRVFLHQFHV8QLYHUVLW\RI6\GQH\6\GQH\$XVWUDOLD Yoko Kanemasu, 6FKRRO RI 6RFLRORJ\ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI WKH 6RXWK 3DFL¿F 6XYD Fiji. Isabelle Lackman-Ancrenaz, .LQDEDWDQJDQ 2UDQJXWDQ &RQVHUYDWLRQ 3URMHFW 6DQGDNDQ6DEDK0DOD\VLD Anucha Leksakundilok, 7KDLODQG,QVWLWXWHIRU6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\5HVHDUFK %DQJNRN7KDLODQG Grant McCall, 6FKRRORI6RFLRORJ\8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ6RXWK:DOHV6\GQH\ Australia. Nguyen Thi Son, )DFXOW\RI*HRJUDSK\+DQRL8QLYHUVLW\RI(GXFDWLRQ+DQRL 9LHWQDP Caroline Pang, (QYLURQPHQWDO0DUNHWLQJ&RQVXOWDQW6LQJDSRUH Rajanathan Rajaratnam, *HRJUDSK\DQG3ODQQLQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ(QJODQG Armidale, Australia. Prue Robinson, 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ$VVRFLDWLRQ WR 6DYH WKH 6HD7XUWOHV 0('$66(7 $WKHQV*UHHFH Barbara Rugendyke, *HRJUDSK\ DQG 3ODQQLQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1HZ (QJODQG Armidale, Australia.
[YL Contributors Regina Scheyvens, 6FKRRORI3HRSOH(QYLURQPHQWDQG3ODQQLQJ0DVVH\8QLYHUVLW\3DOPHUVWRQ1RUWK1HZ=HDODQG Eric Kline Silverman, 6FKRRORI$PHULFDQ6WXGLHVDQG+XPDQ'HYHORSPHQW :KHHORFN&ROOHJH%RVWRQ0DVVDFKXVHWWV Susan Tarplee, 6FKRRORI*HRVFLHQFHV8QLYHUVLW\RI6\GQH\6\GQH\$XVWUDOLD Tim Wong, 6DIHJXDUGLQJ%LRGLYHUVLW\IRU3RYHUW\5HGXFWLRQ3URMHFW%DQ:DW &KDQ9LHQWLDQH/DRV
Preface and acknowledgements
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References $\UHV:DQG$\UHV* Geiseler’s Easter Island Report: An 1880s Anthropological Account$VLDQDQG3DFL¿F$UFKDHRORJ\6HULHV1R+RQROXOX 6RFLDO6FLHQFH 5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH8QLYHUVLW\RI+DZDLµL %DKQ3DQG)OHQOH\- Easter Island: Earth Island: A Message from our Past for the Future of our Planet/RQGRQ 7KDPHVDQG+XGVRQ %DQNV - µ/RVW :RUOG 0\VWHULRXV 6WRQH 0RQROLWKV$QFLHQW +LHURJO\SKLFV DQG ([WLQFW%LUGPHQ±([SHULHQFHWKH7LPHOHVV&XOWXUHRI5HPRWH(DVWHU,VODQG¶Qantas Magazine-DQXDU\± &DPSEHOO3 µ(DVWHU,VODQG 2QWKH9HUJHRID6HFRQG(QYLURQPHQWDO&DWDVWURSKH¶ Rapa Nui Journal, ± &ULVWLQR&DQG,]DXULHWD5 µ(DVWHU,VODQG 7RWDO/DQG$UHDRI7H3LWRR7H+HQXD¶ Rapa Nui Journal 'LDPRQG- Collapse/RQGRQ 3HQJXLQ$OOHQ/DQH (EHQVWHQ+ Trespassers on Easter Island.H\:HVW .HWFKDQG
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References $EUDPVRQ -$ µ6W\OH &KDQJH LQ DQ 8SSHU 6HSLN &RQWDFW 6LWXDWLRQ¶ LQ 1++ *UDEXUQ HG Ethnic and Tourist Arts: Cultural Expressions from the Fourth World, %HUNHOH\&$ 8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV ²² µ6WUXFWXUDO$VSHFWVRI9LVXDO$UW'HVLJQDQGWKHLUUHODWLRQWR%URDGHU6RFLRFXOWXUDO&RQWH[WV¶Empirical Studies of the Arts ± $GDPV.0 µ&OXE'HDG1RW&OXE0HG 6WDJLQJ'HDWKLQ&RQWHPSRUDU\7DQD 7RUDMD ,QGRQHVLD ¶Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science ± ²² µ0RUHWKDQDQ(WKQLF0DUNHU 7RUDMD$UWDV,GHQWLW\1HJRWLDWRU¶American Ethnologist ± $GDPV 0 µ6WUXFWXUDO $VSHFWV RI 9LOODJH $UW¶ American Anthropologist ± $]DU\D9 µ*OREDOL]DWLRQDQG,QWHUQDWLRQDO7RXULVPLQ'HYHORSHG&RXQWULHV 0DUJLQDOLW\DVD&RPPHUFLDO&RPPRGLW\¶Current Sociology ± %DWHVRQ * µ6W\OH *UDFH DQG ,QIRUPDWLRQ LQ 3ULPLWLYH$UW¶ LQ$ )RUJH HG Primitive Art and Society/RQGRQ 2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV YDQ%HHN:( µ$IULFDQ7RXULVW(QFRXQWHUV (IIHFWVRI7RXULVPRQ7ZR:HVW$IULFDQ6RFLHWLHV¶Africa ± &DXVH\$ D µ7KHSingasinga7DEOH/DPSDQGWKH7RED%DWDN$UWRI&RQÀDWLRQ¶ Journal of American Folklore ± ²² E µ6WHDOLQJ D *RRG ,GHD ,QQRYDWLRQ DQG &RPSHWLWLRQ DPRQJ 7RED %DWDN :RRGFDUYHUV¶Museum Anthropology ± ²² µ7KH)ROGHULQWKH'UDZHURIWKH6N\%OXH/HPDUL $7RED%DWDN&DUYHU¶V 6HFUHW¶Crossroads ± &KLEQLN 0 Crafting Tradition: The Making and Marketing of Oaxacan Wood Carvings$XVWLQ7; 8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV 'DOWRQ5 µ*XLQHD([SHUWV&U\)RXORQ7ULEDO([KLELWV¶Nature ± 'RXJODV1 They Came For Savages: 100 Years of Tourism in Melanesia/LVPRUH 6RXWKHUQ&URVV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 'RXJRRG5& µ³2OLNDPORQJKXOELORQJ:RWxDQD´ 7KH\&RPHIURPWKH+ROH RI:RWxDQD +RZD3DSXD1HZ*XLQHDQ$UWHIDFW%HFDPH7UDGLWLRQDO¶LQ72WWRDQG 33HGHUVHQ HGV Tradition and Agency: Tracing Cultural Continuity and Invention, $DUKXV $DUKXV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV (UULQJWRQ)DQG*HZHUW]' µ7RXULVPDQG$QWKURSRORJ\LQD3RVW0RGHUQ:RUOG¶ Oceania ± )LVFKHU -/ µ$UW 6W\OHV DV &XOWXUDO &RJQLWLYH 0DSV¶ American Anthropologist, ±
