The English Civil War, 1642-1651

TH E ENGLISH CI V IL W AR

1642-1651 AN I LLUSTRATED M ILITARY HI ST ORY

P HILIP

J H AYT H ORNT HWAITE

Colour illustrations by Jeffrey B urn o Lord! Thou k"otueJthcw busy I must ~ Ihis day. If [forget thee, do not Thou forget me PRAYER OF srR JACOS AST LEY, EDGEHILL

t BRO C KHAMPTON PRESS LONDON

First published in the UK 1983 by Blandford Press This printing Arms and A rmour Press An imprint of the CasseU Group Welli ng to n House, 125 Str.lnd, Londun WC2R OBB Reprinted 1984, 19S5

Copyright © 1994 Anns and Armour All rights reserved . No pan of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, ~Iectronic or medumica1, including phOtocopying, recording or any information slo~eand relri~va1 system, withoul pennission in writing from th~ copyright h old~r and publi$h~r .

This edition publi shed 1998 by Brockhnmpton Press. an imprint o( the Caxtol1 PubllshingGorur Reprint 2002 ISBN I 860 198600 British Library CaIa!ogulng·in. Publication Oiltil

A catalogueenU'y forthis tiLle is available from the British Library

Frontispiece

The image of monarchy: King Charles t in cuirassle, annour, Portrait bv Sir Anlhony Van Oyck, c. 1637- 38. (Reprod uced bV courtesy of t he Trustees, The Nalional Gallery. London)

Primed at Orienl lll Pre!\s. Duhlli. U.A.E.

CONTENTS List of colour illustrations

6

Acknowledgements Preface

7 8

I.

The road to civil war

9

2.

The armies

3. Organization, equipment and [3clics

Foot Horse ArlilJery

Engineers TaCljcs 4. The First Civil War 1642-3 5. The First Civ il \'(far 1644 6. New Model : The First Civil War 1645

14 26 26 45 53 55 55 57 76 100

7· Between the Firsl and Second Civil Wars 1646-7

8. The Second C ivil War 1648 9. The Third C ivil War 1649-51

10. Uniform s 11 . Colours and standards Appe nd ix: Medals

Notes Glossary

Select bibliography

Index

113 11 7 124 133 146 15 0 15 1 155 15 6 158

COLOUR ILLUSTRATIONS Plate: , 1 Gentleman in everyday dress 16405 2 Pikcman 16-1.05 3 Musketeer 16405 Plate 2: " King Charles I S Sir Edward Walker, Secretary-al-War 6 C harles, Prince of Wales Plate 3

19

13

7 Oliver Cromwcll. Lieutenant-General of Horse 8 General officer, Parliamentary slajf

26

Plate" 9 Cuirassier in 'Iobster-taile-d' helmet I Q Cuirassier in dose IKlmct Pl ate 5 11 Officer, Royalist horse 12 Trooper, King's Lifeguard 1642 Plato: 6 13 Colonel Alexander Popham 14 T rooper. Popham's Horse Plate 7 15 Edward Massey, officer, Parliamentary horse 16 Nathanicl f'ienncs. officer, Parliamentary horse 17 Officer, Parliamentary horse Pl a te 8 18, 19.20 Troopers or horS(' P late 9 2 1 Trumpeter, Lord Hapton's Lifeguard 1644 22 CornCl , Royalis! horse Pla te 10 23 Dragoon . New Model Anny 1645 24 Cornet, Wa rdlawe's Dragoons 1643 2.5 Cornel, Essex's Ho rse 16,U Pla te 11 2.6 Sir Charles LUQls, offi cer, Royalist ho rse Z7 . 2.8 Officcrs, Royal ist horse Plate 12. 29 Officer, trained bands 1642 30 Muskel~r, Irai n~ bands 1642 31 Pikeman , trained bands 1642

6

27

]1

35

38 39

43

47 67

70

Plate IJ 32 Ensign with 4th Captain's colour, Red Reg!. , London trai ned bands t643 33 Sergeant, Red RegL, umdon U1Iined baods 1643 Plau~ 14 34 Ensign Wilh 151 Captain's colour, C harles Gt-....rd·s Regt. t642 35 Pikeman, C harle5 Gcrard's Regt. 1642 P late 15 36 Caplain , Gamul's Rcgl. 37.38 Officers, Royalist fOOl Plate 16 39 Pih'man, Earl of Essex's Regt. 1642. 40 Pike-man, Lord Brooke's Regt. 1642 41 Musketec-:T, Hampdeo's Regl. 1642 Pla te 11 42 Pikeman , blueco:n regt., Royalist foot 1642 43 Pikeman, whilecollt regl. , Royalist foot J64Z, 44 Musketeer, redcoat reg l., Royalis t fOOl 1642 P la le t8 45,46 l\'Iuskeleers, R o)'ali~ 1 northern foot 47 Sergeant, Royalist northern foot Plate 19 48 Pikeman, Earl of Manchester's Regt. 49 Musketeer, CoL Thomas Grantham's Regt. 50 Musketeer, Edwarcl Mo nlague's Regt . Plate 20 51 Officer, greyco:u regt ., Parliamentary foot 52 Fifer, Parliamenlary foor 53 Drummer, Parliamentary foot Plalc21 54 Musketeer . biuccoal tegl ., Royalist foot 55 Pikeman , grecncoal reg!. , Royalist fOOl 56 Pikcman, yellowcoot regt ., Royalist foot Plate :u 57 "'\crccnary French musketec-:r S8 Mercenary officer of horse Plate 23 59 Officer-of foot, New Modd Army 60 I'ikeman. New Model Arm), 6t Muskctccr, New Modd Army

71

7S 78

79

83 87

90

91

9S 115

11 8

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Plate :14 62:,63, 64 ,\>lusketeers, New Model Army Plate 25 65, 66, 6 7 Gunners, Royalist artillery Plate 26

68 Officcr, Parliamentary artillery 69 Firelock guard, New Model Army art.iJlery 70 Waggoner, Parliamentary artillery Plate 2:7 71 Engineer in siege armour 72 Miner 73 Seaman Plate 28 74 Ensign with colour, Masler of Yester's Regt. 75 Musketeer, Sconish foot Plate 29 76 Lancer, Scortish army 77 Pikcman, Scottish army Plate 30 78. 79. 80 Highlanders Plate 31 Colours Plate J2 Colours and standards

J 19

123

127

130 131

135 139

142

Sincere thanks are due to the staffs of the many libraries, museums and gaileries which rendered assistance during the preparation of this book. Among the many, the following should be mentioned in particular: the National Army Museum, London; the Trustees of lhe National Gallery, London ; lhe National Portrait Gallery, London; Ray ButlerofWallis & Wallis. Lcwes; Jonathan Cooter of Hereford Cify Museums, for his photographs of Birch's mortar, 'Roaring Meg'; Barry Gregory, for his editorial assistance; Richard Gflocn of the City of York Arl Gallery; and H.V. Radcliffe of Newark District Council Museum. Especial thanks to Jeffrey Burn, for interpreting SO superbly the mass of contemporary material and sketches with which J supplied him for the colour plates; and to H .V. Wilkinson for his help in tracing many rare, contemporary sources. Finally, J owe an especial debt to Mrs Irene Mulholland, in whose sehool and at an early age I fi rst learned the fascination of the era of the English Civil Wars. P.J.H .

t 43

7

PREFACE A purely 'mi litary' bisloT')' of I h~ English Civil Wars is scarcely possible, fo r the military manoeuvres studied in i501:lIion present a picrurc totally distorted by the omission of political, religious and social affairs which , it will be seen, had perhaps more inftuence upon mililary (:\'(:015 than in any war involving British panicipalion Ix.-fOT\' or si nce. The fo llowing text, whilst com:emrating upon the military cvents of the C ivil Wars, the armics, thcircompos iti on~ equ ipmc nt tlod life, indudes asmuch of the 'general' hislor), or lhc Civil Wars as is necessary 10 illumin:lIe the causes and influences upon the military aspec15. T he published literature concerning the wars is V;\5I, and aided by the nOlt'S and bibliography the reade r will be able to pursue in " r Clll el' dep th those to pics which are, of necessily, onl y sketched he re. Notes art provided in the conventional manner, with onc exa:pl.ion; references to Clarendon's H istory Dj the Rd)(,lIioll refer 10 book and paragraph number, as is the usual practiC(.", jnsu'ad of ro "olume and page number. I n all cases the 1888 Oxford t'dition has bttn used. In an age when any dcgrcc oflitcracy \\"lISexceptional , scventeenth-centu r)' spell ing was arbitrary; as Ben Jonson rema rked. it was a dull man who cou ld spell a word only onc wa)'. In many cases contemporary spelling ha~ been rt'tained, but in others some modernization has been necessar)', e<Spccially with pro~r names; it would only $Crve 10 cause confusion to retai n, fo r examplc, Ihe spt'lI ing 'Lashley' for Leslie or 'Worle)" fo r Wardlawe. Similarly, dL'5ign3tioDs which Strictl y arc incorrect have becn retained for the sake of convenicnce; th us, for examplt', 'Civil War' should bt' taken as referring 10 the Ihret' wars which occurred

8

between 16.42 and 1651, and the term 'Nt'w ,,"' odd' as conC(."rning nOI only the Parliamentary army which bore tha t name between 1645 and tl>47, but also to the Standing Army which replaced it. In any case, 'New Model' Wll5 ne"er a universal term, 'the Army under Sir Thomas Fairfax' being the most common OOntcmpora ry designation, Throughout the text , the con{em porary terms 'horse' and 'foOl ' have bttn usw instead of the modern 'cavalry' and 'infan{ ry', and dates are expressed in the old st)'le, except that the modern practice of beginning:l year on { January (rather Ihan 2.'5 Murch) has been followed, The terms ' Roundhead' and 'Cavalier' we re nOI at the tim~ used as frequen tly as modern practice might suggest; Clarendon slales thal the)' came to be used in 164 t , the former deriving from the shon haircuts favoured by Puritans. and tht: latl t: r dl'5cribing the King's part}', from Ihe French and lIalian wo rds signifying a horseman (or, to Parl iament , those 'without having respect 10 tht' laws of the land, or ti ny fear either of God or man . . ' ready to commit all manne r of outrage and violence , .• I), In any case, though the Roundheads o f 1642 may have had cropped hai r, 'lwO or three yea rs after, an y stranger that had s«n them, would have inquired the reason of that name' l , Whilst contemporary sources form the foundations of historical research , mllny C ivil War sources arc influenced by political or religious bias; and, as one Ro),alist l'Ommcnted , 'the next man can hardly make It true relutio n of the actions of him that is next whimj for in such a hurry and smoke as in a sel fi eld a man takes nOle of nothing but what rclates to his own safety' ,

1 THE ROAD TO CI V IL WAR On lZ August 1642 the royal standard of King Charles I ....·as r:Ji s~d in NOllingham, fonnally beginning the first

civil war in England sin~ the crown of Richard II1 was rttO\'c:red from under a bush al Boswonh Field 15 7 years before. But the war oJl('ncd by the raising of the standard, which ....llS 10 cause fundamental changes in English life, might reasonabl y be said 10 have begun in earnest in the midsummcrof 1642, when the governor of Hull at first refused his sovereig n admission and , in July, successfully witllSlood an incompetent siege. But the origi ns of the Civil Wars go back much funher; indeed , one modern historian has taken the dau~ 160) as a com 'cnic:nl embarkation on the subject I. h s rOOlS may be traced even funhcT. The English Ch·il Wars have engendered perhaps mo re misapprehensions ilian any o ther. JUSt as many bclie\'e the war to have been fought between long-haired cavaliers and crop-headed Puritans, its long-tl:rm and immediate causes have been scen in simplislic terms and occasio nally with almost as much political colourin g as some of the newS-Sheets of the t640'S. Whilst there is link space for even a cursory assessment of I.he roots of connict in the present work , when numerous volumes have been devoted exclusively to the subjcct, a brief explanat io n is necessary to PUt into pcrspeCliw the military affairs of the nine years' vioknce which afllicted the COUntr)' afler the raisi ng of the standard at Nottingham. In one sense, economic difficulties were a contributory factor to the oUlbreak ofwarj not on the part of the population o r landowners (whose improving prosperit y made those in the House of Commons conscious of a ri gh t to increased political power), but in the lack of funds of the central government itself and the King's inability to undertake the Scottish expeditions of 163940 witho ut rt"Calling Parliament (after I1 years' break) to render financial assistance. During this parliamentary hiatus revenue had been garnered by a number of increasingly unpopular taxes, levied without parliamentary 53ncl;on: tonnage and poundage (duties on im ports and exports). the re,';ving offeudal rights (such as fining all gentlemen wit h land wonh £40 per annum if they refused a knighthood!), the gra nting of 'patenu' and, above all, the infamous 'ship mo ney'. Originally a tax levied o n coastal counties to pay for t.he Royal Navy , in 1638 it was exte nded to inland counties and aroused intenSe o pposit io n. A Buckinghamshire squire, John

John Hampden (engraving bV HOl,lbraken)

Ham pden. actually brought a test case O\'er it, but the judges upheld the King's ri ght 10 collect il, and t hat he was the only authority capable of :assessi ng the necessity for such colkction. The intensity of opposit ion o\'er the imposition of taxes was matched by the animosity of the Puritans towards the leaders of the Church of England . Though the religious element in the causes of the Civil \'(' ars has been o~'er-emp hasized in the past. t.herc is no do ubt that the I>uritans played a leading role. Believing that the individual could establish direct contact wi th the Almighty without intercessio n of Church or minister. the Puritans considered preac hing more important than established prayers, tha t in some cases predestination (the belief that soh'mion was preordained , irrespective of conduct on c:arth) was fact , and thllt resemblances 10

