The Future Envelope 1: A Multidisciplinary Approach - Research in Architectural Engineering Series

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Research in Architectural Engineering Series Volume 8 ISSN 1873-6033 Previously published in this series: Volume 7. M. Eekhout, F. Verheijen and R. Visser (Eds.) Cardboard in Architecture Volume 6. M. Veltkamp Free Form Structural Design – Schemes, Systems & Prototypes of Structures for Irregular Shaped Buildings Volume 5. L. Bragança, C. Wetzel, V. Buhagiar and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.) K^dϭϲ/ŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƚŚĞYƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨdžŝƐƟŶŐhƌďĂŶƵŝůĚŝŶŐŶǀĞůŽƉĞƐʹ&ĂĐĂĚĞƐĂŶĚZŽŽĨ Volume 4. R. di Giulio, Z. Bozinovski and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.) K^dϭϲ/ŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƚŚĞYƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨdžŝƐƟŶŐhƌďĂŶƵŝůĚŝŶŐŶǀĞůŽƉĞƐʹ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ Volume 3. E. Melgaard, G. Hadjimichael, M. Almeida and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.) K^dϭϲ/ŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƚŚĞYƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨdžŝƐƟŶŐhƌďĂŶƵŝůĚŝŶŐŶǀĞůŽƉĞƐʹEĞĞĚƐ Volume 2. M.T. Andeweg, S. Brunoro and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.) K^dϭϲ/ŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƚŚĞYƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨdžŝƐƟŶŐhƌďĂŶƵŝůĚŝŶŐŶǀĞůŽƉĞƐʹ^ƚĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞƌƚ Volume 1. M. Crisinel, M. Eekhout, M. Haldimann and R. Visser (Eds.) hK^dϭϯ'ůĂƐƐĂŶĚ/ŶƚĞƌĂĐƟǀĞƵŝůĚŝŶŐŶǀĞůŽƉĞƐʹ&ŝŶĂůZĞƉŽƌƚ

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© 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved. ISBN

978-1-58603-827-4

WƵďůŝƐŚĞĚĂŶĚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚďLJ/K^WƌĞƐƐƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞŝŵƉƌŝŶƚĞůŌhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ Publisher

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Layout & Bookcover Design Ronald Visser >ĞŐĂůŶŽƟĐĞ dŚĞƉƵďůŝƐŚĞƌŝƐŶŽƚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞƵƐĞǁŚŝĐŚŵŝŐŚƚďĞŵĂĚĞŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘ ůůƌŝŐŚƚƐƌĞƐĞƌǀĞĚ͘EŽƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚďLJƚŚŝƐĐŽƉLJƌŝŐŚƚŶŽƟĐĞŵĂLJďĞƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŽƌ ƵƟůŝnjĞĚŝŶĂŶLJĨŽƌŵŽƌďLJĂŶLJŵĞĂŶƐ͕ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐŽƌŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂů͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƉŚŽƚŽĐŽƉLJŝŶŐ͕ƌĞĐŽƌĚŝŶŐŽƌďLJ ĂŶLJŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĂŶĚƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĂůƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚǁƌŝƩĞŶƉĞƌŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ͘ dŚŝƐƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶǁĂƐŵĂĚĞĂƚƚŚĞŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶŽĨThe Future Envelope, a Symposium held at 11 June ϮϬϬϳŝŶĞůŌ͘dŚŝƐ^LJŵƉŽƐŝƵŵǁĂƐŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚďLJƚŚĞ&ĂĐƵůƚLJŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕ĞůŌhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ;ŚĂŝƌĞƐŝŐŶŽĨŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶͿŝŶĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚsDZ'͕sĞƌĞŶŝŐŝŶŐDĞƚĂůĞŶZĂŵĞŶĞŶ Gevelbrance.

PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS

PREFACE

–‹•ƒ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡–‘™‘”™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆ–Š‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘‹†—•–”›Ǥ•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›•‹…‡™‡’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ƒ”‡‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ™Šƒ– ƒ––Š‡‡†™‹ŽŽƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǤŠ‡…‘–‡’‘”ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ ƒ‡•ƒ––™‡”‡‘–ƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ––Š‡›™‡”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ™Šƒ–™‡ ‘™…ƒŽŽ–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǤŽ›‘Ž‘‘‹‰„ƒ…™‡™‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡ –‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Šƒ––Š‡…Šƒ‰‡•™‡”‡“—‹–‡†”ƒ•–‹…ƒ†–Šƒ–‹–‡”‹–‡†–Š‡Žƒ„‡Ž‘ˆ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ ƒ…‘˜‹…‡†–Šƒ–•‘‡–Š‹‰Ž‹‡–Šƒ– ‹•Šƒ’’‡‹‰‹‘—”‡”ƒǤ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆƒǤ‘Ǥ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‡‡”‰›ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹‰‹–ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡŽƒ…‘ˆŽƒ„‘—”ǡ‡™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ”‡“—‹–‡•‹‰‹Ƥ…ƒ–ƒ†ƒ”‡ˆ‘”…‹‰—•–‘”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡Ǥ ‘”–Šƒ– ”‡ƒ•‘‹–‹•–‘„‡‡š’‡…–‡†–Šƒ–†—”‹‰–Š‡…‘‹‰†‡…ƒ†‡•„—‹Ž†‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ‹–• ’”‘…‡•• ™‹ŽŽ …Šƒ‰‡ †”ƒ•–‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• –Š—• ƒ •–”‘‰‡‡†ˆ‘”‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡˜‹•‹‘•ƒ„‘—–ˆ—–—”‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ ™ƒ•‹˜‹–‡†–‘ƒ…–ƒ•ƒ’‡‡””‡˜‹‡™‡”ˆ‘”–Š‹•„‘‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ƒ†‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Šƒ––‘™”‹–‡–Š‹•’”‡ˆƒ…‡ǤŠ”‘—‰Š–Š‹•  ƒ’Ž‡ƒ•‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡†‹•…—••‹‘ ‘„—‹Ž†‹‰‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ­ƒ†‡‡•‡ƒ”…Š ”‘—’ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘–Š‡†”‹˜‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǣ‡”‰›ǡ…‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ƥ…‹‡…›Ǥ ”‘ƒ •‘…‹‡–ƒŽ’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™ ƒ‰”‡‡‘–Š‡͗‹†•‡–Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘” –ƒ••Š‘™‡˜‡”‹•‘––‘Œ—’–‘•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›„—––‘†‡Ƥ‡ –Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–•™‹–Š‹–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘”‡•’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‹ƒ‡ƒ•—”ƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ›ǤŠƒ–‹•‘–ƒ‡ƒ•›Œ‘„ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹–Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›ƒ†–Š‡›’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ƒŽŽŠƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”‘™ƒ‰‡†ƒƒ† ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž––Š‡‹”‘™†”‹˜‡•ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘†‡Ƥ‡–Š‡•‡†”‹˜‡•…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ȋ™‹–Š”‡’‡ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š”‡•—Ž–•Ȍƒ•–Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ‡™‹ŽŽ„‡„ƒ•‡†‘•—…Šƒ’‘‹–‘ˆ†‡’ƒ”–—”‡Ǥ‡ƒ•—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹•…”—…‹ƒŽ‹‘”†‡”–‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘‹–‘”ˆ—–—”‡”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ –‹•’”‘˜‡–Šƒ–ƒ•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹…”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ•—……‡•• •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” Ƥ” •–”ƒ–‡‰‹… ƒƒŽ›•‡• „‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‘–‡–Ǥ Š‹•…‘–”‹„—–‹‘ǡ‹‘‡Žƒ”‡ƒƥ”•–Š‡‡…‡••‹–›‘ˆƒ•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤ‡”‡–Š‡”‘—–‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ †‡•‹‰‡” ‹• …‘–”ƒ•–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–Šƒ–‹•‘•–Ž›„ƒ•‡†‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ƒ’”‘Œ‡…–Ž‡˜‡ŽǤŠ‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹†—•–”›ƒ›„‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•– ƒ†˜ƒ…‡††‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›Ǥ–‹ŽŽ–Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ „—‹Ž†‹‰•™‹–Š’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ǡ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•‹•‹–Š‡‹‘”‹–›Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘‘‰‡”•ǯ†‹ơ—•‹‘–Š‡‘”›ǡ‘†‡”ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ‘Ž›ˆ‘” –Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‘”•ƒ†‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ†ƒ’–‘”•Ǥ –‹•‘ˆ–‡•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹†—•–”› ‹• …‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ› ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‹• v

’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ Š‡ …‘’Ž‡š‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—’’Ž› …Šƒ‹ ™‹–Š ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡†‹–‡”‡•–•‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ”‘ƒ†Ž›ƒ……‡’–‡†…Šƒ‰‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡™‹ŽŽ ‘–…‘‡”ƒ’‹†Ž›Ǥ‡…ƒ‡š’‡…–‘—””‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘–‘”ƒ‰‡‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‡š–ˆ‡™†‡…ƒ†‡•Ǥ–‹ŽŽǡˆ”‘›‡ƒ”–‘›‡ƒ”™‡™‹ŽŽ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›…‘‡ ƒ…”‘••˜‹•‹„Ž‡‹Ž‡•–‘‡•Ǥ –‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ–‹ƒ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ—‹˜‡”•‹–›–Š‡ˆ‘…—•‹•‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ„—–‘‡•Š‘—Ž†‡‡’‹‹†–Šƒ––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…ƒ‘–„‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘ƒ„”‘ƒ†‡”˜‹•‹‘Ǥ‡‡‡†ƒ…‘Š‡•‹˜‡’‹…–—”‡ƒ†•‘‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‡ơ‘”–ǡ ’‡”Šƒ’• ‹ …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š •‘‡ ‘ –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ —‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ǡ‹•‘ˆ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†™‹ŽŽ …‘•‹•–‘ˆ‡™’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‡•‹‰–‘‘Ž•ƒ†‡™ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡• –‘ ’”‘…‡•• ™‹ŽŽ ‡š’Ž‹…‹–Ž› Šƒ˜‡ –‘ „‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”‡•• –‘ „‡ ƒ†‡Ǥ‘‘Ž•…ƒˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡Š‡Ž’–‘„‡‡Ƥ–‘ˆ‡™–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›˜‹•‹„Ž›ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ„‘—–…”‡ƒ–‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘—†Ž›„ƒ•‡†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ƥ‰—”‡•ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰—•‡”•…‘—Ž†•–‹—Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ†˜ƒ…‡†ˆƒ­ƒ†‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›†”ƒ•–‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǥ –™‘—Ž†„‡ƒˆƒ–ƒ•–‹…†”‹˜‡”–‘Šƒ˜‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘Ž•ƒ†‘†‡Ž•–‘…‘˜‹…‡…‘‹••‹‘‡”•‘ –Š‹•’‘‹–Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•–Š‹•ƒ›‡˜‡–—”‘—––‘„‡ƒ‡˜‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ…– ‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹–‡”•‘ˆ…Šƒ‰‡–Šƒˆƒ­ƒ†‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹–•‡ŽˆǤ – ‹•Š‘™‡˜‡”‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘„”‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ …‘…‡’–ƒ†–Š‡—–‹Ž‹–›“—‡•–‹‘ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡Ǥ •—…Šƒ…‘–‡š–˜‘Ž—‡”‡†—…–‹‘ȋŽ‡ƒ™ƒŽŽ•ƒ†’ƒ”–‹–‹‘•Ȍ…‘—Ž†„‡ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ…”‡ƒ–‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ•–Š‡—•‡”Šƒ••—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›‘”‡•’ƒ…‡ƒ– Š‹•†‹•’‘•ƒŽ™‹–Š‹–Š‡•ƒ‡‰”‘••‡ƒ•—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ ‹’‘”–ƒ–’”‘…‡••‹••—‡ƒ†’ƒ”–‘ˆ›‘™”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘‰”ƒ‡ ȋŽ‹„‘—™‡Ȍ‹•–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ’”‘…‡••™Š‹…Š‹• —…Š‘”‡–ŠƒŒ—•–ƒ„‘—–’”‘†—…‹‰’ƒ”–•™‹–Š‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘ƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘…‡••ˆ‘…—•‡•‘…”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹…Š…‘–”ƒ…–‘”•‘„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹–‡•ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ™‘”™‹–Š‘—–‹–‡”™‡ƒ˜‹‰™‹–Š‘–Š‡”†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•Ǥ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡‹•Š‘™–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š•‡”˜‹…‡•Ǥ –‡‰”ƒ–‡†™‹–Š…‘‡…–‹‰Ž‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”…‘‡…–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ ȋ–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ•ƒƒ…Š‹‡Ȍ‘”†‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡Š‘ŽŽ‘™ •’ƒ…‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡‡–•Ǥ Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ™‹ŽŽ ‘•– …‡”–ƒ‹Ž›Ž‡ƒ†–‘‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ’”‘Œ‡…–‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡†‡•‹‰ ƒ†’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘’Šƒ•‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‡™–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ˆ‘” Œ‘‹–•ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ’”‘…‡••Ǥ  ”‡•‡––‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘…‡•• ƒ• ƒ ™Š‘Ž‡ ‹• —ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‡ Œ—•–…ƒ‘–‰‘‘™‹–Š•‘Ž˜‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•‘ƒƒ†Š‘…„ƒ•‹•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡†•—’’Ž›…Šƒ‹™‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‰‹…”‡‡–ƒŽŽ›‘•–‡’„›•–‡’„ƒ•‹•‘ƒ…‘’‘‡–Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ –‹•ƒ•‹…Š‹‡Ž ‘Š‡‹Š‹•…‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ƒ›•–Šƒ–™‡ƒ”‡•‘Ž˜‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ†ƒ– –Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡‹–”‘†—…‹‰‡™‘‡•ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‹•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ”„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘…‡••Šƒ•‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹–‘“—‹–‡ƒ…Šƒvi

‘–‹…ǡ ‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ƒ† Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‹‡ƥ…‹‡– ’”‘…‡•• ‹ ™Š‹…Š †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡• ƒ”‡˜‡”›—…Š‹–‡”™‘˜‡™‹–Š‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ ƒŒ‘”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡„‘‘‹•†‹”‡…–‡†–‘™ƒ”†••‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ†‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‹†‡ƒ•Ǥ –…‘—Ž†„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›†”‹˜‡‹’—–ǤŠƒ–‹•ƒ˜‡”›‰‘‘†–Š‹‰–‘†‘‹‘”†‡”–‘‹•’‹”‡ƒ†…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–Š‡ƒ”‡–ƒ†ƒŽ•‘–‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘Šƒ˜‡†‹•…—••‹‘•‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ…‘…”‡–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤǤ‘–Š‡ˆ”‘œ‡–‡š–‹Ž‡ƒ†•ƒ†™‹…Š•–”—…–—”‡•‹–Š‡ƒ˜‹ƒ–‹‘‹†—•–”›ƒ”‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘’‹…•ƒ†”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ ‡‹‰Š– ƒ† ˜‘Ž—‡ ”‡†—…–‹‘ ƒ”‡ ˜‡”› ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– †”‹˜‡”• ˆ‘” ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ …‘•– …‘–”‘Ž ƒ† •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤŽ–”ƒŽ‹‰Š–ȋƒ†”‹‰‹†Ȍ•–”—…–—”‡•ƒ”‡Š‘™‡˜‡”˜‡”›„ƒ†’”‡…‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰ƒ•—ƥ…‹‡–•‘—†‹•—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ†‡‡’‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆƒ…‘—•–‹…ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‹‰Š–…”‡ƒ–‡‘’‡‹‰•ˆ‘”–Š‹• –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…ƒ„‡˜‡”›‹•’‹”‹‰Ǥ –‹•Š‘™‡˜‡”‰‘‘†–Šƒ––Š‡„‘‘ ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘…—•‡•‘‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ–‘’‹…•Ǥ ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘…ƒŽŽƒ––‡–‹‘–‘‹–‡••—…Šƒ•‹••—‡•‘ˆ•–”ƒ–‡‰›ƒ†–Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ…—•–‘‡”†‡•‹”‡•ƒ††‡ƒ†•ǤŠ‡…—•–‘‡”•Š‘—Ž†„‡…‘‡‘”‡˜‹•‹„Ž‡‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ”‡–Ǥ›™ƒ›ǡ‡™„—•‹‡••ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•™‹ŽŽ‘†‘—„–ˆ‘”ƒ‘–Š‡”„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•Ǥ –™‘—Ž†„‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘ƒ‡ƒ‡š–‡•‹˜‡‹˜‡–‘”›‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˆ—–—”‡„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž•‹‘”†‡”–‘ˆ‡‡†–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‡™ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•ǤŠ‡†”‹˜‡”•ˆ‘”‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‘–ƒŽŽ‘ˆƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–—”‡Ǥ –Š‡…‘–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ—‡‘™‹‰•‹–„‡…‘‡•…Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ–ƒŽ•‘‡‘–‹‘ƒŽǡ•›„‘Ž‹…ƒ†’‡”…‡’–—ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•„‡…‘‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡƒ†ƒ”‡’‡”Šƒ’•—†‡”‡•–‹ƒ–‡††”‹˜‡”•ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ Š‘’‡–Šƒ–›‘—–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”™‹ŽŽˆ‡‡Ž…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†–‘Œ‘‹–Š‡…”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–› ‘”–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡›‘—”‘™‹†‡ƒ•ƒ„‘—––Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‹‘”†‡”–‘‡‡’–Š‡ †‹•…—••‹‘ƒŽ‹˜‡Ǥ˜‡”›…‘–”‹„—–‹‘‹•‘ˆ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•‹–•‹…‡”‡Ž›•—’’‘”–•ˆ—–—”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•Šƒ˜‡ǡ‘ˆ…‘—”•‡ǡƒ •’‡…‹ƒŽ‹••‹‘–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰Ž‘‰–‡”˜‹•‹‘•ƒ† ˆ—–—”‡•…‡ƒ”‹‘•‹‘”†‡”–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒˆ‡…—†•‘‹Žˆ‘”„”‡ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š• ˆ‘”–Š‡„‡‡Ƥ–‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‹”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‹•„‘‘‹•ƒ‹•’‹”‹‰‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆŒ—•––Šƒ–Ǥ

”‘ˆǤ”Ǥ ‘•‹…Š–‡„‡”‰ ‹†Š‘˜‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ…—Ž–›‘ˆ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†Žƒ‹‰ Šƒ‹””‘†—…–‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–

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CONTENTS Ulrich Knaack The Future Envelope

1

Bert Lieverse ŝīĞƌĞŶƚ&ƵƚƵƌĞƐ

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A. Beukers, M. van Tooren, C. Vermeeren ŝƌĐƌĂŌ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ/ŶdŚĞĞŶƚƵƌLJŚĞĂĚ &ƌŽŵƌƚƐdŽ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ͕&ƌŽŵƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉdŽDƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJĞƐŝŐŶŶĚŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ

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Luke Lowings Overlapping Boundaries

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Thomas Auer WĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞĂƐĂŐŽĂů/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶĂƐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͍

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Holger Techen &ƵƚƵƌĞĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞƐĨƌŽŵŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƟŽŶƚŽƌĞĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ

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Tillmann Klein ǀŽůƵƟŽŶŽƌZĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨ^LJƐƚĞŵƐŝŶ&ĂĕĂĚĞdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐy /Ɛ&ƵŶĐƟŽŶ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƚŚĞ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJĨŽƌƚŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞ͍

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Wim Poelman The future envelope and design methodology

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Joop Halman Industrial Building Systems Design & Engineering ĐĐĞůĞƌĂƟŶŐĐŚĂŶŐĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ

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Michiel Cohen, Joost Heijnis The Future Envelope dŽǁĂƌĚƐĂDŽƌĞZĞĂĐƟǀĞ&ĂĐĂĚĞ

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Axel Thallemer ŌĞƌƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƐƚŽƚŚĞƐLJŵƉŽƐŝƵm

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Mick Eekhout &ƵƚƵƌĞĨŽƌ&ĂĕĂĚĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂƚdhĞůŌ

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Ulrich Knaack, Tillmann Klein Roadmap for The Future Envelope

159

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Prof. Dr. Ulrich Knaack‹•Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ‹”‡•‹‰‘ˆ‘•–”—…–‹‘ ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ…–—Ž–› ‘ˆ ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǡ  ‡Žˆ–Ǥ  ͖͔͔͙ Š‡ ˆ‘—†‡† –Š‡ ƒ­ƒ†‡‡•‡ƒ”…Š ”‘—’ƒ†‹•‹‹–‹ƒ–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡̵Š‡ —–—”‡˜‡Ž‘’‡̵Ǥ

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dŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞϭʹDƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘h͘<ŶĂĂĐŬĂŶĚd͘<ůĞŝŶ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘/K^WƌĞƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘ © 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.

THE FUTURE ENVELOPE

Ulrich Knaack

Abstract ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆˆƒ­ƒ†‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ•–‘„‡‘”‹‡–ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡…—””‡––‘’‹…•‡‡”‰›ǡ‡…‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‡ƥ…‹‡…›ƒ•‡› ‹–‡•ˆ‘”†‡ƒ†•‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰Ǥš‹•–‹‰ˆƒ­ƒ†‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ƒˆ–‡” ͚͔ ›‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ …—”–ƒ‹ ™ƒŽŽ• ƒ† ͔͗ ›‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡‡– ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•ǡŽƒ…•‡™‹’—Ž•‡•ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ˆ‘”‰”‘—†„”‡ƒ‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡Dz ƒ­ƒ†‡‡•‡ƒ”…Š ”‘—’dz ƒ––Š‡ ƒ…—Ž–›‘ˆ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡Ȁ‡Žˆ–Šƒ•„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†™‹–Šƒˆ‘…—•‘’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‡†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š •‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡…–•ǡ’Žƒ‹‰–‘‘Ž•ǡ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ƒ† ˆ—–—”‡ ƒ† ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•Ǥ

ĞƐŝŐŶŽĨŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ &ĂĐƵůƚLJŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞĞůŌ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ

‡›™‘”†•ǣ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡††‡•‹‰ǡˆƒ­ƒ†‡†‡•‹‰ǡˆƒ­ƒ†‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡˆƒ­ƒ†‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‰”‘—’ǡ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ•–‡”Ǥ

ϭ͘

/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ

DzŠ‡ —–—”‡˜‡Ž‘’‡dzȂ™Šƒ–ƒ–‹–Ž‡ƒ†™Šƒ–ƒ’”‘‹•‡Ǩƒ ™‡”‡ƒŽŽ›ƒ†”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡˜‹•‹‘ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–‹”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›Ȃ‘ˆ…‘—”•‡ǡ™‡…ƒ‘–Ǩ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ•ƒ —‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘’”‘’‘•‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ †™Šƒ–™‡…ƒ†‘‹•–‘ƒ•Ȃ–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›™Šƒ––Š‡†”‹˜‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•„‡Š‹†–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•™‹ŽŽ„‡Ǥ‡•‹†‡•–Š‡‘”‡ƒ”‡–‹‰ ”‡Žƒ–‡† ƒ•’‡…–• ‘ˆ Dzˆƒ•Š‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‡”‡•–•dzǡ –Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–†”‹˜‹‰ˆ‘”…‡ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡‡‡”‰›ǣ‹–•ƒ……‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†…‘•—’–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•‘•ƒ”‡‘„˜‹‘—•Ǧ„—––Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–“—‡•–‹‘‹•‹ Š‘™ˆƒ”–Š‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ǡ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ‰‡ƒ”‡† –‘™ƒ”† –Š‹• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‡…‘†Ž›ǡ‡…‘Ž‘‰›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹’ƒ…–™‹ŽŽ‰ƒ‹‡˜‡Š‹‰Š‡”‹’‘”–ƒ…‡–Šƒ‹–Šƒ•–‘†ƒ›Ǥ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ƒ†ˆƒ­ƒ†‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š…Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ•ƒ†‡•‹‰–‘‘Žǡƒ†‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ†‡‡”‰‡–‹……‘…‡’–•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘’‘•ƒŽƒ”‡„‡…‘‹‰–Š‡‘”Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ•’‡…–••—…Šƒ•–Š‡‡‡”‰›—•‡†–‘’”‘†—…‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡†‹•ƒ••‡„Ž›’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‡‡”‰›’”‘†—…–‹‘™‹–Š‹ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•‡‡†–‘„‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–‡†‹–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‡ƥ…‹‡…›™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ‘–Š‡”‹’‘”–ƒ––‘’‹…ˆ‘”–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰’”‘…‡••‹ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰•Š‘—Ž†”‡ƒ‹ 1

ƒ––”ƒ…–‹˜‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–‹–•Ž‹ˆ‡•’ƒǦ‘–‘Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ ‡‡”‰› …‘•—’–‹‘ ‘” Ƥƒ…‹ƒŽ •ƒ˜‹‰•Ǣ „—– ”ƒ–Š‡” ƒ• ƒ …‘…‡’– ˆ‘”‡ƥ…‹‡–†‡•‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹–‡”•‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡ•›‡”‰‹‡•„‡–™‡‡ˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ†…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ ‘™ǡ‹ˆ™‡†‡Ƥ‡–Š‡–‘’‹…•‡‡”‰›ǡ‡…‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‡ƥ…‹‡…›ƒ•‡› ‹–‡•ˆ‘”†‡ƒ†•‘ˆƒ…ƒ†‡†‡•‹‰ǡŠ‘™…ƒ™‡ƒ’’Ž›˜ƒŽ—‡•–‘ –Š‡ǫ‡”‰›•ƒ˜‹‰•ƒŽ‘‡™‹–Š„‡––‡”‹•—Žƒ–‹‘˜ƒŽ—‡•‘”‡™ƒ† ‘”‡‡ƥ…‹‡––‡…Š‹…ƒŽ—‹–•…ƒ„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘•ˆ‘”•‘‡ †‡ƒ†•ǤŠ‡ƒ††‡†˜ƒŽ—‡…‘—Ž†„‡”‡—•‹‰…‘’‘‡–••—…Šƒ•ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•‘”‡˜‡‡–‹”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•™‹–Š†‹ơ‡”‡–ǡ‘–›‡–‘™ˆ—…–‹‘•Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǡƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ•—•‡ˆ—ŽŽ‹ˆ‡•’ƒ‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡ƒ‹‹—‘ˆ͖͔›‡ƒ”•Ǣ„—––Š‹•…‘—Ž†„‡‡š–‡†‡†–‘͕͔͔›‡ƒ”•‘”‘”‡ Ȃ‹ˆǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ™‡™‘—Ž†…‘Ƥ‰—”‡–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡™‹–Šƒ†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ ƪ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”†‹ơ‡”‡–—•‡•ƒ††‡ƒ†•Ǥ‡”‡™‡™‘—Ž†ƒ††ƒ˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•‘–‘–‹…‡ƒ„Ž‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ„—–‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡•ƒ„‡‡Ƥ– ˆ‘”•‘…‹‡–›ƒ†–Š‡…Ž‹‡–Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• •Š‘—Ž†„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ǤŠ‡…—””‡––”‡†•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†ƒ† •—”ˆƒ…‡Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”’‘‹–‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•– ƒ† ƒ––”ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡—•‡ ‘ˆ ‡š‹•–‹‰ „—‹Ž†‹‰• ‹• ƒ –‘’‹…ˆ‘”…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ǣ͚͔Ψ‘ˆˆ—–—”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰„—†‰‡–•™‹ŽŽ„‡—•‡† ‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆ”‡ˆ—”„‹•Š‡–ƒ†”‡‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘Ž›–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰͔͘Ψ ™‹ŽŽ„‡‹˜‡•–‡†‹‡™…‘•–”—…–‹‘•Ǥ ˆ …‘—”•‡ǡ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ ‡™ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• Ȃ –Š‡›’”‘˜‹†‡‡™–‘’‹…•–‘†”ƒ™ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰•ƒ†‡™ ‹’—Ž•‡•ˆ‘”…‡”–ƒ‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹†—•–”›‹•…‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡‹’”‹…‹’Ž‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•‘•ƒ”‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ȃ„—– •‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•’‡…–•ƒ”‡ǡ–Šƒ–‘–Š‡‘‡Šƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‡–Š‘†• ‘ˆ…‘•–”—…–‹‘•‡š‹•––Šƒ–„—‹Ž†‡”•ƒ†—•‡”•ƒ”‡—•‡†–‘ƒ†ˆ‡‡Ž …‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡™‹–ŠǤ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹–•‡ŽˆŠƒ•–‘•–ƒ› ƒ†ˆ—…–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ…‡”–ƒ‹’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡ƒ†‹•‘•–Ž›ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‘…—•‹‰‘–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǡ‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡‘–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹†—•–”›ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›‹•Ȃ™Š‡‹–…‘‡• –‘Š‹‰Š–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•Ǧ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–ƒ†˜ƒ…‡††‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•Ǣ ‹–—•‡•‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•‡†’”‘†—…–‹‘’”‘…‡••‡•ˆ‘”•‡”‹ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ ’”‘ƤŽ‡•ƒ†’”‡Ǧƒ••‡„Ž‡†‡Ž‡‡–•Ȃ„—–‹–•–‹ŽŽŠƒ•–‘…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‡••†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘’”‘…‡••Ǥ ‘ ‡š–‡† ‘ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡Ǧ‡–‹‘‡† ƒ•’‡…–• ƒ† –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‹†‡ƒ• ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–•–‡’•ǡ‹–•‡‡•”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ•™Šƒ––Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘•‘ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡Ǥ‡”‡„‡‰‹•–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘ǣ†‘™‡‡š’‡…–‘”‡…‘ˆ‘”–ǡ‘”‡•’ƒ…‡‘” ‘”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǫ‹ŽŽ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘„‡ƒˆ—–—”‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–‘”ƒ”‡™‡‰‘‹‰–‘ˆ‘…—•‘–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ•’ƒ…‡ƒ† ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…†‡•‹‰ǫ 2

2.

Current Façade Technology

Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡͖͔–Š…‡–—”›‹•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡†‹••‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••‹˜‡™ƒŽŽǣ–Š‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘”‘”‡ •–”—…–—”ƒŽ•Ž‡†‡”‡••ƒ†‰”‡ƒ–‡”–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡…›”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡͖͔–Š …‡–—”›’”‘†—…–Dz…—”–ƒ‹™ƒŽŽdzǤ—””‡–ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•ƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†‘’‘•–Ǧ ƒ†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡•Ǧ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ•ƒ…‘•–”—…–‹‘‡–Š‘†‘”‡–Šƒ ͚͔›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘…”ƒˆ–•‡ǯ•‘”‹‡–‡†„—‹Ž†‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‹•ǡ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡‡– •›•–‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š ’”‘˜‹†‡† Ƥ”•– ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡŠƒ•„‡‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‘˜‡” ‘”‡–Šƒ͔͗›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‹–Š‰”‘™‹‰…‘•…‹‘—•‡••ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•ƒ† ‡‡”‰›Ǧ…‘•—’–‹‘‹–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡͖͕•–…‡–—”›ǡ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ‹‡†‘–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹–‘–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǤŠ‹• ”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ†‘—„Ž‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•Ǥ—””‡––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› …ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ˆ‘—”†‹ơ‡”‡–’”‹…‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ—Ž–‹ǦŽ‡ƒˆ‡†ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•ǣ „‘š‡†™‹†‘™•ǡƒ††‹‰ƒ•‹‰ƒŽ‰Žƒœ‡†™‹†‘™‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆƒ‹‡” ™‹†‘™Ǣƒ•‡…‘†•‹ˆƒ­ƒ†‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡‡š–”ƒŽƒ›‡”‘ˆ‰Žƒ••…‘˜‡”• –Š‡‡–‹”‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ǣ…‘””‹†‘”ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•™‹–Šƒ‰Žƒœ‡†…‘””‹†‘”™‹–Š˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ•Ž‘–•‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡”ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ǣƒ†–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•–‘”›Ǧ •’ƒ‹‰…Š‹‡›‹–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡…ƒ˜‹–›ȋ͕ǡ͖ȌǤ Š‡Žƒ–‡•–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‘˜‡‹–™‘†‹”‡…–‹‘•ǣ–Š‡•‘…ƒŽŽ‡†DzŠ›„”‹†ˆƒ­ƒ†‡dzȋ͗ȌǦƒ…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒ†ƒ”†ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•™‹–ŠƤš‡†•— •…”‡‡• ƒ† „‘š‡† ™‹†‘™• ƒ† –Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡”˜‹…‡• —‹–• ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ…ƒ†‡• Ȃǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Dz…‘’‘‡– ˆƒ­ƒ†‡dzǡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•…‘’‘‡–•‹•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ•–ƒ”–‹‰ ™‹–Š‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†…‘†‹–‹‘‹‰ƒ†‡†‹‰™‹–Šƒ”–‹Ƥ…‹ƒŽŽ‹‰Š–ȋ͘ȌǤ

Figure 1 ^ƚĂĚƩŽƌƺƐƐĞůĚŽƌĨͬƺƐƐĞůĚŽƌĨ - one of the early corridor facades ǁŝƚŚĂƟŵďĞƌĨĂĕĂĚĞĂƐĂŶŝŶŶĞƌ layer and single glass units as external layer

3

Figure 2 Z'dŽǁĞƌͬƺƐƐĞůĚŽƌĨʹĂ ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚŽƌLJͲƐƉĂŶŶŝŶŐ chimney in the façade cavity and boxed window units to provide ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ

Figure 3 ĚĞďŝƚĞů,ĞĂĚƋƵĂƌƚĞƌͬ^ƚƵƩŐĂƌƚʹĂ ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶďŽdžĞĚĨĂĕĂĚĞ unit with a single layered façade, the so called “hybrid façade”

4

‡˜‹‡™‹‰–Š‡•‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ǡ™‡…ƒƒ••—‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡š’‡…–‡† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– •–‡’• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ƒ†˜ƒ…‡† …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ‡š‹•–‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•„—–ǡƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡƒ”‡‘–˜‡”›’”‘‹•‹‰‹–‡”• ‘ˆ‰”‘—†„”‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†‹ƪ—‡–‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ǣ–Š‡ƒ‹”‘—–‡• ƒ”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡…ƒ‘Ž›„‡‡š–‡†‡†„›•ƒŽŽ•–‡’• „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‡š‹•–‹‰ †‡’–ŠǤ › …‘–‹—‹‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ–Š ‘ˆ ƒ††‹‰‡š–”ƒŽƒ›‡”•ˆ‘”‡ƒ…Šƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽˆ—…–‹‘ǡ‘Ž›ƒŽ‹‹–‡†—„‡”‘ˆˆ—”–Š‡”–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•…ƒ„‡‡š’‡…–‡†Ǥ –Š‡‘–Š‡”•‹†‡ǡƒ‡š’‘”–ƒ†–‡…Š‹…ƒŽŽ›‘”‹‡–‡†•‘…‹‡–›•—…Šƒ•—”‘’‡ƒ†‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ƒ† ‡”ƒ›‡‡†•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹–‡…Š‹…ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ǡƒ‡™‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡•ǡ’Žƒ‡”•ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡•ǡƒ„Ž‡–‘…‘–”‘Ž‡™Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–‡…Š‹“—‡•ƒ†–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹–‘ˆƒ­ƒ†‡†‡•‹‰‹•‹–Š‡•–ƒ”–‹‰„Ž‘…•ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘„‡ƒ”•–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ•‘’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†—’‰”ƒ†‡‘ˆƒ‡–‹”‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ

Figure 4 Post tower Bonn – one of the ĮƌƐƚĨĂĐĂĚĞƐ͕ǁĞƌĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƵŶŝƚƐ and double leafed facades are combined into a decentralized “component façade”

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3.

Developing a Façade Research Group

‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‘’‹…‘ˆ–Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ…—Ž–›‘ˆ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ƒ––Š‡‡Žˆ–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡† †—•–”‹ƒŽ—‹Ž†‹‰ǣ‹–ˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰Ȁ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ǧ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‡†ǡ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…ƒ† –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›Ǥ  –Š‹•…‘–‡š–ǡ™‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹†‡•‹‰ǡ’Žƒ‹‰–‘‘Ž•ǡ …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ•• …—•–‘‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ’”‘˜‹†‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ˆ—–—”‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡•ƒ†•›•–‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‹•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡’”‘…‡••‘”‹‡–‡†‹•–”—‡–••—…Šƒ•†‡•‹‰’”‹…‹’Ž‡•ƒ†‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†”‡•—Ž–‘”‹‡–‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘•ˆ‘”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ’”‘†—…–‹‘’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•͕ǣ͕‘…—’•ˆ‘”‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† „—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘…‡••‡•ǡ‡–Š‘†•ǡ•›•–‡•ƒ†’”‘†—…–•Ǥ

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Figure 5 KǀĞƌǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ of Building Technology at the FacƵůƚLJŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞͬdhĞůŌ

Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‹–•‡Žˆ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š”‡‡•—„’”‘‰”ƒ•ǣ ƒ…ƒ†‡•ǡ‘…‡’–‘—•‡ƒ†‘‘–‹…•Ȃ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”–™‘ƒ”‡•–”‘‰Ž›‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡† ƒ††‹”‡…–‡†–‘™ƒ”†• †—•–”‹ƒŽ‡•‹‰‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ǥ Š‡Dz ƒ­ƒ†‡‡•‡ƒ”…Š ”‘—’dz™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹͖͔͔͙ƒ†ˆ‘…—•‡• •’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒŽŽ›‘’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‡†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ’”‘Œ‡…–•™‹–ŠƒŽƒ”‰‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• —•‡ǡ’Žƒ‹‰–‘‘Ž•ǡ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡ ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ǤŠ‹•‰”‘—’‹•Ž‡ƒ†„›‹ŽŽƒŽ‡‹Ǥ  –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘”‹‡–‡† •‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹ –Š‡ Ƥ‡Ž† ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡Ǧˆ‘”‡†…Žƒ††‹‰ƒ†–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡…‘’‘‡–•‹–‘ –Š‡’Žƒ‹‰ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹‘’”‘…‡••‹•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ†‡š‡…—–‡†„› Šƒƒ‹‡–„‡”‰‡Ǥ‘–Š‡”Žƒ”‰‡ƒ†’”‘‹•‹‰”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠƤ‡Ž†ǡ …‘•‹†‡”‹‰•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…ǡ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽƒ†Ƥƒ…‹ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ǡ‹•ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ ”‡ˆ—”„‹•Š‡–ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›ŠŠ‹‡‘„„‡”–Ǥ ‘”‡ …‘‡…–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† •–”ƒ–‡‰‹…ƒŽŽ› ‘”‹‡–‡† ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” –‘’‹… ‹ŽŽƒŽ‡‹…‘˜‡”•Ȃ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ƒ†–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ –Š‡•‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹†—•–”›Ǧƒ†ƒ”…‡Ž‹Ž‘™ǯ•Dz –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ­ƒ†‡dzǡƒ’Žƒ‹‰–‘‘Žˆ‘”†‹ơ‡”‡–…Ž‹ƒ–‡œ‘‡•ƒ† ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ ˆ—…–‹‘•ǡ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ’Žƒ‡”• ™‹–Š ‡ƒ”Ž› †‡…‹•‹‘ ƒ‹‰ –‘‘Ž•ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‹”’Žƒ‹‰’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ ‘ ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‡…‘’ƒ••‹‰ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ –‘’‹…• ™‹–Š ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ’”‘‰‘•–‹…ˆ‘…—•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡‰”‘—’ǣ–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒŽ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡Ȃ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›‹†‹ƒƒ†ƒ”ƒŠȂ‹•‘”‹‡–‡†‘„‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†•ŠƒŽŽ’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡™‹–Š …—””‡–Ž›‡‡†‡†‘”ˆ—–—”‡ˆ—…–‹‘•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ’”‘Œ‡…–•‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆ†‡ƪƒ–‡ƒ„Ž‡•Ȃ˜ƒ…——…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†ƒ†•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‡†•–”—…–—”‡•Ǧ™‹–Š‡˜‹”‘‡–”‡Žƒ–‡†…ƒ’ƒ…‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡‡šƒ‹‡† „›–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•”‹‡”‰•ƒǡ‹ŽŽƒŽ‡‹ƒ†ƒ”…‡Ž‹Ž‘™Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡–‘’‹…Dz —–—”‡ ƒ­ƒ†‡”‹…‹’Ž‡•dz™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǣ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”ǡ –Š‹• –‘’‹… —–‹Ž‹œ‡• –Š‡ Š‡—”‹•–‹… ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‡–Š‘†‘ˆ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰’‘••‹„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǡ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ ’‘••‹„Ž‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ†…‘„‹‹‰†‹ơ‡”‡–†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•ƒ† –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǧƒ†…‘„‹‹‰–Š‡•‡…‘’‘‡–•–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š”‘—–‡• ‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•–Šƒ–‹‰Š–‘–›‡–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹†‡–‹Ƥ‡†ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž– ‹•ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ȃ–Š‡›ƒ”‡’—„Ž‹…ǡ–‘ „‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ†–‘„‡—•‡†„›‘–Š‡”•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‡”–‘†‡•‹‰‡”•Ǥ –Š‹•…‘–‡š–ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘—’‹•–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†‘––‘‡‡’‹†‡ƒ••–‘”‡†ƒ™ƒ›ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡ –Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡›™‘—Ž†‘–„‡—•‡†ƒ†™‘—Ž†‘–’”‘†—…‡ƒ††‡†˜ƒŽ—‡ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ‰”‘™‹‰ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‹†‡ƒ•ˆ‘” ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•‘”•‹•–”—…–—”‡•ǡ’”‹…‹’Ž‡•‘”‡˜‡‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰Ǥ

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ŽŽ–Š‡•‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–™‘”‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ†‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ

ϰ͘

ƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐĂŶŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŶĞƚǁŽƌŬĨŽƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͲƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů&ĂĕĂĚĞDĂƐƚĞƌWƌŽŐƌĂŵ

‘Ž‹”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‘’”ƒ…–‹…‡ƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ–™‘”‘—–‡•‘ˆ…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǣ –Š‹• •›’‘•‹— ‹• ‘”‰ƒ‹•‡† ‹ …‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡   Ȃ –Š‡ —–…Š ƒ­ƒ†‡ „—‹Ž†‡”• ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ Ȃ –‘ ‡–™‘”™‹–Š–Š‡’”‘†—…‹‰‹†—•–”›ƒ†‹–•†‡ƒ†•ƒ†’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒŒ‘””‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘Œ‡…–•ƒ”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ† •–ƒ”–‡†™‹–Š—–…Šƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹†—•–”‹‡• ‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…ˆƒ­ƒ†‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ȃ”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰‡–™‘”‘ˆˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹—”‘’‡ƒ†‘”–Š‡”‹…ƒǤ ‘’”‘˜‹†‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ…‹–‘‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡƒDz –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ…ƒ†‡•ƒ•–‡”dz ’”‘‰”ƒ ™ƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ƒ•–‡” ’”‘‰”ƒ —‹Ž†‹‰ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ •–ƒ”–‹‰ ‹ ‡’–‡„‡” ͖͔͔͛Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒǡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ …‘•—Ž–ƒ…‹‡• ƒ† ’Žƒ‡”• ˆ‘” –Š‡—–…Š„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›ǡ‹•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž’”‘‰”ƒƒ––Š‡ Dz‡–‘Ž†…Š—Ž‡ˆò””…Š‹–‡–—”—† ‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡–—”dz‹ ‡”ƒ›ǡ ™‹–Š™Š‹…Šƒ•›•–‡ƒ–‹…‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡š…Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ•–—†‡–•ƒ††‘…‡–•Šƒ•„‡‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǤŠ‡‡š–•–‡’™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒŽ‹–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ–ƒ‰Ž‹•Š‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ Figure 6 Air-B-Wall – a student project ǁŝƚŚĂĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŶĞƵŵĂƟĐ ĂŶĚǀĂĐƵƵŵĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐĨŽƌ ĚĞŇĂƚĞĂďůĞĂŶĚĐŚĂŶŐĞĂďůĞĨĂĕĂĚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐ

• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ ’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘„› Ž”‹…Šƒƒ…ǡ‹ŽŽƒ Ž‡‹ǡ ƒ”…‡Ž ‹Ž‘™ ƒ† Š‘ƒ• —‡” ‹ …‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹”Š¡—•‡”‡”Žƒ‰Ȁƒ•‡ŽǦ‘•–‘Ȃ‡”Ž‹ǡDz”‹…‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ‘•–”—…–‹‘Ȃ ƒ­ƒ†‡•dz™ƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹—‰—•–͖͔͔͛Ǥ

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5.

The Future Envelope

……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆDz”‡•‡ƒ”…Š†”‹˜‡†‡•‹‰dzƒ†Dz†‡•‹‰†”‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šdzǡ–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‹ˆƒ…ƒ†‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ•–‘„‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’’Žƒ‹‰ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ‡Ž‡‡–• ƒ† …‘’‘‡–•ǡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ•’‡…–•ǡ•—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡†‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”‡‡”‰›ǡ‡…‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‡ƥ…‹‡…›ƒ•‡›‹–‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ –Š‹•…‘–‡š–ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹–•‡Žˆ‹•‘–‡”‡Ž›ƒ’”‘–‡…–‹˜‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡Ǣ‹–ƒ…–•ƒ•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ…‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰…Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†‡‡”‰›…‘•—’–‹‘ƒ†‰‹˜‡•ƒ•—”ˆƒ…‡–‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ȃ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡Ǥ †‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•Ȃ‘”„‡––‡”‡˜‡Ž‘’‡•Ǧƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘•‡‡–Š‡–ƒ•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡‘ ƒDz‡–™‘”dz„ƒ•‹•ǣ•›•–‡•Ǧ„—–ƒŽ•‘‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰Ǧ™Š‹…Š ’”‘˜‹†‡ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ †‹ơ‡”‡– ƒ•’‡…–• •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ƒ†…‘„‹‡–Š‡ǡƒ•”‡“—‹”‡†ǤŠ‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡Šƒ•–‘„‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‹”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ•‡”˜‹‰’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ƒ†• „›’”‘˜‹†‹‰–Š‡‡‡†‡†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ‡”‡ǡ™‡‡˜‡ Šƒ˜‡–‘™‹–Š†”ƒ™ˆ”‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†•–”—…–—”‡Ǧ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‡†–Š‹‹‰ ƒ† …‘•–”—…–‹‘ Ȃ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ –Š‡ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ ƒ• ƒ Š›„”‹†ǣ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹‘’”‘…‡••‡•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡•—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…‘„‹‡†–‘ƒƒŽŽ•‘Ž˜‹‰”‡•—Ž–Ǥ Šƒ–ƒ‰Ž‘”‹‘—•”‡“—‡•–ƒ†™Šƒ–ƒ’”‘‹•‡Ǩ‘™…ƒ™‡’”‘˜‹†‡ –Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ†•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•ǫˆ…‘—”•‡ǡ‹–‹•‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡ƒ•™‡”•™‹–Š‹ƒ•‡…Ž—†‡†ƒ†‹•‘Žƒ–‡†…‘—‹–› Ȃ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ™‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡‹–Š‡—Ž–‹†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ†–Š‡˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹••›’‘•‹—ǣDzŠ‡ —–—”‡ ƒ­ƒ†‡dzƒ••ˆ‘”‹†‡ƒ•ǡ™‹•Š‡• ƒ†˜‹•‹‘•ˆ”‘ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•ǡ’Žƒ‡”•ǡˆƒ­ƒ†‡•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–•ƒ†Ȃ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”‡š’ƒ†‹‰–Š‡„‘”†‡”•‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ȃƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›• †‹”‡…–Ž› ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ ƒ† ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•Ǥ

References: ȋ͕Ȍ Ǥ„„‡”–ǡǤƒƒ…ǣ̶Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ˆ‘”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ƥ…‡”‡ˆ—”„‹•Š‡–̶͖†  –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‡…‡‘ƒ”–ƒ† —•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡—‹Ž†˜‹”‘‡–͖͔͔͚ ȋ͖Ȍ Ǥ”‘‘‡•ȂŽƒ††‹‰‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰•Ȃ͕͜͝͝ ȋ͗Ȍ ‡”œ‘‰ǡ‹’’‡”•ǡƒ‰Ȃ ƒ…ƒ†‡ƒ—ƒŽȂ͖͔͔͘ ȋ͘Ȍ Ǥ‘––‰‹‡••‡”Ȃ ƒ••ƒ†‡„‡•…Š‹…Š–—‰‡ Žƒ•Ȃ͖͔͔͘ ȋ͙Ȍ ‡•–‡”Ž‡ǡ‡—••Ž‡”ǡ—–œǡ‹‡„Ȃ‘’’‡Ž•…ŠƒŽ‹‰‡ ƒ••ƒ†‡Ȃ͕͝͝͝ ȋ͚Ȍ Ǥƒ—•Žƒ†‡ȂŽ‹ƒ‡•‹‰Ȃ͖͔͔͙ ȋ͛Ȍ ‡Š‘—–ǡ‡…‡•Ȃ‡•–„‡•–ǡˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡‡Žˆ–Ȃ͖͔͔͙ ȋ͜Ȍ ‡”–˜ƒ†‡”‹†‡ǣ‡‘‡‘•–‡†‡ ‡˜‡Žǡ ‡˜‡Ž„‘—™͗Ȁ͖͔͔͛

9

Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹†—•–”›‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡Ǥ˜‡”›ˆƒ…ƒ†‡†‡•‹‰™‹ŽŽƤƒŽŽ›’ƒ••„›–Š‡‹†—•–”›ˆ‘”ƤƒŽ‡š‡…—–‹‘ǤŠ‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹†—•–”›‹•–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ› ‡™ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ǡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‡ƒ‰‡” –‘ „”‹‰ ‹– –‘ ƒ …‡”–ƒ‹ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œƒ–‹‘‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ‡‹–ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ„”‘ƒ†‡”ƒ”‡–Ǥ Ing. Bert Lieverseǡ‹”‡…–‘”‘ˆ Ȃ‡”‡‹‰—‰‡–ƒŽ‡ƒ‡ ‡ ”‡˜‡Ž„”ƒ…Š‡ǡ—†‡”Ž‹‡•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡•‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”› –Š”‘—‰Š‰”‘™–Šƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

dŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞϭʹDƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘h͘<ŶĂĂĐŬĂŶĚd͘<ůĞŝŶ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘/K^WƌĞƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘ © 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.

DIFFERENT FUTURES

Bert Lieverse VMRG

‹”•–ǡ ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ›‘—ˆ‘”–Š‡‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ‡‡ŽŠ‘‘—”‡† –‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ•‡†–‘ƒ‡ƒ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘–‘•—…Šƒ‡š…‡ŽŽ‡– ‰”‘—’‘ˆ‡š’‡”–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ ›ƒ‹ˆ‘”–‘†ƒ›‹•–‘‰‹˜‡›‘—ƒŠƒ†Ž‡ǡ•‘–Šƒ–›‘—…ƒŽ‘‘ƒ– ›‘—”…‘’ƒ›ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡–ƒ†›‘—”•‡Žˆ‹ƒ‡™™ƒ›Ǥˆ…‘—”•‡ǡ ‹–‹•—’–‘›‘—–‘†‘•‘‡–Š‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ„‡‰‹˜‹‰›‘—Ǥ‡•‹†‡•–Šƒ–ǡ ™‹ŽŽ•Š‘™›‘—™Šƒ–›‘—…ƒ•‡‡ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡…‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‹•™ƒ›‘ˆŽ‘‘‹‰ƒ––Š‹‰•ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡ ‰Žƒ••‡•Ǥ‡™‹ŽŽ•‡‡–Šƒ––”‡†•ǡ’ƒ––‡”•ǡƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰„Ž‘…• ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–ƒ‹‰ǡ–‘„—‹Ž†‘—”˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ

ϭ͘

>ŽŽŬŝŶŐĂƚƚŚŝŶŐƐĨƌŽŵĂĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ

Š› •Š‘—Ž† ›‘— Ž‘‘ ƒ– –Š‹‰• †‹ơ‡”‡–Ž›ǫ ‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ–‡ Ž‘‘ ƒ––Š‡–Š‹‰•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‡ƒ”–Š‡˜‡”›‹–‡•‡Ž›Ǥ‡Ž‘‘ƒ–‘—” •’‡…‹ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ‘—”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘•ǡƒ†–Š‡–Š‹‰•–Šƒ–‰‘„‡•–™‹–Š –Š‡Ǥ‡…”‡ƒ–‡‘—”‘™–›’‡‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ‹–›ƒ•‹–™‡”‡ǡ‘‡–Šƒ–‹• †‹ơ‡”‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ‘”…‘’Ž‡–‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ‹ơ‡”‡–’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ …‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†‡˜‡‡–‹”‡…‘—–”‹‡•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ ˆ›‘—”™‘”ˆƒ•…‹ƒ–‡•›‘—ǡ›‘—–‡†–‘„‡˜‡”›ˆ‘…—•‡†‘‹–ƒ†‰‡–„‡––‡”ƒ†„‡––‡”ƒ–‹–Ǥ—–‘Ž›ƒ†•’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Šƒ– ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” •‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ›‘—” Ƥ‡Ž† –Šƒ– ›‘— ›‘—”•‡Žˆ Šƒ˜‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ† …ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ‡‡’ ‹–ƒ…–Ǥ › Ž‘‘‹‰ ƒ– –Š‹‰•ˆ”‘ƒ†‹ơ‡”‡–’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ǡ›‘—…ƒŽ‡ƒ”ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‡™ –Š‹‰•ƒ†–Šƒ–™ƒ›ǡŠ‡Ž’–‘ƒ‡›‘—”…‘’ƒ›‘”‡•—……‡••ˆ—ŽǤ ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘ƒ‡ƒˆ‡™•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•–‘Š‡Ž’›‘—–‘„”‡ƒ ˆ”‡‡ˆ‘”ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ˆ”‘›‘—”–”—•–‡†™ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰Ǥ

Ϯ͘

ZĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ

Š‡‘›‘–ƒǯ•Š‹‡ˆš‡…—–‹˜‡”‡…‡‹˜‡†–Š‡ƒ™ƒ”†ˆ‘”–Š‡‘•– •—……‡••ˆ—Ž…‘’ƒ›‹—”‘’‡”‡…‡–Ž›ǡŠ‡Ž‡–‹–„‡•‡‡–Šƒ–Š‡ Ž‘‘•ƒ––Š‹‰•ˆ”‘ƒ†‹ơ‡”‡–’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡–ŠƒŒ—•––Šƒ–‘ˆƒ …ƒ”ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”Ǥ‡•ƒ‹†–Šƒ–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†Š‡—†‡”•–‘‘†™Šƒ– ‹–‹•–Šƒ–ƒ‡•‘—”‹–‡”‡•–‹‰—”‘’‡ƒ—‹–›Ǥ‡•ƒ™–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ ƒ”‘—†—”‘’‡’‡‘’Ž‡™‡”‡†”‹‹‰„‡‡”ǡ’Žƒ›‹‰ˆ‘‘–„ƒŽŽǡƒ† •‡”˜‹‰…‘ơ‡‡Ǥ‡˜‹•‹–‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ…‘—–”‹‡•‹—”‘’‡ƒ†‡˜‡11

–—ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘—†–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡•‡•‡‘ˆ—‹–›‹–Š‡‹–‡†‹‰†‘Ǥ—– –Š‡„‡‡”™ƒ•™ƒ”‡”–Š‡”‡ǡƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘‘–„ƒŽŽˆƒ•–‡”–Šƒ‹–Š‡”‡•– ‘ˆ—”‘’‡ƒ†ƒ„‘˜‡ƒŽŽǡ–Š‡…‘ơ‡‡–—”‡†‘—––‘„‡–‡ƒǤ ‡ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–—”‘’‡™ƒ•ƒ—‹–›‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•ǡƒ†–Šƒ–‹–‡”‹…Š‡† ‹–•‡Žˆ™‹–Š–Š‘•‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•ǤŽŽ‡ơ‘”–•–‘–—”‹–‹–‘ƒŠ‘‘‰‡‡‘—•—‹–›™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ––Š‡‡š’‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†›ƒ‹……Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‘ˆ–Š‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ”‡–Ǥ‹•‡••ƒ‰‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡™ƒ•ǣ„‡’”‘—†‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•„‡–™‡‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ…‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡƒ”‡–•ƒ†…‘—–”‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ†ƒ’–›‘—”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ……‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ ‘”‘›‘–ƒ–Š‹•‡ƒ•ǣ Ȉ ”‡•’‡…––Š‡—‹“—‡‡••‘ˆ‡˜‡”›…—•–‘‡”ǡ Ȉ ”‡•’‡…––Š‡—‹“—‡‡••‘ˆ‡˜‡”›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡͖͔ǡ͔͔͔…‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ǡ ƒ† Ȉ ”‡•’‡…–ƒŽŽ†‹‡•‹‘•ƒ†˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–‘’“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ •—……‡••ˆ—Ž…‘’ƒ›–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•–Š‹•‹–‡”•‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•ƒ††‘‡•‘––”›–‘ˆ‘”…‡–Š‡ƒ”‡–ǡ–Š‡’”‘†—…–•‘”–Š‡…—•–‘‡”•‹–‘—‹ˆ‘”‹–›ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘Šƒ•…‘•‡“—‡…‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆƒ…‘’ƒ›ǡ™Š‡”‡›‘—”‘™’”‘…‡†—”‡•ƒ†—‹ˆ‘” ™ƒ›•‘ˆ™‘”‹‰‹‰Š–„‡Š‘•–‹Ž‡Ǥ –‹•ˆ‘”›‘—–‘„‡‘’‡ǡ”‡…‡’–‹˜‡ǡ ƒ†–‘–ƒ‡ƒ…”‹–‹…ƒŽŽ‘‘ƒ––Š‡˜‹•‹‘ƒ†™ƒ›•‘ˆ™‘”‹‰‘ˆ›‘—” …‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†ƒ•›‘—”•‡ŽˆŠ‘™‹–ƒŽŽƤ–•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”’‹…–—”‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡–ǡ–Š‡‹†—•–”›ǡ•‘…‹‡–›ƒ†–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ–‘’‘ˆ–Šƒ–ǡ ˆ‡‡Ž–Šƒ– ‡˜‡”›‘‡Ȃƒ†‘–‘Ž›–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆƒ…‘’ƒ›Ȃ•Š‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ƒ‘’‹‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡•‡ƒ––‡”•Ǥ ”‘›’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ•–”‡†™ƒ–…Š‡”ǡƒƒ‰‡”ǡ–”ƒ‹‡”ƒ†’‘Ž‹…›ƒ‡”‹ƒ†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘‹†—•–”›ǡ …‡”–ƒ‹Ž›•‡‡–Š‡ †‹ơ‡”‡…‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ† •Šƒ”‡–Š‡‘›‘–ƒ‡š‡…—–‹˜‡ǯ•‘’‹‹‘Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘–”—‡ˆ‘”ˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘–Šƒ–”‡•’‡…–ˆ‘”†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•’”‡•‡–• ‘—”‹†—•–”›™‹–Š‰”‡ƒ–…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‹•‹†—•–”›ǡ–‘‘ǡ—•– ”‡•’‡…––Š‡—‹“—‡‡••‘ˆ‡˜‡”›…—•–‘‡”ǡ‡˜‡”›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡͖͔ǡ͔͔͔ …‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ƒ† ƒŽŽ †‹‡•‹‘• ƒ† ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –‘’ “—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ  › ‘’‹‹‘ǡ‘—”‹†—•–”›ƒ†‘’–•ƒƒŽŽ–‘‘‘†‡•–’‘•‹–‹‘ǡƒ†‹–†‡•‡”˜‡•–‘’Žƒ›ƒ‘”‡†‘‹ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹…‘•–”—…–‹‘’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ

3.