Moderate expectations and benign exploitation )RVWHU 5- Materializing the Nation: Commodities, Consumption and Media in Papua New Guinea%ORRPLQJWRQ,1 ,QGLDQD8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV *HZHUW]'%DQG(UULQJWRQ) Twisted Histories, Altered Contexts: Representing the Chambri in a World System&DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV ²² Emerging Class in Papua New Guinea: The Telling of Difference&DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV +DUULVRQ6 The Mask of War: Violence, Ritual, and the Self in Melanesia, ManFKHVWHU 0DQFKHVWHU8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV .LQJ &5 µ7KH 0LV 8VH RI &DQQLEDOLVP LQ &RQWHPSRUDU\ &XOWXUDO &ULWLTXH¶ Diacritics ± /HYDQWLV7 µ7RXULVPLQ3DSXD1HZ*XLQHD $&RPSDUDWLYH3HUVSHFWLYH¶3DFL¿F Economic Bulletin ± 0DF&DQQHOO' Empty Meeting Grounds: The Tourist Papers/RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH 0D\5 The Artifact Industry: Maximizing Returns to Producers'LVFXVVLRQ3DSHU 1R%RURNR31* ,QVWLWXWHIRU$SSOLHG(FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO5HVHDUFK 0HDG0 The Mountain Arapesh II: Arts and Supernaturalism*DUGHQ&LW\1- 7KH1DWXUDO+LVWRU\3UHVV 1HVV6$ µ7RXULVP±7HUURULVP 7KH/DQGVFDSLQJRI&RQVXPSWLRQDQGWKH'DUNHU 6LGHRI3ODFH¶American Ethnologist ± 2WWR7DQG9HUORRS5- µ7KH$VDUR0XGPHQ /RFDO3URSHUW\3XEOLF&XOWXUH"¶ 7KH&RQWHPSRUDU\3DFL¿F ± 3UDWW 0/ Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH 5RRW' &DQQLEDO&XOWXUH $UW$SSURSULDWLRQ WKH&RPPRGL¿FDWLRQRI'LIIHUence%RXOGHU&2 :HVWYLHZ3UHVV 6HQIW* µ7KH3UHVHQWDWLRQRI6HOILQ7RXULVWLF(QFRXQWHUV $&DVH6WXG\IURPWKH 7UREULDQG,VODQGV¶Anthropos ± 6LOYHUPDQ(. µ7RXULVW$UWDVWKH&UDIWLQJRI,GHQWLW\LQWKH6HSLN5LYHU 3DSXD 1HZ *XLQHD ¶ LQ 5% 3KLOOLSV DQG &% 6WHLQHU HGV Unpacking Culture: Art and Commodity in Colonial and Postcolonial Worlds%HUNHOH\&$ 8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUnia Press. ²² µ7RXULVPLQWKH6HSLN5LYHURI3DSXD1HZ*XLQHD )DYRULQJWKH/RFDORYHU WKH*OREDO¶3DFL¿F7RXULVP5HYLHZ ± ²² D Masculinity, Motherhood, and Mockery: Psychoanalyzing Culture and the Iatmul Naven Rite in New Guinea$QQ$UERU0, 8QLYHUVLW\RI0LFKLJDQ3UHVV ²² E µ)URP7RWHPLF6SDFHWR&\EHUVSDFH 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQVLQ6HSLN5LYHUDQG $ERULJLQDO$XVWUDOLDQ0\WK.QRZOHGJHDQG$UW¶LQ-:HLQHUDQG$5XPVH\ HGV Emplaced Myth: Space, Narrative and Knowledge in Aboriginal Australia and Papua New Guinea Societies+RQROXOX+, 8QLYHUVLW\RI+DZDLµL3UHVV ²² µ+LJK$UWDV7RXULVW$UW7RXULVW$UWDV+LJK$UW &RPSDULQJWKH1HZ*XLQHD 6FXOSWXUH *DUGHQ DW 6WDQIRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG 6HSLN 5LYHU7RXULVW$UW¶ International Journal of Anthropology ± ²² µ&DQQLEDOL]LQJ&RPPRGLI\LQJDQG&UHDWLQJ&XOWXUH 3RZHUDQG&UHDWLYLW\ LQ6HSLN5LYHU7RXULVP¶LQ9/RFNZRRG HG Globalization and Culture Change in WKH3DFL¿F,VODQGV8SSHU6DGGOH5LYHU1- 3UHQWLFH+DOO ²² µ6HSLN5LYHU6HOYHVLQD&KDQJLQJ0RGHUQLW\ )URP6DKOLQVWR3V\FKRG\QDPLFV¶ LQ - 5REELQV DQG + :DUGORZ HGV The Making of Global and Local Modernities in Melanesia: Humiliation, Transformation and the Nature of Cultural Change%XUOLQJWRQ97 $VKJDWH
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References $GDPV. µ&RPHWR7DQD7RUDMD/DQGRIWKH+HDYHQO\.LQJV 7UDYHO$JHQWVDV %URNHUVRI(WKQLFLW\¶Annals of Tourism Research ± %HQQHWW0DQG+DUHZRRG- VanuatuWKHGLWLRQ0HOERXUQH /RQHO\3ODQHW %ROWRQ/ Unfolding the Moon. Enacting Women’s Custom in Vanuatu, Honolulu, +, 8QLYHUVLW\RI+DZDLµL3UHVV %RQQHPDLVRQ - The Tree and the Canoe. History and Ethnography of Tanna, +RQROXOX+, 8QLYHUVLW\RI+DZDLµL3UHVV %RRUVWLQ' The Image. A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America1HZ
Robinson and Connell &OLIIRUG - The Predicament of Culture &DPEULGJH 0$ +DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\ Press. ²² µ7DNLQJ,GHQWLW\3ROLWLFV6HULRXVO\ 7KH&RQWUDGLFWRU\6WRQ\*URXQG¶LQ 3*LOUR\/*URVVEHUJDQG$0F5REELH HGV Without Guarantees: Essays in Honour of Stuart Hall/RQGRQ 9HUVR &RKHQ ( µ$XWKHQWLFLW\ DQG &RPPRGLWL]DWLRQ LQ 7RXULVP¶ Annals of Tourism Research ± &RQQHOO- µ7KH&RQWLQXLW\RI&XVWRP"7RXULVW3HUFHSWLRQVRI$XWKHQWLFLW\LQ
‘Everything is truthful here’ 5HHV+ µ$XWKHQWLFLW\DQGWKH)RUHLJQ$XGLHQFHIRU7UDGLWLRQDO0XVLFLQ6RXWKZHVW&KLQD¶Journal of Musicological Research ± 5HLVLQJHU< DQG 6WHLQHU & µ5HFRQFHSWXDOL]LQJ 2EMHFW$XWKHQWLFLW\¶ Annals of Tourism Research ± 5RELQVRQ3 Kastom or Customized? Community-Based Tourism in Tanna, VanuatuXQSXEOLVKHGKRQRXUVWKHVLV8QLYHUVLW\RI6\GQH\ 6HQIW* µ7KH3UHVHQWDWLRQRI6HOILQ7RXULVWLF(QFRXQWHUV $&DVH6WXG\IURPWKH 7UREULDQG,VODQGV¶Anthropos ± 6KHSKHUG 5 µ&RPPRGL¿FDWLRQ &XOWXUH DQG 7RXULVP¶ Tourist Studies ± 6LOYHU , µ0DUNHWLQJ$XWKHQWLFLW\ LQ7KLUG:RUOG &RXQWULHV¶ Annals of Tourism Research ± 6NULYDQNRYD1 µ&XVWRP0DGH¶Sydney Morning Herald 0DUFK 6PLWK0 Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies/RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH 6WDQOH\' 6RXWK3DFL¿FWKHGLWLRQ(PHU\YLOOH&$ 0RRQ+DQGERRNV$YDORQ 7UDYHO 7D\ORU7 Global Pop: World Music, World Markets/RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH 7LOOH\ & µ3HUIRUPLQJ &XOWXUH LQ WKH *OREDO9LOODJH¶ Critique of Anthropology, ± :DQJ 1 µ5HWKLQNLQJ $XWKHQWLFLW\ LQ 7RXULVP ([SHULHQFH¶ Annals of Tourism Research ± ;LH 3 µ7KH %DPERR%HDWLQJ 'DQFH LQ +DLQDQ &KLQD¶ Journal of Sustainable Tourism ±