9

Roman Catholic rilUal should be eliminated from services. Church couns and tithes (in effect paring fo r the upkeep of ministers whom they did not support) were funher g rieYilnccs. which Puritan ministers aired when the opporlUnlt)' arose, crilicizing the Church heira rch), and, by impliLlItion, its head. the King. Charles I, who favoured order in all things, disliked the iconoclast l:.uritans and probably regarded them as political subwrsivcs, as did the C hurch he irarchy. and appointed William Laud as Arehbishopof Ca nlerbury in 1633 10 attempt the elimination of Puritanism. (3 )' then. howc\·er. the Puritans had too st rong a hold. and their auempts to O\'ert hrow the Church tos tablishmenl spilled owr into the political sphe re liS Ilarliamentarians opposed to gO\'ernment policy, though basically not Purit"Jn themseh'cs, took t hem as a llies. 11tt." theor), that tht: C ivil Wars were wars of class still find s fa\'our . somet imes at the expense of the rt:ligious C'a USl..OS , Broad assertions that the nobility and gl! nlry we re Royalist and the merc hants and yeomanry Parliamentarian seem to be incorrect, as support for o nc side or the ot her seems 10 ha\'e depended liS muc h, if nOl mote, upon geogruphy rather than m:l1lers of birth o r fina nce. Whilst few :I.rellS were wholly loyal to onc s ide or the Ol her. distinct territorial patterns were scen, with the gentry of the poorer a reas and pastoral shires like Lancashire and Cheshire, much of Wales ilnd the southwest being staunchly Royalist, whereas the mat'(' prosperous farming countiL"S like Kent and East Anglia we re the cornerstones of Parliamcm3ry support. Even the large tr:lding L~ nlres such as London, Bristol and Newcast le, L"Ontro lled by the merchant class and usuall)' regarded as wholl), Parliamentarian. contained numbers of L'Ommilled Ro),alisu. As in all lhings, shades of grey are more accurate than black and white. The long-term ca u~ of the Civil Wars - g rie\'3nces O\'c r Hl.xation and Church organ ization and demands for an increasing r61e for I'arliament - whilst instigating criticism of Ihe King, never e nvisaged his deposition. The ear ty Parliamentarian aims were 10 'recover the King OU t of the hands of a Popish Malignam Company, that h:1\'e sed uce\.! His Ma jesty with their wicked Counsels, and have wi t hdrawne him from his Parliame nt , . . To rescue the King OUt of his and the Kingd omes e nt·mics; and 10 mai ntaine his Ho nour and JUSt I>rcroga. Ih,C'S' l i their c ry was ' King and Parliamenl' , nOl JUSt ·I'arliament ' . T he mo re immediate causes of the wa r, howe\'cr, perhaps provided more just ice fo r criticism of the King's go\'ernmeOl . King Charles I was a serious, even solemn , character. 'Ihe most worthy of the ti tle of an honest ma n" , possessing many \'ittues but IlIcking sdf-confidence and a real sense of humou r: '.,. a n excellent understanding, bUl was no t confident enough ofil; which made him ofleot.imeschaoge his own opi nion fo r a worse,and fol low the 3d\'ice ofa man (hal did nOI Judge SO welt as himseW·, He inherited such il ma n in his father's favourite. the

'0

Archbishop laud (engf;lVing by R TaylOl')

Duke ofn uckingham" when he accccded to the throne in 1625. Buckingham 's arrogance and mishandling probably o riginated the swell o r criticism which came. 10 IX' le\'elled al his royal master. Through the hue 1620S KIng and Parliament battled over the finance needed to figh t wars agai nst Spain and France. into which the countr y had been drawn by Buckingham's foreign polic~', IInd eventually un popular taxlllion I\'IlS [evied wit hout Parliamentary authorit y. C riticism of the King increased o\'e r his religious policy. tht' Commo ns condemning a supposed 'growth of popery" and the Armi nian sect which held that 1111 men were ftc{" 10 gain sal\·3tion. Predominantly Q llvinist for o ver half a century, the Church of England '!; official accepta nce of predestin3lion \\'35 under serious challenge by the Ki ng's reissu(' in 1628 of the Thirty-Nine Article!;j which W3S regarded by the Ho use of Commo ns as a rcjC(;tion of predestinalio n and thus the first innul." nce of Rome; for were not Roman Cat holics gaining influence at court, and was not the King's Ft'('nch wi fe also of that persuasion! In M arch t629, with the Speaker forcibly held in his chair as he tried 10 adjourn, the Commons passed three resolutio ns: a condemnatio n of reJigious innovafion. of tonnage and poundage Ic \'ied withoul P.:arliamentary authority" and that any merchllnt who paid "illegal' taxes betrayed the lilX'rty of England liS much as the authority

THe. ROA .) TO C I VIL \VAR

which b'icd them. Then Ihe House of Commons broke up and did not rc(:onvene for 11 yc.-an:. During this period opposition to the K ing's policies (di rected towards the King himselfsince Buckingham's murder in t628) was expressed beSt in the local gO\'ernment of the t'Qunties, The gentry was antagonized by government m ishandling; the ycomanry and tradesmen resented the arbitrary ta:'l:es and the impressment and quartering of soldien:. Even a stau nch Royalist like Sir Ralph Hapton, who became onc of the King's most capable generals, was a Pu ritan suspicious of popery and critical of forced loons and shi p mone)'; and the h·I.P.s of Cornwall , laler Ihe mOSt Royalist of all counties, opposed the King's taxes. No organized opposition to the King's religious policy esistcd, for the Presb)'\erians (who wished to abolish bishops and replace them with a go\"t~rnment like that of the Scouish Kirk) were few in num ber; and the I'uritans formed :m integral part of the C hurch of England , seeking to change it from within,most belie\'ing that the King was altempdng with the aid of Roman Catholic ministers and wife to turn the Church towards Rome. T he King cannOt hne bc."'Cn unaware of thc rising tide of opposition, but in Ihe words of his declaration to the people after the dissolution of Parliament in 1629, he believed that 'princes arc not bound to gh'e account of lhdr actions but to God alone'; yet this same documem anempted to sho" ' I.hat he. the K ing, was the conSCf\'Ulive force in Ih~ country by quoting precedenls for the levying of taxes without Parl iamentary sanction, and by resist ing an y innovation in the C hurch. The day after Parli3ment 3d;ourncd in t629 the King arreSled nin~ members of the Commons on charges of sL-dition , consigning three to an unspecified term of imprison. mem, which only ~xace rbated the feelings of the ant iBuckingham lobby, for one of the victims was Sir John Eliot, whose spt'echcs the King considered responsible for his minister's assassi nation. Eliot 's death in Ihe T ower three years later onl y made feelings run higher. By 'illegal' taxes and the conclusion of hostilities, the King was able to make his income suffice without the help of Parliament, but few measufl.-S (though all made with the highest of motives) mollified the opposition 10 the King; indeed, they made it worse, Even Laud 's insistence that clergy should wear a surplice and that congregations should bow IOwards the altar increased the belief in a Romish takco\'er. Ne\'enheless, government ran reaso na bly smoothly unlil t638, when IWO events changed every thing. Firstl y. 35 only sc\'en out of twelve judges in the Hampden case supported the King's right 10 Icv)' ship money, most of the King's opposition became focussed upon the haled 13..'1( and the judgemenl was take n as an excuse 10 :n'oid paying it; confisca tion of propenr of those unwilling 10 p3y aroused e\'en more indignation, The second dramatic e\'enl was the King's decision to compel the Scott ish Kirk to acce pt a new prayer

book, which resulted in riots and the fo rmulat ion of 3 National Covenant protesting the Lowlanders' solidarity against religious interference from England. Charles' actions, hopelessly misguided, were ocl.."3sioned simpl}" as Gardiner wrote. by his love of order and shec:.r ignorance of mankind , C harles was lold that the imposition of the Book of Commoll Prayer upon the Cah'inist-influenccd Ki rk would rc."quirc the support of 40,000 men, but not having sufficient funds or materiel he played for time, calling a General Assembly of the Kirk, The defiance of this boch' was such that il li:vcn abolished lhe bishops forced upon them by Cha.rles' falher . The war which foll owed was not foughl over Ihe origi nal question; it promoted a Sconish nat ional mo\'ement led by the Pn'sbyrcrian ministers in general opposit ion IO the King.3nd provided itself wilh an arm), which encompassed the Lowlands, trained by professional officen: relUrncd from the Tbiny Years' War, and which W(l S far tOO good for the impoverished militiu which C harles could field , (Thl! Highland ehid s_ moslly Roman Catholics, took no part in t.he war , SU\'e for the saturnine Archibald Campbell, Marquis of Argyll, whosedan was theonl)' onc IOOppose Ihe Ki ng.) Abandoning an unsuccessful invasion of Scolland , C harles' advisors persuaded him to conclude peace by the Pacification of Bef\\'ick ( 1639), but the King remained determined to crush his rebd lious northern SUbj«t5 and sent for his Lord Dl.'puty in Ireland, Viscount Strnfford, to ad\'ise him. Though opposed to the Scottish war, St rafford (and Archbishop Laud) persuaded the King to recall Parliament to provide funds for 3 proper prosecution of the (:nmpaign. I n ret Urn for his advice, promise of trOOpS from Ireland and a presumed manipulation of the Commons, $tnlfford receh'ed an earldom and the post of Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland ; but when I~arl iam ent assemblt.-d its rl"olclion was very differenl from that anticipated by thc royal councillors, Airing t I ycars and more of gric\'anL"es, John Pym, long one of Ihe King's leading critics, demanded that the liberlks of Parliament be examined and the ship-money \'erdicl be discussed. Charles offered to abandon the laller tax - in fact it was now largely uncollectable, such was popular opposition - if the Commons would prO\'ide enough cash 10 reopen hostilities, Their refusal resuh ed in Ihl.' dissolution of this so-called 'Short Parliament' and Charles attempted to proS(1;ute the Scottish war wilhout Parliamentary aid . -me result was a fiasco ; Strafford, so ill that he h3d 10 tr3\'el by litter, was pessimislic when appointed l..'Qmmander-in-chief, nnd a brisk invQsion by the SCOItish over thl.' T yne routed the opposition, C harles was forced to accept the humiliating Treaty of Ri pon (21 October (640). by which Scottish forces were allowed 10 stay in Durh3m and Northumberland unlil a final settlement was concluded; bUI more importantly, as it transpired, lhe so-called ' Long Parli:lment' had to be convened in November.

11

John Pym (engl3vlng aftBI Houbloken )

P)'m's House of Commons lfor he was le:Jder against the King's policies) was vinually unhed in its opposition . Future Royalists and even Royal 3ppoin t ~ such as Sir Edmund Verncy, the Knight t\'larsh:1i of the Household who d ied defcnding the King's banncr at Edgehill. steadil), \'olet:1 in OPPoSition, IIn opposit ion built not only on the mismanagement of go\'ernment and the assault on Parliamentary rights. but aggrJvated by the I1 years' Parliamentary hiatus and the presence ofa Co\'cn:Jnt ing army on English soil. The strength of feeling was such that P)m ....'35 able to obtain the support of members whose opinions were so dh'crgcnt as to ultlm:udy cause civil W3r. Dcfl~ling more radical bills (such as one requiring the abolition of bishops, suppon ed br the C... mbridge M .P., Oli\'er Cromwcll), P),m's first objectives were an aCt to compel Parliament to meet on~ ever)' fi\'C' years. and the impeachment of Su·afford. who was used by bc.lIh sides as a scapegoat. Though (unf.'lirly) blaming Strafford for the disaster in the north. the King tried to sa\"(' his lo)'al servant . e\'en allempting his rescue from the T ower ofLondon , which fail ed when the LieUlemtnl of the Tower refused 10 :admit Charles' troops. Strafford himself begged the King to give royal assC'nt to the Bill of Attainder con· demning him to death as a traitor for attempting 10 di \'ide King and !'arliament , to prevenl an increase in 12

the civil unn$t already ,.:aused by the King's hesitation. O n ::!o "'\or t64 1 Strafford was beheaded. ' r he mobs which had intimid:aled the Kingnnd members of tile 1·louse of Lords into abandoning Strafford to his unjust fate seem to have bct:n orehestf3ted b}' members of the anti-Royal faCtion. Pym seems genuinely 10 have supported the existing establishment and been loyal to the monarchy, bUl hisaimswerC'nlore !han simply to remove the King from the influf.'l1cc of e"il counsd s, but appa rent ly 10 !ncrC'ase the powC'r of Parliament at the expense of the King's. Throughout the summer of t641 it lIPI:>Cllred as if th is re\,olution:lry pr(x:ess was beginning, as the King mllde concessions 10 the will of P:arIi3lTlent , including the Triennial Act which allowed P:arliament to be summoned without royal command , nnd the dedarntion that ship money was illegal. As power continued to tilt towards the hands of Parli:unem, many of the King's former critit'S began to believe Ihat reform had gone far enough; bUl an OU Ibreak of re\'olt in Ireland caused Parliament to pass propositions that the King's advisers and ministers be approved by Parliament, and that Parliament . not the King, should be responsible for the Kingdom's defence... The publication by Pym of a 'Grand Remonstrance' which l"3talogued all the grievances IIgainst the government since the reign began, coupled with further civil untCSt following Ch:arlcs' upholding of the Book 0/ C rll/IIIIOII Prayer and his appointment of new bishops , together with increasing divisions within the Commons. persuaded the King to act. On 4 January 16.-2 Chark'S alTh'ed to person at the House of Commons 10 arrt'st five M .P.s for treason, including Pym and Hampden_ All five slipPI-'d away and went into hid ing, and the King removed his coun from \X1hitehallto Hampton Coun; his next return to London was to stand trial for his life . Although both faCtions began to prepare for war (the Queen going abroad 10 pawn the crown jewels 10 buy arms), negotiations continued until Mllrch when the break W11S finlllly m.ade over the Mil itia Ordi n:ance, whereby cont rol of the militia -virtually theonl)' armed hod)' in Ihe country - was to be taken from the King and passed to Parlia· ment . By May, Charles had established his headquarters in York and in the fol\owi ng month commissioners from Westminster broughl him their terms of peace, the 'Nineteen Propositions' which in effect would have given Pa.rJiament full so\'ereignty :and left the monarch as a figurehea.d , The King and his supporters bargained for a partnership rather Ihan seeki ng :a reversio n to absolute power, but any quests for pea~ wt'rc in \'ain; in July Parliament commanded the Earl of Warwick (0 to.ke command of the n:a\')'. which was almost cntirely Parliwncntary in sympathy. and for thC' Earl of Essex to t'l'lmmand a Parliamentar), :army. Charles called upon his loyal subjects for assistance in crushing the rebellion . and raised the ro)'al standard formerly on 22 August 16.-2, officiall), opening the Ch'il War.