‘OP DE STEP’

‹…‡›‘—ƒ”‡‹‡Ž‰‹—ǡ–Š‡”‡‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›‹•‘‰‡––‹‰ƒ”‘—†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒˆ‡™‡Ž‰‹ƒ™‘”†•Ǥ ™‹ŽŽŽ‡†›‘—ƒŠƒ†Ǥίǡί ‡ίǤ Šƒ˜‡„”‘—‰Š–‘‡™‹–Š‡–‘•Š‘™›‘—™Šƒ– ƒ‘†‡”‹…•…‘‘–‡”Ž‘‘•Ž‹‡Ǥ ‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ —•‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‡––‡”• ˆ‘”‹‰    –‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹•‡ ‘—” –Š‘—‰Š–•ƒ†˜‹•‹‘Ǥ 12

O•–ƒ†•ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆ”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡…‘•‡“—‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹‹‰ ƒ† ™‘”‹‰ ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡…– ˆ‘” †‹ơ‡”‡…‡• ‹• –Šƒ–‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘••Š‘—Ž†‘Ž‘‰‡”„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ••–”—…–—”‡•ǡ„—– ƒ• ‡Žƒ•–‹… ™‘” ˆ‘”•Ǥ ‘’ƒ‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ …‘–‹—‘—•Ž› Šƒ˜‡ –‘ •–”—…–—”‡–Š‡‹”‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•‹ƒƪ‡š‹„Ž‡ƒ‡”ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–ƒƒ‰‡‡–™‹ŽŽ„‡‰‹˜‡ƒ‡™”‘Ž‡ǡƒ‡Ž›–Šƒ–‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–Ǥ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǡ–Š‡•›•–‡•—’’Ž‹‡”•ƒ†ƒŒ‘”‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•—’’Ž‹‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‘‹ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹—”‘’‡ǤŠ‹•‹•’ƒ”–Ž›†—‡ –‘–Š‡‹”…‘’—Ž•‹˜‡’—”•—‹–‘ˆ—‹ˆ‘”‹–›Ǥ† –Š‹–Šƒ––Š‹•’‘™‡”…ƒ„‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†‹ˆˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘•–”—…–‘”•™‡”‡‘”‡ƪ‡š‹„Ž‡Ǥ –‹• Ž‹‡ƒ‘…–‘’—•–Šƒ–Šƒ•–‘—•‡ƒŽŽ‹–•–‡–ƒ…Ž‡•–‘’‡‡–”ƒ–‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘••—…Šƒ•ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•ǡ•—’’Ž‹‡”•ǡ‡†—•‡”•ƒ†–Š‡Ƥƒ…‹‡”•ǡ ƒ†–Šƒ–Šƒ•–‘•‡‡…‘Ǧ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡•‡’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ P•–ƒ†•ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆPsychologyǤ –ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘ „‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ „‹† ‘†‡” ™‘”‡”•ǡ ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ „‡…‘‡˜‡”›”ƒ”‡ǡ–‘›‘—”…‘’ƒ›Ǥ›–Š‡•‡™‡‡ƒ›‘—ǡ›‘—”…‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ǡƒ†›‘—”™‘”ˆ”‹‡†•Ǥ –ǯ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ„‘—–‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹›‘—”™‘”ƒ†›‘—”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘‡˜‹†‡––Šƒ–’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ‡•‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘—†‡”•–ƒ† ™Šƒ– †”‹˜‡• –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ›‘— †‘ „—•‹‡•• ™‹–Š ƒ† –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡‹”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹ˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǡ™Š‡”‡–‡…Š‹“—‡ ƒ† –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ’”‡˜ƒ‹Žǡ ‹– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ —•‡ –Š‡ ‹•‹‰Š–• ‘ˆ ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤŽŽ–Š‡‘”‡„‡…ƒ—•‡™Šƒ–ƒ‡•‡’Ž‘›‡‡••‘˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”’Š›•‹…ƒŽ•–”‡‰–Š„—––Š‡‹”‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–‹‡•ǡ•—…Š ƒ•‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘Šƒ†Ž‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ”‡˜‡”›—…Š’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†’”‘…‡••‡•‹™Š‹…Š‘–Š‹‰…ƒ„‡ˆ‘”…‡†ǡ„—––Šƒ–”‡“—‹”‡›‘—–‘Ƥ†‘–Š‡”™ƒ›•‘ˆƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰•—……‡••Ǥ D•–ƒ†•ˆ‘”DemographyǤ –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘Šƒ˜‡‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘–Š‡ ™ƒ›‹™Š‹…Š•‘…‹‡–‹‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹–‡”•‘ˆ…‘’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ”‡†•‹ •‘…‹‡–›ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‘ˆ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡–‘ˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǤŠ‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”…ƒ”‡ƒ†’”‘–‡…–‹‘ǡ•—…Šƒ••ƒˆ‡–›ǡ…”‡ƒ–‡•‡™†‡ƒ†•ƒ†‡™’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”‘—”‹†—•–”›Ǥ‡–Š‹‹–‡”•‘ˆ ‰”‘—’•‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ…‘—–”‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘–”ƒ…‡ƒ† ƒ•™‡” –‘ ‰”‘—’ ‡‡†• –Šƒ –‘ –Š‡ ‡‡†• ‘ˆ ‡–‹”‡ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘— …‘—Ž†•ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•—„ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–”—”‹‰Š–ƒ…”‘••–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ” …‘—–”› „‘”†‡”•ǡ ™‹–Š •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‡‡† ’ƒ––‡”• ƒ† …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•Ǥ ƒˆ‡–›ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡…”‘••Ǧ„‘”†‡”’Š‡‘‡ƒ–Šƒ– …ƒŠƒ˜‡ƒ†‹ơ‡”‡–‹†‡–‹–›‹†‹ơ‡”‡–•—„ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘–Š‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡‹•ƒ•—„ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡‹‘”•™Š‘™‹•Šˆ‘”•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ —”‘’‡‹••Š”‹‹‰ƒ†‘–Š‡”…‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡‡š’ƒ†‹‰Ǥ ‹ˆ–›ǦƤ˜‡ ‹ŽŽ‹‘Š‹‡•‡Ž‹˜‡‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆŠ‹ƒƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒŽƒ”‰‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘†—…––Šƒ–Š‡͕Ǥ͖„‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘Ž‹˜‡‹Š‹ƒǤŠ‡͖͔‹ŽŽ‹‘ †‹ƒ•‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ™‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ͔͗͘„‹ŽŽ‹‘†‘ŽŽƒ”•Ǥ ‘™–Šƒ–‹•ˆ‘‘†ˆ‘”–Š‘—‰Š–ǥ 13

E •–ƒ†• ˆ‘” EconomyǤ ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡• Š‡”‡ ƒ• ˆ‘” †‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡ ƒ‡Ž› –Šƒ– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ …‘—–”› „‘”†‡”• ƒ”‡ ‘ Ž‘‰‡” –Š‡†‡–‡”‹‹‰ˆƒ…–‘”Ǥ—”‘’‡‹•™‹–‡••‹‰ƒ‘‰‘‹‰’”‘…‡••‘ˆ —‹Ƥ…ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒŒ‘”…Šƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡–ƒ‹‰’Žƒ…‡‘ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•…ƒŽ‡Ǥ Š‡ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ǡ‡…‘‘‹…•—’”‡ƒ…›‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‹•‡š’‡…–‡† –‘ƒ‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”ƒ‡™‡…‘‘‹……‡–”‡‘ˆ‰”ƒ˜‹–›ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡•‘ …ƒŽŽ‡† Ǧ…‘—–”‹‡•ǣ”ƒœ‹Žǡ—••‹ƒǡ †‹ƒƒ†Š‹ƒǡ–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š –Š‡ƒ† ƒ’ƒǤŠƒ–™‹ŽŽ—”‘’‡†‘–Š‡ǫ‹ŽŽ‹–„‡…‘‡ƒ•Ž‡‡’‹‰…‘–‹‡–‘”ƒ†›ƒ‹…‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ‰ƒ”†‡ˆ‘”–‡…Š‹…ƒŽƒ† …—Ž–—”ƒŽ•—……‡••ǫ S•–ƒ†•ˆ‘”–Š‡Social aspectǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ„‘—–ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ǡ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ† –Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ†–Šƒ–†‘‡•‘–‘Ž›ƒ’’Ž›–‘–Š‡ …‘”’‘”ƒ–‡…‘—‹–›ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–‘–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”…‘–‡š–•’ƒ‹‰‘–Š‡”…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†‡–‹”‡…‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ –‹•ƒ„‘—––‡ƒ™‘”ǡƒ„‘—– —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ †‡…‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ ’”‘…‡••‡• ™‹–Š‹ ƒ† „‡–™‡‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•ǡ•—…Šƒ•…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†ƒ”‡–•Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡‹–‹•–Š‡ ƒ”‡–•‹’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”–Šƒ–ˆ—…–‹‘‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽƒ•’‡…–Ǥ –‹•‘–‘Ž›ƒ„‘—–•—’’Ž›ƒ††‡ƒ†ƒ•ƒ‡…‘‘‹…‰‹˜‡ǡ„—– ƒŽ•‘ ƒ„‘—– …”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ”‡–• ƒ† ‹–”‘†—…‹‰ ’”‘†—…–• ƒ† •‡”˜‹…‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‘•‡‘ˆˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ –‹•ƒ„‘—–—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• ‹ •‘…‹‡–› ƒ† –Š‡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ ††‘ǯ–ˆ‘”‰‡–…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡…—Ž–—”‡Ǩ T•–ƒ†•ˆ‘”TechnologyǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ•–”‘‰ˆ‘…—•‘‘—”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‘—™‹ŽŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†–Šƒ– …‘•‹†‡”–Š‹•–‘„‡ˆƒ”„”‘ƒ†‡”–Šƒ Œ—•––Š‡†‡‡’‡•–ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ†˜ƒ…‡†‘’–‹‘•Ǥ—–‡˜‡•‘ǡ ‹–‹•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”–Šƒ–‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡›•–‘•—……‡••ƒ† ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ•…ƒ—•‡†ƒ Ž‘–‘ˆ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡ„—–‹•…ƒƒ†—•–’”‘˜‹†‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ –Š‹–Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‘‡ ‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”› …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ˆ‘” ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ Š‡”‡ǤŠ›†‘™‡ƒ•Ƥ––‡”•™Šƒ–‡‡”‰›•ƒ˜‹‰‡–ƒ‹Ž•™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ‡–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‹‰‘—–‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘•ǫ •ǯ– –Š‡”‡ƒ•ƒ”–‡”™ƒ›‘ˆ†‘‹‰–Šƒ–ǫ –Š‹–Šƒ–‹ˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǡ–‘‘ǡ…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†–‘ƒ‹†‹•’‡•ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡•—……‡••Ž‡˜‡Žˆ‘”–Š‡Ǯˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǯ‘””ƒ–Š‡”Ǯ…‘ˆ‘”–ǯ‹†—•–”›Ǥ…Š‘”‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š‹•‹…”‘••Ǧ„‘”†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•‹•‘‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†—•–”›–‘…‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡ƒ†‡š’ƒ†‹–• ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ…–‹˜‡‡ơ‘”–•‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ˆ‘”–‹†—•–”›ƒ”‡‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡–Š‹•Ǥ E •–ƒ†•ˆ‘”EcologyǤ ”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›–Š‡Ž‹‹–•‘ˆ‘—”ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—”…‡• ƒ”‡„‡…‘‹‰˜‹•‹„Ž‡Ǥ –™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ‰‘‘†–Š‹‰‹ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹†—•–”›ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™‹ŽŽˆ”‘‘™‘”‡ˆ‡”–‘ƒ•–Š‡…‘ˆ‘”–‹†—•–”›ǡ™‡”‡–‘ •‡–‹–•‡Žˆ—’ƒ•ƒ•—’’Ž‹‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹–Š‹•”‡•’‡…–Ǥ‡”‰›‹•‡› Š‡”‡Ȃ‡‡”‰›…‘–”‘Žƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‡‡”‰›‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘‹–‹•‘–‘Ž›ƒ„‘—–‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ„‘—––”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ•–‘”ƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ 14

ƒ…“—‹”‹‰‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡‡”‰›ǤŽŽ–”ƒ•’‘”–”‡“—‹”‡•‡‡”‰› ƒ†•‘†‘‡•ƒŽŽ†›ƒ‹…•‹ƒ†ƒ”‘—†™‘”Ǥ‡––Š‡…‘ˆ‘”–‹†—•–”›’—–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ƒ‰”ƒ†•…ƒŽ‡™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘’Žƒ…‡•ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡–•‹™Š‹…Š–‘™‘”ǡ…ƒ”‡ǡ”‡•–ǡ’Žƒ›•’‘”–•ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Ǥ †ƤƒŽŽ›ǡP•–ƒ†•ˆ‘”PoliticsǤŠ‹•‡…Šƒ‹•ǡ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ•’”‘˜‡ –‘„‡”ƒ–Š‡”—’”‡†‹…–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‹•ƒ‡›ˆƒ…–‘”†‡–‡”‹‹‰–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ†–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ†‹–‹• ‹’‘Ž‹–‹…•–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‹‹–•ƒ†–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…–‘”•‡–‹‘‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ƒ”‡†‡–‡”‹‡†ǤŠ‡…‘ˆ‘”–‹†—•–”›™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‹–•‡Žˆ‘ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•…ƒŽ‡‹‘”†‡”–‘‰ƒ‹ƒ†”‡–ƒ‹ –Š‡†‘‹ƒ–’‘•‹–‹‘‹–…‘—Ž†Š‘Ž†Ǥ ŽŽ ‹ ƒŽŽǡ –Š‹‰• ƒ”‡ „‡…‘‹‰ ‘”‡ …‘’Ž‡šǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ‘”‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰Ǥ ‡•’‡…–‹‰ ƒ† ƒƒ‰‹‰ †‹ơ‡”‡…‡• ‹• ™Šƒ– ‹– ‹• ƒ„‘—–ǡ ‹ƒŽŽ–Š‘•‡Ƥ‡Ž†•ǤŠ‹•ƒ’’Ž‹‡•‘–‘Ž›–‘–Š‡‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‘”–Š‡ „‘ƒ”†‘ˆ†‹”‡…–‘”•‘ˆƒ…‘’ƒ›„—––‘‡˜‡”›„‘†›™Š‘Šƒ•ƒ…‘‡…–‹‘™‹–Š™Šƒ–—•‡†–‘„‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹†—•–”›ƒ† ™Šƒ–‹•‘™”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•–Š‡…‘ˆ‘”–‹†—•–”›Ǥ •—ƒ”›ǣ ͕Ǥ Š‘™”‡•’‡…–ƒ†–Š‹‹–‡”•‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•Ǥ ͖Ǥ ‘‘–…”‡ƒ–‡•–”‹…–„‘”†‡”•„—–„‡ƪ‡š‹„Ž‡Ǥ ͗Ǥ ƒ•‡›‘—”ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‘‘†‡”ǡ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†ˆ‘…—•‘ …”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›ƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ—”‘’‡™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡™‡ŽŽˆ”‘™Š‹…Š –Š‡‡–‹”‡…‘ˆ‘”–‹†—•–”›…ƒ†”‹Ǥ”ƒ…–‹…‡…‘–‹—‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‘˜ƒ–‡™‹–Š…”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›Ǥ ͘Ǥ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ††‡Ƥ‡‰”‘—’•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘ˆ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ˆ‘”›‘—”…‘’ƒ›‘”‹†—•–”››‘—”•‡ŽˆǤ”‡ƒ–‡‡‡†•ƒ†Š‡…‡ǡƒ”‡–•Ǣ ‡’Ž‘›ƒ”‡–’—•Š•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆƒ”‡–’—ŽŽ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ ͙Ǥ ”‹‡–ƒ–‡–‘™ƒ”†•…Šƒ‰‹‰‡…‘‘‹…„ƒŽƒ…‡•ǡ‘”’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž› †›ƒ‹…•‘ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•…ƒŽ‡Ǥ ͚Ǥ ‡•’‡…–ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š‘—”™‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡–…—Ž–—”‡•Ǥ ͛Ǥ ‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹†—•–”›ƒ†‡„”ƒ…‡…‘ˆ‘”––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ͜Ǥ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ‹••—‡•‘ˆƒ–—”‡Ǥ ͝Ǥ Š‹‹–‡”•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹…›ƒ†ƒ…–’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ‘”‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‘ǣ ™™™Ǥ…”‡ƒ–‹‡”ƒ…Š–Ǥ…‘

15

Prof. ir. Adriaan Beukers ‹• ƒ •’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•– ˆ‘” Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š– …‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒ†…‘’‘•‹–‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆƒ‡”‘•’ƒ…‡‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǤŠ‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹”’Žƒ‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡•…ƒ„‡…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Šƒ– ‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰‡˜‡Ž‘’‡•ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡ƒ•‹‰‹Ƥ…ƒ–†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•Ǥ‡…—”‹–›‹••—‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆƒŒ‘”‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ǡ•‹…‡–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆƒ›’ƒ”– …ƒ”‡•—Ž–‹ƒ–‘–ƒŽŽ‘••ǤŽ•‘ǡƒ‹”’Žƒ‡•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†‹ Žƒ”‰‡”“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡Ƥƒ…‹ƒŽ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ƒ”‡„‹‰‰‡”–Šƒ‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‡”‘•’ƒ…‡‹†—•–”›ǯ•†”‹˜‡–‘™ƒ”†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†˜ƒ…‡‡–•Ǥ Š‡ƒ”–‹…Ž‡™ƒ•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹–Š‡‡”‘ƒ—–‹…ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽǡ‘Ž—‡͕͔͛ǡ—„‡”͕͔͖͛‹ —‡͖͔͔͗ƒ†™ƒ••’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒŽŽ›…Š‘•‡ˆ‘” –Š‹•„‘‘ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–‡š’Žƒ‹•Š‘™–Š‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ„‡ƒ†”‹˜‹‰ˆƒ…–‘”‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ’”‘†—…–•Ǥ

ΎWƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůLJƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶ͗ĞƌŽŶĂƵƟĐĂů:ŽƵƌŶĂů͕sŽůƵŵĞϭϬϳ͕EƵŵďĞƌϭϬϳϮ͕:ƵŶĞϮϬϬϯ ©ĞƌŽŶĂƵƟĐĂů:ŽƵƌŶĂů͘ůůƌŝŐŚƚƐƌĞƐĞƌǀĞĚ͘ZĞƉƌŝŶƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŬŝŶĚƉĞƌŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ ĞƌŽŶĂƵƟĐĂů:ŽƵƌŶĂů͘

dŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞϭʹDƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘h͘<ŶĂĂĐŬĂŶĚd͘<ůĞŝŶ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘/K^WƌĞƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES IN THE CENTURY AHEAD* From Arts To Science, From Craftsmanship To Multidisciplinary Design And Engineering

A. Beukers, M. van Tooren C. Vermeeren Faculty of Aerospace Engineering ĞůŌhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ

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/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ

Š‡Ƥ”•–…‡–‡‹ƒŽ‘ˆƒǯ•Ƥ”•–’‘™‡”‡†ƪ‹‰Š–ǡ™Š‹…Š™ƒ•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›‹Ž„—”ȋ͕͚͛͜Ǧ͕͕͖͝Ȍƒ†”˜‹ŽŽ‡ȋ͕͕͛͜Ǧ͕͘͜͝Ȍ”‹‰Š–ȋ ‹‰Ǥ ͕Ȍ™‹ŽŽ„‡…‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡†‹͖͔͔͗ǤŠ‡•‡„”‘–Š‡”•ǯ—‹“—‡ƒ†–”‡†•‡––‹‰‡–‡”’”‹•‡ǡ–Š‡‹”•‹ŽŽ•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ǡ„—‹Ž†ƒ†…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ‹•‡…‘–”‘ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ƒ†Ž‘ƒ†Ǧ…ƒ””›‹‰ƪ›‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡˆ‘”‡†–Š‡ Ƥ”•–‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒ’”‹˜ƒ–‡‹–‡”†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒ‡”‘•’ƒ…‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ††‡•‹‰‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ƒ”ƒ”‡‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǤŠ‡‹”™‘”‹˜‘Ž˜‡†™‹†Ǧ –—‡Ž –‡•–‹‰ ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ †‡˜‹…‡• ƒ† ˆ—ŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡ –‡•–• ‘ˆ ƒŒ‘” •–”—…–—”ƒŽ…‘’‘‡–•Ǥ “—ƒŽŽ› ‹ˆ ‘– ‘”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž› –Š‡› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ’”‘’—Ž•‹‘•›•–‡…‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆƒŽ‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š–͚͗Š’‡‰‹‡™‹–Š ˆ‘—” …›Ž‹†‡”• ‹ Ž‹‡ ƒ† ƒ ˆ—‡Ž ‹Œ‡…–‡† …ƒ”„—”‡––‘”Ǥ Š‹• ‡‰‹‡’”‘’‡ŽŽ‡†–™‘’—•Š‡”’”‘’‡ŽŽ‡”•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ†”‹˜‡•›•–‡‘ˆ …Šƒ‹•Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”–Š‡›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–Š‡•›•–‡•–‘…‘–”‘Ž–Š‡‹” ƪ‹‰Š–ǤŠ‡–™‹•–ƒ„Ž‡™‹‰–‹’•–Šƒ–…‘–”‘Ž”‘ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†Š‡ƒ†‹‰ †—”‹‰–Š‡ƪ‹‰Š–™‡”‡–Š‡Žƒ•–”‡ƒ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”–”‡†–‘ ‹‹…„‹”†ƪ‹‰Š–Ǥ

Figure 1 Wright brothers

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–™ƒ••–”‹‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡”‹‰Š– ›…Ž‘‡–—”„‘…Šƒ”‰‡†‹‡ ƒ†͕͜Ǧ…›Ž‹†‡””ƒ†‹ƒŽ’‹•–‘ ‡‰‹‡•’Žƒ›‡†•—…Šƒ…”—…‹ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡‹–Šƒ–‹‹–‹ƒŽ‡”ƒǤ –Š‡ ͕͙͔͝•–Š‹•‡‰‹‡…‘…‡’–™ƒ• •—’‡”•‡†‡†„›–Š‡—…Š‘”‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‡ƥ…‹‡––—”„‘Œ‡– ‡‰‹‡Ǥ

Š‡‹”…‘…‡’–—ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰ƒ†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡–•—„Ǧ…‘’‘‡–•ƒ†•›•–‡•ǡ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡† „› ‹” ‡‘”‰‡ ƒ›Ž‡› ȋ͕͛͛͗Ǧ͕͙͛͜Ȍǡ ™ƒ• ‹ ˆƒ…– –”‡†Ǧ•‡––‹‰Ǥ –™ƒ•–Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆƒ™‘”Ž†™‹†‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–…‘…‡’–•ǡ‡‰‹‡•ǡ•›•–‡•ƒ†‡“—‹’‡–ǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ƒ†•—’’‘”–‡†„›†‡•‹‰”—Ž‡•ƒ†–‘‘Ž•Ǥ ˜‡”–Š‡‡š–͔͗›‡ƒ”•‘•–„—‹Ž†‹‰„Ž‘…•™‡”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–‘ †‡•‹‰ƒ†„—‹Ž†”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–Ǥ –™ƒ•–Š‡‘˜‡”–—”‡–‘–Š‡–”—‡ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽŽ›’”‘†—…‡†ǡƒŽŽǦƒŽ—‹‹—ǡ•–”‡••‡†•‹ ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–•—…Šƒ•–Š‡‘‡‹‰͖͛͘ȋ͕͖͗͝Ȍƒ†–Š‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›•—……‡••ˆ—Ž ‘—‰Žƒ• Ǧ͖ ƒ† Ǧ͗ ȋ͕͗͗͝ȌǤ Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ „—‹Ž† ƒ‹”–‹‰Š– ’”‡••—”‹•‡†…ƒ„‹•–”—…–—”‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡‘‡‹‰͔͗͛–”ƒ–‘Ž‹‡”ȋ͕͗͛͝Ȍǡ™ƒ•–Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆ͔͛›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹–‘–Š‡˜‡”› ‡ƥ…‹‡–ƒ†Š‹‰Š˜‡Ž‘…‹–›–”ƒ•’‘”–•›•–‡ǡ—•‹‰ƒŽ‘•––Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ– …‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ •…ƒŽ‡† ˆ”‘ •ƒŽŽ –‘ ‡‰ƒ ƒ† ‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Š˜‡”›”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡Š‹‰Š„›’ƒ••Œ‡–‡‰‹‡•͕Ǥ 17

‘†ƒ›ǡ–Š‡ƒŽ—‹‹—ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–…‘…‡’–ƒ†‹–•ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒ…Š‹‰ –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ•…‹‡…‡•‹ƒ‡”‘ƒ—–‹…•ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š–•–”—…–—”‡‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ––Š‡„”‹‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ–Š‡…Šƒ‰‡ˆ”‘ƒŽŽǦ ‡–ƒŽ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘Š›„”‹†•–”—…–—”‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘–‡š–‹Ž‡Ǧ”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†’‘Ž›‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›Ǯ„Ž‡†‡†ǯ™‹–Š‡–ƒŽ•Ǥ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”ˆ—–—”‡ƒ–”‡‡†‘—•Ž‡ƒ’‹ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǯ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡ ’Žƒ…‡ǣ ˆ”‘ ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡• •—…Š ƒ• •‘Ž‹† ’Žƒ–‡• ƒ† •Ž‡†‡” „‡ƒ• –Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ••‡„Ž‡†ƒ†Œ‘‹–‡†‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ–‘ƪ‡š‹„Ž‡„—†Ž‡•‘ˆ Ƥ„”‡•ȋ›ƒ”•Ȍ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•‡†‹–‘‹–‡‰”ƒŽ–Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ•–”—…–—”‡•–Š”‘—‰Š‘˜‡Ž–‡š–‹Ž‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‹“—‡•ǤŠ‡•‡ –‡š–‹Ž‡•–”—…–—”‡•ƒ”‡ƤƒŽŽ›Ǯˆ”‘œ‡ǯ͖‘”Ǯ•‘Ž‹†‹Ƥ‡†ǯ‹–‘—Ž–”ƒ‘†‡” ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ—Ž–‹’ƒ”–ƒ†—Ž–‹ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ•‘Ž‹†Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š–•–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ

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Š‡™‘”†Ǯˆ”‘œ‡ǯ‹•—•‡†‹ –Š‹•‡••ƒ›ƒ•ƒ‡–ƒ’Š‘”ˆ‘” –Š‡…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†’‘Ž›‡”‹•ƒ–‹‘ ‘”•‘Ž‹†‹Ƥ…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž›‡”‹… ‡†‹ƒȋ–Š‡”‘•‡––‹‰ƒ† –Š‡”‘’Žƒ•–‹…ȌǤ

Figure 2 ůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĮďƌĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ

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&ƵƚƵƌĞŝƌĐƌĂŌ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ A Possible Scenario

Ϯ͘ϭ

^ĐĞŶĂƌŝŽͬ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ

Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•†‘‘–‹–‡†–‘’”‡†‹…––Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǤŠ‡•…‡ƒ”‹‘’”‡•‡–‡†Š‡”‡‹•”ƒ–Š‡”ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘”›ǡƒ’‘••‹„Ž‡•…‡ƒ”‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™ ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ– •–”—…–—”‡• ƒ› †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ – ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ …”‡†‹„Ž‡ǡ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ†…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ•–”—…–—”‡•ǡ –”ƒ•’‘”–•›•–‡•ƒ†ˆ—‡Ž–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ‘–Ž‹‹–‡†„›–‘†ƒ›ǯ•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ†’”‡•‡–‡…‘‘‹…”‡ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ›‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘”…‡•–Šƒ– …‘—Ž†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡™ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†•–”—…–—”ƒŽ…‘…‡’–•‹–‘ƒ‡š–‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ǡƒ†˜‹…‡˜‡”•ƒǡ‡™‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‘ˆƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†•–”—…–—”‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ††‹•…—••‡†Ǥ Š‡™ƒ›•‹™Š‹…Š™‡’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ†—•‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡†‡’‡†• ‘ǡ‘”‹•„‘—†„›ǡˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ž‹‡ǣ ‹ŽŽ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Šƒ……‡••–‘Š‹‰Š˜‡Ž‘…‹–›…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ 18

ƒ‹”–”ƒ•’‘”–‰”‘™‘‡Ǧ–‘Ǧ‘‡™‹–Š‰”‘™‹‰‰Ž‘„ƒŽ’”‘•’‡”‹–›‘”™‹ŽŽ –Š‹•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡…‘‡ƒ‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡”‹‰Š–ˆ‘”Œ—•–ƒˆ‡™‘ˆ—•‘”Œ—•–ˆ‘” ƒˆ‡™‘ˆ‘—”–”ƒ•’‘”–‡‡†•ǫ ƒƒ‹”–”ƒ•’‘”–‡‡––Š‡‡š’ƒ†‹‰ƒ†•Š‹ˆ–‹‰‡‡†•ˆ‘”‘„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ‰”‘™‹‰—”„ƒ‹•‡†™‘”Ž†ǫ ƒ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘„›ƒ‹”–”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ™Š‹…Š†ƒƒ‰‡•Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ„Ž‹‰Š–•‡˜‹”‘‡–•ƒ†–Š”‡ƒ–‡•˜‹–ƒŽƒ–—”ƒŽ•›•–‡•ǡ„‡Ž‹‹–‡†ǫ

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‡”‰›•›•–‡‹•ˆ—‡Ž•‘—”…‡ ’Ž—•–Š‡‡‡”‰›–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡” ȋŽ‹‡…‘ƒŽǡ•–‡ƒ‡‰‹‡‡Ž‡…–”‹…†›ƒ‘ȌǤ

2.2 Scenario / Energy carriers ˜‡”›‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǯ‡š–‡”ƒŽǯ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡™ ƒ†‘”‡‡ƥ…‹‡–ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘•‹•–Š‡™‘”Ž†•ǯ‰‡‡”ƒŽˆ—–—”‡ †‡ƒ† ˆ‘” ‡™ ‡‡”‰› –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‰ƒ•‡•ǡ ƒ„Ž‡ ͕Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›•›•–‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•͗ǡ„‡‰‹‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‹–”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ•–‡ƒ‡‰‹‡•‹–Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Š…‡–—”›ǡŠƒ˜‡•Š‘™ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡‹†‘‹ƒ–‡‡”‰›•‘—”…‡ˆ”‘•‘Ž‹†ˆ—‡Ž•–‘Ž‹“—‹†‘‡•ǡƒ†‹–Š‡‡ƒ”ˆ—–—”‡–‘‰ƒ•‡•ǡƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•͘ƒ†Š›†”‘‰‡͖Ǥ –‹••–”‹‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡’”‹…‹’ƒŽ†”‹˜‹‰ˆ‘”…‡ˆ‘”‡‡”‰›‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹…Š™‡…‘—Ž†”‡‰ƒ”†ƒ•†‹•…‘–‹—‹–‹‡•‹‡‡”‰›–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ‹•‘––Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆˆ—‡Žǡ„—–‹•ƒƒ”‡–’—ŽŽ‡ơ‡…–…ƒ—•‡†

Table 1 ŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƟĞƐŝŶĞŶĞƌŐLJƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐŝŶƌĞůĂƟŽŶƚŽƚLJƉĞƐŽĨƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ materials Period Up to 1830

Energy carrier/transformer Direct Wood, wind, water, animals, man Coal Steam engines Coal Electric dynamo Oil Internal combustion engines, piston and turbine engines Oil +LJKHI¿FLHQF\E\ pass turbine engines

Transport system Walking, horses, barges, coaches Coaches, ships, trains Trains, cars, buses &DUVEXVHVÀ\LQJPDFKLQHV All aluminium aircraft with pressurised fuselages Supersonic aircraft

1970-1990

Nuclear

High velocity trains

1990-2025?

Gas

2025-future?

Hydrogen?

1830-1900 1900-1940 1903-2003

1960-2025?

Nuclear? Solar?

Centralised electricity distribution &OHDQDQGHI¿FLHQW energy supply, CH4 and H2 Fuel cell? Gas? Bio-fuels? Direct electricity Direct electricity

Materials Wood, linen, copper, brass and iron Wood, linen, iron, steel Wood, linen, plywood, iron, steel Wood, plywood, linen, iron, steel, aluminium, polymers Iron, steel, aluminium, polymers, titanium, composites Steel, aluminium, composites

City transport

Steel, aluminium, titanium, advanced composites, advanced alloys, ceramics Sustainable transport: QHZSRO\PHUVFHUDPLFV¿EUHV Smart cars and buses new New aircraft and train concepts reinforcing materials and improved metals. high velocity train

19

„›‡†Ǧ—•‡‡“—‹’‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ǡƒ‹‰‡™•—’‡”‹‘”•‡”˜‹…‡•’‘••‹„Ž‡ȋƒ––•ǡ͖͔͔͕ȌǤ —–—”‡†‹•…‘–‹—‹–‹‡•‹‡‡”‰›•‘—”…‡‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘…‘—Ž†•‡”‹‘—•Ž›ƒơ‡…–ˆ—–—”‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆŠ›†”‘‰‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ˆ—‡Ž …‡ŽŽ• ™‘—Ž† …ƒ—•‡ ƒ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ ‹ ’‘™‡”‡† ”‘ƒ† –”ƒ•’‘”–ˆ‘””‡ƒ•‘•‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡†’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ǡ‡ƥ…‹‡…›‘”‡˜‡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†‘–„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•…ƒ”…‹–›‘ˆ…Š‡ƒ’‘‹Žǡ–Š‡–Š‡ ƒ”‡–‹‰‘ˆ‘‹Ž™‘—Ž†‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••†‡…Ž‹‡ǤŠ‹•…‘—Ž†•‡”‹‘—•Ž›‹ƪ—‡…‡–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†…‘•–‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†ˆ—‡Ž•ˆ‘”ƒ‹”–”ƒ•’‘”–‹ƒ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ›Ǥ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ—–—”‡†‹•…‘–‹—‹–›‹‡‡”‰›–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ’ˆ”‘ Ž‹“—‹†ˆ‘••‹Žˆ—‡Ž•–‘Š›†”‘‰‡͘ǤŠ‡…”‹–‹…ƒŽ‹••—‡ˆ‘”Š›†”‘‰‡‹‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‹’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”‹•Š‘™–‘•–‘”‡‹–Ǥ–‘”ƒ‰‡ƒ•ƒ•‘Ž‹†ǡ Ž‹“—‹†‘”‰ƒ•ǡƒ†‹Ǧ•‹–—’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆ‘—”„ƒ•‹…‘’–‹‘•ȋƒ––•ǡ ͖͔͔͕ȌǤ ‘”ˆ—–—”‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‘Ž›Ž‹“—‹†•–‘”ƒ‰‡‘ˆŠ›†”‘‰‡•‡‡•–‘ „‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹…‘’–‹‘Ǥ ˆƒ‹”–”ƒ•’‘”–…ƒ‘–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‹•†‹•…‘–‹—‹–›‹–™‘—Ž†”ƒ–Š‡”„‡…‘‡ƒ‹…Š‡ƒ”‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹…‘”ˆ‘••‹Žˆ—‡Ž•—’’Ž‹‡”•͙Ǥ –Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‹ˆŠ›†”‘‰‡™‘—Ž†„‡…‘‡–Š‡ˆ—‡Žˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ––Šƒ™‡™‘—Ž†‡–‡”–Š‡‡”ƒ‘ˆ…”›‘‰‡‹…•–‘”ƒ‰‡Ǥ‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‡ƒ˜›ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡–ƒ‹‰’”‡••—”‡˜‡••‡Ž•™‘—Ž†ƒơ‡…––Š‡…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•–”—…–—”ƒŽŽƒ›‘—–‘ˆƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›Ǥ 2.3 Scenario/Velocity domains Š‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ•–‘ˆ—ŽƤŽ–Š‡–”ƒ•’‘”–†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ •‘…‹‡–›Ǥ‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘’—„Ž‹…–”ƒ•’‘”–‹‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽŽ›’”‘•’‡”‘—• ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ†‹ơ‡”‡–ƒŒ‘”–”ƒ•’‘”–•›•–‡•™‹ŽŽ‡˜‘Ž˜‡–‘‘’–‹ƒŽ‡ƥ…‹‡…›ǡ‡ƒ…Š‹ƒ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…˜‡Ž‘…‹–›†‘ƒ‹ǤŠ‡‘’–‹ƒŽ–”ƒ•’‘”–˜‡Ž‘…‹–›”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘–Š‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰†‹•–ƒ…‡ƒ†ˆ”‘–Š‡†‡•‹”‡ ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡–‘‹˜‡•–‹–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰–‹‡Ǥ ˜‡”›‘˜‹‰˜‡Š‹…Ž‡Šƒ•–‘‘˜‡”…‘‡†‹ơ‡”‡–ˆ‘”•‘ˆ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ ‘”†”ƒ‰ǤŠ‡”‡“—‹”‡†™‘”ǡ‡‡”‰›ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ˆ—‡Ž…‘•—’–‹‘ †‡’‡†•†‹”‡…–Ž›‘–Š‹•”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ǤŠ‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡‘” †”ƒ‰˜ƒ”‹‡•ˆ”‘”‘ŽŽ‹‰”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡–‘ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹…ƒŽŽ›‹†—…‡†ǡˆ”‹…–‹‘ƒ†™ƒ˜‡†”ƒ‰Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘…‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡‡ƥ…‹‡…›‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡– –”ƒ•’‘”–•›•–‡•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•˜‡Ž‘…‹–›†‘ƒ‹•ƒ•’‡…‹Ƥ…†”ƒ‰ȋ•’‡…Ȍ ‹•‹–”‘†—…‡†ǤŠ‹••’‡…‹Ƥ…†”ƒ‰‹•†‡Ƥ‡†ƒ•†”ƒ‰’‡”—‹––‘–ƒŽ˜‡Š‹…Ž‡™‡‹‰Š–Ǥ ‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•’‡…‹Ƥ…†”ƒ‰‹•†‡’‡†‡–‘•’‡‡†ǡ•‘‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…˜‡Ž‘…‹–›†‘ƒ‹•…ƒ„‡†‡Ƥ‡†ǡ•‡‡ƒ„Ž‡͖Ǥ ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–•›•–‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‘™ǡ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ƒ†Š‹‰Š˜‡Ž‘…‹–›ǡƒ”‡ •‡Ž‡…–‡†‘ƒ„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ‘’–‹ƒŽˆ—‡Ž‡ƥ…‹‡…›ȋƒ•ƒˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ •’‡…‹Ƥ…†”ƒ‰˜ƒŽ—‡Ȍǡ‘Ž›–Š”‡‡•›•–‡•ƒ”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘•—”˜‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ 20

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Š‹ƒ‹•‹˜‡•–‹‰†‡‡’Ž›‹ƒ Š›†”‘‰‡„ƒ•‡†‡…‘‘›Ǥ

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‹‡‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ˜‹ƒ–‹‘„‡…ƒ‡ ˆ‘”•—’’Ž›‘ˆƒ˜‹ƒ–‹‘‰ƒ•‘Ž‹‡ ȋ ȌǤ

Ž‘…ƒŽǡ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ†ȋ‹–‡”ǦȌ…‘–‹‡–ƒŽƒ”‡–•ǣ Ȉ Ǯ•ƒ”–ǯ”‘ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–•›•–‡•Ǣ • Š‹‰Š˜‡Ž‘…‹–›–”ƒ‹•Ǣƒ† • •—„•‘‹…ƒ‹”–”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ Table 2 dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĚĨƵĞůĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJŝŶƌĞůĂƟŽŶƚŽǀĞůŽĐŝƚLJĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ Proven and future transport systems Velocity Domain (km/h)5

Transport market/system-

Fuel

Dominant resistance/drag-

6SHFLÀFGUDJ1 Dspec

50 < V < 100

Local: Smart2 buses Smart2 cars Smart2 trains

gas and electricity

wheels (rubber/asphalt) (steel/steel)

Â'specÂ

50 < V < 250

Local, regional and continental: human controlled cars buses

liquid fuels

wheels, air friction (rubber/stone)

Â'specÂ

125 < V < 300

Regional and continental: high velocity trains

electricity

air friction (steel/steel)

Â'specÂ

300 < V < 900 airspeed

Regional, continental and intercontinental subsonic aircraft

liquid fuel, hydrogen

friction drag

Â!'spec!Â3

Exotic or obsolete transport systems 9!

Intercontinental: supersonic aircraft

liquid fuels

induced drag, wave drag

Â'specÂ

V < 150

Regional: wings in ground effect

liquid fuels

air friction, induced drag

Â'specÂ

V < 120

Regional: airships

liquid fuels

air friction

Â'specÂ4

1. Dspec = 0·30 (equal to 30%) means: for 1kg in transport about 3N is needed to overcome resistance. 2. Smart could mean: ͲƐƉĞĞĚĂŶĚƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚ͕ ͲƐĂƚĞůůŝƚĞŶĂǀŝŐĂƟŽŶͬĐŽŶƚƌŽů͕ǁŚĞŶŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJŵĂŶƵĂůĐŽŶƚƌŽůŝƐŽǀĞƌƌƵůĞĚ͕ ͲĂĐƟǀĞ͕ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚŽĨŚĞĂǀLJƉĂƐƐŝǀĞƐĂĨĞƚLJƉƌĞĐĂƵƟŽŶƐ;ĂŶĞŶŽƌŵŽƵƐƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨǁĞŝŐŚƚͿ͘ ϯ͘/ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĐƌƵŝƐŝŶŐĂůƟƚƵĚĞƌĞĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĚƌĂŐŽĨĂŝƌĐƌĂŌ͘dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƚƌĂǀĞůůŝŶŐƐƉĞĞĚ͘ ϰ͘dŚĞůĂƌŐĞƌƚŚĞĮŶĞŶĞƐƐƌĂƟŽŽĨĂŶĂŝƌƐŚŝƉ͕ƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĞƌƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĚƌĂŐďĞĐŽŵĞƐ͘ ϱ͘ϭŬŵͬŚсϬͼϱϰŶŵͬŚ͘

Ϯ͘ϰ^ĐĞŶĂƌŝŽͬ^LJƐƚĞŵĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJŽĨƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚǀĞŚŝĐůĞƐ ’”‘˜‹‰–”ƒ•’‘”–•›•–‡‡ƥ…‹‡…›‹•‘–‘Ž›…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ˆ‘”‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹…‹•–•ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”•‘ˆƒ…–‹˜‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†…‘–”‘Ž•›•–‡•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”•–”—…–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”•ǡ‘–ƒ•‹†‡’‡†‡– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•„—–ƒ•ƒŒ‘‹–—Ž–‹Ǧ†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤ‘ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡’‡ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” ’ƒ••‹˜‡ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† …‘–”‘Ž —•‡†‹–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‹•ƒ”—†‹‡–ǡƒ†”ƒ‰ƒ†™‡‹‰Š–‹…”‡ƒ•21

‹‰Ž‡ˆ–‘˜‡”Ǥ‡•‹†‡•™‡‹‰Š–”‡†—…–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Šƒ…Šƒ‰‡‹…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‡‹‰Š–”‡†—…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡‹–•‡Žˆ‹•ƒƒŒ‘”…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ Š‡–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡‡ƥ…‹‡…›‡’–›Ȁ’ƒ›Ž‘ƒ†‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡–…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ•’‘”–˜‡Š‹…Ž‡•‹•–ƒ‡‹–‘…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ƒ•›•–‡Ž‡˜‡Žǡ –Š‡”‡‹••–‹ŽŽƒ„‹‰”‡†—…–‹‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒ„Ž‡ ͖ ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ– ƒ”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ ™‡ŽŽ ˆ‘” …‘–‹‡–ƒŽ –”ƒ•’‘”–‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ—‡Ž‡ƥ…‹‡…›ƒ•ƒ†‡”‹˜ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡…‹Ƥ…†”ƒ‰Ǥ ‘”‹–‡”…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡”‡‹•”‡ƒŽŽ›‘ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‹•–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ Š‡”‡‹•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‹…‡͕͚͔͝ƒ–‡†‡…›–‘ƒ…‘–‹—‘—•”‹•‡‹ƒ‹”’Žƒ‡…‘•–’‡”•‡ƒ–ƒ†ƒ…‘–‹—‘—•†‡…Ž‹‡‹’”‘Ƥ–’‡”’ƒ••‡‰‡” ȋ‘†‹–ǡ͕͚͝͝ȌǤ Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•Š‘™…ƒ–Š‹•’”‘…‡••„‡”‡˜‡”•‡†ǫ ‘” …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‘’–‹‹•‡† ƒŽ—‹‹— ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ– …‘…‡’–• ‘ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‹’”‘˜‡‡–•ƒ”‡–‘„‡‡š’‡…–‡†‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǤŠ‡ •ƒ‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘„‡–”—‡‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹…•ƒ† ˆ‘” ‡ƒ•—”‡• ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†…‘–”‘ŽǤ–Š‡…‘–”ƒ”›ǡ–Š‡…‘•–‘ˆ ’‡”•‘‡Žǡ–ƒš‡•ǡ‹•—”ƒ…‡ƒ†ˆ—‡Ž™‹ŽŽ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‰‘—’Ǥ”‘Ƥ–•’‡” passenger seat͚™‹ŽŽ†‡…Ž‹‡†—‡–‘Ƥ‡”…‡…‘’‡–‹–‹‘‹ƒ‘’‡•› ƒ”‡–Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‘Ž› ‡™ ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ– ™‹–Š ‹’”‘˜‡† ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ƒ††—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›’‡”—‹–…‘•–…‘—Ž†…”‡ƒ–‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ†‘”‡…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ –‹‰Š–‡‡† –‘ ”‡‘˜‡ ‘Ž† ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‰ ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–Ǥ  ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ •›•–‡™‡‹‰Š–”‡†—…–‹‘‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥˆ‘”ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ˆ”‘͘–‘͗‰ ’‡” —‹– ’ƒ›Ž‘ƒ†ǡ ƒ† ‹’”‘˜‡† ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹… ‡ƥ…‹‡…› ‘” –Š‡ ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–Ž‹ˆ–˜‡”•—•†”ƒ‰”ƒ–‹‘ȋȀȌǡ•Š‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ†–‘„‡––‡”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ’‡”—‹–™‡‹‰Š–Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆȀ…ƒ„‡”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†„› ƒ…Šƒ‰‡ˆ”‘’ƒ••‹˜‡–‘ƒ…–‹˜‡ȋ•ƒ”–Ȍ•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†…‘–”‘Žǡ‹…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ†˜ƒ…‡†„‘—†ƒ”›Žƒ›‡”…‘–”‘Ž•›•–‡•ǡ„›Ž‘…ƒŽ’‘”‘—••‹•‡…–‹‘•‹–Š‡™‹‰Ǥ ‡™–›’‡•‘ˆ‡‡”‰›•—’’Ž›ƒ†•–‘”ƒ‰‡ǡ‡™ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹…ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ– …‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ‡™ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†…‘–”‘Ž™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ –‘ƒơ‡…––Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡‘ˆˆ—–—”‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–•‡”‹‘—•Ž›ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡ƪ‡…–‡†‹ˆ—–—”‡•–”—…–—”‡•ǡƒ†Š‡…‡‹‘”‡†—”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ 2.5 Scenario/Morphologies of structures Š‡…Š‘‹…‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘•–”—…–—”ƒŽ…‘…‡’–•‹•—•—ƒŽŽ› „ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†–Š‡…‘’ƒ›ǯ•ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‘”’”‘†—…–‹‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‡‹”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘‹•‘”ƒŽŽ›˜‡”› –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽǤŠ‡‡‡”‰‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‰‹˜‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ ’”‘†—…–• ‘” ‡˜‡ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ 22

͚

ƒŒ‘”ƒ‹”Ž‹‡•…Žƒ‹–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ ’”‘Ƥ–‘ˆ͙͂’‡”’ƒ••‡‰‡”‘ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ‡“—ƒŽ–‘͔͂Ǧ͔͙’‡”‰ ‹…Ž—†‹‰Ž—‰‰ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡•ƒ‡ ’”‘Ƥ–’‡”‰‹•…Žƒ‹‡†ˆ‘” ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‘ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–‘ˆ ˆ”‘œ‡‡ƒ–Ǥ‘™ˆƒ”‡ƒ‹”Ž‹‡• …Žƒ‹’”‘Ƥ–•‘ˆ͕͂Ǧ͖’‡”’ƒ••‡‰‡”ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ ’”‘Ƥ–‘ˆ‘‡…—’‘ˆ–‡ƒ•‘Ž†Ǥ

’”‘†—…–•ǡŽ‘…ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ†‹–‡”‡•–•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‡‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ –Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡŽ‘…ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹…•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡ˆ‡‡†‹‰‡‘–‹‘ƒŽƒ†–‡…Š‹…ƒŽŽ›‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡…‹•‹‘•ǤŠƒ‰‡„ƒ•‡†‘”‡ƒŽ‹• ‹•‘”ƒŽŽ›Šƒ”†ˆ‘”–Š‡•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡˆ”‘™‘”‡”•–‘•Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡƒ…–‹˜‡‹–Š‡†‡…Ž‹‹‰‘Ž†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ‡”‘•’ƒ…‡„—•‹‡•• ™ƒ• ƒ† •–‹ŽŽ ‹• ƒ ”‹…Š •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ  ƒ‹”’Žƒ‡Š‹•–‘”›ǡ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘˜‡””—Ž‡†„›‡™‡‡”‰‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡Ƥ”•–ƒ––‡’–•–‘ƒ‡ƪ›‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•™‡”‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡—•‡ ‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡŽ‹‡›ƒ”•‘ˆ•‹Žǡ‘”ƪƒš™‘˜‡‹–‘†‡•‡•–‹ơ ˆƒ„”‹…•ǡ –ƒơ‡–ƒǡ •—’’‘”–‡† ƒ† ’”‡Ǧ•–”‡••‡† „› ǮƤ‰‡”•ǯ ‘ˆ ›‘—‰ „”ƒ…Š‡• ‘ˆ „‹”…Š ‘” ƒ•ŠǤ Š‹• ‰ƒ˜‡ •Šƒ’‡ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š–‡•– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ „‹”†ƒ†„ƒ–Ž‹‡™‹‰•–”—…–—”‡•ǡ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡•‡–…Š‡•‘ˆ‡‘ƒ”†‘ †ƒ ‹…‹ ȋ ‹‰Ǥ ͗ȌǤ ”–‹•ƒ• ˆ”‘ ‰—‹Ž†• ‘ˆ ™‡ƒ˜‡”•ǡ —’Š‘Ž•–‡”‡”• ƒ†ˆ—”‹–—”‡™‘”‡”•–Š—•„‡…ƒ‡–Š‡Ƥ”•–„—‹Ž†‡”•‘ˆ„‹”†‹‹…‹‰…‘–”ƒ’–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ”–‹•ƒ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›™ƒ•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘„—‹Ž†–Š‡‰Ž‹†‡”‘ˆ––‘‹Ž‹‡–ŠƒŽǡ–Š‡Ƥ”•–•—……‡••ˆ—Žƒ––‡’––‘‹‹…•‘ƒ”‹‰„‹”†•ȋ ‹‰Ǥ ͘ȌǤ ƒ–‡” ‘ …‘ƒ…Š ƒ† „‹…›…Ž‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•ǡ —•‹‰ ’”‹‹–‹˜‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ’”‘…‡••‡•ǡƒ†‡‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘‡˜‘Ž˜‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƪ‘’’›„ƒ–Ǧ Ž‹‡•–”—…–—”‡•–‘ˆ”ƒ‡•ƒ†–”—••…‘•–”—…–‹‘•ƒ†‡‘—–‘ˆ•–‡‡Ž ™‹”‡• ȋ–‡†‘•Ȍǡ •’”—…‡ ˆ‘” …‘’”‡••‹‘ ”‘†• ȋ„‘‡•Ȍ ƒ† „‡ƒ• Ž‘ƒ†‡†‹„‡†‹‰ȋ•–‡•ȌǤ ‹”Ž›’”‡Ǧ–‡•‹‘‡†Ž‹‡™ƒ•—•‡†–‘ —’Š‘Ž•–‡”•’”—…‡”‹„•ǡ•’ƒ”•ƒ†‰‹”†‡”•–‘ˆ‘”ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹…ƒ‡”‘ˆ‘‹Ž•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ–Š‡”‹‰Š–„”‘–Š‡”•ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͙ǤȌȌǤ ‹‰Š’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡’Ž›™‘‘†Žƒ‹ƒ–‡•ƒ†‡”‹‰‹†•–”‡••‡†•‹™‹‰• ƒ†ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡•’‘••‹„Ž‡ȋ ‘‡”ǡ‘…Š‡‡†‡‰ƒȌǤŠ‡•‡ǡ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽŽ› ’”‘†—…‡†ǡ™‘‘†‡•Š‡ŽŽ•–”—…–—”‡•™‡”‡‰Ž—‡†™‹–Šƒ–—”ƒŽ•–ƒ”…Š ƒ†Š‡•‹˜‡•Ǥ‘‡–‹‡Žƒ–‡”–Š‡…Šƒ‰‡™ƒ•ƒ†‡–‘•›–Š‡–‹…‰Ž—‡• ‘ˆ’Š‡‘Ž‹…”‡•‹•‹‘”†‡”–‘‘˜‡”…‘‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†‘‹•–—”‡•‡•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

͛

Š‹•Šƒ•„‡‡†‹ơ‡”‡–ˆ‘” •ƒ‹Ž’Žƒ‡•ǡŠ‡Ž‹…‘’–‡”•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰”‘–‘”ƒ†’”‘’‡ŽŽ‡”„Žƒ†‡•ǡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›Ƥ‰Š–‡”•ƒ†•–‡ƒŽ–Š „‘„‡”•Ǥ‡”‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ‹•’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰ƒ†…‘’‘•‹–‡• Šƒ˜‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›”‡’Žƒ…‡†‡–ƒŽ•‹ •Š‡ŽŽ•–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ –‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ– ‰‡‘’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–•™‡”‡ ‘˜‡””—Ž‡†„›˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”‘‡› …”‹–‡”‹ƒǤ

Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ ‘‡”•ǡ–Š‡‘…Š‡‡†‡‰ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡ˆƒ•–ƒ†•–‡ƒŽ–Š› †‡ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ†‘•“—‹–‘•‘—–’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‘•–…‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›…‘’‡–‹‰‡–ƒŽƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ǡ’Ž›™‘‘†™ƒ••‘‘–‘„‡”‡’Žƒ…‡†„›ƒŽ—‹‹—Ǥ Š‡‡–•‘ˆƒŽ—‹‹—™‡”‡ƒ••‡„Ž‡†ǡ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘‹”‘•Š‹’„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ–‘ ˆ‘””‹˜‡–‡†’Žƒ–‡•–”—…–—”‡•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‹–”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆƒŽ—‹‹—™ƒ•’—”‡Ž›‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽǡ•–”‡••‡†•‹•ǡ•—’’‘”–‡† ƒ†”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†„›•–‹ơ‡‡”•ƒ†ˆ”ƒ‡•ǡƒ†‡—ˆ‘”‡•‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǤŠ‡•ƒ‡‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›—•‡†–‘’”‘‘–‡ƒŽ—‹‹—†‹† Šƒ’‡” –Š‡ ‹–”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ Ž‹‡ …‘’‘•‹–‡•ǡ ‹ –‘†ƒ›ǯ•…‹˜‹Ž–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–͛Ǥ

23

Figure 3 Leonardo da Vinci sketch

Figure 4 KƩŽ>ŝůŝĞŶƚŚĂů

Figure 5 Wright biplane

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Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡–• —•‡† „› …—””‡– ‡–ƒŽ †‡•‹‰‡”• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– …‘’‘•‹–‡•ƒ”‡•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‘•‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ”‰—‡–•–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡”‡’Žƒ…‡‡–‘ˆ™‘‘†„›‡–ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‰—‡–•ƒ”‡ǣƒ’‘‘”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒǦ‹•‘–”‘’‹…‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǡŠƒ”†–‘’”‡†‹…–ǡŽƒ”‰‡ •…ƒ––‡” ‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡ Žƒ… ‘ˆ Ƥ”‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ ˆƒ•– †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡–…Ǥ —– –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‰—‡–• ƒ”‡ ‘– ˜ƒŽ‹† ƒ›‘”‡ ˆ‘” ‘†‡” •›–Š‡–‹… …‘’‘•‹–‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡…‘’‘•‹–‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ†•Š‡ŽŽ•–”—…–—”‡•ǡŽƒ‹ƒ–‡•‘ˆƤ„”‡Ǧ”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†’‘Ž›‡”’Ž‹‡•ǡ•–ƒ…‡†ƒ†…—”‡†‹–‘•‘Ž‹†•–”—…–—”‡•ƒ”‡‘™ƒ†ƒ›•’”‡†‹…–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†™‡ŽŽ—†‡”•–‘‘†™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽƒ†’Š›•‹…ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘‘†‡” …‘’‘•‹–‡•…ƒ„‡Ƥ”‡”‡•‹•–ƒ–ƒ†˜‡”›†—”ƒ„Ž‡™Š‡–Š‡‹‰”‡†‹‡–•ƒ”‡’”‘’‡”Ž›…Š‘•‡Ǥ 2.5.1 Fire safety 8

Fire, smoke, and toxicity regulaƟŽŶƐĂƐĂƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŝƌĐƌĂŌ interiors.

’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ „Ž‡†‹‰ ‘ˆ Ƥ„”‡•ǡ ’‘Ž›‡”• ƒ† ƒ††‹–‹˜‡• ‹’”‘˜‡• Ƥ”‡•ƒˆ‡–›…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›͜Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›‹…”‡ƒ•‡†„—”–Š”‘—‰Š”‡–ƒ”†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ—–—”‡ ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ– •–”—…–—”‡• …ƒ „‡ ‡š–‡†‡† –‘ ‘˜‡”…‘‡ –Š‡ …—””‡– ‡˜ƒ…—ƒ–‹‘ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• –Šƒ– †‘‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ …ƒ„‹ Žƒ›‘—–ƒ†—„‡”‘ˆ†‘‘”•ǡˆ”‡‡‹‰–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡…ƒ„‹…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘•™‹–ŠƤ”‡”‡•‹•–ƒ–‡˜ƒ…—ƒ–‹‘…‘””‹†‘”•ƒ•…—””‡–Ž›ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹‘†‡”’—„Ž‹…„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ Ϯ͘ϱ͘ϮtĞŝŐŚƚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ

‡‹‰Š–”‡†—…–‹‘…ƒ„‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†„›–Š‡’”‘’‡”‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹’”‘˜‡†•’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒ†ƒ‹•‘–”‘’‹…’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡƒ†„›–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–• ƒ† –Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ—…–‹‘• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ‡†„›†‹ơ‡”‡–ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‡Ž‡‡–•‹–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ Ϯ͘ϱ͘ϯWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŽƐƚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ

ƒ„‘—”‹–‡•‹˜‡•Š‹’„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‹“—‡•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹ –Š‡ƒ••‡„Ž›‘ˆǮ•‡‹Ǧ‘‘…‘“—‡ǯ•–‹ơ‡‡†•Š‡ŽŽ•‹ƒŽ—‹‹—ƒŽŽ‘›•ǡ…ƒ„‡”‡’Žƒ…‡†„›Žƒ„‘—”•ƒ˜‹‰‹†—•–”‹ƒŽŽ›’”‘†—…‡†–‡š–‹Ž‡ •–”—…–—”‡•ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ’—”‡Ž› Ǯ‘‘…‘“—‡ǯ •–”—…–—”‡• ȋŽ‹‡ •—ŽŽ• ƒ†‡‰‰•ȌǤ…‡–Š‡–‡š–‹Ž‡•–”—…–—”‡•ȋ’”‡Ǧˆ‘”•Ȍƒ†ˆ‘ƒ‡†…‘”‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡’‘•‹–‹‘‡†‹‘—Ž†•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ƒŽŽ‹†•‘ˆŽ‘…ƒŽ•–”—…–—”ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡–• ƒ† ‡˜‡ •›•–‡• ȋˆ”‘ ‡Ž‡…–”‘ƒ‰‡–‹… •Š‹‡Ž†‹‰ –‘•‡•‘”•ǡ‡‡”‰›ƒ††ƒ–ƒ–”ƒ•’‘”–Ȍǡ–Š‡›…ƒ„‡‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†—•‹‰Ž‘™Ǧ’”‡••—”‡–‡…Š‹“—‡•ǤŠ‡˜ƒ…——„ƒ‰‰‡†•–”—…–—”‡‹•ƤƒŽŽ› …—”‡†–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‡ƒ–‹‰ǡƒŽ‘•–™‹–Š‘—–‰‡‘‡–”‹…ƒŽƒ†•‹œ‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡‡™‡›™‘”†•ƒ”‡’ƒ”–•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘•ǡ‡…Šƒ‹…•ƒ†’Š›•‹…•ǡƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘‹‰‡‘‡–”›™‹–Š‘—–Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•–‘•‹œ‡Ǥ‹ŽŽ–Š‡…—””‡–Ž›ƒ……‡’–‡†…—”‹‰–‡…Š‹“—‡••—…Š ƒ• ƒ—–‘…Žƒ˜‹‰ ‹ ’”‡••—”‹•‡† ‘˜‡• ƒ† ’”‡••—”‹•‡† ”‡•‹ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘—Ž†‹‰ „‡…‘‡ ‘„•‘Ž‡–‡ǫ —”‡Ž› ‘–Ǩ —– –Š‡› ™‹ŽŽ „‡ —•‡† ˆ‘” •–”—…–—”‡•Ž‹‹–‡†‹•‹œ‡ƒ†ƒ‹Ž›—•‡†ˆ‘”•–”—…–—”‡•™‹–Šƒ†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”•’‡…‹Ƥ…‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ

25

Table 3 dŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ͚ƐƚĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚ͛ŵĞƚĂůƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚǀĞŚŝĐůĞƐ State of the art metal transport vehicles

Wempty /Wpayload indicative3

Buses

Â

Cars

3 (12)1 8 (27)1 2

Mercedes Benz S-class, 1st edition, value dominated by propulsion and systems weight

Subsonic aircraft

4

balanced division of weight fractions3

Supersonic aircraft

122

value dominated by propulsion, systems and fuel weight

Intercity trains

102

value dominated by structural weight

Global orbit

66

value dominated by fuel weight

Lunar orbit

500

value dominated by fuel weight

1. Between brackets the value is given for one occupant only Ϯ͘sĂůƵĞƐĨŽƌϳϬйƵƟůŝƐĂƟŽŶ 3. Wtotal = Wempty + Wpayload Wempty = WƉƌŽƉƵůƐŝŽŶͬƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ + Wfuel + Wstructure

2.5.4 Improved durability

—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹’”‘˜‡‡– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† „› –Š‡ ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ƒ†…‘””‘•‹‘’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ Ž‹‰Š–•ƒˆ‡–›™‹ŽŽ„‡‡Ƥ–ˆ”‘–Š‹•ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Šƒ”‰‹ƒŽ„‡…ƒ—•‡…—””‡–ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ƒ”‡‘•–Ž›…ƒ—•‡† „›Š—ƒ‡””‘”•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–•ƒˆ‡–›Ž‡˜‡Ž•…ƒ„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡† ƒ–—…ŠŽ‘™‡”…‘•–Ǥ Ϯ͘ϱ͘ϱŝƌĐƌĂŌƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŚŝƐƚŽƌLJƌĞǀŝƐŝƚĞĚ

Š‡•—……‡••ˆ—Ž”‡’Žƒ…‡‡–‘ˆ™‘‘†„›ƒŽ—‹‹—‹–Š‡͕͔͗͝•™ƒ• „ƒ•‡†‘ˆ‘—”’”‡•—‡†‹’”‘˜‡‡–•ǣ •Ƥ”‡•ƒˆ‡–› •™‡‹‰Š–”‡†—…–‹‘ •’”‘†—…–‹‘…‘•–”‡†—…–‹‘ •‹’”‘˜‡††—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› Š‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†–Š‡’”‡†‹…–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ž‹‡†‡–ƒŽ•–‘Ǯ•…‹‡…‡ǯƒ†Ǯ’”‘‰”‡••ǯƒ†ƒ†‡™‘‘†Ǯ‘Ž†Ǧˆƒ•Š‹‘‡†ǯǡ‡˜‡ ƒ”–‹•ƒǤ –™ƒ•’—”‡Ž›”Š‡–‘”‹…ƒŽƒ†‘–„ƒ•‡†‘”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǡŽ‡–ƒŽ‘‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ ȋ‘†‹–ǡ ͕͚͝͝ȌǤ Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ –Šƒ– ‡–ƒŽ ƒ‹”’Žƒ‡• ™‡”‡ Ǯ‹…‘„—•–‹„Ž‡ǯ’”‘˜‡†–‘„‡ƒÃ˜‡Ǥ‡‹‰Š–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘„‡ƒ‡˜‡‘”‡ …‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†‹••—‡ƒ•‹–†‡’‡†•ǡ„›ƒ–—”‡ǡ‘•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡ƥ…‹‡…›ǡ ™Š‹…Š‹‹–•–—”˜ƒ”‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†•–Šƒ–•–”—…–—”ƒŽ …‘’‘‡–•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡ƒ”Ǥ ––‘‘‡‘”‘—•‡ơ‘”––‘„—‹Ž†Ž‹‰Š–‡” ’Žƒ‡•‹‡–ƒŽǤ—…Ž‹‰ǡƒˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘†‡„ƒ•‡†‘•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹…‘’”‡••‹‘ǡ„‡…ƒ‡ƒ‡™’Š‡‘‡‘ƒ†ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†–‘ „‡ƒ†‘‹ƒ–†‡•‹‰…”‹–‡”‹‘Ǥ–”‡••‡†•‹…‘…‡’–•…‘—Ž†Šƒ†Ž‡ •Š‡ƒ” „› †‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ –‡•‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ †‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ• Ž‘ƒ†‡† ‹ …‘’”‡•26

•‹‘™‡”‡‘–™‡‹‰Š–…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ǣ–Š‹•‹™‘—Ž†„‡…‘‡—•–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ†•—•…‡’–‹„Ž‡–‘„—…Ž‹‰Ǥ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡„—…Ž‹‰’Š‡‘‡‘‹ ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–”‡•—Ž–‡†‹…‘’Ž‡šŽ‘…ƒŽŽ›•–‹ơ‡‡†ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–•–”—…–—”‡•™‹–Š –Š‡ƒ……‘’ƒ›‹‰Š‹‰Š’ƒ”–•…‘—–ƒ†ƒ„—†ƒ–”‹˜‡–‹‰Ǥ ”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ„—…Ž‹‰ƒ††—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒŽ—‹‹—•–”—…–—”‡•Ž‹‡‹–‡”Ǧ…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡…‘””‘•‹‘ƒ†ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ǡ™‡”‡•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…ƒŽŽ›‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ƒ†‡‹–Š‡”•‘Ž˜‡†‘”ƒ†‡…‘–”‘ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡•‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•™‡”‡—†‡”…‘–”‘Žǡ–Š‡‡–ƒŽƒ‹”’Žƒ‡’”‘˜‡†–‘„‡—…Š‘”‡ ‡š’‡•‹˜‡–‘’”‘†—…‡–Šƒ™‘‘†‡‘‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ‡–ƒŽƒ‹”’Žƒ‡•™ƒ•‘–•–‘’’‡†ǡ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡Ƥ” „‡Ž‹‡ˆ–Šƒ–ƒ••’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡’ƒ”–•ƒ†™‡ŽŽ‘”‰ƒ‹•‡† ƒ••‡„Ž›™‘—Ž†”‡†—…‡–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹‘…‘•–•‹†—‡–‹‡ǡƒ•‹–Š‡ ƒ—–‘‘–‹˜‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ

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‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‘™ •’‡…‹Ƥ…†”ƒ‰ƒ†Š‹‰Šˆ—‡Ž‡ˆƤ…‹‡…›•Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡͖Ǥ

Š‡™”‘‰‹‹–‹ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–•‹ˆƒ˜‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡…Šƒ‰‡ˆ”‘™‘‘†–‘ ƒŽ—‹‹— ™‡”‡ ”ƒ’‹†Ž› ‘˜‡”–ƒ‡ „› ‘–Š‡”ǡ ‘”‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ „—– ”ƒ–Š‡”—‡š’‡…–‡†ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡••—…Šƒ•–Š‡’”‡••—”‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”Š‹‰ŠƒŽ–‹–—†‡ǡŠ‹‰ŠǦ•’‡‡†ǡƪ‹‰Š–͝…‘„‹‡†™‹–Š ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹… •‘‘–Š‡••Ǥ Š‡ …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–ƒŽ ƒ‹”ˆ”ƒ‡ ‹ –Š‹•”‡•’‡…–…Šƒ‰‡†Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡–”ƒ•’‘”–„›ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‹–‘ƒ•—……‡••Ǥ ‘™ǡ ƒˆ–‡” ͔͛ ›‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ ‹’”‘˜‡‡– ƒ† ‘’–‹‹•ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒŽ—‹‹—ƒŽŽ‘›•ǡ’ƒ”–•ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ†ƒ••‡„Ž›ǡ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡–ƒŽ Ǯ•‡‹Ǧ‘‘…‘“—‡ǯ•–”—…–—”‡Šƒ•”‡ƒ…Š‡†–Š‡•–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ…‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†‡˜‡†‡…Ž‹‡‹–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˆ‘—” ƒ”‰—‡–• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ˆƒŽ•‡Ž› —•‡† –‘ ƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡ –Š‡ …Šƒ‰‡ˆ”‘™‘‘†–‘‡–ƒŽƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–…ƒ‘™„‡–”—Ž›—•‡†–‘’”‘‘–‡–Š‡…Šƒ‰‡ˆ”‘‡–ƒŽ•–‘…‘’‘•‹–‡•ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–•–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ‘–Š‡•‡ƒ”‰—‡–•…ƒ„‡ƒ††‡†–Š‡…”ƒ•Š‡‡”‰›ƒ„•‘”„‹‰ …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ȋ ‘”—Žƒ͕”ƒ…‹‰Ȍƒ†–Š‡†—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ …‘’‘•‹–‡•–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ 2.6 Scenario/Concluding remarks ‘…Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ †‹•…—••‹‘ ƒ„‘—– ˆ—–—”‡ •…‡ƒ”‹‘• ‘ˆ –”ƒ•’‘”– ƒ† ‡‡”‰›†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡ‹–‹•…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š‹’”‘˜‡† ˆ—‡Žƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–‡ƥ…‹‡…›ǡ™‹ŽŽ’Žƒ›ƒ‡›”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ˆ‘”ˆƒ•– ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡’—„Ž‹…–”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ‡™‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒ”‹•‹‰ˆ‘” ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–…‘…‡’–•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘„‡––‡”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ǡ™Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ…‡†Ƥ„”‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†’‘Ž›‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†‡™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‹“—‡• ƒ”‡ƒ……‡’–‡†ǤŠ‡‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–•–”—…–—”‡•™‹ŽŽ…Šƒ‰‡†”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›™Š‡–Š‡…Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‘ˆ•–”—…–—”‡•–‘…ƒ””›Œ—•–‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†•‹•”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹•‡†‹–‘ƒ—Ž–‹ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽƒ†—Ž–‹’—”’‘•‡ ”‘Ž‡ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‹–”‘†—…‡ƒ‡™’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ˆ‘”•–”—…–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ǡƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›™Š‡”‡’”‘ƒ…–‹˜‡ƒ†ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘•„‡…‘‡•ƒƒŒ‘”†‡•‹‰ƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ 27

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/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶKƌ^ĞŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶKĨ&ƵŶĐƟŽŶƐƐ&ƵƚƵƌĞ Design Philosophy

ƒ˜‹‰ƒ……‡’–‡†‘—”•…‡ƒ”‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǡƒ‡™†‡•‹‰’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”‡™„”‡ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š•‹•–”—…–—”ƒŽƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ‹•†‹•…—••‡†‹–Š‡‡š–•‡…–‹‘•ǤŠ‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‹•‡™’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‹•–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–…—””‡–ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ…Šƒ‹‘ˆ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘•–‡’•–Šƒ–™‡”‡–ƒ‡‹–Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ••‡‰‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–Ǥ‡‹‰ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆƒ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›Ž‹‡™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘–”ƒ˜‡Ž„ƒ…ƒŽ‘‰ƒ†ƒ…”‘••–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡– Œ—…–‹‘•ƒ†…Š‘‘•‡ƒ†‹ơ‡”‡–’ƒ–ŠǤ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘–Š‹•‹• –‘ƒ‡ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ„”‡ƒ†‘™‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–Ǥ‡™ˆ‘”‡•‡‡ˆ—…–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–›‡–‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†‹–‘†ƒ›ǯ•ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‹…Ž—†‡†ǡˆ—…–‹‘•‘Ž‘‰‡”˜ƒŽ‹†•Š‘—Ž†„‡”‡‘˜‡†Ǥ ƒ˜‹‰†‘‡•‘ǡ†‹ơ‡”‡–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•…ƒ„‡†‡”‹˜‡†ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘†‹ơ‡”‡–‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ—…–‹‘•‹–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ‡”‡™‡•–‹ŽŽ—•‡ –Š‡–‡”•–”—…–—”‡„—––Š‹••Š‘—Ž†„‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒǮ•ƒ”–ǯƒ†Ǯ…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǯ•—„•›•–‡–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ”•ƒ†‘‹–‘”•ƒ†‹ƒ††‹–‹‘Š‡Ž’•‘–Š‡” •—„•›•–‡•–‘†‘–Š‡‹”Œ‘„ǤŠ‡Žƒ––‡”ˆƒ…‡–‹•‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ ƒ‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ ƒ‹•‹‘‡•—„•›•–‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›„‡—•‡†–‘ƒ‡–Šƒ–•—„•›•–‡‘’–‹ƒŽ„—–…ƒ„‡Ǯ‰‹˜‡ǯ–‘‘–Š‡”•—„•›•–‡•™Š‡”‡ƒ›„‡ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘–Š‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–…ƒ„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ Š‡•–”—…–—”‡•Š‘—Ž†‘Ž‘‰‡”„‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒ’ƒ••‹˜‡•–ƒ–‹…•—„•›•–‡ǡ ™Š‹…ŠŒ—•–ˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ•ƒ„ƒ…„‘‡ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”•—„•›•–‡•Ǥ•–”—…–—”‡ …ƒ„‡ƒ†‡•ƒ”––‘–ƒ‡‘˜‡”ˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•—„•›•–‡•Ǥ‹‡™‹•‡ǡˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡…ƒ„‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†–‘‘–Š‡”•—„•›•–‡•‹ˆ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ„‡––‡”™ƒ›‘ˆ‡‡–‹‰ƒ•›•–‡†‡ƒ†Ǥ Š‹•…ƒ„‡‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†™Š‡™‡Ž‘‘ƒ–ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡•‘ˆƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–Ǥ—”‹‰ –Š‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ••‡‰‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ǡ†‹ơ‡”‡–•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ •–‡’• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ†‡Ǥ Š‡ Ƥ”•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– †‡…‹•‹‘ ™ƒ• –‘ †‹˜‹†‡ ’ƒ›Ž‘ƒ† …‘–ƒ‹‡– ƒ† Ž‹ˆ– ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‘†ƒ›ǯ• ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ƒ”‡†”ƒ‰Ǧ”ƒ‹•‹‰–—„‡•‡’–‹–Š‡ƒ‹”™‹–Šƒ•‡–‘ˆ™‹‰•Ǥ Š‡‡š–‹’‘”–ƒ–•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•–Š‡†‹˜‹•‹‘„‡–™‡‡’ƒ›Ž‘ƒ† …‘–ƒ‹‡–ƒ†•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥƒ”‰‡–ƒ‹Ž•‡…–‹‘•ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†–‘‡‡’–Š‡ ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‹ƒ•–ƒ„Ž‡ƪ‹‰Š–ǤŠ‡•‡–ƒ‹Ž•‡…–‹‘•—•‡‘—”ƪ›‹‰–—„‡ƒ•ƒ Ž‘ƒ†’ƒ–Šǡ‹’‘•‹‰ƒ…‘’Ž‡š•‡–‘ˆ‡š–”ƒŽ‘ƒ†•ƒ†•›•–‡•ǤŠ‡ ‡š–‹’‘”–ƒ–•–‡’™ƒ•–Š‡•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’—Ž•‹‘•›•–‡ ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ‘–Š‡”ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–•›•–‡•ǤŠ‡…—””‡–—†‡”™‹‰‘—–‡†ǡ’›Ž‘Ǧ•—’’‘”–‡† ‡‰‹‡• ’‘†• ƒ”‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡† ‘’–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” …‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘‡…‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘•‡‡–Š‹••‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ•ƒ‘˜‡”•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‡†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ›Ž‡›ǯ•’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡’”‘’—Ž•‹‘ˆ”‘ Ž‹ˆ–‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