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The whole nine villages &KLQD DQG ZRUOGZLGH KDV GRQH ZHOO LQ QHJRWLDWLQJ WKH SURYLVLRQ RI WKHVH7KH UHODWLRQVKLSVWKDWKDYHGHYHORSHGEHWZHHQORFDOUHVLGHQWVDQGWKH5HVHUYH$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ ± WKURXJK IDPLO\ WLHV EXVLQHVV WLHV HWKQLF WLHV DQG SUR[LPLW\ ± KDYH PHDQWWKDWPDQ\LQGLYLGXDOVZLWKLQWKH$GPLQLVWUDWLRQVHHNWRDVVLVWORFDOSHRSOH GHVSLWH JRYHUQPHQW SROLF\ QRW UHTXLULQJ WKH$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ WR GR VR 7KLV KDV GH¿QLWHO\FRQWULEXWHGWRWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHWKDWWKHORFDOSHRSOHKDYHEHHQDEOHWR H[SHULHQFHRYHUWKHODVW\HDUVRIWRXULVP $OWKRXJK-LX]KDLJRXGRHVQRWSURYLGHRI¿FLDOGHPRFUDWLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDQG RUJDQLVHGSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIORFDOSHRSOHLWFRXOGEHDUJXHGWKDWWRFRQVLGHURQO\ RI¿FLDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDVYDOLGLVDFXOWXUDOYDOXHLQLWVHOI0DQ\:HVWHUQFXOWXUHV HPSKDVLVHWDVNVDQGRUGHURYHUUHODWLRQVKLSVDQGÀXLGLW\%RWK&KLQHVHFXOWXUH DQG7LEHWDQFXOWXUHWHQGWREHUHODWLRQVKLSEDVHGFXOWXUHVUDWKHUWKDQWDVNRULHQWHG RQHVDQGKDYLQJDV\VWHPRIXQRI¿FLDOUHODWLRQVKLSEDVHGµUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ¶PD\EH PRUHFXOWXUDOO\VXVWDLQDEOHDQGUHOLDEOHWKDQFRUUXSWLEOHµRI¿FLDO¶UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ 5HODWLRQVKLSV ZLWK WKH$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ VWDII DUH GHOLEHUDWHO\ FXOWLYDWHG E\ ORFDO SHRSOHZKRVHHNWRSURYLGHWKHQHFHVVDU\UHODWLRQVKLSVDQGHGXFDWLRQDOUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUYLOODJHUVWRJDLQHPSOR\PHQW7KLVLQIRUPDOV\VWHPRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQLV QRWUDQGRPEXWGHOLEHUDWHDWOHDVWRQWKHSDUWRIWKHYLOODJHUV
Conclusion 7KHGHVFULSWRUµPDVVWRXULVP¶FRYHUVDODUJHUDQJHRIWRXULVPVLWHVDQGDODUJH UDQJHRIWRXULVWW\SHVDQGWKHHIIHFWVFDQQRWEHSUHGLFWHGIRUDOOVLWXDWLRQV PDVV WRXULVP LV D FRPSOH[ IRUFH WKDW DIIHFWV GLIIHUHQW JURXSV GLIIHUHQWO\ -LX]KDLJRX VKRZVKRZEHFDXVHRIVHYHUDOVSHFL¿FIDFWRUVPDVVWRXULVPFDQEULQJVLJQL¿FDQWEHQH¿WVWRSHRSOHDWWKHYLOODJHOHYHODQGKDVEHHQDEHQH¿FLDOIRUFHLQWKH ZHOOEHLQJ RI WKH QLQH YLOODJHV &RPPXQLW\ ZHOOEHLQJ KDV EHHQ DVVLVWHG E\ WKH JRYHUQPHQWE\WKHYLOODJHV¶LQWHUQDOUHJXODWLRQDQGE\WKHWRXULVWV¶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¿QDQFLDOEOHVVLQJ WKHWRXULVWEHFRPHVWKHFXVWRPHUWREHSOHDVHGDWDOOFRVWV DQGLWLVSRVVLEOHWKDWVXVWDLQDELOLW\DQGORFDOGHYHORSPHQWPD\VWDUWWREHFRPH VLGHVKRZVWRWKHFHQWUDOJRDORIDWWUDFWLQJWRXULVWVDQG¿QDQFH7KLVLVDWHPSWDWLRQWRZKLFKWKH$GPLQLVWUDWLRQRI-LX]KDLJRXKDVQRWEHHQLPPXQHDVWKHUHFHQW H[SDQVLRQRIWKHPDUNHWLQJGHSDUWPHQWWHVWL¿HV+RZHYHUZLWKDSSURSULDWHSROLF\ DQGWKHUHFRJQLWLRQRIWKHVSHFLDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI-LX]KDLJRXWKDWKDYHUHVXOWHG LQLWVVXFFHVVDVDWRXULVPRSHUDWLRQDQDWXUHUHVHUYHDQGDGHOLEHUDWHFRPPXQLW\ GHYHORSPHQWLQLWLDWLYHWKH$GPLQLVWUDWLRQKDVWKHDELOLW\WRFRQWLQXHWRUHJXODWH IRULWVIXWXUHVXFFHVV7KLVLVPRUHOLNHO\WREHWKHFDVHLIORFDOSHRSOHDUHDEOHWR
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References $UDPEHUUL-DQG;LH< µ2IIWKH%HDWHQ7KHRUHWLFDO7UDFN 'RPHVWLF7RXULVPLQ &KLQD¶Tourism Recreation Research ± 'RPEURVNL. µ([SORULQJWKH3RWHQWLDORI0DVV7RXULVPLQWKH)DFLOLWDWLRQRI&RPPXQLW\'HYHORSPHQW $&DVH6WXG\RI-LX]KDLJRX%LRVSKHUH5HVHUYH:HVWHUQ&KLQD¶ 'HYHORSPHQW6WXGLHV3URJUDPPH0DVVH\8QLYHUVLW\3DOPHUVWRQ1RUWK 'RRUQH 6 $WHOMHYLF , DQG %DL = µ5HSUHVHQWLQJ ,GHQWLWLHV WKURXJK 7RXULVP (QFRXQWHUVRI(WKQLF0LQRULWLHVLQ'DOL<XQQDQ3URYLQFH3HRSOH¶V5HSXEOLFRI&KLQD¶ International Journal of Tourism Research ± *HJHR' µ,QGLJHQRXV.QRZOHGJHDQG(PSRZHUPHQW 5XUDO'HYHORSPHQW([DPLQHGIURP:LWKLQ¶7KH&RQWHPSRUDU\3DFL¿F ± *UHHQ *OREH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO (FRWRXULVP *UHHQ *OREH &RPSDQ\ 6WDQGDUG IRU 7UDYHO DQG 7RXULVP 9HUVLRQ 2QOLQH $YDLODEOH ZZZJUHHQJOREHFRP! DFFHVVHG -XO\ +DUUHOO6DQG0D(= µ)RON7KHRULHVRI6XFFHVV :KHUH+DQ$UHQ¶W$OZD\VWKH %HVW¶LQ*3RVWLJOLRQH HG China’s National Minority Education: Culture, Schooling and Development/RQGRQ )DOPHU3UHVV -LP&<DQG;X66 µ*HWWLQJRXWRIWKH:RRGV 4XDQGDULHVRI3URWHFWHG$UHD 0DQDJHPHQWLQ&KLQD¶Mountain Research and Development ± -115$-165$ Jiuzhaigou – The Heritage for All Mankind: White Paper on Conservation and Development of Jiuzhaigou&KHQJGX &,3 .QLJKW1 µ,PDJLQLQJ*OREDOLVDWLRQ 7KH:RUOGDQG1DWLRQLQ&KLQHVH&RPPXQLVW 3DUW\,GHRORJ\¶Journal of Contemporary Asia ± /HH 0-% Ethnicity, Education and Empowerment: How Minority Students in Southwest China Construct Identities$OGHUVKRW $VKJDWH /L- µ3OD\LQJXSRQ)DQWDV\ :RPHQ(WKQLF7RXULVPDQGWKH3ROLWLFVRI,GHQWLW\ &RQVWUXFWLRQLQ&RQWHPSRUDU\;LVKXDQJ%DQQD&KLQD¶Tourism Recreation Research, ±
