The rock tombs of el-'Amarna: Tombs of Penthu, Mahu and others, Volume 4

NYU 31 I FA LIBRAR' 62028585991 ODD D D D :C^ 3 ^^ ir::^ (C^ (?\ ^Z:^ ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT Ed...

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NYU

31

I

FA LIBRAR'

62028585991

ODD

D

D

D

:C^

3 ^^

ir::^

(C^

(?\

^Z:^

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT Edited

by

GRIFFITH

LL.

F.

SIXTEEN Til

.1/

EMC) 111

THE KOCK TOMBS OP

EL TAltT

IV.

AMA

NA

Pi

-TOMBS OF PE^TllU, MAHU,

A^i

D Ollll-ms

BY

DE

N.

DAY IKS

O.

FORTY-FIVE PLATES

r, ()

N DO N AT

SOI.l)

The offices OF

THM EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, ANii PiKiicK Huii.uiNii. (;ori,R>

AND BY U.

KEGAN

PAIU-, 'I'KI;N(MI.

QUARITCU,

1.-..

I'licADiij.v,

AND

TlUTHNKli

W.

;

UIONRY

.V

ASIJKl.

;37.

Gufat

Ki'ssf.ll

Stueet. W.C.

SyUAUK. Huston. Mass., U.S.A. (X).,

k

Co.,

I'llOWDI';,

i'JOG

Dkvden l::,

IIoiisk.

W!,

CkuuahI)

Ukiifoiui .Strket. r.ivKM

Ames Couneu,

E.G.

.Stiikkt, Son... \V.

Cmm.kn, W.C.

gi^^SKUNivERsrrY

r

'"';

T^ONDOX

PRINTKD BY

«. JOHN'S

filLllKKT

:

AND ItlVINCTON

ItlUHE, CLKRKKNWEI.r.,

LTD., V..V

EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND ipcesiOcnt P.

HILTON PRICE,

G.

Dm.S.A.

Esq.,

\l)icc=prc6t?ciit3

Thk Sir John

Rt. Hon.

Evans,

The Emil

K.C.B.,

oi'

Cuomeu, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt) The Hon. Ciias. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.)

LL.D.,

D.G.L.,

PuoE. T. D.\y Seymouu (U.S.A.) Pkoe. Au. Eii.MAN, Pli.D. (Gcniiimy)

F.K.S., F.S.A.

SiK E. Maunde-Thomi'hon, K.G.B., D.C.L.,

PiioF. G. Masi'kuo, D.C.L. (France) JosiAH Mullens, Esq. (Australia)

LL.D.

Tub

Ri;v.

Pnor.

Pkof. A.

H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D.

W. W. Goodwin

(U.S.A.)

toil. CrcaeurctB

Edwaud

H. A. Gruebek, Esq., F.S.A.

fjoii.

J.

S.

R. Waui.kn, Esq. (U.S.A.)

Sccictarc

Cotton, Esq., M.A.

rticmbcifi of aoninUttcc

T. C.

Prof. Alkxandi;r Macalisteh, M.D.

PL Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D. F. Mobeuly Bell, Esq.

The Hon.

J.

R.

]

The Rev. W. MacGreoor, M.A.

Carter (U.S.A.)

Robert Mono, Esq., F.R.S.E. The Marquess of Northami'ton.

SoMisRS Clarke, Esq., F.S.A.

Newton Crane, Esq. (U.S.A.) W. E. CuuM, Esq., M.A. Louis Dyer, Esq., M.A. (U.S.A.) .Vrthur John Evans, Esq., M.A., D. F.R.S.

Prop. Ernest A. Gardner, M.A. F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. F. G.

Kenvon, Esq., M.A.,

D.Litt.

Mrs. McClure.

Francis

Wm.

Peucival,

Es(i.,

M.A., F.S.A.

Sir Herbert Thompson, Baut. Litt.,

Mrs. TiKARU.

Emanuel M. Underdown, Esq., K.C. John Ward, V.sq., F.S.A. T. Herbert Warren, Esq., M.A. E. TowKY Whvte, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.

CONTENTS

.....

List of I'lates CllAl'TKU

TUK To.MB OF

1.

PAGE vii

I'lON'I'llU.

.... ....

A. Architecturul Features.

The exterior The wiiU-tliickuesses The interior The condition of the 13.

The Sculptured Nortli

Scenes^.

Wall— Upper

„

Tart

Lower

,,

South

tuinl)

I

Wall— Lower

.

'art

i'art

.... .... Upper

Tiiio

II.

.5

i'art

Titles of I'eatliu

Chapter

2

6

Sitk of tiik Southeun Tombs

Situation

7 7

Number

.

.

7

Previous records

.

Change of Necropolis Architecture

Tomb-forms Sequence

.... ....

Methods of construction

.....

Later burials

Koads CiiArri;K

111.

Tiik,

'\\n\n

K 9

9 9

10 II

of Maiiii. 12

A. Site and condition B. Architectural Features

12

C. Scenes and inscri])tions.

The wall-thicknesses The rewards of Mahu

An

insi)i'cli()ii

nf

I

he ilufences

ri>li(ing the capital

\S \i \h

Hi

CONTENTS.

The Tomb

Chaptei; IV.

The Tomb

Chai'J'ei:

VI.

CUAI'TKI;

VII.

Chapter VIII.

Till:

To.Mi;

A. Their character

Shorter prayers

D. Burial petitions

Index

..... ....

of NEFER-icnEi>EKU-HEi;-.sEici[Ei'Eii liF

SlITI

....

....... ....... .... ... .......

PAGE

19 21 2.S 2.T

Thi; Religious Text.s.

B. Louger prayers

Appendix.

Aty

The Tomb ok Rames

(Jhai'tku v.

C.

of

Decorative Teciinique at

Ei,

Amaiina

26 27

30

30 32 34

LIST OF PLATES WITH UKFEKKNCKS TO

T.

..... ....... ......

Plan and Sections

Facade

III.

N. thickness

IV.

S. thickness

V.

N. wall

VI.

VII. VIII.

:

A

Upper Scene.

visit to the

„

'The Teinjilt' Court

,,

„

The Lesser Sanctuary

N. and

Lower

S. walls.

S. wall.

XI.

Tombs Tombs

scenes

Fragments

„

X.

.

The King and Queen of

at

Penthu and Rames.

Southern tombs.

XIV.

Plans and Sections

I'liotographs

General Plan

..... Tomb

N. thickness.

XVI. XVII.

Pack

XVill.

„

N. end

XIX.

„

XX.

Back

XXI. X.Xil.

XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV. X.WI.

XXV 11. XXVI II. XXIX.

S.

Avail.

wall

wail

Back wall: S.

end wall.

Front wall. S.

end wall,

.

:

Mahu

„

{coiiii)inatio)i)

false

door

.

.

.

side

Mahu

Doorway

Fragments

....

exercising office

Hack

Exterior.

Temple

.... .... .... ......

li'ight

Front wall. wall.

visits the

Passing the sentries

S. side.

Mahu

.

The Royal Chariot

Leftside

The

.

^lahu and his train

,,

S. side.

:

end wall

of iMahu.

The Royal Family The Stela /

N. side.

:

meat

Photographs

Mahu.

of Pentliu and

XIII.

XV.

TciupK

„

IX.

XII.

DN WHICH THKY

Tonil) of I'enthu.

PLATE

II.

TlIK I'AnES

brings prisoners

Door-jambs

A1!K

DESCUIHED.

PAOK

LIST OP PLATKS.

XXXI. XXXII.

Tomb

Hymn

Kntrance

Apy.

of

to the

Aten.

Collixtion of texts

XXXIII.

{The same rontinnrd.)

XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI.

Tomlis 7a, 7b, 9b, 11 (Rames).

XXXVII. XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

Tomb m.

I

I'lans

Entrance

Toml) of Ramcs.

and section

'lau

.

Sections and inscription

„

TomliofSuti,

.

and sections

i'lan

Tomlis of Suti and Apy.

.

Inscriptions riiotoorapliic

XL.

Tomb The

XLI.

.....

Mahu.

of

sentries

Mahu and

Entrance

the city officials

The Koyal Family driving out

XLI I.

Malm's Chariot,

Mahu. XLIIl.

XLIV.

Tomb Tomb ,,

Nefertiti

Exterior.

1.1.

of

Apy. ,,

„

X

[iV.

.

....

{hil-

Hymn

drsign)

.

Interior to

Aten

Votive pieces

.

.... ....

The Royal Family

Rames at prayer Rnmcs and his wil'e

.

ates.

THE

TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

EOCIv

PART

IV.

CHAPTEE

I.

THE TOMB OF PENTHU (°

ExTKiiioii.

the

in

(I'liitcs

ii.)

i.,

—This

yards or

cliif,

tomb

gained

long and 15

facade

a

for

the

to

with

but

and

higli,

It.

back the ibot-slopc on the ft.

hewn

luuu'

left

ft.

l)y

high was labour.

little

by chance the rock above took the exact shaj)e of tlic usual rull and Perhaps

cornice,

because

though

dimensions,

gigantic

in

was furnished with no

portal

cavation

and dwellers

in

at a later j)eriod foi'med tins info a

the

The ex-

other.

protected court on

a

left

side of the door,

tlie

North

the

desert

snug abode

slight relief

usual

doorwav stands out from the wall, and is (lecoratc
way

the usual

of the

(I'late

device of royal

flanked on

deceased

each

and

side

his

and liv

})raycr.

counterpart of that of

in

divine cartouches, tlu'

It

Ahmes

of

figure is

the

(III.

the

exact

xxvii.).-

No.

'

A

transit,

careful

5.

in.

Jrawiiif^ of

tlio

doorway was

lost

Ungfand, and had to be replaced by a

record.

The

approximately correct.

figures

on

the

lintel

prayers in four columns each.

arc

in

— Here

the

usual

figures

and prayers of the deceased are again

Ibund,

facing

great

injury,

from parallels gly|)iis

They have

suUcred

but the texts can be

restored

outward.

tomb of Iluya.

in the

The

and colour only on the upper part of the on

Plate

one

iii.,

walls.

scratched over the

Several Greek gratliti are figure

liicro-

were carefully formed, but retain shaj)e

which

of

reads

i'cnthu Avears the long gown, waist-

Ep/xaio';.'

sash and sandals, and has the shaven head of

Translations of the prayci-s will be

the priest.

p. '2d.

Intkuiou.

—The

respect similar

M

tomb fhat

in

is

t.f

nearly

Ahmes

every

(111. xxvi.),

being T-shaped, with the cross-corridor at the

The inner room

further end from the door.

served as the burial-chamber, the actual place

by a

of interment being provided is

shaft,

protected by a parapet of rock and goes 10

ft.

I

descended

regularly-formed clianiber,

(No. 2 of Lcpsius ;uui L'lIOle.)

coiiiplelu

}!cle)i

Wai.i.-Tuicknesses.

Tni:

nearly '

hclep

(Translations on p. oO.)

in

Tlie lintel has the

ii.).

ihj

found on

by adding thick walls of piled stone.

The framing

tain

The rock here forms

an overhanging face about 30 a vertical wall 70

is

tliorcabouts

South of No. 4 (Mcryra). cutting

The jambs (much broken and time-worn) con-

AiicinTEC'ruRAL Fmaturks.

A.

\S)-

out of

it

on

till'

South

1

7

si.lr.

and found a

ft.

long, opening

It

ordy Part

down

this

less

Cf.

which

III., pp. 35. 3C.

was

partially

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA. filled witli loose stones,

and

liad e\'idcntly lieen

Beyond the

1.

was the Shrine.

cross-corridor

Tnn

B.

thoroughly ransacked.

— A Royal Visit to the Sanctuary. Upper

Noitli Wall.

had contained a statue or the l)lock out of which one Avas to be hewn, Init this has been It

The I'oof ol' For the trench

removed.

entirely

vaulted.

corridor

is

see Part

II., p. 2.

this are

and a square niche

wall

— The tomb had, no

due two rounded niches

whole has no

a

as it

has resemblances.

of the Smaller Sanctuary

most akin to that

in III. xxx.,

and

But

in

to

is its

very differently pourtrayed

ostensi!)le motive, is

while here there

two

each of

those scenes, the visit of the King, which

the North wall,

in

v., vi., vii., xi., xii.

pictures in the Royal Tomb."

to

South

in the

subject

As a representation

in the floor,

been used as a dwelling-place, and

this

Plates

Tart.

rounteri)art in other tomlis,

it is

Condition of the Tomb. doubt,

Though

outer

the

ScuLrTuiiEJ) Scenes.

is

;

added as a second motive,

which have removed a large part of the scenes. In order to give more light to the back room,

with a second appearance of the Royal party,

an attempt was made to break away the whole

already

of the framing of the inner doorway, but

The

only partially carried out. the long hall

is

both sides

is

that the

The

III.,

29)

p.

in

double-gated pylon represents the

first

outer gate

of the

furniture Avhich

is

Temple of the Aten seen behind

intervening courts or sanctuary

poor

the

to

been explained (Vol.

It has

dealing with a similar picture of the temple,

almost entirely

apparently,

owing,

was

wall-surface of

in a deplorable condition.

further half on destroyed,

it

rewards on Penthu.

Itestowal of

tlu'

;

the

indicates the

it

and the second

;

j

nature of the rock

;

and the parts which have not

The

so suffered are almost equally imsightly.

whole tomb was decorated in a peculiar way, each

or sroup beinir moulded in an inset

fifrure

This adhei'ed so indifferently that

of plaster.

has nearly

all

fallen aAvay,

the roughly-shaped (Pis.

xi.,

xii.)

The

and has

mould which

left it

plates therefore

it

simply

occupied. give, for

jjylon,

was

to occupy.

As

this

sometimes closely

it,

is

the

Smaller Sanctuary.

The Pioyal party stand outside the temple, King holding up his hands in a reverential The Princesses Mcrytaten, Meketattitude. the

aten and another, with the usual

accompany

The

fnrnitnre,

outside.

by Avhich the intei'vening places

are symltoli/.ed, corresponds

offering

of

attendants,

Five chariots, one

their })arents.''

them with royal plumes, wait

of

the most part, merely the depression which the figure

with the building attached to

most

resembles, sometimes only roughly approximates

closely to that of the last courts of the larger

to the final picture, a suggested restoration of

temple or to that of the dependent building at the

the outline has generally been added within.'

I'car

Despite present appearances and the aspect

of the smallei".

It

is

only in the latter that

the tables with curved legs, Avhich

of the plates, the few fragments of plaster that

space here, occur again

remain in place show that the

picture of the temple, however, finds

reliefs

were

the Royal

its

This closest

Tomb, where the rays

executed with the greatest care and delicacy.

parallel

The decoration of the tomb, however, remained The lower scene on the South wall finished abruptly half way along, and of the

strike through the Iniilding in the

in

crowd the

xxxiii.).

(I. xi.,

same way,

incomplete.

upper design only fragments of the preliminary

-

(L'l. '

by

A move tlie

detailecl description of the

sculptors

is t;ivt.'n in

methods

un aiipendix,

p. 3J.

followeil

(hi

Culte il'Atonoji,

I.

i.

Lepsius took away with him apiece of falling plaster, showing two heads of female fan-hearers. (FjEPSIUS, l>.

coloured sketch remain.

Mon.

'

Text, xi.).

ii.,

p.

Dr.

1.'33.)

They must

Schiiefer

lie

drawing of the fragment (No. 521 which is reproducetl on Plate ii.

from this group

me an

excellent

in the Berlin

Museum)

kindly sent

THK TOMB OF rivVTHU. and the

joints of

meat stacked on tables and

shrines are a similar

feature

in

but Avhere the

;

Smaller Sanctuary, like the Greater,

indicated

is

and one or two fellow-priests meet

I'entliu

that

King presently took

had

fail,

by substantial

could (PI.

Possibly

similar

the

scene

dustry as Chancellor, that on the South the honour done

him

and

Councillor,

M'all

as Chief Physician, or Privy

recompense

this his

true

for

by

work

his

oil"

further,

finding his basis best

as

he

xii. d).

Dehind the Royal party

belov/

records the reward of Peuthu's in-

viii.)

;

had gone no

in plaster,

round

to

figure for,

slovenliness, the cutting out

and the modeller

opportunity to

Pis.

(cf.

The

not convincing.

is

of the matrix for the figure

tlie

rewards. (I'l.

picture suggests

tlie

his favour to this wortliy

tlie

show

and

XV., xxxi.)

does not extend below the collar-bones

some inexplicable

oidy by furniture and gates.' the King at the gates, and

and from other portraits of the Queen

columned

pylon,

entrance

the

been

already

has

gate

the

to

The appearance of

Smaller Saiictuary. building

seen the familiar

is

better representations

(III.

this

described

from

21-1'5).

The

pp.

discharge of his duties as Chief Servitor of Aten,

walls screening the entrance inside are shown,

the scene of his exertions being in each case

but

The

chosen as the scene of his reward. described

is

as

Intimate of the

King, "

Aten courtier

Over

— " Abounding

Avho l)estows

the

I'cnthu's head

by

is

the

lucky

tiie

The

fiices

with the

"

A

^

and neck of the

makes us regret the

The mannerism

Tiic chin,

undi'i-.

unexaggerated, and the neck, though

is

lean,

such

is

loss of the re-

of the earliest period

indeed not entirely kept

liowcver,

as

Itossctti

might have diawn. cliceks

are hollow, giving prominence

check-

and suggest

a

thus conveys a

Tlie inference

was

the South

tlie

mascidine

Iiaid,

dill'erent

wouUl

ilccoriitml

at,

lie llial

impression

tliis

from x.),

part of the Koyiil

But lliis seems imthe room which represents

to the Nortli nceropoUs.

for Melcctaten

were docorateil

'

Emending

to

Cf.