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Š‡‡‰‹‡•…ƒ„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†Œ—•–ƒ•‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽǡƒ…‘—•–‹…ƒ†–Š‡”ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‘”•Ǥ‘–Šƒ˜‹‰–‘…‘’‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹”’”‡•‡…‡‹–Š‡ –—„‡‹•Šƒ†›ˆ‘”–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”•„—–‹–…ƒ„‡•‡”‹‘—•Ž›“—‡•–‹‘‡†‹ˆ‹–†‘‡•‘–•‡”˜‡–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ•›•–‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡„‡•–Ǥ•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ•‘‡…‘•‹†‡”•–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡†‡ƒ†•‘‘‹•‡ƒ†’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘Ǥ ˆ™‡„”‹‰–Š‡•‡†‡ƒ†•„ƒ…‹–‘–Š‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ –Š‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡™‡…ƒ•–ƒ”––Š‹‹‰‘ˆƒ™Š‘Ž‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡™•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ ‡•ŠƒŽŽ…‘‡„ƒ…–‘–Š‹•Žƒ–‡”Ǥ ‡–ǯ•Ƥ”•–Ž‘‘ƒ–™Šƒ––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ơ‡”•ƒ†’”‘‹•‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š– †‡…ƒ†‡•Ǥ Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”•’Žƒ›™‹–Šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ’”‘†—…–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ†•Šƒ’‡Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹–Š‹•…‘–‡š–•Š‘—Ž†„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•„‘–Š’ƒ••‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ…–‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‡…ƒ†‹•–‹‰—‹•ŠŽ‘ƒ†…ƒ””›‹‰ǡ•—’’‘”–‹‰ƒ†’”‘–‡…–‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡•–”—…–—”‡•ƒ”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡŠƒ˜‹‰’”‘†—…–‹‘‡–Š‘†•ƒ•ƒ…‘•–”ƒ‹–‘”ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ„Ž‡”ǡ •—…Š–Šƒ–ˆ—…–‹‘•…ƒ„‡ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ‡†Ǥ ‹–••‹’Ž‡•–ˆ‘”ǡ…‘…‡’–•ƒ”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ •–”‡‰–Š ‘” •–‹ơ‡•• ‘’–‹‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ‹–• ‘•– ƒ†˜ƒ…‡† ˆ‘”…‘…‡’–•…‘—Ž†„‡…‘•–‡ŽŽƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–ˆ—ŽƤŽƒŽƒ”‰‡ •‡–‘ˆ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽƒ†‘Ǧ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ†–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘‹–‘”‘”‡˜‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ Š‡„ƒ•‡•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ…‘…‡’–•ƒ”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…ƒ„‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†„ƒ•‡†‘‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”›…‘…‡’–•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ †‡•…”‹„‡† „› ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”› ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ† …ƒ „‡ ƒ†‡ ‹–‘ •–”—…–—”‡• ™‹–Š‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”›’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘•…‡ƒ”‹‘…Š‘•‡‹•Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‹ƪ—‡…‡†„›…‘•–”ƒ‹–• •—…Š ƒ• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ǡ ™‡‹‰Š– „—†‰‡–• ƒ† …‘•–•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒƒŒ‘”†‹ơ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡•ƒŽŽƒ†Žƒ”‰‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‹–Šƒ–•‡•‡Ǥ ˆ ™‡…‘’ƒ”‡–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ǡ–Š‡š–”ƒ͔͔͘ƒ†–Š‡‹”„—• ͔͗͜ǡ‹–„‡…‘‡•…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ”‡…‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ ϯ͘ϭ ^ŵĂůůĂŝƌĐƌĂŌ •ƒŽŽƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡š–”ƒ͔͔͘ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͚Ȍǡ‹–‡”ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡ƒ†‘‹•‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž•†‘‹ƒ–‡–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ…‘ˆ‘”–Ǥ –‡‰”ƒ–‹‰…Š‘‹…‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡ „ƒ•‡†‘ƒš‹‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡ƒ†‹‹‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡‘‹•‡Ž‡˜‡ŽǤŠ‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”…ƒ•—’’‘”––Š‹•‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡„› †‡•‹‰‹‰ˆ‘”‹‹‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡™ƒŽŽ–Š‹…‡••ȋ™ƒŽŽ‹•—•‡†–‘ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡…‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‹…‡••‘ˆ•‹ǡ•–‹ơ‡‡”•ƒ†ˆ”ƒ‡•Ȍƒ†‹’”‘˜‹‰•‘—†‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ•—…Šƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹•ƒ•ƒ†™‹…Š•–”—…–—”‡™‹–Šƒ˜‡”›Ž‹‹–‡†—„‡”‘ˆ•–‹ơ‡‡”•ƒ†ˆ”ƒ‡• –Šƒ–…ƒ…‘’‡™‹–Šƒ’”‡••—”‹•‡†‘Ǧ…‹”…—Žƒ”…”‘••Ǧ•‡…–‹‘Ǥ 29

ϯ͘Ϯ

>ĂƌŐĞĂŝƌĐƌĂŌ

‘” Žƒ”‰‡ ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ͔͗͜ ȋ ‹‰Ǥ ͛Ȍǡ –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹• …‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›†‹ơ‡”‡–ǤŽ–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡”‡’ƒ••‡‰‡”…‘ˆ‘”–‹•ƒŽ•‘†‘‹ƒ–‡†„› •’ƒ…‡ƒ†‘‹•‡ǡ–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”…ƒ‘––ƒ‡–Š‡’ƒ–Šˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–Ǥ’ƒ…‡‹Žƒ”‰‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‹•—…Š‘”‡†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›•‡ƒ–’‹–…Š–ŠƒŠ‡ƒ†”‘‘Ǥ‹…‡•‡ƒ–’‹–…Š‹••‹’Ž›†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›’ƒ••‡‰‡”™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘•’‡†‘‡›ǡ–Š‡†‡•‹‰‡”…ƒǯ– Š‡Ž’—…ŠŠ‡”‡ǤŠƒ–…ƒ„‡†‘‡‹•–‘ƒ‹ˆ‘”‘‹•‡”‡†—…–‹‘ƒ† •–”—…–—”ƒŽ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•–‘Š‡Ž’ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ™‡‹‰Š– ”‡†—…–‹‘Ǥ Š‹•ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘…ƒ„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ —…Š™‹†‡””ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ˆ—…–‹‘•Ǥ ‡Ž‘™ǡƒ’‘••‹„Ž‡•…‡ƒ”‹‘‹•†‹•…—••‡†–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†•–”—…–—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•Ǥ ϯ͘ϯ &ƵƚƵƌĞůĂƌŐĞĂŝƌĐƌĂŌ …‘…‡’–—ƒŽ•…‡ƒ”‹‘ˆ‘”ƒˆ—–—”‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ‰”‡ƒ– ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹•–ƒ‡‘ơ–Š‡•Š‡Žˆǣ ϯ͘ϯ͘ϭ ůĞŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞĨƵƐĞůĂŐĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞǁŝŶŐŝŶƚŽĂŶĂŝƌĐƌĂŌǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂƚĂŝů

ƒ‘—• ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ– †‡•‹‰‡”• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ‘”–‡ „”‘–Š‡”•ǡ ‡‡ǡ ‘‡• ƒ† ƒ…‘”–Š”‘’™‡”‡•–”‘‰•—’’‘”–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ƪ›‹‰™‹‰…‘…‡’–ǤŠ‡›”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡–ƒ‹Ž•‡…–‹‘‘”‡’‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‹•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”“—‹–‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆǮ’ƒ”ƒ•‹–‹…ǯ†”ƒ‰ƒ†Ǯ†‡ƒ†ǯ ™‡‹‰Š–Ǥ‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ›ǦŽ‘ƒ†‹–Š‡Ž‹ˆ–‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•‡…–‹‘•ǡƒ•‹• —•—ƒŽˆ‘”ˆ—‡Žǡ™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†–‘Ž‘™‡”„‡†‹‰ƒ†–‘”•‹‘‘‡–•ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡…‡–”‡•‡…–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ•ƒ…‘•‡“—‡…‡–‘ƒŽ‹‰Š–‡”…‘•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ†—‡–‘–Š‡‡‘”‘—•…”‘••Ǧ•‡…–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ –Š‡‹‡”™‹‰„‘šǡ–Š‡„‡†‹‰ƒ†–‘”•‹‘•–”‡••‡•™‹ŽŽ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡ ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ‹…‡–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡͕͙͔͝•ƪ›‹‰™‹‰•Ž‘•–ƒ––‡–‹‘ —–‹Ž ‘Š‘”–Š”‘’ǯ•˜‹•‹‘ƒ”›‹†‡ƒ•„‡…ƒ‡ƒ‹”„‘”‡ƒ•–Š‡–ƒ‹ŽŽ‡•• Ǧ͖„‘„‡”ȋ͕͜͜͝Ȍȋ ‹‰Ǥ͜ȌǤ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†•–ƒ„Ž‡ƪ‹‰Š–™ƒ•”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†ƒ”–‹Ƥ…‹ƒŽŽ›„›ƪ›Ǧ„›Ǧ™‹”‡ƒ†ƒ…–‹˜‡…‘’—–‡”…‘–”‘ŽǤ‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘‰”ƒ•–‘ƒ‡–Š‡…‘…‡’–ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”…‹˜‹Žƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–™‡”‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡•—……‡••ˆ—Ž‹–”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ǧ͖Ǥ’‡…‹ƒŽƒ––‡–‹‘™ƒ•‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆŠ‘™ –‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ƒ’”‡••—”‹•‡†’ƒ••‡‰‡”…ƒ„‹ƒ†Š‘™–‘•–‘”‡ˆ—‡Žǡ ˆ”‡‹‰Š–ƒ†’ƒ••‡‰‡”••ƒˆ‡ƒ†Šƒ’’›͕͔Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰–‘”‡…‡–—”‘’‡ƒƒ†‡”‹…ƒ•–—†‹‡•ȋ‹‡„‡…ǡƒ‰‡ ƒ† ƒ™†‘ǡ ͕͜͝͝Ȍ ƒ …Šƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ͔͔͜ ’ƒ••‡‰‡” …‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ–ƒ‹ŽŽ‡••„Ž‡†‡†™‹‰„‘†›ȋȌ…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ”‡•—Ž–‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’”‹‡„‡‡Ƥ–•ǣ

30

͕͔

•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ”–‹Ƥ…‹ƒŽ ™‹†‘™‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š’ƒ••‡‰‡”ǡ…ƒ•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡Žƒ…‘ˆ ‘”‡˜‡–Š‡†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡‘ˆ ™‹†‘™•‹ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ǡ‹–‘ơ‡”•ƒ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ™‹†‘™–‘–Š‡™‘”Ž† ƒ†ƒŽŽ‡†‹ƒǤ

•ˆ—‡Ž„—”͖͛ΨŽ‘™‡”ǡ •–ƒ‡‘ơ™‡‹‰Š–͕͙ΨŽ‘™‡”ǡ •‡’–›™‡‹‰Š–͕͖ΨŽ‘™‡”ǡ •–‘–ƒŽ–Š”—•–͖͛ΨŽ‘™‡”ǡ •Ž‹ˆ––‘†”ƒ‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡȀ͖͔ΨŠ‹‰Š‡”Ǥ

Figure 6 Extra 400

Figure 7 Airbus A380

Figure 8 Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit

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Š‡‰”‘—’‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ȋ‹‡„‡…ǡƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ™†‘ǡ͕͜͝͝Ȍ …‘…Ž—†‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡‘”ƒ„Ž‡™‘”†•ǣ DzŠ‡ ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ‹…”‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ „Ž‡†‡† ™‹‰ „‘†›ȋȌ‘˜‡”–Š‡…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ƒ‹”’Žƒ‡‹•‹†‡‡†——•—ƒŽǡ‹ˆ‘–—’”‡…‡†‡–‡†ǡ‹–Š‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‹†—•–”›ǤŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡„‡‡Ƥ–• ƒ”‡ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡  …‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘ ‹–•‡Žˆǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Š‡ •’‡…‹Ƥ… –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡••—…Šƒ•ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹…•‘”•–”—…–—”‡•Ǥdzȋ‡‡ ‹‰Ǥ͝ȌǤ

ϯ͘ϯ͘Ϯ  tƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůŝŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ „ƒ•‹• ˆ‘” –Š‡  …‘’ƒ”‹•‘ •–—†› ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡–‘ˆ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ȋ‹‡„‡…ǡƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ™†‘ǡ ͕͜͝͝Ȍǣ •…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ǣ͔͔͜’ƒ••‡‰‡”•‹–Š”‡‡Ǧ…Žƒ•••‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ •”ƒ‰‡ǣ͛ǡ͔͔͔‘”͕͗ǡ͔͔͔ǡ •…”—‹•‡•’‡‡†ǣƒ…Š͔ȉ͙͜ǡ •–ƒ‡‘ơƤ‡Ž†Ž‡‰–Šǣ͕͕ǡ͔͔͔ˆ–‘”͗ǡ͚͔͗ǡƒ† •–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ†˜ƒ…‡††—…–‡†ˆƒ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‘”ƒ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ͔͔͜•‡ƒ–ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ƒ„‘—–͘ǡ͖͙͔͖‘ˆǮ™‡–ǯƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹…•—”ˆƒ…‡‹•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‡…ƒ’•—Žƒ–‡•—ƥ…‹‡–˜‘Ž—‡ˆ‘”Ž‹ˆ–Ǥ Š‡ƒ͙͜™‹‰•’ƒ‹•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ǡƒƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹…ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‡ƥ…‹‡…›Ȁ͖͕‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ –Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ„Ž‡†‡†™‹‰„‘†›…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡•Š‘™–Šƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ‡“—ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ••‡‰‡”•ǡ”‡“—‹”‹‰͖͗Ž‹˜‹‰•’ƒ…‡’‡”’ƒ••‡‰‡”ǡ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ ”‡“—‹”‡†Ǯ™‡–ǯ•—”ˆƒ…‡‹•”‡†—…‡†„›͔͗Ψ–‘͗ǡ͔͔͔͖ȋ†‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘„›ƒ…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘…Šƒ‰‡ȌǤ‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ‡™‹‰•’ƒǡƒ͖͔Ψ‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹…‡ƥ…‹‡…›Ȁ–‘͖͙‹•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ’—––‹‰–Š‡’ƒ›Ž‘ƒ†‹ƒ„‘†›–Šƒ–‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰Ž‹ˆ–ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ

32

Figure 9 WůĂŶǀŝĞǁŽĨĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚt ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘

ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ’”‘ƤŽ‡–Š‹…‡••‘ˆ͕͙Ψ”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ™‹‰…‡–”‡•‡…–‹‘ ˆ‘—”ƪ‘‘”•Š‹‰ŠǤ˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡ƥ…‹‡…›‹••–‹ŽŽ–Š‡•ƒ‡…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ǡˆ‘”ƒ͕͗ǡ͔͔͔‘”͛ǡ͔͔͔ƪ›‹‰†‹•–ƒ…‡ǡƒˆ—‡Ž…‘•—’–‹‘”‡†—…–‹‘‘ˆ͗͜Ψ…ƒ„‡”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†ƒ†–Šƒ– …‘—–•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆˆ‘—”ǡ–Š”‡‡‡‰‹‡•ƒ”‡•—ƥ…‹‡–™Š‹…ŠŽ‡ƒ†•–‘ ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ͕͙Ψ‘ˆ™‡‹‰Š–”‡†—…–‹‘Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ ƒ —‹“—‡ •–”—…–—”ƒŽ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ’‡” —‹– ™‡‹‰Š– ƒ† …‘•–…ƒ„‡”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†„›–Š‡‹–”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ‡™•–”—…–—”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ ‘ˆ‘”ƒ‡“—ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ••‡‰‡”•ƒ†•‹‹Žƒ””‡“—‹”‡†˜‘Ž—‡ǡ ‡˜‡‘”‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–•…ƒ„‡”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†Ǥ ‘†‡•‹‰ƒ†„—‹Ž†–Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽŽ›…—”˜‡†ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹…•–”—…–—”‡•…‘–ƒ‹‹‰Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š–’”‡••—”‹•‡†…‡ŽŽ•ˆ‘”’ƒ••‡‰‡”•ǡȋ™‹–Š ‰‘‘† ‡”‰‘‘‹…ǡ Ƥ”‡ ƒ† …”ƒ•Š •ƒˆ‡–› ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ȍǡ ‹• ƒ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› ˆ‘” Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š– Ƥ„”‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡† ’‘Ž›‡” •–”—…–—”‡•ǡ „Ž‡†‡† ƒ† •—’’‘”–‡† „› •–”—…–—”‡• ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽ—‹‹—ǡ –‹–ƒ‹— ƒ† •–‡‡ŽǤ ϯ͘ϰ

&ƵƚƵƌĞ͚ĨƌŽnjĞŶ͛ƚĞdžƟůĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ĨƌŽŵĮůĂŵĞŶƚĂŶĚLJĂƌŶƚŽ lightweight structures Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–„‡‡Ƥ–ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡–‡š–‹Ž‡•–”—…–—”‡•‹•–Š‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ Žƒ”‰‡ •–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ –ƒ”–‹‰ ™‹–Š •‹’Ž‡ ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡•ǡ Ž‹‡ „‘„„‹• ‘ˆ ›ƒ”•ǡ –ƒ’‡•ǡ ˆƒ„”‹…• ƒ† ”‡•‹•ǡ ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ–‡š–‹Ž‡’”‡Ǧˆ‘”•…ƒ„‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†ƒ†ƒ••‡„Ž‡†‹–‘ƒ–ƒ‹Ž‘”ƒ†‡Ǯ…Ž‘–Šǯ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡Ǯ…‘”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡ǯǤ ’”‡‰ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ”‡•‹–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ†—”‹‰‘”ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡Ƥ„”‡’Žƒ…‡‡–•–ƒ‰‡‹ƒ‘—Ž†ǤƤƒŽ…—”‡ƒ–Ž‘™’”‡••—”‡ȋ˜ƒ…——Ȍ‹ƒ ‘˜‡ȋ‘•‹œ‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•Ȍ‹•ƒŽŽ–Šƒ–”‡ƒ‹•ǤŠ‹•’”‘…‡†—”‡ǡ™Š‡”‡ †‹ơ‡”‡–Ƥ„”‡Ȁ–‡š–‹Ž‡’Žƒ…‡‡–ƒ…Š‹‡•…ƒ’Žƒ›ƒ”‘Ž‡ǡ‹•–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”‘ˆǮ†‘™•–”‡ƒƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǯǤ –‡ƒ•ƒƒš‹— ”‡†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ •–‡’• „‡–™‡‡ „ƒ•‹… ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •‡Ž‡…–‹‘ ȋ–Š‡‹‰”‡†‹‡–•Ȍƒ†’”‘†—…–”‡ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ȋ–Š‡…‘‘‹‰ȌǤ ˆ–Š‡•–‡‡Ž ƒ†ƒŽ—‹‹—‹ŽŽ•…‘—Ž†’”‘†—…‡•–‡‡Žƒ†ƒŽ—‹‹—›ƒ”•ƒ† ƒ•ƒ†‡”‹˜ƒ–‹˜‡‡–ƒŽ–‡š–‹Ž‡•ǡƒ‹Ƥ‹–‡—„‡”‘ˆ‡™ƒ†˜ƒ…‡† ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”‡–ƒŽ•™‘—Ž†ƒ”‹•‡ǤŠ‡—’”‡…‡†‡–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –‡š–‹Ž‡• ƒ‡• …‘’Ž‡š Žƒ”‰‡ –Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ …—”˜‡† •Š‡ŽŽ •–”—…–—”‡•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ—Ž‹‹–‡†‹•‹œ‡ƒ†‰‹˜‡•Šƒ’‡™‹–Š–‡š–‹Ž‡Ƥ„”‡’Žƒ…‡‡––‡…Š‹“—‡•ǡŽ‹‡™‡ƒ˜‹‰ǡ„”ƒ‹†‹‰ǡ–ƒ’‡Žƒ›‹‰ƒ†ƤŽƒ‡–™‹†‹‰ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰Ǥ͕͔ȌǤ›‡š–‡†‹‰–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•‘ˆƤ„”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡŽ‹‡‰Žƒ••ƒ†…ƒ”„‘ǡ™‹–Š›ƒ”•‘ˆ‡–ƒŽƤ„”‡•ǡƒ› ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽǡ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ƒ† ‡Ž‡…–”‘Ǧƒ‰‡–‹… ’”‘’‡”–› …ƒ „‡ …”‡ƒ–‡†„›„Ž‡†‹‰Ǥ –‡š–‹Ž‡–‡”•ǡ–Š‹•…ƒ„‡†‘‡„›‹–‡”Ǧ‹‰Ž‹‰ ƒ†…‘Ǧ‹‰Ž‹‰‘ˆƤ„”‡•ƒ†›ƒ”•Ǥ ˆ™‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ›ƒˆ‡™Ƥ„”‡•ȋ‡š‹•–‹‰ƒ†ˆ—–—”‹•–‹…Ȍˆ‘”ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‹…—”˜‡†•Š‡ŽŽ•–”—…–—”‡•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ž‹•–‹‰ˆ‘”†‹ơ‡”‡–•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•…ƒ„‡ƒ†‡™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡’‡”—‹–™‡‹‰Š–ȋ–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡ 33

‡ƥ…‹‡…›ȌǤŠ‡•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–ˆ‘”…‘’ƒ”‹•‘‹•ƒ‡“—ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ Ƥ„”‡•ƒ†‡“—ƒŽƤ„”‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡•ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”››ƒ”•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ƒŽ—‹‹—‘”•–‡‡ŽƤŽƒ‡–•ǡ‡“—ƒŽ ‹–Š‹…‡••ƒ†™‹–Šƒ•‹‹Žƒ”‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”›Ƥ„”‡–‘ƒ–”‹šƒ†Š‡•‹‘ȌǤ

ƒ„Ž‡͘•Š‘™•–Šƒ–ˆ‘”Žƒ”‰‡•Š‡ŽŽ•–”—…–—”‡•ǡƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†‹ƒ…‘•– ‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡™ƒ›—•‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–Šƒ–…ƒŠƒ†Ž‡…‘–‹—‘—•Ƥ„”‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡† …‘’‘•‹–‡•ǡ –Š‡ „‡•– ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ’‡” —‹– ™‡‹‰Š–‹•”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†„›–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ…ƒ”„‘Ƥ„”‡•Ǥ –Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆƒƤŽƒ‡–™‘—†‘”„”ƒ‹†‡†•‡‰‡–‡†‹•‘Ǧ–‡•‘‹†’”‡••—”‡˜‡••‡Žǡƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ’”‡••—”‹•‡† …ƒ„‹• ‘” …”›‘‰‡‹… ˆ—‡Ž …‘–ƒ‹‡”•ǡ ƒ …ƒ”„‘Ƥ„”‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†˜‡”•‹‘’‡”ˆ‘”•͕͖ȉ͝–‹‡•„‡––‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ƒŽ—‹‹—™‘—†˜‡”•‹‘Ǥ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ƒ•–‡‡ŽƤ„”‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†˜‡••‡Ž ƒˆƒ…–‘”‘ˆ͙ȉ͖ƒ‡•–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡—„‡”•ƒ”‡‹˜‡”–‡†ǡ–Š‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡™‡‹‰Š–’‡”—‹–’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‹•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ –Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ––”ƒ…–‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ…Š‘‹…‡Ǥ ‘”ƪƒ–ƒ†•‹’Ž›…—”˜‡†’Žƒ–‡•–”—…–—”‡•–Š‡—„‡”•ƒ”‡–‘–ƒŽŽ› †‹ơ‡”‡–ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ˆ‘”‡–ƒŽ’Žƒ–‡•ȋ–Š‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘”–Š‹•‹†‘ˆ•–”—…–—”‡•Ȍ”‡ƒ‹•‹‹Žƒ”‹ƒŽŽ†‹”‡…–‹‘•ȋ–Š‡Ƥ„”‡•ƒ”‡ˆ—•‡†‹–‘ƒ‹•‘–”‘’‹…‡–ƒŽƒ–”‹šȌǤ ‘”ƒ •‹’Ž‡…‘’‘•‹–‡’Žƒ–‡ǡŽ‹‡ƒȋ͔Ǧ͔͝Ȍ†‡‰”‡‡•Žƒ‹ƒ–‡‘ˆƤ„”‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†‡’‘š›ȋ•–”‘‰Ƥ„”‡•‹ƒ™‡ƒƒ–”‹šȌƒ†ƒƤ„”‡˜‘Ž—‡ ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘‘ˆ͔ȉ͙ǡ–Š‡‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰…‘•–ƒ–•”‡†—…‡–‘ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆƒ„‘—– ͖͙ΨǤŽ•‘–Š‡†‡•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’‘•‹–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ…Šƒ‰‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡”—Ž‡‘ˆ‹š–—”‡•Ǥ›Š‘™ǡ™Š‡–Š‡•ƒ‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ˆ‘”’Žƒ–‡•–”—…–—”‡•ǡ‘…‡ƒ‰ƒ‹…ƒ”„‘Ƥ„”‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‰‹˜‡–Š‡„‡•–”‡•—Ž–•ǡ„—–Ž‡••’”‘‘—…‡†Ǥ‘ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡•‡Ž‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–ƒ––”ƒ…–‹˜‡Ƥ„”‡•ˆ‘”…‘’‘•‹–‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ†•Š‡ŽŽ•–”—…34

Figure 10 DƵůƟƉůĞǁŝŶĚŝŶŐƐŚĂƉĞƐ

–—”‡•ˆ”‘ƒ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ•–ƒ†’‘‹–ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘…‘•‹†‡”–Š‡‘–Š‡” •›•–‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ Table 4 ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJŽƌƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƉĞƌƵŶŝƚǁĞŝŐŚƚ͕ĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞdžŝƐƟŶŐĂŶĚŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJLJĂƌŶ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝƐĞĚŝŶƚŽĂĨĞǁƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJůŽĂĚĞĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͘dŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐĂƌĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƚŽƚŚĞ lowest registered value11 6WUXFWXUHHIÀFLHQF\ or Performance per unit weight

based on engineering imaginary yarn constants properties of equal apperance

Material properties

density Young’s modulus yield stress

ȡ3 kgm–3 Ǽ9 Nm–2 ıy 106 Nm–2

FDUERQÀEUH yarns existing T 300

JODVVÀEUH yarns existing E-type

DOXÀEUH yarn virtual 7075

VWHHOÀEUH yarn virtual piano wire

 230 3,530

 73 3450

 71 420

 210 3100

6WUXFWXUHHIÀFLHQF\UHODWLYH (vs) the lowest listed value (1Â0)

dominant parameter

Solid shells: compression

buckling critical

(E 1/3ȡ YV (E 1/3ȡ min

Â

Â

Â

Â

Curved beams: Compression Bending

buckling critical or stiffness critical strength critical

(E 1/2ȡ YV (E 1/2ȡ min

Â

Â

Â

Â

ıf 2/3ȡ YV ıf 2/3ȡ min

Â

Â

Â

Â

Bending Pressure vessels:

strength critical, iso-tensoid wound

ıfȡ YV ıfȡ min

Â

Â

Â

Â

Sandwich shells: Bending

stiffness critical

(ȡ YV (ȡ min

Â

Â

Â

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11 The yield stress is the lowest stress at which a material underŐŽĞƐƉůĂƐƟĐĚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽƌĨĂŝůƵƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞƐŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚĂƌĞ ƌĂƚŚĞƌĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐĂŶĚƵŶĂīĞĐƚĞĚďLJ ĂŶLJĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ͘

ϰ͘

DƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJŝƌĐƌĂŌĞƐŝŐŶ

‘”•–”—…–—”‡•†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›•–‹ơ‡••‘”•–”‡‰–Šǡ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ ƒŽ—‹‹— ƒŽŽ‘›• –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–•–”—…–—”‡•Šƒ•„‡‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†ƒŽ‘•–…‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›Ǥ…Šƒ‰‡–‘ ‡™‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡˆ”‘•‘Ž‹†’Žƒ–‡•ƒ†’”‘ƤŽ‡•–‘Ƥ„”‡‡–ƒŽŽƒ‹ƒ–‡•‘”‡˜‡™‹”‡•ƒ†ˆƒ„”‹…•ǡ‘ơ‡”•–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”‡™Š›„”‹† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•™‹–Š‹’”‘˜‡†•’‡…‹Ƥ…•–ƒ–‹…ƒ††›ƒ‹…‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽȋˆƒ–‹‰—‡Ȍ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ

—•–”‡’Žƒ…‹‰ƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹‘”†‡”–‘•ƒ˜‡™‡‹‰Š–ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ƒŽ—‹‹—‘ƒ‘‡–‘‘‡„ƒ•‹•„›…ƒ”„‘Ƥ„”‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†‡’‘š›ȋ„Žƒ… ‡–ƒŽ•–”—…–—”‡•Ȍǡ‹•–Š‡‘•–‡ƒ•›„—–ˆ‘‘Ž‹•Šƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–Š‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ –‹‰‘”‡•‡š–”‡‡’‘••‹„Ž‡†ƒ‰‡”•†—‡–‘–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡–…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡–‘Ž‘…ƒŽ‘˜‡”Ž‘ƒ†‹‰‘”–‘†‡•‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ȋƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ˆ”‹‡†Ž›ƒ†•Ž‘™…”ƒ…‹‰‘ˆ‡–ƒŽ•˜‡”•—•ƒƒ•–›ƒ†‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡†‡Ǧ„‘†‹‰‘”†‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…‘’‘•‹–‡•ȌǤ –‹‰‘”‡•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ 35

ˆƒ…––Šƒ–‹ˆ™‡™ƒ––‘”‡’Žƒ…‡ƒ’”‘˜‡ƒ†…Š‡ƒ’‡–ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘ „›ƒ…‘’‘•‹–‡˜‡”•‹‘™‡…ƒ‘Ž›…‘’‡–‡‘ƒ˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”‘‡›„ƒ•‹•Ǥ 4.1 Technology growth curves ‘ …‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡ ’”‘˜‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ –Š”‡•Š‘Ž† ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” †‡…Ž‹‡ǡ…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ‡Š—‰‡‹˜‡•–‡–•ˆ‘”‘Ž›ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•‹‘”†‡”–‘•–ƒ›ƒŠ‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡”‰‹‰ƒ†‘”‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•ƒ‘™’Š‡‘‡‘–Šƒ–‹–Š‡•–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ†‡…Ž‹‡‹–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ž‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡ǡǮ‘’–‹‹•ƒ–‹‘ǯŽ‡ƒ†•‘Ž›–‘ ‹‘”‹’”‘˜‡‡–•ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰Ǥ͕͕ȌǤ˜‡”›‹’”‘˜‡‡–‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‹‡–ƒŽ ›‹‡Ž†‘”ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•–”‡••ǡŠƒ•–”ƒ†‡‘ơ•™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘ˆƒ–‹‰—‡‘”…‘””‘•‹‘”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ǤŽŽ‘†‹Ƥ…ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡™ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‹‘‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ˆƒ‹Ž› Ž‡ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ‘†—Ž—• ‘ˆ ‡Žƒ•–‹…‹–›ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• •‘ ‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”Ž‹‰Š–ƒ†•–‹ơ‡••†‘‹ƒ–‡†•–”—…–—”‡•ȋ†‡ƪ‡…–‹‘‘”„—…Ž‹‰…”‹–‹…ƒŽȌǡ‘•–Ž›—ƒơ‡…–‡†Ǥ‘‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǡŽƒ”‰‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–• ƒ”‡‘Ž›ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†„›–Š‡‹–”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ‘”‡’‘–‡–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǡ‹’—”•—‹–‘ˆ„‡––‡”•’‡…‹Ƥ…’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ƒ†‘”‡ƒ––”ƒ…–‹˜‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–‘ƒ‡•–”—…–—”‡•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”ƒ††‡†˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ Š‡•‡Žƒ•–ƒ”‰—‡–•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‹’‘”–ƒ–„‡…ƒ—•‡‡™Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡‹”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ”‡ƒŽ‘•–„›†‡Ƥ‹–‹‘‘”‡‡š’‡•‹˜‡–Šƒ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘‡•–Š‡›…‘’‡–‡™‹–Šƒ†–Š”‡ƒ–‡–‘”‡’Žƒ…‡ǤŠ—•ƒ††‹‰ƒ•—…Š˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”‘‡›ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡‹•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰’”‹…‹’Ž‡Ǥ 4.2 Improved performance and cheaper to manufacture ˆ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘•‡Ž‡…––Š‡‘•–…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ƒ†ǡˆ‘””‡‡™ƒŽǡ–Š‡‘•– ƒ––”ƒ…–‹˜‡’ƒ”–ˆ‘”—Ž–‹†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›†‡•‹‰ǡ–Š‡–Š‡’”‡••—”‹•‡†ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡‹ƒ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‘”–Š‡’ƒ••‡‰‡”…‘’ƒ”–‡–‹ƒ ƪ›‹‰™‹‰‹•–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡…ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ǤŠ‹••—„ƒ••‡„Ž›‹•–Š‡Š‡ƒ˜‹‡•–ǡ–Š‡‘•–‡š’‡•‹˜‡ƒ†ǡ„›–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ”–•ƒ†ƒ••‡„Ž›ǡ –Š‡‘•–…‘’Ž‡š•–”—…–—”‡‘ˆƒŽŽǤ

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DƵůƟͲĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJĞƐŝŐŶ&Žƌ&ƵƐĞůĂŐĞƐ͕/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶKĨ DĞĐŚĂŶŝĐƐŶĚĐŽƵƐƟĐƐ

Š‡ •–ƒ”–‹‰ ’‘‹– ˆ‘” –Š‡ …Š‘‹…‡ ‘ˆ ‡™ …‘„‹ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ•–”—…–—”ƒŽ…‘…‡’–•ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡ –Š‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƥ…‹‡…›„›‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘•ǤŠ‡ ‡š–†‹ƒ‰”ƒ•Š‘™••…Š‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›™Š‹…Š”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡ ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ††‡•‹‰‘ˆƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡•–”—…–—”‡•ǤŽ‘‰–Š‡Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽƒš‹•–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–•–”—…–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ”‡“—‹”‡‡– …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ƒ”‡ •Š‘™Ǥ Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ˆ—…–‹‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘†—”‹‰ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†„›–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰…‘…‡’–ǡ‹•’Ž‘––‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽƒš‹•ǤŠ‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡• Ǯ™ƒ˜‹‰ƒ™ƒ›ǯˆ”‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹”‡’”‡•‡–ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ•–”—…–—”‡•ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‹–Šƒ‰”‘™‹‰’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”ˆ—…–‹‘‹–‡36

Figure 11 The S curve

‰”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡’”‘’‡”Ž›†‘‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹•ƒ‘”‡…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ  ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •–”—…–—”ƒŽ †‡•‹‰ ‹• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•‡† „› ƒ —„‡”‘ˆ•‡“—‡–‹ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•™‹–Š’‘‘”‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ’–‹‹•ƒ–‹‘ ‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†‘Ž›™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘•–‹ơ‡••ƒ†•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ •–”—…–—”‡Ǥ – –Š‡ ‡† –Š‡ ˆ—ŽƤŽ‡– ‘ˆ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡”ƒŽƒ†ƒ…‘—•–‹…ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‹•ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†„›ƒ††‹‰…Žƒ††‹‰‘ˆ ‹•—Žƒ–‹‰ ƒ† ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡†—…‹‰ ‡Ž‡‡–•ǡ ƒ– –Š‡ …‘•– ‘ˆ Žƒ„‘—”ǡ ™‡‹‰Š–ƒ†‘‡›ˆ‘”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ

Figure 12 Fuselage requirements

Š‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ”‡‡™‡†•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ‘™„‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ…‘’‘•‹–‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡ƒˆ‡™„ƒ•‹… ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ ‹”•––Š‡‹ƪ—‡…‡‘ˆƒ˜‡”›‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›†‡•‹‰’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”ǡ–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡’‹–…Šǡ‘–Š‡‡–ƒŽƒ†…‘’‘•‹–‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡™‡‹‰Š–‹•‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†Ǥ Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡ƥ…‹‡…›‘ˆƒˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡•‡…–‹‘”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†„›ˆ”ƒ‡• ƒ†•–‹ơ‡‡”•”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†…ƒ„‡Œ—†‰‡†„›–Š‡•‡…–‹‘™‡‹‰Š–ƒ•ƒ ˆ—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ‡ ’‹–…Š ƒ† •‹ –Š‹…‡•• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ •—ƥ…‹‡–•–”‡‰–Šƒ†•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›ƒ†Ž‡ƒ•‡–‘ˆǮ†‡•‹‰ ‰”ƒ’Š•ǯ ‹• ’”‡•‡–‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‡š– ’ƒ‰‡ ŽŽ –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ …—”˜‡• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡•ƒ‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…ˆ‘”Ǥ‡Ž‘™ƒ…‡”–ƒ‹ˆ”ƒ‡’‹–…Š–Š‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡™‡‹‰Š–‹•…‘•–ƒ–ƒ†‰‘˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡ƒš‹—ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–”‡••Ǥ „‘˜‡–Š‹•ˆ”ƒ‡’‹–…Š–Š‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡™‡‹‰Š–‹•‰‘˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡•–ƒ37

„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‹’ƒ‡Ž•Ǥ –Š‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›…”‹–‹…ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹ ˆ”ƒ‡’‹–…Š‹•‘Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡™‹–Š‰”‘™‹‰•‹–Š‹…‡••ǡƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž– –Š‡•–”‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž‹–Š‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡Ž‹‰Š–‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ –Š‹‡•– •‹• ™Š‡ ™‡ ˆ‘”‰‡– ƒ„‘—–’Š›•‹…ƒŽ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ –…ƒ„‡•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‡•–ƒŽ—‹‹—ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡‹•ƒ„‘—–͔͗ΨŠ‡ƒ˜‹‡”–Šƒ–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‡•–…ƒ”„‘‡’‘š›ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͕͗ƒȌǤ Š‡Ƥ‰—”‡•Š‘™•ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ–ƒ‡™ƒ†Žƒ”‰‡”†‡•‹‰™‹†‘™ƒ’’‡ƒ”• ™Š‡™‡…Šƒ‰‡ˆ”‘‡–ƒŽ–‘…ƒ”„‘Ǧ‡’‘š›…‘’‘•‹–‡•ǤŠ‹•™‹†‘™ˆ‘”ˆ”ƒ‡’‹–…Š•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ƒŽŽ‘™•—•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡•–”—…–—”‡•‡“—ƒŽ‘” Ž‘™‡”‹™‡‹‰Š––Šƒ‡–ƒŽ‘‡•‹™Š‹…Š™‡…ƒƒ’’Ž›ƒ”‡‡™‡† •‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘–‘ˆ—ŽƤŽ–Š‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ ‡”‡™‡™‹ŽŽ‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ…‘—•–‹…ƒ†–Š‡”ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‘ˆ ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡•Ǥ

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^ŽƵŶĚ/ŶƐƵůĂƟŽŶ/ŶŝƌĐƌĂŌ&ƵƐĞůĂŐĞƐ

Š‡ •‘—† ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡ †‡’‡†• ‘ ƒ› ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ǡ ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡–Š‡‘‹•‡•‘—”…‡•’‡…–”—‹…‹†‡–‘–Š‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡ ”‡•‘ƒ…‡ ˆ”‡“—‡…‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡ •–”—…–—”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡ †‹ơ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹•‹†‡ƒ†‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡Ǥ‘‰‡–ƒ ‹’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ơ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‘–Š‡•‘—† ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–‹••—ƥ…‹‡––‘…‘•‹†‡”ƒƪƒ–•–‹ơ‡‡†’ƒ‡Ž™‹–Š‹†‡–‹…ƒŽƒ‹”…‘†‹–‹‘•‘„‘–Š•‹†‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡†—…–‹‘ ‹ ‘‹•‡ –”ƒ•‹••‹‘ ‹• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•‡† „› –Š‡ •‘…ƒŽŽ‡†–”ƒ•‹••‹‘Ž‘••ȋȌǤƒ…”‹Ƥ…‹‰•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‡‹‰Š–•ƒ˜‹‰• ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡† „› ‡š…Šƒ‰‹‰ ƒŽ—‹‹— ™‹–Š …‘’‘•‹–‡• …ƒ ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡ƒ…‘—•–‹…ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•–‹ơ‡‡†•Š‡ŽŽˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡Ǥ –Š‡•‡–‘ˆ Ƥ‰—”‡•„‡Ž‘™‹••Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡…ƒ”„‘‡’‘š›ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡Šƒ•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡•‘—†‹•—Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Š͕ȉ͘†ǡ‡“—ƒŽ–‘ƒ͔͗Ψ ‘‹•‡”‡†—…–‹‘ǡ„›ƒǮ•‹’Ž‡ǯ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡’‹–…Šˆ”‘–Š‡ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ͖͔‹ ‘” ͙͔͔ –‘ ͕ǡ͔͗͗ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ…‘—•–‹…ƒŽ ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘…ƒ„‡‹’”‘˜‡†„›‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡’‹–…Šƒ†„›‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡•‹–Š‹…‡••ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ†Œ—•–‡–•Ž‡ƒ†„‘–Š–‘ƒ”‡†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–• ƒ† Ž‘™‡” •–”‡•• Ž‡˜‡Ž• Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ• …‘•‡“—‡…‡ „‡––‡” ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‹’ƒ…– ƒ† †ƒƒ‰‡ –‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡Ǥ ˆ ™‡ ‡‰Ž‡…– –Š‡ ‡™‡ƒ•—”‡•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘•—’’‘”–•›•–‡•ƒ†‹–‡”‹‘”’ƒ”–•‹–„‡…‘‡•…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡™‡‹‰Š–ǡ–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡…‘•– ‘ˆƒƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–™‹–Š•—…Šƒˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ†—‡–‘ƒ͙͔Ψ”‡†—…–‹‘‘ˆˆ”ƒ‡•Ǥ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’‘•‹–‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡†‡•‹‰™‹†‘™…ƒƒ‡–Š‹•ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‘”‡…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡™‹–Š –Š‡…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽƒŽ—‹‹—ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ǡ–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Š –Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡…‘’‘•‹–‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰Ǥ͕͗ȌǤ 38

Figure 13 dŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨĨƵƐĞůĂŐĞĨƌĂŵĞƉŝƚĐŚ

–‹Ž‘™‘Ž›–Š‡•–‹ơ‡‡†•‹•–”—…–—”ƒŽ…‘…‡’–™ƒ•†‹•…—••‡†Ǥ  †‹ơ‡”‡– •–”—…–—”ƒŽ …‘…‡’– ‹• –Š‡ •ƒ†™‹…Š …‘…‡’–Ǥ ‘” •ƒ†™‹…Š’ƒ‡Ž•ǡ–™‘•‹••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†„›…‘”‡™‹–Šƒ˜‡”›Ž‘™†‡•‹–›ǡ ‘•–‹ơ‡‡”•ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘ƒ••™‹ŽŽ„‡Ž‘•–‹•–‹ơ‡‡”•ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Š˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ••’‡”—‹–ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ •‹ǡ™Š‹…Š”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ„‡––‡”ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ••Žƒ™ǤŽ•‘ǡ –Š‡…‘”‡…ƒ„‡ƒ†‡‘ˆƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‹•—Žƒ–‹‰ƒ…‘—•–‹…ƒ† –Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ†‹•…”‡–‡•–‹ơ‡‡”•…ƒ–Š‡„‡ ‹‹‹•‡†ǡ•‹…‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘Ž›”‡“—‹”‡† ƒ–’Žƒ…‡•™Š‡”‡Š‹‰Š…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”…‡•ƒ”‡‹–”‘†—…‡†ȋ™‹‰ǡŽƒ†‹‰‰‡ƒ”ǡ‡–…ǤȌ‘”†‹˜‡”–‡†ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥˆ”‘…—–Ǧ‘—–•ȌǤŠ‹•…ƒ”‡†—…‡–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡ …‘•–Ǥ Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ†™‹…Š …‘…‡’– ˆ‘” ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† †‡•‹‰™‹ŽŽ‘™„‡‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†Ǥ

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ϳ͘

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶKĨDĞĐŚĂŶŝĐƐŶĚĐŽƵƐƟĐƐ/ŶdŚĞ^ĂŶĚͲ wich Fuselage Concept

™‘•ƒ†™‹…Š†‡•‹‰•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•…ƒ„‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†ˆ‘”‘’–‹ƒŽ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡…Šƒ‹…•ƒ†ƒ…‘—•–‹…ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ȋ—”–œ‡ƒ†ƒ––‡”•ǡ͕͙͘͝ȌǤ Š‡Ƥ”•–•–”ƒ–‡‰›‹•–‘…Š‘‘•‡ƒŠ‹‰Š…‘‹…‹†‡…‡ˆ”‡“—‡…›ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡ƒ••Žƒ™ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǤŠ‹•…ƒ„‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†—•‹‰ƒ …‘”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™‹–Šƒ˜‡”›Ž‘™•Š‡ƒ”‘†—Ž—•ǤŠ‡•‡…‘†•–”ƒ–‡‰›‹• –‘…Š‘‘•‡ƒ…‘”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™‹–ŠƒŠ‹‰Š•Š‡ƒ”‘†—Ž—••‘–Š‡…‘”‡™‹ŽŽ „‡Šƒ˜‡Ž‹‡ƒ‹…‘’”‡••‹„Ž‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‡Š‹‰Š•Š‡ƒ”‘†—Ž—•‘ˆ –Š‡…‘”‡ƒ‡•–Š‹••ƒ†™‹…Š‘”‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽŽ›‡ƥ…‹‡–Ǥ Š‡ƒŒ‘”†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‹••–”ƒ–‡‰›‹•–Šƒ––Š‡…‘‹…‹†‡…‡ˆ”‡“—‡…›™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™Ǥˆ–Š‡•‡–™‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–Š‡‘‡™Š‹…Š ™‹ŽŽ ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ „‡•– ”‡•—Ž– †‡’‡†• ‘ –Š‡ ‘‹•‡ •‘—”…‡ ƒ† ‘ –Š‡ •–”—…–—”ƒŽ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ†™‹…Š•Š‡ŽŽ•Ǥ Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ†™‹…Š•–”—…–—”‡ˆ‘”‹’”‘˜‡†ƒ…‘—•–‹…‹•—Žƒ–‹‘‹••Š‘™‹–Š‡Ƥ‰—”‡ƒ„‘˜‡™Š‡”‡‹–…ƒ„‡•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡•–‹ơ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ†™‹…Š…ƒ„‡˜ƒ”‹‡†„‡–™‡‡ƒš‹—•–‹ơ‡••ȋ‹Ƥ‹–‡Ž›•Š‡ƒ”•–‹ơ…‘”‡Ȍƒ†‹‹—•–‹ơ‡••ȋœ‡”‘•–‹ơ‡••…‘”‡ȌǤ Š‡ ƒ…‘—•–‹…ƒŽ ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ …ƒ „‡ ‹’”‘˜‡† „› •Š‹ˆ–‹‰ –Š‡ …‘‹…‹†‡…‡ˆ”‡“—‡…›ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡…›”ƒ‰‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”•’‡‡…ŠǤ ‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡…‘”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ—•‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ†™‹…Š•‹ǡ–Š‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡™‹ŽŽ„‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽŽ›‡ƥ…‹‡–ȋ…‘”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™‹–ŠƒŠ‹‰Š•Š‡ƒ” ‘†—Ž—•Ȍǡ ‘” ƒ…‘—•–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‡ƥ…‹‡– ȋ…‘”‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ™‹–Š ƒ Ž‘™ •Š‡ƒ” ‘†—Ž—•ȌǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰…Š‘‹…‡‹•†‡’‡†‡–‘–Š‡‘‹•‡•‘—”…‡ƒ† –Š‡•–”‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž•‹–Š‡•ƒ†™‹…Šˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ

Figure 14 The shift of the coincidence frequency for a sandwich panel with a bending stiffness of 20 times the stiffness of a single skin plate and Z2/Z1 = 10(7)

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‘–Š‡”‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ƒ•’‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ†™‹…Š…‘…‡’–‹•–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡–Š‡”ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘‹–‘–Š‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡•–”—…–—”‡Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‹–ŠƒŽ‘™…‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ǡ™Š‹…Š…ƒƒŽ•‘‡‡––Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ†‡ƒ†•ǡƒ”‡’‘Ž›‡”ˆ‘ƒ•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘˜‡”›‡ƥ…‹‡–ƒ••ƒ†™‹…Š …‘”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘…Ž—†‹‰ǡ‘‡…‘—Ž†•ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ†™‹…Š…‘…‡’– ‘ơ‡”• ‰”‡ƒ– ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ‹‰ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ‹ ƒ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†™ƒ›Ǥ

ϴ͘

^ŽƵŶĚΘůŝŵĂƚĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ/Ŷ&ƵƚƵƌĞŝƌĐƌĂŌ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ

ˆ–‡”–Š‡•‡•‹’Ž‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ȃ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›†‹•…—••‡†‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—••‡…–‹‘•ǡ™‡…ƒ‘™–”›–‘ƒ’’Ž›–Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ–‘ˆ—–—”‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –Š‹••‡…–‹‘ƒƒ––‡’–‹• ƒ†‡–‘†‘–Š‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡„Ž‡†‡†™‹‰„‘†›…‘…‡’–ǡ–ƒ‹‰‹–‘…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡ƒ‹ƒ”‡ƒ•–Šƒ–†‡ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡‡–Ǥ ‡†—…–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‘‹•‡‹•ƒƒŒ‘”…—””‡–ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡‹••—‡Ǥ ’”‘˜‡†‹–‡”ƒŽƒ†‡š–‡”ƒŽ•‘—†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ–Š‡™ƒ”ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘‹•‡ǡ„‡…‘‡•‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ‹”Ž‹‡”•ƒ†ƒ‹”’‘”–•Ǥ 8.1 Exterior noise ‡˜‡”‡‘‹•‡”‡•–”‹…–‹‘•‹’‘’—Žƒ–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›†—”‹‰–ƒ‡ ‘ơǡ™‹ŽŽ‹’‘•‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹… ‡ƥ…‹‡…›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡ƥ…‹‡…›Ǥ Š‡ƪ›‹‰™‹‰‘”„Ž‡†‡†™‹‰„‘†›…‘…‡’–Šƒ•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹… ‡ƥ…‹‡…› „› ͖͔ΨǤ ˆ ƒ†‡ ˆ”‘ …ƒ”„‘ …‘’‘•‹–‡ƒ‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡ƥ…‹‡…›‘ˆ͖͙Ψ…ƒ„‡”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†Ǥ ‘„‹‹‰–Š‹•™‹–Š‹’”‘˜‡†ƪ‹‰Š–ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ•–‡‡’‡”–ƒ‡ ‘ơƒ†Žƒ†‹‰™‹–Š”‡†—…‡†’”‘’—Ž•‹‘ǡ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–‡†‘‹•‡‹–‡•‹–›ˆ‘‘–’”‹–•‘–Š‡‰”‘—†…ƒ„‡‹‹‹•‡†Ǥ 8.2 Interior noise –‡”…‘–‹‡–ƒŽ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡”• ™‘—Ž† ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡ ”‡†—…‡† •‘—† ‹–‡•‹–›Ž‡˜‡Ž•‹–Š‡…ƒ„‹ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤŠ‡ƪ›‹‰™‹‰…‘…‡’–‘ơ‡”•”‘‘ –‘‡…ƒ’•—Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ‹•‘—”…‡‘ˆ‡š–‡”‹‘”ƒ‹”„‘”‡‘‹•‡ǡ–Š‡—Ž–”ƒ Š‹‰Š „›’ƒ•• Œ‡– ‡‰‹‡•ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ™‹‰ •‡…–‹‘• ȋ ‹‰Ǥ ͕͙ȌǤ Š‡ ‡‰‹‡ †—…–‰‹˜‡•–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘”‡†—…‡–Š‡‘‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’—Ž•‹‘„›—•‹‰•‘—†ƒ„•‘”„‹‰Ž‹‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†ƒƒš‹‹•‡†ƪ‘™‘ˆ…‘Ž†„›’ƒ••ƒ‹”Ǥ –™‹ŽŽƒ‡‹•—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ„‹ƒ”‡ƒˆ”‘–Š‹•‡š–‡”ƒŽ •‘—”…‡‡ƒ•‹‡”ǤŠ‡•‘—†–”ƒ•‹––‡†„›–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡‹–•‡Žˆ‹•…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†ƒ†”‡†—…‡†„›†ƒ’‹‰ƪ‡š‹„Ž‡‘—–•ƒ†•—’’‘”–•Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡ƒŽƒ”‰‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ„‡ƒ’41

’Ž‹‡†ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†–‘‡™Ž›†‡Ƥ‡†•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•ǣƒ‡š–‡”‹‘” ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹…•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†ƒ‹–‡”ƒŽ…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”•‡‰‡–‡†•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽ•‹™‹ŽŽ„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”•›•–‡•—’’‘”–ǡƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹…Ž‘ƒ† …ƒ””›‹‰ƒ†…”ƒ•ŠŽ‘ƒ†ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘Ǣ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ…‡ŽŽ•™‹ŽŽ„‡—•‡†ˆ‘” –Š‡’”‡••—”‹•‡†ƒ†‹•‘Žƒ–‡†ȋ–Š‡”ƒŽƒ†ƒ…‘—•–‹…ȌƤ”‡’”‘‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–‘ˆ’ƒ••‡‰‡”•Ǣ•‹‹Žƒ”…‡ŽŽ•™‹ŽŽ„‡—•‡†ƒ•ˆ—‡Ž…‘–ƒ‹‡”•ƒ† ˆ”‡‹‰Š–…‘’ƒ”–‡–•Ǥ Š‡ ‡™ •–”—…–—”ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡–• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ ˆ”‘ †‹ơ‡”‡– ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽ•‹‹•„—‹Ž–—’ˆ”‘…ƒ”„‘Ƥ„”‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†’‘Ž›‡”• „Ž‡†‡†™‹–Š‡–ƒŽŽ‹…Ƥ„”‡•ƒ†•’‡…‹ƒŽƤŽŽ‡”•–‘ˆ—ŽƤŽƒŽŽ–Š‡†—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†•—”˜‹˜ƒ„‹Ž‹–›”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ȋŽ‹‰Š–‹‰•–”‹‡ǡ…”ƒ•Š‡•ǡƤ”‡•ƒ† ‹’ƒ…–ȌǤ Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒŽ •–”—…–—”‡ ‹• ƒ†‡ ˆ”‘ ‹•‘Ǧ–‡•‘‹† ƤŽƒ‡– ™‘—†˜‡••‡Ž•™‹–Š˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡†‹ƒ‡–‡”•™Š‹…Š…ƒ„‡‹–‡”…‘‡…–‡†ƒ†‹–‡”ˆ‡”‹‰™Š‡”‡‡…‡••ƒ”›Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†–‘‰‡–ƒ ƒ‹”–‹‰Š–ǡƤ”‡’”‘‘ˆƒ†’”‘’‡”‹•‘Žƒ–‡†•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ ›‘—–‹‰‡‡”‰›•—’’Ž›ǡ†ƒ–ƒ•—’’Ž›ƒ†…‘–”‘Ž•›•–‡•‹–Š‡ ‘Ǧ’”‡••—”‹•‡†•‡…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ„‹ƒ†™‹‰•–”—…–—”‡˜‡”›•’‡…‹ƒŽ •‘—† ”‡†—…–‹‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ‹ –Š‡ •‘ˆ– ‘—–‡† Ǯ‘‘…‘“—‡ǯ ’ƒ••‡‰‡” …‘’ƒ”–‡– …ƒ „‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ Š‡ „‡†‹‰ •–‹ơ •ƒ†™‹…Š•–”—…–—”‡•™‹ŽŽƒ••—”‡•‘—†‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Š‹‰Šˆ”‡“—‡…‹‡•Ǥ ‘” –Š‡Ž‘™ˆ”‡“—‡…‹‡•–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘‹•’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘ƒ††‡† ƒ•• „—– –Š‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ‹• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ †‡•‹”‡ ƒ† ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–•–”—…–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ǤŠ‡—Ž–‹Ž‡ƒˆ’ƒ”–‹–‹‘•–”—…–—”‡ǡƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ ˆ—…–‹‘•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹•—•‡†ǤŠ‹•‹•‘–‘Ž›ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‹–Š‡™ƒ” ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘‹•‡„—–‹–ƒŽ•‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡•”‘‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘—†ƒ„•‘”„‹‰•‘ˆ–ƒ†’‘”‘—•˜‹•…‘Ǧ‡Žƒ•–‹…’‘Ž›‡”Žƒ›‡”•ǡƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ •ƒ†™‹…Š…ƒ„‹•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ‘–Š‡ƒ•—”‡•™‹ŽŽ…ƒ—•‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ•‹••‹‘ Ž‘••ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” „› ƒ„•‘”„‹‰ Ž‘™ ˆ”‡“—‡…› •‘—† ™ƒ˜‡• ƒ†…‘˜‡”–‹‰–Š‡‹–‘Š‡ƒ–Ǥ ‘••‹„Ž‡”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡•Š‘™‹ ‹‰Ǥ͕͙ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ‡”‡ƒ…”‘••Ǧ •‡…–‹‘‘ˆƒˆ—–—”‡„Ž‡†‡†™‹‰„‘†›ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–‹•’”‡•‡–‡†™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ƒ‹–”‡†•ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ•™‡”•‘„•‡”˜‡†‹–Š‹•ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ƒ”‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‘–ƒŽŽ•Š‘™‹†‡–ƒ‹Žǡ–Š‡ƒ‹‹–‡•‹–Š‹• …”‘••Ǧ•‡…–‹‘ ƒ”‡ǣ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‰‹‡• ƒ† Š›†”‘‰‡ •–‘”ƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ „Ž‡†‡† ˜‘Ž—‡ǡ •‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‡••—”‹•‡† ˜‘Ž—‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹… •Šƒ’‡ǡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ …‘Ž† ƒ†ƒ‹”…‘†‹–‹‘‡†ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘—†ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ••‡‰‡”„›•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ›Ž‘ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ”‘‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽŽ›˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰ •‡…–‹‘•ǡƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘”•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡”˜‹…‡ƒ‹•Ž‡•ƒ†Ƥ”‡‡•…ƒ’‡”‘—–‡•Ǥ

42

Figure 15 BWB fuselage cross-section

ϵ͘

WĂƐƐĞŶŐĞƌĂďŝŶ>ĂLJͲŽƵƚƐ

Š‡•‡‰‡–‡†…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”…‡ŽŽ•‹•‡”‹‡•ƒ”‡ƤŽƒ‡–™‘—†‘”„”ƒ‹†‡†Ǥ Šƒ‹•Ž‹‡–Š‹•…ƒ„‡‡•–‡†‹ƒ›™ƒ›•ǡ˜ƒ”›‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ•ƒŽŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡–‘ƒ–‹‰Š–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ –Š‡Ƥ”•–•‘Ž—–‹‘‰ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡…‘‡…–‘‡…‡ŽŽ–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͕͚ƒȌǤ …ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‹‰Š–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ ˆ‘ƒƒŽ‹‡ǡƒ•‹‰Ž‡—Ž–‹†‘‡•’ƒ…‡…ƒ„‡…”‡ƒ–‡†ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͕͚…ȌǤ‹‡ ƒ…ƒ–Š‡†”ƒŽ™‹–Š’ƒ”–‹–‹‘™ƒŽŽ•ǡ–Š‡ƪ‘‘”•ƒ†’‹ŽŽƒ”•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽŽ‘ƒ†‡† ‹–‡•‹‘…ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡‰‡‘‡–”›ƒ†‹–‡”ƒŽ’”‡••—”‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ •‘’’‘•‡†–‘…ƒ–Š‡†”ƒŽ•ƒ†‘•“—‡•™‹–Š†‘‡†…‡‹Ž‹‰•ǡ™Š‡”‡ …‘’”‡••‹‘†‘‹ƒ–‡•…ƒ—•‡†„›‰”ƒ˜‹–›ǡ‘—”’”‘’‘•‡†’ƒ••‡‰‡” …ƒ„‹•–”—…–—”‡•ƒ”‡ƒ‹Ž›Ž‘ƒ†‡†‹’—”‡–‡•‹‘ǡ†—‡–‘–Š‡Ƥ„”‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘”…‹‰ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡‘”Ž‘ƒ†’ƒ–Š•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ’”‡••—”‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Žƒ•–„—–‘–Ž‡ƒ•––Š‡‹…”‡†‹„Ž‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽŽ‹‰Š–‡••Ǥ

10.

Conclusions

–Š‡Ƥ”•–…Šƒ’–‡”•™‡ƒ•‡†™Š‡–Š‡”ˆ—–—”‡ƒ‹”–”ƒ•’‘”–‹•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ƒ† •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† ™Š‹…Š ‡‡”‰› •—’’Ž› –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• …‘—Ž† ’Žƒ›ƒ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡Ž‘‰–‡”Ǥ –Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǡ•—„•‘‹…ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ– ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‹’”‘˜‡†–”‡‡†‘—•Ž›ƒ†„‡…‘‡‘”‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ™Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡–‹‰Š–‡‡†Ǥ ‘”’—„Ž‹…–”ƒ•’‘”–‘˜‡”Ž‘‰†‹•–ƒ…‡•–Š‡”‡‹•‘ ‘–Š‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–•›•–‡–Šƒ–…ƒ…‘’‡–‡™‹–Šƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ǡ—Ž‡••’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘‹˜‡•–ǡ‡ƒ••‡ǡ‹–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰–‹‡ǡ‹†ƒ›•‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ Š‘—”•Ǥ ˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š •—„•‘‹… ˜‡Ž‘…‹–› †‘ƒ‹• –Š‡ ˆ—‡Ž ‡ƥ…‹‡…›’‡”—‹–™‡‹‰Š–‹…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹‰Š’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–ƒ‡•–Š‡…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡™‹–ŠƒŽŽ‘–Š‡”–›’‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ 43

Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ •–”—…–—”ƒŽ ‡ƥ…‹‡…› ‘ˆ …‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ– ‹• ‘– „ƒ†ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹••–‹ŽŽ’‘••‹„Ž‡‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡ƪ›‹‰™‹‰ …‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘•†‘‡‡”‰‡Ǥ Š‡‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Š›†”‘‰‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›™‹ŽŽ‡‡”‰‡‹”‘ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ‹–‹‰Š–„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‹”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ•™‡ŽŽ͕͖Ǥ ˆ‹–‹•ǡ–Š‡–Š‡Žƒ›‘—–‘ˆƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒơ‡…–‡†–”‡‡†‘—•Ž›ǤŠ‡Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š–•‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ‘”Š›†”‘‰‡Ǧ–‹‰Š–…‘–ƒ‹‡”•™‹–Š‰‘‘†–Š‡”‘Ǧ‹•—Žƒ–‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡ‹•‘Ǧ–‡•‘‹†Ƥ„”‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡‡–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ”‡•—Ž–‹•ƒˆ‡ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š–’”‡••—”‡˜‡••‡Ž…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘” ƒˆƒ‹Ž•ƒˆ‡‡‡”‰›†‡•‡Š›†”‘‰‡•–‘”ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡•ƒ‡’”‹…‹’Ž‡‘ˆ—•‹‰ •‡‰‡–‡† ƒ† ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ †‹ƒ‡–‡” ƤŽƒ‡–Ǧ™‘—† ‘” „”ƒ‹†‡† •–”—…–—”‡•‹•ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‡••—”‹•‡†’ƒ••‡‰‡”…ƒ„‹Ǥ‹ơ‡”‡–‡•–‹‰•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡••‡Ž•ƒ”‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ†™Š‡ƒ•–”‘‰ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•…Š‘•‡–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”„‡…‘‡•ƒ—Ž–‹†‘‡ ŠƒŽŽ ™‹–Š ƒ •‹ǡ ’ƒ”–‹–‹‘ ™ƒŽŽ•ǡ ’‹ŽŽƒ”• ƒ† ƪ‘‘”• Ž‘ƒ†‡† ‹ ’—”‡ –‡•‹‘ ȋƒ‹”…”ƒˆ– ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ „‡…‘‡• ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ȌǤ ‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡Ƥ„”‡…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†•–”—…–—”‡‹•ƒ‹Ž›Ž‘ƒ†‡†‹–‡•‹‘ǡ –Š‡…‘•–‘ˆƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡™‹ŽŽ„‡Ž‘™Ǥ

͕͖

–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†–Š‡—•‡ ‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†ˆ‘••‹Ž‘”„‹‘ˆ—‡Ž• …‘—Ž†„‡ˆƒ”‘”‡’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ‹ˆƒ ™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ž‘™Ǧ…‘•–ˆ—‡Ž•—’’Ž›‹•‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡†ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ”—Ž‡•ƒ”‡‡–Ǥ

‡‹‰Š–”‡†—…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†…ƒ””›‹‰•Š‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–›‹•—•‡Ž‡••ƒ††ƒ‰‡”‘—•ǤŠ‡•Š‡ŽŽ—•–„‡…‘‡ƒ•›•–‡–‘–”ƒ•’‘”– ’ƒ›Ž‘ƒ†•ƒˆ‡Ž›ƒ†…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž›ǡŠ‡…‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‰ˆ—…–‹‘• —•– „‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ •–”‡‰–Šǡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ‘‹•‡ ƒ† –Š‡”ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ•ƒˆ‡–›ƒ†•—”˜‹˜ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ a

‡š–‹Ž‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†’‘Ž›‡”•ǡˆ”‘–Š‡Ƥ„”‡Ž‡˜‡Ž–‘–Š‡•Š‡ŽŽ•–”—…–—”‡ǡ–—‡ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ›”‡“—‡•–‡†’”‘’‡”–›ǡƒ”‡–Š‡‘Ž›…ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ’”‘’‡”‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘”•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ†”‡“—‹”‡‡–•™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ƒ††—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›’‡” —‹–™‡‹‰Š–ǤŠ‡•ƒ†™‹…Š•–”—…–—”‡…‘…‡’–™‹ŽŽ†‘‹ƒ–‡‘˜‡”–Š‡ •–‹ơ‡‡†•Š‡ŽŽǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽƒ†ƒ…‘—•–‹…‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆƒ…–‘”•Ǥ

b

‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹… ‹’”‘˜‡‡–ǡ ‡…ƒ’•—Žƒ–‡† Š‹‰Š „›’ƒ•• Œ‡– ‡‰‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ ”‡•—Ž– ‹–‘ Ž‘™ ‘‹•‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ –”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰‹‡†—…–‹‰Š–„‡…‘‡ƒ’”‘…‡••‘”‘ˆ‡šŠƒ—•–‰ƒ•‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•—…Ž‡ƒ–‹‰™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”‹–‘ˆƒŽŽ‹‰”ƒ‹™ƒ–‡”Ǥ c

Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ•—”‡Ž›ƒ”‹•‡‹–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡™ƒ‹”…”ƒˆ–…‘…‡’–•ǡƒ”‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‡™‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •…‹‡–‹•–• ƒ† ‡‰‹‡‡”•Ǥ ‘‘† ȋ•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…Ȍ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ ‘’‡ ‹†ƒ†ƒ‡–‡”’”‹•‹‰ƒ––‹–—†‡™‹ŽŽ„‡…”—…‹ƒŽǡ–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ™Šƒ––Š‡”‹‰Š–„”‘–Š‡”•†‹†͕͔͔›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘Ǥ

44

Figure 16 Nests of pressure vessels from pressurised tubes to nested chains of ellipsoidal segments and pressurised ‘cathedrals’

References ƒ––•ǡǤš’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡ —–—”‡Ȅ‡”‰›‡‡†•ǡŠ‘‹…‡•ƒ†‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• Ȅ…‡ƒ”‹‘•–‘͖͔͙͔ǡ͖͔͔͕ǡŠ‡ŽŽ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ‘†‘Ǥ ‘”‡„‡‡ǡǤ‡‡‡‡‡…Š‘‘˜‡Ž‡‡’ƒ’‹‡”ȋ‹—–…ŠȌǡ͖͔͔͔ǡ ‡Žˆ–‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ ͔͝Ǧ͔͛͘Ǧ͖͕͕͖Ǧ͖Ǥ ‘†‹–ǤǤ‹”Ž‹‡…‘•–•‘–Š‡”‹•‡™Š‹Ž‡›‹‡Ž†•Ž‹’•ǡ͕͚͝͝ǡ ‘”Ž†˜‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ‘•‰‡Ž‡•ǡ͕͚͝͝Ǥ ‘‘†‡ƒ‹”’Žƒ‡•‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ͕͖͔͝Ǧ͕͙͘͝ǡ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†—Ž–—”‡ǡ ͕͘͝͝ǡ͙͗ǡȋ͕Ȍǡ’’͗͘Ǧ͚͝Ǥ ‹‡„‡…ǡǤǤǡƒ‰‡ǡǤǤƒ†ƒ™†‘ǡǤǤŽ‡†‡†Ǧ™‹‰Ǧ„‘†›•—„•‘‹… …‘‡”…‹ƒŽ–”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ Ǧ͜͝Ǧ͔͗͘͜ǡ͕͜͝͝Ǥ ”ƒ‡”•ǡǤǤǡƒ‘‘”‡ǡǤ ǤǤǡ‡—‡”•ǡǤƒ†‡”‰•ƒǡǤǤ—Ž–‹Ǧ†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ˆ—•‡Žƒ‰‡†‡•‹‰ǣ –‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡…Šƒ‹…•ƒ†ƒ…‘—•–‹…•ǡ͖͔͔͔ǡ —”‘’‡‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡƒ”‹•ǡ͖͔͔͔Ǥǡ’’͚͕͛Ǧ͚͖͖Ǥ —”–œ‡ǡ Ǥƒ†ƒ––‡”•ǡǤ Ǥ‡™™ƒŽŽ†‡•‹‰ˆ‘”Š‹‰Š–”ƒ•‹••‹‘Ž‘••‘” Š‹‰Š†ƒ’‹‰ǡ͕͙͘͝ǡ …‘—•–‹…ƒŽ‘…‘ˆ‡”‹…ƒǡ͕͗ǡȋ͚ȌǤ

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M.A. Luke Lowings‹–”‘†—…‡†Š‹•’ƒ’‡”ƒ•ƒƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠDz–Šƒ––”‹‡• –‘ƒ”‰—‡ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”–Šƒ̵“—ƒ–‹Ƥƒ„Ž‡̵…”‹–‡”‹ƒ‹Œ—†‰‹‰ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰†‡•‹‰•dzǤ‡‹•’”‹…‹’ƒŽ‘ˆƒ”’‡–‡”Ȁ‘™‹‰•”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡Ƭ ‡•‹‰ƒ†‹–Š‹••‡”‹‡•‘ˆ’ƒ’‡”•Š‡™ƒ•‹˜‹–‡†–‘…Žƒ‹–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ”–‹•–‹…ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–Ǥ˜‡”›„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ‹–••–”—…–—”‡ǡ•’ƒ…‡ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹ƒ•’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽƒ†—”„ƒ•‡––‹‰Ǥ‡•‹†‡• ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‡…‡••‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‡˜‡Ž‘’‡™‹–Š‹‹–•’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘…ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”ƒ…ƒ”‡ˆ—Žƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘•–”‡‰–Š‡–Š‡…‘‡…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†–Š‡Š—ƒ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ

dŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞϭʹDƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘h͘<ŶĂĂĐŬĂŶĚd͘<ůĞŝŶ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘/K^WƌĞƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘ © 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.