The whole nine villages /L< µ([SORULQJ &RPPXQLW\ 7RXULVP LQ &KLQD 7KH &DVH RI 1DQVKDQ &XOWXUDO 7RXULVP=RQH¶Journal of Sustainable Tourism ± /LQGEHUJ .7LVGHOO & DQG ;XH ' µ(FRWRXULVP LQ &KLQD¶V 1DWXUH 5HVHUYHV¶ LQ$/HZ/<X-$SDQG*=KDQJ HGV Tourism in China1HZ
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References %DXP7 µ0DNLQJRU%UHDNLQJWKH7RXULVW([SHULHQFH 7KH5ROHRI+XPDQ5HVRXUFH 0DQDJHPHQW¶LQ&5\DQ HG The Tourist Experience: A New Introduction/RQGRQ &DVVHOO %HOO/ µ/RRNLQJDW*ROGLH )DFHWR)DFHZLWK³$OO¶H6DPH7¶H3DNHKD´¶LQ1 7KRPDVDQG'/RVFKH HGV Double Vision: Art Histories and Colonial Histories in WKH3DFL¿F&DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV %HOW &ROOLQV DQG $VVRFLDWHV Tourism Development Programme for Fiji :DVKLQJWRQ '& 7RXULVP 3URMHFW 'HSDUWPHQW ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %DQN IRU 5HFRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG 'HYHORSPHQW
Weapons of the workers %ULWWRQ6* Tourism and Underdevelopment in Fiji'HYHORSPHQW6WXGLHV&HQWUH 0RQRJUDSK&DQEHUUD $XVWUDOLDQ1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\ %UXQHU (0 µ7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI 6HOI LQ7RXULVP¶ Annals of Tourism Research, ± &HQWUDO 3ODQQLQJ 2I¿FH *RYHUQPHQW RI )LML Fiji’s Seventh Development Plan 1976–19806XYD &RKHQ( 7KH3DFL¿F,VODQGV )URP8WRSLDQ0\WKWR&RQVXPHU3URGXFW WKH'LVenchantment of Paradise$L[HQ3URYHQFH &HQWUHGHV+DXWHV(WXGHV7RXULVWLTXHV 'RXJODV% µ$UWDV(WKQRKLVWRULFDO7H[W 6FLHQFH5HSUHVHQWDWLRQDQG,QGLJHQRXV 3UHVHQFHLQ(LJKWHHQWKDQG1LQHWHHQWK&HQWXU\2FHDQLF9R\DJH/LWHUDWXUH¶LQ17KRPDVDQG'/RVFKH HGV Double Vision: Art Histories and Colonial Histories in the 3DFL¿F&DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 'RXJODV1DQG'RXJODV1 µ7RXULVPLQWKH3DFL¿F +LVWRULFDO)DFWRUV¶LQ&0 +DOODQG6-3DJH HGV 7RXULVPLQWKH3DFL¿F ,VVXHVDQG&DVHV/RQGRQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7KRPSVRQ%XVLQHVV3UHVV 'XUXWDOR$ Provincialism and the Crisis of Indigenous Fijian Political Unity, XQSXEOLVKHG3K'WKHVLV8QLYHUVLW\RIWKH6RXWK3DFL¿F 'XUXWDOR6 Internal Colonialism and Unequal Regional Development: the Case of Western Viti Levu, FijiXQSXEOLVKHGWKHVLV8QLYHUVLW\RIWKH6RXWK3DFL¿F ²² µ1D/RWX1D9DQXD1D0DWDQLWX 7KH3DUDPRXQWF\RI)LMLDQ,QWHUHVWDQGWKH 3ROLWLFL]DWLRQRI(WKQLFLW\¶SDSHUGHOLYHUHGDW8QLWHG1DWLRQV8QLYHUVLW\6\PSRVLXP KHOGDW8QLYHUVLW\RIWKH6RXWK3DFL¿F6XYD±$XJXVW (GPRQG5 µ0LVVLRQDULHVRQ7DKLWL ±¶LQ$&DOGHU-/DPEDQG%2UU HGV 9R\DJHVDQG%HDFKHV 3DFL¿F(QFRXQWHUV ±+RQROXOX+, 8QLYHUVLW\ RI+DZDLµL3UHVV (OVRQ'DQG3HDUVRQ5 µ7KH6XERUGLQDWLRQRI:RPHQDQGWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDOLVDWLRQRI)DFWRU\3URGXFWLRQ¶LQ.
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Scheyvens Table 7.1 9LVLWRUQXPEHUVIRU+HDYHQO\%HDFKFale Month -DQXDU\ )HEUXDU\ March April 0D\ June -XO\ August 6HSWHPEHU 2FWREHU 1RYHPEHU 'HFHPEHU 7RWDO
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The undervaluation of beach fale tourism $OWKRXJKFRQFHUQVDERXWHQYLURQPHQWDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIEHDFKfale and restricWLRQV RQ WKH PRYHPHQW RI YLOODJHUV LQ EHDFK fale YLOODJHV H[LVW RQ WKH ZKROH beach fale WRXULVP KDV FRQWULEXWHG JUHDWO\ WR WKH ZHOOEHLQJ RI UXUDO SHRSOH LQ 6DPRDGHYHORS@DOORYHUWKHSODFH$SHUIHFWH[DPSOHLV$OHLSDWD>/DORPDQX@ WKDWZKROH strip used to be a beautiful place but now it’s just littered with beach fale¶ 7RXU FRPSDQ\RZQHU-XQH (YHQ WKRXJK WKH JRYHUQPHQW KDV SURYLGHG VXSSRUW WR WKH EHDFK fale sector in terms of training for beach faleRZQHUVDQGDGPLQLVWHULQJWKHWRXULVPGHYHOopment fund, which a number of beach fale KDYH DFFHVVHG WKH VLJQL¿FDQFH RI WKLVVPDOOVFDOHIRUPRIWRXULVPKDVEHHQXQGHUUDWHG)RUH[DPSOHWKH7RXULVP 'HYHORSPHQW 3ODQ IRU ± VXJJHVWV WKDW WKHUH LV DOUHDG\ DQ RYHUVXSSO\ RI beach faleOHDGLQJWRORZRFFXSDQF\UDWHVDQGVWDWHVWKDWLWLVDWWKHKLJKHQGOHYHO RI µTXDOLW\ DFFRPPRGDWLRQ¶ WKDW PRUH LQYHVWPHQW QHHGV WR EH PDGH 7RXULVP 5HVRXUFH&RQVXOWDQWV ,WSUHGLFWVWKDWEHWZHHQDQGDGGLWLRQDO VWDIIZLOOEHUHTXLUHGLQKRWHOVE\ FRPSDUHGZLWK ZKHUHDVRQO\¿YH WRWHQQHZVWDIIZLOOEHUHTXLUHGE\EHDFKfaleHVWDEOLVKPHQWV µWKHUHDUHVXI¿FLHQW faleWRZHOODQGWUXO\FDWHUIRUFXUUHQWDQGSURMHFWHGGHPDQGEXWPDQ\RIWKHVH FRXOGEHXSJUDGHGPDQDJHGDQGPDUNHWHGEHWWHU¶ 7RXULVP5HVRXUFH&RQVXOWDQWV 7KHJRYHUQPHQWDOVRSDVVHGOHJLVODWLRQLQWRSURYLGHJHQHURXV WD[ EUHDNV WR FRPSDQLHV GHYHORSLQJ ODUJHVFDOH KRWHOV DQG UHVRUWV ZKHUHDV QR VLPLODULQFHQWLYHVZHUHRIIHUHGWRVPDOORUPHGLXPVFDOHWRXULVPHQWUHSUHQHXUV 6FKH\YHQV 7KLVVWDQFHRIGHYHORSLQJDFFRPPRGDWLRQIRUKLJKHUVSHQGLQJ tourists echoes that of the earlier tourism plan, a plan that did not produce the anticipated results.