TIIH R O.... OTO CIV I L W .... 1t

Prince Rupert (engraving after portra, t by Va n Oyck)

I]

TH E ARMI E S

Before lhc C\'CntS of the Ch'il \\7arscan ~considcred, it is imporlanllo cover .some details or how bot h sides were able 10 assemble the necessary malcriclla conducl a war

- men, equipment and finance. The support for ellch fllclion. however. WJS b~' no mcanll 3S ck!lr CUI as is oftl:n presume-d. Peers supported both King and Parliament, Ihough the' nobility in general nat ul"lIlIy symp:lthized wi th the King, but the genu)' wC're divided evenly, 10 such an extent !.hat the 'civil' wa r m ight be regarded us much a 'family' war; brolher fought brother, friend opPQscd friend, thus increasing the tragedy which ae· companies any conAicl. Even al the higheST level families were split; the re publican Sir Henry Vane had a

Roralisl brother; Sir Richard Feildmg. Royalist defe nder of Reading, had a broth~r fighting for Parliam~nI; Ral ph Vcrney, brother of the K ing's Knight M arshal, was against the King and thus was told by brothe r Edmund that he was now an e n~mv ; the son of the regicide S ir Thomas Maulevcrer fought (and was imprisoned) for th~ King; Demil Ho lies, o nc of the King's mosl \'~he ment critics, had three Royalisl cousins; th~ Earls of Dcnbigh and Dov~r, serving as troopers in lhe King's Lifeguard al Edge-hill, both had sons in t he opposing arm)" Lords reilding and Roehford ; al least s ix members of the Cromw~1I fa mily bore arms for the Kin g, As twtJ clos~ friends, the Royalist leader Sit Ralph Hoplon and the PDrliDment:u y general S it W'illiam Wa iler, succinctly termed the war, it was onc 'wi tho ut an ~ n~ m}" . If factions wcr~ form~d more by geography than class, then cconomk-, also innu~nced the support fo r onc side or the other, though eVe n so the geography of support is best expressed in shades of grey. If most Royalists were to be found in th~ poorer regions and if the country could be d l\'ided into prtJ- and a nti-Royalist areas (the weSt, west J\,l idla nds. east Yorkshire and the far nOrlh fo r !he King. the Home Counties, east and south-cast fOf P:arl iament), there wcre no lasting. clear divisions; areas might be Roya list o nc year and Parliame ntary the nex ), depe ndmg u pon a number of factors, not leasl the proxlmilY of an army belonging to one side or the other. Si milarl y, the compos Llio n ofbattJ elines was influenced by o ld or famdy rivalries, an oft en-neglected fac tor in IlIter assessments of loyalties during the wars, Even the mercha nt c1as! was ambivale nt in its support, some trading centres supporting the King and o thers Parliament, ofun from personal mo ti Ve! nuher than polil-

i!;"JI o r religious eonvic(ions. Thus the City of London financiers who backed Parliamenr in 16-12 were probabl y influenced mus l by the b 'ying of customs and dUlies by the King Without Parliamcntary approval. o nly to discove[ thllt the taXes introd uced by ' Nng Pym' 10 finance Parliament 's war effort were more scve~ than a nyth ing levied by the Crown . But if the political and religio us conviction of many partiCIpants (:Quld Ilnd did give rise to the most fanaflcal aClions, il is quite incorrect to regard the Civi l \'(!ars as invol"ing c\'eryont' by re:lson of conviction. Although the most bine r fig hting som etimes occurred in arcli$ away fro m the mai n spheres of campaigning -lurgely a ne\'er-ending successio n of skirmishes aggra\'alcd by long-held feuds and rivalries - a large proporlio n of th~ gentry and probably a ma,oMty of the llnisan classes, especially in rural arCllS, wished o nl y to be left alone. The 'neutralis t' mo\'emenls and the sentLments whic h caused them probably explain why, in most :areas, the existing Slructure ofl ocaJ gove rnme nt and ad ministrJtion was able 10 keep running with remarkttbly few interruptions. save. where economy ond life were disrupted by thc passage of an army or the raising of supplies for o ne. It appc=ars that neutralist mon'.ments existed in at least 22 countles l , including a number of demili ta rization pacts between thOSe ostensibly fi ghting th~ Wllr, s uch us the Royal Commissioners of Arra r -and the Pa rliamentary Militia Commissio ne.n, both responsible for the formation of annies and pros«utio n of hostilities. E.umples Include the pact agreed in Chesh i~ In December t 642, and that between Lord Fairfax and other Yorkshire Parhamenrnrians and t heir Royalist neighbours. the latter earning 11 stiff rebuke fro m Parliament whic h C'O ns ide~d a demilitarized Yorkshire to be in the Royalist interest. Attempts to s:we their own counliCl from strife ~sultcd in some neutralist gentry endeavouring 10 forswear su pport for either side, attempting to ignore the whole business except for measures to prOtect their own properl )'; in Lincolnshire, for exampl~. some gentl~ men proposed to rdise a troop of horse 10 protect thcm~ I\'cs from whichever side sho uld try 10 molesl them ! S uch neutralist mOl'CmcntS adumbrated th~ 'dubmen' of the mid 16-1os, which will be mentio ned laler. Out amidst all thc \'chemence of political and religious doctrine which affiJe(ed both sides. sucb as the ParliAme ntary stateme nt th:u ' \,(le are nOI now to look at our

THE ..\IIMIIlS

enl.'lTues as Country.men, or Kinsmen . . , but ll5 Ihr enemies of God llnd our Religion, :md siden with Anti· christ; so our ere is not to pitie them , nor our sword 10 'pare thrm , . .' l, there were contemporar)' st:llements which iIIumimlled tht' opinions of thost' who simply wanted to mind thcirown business, who cared 'not what Go\wnment they Ih'c under so as they may plough and go to ma rke t', of counlr)' peol}!;: who loved 'their pudding at home beuer than a musket and pike abroad, and if the)' could hllve peace, care not what side had the better'). or as Or I'tumtre of Nottingham remarKt'd, 'what is the cause 10 me if my goods be lost?'''. Others, sadly, ta red tittle 'for eithe r of tile C'.Iuses but lhey would ha\'e taken any side fOr pay and plunder', The laller motives might be presumcd the esplanation for thc mllny changes of 5ide which occulTt'd throughout thc wars (though Sir John Urry's triple defectio n is esC(ptional); but whilst trur in 50me ClISt.'"5, a grt::ucr l..'3usr of changing allegi:m ec was alteration of cireumst:mee$ around an unchanginG personal belief;as Sir WiIliam Wailer wrotc, esplaining his transfer of support betwt"l,.'n the Independent and Presbyterian parties. ' the change was not in me but in othcrs " . I changed my compan)' but not my mind" . And if the officers sharcd similar social backgrounds, it WIIS probabl)' ~\'cn more true of the men. Givcn lhllt thtrt m:rr 'rukehells' in tht R O)'1I1 armiCli and religious fanatiC!! in those of Parliament (o r as one RO)'alist said, 'in our army Wt ha\'l~ thc sins of men (drinking and wcnehing) bUI in )'ours you have those of de\'ils, spiri(Ual pride and rebe l1ion'~) , the maiority of t.hl.' rank and file on both sides were ftllsonllble, ordinary pt'Oplc

OlllCers with 'teadlng slaff' and parlizan, from 171h centUfY engravings (rrom Goold·Walker's Honourable Artillery CDm/Mny)

with trndi LionalloYlllties towards monarch, Chur"h and seigneur, and with no greal vehemenCt.' of feelin g onc W3Y or another until compelled, ThrCi! factors wcre nt"Cl'"Ssaty to put an anny inlO lh~ field : finance, men. and cquipm~nI . The first could be levied in taxation. provided by patriotic gifts, or 10 :t c~rt:.lin extemdispensed with by the invidious system of 'free quarter' IInd plunder of pro\'isions and m:llcrid. which will be noted in greater detllil. The c.."ttnl to which privtue individuals ixt:amc financially committed wa$ exemplified by the Mllrquiso of NewcaSlle and \'('otct.'"Ster, who each SIX'nl nt':lrty one million pounds on the Royal cause, The less affluent sold their platc, jcowellery and other posscssions, whilst merchants Illso expended eonsidemble s ums, though many of the Io.ner who supported Parlillment c\'entually made a profit on their patriot ism! In raising the troops. ho\\'e\'cr. thcre were always difficulties, for no 'standing army' csisted; indeed, thc vcry concept of such was 10 remain aO!nhemll 10 many for a eonsidef"Jble time after the Civil Wars, 3 ,·iew no doubt strengthclleJ by the army's ~e ntu:d assumption of power (one writer began hiS Irealise by stating that 'If an)' ~oIan doubts whether a SHlOding Army is Sl3vcry, Popery. Mahomctism . Atheism . or any thing which they please . . ' .,." Annies were formed of regiments of foo t and horse, raised for a specific 13sk or campaign and disbanded at Ihc conclusion of hostilities: there was thus no ' regi. mentlll' continuity as came to be undcntood in the following three centuries, IInd forces suffered in terms of discipline and cxperience as 11 result, At least until the formation of the New M odel. reGiments in both

Ensign and sergeant. from 17th·century engra1llngs (from Goold· Walker's Honourabfe Ar"lfery COm/Mny)

15

armies were transient enulies and their personnel ever· changing. There was, however, onc body always in
The rO il/my rillgs oral/lid with loud olarms., Alld ratu ill fields the rude militia Swa'''IS; A10lll/u fIJiUIOllt hmltis,- mlJillfai,,'d al VOSt expel/Sf, III pcace 0 c/mrg;! , ill war a ft'tak de/el/ce; StOllt onCl! a mOlllh thtj, //larch, a b1usterillg band, A"d ever, bill il, lim~"'f 0/ mxd, at hmld.0 Some oftht~e criticisms wcre JUS t ified, in some countic!: the rrained b::mds being in such disrep:lir lllllt they might [IS well not h:l\'e existed. I n Northumberland in the 16305, for example, preparedness was so wretched that the trained band offi cials did not e\'en answer cor· rcspondcn(;f:, and numerous other cases of inefficiency arc: recorded; the Essex tr'Jined bands once look about six days and the Suffolk fin' days 10 be(.'Ome even panly operational. Onc contemporary critic claimed that even the mOlllhly training sessions were not tllken seriously: 'by the time the arms be all viewed . . . it draws toward dinner lime, and indeed officers love their bellies so well that they aTe loth 10 take too much pains . . ,', '0 and Vcn n claimed ther worshipped not Mars but llaechus! Another wrote that the~' were 'elfemimlte in courage and incapable of discipli ne, because their whole course of life alienated (rom warlike employment ' 11. This lack of training manifested itself in the worst ways; at Basing House. for example, one regiment (apparently the \,\Iesuninster Auxiliarics) forgot their drill 10 such an I.'X\l:n( th:1I the reur rank shol down thdr own front ranks! One exception to this stOIC of decay were the trained bands of London, which originated with the corps o( citizens raised in the Middle Ages. Formed into four regiments in t616, in t642 the Common Council in· creased Iheir number to 40 t'Ompa nics of zoo men each, organized in six regiments named from the colouring

16

of thcir flags: R.:-d, White, Yeltow, Blue, Green and Orange Regimellls; Southwark, Westminster ond Tower Hamlets each I"J;sed a regiment, and in addition the cil)' formed six weaker and probably less-efficient auxiliary regiments. Many of these men (espt.-cially apprentices) held slrong political and religious oom'ie· tions, which combined with gO<Xl officer5 and adequllte lraining turned the London regiments into th ... most professional corps in the early stages of the war, Experienced officers were loaned from the beSt pro· fcssional military body in the realm, IheComp:lOyofthe

'An Offleel 01 Pikemen' (engf3vlng bv N,C. Goodnight)

Arllllery Garden , existing 3S the ·Fr.lIernitie or Guyldc of St Gwrgc' in 1537 if not before. and still surviving as thc Honourabk Artillery Company. Though the Company did not servc as a unit in the Cidl War, the influence of its members, not kast \,\Tilliam Bariffc whOSt' drill book was a standard work, was considerablc. Theofficercorps ofthc London rcgimcnts seems to ha\'e rcp~nt(-d the I!.'
h3\'ing been paid; and lhough lhe Cornish bands resolutely defended their own county they refused to mo,"c into Devon, causing the RO)'alist command to fo rm a new, largely untrained army for that putpOSt', which duly met wuh disaster. As latc as t645-6 Hopton's arm), included Corrush trained band men 'full of complaints and all sorts of distcmpc:-rs'. A further complication was Ihe process of musler: the trained bands l'Ould onl~' be mobilized by orders from the King or Lord·Lieutenalll, which cau5cd notable confusion in

Musketeer With matchtock musket ctothlng pre
,o

rltl!. ENGLISIt CIVIL \X'AR

Apnl 16.u, when Charles I was ttfused admission 10 Hull "nd denied access to lI S armouries by Sir John H01ham. who on Parliament's order had mobilized 800 men. As the Lord-Lieutenancy was vacanl (si nce the cxl"CUtion of the lasl, Stratford) this act was, in the King's eyes, illegal. and he l'1llled out the other Yorkshirt: tmined bands 10 suppress those of Hull! To mIse a Royal ar mY.:I 'Commission of Array' would be issued lO the Lord-Lieuten:mt or Sheriff of the ('Qunty. by which they were empowered to 'Array and HarquebusllII in full equipment few CIvil War troopers can have been equipped so completely, Ihe open -faced helmet and gorgel being replaced by Ihe 'pof helmet With lace· ba,s (enola",mg altlll Cruso'S Mi/i(lJrie IflSUUCIIOflS)

\

-

,8

•

PLAT E 1 Gen tlem an in ev eryd ay dress 16405 2 Pikemen 1640$ 3 Musketeer 1640s Plale 1 illustrates costume tVPlcal IUSI before the Civil War Although a number of old· fashioned stvles were in use Ihroughoul (depenc:hng upon \he laste or wealth 01 the in· dlVidual). Ilgure 1 shows a gentleman 0 1some qualltV wearing a rathel stvlish costume of 'slashed' doublet and matching trOUseIS, the 'slashlng' on the sleeves and bfeasl allowing the shin 01 (in this case) the contraSTing SlJit Tining to show Through Th e SUII illustrates the decline of padding and slalch· lng to produce theso/ter lines of lhe mid S8\1enteenth cenlurv. e_empllfied bv Ihe soh lace collar in place of the Slarched ruff: lace was the prlllogallve of the wealthv, most olhers la",ourlng plain linen. The doublel Wi th panelled skillS was alreadV de· clinlng In use bv Ihe 1640s, but was stili worn by many: decoration was delefmined bV Ihe wearer 's affluence or choice, plain clOlhing being the pre/elllnce of the sober minded. The old -fashioned PludclhosclI 0 1 'cloak-bag' breeches, baggy In tha e)flreme, gave wav to more closefit ling. almost tubular paltlllns bv the lat& 1640$, often nOt gathered but open·ended and loose around the knee; as these became more voluminous the tet'm 'pettiCoat breeches' was coined. Boots were worn on many occaSIOns, not ,US I when mounted. soft lealher boolS wrth wide ' buckef tOps, lalge ' bulterl1v' spur leathers and ornate spurs were fashionable The fine hnen hose cov8llng the lower leg wet'e usuallv protected bv a 58COnd pall of 'bool -hose', sometimes With lace lOPS turned down CWIII the upper edge 01 the boot. Red hat feathels, red boot heels and sole edges were again the mark 01 fllshion The sholl clo ak, worn Spanish slvle from the left shoulder. had declined in use with the development 01 the longer cloak or sJeeved cassock. The plkeman ittusllated wears a lull corsele~ 01 breastplate. backplale and tasselS (Ihlgh prO tectors). and a cOfflparati"'elv modern helmet. Certain of th e better-equIpped Iralned bands and associations like the Honourable An,lIety Company (which went under ",allous ' Itles such as the 'Volumary Companv 01 Ihe Atl lllery Garden' 01 the 'Military Company of the CItV o f London') would include members whose personal afl luel1Ce allowed them to dress well, even though serving as ord lnarv soldiers; some even wOle the totallv impractical spulled boots. Some of these companies had distlncti",e unlform. lor e_ample the two trained band com panies 01 Beverlev, Vorkshl re, lor which In 1640 'e",elle common soldier far this town sh all have a grey coal lor the val ue of e,ght shillings or thereaboul$·'. Older styles. the doublel, breeches and buff· coat 81 illustrated. wet'e no doubt seen thfoughou t Ihe WM.