OVERLAPPING BOUNDARIES

Luke Lowings

ϭ͘

/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ

ĂƌƉĞŶƚĞƌͬ>ŽǁŝŶŐƐΘ͕ London

ƒ‡• ƒ”’‡–‡” ƒ†  Šƒ˜‡ •’‡– ƒ› ›‡ƒ”• ™‹–Š ‘—” …‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ȋ‘•– ‘–ƒ„Ž› ‹…Šƒ”† ”‡••Ȍǡ Ƥ”•– ‹ ‡™ ‘” ƒ† ‘™ ƒŽ•‘ ‹ ‘†‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹†‡ƒ•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰Ž‹‰Š–‹–‘„—‹Ž–•’ƒ…‡Ǥ—”‹–‡”‡•–‹–Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”‡˜‹”‘‡–ȋ™Š‹…Š‹• ‘•– ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ †ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–Ȍ Šƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‹–‘ ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ …‘…‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”› …‘†‹–‹‘ Ǧ™Š‡–Š‡”„‡–™‡‡‹•‹†‡ƒ†‘—–•‹†‡ǡ‘”„‡–™‡‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆƒ Žƒ”‰‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ‘”ƒ––Š‡’‡”‹‡–‡”‘ˆƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆŽƒ†Ȃƒ†–Š‹• Šƒ•‰”‘™ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›‹–‘ƒ…‘…‡”™‹–Š–Š‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ•‡†‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‘……ƒ•‹‘•‘˜‡”–Š‹• ’‡”‹‘†–‘Š‡Ž’†‡˜‡Ž‘’’ƒ”–ȋ‘”ƒŽŽȌ‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡‘ˆƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰ ƒ†‘—””‘Ž‡ƒ––Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡‘ˆƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡‹–•‡ŽˆŠƒ•‡ƒ„Ž‡†—•–‘•‡‡…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹••—‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘—”…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠŠƒ•’”‘˜‡†Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž‹ ™‘”‹‰‘–Š‡…‘’Ž‡š‡š—•‘ˆ‹••—‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ǤŽŽ–Š‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆƒ‡ƥ…‹‡–‡˜‡Ž‘’‡Ȃ•–”—…–—”ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‹–‡”• ‘ˆ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ…‘–”‘ŽȂ—•–„‡•›–Š‡•‹œ‡†™‹–Š–Š‹•‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ…‘‡…–‹‰–Š‡—•‡”–‘Š‹•‘”Š‡”‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ‹• —’”‡†‹…–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ  ‡ –Š‹ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‡˜‘Ž˜‡ ‹ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡–™ƒ›•ǣ–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒŽ‘•–ƒ• ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ™Šƒ––‘†‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘” ‘ˆƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ•–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡’”‘Œ‡…–•Ǥ˜‡”›‡˜‡Ž‘’‡…ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ —‹“—‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›Ǥ  Š‹• …‘•–ƒ–’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‡•‹‰• …‘—Ž† „‡ •ƒ‹† –‘ …‘””‡•’‘† –‘ ƒ”™‹ǯ• …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‘ —–ƒ–‹‘ǡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ’”‘˜‡ ‘”‡ •—……‡••ˆ—Ž –Šƒ ‘–Š‡”• ‹†‹ơ‡”‡–…‘–‡š–•Ȃ–Š‡Ǯ•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡Ƥ––‡•–ǯǡ•‘–‘•’‡ƒǤ Š‡•‡•—……‡••ˆ—Ž˜ƒ”‹ƒ–•™‹ŽŽ„‡…‘‡–Š‡’”‡…—”•‘”•‘ˆǮ•’‡…‹‡•ǯ‘ˆˆƒ­ƒ†‡–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡Ƥ‡†ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ†’”‘†—…‡ ˆ—”–Š‡”Ǯ—–ƒ–‹‘•ǯ‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǤŠ‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ…Šƒ‰‡‡˜‡” ”‡•–•ǡƒ†‘Ž›‹”‡–”‘•’‡…–‹•‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ–‘‡’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”•’‡…‹‡•”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Ǯœ‡‹–‰‡‹•–ǯǤ –‹•‘– ‘Ž›–Š‡Ƥ––‡•–ˆ”‘ƒǮ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽǯ’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ•—”˜‹˜‡ǡ •‹…‡ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ ‡š‹•–• ‹ ƒ …‘’Ž‡š …—Ž–—”ƒŽ …‘–‡š–ǣ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹……‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‹–‹•‘ˆ–‡–Š‡†‡•‹‰–Šƒ– •›–Š‡•‹œ‡•†‹•’ƒ”ƒ–‡…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–’”‘˜‡•‘•–†—”ƒ„Ž‡ǡ 47

”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‡š–”‡‡…ƒ•‡ǡ™Š‹…Š•‹’Ž›•‡”˜‡•–‘‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡ƒ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›†‡ƒ†‡†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ǯ—–ƒ–‹‘•ǯ‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ†–”›–‘…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡–Š‡ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ –Š‡‰‡‡•‹•‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡™Ǯ•’‡…‹‡•ǯǤŠƒ–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•‹•‘–‹–‡†‡† ƒ•ƒ•—”˜‡›‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–›’‡•ǡ„—–™‹–Š‹•‘‡™‘” –Šƒ–™‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡”‡ƒ›„‡–Š‡•‡‡†•‘ˆ•‘‡ˆ—–—”‡†‹”‡…–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–•–Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ†‡•…”‹„‡ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ†‹ơ‡”‡–•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘†‹ơ‡”‡–’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ‘–ƒ––‡’––‘–”›–‘ƒ‡–Š‡ƒŽŽ‹–‘ƒ•‹‰Ž‡„‘†›‘ˆ™‘”Ǣ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘”‡ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ”‡ƪ‡…–‹‘•‘–Š‡…‘†‹–‹‘•’”‡˜ƒŽ‡–‹–Š‡‹”‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǣ’Š›•‹…ƒŽǡ…—Ž–—”ƒŽǡ‡…‘‘‹…Ǧ „—– Š‘’‡–Šƒ––‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡›”‡ƪ‡…–ƒ…‘‘•‡–‘ˆ…‘…‡”•–Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ„‡…‘‡‡˜‹†‡–Ǥ •™‡‘™–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡…›Šƒ•Ž‘•–‹–•’‘–‡…›Ǥ – ™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡†”‹˜‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›‘†‡”ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ƒ•ƒ‡–ƒ’Š‘”ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ…Žƒ”‹–›ǡƒ†ƒ‡ƒ•› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’–‘–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ™‘”Ž†™Š‹…Š™ƒ•—•—ƒŽŽ›†‡‡‡†–‘„‡ Ǯ‘—–•‹†‡ǯ–Š‡…‘•–”—…–‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž–™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡•‹’Ž‹•–‹…†‹•–‹…–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ǮƒǦƒ†‡ǯ‡˜‹”‘‡–•ƒ†Ǯƒ–—”ƒŽǯ‡˜‹”‘‡–•Šƒ• „‡‡Ž‘‰†‹•…”‡†‹–‡†Ȃ™‡ǡƒ†ƒŽŽ‘—”…—Ž–—”ƒŽ…‘•–”—…–•ǡƒ”‡’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǯƒ–—”ƒŽǯ ™‘”Ž†ǡ Œ—•– ‘‡ ‘ˆ ƒ› ‹–‡”†‡’‡†‡– •›•–‡•Ǥ Š‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡‹•ƒ’‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡‡„”ƒ‡ǡ™Š‡•‡‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ Ž‹‰Š–ǡ•‘—†ǡŠ‡ƒ–ǡ‘‹•–—”‡Ǥ•Šƒ•„‡‡‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒ›–‹‡•„‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ˜‹•—ƒŽ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡…›‹•ǡ‹ƒ›‡˜‡–ǡ”ƒ”‡Ž›ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†ǣ ‡˜‡ ™‹–Š Žƒ”‰‡ —„”‘‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ …Ž‡ƒ” •‹‰Ž‡Ǧ‰Žƒœ‡† ‰Žƒ•• ƒ† ƒ †‹•–‹…–Ž› Ǯƒ–—”ƒŽǯ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‘—–•‹†‡ǡ ‰Žƒ•• ‹• ‘Ž› –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡– —†‡”…‡”–ƒ‹Ž‹‰Š–…‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‘ˆŠ‘’‡Šƒ•„‡‡’—–‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ…‘ƒ–‹‰•ǡ Žƒ‹ƒ–‡•ǡƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—••’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†–›’‡•‘ˆ‰Žƒ••–‘•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‹Š‡”‡–’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ’‘‘”–Š‡”ƒŽ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ƒ†ˆ”ƒ‰‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ–‰Žƒ•• ƒ•ƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ„”‹‰•™‹–Š‹–ǡƒ†–Š‡•‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•…‘–‹—‡ǡ„—– ‹–‹•…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽŽǦ‰Žƒ••„—‹Ž†‹‰Šƒ•‘–‡’–—’ ™‹–Š†‡ƒ†•–Šƒ–‹–•Š‘—Ž†…‘•‡”˜‡‡‡”‰›Ǥ‡…‡–”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•‹ —”‘’‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‡–Š‡ƒŽŽǦ‰Žƒ••ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‡š–”‡‡Ž›†‹ƥ…—Ž––‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ •‘ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•™Š‘‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›•–”‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•‹’Ž‹…‹–›‘ˆ ƒ‰Žƒ••ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Šƒ˜‡–‘ˆƒ…‡–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ™Šƒ––‘†‘‹•–‡ƒ†Ǥ‡ ™‡”‡ ‡˜‡” ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› ‹ –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡…›ǡ „—–Šƒ˜‡–”‹‡†–‘—•‡”‡ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘ǡ”‡ƪ‡…–‹˜‹–›ǡ–”ƒ•Ž—…‡…›ƒ†Žƒ›‡”‹‰–‘‡Žƒ”‰‡–Š‡†‡’–Š‘ˆ–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›ǡ•‘™‡ˆ‡‡Ž–Šƒ–‘—”™‘” –‘†ƒ–‡‹•‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ””‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡–‘–Š‡…—””‡–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

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&ƌŽŵƚŽƉƚŽďŽƩŽŵ &ŝŐƵƌĞϭͲϲ The Rachofsky House Dichroic Light Field Tower Palace London

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ĂďůĞͲŶĞƚĨĂĐĂĚĞƐ͗

––Š‡‡š–”‡‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡…–”—‘ˆǮ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡…›ǯ‹‘—””‡…‡– ™‘”ǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ƒœœ ƒ– ‹…‘Ž ‡–‡”Ȁ‘Ž—„—• ‡–”‡ …ƒ„Ž‡ ‡– ™ƒŽŽ•Ǥ  Š‡•‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ ͚͘ Š‹‰Š ƒŽŽǦ‰Žƒ•• ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǡ ‹ ƒ ‡š–”‡‡Ž›†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ƒ˜‡”›„—•›–”ƒˆˆ‹…Œ—…–‹‘ƒ––Š‡ •‘—–ŠǦ™‡•–…‘”‡”‘ˆ‡–”ƒŽƒ”‹‡™‘”Ǥ –Šƒ•ƒ™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” ‡† ‘ˆ ‡–”ƒŽ ƒ” ‘—–Š ƒ† ˆ”‘ ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‹†‡‡† ˜‹‡™• –‘ Ǯƒ–—”‡ǯ ƒ„‘˜‡ –”‡‡–‘’ Š‡‹‰Š– ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ƒ” ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• †‘™ –Š‡ ƒš‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–”‡‡–Ǥ  Š‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘ ™ƒ• …‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ…‘—•–‹… ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”™Š‡”‡Œƒœœ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡•ƒ”‡‘–‘Ž›’Žƒ›‡†„—– ƒŽ•‘”‡…‘”†‡†ǤŠ‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ†‡•‹”‡™ƒ•–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ •’ƒ…‡ȋ–Š‡ˆ‘›‡”–‘–Š‡‘”‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ…‘…‡”–ŠƒŽŽ™‹–Š‹–Š‡ „‘†›‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ȍǡ‘–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ǥ‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Šƒ– –Š‹•™‘—Ž†‹˜‘Ž˜‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––”‹’Ž‡Ǧ‰Žƒœ‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ……‘’ƒ›‹‰ Š‡ƒ˜›™‡‹‰Š– •–”—…–—”‡ †‡•–”‘›‹‰ –Š‡ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡– ‡ˆˆ‡…–ǡ •‘ ™‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ –™‘ǦŽƒ›‡” •‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ   –Š‡ ‡š–‡”‹‘” ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ǦŽƒ‹ƒ–‡†‰Žƒ••ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‘ƒ–™‘Ǧ™ƒ›…ƒ„Ž‡‡–‹••—•’‡†‡†ˆ”‘ƒ–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡‡–”‡–”—••–Šƒ–„”‹†‰‡•–Š‡ƒš‹ƒŽ•’ƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‹–‘™‡”•„‡Š‹†Ǥ •‹†‡ǡƒ•‡…‘†‹†‡’‡†‡–ǡ‹…Ž‹‡†ǡ•‹‰Ž‡ǦŽƒ‹ƒ–‡†ˆƒ­ƒ†‡™‹–Š˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ…ƒ„Ž‡•‘Ž›ǡ‹•Š—‰ ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒ‡–”—••‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›„‡Š‹†–Š‡‘—–‡”‘‡ǤŠ‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ–Š‹…‡••‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‰Žƒ••ǡƒ†–Š‡‹–‡”Žƒ›‡”•ǡƒ†–Š‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘™ƒŽŽ•’”‡•‡”˜‡•–Š‡ƒ…‘—•–‹…‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡•’ƒ…‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•–”‡‡–‘—–•‹†‡ǤŠ‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡–ƒ‹Ž•’ƒ…‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›„‡Ž‘™‹•‘–ƒ•–Š‘”‘—‰Š ‘ˆ…‘—”•‡ǡ•‹…‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘Ž›‘‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡„‡–™‡‡‹–ƒ†–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ •’ƒ…‡ „—– –Š‡ ‘‹•‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž• †—”‹‰ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ –‹‡• ƒ”‡•—…Š–Šƒ––Š‹•‹•‘–ƒ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ …ƒ„Ž‡Ǧ‡– ƒ– ‘Ž—„—• ‡–”‡ ™ƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ”‘ ‘—” †‡•‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘”‡‹‰‹‹•–”›™Š‹…Š‹–—” ™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ…ŠŽƒ‹…Š‡”‰‡”ƒƒ†ƒ”–‡” ƒ– –Š‡ ‡’‹•› ‘–‡Ž ‹ —‹…Š ƒ† –Š‡‹” ™‘” ™‹–Š …ƒ„Ž‡•–”—…–—”‡•‘ˆƒ››‡ƒ”•Ǥ‡–”‹‡†‹–Š‡ ‘”‡‹‰‹‹•–”›–‘ ƒ‡ ‘”‡ ‡š’Ž‹…‹– –Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”› …‘†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǣ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ –™‘ Žƒ›‡”• ‘ˆ …ƒ„Ž‡•Ǣ ‹–”‘†—…‹‰ †‹…Š”‘‹… ‡Ž‡‡–• ƒ†ƒ•‡‹Ǧ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‡…‘ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡…‡–”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡–‘ ™‘”™‹–Š–Š‡†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–ǡ–Šƒ–”‡†‡”•–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡“—‹–‡”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‡ ƒ– ‘•– –‹‡• ‘ˆ †ƒ›Ǥ  ”‘ –Š‡ ‡š–‡”‹‘” –Š‡ …‡–”ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‡ ƒ”‡ƒ –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”• ƒ• ƒ ˆŽ‘ƒ–‹‰ •—”ˆƒ…‡ •—””‘—†‡† „› ƒ…Ž‡ƒ”„‘”†‡”ǤŠ‡•‡‹‹ƒŽ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•‘–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡™‡”‡ …‘„‹‡†™‹–Š”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‡•—”ˆƒ…‡•–‘–Š‡‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ†„‡ƒ•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ•—„–Ž‡•Š‹‡”‹‰‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘–Šƒ–†‹••‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”›—†‡”•‘‡Ž‹‰Š–…‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ –™ƒ•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘—• –Šƒ––Š‡‡š’”‡••‡†‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹–Š‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•–‘ ƒ‡–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‘”‡Ǯƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡ǯ–‘–Š‡’—„Ž‹…ƒ†˜‹•—ƒŽŽ›’‡”50

&ŝŐƵƌĞϳͲϭϮ Columbus Center, Glass Wall and Roof EĞǁzŽƌŬ͕h^ͮƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ͗ ^ŬŝĚŵŽƌĞ͕KǁŝŶŐƐΘDĞƌƌŝůůͮ Design engineer: Schlaich, Bergermann & Partner 1999-2004

&ŝŐƵƌĞϭϯͲϭϲ Lichthof Facade and Roof 'ĞƌŵĂŶ&ŽƌĞŝŐŶDŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ͕ĞƌůŝŶͮ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ͗DƺůůĞƌZĞŝŵĂŶŶ ƌĐŚŝƚĞŬƚĞŶͮŶŐŝŶĞĞƌ͗^ĐŚůĂŝĐŚ͕ Bergermann & Partner 1999

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‡ƒ„Ž‡ǡ„—––Šƒ–ƒŽ•‘–Š‡‰Žƒ••Šƒ†–‘™‹–Š•–ƒ†–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆƒ …ƒ” ƒ– ‰”‘—† Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒ† –‘ „‡ –‘–ƒŽŽ› •‡…—”‡ ƒ– ƒŽŽ –‹‡•ǡ ‹ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǣ‘‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘Ž‘‘‹„—––Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›—•– „‡ –‘–ƒŽŽ› …‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†ǡ ƒ —…‘•…‹‘—• †‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡” ™‡•–‡” •–ƒ–‡Ǥ   ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ –‡”•ǡ –Š‹• ’”‘Œ‡…–…ƒ‡–‘†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘šƒ––Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Ǯ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–ǯˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ǥ

3.

Thin Facades:

Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹ƒ–›’‹…ƒŽ™‡•–‡”‘ƥ…‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹•‘‡ –Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ•—„Œ‡…–‘ˆ†‡„ƒ–‡‹”‡…‡–›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‹‡•ƒ†‡”‘Š‡ǯ•’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ–‹……—”–ƒ‹™ƒŽŽ‹–Š‡‡ƒ‰”ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘†—…‡†ƒ –Š‘—•ƒ† ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ ƪ‘‘” –‘ …‡‹Ž‹‰ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡…› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹•‹†‡ ‹• •–‹ŽŽ ƒ †‡ˆƒ—Ž– ’‘•‹–‹‘ ˆ‘” Ž‡––‹‰ ƒ‰‡–• ‹ ‘†‘ƒ†‡™‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‡™‡‡”‰›•ƒ˜‹‰”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ‡–Š‹•‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡†‹ƥ…—Ž––‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†‡•’‹–‡…‘ƒ–‹‰•ƒ†˜ƒ…‡•Ǥ ‘”‡ •–”‹‰‡– ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ‹ –Š‡ ͕͔͝͝ǯ• ‹ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ —”‘’‡ ȋƒ† ƒ Ž‘‰‡”Ǧ–‡” …‘‡”…‹ƒŽ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ ‹ –Š‡ ǫȌ ”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ™‘”‘†‘—„Ž‡Ǧ•‹‡†ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•™Š‹…Š•‡‡‡†–‘”‡…Žƒ‹–Š‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ˆ‘”ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”•ƒ•ƒƤ‡Ž†ˆ‘”…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡‡†‡ƒ˜‘”ǡ„—––Š‡…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡•‘”‡–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒƒ† –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž‡ ‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡‡•• ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ ‡ƒ –Šƒ–ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‘—‰Š–ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›™Š‡–Š‡•’ƒ…‡ˆ‘” –™‘•‹•‹•‘–ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–ƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡…‘•–•—•–„‡‡’–Ž‘™Ǥ

next page &ŝŐƵƌĞϭϳͲϮϮ WTC7 façade

‡Šƒ˜‡”‡…‡–Ž›™‘”‡†‘–™‘’”‘Œ‡…–•–Šƒ–ƒ††”‡••‡†–Š‹•’”‘„Ž‡ ‹ –™‘ †‹ơ‡”‡– ™ƒ›• ˆ‘” †‹ơ‡”‡– ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ  Š‡ Ƥ”•– ‹ ‡™ ‘”‹•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•‹’Ž‡…Ž‡ƒ”‰Žƒ••ˆƒ­ƒ†‡–Šƒ–‹•”‡Ƥ‡†–‘„‡ƒ•‡Ž‡‰ƒ–ƒ†‡ƥ…‹‡–ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ –‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‹…—”–ƒ‹™ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž†”ƒ†‡‡˜‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ––Š‡‘”–Š‡”‡†‰‡‘ˆ –Š‡•‹–‡–Šƒ–™ƒ•‘•–Ž›†‡•–”‘›‡†‹–Š‡‡˜‡–•‘ˆ‡’–‡„‡”͕͕–Š ͖͔͔͕Ǥ ‹–‹ƒŽ‹†‡ƒ•‘ˆ†‘—„Ž‡Ǧ•‹ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•ǡ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†…Š‹ŽŽ‡†•Žƒ„• ƒ†‘–Š‡”•›•–‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•‘—–Žƒ†‹•Š‹—”‘’‡„—– ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡‡š–”‡‡Ž›”ƒ”‡‹–Š‡™‡”‡•Š‡Ž˜‡†‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒš‹‹œ‡ƪ‘‘”ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ†‹‹‹œ‡…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘—–Žƒ›ǡ•‘–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹•ƒ•–Š‹ ƒ• ‹– …ƒ „‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ˜‹•—ƒŽ ‹†‡ƒ ‹• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ ƒ––‡’– –‘ ‹‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ˜‹•—ƒŽ ‡ơ‡…– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡‡’ …‡‹Ž‹‰Ȁƪ‘‘” ˜‘‹†• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ‹”Ǧ…‘†‹–‹‘‹‰”‡“—‹”‡•ǤŠ‡…‘ƒ–‡†‰Žƒ••‘˜‡”•ƒ‹Ž•–Š‡ƪ‘‘”Ž‡˜‡Ž –‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ—„”‘‡•—”ˆƒ…‡–Šƒ–”‡†—…‡•–Š‡ƒ’’ƒ”‡–†‡’–Š‘ˆ –Š‡ƪ‘‘”’Žƒ–‡™Š‡•‡‡‹”‡ƪ‡…–‹‘ǤŠ‡‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƪ‘‘”’Žƒ–‡ ‹•…—–ƒ™ƒ›„‡Š‹†–Š‹•‘˜‡”•ƒ‹Ž‹‰’‘”–‹‘ƒ†ƒ…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…‘Ž‘—”ƒ†”‡ƪ‡…–‹˜‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‹•‹•‡”–‡†‹–‘–Š‡˜‘‹†…”‡ƒ–‡†–‘Ǯ„”‹‰ –Š‡•›‹–‘–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǯ™Š‡‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘•‡‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‰Žƒ•• ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—–•‹†‡Ǥ

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•‡…‘†’”‘Œ‡…–ˆ‘”ƒˆƒ­ƒ†‡™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†™‹–Š”—’ ƒ…ƒ†‡•ˆ‘” ƒ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰‹—„Ž‹ǯ•†‘…Žƒ†•ǤŠ‡™‹•–‹‰‘™‡”™ƒ• ™‘‹…‘’‡–‹–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡ ”‹•Šƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•Šƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›’”‘’‘•‡††‘—„Ž‡Ǧ•‹ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•™Š‹…Š™‡”‡”‡Œ‡…–‡†„›–Š‡…Ž‹‡– ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡”‡ƒ•‘•ƒ•‹–Š‡͛„—‹Ž†‹‰ǤŠ‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•ƒ•‡† —•–‘Š‡Ž’–Š‡–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹˜‹•—ƒŽ†‡’–Šǡƒ’Žƒ›‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–ǡƒ†ƒ˜‹•—ƒŽ …‘•‹•–‡…›™‹–Š‹ƒ•‹‰Ž‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›–Š‹™ƒŽŽœ‘‡™‹–ŠƒŠ‹‰Š’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡ȋƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͚͔ΨȌ‘ˆŠ‹‰ŠŽ›‹•—Žƒ–‡†ƒ†‘’ƒ“—‡’ƒ‡Ž•Ǥ Š‡’”‘„Ž‡™ƒ•ƒ†‡‘”‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰„›–Š‡–™‹•–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡–‘™‡”™Š‹…Š‡‹–Š‡”‡ƒ––Š‡’ƒ‡Ž•Šƒ†–‘–™‹•––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‘”Šƒ˜‡ƒ …‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†ˆ”ƒ‡Ǥ

previous page &ŝŐƵƌĞϮϯͲϯϮ dǁŝƐƚĞĚdŽǁĞƌ;hϮdŽǁĞƌͿ Docklands, Dublin Building architect: BurdonCraig ƵŶŶĞ,ĞŶƌLJ͕ƵďůŝŶͮ&ĂĐĂĚĞ Engineer: Arup Facade Engineering, London 2005-

‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ’”‘†—…‡† ƒ …‘…‡’–—ƒŽ †‘—„Ž‡Ǧ•‹ǡ ’”‘†—…‹‰ ƒ œ‘‡ ƒ”‘—†–Š‡’‡”‹‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰™Š‹…Š™ƒ•—•‡†ˆ‘”ƒ—„‡” ‘ˆ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽǡ ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† Ž‹‰Š–‹‰ —•‡•ǡ –Šƒ– ‰ƒ˜‡ †‡’–Š –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ „—– ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‘……—’‹‡† •’ƒ…‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† ’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‹•—Žƒ–‡† ‘’ƒ“—‡ ’ƒ‡Ž•Ǥ  – ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ† –Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ…”‡ƒ–‹‰˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ‡š–‡”‹‘”™ƒŽŽ•’ƒ…‡‹–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘” ‘ˆ–Š‡ƪƒ–•–‘…‘—–‡”–Š‡”ƒ–Š‡”—•‡––Ž‹‰‡ơ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡–‹Ž–‡†ƒ† ƒ‰Ž‡†—ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡–”—‡‡š–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ‡Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰™‡––Š”‘—‰Š •‡˜‡”ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡ƤƒŽƒ––‡’––‘—‹ˆ›–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘” ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ’”‘†—…‡† ƒ ‡™ •‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š …‘„‹‡••‘Žƒ”•Šƒ†‹‰‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ǯ™‹†‘™ǯ’ƒ‡Ž•™‹–Šƒ‘‹”±‡ˆˆ‡…–™‹–Š‹–Š‡•Šƒ†‘™„‘š‡•‘ˆ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘’ƒ“—‡’ƒ‡Ž•ǡ–‘‰‹˜‡ ƒ”‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰™Š‹…Š™‘”•ƒ–ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ•…ƒŽ‡•Ȃƒ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ™Š‹–‡ǡƒ‘‹”±’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ–Š‡…‘Ž‘—”‘–Š‡„ƒ…‘ˆ–Š‡ ™Š‹–‡•–”‹’‡•ǡ”‡ƪ‡…–‡†‹–Š‡„ƒ…’ƒ‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡•Šƒ†‘™„‘šǡƒ†

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&ŝŐƵƌĞϯϯͲϰϯ ŚĂƉĞůĨŽƌƚŚĞ^ĂůǀĂƟŽŶƌŵLJͮ 101 Queen Victoria Street, London ͮƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ͗^ŚĞƉƉĂƌĚ ZŽďƐŽŶ͕>ŽŶĚŽŶͮŶŐŝŶĞĞƌ͗KǀĞ Arup & Partners, London 2002 - 2004

–Š‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‹’‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹™Š‡•‡‡…Ž‘•‡–‘Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† –Š‡Ǯ•ƒ‹Žǯƒ––Š‡–‘’‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰™Š‹…Š‡š–‡†‡†„‡›‘†–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Ž‘•—”‡–‘‰‹˜‡ƒ…Ž‡ƒ•‹ŽŠ‘—‡––‡–‘–Š‡–‘’–™‘ƪ‘‘”•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ •Š‹‡Ž†‹‰–Š‡‘—–†‘‘”•’ƒ…‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡…‘”†‹‰•–—†‹‘•ˆ‘”͖Ǥ

ϰ͘

hŶŝƋƵĞƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶƐ͗

Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•–™‘‡šƒ’Ž‡•™‡”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†™Š‡–Š‡’”‡••—”‡•‘ –Š‡•’ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡™‡”‡Š‹‰Šǡ„—––Š‡›…‘‡…–‹–Š‡‹”˜‹•—ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‘‘”‡——•—ƒŽ–›’‡•‘ˆ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡‘”•…”‡‡™Š‹…ŠŠƒ˜‡ „‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ‘”—‹“—‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ •‹‰–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ•Ž—…‡…›ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡”‡…‡–Ž›™‘”‡† ‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆƒ…Šƒ’‡Žƒ––Š‡ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘”›‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•‹‘†‘Ǥ  ‡ ™‡”‡ ‰‹˜‡ –Š‹• •‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ „› –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•Š‡’’ƒ”†‘„•‘ƒ†‹–•Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•…ƒŽ‡™‡”‡ ’”‡Ǧ†‡–‡”‹‡† ‹ –Š‡‹” †‡•‹‰ǣ –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ …Šƒ’‡Ž ˆ‘” –™‡–› ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™ƒ•’Žƒ…‡†’”‘Œ‡…–‹‰‘˜‡”–Š‡‡–”ƒ…‡–‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†–Š‡’—„Ž‹… ˆ‘‘–’ƒ–Š„‡–™‡‡–Ǥƒ—Žǯ•ƒ–Š‡†”ƒŽƒ†–Š‡Šƒ‡•ǤŠ‡ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘ ”›™ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹–Š–‘„‡ƒ––Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•ǡ–‘„‡ ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ƒ••—…Šǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–‘„‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡Ǥ‡’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ†‘—„Ž‡Ǧ•‹‡† ™ƒŽŽǡ ™‹–Š ƒ •–”‘‰Ž› ƪƒ‡Ǧ…‘Ž‘—”‡† ‹–‡”‹‘” ™ƒŽŽ ƒ• ƒ ‡–ƒ’Š‘” ˆ‘” –Š‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹”„‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ–‘‰Ž‘™–Š”‘—‰Šƒ•‹’Ž‡…Ž‡ƒ”–”ƒ•Ž—…‡– ‡š–‡”‹‘” •‹ –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† •Š‹‡Ž† –Š‡ ‘……—’ƒ–• ˆ”‘ ˜‹‡™Ǥ  Š‡ †‘—„Ž‡–”ƒ•Ž—…‡–™ƒŽŽ™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘•‡”˜‡–‘…‘…‡ƒŽ–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡ …‘•–ƒ–•Š‹ˆ–‘ˆ•Šƒ†‘™•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡‹•‹†‡–Š‡•’ƒ…‡ƒ†–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡ ™‹–Š‹–Š‡™ƒŽŽ•‹•ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‡†‘–Š‡‰Žƒ•••—”ˆƒ…‡•ǤŠ‡•–”‡‡–™ƒŽŽ‘ˆ –Š‡…Šƒ’‡Ž‹•…Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ•‡‹Ǧ”‡ƪ‡…–‹˜‡Ž‘—˜‡”•”‡†‹”‡…––Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡•›‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ†‹–‘–Š‡…Šƒ’‡Žƒ•ƒ„ƒ…†”‘’ˆ‘”…‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‘Ǣ„”‹‰‹‰–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ™‘”Ž†‹–‘–Š‡•’ƒ…‡Ǥ•™‡ŽŽ ƒ•…‘–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡ǡ–Š‡˜‘‹†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘™ƒŽŽ•‹•—•‡†ƒ• ƒ†—…–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‹””‡“—‹”‡†–‘‡‡’–Š‡•‹‰Ž‡Ǧ‰Žƒœ‡†ˆ”‘–ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ˆ”‡‡ ‘ˆ…‘†‡•ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹”‹•”‡Ǧ…‹”…—Žƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ–Š‡–‹„‡”ƒ…‘—•–‹……‡‹Ž‹‰ǤŠ‡‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡•›‹•‹–‡†‡†–‘…‘‡…––Š‡„—•›™‘”‡”ƒ––Š‡˜‡”›Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡…‹–›–‘–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡– ‹”‡ƒŽ–‹‡ǣ–Š‹•˜‹‡™…ƒ„‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ƒ•ƒ˜‹‡™–‘™ƒ”†Š‡ƒ˜‡„—–ƒŽ•‘•‹’Ž›ƒ•ƒ”‡‹†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡”Ǧ…Šƒ‰‹‰•›‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ†Ǣ–Š‡Ǯ‡˜‡”›†ƒ›ǯǤ Š‡ –™‘Ǧ•‹†‡† ’”‹–‡† ‹–‡”Žƒ›‡” ’”‘’‘•‡† ‹ —„Ž‹ ™Š‹…Š ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰™‹–Šƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•‹–Š‡Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘”‡…‡–Ž›„‡‡ —•‡†ˆ‘”•‘‡‹–‡”‹‘”•…”‡‡•—•‡†ƒ––Š‡„‘—†ƒ”›„‡–™‡‡Žƒ†•‹†‡ƒ†ƒ‹”•‹†‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‹‡”‹ƒŽ͙ƒ–‡ƒ–Š”‘™‹”’‘”–™Š‹…Š‹•†—‡–‘ ‘’‡‹ƒ”…Š͖͔͔͜ǤŠ‡Ǯ…ƒ›‘•ǯƒ”‡–Š‡’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•–Šƒ––Š‡’ƒ••‡‰‡”•—•–’ƒ••–Š”‘—‰Šǡƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹…Š–Š‡›…ƒǯ–”‡–—”ǣ–Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡–™‘‘Ž›ǡ‡ƒ…Š–Š‹”–›‡–”‡•Ž‘‰ƒ†Ƥˆ–‡‡‡–”‡•™‹†‡Ǥ‡…—”‹–›•–ƒơ•‘‡–‹‡•‘„•‡”˜‡’ƒ••‡‰‡”•ˆ”‘‘‡˜‡”›•ƒŽŽ”‘‘„‡58

&ŝŐϰϰͲϱϮ Heathrow screens

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•‹†‡–Š‹•’ƒ••ƒ‰‡„—–‹–™ƒ•ˆ‡Ž––Šƒ––Š‡–›’‹…ƒŽǮ‹””‘”™‹†‘™ǯ™ƒ• –‘‘†‹•–‹…–ƒ†˜‹•—ƒŽŽ›†‹•”—’–‹˜‡ǡ•‘™‡–‘‘–Š‡•‡‹Ǧ”‡ƪ‡…–‹˜‡‰Žƒ•• —•‡†‹–Š‡™‹†‘™ƒ•–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”ƒ–”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡ ™ƒŽŽ•—”ˆƒ…‡•ǡ–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›‡š’”‡••–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ˆ”‘ Žƒ†–‘ƒ‹”Ǥ•‡…‘†•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ‰Žƒ••‹•’Žƒ…‡†‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹Ǧ”‡ƪ‡…–‹˜‡Ǯ‘‡Ǧ™ƒ›‹””‘”ǯǡ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ•ƒ•’‡…‹ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”’”‹–‡†‘–‘‹–Ǥ Š‡’ƒ••‡‰‡”•‡‡•˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ™Š‹–‡•–”‹’‡•ƒ†ǡ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ƪ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…‘Ž‘—”‡†„ƒ…‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‹’‡•‹–Š‡‘‡Ǧ™ƒ›‹””‘”ǤŠ‡ …‘Ž‘—”‘–Š‡„ƒ…‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‹’‡‹•†‹ơ‡”‡–‘‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡͖͛’ƒ‡Ž• ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ƒ†•‘–Š‡‘‹”±’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ „ƒ”•ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘ƪ‘ƒ–„‡›‘†–Š‡™Š‹–‡•–”‹’‡•ƒ†–‘…Šƒ‰‡…‘Ž‘—” ƒ•–Š‡’ƒ••‡‰‡”’”‘‰”‡••‡•ǤŠ‡•‡…—”‹–›’‡”•‘‡Ž•‡‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž› –Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡‹Ǧ”‡ƪ‡…–‹˜‡•—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–”‹’‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‡šƒ…–’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹””‘‘‹•‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡Ǥ ˜‡”›†‹ơ‡”‡––›’‡‘ˆˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ––Š‡„ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‘™‡” ‘ˆ–Š‡͛™Š‡”‡–Š‡…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡“—‹–‡—‹“—‡ǤŠ‡Ž‘™‡•–‡‹‰Š– ƪ‘‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡–‘™‡”ƒ”‡‘……—’‹‡†„›–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‹…ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡”•ˆ‘”Ž‘™‡”ƒŠƒ––ƒǡƒ†ƒ”‡…‘…‡ƒŽ‡†„‡Š‹†ƒ„Žƒ•–Ǧ’”‘‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†…‘…”‡–‡ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡™Š‘•‡‘Ž›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ…‘”‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰’‡‡–”ƒ–‡•–Š‹•„ƒ•‡–‘…‘‡…––Š‡‰”‘—†Ž‡˜‡Ž–‘–Š‡ ‘ƥ…‡ƪ‘‘”•ƒ„‘˜‡ǤŠ‡–ƒ•–Š‡ǡ‹•–‘ƒ‹ƒ–‡–Š‹•ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ†–‘ ƒ‡ƒ…‘Š‡”‡–…‘’‘•‹–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǤŠ‡…‘…‡’–—ƒŽ…‘‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’‘‡–’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹•–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒǮ„Ž‘…‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–ǯǡ‹’Ž‹‡†‹–Š‡–”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘„„›ƒ”‡ƒƒ†”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡–‘’‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǤŠ‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹•ƒ‹ƒ–‡†„› „‘–Š†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–ƒ†ƒ”–‹Ƥ…‹ƒŽŽ‹‰Š–Ǥ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ•–ƒ‹Ž‡•••–‡‡Ž‰”‹ŽŽ‡‘ˆ‡š–”—†‡†–”‹ƒ‰—Žƒ”•‡…–‹‘•‹•—•‡†‹’ƒ‡Ž•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡–”‹ƒ‰Ž‡•™‡Ž†‡†ƒ–†‹ơ‡”‡–ƒ‰Ž‡•‹‡ƒ…Š’ƒ‡Žǡ…”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ”‹…ŠŽ—•–”‡ǡ –Šƒ–…ƒ–…Š‡•–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‹–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰•ˆ”‘ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡– ƒ‰Ž‡•ǤŠ‹•ˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘•–ƒ–Ž›•Š‹ˆ–•‹…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡””‡ƪ‡…–‹‰‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡ †‡‡’•Šƒ†‘™‘”‹–‡•‡•—Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ”‘—†Ǥ Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹•‹ˆƒ…–…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ–™‘Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ•…”‡‡•ǡ‡ƒ…Š…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡–•‹œ‡†‡Ž‡‡–•–‘‹‹‹œ‡–Š‡‘‹”±‡ơ‡…––Šƒ–™‡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž›—•‡†ƒ–‡ƒ–Š”‘™ǤŠ‡Ž‹‰Š–‹‰ƒ–‹‰Š–‹•ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ„Ž—‡Ȁ™Š‹–‡•–”‹’•…‘…‡ƒŽ‡†ˆ”‘†‹”‡…–˜‹‡™„‡Š‹†–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡ •—’’‘”–‡Ž‡‡–•ƒ†•Š‹‹‰‹–‘–Š‡˜‘‹†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ •…”‡‡ǤŠ‡›…ƒ„‡…‘Ƥ‰—”‡†‹–‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡–‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–‹‰ •…‡ƒ”‹‘•„—––Š‡‘•–‹–‡”‡•–‹‰™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›ƒ”‡ƒŽ…œƒ ™Š‘—•‡†–‘™‘”ˆ‘” ‹‡™‘”„—–‘™Šƒ•Š‹•‘™‹–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡ƒ”–™‘”…‘’ƒ›…ƒŽŽ‡†‹‡…‹–›ǤŠ‡Ž‹‰Š–•…ƒ„‡Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ…ƒ‡”ƒ•‘–Š‡‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰–Šƒ–”‡‰‹•–‡”–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡‘–Š‡’ƒ˜‡‡–ƒ†–—”‘–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–•‘Ž›‹–Š‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ „ƒ† ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‹ ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡†‡•–”‹ƒǡ ƒ• ‹ˆ –‘ Ž‹‰Š– –Š‡‹” ™ƒ›ǤŠ—•ǡ‡ƒ…Š’‡”•‘Šƒ•–Š‡‹”‘™Ǯ‰—‹†‡ǯǡ’”‘Œ‡…–‡†‹‡‹‰Š–Ǧ•–‘”‡›ǦŠ‹‰Š„ƒ”•‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–Ǥ 60

&ŝŐϱϯͲϲϮ tdϳďĂƐĞůŝŐŚƟŶŐ

5.

Synthesis?

Š‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹•ƒ’‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡•‹ǡ–Š‘—‰Š‹–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‹– ‹• ”‡•–”‹…–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’‡”‹‡–‡” ‡˜‡ ‹ˆ –Šƒ– „‘—†ƒ”› ‹• „”‘ƒ†‡‡†‹•‘‡…ƒ•‡•Ǥ –Š‡Žƒ•–’”‘Œ‡…–ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„› ‹ ‡™‘”‹…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ––Š‹ƒ•…Š—Ž‡”‘ˆ”ƒ••‘Žƒ”ƒ†–Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–‹…‡ ƒ‡•ǡƒ†‹ơ‡”‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š™ƒ•–ƒ‡ǤŠ‡ —Žƒ‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› –—†‡–• ‡–”‡ ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† ‹ ‡™ ”Ž‡ƒ•ǡ ™Š‹…Š Šƒ•ƒ˜‡”›™ƒ”ƒ†Š—‹†…Ž‹ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡‘ˆ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•–‘‘ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•Šƒ†‹‰ƒ†…‘‘Ž‹‰„”‡‡œ‡•–‘‘†—Žƒ–‡–Š‡ ‡š–”‡‡•‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†‹–™ƒ•†‡…‹†‡†–‘—•‡–Š‡•‡’”‡…‡†‡–• ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹––‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ†‡•‹‰‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ƒ”‡‹•‡’‡”ƒ„Ž‡Ǣ™Š‡”‡–Š‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡„‡…‘‡•–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‘—•‡„”ƒ‡‹•™”ƒ’’‡†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡’”‡Ǧ‡š‹•–‹‰…‘”‡ǡ ƒ†‹•ƒ†‡‘”‡‘”Ž‡••’‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ …‘†‹–‹‘•‘—–•‹†‡ƒ†–Š‡—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•’ƒ…‡•‹•‹†‡ǤŠ‡‰”‘—†ƪ‘‘” …‘‘”‘‘ƒ›„‡ˆ—ŽŽ›‘’‡‡†—’„›–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ›•Ž‹†‹‰ ͖Ǥ͛Š‹‰Š‰Žƒ••™‹†‘™™ƒŽŽ•ǡƒ†•Ž‹†‹‰Ȁˆ‘Ž†‹‰‰Žƒ••™ƒŽŽ•Ǥȋ͚͗Ȍ ƒ”‰‡’‹˜‘–‹‰‰Žƒ••™‹†‘™•˜‡–‹Žƒ–‡–Š‡„ƒŽŽ”‘‘‘–Š‡Ƥ”•–ƪ‘‘”Ǥ ȋ͚͘Ȍ ‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š–…ƒ‘’‹‡•‹’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‡†‡–ƒŽ’”‘–‡…––Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–‡” ƒ†‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ‘—˜”‡•‹ƒ…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‹„‡” ƒ† ƒŽ—‹‹— •Š‹‡Ž† –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡” ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ǥ ȋ͚͙Ȍ ƒ”‰‡ …‡‹Ž‹‰ …‹”…—Žƒ” …‡‹Ž‹‰ ˆƒ• ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‹–‘ …›Ž‹†‡”• ‘ˆ –”ƒ•Ž—…‡–‰Žƒ••‡š’Ž‘‹––Š‡•–ƒ…‡ơ‡…––‘˜‡–‹Žƒ–‡–Š‡„ƒŽŽ”‘‘•’ƒ…‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡’‡†—Ž—ˆƒ•‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡‹–Š‡•’ƒ…‡ˆ‘”…‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ…”‘••–Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”™ƒŽŽ•–‘†‡Š—‹†‹ˆ›–Š‡•’ƒ…‡Ǥȋ͚͚Ȍ ŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ƒ††• —’ –‘ ƒ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ ’‡”‹‡–‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’ƒ…‡‹•˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‘’‡‹‰—’–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰–‘–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”–Šƒ–‹•”‡†—…‡†–‘‹–•‘•–„ƒƒŽ„›–Š‡•‹’Ž‡‡š’‡†‹‡–‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡ ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆƪƒ–‰Žƒ••ǡ‹•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ†„‡…‘‡•ƒ™‡ŽŽ–‡’‡”‡†ǡ …‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†ƒ†…‹˜‹Ž‹œ‡†•–”—…–—”‡–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡‘”…Š‡•–”ƒ–‡†ƒ†–—‡† –‘™‘”‹Šƒ”‘›™‹–Š‹–•‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥȋ͚͛Ȍ

6.

Conclusion:

Š‹••ƒŽŽ•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡—–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡•Š‘™•–Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡•’‡…‹‡•‹••‘˜ƒ•––Šƒ–ƒ‡™–ƒš‘‘›ƒ›„‡‡…‡••ƒ”›ǤŠ‡‹’‡”‹–‹˜‡•–Šƒ–‰—‹†‡–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ˆ”‘ƒ…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ƒ›Š‘™‡˜‡”„‡…‘•‹•–‡–ǡ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘––‘‘†‹˜‡”‰‡–ǡ ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ Ƥƒ…‹ƒŽǡ …Ž‹ƒ–‹… ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ …‘–‡š–• ˆ”‘ ™Š‹…Š 62

&ŝŐƵƌĞϲϯͲϲϳ dƵůĂŶĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ^ƚƵĚĞŶƚƐĞŶƚƌĞ

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–Š‡•‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡‰”‘™˜ƒ”›•‘‡‘”‘—•Ž›Ǥ—”™‘”•Šƒ˜‡‹ …‘‘–Š‡†‡•‹”‡–‘…‘‡…––Š‡‘”†‹ƒ”›—•‡”•–‘–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽˆ‘”…‡• ‹–Š‡‹”‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ™‘”Ž†‹ƒ•’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ™ƒ›ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡƒ†–‘–”›–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ™‘†‡”ƒ†ƒ™‡ƒ––Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ „‡ƒ—–›‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ Š‹•ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•–‘„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹ƒ…—Ž–—”ƒŽ…‘–‡š––Šƒ–‹…Ž—†‡• –Š‡ ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ ‡–Š‘†•ǡ ™Šƒ–‡˜‡” –Š‡› ƒ› „‡ǡ ˆ”‘ ƒ••Ǧ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ…—”–ƒ‹™ƒŽŽ‹‰–‘‘”‡„‡•’‘‡‡–Š‘†•Ǥ‘„‡ ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡•‹’Ž‡•–‘ˆ…‘…‡’–•‘‡Šƒ•–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ–Š‘”‘—‰Š —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†…‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ†‡•‹‰ƒ†ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǧƒ‹†‘ˆǮ„”‘ƒ†•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•ǯȂ„—––Š‹•‘™Ž‡†‰‡Šƒ•–‘„‡ ‰—‹†‡†„›ƒ†‡•‹‰…‘…‡’–Ǥ • •ƒ‹†ǣ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‹•—’”‡†‹…–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ –‹•…Ž‡ƒ”Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‹•–‹…ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–™‡…ƒƒŽŽƒ‰”‡‡‘ƒˆ—–—”‡‘†‡Žƒ†™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‹–ǡ‡˜‘Ž˜‡†™‹–Š‹ƒŽ‘‰‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† …—Ž–—”ƒŽ…Ž‹ƒ–‡–Šƒ–‹…Ž—†‡†‡…‘‘‹…‡š’ƒ•‹‘—†‡”’‹‡†„›‡š’ƒ†‹‰‡‡”‰›•—’’Ž‹‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š…ƒ‘–„‡ƒ••—‡†–‘„‡–Š‡…ƒ•‡‹ –Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒŠ—‰‡•Š‹ˆ–ǡ–Š‡‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ˜‡Šƒ”†Ž› „‡‰—–‘„‡‰”ƒ•’‡†Ǥ –‹‰Š–„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ––Š‹•‡™•‹–—ƒ–‹‘…‘—’Ž‡†™‹–Š‘—”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ ‘ˆ…‘’Ž‡š•›•–‡•ƒ†ƒ”‡•’‡…–ˆ‘”‘—”’Žƒ…‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡‡…‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘ˆ –Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ™‹ŽŽ’”‡•‡–—•™‹–Š–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡–Šƒ–‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡•ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡƒ–„‘–Š –Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ†–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤŠ‡ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘‹•–‘‘˜‡–‘™ƒ”†ƒƒ–—”‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‘—””‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’–‘‘—”…‘–‡š–ǡ‘–Œ—•– ‘–Š‡†”›Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡ƥ…‹‡…›ƒ†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ„—–‡‘–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ•›„‘Ž‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ†’‡”…‡’–—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ

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Š‡ —–—”‡˜‡Ž‘’‡‹•‘–…‘…‡‹˜ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š‘—–ƒ†‹”‡…–ƒ†•–”‘‰ …‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‹”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǤŽ‹ƒ–‡ †‡•‹‰‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡›‘—‰‡”†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–”‡Žƒ–‡–‘ˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǡ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auerƒ•’”‹…‹’Ž‡‘ˆŠ‹•…‘’ƒ›”ƒ••‘Žƒ”ǡŠƒ• „‡‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‹••—„Œ‡…–ƒ––‡”ˆ‘”‘˜‡”͖͔›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‹•’”‘Œ‡…–• ƒ”‡ƒ•–‘‹•Š‹‰‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆŠ‘™–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆˆƒ…ƒ†‡•…ƒ „‡–ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†–‘–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ˆ‘”‡‡”‰›…‘•—’–‹‘ƒ†…‘ˆ‘”–Ǥ

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dŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞϭʹDƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘h͘<ŶĂĂĐŬĂŶĚd͘<ůĞŝŶ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘/K^WƌĞƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘ © 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.

PERFORMANCE AS A GOAL INTEGRATION AS THE APPROACH?

Thomas Auer

ϭ͘

/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ

Transsolar

„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǯ•‡‡”‰›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•—•‡”…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ† ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ǡ‹•ƒ‹Ž›†‡–‡”‹‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡…‘‹‰‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡•–ƒ”–‹‰–‘”‡…‘‰‹œ‡Š‘™‹’‘”–ƒ–†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‹”’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ–—†‹‡•‹–Š‡ƒ†ƒƒ†ƒ•Š‘™‡† ƒ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ƒ† ‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡‡•• ‹ ‘ƥ…‡• ƒ† •…Š‘‘Ž•‘ˆ‘”‡–Šƒ͕͔ΨǤ•‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–‹•–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ†ƒ’––Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡–‘†‹ơ‡”‡–…Ž‹ƒ–‡…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†‹†‘‘””‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ Žƒ”‡ƒ†•‘Žƒ”…‘–”‘Žǡƒ–—”ƒŽ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†…‘‘Ž‹‰„‡…‘‡‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡ –Š‡ †”‹˜‹‰ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”• ˆ‘” Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‡ƥ…‹‡– „—‹Ž†‹‰• ȋ†›ƒ‹… „—‹Ž†‹‰•ȌǤ Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒƒŒ‘”‹’ƒ…–‘–Š‡‡‡”‰› ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ƒ†—•‡”…‘ˆ‘”–‘ˆƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰ǣ Ȉ Ȉ Ȉ Ȉ Ȉ

‡ƒ–Ž‘••‡• ‘Žƒ”Š‡ƒ–‰ƒ‹•‹•—‡” ‹”–‹‰Š–‡•• ƒ›Ž‹‰Š––”ƒ•‹••‹‘ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ’‡”ƒ„Ž‡™‹†‘™•ˆ‘”ƒ–—”ƒŽ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘

–Š‡Ǯ͔͝•–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ–”‡†‹…‡–”ƒŽ—”‘’‡–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†›ƒ‹… „—‹Ž†‹‰• ™‹–Š Žƒ›‡”‹‰Ǥ ˜‡”› ˆ—…–‹‘ ™ƒ• ’—– ‹–‘ ƒ •’‡…‹Ƥ… Žƒ›‡”ǡ •—…Š ƒ• †‘—„Ž‡ ˆƒ…ƒ†‡• ™‹–Š ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† •Šƒ†‹‰†‡˜‹…‡•ƒ†ƒ††‡††ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–‡Šƒ…‡‡–•›•–‡•Ǥ‹…‡‹– ™ƒ•ƒ’”‹ƒ”›‰‘ƒŽ–‘–ƒ‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ…‡”–ƒ‹…Ž‹ƒ–‡…‘†‹–‹‘•–‘•—’’‘”–„—‹Ž†‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ…‘’‘‡–•‹–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡™ƒ•ƒ‘„˜‹‘—•…‘…Ž—•‹‘Ǥ ‘‡Šƒ†ǡ–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š•Š‘—Ž†‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ ‹•‹†‡ ƒ† ‘—–•‹†‡ Dz…‘—‹…ƒ–‡•dz ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ •›•–‡•Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ Šƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ •›•–‡•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡‘’–‹‹œ‡•ƪ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ‘‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘‹•†‡†‹…ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡…‡‹Ž‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”ƒŽ™ƒŽŽ•ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ™ƒŽŽ•…‘—Ž†„ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ›„‡ƒ›™Š‡”‡Ǥ ˜‡ƒ•–Š‹‰•„‡…‘‡‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ǡƒŽŽ•›•–‡• 67

ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ƒ• Žƒ›‡”•ǡ ƒ† †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ •›•–‡• ȋ’‹’‹‰ǡ †—…–™‘”ǡ‡–…Ȍƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡ǤŠ‡ˆ—–—”‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ …‘•‡“—‡–Ž›‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡•ƒŽŽˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ†„‡…‘‡•‘‡’‹‡…‡Ǥ‡”‰›‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡†‡•…”‹„‡†ˆ—…–‹‘•ǤŠ‘–‘˜‘Ž–ƒ‹…ƒ†Ȁ‘”–Š‡”ƒŽ•‘Žƒ”…‘ŽŽ‡…–‘”•‘–Š‡‘—–‡”•—”ˆƒ…‡™‹ŽŽˆ‡‡†’‘™‡”ƒ†Š‘–™ƒ–‡”‹–‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•›•–‡•ǤŠ‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ•Ž—…‡– ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ …‘„‹‡† ™‹–Š ’Šƒ•‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘ –Š‡ ‹•‹†‡…”‡ƒ–‡•ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›‹’”‘˜‡†”‘„‡™ƒŽŽǤ – „‡…‘‡• …Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ Žƒ›‡”‹‰ ™‹ŽŽ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‡†Ž‡••‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ

2.

History

Š‡‹˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…—”–ƒ‹™ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ‹”Ǧ…‘†‹–‹‘‹‰…Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰…—Ž–—”‡–‘™ƒ”†•‘”‡‡‡”‰›…‘•—’–‹‘ƒ† Ž‡••—•‡”…‘ˆ‘”–Ǥ ‹‰—”‡͕•Š‘™•ƒŠƒ––ƒ‹͕͖͔͝ƒ†–‘†ƒ›Ǥ  ͕͖͔͝Ȃ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ‹”…‘†‹–‹‘‹‰Ȃ•Šƒ†‹‰ƒ†‘’‡”ƒ„Ž‡™‹†‘™•ƒ• ™‡ŽŽƒ•Š‡ƒ˜›ǡƒ••‹˜‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•™‡”‡ƒ†ƒ–‘”›‹‘”†‡”–‘•—”˜‹˜‡ ‹ƒ…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ž‹‡–Š‡ƒ•–‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ǤŠ‡‹˜‡–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹”…‘†‹–‹‘‹‰™ƒ•‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ’”‡”‡“—‹•‹–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡…—”–ƒ‹™ƒŽŽǤ

Š‹•…‘’ƒ”‹•‘…‡”–ƒ‹Ž›”ƒ‹•‡•–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡‹˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡…—”–ƒ‹ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘†‡”‹•‹‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹•‰‘‹‰‹–Š‡”‹‰Š– †‹”‡…–‹‘Ǥ –Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡”‹•‘˜‡‡–ǡ‹••—‡•Ž‹‡ Ž‘…ƒŽ…Ž‹ƒ–‡…‘†‹–‹‘•™‡”‡‡–‹”‡Ž›‹‰‘”‡†Ǥ ‹‰—”‡͖•Š‘™•”‘™ƒŽŽǡ†‘‡„›‹‡•˜ƒ†‡”‘Š‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ›Ž‡›‡–‡”ǡ†‘‡„›Ǥ Ǥ—”’Š›Ǥ‘–Š„—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ”‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ• ‹…‘• ‘ˆ ‘†‡”‹•Ǥ ‘–Š „—‹Ž†‹‰• ƒ”‡ ˆ—ŽŽ› ‰Žƒœ‡† ȋ•‹‰Ž‡ǦŽƒ›‡”Ȍ ™‹–Š‘—–•Šƒ†‹‰ǤŠ‹Ž‡”‘™ƒŽŽŠƒ•‘’‡”ƒ„Ž‡ƪƒ’•ƒ––Š‡„‘––‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡ǡ‹–™ƒ•ƒ––Š‡–‹‡…‘‘Ȃƒ†‹••–‹ŽŽ…‘‘Ȃ–‘ „—‹Ž†„—‹Ž†‹‰•™‹–Š‘—–‘’‡”ƒ„Ž‡™‹†‘™•ƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡…‘•‡“—‡…‡‹•ƒ‡‘”‘—•‡‡”‰›…‘•—’–‹‘‘‘‡•‹†‡ǡ ƒ†—ƒ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡…‘ˆ‘”–…‘†‹–‹‘•‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”•‹†‡ǡ•—…Šƒ•ǣ 68

Figure 1 DĂŶŚĂƩĂŶϭϵϮϬĂŶĚƚŽĚĂLJ

Ȉ ‘™†”ƒˆ–ƒ†Ž‘™”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹˜‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡…ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡…‘Ž†‹‡”•—”ˆƒ…‡•‹™‹–‡”Ǥ Ȉ ‹‰Š”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹˜‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹•—‡”Ǥ Ȉ ”ƒˆ–ƒ†‘‹•‡…ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡ƒ‹”…‘†‹–‹‘‹‰Ǥ

Figure 2 Crown Hall and the Dayley Center in Chicago

Figure 3 Prisma Building, Frankfurt, using double facade technology

3.

High Performance glass buildings

‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡™Š‡”‡‹–™ƒ•ƒ–„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ‘†‡”‹•ǡ–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ‰Žƒ••‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ƒŽ‘•–„›ƒ‘”†‡”‘ˆƒ‰‹–—†‡Ǥ Žƒ•• …‡”–ƒ‹Ž› „‡…ƒ‡ ƒ Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡…Š ’”‘†—…–Ǥ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ‰Žƒ•• Žƒ›‡”•ǡ Ž‘™Ǧ‡ ƒ†•‡Ž‡…–‹˜‡…‘ƒ–‹‰•ǡ‰ƒ•ƤŽŽ‹‰ƒ†ˆ”‹––‹‰„‡…ƒ‡…‘‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘–ƒ‹Ž‘”–Š‡‰Žƒ••Ȃ„ƒ•‡†‘•’‡…‹Ƥ…”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ƒ†Ȃ‘ˆ…‘—”•‡Ǧ„—†‰‡–Ǥ —‹Ž†‹‰•Ž‹‡–Š‡”‹•ƒ—‹Ž†‹‰‹ ”ƒˆ—”–ǡ†‘‡„›—‡”ǡ‡„‡” ƒ†ƒ”–‡”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘‹–‡”•‘ˆ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ Š‡ …‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† †‘—„Ž‡ ˆƒ…ƒ†‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ –Š‡”ƒŽ „—ơ‡” ‹ ™‹–‡”

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ƒ†ƒ’”‡Ǧ…‘†‹–‹‘‹‰‘ˆ•—’’Ž›ƒ‹”Ǥ •—‡”–Š‡†‘—„Ž‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡ ƒ…–•ƒ•ƒ•‘Žƒ”…Š‹‡›–‘†”ƒ™‡šŠƒ—•–ƒ‹”‘—–ƒ†’”‘–‡…––Š‡•Šƒ†‹‰†‡˜‹…‡‹•‹†‡–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡…ƒ˜‹–›Ǥ …‘Œ—…–‹‘™‹–Šƒ‹‡”ƒ–”‹—ǡ–Š‡†‘—„Ž‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡’”‘˜‹†‡•ˆ‘”›‡ƒ”Ǧ”‘—†ƒ–—”ƒŽ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡‰Žƒ••Š‘—•‡Dz͕͖͜dz„›‡”‡”‘„‡—•‡•Š‡ƒ–‹””‘”‰Žƒœ‹‰ǡ ™Š‡”‡ˆ‘‹Ž•‹•‹†‡–Š‡‰Žƒ••…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ…ƒ˜‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‘–‘˜‘Ž–ƒ‹…• ‘–Š‡”‘‘ˆ‘’‡”ƒ–‡ƒŠ‡ƒ–’—’™Š‹…Š’”‘˜‹†‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†…‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ ‘ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ”‡“—‹”‡† ˆ‘” ƒ œ‡”‘Ǧ‡‡”‰› „—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ͖ˆ‘‹Ž•™‡”‡‡…‡••ƒ”›ǤŠ‡–Š‡”ƒŽ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰Žƒ•• ‹•…‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ‹•—Žƒ–‡†™ƒŽŽǤ

ϰ͘

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂůĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ

Š‡Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•‘ˆ‡—–•…Š‡‘•–‹‘ǡ†‘‡„›—”’Š› ƒŠ ”…Š‹–‡…–•ǡ™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ƥ”•–ƒŒ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰•—•‹‰†‡…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ––ƒ…Š‡†–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡Ǥ˜‡”›•‹‰Ž‡‘ƥ…‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Šƒ•‹–•‘™ƒ‹”Šƒ†Ž‹‰•›•–‡ǡŽ‘…ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡”ƒ‹•‡†ƪ‘‘” ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡͙ȌǤ ‹”‹–ƒ‡‹•ˆ”‘ƒ†‘—„Ž‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡…‘””‹†‘”ǤŠ‡—‹–’”‘˜‹†‡•ˆ”‡•Š ƒ‹”Š‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†…‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡…ƒ‘’‡–Š‡™‹†‘™• ˆ‘”ƒ–—”ƒŽ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ

70

Figure 4 ,ŽƵƐĞZϭϮϴ͕^ƚƵƩŐĂƌƚ͕'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ with heat mirror glass

opposite page Figure 5 ĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝnjĞĚǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶďŽdž ŝŶƐƚĂůůĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂŝƐĞĚŇŽŽƌ

—‡–‘–Š‡†‡…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†•›•–‡ǡ–Š‡–‘™‡”Šƒ•‘˜‡”–‹…ƒŽƒ‹”†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…ŠƒŽ•‘ƒ†‡–Š‡•›•–‡‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽŽ›˜‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ ˆƒ…ƒ†‡ •›•–‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ‹…‘ƒ ƒ† …Šò…‘ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ˆƒ…ƒ†‡ •›•–‡• ™‹–Š ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ •›•–‡•ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡͚ȌǤ –‹•…‡”–ƒ‹Ž›”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡”‰‡–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ–‘‘Ž•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰”‡ƒ•‘•ǣ Ȉ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘•›•–‡•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡–Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡‹•‹†‡ƒ†‘—–•‹†‡Ǥ Ȉ ‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†…‘–”‘Ž•›•–‡ˆ‘”„‘–Š•›•–‡•Ǥ Ȉ †—•–”‹ƒŽ’”‡Ǧˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Š‹‰Š–‡…Š’”‘†—…–•™Š‹…Š†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǯ•’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ

Figure 6 tŝĐŽŶĂdŵŽƟŽŶĨĂĐĂĚĞǁŝƚŚ integrated mechanical systems

5.