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On the beach %HFDXVHPDQ\LVODQGVGRQRWKDYHWKHRSWLRQRIFRPSOHWHO\WXUQLQJWKHLUEDFN RQPDVVWRXULVPDPDMRUSROLF\LVVXHLVKRZRQHFDQµDGGYDOXH¶WRPRUH WUDGLWLRQDO IRUPV RI WUDYHO LQ RUGHU WR PD[LPL]H HFRQRPLF EHQH¿WV ZKLOH UHGXFLQJQHJDWLYHLPSDFWV,QWKLVUHVSHFWWKHFRQWLQXHGHQFRXUDJHPHQWRI PL[HGDFFRPPRGDWLRQW\SHVDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIORFDODFWLYLWLHVWKDWFDQ EHLQWHJUDWHGLQWRPDVVWRXULVPSDFNDJHVLVHVVHQWLDO 0LOQH 0RVWFRXQWULHVZLOOEHQH¿WIURPKDYLQJDGLYHUVL¿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fale sector, does QRWVHHWKLVVHFWRUDVEHLQJRIKLJKYDOXHDQGWKXVHQFRXUDJHVGHYHORSPHQWRIPRUH XSSHUHQGDFFRPPRGDWLRQRSWLRQV$OWKRXJKWKHUHDUHFHUWDLQO\NH\RI¿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¿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¿FHV 'DKOHVDQG%UDV :KDWPDNHVEHDFK fale WRXULVP VWDQG RXW IURP GRPLQDQW IRUPV RI WRXULVP LQ$VLD DQG WKH 3DFL¿F is that this LVDIRUPRIGHYHORSPHQWWKDWHQWUHQFKHVLQGLJHQRXVRZQHUVKLSDQG FRQWUROZKLOHEXLOGLQJXSRQORFDOVNLOOVNQRZOHGJHDQGUHVRXUFHV6PDOOVFDOH WRXULVPVKRXOGQRWEHXQGHUYDOXHGDVLWKDVWKHSRWHQWLDOWRFRQWULEXWHWRDEURDG UDQJHRISRVLWLYHGHYHORSPHQWRXWFRPHV
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References $VLDQ'HYHORSPHQW%DQN $'% Samoa 2000, 0DQLOD $'% %HQQHWW07DOERW'DQG6ZDQH\' Samoan IslandsIRXUWKHGLWLRQ0HOERXUQH /RQHO\3ODQHW %HUQR7 µ/RFDO&RQWURODQGWKH6XVWDLQDELOLW\RI7RXULVPLQWKH&RRN,VODQGV¶LQ '+DUULVRQ HG 3DFL¿F,VODQG7RXULVP, 1HZ
On the beach 0RVFDUGR*DQG3HDUFH3 µ3UHVHQWLQJ'HVWLQDWLRQV 0DUNHWLQJ+RVW&RPPXQLWLHV¶LQ66LQJK'-7LPRWK\DQG5.'RZOLQJ HGV Tourism in Destination Communities, :DOOLQJIRUG &$%,3XEOLVKLQJ 3DUN .0 Beach Fale: Indigenous Initiatives in Tourism and Development in Samoa, unpublished MA WKHVLV$XFNODQG8QLYHUVLW\ 3HDUFH' Tourism Today: A Geographical Analysis, 1HZ
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After the bomb in a Balinese village Susan Tarplee
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After the bomb in a Balinese village 6XU\DNXVXPD - µ7KH 6WDWH DQG 6H[XDOLW\ LQ 1HZ 2UGHU ,QGRQHVLD¶ LQ / 6HDUV HG Fantasizing the Feminine in Indonesia'XUKDP1& 'XNH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 7DUSOHH6 Postcards from the Edge: Vulnerability in the Balinese Tourism IndustryXQSXEOLVKHGKRQRXUVWKHVLV8QLYHUVLW\RI6\GQH\ 81'3:RUOG%DQNDQG86$,' %DOL%H\RQGWKH7UDJHG\ ,PSDFWDQG&KDOOHQJHV IRU 7RXULVP/HG 'HYHORSPHQW LQ ,QGRQHVLD 2QOLQH $YDLODEOH ZZZXQGSRULG SURJUDPPHFRQÀLFWGRFXPHQWVEDOLEH\RQGWKHWUDJHG\BHQSGI! DFFHVVHG )HEUXDU\ :DKDE 6 µ7RXULVP DQG7HUURULVP 6\QWKHVLV RI WKH 3UREOHP ZLWK (PSKDVLV RQ (J\SW¶LQ$3L]DPDQG<0DQVIHOG HGV Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues&KLFKHVWHU -RKQ:LOH\ :DOO* µ3HUVSHFWLYHVRQ7RXULVPLQ6HOHFWHG%DOLQHVH9LOODJHV¶Annals of Tourism Research ± :DUUHQ& Adat and Dinas: Balinese Communities in the Indonesian State.XDOD /XPSXU 2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
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Origin of staff
Number of staff, 1999
Percentage of total staff in 15 hotels, Number of 1999 staff, 2000
Percentage of total staff in 15 hotels, 2000
Percentage of total staff in 8 Senggigi hotels, 2005
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Position
Percentage of Sasaks in 15 hotels, 2000
Total positions in 15 hotels, 2000
Percentage of Sasaks in 8 hotels, 2005
Total positions in 8 hotels, 2005
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References $QRQ µ$UFKDHRORJLFDO:RQGHUVWKH3DVW3UHVHQWDQG)XWXUH¶Travel Indonesia, ± ²² %DOL8SGDWH 0D\2QOLQH$YDLODEOH ZZZEDOLGLVFRYHU\FRPXSGDWH GHIDXOWDVS! DFFHVVHG-XQH ²² %DOL 8SGDWH )HEUXDU\ 2QOLQH$YDLODEOH ZZZEDOLGLVFRYHU\FRP XSGDWHGHIDXOWDVS! DFFHVVHG-XQH %DXP7 HG Human Resource Issues in International Tourism2[IRUG %XWWHUworth-Heinemann. %36 6WDWLVWLFV ,QGRQHVLD %$33(1$6 DQG 81'3 µ7KH (FRQRPLFV RI 'HPRFUDF\ )LQDQFLQJ +XPDQ 'HYHORSPHQW LQ ,QGRQHVLD¶ 1DWLRQDO +XPDQ 'HYHORSPHQW 5HSRUW 2QOLQH $YDLODEOH KWWS KGUXQGSRUJGRFVUHSRUWVQDWLRQDO,16B,QGRQHVLD ,QGRQHVLDBBHQSGI! DFFHVVHG1RYHPEHU &XNLHU- D µ7RXULVP(PSOR\PHQWLQ%DOL 7UHQGVDQG,PSOLFDWLRQV¶LQ5%XWOHU DQG7+LQFK HGV Tourism and Indigenous Peoples/RQGRQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7KRPVRQ %XVLQHVV3UHVV ²² E Tourism Employment in Developing Countries: Analyzing an Alternative to Traditional Employment in Bali, IndonesiaXQSXEOLVKHG3K'WKHVLV8QLYHUVLW\RI :DWHUORR ²² µ7RXULVP (PSOR\PHQW ,VVXHV LQ 'HYHORSLQJ &RXQWULHV ([DPSOHV IURP ,QGRQHVLD¶LQ56KDUSOH\DQG'7HOIHU HGV Tourism and Development&OHYHGRQ &KDQQHO9LHZ &XNLHU6QRZ-DQG:DOO* µ7RXULVP(PSOR\PHQW 3HUVSHFWLYHVIURP%DOL¶Tourism Management ± 'DKOHV+ µ7RXULVP6PDOO(QWHUSULVHVDQG&RPPXQLW\'HYHORSPHQW¶LQ*5LFKDUGV DQG ' +DOO HGV Tourism and Sustainable Community Development /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH 'DKOHV+DQG%UDV. D µ(QWUHSUHQHXUVLQ5RPDQFH 7RXULVPLQ,QGRQHVLD¶Annals of Tourism Research ±
