The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
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Page 1 © David Bromley 2006 All Rights Reserved www.modustrading.com
The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
INDEX OF CONTENTS: Page Separating the Winners from the Losers 3 Part 1 It’s Simple But Only When You Know How
6
Part 2 The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
20
Part 3 The Way Forward
70
Part 4 The System Trader’s Reference
75
My Final Message
129
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
Separating the Winners from the Losers There are some things you need to accept as being generally true about commodity trading: ! All the successful traders are system traders, who trade methodically. ! Trading can be taught – if it couldn’t every new trader would have to begin at square one and nobody would ever succeed. ! Unless you have a comprehensive trading method you stand no chance of success. ! Prediction and luck have no place in commodity trading. ! Trading commodity futures is all about risk. Risk is what drives the markets and it should not be regarded as a negative thing because without it, there would be no markets and therefore no trading. The futures markets are largely comprised of those who want to buy some certainty (hedge) and those (speculators and entrepreneurs) who are prepared to grant this by taking over their risks – for a price. I have produced this book with the sole purpose of passing on to individuals trading their own money, the methods and procedures employed by successful system traders, enabling students to learn what is essential for them to acquire the skills, knowledge and suitable software necessary for success. I have identified all the essential methods used by professional traders and brought them together in one unified method that I call the MODUS Method. There are about ten elements in this method and the ‘Golden Rules’ referred to in this book are also elements of the MODUS Method. Without exception, all professional traders use the elements contained in the MODUS Method of trading as they know that this is the only route 1.55
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to success – and after all they are the ones who produced these methods in the first place. The methods used by the professionals differ from those used by private individuals mainly in the manner of market selection, personal risk assessment, the establishment of what is referred to as system risk resonance and the manner of system testing and evaluation.
Other major differences between the professional traders and others are the quality of the software they use – in terms of capability and speed and the fact that they rarely take high risk trades. That is quite a lot of differences! In return for the effort to perfect their skills, professional system traders are often rewarded with a lifestyle which is the envy of most other people. Part 2 of this book is presented as a set of ‘golden rules’ and explains in detail most of the important aspects of what needs to be known by the student to enable him to be confident that he is using best practice and stands an equal chance of success alongside the minority group of winning traders. Traders are no different to other human beings – they don’t enjoy having to operate disciplined procedures all the time – yet this is just what is demanded if you are to achieve success as a commodity trader. So how is this dilemma resolved? By incorporating all the ‘best practice’ disciplines in their trading methods, commodity traders ensure that all essential procedures are carried out automatically. These structured trading methods will be discussed later on. When you have finished reading this book you will be immune to most of the worthless ideas and products aimed at new traders and you will know and understand a great deal about trading commodities. In the course of reading this book, you will get the opportunity to demonstrate portfolio testing methods to yourself, after which 1.55
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
you will be in no doubt about the ability of professional knowhow to turn systems of modest expectation into massive winners. In Part 4 you will find explanations of many terms and phrases commonly used by systems traders. In some cases these will be new concepts, in other cases I have attempted to clarify the definitions of terms you may have come across but which are often misused or skimmed over without explanation. In parts of the book, there some ‘clickable links’ that can be used online to access information.
If you plan to make futures trading an important part of your life, I wish you every success in your enterprise.
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
Part 1
It’s Simple – But only when you know how!
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
I will more than justify the money you spent on this book by helping you to make the right decision about whether to trade commodities, for which you will need the right advice. If you do decide to become a commodity trader, I want you to start out the right way. You need to understand that whereas you could get rich as a futures trader, risk and potential rewards go hand in hand – that is why commodity traders take care to balance these two factors. You may have become attracted to the idea of trading futures because of some impressive claim for a system that made large sums of money in this or that commodity in a short space of time. That sort of thing does happen all the time but the ‘winners’ are experienced traders who know how to make the most of these opportunities. Their methods are geared to latching onto trends and getting the most out of them. There is no luck in this and neither is there any element of prediction. People who are new to commodity trading enjoy hearing incredible success stories and are captivated by them. Naturally they are attracted by the idea of making large amounts of money too and of enjoying the lifestyle of the successful trader. If, as is often the case, the person who is trying to impress them has a ‘system to sell’ then they are not likely to get a proper perspective – the seller just wants to take their money and run. It would be foolish to listen to these stories (but I already have a feeling that you won’t be likely to do so). Credibility problems start right here with these first introductions – even if the story of the ‘big winner’ is true – why should you become a big winner? If I were to tell you a story of how a friend of mine made millions on the lottery, do you think it would help you to win the lottery? Of course not. People who sell you the idea of a big winner are just inviting you to gamble on the markets without having the first idea what you are doing. The people encouraging you to do this have no idea either, they are not traders and know nothing about trading.
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
But what if you don’t fall for these stories and decide you want to find out how the winning professional traders really succeed? Then you will find that it is quite possible for you to discover how they do it. That is because the underlying roots of their success are not secrets, though they are not well known – and they are even less well understood. You won’t find many professions where you can hope to succeed without knowing how to operate the right way. I can’t think of a single one futures trading is no different. Yet people start trading without any knowledge of what they are doing – often just because somebody else convinces them there is quick money if you know this secret or do this simple thing. The real truth is that trading commodities requires a sound method that is supported by specialized knowledge. That is how the successful traders ‘do it’. OK, you might know nothing and place a trade and win a lot of money – that can happen but much more often than not, those who do this lose their money. You don’t hear about the losers. It is not the fault of the newcomer that he does not trade the right way. As a newcomer he doesn’t know what he needs to know and nobody is offering to tell him. What if somebody were to say something to him like the most important thing is to follow your system? That would be the truest thing to say and the most valuable thing he could possibly do. But what is the newcomer to trading supposed to make of that advice, if he doesn’t understand what it means? Following your system is the most important thing. It is also very hard to do.
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
I gave this advice to a young man once – I’ll call him James. Afterwards, I wondered what James was supposed to make of my advice. My conclusion was that because I hadn’t taken the trouble to explain exactly why it is so important to ‘follow your system’ – it wasn’t very likely he would think much of it. On top of that, he told me he couldn’t see what all the fuss was about – his trading rules were simple enter the market on a 20 day high and exit on a 10 day low. What was the big deal for Pete’s sake? James told me that even his baby could follow that system. He added he would keep things simple and start by learning to trade just one commodity market. He was adamant that no computer or anything fancy was needed for this system because, as I had to agree, a baby could follow it. But I knew his problems were only just about to begin because he would discover (sooner or later) that following your system is all about being comfortable. I never heard from him again and I hope fate was kind to him because he was a nice guy. I like to think he was lucky enough to start off by trading something that was just about to embark on a spectacular trend – like the British Pound on 3rd September 2003. Here is the chart of this super trend. Some points on it are marked A through G, which are useful to discuss from a ‘comfort’ point of view and would have called for decisions from the trader.
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
Some interesting points in a splendid trend
Let’s go on a little excursion and discuss some aspects of what is meant by being comfortable with your system.
Are you comfortable with this? An exercise in following your system.
Point A 3rd September 2003 This is the very beginning – and you would have no idea that you were at the start of an upward movement in the market price (there are no predictive systems!)
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
rd
Point A 3 September 2003
The first 20 day high occurs on 12th September, so you enter the market on the opening of the following market day, which is 15th September. Point B 16th September 2003
th
Point B 16 September 2003
The market closes sharply down on this day. How inconsiderate after your first day of trading! Are you glad you entered the market at this time or are you tempted to get out? (Presumably a number of other traders are getting out, otherwise the price would not have moved back so much.) I wonder what will happen tomorrow? Point C 30th October 2003 1.55
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
th
Point C 30 October 2003
You are feeling happy now – the price has been moving ahead very well and you are pleased you did not get out on the 16th September (unless you did!) Point D 7th November 2003
th
Point D 7 November 2003
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
The market has been moving back ever since you congratulated yourself on staying in. What cussedness! On the 4th November, there was a 10 day low, so if James was following his system faithfully, he would have left the market on the opening of 5th November. Are you feeling comfortable, or are you thinking it might be time to cash in? You have made a nice profit but the market now seems to have decided it is going against you.
Point E 13th January 2004
Point E 13th January 2004 Well this has been a fantastic run! If James or that baby have stuck to their system they will have also been lucky because they will have got back into the market on 19th November immediately after another 20 day high. Now we are sitting right up here!
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
Point F 16th January 2004
th
Point F 16 January 2004
Oops! How do you feel now? We’ve hit a 10 day low today and things don’t look so good. It’s been a fabulous run but how much have the last few days dented the morale? Wouldn’t the wise thing to do be to cash in your chips? You can’t see what’s coming, of course, but the next 10 days will take a lot of nerve to get through and it is unlikely you will be able to resist taking the profits you have made. How can it be wrong to take a profit? But what if the market were to rise again? Would it matter though if it did? Leave something for the next man and don’t be so greedy! Cash in now or you may regret it. Tempting isn’t it? Are you really feeling comfortable?
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
Point G 18th February 2004
th Point G 18 February 2004
If James is trading this, he’s going to be happy because he’ll be coming out of this market on 27th February with a nice profit. But I have a strong suspicion that he will be more than a little worried when the next 20 day high signal comes up on 1st April and even more worried if he goes into the market at that point. I hope that baby of his has got strong nerves if it takes over from him!
th
This is what follows 18 February – how will it be dealt with? 1.55
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
Do you think you would feel comfortable in this market after 18th February? (I have never met a trader yet, who – having seen the whole of any price chart – would not swear by all that is sacred that he would have made all the right decisions at the right times. But I suspect that some of this is said just to make me feel comfortable!) Frankly, I don’t think James stands any chance of following his system unless he has somehow come to appreciate the First Commandment of Trading. You see, there are a lot more decision points on the chart than just those noted. Every one of these decision points is an opportunity to do – what exactly? Change your mind, then change it again? Learn from your previous ‘bad’ decision and alter your rules – or what? But what if you used a method enabling you to produce a system in which you had full confidence? A system you understood and you could feel happy leaving to your computer to trade routinely? How would this change things? How would you benefit by not having awkward decisions to make like those that cropped up with the British Pound?(And that was just about the kindest move you could wish for.) From this small example, we see that numerous ‘decision points’ crop up on the daily charts – all of which must be considered. When multiplied by the number of commodities being traded – the number of decisions demanded is large. If he is not trading systematically – how will he make them? If he does not have rules for every instance – how can he be consistent? The fact is that he won’t make the essential decisions at all – consistently or otherwise unless he has systematized the whole process. That is how systems traders can trade consistently and repeat good actions. 1.55
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
Other traders cannot repeat good actions or avoid bad ones because they don’t know what they did in the first place! (They have no system to follow or to be comfortable with!) How would even a modest system like the DMAC have been likely to fare – given that is was traded systematically? Here it is, using 30 day and 60 day averages – plucked from the air! You could no doubt find more effective settings (but you need to watch out for something called curve fitting, which will be discussed later).
British Pound with 2 Moving Averages
G 1.826
E 1.776
F
Closing Price
1.726
1.676
C
1.626
D
1.576
1.526
A B
30 M a 13 y0 J 3 un 27 0 J 3 un 11 03 J u 25 l03 J u 08 l0 A 3 ug 22 0 A 3 u 05 g0 S 3 e 19 p0 S 3 e 03 p0 O 3 c 17 t0 O 3 c 31 t0 O 3 c 14 t0 N 3 ov 28 0 N 3 o 12 v0 D 3 e 26 c0 D 3 e 09 c0 J 3 an 23 0 J 4 a 06 n0 F 4 e 20 b0 F 4 e 05 b0 M 4 a 19 r0 M 4 a 02 r0 A 4 p 16 r0 A 4 p 30 r0 A 4 p 14 r0 M 4 ay 0 4
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Closing Price 30 day Moving Average 60 day Moving Average
Date
Just looking at the big ‘uptrend’, the DMAC would have got you in the market on 1st October 2003 and out on 2nd April 2004. Not at all bad. If you can leave your system to take the strain, you won’t have to bother with the task of following your system and dealing with all those decision points without any help. The chances are good that the DMAC would have done well ‘traded the right way’. 1.55
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
(It should be noted that moves like this are the exception although they do occur frequently. It is the exploitation of such moves that enables the successful traders to land their profits. It is much more of a challenge to be ‘comfortable following your system’ in the mishmash of directionless markets that occur the majority of the time. It is at these times it is essential to know you can rely on the capabilities of your system which you have tested for yourself.) That’s the end of the exercise in following your system and I hope you understand a little better why it is so important and how ‘being comfortable with it’ is so vital. Things that were not mentioned but should have been: Your trading system is not just your market entry rules but includes other vital things – like ‘money management’ that add greatly to your comfort. These things can come later in our discussions. If James did start trading the British Pound on 3rd September – it was just pure luck AND he was taking a big risk trading just one commodity market. Successful traders don’t rely on luck – it just doesn’t make sense to do so. Now I’ve Really Asked For It! As soon as you manage to get somebody to stop and listen who otherwise was going to race ahead and trade without a second thought – they suddenly want to know every detail possible. They want to look in every nook and cranny and argue every point to see if you know what you are talking about. That’s how I know you will want to know all the ins and outs. As soon as you realize successful traders have a method, you will want to know all about what’s behind it – whether it is necessary for you to understand it or not. 1.55
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That’s fine and that is how it should be. As we go through the Golden Rules, we will be covering all the insand outs in as much detail as possible. When you read the Ten Golden Rules, you will find several spreadsheets that you are invited to use. I strongly suggest that you download these and go through them. Study what they are doing and try to understand what they are trying to tell you. This is very important because it explains some of the fundamentals that you will feel comfortable knowing are being taking into account by your trading method. This is the only time I will invite you to get to know these principles because you won’t ever actually need to use them in your trading methods – but I know you will be more comfortable if you know what’s ‘under the hood’. When you employ your trading method to evaluate systems or live trade the markets, you won’t have to grapple with any of these technicalities. But don’t think I am saying that you won’t know how your system works – you will know that very well. Through using your trading method, you will understand a great deal about your chosen system and what its capabilities are. This knowledge will build confidence and you will feel happier to leave the routine daily trading to your computer. That way you will not be tempted to interfere – and you will follow your system. It is the system traders who take all the profits from the futures markets and they delegate their routine trading to their computers – but only after they have thoroughly assessed them.
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
Part 2
The Ten Golden Rules
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
The Ten Golden Rules Contents
Rule
1.
Pick the Right Markets to Trade
2.
Set Your Personal Trading Goals
3.
Don’t Overtrade
4.
Select Parameters, Avoiding CurveFit Traps
5.
Cut Losing Trades
6.
Money Management is Crucial
7. Look at Your Trades 8. Follow Your System 9.
Test Your System Thoroughly
10.