Future Systems

•‹‰•ƒ”–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ••—…Šƒ•–”ƒ•Ž—…‡–‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‰Žƒ••ǦƤ„‡””‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†…‘…”‡–‡ǡ’Šƒ•‡…Šƒ‰‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ‡–…Ǥǡ’”‘˜‹†‡‡†Ž‡••’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–‘–ƒ‹Ž‘”–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡„‡…‘‡•ƒŽ‘ƒ†Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰™ƒŽŽǤ‹Ǧ‡–ƒŽ‹Ž‡–•’”‘˜‹†‡•Šƒ†‹‰‹ •—‡”Ǥ –‡‰”ƒ–‡†…ƒ’‹ŽŽƒ”›ƒ–•’”‘˜‹†‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†…‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•ˆ‘”‡‡”‰›‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•—…Šƒ•’Š‘–‘˜‘Ž–ƒ‹… ‘”–Š‡”ƒŽ•‘Žƒ”’ƒ‡Ž•…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†Ǥ ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ǡ–Š‡Š‘—•‡™‹ŽŽ„‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š”‡‡‡Ž‡‡–•ǣ•—’‡”•–”—…–—”‡ǡˆƒ…ƒ†‡ƒ†Ƥ–Ǧ‘—–Ǥ

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Figure 7 Graded wall principles (Marcel Bilow)

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Š‡—Ž–‹†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š•‡”˜‡•—‡”‘—•‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ –‹•‘–‘Ž›ƒ†ƒ–‘”›–‘ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ•—…Šƒ…‘’Ž‡š–‘’‹…ƒ• ˆƒ…ƒ†‡ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ ™‹–Š ‹–• ƒ› ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ˆ”‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•ǡ„—–‹•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”ƒ—Ž–‹ˆƒ…‡–‡†•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘”‡™•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š•Ǥ Prof. Dr.-Ing. Holger Techenǯ•™‘”‹•ƒ‰‘‘†‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ™Š›•–”—…–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‘–‘Ž›•‡”˜‡•ƒ•–Š‡‡ƒ•–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡’”‘Œ‡…–•ǡ„—–ǡƒ• ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ›ǡ‹•ƒ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ•–‡’ˆ‘”–Š‡‡–‹”‡’”‘…‡••ǤŠ‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ ‡‰‹‡‡”•ǯ• ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹• Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” –Š‡ƤƒŽ’”‘†—…–Ǥ

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dŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞϭʹDƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘h͘<ŶĂĂĐŬĂŶĚd͘<ůĞŝŶ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘/K^WƌĞƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘ © 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.

FUTURE ENVELOPES FROM IMAGINATION TO REALIZATION

Holger Techen

ϭ͘

^ƵŵŵĂƌLJͬ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ

/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĨŽƌƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĚĞƐŝŐŶ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĨŽƌĂƉƉůŝĞĚƐĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ &ƌĂŶŬĨƵƌƚͬDĂŝŶ

Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡Ȃ™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‰—•‡ƒ”…Š‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ•™‡”•–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ™Š‡”‡–Š‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†—•ǤŽ”‡ƒ†›–‘†ƒ›–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›’”‘Œ‡…–•ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”–Š‡™‘”Ž†–Šƒ–†‹•’Žƒ›–Š‡•–‡’Ǧ„›Ǧ•–‡’†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡Ǥƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ Ǯ——•—ƒŽǯ’”‘Œ‡…–•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•–Š‡–”‡†•‘ˆ–‘‘””‘™ǯ•„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡Ǥ Š‡‰‘ƒŽ•Š‘—Ž†„‡–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡•‡’”‘Œ‡…–•ƒ†–‘†‡”‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––ƒ••ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ †‘‹‰ –Š‹•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘…—•ƒ›‘–„‡‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰‹†‡ƒƒŽ‘‡ǡ„—–‡‡†• –‘‡…‘’ƒ••–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰…‘…‡’–‹–‘ƒ”‡ƒŽ „—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ Š‹• ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ™‹ŽŽ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ –Š‹• ’”‘…‡•• Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† „› –™‘ ’”‘Œ‡…–•Ǥ  „‘–Š …ƒ•‡• –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ …Ž‡ƒ”Ž› †‡Ƥ‡† †‡•‹‰ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š„›–Š‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–Ǥ ƒ•‡† ‘ › ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” Ƥ‡Ž† ‘ˆ ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ƒ• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ’”‘Œ‡…–ƒƒ‰‹‰‡‰‹‡‡”™‹–Š–Š‡‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ƥ” ‰‡‹‡—”„ò”‘ ‘ŽŽ‹‰‡” Ϊ ”‘Šƒǡ  ™‹ŽŽ ‹–”‘†—…‡ –™‘ ’”‘Œ‡…–• ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘–‘†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡’”‘…‡••ˆ”‘ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‹†‡ƒ–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ

2.

Zollverein School, Zeche Zollverein, Essen, Germany

Š‡ ‘ŽŽ˜‡”‡‹ …Š‘‘Ž ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ ‡š–”‡‡Ž› •–”‹‰‡– ƒ† ‹‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š„›–Š‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•ˆ”‘‘›‘ ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͕ȌǤŠ‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š’”‡•—’’‘•‡•ƒ‡™ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‡•‹‰’ƒ”–‡”•ƒ†–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ ‘”ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡††‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••ǡ‹–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‡Ž†–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…‘–”ƒ…–•—„•‡…–‹‘•‹–‘‘‡Ǥ †‘‹‰•‘ǡƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ‡‡†–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ†”‡•’‡…––Š‡‡‡†•‘ˆƒŽŽ‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–‡”•Ǥ Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š™ƒ•Ƥ”•–‡’Ž‘›‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡…‘…‡’–‹‘‘ˆ•–‡‡Ž”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡† …‘…”‡–‡ …‡‹Ž‹‰•ǡ „› ™‘”‹‰ ‘—– ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• –‘ —•‡ …‡‹Ž‹‰•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•–”—…–—”ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘’‘‡–•‘– ‘Ž›ˆ‘”Ž‘ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‡”„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ••–‘”ƒ‰‡‡†‹—ǡˆ‘”…‘†—‹– ƒ†ƒ••’ƒ…‡ˆ‘”‹‰‡Ž‡‡–•Ǥ 75

‘” –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ˜‡”‡‹ …Š‘‘Ž –Š‡ –‡ƒ …‘’ƒ”‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ …‡‹Ž‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–•—•‹‰ƒ”ƒ–‹‰ƒ–”‹šǤ ”‘…”‹–‡”‹ƒ•—…Šƒ••—”ˆƒ…‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ…‘•–ǡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡–Š‘†ƒ†‘’–‹‘•–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•ǡ –Š‡•–‡‡Ž”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†…‘…”‡–‡…‡‹Ž‹‰‡‡”‰‡†ƒ•–Š‡‘’–‹—•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ‹–Š•’ƒ™‹†–Š•‘ˆ—’–‘͕͚ǡ†‹•’Žƒ…‡‡–„‘†‹‡•™‡”‡‹•‡”–‡†‹–‘–Š‡͙͔…–Š‹……‡‹Ž‹‰ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ™‡‹‰Š–”‡†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͔͗ΨǤ ‘†—‹– ˆ‘” ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‡† „—‹Ž†‹‰ …‘’‘‡–• ƒ† •‘‡ †‡–‡…–‘”• ™‡”‡ ‹•‡”–‡† —†‡”‡ƒ–Š –Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ…‡‡– „‘†‹‡•ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͖ȌǤ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡŽƒ”‰‡„—‹Ž–Ǧ‹Ž‹‰Š–Ƥš–—”‡•™‡”‡–‘„‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ”‰”‹†Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘‡‡––Š‡™‹•Šˆ‘”ƒ•‡ƒŽ‡••ˆƒ‹”ˆƒ…‡†…‘…”‡–‡…‡‹Ž‹‰ǡ–Š‡…‡‹Ž‹‰‡‡†‡†–‘‹…Ž—†‡ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡‡–‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡””‡‹ˆ‘”…‡‡–Žƒ›‡”–‘Ž‹‹– 76

Figure 1 Design model

…”ƒ…™‹†–Š•Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‡…‡‹Ž‹‰Ƥš–—”‡•ƒŽ•‘„‡‹‰‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ …‡‹Ž‹‰ǡ–Š‹•Ž‡†–‘Ƥ‡Ž›ƒ†Œ—•–‡†Žƒ›‹‰ƒ†ƒ••‡„Ž›‡–Š‘†•Ǥ

Figure 2 ^ĞĐƟŽŶĂůǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞĐĞŝůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĚŝƐƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚ ďŽĚŝĞƐĂŶĚĂĐƟǀĂƚĞĚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ components

Š‹•Š‹‰Š†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ‹–‡”†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›†‡•‹‰…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘”‡•—Ž–‡†‹‹…”‡ƒ•‡†–‡†‡”‹‰ƒ†ƒ™ƒ”†‹‰‡ơ‘”–•ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡—‡”‘—• …‘–”ƒ…–•—„•‡…–‹‘•ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•Šƒ†–‘„‡–‡†‡”‡†‹ƒ†˜ƒ…‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ™‘”•Ǥ —”‹‰–Š‡…‘—”•‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘–”ƒ…–‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–™ƒ•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ …Ž‡ƒ”Ž›†‡Ƥ‡†‡’‡†‡…‹‡•ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ ™‘”• ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡”‡‹ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† „—‹Ž†‹‰ •‡”˜‹…‡• ’Žƒ‹‰ ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͗Ϊ͘ȌǤ

Figure 3 Lower reinforcement layer, piping ĨŽƌĂĐƟǀĂƚĞĚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ͕ displacement bodies, built-in light ĮdžƚƵƌĞƐ Figure 4 Arrangement of high-load posts

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Š‡…‘‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰Žƒ••†‹˜‹†‹‰™ƒŽŽ•‘–Š‡‘ƥ…‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•–‘‘† ‘—–ƒ•ƒ˜‡”›•‹‰‹Ƥ…ƒ–†‡•‹‰‹••—‡ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡–‘•’ƒˆ”‘ƪ‘‘” –‘…‡‹Ž‹‰™‹–Š‘—–˜‹•‹„Ž‡Ƥš–—”‡•Ǥ –™ƒ•ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘‹…Ž—†‡ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ”‰”‹†‘ˆ͛…†‡‡’ƒ†͚…™‹†‡‰”‘‘˜‡•‹–Š‡ˆƒ‹” ˆƒ…‡† …‘…”‡–‡ …‡‹Ž‹‰ –‘ ƒ……‘‘†ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‘—–‹‰ Ƥš–—”‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡—’’‡”‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰Žƒ••’ƒ‡Ž•ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͙ȌǤ•ƒ”‡•—Ž––Š‡…‡‹Ž‹‰™ƒ• ƒŽŽ‘…ƒ–‡†ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ—…–‹‘ƒ•ƒ•’ƒ…‡Ǧ•Šƒ’‹‰‡Ž‡‡–Ǥ

Š‡™‡‹‰Š–”‡†—…–‹‘„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ†‹•’Žƒ…‡‡–„‘†‹‡•Šƒ†•’‡…‹ˆ‹…†‡•‹‰Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‹’ƒ…–‘–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‡”–‘–Š‡…‘”‡‡Ž‡‡–•ǡ –Š‡„‘†…‘Ž—•ƒ†–Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽ™ƒŽŽ•ǤƲ•ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”™ƒŽŽ•™ƒ•ƒ–Š‹‡š–‡”‹‘”•‹Ǥ ‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”™ƒŽŽ•‹ˆ‘”‘ˆ–›’‹…ƒŽ†‘—„Ž‡Ǧ•‹ˆƒ‹”ˆƒ…‡† …‘…”‡–‡™ƒŽŽ•™‹–Š…‘”‡‹•—Žƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡”‡•—Ž–‡†‹™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ ͙͔…–Š‹…‡••ǤŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ƒ††‹‰‹‡”ƒŽ’Žƒ•–‡” ƒ• ‹–‡”‹‘” ‘” ‡š–‡”‹‘” ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ …‘–”ƒ†‹…–‡† –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‘ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–—•‡†‹–Š‹•’”‘Œ‡…–‹•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ‹†‡ƒ„›–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ •‡”˜‹…‡•’Žƒ‡”ǤŠ‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆ–Š‡•‘Ǧ…ƒŽŽ‡†Ǯƒ…–‹˜‡–Š‡”ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ǯ…ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”Š‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”…‘…”‡–‡™ƒŽŽ•Ǥƒ–‡”‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†–‘͖͛η˜‹ƒƒŠ‡ƒ–‡š…Šƒ‰‡”ƒ†‹•–Š‡…‹”…—Žƒ–‡†‹–—„‹‰•‡–‹ …‘…”‡–‡Ǥ ƒ”‰‡˜‘Ž—‡•‘ˆ‹‡™ƒ–‡”™‹–Šƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͔͗烔‡…‘–‹—‘—•Ž›’—’‡†ˆ”‘ƒ†‡’–Š‘ˆƒ„‘—–͕͔͔͔‘–Š‡ …‘ŽŽ‹‡”› ‰”‘—†• ‡ƒ” –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ• Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ’”‡˜‡– –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ˆ”‘ ”‹•‹‰Ǥ ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‘™ ƪ‘™• –Š”‘—‰Šƒ Š‡ƒ– ‡š…Šƒ‰‡”ǡ†‡•‹‰‡†•’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ǡ™Š‹…ŠŠ‡ƒ–•–Š‡™ƒ78

Figure 5 Glass dividing walls with concealed ŵŽƵŶƟŶŐďƌĂĐŬĞƚƐ

–‡” ‹ –Š‡ …Ž‘•‡†ǦŽ‘‘’ …‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘ –—„‹‰ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ‡š–‡”‹‘” ™ƒŽŽ•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”™ƒŽŽ•†‘‡•‘–•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒŠ‡ƒ–‹‰•›•–‡ǡ„—–•Š‘—Ž†„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–’ƒ••‹˜‡‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡‡…‘„ƒŽƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ•‹‰‹Ƥ…ƒ–”‡†—…–‹‘‘ˆ ;‘—–’—–…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ–Š‡”ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ …‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘ƒˆƒ‹”ˆƒ…‡†…‘…”‡–‡™ƒŽŽ™‹–Š…‘”‡‹•—Žƒ–‹‘–Šƒ– ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†ƒ–‘–ƒŽ–Š‹…‡••‘ˆ͙͔…†—‡–‘•–”—…–—”ƒŽƒ†‡‡”‰‡–‹…”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆǮƒ…–‹˜‡–Š‡”ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ǯ ”‡†—…‡†–Š‡™ƒŽŽ–Š‹…‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”™ƒŽŽ•–‘͔͗…Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ„›‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ˆ‘”™‘”ˆ‘”ƒ†‘—„Ž‡Ǧ•‹ ‡š–‡”‹‘”™ƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘•–ƒ†…‘•–”—…–‹‘–‹‡™‡”‡”‡†—…‡†•‹‰‹Ƥ…ƒ–Ž›Ǥ

Figure 6 ^ĞĐŽŶĚŇŽŽƌĞdžƚĞƌŝŽƌǁĂůůǁŝƚŚ a free-standing wall during the building process

Š‡ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ‘ˆ ƒ •‡ƒŽ‡•• …‘…”‡–‡ …—„‡ …”‡ƒ–‡† …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ •–”—…–—”ƒŽ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š–‡”‹‘” ™ƒŽŽ•Ǥ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š™ƒ•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•–›’‡•‘ˆ•–”‡••…ƒ—•‡†„›–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡…Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘” ™ƒŽŽ•‹ƒ”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹…ƒ‡”ǤŠ‡—‹“—‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡™‹†‘™ ‘’‡‹‰•…ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”…ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‘ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‡”Ǧ…‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡™ƒŽŽ•„‡‹‰‘Ž›͔͗…–Š‹…„—–͕͔Ǥ͙͔Š‹‰ŠǤȋ ‹‰Ǥ͚Ȍ

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Š‡…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••ƒ‘‰ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǡ„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•ƒ† Ž‘ƒ†Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰ •–”—…–—”‡ǡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› …‘’Ž‡š ™Š‡ ’Žƒ‹‰ –Š‡ …‡‹Ž‹‰•ǡ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ…‡†’Žƒ‹‰•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡š–‡”‹‘” ™ƒŽŽ•Ǥ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ‡–Š‘†• ‡‡†‡† –‘ „‡ …‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š–Š‡‘’–‹—…‘†—‹–ˆ‘”–Š‡Ǯƒ…–‹˜‡–Š‡”ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ǯƒ†–Š‡ ˆ‘”™‘”ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͛Ϊ͜ȌǤ

—”‹‰ ƒ …‘–‹—ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‘…‡••ǡ –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‹†‘™‘’‡‹‰•™‡”‡…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’‹’‹‰‡–™‘”ǡ•–”—…–—”ƒŽ •–”‡••ǡ…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡‡–ƒ†‘–Š‡”…‘†—‹–•Ǥ ”‘ƒ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™‹–™ƒ•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘…‘•–”—…–ƒ…‘–‹—‘—•ˆ‘”™‘”ǡƒ˜‘‹†‹‰•‡ƒ•ƒ–•–‘”›ǦŽ‡˜‡ŽǤŠ‹•”‡“—‹”‡†‡ƒ”Ž›†‹•…—••‹‘•™‹–Šˆ‘”™‘”ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”••‘–Šƒ–•‘Ž—–‹‘•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž† ‘–‡š…‡‡†–Š‡„—†‰‡–…‘—Ž†„‡‹…Ž—†‡††—”‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›’Žƒ‹‰ •–ƒ‰‡•ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͝Ȍ

Figure 7 <ĞLJƉůĂŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĚƵŝƚĨŽƌƚŚĞ ĂĐƟǀĞƚŚĞƌŵĂůŝŶƐƵůĂƟŽŶ;ŽĸĐĞ Winter) Figure 8 /ŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĚƵŝƚĨŽƌƚŚĞ ĂĐƟǀĞƚŚĞƌŵĂůŝŶƐƵůĂƟŽŶ

Figure 9 ƵŝůĚŝŶŐƵƉŽŶĐŽŵƉůĞƟŽŶ

ϯ͘

ŽīĞĞŚŽƵƐĞ>ŝĐŚƚďůŝĐŬϯϲϬΣ͕/ŶŶƐďƌƵĐŬ͕ƵƐƚƌŝĂ

Š‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡Ƥ”‘‹‹“—‡‡””ƒ—Ž–’Žƒ‡†ƒˆ—ŽŽ›‰Žƒœ‡†’ƒ˜‹Ž‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š™ƒ•„—‹Ž–‘–Š‡”‘‘ˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–Šƒ—•ƒ••ƒ‰‡‹ •„”—…Ǥ 80

Š‹• ’ƒ˜‹Ž‹‘ǡ —•‡† ƒ• ƒ …‘ơ‡‡ Š‘—•‡ ƒ† „ƒ”ǡ …‘’”‹•‡• ƒ ƤŽ‹‰”‡‡ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–•–”—…–—”‡ǤŠ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Šƒ•ƒ…›Ž‹†”‹…ƒŽ•Šƒ’‡™‹–Šƒ†‹ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͝Ǥ͙͗ƒ†ƒŠ‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ͗Ǥ͚͔ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͕͔ȌǤ

Figure 10 dŚĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ͛ƐĚĞƐŝŐŶŝĚĞĂŽĨƚŚĞ fully glazed building envelope

Š‡ †‡•‹‰ ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ …Ž‡ƒ”Ž› •–”—…–—”‡† „—‹Ž†‹‰ …‘’‘‡–•Ǥ  ‡„”ƒ‡Ƥš‡†‹ƒ…Žƒ’‹‰”‹‰•‡”˜‡•ƒ•–Š‡”‘‘ˆǤŠ‡’”‡–‡•‹‘‹•‘—–‡†‘ƒ‘ơǦ…‡–‡”’‘‹–‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰™‹–Š†‘™™ƒ”† –‡•‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ˆ—‡Ž •Šƒ’‡ ‹• …”‡ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ‡Žƒ•–‹… †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‡Ž‘™‡•–’‘‹–…‘’”‹•‡•–Š‡†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡‘’‡‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ‡„”ƒ‡ ‹• ‘—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡†‰‡ „‡ƒ „› ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ™‡Ž– •‡ƒ•ƒ†ƒŽ—‹—…Žƒ’‹‰„ƒ”•Ǥ––Š‡Ž‘™‡•–’‘‹–ǡ–Š‡‡„”ƒ‡‹•…Žƒ’‡†™‹–ŠƒŽ—‹—”‹‰•‹–‘™Š‹…Šƒ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ’—ŽŽ‹‰ ˆ‘”…‡‹•‹–”‘†—…‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡’”‡–‡•‹‘ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͕͕Ȍ

Figure 11 >ŝŌŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞƉƌĞͲƚĞŶƐŝŽŶĞĚ membrane

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Š‡‘—–‡”’”‡••—”‡”‹‰‹•…‘•–”—…–‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ•–‡‡Ž„‘š‰‹”†‡”™Š‹…Šǡ„‡•‹†‡••–”—…–—”ƒŽˆ—…–‹‘•ǡƒŽ•‘ƒ……‘‘†ƒ–‡•„—‹Ž†‹‰ •‡”˜‹…‡•ˆ—…–‹‘•ǤŠ‡„‘š‰‹”†‡”Ž‹‡•‘͕͖…—”˜‡†‰Žƒ••’ƒ‡Ž•ǤŠ‡ ‹††Ž‡–‡•‹‘†‡˜‹…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡„”ƒ‡‹•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†™‹–Š‰Žƒ••’”‡••—”‡•’”‹‰•ǤŠ‡•’”‹‰ˆ‘”…‡‹–”‘†—…‡†…‘””‡•’‘†•–‘ƒ™‡‹‰Š–Ǧ Ž‘ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ͔͔͜‰Ǥ†Œ—•–‡–‘ˆ–Š‹•ˆ‘”…‡’”‘†—…‡•ƒ‡„”ƒ‡ ’”‡–‡•‹‘ –Šƒ– ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡• –Š‡ †‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡„”ƒ‡‡˜‡—†‡”™ƒ–‡”ƒ†•‘™Ž‘ƒ†•ǡ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ––Š‡Ž‘™‡•–’‘‹–ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”•ƒ…•ƒ”‡ ƒ˜‘‹†‡†ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͕͖ȌǤ

Figure 12 Details of membrane mounts

Š‡„ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡…—”˜‡†‰Žƒ••’ƒ‡Ž•ƒ”‡…Žƒ’‡†‹–‘ƒ…‘–‹—‘—• •–‡‡Ž”‹‰™Š‹…Š‹••…”‡™‡†–‘–Š‡•–‡‡Ž‰‹”†‡”‰”‹†ǤŠ‡‰‹”†‡”‰”‹† ‹•„—‹Ž–‘–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰…‘…”‡–‡…‡‹Ž‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–Šƒ—•ƒ••ƒ‰‡ǡ•‹––‹‰‘͜•—’’‘”–‹‰’‘‹–•Ǥ‘…‘’‡•ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–‡‡Ž•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡…—”˜‡†‰Žƒ••’ƒ‡Ž•ǡ–Š‡ ‰Žƒ•• ’ƒ‡Ž•ƒ”‡…ƒ•–‹–Š‡…—”˜‡†•–‡‡Ž•‡…–‹‘™‹–Š’‡”ƒ‡–Ž›‡Žƒ•–‹… ‡’‘š›”‡•‹ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͕͗ȌǤ Š‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽƒ†Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‹”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹•…‘†—…–‡†‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡…—”˜‡† ’ƒ‡Ž•ǤŠ‡…—”˜‡†•Šƒ’‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡‰Žƒ••’ƒ‡Ž•™‹–Š•—ƥ…‹‡–•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡”–Š‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†•Ǥ‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ•–‹ơ‡‹‰ǡ™Š‹…Š‡‡†‡†–‘„‡•’‡…‹Ƥ‡†ˆ‘”‡š–”‡‡™‹†•’‡‡†•‘ˆ—’–‘͕͙͔ȀŠƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡ‹•…ƒ”-

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”‹‡†‘—–•‘Ž‡Ž›„›–Š‡…‹”…—Žƒ”Ž›ƒ””ƒ‰‡†’ƒ‡Ž•Ǥ—”‹‰†‹‡•‹‘‹‰ƒ†–Š‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ’”‘…‡••˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•…‡ƒ”‹‘•™‡”‡‡šƒ‹‡†ǡ™Š‹…Š”‡’Žƒ…‡†„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘’‘‡––‡•–•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–™ƒ•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ …‘‡…–‹‘ †‡–ƒ‹Ž• ˆ‘” –Š‹• ‘˜‡Ž •–”—…–—”‡ –Šƒ– …‘’Ž‹‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† …‘•–”—…–‹‘ ‡–Š‘†• —•‡†Ǥ Š‡•‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• ™‡”‡ …‘†—…–‡†‹ ƒ …Ž‘•‡ ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–ƒ† –Š‡ ‡‰‹‡‡”Ǥ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡š‡…—–‹‰ …‘’ƒ› ”‡“—‹”‡† ˆ”‡“—‡–’”‡•‡…‡ƒ––Š‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘•‹–‡ƒ†ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡–Šƒ–ǡˆ‘”–Š‡ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‰Žƒ••‡Ž‡‡–•ȋ ‹‰Ǥ͕͘ȌǤ

Figure 13 Assembly and test loading of the membrane roof on the free-standing glass panels

Figure 14 ŽīĞĞŚŽƵƐĞƵƉŽŶĐŽŵƉůĞƟŽŶ

4.

Summary

Š‡•‡ –™‘ ’”‘Œ‡…–• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ˆ‘” Ž‘ƒ†Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰ …‘’‘‡–• ™‹–Š …”‘•• ˆ—…–‹‘•ǡ ‹– ‹• ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž› ‘‹–‘” –Š‡…‘…‡’–•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›†‡•‹‰–‡ƒ†—”‹‰–Š‡‡š‡…—–‹‘’Šƒ•‡ ƒ†–‘‘–‹˜ƒ–‡–Š‡‡š‡…—–‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡•‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡• •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ ‹†‡ƒ• …ƒ „‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ• …Ž‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ

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•ƒƒ”…Š‹–‡…–ǡˆƒ­ƒ†‡’Žƒ‡”ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆˆƒ­ƒ†‡•ǡ Dipl.-Ing. Tillmann KleinŽ‘‘•ƒ–™ƒ›•–‘‹‘˜ƒ–‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ’‡” ˆ‘…—•‡• ‘ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• –‘ ‹–”‘†—…‡ ‘”‡ …‘’Ž‡šŽ›‡‰‹‡‡”‡†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†…‘’‘‡–•ƒ†–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡‡ơ‡…–• ‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›ƒ†–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ

dŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞϭʹDƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘h͘<ŶĂĂĐŬĂŶĚd͘<ůĞŝŶ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘/K^WƌĞƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘ © 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.

EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION OF SYSTEMS IN FAÇADE TECHNOLOGY Is Function Integration the Strategy for the Future?

Tillmann Klein Leader Facades Research Group Faculty of Architecture ĞůŌhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ

Abstract Š‡‡–ƒŽǦ‰Žƒ••ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Šƒ•ƒŽ‘•–”‡ƒ…Š‡†‹–•ƤƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ –”‡†ˆ‘”‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡††‡•‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘•ˆ‘”‡™ˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘…‡’–• …ƒ „‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡• ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ƒ† †‡•…”‹„‡•–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –ˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‡–ƒŽǦ‰Žƒ••ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ††‡•…”‹„‡• –Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘–Š‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒ†‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ ‡›™‘”†•ǣ ƒ…ƒ†‡ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ǡ —…–‹‘ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ›•–‡‹œ‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡ‡•‹‰…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘

ϭ͘/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•Šƒ•ƒŽ‘‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǥ –‹••—„Œ‡…–‡†–‘…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹••—‡•ƒ†–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ†‡•‹‰ …‘–”ƒ…–‹‰ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”‹–› ‘ˆ ˆƒ…ƒ†‡ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ‘–Š‡” †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•Ž‹‡•ǡƒ‘‰•–‘–Š‡”•ǡ‹–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™—„‡” ‘ˆ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘•ƒ†ǡ…‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ƥ‹•Š‡†’”‘†—…–ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”Ž‘™Ƥƒ…‹ƒŽ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ Š‹•Šƒ•Ž‡†–‘”ƒ–Š‡”…‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ––‹–—†‡•‹–‡”•‘ˆ‹˜‡–‹‘Ǥ‡™†‡ƒ†••–‡‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‡‡”‰›•ƒ˜‹‰•ƒ†‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• •…‹‡…‡ •Š‘™ –Š‡ ‡‡† ƒ† –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ƒ †‹ơ‡”‡– ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹‘–‡…Š‹“—‡•ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•Ǥ Š‹•’ƒ’‡”™‹ŽŽˆ‘…—•‘–Š‡‡–ƒŽǦ‰Žƒ••ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǡ™Š‹…Šǡƒ•ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž››‘—‰’”‘†—…–ȋ͚͔–‘͔͜›‡ƒ”•‹•›‘—‰ˆ‘”ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰ ’”‘†—…–Ȍǡ’”‘˜‡•–‘„‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–•—……‡••ˆ—Ž’”‘†—…–•‹ –Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆˆƒ…ƒ†‡ Šƒ˜‡Ž‡†–‘ƒ„”‘ƒ†ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ™‘”Ž†Ǥ Š‡†‡•‹”‡ˆ‘”–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡…›ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–‡••ƒ†–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰•–”—…–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰™ƒ•ƒ†”‡ƒ‹•–‘„‡˜‡”›•—……‡••ˆ—ŽǤ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ǡ 85

‹–•‘†—Žƒ”•–”—…–—”‡…ƒ„‡ƒ†ƒ’–‡†‡ƒ•‹Ž›ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‘ơ‡”• ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‰”‡ƒ–ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ†‡•‹‰Ǥ Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡–ƒŽǦ‰Žƒ••ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Šƒ•—†‡”‰‘‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–‡’•Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡ƒ†˜‡–‘ˆƒŽ—‹—‡š–”—•‹‘ǡƒŽ—‹—Ǧ‰Žƒ•• ˆƒ…ƒ†‡• Šƒ˜‡ –ƒ‡ ’”‡…‡†‡…‡ ‘˜‡” •–‡‡ŽǦ‰Žƒ•• •–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ † •‹…‡–Š‡‡‹‰Š–‹‡•ƒ†‹‡–‹‡•ǡ‡‡”‰›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Šƒ•‹…”‡ƒ•‡† ‹‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ƒ†…ƒ—•‡†‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆŠ‹‰ŠǦ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ •‡ƒŽ‹‰ ‡–Š‘†•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹… ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ ‘ˆ …‘•–”—…–‹‘Šƒ•”‡ƒ‹‡†–Š‡•ƒ‡ǤŠ‡‡–ƒŽǦ‰Žƒ••ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Šƒ• ƒŽ‘•–”‡ƒ…Š‡†‹–•ƤƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‡–ƒŽǦ‰Žƒ•• ˆƒ…ƒ†‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ ‰‘‘† ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ˆ‘” Š‹‰ŠŽ› •›•–‡‹œ‡† ’”‘†—…–•ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‘–Š‡‡‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ”‡–Ǥ

Figure 1 ƌŽǁŶ,Ăůů͕/ůůŝŶŽŝƐ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨ Technology, Chicago, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1956

Figure 2 ƌŽǁŶ,Ăůů͕/ůůŝŶŽŝƐ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨ Technology, Chicago, Detail of façade

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AusklinkungA

Figure 3 Detail of post-beam system, Raico Bautechnic

AusklinkungB

Ϯ͘ĞƐŝŐŶŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ Š‹‰Š†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–›‹•–Š‡‘‡ˆƒ…–‘”–Šƒ–‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ˆƒ­ƒ†‡’”‘Œ‡…–•Šƒ˜‡‹…‘‘Ǥ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰–ƒ‡•–Š‡ ˆ”‘–•‡ƒ–ǡƒ†–Š‡†‡•‹‰–‡ƒŠƒ•–‘Ƥ†™ƒ›•–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡‹–Ǥ›’‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‹•–‡ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡•ˆ”‘’”‘Œ‡…––‘’”‘Œ‡…–ƒ•†‘–Š‡…‘’ƒ‹‡• –Šƒ–‡š‡…—–‡–Š‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ–‡ƒ‡„‡”•’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ›‰‹˜‡’”‘Œ‡…–Šƒ•‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–ƒ•ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‘””‡Ž‹‡•‘–Š‡…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•‡‰‹‡‡”•ǡ…Ž‹ƒ–‡†‡•‹‰‡”•ǡ•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”•ǡˆƒ…ƒ†‡†‡•‹‰‡”•ǡƒ†’”‘Œ‡…–Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ•›•–‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•ƒ†‡š‡…—–‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•ǤŠ‡›†‡…‹†‡‘ƒ…ƒ•‡„›…ƒ•‡ „ƒ•‹•Š‘™—…Š‘”Š‘™Ž‹––Ž‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡‹–”‘†—…‡†‹–‘–Š‡ ’”‘†—…–Ǥ Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹•ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆƒ­ƒ†‡’”‘†—…–„ƒ•‡†‘‘™•›•–‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰–‡ƒ‹•‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ†Š‡”‡–‘…—””‡–„—‹Ž†‹‰Žƒ™•ƒ†‘”•Ǥ›•–‡•—’’Ž‹‡”•Šƒ˜‡”‡ƒ…–‡†–‘–Š‹• ”‡“—‹”‡‡–ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡„”‘‡†‘™–‘–Š‡•›•–‡Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ—…Š•›•–‡•ƒ”‡–‡•–‡†ˆ‘”™‹†’”‘‘Ƥ‰ƒ†—Ǧ˜ƒŽ—‡•‡–…Ǥ‹…‡”–ƒ‹…‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‹…‡–Š‡‹˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡–ƒŽǦ‰Žƒ••ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǡ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ —†‡”‰‘‡…‘–‹—‘—••’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†Šƒ˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹–‘ƒ–—”‡’”‘†—…–•Ǥ†‘’–‹‰–Š‡•›•–‡•–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”…‹”…—•–ƒ…‡ ‹•ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ 87

Figure 4 ĞƐŝŐŶĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ͘sĂƌLJŝŶŐĚĞsign teams from project to project

Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’”‘Œ‡…–• „‡‹‰ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† ™‹–Š –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘–•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡‹†—•–”›‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™Ǥ Š‹•‘–‘Ž›”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ…‘—”ƒ‰‡‘—•–‡ƒǡ”‡ƒ†›–‘…ƒ””›‰”‡ƒ–”‹•Ǣ „—–ƒŽ•‘…ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”•™Š‘ƒ”‡‘–ƒˆ”ƒ‹†‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǤŠ‡ ‹’ƒ…–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹•ǡ‘ˆ…‘—”•‡ǡ˜‡”› Š‹‰ŠǤ Š—•ǡ•›•–‡•ƒ”‡‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ƒƒ‰‡ƒ’”‘Œ‡…–Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘‡ ‹Š‡”‡– …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹… ‘ˆ •›•–‡• ‹• –Š‡ •Ž—‰‰‹•Š‡•• ‹ –‡”•‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ™ƒ›•…‘•–‹–—–‡–Š‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ •‹…‡ ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ …Šƒ‰‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ Š‹‰ŠŽ› –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ •›•–‡•‹•Šƒ”†–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡Ǥš‡’Žƒ”›ˆ‘”–Š‹•’”‘„Ž‡‹•–Š‡ˆƒ…–ǡ –Šƒ–ǡ‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–ˆ‡™›‡ƒ”•ǡ‡–ƒŽǦ‰Žƒ••ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•Šƒ˜‡‘Ž›„‡‡‹’”‘˜‡†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Š‡ƒ–‹•‘Žƒ–‹‰ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ

ϯ͘&ĂĕĂĚĞ&ƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƟĞƐ ‡‡›ˆƒ…–‘”‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰•–”—…–—”‡•Žƒ›•‹–Š‡‹”ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡‹”…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ…‡”–ƒ‹ˆ—…–‹‘•ǤŠ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡…–‹‘ †‡•…”‹„‡•‹Š‘™ˆƒ”ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ˆ—…–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡‹ƪ—‡…‡†…—””‡–•–”—…–—”ƒŽ•›•–‡•Ǥ 88

Figure 5 Standars and systems in the design process

Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǯ•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ–ƒ•‹•–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡–Š‡—•ƒ„Ž‡‹–‡”‹‘”•’ƒ…‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ —…‘–”‘ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ ‡š–‡”‹‘” …Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ •–”—…–—”‡Šƒ•„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‘˜‡”‹ŽŽ‡‹ƒ–‘‡‡––Š‹•„ƒ•‹…†‡ƒ†Ǥ ƒ‹ƒ†™‹†’”‘‘Ƥ‰ǡ–Š‡”ƒŽ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ǡ•—’”‘–‡…–‹‘ƒ†•‡…—”‹–›ǤŠ‡…‘–ƒ…–„‡–™‡‡‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ†‡š–‡”‹‘”•’ƒ…‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• –Š‡ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ †‡•‹‰ ƒ”‡ǡ ‘ˆ …‘—”•‡ǡ ‘–Š‡” „ƒ•‹… ˆ—…–‹‘• ”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ǥ Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–”—…–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•…ƒ„‡†‡”‹˜‡†ǣ Ȉ Š‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡ƒ†‹–•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’–‘–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ•–”—…–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡™‹–Š‡‹‰Š„‘”‹‰„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ • Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†…‘’‘‡–••—…Šƒ•–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡– ‡Ž‡‡–•–‘…‘‡…––Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ†‡š–‡”‹‘”•’ƒ…‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘” ‘ˆ‡š…Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡‹ƤŽŽ‡Ž‡‡–•Ǥ • †•‡ƒŽ‹‰…‘’‘‡–•Ǥ Š‡‡šƒ‹‹‰–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‘ˆ…—””‡–ˆƒ…ƒ†‡…‘…‡’–•ǡ™‡ …ƒ•‡‡–Š‡–”‡†–‘‡š–‡†‘–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘•–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ ˆ—ŽƤŽ•Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”–Š‹•–‡†‡…›Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‡™†‡ƒ†•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡•–‡‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‡‡”‰›•ƒ˜‹‰•Ǥ Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǯ•‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǯ•ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽƒ† —”„ƒƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡ƒ‡•‹–ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‡Ž‡‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘” ‡™™ƒ›•‘ˆ‡š’”‡••‹‘Ǥ –‹””‘”•–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ –•ˆ—…–‹‘–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ†‡š–‡”‹‘” …Ž‹ƒ–‡•’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡™‹–ŠƒŠ‹‰Š’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹–‡”•‘ˆ‡‡”‰›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ƒ†—•‡”…‘ˆ‘”–Ǥ Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒˆ‡™‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ‡™ˆƒ…ƒ†‡ˆ—…–‹‘•ǣ • Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡‹–‘–Š‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ…‘…‡’–‘ˆ–Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰Ǣ‡ƒ‹‰ƒƒ…–‹˜‡…‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ…‘‘Ž‹‰ǡ ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ•—”‹‰ƒš‹—‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰…‘ˆ‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡—•‡”Ǥ • ’”‘˜‡†‡‡”‰›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ƒ†‡‡”‰›‰ƒ‹Ǥ • †ƒ’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘…Šƒ‰‹‰—•‡””‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ‡ƒ‹‰…Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡‡••‹–‡”•‘ˆ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ†‡ƒ†•‘”‡˜‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ…‘’‘‡–••—…Šƒ•–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡…›‡–…ǤǤ • ’‰”ƒ†‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ —–ƒŽ•‘ǣ • ”‡‡†‘‘ˆˆ‘”ƒ††‡•‹‰ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‡†‹ƒˆ—…–‹‘•ˆ‘” ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–•Ǥ Š‡•‡‡™ˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘–Š‡”••–‹ŽŽ—‘™–‘—•–‘†ƒ›™‹ŽŽ 89

Šƒ˜‡–‘Ƥ†–Š‡‹”™ƒ›‹–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•–”—…–—”‡ǤŠ‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ””ƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ ˆ—…–‹‘• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ •’ƒ…‡ ‹• ‡‹–Š‡” •‹†‡Ǧ„›Ǧ•‹†‡ǡ Žƒ›‡”‡† ‘” ƒ …‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ „‘–ŠǤ  Žƒ›‡”‡† ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‡ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡–ˆ—…–‹‘•ǡ•—…Šƒ••—’”‘–‡…–‹‘ ‡Ž‡‡–• ‹ ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ ‰Žƒ•• •—”ˆƒ…‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š …ƒ „‡ ƒ††‡† ™Š‡‡…‡••ƒ”›ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‡‹…‘‹‰‡‡”‰›ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–Ǥ —…–‹‘ƒŽ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘‘……—”•™‹–Š‹‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ…‘’‘‡–•Ǥ’‡…‹ƒŽ‰Žƒœ‹‰…‘•‹•–•‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽŽƒ›‡”•‘ˆ‰Žƒ••™Š‹…Š…ƒ„‡‡Šƒ…‡†™‹–Š …‡”–ƒ‹…‘ƒ–‹‰•ǡ†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–Ǥˆƒ­ƒ†‡•‡…–‹‘‹• †‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘‡Ž‡‡–•ˆ‘”•–”—…–—”ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†•ǡ•‡ƒŽ‹‰ǡƤš‹‰‘ˆ‹ƤŽŽ‡† …‘’‘‡–•ƒ†ƒ‡š–‡”‹‘”…‘˜‡”…ƒ’ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡•‹‰Ǥ Š‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘•‹•ƒ’”‘˜‡‡–Š‘†ǡ‡š–‡†‹‰–‘–Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –ƒ•• –‘ †‹ơ‡”‡– •—„…‘–”ƒ…–• •—…Š ƒ• ‡–ƒŽ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ǡ‡Ž‡…–”‹…ƒ†•ƒ‹–ƒ”›‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‘™ˆƒ”–Š‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘•‹ˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘Šƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ…–‹‘ –‘–Š‡…‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›‹•ƒ†‹ơ‡”‡–“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ—– ‹–…‡”–ƒ‹Ž›Šƒ•‹–••’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰’ƒ”–‹‡•…ƒ ˆ‘…—•‘–Š‡‹”•’‡…‹Ƥ…†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ƒ†…ƒ•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡ˆ—”–Š‡”ǤŠ‡‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡‹••—…Š–Šƒ–‹–ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”‹†‡’‡†‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ…‘’‘‡–•Ǥ –‹•ƒˆƒ…––Šƒ––Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›Šƒ•…‘‹––‡†–‘–Š‡’”‹…‹’Ž‡‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •‡…–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡ ƒ ˆ‡™ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ™Š‹…Š †‡’ƒ”– ˆ”‘–Š‹•’”‹…‹’Ž‡Ǥ Exemplary projects Š‡ ƒ…ƒ†‡•‡•‡ƒ”…Š ”‘—’Šƒ•—†‡”–ƒ‡…‡”–ƒ‹’”‘Œ‡…–•–‘”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…‘’‘‡–•Ǥ Modular facade element

Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•‘…Ǧ—’™ƒ•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒˆƒ…ƒ†‡‡Ž‡‡–™‹–Šƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡††‡…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ‹”Ǧ…‘†‹–‹‘‹‰—‹–ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƤ„”‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†…‘…”‡–‡ƒ•ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒŽ—‹—ǤŠ‡ ™‹†–Š‘ˆ–Š‡Ƥ„”‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†…‘…”‡–‡•‡…–‹‘•‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•–Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽƒŽ—‹—•‡…–‹‘•ƒ†…‘—Ž†‡˜‡„‡•ƒŽŽ‡”Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‡†‰”‹†•›„‘Ž‹œ‡•ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•‘†—Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘• ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‰ǡ Š‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ† …‘‘Ž‹‰ǡ ™Š‹…Šǡ ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡ǡ †‹† ‘– ‡š‹•–Ǥ ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡‡–™ƒ•„—‹Ž–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡„‘š™‹†‘™’”‹…‹’Ž‡ ™‹–Š™‹†’”‘‘ˆ•—’”‘–‡…–‹‘Ǥ‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–™ƒ•†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ•ƒ•‹‰Ž‡Ǧ•‹ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǤŠ‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡•‡‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ…‘•–”—…–‹‘…ƒ„‡ †‡–‡”‹‡†ˆ”‡‡Ž›ƒ†…ƒ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ††”‡••–Š‡†‡•‹”‡†ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘•Ǥ ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘…‘”‡™ƒ•‹•‡”–‡†‹–Š‡…‘–‹—‘—•ˆ”ƒ‡ǤŠ‡‡š–‡”ƒŽ‰Žƒ•••—”ˆƒ…‡•™‡”‡‹•–ƒŽŽ‡††‹”‡…–Ž›‹–‘–Š‡Ƥ„”ƒ–‡†…‘…”‡–‡ ˆ”ƒ‡™‹–Š”—„„‡”•–”‹’•ǡ™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”•–ƒ†ƒ”†•›•–‡•Ǥ 90

Figure 6 Modular fa­ĂĚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚ͕<ŶĂĂĐŬ͕ ŝůŽǁϮϬϬϰ͘'ůĂƐƐĮďĞƌƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞĚ concrete with decentralized climate unit Figure 7 Detail of modular façade element

,ĞĂƟŶŐWĂŶĞů

•’ƒ”–‘ˆŠ‹•–Š‡•‹•ǡƒ”…‡Ž‹Ž‘™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ…‘…‡’–ˆ‘”ƒˆƒ…ƒ†‡ Š‡ƒ–‹‰ ’ƒ‡ŽǤ Š‡ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ ’ƒ‡Ž ™ƒ• ‘†‹ˆ‹‡† •—…Š –Šƒ– ƒ ˆ‹„”‡ ”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡† …‘…”‡–‡ •‹ ™ƒ• ‘—–‡†‘–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•‹†‡‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡–›’‹…ƒŽ•Š‡‡–‡–ƒŽ •‹Ǥ Š‹• ƒŽŽ‘™• –Š‡ ‹•‡”–‹‘ ‘ˆ …ƒ’‹ŽŽƒ”› Š‡ƒ– †—…–•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•—Žƒ–‹‰ …‘’‘‡– ™ƒ• ‡Šƒ…‡† –‘ ‹…Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ˆ—…–‹‘•Š‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†…‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡƒ–Š‡”ƒŽƒ•• ™ƒ•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Šƒ•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹’ƒ…–‘–Š‡‹†‘‘”…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡…‘’‘‡–‹•†‡•‹‰‡†•—…Š–Šƒ–‹–…ƒ„‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‘ƒ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ’‘•–Ǧƒ†Ǧ„‡ƒ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ǥ Š‡ …‘…‡’– ƒŽ•‘ ‹…Ž—†‡• –Š‡ …‘‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”’‹’‡•Ǥ

Figure 8 &ƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨĂĕĂĚĞƉĂŶĞů Figure 9 ^ĞĐƟŽŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƉĂŶĞů

91

Jackbox

‡…‡–Ž›ǡƒƒ†˜ƒ…‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‹…‹’Ž‡™ƒ•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ ƒ…„‘šƒ––Š‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ…‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ Ǧ‹’’‡ښ–‡”ǤŠ‡ ƒ…„‘š‹•ƒ—Ž–‹Ǧ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ”‘‘‘„Œ‡…–ǣŽ‹‰Š–ǡ‘†—Žƒ”Ž›…Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‘˜‡ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ –• …‘•–”—…–‹‘™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘‡–Š‘†•—•‡†‹–Š‡ƒ—–‘‘–‹˜‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ ‡”‡ǡŽƒ”‰‡•ƒ†™‹…Š‡Ž‡‡–•ƒ”‡—•‡†ˆ‘”–”—…•Ǥ–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•‹†‡ǡ Ƥ„”‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†…‘…”‡–‡™‹–ŠŠ‡ƒ–‹‰‘”…‘‘Ž‹‰†—…–•ƒ”‡ƒ‰ƒ‹—•‡†Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‹–•‡”˜‡•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡…‘’‘‡–™‹–Š•—ƥ…‹‡–”‹‰‹†‹–›Ǥ Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘” ȋƤ„”‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†’Žƒ•‹…Ȍ•‹‹•„‡†ƒ„Ž‡Ǣ•‘ƒ„‡– •Šƒ’‡…ƒ„‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›‹ŽŽ‹‰‹–‘–Š‡‹•—Žƒ–‹‘…‘”‡ǤŠ‡•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Žƒ›‡”‘ˆƤ„”‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†…‘…”‡–‡ˆ”‡‡œ‡•–Š‡•Šƒ’‡Ǥ Š‡•–”—…–—”‡‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‹‰Š–ƒ†ˆ‘”•–Š‡‡–‹”‡‘—–‡”•‹‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘„Œ‡…–ǤŠ‡‡†‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‹•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†•—…Š–Šƒ––Š‡›…ƒ„‡Œ‘‹‡† ‹–‘‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŒ‘‹‹‰‡Ž‡‡–Ǥ

Zollverein School of Management and Design

Š‡„ƒ•‹…’”‹…‹’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡…‘’”‹•‡•‘ˆƒ•‹‰Ž‡ǦŽ‡ƒˆǦˆƒ‹”ˆƒ…‡† …‘…”‡–‡ ™ƒŽŽ ™‹–Š ‡„‡††‡† Ž‘‘’‡† ™ƒ” ™ƒ–‡” ’‹’‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ’‹’‡•ƒ”‡͖…ȋ͔Ǥ͜‹Ȍ‹†‹ƒ‡–‡”ƒ†ƒ”‡•’ƒ…‡†ƒ–‹–‡”˜ƒŽ•‘ˆ͖͔ Ȃ͔͘…ȋ͜Ȃ͕͚‹ȌǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƤŽŽ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡™ƒ”‹‡™ƒ–‡”™Š‹…Š •‡”˜‡ƒ•Dzƒ…–‹˜‡dzŠ‡ƒ–‹•—Žƒ–‹‘†—”‹‰™‹–‡”ǤŠ—•ǡ‡‹–Š‡”…‘”‡ ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘‘”ƒ›‘–Š‡”†‘—„Ž‡ǦŽ‡ƒˆ•–”—…–—”‡‹•‡…‡••ƒ”›Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡†™ƒŽŽ–Š‹…‡••ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡”‡“—‹”‡†‡š’ƒ•‹‘Œ‘‹–•‹–Š‡‘—–‡”•Š‡ŽŽ–‘ƒ……‘‘†ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡”ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ Š‡ Dzƒ…–‹˜‡dz –Š‡”ƒŽ ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ …‘…‡’– ƒŽŽ‘™• ˆ‘” ƒ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ ‡–Š‘† —•‹‰ …‘…”‡–‡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• –›’‹…ƒŽŽ› Ž‹‹–‡† –‘ ‘”‡ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡•ǣ–Š‡‹‡”ƒ†‘—–‡”•Š‡ŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹•…‘•–”—…–‡†ˆ”‘•‹‰Ž‡ǦŽ‡ƒˆ…‘…”‡–‡™ƒŽŽ•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͔͗…ȋ͕͖‹Ȍ–Š‹…Ǥ ‹–Š‹–Š‹•…‘…”‡–‡•Š‡ŽŽǡŽ‘‘’‡†Š‡ƒ–‹‰†—…–•ƒ”‡‡„‡††‡†–Šƒ– ƒ”‡ƤŽŽ‡†™‹–Š™ƒ”‹‡™ƒ–‡”™Š‹…Š”‡‰—Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹†‘‘”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•’”‡˜‡–ˆ”‘•–‘–Š‡‡š–‡”‹‘”Ǥ 92

Figure 10 :ĂĐŬďŽdž͕DƵůƟĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůWƌŽũĞĐƚ Figure 11 Assembly of Jackbox

Š‡‹””‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›’Žƒ…‡†™‹†‘™•™‡”‡’‘•‹–‹‘‡†ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‘‘”ˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ†‘—–‡†‘–Š‡‹‡”•‹†‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡…‘…”‡–‡•Š‡ŽŽǤ‡…‡••‡•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡‹–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡–‘ƒ……‘‘†ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒŽ—‹—ˆ”ƒ‡•Ǥƒ‹™ƒ–‡”‹•†”ƒ‹‡†‘ơ‘–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘” •‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒŽŽƒ†–Š‡™ƒ”™ƒŽŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡’”‡˜‡–•ˆ”‘•–Ǥ Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹”Ǧˆƒ…‡†…‘…”‡–‡•—”ˆƒ…‡•”‡˜‡ƒŽ••‹‰‹Ƥ…ƒ–‡ˆˆ‘”–‹–‡”•‘ˆ†‡•‹‰ƒ†…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•Š‹‰ŠǦ“—ƒŽ‹–›…‘•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ

Figure 12 School of Management and Design, Essen, SANAA, Tokio with Heinrich Böll, Essen, 2006

ϱ͘

dŚĞZĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ&ƵŶĐƟŽŶ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ

Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•™Š‡–Š‡”™‡…ƒ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹œ‡–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•–”—…–—”‡ ˆ”‘–Š‡‹•‹†‡‘—–„›ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡„‡‡Ƥ–ƒ†–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ž‹‡‹–Š‡‹”‡ƥ…‹‡…› ™Š‡ ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ ‘‡ ‘” ‘”‡ ˆ—…–‹‘•Ǥ ‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› •ƒŽŽ‡”Š‹‰ŠǦ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡…‘’‘‡–•ƒ”‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ—––Š‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‘„˜‹‘—•ǣ’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ‡•‹–†‹ƥ…—Ž––‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹˜‡…‘’‘‡–•‹ƒ‘’‡ƒ†ƪ‡š‹„Ž‡ƒ‡”ǤŠ‡ ‡ơ‘”–‹•Žƒ”‰‡”–Šƒ™‹–Š•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹˜‡…‘…‡’–•Šƒ˜‡ƒ‹’ƒ…–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›†‡•…”‹„‡†ǡ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡…––‡ƒ•ˆƒ…‡’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ– ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ …‘’Ž‡š‹–›Ǥ † –Š‹• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒŽ•‘ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• –Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ…ƒ†‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”› Šƒ•–‘”‡ƒ…––‘–Š‡•‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤŠ‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‘†• ‘ˆ•—„…‘–”ƒ…–••—…Šƒ•‡–ƒŽ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǡ‡Ž‡…–”‹…ƒ†•ƒ‹–ƒ”›‹93

•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘”‡ƒ…Š–Š‡‹”Ž‹‹–•Ǥ ˆǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒŠ‡ƒ–‡”‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”•‹’Ž›‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†‹–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ȋƒ†–Š‹•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›”‡“—‹”‡•…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡†‹ơ‡”‡–•—„…‘–”ƒ…–•Ȍǡ„—–‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‹–‘–Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽˆƒ­ƒ†‡•–”—…–—”‡ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ …‘’‘‡–• ‘ˆ  –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ ’”‘Œ‡…– „‡…‘‡ „Ž—””‡†Ǥ Š‹• ‹• –”—‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ’Žƒ‹‰ ’”‘…‡••ƒ†ƤƒŽ™ƒ””ƒ–›Ǥ

Figure 13 ^ĐŚĞŵĂƟĐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨĂĕĂĚĞƉŽƐƚƚŽĂ͚ƐƵƉĞƌ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚĨĂĕĂĚĞ͛

6.

Conclusion

†‡” …‡”–ƒ‹ …‹”…—•–ƒ…‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ—…–‹‘• ƒ‡• •‡•‡Ǣ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹ˆ™‡ƒ”‡†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆŠ‹‰ŠŽ› •’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ˆƒ­ƒ†‡…‘’‘‡–•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•—……‡••‘ˆ–Š‹•’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ …”‹–‡”‹ƒǣ ‡•‹‰ƒ†‰‹‡‡”‹‰ Ȉ ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡„›–Š‡†‡…‹†‹‰’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ • ‹‰ŠŽ›•‹ŽŽ‡††‡•‹‰…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ • ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•–‘ ‰‡–‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ†–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ • –‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–…‘…‡’–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹˜‡…‘’‘‡–•ǡ‡ƒ•—”‡†„› –Š‡‹”ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ˆ—–—”‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ˆ—…–‹‘••—…Šƒ•—’‰”ƒ†‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†••‡„Ž› • ‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”‡™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡–Š‘†•–Šƒ–‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘†—…–•ƒ†ǡƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ‡•—”‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†ƪ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ –Š‹•…‘–‡š–ǡ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡–Š‘†••—…Šƒ•”ƒ’‹† ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ”‡‘–‡™‘”–Š›Ǥ • Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•Ʋ•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ˆƒ…‹Ž‹ties 94

—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ”‡– Ǧ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡’”‘†—…– ‡––‡”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡–Šƒ…—””‡–’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘–‘…‘’‡•ƒ–‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Š‹‰Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘•–• Š—•ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–‘’‹…•ǣ • ‡Ƥ‹–‹‘‘ˆˆ—–—”‡ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ”‘ƒˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ǥ • ‡Ǧ…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•›•–‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Š–Š‡•‡ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•‘†—Žƒ”‹–›ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡Ǥ • ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡™ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‡–Š‘†• Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‡˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ ”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ•• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ …‘•–”—…–‹‘’”‘…‡••’”‘˜‡•–‘„‡•—……‡••ˆ—ŽǢƒ…‡”–ƒ‹†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†…‘…‡’–•™‹ŽŽƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡…‡••ƒ”›Ǥ‹–Š‘—– •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ­ƒ†‡’”‘†—…–…ƒ„‡•—……‡••ˆ—Ž‹–Š‡ƒ”‡–Ǥ

References ”‘‘‡•ǡǤȋ͕͜͝͝ȌǤŽƒ††‹‰‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ’‘ǡ‘†‘ ‡Š‘—–ǡǤȋ͕͛͝͝ȌǤ‘’‘‘ˆ‘–™‡”’‡–Š‘†‡˜‘‘”„‘—™’”‘†—…–‡‡ „‘—™…‘’‘‡–‡ǡ‡Žˆ–‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ‡Žˆ– ƒŽƒǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ‘ˆ‡”ǡǤǤǡ——”‡ǡǤ˜ƒȋ͖͔͔͗ȌŽƒ––ˆ‘”Ǧ”‹˜‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ”‘†—…– ƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǣ‹‹‰Š‡‘”›™‹–Š”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ”‘†—…– ‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ‘ŽǤ͖͔’’͕͘͝Ǧ͕͚͖ ƒ—•Žƒ†‡ǡ Ǥȋ͖͔͔͙ȌǤŽ‹ƒ‡•‹‰ǡƒŽŽ™ƒ›Ǧ‡”Žƒ‰ǡò…Š‡ ‡”œ‘‰ǡǤȋ͖͔͔͘ȌǤ ƒ••ƒ†‡–Žƒ•ǡ‹”Š¡—•‡”ǡ‡”Ž‹ ƒƒ…ǡǤȋ͕͜͝͝ȌǤ‘•–”—–‹˜‡” Žƒ•„ƒ—ǡ—†‘ŽˆòŽŽ‡”ǡڎ ƒƒ…ǡǤǡŽ‡‹ǡȋ͖͔͔͙ȌǤ ƒ••ƒ†‡’Žƒ—‰‹–›•–‡‡ǡ‡—–•…Š‡•”…Š‹–‡–‡„Žƒ––ǡ”Ǥ͕͖’’͙͝Ǧ͚͖ ƒƒ…ǡǤǡŽ‡‹ǡǤǡ‹Ž‘™ǡǤǡ—‡”ǡǤȋ͖͔͔͛Ȍ ƒ••ƒ†‡Ǧ”‹œ‹’‹‡†‡” ‘•–”—–‹‘ǡ‹”Š¡—•‡”ǡ‡”Ž‹ ‡•–‡”Ž‡ǡǤǡȋ‡–ƒŽǤȌȋ͕͝͝͝ȌǤ‘’’‡Ž•…ŠƒŽ‹‰‡ ƒ••ƒ†‡ǡƒŽŽ™ƒ›Ǧ‡”Žƒ‰ǡ ò…Š‡ Ž”‹…ŠǡǤȋ͕͙͝͝ȌŠ‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ’”‘†—…–ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡‹–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Ƥ”ǡ ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘Ž‹…›ǡ‘ŽǤ͖͘’’͕͘͝Ǧ͔͘͘

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Dr. ir. Wim Poelmanǡƒ•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–ƒ†’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰‡”ǡ ˆ‘…—•‡•‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ‡–Š‘†•ƒ†–‘‘Ž•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ –Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ǡ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›’Žƒ›•ƒ•‹‰‹Ƥ…ƒ–Ž› ”‘Ž‡ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•‹ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ǡ—ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ•‡‡• –‘„‡—†‡”‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘’‹…ǤŠ‹•…Šƒ’–‡”‰‹˜‡•ƒ•–‹—Žƒ–‹‰‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡Ǥ –‘ˆˆ‡”•–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘•‡‡–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ•™Šƒ–‹–ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›‹•Ȃƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ’”‘†—…–Ǥ

dŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞϭʹDƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘h͘<ŶĂĂĐŬĂŶĚd͘<ůĞŝŶ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘/K^WƌĞƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘ © 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.

THE FUTURE ENVELOPE AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Wim Poelman

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Chair of Product Development Faculty of Architecture ĞůŌhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ

‡ƒ†‹‡Š‡”ƒ‹ȋ͖͔͔͛Ȍǡƒ ‡”ƒƒ”…Š‹–‡…–ǡ…Žƒ‹•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—•–„‡ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹•–‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‰‘‘†”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ ˆ…‘—”•‡Š‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹•–ǡ„—–‘”‡–Šƒ–Šƒ–ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ‹•–ǤŠ‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹•–ƒ†ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ‹•– ‹•–Šƒ–ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹•–‘™••‘‡–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰™Š‹Ž‡ƒ ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ‹•–‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ‡†‹ơ‡”‡–†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ Š‡•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒŽ‹•–‹•‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ǡ™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›™‡…ƒŽ‡ƒ”•‘‡–Š‹‰ˆ”‘‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”•Ǥ‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘†‡•‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘•–Š‡›…—–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡†‰‡•ƒ†„”‡ƒ†‘™–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ǤŠ‡›™‘—Ž†‘–•–ƒ”–™‹–Š –Š‡™Š‘Ž‡—‹˜‡”•‡‘ˆƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ƒ†•‘…‹‡–›ǡ„—–™‹–Š…‘…Ž—•‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ …‘…”‡–‡ ƒ”‡– •–—†› ‘” ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‡Ƥ‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡ǤŠ‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š…‘—Ž†’‡”Šƒ’•„‡–Š‡–›’‹…ƒŽȋ„—‹Ž†‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ȍƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š˜‡”•—• –Š‡ȋƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡Ȍƒ––‹–—†‡Ǥ

Poelman + Partners

/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ

‘™†‘‡•‡™–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ȋƒ†–Šƒ–‹•™Šƒ–™‡ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽŽ›–ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—–ȌƤ†–Š‡™ƒ›‹–‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǫ •‹––Š‡‹‰‡‹‘—• ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ‘ˆ ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹•– ‘” ƒ ’Žƒ‡† •–”ƒ–‡‰› ‘ˆ Ž‹––Ž‡ •–‡’•ǫŠ‘—Ž†™‡Ž‘‘ƒ–ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ƒ•ƒƒ••‡„Ž›‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•ǫ 'ENERATIONOFALTERNATIVE POLICYFORMULATIONS

3TART 0OLICYFORMULATION

%VALUATIONANDSELECTION

0OLICY 'ENERATIONOFPRODUCTIDEAS

)DEAFINDING %VALUATIONANDSELECTION 'ENERATIONOFDESIGN SOLUTIONS

.EW0RODUCT)DEA 3TRICTDEVELOPMENT

%VALUATIONANDSELECTION 'ENERATIONOFPRODUCTION ALTERNATIVESANDMARKETING STRATEGIES

Figure 1 ZŽŽnjĞŶďƵƌŐͬEekels (1995)

0RODUCT$ESIGN 2EALISATION

%VALUATIONANDSELECTION

.EW"USINESS!CTIVITY 97

Š‹•™ƒ•ƒ„‘—––Š‡„”‹‡Ƥ‰ˆ‘”–Š‹•’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –‹•”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•ƒ ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘–‘’”‡•‡–•‘‡…‘…‡’–•ˆ‘”–Š‹‹‰ƒ„‘—––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› †‹ơ—•‹‘‹ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡Ǥ–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–‹•–Š‡ǡ„›‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”•ǡˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›—•‡†‘†‡Ž‘ˆ‘‘œ‡„—”‰Ȁ‡‡Ž••Š‘™„‡Ž‘™Ǥ –‹• ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‘–‹…‡–Šƒ–‘‘œ‡„—”‰Ȁ‡‡Ž•’ƒ›‘‡š’Ž‹…‹–ƒ––‡–‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ•’‡…–Ǥ –Š‹•‘†‡Ž –Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›’Žƒ‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹…›ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”™‹–Š‘—–Šƒ˜‹‰Ƥ”•––Š‘—‰Š–ƒ„‘—––Š‡’”‘†—…–ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘†‡Ƥ‡ ƒ’‘Ž‹…›ƒ„‘—–’”‘†—…––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤŠ‹•…‘—Ž†„‡•‘Ž˜‡†„›‹•‡”–‹‰ƒ„‘š„‡–™‡‡Dz’‘Ž‹…›ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘dzƒ†Dz‹†‡ƒƤ†‹‰dzǡ…ƒŽŽ‡† Dz–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›†‡Ƥ‹–‹‘dzǡ„—––Š‡›†‹†‘–Ǥ

Ϯ͘

/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶ process

‡›“—‡•–‹‘‹–Š‹•…‘–‡š–‹•Š‘™–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ••‡••‡–‹–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘–Š‹••—„Œ‡…–‹••…ƒ”…‡ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒˆ‡™’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•™Š‹…Š…‘—Ž†„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡™ƒ›–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ••‡••‡–…‘—Ž†„‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†Ǥ ”‘•–‡–ƒŽȋ͕͖͝͝Ȍ†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š–Š‹‹‰ƒ†–Š‹‹‰ȋ”‘„Ž‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ƒ†‘Ž—–‹‘†‡Ƥ‹–‹‘ȌǤ ”‘•–ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ––Š‹‹‰‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ …”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǡ™Š‹…Š‹••‘‡–Š‹‰‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡ˆƒ‹Ž–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡Ǥƒ›‹‰‹•—ƥ…‹‡–ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘’–Š‹‹‰Ž‡ƒ†•ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘ ”‘•–ǡ–‘ ’”‘„Ž‡•Žƒ–‡”‘‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘Ƥ†ƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ƒ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ‹–‹•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡Ƥ”•–Ǥ ”‘•–‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡†‡Ƥ‹–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ› ™‡ŽŽ„‡–Š‡‡›–‘ƒ‹’”‘˜‡†ƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ”‘„Ž‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹•ƒ—†‡”‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ǡ‹’‘”–ƒ–’Šƒ•‡‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ ‘•–†‡•‹‰’”‘Œ‡…–• ‹†‡•‹‰•…Š‘‘Ž•™‹–Š™Š‹…Š–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”™ƒ•…‘ˆ”‘–‡†ǡ–Š‡Dz’”‘„Ž‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•dz™ƒ•’‘‘”Ž›™‘”‡†‘—–Ǥ‘•–Ž›ǡ–Š‡•–—†‡–•Œ—’‡† •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ†‡ƒ†•Ǥ –‡•–™‹–ŠŠ•–—†‡–•‹ƒ†˜ƒ…‡†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰›‹‡Ž†‡†–Š‡…‘…Ž—•‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡›™‡”‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•‹’Ž‡ˆ—…–‹‘Ž‹‡ƒ†‘‘”…Ž‘•‡”ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘Ž‡–‰‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹–•‡Žˆ•—ƥ…‹‡–Ž›‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹…Š–ƒ‡’Žƒ…‡ ‹–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆƒ†‘‘”Ǥ –Š‡†‘ƒ‹‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ –Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆƪ‘™…Šƒ”–•‹•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘™”‹–‡ƒ’”‘‰”ƒǤ ”‘†—…–•‘—–•‹†‡–Š‹•†‘ƒ‹•‡‡•‹’Ž‡ǡ„—––Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–ǤŠ‡”‡ ‹••‘‡”‡ƒ•‘–‘ƒ••—‡–Šƒ–‘”‡ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘ˆ—…–‹‘ƒƒŽ›•‹• …‘—Ž†”‡•—Ž–‹ǣ Ȉ —ƒ˜ƒŽ—‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ’”‘†—…–ˆ—…–‹‘ Ȉ ‘”‡‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘™Šƒ––Š‡†‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘• 98

are Ȉ ‘”‡‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘–Š‡•‹†‡‡ơ‡…–•‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ ‘” Ƥ†‹‰ ƒ ƒ•™‡” –‘ –Š‹• ’”‘„Ž‡• ™‡ •Š‘—Ž† ‰‘ „ƒ… –‘ –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•‘ˆ†‡•‹‰ƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†‹Ƥ‰—”‡͖Ǥ

Figure 2 Fundamentals of design

–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••–™‘†‘ƒ‹•‹–‡”ƒ…–™‹–Š‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡†‘ƒ‹‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡†‘ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡‹†Ǥ‹–Š‹–Š‡†‘ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡‹†–™‘Œ—†‰‡–•ƒ”‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†ǣ–Š‡Œ—†‰‡–‘ˆ –”—–Šƒ†–Š‡Œ—†‰‡–‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ ƒ›ƒƒ”…Š‹–‡…–Šƒ•–Š‡…Šƒ…‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ…‘’Ž‡–‡‡™ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‡š‹•–‹‰ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ǧ•›•–‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ•’‡…‹Ƥ…•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡–‘„—‹Ž†ǡ –Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ†ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡Œ—•–ƒ• ƒ›‘’‹‹‘•ƒ„‘—–ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•Ǥ –Š‡†‘ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•‹†–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ ™Š‹…ŠŠ‡–Š‹•‹–ǯ•–”—‡‘”‘–Ǥ”…Š‹–‡…–•‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡‹–Š‡ •ƒ‡ –Š‹‰•Ǥ ˜‡ ‹ˆ  Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡• –Šƒ– –Š‹‰• ƒ”‡ –”—‡ǡ ‹– †‘‡• ‘– ‡ƒ –Šƒ– Š‡ Œ—†‰‡• ‹– ƒ• ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ Š‡ Œ—†‰‡– ‘ˆ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–• ƒ„‘—––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ•‘…‹‡–›ǡ†‡•‹‰‡–…ǤǤƒ›†‹ơ‡”˜‡”›—…ŠǤ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡŠ‹•Œ—†‰‡–‹•–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–‹’—–ˆ‘”ƒ†‡•‹‰ ‘ˆDz‰‘ƒŽ•dzǤ‡Ȁ•Š‡™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–Š‡Ȁ•Š‡‹•†‡•‹‰‹‰‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ„—–Š‡†‘‡•ǤŠ‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‰‘ƒŽ•…ƒ„‡’ƒ…‡†‹ƒ ’”‘‰”ƒ‘ˆ†‡ƒ†•ȋŽ‹‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”•†‘Ȍǡ†‡•‹‰•’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒ–‹‘•‘”‹ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ –…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡Œ—•–‹Š‹•‹†‘”‹ ‹—–‡•‘ˆƒ‡‡–‹‰ǤŠ‡’”‘„Ž‡‹•–Šƒ––Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‰‘ƒŽ•‹•‹ŽŽǦ †‘…—‡–‡†‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡–‹‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ†‹”‡…–‹ƪ—‡…‡ ‘–Š‡•—……‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ǥ˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡Dz†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ•dz‹•‡š…‡ŽŽ‡–Ǥ 99

‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ƒDz†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ•dz‘ˆƒˆƒ…ƒ†‡‹–‹•‡…‡••ƒ”› –‘•–ƒ”–ˆ”‘ƒ•‘Ǧ…ƒŽŽ‡†Dz…ƒ—•ƒŽ‘†‡ŽdzǤ…ƒ—•ƒŽ‘†‡Ž’”‘˜‹†‡•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Š‘™ƒ•’‡…–•ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ…ƒ—•ƒŽ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ ƒˆƒ­ƒ†‡™‹ŽŽ„‡—…Š‘”‡…‘’Ž‡š–Š‡ƒ…ƒ—•ƒŽ‘†‡Ž‘ˆƒŠ‹Ž‹’• •Šƒ˜‡”Ǥƒ›’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘‹‰‘ˆƒˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ǥ‘ ‡–‹‘•‘‡ǣ™‹†ǡ”ƒ‹ǡ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǡŠ—ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹•‹†‡ǡ—”„ƒ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ˜‹‡™‘ˆ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•™‹–Š ”‡•’‡…––‘„‡ƒ—–›ǡƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡„—†‰‡–•ǡ…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ•—’’Ž‹‡”•ǡ–”‡‡• ‹–Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†ǡ‡–…ǤǤ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ…‘’Ž‡–‡…ƒ—•ƒŽ‘†‡Ž–‘–Š‡‹” †‹•’‘•ƒŽ™Š‡†‡•‹‰‹‰ƒˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǤŠ‡‘Ž›’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‹•–‘†‡•‹‰ ‘„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ•‘Ǧ…ƒŽŽ‡†Dz’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›dzǤŠ‡›–Š‹–Š‡›–‘‘ƒŽŽƒ•’‡…–•‹…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ„—––Š‡›†‹†‘–Ǥ‡…ƒ‘–„Žƒ‡–Š‡ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–•‹„—‹Ž†‹‰—’ƒ„•–”ƒ…–‘†‡Ž•ˆ‘”ƒ†‡•‹‰…‘…‡’–Ǥ›•–‡‡‰‹‡‡”•ƒ”‡ǡ„—––Š‡›‘•–Ž›ƒ”‡‹˜‹–‡†ƒˆ–‡”ƒ†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ•‹•’”‘’‘•‡†Ǥ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” •‡––‹‰ —’ –Š‡ …ƒ—•ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž …‘‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‘ƒ‹‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ‹–›ǤŠ‡–‡”…‘•‘›‹•—•‡†„›†‡•‹‰•…‹‡–‹•–•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‡‡Ž•Ȁ‘‘œ‡„—”‰Ȍ ˆ‘” –Š‡ …‘Š‡”‡…‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ƒ †‡•‹‰‡”†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„‘—–Š‘™–Š‡†‘ƒ‹‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ‹–›ˆ—…–‹‘•ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘†‡”‹˜‡ƒ…ƒ—•ƒŽ‘†‡Žˆ”‘‹–ˆ‘”ƒ…‡”–ƒ‹ †‡•‹‰‘ˆ‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡Ƥ‰—”‡™‹ŽŽ•’‡ƒˆ‘”‹–•‡ŽˆǤ†‡•‹‰™‹ŽŽ…Šƒ‰‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›ǤŠ‹•…Šƒ‰‡™‹ŽŽ„‡Œ—†‰‡†ƒ†–Š‹•Œ—†‰‡–ƒ›Ž‡ƒ†–‘ƒ‡™ †‡•‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ•ǡƒ›„‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ †‹•–‹…–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ †‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ ‰‘ƒŽ• ƒ† †‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ‡ƒ•‹•‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡™Š‹…Š ”‘•–ƒ‡•„‡–™‡‡ ȋ’”‘„Ž‡ȌǦ–Š‹‹‰ƒ†ȋ•‘Ž—–‹‘ȌǦ–Š‹‹‰ǤǦ–Š‹‹‰Ž‡ƒ†•–‘†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ†Ǧ–Š‹‹‰–‘†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ•Ǥ ”‘•–ˆ‘—†‘—––Šƒ– †‡•‹‰‡”•–‡†–‘Ǧ–Š‹‹‰‘”‡–Š‡–‘Ǧ–Š‹‹‰ǡƒ––Š‡…‘•–‘ˆ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ †‡ ”‘‘‡„‡”‰ ™ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ƥ”•– ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”• ‹–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•™Š‘’ƒ‹†ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘Ǧ–Š‹‹‰ȋ‡–Š‘†‹…‡•‹‰ȌǤ‘™‡˜‡”Š‹••–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–™ƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ ‘Ǧ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ”‡‘”‡†‹ƥ…—Ž––‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡Ǥ ‘Ǧ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•™‡ǡƒ•†‡•‹‰‡”•ǡƒ”‡†‡’‡†‡–‘’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡ•‘…‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡ‡–…ǤǤ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘‹•–Šƒ–‘•–•—……‡••ˆ—Ž‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘”‡•—Ž– ˆ”‘ƒ‡™†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ‡™†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ•Ǥˆƒ‘—•‡šƒ’Ž‡‹•–Š‡ƒŽƒǤ ˆƒ…––Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‡š‹•–‡†Ǥ•ƒŽŽ–ƒ’‡”‡…‘”†‡”™‹–Š‡ƒ”’Š‘‡•™ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›—•‡†‹ —•‡—•ˆ‘”‰—‹†ƒ…‡‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ‘›†‡•‹‰ƒ‡™‰‘ƒŽǣŽ‹•–‡‹‰ –‘—•‹…‹–”ƒ‹•ǡ‘„‹…›…Ž‡•ƒ†‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡Ǥ 100

–™‘—Ž†„‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘•‡‡ ‡™‰‘ƒŽ•…‘—Ž†„‡†‡•‹‰‡†™‹–Šƒ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–Ǥ

3.