NOTES

Nllifulk, R. \V.S Mllu"" \'''''''.lrIr;"I' ,mJ " "("",,,. Fp.a, 0/ drt Fml. RHJi.., r619-1,oI (Yotk, I96JJ p. ;(

PLATE 1

, Genllemln 1640\1

•

2 Pikemln 1640s

J MuskeIH"64O\1

tmin all the inhabltan[s in your Coun[y ... which arc of body able, and estate competent [ 0 bcare armcs ... and tn .. . finde armes for other men in a proportion sutable [0 their eS[lIt!!s .. .' u; but, in effect. a regiment was raised by [he issue of a commission [0 its colonel or proprietor, a process more modern than medieval. Such regiments (other than tmined bands. to whom the Commissions of Army principally referred) werc~ then raised 'by beat of drum', sc<:uring either voluntCt'rs or the tenonts and sentanls of the officers. These regiments often had 0 territorial origin ; thus some were primarily Lancastrian , Northumbrian, e[c .. whilst others recruiled from several areas, for examl)1c: Byron's Foot in the ,\ tars ton '''' ocr campaign which drew ils recruils from Dcnbighshirc, Cheshi~. Shropshire and Flint. Parliamentary ~g;me:nls were formed in a similar manner, the " 'h lilia Ordinance (o\'l.:r which the final schism had occurred) gh';ng Parliament the: legal right

muster its own forces under its own commanders. Voluntary enlistment did nOI alwllys result in the rank and file being drilwn from Ihe labouring classes, for if the King's Lifeguard , In which peers of thc renlm served il5 [roopers, was txceptional. other corps {particularly horse) included a high proportion of gentlemen; in Oxford," 16.U. for example, tWO auxiliary regiments were comprised exclush'eiy of gentlemen and their servants and scholars of the University. BUI \'olunlary en listment depended to a degree upon the popularity of the colonel (known landowners in provincial areas or popular Parliumentarians like Sir Arthur HascJrig 10

Musketeers backed by sland of pokes; the I'gur. on left foreground. bearmg I parlr~ln, appears to wear a 'montero' cap (engra\lmg by JacQues Callot from MisAres,H

Malheu"s de Guerre (1633))

.-.. -- ." =-.__ _

_

~-.--"---'"

20

"_ . ,

-

<0<-

:,....c- -

Bull-coal: fea, (Neuonal A,mv Museum, London)

Bull-emu: Ifon\ (National Army MU58um, Londonj

in London, for example), and could nen'r fill the army completely, so other forms of rccrullmg became nect."Ss:lry. lmpressmem (or conscription) was understandably unpopular and difficult 10 organize, for desertion was rife among impressed men and the standard of recruil was often poor 35 the loc-al officials n."Sponsible fo r finding them usually impressed the worS t or lellst useful members ofthecommunil y;as!I Norfolk high conslable IIdl'iscd, 'have:m especial! c:lre to fllke idle servingmen and such other able persons as lil'e {hssolUlcly or idly without tiny Imploymem' 16 . The problem was exasccr· bated by the fact that trained men, such as trained band members, wcre exempt from Impressment. Desertion was such Ihal, for example, when the Esscx lel'ics were marched OUl in Septcmber 16,H (albeit unarmed ) the local bands and troops of horse were mobilized to pre· I'elllthcm rioting; about half desened. Reaction to imprt'Ssment was IlllenSC': ' Prince Rupen marches up and down .. . but can raise noe for(X . .. The Coulllrel' reople tell him th31 he shall rather CUI! theire IhroateS

home than carTY them abroad 10 be slainc, as their Coumrcy men hove beene . , .' 11 , The sl':mdard of recruit was often miserable, and the commi n ccs ap. pointed to find them we re driven to distraction: 'wee are to finde men well alfected ... bUI where wee shall finde thcm god in heal'en knowes. for wee doe not,.: 18; when these Essex men ft'l're found. the), were 'so mutj· nOUi, th:'lt I may justly feClr they would CUI m)' throat', wrOle Cromwc1pQ , cquall)' wretched was the im· pressment of prisoners of war, ne\'er a satisfacrory method of obtaini ng useful mouths. Trained officers were equally hard 10 find. Parliament appea rs to h3\'e made great ("{forts in early 1642 10 guar· antee the servict.'S of trained but unemployed officers or 'rcformadocs' (i.e. those offieers oftcn holding a corn· mission but with no regiment) by paying them ostensibly for an expedition to I rcland. Wharlon's regiment of 1642, for eXample, seems largely 10 ha\'c been recruited fot Ireland and then diverled inlo Parliament's army. perhaps leading 10 diss:lIisfaction and r..-sulting in their flight at Edgehi1l: BalIard's grcycools, also raiSC'd for

11

21

Ireland. rxrformcd J":Ilher ~lIer . Th~ best source of ~xpericnC'ed officers was Europe, wh~rc the Thirt)' Ycars' \X 1l1r was still raging, Large numbers of Brilish ofticcrs had seen service as men:enaries o r ad\'enlUrers in Europe, and mor~ returned home.- when the Ci\'il \\!Iar ~gan Officers with service in Ge rman, French. DUICh, Danish and Swedish armies wcre legion . and included some of lhe leading commanders; for example, Essex had served in Ihe Netherlands, Lord Fonh fo r the King (lf Sweden (and was e nnobled as Earl of Kirchbe rg by Gusta\'us Adolphus), William \'.:' aller as a mercenary for Venice and the King of Bohemia. and his friend Ralph Hopton With Bohemia and in Mansfeldt' s mercrnary army. The influence of returned Sooni!h mcr(..-enanes WlIS such that , for example, in wlie's army of the Solemn u3b"'\Je :md Co\'enant in 1644 , onl), two general offictrs (the Treasurer and Commissary-General, bolh adminislralOrs) had not served tlbroad,ani.l 53 out of87 regime ntal field officers h3d sen'ed wi th SC:l.Odinayian o r other Europeun armies. In addition. fo reign merce naries were recruited in surprising numbers. Some were simply a\'ariciou~ rogm.'S, like the Cr03uan ClIp!nin Carlo Fantom re,,:ordl!d by Aubrc y, a 'great Ra\'isher who deserled Par· lillmenl for lhe RO~'alists (who ultim:ue1)' hanged him): 'Sd. he, I care not for your CaU!lC: I come to fight for )"our hlllfe-erowne, and your handsome woemen ..• I ha\'e fought fo r the ChrlSllanS against the Turkes; and for the Turkes against the Christians' I". (An inadcOIal but iOleresling comment upon loeventecnth.ccnwry superstlllOn was the belief Ihlll Fanto m was 11 'hard man' .a n enchanted man whoeould o nl)' be harmed by a silver bullel o r a club!) Not all foreign me rcenaries were unpnncipled. howc\'er: the German engln~r Colo nel John Rosworm WlIS hired by the lown of ,\ \ancheslcr 35 resident military expert fo r £60 per annum, yet rejectcd a royalist gifl of £ 150 to templ him 10 defect , 'yaluing honesty more Ihan gold' H. Indeed , some of the rcturned British officers were worse than the foreign mercenaries. like the infamous Colonel HuJe, a typiC'31 despc"rndo who ' brought into England the worst features of Continental militllry li~nct ... became terrors. not o nl) to the garrisons 10 which the), belonged. but also to the country·n. and were ,ustl y unpo pular. like Lieutenant-Colo nel Henry Billingsley who was de· scribed by Il subordinate as 'a Godamme blllde. and doubt lesse h:nche in hell. and we :ill des ire thaT either the P:uilamcnt wo uld depose him ,or Go..! l"On\'en him , or the De\'il1 f("{eh l'IIm aW3y quick'll. NOlal1 the foreigners held high office. for man}" jUl1lor officers and ("ven rank and file fcll into thIS l~Jlegory: lh", Queen's Horse: in 16+1, fot example, WIlS described as 'most Frenche' H ( perhaps an exagge.-rBtillO), with tWO French ITOOI' commanders, Ilnd led by Raoul Fleuryal ChC'riton. Ewn Ihe New Model .:ontained its prOp('lrlio n of foreign officers; Rmnborow's Regiment , for ':X3l11pk , hud n high proportio n of N ew EngJ:mdcfs.

22

PLATE 2 4 Ki ng Cha rlos l

5 Sir Ed werd Walker. Secre ta ry-e t -War 6 Charlo• . Pri nce of Wales The ligures illuStrated are teken horn an anonymous ponrait 01 the King and his Se<:ret8ry·at,Waf, S,r Edw8rd Wal~8f , and a poft!!", bv Willlam Oobson 01 the young Prince of Wales These 1ihow no t Ihe conventional lull armour beloved of regal pOllralli,tS bYl what was probablv the usual dress of senior offICers, gold·laced buH·coats and convenl1onal S UIIS With a mm,mum 01 defensive armour The Prince of Wales wears onl". the back and breast 01 a magnificent black end gilt ,rmour suI! erf\ant. IntefHtlng featules include the King 's wearmg of a "band of the Order Of the Gafte!". w,th one bool top P\lshed low to r8lleal a Garter·blue flbbon ued alound the leg The bAtons camed by the King and Prince 01 Wales wele the traditIonal insignia 01 command, surv.... ,ng into the p!"esent century in the form of bAtons p!"esented svmbollcally to f,eld marshals, Many early bAtons were mOle d8CO(atlve Ihan the pla,n wooden type with gilded onds iIIuSlraled: long while sT,cks wore common, whilst the captains 01 the Greal Yar · mouth tramed band In 1638 carried ',runcheons', painted and 'waved' in their own colours, three feet (91 centtmetres) long' Sev1HaJ un,lorms WOfn bv stall olllC(lrs ilre recorded. the King wOre fuU CUlraSSI81 armour 81 limes. probably only lot ceremonial occaslOOS, as noted al LeICester, ' 00 horseback, In bright armour' 2, but hIS more usual dless was probably that wotn at Edgehill. a black velvet eoat lined wllh ermIne and a steel cap covered WIth velvet. Just before th8 slega 01 Hull. the P"nce of Wales was dasc ribed at York as commanding 'as brave a Troop as eyer came lnlO the lield', wearing 'a very cur,ous gUtlt armour' and riding a whIte tlorSB capaflsoned With Yelvet 'all studded With burning waves of gold' J NOTES I Rokru, J G'~I YlI'_ NtIi i!xn.ut : "" (;Ank, M .A. Hulilry
1'...,._..'" 8.uU'1-y (Norwoch. 191.71 p 9 Quorw Shr.....'-'OO. R.E. elt'if StTJ/t (Chldlrttn". 1'14t ) R..:kul. H,N Ow,folM Finl iJt
,It

IN

,ulil/;" ,.b J~41-j '

Lun.kJt'l ,

19SJ,' r J7

while a Fa'nth .;olonel, Ma.zercs, was apparen tly cashlercd for hIS loye of drink, gaming and women. Frequent ~ferenccs may be found 10 foreigners in positions of rt:9ponsibilit)'. often in technical roles like the engi. neer Rosworm or ",,'io nsieur de la Ruche in charge of theRO)'alist mo rtar at Cirencesler in Fcbrwry 16-43. These returned, expcnenad offictrs and foreign mercenaries. logether with thOSt rank a nd file with experience of Olmpaigmng in Ireland o r againsl Ihl' SCOIS, enabled whal might ha\'e been an untroined rabble to take the field in a cohesive body. By 1643-4 all armies had achieved lheir own e!l:perience by the melancholy busine n of fighting over their own homeland.