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References %DODQG-DQG3ODWWHDX3 µ7KH$PELJXRXV,PSDFWRI,QHTXDOLW\RQ/RFDO5HVRXUFH Management’, World Development ± %XHUJLQ5 µ6KLIWLQJ)UDPHVIRU/RFDO3HRSOHDQG)RUHVWVLQD*OREDO+HULWDJH 7KH7KXQJ
Priorities, people and preservation +DOO&0 Introduction to Tourism0HOERXUQH /RQJPDQ +RQH\ 0 Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise?, :DVKLQJWRQ'& ,VODQG3UHVV .HUS1 µ1DRPL.HUS¶V'LDU\ 5HVWRULQJ9LHWQDP¶V)RUHVW¶ $OFRD(QYLURQPHQW (DUWKZDWFK'LDULHV2QOLQH$YDLODEOH ZZZDOFRDFRPJOREDOHQHQYLURQPHQW HZGLDU\BNHUSDVS! DFFHVVHG)HEUXDU\ /H 7UXQJ 7LHQ DQG 1JX\HQ &DR 'RDQK Vietnam Forestry +DQRL $JULFXOWXUDO Publishing House. 061 (QFDUWD (QF\FORSHGLD 9LHWQDP 2QOLQH $YDLODEOH ZZZHQFDUWDPVQ HQF\FORSHGLDYLHWQDPKWPO! DFFHVVHG)HEUXDU\ 1JX\HQ%D7KX µ0HDVXUHVWR%XLOG8S%XIIHU=RQHLQ&XF3KXRQJ1DWLRQDO3DUN¶ in Proceedings of National Conference on National Parks and Protected Areas of Vietnam+DQRL $JULFXOWXUDO3XEOLVKLQJ+RXVH ²² 2SHQLQJ VSHHFK LQWHJUDWHGFRQVHUYDWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWSURMHFWVOHVVRQV OHDUQHGZRUNVKRS +DQRL±-XQH 1JX\HQ 7X &KL µ$ 0XRQJ 6NHWFK (WKQRJUDSKLFDO 'DWD¶ Vietnamese Studies, ± 3IHLIIHU( µ7KH&RQVHUYDWLRQRI1DWXUHLQ9LHW1DP¶Environmental Conservation, ± 5D\1DQG
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12 Community-based ecotourism in Thailand Anucha Leksakundilok and Philip Hirsch
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Khiriwong
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Table 12.1 7RXULVPUHVRXUFHVLQWKHFDVHVWXG\DUHDV7KDLODQG
Umphang
Khiriwong
Sasom
Tha Madua
6RXUFH /HNVDNXQGLORN
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Activities
Table 12.2 7RXULVPVHUYLFHVDQGDFWLYLWLHVLQWKHFDVHVWXG\DUHDV7KDLODQG
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References $FRWW7*, /D7UREH+/DQG+RZDUG6+ µ$Q(YDOXDWLRQRI'HHS(FRWRXULVP DQG6KDOORZ(FRWRXULVP¶Journal of Sustainable Tourism ± $PQXD\7 µ3URPRWLQJ7RXULVPLQ7KDLODQG:RUOGZLGH¶LQ36th Anniversary of Tourism Authority of Thailand%DQJNRN 7RXULVP$XWKRULW\RI7KDLODQG 7$7 %R\G 6: DQG %XWOHU 5: µ0DQDJLQJ (FRWRXULVP $Q 2SSRUWXQLW\ 6SHFWUXP Approach’, Tourism Management ± %ULWWRQ6* µ7KH3ROLWLFDO(FRQRP\RI7RXULVPLQWKH7KLUG:RUOG¶Annals of Tourism Research ± &KDSPDQ'0 Ecotourism in State Forests of New South Wales: Who Visits and Why?6\GQH\ 6WDWH)RUHVWVRI1HZ6RXWK:DOHV &RKHQ( Thai Tourism: Hill Tribes, Islands and Open-ended Prostitution%DQJNRN :KLWH/RWXV &XPPLQJV- Thailand0HOERXUQH /RQHO\3ODQHW 'HVKOHU ' DQG 6RFN ' Community Development Participation: A Concept Review of the International Literature,WKDFD1< &RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\ (,8 EIU International Tourism Reports No 3 /RQGRQ (FRQRPLVW ,QWHOOLJHQFH 8QLW
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RAE’s Operational Cost 44%
Sukau Cultural Performance 2%%
Village Guides 8%
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Community Conservation Fund 4%
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Village Boat Service 11%
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References $QFUHQD]0*LPHQH]2$PEX/$QFUHQD].$QGDX3*RRVVHQV%3D\QH- 6DZDQJ$7XXJD$DQG/DFNPDQ$QFUHQD], µ$HULDO6XUYH\V*LYH1HZ (VWLPDWHVIRU2UDQJ8WDQVLQ6DEDK0DOD\VLD¶PLoS Biology ± %RRQUDWDQD 5 The Ecology and Behaviour of the Proboscis Monkey (1DVDOLV ODUYDWXV) in the Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, unpublished doctoral thesis, Mahidol 8QLYHUVLW\%DQJNRN %RUULQL)H\HUDEHQG * .RWKDUL $ DQG 2YLHGR * Indigenous and Local