The funnel model

Š‡ˆ—‡Ž‘†‡Ž‘ˆ—ŽŽ‡”ȋƤ‰—”‡͗Ȍ‹•†‹”‡…–Ž›‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡”‡ƪ‡…–‹‘•ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–‹––Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡•••–ƒ”–•™‹–Š–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆƒ„ƒ•‹…•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ –Š‡„ƒ•‹… •–”—…–—”‡–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘•™Š‹…Š…‘‡‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‡†‘˜‡”ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ•—„•›•–‡•Ǥ

Figure 3 The funnel model

Š‡‡š–•–‡’‹•ƒ•–”—…–—”ƒŽ…‘…‡’–‹™Š‹…Š†‹‡•‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡•…Š‡ƒ–‹…„ƒ•‹…•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ‡”‡™‡™‹ŽŽ•‡‡–Šƒ–ƒ›‘’–‹‘•ƒ”‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ”‹–‡”‹ƒ‹›‘—”†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‰‘ƒŽ•™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’–‘•‡Ž‡…– ‘‡‘”‘”‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡†‘’–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡‡š–•–‡’‹•–‘•–—†›–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ…Š‘•‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ…‘…‡’–• ˆ‘”†‡•‹‰‹‰…‘…‡’–•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ‡”‡–Š‡ˆ‘”‰‹˜‹‰•‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–…‘‡‹Ǥƒ›…‘…‡’–•…‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡‘—–…‘‡‘ˆ–Š‹• ’Šƒ•‡ƒ†ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‹••‡Ž‡…–‹‘–Š‡…”‹–‡”‹ƒ™‹ŽŽ„‡‹†‹•’‡•ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡Žƒ•–’Šƒ•‡‹•–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…Š‘•‡…‘…‡’–Ǥ Š‡”‡‹••‘‡…”‹–‹…‹•‘–Š‹•‘†‡Ž„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘…‡••ǤŠ‹•…”‹–‹…‹•‹•‘– Œ—•–‹Ƥ‡†ǡ•‹’Ž›„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ…Š‘‹…‡ƒ›„‡’ƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‰‘ƒŽ•ǤƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ…‘•‘›…‘—Ž†”‡•—Ž–‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ–‘ †‡•‹‰ƒˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹‡Ǥ‰Ǥ’—Ž–”—•‹‘’”‘ƤŽ‡•Ǥ”‡ƒ•‘…‘—Ž†„‡–Šƒ––Š‡ 101

’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•‘–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡†›‡–ǡ‘”–Šƒ–‹–‹•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘’”‡•‡–•‘‡–Š‹‰”‡ƒŽŽ›‡™ǤŠ‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–—†‹Šƒ•…Š‘•‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ—‹—Šƒ•‘–Š‹‰–‘†‘™‹–Š–Š‡‹”†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ•Ǥ –‹• ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ”‡–‹‰Ǥ Š‡†‹ơ—•‹‘‘ˆ‡™–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡‹•‘–Œ—•–”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ †‡•‹‰Ǥ –‹•Š‘™‡˜‡””‡Žƒ–‡†–‘’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋ–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ –Š‡…Šƒ‹”ȌǤ†’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡‡†•†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•Ž‹‡ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥ

ϰ͘

ĞĮĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐŝŶƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ

—””ƒ‹ ‡– ƒŽ ȋ͕͜͝͝Ȍ ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‘‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ™‡ƒ‡••‡•™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ••‡••‡–ˆ—…–‹‘‹…‘’ƒ‹‡•ǣ Ȉ ƒ…‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ƒ”‡–‡‡†•ǡ’”‘†—…–ƒ––”‹„—–‡• ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǣ Ȉ ‡ƒ‡…Šƒ‹•–‘•—’’‘”–ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡††‡…‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰Ǥ Ȉ ƒ…‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ƒ†’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ Š‡Ƥ”•–ƒ”‰—‡–”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆƒ”‡–Ǧ’—ŽŽƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǧ’—•ŠǤ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•‘™™Šƒ–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ„—–‘™Ž‹––Ž‡ ƒ„‘—–ƒ”‡–‡‡†•ǤŠ‡ƒ”‡–‡”•‘™ƒŽŽƒ„‘—–ƒ”‡–‡‡†•ǡ „—– ‘™ ˜‡”› Ž‹––Ž‡ ƒ„‘—– ™Šƒ– ‹• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ˜‹‡™Ǥ ‹–Š‘—– …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡‹–Š‡” ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‹ —’ ‡™ ’”‘†—…– ƒ––”‹„—–‡• ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ ‡™ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹•†‹ƥ…—Ž–„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒǮ…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ’ǯƒ† †‹ơ‡”‡…‡‹Œƒ”‰‘ǤŠ‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ•ƒ‹††Ž‡ƒ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡’”‹…‹’Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•Ǥ Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘’”‘„Ž‡Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘„‡‡†‹•…—••‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ ˆ–‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›’Žƒǡ‘––‘‡–‹‘†‡Ƥ‡†‘‹–‘”‹‰–ƒ••ǤƒŽ›œ‹‰‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›†‘ƒ‹•„›—•‹‰Ǯ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–”‡‡•ǯȋ—––‡”͕͜͝͝Ȍ‹•ƒ—•‡ˆ—Ž–‘‘Žǡ™Š‹…Š‹••‡Ž†‘ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Ǥ ‘” ‹•  –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‡–™‘”Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰  •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ–  ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹•’”‡’ƒ”‡†–‘•’‡†ƒ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‘ˆƒ––‡–‹‘‘ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š •‘‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–Šƒ•‘……—””‡†ǡ–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ƒ†’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹••–‹ŽŽ†‡Ƥ…‹‡–Ǥ ƒ›…ƒ•‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• ˆ‘” ‡™ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• …‘‡ ˆ”‘ ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡–Š—•„‡…‘‡•ƒDz‡†‘ˆ’‹’‡dzƒ…–‹˜‹–›–Šƒ–‹• ‹–‡†‡† –‘ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ƒ†‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ …Š‘‹…‡•Ǥ Š‡†‡•‹‰‡”ǯ•–ƒ•‹•‹–Šƒ–…ƒ•‡Ž‹‹–‡†–‘ƒ‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǯ—•ƒ„Ž‡ǯǤ ƒ”‰‡ …‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‘•‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ …‘•—‡” ’”‘†—…–•ǡ’ƒ••‡†–Šƒ–•–ƒ‰‡•‘‡–‹‡ƒ‰‘ǡƒ†‹ƒ›…ƒ•‡•–‘102

†ƒ›•–ƒ”–™‹–Š–Š‡—•‡”Ǥ

ϱ͘

hƟůŝƚLJ͕ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJĂŶĚƵƐĂďŝůŝƚLJ

‡•—…Š…‘’ƒ›Šƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹™Š‹…Šƒ†‹•–‹…–‹‘‹•ƒ†‡„‡–™‡‡Dz—–‹Ž‹–›dzǡDzˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›dzƒ†Dz—•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›dzȋƒ‡”•ǡ ͕͔͝͝ȌǤ Š‡•‡ –Š”‡‡ ƒ•’‡…–• •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› ’”‘’– –Š”‡‡ ‡› “—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ –‹Ž‹–›ǣ  Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†–Š‡’”‘†—…–†‘ˆ‘”–Š‡—•‡”ǫ —…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›ǣ ‘™…ƒ–Š‹•„‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ˆ”‘ƒ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ’‘‹–‘ˆ   ˜‹‡™ǫ •ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǣ ‘™…ƒ™‡‡•—”‡–Šƒ–—•‡”•…ƒŠƒ†Ž‡–Š‡   –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǫ  ˆƒ…–ǡ –Š‡•‡ –Š”‡‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‡‹‡–Ž› …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹… ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘‘ˆƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡Ǥ˜‡”›†‡•‹‰‡”•Š‘—Ž†Ƥ”•–‰‘„ƒ…–‘ –Š‡ƒ•’‡…–‘ˆ—–‹Ž‹–›Ǥˆ–‡”–Š‹•…‘’Ž‡šƒ––‡”Šƒ•„‡‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†ǡ –Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›ƒ”‹•‡•Ǥ––Š‹•’‘‹–ǡ–Š‡‹˜‡–‘”›ƒ† ƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡Ǥƒ‹‰ƒ ‹˜‡–‘”›‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹’Ž‹‡•–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’‘–‡…›—•–„‡’”‡•‡–„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ •–ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–Ǥ Š‡•‡Ž‡ƒ†••Š‘—Ž†„‡•–ƒ†‹‰„›‹–Š‹•’”‘…‡••Ǥ –Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ …ƒ•‡•ǡ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡–Š‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–ǡ„—–‘ˆ•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ•—…Šƒ•‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”•ǡ‹…”‘‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…••’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–•‡–…‡–‡”ƒǤ•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹•ƒ†‹”‡…–”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ†‡ƒ†•…‘‡…–‡†™‹–ŠDz†‡•‹‰ˆ‘”ƒŽŽdzƒ†–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡– ’”‘†—…–•ǡ–Š‹•”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‹’Ž‹‡••’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„‘—–ƒ–Š”‘’‘‡–”‹…ƒŽƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ„‘—–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡”‰‘‘‹…•Ǥ

6.

Methodology for technology assessment

 ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ••‡••‡–ƒ†‡™’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰‹–‡•‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•‘‰‘‹‰™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ”‘„ƒ„Ž› Ž‡•• ™‘” ‹• …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ‹ –Š‡ Ƥ‡Ž† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ••‡••‡–ǡ„—–ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–•‘‡™‘”‹• „‡‹‰†‘‡Ǥ ”‘•–ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ‘†‡Žˆ‘”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ••‡••‡– –Šƒ–‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒƤ˜‡Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǣ Ȉ –ƒ‰‡͕ǣ•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǣ Ȉ –ƒ‰‡͖ǣ †‡–‹ˆ›‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǣ Ȉ –ƒ‰‡͗ǣŽƒ••‹ˆ›–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǣ 103

Ȉ –ƒ‰‡͘ǣ•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘Ǣ Ȉ –ƒ‰‡͙ǣ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘†‡…‹•‹‘Ǣ ‘”–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘†‡…‹•‹‘ǡ ”‘•–†‡Ƥ‡†‡‹‰Š–…”‹–‡”‹ƒǣ –‹‡ǡ…‘•–ǡ”‹•ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ˜‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ…‘”‡…‘’‡–‡…‡•ƒ†’”‘–‡…–‹‘Ǥ –™‘—Ž†„‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‘ˆ ”‘•–™‹–Š–Š‡–Š”‡‡ƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆDz—–‹Ž‹–›ǡˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†—•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›dz†‹•…—••‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‡‰‘‹‰ǤŠ‡ ”‘•–‘†‡Ž †‘‡•‘–‡š–‡†–‘‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡ƒ•’‡…–‘ˆDz—•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›dzǤ‘Ž˜‹‰—•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›’”‘„Ž‡•‹ƒ›…ƒ•‡•…ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”‹–‡•‹˜‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣŠ‡„ƒ•‹…–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘”ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡•‹ …ƒ”•™ƒ•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ››‡ƒ”•„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡Š—ƒ‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡’”‘„Ž‡•™‡”‡ˆ‘—†ǡƒ†–Š‹•…‘—Ž†„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Ǥ

ϳ͘

ŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ

–™‘—Ž†’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‡˜‡„‡†‡ˆ‡•‹„Ž‡–‘’‘•–—Žƒ–‡–Šƒ––‘†ƒ›ǡ—•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–‡”‹’‘”–ƒ…‡–Šƒˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†—–‹Ž‹–›’”‘„Ž‡•ǤŠ‹••–ƒ–‡‡–ƒ……‘”†•™‹–Š–Š‡…‘…Ž—•‹‘•‘ˆ—””ƒ‹ ȋ͕͝͝͝Ȍǡ™Š‘ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘ˆ–‡‘•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‘”…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡‹†‡ƒ•ǡ„—––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡†‹ƥ…—Ž–‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ƒ†‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹–‘’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‡ƒ––”‹„—–‡•–Šƒ––‘ǣ Ȉ ‘‘”‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ƒ†’”‘†—…– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘…‡••‡•Ǣ Ȉ ‡—‘—•Ž‹•„‡–™‡‡ƒ”‡–•‡‡†•ǡ’”‘†—…–ƒ––”‹„—–‡•ƒ† –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ȁ†‡ƒ†Ǥ ™‘„ƒ•‹…‹†•‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…‘—Ž†„‡†‡Ƥ‡†ǣ Ȉ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›™Š‹…Š‡ƒ„Ž‡•‡™ˆ—…–‹‘•ȋˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ȌǢ Ȉ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰–Š‡—•‡”–‘—•‡–Š‹•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ȋ—•ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ȌǤ

$EVELOPMENT

5SABILITY 4ECHNOLOGY

&UNCTIONALITY 4ECHNOLOGY

•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’ǡ–Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–™‘ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•…Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ—•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ 104

Figure 4 &ƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJǀĞƌƐƵƐƵƐĂďŝůŝƚLJ technology

—””ƒ‹’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ–‘‘Žǡ…‘’”‹•‡†‘ˆƒ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘„ƒǡƒ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘’”‘…‡••ƒ†ƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‰ƒŽŽ‡”›ǤŠ‹•–‘‘Žǡ…ƒŽŽ‡†ǡƒ†‡‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘ƒ••‡••‘’–‹‘•‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆƒ‰”‡‡†…”‹–‡”‹ƒǤ –Š‡’ƒ•–ǡ—…Š–‹‡ƒ†‡ˆˆ‘”–™‡–‹–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡•ˆ‘” –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ȋ‡…Š‘–‡…ǡ˜‘”‘˜‹–…Šǡ‡–…ǤȌǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡•™‡”‡Šƒ”†Ž›—•‡†„›‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”•ǤŠ‹•…ƒ„‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”•–ƒ–‡‡––Šƒ–ǡƤ”•–ƒ†ˆ‘”‡‘•–ǡ†‡•‹‰‡”• ‡‡†Ž‡ƒ†•Ǥƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡•…ƒ‘–’”‘˜‹†‡Ž‡ƒ†•ƒ†ƒ”‡‘”‡‘˜‡”‘Ž› ‘‡‘ˆƒ›†‹ơ‡”‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’Ǥ

8.

The architect as technology broker

ƒ”‰ƒ†‘‡–ƒŽȋ͕͛͝͝ȌǤ•–—†‹‡†ƒŽƒ”‰‡†‡•‹‰ƒ‰‡…›‹–Š‡ȋ Ȍ ™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›„”‘‡”•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ”‰ƒ†‘ǡƒ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›„”‘‡”Dzˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡•–”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ƒ…–‘”•Žƒ…‹‰ƒ……‡••–‘ǡ‘”–”—•–‹ǡ‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”dzǤ”‘‡”• ˆ—…–‹‘‹Dz†‹•…‘‡…–‡†‡–™‘”•dzǤŠ‡›…ƒˆ—…–‹‘ƒ•„”‘‡”• –Šƒ•–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡™‡ŽŽ…‘‡…–‡†‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡–™‘”• ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‡š–”‡‡Ž›…‡–”ƒŽ‹Œ—•–‘‡Ǥ‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”’”‘…‡••ǡƒ”‰ƒ†‘‡–ƒŽǤ†‹•–‹‰—‹•ŠƤ˜‡•–‡’•ǣ Ȉ Ȉ Ȉ Ȉ Ȉ

–‡’͕Ǥ……‡••ǡ –‡’͖Ǥ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ǡ –‡’͗Ǥ–‘”ƒ‰‡ǡ –‡’͘Ǥ‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽǡ –‡’͙ǣ—–’—–Ǥ

 Šƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ†„‘‘ˆ‘”‹–‡”ƒŽ—•‡Ǥ‹–Š ”‡•’‡…––‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹–•ƒ›•ǣDz‘”‹‰™‹–Š…‘’ƒ‹‡•‹•—…Š†‹••‹‹Žƒ”‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ•‡†‹…ƒŽ‹•–”—‡–•ǡˆ—”‹–—”‡ǡ–‘›•ƒ†…‘’—–‡”•Šƒ•‰‹˜‡—•ƒ„”‘ƒ†˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ–‡•––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†…‘’‘‡–•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡dzǤŠ‡…‘’ƒ›…‘’ƒ”‡•‹–•‡Žˆ™‹–Š †‹•‘ǯ•Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ǣDz–‘„”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƪ‘™•‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡ ”‹‰Š–‘‡–dzǤŠ‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ ‹•–‘‰‘Dzˆ”‘•‡”‡†‹’‹–›–‘•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒ……‡••dz‘ˆ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ –‡˜‡…ƒŽŽ•‹–•‡ŽˆƒDz…Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Š‘—•‡ˆ‘”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•dzǤ –‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ– ‹–”‡‰ƒ”†•Dz‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‘”›dzƒ•ƒ–Š”‡ƒ†ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘’’‘”–—‹–› ˆ‘” ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – …ƒ Š‘Ž† –Š‡ †‡•‹‰‡” –‘ ‡š‹•–‹‰ •‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ „—–‹–…ƒƒŽ•‘„”‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘•ˆ”‘‘‡†‘ƒ‹–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ†‡™ …‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ Š‡‹†‡ƒ•‘ˆ ƒ”‡…‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›ƒ„•‡–‹„‘‘•‘†‡•‹‰‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ ‘‡•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹Š‹•ˆƒ‘—•„‘‘ Dz‡•‹‰ ‡–Š‘†•dzǡ †‡˜‘–‡• ‘Ž› ‘‡ ’ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ǡƒ‡Ž›‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡•ǤŠ‡”‡‹• ‘ƒ––‡–‹‘ˆ‘”‡–™‘”‹‰ǡŽ‹•–‘”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–…Ǥ –‹••–”‹‹‰–Šƒ– 105

–Š‘—‰Š–• ƒ„‘—– –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‹ –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ’”‘†—…–†‡•‹‰ƒ”‡‘–ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†Šƒ†„‘‘•‘‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ †‡•‹‰ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ǥ ˆ …‘—”•‡ǡ ”—…‡ ”…Š‡” ‡–‹‘• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹Š‹•‘†‡Ž•ǡ„—––Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”’”‘…‡••‹–•‡Žˆ‹•‹‰‘”‡†Ǥ

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/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚĚĞƐŝŐŶ

‡•‹‰‡”• •Š‘—Ž† „‡…‘‡ ‹•’‹”‡† „› ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‹•’‹”‡† „› †‡•‹‰Ǥ ƒ †‡ ”‘‘‡„‡”‰ ȋ͕͖͝͝Ȍ …Žƒ‹• –Šƒ––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‹•‘Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡™Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”•‡ƒ…Š–”›–‘‡‡––Š‡‘–Š‡”ŠƒŽˆ™ƒ›ǤŠƒ–‹•‡…‡••ƒ”›„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ––Š‡›™‘”ˆ”‘ƒ…‘’Ž‡–‡†‹ơ‡”‡–’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ ‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ‡™ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† †‡•‹‰ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ‡™ ƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–•Ǥ  ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š DzƒƒŽ›•‹•dz ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž• ƒ† ‹ †‡•‹‰ Dz•›–Š‡•‹•dzǤŠ‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ž‡ƒ†•–‘…‘…Ž—•‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡•›–Š‡•‹•–‘†‡…‹•‹‘•Ǥ ˆƒ…–ǡƒ†‡”‘‘‡„‡”‰•Š‘™•ƒ„Žƒ…ƒ†™Š‹–‡‹ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡’Š‡‘‡‘‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ††‡•‹‰ǤƒŽ›•‹•ƒ†•›–Š‡•‹• ƒ”‡‡Ž‡‡–•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‹„‘–Š†‡•‹‰ƒ†‹”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ—•‡†‹–Š‡•›–Š‡•‹•’Šƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••ǡ•Š‘—Ž† …‘‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š„‡Ž‘‰•–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••Ǥ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ•›–Š‡•‹•‹•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆƒƒŽ›•‹•‹–‘Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•Ǥ ‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ††‡•‹‰ƒ”‡‘–™Š‘ŽŽ›—”‡Žƒ–‡†Ƥ‡Ž†•Ǥ–Š‡…‘–”ƒ”›ǣ†‡•‹‰‹…Ž—†‡•ƒ‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ™Š‹Ž‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š—‹•–ƒƒ„Ž›Šƒ•ƒ†‡•‹‰‡Ž‡‡–Ǥ

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‘–Š‡”‘†‡Ž‘ˆ˜ƒ†‡”‘‘‡„‡”‰•Š‘™•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡ƒ”‡–ǡ•…‹‡…‡ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ˜‡”›…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•Š‘™•ƒ ’—ŽŽƒ†ƒ’—•Š‡ơ‡…–ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•‹–…‘…‡”•‘™Ž‡†‰‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”Ǥƒ 106

Figure 5 dŚĞƐĐŝĞŶĐĞͬŵĂƌŬĞƚͬƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ ƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞďLJsĂŶĚĞŶ<ƌŽŽŶĞŶďĞƌŐ (1992)

STRUCTURE

GOAL

FUNCTION

FUNCTION

GOAL

STRUCTURE

DISCOVERY

AIMEDATCONCLUSIONS

Figure 6 ŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚ research, according to Van den <ƌŽŽŶĞŶďĞƌŐ;ϭϵϵϮͿ

10.

DESIGN

.EWKNOWLEDGE DISCOVERIESOF SOMETHINGNOTYET DISCOVERED

SYNTHESIS

RESEARCH

AIMEDATDECISIONS

.EWARTIFACTS MAKINGSOMETHING NOTYET MADE

INVENTION

Ž•‘‡‡Ž•ƒ†‘‘œ‡„—”‰ ȋ͕͕͝͝Ȍ•–—†‹‡†–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–‘ˆ –Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ† †‡•‹‰‹Dz‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ …‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡• ‘ˆ•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰†‡•‹‰ǣ–Š‡‹”•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•ƒ††‹ơ‡”‡…‡•dzȋ‡•‹‰ –—†‹‡•ǡ˜‘ŽǤ͕͖ǡ‘͘ǡ…–‘„‡” ͕͕͝͝ǡ’͕͛͝Ǧ͖͔͗Ȍ

ANALYSIS

͕

†‡”‘‘‡„‡”‰…Žƒ‹•–Šƒ––Š‡Ǯ’Žƒ›‡”•ǯ‹‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡„‘š‡•‡‡† –‘„‡‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹–Š‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡‘–Š‡”„‘š‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ‡ –Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”’”‘…‡••™‘”’”‘’‡”Ž›Ǥ‹”‡…–…‘–ƒ…–„‡–™‡‡ƒ”‡– ƒ†•…‹‡…‡Ȁ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹••…ƒ”…‡ǤŠ‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡”’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡–Ǥ͕

Conclusions

Š‹•’ƒ’‡”•Š‘—Ž†„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•ƒ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡–‘†‹•…—••–Š‡†‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ˆ”‘ƒƒ†‡•‹‰Ǧ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’‘‹–‘ˆ ˜‹‡™Ǥ –™‘—Ž†„‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘•‡‡‹ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†—•–‘‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹ˆƒ­ƒ†‡†‡•‹‰ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•™‡”‡ƒ‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰™ƒ•–Š‡•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–‘ˆƒ •—……‡••ˆ—Ž’”‘†—…–”ƒ‰‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ•–ƒ”–‹‰–Š‡’ƒ’‡”™‹–Šƒ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ™‘—Ž†–Š‹•–‹‡Ž‹‡–‘‡†™‹–Šƒ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǣ ’’Ž›‹‰ȋˆ‘”ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡Ȍ‡™‹•‹‰Š–•ǡ™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘’”‘†—…–‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆˆƒ…ƒ†‡•™‹ŽŽ‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž›Ž‡ƒ†–‘‡™…‘…‡’–•ˆ‘”ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š™‹ŽŽ‡‡––Š‡…‘’Ž‡š‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–•‘ˆ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ

References ”…Š‡”ǡ”—…‡ȋ͕͙͛͝ȌǤ‡•‹‰™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ†Žƒ‡†”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›‹ †—•–”›ǡ‡•‹‰…Žǡ‘†‘ǡ Ǧ͕͔ǣ͔͙͔͖͔͕͚͛͜͜ —––‡”ǡǤ ǤǤȋ͕͜͝͝ȌǤ”‘†—…–••‡••‡–ǣ‡‡—Ž’‹††‡Ž„‹ŒŠ‡– ‘”—Ž‡”‡‡‡Š‡‡”•‡˜ƒ†‡”‘†—…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡ǡŽ—™‡”ǡ‡˜‡–‡” 107

‘‘’‡”ǡ‘„‡”– Ǥȋ͖͔͔͕ȌǤ‹‹‰ƒ–‡™”‘†—…–•Ǥ͗”†‡†‹–‹‘ǡ††‹•‘Ǧ ‡•Ž‡›ǡ•–‡”†ƒǤ —””ƒ‹ǡƒ”‹“Ǥǡ ‘”„‡•Š‡‹ŽƒǤǡ”‘ƒ†ˆ‘‘–ǡŠƒ”Ž‡•Ƭƒ””‹‡ǡǤȋ͕͜͝͝Ȍǡ ƒƒ‰‹‰–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…“—‹•‹–‹‘”‘…‡••Ǥ‡…Š‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ˜‘ŽǤ͕͜ǡ”•Ǥ ͜Ȁ͝ǡ’Ǥ͙͖͗Ǧ͙͖͜Ǥ ‡‡Ž• Ǥȋ͕͖͜͝ȌǤ †—•–”‹´Ž‡‘‡Ž‘–™‹‡Ž‹‰ǡƒ ‘”—••‡Ǥ ‡‡Ž•ǡ ǤƬ‘‡ŽƒǡǤǤȋ͕͛͝͝ȌǤ”‹Ž‘‰‹‡ †—•–”‹´Ž‡”‘†—…–‘–™‹‡Ž‹‰ǡ†‡‡Ž͕–Ȁ͗Ǥ‡ƒǡ–”‡…Š–Ǥ ‡‡Ž•ǡ ǤƬ‘‘œ‡„—”‰ǡǤ ǤǤȋ͕͕͝͝ȌǡDz‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ –Š‡•–”—…–—”‡•‘ˆ•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰†‡•‹‰ǣ–Š‡‹”•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•ƒ††‹ơ‡”‡…‡•dzǤ‡•‹‰–—†‹‡•ǡ˜‘Ž͕͖ǡ‘͘ǡ’Ǥ͕͛͝Ǧ͖͔͗Ǥ ‘”„‡•ǡƒ—•Šƒ†Ƭ‹‡Ž†ǡǤȋ͖͔͔͔ȌǡDzƒƒ‰‹‰Ƭ‹–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǧˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡”•dzǡ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘Ž‹…›ǡ˜‘ŽǤ͖͝ǡ”Ǥ͝ǡ’Ǥ͕͔͙͝Ǧ͕͕͔͝Ǥ ”‘•–ǡ‹…Šƒ”†Ǥȋ͕͖͝͝ȌǤDz…‘˜‡”‰‹‰‘†‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‘…‡••ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ†…”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›ǡ–Š‡‹‰”‡†‹‡–•‘ˆ•›–Š‡•‹•dzǤ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ‰‹‡‡”‹‰‡•‹‰ǡ˜‘ŽǤ͕͗ǡ”͖ǡ’Ǥ͕͕͛Ǧ͕͖͚Ǥ ƒ”‰ƒ†‘ǡ†”‡™Ƭ—––‘ǡ‘„‡”– Ǥȋ͕͛͝͝ȌǤDz‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›”‘‡”‹‰ƒ† ‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ”‘†—…–‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹”dzǤ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡…‹‡…‡—ƒ”–‡”Ž›ǡ˜‘ŽǤ͖͘ǡ‡…‡„‡”ǡ’͕͚͛Ǧ͛͘͝Ǥ ƒ†‹‡Š‡”ƒ‹Ȃ‘–Š‡‹…Š–‡”‡Š‡”ƒ‹ǡ‡…–—”‡ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ’’Ž‹‡†…‹‡…‡‹‡–‘Ž†ǡ͔͚Ǥ—‰Ǥ͖͔͔͛

‘‡•ǡ ‘ŠŠ”‹•Ǥȋ͕͖͝͝Ȍǡ‡•‹‰‡–Š‘†•ǡ͖†‡†‹–‹‘ǡƒ‘•–”ƒ†‡‹Š‘Ž†ǡ‡™‘”Ǥ ”‘‘‡„‡”‰ǡǤǤ˜ƒ†‡Ƭ‹‡”•ǡ Ǥ Ǥȋ͕͖͝͝ȌǤDz‡–Š‘†‹•…Š–™‡”’‡dzǡ †—…ƒ„‘‡Ǥǡ—Ž‡„‘”‰ ‘”‹–ƒǡ‹‘Ǥȋ͕͚͜͝ȌǤƒ†‡‹ ƒ’ƒǣ‹‘‘”‹–ƒƬ‘›ǡǤǤ—––‘Ȁ Ž—‡ǡ‡™‘”Ǥ —ŽŽ‡”ǡǤȋ͖͔͔͕ȌǤ”†‡”ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰‹‡•‹‰ǡ‡ƒǡ–”‡…Š– ‘‡ŽƒǤǤȋ͕͔͝͝Ȍǡ–™‡”’‡”•‹†‡ †—•–”‹‡ǡƒ–Š‡ƒ— •–‹–—–‡ǡŠ‡ ƒ‰—‡ǣ ‘‡ŽƒǡǤǤȋ͕͚͝͝ȌǤ‡‘Ž˜ƒŠ‡–„‹Œ†‡ –”‘†—…–‹‡‡‘‡’ƒ••‹‰ ˜ƒ ‡••‹ǡ‡–”—˜‘‘”‹…”‘Ǧ‡Ž‡–”‘‹…ƒǡ‡‡‡†ƒƒŽǤ ‘‡ŽƒǤǤȋ͖͔͔͘Ȍ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹”‘†—…–‡•‹‰ǡ”‘…‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—•ƒ‡‘ˆ‡”‡…‡‘‘‘Ž•ƒ†‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ͖͔͔͘’Ǥ͛͗Ǧ͕͜ ‘‡ŽƒǤǤȋ͖͔͔͖Ȍ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹”‘†—…–‡•‹‰ǡ”‘…‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡—Šƒ‘ˆ‡”‡…‡‘‘‘Ž•ƒ†‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ ‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ͖͔͔͘’Ǥ ”ƒ‡ǡ ”‹–•Ƭƒ”‡˜‹••‡”ǡŽŽƒȋ‡†ǤȌȋ͕͚͝͝ȌǤ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡‹‘Ž‹–‹‡‡”•’‡…–‹‡ˆǡ‘‘ˆ†•–—͜ǡ‡–‡•…Šƒ’’‡Ž‹Œ—”‡ƒ—̵͚͚ǡ͕͚͝͝ǡ͕͔͖Ǧ͕͖͖Ǥ ƒ‡”•ǡ ‡‘”‰ǡȋ͕͙͝͝Ȍǡ –”‘†—…–‹‡…—”•—• †—•–”‹‡‡Ž–™‡”’‡ǡ‘‡Žƒ ƒ”–‡”•ǡ‡‹•– ‘‰‡”•ǡ˜‡”‡––Ǥȋ͖͔͔͗Ȍǡ‹ơ—•‹‘‘ˆ ‘˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ͙–Š‡†‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡ ”‡‡ ”‡••ǡ‡™‘”Ǥ ‘‘œ‡„—”‰ǡǤ ǤǤƬ‡‡Ž•ǡ Ǥȋ͕͙͝͝Ȍǡ †—•–”‹ƒŽ”‘†—…–‡•‹‰ǣ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•ƒ†‡–Š‘†•ǡ‹Ž‡›ǡ‡™‘”

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Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ˆƒ…ƒ†‡• ‡…‘’ƒ••‡• ƒ› †‹ơ‡”‡– ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ„‡‰‹‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡—•‡”ƒ†‡†‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡•—’’Ž‹‡”‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰••›•–‡•ǤŠ‡’”‘…‡••–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡”‡“—‹”‡•…‡”–ƒ‹™ƒ›•‘ˆ†‡…‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰Ǥ Prof. Dr. ir. Joop Hallmanˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘…‡••ˆ”‘’Žƒ‹‰–‘ƤƒŽ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹Ǥ‘™…ƒƒˆƒ­ƒ†‡’”‘†—…–—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›‡‡––Š‡‡‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘•—‡”ǫ

dŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞϭʹDƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘h͘<ŶĂĂĐŬĂŶĚd͘<ůĞŝŶ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘/K^WƌĞƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘ © 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN & ENGINEERING Accelerating change through research and education

Joop Halman

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/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ

ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ Management & Engineering Faculty of Engineering hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨdǁĞŶƚĞ

Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ …‘…‡”‹ •‘…‹‡–›–Šƒ––Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›‹•—†‡”ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰Ǥ –Šƒ•ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™’”‘Ƥ–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†‹˜‡•–•–‘‘Ž‹––Ž‡‹…ƒ’‹–ƒŽǡ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘Šƒ•ƒ’‘‘”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†•–‘•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›ƒ†–Š‡„—‹Ž–‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡ ƒ……‘—–ˆ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ‘”–›’‡”…‡–‘ˆ‡‡”‰›…‘•—’–‹‘ȋǡ ͖͔͔͖ȌǤŠ‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘•‡…–‘”ƒŽ•‘…‘•—‡•ƒ„‘—–͔͘Ψ‘ˆƒŽŽ ‡š–”ƒ…–‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†ƒ……‘—–•ˆ‘”Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ‘Ǧ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ‘Ǧ”‡…›…Žƒ„Ž‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† ™ƒ•–‡ ȋ‹„‡”–ǡ ͖͔͔͔ȌǤ Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›‹•ˆ—”–Š‡”…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†„›ƒ›‡ƒ”Ž›†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‹ •‹ŽŽ‡† …‘•–”—…–‹‘ ™‘”‡”•Ǥ † Žƒ•– „—– …‡”–ƒ‹Ž› ‘– Ž‡ƒ•–ǡ –‘‘ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›ǯ•…Ž‹‡–•ƒ”‡†‹••ƒ–‹•Ƥ‡†™‹–Š ‹–• ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ „‹–‹‘• –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‹• •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ˜‡ Ž‡† –‘ ”‡ˆ‘” ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• …‘—–”‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ•– ˆ‡™›‡ƒ”•ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰Ǥ Žƒƒ‰ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡ͖͔͔͕Ǣ‰ƒǡ͖͔͔͖Ǣ‰‡–ƒŽǤǡ ͖͔͔͘ȌǤ  ™‹†‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹’”‘˜‡‡–• ‡‡†‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡…– ’”‘…‡•• ™‡”‡ ‹†‡–‹Ƥ‡†ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ Ž‘‰Ǧ –‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ‘” ’ƒ”–‡”‹‰ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ …‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ –‡†‡”‹‰ǡ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡›‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ †‹…ƒ–‘”•ȋ •Ȍ ƒ† ‰”‡ƒ–‡” •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š ‹’”‘˜‡† Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ†…—•–‘‡”ˆ‘…—•Ǥ –•‡–•‘‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰–ƒ”‰‡–•ˆ‘”‘Ǧ –‹‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”›ǡ”‡†—…‡†…‘•–•ǡˆ‡™‡”†‡ˆ‡…–•ǡ‹’”‘˜‡†’”‘Ƥ–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†•ƒˆ‡–›ȋƒ…‹ŽŽƒǡ͖͔͔͚ȌǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‘•– ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•Šƒ˜‡’”‘˜‡–‘„‡‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ‘‡ƒ›…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡–Š‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–•ƒ•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹…”‡‡–ƒŽǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–‘ –ƒ…Ž‡–Š‡‹†‡–‹Ƥ‡†…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǡƒ‘”‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•Š‹ˆ–‹•‡‡†‡†‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ –Š‹•‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•‡…–‘”‹•†‡’‡†‡–‘ƒ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ ™ƒ›”‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ”‡—•‡†ǡˆ”‘‘Ǧ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡•–‘”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ ˆ”‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ™ƒ•–‡–‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ”‡—•‡ƒ†”‡…›…Ž‹‰ǡ ƒ†ˆ”‘’”‘†—…–•„ƒ•‡†‘Ž‘™‡•–Ƥ”•–…‘•––‘–Š‘•‡„ƒ•‡†‘ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ…›…Ž‡…‘•–•ƒ†ˆ—ŽŽ…‘•–•ƒ……‘—–‹‰ǤŠ‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘•‡…–‘”…ƒ•‡‹œ‡–Š‡—”‰‡…›–‘”‡ˆ‘”‹–•‡Žˆ–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡•‡…–‘”–‘ƒŽ•‘–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹–•†‘‹ƒ–„—•‹‡••‘†‡ŽǤŠ‹• ‡ƒ•ǡ–‘…Šƒ‰‡ˆ”‘ƒ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›†”‹˜‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡…–‘”™‹–Šƒ…Ž‡ƒ”•’Ž‹–„‡–™‡‡†‡•‹‰ƒ†”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••‡• –‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡†•‡…–‘”–Šƒ–†‡˜‡Ž‘’•ƒ† 111

”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ†…—•–‘‹œ‡†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†„—‹Ž†‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘• ˆ‘”–ƒ”‰‡–…—•–‘‡”•Ǥ Š‹•’ƒ’‡”™‹ŽŽ†‹•…—•••‘‡’”‡”‡“—‹•‹–‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ –Š‹• ‹–‡†‡† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡•• ‹ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ –™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‘–Š‡‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”…”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡Ǥ‡•‡ƒ”…Š…ƒƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡–Š‹•†‡•‹”‡† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••ǡ„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰–Š‡‡…‡••ƒ”›†‹”‡…–‹‘•ƒ† ‹•‹‰Š–• ˆ‘” •—……‡••ˆ—Ž …Šƒ‰‡Ǥ  ‡™ ƒ•–‡” ‘ˆ …‹‡…‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ‹• ’”‘’‘•‡† –‘ ‡†—…ƒ–‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ „‡––‡” “—ƒŽ‹Ƥ‡† –‘ ‡‡––Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ‘”‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›‘ˆ –‘‘””‘™Ǥ …‘–”ƒ•–™‹–Š–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰‡†—…ƒ–‹‘’”‘‰”ƒ•‹ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǡ–Š‹•‡™ƒ•–‡”’”‘‰”ƒ™‹ŽŽ’”‘˜‹†‡•–—†‡–•™‹–Š–Š‡ ”‹‰Š–‹†•‡––‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘•–Šƒ–‡‡–…—•–‘‡””‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ

2.

The voice of the customer

 ’”‹…‹’ƒŽ •Š‘”–…‘‹‰ ‹ ‘•– „—‹Ž†‹‰ …‘’ƒ‹‡• ‹• –Š‡ ƒŽ‘•– …‘’Ž‡–‡ ƒ„•‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡–‹‰ †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡Ǥ • ƒ …‘•‡“—‡…‡ǡ –Š‡”‡‹•‘…Ž‡ƒ”˜‹•‹‘ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰›ƒ„‘—–ƒ…‘’ƒ›ǯ•–ƒ”‰‡–…—•–‘‡”•ǡ –Š‡‹” ’”‘ƤŽ‡ǡ –Š‡‹” •’‡…‹Ƥ… ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ƒ† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ—–—”‡‡‡†•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰ˆ‘”…‡†–‘”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡ ‰”‘™‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‡ƒ†Ǥ‘’”‘†—…‡–Š‹•”‡“—‹”‡†˜ƒ”‹‡–›ƒ–ƒ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡…‘•–ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘™Š‘™…—•–‘‡”•’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡–†‡•‹‰ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡‹••–‹ŽŽƒŽƒ…‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡™Š‡‹–…‘‡•–‘–Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹…Š„—‹Ž†‹‰…Ž‹‡–•ƒ‡ …Š‘‹…‡•ƒ†™Šƒ–…—•–‘‡”’”‹‘”‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡‹ƒƒ••…—•–‘‹œ‡†‡˜‹”‘‡–ȋ‡ŽŽƒ‡”–ƒ†–”‡‡”•…Šǡ͖͔͔͙ȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡••Š‘—Ž†‹‹–‹ƒ–‡ƒ”‡–‹‰”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–Šƒ–ˆ‘…—•‡•‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰Š‘™’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰…Ž‹‡–•’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡–‡Ž‡‡–• ‹ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰†‡•‹‰ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’–Š‡‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ†•‡Ž‡…–‹‰ –Š‡”‹‰Š–’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘‘ˆ‘’–‹‘•–Šƒ–‡‡––Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡†‡‡†•‘ˆ –ƒ”‰‡–…—•–‘‡”•Ǥ ‘ˆƒ‡–ƒŽȋ͖͔͔͚ȌǡŠƒ˜‡…‘†—…–‡†ƒ˜‹‰‡––‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†•—”˜‡›‹–Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†• ƒ‘‰ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ „—›‡”• ‘ˆ ‡™ Š‘—•‡•Ǥ Š‡› ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†Š‘™’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ„—›‡”•‘ˆ‡™Š‘—•‡•’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡–‡Ž‡‡–••—…Šƒ•„ƒ–Š”‘‘ǡ‹–…Š‡ƒ†”‘‘ˆ–›’‡‘ˆƒŠ‘—•‡†‡•‹‰Ǥ ‡ƒ‹‘—–…‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•–—†›‹•–Š‡’”‹‘”‹–›Ž‹•–‹‰‘ˆŠ‘—•‹‰ƒ––”‹„—–‡•ƒ••Š‘™‹Ƥ‰—”‡͕ǤŠ‹•’”‹‘”‹–›Ž‹•–‹‰‹•‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•™Š‘‘ơ‡”‘”ƒ”‡…‘•‹†‡”‹‰‘ơ‡”‹‰…—•–‘‹œ‡†Š‘—•‹‰Ǥ—‹Ž†‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”•ƒ›†‡†—…–ˆ”‘–Š‹• Ž‹•–‹‰ ™Šƒ– ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ „—›‡”• ”‡‰ƒ”† ƒ• „‡‹‰ –Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– Š‘—•‹‰ƒ––”‹„—–‡•™‹–Š‹…—•–‘‹œ‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•’”‹‘”‹–›Ž‹•–‹‰ ™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’„—‹Ž†‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”•‹–Š‡‹”†‡…‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‹‰Š– „ƒŽƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›ȋ•—…Šƒ•†‹ơ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ„ƒ–Š”‘‘•ǡ 112

‹–…Š‡• ƒ† ”‘‘ˆ –›’‡•Ȍ –‘ „‡ ‘ơ‡”‡† ˜‡”•—• –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡ƒ†’”‘†—…‡ƒ–ƒ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡…‘•–ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š’‡‘’Ž‡‹‰‡‡”ƒŽ ’”‡ˆ‡”–‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘•‡Ž‡…–ˆ”‘‘’–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ„‡ Ž‡••‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹ˆ•—…Š‘’–‹‘•ƒŽ•‘‡ƒƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†’”‹…‡Ǥ•‡…‘†’”‹…‹’ƒŽ…‘–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ‘ˆƒ‡–ƒŽȋ͖͔͔͚ȌŠƒ• „‡‡–Š‡†‹•…‘˜‡”›‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‡ζ‘ơ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•„‡–™‡‡…—•–‘‡” ˜ƒŽ—‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‹…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡† †‹‡•‹‘• ‘ˆ Š‘—•‹‰ ƒ––”‹„—–‡•Ǥ Š‡ †‹ơ‡”‡…‡ „‡–™‡‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† …—•–‘‡” ˜ƒŽ—‡ ƒ† ’”‹…‡…ƒ„‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹…‡–‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡…—•–‘‡”–‘ „—›Ǥ‘‘—–’‡”ˆ‘”…‘’‡–‹–‘”•ǡ‹–‹•’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ–Š‘—•‡„—‹Ž†‡”• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ•–”ƒ–‡‰›‘ˆƒš‹‹œ‹‰–Š‹•†‹ơ‡”‡…‡ǤŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ •–—†›‘ˆ‘ˆƒ‡–ƒŽ…‘…‡”•–Š‡…‘—–”›•’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ’”‹‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‡‹‰Š–“—‡•–‹‘–‘™Šƒ–‡š–‡––Š‡”‡•—Ž–•™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘„‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡‹‘–Š‡”…‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ‡’‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘—–•‹†‡Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•™‘—Ž†”‡˜‡ƒŽ–‘™Šƒ–‡š–‡–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ„—›‡”•‘ˆ‡™Š‘—•‡•‹ ‘–Š‡”…‘—–”‹‡•†‹ơ‡”‹’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‹‰ƒ––”‹„—–‡•‹Š‘—•‡†‡•‹‰ǤŠ‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š –Šƒ– ‘ˆƒ ‡– ƒŽ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† …‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ‘–Š‡”•‡‰‡–•‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›Ǥ Relative importance 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Type of kitchen Sanitairy facilities (type and colour bath, w ashbasin, toilet) Tiling (type and colour) Floor finish (parquet, carpet, tiles) Interior w alls (w allpaper, stucco) Telecommunication (telephone, internet, television) Position kitchen Type, number and position sockets and sw itches Length and w idth living room Number of bedrooms Type of heating (floor / w all) Choice in roofing construction (dormer, terrace) Façade back (bay, position w indow s) Façade front (bay, position w indow s) Position bathroom

Housing attribute

Position w ashbasins Inner casements and doors Depth house

Heating system (boiler, w ater heater) Door hardw are (type of locks and latches) Casing (material, free of maintenance) Position toilet Choice in type of roof Position innerdoors Number of bathrooms and toilets Position w atertaps (cold and w arm) Façade finish (masonry, w ood) Plot layout Parking facilities Width house Roofing finish (type and colour roofing tiles)

Figure 1 ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞƐ͗ZĞůĂƟǀĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞĨŽƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůďƵLJĞƌƐ (Hofman et al, 2006)

Type security system Playground and green area Extra (solar system) Pavement

113

ϯ͘

WƌŽĚƵĐƚƉůĂƞŽƌŵƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĨĂŵŝůLJĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ

‹’‘”–ƒ–…‘•‡“—‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡†–‘‘ơ‡”ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‘’–‹‘• ƒ† ‡Ž‡‡–• ˆ”‘ ™Š‹…Š …—•–‘‡”• …ƒ •‡Ž‡…– –Š‡ ‘‡ –Šƒ– „‡•– ‡‡–•–Š‡‹”‡‡†•‹•–Šƒ–„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘’ƒ‹‡•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘„‡…‘‡ …ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ˆ‘” ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰ ‘’–‹— „ƒŽƒ…‡• „‡–™‡‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —•–‘‡”Ǧˆ‘…—•‡† †‡•‹‰ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ …”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…– ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• •Šƒ”‹‰ …‘‘‘†—Ž‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ƒ”‡”‡…‡‹˜‹‰™‘”Ž†™‹†‡‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ  ‹†—•–”‹‡• ƒ• †‹˜‡”•‡ ƒ• ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…•ǡ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ ƒ—–‘‘„‹Ž‡ ƒ† †‘‡•–‹… ƒ’’Ž‹ƒ…‡•ǡ ‘†—Ž‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ’”‘†—…– ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”• Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ’”‘˜‡†•—……‡••ˆ—Žȋ‡›‡”ƒ†‡Š‡”†ǡ͕͛͝͝Ǣ‡›‡”‡–ƒŽǡ͕͛͝͝ǢƒŽ˜ƒ†‘”‡–ƒŽǤǡ͖͔͔͖ǢŽ”‹…Šǡ͕͙͝͝ȌǤ –‹Ž ”‡…‡–Ž›ǡ ‘ •›•–‡ƒ–‹… ‡–Š‘†• ™‡”‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›ˆ‘”‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‘†—Ž‡•ƒ†’”‘†—…– ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡” ƒ ‡™ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ˆ‘” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ’”‘†—…– ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•‹–Š‡•’‡…‹Ƥ…‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘—•‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›‹•‘™ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ȋ‡‡•–”ƒ‡–ƒŽǡ͖͔͔͚ȌǤŠ‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‹•‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ• „‡‡–‡•–‡†ƒ–ƒ—–…ŠŠ‘—•‡„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘’ƒ›Ǥ –Š‹••–—†›ǡ–Š‡ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† ‹–• ƒ††‡† ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‹ †‡–‡”‹‹‰ ™Š‹…Š ‘†—Ž‡•–‘•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡ƒ††‡Ƥ‹‰ƒ’”‘†—…–’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ȋ•‡‡Ƥ‰—”‡ ͖ȌǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‘Ž›–Š‡Š‘—•‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›Šƒ•„‡‡–Š‡ˆ‘…—•‹ –Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡƒ•‹•–Š‡…ƒ•‡™‹–Š–Š‡‘ˆƒ‡–ƒŽȋ͖͔͔͚Ȍ•–—†›ǡ‘‡ ‹‰Š–ƒŽ•‘…‘•‹†‡”‡š–‡†‹‰–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ‹…‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”‹‡••—…Šƒ•–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†…‘•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆ‘ƥ…‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”—–‹Ž‹–›„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ

4.

Organizing the supply chain

ˆƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘’ƒ›†‡…‹†‡•–‘ƒ’’Ž›ƒ‘†—Žƒ”Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ’”‘†—…–’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘• ƒ–ƒ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡…‘•–•ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘‡‡†–‘†‡…‹†‡™Š‹…Š’ƒ”–•–Š‹•…‘’ƒ›™‹ŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ†Ȁ‘”ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡‹ǦŠ‘—•‡ƒ†ˆ‘”™Š‹…Š’ƒ”–• †‡•‹‰ƒ†Ȁ‘”ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡‘—–•‘—”…‡†–‘‡š–‡”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ•—’’Ž‹‡””‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’‘–‘Ž›†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘””‡•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’ƒ› …‘…‡”‡†ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‘–Š‡—‹“—‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‘†—Ž‡‘”…‘’‘‡– –Šƒ–ƒ•—’’Ž‹‡”‹‰Š–‘ơ‡”ƒ†‘–Š‡”‡Ǧ—•‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‘†—Ž‡‘”…‘’‘‡–‹–Š‡’”‘†—…–ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ›–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ•—’’Ž‹‡”‡–™‘”•Ǥ ƒ…‡–”ƒŽ‹•‡† ‡–™‘”ǡ•—’’Ž‹‡”•ƒ”‡–‹‡†–‘ƒŽ‡ƒ†Ƥ”ǤŠ‹•Ž‡ƒ†Ƥ”†‡ƒ†• Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”•‘ˆ’ƒ”–•ˆ”‘‹–••—’’Ž‹‡”•ƒ†ƒ•ƒ…‘•‡“—‡…‡‘ˆˆ‡”• •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ •ƒŽ‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡ •—’’Ž›‹‰ Ƥ”•Ǥ Š‡ Ž‡ƒ† Ƥ” Šƒ• –Š‡’‘™‡”–‘†‡–‡”‹‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ƒ†‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘†—Ž‡•ƒ†…‘’‘‡–•Ǥšƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–›’‡•‘ˆŽ‡ƒ† Ƥ”•‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›ƒ”‡Š‘—•‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”••—…Šƒ•‡114

‹•—‹ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—•‡ǡƒ‹™ƒƒ†‘›‘–ƒ‘‡•ȋ ƒǡ͕͚͝͝ȌǤ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ …‘’ƒ‹‡• ‡˜‘Ž˜‡† ˆ”‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ …”ƒˆ– Š‘—•‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ „—– ™‡”‡ •–ƒ”–‡† „› Žƒ”‰‡ …‘‰Ž‘‡”ƒ–‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™‡”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‹˜‡•–Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›‹ˆƒ…–‘”›ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†ƬǤŽŽ–Š‡•‡–›’‡‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰ Ƥ”•‡’Ž‘›•‡˜‡”ƒŽŠ—†”‡†‘ˆ•…‹‡–‹•–•ǡ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡ‡”‰‘‘‹•–•ǡƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”•Ǥ ƒ†‡…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†‡–™‘”ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‹•…ƒŽ‡‘ˆ†‡ƒ†ǡ‹–‹•Šƒ”†–‘ˆ—…–‹‘

Module specification Core

Floor plan

Structure

Traffic Space

Extension modules

Built-in modules

Extension Living room

Bathroom

Garage

Kitchen

Storage

(Bed)room

Bay window Dormer Finishes Figure 2 džĂŵƉůĞŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ hierarchy of modules (Veenstra et al, 2006)

Exterior (building style)

Interior

115

ƒ•ƒŽ‡ƒ†Ƥ”ƒ†‡š–”‡‡Ž›†‹ƥ …—Ž––‘‹’‘•‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ —’’Ž›‹‰Ƥ”•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘‡‡––Š‡‡‡†•‘ˆ†‹˜‡”•‡…Ž‹‡–•ƒ† ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡”‡Ž—…–ƒ––‘ƒ†ƒ’––Š‡‹”’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡–‘–Š‡•’‡…‹ˆǦ ‹…‡‡†•‘ˆ‘‡•’‡…‹Ƥ……Ž‹‡–Ǥ•ƒ…‘•‡“—‡…‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•…ƒ‘Ǧ Ž›„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••‹™Š‹…Š•—’’Ž‹‡”• ƒ†ƒ••‡„Ž‡”•Œ‘‹–Ž›’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡ƒ†”‡…‘‰‹œ‡„‡‡Ƥ–•–‘•–ƒ†Ǧ ƒ”†‹œ‡•’‡…‹Ƥ…‡Ž‡‡–••—…Šƒ•‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡–‡ŽǦ ‡‡–• ‘” ‘†—Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ  •‹‹Žƒ” ’”‘…‡•• Šƒ• –ƒ‡’Žƒ…‡‹–Š‡’ƒ•–‹–Š‡‹–…Š‡‹†—•–”›™Š‡”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”•‘ˆ •›•–‡• ˆ‘” ‹–…Š‡• —–—ƒŽŽ› ƒ‰”‡‡† ‘ •–ƒ†ƒ”† †‹‡•‹‘• ˆ‘” ‹–…Š‡…—’„‘ƒ”†•ǡˆ‘”†‹•Š™ƒ•Š‡”•ǡ‹…”‘™ƒ˜‡•‡–…ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹• –Šƒ–‹Ƥ‹–‡…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‘’–‹‘•ˆ‘”‹–…Š‡•›•–‡†‡•‹‰•…ƒ„‡ …”‡ƒ–‡†™Š‹Ž‡—•‹‰–Š‡•–ƒ†ƒ”††‹‡•‹‘•ƒ‰”‡‡†‘ǤŠ‡„—‹Ž†Ǧ ‹‰‹†—•–”›™‘—Ž†‰”‡ƒ–Ž›„‡‡Ƥ–‹ˆ•—’’Ž›‹‰ƒ†ƒ••‡„Ž‹‰’ƒ”Ǧ –‹‡•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‰”‡‡‘•‡––‹‰…‡”–ƒ‹•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•’‡…‹ˆǦ ‹…‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡•„‡–™‡‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‡Ž‡‡–•ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ –‘‘Ž•‡–…Ǥ – ™‹ŽŽ†‡’‡†‘–Š‡‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ„—•‹‡••…Šƒ’‹‘•‹–Š‹••‡…–‘” –‘™Šƒ–‡š–‡–‘’–‹‘•–‘ƒ‰”‡‡ƒ†•‡––Ž‡ˆ‘”…‡”–ƒ‹•–ƒ†ƒ”†•™‹ŽŽ „‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†•—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›Ǥ

Figure 3 Centralized versus decentralized network (Langlois and Robertson, 1992)

ϱ͘

^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚ/ŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶ

–Š‡‹–”‘†—…–‹‘’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”™‡Šƒ˜‡•–”‡••‡†–Š‡‡‡†–‘ †”ƒ•–‹…ƒŽŽ›…Šƒ‰‡–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›‹–‘ƒ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ ‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”–‘–Š‡™ƒ›ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡Ǧ •‘—”…‡•ƒ”‡—•‡†ǡ„‘–Š‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹‘’Šƒ•‡‘ˆ„—‹Ž†Ǧ ‹‰•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹–Š‡‹”‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘’Šƒ•‡Ǥ‘ˆƒ”ǡ…‘•–”—…–‹‘‹•—•—Ǧ ƒŽŽ›…Žƒ••‹Ƥ‡†ƒ•ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘”Ž‘™Ǧ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›•‡…–‘”™‹–ŠŽ‘™Ž‡˜Ǧ ‡Ž• ‘ˆ ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡ ‘ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ •—…Š ƒ•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋǡ͖͔͔͔Ǣ‡ƒ†‡ƒ†ƒ•‡ƒ—ǡ ͖͔͔͕ȌǤŠ‡ƒ‹†”‹˜‡”•‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹Ǧ †—•–”›ƒ”‡•‡‡–‘„‡‡™…‘’‘‡–•‹–”‘†—…‡†„›•—’’Ž‹‡”•–‘ –Š‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ‡‹…Š•–‡‹‡–ƒŽȋ͖͔͔͙ȌŠ‘™‡˜‡”ƒŽ•‘†‹•…—••ƒ•‡”‹‡• 116

‘ˆ …ƒ•‡ •–—†‹‡• ‹ ™Š‹…Š …‘•–”—…–‹‘ Ƥ”• •Š‘™‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ •—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ‡ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡƒƒ‰‡”‹ƒŽ‘” –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•–‘ ‘˜‡”…‘‡ –Š‡ Ž‹‹–• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ ‡•‹†‡••—’’Ž‹‡”•ƒ†…‘•–”—…–‹‘Ƥ”•ǡƒŽ•‘‰‘˜‡”‡–…ƒ’Žƒ› ƒ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ •–‹—Žƒ–‹‰ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘˜‡”‡– …‘—Ž† ‹’”‘˜‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘„›‡‹–Š‡”•–‹—Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•…‘’‡–‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰˜ƒ”‹‘—•…‘’‡–‹‰ ’”‘†—…–• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋƒ‡”–‡Ž‹‰ ‡– ƒŽǡ ͖͔͔͜ȌǤ

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^LJƐƚĞŵŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ

Š‡•—„Œ‡…–‘ˆ‹–‡”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡”‡…‡‹˜‹‰ƒ––‡–‹‘‹–™‘Ƥ‡Ž†•‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋ—––‡ ‡–ƒŽǡ͖͔͔͛ȌǤ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ‹…‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡•…Š‘Žƒ”• Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–‹–‹•‹–‡”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ…”‘••’”‘Œ‡…– „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ‹ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ǡ –Šƒ– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹ …‘•–”—…–‹‘‹†—•–”›ȋ‡™‹…Ƭ‹‘œœ‘ǡ͖͔͔͘Ǣ‘”‡±Ƭ‘Ž‡ǡ͖͔͔͘Ǣ ‘Ž‡‡–ƒŽǤǡ͖͔͔͙Ǣ‹‘œœ‘Ƭ‡™‹…ǡ͖͔͔͘ȌǤŽ‘•‡ƒ†•–ƒ„Ž‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••ǡ •—…Š ƒ• …‘–”ƒ…–‘”•ǡ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•ǡ ‡‰‹‡‡”•ǡ •—’’Ž‹‡”•ǡ …Ž‹‡–•ǡ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–‹–—–‡•ƒ†‰‘˜‡”‡–„‘†‹‡•ǡƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–…Ž‘•‡ƒ†•–ƒ„Ž‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡•Šƒ”‹‰‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ†”‹••Ǥ‡…‘†Ž›ǡ‹Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘…‘’Ž‡š’”‘†—…–•›•–‡•‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ•…Š‘Žƒ”•ˆ‘…—•‘–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ•›•–‡•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‘”•‹–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••Ǥ›•–‡•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‘”•’‡”ˆ‘”ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’”‘Ž‡‹‹–‡”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡› ƒ†† ˜ƒŽ—‡ –Š”‘—‰Š •›•–‡• ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǣ–Š‡›‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡…‘’‘‡–•ǡ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡ˆ”‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹–‘ƒ—‹Ƥ‡†’”‘†—…–‘”’”‘†—…– ˆƒ‹Ž›–Šƒ–‡‡–••’‡…‹Ƥ……—•–‘‡”‡‡†•Ǥ‘†‘•‘ǡ•›•–‡•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‘”••‡–—’ƒ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…‡–™‘”‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ†…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰†‹•’‡”•‡†”‡•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡–™‘”‡„‡”•Ǥ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰‹–•”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‹–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••ǡ–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ•›•–‡•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‘”•‹••–‹ŽŽƒ—†‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡† –‘’‹…‹–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†‡‡†•ˆ—”–Š‡”‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

7.