PLATE 2

- -===,------

4 King Charles I

5 SlrE
6 Charles, Prince QfWales

ORGANIZATION, EQUIPMENT AND TACTICS rOOT OrgamZllllon, weaponry and I:JCIICS of the Ch'it '''''ars

wefC interrelated, and ahhough numerous specific c~amples arc quoted below it should be noted that the following general statements were nOI unh'crsally true and that exceptions existed. E3Ch of the 'arms' of :In army will bcoovcred incrdef. beginmng with the (001 or infantry. Although h:md+w·hand comb:u wa$ slilla feature of sCI'cnteenth.ccnl1lry wnrfllfC. the 'missile' element of

infantry fighting was increasing steadily. the longbow having tx-t'n replaced by increasingly efficient fi rearms. for, as D:mie[ Luplon \\TOle, pikemcn could 'only rcCC1I'C the messengers of dl'3lh but Musqucticrs om send them" . Bm as musketeers could not adequ:ndy defend themsel\'es against a cavalry charge, men armed with

Regiment of foot ilflllVed for battle: Ralnborough's Regimen! (!rom Sprigge's plan 01 Nasebv)

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OIl.GASr/J\TIOS. EQUII'MEl'IT ASD TACTICS

collar), though (ht' two laner items dt.ochned in use during the Ch'il Wars as beingtoocumt>ersome (or their wonh; possibly only the London trained bands \\'or(' complete 'corselets' or pike armour in any quantity, Markham describtd Ih(' complete ensemble: " PI'ke.IIII'" shall hav!! good combe-caps lor their headl, tt'!!lIlrtU'd with quilrtd caps. CIIrlJUS : lor thd, hodit'S 01 "illlb/e a'ld good mcuid, beilll! high pike prool; large and well compa" gorJgelts /or their m:des , /oyr.. and cifl$C }o)"'td taelies, to arm IQ tlu mid-tJtigll; as lor the !Wuftlro" or t"l.' tXJntbracc. Ihl.')' "I
Under the corselet could be worn the ubiquitous 'buff-coar',originallya Ihick Jacket ofbulfalo hIde worn for riding Rnd ....-ar which became almost tit. rig"Nlr for gel1llemt'n in their e"cry da~' wear and a universal protection (or soldiers, the hide suBiciently Ihick to turn a sword blow, The 10101 COSt of a pikeman's corselet, excluding buff-coat, wa~ eslablishl-d by Charles I in 1632:· [ "Jbi: breast

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(l"his \\'11$ fo r ' russened' annour. treated to prevent rusting). The declining use o( armour is exemplified In the Honourable Anillery Company's standing orders. which in t638 rc:ferred 10 men 'complea!l}, armed III whitcCorse1cls',but in !6S8-9onlytogorgel and pike',

Plkeman's helmot and eOlSclat, the talter bealll'lg armourers' marks of James I (Wallis & Wallis)

PLATE 3 7 Oliver Crom well, Li eutenant-General of Horse 8 General officer, Parliamentary staff

pik« remained:l nect!ssit)' for aCllon in the opcn field, though the proportion of muskctecu to pikemcn was mcrea~mg steadtly. until some regIments were fielded \\,tthou! any pikcmen. though thl"Se wcrc \'Cr)' much the csception, The pikcmall /HJr exull.mce was equipped with 11 considerable wcight oflll'mourto protect himself. including a helmet. brcast- and backplalcs, tasscts (thigh guords suspended frOIl1 the brl'astplale) and a gorgel (an iron

Cromwell is shown In the blackened am'lOUI of hIS portraIt by R, Walker, c. 1649, WIth tassets Instead of eompleta leg almour, and a 'lobster-tailed' helmel instead of the CUllaSSlef' style close helmat The general ollicef wears a fashlonably -IKed SUII benealh his buff-coat. and Cllrties 11 hanger inslead of a lapiar or broadswold. the hilt of which (made of dull Iron w,th por,shed highlights) resembles that 01 the eontemporarv hunting SWOrd,

PLATE 3

1 oriverCromweU, Lleuten.nt-Gener.r ofHol'$e

B Gener.roffieer, P.tli.mentlrytt.t1

PLATE 4

10 CulrlSsleriroclosehelmet

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9 Cuirossieriro lobster-tall helmet

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PLATE 4 9 Cuirassier In lobster · tail helmet 10 Cuirassier in c lose helmet

Although the amlOlJred CUllaSSler never IlrltoVed such 01'0· mlneoce In the Crvll Wa, ilS In the Thlnv Years' War, at least IWO unllS and nlanv wealthv Indllllduals were so eQulpped, ln '629 'the price of the whole CUlraSS/ers armour amounteth unlo' (4 10s , Cl conSIderable expense'. and the refurbishing 01 old SUits (which must have been common In 1642), 'un· striking, new Ivtmg, russelling, new nay1mg, lealhemlg and Iynlng' ~ cost £1 3s. The whole ensemble WIIS described bV Cruso:' a cloSl caSQue o. head ' pie<;e, gorget, breast, p,stoll proof (as all the cUllasse In elletv ple<;e of 11) and caltrver proof (bv addition 01 Ihe placcate) the back, pold.ons.. lIanbraces, 2 gauntlets, tassets, cui55ets, culets, or guard·de·,elll; an fit· I'ng 10 hiS bod,e' A good sword (which was to be lIe,v suff, CUlling and sharp pointed) With g,rdle and hangers 'l. Ma,kham descnbod !he 'case of long pistols, firelocks (if it may be), butsnaphaunceswhere they ,'lfe wanting; the barrels of the plSlols shOUld ba IWantv ·si~ Inches [66 centimetres) long, and Ihe bore of thlrtv·six bullets In the pound (79 pElr kilogramme1 , Uask, pllmlng bo~, kell and mouldes " ' . The whole ensemble. eIIen dlscounllng Ihe lance wh,ch was rarelv I1 l!'IIer used In England, was so ponderous that It may have been the cause 01 the deleat 0 1 Hasell!g's reglmant at Roundwav Down 50 encumbering 11 as 10 halle render~ It unable to face a lIanlallack (Of perhaps 11 forced Ine reglmenJ 10 stand to recerve a charge Instead of moving to meel 'I) Nevertheless, Hase!lIg's men, 'called bv the other side the regiment of lobs/ets, because of their bright Iron shells the Ilfsl seen SO armed on e'the' side' were 'the hrst that made any ImpIIISSlon upon the KIng's horu, who, being unarmed, were not able 10 bear a shock wllh Ihem: besIdes that Thev were secure flom huns 01 the sword ".

and in 1670 Sir J3m~s Turner bemoaned thal 'we see them CV(' I"")' where naked' - and advocatcd a rerurn nOl only 10 classic pikc annour but e\'en 10 iron ann guards (lhe pauldrons and vambraccs mentioned by !\o\atkham), for c\'en ifthc armour were not proofag:uns! pistol baits, 'ret il ~·nclluraGes them who WL'aI' it .. ,", General M o nck, whose ObJeMl<J li(}IIS refer 10 Ihe Civil \'
The figures Illustrated show twO vallelles of CUllaSSlel equ,pment,. the European verSIOfl wllh IIllored close helmet, ilnd Ihe styfe With balled 'lobster·ta,1' hetmel favoured If\ England, one suit being of 'bright' armour and one enamelled black, the mounted cuirass,er cames Ihe key 01 his wheel lock pistol slung across Ihe body Two patlelfls 01 saddle were probably used by cUllassiers, the 'Creal Saddle , for use With the 'Creal Horse', we,ghlng up la 60 pounds (27 lilo , grammes) and With 'an ample SluHed seat, With Ihe pommel IISlng well In Iront . • high well · padded cantle e~lend'ng round the sides 10 suppon I~ thighS like the body 01 a well· padded IIbrarv chal"·. which seems to hllVe been restllcted 10 CUlfaSSletS alone and IS sllll mentioned as laTe as 1661 and Ihe 'Morocco' or (to use M8lkham's lerm) ' Pertite' saddle. a Iight8f verSIon, reduced in helghl but still supporting the back, thighs and knees, with much more loom in lhe seal; Ihis IVpe would also have been used bV "gtl1er cavalrv. Though the heavy saddle could be decor~ted with bfocllded tabllc and melalllc lace, Ihelf main lunct,on was '10 be handsome, made Wi th advan tage, the IIder. 10 keep him Hrm ilglllnStlhe Violence 01 a shock", hence the rellson for the supponmg 'arms' which held the legs I"mlv,

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refers 10 long-bladed rapiers, the 'Tuck' bclnga shorterblad~d. morc robust weapon., Th~ pike ilsdf was an Iron-headed spear moum~d upon an IIsh s haft belween 15 and I 8 f~cl (.... 6 10 5,5 mClTcs) long, 'strong. s traighl , )'CI nimble'l lI which in t632.I.'OSt l l :

,. ' 111(." stalTt

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The head Sockc. Ynd rolouring 0 iiti Summc

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The New }..·loJel in 1645 pail! between 3s. lod. and 45 , ,d. C'ach (or t6 .. foo[ ( ". 9· mct~ ) PIk.~S , Even wilhin Ihe same regimem pik~ lengths might differ. Turner nOljng thal 'fewelCcecd fifleen !fecII .. , many base Soldiers will cut somc olf Ih~ lenglh Qf that' I:. Orrery's 7 'riQIUr 0 11 the ArI of Il'lar recommends 16t-foot (fi\'c-meu-e! piki..-s wilh SC3soncd ash shafls. lozenge heads and Iron chcckpil'ces four feet 11.2 mctres} long, 10 prc\'enl Ihe heads from bclnjlloppcd o ff, Edward DaviJ added that pikes

mould have fabric 'grips' and 'lIl!.he poim and middo-t trimmed wi!.h handsome lassels . . to defend the souldiers body from \\'3.ll:r, which in rJine doth runne down alongsl the wood' 1.1. These trimmings were common: in 1587-8, for example, Norwich bought five )'a rds ( 4 ,6 mctrl"S) of 'rnockadoc:' (an inferior wool) 10 trim thdr town pikes, and spent u furthe r £3 on long blue lInd while fringes. Daggers were recommendl:d in the !:arl), years oflhe century (for such obscure rca~ ns as esccuting pnsoncrs and digging latrine h()k-s!)I" bUI were nOI popular: ndther were the small , round shields or 'target ..,' despite the ancmpl by PrLOCI: fo, \auncc of Orange 10 rCLOlrodulX them", though 'Torgcuicrs' are mentioned 10 the Artillery Company In 163RI6 and onc is shown in a st:uuelle on the staircaSC' al Cromwell HouSC', Highgate, perhaps datLOg from 16..6, If used :1.1 11.11, targets were probably limited to tIll: bodyguards of senior officers and perhaps colour bearers Other pole arms included the mcdiev31 'brownbill', which even in the t5905 was advocated for use together with pikemen' '', bUI which was only issued when other weapons were una\'ailablc:, though 11 was mentioned as late as 1681 in use with me TangiC'r garrison l l , Light bills might also have bet'n carried by officers as 'leading stalTs: which were morc usually partizan-type staB' WC'llpom c uried as much 2S:1 badgeof offiCC' as a weapon, The pikeman had to learn a complex exercise 10 enable formC'd bodies 10 act in unison, as a mishandled 16-foot pike could threaten friends as well as ent'mies. Many drill books appt."3rt!d before and during the Ch'it Wars. but must have been followed dosdyonl~' by thoS(' units with sulJicicllI time to learn and practice cerc~ moniAI drill. Quite apart from manoeuning-marching, countermarching and ass~mbling in \'ariou5 formations - thel'(' nught be more than 20 dilTerent 'postures' or basic movements to be learned in handling the pike; expressed as obliquely as;

behind rour bringer up', leads to Ihe belief lh:lI in practice me oomplex drill was reduced to a few haslc POStures and commands; as Essex wrOle, 'oot to buS\! them in practising the ceremonious forms uf mllllary discipline', but 'be well instructed in the necessary rudiments of \\'31', that !.hey may know I U fait on with discretion and TCtre:u wilh care':o The long practice necessary 1('1 llChie\'c lextbook precision might klld lO confusion and Ihe men becoming '\'ery untracI3blc & undocile in their poslUrcs'!', When n.--duced 10 baSiCS, pike drill would indude: 'Stand 10 your Arms' (pike he.ld upright in fight hand, left hand on hip); 'Ad"lInct" your Pik~' (pike supported upright on right should~ rJ ; 'Charge your Pike' (pike held horizontally at shoulder 1~\'cI, used for ad\'ancing upon 3n enem)'); and 'ChBrge to horse' (pikeman crouching, pike bUll resting on right instep and pike angled upwards to meet enemy at horse· breAst heighl), For nuarching, the pike would be 'shouldcred' or 'trailed ', me latter being used mainly at night and fur funeral s, in which the file klldcr held his pike hori:l'.ontally by me head, the man behind held its bUll, and so on, 50 that the column held each Other's pikes and pre\'ented anrone from becoming lost. In action, 'ut push of pikc', me opposing blocks of pikemen \\'Ould push at onc another ,,;th pikes 'charged' until onc side gavC" wa)', though 11$ the Use" of the pike declined pikemen were used more for protecting the musketeers Ihan for U'ttling Ihe affair themscl\'cs. A regiment arrayed eight deep Ithe Dutch practice which Essex ~mplo}'ed ) wQuld present a fo rmidable obstacle \\ hen pikes were 'charged' and, given stead}' troops, could only be broken by missile fire. Though on the field ' the Gentlemen of the Pike cra\'eth lh~ pre\..'edenc~' JJ, muskeleers increasingly held the key 10 sc\'cnteenth-century wBrfare, TWI) bosic patterns of musket were to U5('; the ordinBr)' musket with a

}'O/lr P,cke bri'l! ordOIlf(d at clouordOlir rht bll/-ttld of bet bl.'(fL'i,tl )'Ollr jrtk, 'wld j,1t (ht "!lilt JOllr It/r/wnd, iH:lIIg rt'udy to "rUI'III It) dwrgt hur:t. t/lld Jtmr right halld IIJ draw ,\'Ol/r S(l.wd, selIi"g fOffrurd your kll jOfl.·ltlYIfIN )'O/(r PURe, mId le/I "mld lI{K111 YOllr le/t JW(( 111/: b,m bd/le dosc or lit" rrghl/om; ,,"JJ'Qllr Jf''I}rd ill yOl/r 11 IIIldI

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This L'Omplexit)", and the difficult}' m action of makmg audible such commands as, 'Bringer up stand , the rest pass through to the left and plaL'C yourself

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Head and shah pike (C,own copyrlqhl- reproduced With pemHlSlon of Ihe Conuoller of Her MaJeStv's Stallonerv Office)