III., p.

I., viii.;

i;j,

Plates

viii., ix.

to

show that

perluqjs

the

Mcryra,

which

(I.

it

it

in

the

rcsendiles

in

all

It

injured

greatly

was the fellow

of one

original

xxix.-xx.xi.).

of this

and

tondj of essentials

has been suggested already

that the same subject once had a place in the of J'anehesy

hall

us

how

forcibly

As

(11. little

p.

I'D),''

may

there

pci"soual to

is

and

warns

this

be in

these

the owner of the

the selection of verses on

tlic

jjravo-

* Possibly at tho time of Ihcso cnrly designs the gi-cat temple of the Aten was, in fact, little more than a scries

of courts entered Cf.

by pylons, and tho furniture

PI.

xx.

The

sun's

building everywhere would then be even

still

of the

entering

rays

the

more noticenble

than at later periods.

Panehesy, as Superintendent of the Gran.irics and would seem to have the best claim to the for his tomb design, and possibly it originated with him •

Cattle of Aten,

;

later.

where the rendering

remains

Sidlicient

design

bo contemporary with Pontbu's. Whether his fcllow-olVicials adopted it with eijual justice, or any justice, we cannot determine.

might •

Part.

as])ect.

the pcvioil of the chanRo from

possihle unless the one wall of

mourning

Lower

Noi'th Wall.

simplest. '

supporting moun-

The Rewaud of Penthu.

2.

tomb. to

the painted profile on the opposite wall (PI.

Toinl)

rays

and the sky extends

I'eaches the

it

till

Tbo

sun's

tains.

pictures that

The muscles arc strongly indicated; the bones,

building,

the

overhead

of the royal pair, ton, Imvc pcriidied,

care,

mainder.

It

penetrate

longer inscrip-

Queen, a fragment which, being moulded with

is

with

stacked

shrines

meat.'

now

interior

fallen fi'om its setting.

ex(:e])tion of the chin

extreme

and

bread

of the

numerous

of

consists

visible

which, no doubt, gave the reason for the

ceremony, has

furniture

wealth and knowintr

in

it

occasion

-

Chief Servitor of

the

acknowledgment

stereotyped

tion,

" Rewarding

only

t!ie

is

incorrect.

ROCK TOMES OF KL AMARNA.

TTTR

stones of an Rnoiish rliurclivard are detcrniineil iiioro

iniicli

deceascti, ori
was

number A\'ith

be

it

tlic

than by anv applicability to the

local sculptor

also

of

n'jtrfldirc

liiiiited

tlic

In'

extruniely rare; so

heiii,n'

So small was

i\khetateii.

in

of stock

that

de-^i.t^'ns

the

connection

tlicir

the personal historv of the deceased might

The

remote.

ver}'

officials

personality

when wo observe that the tombs Penthu,

owner

same

the

Ahmes,

of

and ^leryra are illustrated

Pauelipsv

much

with

these

of

Akhenaten becomes very attenuated

oi'

whether

subjects,

the

a High Priest, a Chief IMiysician, or a

is

The prayers and biographical statements put into the mouth Superintendent of the Court-house.

deceased

of the

compositions

are

largely professional

also

and even the

;

note, generally at

personal

sliort

legends and

which we might hope

dockets, in

El

There

ignoble role of a mere copyist, and

we

shall find, if

are,

it is

in these

anywhere, signs

sets

filling the

temple with

kinds of provisions for

all

The fragments

offerings.

of the corresponding

but shorter notice here make its

and even

tenour,

wording, were

its

But the reference

similar.

pi-obablo that

it

Penthu

to

tomb phiced on the river-bank, but at the jjicture, ami in their place we have here a glimpse of tlic gardens ,'uid \-illas which Between these and the lay along the quay. end of the

shijis

is

wry lost.

a strip of sky "hat they

gardens

at

moored

to the

There are nineteen single-masted

vessels.

Fragments of plaster with landing

planks,

pi-ows

stcei'ing

The

full

lie

description

more

fjiveii in

brief here.

Part

I.,

pp.

3.'!-.';G,

uUowf

and

The

ix. a.)

fragment

rest

of the

up to the store-yard was occupied by numerous chariots and their of the store- yard

In

all sides.

bending attitude, PL suite, receive

its

is

shown

outer court

presumably

by

(recognizable

ix.

Penthu.

scribes, officials

E.),

on his

lie,

their

and a numerous side,

has with

of shade-bearers,

and attendant priests;

in his capacity of

for

it

Chief Servitor

Aten that ho has earned the distinction of The response of Penthu to the golden insignia.'

of

the King's generosity

on a

is

model "Give health to Phai'aoh and health

him

to

for ever.]

it

!

),

lioa]is

-

Mon.

See Plate

justify 1

ellliua

(Ik

their I.

prosperity

Aten.

[thy

duration;

the granary,

filled

Prom

here

xxxi.)

de.stroved, ijartly

bank

CiiUe d'Atmiou,

1.

in the

tomb

In'

of Afay

xxxv.

FVHote, Lettres P.critcs, p. Gl. and its text remain to restoration on the exact lines of the

ix c.

details

ill

is

I.

is

Cf. the picture of the river v.).

(life,

official

fair child,

pai'ty

of grain {rL

onward the wall-surface

(V.

strictlv

"

Behind the royal with

thy

may complete

rant that he

Enough '

is

perhaps

indicating

except for a small

princesses, their nurses

is

are

There

King and Queen, accomj)anied by three

the

'

uie to

of garden

of the line of buildings

rest

running round on

detail (mooring-stakes,

cartouche-headed

represent impossible

is

not one beyond the

side,

The enclosing wall

the opening scene

shows the freight ships drawn up side by side ^vitil th(
side by

lost,

is

u-all-space

(I

both cases.

the river bank,

strips

over each,

(on a larger scale in

grant

shore.

lie

The

other.

Apparently similar services and i-ewards wore yVs in the later picture,'

whether the two

to see

It

simply such or contain colonnades."

claimed

in

may

which

a broad band,

is

either the qu ly or the river.

him a considerable company

accompanying the picture of forth that he was rewarded for

inscription

]\Ieryra

cattle-yards, however, are not in

this

how-

of individual fortune and character.

The

The

closely.

attendants.

is,

the artist then, as now, despised the

variations that

that the copy of Meryra. lollowed this

Amarna show

ever, a certain degree of liberty.

;

show

apparently

nearly always, difFerences of treatment and expression

itc.)

a

to find

There

signs of being stereotyped, too.

paddles, figures standing by piles of produce,

NXN.

of

.Also

this

f,'roup

THE TOMB OF PENTHU. iiiitiir;il (lc(;i\-, |i;i|-tl\-

block

had

Nvliicli

Probably a

jjictiuc

1)\'

Ijului

lu.-s nl'.-i lit

now

rcinaias

showing the cattle-house. the top

liy a

groups of

(?)

cow-keeper

I'l.

{

i.\.

street:

if

Penthu

figure of

cattle,

I'knthi;

i\

ii(iN(iuui;i)

LuWLT

NViili.

Pliilc viii.

I'ai't.

by

some

Ahmes

lower part of the West wall of xxxiii., xxxiv.), and, so

the

i-cward

of

Court

tlie

Hence the ceremony takes place

in

last strokes of

The King here

gates

the palace

we should

Only

was shown seated behind

of this hall, a I'uw of iuur coluiinis

but

is

picture of the interior of the palace on different

met

hitherto

in

as

closer study of

execution

Penthu

is

the front wall of the palace

represented

gateway and

above

si(l(>-door

in

is

the

left

seen, with

its

elevation.

in

,

the upper f;roups also. su^^esteil ligure of the

deleted.

More

The

fourth

'

group

of jars.

:,

Queen

in

front

is

to

of

advantage

.j^.i,^.

behind the King, passing through a

i

of the royal

HI.

and

Tlie hands also to depict

profile

to

carry

convey

lineaments

more

most of the finished portraits. the cup

royal

C:*)

which the Queen

The painting

plumes have no

is

red

in

jiisliGc;itioii.

people of the sU)roli.iiiM' ami the .sulmnliiiales

house (reading

(I'lato ix. u.j '''

|

outlines

tlie

was better able

JiiXv

this

of

in

admirable.

is

noteworthy.

^^^^, suj^Keslcil ,,

Egyptian

he

likely fan-bearers stood hero. is

is

is familiar,'"'

The deft draughtsman never

and the fragments of the

The shape holds

the scene

and softness than the sculptor

accurately than

'I'he

two annuals only

Though

the artist

impression

his

btluw must represent the

oufjht probably to have placoil

out,

Plato x.

Part.

most interesting.

is

movement

Hexibility it

On

attendants are fastening upon him.

Micat.

.\t

for the suggestion of i-estful ease

;

laniruid

which two

gifts

Upper

better

to

show that

standing before the King in grateful

acknowledgment of the royal

the

of

secured

it iiiav l)e dcl'iTrcil.

Qukkn

.\ni)

has been found possible to build up a

it

showed

more nearly

it

King

few fragments of painting remain here,

a

i)rush

arrangement from those

and

witli,

tlie

resembles the picture in the Southern tombs, a

The

Penthu

sculptor seem to have been

lie

I

picture on them.

shown.'' its

"

left,

his subordinates

the extreme left (on which the

South Wall.

Consistently with other representations

is

—Tin;

the great reception room

sits in

infer tluit the (^ueen

I

on the

crowd of

II. xiv.).

(cf.

4

of the palace, and from III. xxxiv.

'

a

To judge

attendance.

the oijjjortunity thus given for architec-

introduction of the scene.

fayade

in

*

spent) appears to be a repetition of the entrance

otHcial.

tural Oisjilay ])eing perhaps one reason for the

I'iglit

is

half-effaced inscription

The gate on

from the fragmentary state of both pictures, represents

another stage

in office.''

(111.

we can gather

far as

may have appeared

His chariot awaits liim

a military escort

a

are seen

titles

othci- role or at

was accompanied by

This scene seems to be similar to that on the

The

name and

the proceedings.

in

I'alaci:.

riiK

and South

him.-

found again outside the

is

above another group, he

3.

The

where he receives the congratulations of

there also in

;

Egyptian draughtsman.

friends, and, as his

iiis

it

and more cannot

unity of time considered essential.

is

gates,

xxix.').

itself

ul'

in true relation to the facade,

Nor

d., CT. 1.

the ])alace from the

(<>

out of place in regard to the whole

be expected from an

iragmcut

a

is

the court

entrance

is

Tlic stalls are seen at

front wall (below) arc eight

each tended

plaster.

and between them and the

the picture,

ol'

witli

in

treasury uccupicd the

ol' tlic

space, but all that

led

palcliiu^

LTrfiit-

iv., \i.,

\.sa..

q

t""^

<^-^j ^>i

(1

l"V

|'

^i^ o

Sf

"' '

\

>> I

'rjlK

outline witli the flesh also used

on the coILar

This group

red, hut hluc

solid

in

the eup

:

It

is left

E].

white.

Akhctaten.

in

Chief Physician.

Privy Councillor (ami khml).

shows the King and (Jueen

(with a princess beside her

?)

seated on chairs,

A hand on the left

each before a pile of viands.

The following epithets him (Plate ii.) :—-

suggests that a figure of C([ual size and impor-

tance sat facing the

I'enthu or

some other

it

if it

applied

to

Sole Companion.

can be Tyi.

Attendant on the

might be the hand of

official in

are also

Royal Chancellor.

King, and the picture in

Huya's tomb leads us to ask Conceivably, however,

AJIARNA.

Chief Servitor of Aten in the temjjle of Aten

is

iVom the right

lies aljout six feet

end of the wall.

KOCK TOMBS OF

feet of the

King.

Favourite of the Good God.

attendance.'

Beloved of his lord.

He who approaches

the person of the God.

Chief of Chiefs.

Titles of Penthu.

5.

rcnthu

is

entitled (Plates

iii.

and

Companion, chief of the Companions. iv.)

Tiiough we

:-

Koyal Scribe.

which these varied

Intimate of the

it

Iviiiir.

is

'

The

liand

is

at its true level in the Plate, l)ut

sonic distance further to the

itself

from the same

tahle.

left,

as

if it

it

should

were helping

"

little

offices

of the special duties

and honours

plain that Penthu's rank

brou";ht

Ijc

know

him

into close relations with the Court.

All these arc

horrowod by or from Ahmes

titles

(III. ixvii.),

showing that they only, applicable to any high official.

along with the device on the

were honorary

entailed,

was high and

lintel,

CHAFTEJ;

II

THE SITE OF THE SOUTHERN TOMBS. SiTUATinN.-— It

1.

curioiis

is

thc

lluit

themselves were not selected as a

cliffs

l)ol
site

bank

thc earliest tombs at Akhetaten, but a low

which marks the

from the

rise

I'ur

level of thc plain

wady running southward mountains. Thc rock is of thc

planned or wlicucc stone was taken for inset (patchings, cornices, etc.), and these no doubt

myself.

Of the

tornljs

was of any

through

inscription except 2")A.-

worst

nature

})()ssil)k;

;

the site was limited in

area and lay an hour's ride south-east of

Hence

city.

after a few years

for thc northern

clilfs.

are bounded on the

was abandoned

it

These unattractive

J'Jast

tlic

hills

and West by two KIwrs

."'..

which

I

l)esidcs

opened only 7c

and uouc showed any traces of

to that of the great tlic

to others

have caused disappointment

size,

rKKvinLJs

ItECouns.

—The

buried

state

of these tombs, consequent on their low position,

unknown

kept tiicm

been unvisited

1:)\-

or uucopied

They seem

after their first discovery.

to

long

have

Wilkinson, as H.\Y,who shared

(drainage valleys) and arc cut into three parts

with him the knowledge of the tombs of Et

by dry water-courses, descending from

refers to the conspicuous

the level

NiniiSKR.

— Of

the

tombs excavated here,

nineteen are usually open and have been

bered

'

:

but there are others

in

accompanying map (Phitc

num-

a greater or less

state of completion, of which eight

arc liable to

All the tondjs

.xiii.).

become sauded-uji,

appear on thc

so that

many

oi'

numbered tombs had to be excavated in order The eight lettered tombs were secure plans.

the to

completely hidden and were cleared of sand by

them had been unearthed

by

mc.

j\Iost

MM.

Bouriant and Barsanti, but no records or

of

plans seem to have l)een made.

Tomb lo also wiis tomb opened by me." Laverin 1830, companion opened by him and his as he recortls on its ceiling; and tombs 7 and 8

Ijcforc

The tombs

arc

were entered, and

copying and planning

sucli

done as were possible under the LTloTic did very

advance which

The great made on Hay wiis more iu

little

Lr.i'Sius

cin'um.-.tances.

work

here.

the j)ublication than in the extent of his copies for

tombs were plain

made no attem])t to The work done by l-'rench

to him,

penetrate into them.

lie

Egyptologists on the site between has already been noted (Part

combined

1

I.,

rcsidt of their

owin'' to thc illness and death of

it is

almost impossible that

.S8o p.

and '>).

1

1102

Tlic

labours, long delayed

thrown out

so that

;

though the entrances of most of thc other

betrayed at once by thc piles of stone fragments ;

as " the

^

of the wady. 2.

Ay

tomb of

Til,

.M.

Bouriant,

any large chamber remains undiscovered, though there might be

are also

'

arc

many

many

of thc type

tlic

Toinhs

llio iioi'tlicrn

of llayy

nearest village on the rivur-bank.

There

9c.

small cuttings where a

7 to 25 in contimuUion of often called

9ii.,

tomb was

tombs.

Qandil

Tliey

iiflcr

the

Tlio eviiloiit excitcincnt under which M. lioiuiant worlccd can alone account for the sUvtcment that the South Kroup contains more than fifty tombs, and that all

the valleys arc

full

of Iheni.

pp. 1. 15. '

U.VY,

MSS.

'29817,

fol.

G5.

Dciu jours dc

foailks,

ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

TilK

so far us the south

lias iiou- aji[)eareil,

group

is

a

LUllCl'rUL'll.'

Change

4.

— Tlie transference

of NECuorm.is.

of the Necropolis to the northern

us with ;m unsolved problem

:

changes that coincided with

it

had

Aten comes

of the

liills

presents

for the material

suggest that

The new and

real significance.

name

into use

disappears

sister

;

King

these changes

the Sth or

way

show that

together, they

Probably

of

none perhaps was

;

marked a exhibited in some

year of the

Utii

turning-point. definite

startling

is

None

in the doorways.

taken

yet,

;

detailed pictures of

;

the figure of the deceased takes the

place of the

sudden

tlic

;

it

reign

the success of the revolution

only

:

a very partial and short-lived success, no doubt yet not to be a 1

all

1

may

had been

promise)

in

civil

;

Now

doubt.

(surely by a

peace was assured.

been solidly founded erected

was already much.

i'ailurc

The

com-

city

had

the temple and the palace

;

the boundaries of the sacred district

Solemnly confirmed

tlie

;

new

Queen's sister married

fashions

fii'st

in

scrvir

I'rtade

i).

da Cidlc

d'Alonoti, en

which the King's

mannerisms had been unbut some All this is hypothetical challenged. seems radical, yet not important such change, ;

indicated. 5.

AiiCiiiTECTURE.