New models for business development in the building industry

‡…‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–••—…Šƒ•‡™•›•–‡•‘ˆ’”‘…—”‡‡–ƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† …‘–”ƒ…–• ”‡“—‹”‡ ƒ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ •–‹ŽŽ †‘‹ƒ– …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› †”‹˜‡„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›Ǥ‘•–ƒ›…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ǡ …‘’ƒ‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ ‡‡† –‘ …Šƒ‰‡ –Š‡‹” ‹† •‡– –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ „—•‹‡•• 117

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘”‹‡–ƒ–‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•ƒ†‡Ƥ‹–‡ˆƒ”‡™‡ŽŽ‘ˆ –Š‡‘‡Ǧ‘ˆǦƒ‹†–›’‡‘ˆ’”‘Œ‡…–•ǡ•’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒŽŽ›†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ†”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘–Š‡”‡“—‡•–‘ˆƒ•‹‰—Žƒ”…Ž‹‡––‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒˆƒ‹Ž›‘ˆ †‹ơ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡†„—‹Ž†‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘‡‡––Š‡•’‡…‹Ƥ…‡‡†•‘ˆ–ƒ”‰‡– …—•–‘‡”•Ǥ –Š‡…‘‹‰›‡ƒ”•†‹ơ‡”‡–„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž•™‹ŽŽ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‡‡”‰‡‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›Ǥ‡•‹‰‘”‹‡–‡†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…ƒ „‡‘ˆŠ‡Ž’–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡™Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡•—……‡••ˆ—Ž„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž•–‘ ƒ’’Ž›‰‹˜‡•’‡…‹Ƥ……‘–‡š–•‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡…–‘”Ǥ

8.

Towards a new Master in Industrial Building systems Design and Engineering

Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡…–‘”‹•…Šƒ‰‹‰‹–••…‘’‡ˆ”‘Ǯ†‡•‹‰ˆ”‘•…”ƒ–…Šǯ –‘™ƒ”†•ƒ••…—•–‘‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ‘†—Ž‡•ƒ†•—„•›•–‡• ƒ”‡‘”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›’”‡ˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡†‹ˆƒ…–‘”‹‡•‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ…‘•–”—…–‡†‘Ǧ•‹–‡ȋ•‡‡Ƥ‰—”‡͘ȌǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ…—””‡–ƒ•–‡”’”‘‰”ƒ•‹ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡•–‹ŽŽˆ‘…—•‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‘‡Ǧ‘ˆǦƒǦ‹†‘„Œ‡…–•Ǥ–—†‡– ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•ƒŽ•‘–‘‘‘ˆ–‡‡””‘‡‘—•Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡›™‹ŽŽ Žƒ–‡” ’Žƒ› ƒ Dz”‹ƒ ‘ƒdz ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ’”‘…‡••Ǥ –—†‡–• ™Š‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ ƒ ƒ•–‡” ’”‘‰”ƒ ‹ †—•–”‹ƒŽ ‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ–‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ –Š‡”‹‰Š–‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹†•‡–„—–Žƒ…–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„‘—– „—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Š‡…‘–‡–‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„‘—–•—„Œ‡…–• •—…Šƒ•„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰’Š›•‹…•ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ †‹ơ‡”‡––›’‡‘ˆƒ•–‡”‘ˆ…‹‡…‡’”‘‰”ƒ–‘‡†—…ƒ–‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡„‡––‡”“—ƒŽ‹Ƥ‡†–‘‡‡––Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ•‡† ˆ‘”‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›‘ˆ–‘‘””‘™ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ•–‡”•–—†‡–•™‹ŽŽ „‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‡•‹‰„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘’‘‡–•ƒ†•›•–‡•ˆ”‘ƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ †‡•‹‰ ƒ† ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒŽ•‘ –ƒ‹‰ ‹–‘ ƒ……‘—–…‘•–ƒ†Š—ƒƒ•’‡…–•ƒ†…—•–‘‡”‡‡†•ƒ‘‰™Š‹…Š ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…•ƒ†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡Ǥ †—•–”‹ƒŽ—‹Ž†‹‰•›•–‡•‡•‹‰ƒ†‰‹‡‡”‹‰ȋ Ȍ…‘…‡”• –Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡™„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘’‘‡–•‘”‡™„—‹Ž†‹‰•›•–‡• ȋƒ •‡– ‘ˆ ‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡† …‘’‘‡–•Ȍ ƒ† ƒ††• –‘ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ƒ•–‡”’”‘‰”ƒ•‘ˆ †—•–”‹ƒŽ‡•‹‰–Šƒ–’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ˆ‘…—•‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† …‘•—‡” ’”‘†—…–•Ǥ —‹Ž†‹‰ …‘’‘‡–•ƒ”‡‘•–Ž›„—•‹‡••Ǧ–‘Ǧ„—•‹‡••’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ„—‹Ž†‹‰• ‘” •–”—…–—”‡• ƒ• ƒ ™Š‘Ž‡ …ƒ •‘‡–‹‡• ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† ƒ• …‘•—‡”’”‘†—…–•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ„—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ”‡‘–Œ—•–’”‘†—…–•–‘ „‡—•‡†„—–ƒŽ•‘‘„Œ‡…–•ˆ‘”‹˜‡•–‡–•Ǥ‘‰Ž‹ˆ‡–‹‡•‡š…‡‡†‹‰ ͔͘›‡ƒ”•ƒ†Žƒ”‰‡•‹œ‡•‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•ˆ‘”–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡…–‘”ǡƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ †‹ơ‡”‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–Šƒƒ’’Ž‹‡†›‡––‘…‘‘…‘•—‡”’”‘†—…–•Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ ƒ•’‡…–• •—…Š ƒ• …‘•–•ǡ Ž‘‰ –‡” “—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ …—•–‘‹œƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ǡƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›™‹ŽŽ’Žƒ›ƒ‘–Š‡””‘Ž‡‹–Š‡’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘…‡••Ǥ

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‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ „—‹Ž†‹‰ •‡…–‘”ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’”‘…‡••‹•‘•–Ž›ƒ—Ž–‹Ǧ†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒ†—Ž–‹Ǧ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”’”‘…‡•• ‹ ™Š‹…Š ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ …Ž‹‡– …ƒ‘– „‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† ‡ƒ•‹Ž›Ǥ ‘ ‡‡– –Š‡ ‡™”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ˆ‘”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•™Š‘™‹ŽŽƒ…–‹ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡…–‘” ‹–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ•–—†‡–•‡‡†–‘‰‡–‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•–—†›ƒ†™‘” ‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ‹–‘’‹…•ǣ Ȉ —‹Ž†‹‰•›•–‡•†‡•‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘•ȋƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…•ǡ‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ǡ•›•–‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ Ȉ —•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ȋ‡‡”‰›ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•”‡Žƒ–‡† •—„Œ‡…–•Ȍ Ȉ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰†‡•‹‰ȋŠ‘™–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†•›•–‡•ƒ– ƒ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡…‘•–•Ȍ Ȉ —‹Ž†‹‰’”‘…‡••†‡•‹‰ȋŠ‘™–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡–Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘…‡••‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ†‡ƥ…‹‡–Ž›Ȍ Ȉ †—•–”‹ƒŽƒ”‡–‹‰ȋ–ƒ‹‰…—•–‘‡”’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ƒ•†‡•‹‰ †”‹˜‡Ȍƒ†‘•–ƒƒ‰‡‡–

Figure 4 džĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨĨĂďƌŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŵŽĚules and subsystems (NCC and Burggraaf)

9.

Future professionals in façade development

†—…ƒ–‹‘…ƒƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†…Šƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”‹ –Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡…–‘”Ǥ‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ǡ–Š‡–‘’‹…‘ˆ –Š‡•›’‘•‹—ƒ––Š‡ ƒ…—Ž–›‘ˆ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǡ–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ•–‡” ’”‘‰”ƒƒ›‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‹…Ž—†‡ƤƒŽƒ••‹‰‡–•–Šƒ–…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–—†‡–• –‘…”‡ƒ–‡‡™–›’‡•‘ˆˆƒ…ƒ†‡•–Šƒ–‡‡––Š‡‡™”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰ˆ”‘ƒƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™ „—––Šƒ–…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡’”‘†—…‡†‹ƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•‡––‹‰Ǥ™‘‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆƤƒŽƒ••‹‰‡–•‹ˆƒ­ƒ†‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––Šƒ–‘‡‹‰Š––Š‹‘ˆ ƒ”‡ǣ ͕Ǥ ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‘’–‹‘•–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡•›•–‡•‹ Žƒ••ˆƒ…ƒ†‡• ›’‡‘ˆƤ”ǣ—’’Ž‹‡”‘ˆ Žƒ••ˆƒ…ƒ†‡• ‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ††‡•‹‰ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•–‘„‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ”‡ǣ  ȈƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‡•›•–‡• •ƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆˆƒ…ƒ†‡• •ƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘’–‹‘• •›•–‡†‡•‹‰ƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡• †”‡•—Ž–ǣ‹‰Š–‡…Š‡™ˆƒ…ƒ†‡

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͖Ǥ ‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†”‘‘ˆ•›•–‡„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ†˜ƒ…‡†•‘Žƒ” –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ›’‡‘ˆƤ”ǣ—’’Ž‹‡”‘ˆ”‘‘ˆ•›•–‡• •ƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ•‘Žƒ”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›•›•–‡• •ƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ”‘‘ˆ•›•–‡• •‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†•›•–‡„ƒ•‡†‘…ƒ•‡  •–—†›†‡•‹‰ •˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡’”‘ǯ•ƒ†…‘ǯ• •‡˜‡Ž‘’’”‘†—…–’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ†’”‘†—…–”ƒ‰‡ †”‡•—Ž–ǣ‡•‹‰‘ˆƒDz’‘™‡””‘‘ˆdzǤ

10.

Conclusion

‘ ‡‡– –Š‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‘ˆ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•Š‹ˆ–‹•”‡“—‹”‡†‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›Ǥ‘•–ƒ›…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ǡ „—‹Ž†‹‰Ƥ”•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘ƒ†‘’–‡™‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž•Ǥ—•–‘‹œ‹‰„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘…‡’–•ǡ•–ƒ„Ž‡’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•ǡ•›•–‡•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ …”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…– ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”• ƒ† ’”‘†—…– ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• ƒ”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰”‡†‹‡–•–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡–Š‡•‡‡™„—•‹‡••‘†‡Ž•Ǥ‘ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡’”‘…‡••–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ† ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•‡…–‘”•–—†‡–•™‹–Šƒ†‹ơ‡”‡–’”‘ƤŽ‡‹‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ

References ƒ‡”–‡Ž‹‰ǡ ǤǤǡƒŽƒǡ Ǥ ǤǤƒ†‘”±‡ǡǤ Ǥȋ͖͔͔͜Ȍ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‘‡”…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‹”‘ƒ†‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ǣŠ‘™‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒơ‡…–•–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ƒ’’”‘’‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ”‘†—…– ‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ •’‡…‹ƒŽ‹••—‡‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ȋˆ‘”–Š…‘‹‰ȌǤ ‡ŽŽƒ‡”–ǡǤ ǤǤƒ†–”‡‡”•…ŠǡǤȋ͖͔͔͙Ȍƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ••Ǧ…—•–‘‹œ‡† ’”‘†—…–•ǣ•–”‹‹‰ƒ„ƒŽƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡—–‹Ž‹–›ƒ†…‘’Ž‡š‹–›ǡ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ”-

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‡–‹‰‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ͖͘ǣ͖͕͝Ǧ͖͖͛Ǥ ‡™‹…ǡǤǡƒ†‹‘œœ‘ǡǤȋ͖͔͔͘ȌǤ‡–™‘”•ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǣ—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹•…‘––‹•Š•‘…‹ƒŽŠ‘—•‹‰ǤƬƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ͗͘ȋ͗Ȍǣ͖͗͗Ǧ͗͗͗Ǥ ‘”‡±ǡǤ ǤǡƬ‘Ž‡ǡǤȋ͖͔͔͘ȌǤ…Š‹‡˜‹‰–Š‡—Ž‹‡Ž›ǣ ‘˜ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡ Ž‘‘•‡Ž›…‘—’Ž‡†…‘•–”—…–‹‘•›•–‡Ǥ‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†…‘‘‹…•ǡ͖͖ȋ͜Ȍǣ͖͛͜Ǧ͗͜͜Ǥ ‰ƒǡ Ǥȋ͖͔͔͖Ȍ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‰…Šƒ‰‡ǡƒ”‡’‘”–„›–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…ƒƒ‰‡‡– ˆ‘”—ˆ‘”…‘•–”—…–‹‘…Šƒ‹”‡†„›‹” ‘Š‰ƒǡ‘•–”—…–‹‘ †—•–”› ‘—…‹Žǡ‘†‘Ǥ —”‘’‡ƒ…‘—…‹ŽȋȌ͖͔͔͖‡”‰›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡„—‹Ž†‹‰†‹”‡…–‹˜‡ȋȌǡ ‹”‡…–‹˜‡͖͔͔͖Ȁ͕͝Ȁ‘ˆ–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—…‹Ž‘ˆ͕͚†‡…‡„‡”͖͔͔͖‘–Š‡‡‡”‰›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ

ƒǡǤǤȋ͕͚͝͝Ȍ‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒ•ƒƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’”‘…‡••ǫ‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡• ƒ††‹ơ‡”‡…‡•„‡–™‡‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†Š‘—•‹‰ƒ†…ƒ”’”‘†—…–‹‘‹ ƒ’ƒǡ‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†…‘‘‹…•͕͘ǣ͗͛͘Ǧ͙͔͘Ǥ ‘ˆƒǡǤǡƒŽƒǡ Ǥ ǤǤƒ† ‘ǡǤǤȋ͖͔͔͚Ȍ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹Š‘—•‹‰†‡•‹‰ǣ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰…—•–‘‡”’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ‘—•‹‰–—†‹‡•ǡ͖͕ȋ͚Ȍǣ͖͝͝Ǧ͗͘͝Ǥ ‘Ž‡ǡǤǡ‡†‡”•‡ǡǤǤǡƬ‘”˜ƒ–ǡǤȋ͖͔͔͙ȌǤ—‹Ž†‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ˆ‘” –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽˆ—•‹‡••‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ͙͜ȋ͝Ȍǣ͕͖͔͘Ǧ͕͖͙͔Ǥ ‹„‡”–ǡǤ Ǥǡ‡†œ‹‹”ǡ Ǥƒ† —›ǡǤǡ‘•–”—…–‹‘‡…‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‡–ƒ„‘Ž‹•ǣƒ–—”ƒŽ•›•–‡ƒƒŽ‘‰—‡•ˆ‘”ƒ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡„—‹Ž–‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†…‘‘‹…•ǡ͕͜ǣ͔͗͝Ǧ͕͚͝Ǥ ƒ‰Ž‘‹•ǡǤǤƒ†‘„‡”–•‘ǡǤǤȋ͕͖͝͝Ȍ‡–™‘”•ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ ‘†—Žƒ”•›•–‡ǣŽ‡••‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹…”‘…‘’—–‡”ƒ†•–‡”‡‘…‘’‘‡– ‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘Ž‹…›ǡ͖͕ǣ͖͛͝Ǧ͕͗͗Ǥ ƒ…‹ŽŽƒǡǤȋ͖͔͔͚ȌŠ”‘‹…Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ—‹Ž†‹‰‡•‡ƒ”…ŠƬ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ͗͘ȋ͚Ȍǣ͚͔͔Ǧ͚͔͗Ǥ ‡›‡”ǡǤǤǡ‡Š‡”†ǡǤǤȋ͕͛͝͝ȌŠ‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ’”‘†—…–’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ǣ„—‹Ž†‹‰ ˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ†…‘•–Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡ ”‡‡’”‡••ǡǤ ‡›‡”ǡǤǤ‡”–œƒ‹ƒǡǤƒ†––‡”„ƒ…ǡ ǤǤȋ͕͛͝͝Ȍ‡–”‹…•ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†—…–ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡƒƒ‰‡‡–…‹‡…‡͗͘ȋ͕Ȍǣ͜͜Ǧ͕͕͕Ǥ ‹‘œœ‘ǡǤǡƬ‡™‹…ǡǤȋ͖͔͔͘ȌǤ‡–™‘”•ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹‡—”‘’‡ƒ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǣ‡‡Ƥ–•ˆ”‘‹–‡”Ǧ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‹ƒˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡† ‹†—•–”›Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽˆ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ͖͛ȋ͕Ȍǣ͚͜Ǧ͖͝Ǥ ȋ͖͔͔͔Ȍ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›’‘Ž‹…›ǣƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹ƒŒ‘”…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡…–•ǡ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”…‘‘‹…‘Ǧ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ”‹•Ǥ —––‡ǡǤǤ Ǥǡ‘”±‡ǡǤ Ǥƒ†ƒŽƒǡ Ǥ ǤǤȋ͖͔͔͛Ȍ –‡”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‹‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǣ–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ•›•–‡•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‘”•ǡ”‘…‡‡†‹‰• ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ——‹Ž†͕•– –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡŠ‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ †—•–”›ǣ’‡—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡ͖͙Ǧ͖͚’”‹Ž͖͔͔͛ǡ‘––‡”†ƒǡŠ‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ǥ ‡ƒ†‡ǡ Ǥƒ†ƒ•‡ƒ—ǡǤȋ͖͔͔͕Ȍ—„Ž‹…‘Ž‹…›ƒ†‘•–”—…–‹‘ ‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ—‹Ž†‹‰‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ† ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ͖͝ȋ͗Ȍǣ͚͔͗Ǧ͚͕͖Ǥ ƒŽ˜ƒ†‘” ǡ ‘”œƒǡ—‰–—•ƒƒ–Šƒȋ͖͔͔͖Ȍ‘†—Žƒ”‹–›ǡ’”‘†—…–˜ƒ”‹‡–›ǡ’”‘†—…–‹‘˜‘Ž—‡ǡƒ†…‘’‘‡–•‘—”…‹‰ǣ–Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰„‡›‘†‰‡‡”‹… ’”‡•…”‹’–‹‘•Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ͖͔ȋ͙Ȍǣ͙͘͝Ǧ͙͙͛ Ž”‹…ŠǡǤȋ͕͙͝͝ȌŠ‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ’”‘†—…–ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡‹–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰Ƥ”ǡ ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘Ž‹…›͖͘ȋ͗Ȍǣ͕͘͝Ǧ͔͘͘Ǥ ‡‡•–”ƒǡǤǤǡƒŽƒǡ Ǥ ǤǤƒ†ƒŽƒǡ Ǥ ǤǤȋ͖͔͔͚Ȍ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰’”‘†—…–’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•‹–Š‡•’‡…‹Ƥ…•‡––‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘—•‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹†—•–”›ǡ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹‰‹‡‡”‹‰‡•‹‰ǡ͕͛ǣ͕͙͛Ǧ͕͛͗Ǥ 121

‘™…ƒ™‡–Š‹ƒ„‘—–ˆƒ­ƒ†‡†‡•‹‰ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™‹–Š‘—– –Š‹‹‰ƒ„‘—–ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǫŠ‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆIr. Michiel Cohen, as prin…‹’ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‡’‡œ‡†ǡ ‹• –‘ …”‡ƒ–‡ ‡ƥ…‹‡– ƒ† Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š– „—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰–‘Š‹•’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡ‹–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‘™ƒ†…‘–”‘Ž–Š‡ ‡–‹”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘…‡••‹‘”†‡”–‘…”‡ƒ–‡…—•–‘‹œ‡†ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•™‹–Š –Š‡‡…‡••ƒ”›”‡•’‡…–ˆ‘”‹†—•–”›ƒ†•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ

dŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞϭʹDƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘h͘<ŶĂĂĐŬĂŶĚd͘<ůĞŝŶ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘/K^WƌĞƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘ © 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.

THE FUTURE ENVELOPE Towards a More Reactive Facade

Michiel Cohen, Joost Heijnis Cepezed Architects

–ƒ›„‡ƒ–‡””‹„Ž‡‡••ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”‘—”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Ǥ‘™‹‰Ž› –‘‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•†‡Ƥ‡†‘—”‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ †ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ‹Ž›„‡‡†‡Ƥ‡†„›‘–Š‡”ˆƒ…–‘”• –Šƒ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡Ǥ ”…Š‹–‡…–• Š‘™‡˜‡” ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‡Ǥ Š‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡…”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•ǤŠ‡…‘–”ƒ”›Š‘™‡˜‡”‹•ƒŽŽƒ”‘—†—•Ǥ ‘‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡ƒ•‡†ƒˆ–‡”ƒŽ‡…–—”‡ƒ„‘—–…‡’‡œ‡† ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ‹– ™‘—Ž† „‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ ‹ƒ‰‹‡ ƒ …‹–› ƒ†‡‘ˆ•–‡‡Žƒ†‰Žƒ••Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒ•™‡”‡†„›”‡–—”‹‰–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ǣDz‘—Ž†‡†‹ƒ‡˜ƒŽƒ‹ƒ‰‹‡ƒ…‹–›‘ˆ„”‹…ǫdz‹‡ƒ† ‘–Š‡”ˆƒ…–‘”•†‡Ƥ‡–Š‡ƒ•™‡”ǡ‘––Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ ‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡‹–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‹–•’ƒ•–ǤŠ‡”‡‹–…ƒ‡ˆ”‘ǡ™Š‡”‡‹–•–ƒ†•Ǥ ƒ…ƒ†‡• ƒ”‡‹’”‹…‹’Ž‡˜‡”›•‹’Ž‡‡ƒ•‘ˆ…”‡ƒ–‹‰•Š‡Ž–‡”Ǥ †‡–‹…ƒŽ –‘ ”‘‘ˆ•ǡ „—– –Š‡ ”‘‘ˆ Šƒ• ‹”ƒ…—Ž‘—•Ž› ”‡•‹•–‡† ƒŽŽ •’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–• ƒ†”‡–ƒ‹‡†‹–••‹’Ž‹…‹–›Ǥ†ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•Šƒ˜‡‰‘‡™‹Ž†ƒ†—‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„Ž›…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†ǤŠ›ǫ

Figure 1 “Could medieval man imagine a city of brick?”

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ƒ•‹…•Š‡Ž–‡”•–ƒ”–‡†™‹–Š…‘˜‡”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”ƒ‹ƒ†™‹†ǤŠ‹•‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›‡˜‘Ž˜‡†‹‘”‡ƒ†˜ƒ…‡†•Š‡Ž–‡”•™Š‹…Š’”‘˜‹†‡†‹•—Žƒ–‹‘–‘ ’”‡˜‡–Ž‘••‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ƒ†‹Š‘–…Ž‹ƒ–‡•ƒ…‘‘Ž‡˜‹”‘‡–ǤŠ‡ ƒ‹†„‡…ƒ‡‘”‡…‘•…‹‘—•ƒ„‘—–‡‡”‰›Ž‘••ƒ†…ƒ”‡†‘”‡ ƒ„‘—–…‘ˆ‘”––Š‹‰•™‡”‡‰‡––‹‰‘—–‘ˆŠƒ†ǣ

Figure 2 Basic shelter without added (complicated) requirements.

Š‡™ƒŽŽ•„‡…ƒ‡–Š‹…‡”Ǧ‹•–‘‡†—‡–‘Ƥ”‡’”‘–‡…–‹‘Ǧǡ–Š‡ –Š‡”ƒŽ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ǣ –Š‹• …ƒ—•‡† –Š‡”ƒŽŽ› •Ž‘™”‡ƒ…–‹‰„—‹Ž†‹‰•™Š‹…Šǡ‘…‡…‘‘Ž‡††‘™ǡ”‡“—‹”‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ ‡‡”‰›–‘Š‡ƒ–—’Ǥ‘ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š–Š‹•”‡ǦŠ‡ƒ–‹‰…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ǡ…‘•–Ž›‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‹–”‘†—…‡†Ǥ‘–Š‡”’”‘„Ž‡‹•–Šƒ––Š‡‡ơ‡…–‘–Š‡ ‹•‹†‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†—‡–‘‘—–•‹†‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘•…‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘•‹••Š‹ˆ–‡†ǣŠ‹‰Šƒ••”‡“—‹”‡•ƒŽ‘‰”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‹‡™Š‹…Š‹‰Š–„‡…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡„—–‹‘•–…ƒ•‡•Ž‡ƒ†•–‘‡˜‡‘”‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

Figure 3 dŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ŽƐĐŝůůĂƟŽŶƐŽŶŝŶƐŝĚĞƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͘

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Figure 4 dƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶŝŶĞŶĞƌŐLJůŽƐƐ͗ĨƌŽŵ ƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƚŽǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶ΀Ϯ΁

‡š–…ƒ‡Š‹‰Š‹•—Žƒ–‹‘˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†ƒš‹‹œ‡†ƒ‹”–‹‰Š–‡••ǤŠ‹• …‘•‡“—‡–Ž› ‰ƒ˜‡ ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† …‘†‡•ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘†‡˜‹…‡•™‡”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†‹ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡…‘•–Ž›ƒ††‹ˆƤ…—Ž––‘–—‡ǤŠ‡•‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡„‡…‘‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”Š‹‰Š ‡‡”‰›—•‡ƒ†Ž‘••ȋƤ‰—”‡͘Ȍƒ†–Š‡”‡„›™‘”‹‰…‘–”ƒ”‹Ž›Ǥ

Figure 5 dŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐĞǀĞƌĂůĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĂďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞ ĞŶĞƌŐLJĚĞŵĂŶĚ΀ϭ΁͘

‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–…ƒ„‡•ƒ‹†–Šƒ–’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡–‘„‡•‘Ž˜‡†‹–”‘†—…‡†‘–Š‡”ȋ—…ŠŽƒ”‰‡”Ȍ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ‡•‹†‡•–Šƒ–ǡ–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘• ƒŽ•‘Šƒ†‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡‡ơ‡…–‘–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹–•‡Žˆƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ •Š‹ˆ–‡†…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•›•–‡ –‘–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ –‹•…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–™Š‡‡˜‡”ƒ›ˆ—”–Š‡””‡“—‹”‡‡–‹•ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡’”‹‘”†‹ƒŽˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǡ’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ”‹•‡Ǥ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡŠ—‹†‹–›ǡŽ‹‰Š–ǡƒ…‘—•–‹…•ǡƤ”‡ǡ•‘‡‡šŠƒ—•–ǡ˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‡‡”‰›—•‡ǡŠƒ˜‡’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›—††Ž‡†‘—”–Š‹‹‰‘ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•ǡ…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‰–Š‡—‘™‹‰Ž›‘”‡–Šƒ‡‡†‡†Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Šƒ•„‡…‘‡‘‡‘ˆ –Š‡‘•–…‘•–Ž›’ƒ”–•‘ˆƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ ƒ­ƒ†‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›”—•ˆ”‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ǡ•‹•ǡ–‡š–‹Ž‡•ǡ–‹„‡”ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š •–‘‡ǡ„”‹…ǡƒ†…‘…”‡–‡–‘‰Žƒ••ǡ•–‡‡ŽǡƒŽ—‹—ƒ†’Žƒ•–‹…•Ǥ˜125

‡”›•–‡’‹ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ—•‡…‘‡•™‹–Š‹–•‘™…‘•–Ǧ„‡‡Ƥ–ǡƒ†™‹–Š‹–• ‘™•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘•‡“—‡…‡•Ǥƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ Šƒ•‡˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†‡‡†•Ǥ •ˆ‘””‡…‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•™‡…ƒ†‹•…‡”–Š‡†‡Ƥ‹–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ—…–‹‘• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ •’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ—…–‹‘•Ǥ  ”‡…‡– ›‡ƒ”•–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ•‡”˜‹…‡•ƒ†’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡•‘ˆˆƒ…ƒ†‡•Šƒ•„‡‡–Š‡ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ–Š‹‹‰Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡–Š‡ Ž‘ƒ†„‡ƒ”‹‰•ƒ†™‹…Š’ƒ‡Ž‹•ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––Šƒ–…‡’‡œ‡†‹–”‘†—…‡†•‘‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǡ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡–”ƒ‹Ž‡”‹†—•–”›ȋƤ‰—”‡͚ȌǤ ˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•–Š‡Ž‹‹–•‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹„—‹Ž†‹‰• ƒ†–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡Ž‡†–‘‡˜‡‘”‡…‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘•™Š‹…ŠŽ‡†–‘ …‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘•

Figure 6 The sandwichpanel evolved into a building component which led to ĐŽŵƉůŝĐĂƚĞĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ •‹’Ž‡”ǡ ‘”‡ „ƒ•‹… ƒ† …‘’ƒ…–Ǥ Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰•‹‹–‘…‡™ƒ•Ǥ‡ƒ…–‹‰ †›ƒ‹…ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ …‘•‡“—‡…‡•Ǥ —…Š •‘Ž—–‹‘• …‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡– •—”ˆƒ…‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‡„”ƒ‡• ƒ† ‡˜‡ƒ‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‡’‡œ‡†Šƒ•„‡‡—•‹‰‡„”ƒ‡•‹„—‹Ž†‹‰•ˆ‘”‘˜‡”ƒ†‡…ƒ†‡Ǥ Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡„”ƒ‡•ȋ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‡†•–‡‡Žƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘’‡ ™‘˜‡   …‘ƒ–‡† ‰Žƒ•• Ƥ„‡”ǡ •‡‡ Ƥ‰—”‡• ͛ ƒ† ͜Ȍ ”ƒ‰‡• ˆ”‘ ™‹†„”‡ƒ‡”ǡˆ‡…‡ǡ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘•…”‡‡–‘•—•…”‡‡ƒ†‘ˆ–‡ƒ…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•—…Šˆ—…–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡—”„ƒ’Žƒ‹‰ƒ†ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‡–Š‘†•ƒ”‡˜‡”›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽǤ‡ƒ†•‘‡˜‡”›Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ’Žƒ‹‰Šƒ˜‡‡˜‘Ž˜‡†‰”‡ƒ–Ž›Ǥ ‡‹–Š‡”‹–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘‹‰‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ‘”‹–Šƒ–‘ˆ…‹–‹‡•”‹‰‹†‹–›‹• 126

Figure 7 dŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƚĞdžƟůĞƐŝŶĨĂĕĂĚĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͗tĞƐƚƌĂǀĞŶŽĸĐĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ hƚƌĞĐŚƚ

Figure 8 Perforated steel screens used in the design of the Centre for Human Drug Research, CHDR (1995) in Leiden, the Netherlands (by cepezed)

‘ˆƒ›†—”ƒ„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ›‘”‡Ǥ‘–Š‡–‡Ž‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰‡–Š‘†•ƒ†”‡•—Ž–•‹•‘—–†ƒ–‡†Ǥ›’Žƒ•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ•–‡’‹ƒ …‘–‹—‘—•’”‘…‡••‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤŠ‹•Šƒ•„‡‡…ƒŽŽ‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ǯ’Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡’Žƒ‹‰ǯȏ͗ȐǤ ‹…‡–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡†‡Ƥ‡•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰‘”‡–Šƒƒ› ‘–Š‡”‡Ž‡‡–ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡…‘‡’Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤŽ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› …‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡† ‹ ƒ› ™ƒ›•Ǥ  ƒ –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ Ƥ‡Ž† „› ‘˜‡ƒ„Ž‡ ’ƒ”–•‘”„›‹–‡”…Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡’ƒ”–•ǤŠ‡Ƥ”•–‹•–Š‡—•—ƒŽ‘’‡‹‰™‹†‘™‘”Šƒ–…Šǡ–Š‡Žƒ•–ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ”‡’Žƒ…‡ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‹–‡”…Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡ ‡Ž‡‡–•Ǥ Šƒ–™ƒ•–Š‡™ƒ›‹–™ƒ•ǤŠ‡ˆ—–—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–…ƒ’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›Ǥ ‡’‡œ‡††ƒ”‡•–‘‹˜‹–‡–Š‡‹†—•–”›–‘’‹…—’–Š‹•…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ƒ† Œ‘‹—•ˆ‘”„‡––‡”„—‹Ž†‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ Š‡‡™‡Ž‡‡–•™‡ƒ”‡‹–”‘†—…‹‰–‘†ƒ›ƒ”‡ƒ‡”‘†›ƒ‹…•ǡƤŽ127

Figure 5 EĂŶŽƚƵďĞƐ͗ǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶǀĂůǀĞƐŽĨ ƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ͍

–‡”‹‰ ƒ† ƪ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ‡„”ƒ‡•ǡ ƒ‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ†‘Ž‡…—Žƒ”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡–Š‹•Ǥ Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡…›ǡ ƒ‹”–‹‰Š–‡••ǡ ’Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ–‡”–‹‰Š–‡••ƒ†˜ƒ’‘—”’‡”‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›—•–„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡Ǥ Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‡š‹•–•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡‡™ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǡƒ†ƒ‡™ƒ†ƒ ‡˜‡‘”‡†—”ƒ„Ž‡„—‹Ž–‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ The future should be more simple.

References ȏ͕Ȑ ‘‹•ƒŽ‘ǡ ƒ†—”‹–•‹ǡ ơ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽ‹‡”–‹ƒƒ†‘–Š‡” „—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†ˆƒ…–‘”•‘‡‡”‰›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ƒ†–Š‡”ƒŽ…‘ˆ‘”–‹ ‹‹•Šƒ’ƒ”–‡–„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ͛ǡ‡‹ŽŽ‹‡‘”‡ƒ‘—Ž—Ǥ‘‡–‡‹‹ƒ‘•ƒ•–‘Ǥ Ǧ–‡‹‹ƒŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”‹‘Ǥ‡Ž•‹‹‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ǥƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ‘ˆ‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ‡–‹Žƒ–‹‰ƒ†‹”‘†‹–‹‘‹‰Ǥ•’‘‘͖͔͔͙ǡ ‹Žƒ† ȏ͖Ȑ ‘Š‡ǡǤǤǡ‡…–—”‡ǡ—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–±†ƒ•Ž‡„Ÿ–‹‡–•‡Ž‘Ž‡…‘…‡’–†‡ …‡’‡œ‡†ǡ”‡‡ Ž‡Ǧ†‡Ǧ ”ƒ…‡ǡ‘…‘—”•Žǯ•“—‹••‡˜‡”–‡͘°‡±†‹–‹‘ ǡ͙°‡‘ˆ±”‡…‡—†‹͕͝ƒ”•͖͔͔͛ǡƒ”‹• ȏ͗Ȑ ‘Š‡ǡǤǤǡ”–‹…Ž‡ǡ‘‘‹„ƒƒ”’Žƒ‡ǡ‡–‡”„‘—™‡‡„‡™‘‡ ‡†‹–‹‘͖͚’ƒ”–͘ǡȀ‡™‡–‘ǡ‡ƒƒ‰͖͔͔͘

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Š‡ ™‘” ‘ˆ Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Axel Thallemer …‘•‹•–‡–Ž› …”‘••‡• –Š‡ „‘”†‡”• „‡–™‡‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡• Ȃ ‘‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ ™Š› Š‡ ™ƒ• ‹˜‹–‡† –‘ …‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ –Š‹• Dz—Ž–‹†‹•’Ž‹ƒ”› ’’”‘ƒ…ŠdzǤ  ͕͘͝͝Š‡™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡”ƒ†Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ ‡•–‘‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‡•‹‰ƒ†…”‡ƒ–‡†ǡƒ‘‰•–‘–Š‡”„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž’”‘†—…–•ǡDz‹”–‡…–—”‡dzǦ’‡—ƒ–‹… Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š–…‘•–”—…–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ†‡Š‹™‡ŽŽ‘™ƒ‘‰•–ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•Ǥ‹•™‘”•ƒ”‡‹•’‹”‡†„›ƒ–—”‡ƒ†ƒ”‡ǡ‹ƒ›…ƒ•‡•ǡ •–”‘‰Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡Ǥ‹…‡͖͔͔͘ǡ”‘ˆǤš‡ŽŠƒŽŽ‡‡”‹• ‡ƒ‘ˆ †—•–”‹ƒŽ‡•‹‰ƒ–—•–—‹˜‡”•‹–¡–‹œǡ—•–”‹ƒǤ

dŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞϭʹDƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘h͘<ŶĂĂĐŬĂŶĚd͘<ůĞŝŶ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘/K^WƌĞƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘ © 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.

AFTERTHOUGHTS TO THE SYMPOSIUM

Axel Thallemer Professor Technical Design Academy of Fine Arts, Hamburg. Dean of Industrial Design Linz, Austria Self-employed under Airena®

šƒ’Ž‡• ˆ”‘ ƒ–—”‡ ƒ”‡ —•‡† ‡–‘†‘†‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ• …ƒ–ƒŽ›•–• ˆ‘” „”ƒ‹•–‘”‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ‘– ‡”‡Ž›…‘’‹‡†ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”•‡”˜‡–‘‡š’ƒ†–Š‡•…‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹…„‘š‘ˆ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ –‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘•‡‡‹Š‘™ˆƒ”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ „—‹Ž†‹‰‡˜‡Ž‘’•™‹ŽŽ„‡‰‡ƒ”‡†–‘™ƒ”†Ž‹’‡„”ƒ‡•Ǥ• ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘–Š‡…—””‡–ˆ‘…—•‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘˜‡• ‘”‡ ƒ† ‘”‡ –‘™ƒ”† Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰ ‡‡”‰‡–‹… ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‡†‡ƥ…‹‡…›’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡”‡„›ǡ ƒ•’‡…–• ‘ˆ Ž‹‰Š– …‘•–”—…–‹‘ ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ› –ƒ‡ …‡–‡” •–ƒ‰‡Ǥ ˆ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ ™‘—Ž† ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ‡„”ƒ…‡ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ –Šƒ– ƒ–—”‡ …ƒ „‡ —•‡† ƒ• ƒ •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹†‡ƒ•ǡƒŽƒ”‰‡‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹…„‘š™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ …‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ‡™ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡• „› ‘†—Žƒ” —•‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘” –Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†ˆ—…–‹‘•‹“—‡•–‹‘ǡ‹–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‹ ƒŠ‡ƒ†™Š‹Ž‡‡‡’‹‰‹‹†–‘‹‹‹œ‡‡‡”‰›…‘•—’–‹‘ǡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ ƒ…”‘•• –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ —–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ’‡”‹‘† –‘ –Š‡†‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒ†”‡…›…Ž‡†—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‘–Š‡” ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆƒ…–‘”‹•–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ…‘’Ž‡š‹–›ƒ† –Š‡—„‡”‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘•–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‘ƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰ …‘’‘‡–Ǥ—””‡––‡…Š‹…ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›‡–ƒ‹Ž –Šƒ–ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘”ƒ•‹‰Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘’‘‡–…‘’”‹•‡• ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ ˆ—…–‹‘Ǥ —–—”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• …‘—Ž†ǡ ‹ ƒƒŽ‘‰› –‘ƒ–—”‡ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡—Ž–‹Ǧˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†…‘’‘‡–•Ǥ  Š‘™ˆƒ”–Š‡’‡”ˆ‡…–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†‡‡”‰›”‡Žƒ–‡†…‹”…—Žƒ”ƪ‘™ ‘ˆƒ–—”‡…ƒ„‡”‡’”‘†—…‡†”‡ƒ‹•–‘„‡•‡‡Ǥ Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ’”‹…‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ‡š‘•‡Ž‡–‘ƒ†‡†‘•‡Ž‡–‘ƒ”‡ ˆƒ”ˆ”‘„‡‹‰•—ƥ…‹‡–Ž›‡’Ž‘›‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ƒ”–‹ˆƒ…–•Ǥ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ –”ƒ†‡ ‡˜‘Ž˜‡† „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‡• ‘ˆ †‹•…‘˜‡”‡† …ƒ˜‡• ƒ† ˆ”‘ ™‘‘†‡ ’‘•–•ǡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ƒ–—”‡ǡ ƒ””ƒ‰‡† ‹ ‘„‹Ž‡ ˆ”ƒ‡131

™‘”•ǡ ƤŽŽ‡† ‹ ™‹–Š ƤŽŽ‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǣ „‡ –Š‡› ‘ˆ ’Žƒ– ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ ‘”‹‰‹Ǥ Š—•ǡ ƒ–‹’‘†ƒŽ –Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ …‘’‘•‹–‡ ˆ”‘ …‡ŽŽ—Ž‘•‡ ƒ† Ž‹‰‹Ȃ‹ˆ‘”‘ˆ™‘‘†Ȃ’Žƒ‹†ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡„‡•‹†‡•–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •–‘‡Ǥ –‹Ž –‘†ƒ›ǡ –Š‡ ˜ƒ•– ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›†‡”‹˜‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡‘”‹‰‹•Ǥ ”‘ ƒ–—”ƒŽ•–‘‡–‘ƒ”–‹Ƥ…‹ƒŽ•–‘‡–‘Ƥ„‡”Ǧ”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†…‘…”‡–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‘‘‡Šƒ†ǡƒ†ˆ”‘Ž‘ƒ†Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰„‡ƒ•ǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡–”‡‡ ‰”‡™‹ƒ–—”‡ǡ–‘„‡–’Ž›™‘‘†’Žƒ‡Ž‘ƒ†Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰•–”—…–—”‡•‘ –Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥ‡–ƒŽ•™‡”‡ƒ††‡†ƒ•„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™Š‡ƒ‹† Ž‡ƒ”‡†–‘—•‡Ƥ”‡ƒ†‘”‡ˆ‘”•’‡…‹Ƥ…’—”’‘•‡•ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›…‡”ƒ‹…ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ†–Š‡‰Žƒ••Ǥ ‡ƒ”Ž›–‹‡•ǡ•‹•‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽ‘” ’Žƒ–‘”‹‰‹’”‘„ƒ„Ž›•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƤŽŽ‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡŽƒ–‡”†‡…‘ŽŽƒ–‡†‹–‘•–”‘‰Ƥ„‡”•ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ••‡„Ž‡†‹–‘–™‘Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ•‡‹Ǧ Ƥ‹•Š‡†’ƒ”–•Ǥ Ž›•‹…‡”‡…‡–Ž›ǡ‡™™‡ƒ˜‹‰‡–Š‘†•ƒ‡–Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ–‡š–‹Ž‡••‡‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǡ’”‘‰”‡••‹’”‘…‡†—”‡•ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹…Š‡‹•–”›Šƒ•ƒ†‡‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘’”‘†—…‡‡„”ƒ‡• ƒ•ˆ‘‹Ž•™‹–Š‘—–Ƥ„‡”Ǧ„‘—†…ƒ””‹‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‡”‡ǡ–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‹• ‘ˆ•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡—‡”‘—•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•…ƒ„‡‹ƪ—‡…‡†„›…‘ƒ–‹‰•–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†‘–„‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†—–‹Ž”‡…‡–Ž›Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡—•‡†ƒ•„ƒ•‹• ˆ‘”…‘””‡•’‘†‹‰†‹”‡…–‹˜‡•ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹–‹•ƒ……‘”†‹‰Ž›†‹ˆƤ…—Ž––‘ƒ†Œ—•–•’‡…‹Ƥ…Žƒ™•™Š‡‡™ƒ††‹ơ‡”‡–„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘’‘‡–•…‘‡‹–‘’Žƒ›Ǥ‹–Š‘—––Š‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…—””‡–„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘†‡•–‘‡™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡‹”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ …”‡ƒ–‡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž‹‰ ƒ† …‘’—–‡” •‹—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ —• —…Š ‘”‡ƒ……—”ƒ–‡’”‘‰‘•‡•‹–‡”•‘ˆƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘’‘‡–ǯ•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”–Šƒ™ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡‹–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• –”‹ƒŽƒ†‡””‘”’Žƒ‹†ƒ‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡–Šƒ–‘†ƒ›ǡ™Š‡”‡™‡ …ƒ†”ƒ™‘…—””‡––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘‡™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ƒ†ƒ••‡„Ž›’”‘…‡†—”‡• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‘’–‹‹œ‡† …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘ ‡–Š‘†•ǡ ‹–‡”†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”› ‡–™‘”‹‰‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ…‘–”ƒ…–•—„•‡…–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡…‘‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›‹’‘”–ƒ–‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǤŠ—•ǡ…‘–‹—‘—•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡•‘”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹–‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰…‘’‘‡–•‹•ƒ•’”‡†‡–‡”‹‡†ƒ•‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡†›ƒ‹…•‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•–”—…–—”‡•…‘’ƒ”‡† –‘–Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰•–ƒ–‹…„—‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆ‘—”–‹‡•Ǥ —‹Ž†‹‰•–”—…–—”‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡•‡ŽˆǦ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰‘”‡˜‡•‡ŽˆǦ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ ƒ†ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ†ƒ’––‘–Š‡•’‡…‹Ƥ……‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡…‘…‡‹˜ƒ„Ž‡ –‘†ƒ›ǡƒ†–Š‡›‡‡†‘–‡…‡••ƒ”‹Ž›…‘•‹•–‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•„—–”ƒ–Š‡”‘ˆƪ—‹†Ž›’”‡Ǧ•–”‡••‡†Ž‹’‡„”ƒ‡•ǤŠ‡•‡ 132

–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•…ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘‡–‹”‡Ž›‡™•‘Ž—–‹‘•™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†•–‘•’ƒ…‡•ˆ‘”Š—ƒ‘……—’ƒ–‹‘ǡ„‡–Š‡›‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǡ–Š‡ ‘‘‘”ƒ”•Ǥ—––Š‡•‡–Š‘—‰Š–•…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡‡’Ž‘›‡†ˆ‘”ƒ”‡ƒ• •—…Šƒ•–Š‡ƒ‡”‘•’ƒ…‡‹†—•–”›ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•’‡”•‘ƒŽ‘„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›…ƒ‘Ž›„‡”‡Ǧ…‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡†„›…”‘••Ǧ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•†‹•…‹’Ž‡•ǤŠ‡†‹••‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ†‹•…‹’Ž‡Ǧ•’‡…‹Ƥ…†‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ‡›‹••—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆˆ—–—”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ •–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ –™‹ŽŽ„‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘•‡‡™Š‹…Š’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ ™‹ŽŽƒ†‘’–™‹–Š‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘…‡••Ǥ‹ŽŽˆ‘”ƒŽƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…• „‡–Š‡‘Ž›–Š‹‰–‘”‡ƒ‹ǫ

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• ƒ •’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•– ‹ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ †‡•‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡š‡…—–‹‘ ‘ˆ •’‡…‹ƒŽ …‘•–”—…–‹‘•ǡProf. Dr. ir. Mick Eekhout–‘‘‘–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ†‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡’ƒ”–‡– —‹Ž†‹‰ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ…—Ž–› ‘ˆ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡Ȁ‡Žˆ–Ǥ‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡†”‹˜‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•‹ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹•’Žƒ…‡†‹ƒ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽŽƒ”‰‡”’‹…–—”‡Ǥ‡†‡•…”‹„‡• Š‹•‡ơ‘”–•–‘…‘„‹‡ˆ‘”…‡•™‹–Š‹ƒ†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–ǡ ˆƒ…—Ž–›ǡ—‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǣƒ‡…‡••‹–›™Š‡–”›‹‰ –‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ•–”‘‰ƒ†ˆ”—‹–ˆ—Ž”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ

dŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞϭʹDƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘h͘<ŶĂĂĐŬĂŶĚd͘<ůĞŝŶ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘/K^WƌĞƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘ © 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.

FUTURE FOR FAÇADE RESEARCH AT TU DELFT

A warrior of light knows that he has much to be grateful for.

Mick Eekhout Professor of Product Development Nestor of Building Technology Faculty of Architecture ĞůŌhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ

He was helped in his struggle by the angels; celestial forces placed each thing in its place, thus allowing him to give of his best. His companions say: ‘ He’s so lucky!’ And the warrior does sometimes achieve things far beyond his capabilities. That is why, at sunset, he kneels and gives thanks for the protective Cloak surrounding him. His gratitude however, is not limited to the spiritual world; he never forgets his friends, for their blood ‹‰Ž‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹•‘–Š‡„ƒ––Ž‡Ƥ‡Ž†Ǥ A warrior does not need to be reminded of the help ‰‹˜‡Š‹„›‘–Š‡”•ǢŠ‡‹•–Š‡Ƥ”•––‘”‡‡„‡”ƒ† he makes sure to share with them any rewards he receives. ƒ—Ž‘‘‡ŽŠ‘ǣƒ—ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ””‹‘”‘ˆ‹‰Š–Ǣ

ϭ͘

/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ

ƒ…ƒ†‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘–Š‡ˆƒ…—Ž–›‘ˆ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ •‹…‡ ͕͙ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ”‘ˆǤ ƒ ”‘—™‡” •–ƒ”–‡† ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹ –Š‡͕͔͝͝• ƒ•Ǯ–Š‡‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǯǡƒ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽƒ†ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ…‘’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ ͕͖͝͝’”‘ˆǤ‹…‡Š‘—–•–ƒ”–‡†Š‹•“—‡•– ˆ‘”Ǯƒ’’‹ǯ–Š‡—„”‡ƒƒ„Ž‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–’Žƒ–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤƒ›͖š͖;Žƒ”‰‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡’”‘–‘–›’‡•™‡”‡ƒ†‡„›͗”†ƒ† ͘–Š ›‡ƒ” •–—†‡–• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ‘ˆ ”‘†—…– ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– †—”‹‰–Š‡Žƒ•–͕͖›‡ƒ”•ƒ•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ‘ˆ —‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ͕͛͝͝ —•–‡…‡•”‡…‡‹˜‡†Š‹•Š‘ Š‹•†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘Ǯ ƒ­ƒ†‡•ƒ†”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǯǡƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘–Š‡ •–ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ƒ†ƒ…Ž‘•‡”ˆ‘…—•‘†‘—„Ž‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•Ǥȏ͕Ȑ—”‹‰ –Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–‡›‡ƒ”•‡…‡•ƒƒ‰‡†–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ƒ›‡ƒ”Ž›‡Žˆ–•›’‘•‹—‘ƒˆƒ­ƒ†‡”‡Žƒ–‡†•—„Œ‡…–Ǥ–Š‹•‰‘‘†„›‡•›’‘•‹—‘͖͔‡’–‡„‡”͖͔͔͙–Š‡ƒ‘—…‡‡–™ƒ• ƒ†‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ –‘’‹… ‘ˆ ƒ­ƒ†‡• ™‘—Ž† „‡ –ƒ‡ ‘˜‡” „› –Š‡ –Š‡ ‡™Ž› ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ”‘ˆǤ ”Ǥ Ž”‹…Š ƒƒ… ƒ– –Š‡ Šƒ‹” ‘ˆ 135

‡•‹‰‘ˆ‘•–”—…–‹‘•Ǥ –Š‡‡™”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š –‘’‹… ‘ˆ ƒ­ƒ†‡• ™ƒ• ‹–”‘†—…‡† „› ”‘ˆǤ ”Ǥ ƒƒ…ƒ•ƒƤ”’”‘‰”ƒ…‘’”‹•‹‰‘–Ž‡••–Šƒ͙Š•–—†‡–•ǡ Ƥƒ…‡†„›–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›–Šƒ•–‘ƒ„‡‡Ƥ…‹ƒŽ•–”‡ƒ‘ˆ•–‹—Žƒ–‹‰‰”ƒ–•ǡ–‘„‡ƒ–…Š‡†‹†—‡–‹‡„›͗”†‘‡›Ƥƒ…‹‰Ǥ”‘ˆǤ ”Ǥƒƒ…ƒ•’‹”‡•–‘„”‹‰‡™‹’—Ž•‡•‹–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ‡ …‘„‹‡• Š‹• ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‹ƒŽ ‡’Ž‘›‡–• ƒ– –Š‡ –™‘ —‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡Žˆ–ƒ†‡–‘Ž†ȋ ‡”ƒ›Ȍ–‘ˆ‘”ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ•–‡”‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

 –Š‡ ‡ƒ–‹‡ –Š‡   ͕͗ …‘‹••‹‘ Ǯ Žƒ•• Ƭ –‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡ —‹Ž†‹‰˜‡Ž‘’‡•ǯ™ƒ•™‘”‹‰‘ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž„‡–™‡‡ ͖͔͔͕ ƒ† ͖͔͔͚Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‹• …‘‹••‹‘ ™‡”‡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ ͖͔͔͚ȏ͖ȐǤ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹…‘…Ž—•‹‘•‘ˆ‘•–…–‹‘͕͗‹•–Šƒ–Dz–Š‡ –Š”‡‡™‘”Ž†•‘ˆ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǡ—‹Ž†‹‰Š›•‹…•ƒ†–”—…–—”ƒŽ‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ”‡–‘†ƒ›„›ˆƒ”‘–•—ƥ…‹‡–Ž›‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†dzȐǤ Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹†—•–”›Šƒ•‰”‘™‘”‡ƒ–—”‡‹–Š‡Žƒ•–͗†‡…ƒ†‡•Ǥ Šƒ–…‘—Ž†—‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Šƒ–‡†ǫ”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‹‰”‡†‹‡–•ƒ†‡™•›•–‡•‹•ƒƒ…–‹˜‹–›–Šƒ–‡ƒ…Š ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰†‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆƒŽƒ”‰‡”ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ……‘’Ž‹•ŠǤ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡—–…Šˆƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•†‡’‡† 136

Figure 1 ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶϭϭĐŚĂŝƌƐ and 5 research programs

‘ –Š‡‹” •›•–‡ •—’’Ž‹‡”•ǡ Ž‹‡ …Šò…‘ǡ —‡… ƒ† ‡›‘Ž†•ǡ ™Š‘ …‘–‹‘—•Ž› ™‘” ‘ •›•–‡ ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ Ž› ƒ •ƒŽŽ —„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡” ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”• ƒ”‡ ’”‘Œ‡…–Ǧ†‹”‡…–‡† ƒ† ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ƒ‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ˆ‘”‡ƒ…Š‡™’”‘Œ‡…–ǤŠ‡‹”ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•›•–‡•ƒ”‡ ’”‘Œ‡…–Ǧ•›•–‡•ǤŠƒ–ƒ…ƒ†‡‹…”‡•‡ƒ”…Š™‘—Ž†„‡‘•–„‡‡Ƥ…‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡ —–…Š ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ ‹†—•–”›ǫ Š‡ ƒ­ƒ†‡• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š –‡ƒ Šƒ† –‘ ƒ‡ƒ…Š‘‹…‡„‡–™‡‡’‡”ˆ‡…–‹‰–Š‡—•—ƒŽ‹‡˜‡””‡Ƥ‡††‡–ƒ‹Ž• ƒ†ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†Šƒ†Ž‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡Ǧ‘’‡”ƒ–‡†™‹†‘™•ǫ”•–ƒ”–‹‰–Š‡“—‡•–ˆ‘”ƒ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‡™ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǫ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–Šƒ–ǡŽ‹‡͕͗‹†‹…ƒ–‡†ǡŽ‹•”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǡ–”—…–—”ƒŽ ‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ‘•–”—…–‹‘‡•‹‰™‹–Š—‹Ž†‹‰Š›•‹…•ǡŽ‹ƒ–‡‡•‹‰ƒ†—‹Ž†‹‰‡”˜‹…‡•Ǥ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‘ˆ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǡ ‘•–”—…–‹‘ ƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‡•‹‰ǣ –Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ˆƒ­ƒ†‡Ǥ Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹•–Š‡…Š‘•‡†‹”‡…–‹‘ǣƒ‡™‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆƒ­ƒ†‡• ™‹–Šƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ϊ’Š›•‹…•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤ

Figure 2 Six rings from fundamental research to free architectural design ǁŝƚŚϯĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ of Research, Development and Design.

Ϯ͘

ƵƌƌĞŶƚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚWŽƌƞŽůŝŽŶĚ&ĂĐĂĚĞƐ

‘™ †‘‡• –Š‹• ƒ­ƒ†‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‰”‘—’ Ƥ– ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ’Žƒǫ –Š‡Ǯ‡‡”Œƒ”‡’Žƒǯ‘ˆ–Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ–‡Žˆ––Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’”‘ƤŽ‡‹•‰‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘ˆ–Š‡ †‡’ƒ”–‡–ǣŠ‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–ˆ‘…—•‡•Š‡”•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘–Š‡ †‘ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥȏ͗ȐŠ‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ••–”‘‰ †‡•‹‰ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ „—– •–”‡–…Š‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‡š–”‡‡ ‡†• ‘ˆ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘†‹”‡…–‡††‡•‹‰ƒ†‹…Ž—†‡•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ•Š‡”…‡–”ƒŽ†‘ƒ‹Ǥ‡™‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‹•‹‰Š–ˆ”‘–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ǡ„‘‘•ǡ …‘ˆ‡”‡…‡• ƒ† •›’‘•‹—• ƒ† ”‡ƒŽ‹•‡† ’”‘–‘–›’‡•Ǥ ‘”‡ •’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ‹••‹‘ •–ƒ–‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ’‘‹–• ƒ– –Š‡ ‡™‡••–Šƒ–Šƒ•–‘„‡”‡ƒ…Š‡†ǣDzŠ‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›™ƒ–•–‘’”‡…‡†‡–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡™‹–Š‡™‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ†‹•‹‰Š–‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ„‘–Š‹–Š‡‘”›ǡ‹†‡•‹‰•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽ ƒ•‹‡š‡…—–‡†’”‘–‘–›’‡•ƒ•‹‘‡Ǧ‘ơ•‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǤŠ‡ ”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‹•†‡•‹‰”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ”‡—•‡†‹–‡ƒ…Š‹‰ȋ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š†”‹˜‡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ȌdzǤŠ‡‹••‹‘Ž‹‡•‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰•…‹‡…‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†„—–‹˜‡–‹˜‡ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽƒ•™‡”•–‘‡™…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ––Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰†‡•‹‰‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ 137

Figure 3 ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐŽĨϱƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐŝŶƵŝůĚŝŶŐ Technology Research, 15 subprograms and some 80 researchers.

138

ƒŒ‘”…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹…Ž—†‡ǣ Ȉ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆˆ”‡‡Ǧˆ‘”…‘’—–‡”Ǧƒ••‹•–‡†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ȋǮŽ‘„•ǯȌǡ Ȉ ˜‡–‹˜‡—•‡‘ˆ‡™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ–‡…Š‹“—‡•ƒ†•›•–‡•ȋǮƒ’’‹ǯȌǡ Ȉ ‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ˆ‘”Ǯ‘…‡’–‘—•‡ǯǡǮ ƒ­ƒ†‡•ǯƒ†Ǯ‘‘–‹…ƒǯȋǮ †—•–”‹ƒŽ—‹Ž†‹‰ǯȌ Ȉ ƒ”– ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ȋǮ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹…•ǯȌ Ȉ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽ›‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–…Ž‹ƒ–‡•ˆ‘” •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•ȋǮŽ‹ƒ–‡‡•‹‰ǯȌǤ ŽŽ…Šƒ‹”•‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡…”‘••Ž‹‡†‹͙‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‡–‹‘ƒ•ƒŽŽ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡Ž‹–‘–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡•’”‘‰”ƒǣ ͕Ǥ Ž‘„•–”—…–—”‡•ǡŽƒ††‹‰•ǡ‹†ǣ ͕͙–‘͖͔”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•  ‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŽ‡ƒ†‡”’”‘ˆǤ‹…‡Š‘—– ͖Ǥ †—•–”‹ƒŽ—‹Ž†‹‰‘…‡’–‘—•‡ǡ ƒ­ƒ†‡•ƒ†›•–‡•ǡ‘‘–‹…ƒǣ  ͕͙–‘͖͔”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŽ‡ƒ†‡”’”‘ˆǤŽ”‹…Šƒƒ… ͗Ǥ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹…•‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǡ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ƒ•‡†‡•‹‰ǡ‡•‹‰‘””‡•’‘†‡…‡ǣ͕͙–‘͖͔”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•  ‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŽ‡ƒ†‡”’”‘ˆǤ‡˜‹Žƒ”‹›‹Ž†‹œ ͘Ǥ ƒ’’‹ Žƒ••ƒ†–”—…–—”‡•ǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡•‹‰ǡƒ”†„‘ƒ”†ǣ  ͕͙–‘͖͔”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŽ‡ƒ†‡”’”‘ˆǤ‡‡•˜ƒ‡‡”‡ ͙Ǥ Ž‹ƒ–‡‡•‹‰‹•ǡ‘ˆ‘”–ǡš‡”‰›ǣ  ͕͙–‘͖͔”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŽ‡ƒ†‡”’”‘ˆǤƒ•ƒ—„‡”‰ Š‡ •…‹‡–‹Ƥ… ‡™‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ˜‹•—ƒŽŽ› …‘’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† •‡–Ǧ—’ ‹• ‹ –Š‡ †‡•‹‰‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ž‹‡•‹‹–• …‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‡•‹‰•ȋ…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ’”‘†—…–Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ǡ …‘„‹ƒ–‘”›Ȍ™‹–Š–‡…Š‹…ƒŽƒ†•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…†‡’–Šȋ–Š‡†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•‹ –Š‡͕͕…Šƒ‹”•ȌǤ‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‡•‹‰‹‰ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡ƒ‹ ƒ…Š‘”•‹–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘‰”ƒ‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤŠ‹•…‘—’Ž‡•‹’ƒ…–‹–‡”•‘ˆ•–”‹‹‰‡™ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘†‡•‹‰•™‹–Š–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ•‡‡Ƥ‰—”‡͖Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•…‘’Ž‡‡–‹‰–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦƒơƒ‹”•‘ˆ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ƒ†ǡ ‘”‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ‹ ƒ…ƒ†‡‹… •‡•‡ǡ ’—•Š‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ”‘–‹‡”•‘ˆ†‡•‹‰‹‰‹…‘’Ž‡š‹–›ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡†‡•‹‰‹‰‘ˆˆ”‡‡Ǧ ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ‡…Šƒ‹…•ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ••…‹‡…‡™‹ŽŽ„‘‘•– ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘• ‹ †‡•‹‰‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ȋ‰Žƒ••ǡ …ƒ”†„‘ƒ”†ǡ ‰Žƒ•• Ƥ„”‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†’‘Ž›‡•–‡”ǡ…ƒ”„‘Ƥ„‡””‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†‡’‘š›Ȍ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒ†’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‹“—‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡„—‹Ž†‹‰’Š›•‹…•ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡ †‡•‹‰™‹ŽŽ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡‡™…‘…‡’–•ˆ‘”‹†‘‘”…Ž‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ  ƒŽŽ’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ–Š‡•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…”—Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹œ‹‰ǡ†‡•‹‰‹‰ǡ‘†‡Ž‹‰ǡ –‡•–‹‰ǡ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‰ƒ†’”‘–‘–›’‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ǡ‡”‹…Š‡†™‹–Š 139

‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹˜‡†‡•‹‰•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–‘™ƒ”†•’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ …‹‡–‹Ƥ…”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠƬ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹•”‡“—‡•–‡†–‘‘’‡–‘™ƒ”†••‘…‹‡–›‘”‡–Šƒ‡˜‡”„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ‘ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰‡š–‡–ǡ•‘…‹‡–›…ƒŽŽ• ˆ‘”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǮˆ”‡‡ˆ‘”ǯ„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†Š›„”‹†•ǡȋˆ‘”–‡…Š‹“—‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡…‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ „—‹Ž†‹‰• ƒ† ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡Ȍǡ ƒ† ˆ‘” „—‹Ž†‹‰• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ǡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽ›‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–Ǥ—‹Ž†‹‰•ƒ”‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‘—”“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‡ǡ…ƒ”‡ǡ™‘”ǡ•–—†›ǡ•Š‘’ƒ†”‡Žƒš‹„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǤŠ‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› …Šƒ‹ –‘ †‡•‹‰ǡ ‡‰‹‡‡” ƒ† ’”‘†—…‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰• ‹• …‘•‡“—‡–Ž›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ—‹Ž†‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒŽ•‘…‘–”‹„—–‡•–‘ƒ…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ†‘Ǧ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ „—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›Ǥ —‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ–‡Žˆ–Šƒ•‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›‡š’ƒ†‡†‹–•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘ƒ†‹˜‹–‡†ƒȋ†‡’ƒ”–‡–ƒŽȀ‹–‡”ƒŽȌ’‡‡””‡˜‹‡™„‘ƒ”† ‹͙…‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒˆ‘”–Š‡͙’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ†ƒȋ—‹˜‡”•‹–›Ȁ‡š–‡”ƒŽȌ‹† ‡”‡˜‹‡™‘ƒ”†–‘ƒ†˜‹•‡‘–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†–Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡͙”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘‰”ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–ǤŠ‡ ƒ­ƒ†‡• •—„’”‘‰”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ †—•–”‹ƒŽ—‹Ž†‹‰™ƒ•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ„‘–Š ”‡˜‹‡™•™Š‹…Š–‘‘’Žƒ…‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ †—•–”‹ƒŽ—‹Ž†‹‰•‘ŽŽ‘“—‹—‘͜ ‡„”—ƒ”›ȏ͘Ȑƒ†–Š‡‹†‡”‡˜‹‡™‘͛ƒ›͖͔͔͛ ȏ͙Ȑ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡•‡…‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒ™‡”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†‹‘”†‡”–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒŽŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•†‹•–‹…–Ž›†‡Ƥ‡–Š‡‹”‘™”‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘”–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹”•—’‡”˜‹•‘”•ǡ–‘ƒ…“—ƒ‹–ƒŽŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•™‹–Š‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”•™‘”ǡ–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–͗‡š–‡”ƒŽ’‡‡”•‹‡ƒ…Š’”‘‰”ƒ–‘ƒ„•‘”„ –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –‘ •’‡ƒ ‘—– ƒ† ™”‹–‡ –Š‡‹” ’‡‡” ƒ†˜‹…‡• –‘ –Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–ǤŠ‡•‡Žˆ•–—†›‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†‹͙‘ŽŽ‘“—‹—‘‘•ǡ™Š‹…Š…‘–ƒ‹‡†ƒ’‘•–‡”ƒ†ƒ͘ˆ‘”ƒ–†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š’”‘Œ‡…–ǤŠ‡•‡„‘‘•ƒŽ•‘…‘–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡‘”‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒ—„‡”‘ˆŠ•–—†‡–•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”›‡ƒ”Ž›Ǯǯ ‡˜‹‡™Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘…‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡˜‹‡™‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ”‡ƒ‡ƒ…Š ‘ŽŽ‘“—‹—‘‘…‘–ƒ‹‡†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ…Š•—„’”‘‰”ƒ–‘‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‘™Š‘™ǡ‹•‹‰Š– ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‰ƒ‹‡†„›”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤŠ‡•‡͙„‘‘•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Œ‘‹‡† ‹–‘–Š‹•‘‡—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›”‘Œ‡…–•‘‘ǡ™Š‹…Š™ƒ•Šƒ†‡† –‘–Š‡‹†‡”‡˜‹‡™‘ƒ”†ƒ†ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”ƒ†˜‹…‡Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡Žƒ•–͘›‡ƒ”•–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆŠ•–—†‡–•“—ƒ†”—’Ž‡†‹–Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ƒ– –Š‡‘‡––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡͔͜”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–ƒ•ƒ ™Š‘Ž‡ǡƒ‘‰•–™Š‘͙͔Š•–—†‡–•ƒ†͔͗•–ƒơƒ†‡š–‡”ƒŽ Š •–—†‡–•Ǥ  –Š‡ ‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹… ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡™ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•™‡•‡†‘—”Š•–—†‡–•‘™‘”Ž†™‹†‡…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡•ƒ† –Š‡›”‡–—”ƒˆ–‡”†‹•…—••‹‘•™‹–Š’”‘‹‡–’‡‡”•‹–Š‡‹”Ƥ‡Ž†•‘ˆ 140

‡š’‡”–‹•‡ǡ‡”‹…Š‹‰–Š‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘–ƒ…–•ǤŠ‡‹ƪ—‡…‡ ‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‹••‡‡‹–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘—–’—–Ǥ

3.

Status Of The Subprogram Facades

 –Š‡ ‹†•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͙ —‹Ž†‹‰ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ’”‘‰”ƒ• –Š‡ •—„’”‘‰”ƒ‘ˆ ƒ­ƒ†‡•‹•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡Šƒ‹”•‘ˆ‡•‹‰‘ˆ‘•–”—…–‹‘•ƒȋ”‘ˆǤƒƒ…Ȍƒ†–Š‡Šƒ‹”‘ˆ”‘†—…–‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋ”‘ˆǤ ‡Š‘—–ȌǤ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡’‡‡””‡˜‹‡™•™ƒ•–Šƒ–ƒ Žƒ”‰‡‰ƒ‹‹•–‘„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡•—„’”‘‰”ƒ ƒ…ƒ†‡• ™‹–Š–Š‡–™‘•—„’”‘‰”ƒ•‹•ƒ†‘ˆ‘”–ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡•‡–—’ˆ”‘ –Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰’Š›•‹…ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•ǤŠ‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•ƒ”‡–‘„‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‘ ˆ”‡‡ˆ‘”†‡•‹‰„—‹Ž†‹‰•…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘…‘—Ž†„‡•‘—‰Š–™‹–Š–Š‡ •—„’”‘‰”ƒ‘ˆŽ‘„•ȀŽƒ††‹‰•Ǥ …ƒ•‡’”‘‰”‡••‹•–‘„‡ƒ†‡‘ –Š‡’—”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƤ‡Ž†ǡ–Š‡ƒ’’‹’”‘‰”ƒ…‘—Ž†„‡Ž‹‡†Ǥ …ƒ•‡‘ˆ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘˜ƒ„Ž‡’ƒ”–•‹„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹…•‹•–‘„‡Ž‹‡†—’ǤŠ‹•‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘™Š›‹–Š‹•ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ƒŽŽ͙’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ”‡‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†Ǥ

4.