Apply The MODUS Method
Summary – Those Winning Traders Additional Items
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
1 Pick the Right Markets to Trade “... volatility is not a bad thing, in fact it is essential for success. It is also dangerous and capable of ruining you. If volatility sounds something of a contradiction, that is because it is.” To the new trader, some understanding of market volatility is of inestimable value. By volatility we mean the degree to which market prices jump around during the trading day and from one day to the next. Right at the outset, you should understand that you should only consider trading ‘liquid’ markets. These are markets which are traded relatively heavily and which are therefore fairly stable in that they react more slowly to surges in buying and selling. Lightly traded markets are likely to react violently to any unexpected pressure and can be unpredictably volatile. In producing the list of markets suitable for trading, shown next, this has been taken into account. A List of ‘Liquid’ Markets Offered by the Major Exchanges
Daily $
Market Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
int rate beans grains food/fiber grains food/fiber currency livestock grains metal beans grains
Market Name Eurodollar Soybean Oil Oats Sugar Corn Cocoa Canadian Dollar
Live Cattle Rough Rice Gold Soybean Meal
Wheat
Maximum "95% Average Expected" Daily $ $ ATR15 Volatility 143 277 237 367 175 372 255 386 222 441 289 442 317 478 331 499 312 559 320 589 342 591 352 630
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13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
livestock metal livestock metal currency beans metal food/fiber currency food/fiber energy index livestock energy currency wood/rubber energy currency index int rate currency currency index index metal index energy food/fiber index index
Feeder Cattle
Platinum Lean Hogs Copper Australian Dollar
Soybeans Silver Orange Juice British Pound Cotton Crude Oil CRB Pork Bellies Heating Oil Mexican Peso
Lumber Unleaded Gas
Swiss Franc NYSE US Bonds Euro FX Japanese Yen
NASDAQ NIKKEI Palladium DJIA Natural Gas Coffee Russell S&P
405 345 456 448 514 500 505 588 653 618 601 797 803 667 547 908 737 823 631 953 1061 1014 676 1284 739 1766 1232 1657 3056 3725
639 668 728 764 771 881 892 999 1003 1069 1080 1121 1200 1233 1264 1312 1313 1328 1337 1373 1445 1730 1807 2048 2153 2721 3224 3935 7389 8452
$ATR15 and “maximum expected” volatility at the 95% confidence level have been added. These figures have been extracted from prices from July 1993 to July 2002. To allow volatility to be measured, there is a useful tool called the True Range Indicator which calculates the range through which the price of a commodity moves during a period of time, which in our case is one day. We are talking about days because professional system traders (the ones who make all the money!) invariably trade on a day by day basis using “end of day” prices. 1.55
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The True Range Indicator measures the difference between the opening and closing price of the day, adding on any ‘gaps’ between this and the closing price of the preceding day. The result gives the True Range in ‘price points’ but this can easily be converted into trading dollars by multiplying by the $ per point for the particular commodity. This gives the ‘$ True Range value’. To convey the movement characteristic of a market, it is usual to take a moving average of consecutive days, commonly 15 days which is then known as the ‘15 day Average True Range’ (ATR15). Of course the ATR15 can be expressed in dollars, when it is known as the $ATR15. The ATR15 is therefore a measure of daily movement over 15 trading days (3 weeks) in a market. The more the market price jumps around, the larger the ATR becomes, indicating greater volatility, whereas the flatter the price remains, the smaller the ATR value and the lower the volatility. For any commodity, the ATR15 will vary widely over a period of time, for example, look at the following numbers for the Eurodollar, Wheat and Silver in the 9 year period from July 1993 and July 2002:
Eurodollar Wheat Silver
Minimum $ATR15 $25 $196 $199
Maximum $ATR15 $418 $1,354 $1,475
The variation is a reflection in change in volatility, as the markets adopt different trending and sideways movements. If markets vary over time in their daily movement, and this indicates volatility, can traders make anything useful of this knowledge? 1.55
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Certainly they can and they can also find a way to compare one market with another as regards its volatility. For example, looking at all the ATR15 daily values over the 9 year period already mentioned, we can calculate the standard deviation of their values. This tells us the degree of variation between the values. By using wellknown statistical techniques, based on random probability, we can predict a 95% certainty limit for the $ATR15 values.
Eurodollar Wheat Silver
Daily Average $ATR15 $143 $352 $505
Expected 95% Limit of $ATR15 $277 $630 $892
If we were to look in detail at all the $ATR15 values in this 9 year period, about 2,250 daily values for each market, we could be 95% certain that the $ATR for the Eurodollar would not exceed $277, the Wheat would not exceed $630 and the Silver would not exceed £892. That information is useful to any trader wishing to assess the likely risk he might be taking due to volatility. Notice that the volatility of the Eurodollar is less than half that of the Wheat and less than one third that of the Silver. So we have established a yardstick by which we can compare volatility between commodities.
What does Volatility imply – and is it a bad thing? No, volatility is not a bad thing, in fact it is essential for success. It is also dangerous and capable of ruining you. If volatility sounds something of a contradiction, that is because it is. When a market is volatile, it is a sign that something is ‘going on’. All successful traders are looking for trends. When traders have trends, whether they be uptrends or downtrends, they can make money. Volatility can indicate that a trend is in progress, so in that case it is a good sign. 1.55
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But volatility is also a sign of erratic whipsaw movement, exactly what you want to avoid. The trader’s system has to be able to deal with these two different faces of volatility in order to take advantage of the trends and mitigate the erratic movements. Lack of volatility is generally a sign that the markets are marking time and there is usually little opportunity to make money under these circumstances.
Does that mean then that it is best to choose the most volatile commodities on the ‘population’ list? Life would be very simple if that was the case. But of course it is not that straightforward. You now understand how the commodities on the list have been ranked to show their $ATR volatility and how we have been able to get a good idea of how volatile these markets may become as far as a ‘95% level of probability’. This is vital information but it only takes us so far because choosing the commodities to trade depends partly on your personality. How tolerant are you of risk and how well will you weather the storm if ‘things get rough’ and you get a string of losing trades? Using the information we have given you, we have no doubt that you could produce a list of commodities to trade which was balanced between high, medium and low volatility markets and also balanced between different market groups. You could even make some allowance for your assessment of your tolerance for risk, referred to above. This would be a sensible approach and we would agree with it.
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
But now you are up in the air! You have learned something about selecting the right markets for YOU to trade – but what use can you make of this? How do you even know if you’ve done the job well or not? Don’t worry it doesn’t end here – the markets you carefully selected in Golden Rule 1 will be brought together with the Trading Goals you are going to set with Golden Rule 2. Just imagine the product of these two golden rules being used like ingredients in a recipe and then mixed in with your proposed system rules in golden rule 3. This triple combination makes use of risk resonance tests to establish the level of risk you are prepared to undertake – but we mustn’t rush ahead too fast. (By the way If you did a bad job of selecting markets – it will show up!)
Find out more about PICK THE RIGHT MARKETS (Golden Rule 1) Avoid Volatile Markets? (#133) Are Index Futures Volatile? (#165) Should I specialize in one or two commodities? (#107)
Winning traders carefully select the markets they trade.
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2 Set Your Personal Trading Goals "Risk and reward are inextricably connected and the trader who takes risks is paid for doing so by the markets" What do you want to achieve with your trading? Unless you have goals, you will get lost and you will trade in a manner that does not suit you. You will not know what to expect when you look at your trading performance and you will always be trying harder to ‘do more’. You have a general aim, of course and we would guess that is “to achieve success as a futures trader”. That is fine and accurate too and ideal as a general goal. But it is not specific enough, we need to know what exactly you will regard as success and how you will know if you are on the right path. You need a goal for the % Annual Return you are seeking. Because this is the real world, you will need to set a goal that is capable of being achieved. That’s tricky for a start because that depends on how much risk you are prepared to take. Are you prepared to risk everything to achieve this return? If you insist on a goal which is the highest possible return in the shortest possible time, you will have to risk everything – at least. But that would be silly. If you lost, you would have nothing left. So of course you will not wish to risk everything to reach the maximum goal in the minimum time. Being sensible, you will ask the important question. “What are the odds?” Here you are saying you not only want to know the return but you want to know the risk. In your personal estimation, every level of return has a maximum level of risk you are prepared to take to achieve it. These risk and return levels exist and they are personal to you although you may 1.55
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
not realize what these numbers are until you think about them carefully. So, at last, we have got round to the next goal: You need a goal for the maximum amount of risk you are prepared to take. Let’s play a little question and answer game. Can you set a goal for risk? Does anybody know what the risk is? Yes and yes. What is the risk when trading? The risk is losing your trading capital of course. How does the risk show itself? The risk resides in three places: 1 In the volatility of the markets you have chosen to trade. 2 In the proportion of your total capital you have decided to stake on the trades that you have running. 3 In the system rules you intend to use, which will have their own unique way of behaving. The risk shows itself in the movement of your trading account balance as your trading progresses.
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
Assuming that you have made no additions or withdrawals from your trading account, if you looked at a chart of your account balance and noted the lowest points between the equity peaks, these peak to trough distances would represent your ‘drawdowns.’ The drawdown is usually expressed as a percentage and is the peak to trough equity decline as a percentage of the equity peak. So, if you had a capital balance of say $50,000, then a fall to $35,000 followed by a new capital balance of greater than $50,000, you would have seen a 30% drawdown. This drawdown percentage indicates the volatility of your account and the amount of risk you are running. A high drawdown would be over say, 50% and a low drawdown 20%. The trader who chooses to run a drawdown of 50% is taking a high risk of losing all his trading capital and will demand a very large return for doing this, whereas a trader choosing to run at only 20% will settle for much less in return for his ‘safe choice’. Risk and reward are inextricably connected and the trader who takes risks is paid for doing so by the markets, provided he operates an intelligent trading method of course. Professional system traders know all of this and according to their own personal attitude to risk, choose different return % goals and different drawdown % goals to each other. These traders know that setting their systems to operate within their personal drawdown goals will protect them from the discomfort of exceeding their risk tolerance limits and the big danger that they might break away from their system more will be said about ‘sticking to your system’ later. So, how exactly do you set the goals for risk and return and how do you control to them? 1.55
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We have produced a model, which we think gives good guidelines for Minimum CAGR% and Maximum Drawdown % goals. Use this Excel spreadsheet model now and return here afterwards. Click here to download the 'Goals' Spreadsheet By using this model, you will have seen that we have been able to suggest goals for your minimum return and maximum drawdown, based on your assessment of your ‘degree of boldness”. These numbers are based on our knowledge and experience rather than any precise science or psychology. But remember that ultimately, only YOU can decide if the reward you are seeking justifies the risk. Different individuals have different values which often depend on their circumstances but also on their character. Imagine this situation: Three people X,Y and Z each have $10,000. They are offered a ‘deal’, as follows: Put $10,000 on the table and I will flip a coin. ! If it comes down as ‘heads’ I will give you $10,000 ! If it comes down as ‘tails’ I will take your $10,000 What should each of them do? ! X has plenty of money. This will be fun and anyway he has an even chance of winning $10,000. X will play. 1.55
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
! Y needs all the money he can scrape together to maintain his family. An extra $10,000 would make a great deal of difference to him but if he lost his money it would be disaster. Y cannot consider playing. ! Z has a business which is short of capital. As things stand, his capital is likely to drain away if he can’t purchase more stock. $10,000 would make a great difference to his business prospects. Z decides to play. What would you have advised these people to do? The odds are evenly balanced and you could easily say – “It makes no difference play the game or not.” Would that have been the best advice? This example is merely intended to demonstrate that different people will view an identical risk in different ways.
Having decided on your goals for risk and return, this is only the beginning how do you control to them? – was the second part of the question. Unless there is the means to control a trader’s system so that it is likely to meet his required goals, the goals are little more than mere wishes. The trader must have a method of satisfying himself that his system is capable of producing results which match or exceed his goals. 1.55
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
Golden Rule 3 covers this point and explains how the personal trading goals for return and risk are joined with the system rules being proposed and the trader’s selected markets. The result of this conjunction will allow the level of risk per trade to be established.
A question:
Do the goals depend on the trading system that the trader operates? No, the goals apply to the trader personally, not to the system he chooses to run. The evaluation tests carried out by the trader will confirm if the selected system is capable of meeting these goals. If not, the trader will modify or reject the system.
Find out more about SET PERSONAL GOALS (Golden Rule 2) Professionals direct their systems towards their goals (#148) You have to pay if you want more certainty (#159) You can’t have a suitable system without personal goals (#167)
Winning traders aim to achieve their trading goals.
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
3 Don’t Overtrade! “Although they are complex, the commodity markets have to obey the same mathematical laws as all the rest of us ...." Apart from deviating from your system, overtrading is probably the single most common cause of trading disaster. Quite simply, overtrading is taking a larger risk per trade than is sustainable by the return your system is likely to produce. When we were discussing the trading goals for return and risk, we said that one of the places where risk resides is “in the proportion of your total capital you have decided to stake on the trades that you have running”. A professional trader ensures that the risk per trade he undertakes is carefully related to his goals and has been carefully set using system resonance tests. . He will never deviate from his risk per trade strategy and be tempted by the lure of ‘extra return’ to do something that is not consistent with his system. This is because he knows that to do this would lead to disaster. He understands that the extra risk will put him in uncharted territory as far as his system expectations are concerned and he might as well throw away his plans now. Overtrading is the very opposite to aiming your system towards meeting your personal trading goals Overtrading is a word that is bandied about carelessly and is not understood too well. It is time to clear the mist and demonstrate exactly what overtrading means and does.
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
A little digression, called: “If you’re getting good results don’t spoil things by overtrading”. Let’s play the ‘single coin game’ – it will be fun and we might learn something. This game is good for explaining some things like overtrading, for example! Rules of the game: A fair coin is flipped and if it comes down ‘heads’ it is a WIN and the player is paid twice the amount staked on the flip. If the coin comes down ‘tails’ it is a LOSS and the player loses his stake. What a good game to discover! We would all love to find a game like this. How could you possibly lose? We have created an Excel Spreadsheet so that you can play the game to see what happens as you increase the amount per flip staked. The spreadsheet plays a game of 100 flips, staking whatever % amount of your ‘account balance’ you decide on each game. You start with a balance of $100. Play some games now and return here after you have finished. You can click here to download the 'Coin Game' spreadsheet. Well, what did you find out? Are you satisfied that the % of the balance staked has a direct bearing on whether you ultimately win or lose? Were you surprised to find that after a certain point, the % return began to fall? (Even though the rules were exactly the same.) 1.55
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What happened when you staked amounts in excess of 25% per flip? But trading the commodity markets is not like playing the coin game is it? Well, no – and yes! Although they are complex, the commodity markets have to obey the same mathematical laws as all the rest of us – and the same mathematical laws as the coin game too. As you increase the % of your balance staked, you increase the volatility (degree of variation) of your balance and this increases your risk of going ‘bust’. You have to weigh the temptation to win more dollars quickly by increasing your stake against the increased risk that you may lose all your money if you do. No doubt, you will also have noticed from playing the ‘coin game’ that although the odds are that you will get 50 winners (heads) and 50 losers (tails) this does not usually happen. That’s probability for you! The serious lesson learned from this little game is that risk increases as the % amount of the fund staked is increased. Exactly the same applies in trading the commodity markets. Staking more than is justified by the risk involved is called ‘overtrading’. The way the professional traders avoid overtrading is by combining careful market selection with their personal trading goals to establish what is known as the system resonance of the rules they propose to trade. This allows them to discover the risk per trade level to apply to all their trades for these system rules. The following example from the MODUS Commodity Trading Course shows the results of a stepped test of the DMAC System:
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
The table lists results of full stepped tests which show the relationships between, for example return (CAGR%) and drawdown, (Max Total Equity DD) Stepped Parameter Summary Performance Max Total Modified Annual Equity CAGR% MAR Sharpe Sharpe DD
Run #
Risk per Trade (%)
Monthly Total Equity DD
Ending Balance
Longest Drawdown
# Trades
1
0.50%
$157,692.06
8.80%
0.99
0.99
1.18
2
0.60%
$226,406.16
12.60%
0.73
1.14
0.83
8.90%
8.70%
12.9
319
17.40%
16.20%
16.7
472
3
0.70%
$248,952.53
13.60%
0.74
1.03
0.94
4
0.80%
$226,261.58
12.60%
0.54
0.88
0.73
18.40%
17.00%
13.1
499
23.20%
21.90%
17.7
5
0.90%
$204,371.66
11.50%
0.44
0.74
523
0.53
26.10%
24.80%
21.2
537
6
1.00%
$269,099.86
14.50%
0.52
7
1.10%
$264,593.58
14.30%
0.44
0.78
0.82
28.10%
26.20%
14.1
572
0.73
0.84
32.80%
31.50%
16.6
8
1.20%
$306,798.72
15.90%
581
0.44
0.74
0.88
36.00%
34.30%
17.9
584
9
1.30%
$335,143.01
16.90%
0.47
0.74
1.25
36.10%
34.10%
14.1
589
10
1.40%
$350,600.33
17.40%
0.41
0.7
0.84
42.30%
40.20%
14
590
11
1.50%
$383,280.07
18.40%
0.42
0.71
0.89
43.50%
41.70%
16.6
589
12
1.60%
$365,271.08
17.90%
0.38
0.67
0.83
47.50%
45.70%
16.7
591
The above test was run on the Trading Blox System Tester for Risk per Trade values between 0.5% and 3.0% with interval steps of 0.1%. The test used an unmodified DMAC System with a balanced liquid portfolio of commodities. As can be seen, the CAGR% (Annual Return %) increases with each step advance of the Risk per Trade but is outstripped by the increase in overall risk, as evidenced by the drawdown % (Max Total Equity DD). The return for the risk involved is becoming worse with each increase in risk per trade. This is a normal phenomenon and the method used by the professional trader is designed to improving return without a proportional increase in risk.