Rajaratnam et al. Communities and Protected Areas: Towards Equity and Enhanced Conservation, *ODQG6ZLW]HUODQG ,8&13XEOLFDWLRQV %UHFKLQ 65 :LOVKXVHQ 35 )RUWZDQJOHU &/ DQG :HVW 3 HGV Contested 1DWXUH±3URPRWLQJ,QWHUQDWLRQDO%LRGLYHUVLW\ZLWK6RFLDO-XVWLFHLQWKH7ZHQW\¿UVW Century$OEDQ\1< 681< %URZQ-/\PDQ0:DQG3URFWHU$ µ&RPPXQLW\&RQVHUYHG$UHDV ([SHULHQFH IURP1RUWK$PHULFD¶Parks ± &HEDOORV/DVFXUiLQ+& Tourism, Ecotourism and Protected Areas*ODQG6ZLW]HUODQG ,8&13XEOLFDWLRQV 'DZVRQ60DOLP3DQG7DUDDQ- Density and Distribution of Elephants and Distribution of Other Large Mammals in the Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah.RWD.LQDEDOX 6DEDK:LOGOLIH'HSDUWPHQW 'RZLH0 µ&RQVHUYDWLRQ5HIXJHHV :KHQ3URWHFWLQJ1DWXUH0HDQV.LFNLQJ3HRSOH2XW¶Orion, ± (DJOHV3)-0F&RRO6)DQG+D\QHV&'$ Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning and Management*ODQG6ZLW]HUODQG ,8&13XEOLFDtions. (SOHU:RRG0 µ7KH(YROXWLRQRI(FRWRXULVPDVD6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW7RRO¶ SDSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKH6L[WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ6RFLHW\DQG1DWXUDO5HVRXUFH 0DQDJHPHQW3HQQV\OYDQLD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\±0D\ *DGJLO 0 µ,QGLD¶V 'HIRUHVWDWLRQ 3DWWHUQV DQG 3URFHVVHV¶ Society and Natural Resources, ± +RFNLQJV 0 6WROWRQ 6 /HYHULQJWRQ ) 'XGOH\ 1 DQG &RXUUDX - Evaluating Effectiveness: A Framework for Assessing Management Effectiveness of Protected AreasVHFRQGHGLWLRQ*ODQG6ZLW]HUODQG ,8&13XEOLFDWLRQV +XWWRQ: Kinabatangan.RWD.LQDEDOX 1DWXUDO+LVWRU\3XEOLFDWLRQV %RUQHR .RWKDUL $ µ&RPPXQLW\ &RQVHUYHG $UHDV 7RZDUGV (FRORJLFDO DQG /LYHOLKRRG 6HFXULW\¶Parks ± .RWKDUL$3DWKDN1DQG9DQLD) Where Communities Care: Community Based Wildlife and Ecosystem Management in South Asia /RQGRQ .DOSDYULNVK 3XQH DQG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI(QYLURQPHQWDQG'HYHORSPHQW .ULVKQD .& %DVQHW . DQG 3RXGHO .& People’s Empowerment amidst the Peaks: Community B at Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal/RQGRQ .DOSDYULNVK 3XQHDQG,QWHUQDWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI(QYLURQPHQWDQG'HYHORSPHQW /DFNPDQ$QFUHQD] , DQG$QFUHQD] 0 The Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, 6DQGDNDQ +87$1 0LQLVWU\RI&XOWXUH$UWVDQG7RXULVP National Ecotourism Plan.XDOD/XPSXU 1HSDO6.DQG:HEHU.( µ3URVSHFWVIRU&RH[LVWHQFH :LOGOLIHDQG/RFDO3HRple’, Ambio, ± 3D\QH- Orang-Utan Conservation in Sabah.XDOD/XPSXU ::)0DOD\VLD 3D\QH - A Tourism Feasibility Study for the Proposed Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary.XDOD/XPSXU ::)0DOD\VLD 3D\QH - The Distribution and Status of the Asian Two-Horned Rhinoceros ('LFHURUKLQXV VXPDWUHQVLV KDUULVRQL) in Sabah, Malaysia .XDOD /XPSXU ::) 0DOD\VLD 3D\QH-&XEELWW*DQG/DX' This is Borneo/RQGRQ 1HZ+ROODQG 5DMDUDWQDP5DQG$QFUHQD]0 The Second Faunal Survey of Sabah.RWD.LQDEDOX 6DEDK:LOGOLIH'HSDUWPHQWDQG'$1,'$
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Situation in Mulu
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Backhaus *UDQHU ( µ7KH 3ROLWLFDO (FRORJ\ RI &RPPXQLW\ )RUHVWU\ LQ 1HSDO¶ Freiburger Studien zur Geographischen EntwicklungsforschungQR)UHLEXUJ )UHLEXUJ8QLYHUVLW\ +DPSWRQ 03 µ%DFNSDFNHU 7RXULVP DQG (FRQRPLF 'HYHORSPHQW¶ Annals of Tourism Research ± ,8&1 Parks for Life – Report of the IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas*ODQG ,8&1 ²² United Nations List of Protected Areas *ODQG ,8&1 81(3 :&0& :&3$ -DJWHQEHUJ7 DQG 0F.LH ' EcoImpacts and the Greening of Postmodernity – New Maps for Communication Studies, and Sociology/RQGRQ 6DJH .ULQJV 7 µ'DV SROLWLVFK|NRORJLVFKH $QDO\VHNRQ]HSW LQ GHU 8PZHOWIRUVFKXQJ ±%HLVSLHOGHUVWlGWLVFKHQ%UHQQVWRIIYHUVRUJXQJLQ'DNDU 6HQHJDO ¶Geographische Rundschau ± 0DUNZHOO.: µ$Q,QWLPDWH5HQGH]YRXVZLWK1DWXUH"±0HGLDWLQJWKH7RXULVW± 1DWXUH([SHULHQFHDW7KUHH7RXULVW6LWHVLQ%RUQHR¶Tourist Studies ± 0HHWKDQ . Tourism in Global Society – Place, Culture, Consumption %DVLQJVWRNH 3DOJUDYH 0HUHGLWK0DQG:RROULGJH- Giant Caves of Borneo.XDOD/XPSXU 7URSLFDO Press. 0OOHU% µgNRWRXULVPXVLQ(QWZLFNOXQJVOlQGHUQ±XPZHOWSROLWLVFKH/HHUIRUPHO RGHU ZLUNVDPH 5HJLRQDOHQWZLFNOXQJVVWUDWHJLH¶ Mainzer Geographische Studien ± 0OOHU 8 Wie funktioniert ‘Partizipation’ bei Naturschutzvorhaben in der Schweiz? Beispiel: Erweiterung des Schweizer NationalparksGLVVHUWDWLRQ8QLYHUVLW\ RI=ULFK 0OOHU%|NHU8.ROOPDLU0DQG6ROLYD5 µ'HU1DWXUVFKXW]LQ1HSDOLP*HVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ.RQWH[W¶Asiatische Studien ± 1\DXSDQH*30RUDLV'%DQG*UDHIH$5 µ1DWXUH7RXULVP&RQVWUDLQWV±D &URVV$FWLYLW\&RPSDULVRQ¶Annals of Tourism Research ± 3LPEHUW0/DQG3UHWW\-1 µ3DUNV3HRSOHDQG3URIHVVLRQDOV±3XWWLQJ³3DUWLFLSDWLRQ´LQWR3URWHFWHG$UHD0DQDJHPHQW¶LQ.%*KLPLUHDQG0/3LPEHUW HGV Social Change and Conservation/RQGRQ (DUWKVFDQ 5REELQV3 Political Ecology2[IRUG %ODFNZHOO 5|SHU 0 Planung und Einrichtung von Naturschutzgebieten aus sozialgeographischer Perspektive – Fallbeispiele aus der Pantanal-Region (Brasilien) 7ELQJHU %HLWUlJH ]XU *HRJUDSKLVFKHQ /DWHLQDPHULND)RUVFKXQJ 1R 7XELQJHQ *HRJUDphisches Institut. 6DQJJLQ 6( 1RZHJ *7 $EGXO 5$ DQG 0HUVDW 1, µ,PSDFW RI 7RXULVP RQ/RQJKRXVH&RPPXQLWLHVLQ6DUDZDN¶SDSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKHWK%LHQQLDO%RUQHR 5HVHDUFK&RQIHUHQFH.XFKLQJ6DUDZDN-XO\ 6FKH\YHQV 5 µ%DFNSDFNHU 7RXULVP DQG 7KLUG :RUOG 'HYHORSPHQW¶ Annals of Tourism Research ± 6FKLHPDQQ * HG Was ist Natur? – Klassische Texte zur Naturphilosophie, 0XQLFK 'HXWVFKHU7DVFKHQEXFK9HUODJ 6ROLYD5 Der Naturschutz in Nepal – eine akteurorientierte Untersuchung aus der Sicht der politischen Ökologie0XQVWHU /LW 6ROLYD5.ROOPDLU0DQG0OOHU%|NHU8 µ1DWXUH&RQVHUYDWLRQDQG6XVWDLQ-