Sixteen Steps Strategy

Š‡”‘Œ‡…–•‘‘ȏ͙Ȑ†‹•’Žƒ›•–Š‡ȋ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†Ȍ”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›’‡” ͕͗ ‡…‡„‡” ͖͔͔͚Ǥ – ‹• ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ Ž‘‰‡” –‡” •–”ƒ–‡‰› ™Š‹…Š ‹• †‹•’Žƒ›‡† ‹ Ƥ‰—”‡ ͘ǡ –Š‡ •‘ …ƒŽŽ‡† Dz‹š–‡‡ –‡’• –”ƒ–‡‰›dzǤ Š‹• ’Žƒ •–ƒ”–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š †‹”‡…–Ž› ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ƒ—‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ••‡••‡–‹͖͔͔͗ǡ™Š‹…Š™ƒ•“—‹–‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ –™‘’”‘‰”ƒ•ǮŽ‘„•Ȁ ǯƒ†Ǯƒ’’‹ǯ„—–Ž‡••ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ˜‹”‘‡–•ǯǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ –Š‹• …ƒ•‡ –Š‡ …‘•‡“—‡…‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ••‡••‡–‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‡†ƒ†–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘™ƒ•‹‘˜ƒ–‡†ǡ•’Ž‹–—’ǡ‡š’ƒ†‡†ƒ†‡š’Ž‘†‡†„›–Š‡ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡‡ơ‡…–•‘ˆ ƒ—„‡”‘ˆƤƒ…‹ƒŽ‹’—Ž•‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆƒ…—Ž–›–‘‰‡––Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‡”‹…Š‡†Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹’—Ž•‡• ™‡”‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ• –‘ …‘–ƒ‹ ƒ†ƒ–‘”›…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡‹†—•–”›ǡ•‘ƒ•–‘…‘˜‡”–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‘ˆ͙͔Ψˆ‡‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡Š•–—†‡–•‹“—‡•–‹‘ǤŠ—•–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆƤƒ…‹ƒŽ‹’—Ž•‡•™‡”‡†‘—„Ž‡†Ǥ•–‡’—’‹–‘ˆ—–—”‡‹†‡’‡†‡…›–Š”‘—‰Š˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‹š–‡‡–‡’•–”ƒ–‡‰›”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‹–‘ƒ–—”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’Žƒ‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘ȋ•–‡’͗Ȍ˜‹ƒ–Š‡’‡‡””‡˜‹‡™• ȋ•–‡’͜Ȍƒ†–Š‡‹†‡”‡˜‹‡™ȋ•–‡’͕͕Ȍ–‘–Š‡–‡†‡”•‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡ •…ƒŽ‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ™Š‹…Š‘Ž›™‹ŽŽ‘Ž›„‡•—……‡••ˆ—Ž™Š‡–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‰”‘—’‹•‹†‡’‡†‡–ǡŠƒ•‡‘—‰Š…”‹–‹…ƒŽ ƒ••ƒ†Šƒ•ƒ•—ƥ…‹‡–Ž›•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥ Step 1: Growth Š‡–‘–ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–ƒơƒ†Š•–—†‡–•‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‡š141

’Ž‘†‡†„‡–™‡‡͕ ƒ—ƒ”›͖͔͔͗ƒ†͕͗‡…‡„‡”͖͔͔͚ȋƒ••‡••‡– ’‡”‹‘†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†‡”Ȍ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‘‰‡”•’‹”‹–‹”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡†‹”‡…–ˆ—†‹‰ƒ†‹’—Ž•‡•‹ˆ—†‹‰‹–Š‡ˆƒ…—Ž–› ƒ†‘ˆ͗”†’ƒ”–›ˆ—†‹‰Ǥ Step 2: Arrangement ͖͔͔͚–Š‡…Ž—•–‡”‹‰‘ˆƒƥŽ‹ƒ–‡†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘Œ‡…–•™ƒ•—†‡”–ƒ‡„›–Š‡‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡•–‘”ǤŠ‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡––‘‘’Žƒ…‡‹͚…‘•‡“—‡–•–‡’•ǡƤ”•––‘‰”‘—’•ǡ‹ƒ•ƒŽŽ‡”•‡…–‹‘‘ˆ͗Šƒ‹”•ƒ†Žƒ–‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ †‡’ƒ”–‡–ǡ ‡†‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ™‡ŽŽǦ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† Ǯƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ …Š‡‡ǯ‘ˆ͕͙•—„Ǧ’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ†͙’”‘‰”ƒ• ^ƚĞƉϯ͗sĂůŝĚĂƟŽŶ Š‡’”‘’‡”“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡†ƒ–ƒƒ”‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†ǣ–Š‡‘—–’—–”‡•—Ž–•‹‡Žˆ– ’‘‹–•‹•†”ƒˆ–‡†„›–Š‡•‡…”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹–Š‡•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡•…Š‡‡„›–Š‡‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡•–‘”‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡…‘–ƒ‹‡–ǤŠ‡•—’‡”˜‹•‹‰’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽˆ—ŽŽ›”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š—†‡”–Š‡‹”•—’‡”˜‹•‹‘ǤŠ‡‡‡” ‡˜‹‡™• ’”‘†—…‡† ƒ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡˜‹‡™ǡ †‹•…—••‡† „› –Š‡ …‘’Ž‡–‡ ‰”‘—’‘ˆ’”‘‰”ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†•—„Ǧ’”‘‰”ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡

Figure 4 ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉϭϲ^ƚĞƉƐ͕ĂĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƚĞĚϯdhEĞƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ approach.

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’‡‡””‡˜‹‡™•ƒ”‡•’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒ…–‹‘•ƒ•–‘–Š‡…‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘‘”•–‘’’‹‰‘ˆ –Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘Œ‡…–•ǡƒ†˜‹•‡†„›–Š‡’‡‡”•„—–‡š‡…—–‡†„›–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•Ǥ ^ƚĞƉϰ͗WƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶWůĂŶ ‡’‡†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡™‡••ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‘’‹…•ƒŽ‹•– ‘ˆ’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‹‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡•ǡ‹’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡•ȋˆ‘”˜ƒŽ‘”‹œƒ–‹‘Ȍƒ†‹‘‘‰”ƒ’Š•ƒ†„‘‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡ †”ƒˆ–‡†–‘…‘Ƥ”–Š‡•…‹‡–‹Ƥ……‘–‡–ƒ†•‘…‹‡–ƒŽ‹’—Ž•‡•‹Ž‹‡— ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ›…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡’ƒ’‡”•‰‹˜‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥ Step 5: Towards Reprogramming —„‡”‘ˆ…ƒ—•‡•™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†–‘ƒ•‡–Ǧ—’‘ˆƒ‡™’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ǣ–Š‡ …—””‡–’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰™ƒ••–ƒ”–‡†‹͖͔͔͖ˆ‘”ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ͚›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ƪ—‡…‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡Žˆ–‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–”‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡‡Žˆ–‡•‹‰ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”‹‡•ǡ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‡Žˆ–‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–”‡Ǯ –‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‹‡•ǡ—‹Ž†‹‰•Ƭ‘’‘‡–•ǯƒ†–Š‡͗…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘–Š‡” ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒŽŽ™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†–‘ƒ”‡ˆ‘”ƒ––‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰Ǥ Step 6: External Finances  ˆ—–—”‡ –Š‡ ͕•– ‘‡› •–”‡ƒ ™‹ŽŽ ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› „‡ ”‡†—…‡† ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡•—„•–‹–—–‡†„›͗”†‘‡›ƒ†͖†‘‡›ǤŠ‹”†‘‡› ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡• •‹…‡ ͖ǡ͙ ›‡ƒ”• ‹ –Š‡ ”‘‡–Š‡—• ˆ‘”—Žƒ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– …‘•‘”–‹ƒ‘ˆ͘‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƤ”•ƒ”‘—†‘‡Š•–—†‡–‹•ƒ…Š‹‡˜ƒ„Ž‡ǡ „—–˜‡”›Žƒ„‘—”Ǧ‹–‡•‹˜‡–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹Ǥ ^ƚĞƉϳ͗/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘–ƒ…–•‘ˆ‘—””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•–‘…Šƒ‹”•ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ’‡”•‘• ‘ˆ †‹ơ‡”‡– ˆƒ…—Ž–‹‡• Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ƒ †‹˜‡”•‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡–™‘”ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•—•‡†ˆ‘”‡š…Šƒ‰‡‘ˆŽ‡…–—”‡•ƒ†™‘”•Š‘’•ǡ‘……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ •–ƒơ ‡š…Šƒ‰‡ǡ •–—†‡–• ’‡” ȋ•‡‹ǦȌ•‡‡•–‡”ǡ ’‡‡” ”‡˜‹‡™• ˆ”‘„‘–Š•‹†‡•ƒ†…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•—’‡”˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ…‘‘Š”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ†…‘‘•–ƒơ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘Œ‡…–•Ǥ Step 8: Peer Reviews for the Mid Term Review Š‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†‡”‡˜‹‡™…‘–ƒ‹•‡Žˆ•–—†‹‡•ǡ‹–‡”ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ†–Š‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‡‡”‡˜‹‡™•‘ –Š‡’”‡•‡–‡†„‘†›‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤŠ‡—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›”‘Œ‡…–• ‘‘‹•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–Ǥ ^ƚĞƉϵ͗ĞůŌĞƐŝŐŶ>ĂďƐƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ Š‡•‡…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡•–ƒ”–‡†‹ ‡„”—ƒ”›͖͔͔͛ƒ†™‹ŽŽ„‡‡š’ƒ†‡†‹ˆ—–—”‡ƒ†‹ƪ—‡…‡–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡”‡’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰Ǥ ^ƚĞƉϭϬ͗ĞůŌZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞŶƚƌĞ͚/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚŝƟĞƐ͕ƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐΘŽŵͲ ponents’ Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ’‡”‹‘† Šƒ• „‡‡ …Ž‘•‡† ‘ơ ‡† ͖͔͔͚Ǥ Š‡ ‡š– 143

’Šƒ•‡‹•ƒ‘‡›‡ƒ”Ž‘‰ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’‡”‹‘†…‘–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡ƒŒ‘””‡•‡ƒ”…Š’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹‡†•›‡”‰‡–‹……‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ …‘‘•—’’Ž›‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–˜‡”•—•–Š‡†‡ƒ† ˆ”‘–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡–•‡…–‹‘•‹–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›ƒ†–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ƒ†…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‰Šƒ‹”•Ǥ Step 11: Mid term Review Š‡•‡Žˆ•–—†‹‡•ƒ”‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†‘͛’”‹ŽǢ–Š‡•‹–‡˜‹•‹–‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡” ‡˜‹‡™‹•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†‘͛ƒ›͖͔͔͛Ǥ Step 12: Programming Building Technology Plus Š‡…—””‡–’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰…‘—Ž†‡ƒ•‹Ž›„‡Œ‘‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡•‘–Š‡‹†Š‘˜‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘ˆ–Š‡—‹Ž†‹‰• ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹˜‹Ž‰‹‡‡”‹‰‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ––ƒ‹ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›•–”‘‰‡”‰”‘—’‘ˆ—–…Š—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‹”•–…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ƒ‰”‡‡†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Ǥ ^ƚĞƉϭϯ͗sĂůŝĚĂƟŽŶdWůƵƐ Ž•‘–Š‹•‡™‡š’ƒ†‡†’”‘‰”ƒŠƒ•–‘„‡˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†Ž‹‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ„‘˜‡‹•–‡’͗Ǥ Step 14: SME partnerships /ŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽŽďƚĂŝŶĂŶĚƐŽƵŶĚďĂƐĞŽĨƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚD<ͬ^D ;ƐŵĂůůĂŶĚŵĞĚŝƵŵďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐͿĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƐŽƌƟĂǁŝůůďĞĞdžƉůŽŝƚĞĚ͘ ^ƚĞƉϭϱ͗/ŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚWĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐ ˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ––ƒ‹‡†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘ ͛‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡–‘ „‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†ǡ‡š‡”…‹•‡†ǡ‡–‡”‡†ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ Step 16: Tendering for the European 7 FP Program –Š‡„ƒ•‡‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡‡‘—‰Š”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‰”‘—’•ȋ͕͙–‘͖͔ˆ–‡Ȍǡ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•ǡ–‡†‡”•›„‡ ‡–‡”‡†ǤŠ‹•’Šƒ•‡™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡ƒ…Š‡†‡†‘ˆ͖͔͔͛‹ˆƒŽŽ’”‡˜‹‘—••–‡’• Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–ƒ‡•—……‡••‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ

5.

Colloquia

ƒ”Ž›͖͔͔͛–Š‡•‡Žˆ•–—†‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ•™‡”‡‰‹˜‡ȋƒ•’‡”‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ƥ…‹ƒŽ ƒ— ••‡••‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —–…Š ‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ǣ ȌǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ƒ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ’‡” ‡ƒ…Š ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ’”‘Œ‡…–• ‹ –Š‡•—„’”‘‰”ƒ•™‹–Šƒ”ƒ†‘•‡“—‡…‡‹™Š‹…Š„‘–Š–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ”Š•–—†‡–•ǡ–Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽŠ•–—†‡–•ǡ–Š‡•–ƒơ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ƒ†‰—‡•–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ”‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ǤŠ‹•‘˜‡”˜‹‡™Šƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘” ‘ˆƒȋ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†Ȍ’‘•–‡”‹™Š‹…Šƒ„‹–‹‘•ǡ•–”ƒ–‡‰›”‡•—Ž–•ƒ† ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‘”ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†‹ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡Ǥƒ…Š’”‘Œ‡…– 144

‹•ƒ……‘’ƒ‹‡†„›ƒˆ—ŽŽ’ƒ‰‡†‡•…”‹’–‹‘ǡƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ–’‡”’”‘Œ‡…–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”Ǥ––Š‡‡†–Š‡‡’‹Ž‘‰—‡‰‹˜‡•ƒ˜‹‡™‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ƥ˜‡—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ ˆ–‡”ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ͗›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‰”‘™–Šƒ†͕›‡ƒ”‘ˆ…Ž—•–‡”‹‰‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‘’‹…•‹–‘…‘•‹•–‡–•—„’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ–Š‡—•—ƒŽ—‹˜‡”•‹–›˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘–‹‡…ƒ‡Ǥ•‹•–Š‡”—Ž‡‹•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘™ƒ•ƒ†‡‘ˆƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›”‡‘™’‡‡”•ǡ™Š‘ ™‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›”‡‰ƒ”†ǡƒ”‡‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡–•–ƒ–—”‡ƒ†–‘‘–Š‡Ž‹„‡”–›–‘ ƒ†˜‹•‡—•–Š‡‹”„‡•–˜‹‡™•Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡‹˜‹–‡†–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’‡‡”•ǣ • Blobs ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥƒˆ”‡† ”‘ŠƒKassel ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ”ƒ‘‘Žƒ”‡˜‹…ƒŽŽ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–› †‹ƒƒ’‘Ž‹• ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥƒ”–‹†‡‹–‹†Š‘˜‡ • Industrial Building ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ ‡”Šƒ”†ƒ—•Žƒ†‡‡…Š‹•…Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–¡–ò…Š‡ ”‘ˆǤ†”ǤŠ‘ƒ•‡”œ‘‰‡…Š‹•…Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–¡–ò…Š‡ ”‘ˆǤ‹…Šƒ”†‘”†‡‡…Š‹•…Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–¡–ò…Š‡ ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ ‘•‹…Š–‡„‡”‰‹†Š‘˜‡ ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ ‘‘’ƒŽƒ™‡–‡ • Informatics ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ‘„‡”–‘‘†„—”›‹˜‡”•‹–—›‘ˆ‘—–Š‡”ƒ‹‡ ”Ǥ ‘‘’ƒ—Ž˜‡”—’ ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ ”‡‘”˜ƒ–Š †—•–”‹ƒŽ‡•‹‰‰‹‡‡”‹‰‡Žˆ– • Zappi ”‘ˆǤ†”ǤŠ”‹•…ƒŠ‘‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ–Š ”‘ˆǤ ƒƒ„‡”•›ǡ‹˜‹Ž‰‹‡‡”‹‰‡Žˆ– ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ‘„‹Œ••‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ Š‡–ǡǡ”Š‡ • Climate Design ”‘ˆǤ†”ǤŽƒˆ†ƒ‹†Š‘˜‡ ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ‘‡–‡‡‡”•‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ„”‹†‰‡ ”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ ”ƒ†‡”‘›‡”ƒ–Š‘Ž‹‡‡‹˜‡”•–‡‹–‡—˜‡ Š‡’‡‡”•Šƒ˜‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡‹”ˆ”‡‡ƒ†‹†‡’‡†‡–ƒ†˜‹…‡ǤŠ‡‹”ƒ†˜‹…‡‹•‘–…‘–ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‹•Ž‡…–—”‡„—–„—†Ž‡†‹ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ǯ –‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‡˜‹‡™ǯǤ‡”‡…‡‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ…”‹–‹…ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ†ˆ—”–Š‡””‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ Š‡› ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† –Š‡ ‘‰‘‹‰ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ‡™‡••ǡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›Ǥ –‘–ƒŽ–Š‡͙…‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†͕͛‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‡‡”•Ǥ Š‹•ǡ‹‘—”‘’‹‹‘ǡ™ƒ•‡…‡••ƒ”›ƒ•‡ƒ…Šƒ•’‡…–‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ• ‹–•‘™‡š’‡”–‹•‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡”‡“—‹”‡•–Š‡‹’—Ž•‡ˆ”‘†‹ơ‡”‡– –‡…Š‹…ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•ǡ‘”‡–Šƒ–Š‡‹†‡”‡˜‹‡™‘ƒ”†ǡ™Š‹…Š™‹ŽŽ Œ—†‰‡‘ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆƒ„•–”ƒ…–‹‘ǡ‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘ơ‡”Ǥ

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6.

Development of this Research Program

Š‡••‡••‡–’‡”‹‘†ˆ‘”–Š‹•‹†‡”‡˜‹‡™‹•͖͔͔͗Ȃ͖͔͔͚ǤŠ‡ Ƥ”•–͗›‡ƒ”•™‡”‡—•‡†ˆ‘”‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ•’Ž‹––‹‰—’ ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ͗’”‘‰”ƒ•‹–‘–Š‡…—””‡–͙’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ†‹–‡”ƒŽ…‘Š‡•‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ’”‘‰”ƒ•ǤŠ‡Žƒ•–›‡ƒ”™ƒ•—•‡†‹‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ –Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘Œ‡…–•‹–‘…‘Š‡”‡–‰”‘—’‹‰•Ǥ‹ƒƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•…Š‡‡•‹ƒ—–—͖͔͔͚–Š‡ •ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡•…Š‡‡•‹͙ƒ‹’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ†͕͙•—„’”‘‰”ƒ•”‡•—Ž–‡†ǡ •‡‡Ƥ‰—”‡͖Ǥ –Š‡Žƒ•–ŠƒŽˆ›‡ƒ”–Š‡•…Š‡‡™ƒ•Šƒ”†Ž›ƒŽ–‡”‡†ƒ›‘”‡ǤŽŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Šƒ†–‘‰‡–ƒ……—•–‘‡†™‹–Š–Š‹•ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹… ’”‘‰”ƒ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™‡”‡ ƒ’’‘‹–‡† ƒ† –Š‡ ‡š‡…—–‹˜‡ •—„’”‘‰”ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•™‡”‡’”‘’‘•‡†ǡ…Šƒ‰‡†ƒ†ƤƒŽŽ›ƒ’’‘‹–‡†Ǥ Š‡›‰”‡™‹–‘–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡Ǥˆ…‘—”•‡͙Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•†‹†‘– ƒ‰”‡‡ƒ†…‘–‹—‡†–‘†‘–Š‡‹”‘™ǡ„‡––‡”™ƒ›ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡”‹‰Š– ‹–Š‡•‡•‡–Šƒ––Š‹•‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‡–Ǧ—’‹•ƒ”–‹Ƥ…‹ƒŽǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–‹• †‡•‹‰‡†ƒ†…‘—Ž†ƒ•™‡ŽŽŠƒ˜‡„‡‡†‡•‹‰‡†‹ƒ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›Ǥ—– –Š‹•™ƒ•–Š‡™ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡•–‘”ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡”‹‰Š–™ƒ›ǫŠƒ– ‹•–”—–Šǫ –‹•ƒ‘’‹‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ›ƒŽ–‡”‹–‹‡Ǥ—–ˆ‘”–Š‡–‹‡„‡‹‰–Š‹•‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•…Š‡‡ǡ‘™ƒ•–Š‡—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› Ǯ”„‹–…Š‡‡ǯǡ‹•ƒ”‡…‘‰‹œƒ„Ž‡•‡–Ǧ—’™Š‹…Š”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ†‘—–•‹†‡”•—†‡”•–ƒ†‡ƒ•‹Ž›Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‰”‘™–Š‘†‡ŽǤ –†‘‡•‘–ƒ‡ †‹•–‹…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ†›‘—‰”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Ǥ–Š‡…‘–”ƒ”›ǡ‹–•–‹—Žƒ–‡•›‘—‰”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•–‘„‡…‘‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰‰”‘—’Ǥ –ƒ‡••–‡’’‹‰‹‡ƒ•‹‡”ǤŠ‡‘Ž†‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•™Š‘†‘ ‘–•‡‡–Š‹•‰”‘™‹‰‡‡†Œ—•–…‘–‹—‡†–Š‡‹””‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡‹” …‘‰”‡•• ’ƒ’‡”• ƒ† †‹† ‘– ‹†Ǥ —– ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ› ™Š‡ –Š‡ †ƒ–‡‘ˆ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘•…ƒ‡…Ž‘•‡ǡ–Š‡”‡…”‹‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘’‡ƒ†Š‹††‡ǡ–Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ††‹•…—••‹‘•„‡…ƒ‡‘”‡‹–‡•‡ǤŠ‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ ƒ•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…™ƒ•Š‹‰‘”…‘ŽŽ‘“—‹—•…ƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ••‹•–ƒ–‡•–‘” ‹‰‡—…‡”ǤŠ‡…‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒ‡ƒ–ƒ‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ•–‡’‹–‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘—’•…‘—Ž†…Š‘‘•‡͗’‡‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘™ Ž‹‹‰ǡ„‡‹––Š‡‘•–…”‹–‹…ƒŽ‘”–Š‡‘•–…‘’Ž‹ƒ–ǡ†‡’‡†‹‰Š‘™ •‡ŽˆǦ…”‹–‹…ƒŽ–Š‡’‡‡”•™‡”‡–‘„‡Ǥ›‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰’‡‡””‡˜‹‡™‡†…‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ‘ˆ™Š‹…Š–Š‡”‡•—Ž–• ™‘—Ž†„‡–”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒǤ

7.

Peer Reviews

ˆ–‡”–Š‡͙…‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒŠƒ˜‡„‡‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ǡƒ†ƒ––Š‡‘‡–‘ˆ ™”‹–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‹•‡’‹Ž‘‰—‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‡””‡˜‹‡™•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡…‡‹˜‡†ǡ ‘‡…‘—Ž†…‘…Ž—†‡–Šƒ––Š‡’‡‡””‡˜‹‡™”‡’‘”–•ƒ”‡“—‹–‡†‹˜‡”•‡ǡ Šƒ––Š‡›…‘–ƒ‹͕͔–‘͖͔Ψƒ†˜‹•‡†•–‘’•ǡ͕͔–‘͖͔Ψ„”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ–…‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†͚͔–‘͔͜Ψƒ†˜‹…‡•ˆ‘”ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡–†‡‰”‡‡•ǤŽŽ ‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†ƒ†…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒƒŽ›œ‡†ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ†˜‹…‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†—’Ǥ•–Š‡…‘’Ž‡–‡‡‡”‡˜‹‡™‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘–‘‘“—‹–‡ •‘‡–‹‡–‘„‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†ǡ–Š‡†‡…‹•‹‘™ƒ•–ƒ‡–‘”‡‰ƒ”†–Š‡ȋ‹–‡”ƒŽȌ’‡‡””‡˜‹‡™•ƒ•„‡‹‰‹†‡’‡†‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡ȋ‡š–‡”ƒŽȌ‹† 146

‡”‡˜‹‡™ǤŠ‡’‡‡””‡˜‹‡™•›•–‡‹•‹˜‡–‡†‹‘”†‡”–‘‰‡––Š‡ „‡•–’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ”‡ƒ–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡‹”„‡•–ƒ†˜‹…‡•‘–Š‡…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘™ƒ›„ƒ…ǡ‘”‡‰”‡–•ƒ†‰‘‹‰„ƒ…–‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹•ƒ†‘Ž›†‹˜‹‰‹–‘‘‡ǯ•‘™”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ Š‡”‡˜‹‡™•ƒ”‡ƒ•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…’Š‡‘‡‘–Šƒ–Šƒ•–‘„‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†‹ ‘”†‡”–‘„‡…‘‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‘—‹–›ǤŠ‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‡” ‡˜‹‡™ ‘ƒ”†• ƒŽŽ ™‡”‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‡•–‡‡‡†’‡‡”•‹–Š‡‹”•’‡…‹Ƥ…’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ǤŠ‡‹†‡”‡˜‹‡™™‹ŽŽ ‘†‘—„–ƒ†˜‹…‡‘ƒ‘”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡›ˆ‘”–Š‡•…‹‡–‹Ƥ… ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘ˆ —‹Ž†‹‰ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‘˜‡” –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”•͖͔͔͗–‘͖͔͔͚Ǥ

8.

Aim Of The Colloquia

‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹•‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒ™ƒ•–‘ˆ‘”…‡ƒŽŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• –‘ •’‡ƒ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‘—– –‘ •—„Œ‡…–ǡ ‹••‹‘ǡ •–”ƒ–‡‰› ƒ† ‡š’‡…–‡†”‡•—Ž–•ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ‘‡…ƒ—•‡†“—‹–‡•‘‡ˆ”‹…–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ •—’‡”˜‹•‘”•ƒ†–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ǡ™Š‹…Š™ƒ•–‘„‡‡š’‡…–‡†ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŽ‡ƒ†‡”•„‡…ƒ‡•Ž‘™Ž›ƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ••‘‡–Š‹‰–‘ Ž‡ƒ†ǡ ƒ †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ –‘ „‡ ‡Šƒ…‡†ǡ ƒ …‘‘ †‹”‡…–‹‘ –‘ „‡ ’—”•—‡†ǡƒˆ—–—”‡–‘„‡†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ†–‘„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ǤŠ‡•–‡‡”‹‰—’‘ƒ…Ž‡ƒ”‡”†‹”‡…–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡‘–Šƒ–‘Ž›Œ—•–„‡‰ƒǤ‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ •‡…‘† ƒ‹ ™ƒ• –‘ …‘—‹…ƒ–‡ ‘ ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡”ǯ• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ‘‰•––Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Ǥ˜‡–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘‰”ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡Ƥ”•––‹‡ƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘˜‡”–Š‡‹””‡•‡ƒ”…ŠƤ‡Ž†• ‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ†‘Ž›‹–Š‡Žƒ•–™‡‡•„‡‰ƒ–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ –Šƒ–ƒ˜‹‡™‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹””‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘‰”ƒ™ƒ•‡š’‡…–‡† ˆ”‘–Š‡‹Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡…›Ǥ

ϵ͘

dŚĞƵŝůĚŝŶŐdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJͲWƌŽũĞĐƚƐŽŽŬ

–Š‡†ƒœœŽ‹‰•’‡‡†‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡͙…‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒ Šƒ† –‘ „‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ǡ –Š‡ †‡ƒ†Ž› …‘•‡“—‡…‡ ‘ˆ ‘‡ …‘ŽŽ‘“—‹— ‡˜‡”› ͖ ™‡‡• –‘‘ ‹–• –‘ŽŽ ‘ –Š‡ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‡•–‘”ǡ ƒ••‹•–ƒ–ǡŽƒ›‘—–‡”•ǡ‡†‹–‘”•ƒ†•‡…”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–ǡƒŽŽ‹†‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ—’”‹•‹‰• ™‡”‡…‘‘ǡ„—–ƒ––Š‡‡†ƒŽŽ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†™‡”‡•ƒ–‹•Ƥ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡͙…‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒ™‡”‡’”‹–‡†ƒ•–Š‡Ƥ˜‡‘ŽŽ‘“—‹—‘‘•ǤŠ‹•”‘Œ‡…–•‘‘…ƒ„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•–Š‡͚–Š˜‘Ž—‡ǡ–Š‡ƤƒŽ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘Œ‡…–• ™Š‹…Š™‡”‡—†‡”™ƒ›ƒ––Š‡ƒ”‹‰†ƒ–‡‘ˆ͕͗‡…‡„‡”͖͔͔͚‘” ƒ‘—…‡†˜‹ƒ˜ƒ…ƒ…‹‡•Ǥ‡‘™–Šƒ––Š‡‡‡”‰›‹––‘‘–‘‰‡– –Š‡•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…™Š‡‡Ž”‘ŽŽ‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡Ž‡••‘‡ƒ…Š‘……ƒ•‹‘–Šƒ–ƒƒ••‡••‡–‘”’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ•‡†‹ˆ—–—”‡ǡ‘”ƒ’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ†‡Ǥ Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ……‡’–‡†„›–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡•Ǥ Š‡‡š–͚’ƒ‰‡••Š‘™͚’”‘Œ‡…–•ˆ”‘–Š‡”‘Œ‡…–•‘‘–Šƒ– ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ­ƒ†‡‡•‡ƒ”…Š”‘—’Ǥ 147

Poster 9.2.2 Š‹‡‘„„‡”–

148

Poster 9.2.3 ƒ”…‡Ž‹Ž‘™

149

Poster 9.2.4 ‹†ƒƒ†ƒƒŠ

150

Poster 9.2.5 ”‹‡‡”‰•ƒ

151

Poster 9.2.6 ƒš‹‡Š‘—–

152

Poster 9.2.7 ‹ŽŽƒŽ‡‹

153

10.

Towards a 3TU Research Plan for Building Technology

Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘Œ‡…–•†‡•…”‹„‡†‹–Š‹•„‘‘ǡ„—†Ž‡†‹•—„’”‘‰”ƒ•‘ơ‡”•‡š…‡ŽŽ‡–’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰͖ •–‡’•‹–Š‡‡ƒ”ˆ—–—”‡ǣ–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡–‡†‡”‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡͛–Š‡•‡ƒ”…Š ”ƒ‡™‘””‘‰”ƒǡ ͛ȋ‘”‹—–…Šǣ͛ǡǮ͛‡ƒ†‡””‘‰”ƒȌ —”‘’‡ƒ•—„•‹†›’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ™Š‹…Š‹ˆ—–—”‡™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡‘˜‡”Ƥƒ…‹‰ ‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ…Ž—•–‡”‹‰‘ˆƒŽŽ•…‹‡–‹Ƥ……‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ‘ˆ•’‡…‹Ƥ…•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹•ƒŽ‘•–ƒ†ƒ–‘”›Ǥ ‘”–Šƒ–”‡ƒ•‘‘—” —‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ˆ”‘‹†Š‘˜‡ƒ†–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ™‡–‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‹˜‹–‡†–‘Œ‘‹‘—”’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ƒ†–‘ƒ‡ ƒ‡ơ‘”–ˆ‘”…‘’Ž‹‡–ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘Œ‡…–•ǡ–‘”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’Žƒ‹–‘ƒ—–…Š—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‡•‡ƒ”…Š ŽƒǤŠ‡‹‹•–‡”Šƒ•‘”†‡”‡†–Š‡͗—–…Šǯ•–‘…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡Ǥ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–Š‹•‡ƒ•‹ƒ…‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›‘†‡Ǥ‹…‡͛ ‡„”—ƒ”›͖͔͔͛ –Š‡͗‡–Š‡”Žƒ†• ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒˆƒ…–Ǥ†ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡–‘’Šƒ• •‡––Š‡’ƒ…‡ǡ‹–‹•†‘™–‘–Š‡•Š‘’ƪ‘‘”ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ…—Ž–›ǡ–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‹• ƒ†ƒ‰‡ǤŽ‘‰‹…ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘–‘…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ˆ”‘ ‹†Š‘˜‡ ƒ† ™‡–‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› …‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ ‹ ‘—” ’”‘‰”ƒ• ȋ‹…Š–‡„‡”‰ǡ ƒŽƒȌ ƒ• †‘ –™‘ ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”• ˆ”‘ ‹˜‹Ž ‰‹‡‡”‹‰  ‡Žˆ– ȋƒ„‡”•›ǡ ƒ‰‡ƒ•ȌǤ š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ”‘‹†Š‘˜‡ƒ†™‡–‡‡ƒ•‘”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’‘™‡”ǡ‘”‡ •—’‡”˜‹•‹‰ƒ’‘™‡”ƒ†‘”‡‡š’‡”‹‡…‡–‘•Šƒ”‡‘˜‡”–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ†Š•–—†‡–•ƒ†‘”‡…‘˜‹…–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›–‘ƒ‡ƒŽŽ‹ƒ…‡•„‡–™‡‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†‹†—•–”›ǡ’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ‹•„‘‘™‹ŽŽ‡š’Žƒ‹ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–‡†…‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ†’Žƒ›‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹†—•–”›™Šƒ–“—ƒ–‹–›ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›–Š‡›…ƒ‡š’‡…–Ǥ

ϭϭ͘ YƵĂůŝƚLJDĂƩĞƌƐŶĚ/ƐŽŶƟŶŽƵƐůLJ^ƚƌŝǀĞĚ&Žƌ —ƒ–‹–›Šƒ•„‡‡‡š’ƒ†‡†ƒŽ‘•––‘–Š‡„‘”†‡”•‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘•—’‡”˜‹•‡ǤŽ•‘‰‘‘†Š•–—†‡–•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰ƒ––”ƒ…–‡†ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡”—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•Ǥ˜‡”•‡‡‹‰–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒǡ“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ –Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡Šƒ••–‹ŽŽ–‘‰”‘™Ǥ—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•—„’”‘‰”ƒ•Šƒ˜‡ ‘Ž›„‡‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†Ž‡••–Šƒ͖›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ƒ†ƒ”‡‹–Š‡‹”‹ˆƒ…›ǡ„—– –Š‡ †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ ƒ† ‡–Š—•‹ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ‰”‘—’ ™‹ŽŽ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –Š‡ ›‘—‰‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‘Ž‹ˆ–ƒŽ‘‰ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡‡Ž†‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Ǥ Š‹•…‘–‹—‘—•’”‘…‡••‘ˆ‡–‡”ƒŽ”‡Œ—˜‡ƒ–‹‘‹•…‘‘ˆ‘”Š •–—†‡–•‘’‡”ƒ–‡†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‰”‘—’•ǤŠ‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–ƒơ ‡„‡”• ‹• –‘ •—’‡”˜‹•‡ ƒ† –‘ †‘ –Š‡‹” ‘™ Ž‘‰ –‡” ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ†–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡‹”˜‹•‹‘‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǤŠ‹•˜‹‡™‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‘– ‘Ž›…‘–ƒ‹•ƒ‡š–”ƒ’‘Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…—””‡–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ•…ƒŽ‡Ǧˆ”‡‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ —– ‹ ˆ—–—”‡ ‘‡ •Š‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ –”› –‘ Ƥ† ƒ ƒ–…Š ™‹–Š –Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›‹‹–•ˆ‘—”†‹ơ‡”‡–’ƒ”–‹‡•–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†„‡‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š”‡•—Ž–•ǣ…Ž‹‡–•ȀƤƒ…‡”•ǡƒ”…Š‹–‡…–•Ȁ‡‰‹‡‡”•ǡ …‘–”ƒ…–‘”•Ȁ’”‘†—…‡”•ƒ†’Žƒ‹‰Ȁƒ’’”‘˜‹‰„‘†‹‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ–…Š‹• ƒ‹Ž›‹ƪ—‡…‡†„›“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤŠ‹•˜ƒŽ‘”‹•ƒ–‹‘ƤƒŽ154

Ž›Ƥš‡•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…”‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘”•‘…‹‡–›ǡ…‡”–ƒ‹Ž›‹ƒˆƒ…—Ž–›‘ˆ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡™Š‹…Š‹•’”‘—†–‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡‹–•‡Žˆƒ•Ǯ†‡•‹‰‹‰ˆ‘”•‘…‹‡–›ǯǤ

12.

Research Centre ‘Sp Bouw’

Š‡‡š–•–‡’ǡ–ƒ‡‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›‘ˆ–Š‡͗ ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡–‘ˆ‘”ƒ‡Žˆ–‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–”‡ˆ‘”—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ•–Š‡ ™‘”‹‰ –‹–Ž‡ Dz –‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‹–‹‡•ǡ —‹Ž†‹‰• Ƭ ‘’‘‡–•dzǤ  –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š …‡–”‡ ƒŽŽ ”‡Žƒ–‡† ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ™‘—Ž† „‡ …‘…‡–”ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡͗‡Žˆ–ˆƒ…—Ž–‹‡•‘ˆ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǡ‹˜‹Ž‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‘Ž‹…›Ƭƒƒ‰‡‡–’Ž—•–Š‡‡Žˆ– •–‹–—–‡‹Ƥ”•–‹•–ƒ…‡ǡŽƒ–‡”–‘„‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›–Š‡”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ˆ”‘‹†Š‘˜‡ƒ†™‡–‡‹–‘ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–”‡Ǥ –Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š …‡–”‡ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ‹–‹‡• Ȁ ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ǡ —‹Ž†‹‰• Ȁ –”—…–—”‡•ƒ†‘’‘‡–•Ȁƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†ǤŠ‡–Š”‡‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•™‹ŽŽ…‘–ƒ‹͜‘”͝†‹ơ‡”‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‰”‘—’•‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š͗–‘͘”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…Šƒ‹”•‹‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹•‹œ‡ƒƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ—–ƒ– –Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ƒ•ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‹–›–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–‹‹–••–”ƒ–‡‰›‘ˆ†‡†—…–‹‘ ˆ”‘•‘…‹‡–ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•˜‹ƒ–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡• –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š “—‡•–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡ ‰”‘—’•Ǥ  ‘”†‡” –‘‡Šƒ…‡–Š‡•‘…‹‡–ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•– ‹–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘‡…‘—Ž†–Š‹‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•‘…‹‡–ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•™Š‹…Š‡‡†ƒ––‡–‹‘ǡ ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ …”‡ƒ•‹‰‘„‹Ž‹–›ǡ‡…”‡ƒ•‹‰‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡš’‡…–‡†

”‡›‹‰ǡŠƒ…‡† ˆ‘”ƒ–‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‡”‰›‘•—’–‹‘ǡ –‡•‹˜‡ ”„ƒ‹•ǡ —”–Š‡” †—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹•‹‰ƒ–‡”‡˜‡Ž•Ȁ‹‹‰‘––‘•Ǥ ˜‹‡™‘ˆ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘Œ‡…–•…‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘™ƒ”†•–”›‹‰–‘•‘Ž˜‡’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡•‡•‘…‹‡–ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥˆ…‘—”•‡ –Š‡”‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ •’‡…‹Ƥ… Šƒ‹” ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š –‘ ‡‡’ –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹–Š‡Šƒ‹”•Šƒ”’ǡ„—––Š‡•‡™‹ŽŽ„‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š…‘–ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‡–”‡†‡•…”‹„‡†ǤŠ‹•‰Ž‘„ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’Žƒˆ‘”–Š‡—‹Ž†‹‰ †—•–”›‹–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•™‹ŽŽ‘ †‘—„–‰‡––‘‘™‹–•‘’‡‘”…‘˜‡”–ƒ‰‘•–‹…•ƒ†ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”‹‡•ǡ „—–‹–‹•™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡•–‡’’‹‰‹–‘–Š‹•ƒ†˜‡–—”‡‘ˆƒƒ–‹‘Ǧ™‹†‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’Žƒˆ‘”–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›ǡ™Š‹…Š‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›†‘‡• ‘–ƒ‡ƒŽ‹˜‡Ž›ƒ†ˆ”‡•Š‹’”‡••‹‘ƒ†…‘—Ž†—•‡ƒ‹Œ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ ‡™‘™ǦŠ‘™ƒ†‹•‹‰Š–Ǥ

13.

Enlarging the Research Plan In 2007

Š‡›‡ƒ”͖͔͔͛–‹‡™‹ŽŽ„‡–ƒ‡–‘ˆ‘”–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’Žƒ‹…‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ȋ•—’’Ž›•‹†‡Ȍƒ†–Š‡”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡ ’Žƒ›‡”• ˆ‘” –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹†—•–”› ȋ†‡ƒ†ȌǤ Ž› ™Š‡ –Š‹• ƒ–…Š„‡–™‡‡†‡ƒ†ƒ†•—’’Ž›ƒ–—”‡•ǡ–Š‡‡™’Žƒ™‹ŽŽ„‡ ’—–‹–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ–Š‡ƒ–…Š™‹ŽŽ‘–ƒ–—”‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†‘–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡–†‡’ƒ”–‡–•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’Žƒ‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‡”‹…Š‡†„›–Š‡͗Š‹‹‰Ǥ 155

–‹•‘—”‰‘ƒŽ–‘•–ƒ”–†‹•…—••‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”͗ †‡’ƒ”–‡–•–‘•‡‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›•Šƒ”‡‘—”˜‹•‹‘ƒ†™ƒ––‘‡–‡”‹–‘ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•—Ž––Šƒ––Š‡›™‘—Ž†’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‡™”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘‰”ƒƒ•†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ

14.

Match between Demand and Supply

–Š‹•…ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‡™ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡†‡ƒ† •‹†‡ǡ–Š‡…—””‡–‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†•‡–Ǧ—’‘ˆ‘—””‡•‡ƒ”…Š’Žƒ™‹ŽŽ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›Š‹†‡”ƒ”‡‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘–Š‡”‡‘˜ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†„›…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‰ƒŽŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹–‘…Šƒ‹””‡•‡ƒ”…Š’Žƒ•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡‰”‘—’‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‘–Š‡˜‡”›–‘’‹…•–Šƒ–•‡‡•ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘” –Š‡†‡ƒ†•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹†—•–”›‘”Ȁƒ†ˆ”‘•‘…‹‡–›ǤŠ‡”‡ …‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†ƒ‰‡”‹˜‘Ž˜‡†™‹–Š•—…Šƒ…Ž‘•‡ƒ–…Š‹…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š–Š‡†‡ƒ†•‹†‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•–Š‡‹”…ƒ’”‹…‹‘—•‡••Ǥ‡•‡ƒ”…Š™‹ŽŽˆ‘…—•‘–Š‡Ž‘‰”—‘ˆƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–͚–‘͕͖›‡ƒ”•ǡ‹ƒ…ƒ†‡‹…͚Ǧ›‡ƒ”…›…Ž‡• ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••‡••‡–•ǤŠƒ–‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‡˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡–‘ˆ‘…—• „‘–Š‘ƒ‡†‹—–‡”‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ͚›‡ƒ”•ƒ†‘ƒŽ‘‰–‡”‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ͕͖ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ›ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ††‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹–Š‡‡ƒ–‹‡Ǥ Ž•‘”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”••–ƒ”–ƒ†…‘’Ž‡–‡ƒ†’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ƒ”‡‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‡† ƒ†”‡–‹”‡Ǥ—––Š‡•‡ƒ”‡–Š‡…›…Ž‡•ƒ•–—”†›’”‘‰”ƒ—•–„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ •—”˜‹˜‡ǤŠ‡’”‘‰”ƒ‰‘‡•„‡›‘†–Š‡‹••—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›‘”–Š‡Š‘„„‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‹…Šƒ”‰‡ǤŠ‡’”‘‰”ƒ•Š‘—Ž†„‡™‡ŽŽǦ™”‹––‡ ˆ‘”–Š‡‘Ǧ•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–ǡ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–ǡ…‘˜‹…‹‰ƒ††‹”‡…–‡†–‘™ƒ”†• ƒŽ‘‰†—”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹–‡”˜ƒŽ•‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–•‹‘—–’—–‘ˆ™Šƒ–‡˜‡”‹† ȋ”‡’‘”–•ǡ’”‘–‘–›’‡•ǡ–‡•–‹‰ǡ†‡•‹‰•Ȍ‹‹–•…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ…Ž‡ƒ” ƒ†•’‡…‹Ƥ…’”‘‰”ƒ™‹ŽŽ‘„–ƒ‹•‹–•Ƥƒ…‹‰–Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”Ǥ

15. Conclusions for Façades Š‹•ƒ”–‹…Ž‡…‘–ƒ‹•ƒ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡–”‡ƒ–‹•‡‘ˆŠ‘™‘—””‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ• „‡‡•‡–—’ǡŠ‘™–Š‡’‡‡””‡˜‹‡™•™‡”‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†‹”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒ ƒ† Š‘™ –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†Ǥ ‡ Šƒ˜‡ƒˆƒ‹”–”—•–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”…‡„‡Š‹†–Š‹••‡–Ǧ—’ǡ™Š‹…Š‡ƒ„Ž‡•‘—” ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•–‘„‡…‡–”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š•—„Œ‡…–ƒ†‡ƒ„Ž‡’ƒ”–‹‡• ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—–•‹†‡Ǣ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•…‹‡–‹•–•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ­ƒ†‡‹†—•–”›–‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‹•ˆ—–—”‡Ǯ –‡‰”ƒ–‡† ƒ­ƒ†‡ǯ‡Žˆ–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‰”‘—’™Š‹…Š™‹ŽŽ…‘‡‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‹ƒˆ‡™‘–Š•ǤŠ‡’‘•–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡•—„’”‘‰”ƒ•‘ˆǮ‹•ǯƒ†Ǯ‘ˆ‘”–ǯ™‡”‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž›‘–›‡–‹…Ž—†‡† ƒ•–Š‡†‹•…—••‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡•‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‘Ž›Šƒ˜‡„‡‰—Ǥ—–‹†‹…ƒ–‹‘•…ƒ„‡†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘Ƥ‰—”‡͗ǤŠ‡Ǯ —–—”‡ –‡‰”ƒ–‡† ƒ­ƒ†‡ǯ Šƒ•ƒ…‘”‡‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š™‹–Š™Š‹…Š‘–Š‡”—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•‹—”‘’‡ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š Ƭ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– †‡’ƒ”–‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡” ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ ‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ”‡‹˜‹–‡†–‘Œ‘‹‹ƒ†’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹ –Š‡…‘‹‰͛–‘͜›‡ƒ”•Ǥ”‘—†–Š‹•…‘”‡‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘ˆǤƒƒ… ™”ƒ’•Š‹• –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ•–‡”ǡ•‘–Šƒ–ƒ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š†”‹˜‡‡†156

—…ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ•—’’‘”––Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ ––Š‡Ƥ”•–Ž‘„•‘ŽŽ‘“—‹—‘͖͙ ƒ—ƒ”›͖͔͔͛†”Ǥ‹‘‡Žƒ ’”‡•‡–‡†ǡƒ–”‡“—‡•–ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡ǡ͜’‘‡•™”‹––‡„›ƒ—Ž‘‘‡ŽŠ‘ˆ”‘Š‹•„‘‘Ǯƒ—ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ””‹‘”‘ˆ‹‰Š–ǯȋ ͔͔͔ ͕͙͚͖͛͗͘Ȍǡ™Š‹…Š‹ŽŽ—‹ƒ–‡–Š‡•–ƒ”–ƒ†–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‹•…‘–”‹„—–‹‘ ƒ†‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Before embarking on an important battle, a warrior of light asks himself: ‘How far have I developed my abilities?’ He knows that he has learned something with every battle he has fought, but many of those lessons have caused him —‡…‡••ƒ”›•—ơ‡”‹‰Ǥ‘”‡–Šƒ‘…‡Š‡Šƒ•™ƒ•–‡†Š‹• –‹‡Ƥ‰Š–‹‰ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹‡Ǥ†Š‡Šƒ••—ơ‡”‡†ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘ did not deserve his love. Victors never make the mistake twice. That is why the warrior only risks his heart for something worthwhile.

”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ‹…‡Š‘—–ǡ ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡•–‘”—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› References ͕

—•–‡…‡•ǡǮŽ—‹‹— ƒ…ƒ†‡•Ƭ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǯǡ‡Žˆ–Ȁ ȀȀ  ǡ͕͚͝͝ǡ ǡ͗Ǧ͔͔Ǧ͔͔͖͖͕͗Ǧ͚ȋƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–•‡…”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ– —‹Ž†‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‡Žˆ–Ǣ

͖

‹…Šƒ‡ŽŠ”‹•‡Žǡ‹…‡Š‘—–ǡƒ––Š‹ƒ•ƒŽ†‡ƒǡ‘ƒŽ†‹••‡”ǡǮ͕͗ ‹ƒŽ”‡’‘”– Žƒ••Ƭ –‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡—‹Ž†‹‰˜‡Ž‘’‡•ǯ ǡ ”‡••ǡǡ•–‡”†ƒǡ͖͔͔͚ǡ ͛͜͝Ǧ͕Ǧ͙͚͔͗͜Ǧ͔͛͝Ǧ͗

͗

‡˜‹Žƒ”‹›‹Ž†‹œǡ‹…‡Š‘—–ǡƒ—Žƒ˜ƒ†‡‡”‰Šǡ‡‡”Œƒ”‡’Žƒ ˆ†‡Ž‹‰‘—™–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡͖͔͔͚Ǧ͖͔͔͝ǡ –‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‡…”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‡Žˆ–

͘

‹…‡Š‘—–ǡ‘ƒŽ†‹••‡”‡–ƒŽǡǮ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘ŽŽ‘“—‹— †—•–”‹ƒŽ —‹Ž†‹‰ǡ͜ ‡„”—ƒ”›͖͔͔͛ǯ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›

͙

‹…‡Š‘—–ǡ‘ƒŽ†‹••‡”‡–ƒŽǡǮ—‹Ž†‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ’”‘Œ‡…–•͕͗†‡…‡„‡”͖͔͔͚ǯ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ—‹Ž†‹‰‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡Žˆ–

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ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‡ ƒŽ•‘ —•‡† –Š‹• …‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ ƒ† ”‡ƒ†Œ—•– ‘—”‘™”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠȂ–Š‡—Ž–‹†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š†‡Ž‹˜‡”•ƒ„”‘ƒ† ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹ƪ—‡…‡• ƒ† ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• –Šƒ– ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•‡† ƒ††‹”‡…–‡†‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ›ǣ–Š‡”‘ƒ†ƒ’†”ƒ™ˆ”‘–Š‡…‘…Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ

dŚĞ&ƵƚƵƌĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞϭʹDƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘h͘<ŶĂĂĐŬĂŶĚd͘<ůĞŝŶ;ĚƐ͘Ϳ͘/K^WƌĞƐƐ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘ © 2008 IOS Press and the Authors. All rights reserved.

ROADMAP FOR THE FUTURE ENVELOPE

Ulrich Knaack Tillmann Klein

•ƒ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–‹–—–‹‘™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’˜‹•‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‹‘”†‡”–‘‰—‹†‡‘—”‡ơ‘”–•‹ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž†‹”‡…–‹‘Ǥ—–Š‘™…ƒ™‡…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ˜‹•‹‘–Šƒ–•–ƒ†•—’ ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–͙ǡ͕͔ǡ‘”„‡––‡”›‡–ǡ͖͔›‡ƒ”•ˆ‘”ƒ†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ǡ™Š‹…Š ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ Ž‘‰ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ƒ† ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– —„‡” ‘ˆ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǫ Š‡‹†‡ƒ™ƒ•„‘”–‘‹˜‹–‡•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–•ˆ”‘‘—”‘™ƒ†‘–Š‡” †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•–‘…‘’ƒ”‡ƒ†•Šƒ”‡‹†‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡•‡•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–•™‡”‡ ƒ•‡†–‘–ƒŽƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”™‘”ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•ǡƒ† –‘•Šƒ”‡–Š‡‹”˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ Š‡•›’‘•‹—ǷŠ‡ —–—”‡˜‡Ž‘’‡Dz™ƒ•Š‡Ž†‘ —‡͕͕–Šǡ ͖͔͔͛ƒ––Š‡‡Žˆ–Ȁ ƒ…—Ž–›‘ˆ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ƒ†ƒ•–Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ –Š‡…Šƒ‹”™‡™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘‘—–Ž‹‡ƒ„”‹‡ˆ”‘ƒ†ƒ’ˆ‘”’‘••‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ˆ‘”‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•ƒ†•–”—…–—”‡•ǤŠ‡…‘…Ž—•‹‘‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡’ƒ’‡”•ƒ†‘’‹‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•ǡƒ• ™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡†‹•…—••‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ—†‹–‘”‹—†—”‹‰–Š‡…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ –•—•—’–Š‡†‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡–Š‡‡•ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ

ƵƌƌĞŶƚ^ƚĂƚƵƐŽĨƚŚĞDĞƚĂůͲ'ůĂƐƐ&ĂĐĂĚĞ •ƒ•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ™‡ƒ”‡Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ––Š‡ …—””‡– •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧƒ”– ’‘•–Ǧƒ†Ǧ”ƒ‹Ž …‘•–”—…–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡‡Ž‡‡–Ǧˆƒ…ƒ†‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡™‡ŽŽ‘™ƒ†…‘‘Ž›—•‡†Ǥ Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰’”‹…‹’Ž‡Šƒ•‘–…Šƒ‰‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–͙͔›‡ƒ”•Ǣ ‹–•ƒ‹ƒ•’‡…–•Šƒ˜‡—†‡”‰‘‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•ˆƒ…–‹•’”‘˜‡„›ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‘Ž›ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•‹–‡”•‘ˆ‡‡”‰›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ

The Next Step: Integrated Facades and Comfort Industry –‡‰”ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›—•‡†–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ …‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆˆƒ…ƒ†‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǤŠ‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘„‡‰‹•‹–Š‡ ’Žƒ‹‰’Šƒ•‡ƒ†‡†•™‹–Š–Š‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ…‘’‘‡–•Ǥ

159

™‘ƒ”‡ƒ•™‡”‡•’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒŽŽ›‹†‡–‹Ƥ‡†ǣ–Š‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰ •‡”˜‹…‡•Ǥ ‘–Š ƒ”‡ƒ• ™‹ŽŽ ‡‡† ‘”‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ’Žƒ‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡–‘ˆ—ŽƤŽ–Š‡†‡ƒ†•‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡Ǥ Ž‹ƒ–‡…‘–”‘Ž‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆˆƒ­ƒ†‡†‡•‹‰–Šƒ–”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†’Žƒ‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤ †‡ƒ•†‡•…”‹„‡††—”‹‰–Š‡ …‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ …‘„‹‡† ˜ƒ”‹‘—• •‡”˜‹…‡ —‹–• ‹–‘ ‡Ž‡‡– ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Šǡ‹•‘‡…ƒ•‡•ǡ…‘—Ž†„‡†‘—„Ž‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•Ǥ Š‡†‹ƥ…—Ž–‹‡•„‡…‘‡‘„˜‹‘—•™Š‡™‡–Š‹ƒ„‘—––Š‡’Žƒ‹‰ ƒ†…‘•–”—…–‹‘’”‘…‡••‡•Ȃ–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••‹–•‡Žˆ†—”‹‰ ’Žƒ‹‰ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•‘–‘Ž›Šƒ˜‡–‘…‘—‹…ƒ–‡™‡ŽŽ ƒ†…‘–‹—‘—•Ž›ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡–‘—•‡–Š‡•ƒ‡†ƒ–ƒ‘†‡ŽǢƒ† †—”‹‰’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†ƒ••‡„Ž›ǡ™Š‡”‡ǡ‘–‘Ž›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹••—‡•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡•‘Ž˜‡†ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–Š‡†‹ƥ…—Ž–›‘ˆ™Š‘ƒ••—‡•Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡ƤƒŽ’”‘†—…–Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ…‘’ƒ‹‡•…—””‡–Ž›™‘”ƒŽ‘‰–Š‹•–”‡†Ǣ™‹–Š‘‡…‘’ƒ›–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ••—‹‰–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰”‘Ž‡ȋ—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ•›•–‡•’”‘˜‹†‡”Ȍ ƒ† „—‹Ž†‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡• …‘’‘‡–•„‡‹‰ ƒ††‡† –‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡•Š‡”‡ˆ‘”ƒ”‡–Š‡’”‘†—…–•Ǧ‘–‹‘„››†”‘—‹Ž†‹‰›•–‡•ƒ†–Š‡…Šò…‘‡; ƒ…ƒ†‡Ǥ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘–Š‹•…‘…‡’–…‘—Ž†„‡ƒ…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ˆ”‘†‹ơ‡”‡–†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‰Ǧ–‡”’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† …‘’‘‡–• ‘” ‡–‹”‡ ˆƒ…ƒ†‡ •›•–‡•Ǥ ȋ‡”‡‹‰‹‰‡–ƒŽ‡ƒ‡ ‡ ‡˜‡Ž„”ƒ…Š‡Ȍ ƒ‘—…‡†–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”’‘•‹–‹‘‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘„‹‡† ‡–‡”’”‹•‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡—–…Šˆƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ†•‡”˜‹…‡•‹†—•–”›Ǥ Š‹• •–‡’ ‘ơ‡”• ƒ ‡™ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ …–‹‘ ‹• ‘– ‘Ž› –ƒ‡ ‘ ƒ ’”‘Œ‡…–„›’”‘Œ‡…–„ƒ•‹•ƒ†‹ƒ†‹”‡…–Ž›˜ƒŽ—‡‘”‹‡–ƒ–‡†ƒ‡”ǡ „—–ƒ‹•ˆ‘”•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘’‡•—’‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Façade System Provider Post-and-rail system Element system Double Facades

Service Provider (Subsystem) Heating Cooling Ventilation Light

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Integrated facade solution

Figure 1 /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ&ĂĕĂĚĞ^ŽůƵƟŽŶƐ

Façade System Provider Post-and-rail system Element system Double Facades Integrated facade system

Figure 2 ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ

Service Provider Heating Cooling Ventilation Light

The Strategic Development: Performance Oriented Envelopes •‹‰•’‡ƒ‡”•ˆ”‘‘–„—‹Ž†‹‰‘”‹‡–‡††‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‹’—–’”‘˜‹†‡•‡™’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•ˆ‘”•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ‹ƪ—‡…‡• ƒ†‹’—Ž•‡•ˆ‘”ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ‡˜‡—‡š’‡…–‡†ƒ†‡™†‹”‡…–‹‘•Ǥ Š‹•™ƒ•–Š‡…ƒ•‡™Š‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ‡”‘ƒ—–‹…

Product Sophistication

‡‰‹‡‡”• ƒ† ’”‘†—…– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”• ˆ‘” –Š‡”‡ ˜‹•‹‘•Ǥ ‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‹’—– ™ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š Šƒ• –‘ …Šƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘˜ƒ–‹‘• –›’‹…ƒŽŽ› ‰‘ –Š”‘—‰Š …›…Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‹˜‡–‹‘ǡ ”ƒ’‹†…Šƒ‰‡ǡƒ†‹…”‡‡–ƒŽ‹’”‘˜‡‡–™Š‡’”‘†—…–•”‡ƒ…Šƒ–—”‹–›Ǥ‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ǡ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰•›•–‡•—•–Ž‘‘‹–‘–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡–‘†‡Ƥ‡–Š‡†‡ƒ†•‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†•‘ˆ…‘•–”—…–‹‘ ƒ† …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …‘–”‘Žǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ …‘•‹†‡” ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹… ƒ† ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ

Figure 3 /ŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶƐƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJŐŽƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĐLJĐůĞƐŽĨŝŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ͕ƌĂƉŝĚĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ and incre-mental improvement when products reach maturity.

Improvement

Rapid change

New discovery

Time Š‡ †‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ ‰‘ƒŽ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘…—•ǡ ‘– –Š‡ †‡•‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ• ȋ‹‘‡ŽƒȌǤ –Š‡’ƒ•–ǡ•‘Ž—–‹‘‘”‹‡–‡†–Š‹‹‰ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘‡š161

‹•–‹‰…‘•–”—…–‹‘‡–Š‘†•ǡŠƒ•Ž‡ƒ†–‘•‹’Ž›Žƒ›‡”‹‰‘”‡ƒ† ‘”‡ˆ—…–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰…‘’Ž‡š‹–›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™‡‡‡†–‘…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡‘™ƒ›•ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡•‘͕Ž—–‹‘‹• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ†…‘•–”—…–‡†‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡“—‡•–ǣ

The performance oriented envelope. Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›ˆ‘”–Š‹•‹†‡ƒ™‘—Ž†„‡–‘…‘†—…–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹–Š‡•’‡…‹Ƥ…—•‡””‡“—‡•–ƒ†–Š‡†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ȋˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ȌǤ Š‡‡š–•–‡’‹•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ•—’’‘”––Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡“—‡•–ƒ†ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡƤ†–Š‡‹ƒ‘–Š‡”†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ǡ—•‹‰–Š‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–”ƒ•ˆ‡”Ǥ ‡†‘‘–‘Ž›Šƒ˜‡–‘’Žƒ›–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹•–ǡ„—–‘”‡‘ˆƒ ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ‹•–™‹–Š–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘…”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡†‹ơ‡”‡–Ƥ‡Ž†•Ǥ ”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ƒ†‡†—”‹‰–Š‡…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘”‹‡–‡†ˆƒ­ƒ†‡™‡”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„Ž‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•‘”’Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•Ȃˆƒ…ƒ†‡• –Šƒ–…ƒ”‡ƒ…––‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•…Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–‹‰…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ—•‡””‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǤŠ‡•‡ˆƒ…ƒ†‡•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘…Šƒ‰‡ –Š‡”‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡†—”‹‰–Š‡…‘—”•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›ƒ†–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡–…Ž‹ƒ–‡’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆ–Š‡›‡ƒ”Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡›…‘—Ž†„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‹…”‡‰‹‘•ǡ™‡”‡–Š‡›†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡–‘ …Šƒ‰‡†—”‹‰–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ—•‡Ǥ ‡…Š‹…ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‹•’”‘’‘•ƒŽ‰—‹†‡—•–‘…‘’‘•‹–‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† ‰‡‡”‹… ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‡–Š‘†• •—…Š ƒ• ”ƒ’‹† ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ǣ –Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ …‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ơ‡”‡– ˆ—…–‹‘• ™‹ŽŽ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ƒ‘Ǧ‡Ž‡‡–”‡•—Ž–ǡ™‡”‡–Š‡•›•–‡’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡’”‹…‹’Ž‡‘ˆ …‘„‹ƒ–‹‘„—–‘–ƒ†‡Ƥ‡†—„‡”‘ˆ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ‡’‡†‹‰ ‘–Š‡”‡“—‡•–ˆ”‘–Š‡—•‡”•ƒ†–Š‡†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ–Š‡ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ Šƒ• –‘ „‡ …‘„‹‡† ƒ† ’”‘†—…‡† ˆ‘” —‹“—‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†—‹“—‡”‡•—Ž–•ȂƒŽ•‘ˆ”‘ƒƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™Ǥ ‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘• ƒ† ’‘••‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ǡ –Š‡ ˆƒ­ƒ†‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‰”‘—’ ™‹ŽŽ …‘–‹—‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡”‡ ‹•–”—‡– Dz —–—”‡ ƒ…ƒ†‡”‹…‹’Ž‡•dz™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆˆƒ­ƒ†‡ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ™‹–Š‘—– ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹… ‘” ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹‹†ǡ„—––‘Ƥ†‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡™†‡•‹‰•Ǥ

Personal Conclusions of the Conference ‡•‹†‡• –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡–‹‘‡†ƒ•’‡…–•ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‘ƒ†ƒ’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ǡ–Š‡…Šƒ‹”‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘†”ƒ™•‘‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ…‘…Ž—•‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǣ 162

‡ Šƒ˜‡ –‘ –ƒ‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǩ ‘˜ƒ–‹‘ …ƒ „‡ ’”‘˜‘‡† „› „”‡ƒ‹‰ ‘—– ‘ơ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ ƒ”‹‘—• ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‹•’‹”‹‰’”‘Œ‡…–•ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ††‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘Ž—–‹‘•™‡”‡•Š‘™ƒ†‡š’Žƒ‹‡†Ǥ‡…‘‘…”‹–‡”‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•™ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡ †‡•‹‰‡”•ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•ƒŽŽ–‘‘ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽ”‹•–‘ƒ””‹˜‡ƒ––Š‡ ƤƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ‹–Š‘—––Š‹•ƒ––‹–—†‡ƒ†„›ƒŽ™ƒ›•”‡ƒ‹‹‰™‹–Š‹ –Š‡‡š’Ž‹…‹–Ž›ƒŽŽ‘™‡†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ‹†ƒ• ™‡‘™‹––‘†ƒ›™‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡’Žƒ…‡Ǥ ‡ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡–‘…‘…Ž—†‡–Šƒ–‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡ˆ”—‹–ˆ—Ž†‹•…—••‹‘•ǡ ‘”‡…‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘‡‡†•–‘–ƒ‡’Žƒ…‡Ǥ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆˆƒ…ƒ†‡•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘Ƥ”•–ƒ†’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ •‡…‘†ǡ ™ƒ•ǡ ‘ˆ …‘—”•‡ǡ ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǣ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡†‹•…—••‹‘ƒ„‘—–ƒ••…—•–‘‹œƒ–‹‘˜‡”•—•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–›•Š‘™•ǡ –Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡•–‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡˜‡”›†‹ơ‡”‡–˜‹‡™•‘ˆ™Šƒ––Š‡…‘””‡…–•‘Ž—–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡Ǥƒ••…—•–‘‹œƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹–•‡™’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•„›—•‹‰Ȁ‹•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡†‹ƥ…—Ž–‹‡•‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•ˆ‘”•›•–‡‹œ‡†…‘•–”—…–‹‘•Ǥ‘–”ƒ”›–Š‘—‰Šǡ–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›‡š–”‡‡Ž›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡ǡ †‡ƒ†• ƒš‹— ‘„Œ‡…– ‘”‹‡–‡† •‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ ”‡•—ƒ„Ž›ǡ –Š‹• …‘ƪ‹…–…ƒ‡˜‡”„‡•‘Ž˜‡†Ȃƒ›„‡–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•–‘†‡Ƥ‡–Š‡ ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†•›•–‡‹œ‡†…‘’‘‡–•ˆ‘”‡ƒ…Š’”‘Œ‡…– ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ›Ȃ™Š‹…Š‹‹–•‡Žˆ‹•ƒ‘„Œ‡…–‘”‹‡–‡†•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ —‡‘™‹‰•ˆ‘—†–Š‡”‹‰Š–™‘”†•ǣDzŠ‡ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘‹•–‘‘˜‡–‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ƒ–—”‡ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘—” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ –‘ ‘—” …‘–‡š–ǡ ‘– Œ—•––Š‡†”›Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡ƥ…‹‡…›ƒ†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ„—–‡‘–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ•›„‘Ž‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ†’‡”…‡’–—ƒŽŽ›Ǥdz …Ž‘•‹‰ǡ™‡™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘–ŠƒƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ȋŽ‡…–—”‡”•ƒ†ƒ—†‹‡…‡Ȍǡ–Š‡‹†—•–”›ȋ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„› Ȍǡƒ†…‘…Ž—†‡™‹–Š–Š‡ Žƒ•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ‹…Š‹‡Ž‘Š‡Ʋ•–‡š–ǣDzŠ‡ˆ—–—”‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡‘”‡•‹’Ž‡dzǤ –‹•—’–‘—•–‘Ƥ†™ƒ›•–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡–Š‹•‹•’‹–‡‘ˆ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ …‘’Ž‡š‹–›Ǥ

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