Find out more about OVERTRADING (Golden Rule3) Successful system traders control their risk (#111) Drawdown tells you what risk you’re taking (#136) Predetermine the size of risk you take (#173)
Overtrading is not the way of the winning traders.. 1.55
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
4 Select Parameters Avoiding Curve Fit Traps "Choosing best results without regard to their context is called curve fitting since the parameters are made to fit specific past events and the act of doing this is referred to as getting caught in a curve fit trap" When a trader is testing a system, one of the things he must do is to decide on what are known as ‘parameter values’. Most systems have parameter values that can be varied and varying these values alters the results obtained. For example, in the system called the Dual Moving Average Crossover System (DMAC) two moving averages are used: a Short Moving Average and a Long Moving Average. A trade is signalled when the ‘Short Moving Average’ line crosses the ‘Long Moving Average line. The moving averages are of the closing price for the particular day and the number of days for the moving averages is not fixed. It is a parameter which can be varied by the trader. A trader intending to adopt this system would have to decide on values for the number of days for each moving average. In searching for a ‘good return’ he will test the system using different values, to see which ones give ‘good’ results. He will be tempted, especially if he is inexperienced, to select the values which give the very best results. Why would you choose anything else? Traders test against historical prices, and for the purpose of this example we will suppose that there is reason to assume that parameter values which have produced good results in the past may do so again. There are many possible faults with this presumption but we do not propose to enter a long discussion here on the subject as the purpose is to give an illustration of curve fitting. Suppose a trader gets the following information from one of his test runs, showing the annual return % from a system 1.55
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
that uses a long moving average and a short moving average:
Test #
Long Moving Average (days)
Short Moving Average (days)
Annual Return
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
215 215 215 215 215 215 215 215 215 215 215 216 216 216 216 216 216 216 216 216 216 216 217 217 217 217 217 217 217 217 217 217 217
95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105
72.44% 73.62% 60.78% 58.82% 70.30% 70.92% 76.62% 68.45% 62.83% 63.85% 68.24% 73.62% 65.54% 57.23% 69.88% 73.03% 75.76% 68.65% 74.61% 70.30% 73.43% 63.23% 73.82% 65.92% 77.43% 73.42% 74.69% 77.23% 75.81% 76.42% 91.22% 74.91% 63.23%
On the list of results, the parameter values are shown clearly enough and I am attracted towards the high value of 91.22% achieved by Test Run number 31. But it is not clear which parameters are the close neighbours of which other parameters.
To illustrate the point, suppose the parameters are laid out in a grid, as follows: 1.55
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
Dual Moving Average Crossover System (Annual Return % Results)
Long Moving Average (Days)
225
78.99% 80.71% 83.01% 75.01% 78.65% 80.50% 77.02% 76.62% 77.02% 78.65% 77.23%
224
75.76% 83.85% 85.33% 78.04% 76.22% 80.92% 78.65% 75.21% 77.83% 78.65% 78.24%
223
80.71% 85.33% 80.30% 81.12% 75.41% 76.22% 81.33% 78.45% 77.23% 78.24% 79.27%
222
81.12% 85.55% 85.76% 84.80% 81.12% 81.12% 77.23% 82.80% 78.04% 76.82% 73.23%
221
74.48% 83.43% 84.99% 89.27% 83.64% 74.02% 76.42% 77.02% 79.27% 74.81% 79.47%
220
80.50% 85.12% 86.83% 82.51% 78.45% 83.64% 80.50% 78.04% 80.30% 79.06% 76.01%
219
70.49% 80.92% 73.62% 82.59% 81.75% 74.61% 77.02% 77.23% 68.04% 68.86% 77.63%
218
72.83% 75.61% 78.45% 83.64% 77.05% 82.59% 73.82% 72.59% 70.09% 75.41% 68.86%
217
73.82% 65.92% 77.43% 73.42% 74.69% 77.23% 75.81% 76.42% 91.22% 74.91% 63.23%
216
73.62% 65.54% 57.23% 69.88% 73.03% 75.76% 68.65% 74.61% 70.30% 73.43% 63.23%
215
72.44% 73.62% 60.78% 58.82% 70.30% 70.92% 76.62% 68.45% 62.83% 63.85% 68.24%
Short Moving Average (Days)
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
This looks more interesting – you can see whose neighbours are whose but it would be better if the value ranges were highlighted in some way. What if they were colored, making the higher values darker than the lower ones? as they are in the next illustration:
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
Dual Moving Average Crossover System (Annual Return % Results)
Long Moving Average (Days)
225
78.99% 80.71% 83.01% 75.01% 78.65% 80.50% 77.02% 76.62% 77.02% 78.65% 77.23%
224
75.76% 83.85% 85.33% 78.04% 76.22% 80.92% 78.65% 75.21% 77.83% 78.65% 78.24%
223
80.71% 85.33% 80.30% 81.12% 75.41% 76.22% 81.33% 78.45% 77.23% 78.24% 79.27%
222
81.12% 85.55% 85.76% 84.80% 81.12% 81.12% 77.23% 82.80% 78.04% 76.82% 73.23%
221
74.48% 83.43% 84.99% 89.27% 83.64% 74.02% 76.42% 77.02% 79.27% 74.81% 79.47%
220
80.50% 85.12% 86.83% 82.51% 78.45% 83.64% 80.50% 78.04% 80.30% 79.06% 76.01%
219
70.49% 80.92% 73.62% 82.59% 81.75% 74.61% 77.02% 77.23% 68.04% 68.86% 77.63%
218
72.83% 75.61% 78.45% 83.64% 77.05% 82.59% 73.82% 72.59% 70.09% 75.41% 68.86%
217
73.82% 65.92% 77.43% 73.42% 74.69% 77.23% 75.81% 76.42% 91.22% 74.91% 63.23%
216
73.62% 65.54% 57.23% 69.88% 73.03% 75.76% 68.65% 74.61% 70.30% 73.43% 63.23%
215
72.44% 73.62% 60.78% 58.82% 70.30% 70.92% 76.62% 68.45% 62.83% 63.85% 68.24%
Best
Worst
Short Moving Average (Days)
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
Now the landscape is much clearer! That high value – 91.22% is sitting down at the bottom right of the grid, in a “plain” of lower values. The top left of the chart seems to be a generally higher plateau. After seeing the colored landscape, I am not at all inclined to go for the ‘spike’ at 217/103 but I am more inclined to pick a spot in the middle of the plateau – 222/97 suggests it might be a reasonable selection. These results will not repeat themselves in the future, that is completely impossible – so selection of the spike ‘on the plain’ is most unlikely to be a wise one as it is located among neighbours which show poorer results. On the other hand, selection from the ‘plateau’ may be a good one if the selection is similar to its neighbours.
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Choosing best results without regard to their context is called curve fitting since the parameters are made to fit specific past events and the act of doing this is referred to as getting caught in a curve fit trap. Of course, the result of being caught in a curve fit trap is that a misleading impression of likely system performance will be obtained. Beware! There are many ways of curve fitting in its wider sense.
Find out more about CURVE FITTING (Golden Rule 4) Treat all signals the same (#109) The more rules the better? (#102) Avoid spikes in your data (#145)
Winning traders avoid curve fitting in all its forms.
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
5. Cut Losing Trades “The majority of trades will not be 'winners' because that's the way it always is with trend trading" A professional trader would never ever give a broker an order to trade without telling him how to exit from that trade if the price ‘goes against him’. He would never say, ‘buy 2 bean oil contracts if the price reaches 21.88’ without saying something like – ‘and if I’m filled, sell 2 bean oil if the price reaches 21.06.’ The sell at 21.06 order is known his exit stop. The system trader sends his orders in every day by fax or email or any electronic means and they are structured so as to be completely unambiguous. Professional traders are looking for trends of one kind or another because they know that profits can be made from these. When their system detects a suitable situation, a trade order will be generated and the trade entered if the rules are met. The majority of trades will not be ‘winners’ because that’s the way it always is with trend trading. To balance this ‘inequality’, the trader ensures that his ‘winners’ are much bigger than his ‘losers’. This explains the meaning of the hackneyed but wise maxim – run your winners and cut your losers. The protective stop is a ‘cut your losses exit strategy’ that all winning traders build into their systems. A trader following this principle is saying that he is prepared to allow his winning trades become ‘as large as you like’ but he is not prepared to allow his losing trades to become greater than a certain amount. The protective stop does not come free of cost because with hindsight it can always be seen that some of the trades that exited at a small loss would have ‘turned round’ and become good winners. The more cleverly the trader’s system deals with these protective stops the better. This is another situation requiring thorough testing, of course.
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Take for example the employment of a slightly more complicated system, the triple moving average or (TMAC) trading system. Here, three moving average lines are monitored and trades entries are signalled when all three lines are in the specified configuration. In the same way as in the DMAC, the number of days assigned to each moving average line is open to the trader to vary to see what works best. First, notice what happens when the TMAC system is tested using a 'basket' of markets, selected using the method recommended in Rule 1 with no protective stop.
Use ATR Stops
Ending Balance
CAGR%
MAR
Modified Sharpe
Annual Sharpe
Max Total Equity DD
Monthly Total Equity DD
Longest Drawdown
# Trades
FALSE
$2,160,034.02
39.60%
0.88
1.01
0.67
44.80%
41.50%
19.9
414
These results are not bad. This test managed to achieve a compound annual return of 39.6%.
Wins Losses
157 257
37.90% 62.10%
Total
414
100.00%
The record also shows that of the total number of 414 trades, 37.9% were winning trades while 62.1% were losers. Now, using exactly the same system and parameters but this time applying a simple protective stop based on volatility, the test is run again. Use ATR Stops
Ending Balance
CAGR%
MAR
Modified Sharpe
Annual Sharpe
Max Total Equity DD
Monthly Total Equity DD
Longest Drawdown
# Trades
TRUE
$5,214,930.43
51.80%
1.11
1.14
0.92
46.80%
43.70%
19.6
584
The first thing to notice is that the return has increased from 39.6% to 51.8%.
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
This increase has been achieved with only a small increase in the maximum drawdown from 44.8% to 46.8%. Wins Losses
169 415
28.90% 71.10%
Total
584
100.00%
Another interesting discovery is that the total number of trades has increased from 414 to 584 (a 41% increase). The main reason for this is because the protective stop cuts many trades short which allows the system to reenter those trades where the market suffers a setback and then subsequently resumes the desired direction. Of course, in these cases a loss is suffered but it is a controlled loss which enables the trader to quantify his risk and also preserve his capital for later employment in future trading opportunities. You will also see that the percentage of winning trades has reduced from 37.9% to 28.9%. While this seems undesirable, it is the overall effect of the protective stop which is of prime interest to the system trader. In this case, fewer winners is more than compensated for by a significant increase in the return at very little extra risk.
Find out more about CUT LOSING TRADES (Golden Rule 5) If a trade goes against you – give it a chance to turn round (#108)
Winning traders cut their losing trades.
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
6 Money Management is Crucial ".... money management becomes the most important factor in getting the high returns professional traders achieve" This is a point where we could mention a phrase that you may have heard a great deal but which we do not refer to very often: Positive Expectation Unless a system has a positive expectation, you can never make a profit with it. For example, when we played the coin game, you will remember that the payout for a win was $2 for each $1 staked and there was an even chance of a win. So we could expect to make money with those rules – although perhaps you were surprised to discover that there were ways to lose! You learned that bad money management, in the guise of overtrading, was able to ruin your balance. You discovered that investing too large a proportion of your capital would put you on the road to ruin. Trading the commodity markets is a much more complicated situation than the simple coin game but it illustrates the point that the size of the risk per trade is one of the vital elements in producing successful results. Money management is much more than this though, there is a positive side to it and good money management can increase your results significantly so that the money management becomes the most important factor in getting the high returns professional traders achieve. There is another coin game model that is of interest here. It has the same rules and the same starting capital of $100 but it plays two independent games, each with its own separate coin.
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
However, the games share the same common account balance which is used in the normal way in the calculation to determine the amount to be staked on each game. The contrast with the single game is that more of the player’s money is staked on the play and a much better return is obtained without any significant increase in risk. Play this game now, click here to download the 'Double Coin Game' spreadsheet. One of the things this “double coin game” illustrates is the benefit from allocating available capital on a consistent ‘fixed percentage’ basis to different risks (i.e. different games or different commodities if you will). This is what efficient money management systems do. A casual observer would assume that the reason for adopting the double game strategy was to spread the risk in order to reduce losses. They would miss the point completely it is adopted in order to increase the return significantly. Of course, the commodity markets are much more complex and the task of money management when trading futures is more complicated, although the same underlying maths applies. Winning professional traders understand the importance of money management and ensure that their systems employ the best possible methods. They do not personally become involved with the numbers and calculations, which would be far too complex and time critical to manage other than with a computer, so they leave this job to their software!
Find out more about MONEY MANAGEMENT (Golden Rule 6) A positive expectation is no guarantee of success (#112) Money management – most important but most neglected (#143) Portfolio trading – more than you might think (#157)
Good money management distinguishes the winning traders. 1.55
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
7 Look at Your Trades "Knowing how individual trades perform will give you more confidence in your system and you will feel more relaxed and comfortable with the way it behaves in different circumstances" Setting your trading goals, creating and testing your system and then trading it live, is a lot of fun. But you can’t just leave it at that. You have to keep close to it, like you would your pet dog, horse, or your boat. It can be just as satisfying to do this as well. You need to study your individual trades – both from your tests and your live trades. Modern software will give you all the charts and indicators that you could wish for and you will learn a great deal by seeing how your trades behave while they are running. You will also be able to see how they entered and exited the market. While you are doing these studies, you will see that some similar situations appear and that your trades have ‘characters’ or ‘shapes’ that become familiar. This character will differ between trades that win and those that lose and those that ‘go nowhere’.
TMAC System trade – with no Protective Stop 1.55
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Ideas will occur to you while you make these regular studies and you will begin to think about changes that might improve your system. These changes can be tested, of course, and if they turn out to give improved results, can be introduced into your system. The chart above, is an example of a trade placed using the TMAC system with no protective stop. The system waits until the short moving average crosses below the medium average before exiting the trade. You will see this takes 11 days from the date of entry and the trade ends with a 196 point loss. Looking at and thinking about this trade, it might seem a good idea to introduce a way for the system to exit trades like this one earlier, since it failed to follow the desired path almost immediately. A stop to protect against the significant loss suffered appears to be a good idea.
Now, the same TMAC system employs the protective stop. The long trade is entered on the same day as before but this time, the volatility based protective stop provides for an exit three days earlier. The result of this earlier exit is a reduced loss of 119 points instead of 196 points.
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Knowing how individual trades perform will give you more confidence in your system and you will feel more relaxed and comfortable with the way it behaves in different circumstances, which will become more and more familiar to you. The dreaded fear of the unknown will recede and you will be much more likely to stick to your system (see ‘follow your system’ below). Successful traders know that it is essential to keep up to date with the performance of their trades. As markets mature, they adjust to the combined effect of systems trading them and individual systems become less effective over time. Looking at individual trade performance is an important source of system improvement ideas, an effective counteraction against stagnation of ageing systems.
Find out more about LOOK AT YOUR TRADES (Golden Rule 7) Look at your trades – it’s the way to get ideas (#140) The markets adapt to the systems traded in them! (#152) Professional traders spend time maintaining their systems (#153)
Winning traders always look at their trades.
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8 Follow Your System "The pressure to interfere with the system is most likely to arise if the trader is uncomfortable with results and this is usually a sign that he has not been sufficiently diligent in deciding his attitude to risk" Wouldn’t it be a waste of time and effort if a trader went to great trouble to discover and learn all the ‘golden rules’ – put them into a live system and then failed to follow these rules? Yes, it would be a waste of time – and probably a disaster too – because by not following the system it is most likely that this trader would lose all his capital. Sadly, that is the fate that befalls the majority of individual traders. So how does it come about that so many traders lose out by not following their systems? The short answer is because they choose systems that do not suit them and when an uncomfortable situation arises, like a string of losing trades, they take actions that are not consistent with their own system rules. You may have heard it said that most of the difficulties experienced by traders are psychological. The successful system trader does not agree with this at all because he keeps all discretion out of his live system trading, which he has delegated to his trading system, running on a computer. The computer has no psychological problems and only unplanned intervention can prevent it from following the system. Professional traders know that such intervention is strictly taboo. The system must be followed if it is to conform to tested expectations. The pressure to interfere with the system is most likely to arise if the trader is uncomfortable with results and this is usually a sign that he has not been sufficiently diligent in deciding his attitude to risk, thereby producing unacceptable personal trading goals.
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Remember: applying psychology to your live trading will never help you to make money only to lose it! Any psychological matter applied to your trading should be confined to the “oneoff” task of assessing your attitude to risk, previously discussed. Professional traders recognize that ‘following your system’ is the single most important rule in trading futures. It is so important that we refer to it as the ‘First Commandment of Trading’.
Find out more about FOLLOW YOUR SYSTEM (Golden Rule 8) Nobody else knows about the system you created yourself (#131) It’s never wrong to take a profit – is it? (#104) Publish your secrets in the newspaper – they’ll be ignored! (#149)
Winning traders always follow their system.