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barrel le n ~th of 4t feet ( 1.4 mc.'lres). and the lighter 'cali\'er' with \I 3t-foot ( I .I-me tre) barrl.'!, The (..·a ll\'er WllS vi rlually synonrmous with the earlier lenTl ' harquebus', its na/llC' probably deriving from a batch guns described as 'hnrquebus du calibre dc.' Monsic.'ur le Princc', 1,(" ('xprnsing a particular l':Ilibre, but rurned inlo 'cali\'cr' b y 'som(' man not undcntandmg Fl'C'nch'!J, M us.kclS were princlpaJir of the matchlod:. paHern, in whkh Ignitio n of the powder charge was achieved b)' plunglOga burni ng length of 'match' (corn bu ~ ti ble cord) into the priming pan , the match held in a ~pring-Ioaded metal Jaw auached inle rnally to l.he trigger, To PI'C'\'Cnt thc musket becoming useless by the extini:tio n of its match, it was usual to keep both ends alight, o ne in the jaws of the 'lock ' and one in the musketeer's hand, with a spare k ngth ofm:uch wrapped around his waisl or hung o n hiS bandoli('r, /1/ extremis. ma tch could be improvised; before Roundwar Down. I-I o pto n mode his from all t he bed cords in Dc\'izes! Lo..1ding the hc-av)' musket via the muzzle w[lh p!)",d('r. ba ll and 'wadding' ( to pre\'cllI the ball rolling o ul ) was 3 s low but unco mplicated manocU\'re, but muskct drill involved up 10 four dozen ' poslUres', Again , I hc-s~ were of use principolly for ceremo nial OC".."'3sion5 ; a muskelcer of an)' com petency would kno w, wim out ha\'ing to Ix' o rderC'd. how to prepare his weapon (or firing, to load a nd prime il . (0 blow on the malch until il glowed red, 10 aim and fire, so m:lI inslructio ns in acuon would be l'C'dueed 10 'Make read)" (adlusl a nd blow upon match). ' Present' (ai m), and 'Gi"e fire' , Because o( the weight of the muskel il was usual 10 employ a '~ ~f, • spike-ended role with a U- shapcd cnd which would be l ied to Ihe muskc-leer's wrist a nd used 10 support the barn:1 when planted n:rtically in the ground . wi th the musket resting in the U. Throughout the Ch-il Wa n, use (If me rest declined as muskets became progressively mo re manageable-, DeSigns of slock \'lIned from the early, curved-bulled \·:tricl y, which would be fired with the butt ' jUSt before above his lefl P"P~ ' ~., to the modern, s traight-butted 1}'pe, positlOned with the bun o n the righl shoulder. 'fhe COSI ofa new musket wilh fittings was set in t632 al ISS. &I ., nnd tod, fo r the rCSt, though in 1645 Ihe New t\·1odel wasburingmuskcts allos,each. There was noslandardi/.3tion of bore. despite IIl1e mpl.S like thal of 1639 when the ord nance officers recomme nded lightcr muskcts Ot-foot ( I. J- m('t re) barrel, loi to It pounds (4.6 to 5 kilogrammes) in weighl , with reduced charges to lessen reCOil), to which the Counci l of War responded by ordering 5,000 muskcts wi th 4t -foot ( t.4-metr~) barrels at 14 pounds (6.4 kilogrnmme!.) a nd 10,ooo wilh 3-!--foot ( I.I-metre) barrels at 12 pounds (SA kilogrammes); and in t643 me King commanded m:n 'the Musq ue ts be all ofa Bore.lhe Pikes of a lenglh', but.as materid wa5 scarCC' Ihest' orders weu o nl)' to come into cifeet when 'the Arms shall be" dCC3Ycd, and must be renewed' H . Nevertheless, the hea,')' lead ball ( to 10 the

or

30

PLATE 5 11 Officer, Royalist hor.e 12 Trooper. King's lifeguard 1642

The costume of the offictIf !5 ~sed . •n part. upon a portrait of SII J ohn B¥,on by Willlam Dohson, except that the man iIIus-

!Jated wears double-thIckness upper stetwes to hIS buff,eoat, and a IlIple·balled helmet. The enormous sash knot IS a feature shown In a number of contemporary porltall$, The IJOOPtlf belongs to the- King's lifeguard, whoeh ap, parently wote a costume svffrClentlV umfOlm to be ni1:kn.amed (much 10 lhelr dIsgust) " he Troop of Shew' In January 1643 their equlpmenl comprIsed a bfeastplate. backplate. 'headpeace and 'gorgen', Ihe whole 1ermed 'an horse armour' or 'one COlslet!' I POSSibly some of thiS uml wQte CUl/ass,er a,moul, as it was eomposed excluslvelv of nobles, gentry and their retainers; al Edgehl!! Ihe two Iroops of lIfeguard, about 300sllong, formed a squadron thaastates of whose members W81a reckoned 10 bewonh [1 00,000 per annum. Amongslthe tlOOpers al EdgehlU were fnc luded the Earls 01 Denblgh and Dover, lOld Capeland the M P. Sir PhlllpWllrwlCk. The Llteguald served Ihloughoul the W81 and was patl.eulally dishnguished al Crop/edy Bndge. whOle I1 nu mbeled about 100. The trooper illustrated weals the usual ·bleast ·and, baek' With Ihe addllion 01 gorge'! and tassels. a 'Dutch pot' helmet Wllh tb·eeI peak and single <slkhng ) nasal bar, and Included amongst hIS hOfle tumllure I1 a rolled cloak sl/apped to [he rearot the saddle, and 'In hlsoalsack Ihleeor tour baitsol oats ot bteacl for hiS hOfse, and Pl'oy;slon fot himself ' J NOTES I ~ VOll .... 8n, I' l:;JsduU. "4~ KIRCl.m. 1967 Po ~J l S" John Con)... ", h" ('.arl l"hn Mc"""" .. r W~lmlll'5 Jlonc, Allgul1 I"'", CDlmdar .., SIoIIC' " .. pnJ ,641-,1.1, r ~l , and _ 'l'1'>Ung. EJJ,:tAiIJ,r 1"'0

poun..! tighl-fimng o r 12 10 Ihe pound ' rowling' ) could mflicllhc most lern ble injurir:!., Increasingly i.n use wcre iircanTls With mo re m()(krn methods of ignition, Some wheel loc'k muskets (eH'.n rifled ones) may have been usw by oHkerS, but were ('>.:pensive and difficult to mamtam , having 3 romplcs mechanism in which Ihe gun wa5 'cocked ' ready fo r firing by means of a spanner usl'd 10 turn the wheel mechanism which ignited the .;harge by producing a spark when the serrated whec! revol\'ed againsl a piece of pyritcs, The wheel lock was prone 10 jamming o r breaking if kft cocked lor 'spanned') fo r a n), length of time, 'lOO curious a nd 100 soone distempered wim an ignorant hand'l&, Mot(' popular Was the 'snaphancc' mechan ism, an early flmtlock , in which It spark was struck 10 ignite the charge when a pi~CC' of flint , held in Ihe jaws of Ihe 'cock', c ras hed down upon a 'steel'. The name S na l)han~ repUledly came from the DUlch JrlopllOQ/I or 'snapping hen', whieh thc cock resembled, but morl' common names mcluded 'dog lock' . named (rom me 'dog' o r safl'ty-catch which pre\,cnted the cock

PlATES

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Officer, Royalist horse

12 Trooper, King's Lileguard 1642

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ORG"S'UTIOS, EQUll'MfNT "SO TACTICS

Wheel lock musket. mid

from moving accidentally , or 'English lock', named because it was SO popular in this counlry. incorporating a combined 'steer and pan co\'<:r, Th~ muskets, or 'firdocks', were more expensive than the matehlock (tht Ncw ""1OOel paid up to 155 , 6d, each in t645) hUI infinitely belief, prevcnt ing the slray sparks which always blew fro m lighted matches (thUS Ir(lOPS guarding munitions and artillery trai ns were armed, whene\'er possible. wuh fi relocks), easier to use. more waterproof, in\'isible at night when lighted malches might 'bcwrar Enterprize!' P and, in Orrery's words, with a fi relock 'you ha\'e onlr to cock and arc prepared loshoot', Other firearms were in limited use; a fe ..... 'birding pi~' were used by snipers ( soo fowling pieces with fj"e -foot 1,5-ml'lre) barrels wcre ordered for ser\'ice in Scodand In 16S1). mostly prmllely-owned items in the hands of ex-gamekeepers and chosen marksmen, At Lathom House and Sherborne CustJe, forelCampJc, lhedefenders sniped enemy officers and gunners "cry successfully, bUl one supposed example, the killing ofl...cord Brooke al Lichfield in 1643. shol Ihrough his open window, was "pparendy achie\'ed by a deaf-mute (Sir Richard DrOll 'S son) or 'a oommon soldier \\ith a muskel'lt rather than by a Irtlined sniper, Monck considered mal each company should include six mc-n armed with ;Fouling-pit'Cl."s' 10 aCI upon the flanks and pick off e n e m yofficersl~, Some fowling P ICI."CS had rifled barrels, which had been produced for o\'er a cenlUl1'. but Ihese and such curiosit ies like br('('chloaders and c\'en re· pealers were ra re, Differing C'ollihres led to problems \\ilh ammunition, muskeh:ers having 10 use 'pru ning· irons' or c\'en chew their musket ba lls 10 make them fi t, bUllllt',l:tff/ll/S, as at Cioodrich Castle, e\'en Slones could be fired , Due to the luck of uccurtlte slatistics. it is difficult 10 :assess the dfl.'('t;"eness of muskelr)·. Muskets weTt' wildly inaccurate but when firing 31 3 larget sen~ral timl"S bigger than the prO\'crbial b:lfn door, 3 \'olley al

17th centulY (Witlhs & WitlUs)

dose range l.'Ould do appalling damage; wnness the shattering of Pappenhe.im's cavalry al Brtilenfeld r 163 t) by Swedish mUSkell1', As late as the NallOleonic Wars the 'common musket' had a maximum eff'ectl\'e r:lOge of between 200 and 300 yards ( 183 und 274 metres), whilst Roquero['s f. (mif/cn'c illl Jibllllles /lflCTUJ Jr la Rt't.lo· 1111;011 estimalcs tha l only 0,2 to 0,5 per C<: 1lI of bullets

Musketeer wi lh malehlock musket. With match detached aoo shOWing use of fOlked lest Style 01 (:tolhing predates Civil Wal (engl3vlng alter de Gheyn)

Pike e~er(:,se A, pan 1 B pan 2, C part 3, 0 , part 4 (eng,avlngs bv N,C, Goodmght after He.xham', P,mc/p~s 01 th" Art Md/tane (1637) )

33

TI1R r;:I'HiUSII C IV.L \'( .... It

fired hIt their lurget, In lhe se\'enll'enth century va ri ous methods of'gh'ing fire' were employed, including those In which each rtar mnk of musketeers would move berwel!n the forward r.m~ and fire, so 3nem pling 10 maimain m ore or 11!5S I,:Qntin uous fusillade, twO shots f>e,r mm'!te being aboul the avt:ragc; when advancing, th.s taCtiC was known as 'Fm: by Introduction', and when retiring, 'by Extroduction'. Other methods included formation three.deep (as ~plo}'ed b)' 'he Irish Brigade at Tippermulr, la make possible one massIVe volky ), or C\'en one \'olley fired from six- or eight , deep ronks, 10 'pour a~ much Lead in rOUt cnemil'S bosom al onc lime ... do them more mlschicf. you quail, daunt, anda~tonish Ihem .. , one long and t'O nlinUllted crack of Thunder is mOrt" terrible and dreadful to morlais then ten Intcrrupted and $c\"t'nal o m.'S .. .' lll, Tne muskcteer's equipment usually included a bufr. leather bandolier from which hung a number of wooden nr kalher tubes,each conmining a measured amount of I"()wdcr sufficient for o ne shot, which the muskcleer could pourdirtttly iorolhe muzzle of his musket . These tu~, known from Ihelr usual number as the 'Twd\'e Apostlt$', we re a constant ha7.3rd; when moving or in u slrong wind a regiment's tube.!! would mule together so much as 10 announCt' the presence: orthe t'OtpS and even drown shouted o rders; worse st ill , they could accidentally lake fire. damaging t.be Wc1ltcr and all around him and c:au$mg (m Gwyn's words) 'an incredible confusion ' ~I. On the bandolier went o ne or IWO powder flasks (onc to uscwhcn the "Twelve Apostles' ran out and one 10 . ta~c fin~I)'-gtound priming powder), a bullet bllg, pnmmg \\,re 10 clean the touchhole \)f the musket, and often a small oil bottle; 101lI1 cost of this asst:mblage in 1629wa5 set :n 25. 6d., bUllhc New Model bought man\' in t6u III half that price. More efficient mcthods of carrying ammunition were coming into use; for example, afu~r lisltng thc dc(("Ct5 of the 'Twelvc Aponles' l.ord Orrery rerommends thc use CJfprcpared cartridges

MIITChlock mechanism.. the smouldering match POiSed above powd81 in pan

o

PLAT E 6

'3 Colonel Alexander Popham 14 Trooper, Popham's Horse

PreserVed at Lutlecote House in Wlltshue is a remarkable collecTion of buff·coa/sand weaponry, Ihe eQurpment of the uoop 01 hOl'se and regiment of loot formed by Colonel Aluander Popham. who features In thiS plate. taken from a contemporary portrart Oespue the artlSlic; convenuon whICh often demanded Ihel commandets be deprcled In armour, Ihe harness iUustlated includes a number 01 SIngular lealules which suggest that il was IIctualtv worn Note the matchIng horse fulllllUre and sword bell. the laller SUpporting a broadbladed sabre or hanger, a weapon whIch probablv saw eon. siderable5ef'olrce In the Crvil War, The black. enamelled armour rncludes defences 'CH the Iowa. leg and fOOl 'nSlead of Ihe usual boots, though only the left gauntlet Is a.mOlJred Popham carries the usual bAton of ottlce, and lIisible on the ongrnal partrall is a crescent·shaped sillier plate on Ihe horse's hellCl suap The trooper wears ctassic 'ha'Quebusier' equipment, though 11 rshkely that few UoopswereacCOlJlled so well as PoPham's, asdescribiKl by MOl'ICk,'T COmpnsed' 'A Carbine, 01 a Musquelbarrel of the length 01 a Ccllblne·barrel. well S10ckt with a Snapance: lhe which f hold 10 be much bellet than a Carbrne for Sef'IJlce AJaoa ease 01 P.stols. and a good slIlf long Tuek, and a belt ", An Head -Piece WIth Ihree small Iton Bars to defend the Face, Back. and Breast; all Ihree Pistol prool' a Gauntlet lor hIS lelt hand. and a good tong Buff GIOIIe . .' 1 CIUSO'S descrrpt.on of the halqueb1.lsrer is similar, WiTh ' Ihe halquebllse of two fOOl and a half {76 cefllimelfesj long (Ihe boleol17 b1.lllet$ rn tMPOUnd (37 oerkilogl(lmmejlowtmg rn) hangrng on a belt hy a swivelt .. , His horse .. s hould be not undet 15 hand high, being swrll and welt managed" , and he nOles Ihe 'carabinle( rn Ihe same mould. salle thaT the carbIne or 'pe1l0n811' should halle 24 bullets In the pound (53 per k.loglamme) In T629 regUlated prrces stood al (310r a pall of fll1ltock PIstols and all eQurpment. £2 lor a pal! of snaphanGe PI5l015, £1 T6s. lot a lire lock harquebus, bell and eqUIpment. and Cl lor a Ill8phance carbrne' The contract books of the New Model Army glV1! olher datedc. thlH'barred English helmets 8s each, 'backs bresls and POlls' aT 20$ a "sUIte' •. pistols and I'IoISters al18 10 26s a pail, 'snaphaunce prstolls 'ull bore & (pro] ofe wr,h holsten; of Call1eskrns insIde & oUls.de well sewed & liquored al n" ii"d a pavre", cl/blOes 12s 9d. each, swords8ne! bellS 4c. Bd each, and calblne bells 'of good leather & Strong buckles"', Bd each.