—The originality

at this

epoch in other directions

minent

in

tomb

both in foi'm and

mode

in

Amarna, and so

also

As

XV., p. 1

36)

Ijcinr;

suiiersedod by ami refeneJ to

shall not cite

far as possible

previous copies before

I

them

me

;

so that

where

the

site

with

I dill'erfrom

decoration in colour on

is

Papyrus columns everywhere replace the sijuare jnllar of rock where support is needed If Akhenaten fails to win our adfor the roof.

away from the bright colour and rich dethe Theban tomb, his architecture at least

miration tail

of

in the highest degree imposing, especially in the

Southern Group, where the larger tombs almost

I must be understood to have fullv convinced myself that they were in error. I may add that,

except for deliberate mutilations, and inscriptions in ink on the facade or in the entrance of tombs, the records, i-are

exceptions, do not appear to have deteriorated

Hay. Perhaps temporarily the court had settled further to the south (in the mansion with tlic smaller painted pavement?), but now moved noi-thward to the newlysince the days of

built

quarter

shiftiii'' will]

il.

of

tlie

city

;

There

reach the dignity of rock-temples.

masonry

of

Saqqareh,

the

is

no

Beside the

other necropolis like this in l^gypt. solid

magnificent

simplicity of Beni-Ilasan, the rich colouring of

Thebes, must be set the graceful architecture of

with

finishing

at

The row

cavetto-cornice,

the

and

by

its

wall

of complex

in

carrying is

jiilasters

either

a

an architect-

harmonious blending

of straight lines with curves and of the plain

with the broken surface,

become imperishable

may

models.

my

predecessors

with

J'^l

bear comparison

with features of classical ai'chitecture that have

in addition.

have worked on

at

plaster.

ural element which,

work,

The

unknown

is

simj^le or a corniced architrave,

in that

not less pro-

of decoration.

ordinary T-shaped chamber

MM.

(lieciicil,

marked

There was a com-

architecture.

Egyptc.

Tome I. Lcs Tomhcs dc Khotiilatonou. Par U. BouTxiANT, G. Lf.grain ct G. Jequier. 1905. The previous publications of texts, I've, by IVF. Uoubiant (Deux juurs dc fouilles a Tell cl AiiKinia) nnd M. Dahhssy

is

so

plete break from the traditions of Theban tombs

columns Monuiwnls imir

;

local

the tombs of Hagg-Qandil.

'

jiulitieal results''

was changing some-

influx from Thebes

inllucncc and

is

well be supposed that up to this point

wav, perhaps, that bad

in a

what the

the form of

;

shown and those of the palace

the temple are

are altered

it

stricter

tombs imdergoes considerable alteration Queen's

(iir,

of the

plain wall-surl'ace

l)ortals,

or

by double corniced

by the door and

admirable decorative

The breaking

taste,

lattice, also

shows

and we can only

regret that no free-standing building remains in

Akhetaten. short and the

the necropolis, naturally,

'

of

Put

work

so luu'ried that

we have

to

it would seem, to Iloreniheb, the future Iving See Sethe, J./. I'JOD, p. 131.

not,

Egypt.

Unfortunately the period was so

oy riiK southeiin tombs.

Tin: siTK

ciiinj)k'lc

the

toiiil)s

genius of the

iirtist;

One

iiiiauiniititiii.

iii

room was

aiid

and

whicli sliow the restless

all tliuv I'liinniu skc^tclii'S

tiiul if

there seems no great

tliat

the type was variable,

tliat

the tomlis of the griuip

ToMB-FOK.Ms.

(I.

—The most natural impulse

To

might

athwart the entrance or

lie

answers

this the corridor

and though the

it,

with

to gain wall-space

is

labour.

at the

it

in

corridor

was

generally

was made

it

in line wilh

secured room for expansion, only tombs 18, corridor.

It

adopted,

in the

was imitated

as

and

in tombs.')

keep within

itself so as to

forming

—

It

The

tombs

exact T.

!

determine

always three

and

1

in

where Mci'v-

I

will

be given for

these two tond^s can really date as

Akhenatcn's

fifth

tombs therefore seem period, and

of the cross-corridor

'.)

Rcasnus

taten alone appears. if

arc

I'rincesscs

iiuiiiber, excejit in

an

to

dillicult

is

order of succession of the tombs in this

the

grou]).

but

o,

Si'.QUicxcK.

early as

all

on

'J,

doubting

are

to turn

the

there the cross-corridor (with false doors) Avas

The smallest ton d)s

stairway Wiis extensive,

If the

in

added at the fiuihcr end,

thus

down from

The stairway, when secuud chamber, was on the right (Nos. G,

7.

it

direct

tin;

flight of steps leading

llu'

South group

and iM adnptcd

!',(

ad-

felt

the area of the tondj.

advantage of taking small I'rontage space, the cross

end of a

lo, II, IG, 2o).

It

arrangement had

latter

was

hall, it

the floor (iu the left-hand back corner, Nos. 8,

least

best.

room was meant to become a Where the cross-cor-

inner

become a columned

ridor had

product of two or three years at most.

tomb-(|uarrying

In Xos. S

visable to begin the burial ])lace at once, placing

be the

to

iipjiear

simple and small.

inany-columned chamber.'

more indeed than indicates we must rememl)er

variety of type, no

I

left ijuitc

) this

I

am

All the

or sixth year.

to be practically of

one

unable to suggest witli confi-

Tombs

type, with a false door (shrine) at each end and

dence any sc([ueuce among them.

another opposite the entrance (tombs

23 show examples of the later form of the name

11.

7,

IT").

and means permitted, the breadth of ihu

If time

of the Aten, and tond)

corridor was doubled, the back wall becoming a

row

ol'

colnnnis do'wn the cinitre (conunt'nced

Nos. 10,

Or

it

li',

nearly completed in 7c,

2(1;

I

then,

we should expect

uses no other.

These,

to be latest in date.

;\lETnODS OF CONSTKUCTION.

8.

ii.

1)

8 and

— As

will

seen in dealing with separate tombs, they are

13).

might be trebled or (|uadruplcd by having

more or

less unfinished,

be all

and the decoration of

I

two rows of colunnis (Nos. (No. 25). entering

Two still

false

bori'

S,

doors to right and

left

all is

on

though these might be repeated actually took

the

in

Not that

new

might be run out

to

its

excavation begun to right and

The simple

was

It

was intended that the should

lead

t
a

rurthcr

in

'

1 1

iu

let

them

A

see their future halls of burial

),

and

lypc

liiivt tlic lai";,'ci"

tombs of

through

which In

the

the

burial

tomb

of

place

il

Mahu

(No.

'.))

be this

North

and airangcnienl. The two false doors aro first chamber of Mcryra (No. -1) and of

I'ancliesy (No. G). llic *

which nr

should

tlie

seen in the

In the latter tliey are Ininsfcrred to

back wall.

When

the

inner room

\v;us

u
provisional burial place iu the outer hall

reached.

his

tondj was invariably ([Uarried fmrn

Il is fioiii tills

diiiieusions

for burial

the back wall

I'miin,

biiiil

{^roup arc developed, but willi coiisideiublc cbiingcs of

still

(only a shaft in the chamber in tond)

to

begun.

(Nos. 21, 22).

had no place

The shrewd king

already l)lanned on anelalxirate scale andactualiy

strijjs.

cross-corridor tond) was, however,

not really complete.

utmost haste.

work

and the

limit,

left

in the

lividently the

courtiers to Akhetaten and to his enterprise there

After the cross-corridor was finished the central aisle

done

w;is

the develop-

place in successive

seriously incomplete,

seems to have seen that the best way to

witness to the embryo-form,

cross-aisle (Nos. S, IG).

ment

or three

l(i)

l-l,

i

for a ,

more elaborate one

chamber.

in

its

true

in

No.

ti,

the

was abandoned

place, the

second

THE ROCK

10

the roof (lownw.'irils, and to the hist

tlic

'I'OMBR

coiling

remained the most finished and accurate portion;

modern surveyor

so that the

the hdjorious and inverted

is

ohliged to adopt

method of taking the

The reason

ceiling as the basis of his plans. is

gun

before

its

its

have been

This

in

is

done, even

unfinished in

left

latter should

it

have marked

claim to frontage by excavating the whole

breadth within. to

for

one tomb was be-

neighljour had been completed,

was advisable that the out

When

not far to seek.

this

rear

the

fact

always i'ound

the

if

torn))

Nos.

(cf.

l-l,

\v^as

'22,

tombs

further peciiliaritv of these

they were cvidentlv

work went on

or

save the doorway, was

all

virgin rock.

still

This procedure has been justified.

J5ut for this

unmethodical haste there could have been no architectural beauty and no texts or scenes in the necropolis

and only

comjjletion,

the

interiors

in

two cases arc even

ready for

perfectly

must be remembered

This

tomlj reached

for not a single

;

decoration.

appreciating

in

architectural features, and not less in drawing

from

conclusions

the

No

scenes.

evidence

from the absence of certain

can be gathered

would

;

liiiished

is

that

piecemeal as the

the last smoothness and detail

to

As

us.

remaining walls matter of

a

pictures ^ve have in this group,

are

iiu-

all

the

fact

with the ex-

mass of rock.

is

not

(Tombs

of columns,

while the

other half of the tomb, the column, the doorway, still

kno^vll

a

to the ceilings, architraves, cornices

of doors, and capitals

however,

have occupied the

in the tomb of Mahu and tomb of May, are three separate versions of the same design, showing the reward of the official from the window of the palace

were given

was

painted their scenes, though half the chambei",

representations, for the subjects which

25, etc.).

A

OF EL AMARNA.

The explanation, owing to a childish

that,

impatience to reach pleasing results or in order

ception

one

in

those

of

the

7, 8,

25).

The tombs and

their sculptures

lie

open

to avoid the use of scaffolding, the toml)

was

to the charge of being "jerry-built";

completed

the

material in which they are excavated

in

sections:

direct result of the conditions

work was done.

feature

this

is

under which the

So hasty was

so

it,

insecure

also

for the is

tpiite

The

unsuited to their ambitious designs.

ad-

mirable lines of cornice and column and the fine

the supply of labour, so remote the chance of

detail of sculpture are all

executed in plaster.

completion, that the most expeditious method

The

often of the roughest

was

description.

the

plasterers

oidy

metiiod.

Quarriers,

finishers,

and decorators were employed upon

tomb simultaneously, one following upon the other's heels and when, as was feared, the

the

;

quarriers were called

away from

the half-exca-

vated toml), the finishers employed the interval that must elapse before for

them

in

new work was prepared

completing the chamber to the limit

The

that their forerunners had set them.

plas-

moulded and whitewashed the capitals of columns regardless of the fact that the shaft terers

was

still

unformed and that

be seriously impaired,

if

their

work would

not destroyed, should

the excavation ever be proceeded with.

decorators and sculptors,

smoothed

wall, sketched

who found out,

The

a propei'Iy

sculptured and

stone basis for both

faults

up

and

Many

is

of the columns,

owing

fissures in the rock, are largely

of plaster.

No doubt

to

made

a great deal of bad

work, due to haste, has also been covered up in this

was

way.

But the Egyptian Avork

so excellent,

rock-architecture

and is

tlie

so

in plaster

insecure basis for this little

to

lie

suspected

even now, that the passing centuries must be considered to

have sufficiently vindicated the

ancient architect. 9.

IjATEr Burials.

— Most,

tombs have been re-used

if

not

of the

all,

for later burials,

bones

and great mounds of sherds outside the principal

tombs witnessing eloquently

numbers first

to the fact.

of coflius were, I believe, found

excavators,

many

Large

by the

being burnt and others

SITE

'I'llK

removed

to

Cairo.

No

notes of this Depart-

mental undertaking have been

Roads.

10.

— As

OF TnK SOTTTIIEUN TOMBS.

in the Nortli group,

broad

swept clear of stones, lead from the

tracks,

town to many of the chief tombs. They are marked on I'lato xiii. fur a certain distance, but after three or four hundred

vicinitysof the ancient

yards

from

from

the

straight

tlie

tombs

The following notes on added

i)ublislied.^

From Tomb

full

mapping

bank

to

be

done.

I

hope

to

be able later to obtain a

little

evidence

on the subject from the heaps of debris and from the JcUahin who did the work. * Von their furllier course, consult Pktuih, T. A., pi. xxxv. Their number and direction is given in Lepsius, D. Text, ii.

p. 148.

—Two roads;

points

at

may

be

one leaving at

.'517"

30'

and 333^

Twenty and twenty-two

30' feet

Ijroad.

From Tomb Fi'om fivc feet

—Thirty-fiur broad. 22. — Very straight. Tweuty-

23.

Tomb

feet

broad.

From Tomb '

25.

from the tomb.

they visibly swerve

remains

sul)ject

319", one at 322^, and seeming to strike the river

siderably, perhaps because several ran into one.^

Their

this

:

and often bend con-

line

11

S.

— Appears

to strike tiie

303° from the door of the tomb.

bank

Twenty-nine

feet broad.

The uninscribed

tomb.-;,

uf which

some plans

arc given on Plates xx.k., .xxxiv., will be noticed in

Tart V.

12

CIJAI'TEK

IIJ,

THE TOMB OF MAHU A.

Tins

was

tiniil)

ISS.')

for

-

'rui';

M.

l)v

through which the

Td.MI'..

Isuuriant

in

was

I'olicc,

aw.wv

Ijctter

tliaii

or ratlier the cei-hiiutv, that

tomh wouhl ho

phiiidereil after his deatli.

tliercfore,

conspicnonsly plain,

a

eliose

was almost

jrronnd

stairway to

home"

whirling

sands

a

Drivinr;-

tlat.

narrow-

depth he formed

eellar-wise

wonld

there,

qnickly

tiie

wliere

conceal

was partially

The

successful.

modern

the assaults of

now

is

Southern tombs,

it

thieves.

most

the

owing not only

is

])eculiar interest of the scenes

but also

it.

little

with a second chamber

in

flights

'

Tomb

a h

(?)

Tlie

9.

ways

name

is

tomb by

in the

spelt

tlie

precedes the niime on

(Phitc xxviii.). the editors of

name by

tlie

Can

it

(or

misspelt)

slovenly scnl)e.

in

may

the

right

he this blunder

four eri-or

jamb outside

th;it

French publication to transliterate the ft was correolly >,'iven in the first ?

instance by M. Bonriant,

BOUIUANT, />».,- jours lie fniiillc%, p. l(j. As nii,i^hl be expected from this lille, the excavation seems to have been of the mostsununary sort. The tomb was i)uhlislied last

year in Mon. du Calle d'Atonou,

I.,

oh. xv.

floor of this

room

to a

at double

This contains

first.

l)urial-

a,

The

pit

had been

filled

A

up

niche

of steps

first flight

be a later lonihi^ for burial.

uncertainty of

Mahu

died

life

or

and

from

fallen

to reflect the

Had

Mgypt.

fortinie in

favour

then,

just

chamber must ha\e formed his sepulture. The prospect of sudden

proyisional ol'

arrest,

or of possible elaboration of the work,

seems to have often affected the plans of the Egyptian architect, as it not infrecjuently does of his

modern

successors.

l)crhaps, the stojipage

was

achievement being so

far

official

Sometimes,

deliberate, the coveted

beyond the immediate that it was impossible to

execute the whole plan at one outlay.

The of this

has indueed

:^^ahhou

bring one

flights

The intermediate chamber seems

those

in

Two

the wall at the foot of the

place

By

a complete turn before

more descend

resources of the other

to the burial-

with round boulders and loose stones.

the

the axis of entrance

down

with a rough chamber at one end for the

the

to the

h'rom this chamber a winding

satisfied.

the depth of the

to

of the simple cross-corridor type,

is

two

reached.

is

remains an un-

it

chamber, and from the

to a small

this

B. AijcurrKcniKAi, Fkatuuks. toinb

of burial

roughly hewn and askew,

is

making more than

owner was

of

unsullied whiteness of a large part of the walls.

The

place,

the

actual interment.

little

his

Tl'

atti'active

doorway,

the

religious reaction that soon occurred, hut from

chamber

iinished

his

remained innnune, not only during the

torn!)

jilace

stairway of 47 steps leads

pit

aim was not pt'rmanentlv secured,

his

ruse

spot wliere

retired

snitie.ient

a,

''eternal

Though

clnunhers

ids

hewin^u'

nl'

in tht' fare of tiie Idils overloolvin.u"

lie

inner chamber

'I'his

and the shrine at the back of

tlie risk,

Instead,

the

iiK

I'lrst tiiiK'.

tilt'

any one of

tlie

dpnii'il

Chief of

Miiliu,

liis

AND CiiXMITlnN

Sl'I'IO

(^

this

inscribed chamljer in

all

group has a doorw.ay

tomb, however, this

finished

tombs

at each end.

i'eature

is

Jn

replaced at

the North eml by a round-topped stela; while the other, though of the usual form, has l)ai't

its

inner

inscribed, thus obviating the possibility of

hewing a chamber or statue-shrine there. These doorways, plainly, have been interpreted as door-

THE TOMB OF shaped stelae and decoi-atively treated as

suc.li

;

i

the North stela being just a repetition of the

inner design of

A single

framing.

two

omitting the

fellow,

its

up

step leads

I

in

j

profile of the (^uecn

is

The

tomb

fagade of the

occujjies

that on

the

opposite

wliich

a duplicate of

is

with one or two

wall

variants in spelling, occurs four times in this alune,= as well as in those of

Apy, Any,

The

texts

p. 28.)

tomb contain the most and are often unreadable as

this

in

extraordinary

the

(A

texts will be found on Plates

and a translation on

xxxii., xxxiii.,

xlii.

only

The prayer,

wall.'

collation of these

'

repeated in line on

Plate xxix., and in photograph on Plate

13

Tutu, and of Meryia in the North Group.

each

case shows acts of worship Ijy the royal family.

The

whole

lomh

to the latter:

The sculpture

steps to the former.

I

dooi--

MAIIU.

erroi's

breadth of the narrow stairway,

and hardly

they stand, the decorator being plainly incapable

admits even of the door-fi'aming.