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9 Test Your System Thoroughly "The reason why trading must be simulated in as close to near live conditions as possible goes much deeper than just estimating costs" Just consider the things that you MUST KNOW about your system that ONLY THOROUGH TESTING CAN TELL YOU: ! Is my system capable of succeeding in the real markets? ! Can my system control to my personal trading goals? ! How well will it cut my losing trades and run my winners? ! Have I chosen sensible parameter settings? ! Am I using effective money management techniques? There is no possibility of testing your proposed system to provide answers to the vital questions above without software that meets the high standards demanded by professional traders. Outside the elite professional circles, there is almost no software available that is of use in providing the necessary answers. Tests of your system must include all of the markets you have picked for trading and it must trade these in conditions which are as near to live trading as possible. That means all your chosen markets must be traded together as a group, or portfolio on a day by day basis, just as they would be in live trading, updating your equity balances with every position change.
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In addition to brokers’ fees, your software must allow for trading costs such as price slippage, which will vary not only by market but according to the volatility on the day. Contract rollover costs must be taken into account as well. Failure to allow properly for true trading costs will invalidate any tests. In order to control risk to your stated levels, the money management aspect of the software must size positions according to your risk per trade requirements, taking into account the current volatility of that commodity at the time each trade is entered. The reason why trading must be simulated in as close to nearlive conditions as possible goes much deeper than just estimating costs. It is done so that the variables such as risk per trade, drawdown, and return will function and interact as they do in the live markets. As a trader, you do not need to worry about these details, important though they are. Your software either takes account of them for you automatically or it does not. From all that has been said, it will be clear to you that thorough portfolio testing is of paramount importance if you are to obtain the answers you need in order to confirm that your system is suitable for trading in live conditions. You should organize your testing so that you can record the results of various trials of different ‘rules’ you are using and the parameter variations you are trying out. This is so that you do not miss any of the things you wish to test and to avoid duplicating your work. This will be part of your routine way of operating. Your tests are asking questions of your system: ! Is the system capable of succeeding in the real markets?
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! Do the tests results look plausible? Are they good enough, measured against your profit objectives? ! What margin of safety is there to allow for inevitable degradations in terms of worse trade performance or bigger drawdown? ! Can the system control to your personal trading goals? ! Would you follow this system at all times? Does the system really meet your goals? ! How well will it cut your losing trades and run your winners? ! Do the stepped analyses against your protective stop settings show that the system has been cutting losing trades without too much adverse effect on wining trades? ! Have you chosen sensible parameter settings? ! Are you confident there are no curve fit traps in your system? Did you run robustness tests or use a research assistant such as MODUS Heatseeker? ! Are you employing effective money management techniques? ! As a trader, there is no way you could know whether all the positions taken in the tests could have been financed or whether they have been properly sized. It comes down to the quality of your software. What do you know about its pedigree? Was it designed by professional traders? Is it used by winning traders? Your tests are exploring whether your system is likely to produce satisfactory results in the real markets – YOUR TESTS DO NOT EXPECT LIVE TRADING TO PRODUCE THE SAME RESULTS AS THE TESTS.
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Future live results will never be the same as past results, in fact at the detail level, they will not be anything like past results. At the detail level you will barely recognize anything as being like the past. You are looking for ability, character and performance. Will your system be controlling to your goals? Under the live circumstances it may perform much better. If your system gets into some big trends you may well find that your returns are immensely greater than anything you imagined. Or it may be that market conditions are poor, they are going nowhere and results are flat. But your system is doing well considering the current circumstances and you have the confidence to stick with it. Imagine that you have been asked to form and manage a basketball team. You select good athletes. You train them. You try out ways of dealing with all the things that happen in live competitive play. You practice special moves. You play some friendly matches. When the big season starts, you have done all your preparations. Nevertheless you realize that however much you train and rehearse, no live competitive match will be like any other. But you know your players and you have confidence in them. Knowing their ability and all about their training you are certain that they will be able to deal effectively with any event that occurs, however unexpected. You are in a similar position to the manager of the basketball team when you are setting up your trading operation. When it comes to the crunch your players must function as a team whose combined performance can be greater than the sum of its parts. 1.55
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This same combined performance aspect applies when you test your trading operation on a whole portfolio basis using sound money management methods.
Find out more about TEST YOUR SYSTEM (Golden Rule 9) Step Testing methods – they’re a must. (#138) Historical testing is like batting practice (#147) Simulated live testing is essential (#172)
Winning traders test their systems thoroughly.
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10 Apply the MODUS Method "Every professional trader will tell you that this method is absolutely essential to give you any chance of being successful" Applying your method is the golden rule that puts all the other golden rules to work. This is not just a title given to a list of tasks, it is a vital process. The MODUS Method incorporates all of the essential processes of the professional traders and helps you to decide the following: ! How your markets are selected ! How your trading goals are set ! How your system is selected ! How your systems risk resonance is determined ! How parameters are set ! How evaluation will be done ! Whether the system is suitable for you
Where do people go wrong and what is the right way? You now know something about the individual subjects listed above. However a Method is needed to incorporate them within a process that allows you to evaluate any system in a methodical fashion and to find out if it appears to be capable of meeting your own personal requirements. In general, people go wrong by tackling these subjects piecemeal, or not at all and not looking at their trading system as a whole.
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But first of all, we will consider each of these subjects, which are the essential elements of the METHODS used by the professional traders. We will be considering where people go wrong and what they should do: How your markets are selected Traders go wrong when they select the markets they will trade on an arbitrary basis. They should understand that the characteristics of different markets reveal the degree of risk present. The trader should select commodities as a ‘universe’ or group that he will trade, taking account of his attitude to risk. But this can only be done if he has some way of relating different selections to expected trading performance. And that is where a METHOD is needed, of course. The MODUS method achieves this by linking market performance to the trader’s assessment of his attitude to risk and confirming the correctness of the selection after rigorous testing. How your trading goals are set Traders go wrong by not having trading goals or any means of achieving them. They do not see the difference between individual traders as being relevant to how they should trade. They should know that their own individual attitude to risk will determine whether or not they will be comfortable trading any particular system. Comfort with their system will be the main factor in deciding whether they succeed or fail as traders. The professional trader has a Method for setting his own personal goals. The MODUS Method guides him in setting goals for return % and risk tolerance limit. 1.55
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How your system is selected Most traders know that to be capable of showing a profit, any system must have a positive expectation. The positive expectation is usually shown by demonstrating piecemeal results, often with just one commodity over a particular period of time. That’s OK, as far as it goes. Traders go wrong by inferring that the system will perform in a similar way over other periods of time and/or for other commodities. A trader should understand that ‘system rules’ that indicate positive expectation on a piecemeal basis are no more than a starting point for further study. There needs to be a way of evaluating system rules in a more complete and general manner. And, of course the METHOD provides this. The MODUS Method incorporates a complete evaluation process including trading software of professional standards, incorporating money management and risk management. How your system’s risk resonance is determined Different system rule variations show different trading characteristics when traded on the markets. The MODUS Method refers to this as their risk resonance. Only professional traders are aware of the significance of the way different systems ride the markets and what needs to be done to accommodate these different risks. Other traders are not aware of risk resonance and pay no regard to it. The risk resonance process in the MODUS Method involves the trader’s markets, goals and system rules in order to establish the risk per trade level to be used in all trades. In this way, the system is directed towards meeting the trader’s personal goals. 1.55
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How parameters are set Most traders decide how to set their parameters using trial and error methods and end up with parameter values that produce the highest dollar results. They go wrong by curve fitting their results to the price data. They should realize this and also recognize that they have probably bypassed parameter values of better potential than the ones selected. The MODUS Method explains systematic ways to assist with parameter research and avoidance of curve fitting. How evaluation will be done The right way to evaluate any system requires considerable explanation. The thorough evaluation of systems is the most important function that the trader carries out. This part of the trader’s work will decide if any system that he is considering might be capable of satisfying his requirements – i.e. whether it appears to be capable of meeting his own personal trading goals. Traders go wrong by testing one market at a time instead of globally applying their system across all of the commodities they intend to trade (which is called their trading universe or portfolio). This is a fatal error, although it is understandable because most socalled testing software producers actively encourage this losing technique. You will realize that this is because their software cannot simulate the live trading process. The ‘test one commodity at time and add them all together’ approach cannot reveal performance characteristics that in any way resemble those that occur in live trading. Any output obtained by this method is completely useless for system evaluation. 1.55
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The right way to evaluate a system is by using a method that reproduces as closely as possible the conditions that prevail when ‘live trading.’ Your software must operate on the price history for all the commodities you are testing on a day by day basis. Every individual day for every different commodity will be traded just as if it was a live situation, before moving on to the next day. This is known as portfolio trading (which is not related to share portfolios). This approach sounds so natural and obvious, why doesn’t all system testing software work this way? The answer is simple too – most of what passes for system testing software is not really testing software at all. In the great majority of cases, it is a ‘one size fits all’ product, attempting to be a charting, testing, order generation, order placement and reporting package. In truth, there is very little testing software which is capable of producing credible output. In futures trading, there are many seemingly unimportant details which combine to make the difference between success and failure. A way to appreciate the difference I have produced a spreadsheet called Portfolio Trading, which illustrates the difference between the flawed ‘combined single market approach’ and portfolio trading. To avoid confusion, I have retained the basic coin game with the usual rules, to represent a market and I have allowed up to 5 markets to trade together sharing the same capital fund. You can choose how many markets to trade and what percentage of the capital to stake on each trade.
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Play the 'Portfolio Trading' game now by clicking here and see what happens when you vary the number of markets (games) and the stake.
Return here when you have finished. Now that you have returned, let me first point out that, I have been very kind to you with the coin game because to start with, you will see that the maximum stake was limited to 3%, so there was no chance of your overtrading and going bust! Also, as the game uses a fair coin, there is a predictable outcome and because the payout ratio of 2:1 is in your favour, you can always expect to win, although the amounts may vary wildly according to chance. The same basic maths applies to the real markets but is much more complex because not only do different markets have different rules but the rules change between trades and also, the win or loss outcome can be affected by unforeseen events. Now, let’s discuss your experience with the Portfolio Trading spreadsheet model. (I have not forgotten that in the introduction to this book, I said that by the end of the book, you would be in no doubt about the effectiveness of the MODUS Method in combination with professional quality software.) Did you notice the big difference between adding together the results, of say 3 single games and the portfolio result of 3 games? This difference, which can be immense as you will have seen, arises because the shared fund is larger than would be available to a single game because it is being fed by winnings from all the games in play.
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Also, the ‘drawdown per game’ is reduced because the more games in play, the less chance they will all lose at the same time, so there is also less overall risk at any particular level of stake. Although the average newcomer would raise his eyebrows in alarm if we said we were not testing for results – you now understand this and know that we are testing to see if our system ‘knows how to trade’. We can only find this out by putting it to work in the necessary simulated conditions and that is exactly what we do with our trading software. At the same time, in any given conditions portfolio trading will perform significantly better than the ‘single commodity’ approach and that is what the spreadsheet exercise illustrates. As long as the system being traded has a ‘positive expectation’ then it is capable of being traded profitably. You have already seen that a positive expectation is not in itself a guarantee of success, as overtrading is an ever present threat to the trader who does not understand it. On the other hand, a small positive expectation can be magnified into a large gain by portfolio trading – which as you now know, is capable of multiplying gains. You will not be surprised if I now say that a system with positive but modest expectation, traded well with a portfolio method can greatly outperform a system with a large positive expectation, which is poorly traded. That is why professional traders place more emphasis on their METHOD than the particular system rules employed.
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Find out more about APPLYING YOUR METHOD (Golden Rule10) How much longer will they scoop all the profits? (#122) Select your trading software according to pedigree (#135) We all know that trading can be taught (#150)
Systematic trading is the hallmark of the winning trader.
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Those Winning Traders! – Summary "Professional traders know that it is not difficult to create or obtain system rules that are capable of being successful it is the way that these are traded that is really important usually far more than the system rules themselves" I wanted to give you all the ‘golden rules’ that you need in your commodity trading – there is no reason at all why you can’t join that small elite band of successful traders who take massive profits from the commodity markets. These successful traders are all what is known as system traders. That means they work out how they are most likely to succeed and they embody their conclusions in a system, so that their ‘rules’ can be applied accurately every time. They can tell you in advance what they will do, depending on what the markets do. In order to verify that their rules are capable of succeeding in the real markets, they evaluate them thoroughly using portfolio testing, as has been explained. The first problem for the individual trading his own money is that he has to have software which is capable of portfolio testing and can closely simulate live market conditions. Hitherto, it has not been possible to obtain this software, even if you knew how to trade like the professionals. So is it any wonder that the professionals have gobbled up all the profits, at the expense of the individual trader? All successful professional futures traders know and practice the ten golden rules we have discussed in detail Most of these traders will not reveal their methods or make their software available to the general community because that would be to give away their advantage. However some take the view that it will benefit the trading industry if these methods and resources are made available to all those wishing to trade commodities. This should lead to more and better choices for the individual trader. 1.55
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You may have been wondering why there has been no mention so far of particular systems (i.e system rules) and which ones are the best. That is because there are literally hundreds of different system rules available. Some of these are in the public domain, like the ‘Dual Moving Average System’ that we have already referred to. Even the rules of the famous Turtle Trading System have now been published for anyone to use. Remember that it is not difficult to create or obtain system rules that are capable of being successful – it is the way that these are traded that is really important – as you have now seen.
This completes PART 2 of this book, which covers
The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders and the MODUS Method of Trading. But before we move on to ‘The Way Forward’ you may be wondering how a student can learn to apply the MODUS Method.
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The MODUS Commodity Trading Course was produced specifically to fill the knowledge gap between the private individual and professional trader. It is the only way we know at present to learn the methods of the professionals. The course teaches the MODUS Method and covers: ! A way to select your markets. ! A way to determine YOUR trading goals. ! A way to select your system. ! A way to find the risk resonance of your system. ! A way to set your parameters. ! Use of professional quality trading software. ! A way to evaluate your system against your goals. ! A way to assess whether a system is suitable for you
The MODUS Course is complete and contains all documentation and portfolio trading software required. All of the material and software has been produced and written by successful professional traders. The MODUS Commodity Trading Course is more like a ‘handson’ workshop. You work through the comprehensive ‘workshop manual’ at your own pace, using your computer and the Trading Blox System Tester software. The System Tester is fully functional trading software, capable of running everything in the course plus any other variations you may want to run on the six systems provided.
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Under the guidance of the course material you will carry out thorough system evaluations just as you will do in your own trading. Everything is complete and you will be pleased to find that it is entirely nonmathematical and easy to follow. There is no commodity trading ‘technical stuff’ – you have learned all the theory you need and much more, by reading this book! Click here to find out more about the MODUS Commodity Trading Course
Additional Items Additional items have been included with this book to help to explain and illustrate some of the concepts that are difficult to grasp. They are all in the form of Excel spreadsheets and can be obtained by accessing www.modustrading.com. Trading Goals – Your Risk Attitude Explains how numbers can be put on the important objectives you want your system to meet. Overtrading – ‘Single Coin’ game Helps to demonstrate how increasing your risk per trade improves return but increases volatility (=risk). Money Management – ‘Double coin’ game Demonstrates the power of using your money more efficiently without increasing risk. Portfolio Trading – Multiple markets game Demonstrates how trading multiple markets as a portfolio increase returns enormously without increasing risk.
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Part 3
The Way Forward
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If you are a newcomer to commodity trading, you will have read a lot about the subject in this book. I hope it has interested you and that you feel you have a good picture of what commodity trading involves. There can be a world of difference between knowing something and understanding it. Feeling that you understand something is a whole level above just ‘knowing it’. This may seem like playing with words but it is really important in commodity trading that you don’t just accept commonly made statements without question. Insist on understanding all the things you do and the reasons behind them. Otherwise you may get caught by the ‘expert you do not feel entitled to question’. (This is one of the reasons I decided to write PART 4 of this book.) When it comes to certain technicalities you will know where you want to draw the line. You do not have to do programming to be a commodity trader. You do not have to be expert in financial calculations either. But if you want to be it’s OK. But you should never accept advice or directions without question. For example, if anybody says “it’s never wrong to take profit” – ask them to explain what they mean. The really important things to understand about commodity trading are: It actually does come down to following YOUR system. YOUR system is not the one you bought, the one you borrowed or even the one you created – although it might also be any one of those. YOUR SYSTEM is the one YOU know something about that YOU understand that YOU evaluated and that YOU KNOW will be trading towards YOUR goals. 1.55
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Risk and reward are inextricably linked There is no getting away from this but there is something of additional importance you must not overlook: You can always get a worse deal than you should. Try demanding better odds and deaf ears will be turned towards you – try asking for worse odds and you will be swamped with offers. That is why you – as a commodity trader must always scrutinize your system to see if it is capable of generating worthwhile returns for the level of risk to which it will expose you. This must be inbuilt into your Trading Method. Talking of Trading Method – You must have a comprehensive Trading Method Trade methodically and without using your opinions. Your trading method should operate as though it is waiting for the markets to tell it what to do – and not as if it knows what will be coming next. These days, professional traders are system traders and successful traders are system traders. Systems extend to the total trading method – not just the entry and exit rules – and not just to the programs on the computer. Make sure you use a sound trading method that is used by other successful professional traders.