NOTES I .\Iond.. ("~""' .. I t;" ' " Duke lit A'bc"INlfI~ ' OhI.t.,"'OomJ "".,,. ,11,1••

/aryullJ p~",<", .1§~,., . Londl\tl . 1671 .1 Jt l.r ;z ~.pp 10-.11

1 GI~ , \'01. 1/, " . .336 ~ "",,, MCl
A,,.I/I'"

PLATE 6

13 Col.AlexlInder Popham

14 Trooper, Popham' . Horse

TIIEE.>,IGLISH Cr\IL \'fAR

(papl'r IUbcs o::ach containing enough powder for onc shoO. in whIch 'by hlllngofflhe bonom ohhe canridg~, you charge your muskel with onc ramming"~. and, by loading Ihe p'Jper as well, prc\'ent Ihe ball from rolling OUI of Ihe barrel: muskclcers usrng the older system, claimed Orrcry,sddom added any 'wadding>to hold the ball in place, for' 'l is to that I attribute the liule execution I have seen muskelecr5 do in tilll("offtghl' H, Tne cartridges were carried in boxc:$, usually on a waislbC'lt, often under the coal 10 keep OUt rain, fo r which reason Orrerr recommended tin boxt's instead of wood, Grose calcul:lIed thal the use of cartridges could treble the mte offire, ,\ 10nck nOled Ihat ifbandolicrs wen: una\'lulable, musketeers s hould ha\'e 'Iwel\'e Canhrages ,., in their righl-hand pockets, and twelvt' Hullels apiel"C in their pockels bt."Sides'H, though Davies condemoed Ihe English practice of carrying loose ammunilion in the pockels, Ihe canridges 'doth shed and loose his powder .,' or else is cloddcn:d and rammed togcthrr'l), he also recommended waterproof match pipes. said 10 h3\'e bt.o;:n ilwcntoo by Prince !" laurice of Orange, 10 ensure that 'the coole by "'Cl or waleI' go OOt OUI' J', Turner remarRd that the use of waterproof bags to hold ' Patrons' (cartridges) was limited targety to German).. The quanlity of ammunrtion L'U rrieJ varied with supply, but in No\'ember 1642 rhe Earl of North amp IOn's regiment "'as issued with 'Ech man his bandiliers fult 'J1, amounting 10 90 pounds (41 kilogrammes) of powder and 180 pounds (82 kitogrammes) of ball for 180 men: in addition,each company had powder bags upon which its men could draw, 'tWO grem bougets made of dry nt"ats leather, which will hold a hundred weight of powder apeccc' JI , Muskelccrs' helmets were redundant before the Civil \X/ar, though some may han~ been used in the carty stages; they were,$:lid DII\'ie5, 'a bunhen, more beautirul Ihan btneficiall, and of greater charge than eommodltie" making the w\.'3rers ' more apt to rCSI, thao

ContlOefllal mstchlock musket wnh rifled barrel, dated 1619 WIth fOl'ked res t WhICh includes I'Ntch holdel', pfltsumablv 10 allow I1 to double as hnSlock (Wallis & Wallis)

36

Powder flask of engraved cow hom (Wallis & Wallis)

rcad~' to fight' J": in any case, Monck said Ih::1I a musketeer's best defence was 'a good Courage' , The musketeer's sword, '3 good Stiff Tuck not \'ery lon8'4{\ was considered 'despicuble'''' by Turner, who recommended instead thallhey used the muskel bult as a club, which seems 10 have been an acknowledged British lactic, Louis de Gap's TrQilid~s Arma ( 16iS ) saying of Ihem, L.~I Falllassj,u'lt $~ smJ<'lIt pr~sq/li! pas d'£pefS, U qlllmd lis 011/ fair la d(chargc du 1\I'IIISqIlCf , tls Si buuc/tl If COIIPS de Cr(lJJ~l , With bayonets nOI rCt im'cnted, auempts were made to turn the musket rest inro a weapon by incorporalinga s pik~ ore\'en a hidden blade, but thesc proved 'extremely troublesome to themsel\'cs, dllfIC.'I'ol" to their followers'·l, a statement echoed b" Turnc.r who thought rests in gc.ncral'morc LrOuble50mc Ihan helpful' ...; even worse were 8nempts to gl\'C mus. kel(',(:l"Sa half-pike instead ora rCSI, but 'one of them was clloIlgh 10 lroublc 11 wholc:file'4s, l\ compromise- was 10 ('q uip the musketeer with a 'swine-feather' or 'Swedish feather', a five· or six -roOl ( t ,5· Or 1,I!l-metrc) s take 1\ Ilh a pikc head on each cnd, thul WIIS planted Iik.:- a palisade or C'\'cn uscd as a short pike: il was rcrommcnded bv Monck and Turner (who thought a regiment Ihus cquipJX'd made '3 delightful show, reprcscllling a Wood. Ihe Pikes resembling Ihe talllrel"S,and the Stakes the shrub'!' "") but was nel'.:-r popular as the muskeleer had enough 10 ~'arry withoul the el/lflI burden,

a

a

Matchlock musket wnh rest

Initially, equipment was gath('red from the 10Cll1 lmined band armourit$ and rrom the prim!c colleclions of adhe rents 10 either sid!.". Later in lhc war. arms WCfe

imported or made 10 order (in 1645. for example, the New Modd ordered 111 least 15.950 matchJoclts, 2,300 iirdocks, 8,800 pikes, 25,200 bandoliers, 12400 swords and 1,100 corselets and helmets), but {pan.icularly in the RO),3IiSt forces, ill*5upplied throughout) cquipmem in the early stages was sometimes rudimentary nnd, when

drawn from Parish armouries, oftcn antique. Some trained bands (those of London and provincial corps like Great Yarmouth) maintained their equipment well,

but elsewhere iI was oUldatcd and in poor repair. Totncs' store in 1626 included 33 corselets, 9' muskets, 13 'roUyvcrs' and 95 halberds" ', and many examples of wretched equipment can be quoted: armour worn thin by years of ('kIln ing, 'onh' fin to hang over the skrccnc in a halle the whole a~ofa man ere yt be taken downc'.oB> '\'el)' rawlie furnished. some whereoflacketh a headpiecc,somme a sworde. somme onc thingor other Ihlll is e\'ilI, unfiu, or unbesccminge about him''''). The mediOLTe slale o f such armouri('s gave grC'Jt advantuge to \\,hichc\'er side could s('cu!'c the great state armouries such as Ihat of the Tower (which gave !'arliamcnt an ~':lrly advant.1ge ) and Hull , the arsenal for the S<:ouish war and the object of much manocu\'fing to appoint a frie ndly go\'ernor, Srraiford, as Lo rd-Lieutenant, engineered the appo intment of Sir Thomas Glcmham in September 1640, but he was re moved by Parliament in me following July and rt;pI:lL~d by Sir John H otham. whose refusal lOadmit the Kingln April 16.p:dcnieJ Ilw Royalists the use of the H ull ars!.'na!. Private armouries yielded many weapons to the King,but these wereoftcn of poo r quality; the armoul)' sun'cyed at TUlburyCastle in 1608. for example, was composed largely of items 'canccrcd, rOllen. and nOI worth :mie thing sawing the hcades o f bills, pikes, llnd some few cal1ivcrs, but all eaten with cancer' 5<) . Other gifts and k"ies were beller; the father of Amhon), Wood At Oxford s upplied 'the ~rmour o r furniture o n o nc man, \'i1..: a hdmel, a back and breast-piece, a pyke, a nd musket, and o ther appurlenances, and the eldeH of his man-servants ... did ~lplX"a re in those a rm es. a nd much ado there. was to keep Thomas the eldest son .. . from pUlling o n lhe said

armour, ••' SI, and at the start of tht, war a Captain Robert )\·l illington alone presented the King with 80 muskets. Despite Chllrks' earlier attempts 10 keep Royal munitions in good repair. pTCvcnting them from being lampcre..i with by 'CUllers, smyth s , tynkers, IInd odl.:r botchersofarmcs' H $0 that ' wee may not be inforCt."d in ty me of warre to sceke for armes, armours, gunnes, pikes, and bandaliers. in forraine parts' 53, importation W3S employed by bOlh faclion s. though with limited

PLATE 7 15 Edwa rd Massey, officer. Parliamen t ary ho rse 16 Na t ha nie l Fie n nes, officer, Parliamen t a ry horse 1 7 Officer. Pa rliame r1tafY ho rse

The left·hand figule is based in some respects upon Lely's portrait of Edward Massey (16 19?- 741), Ihe capable and energetic Palliamentary govemor of Gloucesterand a Royahst leader in 1651 . His breast- and backplates are supplemented by a close helmet. similar to that shown by lely but with a face bar attaChed: whilst the lobster-tail helmet was most common. numbers of close helmets With semi·open faces were also used Unlike the plain basket· hilted swold shown by Lel y, th is illustration shows a Venetlan·style 'schlayona' With a decola · liye hilt. The cenoe ligUle IS taken from a portrait 01 Nalhanlel Fiennes by Mirevelt. He wears a set 01 matching, blackened armOUI With gilt liYels. compl'ising lobster· tail helmst (th e peak and face bar pushed back, as usual when not engaged In combat), back· and bleaslplale5 with anached lassets (so shorllo enable wea r on horseback), and an elbow-gauntlello P'Otect the bridle hand. The buff·coat has doubhHhickn8S3 sleeves, the thicker OUler sleeye being CUI ofl 81 the left elbow to accomodllte the gauntlet, With a cUI·out portion Inside the light elbow to lacilitata bend.ng the arm, Tl'le knotted neck· cloth affords ell\la protection. and the officer beals a bAton of ollice and wears the orange·tawnv sash of Essell's army The dent in The breastplate is an armourer', pl'ool'mark, certifVHlg It able \0 tufO a musket ball The fight -hand figure wears a sleeved buff-coat With nalrow loops of meTalhe lace on Ihe anns, a popular style whICh has giYen rise to the misconceptiOn that suiped uniforms wale wo,", The coal is fastened by metal clasps On the breast. He is shown 'spannmg' (cocking) hiS wheel lock piStol. the spanner bemg slung around the body on a coloured cord.

37

pLATE7

-'

PLATES

~-.

18 19 20 Troopersofhorse

TUE ENGI ISH CIVIL \'C'Ak

PLATE 8 18. 19. 20 Troopers of horse One of the men il!uSlfllled (18) weals cIvIlian dress. the cos· IUme 01 a gentleman's OUldOOf servants. w uh only his hat ubbon p!'oclalmlng his allegiance The bilck View shows the flexible 10bsteHBII of B tYPical cavalry helmet Two men (1 9 and 20) wear the ubtqullous buff·coat. one With sleeves of thlMnBf (and thus mole supple) leather. lastened tightly allhe WrlSI. bolh coats have flared skirts 10 ensure Ihal the legs would remain covered when Sitting aSlude B saddle A tYPical buff,cOB! wuh dmachabie sleeves ISdescllbed In the Vetney Papers" 16 Mar 1638. Fm CoUr & belypeeces & hookes & eyes 10 a 00 ' 02 :06 bullecOBle Fm makeing ye buff coate wdh 2 pane 01 sleeues & hose laSI a(l ouer 01 . 15 : 00 More for 2 shambo skins to make a pal sleeues 00: 12 :00 For buckwm 10 ym 00 :02'00 For gould & silluar Bum to yr 2 palte 01 steeua hands & ye hose betor 00 ~ 03 : oo Cavalry boots w are at Hrst ot buff 01 hght brown suppla leather. bul werelaler blackened and sllflened Into the J"ckboot or 'gambado' Wllh Wide. ugld tops 10 prevenl the knees being crushed IM actiOn The trooper On the flghl carrres a mass-produced end crudely -finished broadswOI'd With B slm pie Iton hilt NOTF-S Q"",nf In Wlu.h . N Tit,

rr ,,",-,

C~,

,,' .11.... ·1 Ck-w, tl..on<.km , ,96.1

success by the Royalists due to Par!iamenfs COntro! of the nll\'}'. Ne\·erthdess. the King did obtnin foreign maleric! ; in February t6 . B . for example, the Qucc:n arrived at Bndlington with arms for to.OOO men and 32 ca nnon from Holland .nnd in 1645 a cargo of Flemish goods landed 31 Falmouth included 6,040 mus kets, 2.000 brac~ of pis tols . t .200 curbmc!>, 150 swordS and great quantities of m:uch and brimstone. OthCTC1Irgocs were intercepted by Parliament. s uch 3S onc from Denmark in 1643 which tncluded 2.977 muskets, 493 pislols . 3 . 040 swords. 3.000 helmets, J . 500 pikcs, 3,000 musket res ts. 476 barrels of gunpowder, 990 bundles of match :md a firkin of pistol keys. Parliament also imported munitions, either !Xnlrally or by local organizations, s uch as the £ 8,ooo-worth bought from the Nel herlands by thc Easlern ASSOCiation in 1644. All this foreign weaponry prevcnted any stand3rdization of calibre or panern and Te$uhcd in such inconvcniencc-s as Frcnch pistols prm·ing tOO long for English holsters! Weapons could also be sah'aged from battlefields, such as the 4.500 muskeu and 800 pikes gaincd by the Eastern Association after M arslon Moor.

.

Fig A Musket exercise. pan 1 (erJgflJl/lng by N,C Goodnighl after He:!II\am'. Pr/f'/CIp!es ollhe Aft Mi1ltafle (1637)) ,~

Musket exercIse. pan 2 (eng,avlng by N.C. Goodnighl after Hexham'. Principlu of tl» Aft Mlliflme (1637» Flg.C Muskellxercise. part 3 (ef'l9l'aYlng by N C. Goodnight after Hexham's Principles of the All MllitM'ffJ (1 637» Fig. 0 Muskel exercise. part 4 (engr8VIng by N C Goodnight after H9JCham' s Principles 01 the All Md""" (1637» Fig . E Musket elC8rClse, part 5 (eng,avmg by N C Goodnight after Hexhllm', Principles of the Att Milt,.,ie (1637)

A

.

-

-.. ---

•

-~

c

~ ~!,.

M"'--l E

. ..