Adventures, picnics and nature conservation DEOH'HYHORSPHQW¶LQ0'RPU|V HG Translating Development – The Case of Nepal, 1HZ'HOKL 6RFLDO6FLHQFH3UHVV 7KRUVHOO - Gunung Mulu National Park – World Heritage Nomination – IUCN Technical Evaluation*ODQG ,8&1 8UU\- The Tourist Gaze/RQGRQ 6DJH :HDYHU'% µ(FRWRXULVPLQWKH&RQWH[WRI2WKHU7RXULVP7\SHV¶LQ'%:HDYHU HG The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism1HZ
15 Marginal people and marginal places? Barbara Rugendyke and John Connell
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References $UDPEHUUL - µ7KH +RVW 6KRXOG *HW /RVW 3DUDGLJPV LQ WKH 7RXULVP 7KHRU\¶ Annals of Tourism Research ± $UFKDEDOG.DQG1DXJKWRQ7UHYHV/ µ7RXULVP5HYHQXH6KDULQJDURXQG1DWLRQDO 3DUNVLQ:HVWHUQ8JDQGD (DUO\(IIRUWVWR,GHQWLI\DQG5HZDUG/RFDO&RPPXQLWLHV¶ Environmental Conservation ± %RZGHQ- µ3UR3RRU7RXULVPDQGWKH&KLQHVH([SHULHQFH¶$VLD3DFL¿F-RXUQDO of Tourism Research ± %ULHGHQKDQQ - DQG :LFNHQV ( µ7RXULVP 5RXWHV DV D 7RRO IRU WKH (FRQRPLF 'HYHORSPHQWRI5XUDO$UHDV±9LEUDQW+RSHRU,PSRVVLEOH'UHDP"¶Tourism Management ± %XWFKHU- Ecotourism, NGOs and Development/RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH %XWOHU 5 µ7KH &RQFHSW RI D 7RXULVW$UHD &\FOH RI (YROXWLRQ ,PSOLFDWLRQV IRU 0DQDJHPHQWRI5HVRXUFHV¶Canadian Geographer, ± &DUERQH% µ6XVWDLQDEOH7RXULVPLQ'HYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHV 3RYHUW\$OOHYLDWLRQ 3DUWLFLSDWRU\3ODQQLQJDQG(WKLFDO,VVXHV¶European Journal of Development Research, ± &DUULHU-DQG0F/HRG' µ%XUVWLQJWKH%XEEOH 7KH6RFLR&XOWXUDO&RQWH[WRI (FRWRXULVP¶Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute ± &DWHU ( µ(QYLURQPHQWDO &RQWUDGLFWLRQV LQ 6XVWDLQDEOH 7RXULVP¶ Geographical Journal ± &RFKUDQH- µ7KH6XVWDLQDELOLW\RI(FRWRXULVPLQ,QGRQHVLD )DFWDQG)LFWLRQ¶LQ 03DUQZHOODQG/%U\DQW HGV Environmental Change in South-East Asia: People, Politics and Sustainable Development/RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH &RQQHOO- µ³7URXEOHLQ3DUDGLVH´ 7KH3HUFHSWLRQRI1HZ&DOHGRQLDLQWKH$XVtralian Press’, Australian Geographical Studies ± ²² µ³7KH%HVW,VODQGRQWKH*OREH´ &RQVWDQWO\&RQVWUXFWLQJ7RXULVPLQ1LXH¶ Australian Geographer ± &RQZD\' µ7RXULVP$JULFXOWXUHDQGWKH6XVWDLQDELOLW\RI7HUUHVWULDO(FRV\VWHPV LQ6PDOO,VODQGV¶LQ<$SRVWRORSRXORVDQG'*D\OH HGV Island Tourism and Sustainable Development:HVWSRUW&7 3UDHJHU 'HDUGHQ3 µ7UHNNLQJLQ1RUWKHUQ7KDLODQG ,PSDFW'LVWULEXWLRQDQG(YROXWLRQRYHU 7LPH¶LQ03DUQZHOO HG Uneven Development in Thailand,$OGHUVKRW $YHEXU\ 'RQDOGVRQ- µ7RXULVP'HYHORSPHQWDQG3RYHUW\5HGXFWLRQLQ*XL]KRXDQG<XQnan’, The China Quarterly ± YDQGHU'XLP53HWHUV.DQG:HDULQJ6 µ3ODQQLQJ+RVWDQG*XHVW,QWHUDFWLRQV 0RYLQJEH\RQGWKH(PSW\0HOWLQJ*URXQGLQ$IULFDQ(QFRXQWHUV¶Current Issues in Tourism, ± (YDQV*DQG&OHYHUGRQ5 µ)DLU7UDGHLQ7RXULVP±&RPPXQLW\'HYHORSPHQWRU 0DUNHWLQJ7RRO¶LQ'+LOODQG*5LFKDUGV HGV Tourism and Sustainable Community Development/RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH *DGG0 µ&RQVHUYDWLRQRXWVLGHRI3DUNV $WWLWXGHVRI/RFDO3HRSOHLQ/DLNLSLD .HQ\D¶Environmental Conservation ±
Marginal people and marginal places? GH +DDQ / DQG =RRPHUV$ µ([SORULQJ WKH )URQWLHU RI /LYHOLKRRG 5HVHDUFK¶ Development and Change ± +DOO'DQG%URZQ) Tourism and Welfare: Ethics, Responsibility and Sustained Well-being, :DOOLQJIRUG &$%, +DUULVRQ'DQG6FKLSDQL6 µ/DR7RXULVPDQG3RYHUW\$OOHYLDWLRQ &RPPXQLW\ %DVHG7RXULVPDQGWKH3ULYDWH6HFWRU¶Current Issues in Tourism ± +HQGHUVRQ- µ7KH3ROLWLFVRI7RXULVPLQ0\DQPDU¶Current Issues in Tourism, ± +LOO71HO(DQG7URWWHU' µ6PDOO6FDOH1DWXUH%DVHG7RXULVPDVD3UR3RRU 'HYHORSPHQW,QWHUYHQWLRQ 7ZR([DPSOHVLQ.ZD]XOX1DWDO6RXWK$IULFD¶Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography ± -RQHV 6 µ&RPPXQLW\%DVHG (FRWRXULVP 7KH 6LJQL¿FDQFH RI 6RFLDO &DSLWDO¶ Annals of Tourism Research, ± .DDH% µ3HUFHSWLRQVRI7RXULVPE\1DWLRQDO3DUN5HVLGHQWVLQ7KDLODQG¶Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development ± /HD- µ7RXULVPRealpolitikDQG'HYHORSPHQWLQWKH6RXWK3DFL¿F¶LQ$3L]DP DQG<0DQVIHOG HGV Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues1HZ
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