Overtrading is not an opinion Overtrading is a fact – it is a measure of the extent to which the risk you are taking on a trade is not justified by the return being offered. It shows its presence in your equity account which is where the results of all good and bad decisions will be reflected. Your wish to do well can be your enemy 1.55
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You must make maximum use of the past in every way but the future will be different. You want your test results to be as good as possible because you think your future results will benefit from this. Well they won’t! Why should you give a fig what any test results are like? You are running tests to find out something not to create something! What do you care if a system produces results that are good bad or indifferent? – If they’re not acceptable then you ditch them and look for other rules to try. Your wish to see good results could lead you into trouble – into things like curve fitting which as you know, is just a form of error and self deception. BE COMPLETELY IMPARTIAL ABOUT EVERY ASPECT OF YOUR TRADING.
THE WAY FORWARD If you have decided to continue as a commodity trader, then aim for success and study the methods of the successful traders.
What is meant by …….? PART 4 of this book The System Trader’s Reference contains explanations of some terms, phrases and expressions which are commonly used in commodity trading. The purpose of producing PART 4 is to promote a better understanding of terms used. 1.55
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The list is by no means exhaustive and other terms will be added from time to time. You may wish to read The System Trader’s Reference through from beginning to end (perhaps one portion at a time!) or you may prefer to look up individual items. They are arranged in alphabetical sequence – a list of items is included to help you.
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Part 4
The System Trader’s Reference
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CONTENTS : The System Trader’s Reference ALPHABETICAL LIST What is an ATR Stop? Why is attitude to risk important? What is back testing? What is the Bollinger Breakout System? What is a choppy move? What is coding? What is meant by a complete system? What is meant by contract rollover? What is curve fitting? What does cutting your losses really mean? What is a data provider? What is the Double Moving Average Crossover System? What is drawdown? What is meant by the elements of a system? What is the Elliott Wave? What is a filter? What is ideas mining? What is an indicator? What is meant by market types? Who were the Market Wizards? What is a mechanical system? What is the MODUS System Builder Course? What is the MODUS Trading Course? What is meant by money management? What is meant by a move? What is overtrading? What is position sizing? What is meant by positive expectation? What is a predictive system? What is price slippage? What is a protective stop? What is meant by a reversal system? What is meant by the risk resonance of a system? What is meant by run your winners? What is meant by step testing? What is System Evaluation? What is meant by system optimization? What is System Trading? What is a testing harness? What is the TMAC System?
ATR stop Attitude to risk Back testing Bollinger Breakout System Choppy move Coding Complete System Contract rollowver Curve fitting Cutting your losses Data provider DMAC System Drawdown Elements of a system Elliott wave Filter Ideas mining Indicator Market types Market wizards Mechanical system Modus system builder course Modus trading course Money management Move Overtrading Position sizing Positive expectation Predictive system Price slippage Protective stop Reversal system Risk resonance Run your winners Step testing System evaluation System optimisation System trading Testing harness TMAC system
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CONTENTS:The System Trader’s Reference contd What is the Trading Blox System Tester? What are trading goals? What is meant by trading rules? What is meant by trend following? What is a trending market? What is meant by True Range? What is a vigorous move? What is a volatile market? What is a win/loss ratio?
Trading Blox system tester Trading goals Trading rules Trend following Trending market True Range Vigorous move Volatile market Win/loss ratio
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What is an ATR Stop? An ATR Stop is the short name for a protective stop that is based on the Average True Range indicator. What is special about the ATR protective stop? The concept of a protective stop is well known to system traders. In fact, a complete system requires a way to cut trades that look as if they are destined to be losers and a protective stop is a means of doing this. The True Range indicator is a measure of market movement and is a method of indicating the amount moved by a market in a day. On the face of it, this appears to be a simple matter of taking the difference between the day’s high and low prices but allowance must be made for ‘gapping’ which frequently occurs between the closing price of one day and the opening price of the following day. By taking an average of a number of days true range values, a measure of the usual daily movement during a time period can be obtained. This is referred to as an ATR15 when 15 days is the time period. When an ATR Stop is calculated it is based on a number of days average movement, so a 2ATR stop would be a value which is two ATRs in size. So if the ATR value was, say 20 points, then the 2ATR stop would be valued at 40 points. An exit from the price at which the trade was entered, could be fixed 2ATRs distant in the ‘losing direction’ to act as a protective stop exit point. There are different ways of employing stops, according to your trading method but normally ATR values are calculated each day, based on the most recent prices.
Why is attitude to risk important? Your trading system should be compatible with your own personal attitude to risk. Therefore your risk tolerance or attitude to risk is of prime importance. 1.55
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There is a chain of connected statements about system trading: ! Your trading goals depend on your attitude to risk. ! You will trust your system if you know it is working towards your personal goals. ! You will be comfortable with your system if you trust it. ! You will not interfere with your system if you are comfortable with it. ! If you don’t interfere, you will be following your system. ! If you follow your system you will have the best chances of success. These linked statements are much more than a talking point, they explain the major difference between the small number of successful commodity traders and all the others. Until he is convinced about the importance of his attitude to risk, a trader will not be able to identify his trading goals, which are the foundation on which his systems must be built.
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What is back testing? Back testing, or historical testing as it is also known, is an essential part of finding out if your system knows how to trade well. Systems traders always test their systems thoroughly before they use them and if they make any changes. What types of testing are there? Spot testing. When you are putting the system rules and parameters into your system, you have to test it to check if it works as it should. You make sure that it does all the basic things correctly, such as entering and exiting trades. This is a simple and straightforward task and you can use any price information because you are only testing the mechanical way your system works. These tests do not have any value beyond that – they give you no idea how the system will operate in a live trading situation. Back testing. When you know you have put your system together and it works, you can then get down to finding out its capabilities by back testing with historical prices. Your tests will need to simulate live conditions as closely as possible. Your software is the key element in this as it will need to process every single day in your testing period as if it was a real live day, before moving on to the next day. This is the only way you can relive all the situations that would have arisen. Results from back testing give you vital information on the capabilities of your system and allow you to see how it would have performed in different situations. You will be able to obtain answers to important questions that may help you to improve your system, such as: Did it cut losing trades – did it run winning trades? What are its strengths and weaknesses? Back testing is an essential part of the evaluation process system traders carry out to assess the suitability of any system that interests them. 1.55
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The tests are usually conducted with historical prices for the previous 5 to 10 years, which are obtainable from data providers. What is the Bollinger Breakout System? The Bollinger Breakout system uses Bollinger Bands to identify market entry and exit points. Bollinger Bands are lines drawn at a distance from a price line where the distance is a specified number of standard deviations. The result is an ‘envelope’ above and below the price line (which is typically the closing price).
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The idea is that when the price breaks out of the envelope it is likely to indicate a profitable move, so the market would be entered. The trade would be closed, say when the price came back within the envelope.
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The width of the envelope from the price line varies according to the standard deviation at that point in time so in a sense it can be said to be ‘selfadjusting’ according to current conditions.
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(The Bollinger Breakout system is one of the systems supplied with Trading Blox software.) What is a choppy move? A choppy move occurs when a market zigzags around without making a significant move in any particular direction. Choppy markets are best avoided by traders as it is likely that they will be bounced into and out of these markets without making any money. When traders study price charts, they are usually looking for patterns or repetitive behaviour of some kind.
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The mind plays strange tricks and the scale of the chart has a lot to do with how you interpret the movement of, say a closing price. Most traders are day traders, which means they use daily prices and their trading routines are carried out once a day, after the prices for the previous day are available. Their charts use daily time intervals, of course and this controls the scale. So to us, a choppy market will be one that zigzags around when viewed on a daily price chart.
Corn Jan 2005 – Jun 2006 Choppy Market
Other types of moves are trending moves, where the price is making consistent progress in one direction or another and flat moves, where the price is remaining more or less static. Most traders are trend traders and make money when markets are moving in a particular direction. At other times, these traders will prefer to stay out of the markets as there are no worthwhile opportunities. Choppy moves are a problem for trend traders because they may appear to be trending, only to reverse direction and reveal their choppy nature. The trader must make sure that his system will not be hoodwinked into following false trails too far.
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What is coding? When systems traders mention coding, they are referring to writing code for their trading software. Trading software is specialized and it is recognized that users will want change the coding to introduce new systems or amend the rules and parameters of existing systems. The most direct way of doing this would be to change the coding of the program. If the program was written in C++ then you would have to know this language, of course if you proposed to alter the coding. Working at this level is difficult for users of the software because they need to be proficient programmers and this is asking a lot. For this reason, good software allows changes to be made without requiring a deep knowledge of the programs or language. This can be done, for example by providing a high level ‘pseudo code’ language or other ‘parameter driven’ ways which do not involve any coding at all. Trading software that makes the task of changing systems easy, offers very important advantages: Accuracy: Errors are avoided when it is easy to make changes and this avoids disillusionment on the part of users Opportunity: When it is easy to make alterations, reluctant coders will become interested in producing their own systems and all traders will take advantage of the opportunity to try more alternatives. Speed: If changes can be made quickly, this saves precious time and also encourages you to try out more ideas.
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An example of ‘Blox Basic’ the Trading Blox pseudo code Some of us are turned off by a glimpse of anything resembling ‘code’ but this example shows it is not that threatening especially when you realize that the software takes care of everything else. In other words, you only need to focus on a very limited area of the program to make, say, a rules change.
What is meant by a complete system? Systems traders use this term and it is very important to them. In short, a complete system is one which can be delegated for trading on a computer without needing human intervention. There are no ‘loose ends’ in a complete system, so it will be able to function in all circumstances without interruption. 1.55
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All trading systems need to have particular capabilities and these can be expressed as seven elements. When a system possesses all of these elements it will be complete. The seven elements have been given the following names: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
What to trade? When to trade? How much to trade? What it I’m wrong? Portfolio manager. Risk manager. Money manager.
The methods used by professional traders require all these elements to be present to enable a full evaluation of any system to be conducted. What is meant by contract rollover? All commodity contracts are relatively short term. Therefore, you may be in the market with a contract that is drawing to a close. You will want to know what to do about your position. If you are following your system and you are in the market – then that’s where you’re supposed to be, otherwise your system would have made an exit. So your task is how to stay in the market the best way. Rolling over your contracts is what you can do and this is a straightforward process. Just find the heaviest traded contract – it will be the one that pushed your present contract out of the limelight. Then, when you are comfortable to close your present contract, simply do so and take the same number of contracts immediately at the market price in the superseding contract. There are no qualifications to this method and no need to find a good price or whatever. Does it sound straightforward? It is. 1.55
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Your rollover should not be regarded as urgent and should be carried out well ahead of contract expiry. If you are in a good trade and the market is moving well in your favour, you will not want to miss the fun, so carry on until things become less exciting and then complete the rollover. Traders think a lot about this subject and don’t agree how you should do it. The more people you ask the more answers you will get and the more confused you are likely to become. What is curve fitting? In systems trading, curve fitting is when system rules and parameters are adjusted so that the best possible results are obtained from tests. System trading is an interaction between what are known as system rules and market prices. In essence, this is all there is to commodity trading. Given any list of prices, there is a maximum possible result that any particular set of rules can produce, allowing for the fact that nearly all systems have what are known as parameters and other variables that can be varied. The method of choosing suitable parameter settings for trading is an expert process and systems traders pay a great deal of attention to this. Systems testing using historical prices is an important activity to determine the capabilities of any system that is being evaluated and it is just as important to choose suitable parameter settings for this task as it is for live trading. Good methods, common sense and judgement are necessary when deciding on parameter values to use and honesty comes into it as well. The practice of varying parameter values in order to find the best results obtainable is what is known as curve fitting. Obviously, when doing this, you are probing to locate the best points. Modern computers which are very fast and permit automatic step testing enable traders to find these best settings without too much trouble. 1.55
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There are other ways of curve fitting which are less obvious having too many rules or filters having different systems for different commodity groups are both methods of curve fitting. Any discrimination in making selections is likely to risk falling into the curve fit trap. On the other hand, applying general rules and choosing generally average settings is the best way to avoid self deception and disappointment. Choose ‘plateau values’ when evaluating parameter settings. That means choose values which are surrounded by others that give similar results and avoid ‘spikes’ that do not belong among neighbouring values. Having tools is a big help. The grid below arranges ‘results’ in a grid pattern enabling values relating to parameter combinations to be understood and the colouring indicates range groupings. Using this technique, plateau and ‘spiky’ areas can be identified, for example.
Showing % return produced by a long MA ranging between 60120 days with a short MA ranging between 20 50 days. 1.55
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
What does cutting your losses really mean? Anybody would want to cut their losses, so surely there must be something more to this well worn advice than meets the eye? There is. One of the principles of successful systems trading is run your winners and cut your losers. This is more than just casual advice the successful traders set up their systems to exploit profitable opportunities and avoid situations that threaten to cause losses. Systems traders expect to get a significantly higher proportion of losing trades than winning ones but they rely on a smaller number of bigger winners to overwhelm a larger number of smaller losers. By testing their systems using special methods, they give themselves the best chances of achieving success. One of the first and most important things a trader does with any system he evaluates is to establish the maximum risk he is prepared to take on any trade. This is partly determined by his own attitude to risk and partly by the characteristics of the system (its risk resonance). When he knows how to calculate the maximum risk he will take, this can be used to fix the exit point for any trade that exceeds this level. It is used to set up what is known as a protective stop. The protective stop is there to ensure that excessive losses are avoided wherever possible. What is a data provider? Data providers supply market price information, for a fee. The successful systems traders are ‘daily traders’, which means they trade on a daily cycle and a day is their information time interval. All their prices cover a market day and of course, all their charts show daily prices. Prices used are known as OHLC (Open, High, Low, Close) prices and these are available from your data provider as soon as the markets close. 1.55
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You will also need to keep a file of historical prices for all of the commodities you trade. The price history will extend over the past 5 to 10 years and is made available in continuous form, although in fact commodity futures prices are all based on short term contracts. Data providers have ways of linking prices so that a continuous prices can be produced which is representative of the differential movements in the daily price. This is necessary so that realistic testing can be done over extended time periods. Maintaining accurate and representative information is an expert business and it is essential that you select a reliable data provider. Fees charged for supplying information current daily and historical prices are very small. What is the Double Moving Average Crossover System? This is a well known system, usually referred to as the DMAC System. As might be expected, it uses two moving averages, a short period and long period one. The moving averages normally used are of the closing price. When the short period moving average crosses over the long period one, a signal is generated to enter the market in the direction of the crossover. So, if the short MA crosses the long MA in an upward direction, that is a BUY signal and if the short MA crosses the long MA in a downward direction, it is a SELL signal.
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
Double Moving Average Crossover System DMAC
Moving average crossover 31st March 2000
Trade entry 3rd April 2000 19.69
As will be appreciated, the system is in the market all the time – reversing the direction of the trade every time a crossover takes place. This is known as a reversal system. How are the lengths of the short and long moving averages determined? It is up to the trader to choose the number of days to which the two moving averages are set. This should be done after testing and evaluating the system thoroughly in the recommended way, using the trader’s method. It is assumed that the trader is a day trader, trading daily intervals and not an ‘intraday trader, trading shorter time intervals. However, the DMAC will function at any time interval, of course. Although it is based on humble principles, the DMAC system is quite capable of demonstrating a positive expectation . Systems traders realize that having a system with a positive expectation is only the beginning and that other aspects of trading have more bearing on the final trading results. A positive expectation is a necessary start but it is no guarantee of success. 1.55
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The DMAC system is usually modified. There is a version which is called the TMAC, which employs a third moving average to exit the market sooner than the basic DMAC does. Any filter can be added, of course and it is a good exercise for student traders to try their new skills on finding good versions of the DMAC system. What is drawdown? Drawdown is an important word. Maximum drawdown is a phrase you will come across very frequently too. As you trade, your equity balance moves around. Every winning trade increases the balance and every losing trade reduces it. Any reduction in the balance is a drawdown. Your system will produce more losses than wins but the losses will be small and the wins will be larger, so it works out that the wins outweigh the losses and your balance grows – that is the theory. How well the theory is borne out in practice depends on several things – the particular system you use will deliver winning and losing trades in a characteristic way. The size of the winners and losers will depend on your stake – which in turn depends on your attitude to risk. A bold trader will take bigger risks in return for bigger returns and the opposite applies to the cautious trader. The greater the risk, the larger will be the ‘average loss’ experienced and so drawdowns will be larger when they occur. Strings of losses are the normal pattern and so a number of successive drawdowns can be expected. The trader’s account must be substantial enough to ride through the losing periods in order to take advantage of the winning trades that will come along to replenish – or more than replenish the trader’s funds. So attitude to risk and the particular system selected are the major factors affecting drawdown. Provided the trader sticks to his system, he should understand what is going on as his equity balance moves around. It is important that drawdown does not reduce the account below the planned level and the only way of controlling this is by following the tested plan. Even so, the markets will always behave differently to how 1.55
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The Ten Golden Rules of the Winning Traders
they did in the tests and nobody knows what unexpected bonuses or setbacks will be experienced.