The cornice

of reading a

and the scene on the

The

away.

lintel are

almost Aveathcred

inscriptions on the jambs,

as well

on the corresponding doorway to the inner chamber, are translated on pp. 3<', ;JI. as those

The

'

and a lower

by scenes but, as

;

setiucncc

the walls

two

series,

iiivai'iah ly

is

these tombs, the woi-k

in

a

As

remain

most interesting

and

least

the paint seems not

to have;

been applied.

The scene on part,

of

all,

its

colouring,

and

|

strikingly resembles the plaster head found

portions

the

the

in

all

Attention

rarely

called

in

the

tcc]inii|uc

later

(Jii

:i2).

excessive

the

of

the

head and

Yet they

do not

])erpetrated

in

tiiinl)-scul])ture,

are

often considered characteristic of the jjcriod,*

C.

Tllh:

.

I

SOKAK.S

— TiiK

AM>

r\sci;irTioNs.

even supposed

The scene

xl.

in PI. xv., in

'

The

Moil,

tin

figure is Ciiltc

cit'S

are ornamented in the

i'art 1., pp. 50, 51,

a lower panel,

ami

(I,

that of PI. xvi.

Mahu

c,

and that

which the Kingpoui-s

I.,

p.

xxix.

in the four texts of this tonih consult

where the

= Malm

fc,

text of Plate xxix.

of Plate xxiii.

=

Malm

PKTiin:, T. A., Frontispiece.

Chaiacteristic perhivps of work of the

xxix.). '-

(boundary stelae, stelae

Cf. 11. xxxii. for the

Maliu

in

=

(/.

first

few years

the palace,

pieces, etc.).

the other side the latter subject occujiies the

=

that of the S. thickness

* i

the whole in

;

07 (with some inoccura-

•'

of the rei^n, (I'l.

pair.

oinissioiis).

For variants

way almost universal in the Southern tombs. On the left, namely, the iloyal family arc shown saerilicing at the altar of the (igurc and liturgy of the deceased

unhappy

shown on Plate

d'Aloiwu,

The sides of the siiort entrance-passage to the tomb (representing the Ihicknesscs of the wall

(I'lates xv., xl.), an
reproduce similar

to

incense or oil' on the (laming bowls, while the

W'ai.i.-tiiicknkssks.

Plates XV., xxix.,

On

of

size

thighs.

[diysical peculiarities of the

Aten

Tiie ]iro-

show the anatomical enormities which, thou"h

and are

the

town.'

by

of the figures are l)ad, erring above

shortness

is

mined

Professor Petrie in the

hieroglyphs on the door-jambs, instead of I)eiug as elsewhere in siniplc IjIuc, ai-e in vai-ied colours.

(p.

The

is on most carefully executed,

the largest scale and

Plate xv., however, has received

not

if

\-et

pleasiu"'

examples elsewhere.

bizarre

j

In most cases

tomb are

pair in the

and coiilirm the most

King's profile in Plate xv., where the work

;

ix'lief.

from the

all.

they cannot be taken

oHicial,

faces of the royal

j)reserved

ink sketch to the finished

exemplar,

attempt at portraiture.

well

almost every stage from the

in

The

i

at

dift'er little, if

Egyptian

as a serious

a con-

exhibition of the technical methods employed for they

,

the case in

is uiifiiiisluMl.

ali'ord

typical

an upper

illegible

The portraits of :N[ahu which so often recur in the tomb agree fairly well with one another but as they also

walls of the outer hall were to have been

fully occupied

word of that which he copied and

having besides a corrupt or

shape of the vessel.

trial

ROCK TOMBS OF

TITK

14

Queen

ofiers tlie srepti'e

already

burns on

comment.

secure or

hea(l,o;ear

lamp

n

(?) ^^ucli

uraei

the

to

The

roil] iirr.

as

for little

calls

sacrifice,

tlie

llibbons

Queen's

and

King from the window

the hands of the

of the

palace.

On

the

Kinir's

AMARNA.

ET,

we have

the North half of the back wall

as the

upper picture the ink fragment shown the parts on the extreme left

in

(end

sporran (in faint red ink) seems to have been

IT.

sewn with ornaments of

and on the extreme right are completely effaced. The former probably contained addi-

enamel

inlaid

and

fringed with glaze pendants.

xvii.

;

wall)

tional

against the inference that the woi'k belongs to

which the

in the

the earliest years of the reign fact that in this

tomb

to be set the

is

the cartouches of the

Aten

tomb should

scarcely seems possible that the

have been decorated before the birth of Meket-

For we

aten.

ihid

tlie

li\'mn to the

Aten already

composed, plagiarized and corrupted

guarded by org.anizcd

forts

the

;

;

soldiery

;

the

peculiar

the town

;

and government

police

its

and

style

artistic

latter

evidently showed the loggia of the palace from collars

"What

the King.

left

is

crowd,

the

chariots,

were being handed to the

Mahu by

shows us the waiting close

attendants

Mahu, and a second figure of that

take their later form.^ It

and

attendants

tomb only the firstborn daughter, ]Merytaten, is shown;" but Here and elsewhere

"

Mahu, commandant

By

aten."^

of the

Mazau

of

official,

of Akhet-

virtue of his office he appears to

have been entitled

to

have a standard carried be-

Unfortunately the design on the panel

fore him.

cannot any longer be deciphered with certainty ai)pears to present the execution of an

it

;

enemy

in the pictures cxcejit for the heiress, wlio Avas

Malm's men are ranged behind him unarmed. He himself is lifting his hands in excited salutation and says, "Thou makcst

now

great by troops and troops

methods

decoration

of

seems more likely that the

old

enough

developed.

fully

It

no place

artist liad

to ajipear with her parents in

by the King.

Aten

public.

(?),

thou shalt

The lower 2.

Tiiic

Front Wall, N.

lialf.

from the

RinvAKn.s of \[Aiir. Buck

'NVall,

N.

Tlatos

half.

The scenes duties

in the hall itself

The

former subject occupies the South, the latter the

North half of the chamber.

In e\'ery case the

scenes on each side of the

stelae

on the end

walls form a part of the larger picture on the

The design on

the

North

half of the front wall

gone, but a fragment in ink which survives

(PI. xxix.)

-

One

shows that on the upper part

Stf.in'iioufp, Bliilc~cil, pp. lOG,

also in

Mahu

the

reward of

important

this

Mahu might

well receive tokens

of court favour on both occasions.

Or perhaps

the artist in decorating the tomb rather had

mind

in

to indicate

Mahu's

responsibilities

:

it

the

and the system of defences round the city wdiich he had to maintain.

tlu;

tomh

of

Eames

(PI. xxxv.)

In

all this,

of course,

Mahu

did excellently and reaped generous recognition.

The whole

of this picture, being also merely

The Mazau formed the

police

force

in

important

centres, being recruited principally from a Nuljian trihe

l.'JT.

most slelao not less than three olsewliLTe. As in the tonil.) of ;\ny and once in that

;

two on

of that

name.

Their Connnandant was responsible to

the Vizier or Governor.

;

•"

for

official.

Akhetaten, and

*

Cr.

substi-

The completion of the palace and temple would be great public events in public

was seen receiving the customary honours at

'

is

temple and the palace which he had to protect,

adjacent wall.

is

except that the temple

tuted for the palace, indicating another occasion

have two subjects,

Mahu.

scenes (Pis. xviii., xix.) differ little

last,

and place

and the rewards of

thou, the ruler of

xvii.,

xviii., xix., xxix., xlii.

the

;

live for ever."^

of Tutu.

''

Cf. III. xii.

THE TOMB OF sketched

out in black

an example of the

not

ink,'

only aifords

and

ancient draughtsman and of the basis which was

but,

owing

the manual dexterity which

the day of

brush traced

sketches seems to have

a

betrays,

it

it

moment and

to

be

but

still in

see the sculptor, too,

these

left his

It

clever

or

AVe can

say.')

He promotes

'

berless masses.

Women

him-

own

least seen his

o.

portrait elaborated.

Mahu, wearing the festal cap, and with his neck laden with collars, kneels in prayer or

numA ten."

(?)

like

and children (of Malm's harem (Photograph,

The whole scene

join in

?)

PI. xlii.)

reward of the

Malm's calling that

one of the by the King, and

faithful official

the inscriptions confirm

for

were

not present, uuless the scene on the other

side of the door

(PL

xxii.) is to be

connection with

it.

Otherwise

reproduced

x.xxii. .\).

brought into

Ill

leaving the

we must suppose

that Mahu, after being honoured as shown in the scene above, presented a thankofrerin" at

elevation, a

the gate of the temple, and this prayer for his

ployed.

"Health

to

prosperity and health to him

|

!

I'liaraoh]

n A ten,

Mazau

of Akhetaten," led

whu

by

their officer

and a

crv,

God or " The

who makes monuments

to the

nil

])raise

their

King with upraised arms and (?)

In

•

one

good ruler

This building

is

is .seen

repre-

simply by the front

xviii.,

mode which peculiarity

is

is

not elsewhere em-

the terrace, reached

l)Otli

cases tiioso willi

tin.-

poinU'd (laps to their

tunics arc to tiiosc with a siiuarely -ending clotli as two to

followed by liftcen of his men, " the

standard-bearer,

A

PI.

xxxii.,

(III.

myal chariot

vouch-

(his) Art." is

temple. in

Ahmcs

l)y

XX. the

I'l.

Life,

!

him forever, (namely) Ua-eu-ia, who forms

Mahu

it

though the chariot and the occupants

sented, as

royal master,

xii., xx., xxi., xxii., xl.

must have been desi
tomb.

this

where,

The King, however,

it.

Inspection of tiik Dkfences.

llovAr,

This picture has such evident reference to

the familiar

is

—A

Back Wall. Soulh end. Plates

liomage before the great gate of the temple.

their

He promotes by

He shall live eternally

the general jubilation.

work, would not release the craftsman until he

by

*

intensely chagrined at the stoppage of the

had at

safe

So

Claim's charioteer and saises outside the crowd

modelled a head of Mahu, which was to remain for all time the only advance on the ink design

is

so as to

[in masses, in masses.

join in a similar cry, "

self,

'

(lit.

long as Atcn dawns] he will endure eternally.' "

departure for half-an-hour while his deft tool

]\Iahu

is

written, " the police of Akhet-

is

aten sing and shout the refrain'

when pressure of work elsewhere him away from the tomb, deferring his

Or perhaps

at the

but

led as before,

represents the orderly march to the temple.

it

Above them

who had looked forward

(I'hotograjih, PI. xlii.)

is

in six ranks of five.A formal review of the police of Akhetaten may have preceded the honour shown to their Commandant,

brings

to this task,

called

force.

now ranged

to

task for

our midst.

again and asain, for ever

it

!

head of his

execution singularly near to us.

its

man whose

The

and

to its provisional character

does

The good master " row above, Mahu is seen again

ever.

In the

given to the sculptor for his subsequent work

15

He

Father!

and method of the

skill

iMAHU.

i

;

whctlier as indicating a dilTercnco of roco or function,

or merely for diversity's sake,

3 I

ro

he meant.

or

This scriho

is

lici-o fioiii

tracings.

not clear.

Five

men

.omitting

<=>, must

capable of any error.

.ReadingpX^iT^^^'^JT^ 1'^^^i^i^i• O

Facsiiuileil

is

sccui to form a unit. i

xvii.

Cf.

I.

vi.i,:

III.

xii

svi..

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

IC

by an

ascent, on wliicli

The

tion of this has lieon previously suggested.'

The Queen and Princess

own, as

of the situation, seems to pester talk,

though

whole thonght

his

manairement of

more

King

witli

artist represents

given to the

a striking way.

These are not the

his steeds.

Meiytaten

easily controlled because little

playfully poking their haunches with a stick

is

be noticed how

Tt will

(1*1. xii. c.)

human and pardon

unrestrained the pictures are in this

and

]\rahu

The

!

exceptionally

we may

tomb, and in considei-ation of this

well

his artist their illiterate texts.

have an even more

officials

difficult task

than the King.

Not only ^lahu and

police

Imt also the plump vizier and

xxi.),

(I'l.

deputy,

his

constrained

obliged

feel

The

chariot.

The

policemen.

active

cursion

the

is

two

comparison

in

little

It

is

his fifteen

of

shown on

provision

means of

A

for

ci-enellatcd

ijrotection

is

or

rails

'

xxvii.,

xviii.

it,

For the

is

Ijv

connected

set

may

a

The

Plato

xviii.

shown

here the

I.

xii.,

the

the chariot

ap-

is

foremost

in

sentry-houses

it

passes

(?),

and

right

to

These,

lei't.

too,

by

linked together

block-house, are rail, for

from the guard-

takes a road flanked with

better defence against surprise

Each sentry has

his prescribed beat,

and as the royal chariot passes each inclines respectful salute, or

lifts

his

hands

in

in acclaim,

The

and the law-alnding character of the

I'ity.

shown

terrace

is

(7;(.

of the local

Cnlte d'Ato7iou,

of this wall

1. i.

see the Kej' on

ag.ain in PI. xxii.,

where truly in

the obstruction

was

It is

set

a

little

more easy

low down.

It

Front Wall.

South end.

Scenes.

Plates xxiv., xxv., xxvi.,

— No

written

clue

xii.

being

upon this wall are a dumb show which might admit of more than one given,

the scenes

The picture has been thought

interpretation. to

represent the taking of oiirui dues at the

outposts from cai'avans or peasants coming into the city with produce.

It

must be remembered,

however, that almost the whole of the supplies of Akhetaten

would be

river, cultivable

likely to reach

it

by

land on the east bank beino-

m.ay he

in Pi. xxviii. are not lioldinrj the

as has been stated.

Policing the Capital.

to ri^ht

to

rail,

chariot, as

have

and left of the which each row of columns

See alsoil/ou.

added that the sentries

he

destination,

its

house to the city

the

when

less,

behind

it.

4.

easilv

elevation rather than in plan.

rope or

proaches greeting

none the

run

to

short

one would have expected the posts to have appeared if

;

Upper

arranf,'enient

This device

explain

chariot

PI. xxi.

Plate xxviii. '

(?)."

Probably thev are rather

colnmns those pilasters in terminates, and which are such a feature -

himself

unarmed escort of police seems to witness still more powerfully to the popularity of the King

emphasizetl, and there arc

tomh-architecture

Ra

head of the police

the

at

thou who

;

that remain behind, yet kneels in front of the

(PI. xl.).

For the faoadc with masts see In

again

seen

detachment that prepares

displaced.^

II.

—

and overhanging ramparts.

of entanglements,

III., p. 24.

in

there behind the vizier

is

according as he perceives his master act.

from the ground, and

Part

is

post and

been arranged so as to give an alarm within

when

lie

ex-

afforded airainst ni^iit attack

ropes.

in the nature lieight

He

defence from the roof by

a quadruple line of posts round

by

The

(I'l. xii.).

Mahu's activity and ubiquity

hast built Akhetaten, acting as

the

iloor,

turning in his chariot to

is

Ua-cn-ra, thou livest fw- ever

like

tower entered by a door on the ground with

"

the

windowless

a

on the point of setting

is

deputy-mavor

tlie

xii.).

to be the

still

of Akhetaten to raise a loyal cry in farewell

of

that

objective

merely

the

l)efore

smifo-cstivelv

is

with

blockiiouse

above the door."

run

to

of these

"•ait

and

out again,

take leave of

tlic is

in

The King

subject.

xxii.,

(Pis. xii., xxi.,

rotuid of inspection seems

regardless

The Queen,

representations.

King's

are in the

chariot, instead of each driving her

later

Lower Scenes

an explana-

sot:

is

it

scanty and the roads to North and to South

mountaiudus.

We

have already seen the im-

TllK

posts

were

wliicli

upon

Inid

OF MAHU.

'I'OJIIi

ment

country for the support of the temple arriving

who

Probaljly, too, the scribe

in this Avay.*

but here the inner arrange-

to that already seen,

suiToundin^

tlu'.

shown.

is

It

apparently three-storied,

is

the ground-floor being used for storage of food

is

room

;

a

here

above as a guard-room, for

ever to the fore on such occasions, would be

the

more noticeable. I would ratlier suggest that the scenes show

armed sentry keeps his watch while the topmost storey forms an armoury (PI. xxiv.). FiOWKU Sf'ENKs. The meaning of the picture

Mahu

of

is

door

the

Ijelow

is

wine,

Avlicre

city,

sacks,

are

&c.,

furniture,

be

to

had.

there seems to be foi-bidding

An

him

we

xxiv.)

(1*1.

sec

(Pis. xii., xxvi.).

to take any-

On the \-\
colloquy with the vizier of Akhetaten lesser

Two

"

official,

of the

-

Lord of the

which

result

and when Malar' returns

satisfactory,

is

the store with his authorization

to

with

very

a

authority liody

at

liis

from

reception

I'^verything

cliai'ge.

in

now

is

different

he meets

Plate

seen bringing

on

fish,

the

and everyfrom

etc.,

is

the

asses, or

and the capture

off,

offenders

to bring

his

duty

for

judgment, and

this

The

is

men,

his

effected.

before

final

It is

the

episode

stands

vizier

lower di\ision

women and

children

vi/.ier is

also

outside

the

They guard-house, and when

tlii.'

the

instigated

"

who seem

I

brings

forward

words, " J'lxamine

men whom

princes, (these)

are

on their shoulders.

with

prisoners

of

and

dismounts

I^lahu

gunrd-lmuse.

bread, water-jars, and even

arc received at the

quota

in

There,

xxiv.

flowers,

shown

summons, armed forked sticks, and a

!

I)roug]it liy the villagers to the is

master, and a posse of the

porch of a gateway, attended by "the cliicf princes of Pharaoli (Life, Prosperity and Health to him ) and the commanders of soldiery who stand in the presence of His Majesty" (PI. xii.).

the stores, l)ut the (laily tale of fresh provisions

This scene

curious

represented.

disposnl.

^lahu draws his supply of weajjons,

is

its

at

The

brisk.

Mahu, escorted by four of

{i).

drives

The

the day during the Egyptian winter.

in

javelin

early

running

is

batons,

with

always welcome

is

men

six

and

alert

is

chariot already awaits

and a

are gathered round a bnizier of bui'iiiug

coal or logs,

one

every

once

Lands, praised by liim, llecianefer."

They

is

There ^lahu, leaning on Ids The whereabouts staff, listens to the news. .\t of some malefactors has been discovered.

employe

thing without a siiiucd warrant. therefore

brazier of

brought outside and blown

or stirred into a bright bla/.e by a house-servant

cloth,

vessels,

A

subordinates.'

burning embers

requisite from the (iovernmenfc stores in the

called out of his house to hear

is

of his

report

a

In the early

somewhat more obvious.

is

morning ^lahu

Mahu, with a detachment of ten seen coming, as I assume, to take what

xxv.

I'l.

men,

Above

iruard-houses.

tlie

;

—

superintending the periodical revictual-

linix

in

fully

his

ye.

the foreigners liave

Tiie three hand-cuffed wretches.

(V).

be spies

to

or

are

assiissins,

of

one may be an Egyptian, The exclamation Bcdawin. the others pcrliaps As the of the vizier, " As the Aten cndureth

different nationalities;

I

I

complete the scribe reports to \Ialiu,

!

I

wlio, attended

bv

food (Plate xxv.).

his dog, inspects tlie

The block-house

array of

is

'

ruler endurcth

PI. viii.,

His

and

title

is

I.

«

xxix.

scaicfly

logible,

but his dress

is

•

The

oil on

dis-

is

a scene which, in reference to a smaller

WliiU

rc'iinuMs ui

PI. xxv.

warming

tinctivc.

probably evinces his adiniia-

tion at the imi)ortiuice of the capture.

similar

It

'

" !

bis

111.

iiik-skelch of bis liomo

Nolo csppoially llic bands over tlie (ire.

is

sliown

figure of tlic sen-anl

I

hieroglyplis overliead only S'^ve his

rank once more.

name and

-

I

am

indclitcil

to

Mi".

Grillilh

for

tla-

signilicuiice of tbc final scone as Kiveii above, \

I

I'

(h-ociso

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AJtARNA.

18

matter, village

might be to-day.'

As

enacted to

in

any Egyptian

the jars,

etc.,

whicli

appear above the chariots,

whether they connect above, merely

property '

fill

by

the

had a striking proof that life in Egypt is little more mutBeing called out of able than the art which represents it. the toml) one day by the sound of voices, I found that the police of the excise had lain in wait in tlie early dawn and had captured two miseralile salt-diggers, whom they were

Mazaii.

driving off to the village, bent double

poly was abolished a few months

iis

in

tbe picture

;

to

is

liard to

scene

with

up space, or represent

recovered

Curiously enough, while engaged upon the scenes, I

no doubt

it

this

activity

say that

stolen

of

the

go through a similar examination from the

village dignitaries in tbe midst of the ruins of Akhetaten.

And

yet the world

moves

I

This contemptible salt-monolater.

19

CHAPTER

IV.

THE TOMB OF APY il

A. AUCHITKOTHKAL FkATURES. Plate XXX.

This toinh

ms

it

stands

The siuall,

is

and

siin^jlo,

Only the door and cntr;ince-way are

rnde.

The passage

completed and decorated.

to

it

through the rock slope has not yet been cut

down

to the floor-level, so that one descends

by

rough steps into the tomb. The framing of the doorway had the customary form nnd decoration, but only the inscription

on the right jamb

is

in

coloured hieroglyphs

now worth reproduction

Translation on p.

xxxix.

31).

'J'hat

(PI.

on the

left-hand had similar cartouches and apparently

name had not

the same text, but the personal

showed the familiar design and three ])rinccsses wor(^ueen the King,

been cut. (if

Tiie lintel

shipping the sun, but

it is

almost erased.

tomb wasprobal)ly sanded-up when

The

religious

tlie

period and

is

to

the Aten. interior

Tlic

cross-cori'idor

is

was

very t<j

l)e

The

rough. etdarged

narrow

into

a

hall,

with a row of four colunuis and two pilasters

down

the

;in' ciiilv

the

in

centre.

These features, however,

niugiilv blocked out,

rock

which

a.

slanting lissure the

traverses

(liaiiiber

liaving discouraged the (juarriers.

which the

results,

pp. 87-92.

10.

Published

in

Mon.

Pis. .\xxviii., xxxix., xl.

ilii

Ciiltr d'Aloiioii, I.

(I

Mates

painted, and the

The

zeal with

anatom-

artists of .\klietaten .sought

generally with the most unhappy

seen in the modelling of the collar-

is

l)one

and the neck-muscles.

little

exaggerated.

The

The King's

figures are but

profile,

which

is

perfectly preserved, shows a considerable variation

from that

tomb of Maliu

the

in

(PI. xv.),

the lips being more sharply cut and the angle of

This of

the nose different.

more c(mvention.d, but

Apy

the

strikes one as

impossible

angle

given to the skull, and especially to the occiput,

heads of the

The oulv other scene

ventional

pcrit^xl

throvs out the whole

feature of interest in the con-

King and Queen, votive

j)ieces,

one

tlie

made

offering

the

is

device, wherein in

I)y

the

namely, of happy

ca.se

the (^ueen,

in

the other two of her daughtei's, support the car-

touches

family, the to

l)e

a

The

the Aten.

(if

(^ueen

visible

for

plcilge

i\ing oU'ei's for his

herself;- and

that

tlie

it

seems

members

of

the lioyal family arc one in loyalty to Aten and

deserve the royal epithet

" M|iliiil(ling the inimc

of Aten." So also

TomI)

of the

.style

excellently preserved

The scene was

ical correctness,

in

Petrik,

Bliilezcit. p. 155. '

licst

of startling bri^jhtncss.

still

face.

hymn

the

in

blue of the sky, the hieroglyphs and the helmets

Hence the two sides of the entrance provide us on the one hand with the best-preser\'ed poi-traits the best-preserved text of the shorter

still

is

xxxi., xliv.).

in the

King and Queen, and on the other with

executed

is

Axn Inscriptions.

ScKxr.s

which represents the royal family at

])ancl

worship

reaction took place, and did not sutler outrage.

of the

TnK

B.

feiilhers,

as

tlie

T.A., pi.

xii.,

and STKtNDoiiKK,

In the former the Queen wear.s four princesses here wear three, perhaps in

impersonation of Maat.

THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMARNA.

20

As

name

elsewhere,' the

caressed with pretty phrases

of the

she

;

is

Queen

trance will be found on Plates xxxii., xxxiii.,

is

" the liered-

with others, and a translation on

in collation

The

text, like those in a corresponding

itary princess, pjroat in favour, lady of grace,

p.

dowered with gladness

situation in the

Aten

rises to

shed

favour on her and sets to multiply her love

the

;

the

;

and

great and beloved wife of the King, Mistress of

South and

who

Nefertiti,

She

is

North, T^ady lives

of

Two

tlic

Lands,

this

was

his prayer,

filled

with a figure

but only

in ink.'

iigurc has completely disappeared

The

so.

It

)iute,

till'

l:ii

who

hymn

added, however, at

which

is

of the Rnyal

(r)

T!ie

and the text

wanting Sci-ilie

on the opposite

tlic

in

end the perso-

tJie

other, " for

and Steward, A]iy,

text on thr

I'iiiht

hand

side of the en-

present

Ahnies "^riie

-

J I.,

p. 14;

HI., pp. 7,15.

Reproduced

in

Mov.

ilii

Perhaps the space was

wall.

horizontal bands to re-

in

plank-door,

It is plain

the I'eadin^of the text was already very unceitain.

that

as

panels

twi>

for

columns of liieroglyphs.

tomb

of

left (l*]ast) side is

on

fornuda.

.\py

31

column is

loyal Scribe

).

trolled, sn

service.

the

(,*f

ti'aiislation

p.

and Steward.

that he

latter

ink

of

began

given no other

it

by three onl\'

cut (Plate xxxii.

Traces

also

was marked

colouring

that on the

1

the

in

ceiling of the entrance-way

formed what household fictitious.

been

(III. xxviii.).

CiiJlc iVAtoiioii, I., pp. 00, 91,

but the iiguve appears to be

have

blank, in order that the

left

is

this

tills

into

oft'

of 1

would

figure

sometimes coloured

that the right

lives again."

The

kneeling

text might be read wlien the door was thrown

was only another and

latter

abbreviated copy of the

nal

A

back against

Apy and

\v'all.

'

occupy the whole of the wall-

ailded liehny, and the space to the right, here

and elsewhere,

followed by her three daughters with

The space below

nearly

;

tombs of Malm, Rames, Tutu

iVy, does not

space.

always and for ever."

sistra.

of

28.

^vith the

titles

:

show same

than those

"We are not

in-

was which he con-

mav have

lieen

past active

21

CHAPTER

V.

TOMB OF RAMES A. Arcihtkotuuai- Fkatukks.

(?

tained

usual form, and a

of the

te.Kts

given

tition of the titles

repe-

l\ames elsewhere.

to

I'lalc xxxiv.

The Tins tuuib

a small onv, and of the simplest

is

cross-corridor

There

type.

cncourajietiient

to

indeed

^vas

for

chamber

showed

of enlarging or fully dccoivatiug the

i

'

abandoned, and the walls were not

\vas

much

in

same

the

The

state.

Rames adoring

figures of

lintel

cartouches.

The columns on the jambs began with a

a

broad vein of gravel intersects the chamber.

The hope

door are

little

ambitious,

anvthiiifr

inscriptions on the framing of the outer

i

even smoothed.

kflp.p-sdt'H

for

with

proceeded

formula;

(///-

requests

such favours as "the loaves which are

set

out in the I'resence, bread, beer, birds," &c.

and ended,

;

for the kn of the Royal Scribe,

''

]

A

door, however,

was fashioned

the back

in

Commandant

Lord of the

of the soldiery of the

I

and

wall,

where seated wife

his

in

oil'

plaster,

and of

I

They were evidently thoroughly

g^

^

^^

-,^

and carefully worked,

pleasing

P

the

7

elaborate

chamber now contains jamb (?) of Rames, which is said to have been bnt found near the tomb by M. Barsanti which, as a matter of

town-ruins bv

TroiV'^or

him

common

with

arm.

her

has l)een written

Apparently

her lap.

known

a

it is

name

on

Ncbt-

of

the

The inscriptions on the door-framing

The

there.

a

in

a

tomb

Would well it

While

name. for

such

suit the

reads, " provisions

a

may

joy

name

house-mistress, liny."''

cartouches, with a figure

(?)

and a short prayer

The jambs appear

to

have cou-

[7-](.'«./"),

the

scribe

The

loinh

d'Aloiion,

(No.

^

spult

11)

I., x,\.\vii.

is

and

[m

'

v

pubUshud pjj.

83-85.

°"

''''°

outer

J/c»i.

inscription

its

;

for

within the house (iiis)

belly having

not be

(?)

lost (nni

Rames, born of the It

thus appears

It

iiiitlninlis.

lintel.

Cidlc

place

that

tomb may

be such as were also written on the doorposts

=

in

no

is

the inscriptions on the doors of the

of the living, mnliitis is

stone,

of entertaimncnt every day, his

however, small

there

{zrj'a.ii)

On

the lintel there was a single set of the five

is,

door-jamb of u house

neluj

The name

the

in

and conveyed

I'etrie

name

identity of

arc in faded ink, and arc practically illegible.

'

was found

fact,

embraces

ant,

at each end.

-

;

proof of identity of person in the case of so

elsewhere,

period.

The

it.

the right

Her name, which does not occur

INSCRIPTION ON HTATHK.

not re-excavate

did

1

East corner of the

the

in

iln' woman sits on side of the man and

treatment,

W-

receiving

Avigs

pit

inanl-Iicni."

part of a stone door-

the rock demiinded, and hence they have suffered considcrabK'.

a

is

chamber; bnt

the cnarsc nature of

!\s

Lands, Raines,

There

'<

These figures were

were hewn.

(?)

finished

of the deceased

statues

Two

formed into a niche,

entrance

its

Moil,

du

Cullc d'Aloiion,

I.,

p.

has two or lliroc iiuiccuracies. ^ • For the ka of" is oniillud, bu

80.

it

need hardly Tlic copy there

nolcil.

TIIK

lie

said that ilwvc

Raines

this

at

tunili

is

\vitli

still less

hose j^reat

\\

shuws the

i\l)(l-el-Giinieh

T(JJMBS

^imhuiI lu ideiilily

uauiesake

that

HOCK

traiisi'ur-

inatinn of iVmeuhetep IV. into Akheiiaten.

would liardK so poor

well

lia\'e

name ol The title,

tile

ditlcreiit.

Neb-maat-ra

of

uarroweil his auihitioiis to

and

a liurial-jilace as this,

as

"

his

his oiiices as

wife (" sister

" Steward of the

given

XXXV. seems indeed

lie

to

to

J{aines

show

that

on

")

are

House I'late

llames had

OF EL AMARNA, presents a very diflerent aspect frnm that in the

tomb of

but

it

might possibly refer

to

some present

i>.

Entrance.

it

simple in

moulded

is

The King

incense, the (Jueeii a cruse of ointment

the

in

tomb

daughters are

is

illegible,

known

;

The wall

oilers

As

(?).

of ^lahu, Merytateu alone of

present.

and

The cartouches

their

form

of

tlierelbre

the

A ten

is

not

one would expect them to be the same

as in the neiglibouring

tigure

are

well ol'

tomb

of

Apy.

and face of Uanies on the opposite jireservcd

the prayer

is

and

pleasing.

A

given on p. 30.

AND iNSCinPTinNS. Phitcs

xi.,

xx.w.,

xl. '

The scene on

much more

is

rapidly crumlding away.

is

translation

ScEIvES

it

design, and the jilaster in which

held that important olHce under the late king,

jippoiutmeiit.

A})y.'

the left

hand

in

the cntranee

Tills picture

.tones.

has Ijeen tlravvn fur

me

by

Mi'.

Ilarukl

23

CHArTP:K

VI.

TOMB OF NEFER-KHEPERU-HER-SEKHEPER (^^j'^P^)-' xxxvi., xxxvii.,

(I'lates

TnKtoiiib uf this

Kinns

wlio in his

by

Buuriant in

^I.

time

lirst

for they

;

" R.

ceiling in smoke,

1830,"

" C.

and

uul-diil

and cleared but not for

iS'j;'),'

found written on the

Hay opened

Laver

tomb

this

13

is

interesting; only for its architect-

Not that these

ural features.

employed elsewhere

in this necropolis

been used on a larger

to

spotless whiteness

its

preservation, this toml), even in

its

admirable

and good

half-finished

one of the most jdeasing examples of

is

rock-architecture

It

is

the

only

where the cross-chamber, sup-

here

instance

b]gypt.

in

ported on a single row of colunnis, has ])een carried so far towards completion as to convey

any idea

of tbe ultimate effect

;

it

and no one can

without being struck by the

the

columns

Tlu'cc times out of four the nmiio

'

tfic

strokes of the plunil.

chapter devoted to Tlio sketch-plan

found on

is

crowdctl

are

p. G5,

it

in

^

Deux

'

llccucil, XV., p. 3y,

Hcautiful of forms ile

'

(a

name

are furnislied with a roll-moulding at the corners,

and are surmounted by a cavetto-cornice and

The columns

S-stemmed type already described in Tart p.

oo

;

but, like

Layer's plans are given

all

have nuuli more graceful proportions than their As they successors in the Northern group. stand, they are without bases and spring from the

rough

floor.

They

are

a

7'J.

he

have led to

second

a

chamber or

been, carried

i-ctains

King) fosters."

traces of

its

to

29,817,

fol.

shrine,

a finish.

IJ.

had

The

embryo form, the in

tlie

and

to

left.

porUils

in

Tliese are doul)le in form, witiiin a

doorway, a iiandshall meet

some decorative feature which we

is

in

not well laid out,

these tombs.

being askew

Tiie witii

and the transverse architraves arc

MSS.

foi-

which the front half of the chainl)cr terminates

with freiiuently

inscription on the janib

in ll.w,

white,

been meant to receive colour. .V portal is set in the back wall, wliich might

showing a doorway

lias

will

pure

the coknnns of this group do not seem to have

(No. 13)

d'Atuiioii, I., p.

ii.,

those in this necropolis, they

to right

given. ^

xxxvii.) are of the

(I'l.

naiiow cross-corridor lumb,

fouillcs, p. 9.

whero the

their

ends on pilasters, wliich, according lo custom,

wi'ittcn witiiout

for the

this,

latter rest, or are feigned to rest, at both

chamber

together,

and the description, however,

"

joiirs

touib

Mon. da Cidtc

conformity with

in

lT),

assigned to a 12-cofumncd tomb.

-

'

Tiic

is

aisle in the axis of

fatal loss of

beauty in larger tombs, such as Nos. IG or

where

a

abaci carry architraves parallel with the axis as

the enterprise see

l)y

iuive

I'ornis

its

and,

entrance,

the centre

for tiiere

and carried nearer

scale,

Yet owing

proportions, to

;

down

The two central ones arc

of six colunnis.

abacus.

are several tombs where the same

completion.

from those

differ

divided

wider apart to afford an

set

The

Tomb

state,

row

is

this

tomb."^

to

The chandjcr

well as the ends of the longitudinal architraves.

measured

I.s;50

mazes rather than buildings.

was

iiiunt',"

IHS;^,'

completely by M. Daressy in the

/,c;il

taking un epigrtun for a

in

openeil

official,

mutually blotthig one anotlier out. and forming

xliii.)

seriously out of the square.

of the

chamber the

still

a.\is,

more

The heightonmg

room towards the back, however, may

THE ROCK TOMRS OF KL AMARNA.