Drawdown $99,000 (51%)
Drawdown indicates the reduction of your equity balance from a previous high The residual uncertainty in the trading operation is what makes the potential returns so attractive but of course there are no guarantees of success. Traders who employ sound methods are always the ones who produce the major successes by keeping the risk/return balance under control – which means keeping drawdown under control. The drawdown pattern of the trader’s account is a reliable indicator of the level of risk being taken and this must not exceed comfort levels otherwise the trader is unlikely to stick to his system. As soon as a trader has evaluated a particular system and set the parameters under which it will be run, he has cast the die for likely expectation. What is meant by the elements of a system? Systems traders must have complete systems to delegate for running on their computers. There can be no loose ends, otherwise the trading process will grind to a halt. 1.55
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As you would expect, systems traders have given this subject great attention and it turns out that seven separate elements are needed to make a complete system. Perhaps the best way of describing these elements is: four elements comprising the entry and exit rules plus the three managers. There are unlimited entry and exit rules from which to choose and you can also create your own. After finding rules which are of interest, the system trader evaluates them thoroughly before they are used. From time to time, he will alter his rules and sometimes replace them altogether. The three managers are incorporated in the trader’s methods and software and require very little attention – once you know they are there and that they can be relied upon to perform to professional standards. If you wish to read more about the ‘seven elements’, you can do so by downloading the article The Seven Elements of a Complete System
What is the Elliott Wave? The behaviour of buyers and sellers causes markets to move in a distinctive way that produces a characteristic wave, called the Elliott Wave. The theory of this wave was developed in the 1930s by Ralph Elliott. The wave is made from 5 impulse waves known as waves 1 to 5 , followed by 3 correction waves, called A,B and C. The wave can be observed as a series of undulating patterns made by market prices on a price chart of any time interval. Each of the waves has its own character, reflecting what the market is doing at that particular time. The nature of the wave can be described in such detail and so convincingly by its supporters that anyone who has not previously heard of it is likely to be impressed and keen to learn more about it. 1.55
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The markets consist of numerous individuals all pursuing their own aims but who are also able to influence others in the group. It is perfectly reasonable that this would produce predictable and repetitive outcomes. (Professional commodity traders are aware of this and that is why they agree that the markets are not ‘random’.) Perhaps the most interesting thing about the Elliott Wave is that it is fractal, and when viewed against different time intervals, larger or smaller self similar versions of the wave can be identified. For example, an ‘upwave 3’ expressed in daily time intervals might be a complete 8 wave upwave when viewed in 5 minute time intervals.
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A great deal has been written about the Elliott Wave which some students may wish to investigate but what is its importance for commodity traders? There are some questions to be answered: Does the Elliott Wave really exist or is it just a result of the determination of human beings to see patterns in all things whether they are there or not? For traders, a major problem with the Elliott Wave is that when it is important to know, you never seem able to make up your mind what wave you are in – although later, when the wave has further developed, it may appear obvious. 1.55
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If the Elliott Wave is real, then surely there must be predictive implications for traders – what advantage can be taken of this? The biggest difficulty with the wave is not whether it is real but that it appears to operate on an infinitely variable scale that is entirely unpredictable. Because of this, it cannot be detected by any logical means therefore no useful rules can be based on it, other than very broad discretionary ones. The ‘indeterminable scale problem’ appears to rule out the Elliott Wave as a potentially useful trading tool. What is a filter? You put a filter into your system to prevent something happening. Probably, you are using the filter as part of your entry rules. This will make your rules more complicated but there is no problem with this as long as your rules are generally applicable and do not discriminate between commodities, for example. Suppose you are considering a system that will enter the market after the price closes above a 15 day high. You also decide you want some further confirmation that the market is ‘on the up’. So you will put in a filter that will permit these trades only if the 15 day moving average price is above the 30 day moving average. This will obviously be applied as a general rule to all markets so there is no reason to think that any curve fitting is taking place. The filter will prevent any trade being opened where this ‘evidence of recent price strength’ is absent. However, if further filters were to be proposed, there might be some cause for concern. Why are additional filters needed? Is there a rational justification for an extra filter or is it merely that tests show that it gives better results (curve fitting)?
What is ideas mining? 1.55
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Ideas mining is a term used in the MODUS System Builder Course. It just means digging out ideas but in the context of the course, Bob was explaining his method of producing new ideas for creating system rules. System rules are the rules for entering and leaving the market that your system will use to generate the signals you will send to your broker if you are live trading or that you will use in your system tests if you are evaluating systems. Anybody can create system rules if they want to. The System Builder Course teaches you that you definitely can create your own rules if you want to and that they are likely to be just as good as rules you can obtain from any other source. The System Builder Course helps you to create and program your own rules into high quality trading software. The purpose of the course is to take you from ‘square one’ – getting ideas, right through the process of coming up with new rules and evaluating them thoroughly to see if they suit your personal requirements. Ideas mining is a 9 stage procedure to help you create, test and evaluate your own rules, using software called Trading Blox System Tester, which is a special version of Trading Blox – ‘written by traders, for traders’. What is an indicator? An indicator is any variable that provides useful trading information. Indicators are the most commonly encountered thing in commodity trading, although they are not always referred to as indicators. Indicators are used almost exclusively as part of the rules for entering and exiting markets. There are very many indicators, here are some common ones:
Average True Range How much does a market move, say in a day?
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Traders want to ask questions like this! You would think the answer would be simple. There was a low of 200 the day before yesterday and a high of 205, so the market moved 5 points. Yesterday there was a low of 208 and a high of 210, therefore a move of 2 points. 5 points plus 2 points is 7 points so it appears the market has moved 3½ points per day on average over the two days. But you saw what happened – the market ‘gapped’ from its close on day 1 because its low price on day 2 was three points above the previous day’s close. With a high of 210 on the second day, a span of 10 points has been covered over the two days, averaging 5 points per day. All this tedious stuff has to be considered when you want to find out how market prices have been ranging. Because prices do not usually open on the following day at the point where they closed on the previous day, it was necessary to solve such problems by inventing the true range indicator! The true range indicator takes account of market ‘gapping’ and gives a true reading of the amount a market ‘moves’ in a day. The true range is invariably used as an average true range indicator by calculating the average over a time period of a number of days (time intervals).
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The True Range accounts for the daily range plus gapping
Moving Average The moving average is one of the most popular indicators because it is, informative, very versatile and simple to calculate. Moving averages of the closing price are generally used by commodity traders but any others can be used. By calculating the moving average over different numbers of days (time intervals) and comparing this with the moving average for other time periods, an impression of ‘what the price has been doing’ can be formed. The shorter the time interval, the more reactive to change the MA will be and so this gives rise to other indicators that compare two MAs of different intervals. What are known as moving average crossover systems have been developed that buy when a shorter interval MA crosses a longer interval one and sell when the opposite occurs. Such systems can be very effective when they are used in conjunction with sound methods and money management techniques.
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Mid Point Price The calculation of the mid point price is simply the average of the high and low price for the time interval concerned. A mid point price line could be used in calculations in place of say, a closing price line. Price Oscillator This indicator employs the common technique of subtracting a longer term moving average from a shorter term one. When the difference is positive i.e. the shorter term average is greater, it can be regarded as a ‘buy’ signal: when the result is negative, a ‘sell’ can be interpreted. Bollinger Bands Upper and Lower Bollinger bands form a ‘channel’ in which each band is an equal but varying distance from a moving average price line. The amount by which the band is distant from this ‘middle’ line is directly related to the standard deviation of the price for that day. Because the standard deviation varies every day, so does the distance where the upper and lower bands are set. The bands expand and contract according to how the standard deviation fluctuates and as the SD is a measure of volatility, the bands widen when the market is more volatile and narrow when it is less volatile. Trading systems typically buy the market when the price breaks out above the upper band and sell when it breaks down below the lower band. Of course, the trader can modify the actual rules by adding filters and also varying the number of standard deviations used to calculate the band distance. As with moving average indicators, time intervals of any length can be chosen to apply to Bollinger Bands, for example, if a 25 day period is selected, then the typical method would be to calculate a 25 day moving average of the closing price for the 1.55
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middle band and then calculate the standard deviation of the closing price over the 25 day period. This is the normal ‘statistics’ SD calculation. Any number of SDs can be chosen as the offsetting distance. If, say 2 SDs is chosen, then for the upper band this value in points is added to the middle band value. For the lower band, the identical amount is subtracted. Calculation of indicators Indicators are nearly always calculated directly or indirectly from market prices. Some indicators are very simple, such as the Middle Price, whereas others e.g. Bollinger Bands are more complicated. What is important is that you understand the concept of the indicator and although it is perfectly OK for you to ask how it is calculated, the detailed number crunching is best left to your computer. What is meant by market types? There are all sorts of markets stock markets, commodity markets, financial markets, long and short markets, volatile markets, etc. These descriptions all mean different things to different traders, so we have to define the types of markets that are if most interest commodity traders. How is the market behaving? is a question commodity traders often ask – what is the market doing? is the same question. Commodity traders invariably trade trending markets and their usual interest is whether a trend is about to begin or end. In this case, if the trader is not in the market, he will probably see it as a ‘going nowhere’ or choppy market. He will be interested in whether this market is likely to trend and he will have a system that is designed to latch onto the trend when it starts. If the market is zigzagging vigorously, which is also known as ‘whipsawing’ the trader will not wish to join it at all. His system will be designed to keep him out of such dangerous markets as far as it is possible. 1.55
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If the trader is already in the market, he will be following the trend and wondering when it will end. How soon should he say that it is time to leave the market if it looks like changing direction? His system will have rules for that and he will follow his system. Markets that are prone to sudden vigorous movement are known as volatile. All markets are more or less volatile at any time and volatility is needed in order to make money in a market. As long as the volatility is accompanied by ‘direction’ i.e. trending upwards or downwards, then good opportunities will exist. Bearing in mind that commodity traders are trying to catch trends, the sooner they enter the market the better. But, the sooner the entry the less certainty and the more risk of loss and the later the entry the more certainty but the lower expectation of profit. The trader’s system has to balance these two conflicting aims – lower risk versus increased profit. The types of markets likely to preoccupy the systems trader are trending markets and choppy markets. Volatility is an extra characteristic that is present in both trending and choppy markets and describes how vigorously the market is behaving. Vigorous but not too vigorous is what traders like to see. 37 Who were the Market Wizards? In his book, The Market Wizards, first published in 1990, Jack D. Schwager describes a series of interviews he conducted with top traders, defined as traders who in their own way have achieved incredible success. Interviews with the following futures and currencies traders are included: Michael Marcus, Bruce Kovner, Richard Dennis, Paul Tudor Jones, Gary Bielfeldt, Ed Seykota and Larry Hite. Anyone interested in futures trading will enjoy reading this entertaining and well known book, which also contains interviews with stock traders. A sequel, called The New Market Wizards, was published in 1992 in which Jack Schwager has conversations with yet more of America’s top traders, including Richard Dennis’s partner Bill Eckhardt and a couple of Turtle Traders. 1.55
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The Turtles are the prime example of how successful trading can be taught and as they were recruited and trained in batches, it was possible for their progress and achievements to be followed. That was Richard Dennis’s idea of course. .
What is a mechanical system? Mechanical systems generate buy and sell signals. Systems traders employ mechanical trading methods. You will hear all these statements made and see them printed in books about trading – but what do they really mean? Everybody uses computers these days, so what is the difference between mechanical systems and other systems? What is the difference between systems traders and other traders? We are still in the age of believing that machines are magical and do the work for us. How come computers have now learned how to fly big aeroplanes? We all know it is not really the computer flying the plane, it is the computer program. The computer program is not a machine, it is software containing detailed instructions. In this case it is instructions on how to fly a big aeroplane. Not just on the straight, but taking off and landing in all weather conditions. The program contains the essence of a great deal of human experience in flying aeroplanes, a great deal of physics and of course a great deal of technology too. The computer itself has no idea what it is doing. What is the point of using the machine if it is so ignorant? Machines are outstandingly good at repetition work – you can rely on them to do the same things the same way every time when conditions are the same. Human beings are not good at this. They easily become bored with routine. It’s horses for courses then – get the computers to do the repetition work and let the human beings do what they do well.
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That’s how it is with mechanical trading. Those machines are not generating the buy and sell signals any more than your cat. We can now view the mechanical systems employed by systems traders in its true light. The mechanical system is fed with all the information on what to do. (Incidentally, this is very much more than just how to generate buy and sell signals.) When a systems trader has thoroughly tested his mechanized system he can leave it to get on with the routine job of applying his methods reliably. You are now wondering what the other traders do – the ones who are not systems traders? These are called discretionary traders. They do not have fixed rules or else if they do, they choose not to apply them automatically. The problem with discretionary methods is that they are not always applied – for one reason and another. Stick to your system is the first piece of advice given by all successful commodity traders. This is much more likely to happen if you are a systems trader with a ‘mechanical system’.
What is the MODUS System Builder Course? The MODUS System Builder Course teaches people how to create their own systems and load and test them on their computers. Isn’t creating system rules a very specialized skill? No, in fact most people are capable of creating their own rules if they are interested in doing so. There are skills and techniques but these can be taught quite simply to anyone who is interested in the subject. What exactly does the System Builder Course do then? It explains ways of ‘kick starting’ the idea of creating rules and different techniques. There is also a structured method you can follow to help you stay on the right track. 1.55
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What is the MODUS Trading Course? The MODUS Trading Course teaches the MODUS Method, which is a complete method of trading commodities. What is meant by a complete method? It means that all the 7 essential elements for a complete system, are covered. What system does the MODUS Method use? The MODUS Method does not use any particular system – this is sometimes confusing to newcomers. The MODUS Method does not depend on any particular system that the trader has in mind to use. It applies to all systems. So whatever system you choose, you use the MODUS Method with it? Yes, whatever system you are planning to use, you will still need to evaluate it to see if it is capable of achieving your goals and to find its risk resonance for example. You will also need to carry out step testing to select the parameter values and other things. The MODUS Method places particular emphasis on activities that do not come under your system rules – these are market selection, money management and portfolio trading. So you can use what system you like if you use the MODUS Method? To be precise, you select your own system but you evaluate it by applying the MODUS Method. What if it doesn’t pass the evaluation?
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That suggests it will not suit your needs, so you discard it, or amend the rules if that is possible and try again. It doesn’t mean that the system would not suit somebody else, who has different goals. The fact that you discard a ‘system’ is not a problem either because there are plenty of alternative rules you can choose from.
Is the MODUS Method difficult to learn? No, it is very easy because it is all in a form you can follow without any special knowledge or technical skills. Where does the Trading Blox System Tester fit in? That is the software supplied with the course for step testing and conducting the evaluation process. It is fully functional trading software which simulates live trading conditions. So, what is the best way to describe the MODUS Course? It is really a practical workshop the course book is the guide, blueprint and workshop manual and the software applies the method in the evaluation tests.
What is meant by money management? Those two words money management cover almost everything that really matters with regard to commodity trading. Even more important than your trading rules, your money management methods will decide what happens to your account balance. If your system rules can be shown to have a positive expectation, then you certainly could make money with them – but it is by no means certain that you will. How you will fare has much more to do with your money management than anything else – even the rules themselves.