24

be

an

means

arcliitcctural

increasing

ol'

its

As

is

plain from the pl«itcs,

tlic

chamber

is

only half finished, and this in a curious manner, the upper part lieing in a iinal state

down

to

was driven right

stairway

untouched

in date.

the lower part

columns

is

seem

slowly and

emerging

be

to

so that the slim

;

a

and

the last detail, save inscription and colour, Avhilc

level

left

it,

The

coffin.

of size sudicient

two

immediately on

may, or may not,

ExTKitioit.

landing at the

descending galleiy

sligiitly

at right angles to

receive

to

I'rom the

a rough and

foot

appai-ent size.

and

necessary,

—The

entrance

galleries

entering

to

the

contemporary

l)e

was

the toml)

to

without injury from a suljsiding bank of rock.

neatly finished, but no traces of any designs are

This feature, though very marked

now

is

nuticcahle

every other, and

nearly

in

already been commented upon JiuuiAi.-ri.ACE.

—

It

tomb,

in this

lias

evident that there was

is

completing the tomb

no longer any hope of when the burial was made. central

was finished

aisle

As soon

to

the

as the

foot of the

columns and the whole area was cleared well

down below fined

their labours to the North-East

usually placed.

to

that

is

now

half of a

visible

able tlirough the

the

surface

unforeseen

forming

a.

stairway

in

it,

Inu'rov/cd

Eastern wall without paying a.ny orifTinal

carried

jiian little

ol'

to the

The stairway was ihan was aljsolutely

the toml).

further

into the

heed

four columns similarly

the right

all

mordant po\ver

(I'late

xxxvii.

The abandonment

31).

spot

on the

in the plaster, and,

and fragments of the upper part decipher-

so

the

All

on the right, the lower

the lower third of

was

at

no

lelt,

first,

a well

is,

column cut

p.

sunk

were,

doubt, duly sketched out on Itoth jambs.

without

tlicu

Inscriptions

grace.

staying to remove the intervening rock, and,

they

hasty

a

cut,

sepulchre

the

to

and

preternatural

and here

commemorate the desecure for him some measure of to

con-

Disengaging the columns

stairway

the

Avhcre

ceased,

made

Avas

outside

lintel

corner,

quarricrs

the

the capitals,

were similarly prepared, attempt

(p. in).

The jambs and

apparent.

that

the

of

tiic

ink

translation

:

the

of

royal

jamb has not received

on

work was

jin-iiomeii its

<>n

on

cartouche.

\Vv here learn that the owner Avas " Governor of Akhetaten,"

and by holding

post took rank

as "

this responsible

head of the notables."

26

CHAPTEK

Vil.

THE TOMB OF SUTI xxxviii,, xxxix.)

(I'liites

I

This

(Nu.

(-umh

1"))

is

ol'

columuiir

ment of entrance,

hall,

;i

'

have been sijuarc

to

On

the

left,

On

the

'

achieved, less

right,

tomb than

in

tlu;

prayers on

tiie

a

little

much weather-worn on

order

in

to

tlie

Here

faeatk:.

are (I'l.

still

the

not empty) and a

extant, though

xxxix.

were hewn out

translation

:

of

the corridor, no

well (which

the

portals

doubt with

at tlie

intention

in the last

tomb.

We

have already met with

wont

Dahessy,

il/o/i.

steward of Tyi, having become at a later date '

the

marshal,

or

jiorhaps

c\en

the

bearer of one such."

The chamber

da Cultc d'Alunou,

.

licciicil, xv., p. '12.

I.,

pp. G7-G!).

to take

some royal epithet as a designation, Huya, the

of

I

Publisl-.cd in

did

purpose.

guilds such as these, which were

each end of

^ '

1

gallery to the South

little

lor this

Nefer-kheperu-ra."

forming shrines containing statues, as in the larger tombs. These portals are of the double

form met with

been

Suti was standard-bearer of " the guild of

beginning has been made of excavating interior

h:us

a makeshift

secure

A

resting-place for the dead.

p. 31).

A

more

;

the

jamb

only the capitals

hope of completing the

[

except

and

i

and the corridor are executed with but no j)art has i-eeeived

decoration,

in shape,

of tin-ee columns have been separated from the

mass.

The exterior door-framing, the

care and well-finished

was

columns each.

hirgc

or at least the rough comineucc-

one.

liehind

divided into three aisles by two rows of four

thu ci'oss-corridur

type, but with tlio udditiou behind of

a^nii)'

'

I

I'art 111., ri. \ii. uiul p. y.

standard-

2(1

CHAi'^'EK VIII. THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS A. TlIKlli CllAKACTEK.

The

grave at

thv

iu

Iiyiniis

Aiiiarua

I*>1

literary

so little

-witli

make sense,

often scarcely

no instinct

exliibit

nor even for the

known

A

composition,

multitude of short phrases

the Royal

culled i'rom

in a single sentence.

reproduction of well-

faithi'ul

liturgies.

llymn

His longer

a

number

texts

pr(_)fessiunal

made up

^\'ere

of

of these liturgical expressions, strung

together with

little

tediously alike

regard for literary

sentiment and

in

most of the hymns

i'orm.

If

plirascology,

com-

are, in a sense, original

and allbrd us some insight into the

positions,

mind of the ordinary hension

have

to

new

the

of

faith.

surprising that there should originality,

if,

as

it

and

I*]gyptian

It l>e

his

compre-

somewhat

is

even so

niucli

appears, uKJst of the toml)s

were made to the order of the Iving

;

orthodoxy of the pious ])hrases and

but the the long

adulations of Akhenaten might counterbalance this latitude in his eyes. to compilation

tonilis

word

of

for

tiie

new

Avas

propensity

llie

a Theban

piety, simply

Ahmes and

word

this

was not everywhere apparent.

Huya, who [lerhaps instructed in

Yet

I'enthu,

and

went

the

little oflicial

less

to the

and l)orrowed

four longest prayers wliich

'

fifth

lie

help

from

who

.Mahu,

and sixth time

prayer which had been written

But Apy's more

iiave

been specially

dull.

do nothing

capalile scribe can

better ^vith his second wall -space thnn repeat

the same composition

;

while the Royal Hyuni.

though incomparably superior, was plagiarized

and mutilated, but never recopied.

Hymn

Royal

Perhaps

and that feeble echo of

whicli, in distinction, I liave called the

Hymn

to the

it,

Shorter

Aten, wore the only two com-

committed

positions that were

to writing,

and

of these the shorter and less poetic compilation

seems speedily to have gained po})ular It

^vc

favoiu'.

might have been thought that here,

have

a

\\'here

Ireshly-composed and local hymn,

containing the creed of a

new and

victorious

propaganda, with the Iving himself as auth(jr

and

we

preacher,

t}'ped

have

should

text free from

all

a

stereo-

corruption and

the

variance that years and repeated transmission

Nothing

liring.

farther

is

from

the

truth.

The great hymn is only known in one copy, and that not exempt from suspicion. As to this Shorter plete

Hymn, no one

version

can

feel

original composition

reading that lor

;

it

it

com-

in its

rci)resents

it

an

contains no pro-

gression of thought and no unity.

It separates,

indeed, on consideration, into two distinct hymns.

The

first

" thy son thee,

I must again acknowlLTlj^c substantial the Editor in luatteis of tiansiiition.

poverty of feeling was

The worthy

may

doAvn ibr him,

its

memory from

some "teaching of the King," seems formed the stock-in-trade of the

more marked.

still

this

echoing

or

thoughts, or else lingering in the

scribe.

they

skill tiiat

for true

tliis

iiiaiiit'est

the pronouns changing

from one person to another

They

Karlier,

could only repeat for the

provided slmw

is

uvery

-which

and subtraction, and are put

signs of addition

together

with

Atcii

needed.

ends, is

perhaps,

pure, doing

with

what

is

the

sentence,

well-jileasing to

living Aten, whenevei' he appears "

the secojid begins with the words, the Sun."

What

lies

"The

;

and

son of

lietween the two seems an

TilK KELIUIOUS TEXTS. intcrpulatioii, pfrliaps itself tiikcu bodily

some due

from

The addition inuy hiivc been

third source.

to a misuuderstaadiu;.;- of tlie plu'ase, "

when-

anything,

if

former

the

ground of variance, and to a great length

the rising of the Aten, and tu need expansion.

insight.

hymn,

the te.Kt in Meryra,' hiulogizing

god,

lias

unity and development,

the appearance of the visible

first

goes on to notice his creative and

it

life-

giving power, and then his ability to bestow

With the day comes

happiness. finds its

joy,

and

this

expression in the temple worship.

fit

This leads

mention of the King as chief

to

Meryra

^vhich roughly corresponds to

Any

from

that

passage

passage repeats the picture

and

King,

all

creation, the

god rejoicing

the

grammatical

ol'

and

disconnection

hymn

second

variant

the

" he says "

out, or are represented

King, &c.," which

have been dro])ped

by a sentence

fnun

creation

the

plants

Perhaps we have not the end of

borrows

It

its

Which

lonely

it,

upward.

for finish

thought wholly,

very words, from the Royal

its

is

and

Hymn.

of the texts collated on Pis. xxxii.,

then,

.xxxiii.,

his

be a creator and a sustainer of a

to

lacking.

goes on to

it

Aten passes from

the

is

to bt; relied ui)nn ?

shows us that we are

from the original,

far

though we have aj)parently

Study soon

all

have

to

curtailed since

His long omission, too, though

seems

Avhich

hymn,

elements of the saitli

but only

if

as

it,"

And,

the priest, this

precisely

is

He

intei'polated.

if

as the

may

even adds to

lie

a

little

of

possibly have lieen the case

we suppose

;

that his scribe wiu; using

up

fill

space,

phrase "without ceasing" as a

to secure tiie

oi-

it,

were iiimself the

lie

hymn smacks

the extended version, and that to

fitting conclusion, lie

borrowed some incongruous

passages from the supplement.

had also the

It

advantage of adding a short laudation of the

King

to the very curt ix'ference of the original.-

Apart altogether from the

This second part also has

of the King's loyalty to the Aten,

eternity

by the

Beginning with an expression

a certain unity.

grateful

"

often added near the outset

is

in the complete text.

show how

The

a laudation of the ,\ten bv the

is

The words

King.

its

;

however, suggest an alien origin.

texts,

often

unison

in

plainly

seems, therefore, to be aware of the original

composer.

interpolated

these have gone

or perhaps from his source,

verbally alike.

celebrant in the Aten wcjrsliip, and so to a con-

The

Tutu

apparently due to lack of space,

cluding Word

his praise.

seems ;

in

and not with advantage or

he omits an error of Auy's, though elsewhere

" J\'[eryra

in

the

Capricious alterations seem the chief

original.

ever he uppcjirs," whieli was thuu^dit to refer to

Tiie first

from

further

is

tlie

appearance

(lie

In'iini,

character and

causes

to

of variation, of

slud\

when

iuimi)er

cumstances ought

ma\'

wliich

textual criticism.

I

clearer j)erccption ol

intrinsic merit of

ol'

\ariants of this peculiar cir-

the

ha\e eliminated a

presents

all

the

jn'oblem,

the

much

have

hope others

value

will

lor

reach

a

the process by which the

original hynni

has taken the forms before us.

At present

plain that both oral

it is

transmission played a pari clear

what

their

iierc.

and written

nut

it

is

not

mutual relations weie.

the tomb-copies,

through which corruption and alteration might

groups other

:

15.

The texts plainly fall into two Any and Meryru on the one side on the

have crept

l,oMii;i;

l'l;.\vl•;l!^;.

in.

I.

;

Apy and Tutu,

be considered

in

with I\Iahn (too corrupt to

detail).

The

tween the two groups are largely

differences in

be-

\ocabulary

Tomb Tomb

xxxvii.

:

tninslation

ib., p.

5U.

of

Smoktku llvMN

Apy.

of .\iiy.

]Jol.li

Id TUi; .\ti:x.

enlrancu-walls (Plule

xliii.).

Left ontraiice-Wiill.

;

•

1.

TiiK

This prolmbly was the reason

iiivmiublc addition of the suooiid part.

for

the othcnvisc

nocK tomrr of

'rriK

28

Toml)

Malm.

of

Vouf texts (Plates

xxix.,

xvi., xxiii.,

Loft entrance-wall.

Tonili of Tutu.

Toml)

Mcryra.

of

entrance-wall

inner

Eiylit

(I.,

xxxvii.).

collation of all the texts on Plates xxxii.,

Previous copies or publications are Moit. dii Cidtc d'Atonon,

(Apy)

plate xxviii.

:

pp. OG,

H.\Y,

"

29,814,

L'lloTE,

(Tutu).

An

plates

;

I

the

p.

;

xlviii.

:

i.

(Tutu).

106/).

iii.

;

112 (Tutu).

29,847,

15

fol.

27 (Meryra).

r
ailoration of

]).,

(Meryni)

30

fol.

liv.

pp. MS-Ol

;

xlii.,

Piuhl, TnscrijMons,

Lkpsius,

(-Apy).

cxcii.

.V.S'.S'.

(Any)

43 (Any).

llcrncil, xv. p.

cxci.,

xxxiii.'-

:

plate xxxviii.

I.,

5'2

p.

;

102 (Mahu): plate

98,

'J7,

Dauessy, pis.

and thou

Hawk

livint;

of the

two horizons,

exults on the horizon

whieh

Lifrht

le

del'

at seeing thee

'J,

and

ever,

liy

titc

Two Lands, Sun, irho (jrctil

Kiiuj

who

lives

Eternity is

K ive-;

life for

stopped

Thou

'

art

'

Thv

and

radiant, fair

thy rays

:

"

Lord

Aten, '

strong

strike (?)

surface "leams, giviu''

life

'•'

:

ujion

their

the

in

Thou

givest

(When)

life

thou

the

sendest thy

in praise to

rays ever}'

musicians,

joyful in the Court of the

are

thy

by thy beauty, and there

to hearts

singers,

nostrils

morning on the

House

and

land

of the Bcidicii

is

in

(?)

are

(and

in)

criers

"every temple in Akhetaten," that '* perfect place '° with which thou art well pleased, and in which food and fat things are offered.

fur crcr and ever:'

living

wrapped up,

are

Eastern horizon of heaven. " (Then) their arms are (outstretched)

festival;'^

tlic

risest as their lord.

thou dawnest

until

;

ever tlic

(when) thou

Their heads

die.

is life.

"/'

''O

himself

(But when) thou settest on the western horizon of heaven, they lie down after the manner of those who

The

'

Tnilh, Lord cf

in

life

^0

beautiful,

is

great and large

mankind.''

of

Trnlh, Lord o/ Diadrms, Akhcnidcn,

in

rising !

name

Ncfei-hhcpriii-iii-Va-cn-ra, the Son

lircs

in his dariUiiin, udio ijircs

"Thy love

who

"

"

who

the Sun-disc

is in

tiis

thy love.

with

formed himself, who made every land, and created what is on it; both mankind and all herds and flocks, and the trees wdiich grow on the ground. They live when ' thou dawncst on them.-' Thou art mother and '" father '" for " those whose eyes thou hast made. When thou dawncst they sec by means of thee." '' '-Thy rays illumine the entire land. Every heart exults

k((.

who

Two Lands

the

lillest

reverend god,"

xl.).'

A

amakna.

rt,

"

of

thy all

to hearts,'

Thy son

is

pure, doing

what

is

well pleasing

'^'

to thee,

living Aten,"^ in his festal appearances.''

thou hast made leaps before thee thy " O living Aten, is in joy. rejoicing in heaven every day " " All that

;

revered son exults," his heart

'''

!

The

'

text given in the

is that on the left For the others see Part I.,

collation

entrance-wall (Plate xxix.). pp. 50,51. I rely

-

my own

copies entirely, except in the

fol-

— (1) The text on the left entrance-wall of Apy (Apy a), very unreliable in the days of Bouriant, is now nearly invisible. (2) The text in the tomb of Any, lowing cases:

also in ink, has deteriorated,

and Bouriant's copy some-

l\[cryra has, "

good ruler." Tutu has, " when thy rays shine '" Tutu seems to omit " father." " Meryra has, " all that thou hast made. As for their eyes, when thou dawncst they see by means of thee." '^

on

"

The

texts

times adds a sign or two to the top and bottom of the columns. (3) .\ great part of the text of Tutu is now

the sense.

destroyed, and

has joy,

I

use

in

these places the texts of Hay,

Lepsius, and Bouriant, the last-named having preference. • This sentence in italics has probably been added, in

order to justify the use of the

first

person singular

but

zcdcf

("he

saith ") implies or feigns

composition.

Apy

have used the

latter form, but 1

A {Mon.. da Ciillc d'Atonon, p. 90)

cannot verify

may

this.

has,

Mahu "

break

when thy

off

here without

rays give light the entire land

ind every heart exults."

me

regard to

(Ab neb has been This seems an

after reshut in the Plate).

Tutu omits the whole passage. Tutu adds, " (thou) feedest and iUuminest

error. "'

it."

A

bad reading. '*

of

Tutu has,

"

thy

(?)

temple," and Meryra, " every shade

Ra on the horizon " {sic, perhaps for) " in Akhetaten." Any and Meryra have " every shrine."

'*

Tutu has "to the living Aten." regard what follows (from arij-ch to mesy-cf at I least) as an interpolation in the original, owing to khayef Ijeiog taken to refer to the dawning of Aten (hence Tutu's more grammatical ari/-cj'). Khay-cf would then belong to the original, though not occurring in Meryra, '"

''

Tutu reads, " O divine and sovereign father, the Aten, whose life is ever fresh " Any and Meryra have, " gleaming " (or " white "). ' Any and Meryra have, " Shall (V) make eyes for all '

!

"'

that thou hast created."

Tutu has perhaps " thy surface (lit. " colour " spelt as in L. Z*.,iii. 107((, col. 2) gleams (or " is white ") with '

;

lovo."

Any

omitted by

in the

second part, or when the text was accompanied by a picture of the King at worship (Apy A, Tutu, Mahu a, I), d). To judge from the prayers, an (" by ") only implies recital,

'•

of

perhaps for lack of space. " Tutu has " all that he has made leaps before him. Thy son exults." '' Tutu has " Tlie Aten is born in heaven every day."

THE HKTJGlnUS TEXTS. He

"

hath given birth to his revered son Ua-cn-ra,' unto him without ceasing.- The Son of the Sun,

like

'

upholding '

am

I

l)cauty,

liis

Nofer-kheperu-ra-Ua-en-ra [says]

thy son, serviceable to thee, upholding thy name.

Thy might and power are firmly " fixed in my heart. Thou art the living Atcn, and eternity is thy portion. Thou hast made the far-olT heaven that thou migiitest dawn tlicrein, that thou niightest sec all tliat thou hast made. Thou art alone,' but infinite vitalities are in thee '

•*

to give

them

'

life.

Tt is a

breath of

to (their) nostrils

life

'

All flowers blow

(?)

that which grows on the soil

;

(?)

dawning; they drink draughts before thy upon tlieir feet. The birds that the nest fly with joy their wings that were

thrives at thy

All cattle leap"

face."

were

in

flying

;

move

closed

to

(?)

quickly with

A

praise

to

the

North thickness (Plate

iii.).

do

previous co]5y

f/f fnTH, rapieis,

is

.Men,

living

""

'

Penthu.

2.

adoration of Horakhti-Aten

iii.

[who

'"

gives

life for

[dawning] in the sky and shining early on the hori/.on of heaven, coming in peace, the Lord of Peace

to thee,

Tlie entire land assembles at

!

hands (are outstretched) in praise at thy dawning. They prostrate themselves on the ground when thou shinest on them. They shout to the height of heaven they receive joy and gladness [they] exult thy rising

[their]

;

;

;

(when) they see Thy Majesty. Thou sendest thy rays on all men. They go forth when thou attaincst heaven,

Thou

the goodly road.

takest

eternally in a place of favour, in

me

settest

my

[numsion] of bliss. My spirit goes forth to sec thy rays, to feed on its ort'erings. I am called by my name, and one cometb at iho summons. I enjoy the things which are offered. I consume slicus and bat and jicacn bread and des beer, hot roast meat and cold water, wine and milk, that are olTered in the sanctuary of the .\ten in Akhetaten. "

29-1.''

Homage

ever] and ever.

when thou

to see thy rays.^ "

"An

29

The

royal scribe, the Intimate of the King, the Chief

Servitor of Aten in

the sanctuary of Aton in Akhetaten,

the Chief Physician Penthu, mnahheru, says (this)." '

Tutu has

body."

" his son wiio halh

come

consider that a second

I

forth

liyiim

in

from Ids which the

King speaks

is here appended to the lirst. It the word " says," supplied after the King's name, occurred in the

original

text,

it

probably implied authorship,

what

as

largely derived from the Royal Hymn. Meryra adds " for ever," and ends. Apy a ends with " his beauty."

follows

is

-'

'

'

Any has " rooted." Word for word from

Tutu has " Breath enters givest thyself to them."

(their) nostrils

when thou

Any may well have continued above the figure of Any, but all is now completely elTaced. ' The text of Apy ends here, for lack of room "

The

text of

apparently.

Royal Hymn, "The bhds flutter in their nests; their wings are (outstretched) in praise to thy ka. »

The

Cf.

the

The space above the figure of Tutu admits of very few more signs, if any perhaps en lea en. The text of Tutu in the last column of the plate should be emended (from Hay) as follows: on

cattle are leaping

their feet."

;

f^-

(I.

rrii II From this the

liere)

probably

~^,

occurs in the

II. vii. for

and

text has been

for ever

In

not

(|.

toiid)

A

the (I

first

-]h^^-

i)arallel

The

T

initial

text (bracketed

of Iluya (III.

the opening phrases.

colunni

ii.).

Cf.

293."

iii.

Horakhti-Aten

who

gives

ever,

they are

darkness after thou

in

thou arrivest from

Wheu

settest.

the sky,'' eye sees not

(?)

its

fellow

'" I use this and " Ra-Alcn " as abln-cviations of two forms of the names of Aten.

"

The

text

Plate

the

of

is

from

restored

duplicate text, badly preserved, exists in

Huya

(III. xxxvii.),and

from

the

Huya Huya

has,

"Thy

setting

this.

.\

of

of this text (with a

is

"

I.,

beautiful."

O.

has

(7)

c

to have been view by giving "

I

from Huya, and lost, all

and the

latter

^^

in L'llotc

Clearly

I. xli.

V^VT

Something

text supiMJrls

"

men welcome

'••^J¥^ "^

tlie

tomb

few errors) will be found in Mon. dii Ciillc il'Alounu, p. GO, ascribed to Tomb 21 of the South group! '-

" ;

this the additions in sijunre

A good copy

brackets arc taken.

D

restored in the Plate.

'•

!

this

reading being obvious.

is

ascription of praise to

coming [each day eternally].'' Praise to thee, O Ra, Lord of the horizon When thou traversest heaven all mankind (depends?) on thee " without ceasing in night .as in daytime. Thou dawnest on the Eastern horizon and settest '' on the Western horizon. Thou settest in life and gladness, every 03'e " rejoices; life

20).

should be starred, as L'llote roads sign

An

iv.).

L'tloTR, Papicrs,

is

I'J)

(1.

Asterisks indicate a slight change in the hieroglyph, the true

"

South thickness (Plate

previous copy

seems (1.

"

11 '~^ Ml

IS);

.\

(but)

the Royal ITymn.

'•

Penthu.

3.

in

Huya.

and Iluya.

-="'"'*

"«

"•»""

w.Mld have expected " in Uuat,"' but nieniionof the Undoi avoided. seems purposely

iilso '"

Reading

W^

.

So Huya.

KOOK TO^fBS OF

THF,

30

manner of reptiles are on the face of the earth. lie down' and are blind (?) until thou shinest.'They awake to sec thy heauties. (When thou i-isest?) Tliou they sec and discern hy means of them (.'). sendest thy rays upon them.' all

AMARA'A.

ET.

C.

I

SiioiiTEH

Pr.wf.t?.';.

(iMen)

"

'

"Thou

the eternal soul I

me

causest pit.'

will

the

in

my

Thou comest who

all

The same,

had

I

am

I

prince,

a

gives

lie

to

whom

those

of

me

fair

bui'ial

his fear

(?)

is

their

in

hearts,

Penthu.

1.

and

"

as one whom Ua-en-ra, fjight of every man, made. O living Aten, grant to him hundreds daily upon of thousands of .^('(/•festivals earth (?), beauteous in possession of eternity, as is thy

\

him that bare him

according to thy

command

thy hi

Thou

(Right jainb)

((/)

me

interment; he gives

Akhetaten '

as '

(/))

"

(()

"

to

witliin

the royal Scribe, Superintendent of the

l:a of

(e)

(Left Jamb).

l;ord of the

Two

Reading "^ '&

"

Rames."

I

Ill i.e.

line.

given

])., " ^

'•'

iii.

'.)!

Mtm. C'f.

1.

V. :i"il ilii

without

.

"

My name

ceasing.

with

the

They

addition

are

'/''''. 'i-. P'

."

.

of

abides

l.-n

of the

Royal Scribe (or Litimate ." '), Penthu, iiiiial.hcni '

of the

Outer jaiubs (Plate

hrst coluiuns

(n,
xxviii.)."

salute Ra-.\ton, the King,

[A salutation of] the living Aten "and an obeisance to I'a-en-ra,

the

(h)

establishes

men, and gives

me

thou give "

Lord gleamest and {r)

lif(!

to the

fair burial after old

of

Eternity.

Lands.

give-

(sir).

age."

May

he

art brilliant, potent in love

Thou

and great."

Aiiri

recorded hv

hlinit.

IjDI'sus,

l'i2.

Thou

givest

thy duration in years to the King of South and North, who lives in Truth, Lord of the Two Hands, Neferkheperu-ra, wdio gives life for ever.

who created and bare [Thou] hast given South and North tj thy Son, who went forth from thy body the Son of the Sun if)

" a god noble and beloved,'-

himself.

;

Ciilh' irAloiioii, pi, xxNvii.

reads

n

|

it

n

which

is

iirobable. '

The

and the following prayer

'"

For

"

.Moil. iIh Ciilte. (VAtoiiou, I., jjp. 94, 9.0.

'-'

See No.

I

wall has piobahly detei'iorated since his day.

and

who Do

god

Two

xxxv.

P>omiant

on

Chief Physician

'

created: they live at the sight of thy rays.

sliaft.

above,

.

!

in ITuva.

('omicilloi ."

" Piivy

.

" [Praise to thee] O living Aten («) " Thou risest to give life to that which thou hast

to he the rcadinj;-.

" Iluya adds anotliei' sentence, in which " seeing thy rays" occurs. The titles of Pentbu which follow i-epeat

those

.

.

Mahu.

2.

"

I

the burial

reception] of loaves

the Queen.

(Iluya).

misunderstaniling of that

appears I

.

''

A jiassagi.' borrowed from recollections of the Royal Hymn, " jNfen lie down in their chandlers (slifsrpii) .... ey(> beholds not its fellow the reptiles bite." The ex))ression, "They ai'e blind" (xlii'si'})) is,

'

.

King,' or

-

to a

.

.

earth."

Lands, Steward of the

B ^fe^:^ P J^ T^

""7

[A

"

."

in the necropolis

Lost.

;/)

The

due

.... my ....

.

.

" For the '

;

perliaps,

.

Lost.

(/()

mo

house' of Neb-niaat-ra (.\menhotep III.),

'

.

t

soldiery of the

give

2'1'it-l'hi'ni

(
(/,

which

(?) to the pooi-

(?).

the

]''or

(?)

May he

jini-Idimi offerings and lil)ations of

(?)

of that

givest

••

ii.).

IIorakhti-Aten.

wine and milk.

^

to

Lands, First of

I'ktitkix.s.

.Tandis (Plate

ihj hrloji sclcu of

|

gives.

Two

of the

D. BuitiAL

has

of

"he who

person of the god, the Chief of

the

'

rations

the dutiful son

ii.).

!

the n(>cropolis of the favoured, with dailv

natui-e

(Plate

the Companions."

give praises to thee, millions of

I

Ruler has made. in

to

knowing

Chiefs, j

liath set

End

replacing the starred passage by,

has approach

i

thee

of

for

'

of the loyal.

(?)

Akhetaten, the Chief Physician and Pi'ivy

in

blessed road until he I'eaches the

continues on the

times

Two

mankind,

The sip;ht him who He hath not s.aid, Oh! tliat

thee in his heart.**

interment

Aten

Penthu. Lintel. Right

2.

Truth, Lord of the

livest in

hy wliose beauty there is health. There is no poverty

llie

King, Chief Servitor of the Aten in the sanctuary

of the of the

Risht thickness (riate xxxv.).'

Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra, the living Sun for

He

:

Councillor, Pentbu, maaklicni."

Rames.

guerdon

f

every day, without

t:ink

Lands, the favourite of the good god, whom Royal Scribe, the Intimate

Two

Ins lord loves every day,* the

;

have made on earth,

f

of

ed'..;e

desires

it

of the

"

ceasin.r;."

"

that

i,'rove

drink water at the

An ascription of praise to the living Aten, and an homage to the good god by the Royal Chancellor,

*the Sole Companion, the follower of the feet of the Lord

mansion. My I walk as

my

leave and enter

I

'"

ii.)

act of

reach

[

Left I'hid (Plate

Lintel:

j

not shut off from that which

is

4.

to rest in ni)- etei'nal seat.

Renthu.

1.

this

7 (Plate xxxii.).

of.

Ill

xxvii.

THE RKLTOTOdS TKXTS. who

on Truth, Lord of Diadems, Akhenaten, great For the ka of tho Coniniandiint of the

lives

in his duration.

policG of Aklictaten, JIahu."

Mahu.

3.

Inner

'

(a)

Salutation of

(ft)

"...

Two

.luniljs (Plati> xxvii.).'

Atcn

coUnnns

first

Long

("

hfe to

tlie

contain

n)

(a,

sahitations

Ra-

of

divine and sovereign Fallicr "),

the King, and the Queen. " Praise to thy 1,-a ! " " Thy rising {/') (Right side).

Do

Alen, Lord of Etei'nity.

O

"

{
"

May

life.

(/) "

me

fair hm-ial

c.

Two

who

(?)]

Lord

living Aten,

of

who

gives

(?).

"

who hears

Nefer-kheperu-i-a, the god

He

King.

the

of

does what

".

May

ka

the

live at (sic)."

the

of

Commandant

the

of

police

of

Akhetaten, Mahu, maakhcrn."

Right Jam!)

Apy.

4.

(n)

Salutation

three

(It)

heaven on the King

Powers

(tho

(c)

Sun

"

name

They

.Men,

May

.

.

.

to bcr eternity as her

King

great wife of the of

May

(etc.).

(etc.).

May

he

in

life,

the

to the

[she] grant a sight

Aten in the necropolis (?) of Akhetaten." For the ka (of) the Steward Apy." Nefer

-

kheperu

-

her

-

sekh(!per.

(PI. xxxix.)."

columns

{a,

"

tho deceascal

man

Left

is

jamh

(PI.

followed hy the

papyrus-flower and huds, which at a later peiiod was in frequent use after najnes of deceased women in place

"maalkhcrn."

of Its

use

here

It

rarely occurs after

men's names.

probably one more solecism

is

of

Mon.

^

All

(Ill

Ciiltc d'Atonoii,

these

petitions

of

I.,

li.

Mahu

consist

incomplete and bungled, from already occurs fo\n- times in the tomb.

often

strictly followeil, * '-

Mon. lb.,

till

of

./'

\l. iioii,

pi. xxxviii.

snatches,

liynin

which

The hieroglyphs,

would often make nonsense.

i'lillr

p. 7H.

the

salutations of the

.

May

.

....

he grant

that

".

.

.

the Light, lord of food, great in

[like?]

.

by food of whose giving the land

liveth.

May

he

....

"

of

lofty

diadem (?), beloved (?) Mayest thou (fcni. ?) he grant .

.

.

."

.

.

gleaming with the Lord of the Two Lands. grant a sight of Aten .... plumes,

of the

.

.

who

illumines

land

the

all

give a fair burial after

....

by bis

ka.

old age, and

my

"

who

(?)

illumines (?)

of

Akhetaten

(?),

a fitting seat."

the land by his rising.

all

May

he grant the bounty of the good god, the daily ofTering tho Presence, that which

is

set out

on

in

tlie

a reception of that which he giveth and his food (?)."

Do thou grant departure in tho morning (//) ". from the Uiulcrworld to see Aten as he rises daily without .

.

ceasing." " For the

ka of the standard-bearer of the guild of

Nefer-kheperu-ra, Suti, iiuiaklioii, possessor of the good

Apy.

7.

.\

(lij

Ceiling (PI. xxxii.).' ItcUp

of

sclen

Truth every day.

the living Flawk

goil

of

the two

noble and beloved, living

in

May

be grant the smell of incense, the reception of ointment, a draught of water at the swirl of the stream,"

that which

it

and that

my

soul ho not debarred

fi-oiu

desires."

this

ignorant scribe. -

.

.

horizons (Ilorakhti)," a sign of

contain

e)

send the pleasant breezes of the norlh wind."

"

The

of

guerdon."

xxxvii.).''

'

the (Governor

Palace,

in

"

5.

the

and

for ever

entering the Presence

olTored in the Presence."

is

.

he grant a reception of loaves

.

(?)....

part of

(Right jamh)

(li)

which

(;/)

in Akhetat(!n."

temple of Aten." Grant ((/) "

of Akhetaten, N.,

tlie

(thy rays ?) emhrace thy son, the Son of the

(etc.).

he

called

iiuiaklicrii."

Jambs

first

May he

duration as Alen

(thy)

South and North

of

Governor

Lands, Nefertiti, living

rest in tho necropolis

Bestow

grant a good

reserved

(/) "

King, and the Queen). "

He was

him.

three Powers. " A dy hctcp Helen of the living Aten,"

May

(PI. xxxix).»

the

of

May

in his duration.

for

the great wife of the King, beloved of him,

.

Two

[she] give

Suti.

(!.

((/)

" For

.

.

ever.

(<)

!

Hearts

Truth

of

of the notaiilos.

of the

Niles,

Lord of Rays (?) When thou risest on the Eastern horizon of heaven their hands are (outstretched) in praise to thy ka.

way

the

Lady

well-

is

pleasing to his father, tho Aten. "

Akhenaten, great

.

.

.

head

at the

The

Rays, thou whoillumincst

Two Lands with thy rays, for all the land (.sic). When thou settest on the Western horizon, they lie down. {y)

.

.

on Truth,

lives

the

(/()

.

.