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How much should you risk on a particular trade? Do you have the free resources to take this trade at all? What will be in line with your trading goals? All of the answers are built into your money management system. Your money management system will see to it that you do not overtrade – that is the certain road to ruin. It will see that you are here tomorrow, ready to trade. It will also see that you don’t undertrade by passing up opportunities. It is a balancing act between your return requirements and the level of risk you are personally prepared to take. Your money management will be largely invisible to you as a systems trader because it is built into your methods and software. As long as you know its pedigree you will feel comfortable with it. Money management is your silent ally that helps you control your trading resources towards achieving your trading goals.
What is meant by a move? A move can be described as – a number of bars on a commodity price chart that can be viewed as belonging to a group. Imagine you are looking at a price chart, for corn. ‘Look at this short move’, you might say, pointing to bars that are moving in a downward direction. Perhaps there are sixty bars – not all of them are moving down very often one or two move up before the next ones follow in the general downward direction of the whole group. The group of bars will be a long move if they are moving upwards, of course. If a group moves sideways, you may refer to it as a flat move. It is up to you to see the bars any way you like because there is no scale to the chart. Commodity prices do not move on any scale. If there are 12 price bars that show a sharp upward movement, you can call that a vigorous breakout if you want to.
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So you are entitled to refer to moves of any length in any way you like. There are no rules. Knowing this is useful because it can help you to generate your own ideas without feeling you have to conform to anybody else’s ideas or opinions. However, although there are no real rules, you will find that you will start adopting your own definitions and ways of viewing markets. People always want to do that – human beings are good at recognising patterns – whether they are there or not! Wanting to see ‘moves’ is a good thing because there certainly are patterns in those price charts – they are not random, even if there is no common scale involved. Thinking about moves will allow you to find ways to describe what the markets are doing and help you to generate ideas about system rules that may produce positive expectations. As a systems trader, you will never rely on rules that you may create that are based on ideas you get looking at charts. You will first test them out against real prices to see how the ideas work in simulated live market conditions. Then you may end up using your idea – probably after considerable further modification. There are all sorts of ‘recognized’ moves that people talk about, that you might find it interesting to consider. Trending moves, zigzag moves, vigorous moves, flat moves, erratic moves, spikes, breakouts. A price chart can look very different when it is furnished with lines such as moving averages and symbols representing events or occurrences. Garnishing charts in this way can help you to form views of the markets that may help you with ideas. You will realize that as you alter the scale of your view, the character and direction of moves will change.
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What is overtrading? A good definition of overtrading is ‘taking a position which is too large in relation to the available trading capital’. Overtrading is a seriously bad practice and must be avoided by commodity traders at all times. Your trading capital has to cover any losses you may make, allowing for the fact that your trading results are likely to produce strings of losses, followed by shorter strings of gains. The losses will outnumber the gains but should be significantly smaller – if you are cutting your losers and running your winners. While it is open, every trade is committing some of your capital, which is required to cover its potential losing outcome. It is only your uncommitted capital that can support the opening of additional trades and so this amount must be known whenever a new trade is considered. The uncommitted capital must not be exceeded by the loss potential of an additional trade, otherwise you will be overtrading.
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The amount staked by professional traders on a single position is usually much less than you would think and depends on the particular trading rules chosen. A major reason for these small stakes is because in addition to providing cover for all potential losses on open positions, a large proportion of the capital must be safeguarded to ensure that the system can recover from inevitable setbacks. Capital must not be allowed to fall below a level which will enable full recovery to be made within a reasonable time span following a bad spell of trading. The way this all operates is dictated by several factors, one of which is the drawdown characteristics of the system you have chosen to trade. The thorough testing process to which professional traders subject their systems enables them to assess what is known as the risk resonance of their system, which is then used in deciding the amounts to be staked. This is not a complex operation for traders to conduct because it is all built into their methods and software. In developing their best practices, systems traders have devoted a great deal of study to this aspect of trading because overtrading has such seriously damaging effects on results. What is position sizing? Position sizing is the process of deciding how many contracts you will take when opening trades in response to each ‘buy’ and ‘sell’ signal generated by your system. If you are a systems trader, this process will be automatically dealt with as it is built into your methods and software. Every time your system produces a signal to enter the market, the position sizing calculation is made. Your account balance will alter all the time and the commodity to which the signal applies will vary too, of course. If your position size is too great – you will be overtrading. If it is too small, you will be missing opportunities. If it is correctly sized, then you will have the best chances of a successful outcome to the trade. 1.55
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Actual position sizing is a very simple process but it is the culmination of a series of steps that reveal a great deal about the systematic approach taken by successful professional traders. Having decided in evaluation tests, where he will place his protective stop, it is a very simple matter for the trader to calculate the loss this will produce on a single contract if the trade goes against him. Then by dividing this number into the total amount he is prepared to risk on a trade, he will know how many contracts he can afford to buy or sell. From what has been said, it is clear that you need to know the total amount of risk you will permit on a trade. This depends on a number of interconnected things, beginning with your own attitude to risk, then moving on to what risk you will accept for a particular return then progressing to tests to discover what is called the risk resonance of your selected system. The risk resonance test will enable a percentage stake per trade to be obtained that will be used in further tests to find out whether the selected system appears capable of producing the required performance under real market conditions. It is only after all this that the information used in position sizing becomes available – allowing that simple calculation to be made that reveals how many contracts should be taken on this occasion. Thankfully, once he has the right method and has made a few simple decisions, the systems trader can rely on all of this work being done for him automatically. There is no complicated work for him to do every time he wants to evaluate a new system. However, most traders want to know how it all works and want to reassure themselves that they can rely on their methods to cover all the essential aspects of trading commodities. The best way to acquire this confidence is by selecting methods and software that have been produced by professional traders.
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What is meant by positive expectation? System rules that can be shown to generally produce a profit over a period of time, are said to have a positive expectation. We say generally because there is no guarantee and there is no mathematical probability as such. There is nothing in commodity trading that says that ultimately, this or that probability will be seen. The markets are unpredictable in every way – although from time to time we come across traders who insist they can predict what the markets will do. We can all predict the markets but there is no way of knowing if our predictions will materialize. Successful commodity traders set no store by predictive trading systems, which are figments of the imagination. Their systems are based on stronger material than prediction. Newcomers to trading are often confused and sometimes disappointed when they learn that there is no predictive element in trading commodities. But the lack of mathematical certainty surrounding commodity trading does not mean there cannot be techniques and systematic ways of ‘improving the odds’ or limiting the risks. Quite the reverse – professional traders understand all sorts of techniques that give them the edge over the majority. Also there are sound principles and best practices that must be applied if you are to have any chance of success. Although no trader needs to become involved with it, sound mathematics underlies many aspects of systems trading. One of these aspects is positive expectation – without which your system will not be able to produce profitable results.
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There is a straightforward way of calculating ‘expectation’. All that is needed is a complete list of trade results for the period in question, containing: ! The % of winning trades to total trades. ! The average $ amount of each winning trade. ! The average $ amount of each losing trade. By applying a simple formula you can tell if a positive expectation is indicated. Ironically, although positive expectation is essential, most systems traders pay little regard to it because their evaluation methods completely bypass any need for its calculation. However, if you would like to know more about positive expectation and its calculation, please click here What is a predictive system? A predictive system is a system that can forecast what a market will do next. There is no such thing as a predictive system although we encounter people who claim they can predict the markets. We do not argue with these people because there is nothing to be gained from doing so. Systems traders make no allowance for predictive systems – they do not need predictive systems and their methods are not based on prediction in any way. There is not much to say about predictive systems that is useful, except to advise newcomers to commodity trading to take no notice of any claims for prediction. The reason systems traders do not get involved with prediction is that they test all their system rules in simulated live conditions, as a routine part of the evaluation process.
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Signals generated by the rules will demonstrate their potential without any consideration of their probability of being ‘correct’. Professional systems traders treat all their signals as equal – there is no such thing as a ‘strong’ or ‘weak’ signal. It is either a signal or not and whether it proves to be a ‘correct’ signal will be seen in the tests. Most signals will not be correct and that is why commodity traders must exploit the minority of correct ones by ‘running their winners’ and cutting trades that exceed their loss limits. It is fun to read about predictive systems but these stories, like those of Sherlock Holmes, belong in the world of fiction.
What is price slippage? The orders you send to your broker will tell him the price at which you want him to buy and sell commodity contracts on your behalf. But frequently, when your order is executed, you will find that the price is less favourable than the one you requested. The reason is price slippage. Perhaps the price at which you wanted to sell was never available because the market price skipped right over the one you wanted. You had no alternative than to accept a worse price. When markets are vigorous and the price is moving fast, it is a matter of luck to some extent, exactly where you manage to get in and out of them. The important thing about price slippage is that you should make allowance for it in your historical system testing otherwise the results you produce will not be as realistic as they need to be. Price slippage is one of the inevitable costs of commodity trading.
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What is a protective stop? Protective stops are intended to prevent excessive losses. Normally, a protective stop is set to prevent a new trade losing more than the limit set by the trader. It is placed at a distance from the trade opening price such that if it is triggered, the amount lost will be the maximum the trader is prepared to risk. The use of protective stops is standard practice among systems traders. A trade is in its greatest state of uncertainty when it has just been opened. The trader is hoping to see it move in a profitable direction but it may not do so – the markets are unpredictable.
Protective Stop Trade Exit – DMAC System Trade entry 21.44 Trade exit on protective stop 20.66
Where trade would have exited on crossover 18.58
The rationale behind the protective stop is that it will call a halt to trades that are going in the opposite direction to the one desired. Allowance must be made to give the trade some room to move around but it must not be allowed to degenerate into a big loss. Traders who use protective stops decide the largest loss they are prepared to tolerate and set protective stops at this level. 1.55
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Use of the protective stop gives the trader some insurance, for which he must pay the price. Some of the trades that trigger the protective stop will turn out to have been profitable trades – i.e. they will have ‘turned round’ and gone in the desired direction. However, they were curtailed by the protective stop and made into small losing trades. The overall effect of employing a protective stop is to produce more but smaller losing trades and fewer winning trades. In his evaluation of the system rules, the trader will have experienced the effects of all his rules – including the proposed protective stop. Therefore the consequences of the protective stop in cutting some wouldhavebeen winners, has been taken into account. Important aspects of the evaluation process are involve the determination of the protective stop and in the last resort, whether the system rules a trader is considering are acceptable at all. What is meant by a reversal system? The concept of a reversal system is one which stays in a market all the time but uses signals to reverse the direction of trading. The Double Moving Average Crossover System is an example of a reversal system. This system enters the market long when a shorter term moving average crosses a longer term moving average in the ‘upward’ direction and enters the market short when the crossover takes place in a downward direction. So the ‘DMAC’ buys the market in an upward crossover and sells the market in a downward crossover. The first crossover opens a position and the second crossover closes that position. In order to reverse, it is necessary to take the same size position in the opposite direction, which would be done by taking double the position size, when a crossover occurs.
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Reversal System DMAC 69
69
CL (53.4000, 54.1000, 53.1700, 53.4100 +0.3100)
68
68
2. Exits long position when short term moving average crosses below long term
67 66 65 64 63 62
67 66 65 64 63 62
61
61
60
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
56
55
55
54
54
53
53
52
52
51
51
50
50
1. Enters long when the short term moving average crosses above the long term
49 48 47 46 45
49 48
3. Enters short when the short term moving average crosses below the long term
44 43 42
47 46
Short term moving ave Long term moving ave
45 44 43 42
41
41
40
40
39
39 11
October
18
25
1 8 November
15
22
29
6 13 December
20
27
3 10 2000
18
24
31 7 February
14
22
28
6 March
13
20
27
3 10 April
17
24
1 May
8
15
22
Is it worth trading a reversal system? A professional trader will always tell you that the way to answer this question is to see how the proposed system runs – evaluate it and see! But the idea of a reversal system is certainly an odd one. After closing a trade, would you always want to enter the market in the opposite direction? Wouldn’t there be times when the market was behaving in such a manner that you would want to be out of it? For example, most traders would feel much more comfortable being out of a market which is very volatile. System traders spend time researching ways of identifying different market conditions and finding ways to trade when markets are safer. However, they always test their conclusions and never try to assume what would be the best thing to do. In a thorough evaluation, the capabilities of any system will reveal themselves. What is meant by the risk resonance of a system? The most variable part of the trader’s system is the system rules which govern market entry and exit. There is literally no limit to the number of 1.55
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different rules that can be created and every different rule will trade the market differently in some way and produce different results. To be of any use, all rules must have what is known as a positive expectation, but even if they possess this, there is still much more that needs to be known about any set of rules. One of the most important things to discover is what is known as the risk resonance of the rules. Knowing this, the trader will be able to set the size of stake he will take on each trade. The way the trader’s account behaves while it is being traded, reveals the degree of drawdown experienced and this indicates the level of risk being taken. Finding the risk resonance of the system rules during the trader’s routine evaluation procedure allows him to trade at the right level. This is a special procedure, making use of the trader’s goals for risk level and required return. What is meant by run your winners? When you run your winners you are allowing your winning trades maximum opportunity to produce large profits. As a systems trader, without doubt, during your system testing process, you will have implemented the sound advice of all systems traders by cutting your losing trades and running your winners. You must always operate your live trading using exactly the same methods as those you used in your evaluation, otherwise there will have been no point in your careful systems assessment. It’s most likely that you have decided to be a trend trader all successful traders are trend traders. That being so, you will experience a greater percentage of losing trades than winning ones. This is due to the fact that most of the signals given by your system will be false alarms and not turn out to hail the beginning of new trends. Most of these false signals will be market noise or retracements in what are trends in the opposite direction. 1.55
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All of this is expected to happen, so there are no surprises here. However, you have carefully assessed your system using sound methods and you realize why it is so important not to curtail any trade that is running profitably unless the planned conditions contained in your system rules have been met. To pocket the profits early may be very tempting and may seem to be a wise move, especially, for example if you have recently experienced a string of poor results. You may be in the enviable position of having a really large open position gain and be worried that, if you follow your system, you will allow a large proportion of this gain to be ‘given up’ by permitting the trade to continue ‘towards your exit’. Why not cash in now? It’s never wrong to take a profit. Don’t be greedy! All these tempting ideas go through your mind. Perhaps the trade does close out eventually at a much lower profit. There you are! You would have been better off if you had banked the money when you were going to. But the very biggest gains occur when the market doesn’t turn against you but keeps right on going on and on. Eventually you will ‘give money back’ as the trade closes at some point but without running that winning trade you will never be taking advantage of the potential of your system. When you assessed and tested your system, you were running your winners and it was on this basis among other things, that you accepted your system. You must keep to your system and run your winners if you are to succeed in achieving its potential. If you are using good methods, running your winners will mean nothing more than following your system. What is meant by step testing? Step testing is an important activity in testing commodity trading systems. When commodity traders evaluate systems to discover their potential, they nearly always need to carry out a large number of tests because 1.55
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most system rules contain what are known as parameters, which are variable values that govern the detailed operation of the rules. For example, suppose a trader is evaluating the Bollinger Breakout System. The system uses an envelope consisting of an upper line and a lower line, beyond which the price must move in order to generate a buy or sell signal. The width of the envelope is related to the volatility of the price during a particular time interval (say, one day). The volatility is expressed as the standard deviation of the closing price for that day. The trader will want to test how the system would have performed over the most recent, say 5 years perhaps from the middle of 2001 to the middle of 2006. The Bollinger Band lines are built onto a moving average line of the closing price and are spaced at a number of standard deviation distances either side of this line. So there are two ‘parameters’ involved i.e. the number of days for the moving average calculation and the number of standard deviations to be used. Suitable settings for these parameters will have to be found by testing, therefore, let’s assume that they will be tested over the following ranges: ! Moving average, between 20 and 50 days in daily steps making a total of 31 steps. ! Standard deviation, between 1.0 and 2.5 in steps of 0.1 making a total of 16 steps. ! In all, a total of 496 (31 multiplied by 16) complete time period tests from 2001 to 2006 will be required. The results of all these tests will be analysed (hopefully with assistance from the trader’s computer!) after which the trader will be able to select parameter settings to enable him to complete the remainder of his evaluation work. 1.55
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Quite clearly, a considerable volume of work must be done and the most efficient way is if the trader’s software can deal with this automatically. This is done by testing one pair of parameters and then ‘stepping up’ to test the next pair and so on until all 496 steps have been completed. Summarized tables of results are then produced. This operation is known as step testing. (Good trading software is capable of completing a task of this magnitude in a few short minutes.) In the table below, each line represents a full period portfolio test run So for the example cited above, this table would cover 496 lines. All of the individual commodity trade details, for example would be available for research and scrutiny, if required. These days, professional traders demand all this at the touch of a button.
Part of a results table from Trading Blox System Tester What is System Evaluation? System evaluation is the process of assessing the performance of a complete system to discover how it is likely to perform in live market conditions. There are several steps to evaluation: ! Defining personal trading goals. ! Risk resonance. ! Parameter selection. ! Step testing. ! Calibration and final testing.