Akhetaten, N.,

Lands, Nefer-khepcru-ra,

he give favours [every] day

the

grant

((/)

hving

licauliful,

is

thmi give to

[Ua-en-ra, tho King

Tjord of the

for

Lord of the Akhetaten, N., maakhcrn."

Lands, the Governor of

in the

Repeats 2

Two Lands

maakherii."

after old age." (c)

three Powers.

tlie

beloved of the Lord of the

.

his talent, possessor of favour before the

(c)

The

31

"

lb., p. G8.

"

This occurrence, without qualificalion, of tho name

of the ancient deity

;

76., p. 92.

whom Akhenaton

gi-odually trans-

formed into the .'\ten is unparalleled, but not surprising. It was this tendency to revert to old ideas that caused the King about this time to abandon the use of the name entirely. "

"

Banks

of the pool," in the pai-allcl passage, Plal«

iv.

3a

APPENDIX. DECORATIVE TECHNIQUE AT EL AMARNA.' The

Gist pvopf^is aftov the rock-walls of the cliaiiil)cr

had

been dresseil with tho chisel as smoothly as the nature

was

the stone allowed,

of

hy

filling

I'ock

cover the whole with

to

This was done

coating of hard plaster.

up the holes and

fissures with

which the

local

abounds, a perfectly plane surface might he secured,

work

rather than with the idea of being able to

in

a

for whore the wall was already plane becomes a mere smear, little thicker than

mediinu

softer

the

a

order that

in

))lastcr

;

paper.

On

this dry plaster iho design

or black

;

if

design needed corrections they were

tlie

This picture was generally in some-

in red or in black.

thick outline (Plates xvii.,

xxxii.),

made

xix.

xviii.,

but occasionally in solid colour (PI.

The pictures were always executed

in

;

III. xxx.,

x.).

sunk

The depth

suri'onnding surface.

which they were cut

to

being cut very deep, while

figures

larger

small Wdi'k was sometimes only faintly impressed on the plaster

xi., xii.

(I.

woi'king on

x.,

xi.,

them

rounded

figures in

tlu^

The

xiv.),-

ink outlines, sank

tin'

extent, leaving

111.

;

sculptor,

to the required

relief within.

If

the plaster happened to be ibick, the smaller work might

he entirely within

it

but

;

if

the small inscriptions would

The

lai'ger

figui-es,

owing

always mainly formed even where

all

in

\ver(^

it

to

a meiv; wash, even

cut into the stone below.

l)e

their deep

the plaster has fallen

outlines of the ])icture

and much

cutting, wei-e

Generally speaking,

stone.

awaj', the

of the detail

main

can

still

recovered from the stone alone.

Ijp

At

this stage the

design in

all

or

of

its

detail,

and was complete,

except for a lack of finish and precision of needed no more than a wash of line plastei' to

'

See also Part

I., p.

line.

It

make

the

detail

fine

be

to

where the stone had

figures detail

into, and the relief stood out boldly, the were often rough, and the greater part of the had been lost with the surface .so that it was ;

new

necessary to build them up more or less afresh with

No

of a fine quality.

jilaster

fresh plaster

doubt at this stage the

might bo modelled while

which the

chisel

Whether

still soft.

memory and judgment

the sculptor used

in

adding the

had removed, or had a copy

the design for reference,

is

determinable

not

of

but the

;

latter is not probable.

The procedure in the tombs of Pentbn and Ahnies was somewhat different, owing to the soft and crumbling nature of the stone. There the sculptor set to work on his figures either by cutting the wall-surface within the

down to the same depth all over, as if for inlay, them only the roughest blocking-out in relief within the mould so formed. By so doing he left nearly all the work to be done afresh for he had already removed or gave

;

even the outline

18.

was

design

Nothing

of his figures.

preserved

except

in

relief

within

it

the original

roughly

and sometimes

corresponding to the original outline,

rough work

of

depression

a

indicating inner detail

(see PI. xi.).

The

residt

was that the modeller was provided only

with a rougli mould to guide him and had required figure within this in fri^sb plaster.

to build U])

in short, is largely or entirely plaster iidaid

the results,

pondingly

if

the

The medium, in stone, and

correspondingly delicate, were also corres-

frail.

The new

made

plaster

the old (sec the helmets of the King and

mould was cut out so roughly

plaster than stone

the

;

in PI. xi.)

;

its

walls were more

figure

proved a dead

that

inserted

a poor join with

Queen

weight of plaster, without the grip upon the wall which In it had when it was a thin overlay on a stone matrix. It is no wonder then addition, the stone itself was friable. that pi-actically the whole of the decoration in the tomb of Penthu has fallen away, and that the inscriptions

In these cases the work gives

the impression of having been done with a blimt modelling tool while the plaster was soft, as it is so slightly depressed that it scarcely has a definite outline, and often fades into the -

the

been deeply cut

the

small work had reproduced the ink-

most

enable

to

large work,

in

outlines relief for

the sake of the protection afforded to the figures by the

varied greatly,

and

Puit

elaboi'ated.''

outlines

was sketched out in ink in all detail, often in greater detail than was likely to lie I'eprodiiced by the chisel. The ink might be yellow, red,

what

smooth,

surface

general surface.

wash has given

Possibly, however, the final coating or it

this

smooth appearance, and nearly

blotted out the indistinct outline.

'

Cf.

Plate

chiselled

in

xlii.,

where the head

plaster,

but

without

of

Mahu

is

smoothness.

finely

Also

where only the head of the vizier is perfectly Those of the elders there need fui'ther finished off. working up, and the faces and figures of the prisoners PI.

xli.,

are very I'oughly cut.

Ai'PJONUIX.

which were cut

in inlaid tal)lets of plaster iiavc been lost. In the entrance the rock was of better quality, and the

and texts on both sides, binn;; cut in stone in the were fairly well preserved till recent years. This method of inlay was partially adopted also in the

figures

old way,

tonil) of

.Ahmcs

;

probably

appears to be good.

in imitation, for the

Some

stone here

of the figures (altars, slaugh-

tered oxen, etc.) have been cut out bodily in the plaster

and

form moulds to be filled in afterwards In general, however, the work was on the old lines, and, thanks to this, the representation of the soldiery there has not only withstood the lapse of time, hut even the process of casting.

merely

(III. XXX.).

The general technique and Iluya often

is

of the later

tombs

of

poorer, the figures in the smaller

but slightly

sunk

and

without

Meryra II. work being

distinctness

of

outline.

The

final

the most part in flat primary colours. In the Southern tombs this stage has rarely advanced far. Alike the sculptures and the architecture remain in general a piuc white.

ceiling of Ay, the coloured inscriptions

was not deliberate, but that with greater leisure a full scheme of colour would have been carried out. The wallsurfaces of the entrance passages, which were the first parts to be completed, are generally coloured.A great deal of fine detail was added or restored in the process of painting,

red

in

and sometimes the smaller work was re-outlined on the North Wall of the tomb of

(especially

Meryra).

See Frontispiece, Part V. This is applicable also to ihe tombs of Ahnies and Penthu, which are so closely allied to the S group. '

-

process was that of painting, which was for

The painted

on the beams and columns, the bright cornice of Any, and the fully-coloured scene in tomb 7,' show that this

34

INDEX Ahmf.k, tomb of

.

1, 4. 5,

(

INDEX.

.... .... ....

Flowers

" Follower of the feet of the

Food

G, ;iO

28, 29, 30, 31

Foreigners Forts

Galleries for burial

.

14, IG, 17 .

.

" Governor of Akhetaten "

.... .... ....

Granary Guilds

Hagg

Qaudil, village of

in

1

work

.

29

14, 15, 19

....

(see also " Chariots ")

....

touches in scenes

Huv.\, tomb of. to

Aten

,,

Illiteracy

Incense

Inlay, plaster

.

IG

12,

13, 15, 16, 26,

22

2, 32,

33

.

t8.\ts .

.

.

3, 29,

30

5,

18

17,

8 .

(see " Eoyal," "

Laver,

Akhenaten," " Amenhetep ")

enemy

14

C

7

Lamp Legraiii,

.

M.

IT

26, 27, 28

Jones, Mr. Harold

smiting

31

32

.....

,,

30

13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24,

Jeoquier, M.

King

21

13,

.

" Intimate of the King " Jars

8

.

25, 26, 29, 30, 33

.

Inspection of stores

.

13, 19, 20, 2G-29, 31

.... .... .

31

14, 2G, 27, 29,

.

Ink, records in

1

.

.

1, 6,

Shorter

.

IG, 17

.

,,

Interpolated

17

7, 8, 23, 28,

Horeniheb

M

25

25

Plistorical veracity of scenes

Hynni

.

8, 9, 10, 15, 24,

Hay, Robert

Human HUY

4

.

Head-dress

Horses

4

.

.

Haste apparent

3

14.24,31

Handcuffs

Horakhti

2,

24, 25

.

Gardens depicted Graffiti

17

.

.

Furniture

17

.

K

.

.

.

Lepsius, Richard

J

L'Hote, Nestor Lintel, scenes ou Litci'ary quality of

Loggia of palace

hymns

2 7

INIIKX.

Queen

tlepicteil

PLATE8

NOTE. An index

to

tho

jjassni^es

in

will

the text l>i'

which are oxplanatorv of the several plates

found on

paijes

vii.,

viii.

El Amarna

Scale

'-

IV.

TOMB OF PENTU PLANS AND SECTIONS.

Plate

I.

El Amarna

IV.

TOMB OF PENTU-FACADE.

Plate

II.

LEFT END OF LINTEL.

PLASTER -RAGMENT. (Now Scale

in lieitin.)

i

^TTn^nrpv

^"i^

'^i.

J

J

RIGHT JAMB.

Scale

1

LEFT JAMB.

RIGHT END OF LINTEL.

El Amarna

Scale

1

IV.

PENTU -NORTH THICKNESS,

Plate

III.

El Amarna

Scale

:

IV.

PENTU SOUTH THICKNESS.

Plate

IV.

El Amarna

Scale

IV.

PENTU- NORTH

THE ROYAL FAMILY

N

LL,

UPPER SCENE.

TERING THE TEMPLE.

Plate V.

El Amarna

IV.

PENTU-NORTH

THE COURT Scale

1

\

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LL,

UPPER SCENE.

Plate

# ».

fo I.IU

VI.

El Amarna

PENTU-NORTH

IV.

((^

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H 1

1

.ilrJ

1

1

VA.:.L,

UPPER SCENE.

Plate

THE LESSER SANCTUARY.

VII.

El Amarna

PENTU-LC

IV.

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Plate

VIII.

El Amarna

IV.

PENTU.

FRAGMENTS.

Plate

)^

J B

(See Plate VIII)

u

ir\i ftl...lMclfcCl

A

iSec I'late VIII)

IX.

El Amarna

TOMB OF PENTU.

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f

Plate

X.

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XI

EL

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TOMBS OF PENTU AND MAHU

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OWNERS OF TOMBS. I

7

PAR

8

TUTU.

9

MAHU

10

APY

I

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12

.

.

I

'

RA-MES NEKMT-PA-ATEN

I*

NEFERKMEPERUMER-SEKMtPER MAY

IS

SUTI.

10

SUTAU.

as

ANY.

94

PA-ATENEMMEO

as

AY.

la

I

.

1

;

XIII.

El Amarna

Plate XIV.

TOMB OF MAHU.

IV.

LONGITUDINAL SECTION, LOOKING WEST.

'-''

\

Chamber

1

El Amarna

IV.

MAHU NORTH THICKNESS.

THE ROYAL FAMILY WORSHIPPING ATEN. ScaU

i

Plate XV.

El Amarna

Soiile

IV.

MAHU NORTH END WALL.

THE STELA. \

Plate XVI.

El Amarna

MAHU BACK WALL,

IV.

N. SIDE.

Plate XVII.

k

Q Z < I < 5

El Amarna

IV.

MAHU-BACK WALL,

N.

SIDE.

Plate XVIII.

_l a.

u U I I(/)

h

> X

<

(Completed or Plate XIX.)

El Amarna

IV,

MAHU -BACK WALL,

N.

SIDE.

Plate XIX.

_j Q.

U I-

lU

I \-

w CO

>

I < 2

El Amarna

IV.

MAHU-BACK^

THE ROYAL CHARIOT

Scale

I

^LL, S. SIDE.

:.AVING

THE TEMPLE.

Plate XX.

El Amarna

IV.

MAHU-SOUTH END WALL.

£L.a_[L-a. n.n

Plate XXI.

nn^n iiiinnnr

a

t

!

\

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a

a.

Scale

(Complclioit of Scenes on

I'ls.

XX, XXtl).

El Amarna

IV.

Scale i

THE ROYAL

CI

•BACK /ALL.

S.

SIDE.

RIOT SSING THE SENTRIES.

Plate

XXII,

El Amarna

MAHU-SOUTH END WALL.

IV.

v///////y^;r^////////y/////yy^-^^^^^^

Plate XXI

y^

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i
Scale

I

THE FALSE DOOR.

El Amarna

IV.

MAHU"FR(

MAHU Scale i

EXEF

.LL.

S

SIDE.

HIS OFFICE.

Plate XXIV.

MAHU-SOUTH END WALL.

Plate XXV.

^ >< a.

Scene destroyed. (For Key Flan sec Plate XXVlll.)

{Completion of scenes on Plates XXIV,

.V.VK/.)

El Amarna

IV.

MAHU -FRONT

MAHU BRINGS PRISONE Scale

I

ALL.

3

S.

SIDE.

TO THE

VIZIER.

Plate XXVI.

El Amarna

IV.

Plate XXVII.

MAHU- BACK WALL.

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MAHU-JAMBS OF OUTER DOORWAY.

IV.

Plate XXVIII.

A-^'"^^.

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Pira II

5"ca/e i

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(I

El Amarna

MAHU-FRAGMENTS.

IV.

Plate XXIX.

V

THE PALACE BALCONY

Scale

Scale

FIGURE OF MAHU

{S.

(Front Wall, N.

J

Sitle)

Thickness)

HEAD OF QUEEN Scale

i

(See Ptale XVI.)

Scale I

THE PRAYER OF MAHU

(Ifortli

Tkichntss)

El Amarna

IV.

TOMBS

9a,

10 lAPYj,

Plate XXX.

9c.

^

fz^R So-,d

^^^ TOMB 9A-SECTI0N.

TOMB 9A-PLAN.

Wyf^^^i^a^^^.^^

TOMB

TOMB

9c PLAN.

9C--SECTION ON A.B.

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10

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V

TOMB OF APY ENTRANCE.

IV.

111

(^

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hc:=>^

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Plate XXXI.

El Amarna

4

SHORTER HYMN TO THE ATEN.

IV.

APY

ANY

MERVRA

WHU

TUTU

APY

^Nr

HERYR*

HAHU

[Qi

# I ^

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^J

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ANY

KERYR*

MAHU

TUTU

1

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\

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II

m

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TUTU =

yy/y

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Plate XXXII.

^^ I

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APr

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SHORTER HYMN TO THE ATEN

IV.

MERYRA

TUTU

ANY

APY

HfRYRA

TUTU

APY

;%

lOi

ANY

MERYR*

Plate XXXIII.

(Cijntmued).

TUTU

APY

AWY

TUTU

APY

ANY

TUTU

# -SSlfi

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V/

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IV.

TOMBS

7a,

7b,

9b,

11

Plate XXXIV.

iRAMES).

TOMB 9B-PLAN.

TOMB 7A-SECTI0N.

TOMB 7A-PLAN.

TOMB

7B-SECTI0N. 7

TOMB 7B-PLAN.

,

.-

TOMB

11-SECTION.

El Amarna

TOMB OF RAMES ENTRANCE.

IV.

r^^ii^ii

Plate XXXV.

rs^w

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TOMB

IV.

Plate XXXVI.

13.

\

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PLAN.

i Scale oiCiH

Quirinn'

'

^ '

'

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El Amarna

TOMB

IV.

13.

SECTIONS, ETC.

Plate XXXVII.

LONGITUDINAL SECTION (Looking Eunt).

w .y^

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III

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fl

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Scale

EXTERIOR. LEFT JAMB.

S.

COLUMN,

N.

SIDE.

El Amarna

IV.

TOMB OF

SUTI

PLAN AND SECTIONS.

Plate XXXVI •T?^

SECTION ON

A.B.

SECTION ON CD. '/M^£y^/0/////,/.'A'. //.'/////.'

w///'M/^y///, '/imy>/iii^^/,,y,>y>.

Scale

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TOMBS OF

IV.

AND APY.

SUTl

Plate XXXIX.

A 1^

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EL

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IV

TOMB OF MAHU

PLATE XL

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EL

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TOMB OF MAHU

IV

PLATE

'

--->r-, f'".

;i!

^T:.

.:.»ii

(5ii'^

MAHU AND THE

CITY OFFICIALS

•it^-V,,'!..

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'A

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THE ROYAL FAMILY DRIVING OUT

XLI

EL

AMARNA

TOMB OF MAHU

IV

PLATE

•^•v.

:f^:-^ m

\^

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>

f^'-ll-

^J CHARIOT

MAHU

(Plate XVIIh

,.^^^^^^^^_ (Ink design)

NEFERTITI

tPlate XVI/

XLII

EL

AMARNA

TOMBS

IV

TOMB

10 (APY)

13

—

AND 13

PLATE

INTERIOR

i^-

APY

—

HYMN TO ATEN

TOMB

13

-

EXTERIOR

XLIII

EL

AMARNA

TOMB OF APY

IV

PLATE XLIV

^3(>^i

^t;A^;-"'

THE VOTIVE PIECES

I'ltr.,

.t"M^' -^^

^^(,f:/f'|^#ll THE ROYAL FAMILY

EL

AMARNA

IV

TOMB OF RAMES

PLATE XLV

f M X o z < <

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