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All of these steps form part of the trader’s method and are carried out routinely for any system rules he wishes to review. Systems traders spend a proportion of their trading time trying to improve their existing systems and looking for new and different ideas. This is interesting work when you have the essential tools to carry it out. It is essential that any proposed system or change is fully evaluated before being used in live trading. This is one reason why the successful traders do not purchase system rules – how could they evaluate them beforehand to make sure they were capable of meeting their requirements? This is not the problem it might appear to be because it is not difficult to create your own system rules. Furthermore, there are plenty of ideas around that can be adapted. . System evaluation brings your complete system into play – not just the rules. This is essential because the rules are only a part of your system and arguably they are not the most important part. Your money management techniques are likely to have a much bigger influence on your final results than any other aspect of your system.
What is meant by system optimization? System optimization is a tricky subject to discuss because it introduces the concept of curve fitting – which is the worst sin a commodity trader can commit. Some system traders refuse to use the phrase because it represents all the things they do not believe in. A trader must ask himself what he is trying to do when he ‘optimizes’ his system. If he is trying to find the parameter settings that produce the best results with a view to using these in his live trading, then he is fitting the system to the test data. That is curve fitting and it is the wrong thing to do because the same situations contained in the historical test data will not occur again. So there is no reason to expect that these chosen settings are good ones to use.
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In fact, it is very likely that some of the optimized settings will be connected with what are known as ‘spikes’ in the price data – where there has been a sudden price movement due to a political or economic event – or the fear of some calamity that may have lasted for a short time. These spikes in the price data will usually cause your system to produce a large profit or loss that it will deal with more or less well. But whatever the effect, it should not be allowed to have any influence over your chosen parameter settings. Systems traders do not optimize systems because they know that past events do not recur. When they are choosing parameter settings they are seeking values that appear to produce good results but which are not out of the ordinary.
What is System Trading? One definition of system trading is the ‘use of systems to decide when to buy and sell, rather than rely on personal assessment of market conditions’. Systems traders use a comprehensive method for trading, which covers all the seven elements of a complete system. The assessment of market conditions is also embraced by their systems – it is not ignored as is implied by the above definition. To the extent that market conditions can be recognized and quantified, they are included in the trader’s system. But conditions that are vague or confused in concept would not be included in the systems trader’s system – because they are poorly defined, or perhaps even based on the trader’s instinct. The trader who wishes to vary his decisions trade by trade, according to his personal impression of market conditions, cannot have a systematic way of trading. He is what is known as a discretionary trader. He will not be able to evaluate systems objectively because he cannot say what his rules are. On the other hand, the systems trader develops his rules and evaluates every system – not only as regards the market entry and exit rules but 1.55
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also including his market selection, risk management and money management procedures. Using this complete method, he can assess if the system might be capable of suiting his own personal requirements. By delegating his day to day routine trading to a computer, the systems trader does not become emotionally involved with his trading and avoids the temptation to second guess his system. What is a testing harness? In brief, a testing harness is a software program designed to run tests. The whole idea of a testing harness is that it keeps the user’s work down to the minimum and provides all the ‘program environment’ conditions necessary so that the system user just enters in the minimum amount of variable information. This is a general definition of a testing harness but in the context of commodity systems trading, it is a program that enables you – the trader, to test your system accurately with the minimum of effort. The most important job that this testing harness can do for you is allow you to run your tests in conditions that simulate real market conditions as closely as possible. Your testing method will have to include all the seven elements of a complete system – that is the four ‘entry and exit’ elements plus the three managers: portfolio manager – risk manager and money manager. You want your tests to produce credible results based on your selected price history period and you will assess the capability of the system in meeting your system goals. Your testing harness can do a great deal more for you than produce just one set of results – it can greatly reduce the amount of time you must spend in order to cover the wide range of tests you will need to conduct, for example to select parameter settings. 1.55
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By allowing you to steptest by selecting ranges for variables and automatically make batches of runs (usually hundreds of them) work can be done in minutes that would otherwise take hours or days to complete. The systems trader’s testing harness is his most valuable research tool.
What is the TMAC System? TMAC stands for Triple Moving Average Crossover. As you will guess, the TMAC System is a crossover system that uses three moving averages to create signals to enter or exit from the market. A good way of capturing market trends is to use moving averages, usually of the closing price, to indicate the direction of the market at any point in time. Moving averages represent the trend of the price during the time period they cover and are therefore a good way of recognising potential trends. The shorter the moving average, the more sensitive it is to recent price movement and so if a shorter moving average crosses over a longer period one, this can be interpreted as a ‘signal’ to enter or leave the market. The TMAC System employs this crossover technique so that when there is a crossover of the moving average lines such that they are ranked in the sequence of shortest to longest time period, this is interpreted as a signal. The crossover may be in an upward direction, which is a ‘buy’ signal or a downward direction, which is a ‘sell’.
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Triple Moving Average Crossover TMAC
Trade entry 457.18
Trade exit on medium crossover 451.72
The TMAC System is well known and is in the ‘public domain’ so it can be used freely by anyone. It is still capable of producing profitable results and the fact that there are three different moving averages, each of which requires a time period parameter means that there is a very large number of possible setting combinations.
What is the Trading Blox System Tester? The Trading Blox System Tester is supplied with the MODUS Commodity Trading Course and is a fully functional professional quality software product. It is used to teach the MODUS Method and contains all the rules for the systems used in the MODUS Course. If it is fully functional does it mean that if I have the Trading Blox System Tester I don’t need any other Trading Blox software for my trading? The ‘System Tester’ is fully functional over the whole range of trading functions, including step testing, market selection, money management and portfolio trading – but it is restricted to the particular systems used 1.55
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in the MODUS Courses which teach the MODUS Method and system building techniques. To conduct live trading and use other systems for example ones you locate or create yourself, you will need to obtain Trading Blox Professional or Trading Blox Builder software. What is meant by trading rules? When systems traders refer to trading rules they mean the rules that determine when they enter and exit the market. When they open and close positions is another way of putting it. Every complete system contains 7 elements. There are four elements which are the trading rules plus three ‘managers’ that look after risk control and position sizing functions. Once a trader has decided what trading method he will use, he only needs to select the trading rules. Unlike the trader’s basic methods, the trading rules can be changed or replaced as better alternatives are found or improvements are made by the trader. Successful traders are always looking for ways to improve their systems and spend much of their time on this. But they never interfere with their live trading, preferring to delegate this task to their computers – as all systems traders do. What Are Trading Goals? All successful commodity traders insist that any trading system they consider using must be capable of operating within these goals: maximum limit for risk minimum acceptable return How are trading goals used? The trader’s goals become an integral part of his trading method and are also programmed into his trading software so that the trading process is controlled towards achieving them. They are therefore actively employed, rather than just being targets against which results are measured. 1.55
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How are the trading goals arrived at? The goals result from the trader’s assessment of his personal attitude to risk. The very cautious trader is at one end of the scale: the very bold trader is at the other end. Most successful traders tend to be cautious and are not comfortable taking big risks – but there are some traders who prefer to take bigger risks in order to obtain larger returns. All ‘winning’ traders have methods that allow them to convert their ‘risk attitude’ into numbers reflecting their limit for risk (which can be expressed as Max DD%) and minimum acceptable return (which can be expressed at CAGR%). These numbers are then incorporated into their money management procedure as control variables. As will be appreciated, these variables are personal to the trader and will be used in the evaluation of any system he wishes to consider trading. Trading goals are the foundations that enable the trader to build the necessary confidence that will enable him to follow his system. What is meant by trend following? The great majority of commodity traders are trend followers. Commodity markets frequently move in trends, during which the price continues in either an upward or downward direction for long periods. With stocks, it is usually a bad sign if the price enters a falling trend. Stocks are supposed to reflect the progress of the companies they represent and are expected to rise and rise as the company prospers. When a stock price falls, it is hardly ever a good sign. But this is not the case with commodities. Commodity prices trend naturally as conditions dictate and it is just as normal for the price of a commodity to progress downwards – perhaps as supplies of the commodity are increased to satisfy demand, as it is for the price to rise as demand outstrips supply. The natural tendency of commodity prices to ‘trend’ provides opportunities for traders to make money. Dealings in the commodity futures markets are of enormous size compared to equities and the 1.55
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majority of trades are commercial ones that are made in order to provide ‘financial certainty’ rather than speculative positions. SOYBEANS Continuous (498.000, 502.000, 494.500, 501.250 +3.5000)
860
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Soybeans Aug ‘95 – May ‘96
800 790 780 770 760
800 790 780 770 760
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550 July
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1996
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Trend following systems traders seek trends like this – moving either upwards or downwards.
The popular picture of traders playing a ‘zero sum game’ is largely false. Speculative trades have their place but they are only a part of the big picture. Most trading system rules are designed to catch trends and keep the trader in the trend as long as possible. There are all sorts of variations on rules that do this. To be of use to a trader, the rules must show that over a period of time they are likely to be profitable and this is done by testing against past market prices. Markets do not trend all the time – they can be whipsawing around or they can be flat and moving very little. At these times, there are no trends to follow and profitable trading is not possible. Traders want their systems to keep them out of markets like these. Much of what is written here is from the point of view of daily trading. When seen in larger or smaller time intervals, market moves look different. For example, a choppy daily market could reveal trending markets when viewed on an ‘intra day’ basis, using perhaps one minute time intervals between price bars. Commodity trading on small time intervals introduces a large element of artificiality and the trading is different in ways that are not easy to explain. 1.55
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When daily markets close, there is a temporary resolution of the price, and some meaning attaches to the closing price. However, when markets are traded, say on five minute time intervals, there is no closing in the true sense and the closing prices have no real meaning other than the fact that they are ‘snapshots of a moving market’. The same trading concepts do not necessarily apply to these markets, which are not traded on a market day basis or multiples of days. Successful systems traders do not trade these artificial time intervals. What is a trending market? A market that moves mainly in the same direction (up or down) over a period of time (number of price bars) can be said to be trending. There will normally be a high proportion, say up to 40% of retracement bars, where the price is moving against the trend, before the trend resumes its course. Moving average lines are very good at showing the general direction of movement and by setting them to produce averages over different numbers of bars, market direction for any period of time can usually be clearly identified. There are no maximum or minimum durations in defining a trend but to be of much use to a trader, a trend would have to last for a reasonable number of time intervals (bars). Traders are generally seeking trending markets because these provide more or less all the opportunity to make money. It doesn’t matter whether the trend is upwards (long) or downwards (short) – either market direction is of equal value to a commodity trader. Markets spend a high proportion of their time in a directionless state, where no clear trend is in progress. At these times, the great majority of traders prefer to be out of the market altogether. It is always unwise to be in a market if it is not necessary – because unexpected setbacks can and do occur, to cause losses. Nearly all commodity futures traders are trend followers, seeking trending markets.
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What is meant by True Range? The True Range is what traders refer to as an indicator. It is a measure of market movement – or of market volatility if you like. Professional futures traders invariably operate on a daily cycle – and their systems are geared to a time interval of one day. Daily Open, High, Low and Close (OHLC) prices are used as the foundation of all price based information. The amount by which different market prices move in a day is of importance to traders.
What if a trader asks ‘how much did Corn move yesterday?’ Well, suppose it opened at 420, went to a high of 422.5, a low of 419 and then closed at 421. So it moved between a low of 419 and a high of 422.5 therefore it moved 3.5 points. But it closed the previous day at 418 so where does the movement between that price and the next day opening of 420 come into the reckoning? It is these ‘gapping’ situations that are captured by the True Range Indicator to produce a more correct figure for the daily movement. The True Range figure for this example is 4.5 points (422.5 minus 418). The true range is the greatest of the difference between the previous days close and the current day’s high or low and the current day’s high and low. The True Range indicator is normally used in the form of an average of a number of days, when it is known as the Average True Range indicator (ATR).
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What is a vigorous move? When traders examine charts showing market prices, they tend to visualize groups of consecutive bars as moves. Traders are usually either looking for patterns or to understand the behaviour of particular moves. There are numerous ways of describing different types of moves, for example up moves down moves – short moves – long moves – weak moves – vigorous moves. A vigorous move is an energetic move – ‘moving far and fast’ perhaps. These definitions are all very subjective and have no precise meaning other than to aid the description of what a market is doing. But a trader may wish to attach a precise meaning to a type of move – in order to develop an indicator to use in his system rules. System traders do this sort of thing routinely. Silver (February 2005) – Vigorous Move
Vigorous Move
A vigorous move may go far and fast To identify a vigorous move, a measure of volatility such as the standard deviation could be used. The standard deviation is a well known statistical variable. By creating a suitable indicator, a trader would be able to produce system rules to generate buy and sell signals relating to vigorous moves. 1.55
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What is a volatile market? Volatile markets are ones where the price moves vigorously and unpredictably. Some commodities are more volatile in character than others but volatility is mainly a varying characteristic that affects all markets at different times. If a market tends to be generally too volatile for your liking, then you are best advised to avoid that particular market because you will not feel comfortable having it as part of your trading universe. Otherwise, you need volatility to some degree in your markets because if prices do not move sufficiently, you will not be able to make money trading them. Volatility is closely related to risk. The more volatile the market, the more risky it will be to trade – but you must take risks if you want to make money. Risk is inextricably tied to prospective return as well – so we have a real tie up here! What it all amounts to is that you must have some volatility but not more than is justified by the prospective return ‘on offer’ to you as a trader. Even if the return is well balanced with the volatility (risk) you still must not have more risk than suits your own personal comfort – otherwise you will not stick to your system.
Natural Gas Jun 1996 – Jan 1997 Volatile Market
‘Too much’ volatility makes trading hazardous 1.55
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You must also have a way of measuring volatility against the return your system can deliver – and this needs to be embodied in your trading method. Getting back to volatile markets, how is their volatility measured? The standard deviation indicator is the best known measure of volatility and this is commonly incorporated into other indicators and methods to produce ratios traders employ to asses market performance. A market may be making firm progress by moving up vigorously but even in this type of market, there will be downward moves as well as upward ones. You can expect 2 or 3 days in 7 to be ‘reversal’ days when the price moves back in the opposite direction to the one the market is taking. In a vigorous market, these reversals are vigorous too and this pinpoints a major area of risk. Is the market changing direction or is it just reversing vigorously? Nobody knows the answer and no system can predict what will happen. As a trader, your dilemma will be how to avoid being shaken out whilst at the same time avoid being caught by a big setback? Volatile markets are more likely than others to pose these questions – but if as a systems trader, you have tested and evaluated your system thoroughly, you will know that it will deal with these problems competently. What is a win/loss ratio? In a nutshell, the win/loss ratio is the average $ size of a winning trade, divided by the average $ size of a losing trade. Suppose your system made 30 trades in a period of time and that there were 7 winning trades that made a total net profit of $8,400. Suppose also there were 23 losing trades that made a total net loss of $4,600. ! The average winning trade works out at $8,400 divided by 7 = $1,200
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! and the average losing trade comes to $4,600 divided by 23 = $200. ! The win/loss ratio is therefore $1,200 divided by $200 = 6.0 What use is the win/loss ratio? Commodity traders are advised to run their winners and cut their losing trades, so the win/loss ratio is a reflection of how well they have achieved that aim. The number of losing trades expected from a system invariably exceeds the number of winning trades because most of the market entry signals generated by the system will prove to be ‘incorrect’. Commodity traders know that it is vital to allow their ‘small number’ of winning trades every opportunity to produce the maximum profit whilst cutting their losing trades as soon as they go beyond their ‘risk limit’. The more effective this strategy is, of course the greater the win/loss ratio will be. The win/loss ratio is also used in combination with the win probability % to determine what is known as the ‘positive expectation’ of a system. The win probability is simply the % probability that a trade will be a winner in this example it is 7 trades out of a total of 30 trades, which works out at 23%. My Final Message, My object in writing this book was to pass on to you the methods used by the successful professional commodity traders – that separates them from all the losing traders. These methods are covered by the ‘Golden Rules’ which I first documented when compiling a list of the information that I considered would have been most useful to me when I started out trading. **
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I hope this book meets with your approval and that, whether or not you decide to persevere as a commodity trader, you will feel that my book has helped you to make the right decision. I’m genuinely interested in your feedback, good or bad, about your experience with this eBook. So please visit …. http://www.modustrading.com/eBookFeedback.htm
Thank you, I appreciate your time. Best of success to you.
** I have now put these methods into one combined procedure I call the MODUS Method, which is taught in the MODUS Commodity Trading Course.
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