PLATE 9 21 Trumpeter, Lord Hopton's Lifeguard 1644 22 Co, net, Rovalist horse The !rumpellll wal a relic ollhe medieval h8lald: In theory his lunclJOfI was sl1l1 pacific, as an elllloV, messenger and scrutineer of the chIValry 01 war, As Ma,kham wrote' 'The lIumpe! ls no! bound 10 anva'mM at all, morllhan his swOld. which tn fo,me! times was 1'101 allowed. bul with Ihe polnl !>token, he Ihall have 8 falle trumpet, Wi th COfdens SUitable to hiS caplame's colours, and 10 hts Irumpet shall be made fasl a faue bann@!. eonlalnmg hts captalne's full COiII armour; he may weare a searle and feather , and
Nc\'e rdu:less, the condi don of some regime nts. partic ul arly l~oya1is l ona, was wretehed . In thcc:lrly s ttlgcs C larendon reco rds Ih lll even after the appropriation of privatc annou ries ( usually 'vcry mean ' ~ ~) . borr("lwmg from trained bands 'with SO much wa r iness and elution,s5 and the purchase from Ho lland of 800 muskcts, 1,000 pistols and 200 swords, man)' of the King's foo t carr ied noo ther weapon tha n a cudgel; the res t were: 'WIth muskets and bags fo r lhe powder and pikes; but in the who lc body there wa, not one pikemen had a corselet , and ve rr few musketeers who had swords'''', and olhers had ' no Arms bUI Pilehforks, and such like Tools'" Prince Rupe rt 's FOOl in 1644 were. '"er r poor and ragged. VCI")' m an )' no arms but swords' J.,

h'5 stlrlUP has a 'bucke!' for Ihe lance bUIt, bul ,n EngJand il was Pfobablv more usuallo bear the lance With the bUtlllStl1lg upon Ihe saddle 01 the rtde'-, Ihlgh A O· shaped bracket anaches the lance 10 Ihe slandard bell's SPflng clip . The Slandald 15 a recorded example. caplured al Ma,ston Moor. of an unldenlllled ll00p Thete was no slanda,d pallorn of horR furmture, Ihough In 1628 Charles I had required saOdlers \0 SUbmit 10 Ihe Counell 01 Wa, saddles made 10 a design 01 Lord Wimbledon; bUl dUllng the Clv,' War any wera pressed Into servIce The use of Ihe ' Greal Saddle' being ,eStrlCled, IIghler palllfns wile more common, Ihe 'Hackney' Wi th an lion lree, the ' French pad' wllh a down· stuffed seat. and Ihe 'Il9hllSl and mmblest' Similar 10 a modern hunl"'g saddle, Monck recornmendad ' a good pad saddle 1hree good GirU, a pair of good SIIIfUPS, a nd Stlllup· leathlfs; wllh a CfUpper . and a Fore· Pallern. .,lso a good bill, Rains. and Head,slaU, Wi th a good leathern halter '~: s uch a saddle is shown in Ihe monume", 10 SII JacobA5IIey, WIth 8 sqUIIII saddle ,cloth underneath, the mOSl common type in use Sadd les ordered bV Ihe New ModelA,my Included types described as ' Padsaddles with IWO Loopes behind and noegre8t Buckles lor the Crupper'·, 'Padsaddles with good iron plates and 5Iran bius", 'fur nished w llO s\l and bIllS lalg e trees. well plllted W"' lron, & 3 gIISeS'., ranging In Pllce r,om 16, . 6<1. to I Ss.; d,agoon,' saddles. like their horses. wile much cheaper and 10111'101', beIng 75 6d each In 1627 Charles IIOfbade the snaffle brIdle e~cept for span. the curb bits used al other limes en,Ullng that the horsemen 01 England were used loexerttngtheutlnosl cont/ot over Ihell mountS and thus fll for wa, NOTES

t.r 267 Cnao.1' ' 01 } 'fIuntt,p ~}~ " W'rnruam, P. ~{'ft.JloN<JCkwS~~/Y"" " &~4 Nnrr(C\, J970' I Sf."(m,,.r,voI

J

p , I;6.

, SrC! T) ldtn, I'l' 6

I t7~ NN· M tlIkIArm.\'CorlllKl l~.IO ,",priI16~ ,.Ja,,",,,/,,'dw.;fr"" .."J tlr _ ~1 S«II'Y VI h'16l1 ,u

~ IltlJ , p 11 ) (3 A pnll~ (1 11 I/tIJ, P 1101 3 "'l'ntI64S!

\'(Ihtn cvcn antiquated slaffweapons like 'brownbills' wen: unavuila ble, 'clubs' m ighl be issued, a term probably indictll ing the old quarterstaff, whieh hud its champions as latC as 1$03 ( 'I rain yourselves 10 wield a i>i tchfu rk, o r a Hed ge· stake . , . practice the old Engltsh cudgd-play and quarter staff ,. :s"); thc Kin g's army in 16.0 indud~d 2 ,000 \'(Iclsh clubmen who were 10 b(! armed from thc Bris tol arsena l, Agricultural weapons like pilchfo rk.!. scythes :Ind fiail s we~ used (as later al Sedgemoor) by s uch corf)! as the Parliamentary ' M oorland D ragoons', who fonnt'd on thcir own initiative iD Ihe Led:: area and we re anned with birding gu ns. clubs and pieces of SC),thcs. Halberds were C3rritd b)' sergea nts as mnk distinctIons, and small hatchers (M onck

rct'Ommended ont' herween two men) wert: uSe:!d for wooJ cutting to pre\'ent damaging the swords. ExploSI\'(: hand grl!nades frc..'Ommendcd hy " Ionck for use on Ull: lIanks of each pi ke du·ision. 'a greal ad\'antage, if Ihcy were boldly and well thrown' .0) saw limited use and were employed mostly for clearing buildings as al Bristol in 1643 when \'.;!l"Stbury C hu rc h waS taken by grcnading out the Jcfl:'ndcrS. lThe- us!.' of the H:rm 'granad()("s' m Ihl' C ivil War c.': ra WIIS also applied 10 morlar bombs. ) The tr.lditionaJ longbow was slill used In 50me are:lS, nOI:lbly Scotl:lnd :lnd Ire-I:lnd , bUI was hardly a pranicnble ah ermllivc 10 {he:! musk!.'t dUe:! to the grell! lC"ngth of tiOl(' nceded to train an archer. In 1625 Wllham Nt'ad published 1111.' l'Jtmblt Armed MUll, proposing to C<..juip soldiers with a bow and a pike. but \..'Onlplamed that tl'..: onl),cnf..'Our:lgemenl he received for this project was from Godl \'.;':lrd·s Allimadt.·CTslI1/1J (if 1\"orre g"J\'C qualified support for thc continued use of archery (particularly as bo\\mcn l'Ould shoot in wel weather, when onen musketeers eould not), and in the 100e 1620S Suffolk. and Norfolk urged Ihat trained bands revive archery 10 'aOU1.c and Trouble' any Invader. In Nu\'cmbcr 1643 EsseX" cllOsidercd I1lIsing:l company of archcn , and in 16.12 a companyofarchcrs and pikemen \\'lIS formed In Hereford . Otherwise, bows were u~ed mainlr for firing messages iDIO bcle:aguercd lo ..... ns or 10 bum them down , though fire arrows could be launched from muskels . Archc:!")' \\'lIS used \0 combat (an arrow bnded bcl\\ecn Sir JlIcobAslley's (eclat Dc\"iz~ l , hUla p('lillon 10 Charles I from bowyers and nelehers urging the Kmg to fighl the war with arch\.' ry to fC\'h'c lheir declining business was unsuccessful! Organ i.....allon of unu s of foot \'aried hclwccn regimenfs, thefC bdng little stllOdardization in armies which comprised both formed regiment s and St::miInJcpcndenl oo m pani~ which could be ' rcgimenled' or dct:lched ..... hen the OCCtIsion demanded : in many cases soldiers probably regarded Ihemselvc.5 as members of CapClin X's company firsl and Colonel Y's regiment SC"Cond. Several rules were observed !,.'C nerall}', includlng th:u 'the tallest. bigge!t und strongest should be- onkr'd 10 ClIrry Pikes , that lhe)' may the beller endure the weight of their defenSive Arms •. . I ha\'e known Muskets given to thOSe:! of the biggest stature, and I' ikcs to the un\\'onhiest and silliest of the CornpanY,as If he who is nOI worthy to carry a Musket were suDidenl to C'J rry a Pike , . : 61 . M,arkllam'$ $ollfdiers Graml/ltJr ( T626) and Bariffe's t\fi/ilary D ~lp""t ( 1639) state that the number of pikemen and musketeers in eaehl.:ompan)'should beequlll, but when Edward Har!ey W:lS commissioned to raise a regiment for Parliament in 16,U, two-thirds w~ to be musketeers, 11 proportion adopted 1'0)' Ihe New Model. ,\Ionek bcliC'\'ed th31 equal numbers were necessary for action In the open field ( t w()-Ih i rd ~ musket ~ rs for sie-ge warfare), as pikemen l.."'Ould onl}' prolt:cl mus ke:!l~rs properly if equal in numbC'u, and il is possible Ihal Ihe R oya li~ t !> adl)ptcd these

proporlions more:! readi ly than I~arhanu:n' due to shortages offireanns, Some regtmenl1 e-ventually dispensed \\;th pikemen altogether. such as Montrosc-s Irish Brigude and Sir Thomas Fairfax's Lifeguard, IInd in Seplember 16431he Yellow AuxiIi.mes had al leasl two eompanics composed of It2 musketeers to onl y 20 pikeO1£'n . h.Ically, a regIment comprtsed 10 com panies. Ihough eight was prob.. blr as common and perhaps easier 10 control in the fieill, bill circumstances red u('1!"d or mCTca$l:d Ihis number; fl'r example, in the i\-I3.rston Moor campaign the E3fl of Manehesler's arm), induded onc tcgimcnt (Manchester's own} wilh 19 companies, four I\ith Ie:!n, one with nint.' and onc \Ilth eight, and whil51 Lcven's SCOIS probably had ID-Cl.'mpan)' reglme.nts. one had only th'e the Mmiste:!r's Regiment ). Companies we-re commanded by:a field officer or cap13.i n , with an ideal strength of a caplain.a heutenant. an ensign (who C'Jrrled the ctompany colour), a 'gl'ntlemanof- lhe-lImls' ' respon~ihlc for maintemtncl' of Tht' weaponry,an appOinlmcnt perhaps pc:culiar 10 Ihe Royalists), tll'O Sl'rgcants, three corponlls 3nd two drummers; the \..'Olonel's company would conlam 200 men. the lieuten!lnl-coionei's 160, the major's q o and each capl3in', 100. Total strength thus numbered JUS t o\'cr t ,300. Reglmenl:lI staff of Parliamentary fegiml,'OIs Included quarlermaste-r, chaplain . pro\'O!I marsh:al , 'chirurgion' 3nd mate, carriage maSler and drum major: mosI companies of the- Eastern Association acq uired in addition 11 clerk and tWO or three "Ianspassadoes', pe:!rhaps originall)' genllcmcn-volunlccrs aet mg as supernumerary N.C.O .s. Royalisl regI ments usually hlld It quartermast!.'r. ·11'le.sc strengths were rarel y attained in the field , though some regiments were e\"en stronger: io August 1642 Essex's numbcn'd t ,500,and m September 16.-B the Red Regiment of London trumed bands muglert"d 1,084 muske-lttrs, 8S4 pikc:men and 80 officers, and the G reen Auxiliaries 1,200. The strongest Royal regiment in 1642 was :apparently the 't~eh'C" hundred. poor Welsh nnni n, the offscourings of Ihis nalion' i l , and lowards the end of Ihat year RO)'lIlist regiments \'IlJ'iC'd between Salisbury's 9 10 and Sir John Beaumont's )20, wiLh an average around 590 men. The:! regimentalion of semi-indel>cndcnt companies apf"'C'ars to ha\'e precluded amalgamations of under-st rengT h l'Omp:lOies: in M(lrch 164-1 tWQ of Wailer's regiments appcur
MtlTChlock

muskel 01 old slyle. wITh a 'seal' bat Tltgg8f

107 strong In I\tarch 1644 and ",:IS l'"C'inforc~d by 25 men in Mar and 5S In October: by January 164S only 27 of lh~ origlnals. twoofthc l\-la)' :md 17 of Ihe (klotxr reln-

fort'Crnems, II'crc still serving, Prince Rupcn's mucroats, aboul 500 in numbc.'r, was one nf Ihe slrolWdl Roral regimenls al Naseby, Such decline in numbtors could result in The combination of rwo or more N:gimenrs to form 3 smgle unil. for example Miltw3r three r(el (91 l'entimetres) apan and suHklent space for lhe ml."n to use their weapons wilh ease. t\ regiment could be $phl into IWO or Ihree 'divisions'. each Ct;Immanded by a fil."ld offil't'r :and each wilh rlkc~ m the centre and mllSkcts on the Hanks, with skinnishing p3rtics or 'forlorn hopt's' or musketeers ahl."ad of the main bad)', ITnd other parties or muskeleers withdrawn 10 protect the rcgimenwl baggage. Such regimen tal divisions might be arrayed in Swedish fashion, with one division withdr:awn some dist3nce 10 CO\'er the Map berwee.n thc first tWO, thus presenting a chequcrboard appt'sratK't'. For lactir.:
HORSE If P:lrilamenl enjoycd a superiorily in foot, then (a\ klUl IIllhe earlier pan of the war) the bal horse (cal'~Iry) was that of the Royulisls, drawn from count ry ~ntrr and thell" servants who could rum OUI at short nOllce with liuk form~1 tmining necessary 10 produtt adequate hors(: for example, Richard Shuckburgh of

Shuckburgh was hunting on the day before Edgchlll when the King asked for his help, whereupon he gathL'red histcnants immedialc1yand joined the Royal ann)'. Arms and equlpmcnl consisled of the ubiquitou!. buff-coal lI'om for hunllng as IIcl1 as fighung) with 3 brcasl~ and baekphue and often a helmel; Cbn."ndon remarked ,hlU III 16.u 'officers had thcir full dt'slre If thcy wcre able to procure old backs and breaslS and POIS, Wllh pistols or carbines for their tWO ('11" three firsl ranks. havmg gotten. and swords for the rest: themselvcs beSIdes their pistols and swords, a short pole-axe' u, The heavier armour was bul1etproof, for If nOI 'eilhl.'r the Bullet piercelh Ihrough . or beats the Iron into the Hllrsemans body, which is equally dangerous; but if it ~ proof. u is esceeding troublesome 10 both man and horse· ..... Manr breastplates bon." a deliberate dent, Inflicted by a ball finod b), the maker to prol'e their efficaqTroops equipped Wilh bn."asl, back and helmet (and sometimes a metal lo,'llUllllet on the left forearm to rrOleCI Ihc bndle hand) were often said 10 wear ' h~rquebu sicr' equipmellt. even though the)' no longer c-arrit'd {h:u firearm. Some: thQugh t the harquebusicr should weur only a hdmet. but in the Netherlands each man was ordered to ha"e a breaSt- and backplale as well, whIch "l'Ondemneth t.he latc practice (lf our Inlined Harqucbuslers 10 be t:rron~'o us , which hal'c wholly left olf lheir arms, and think lhemsch'cs saft' enough in:'l calfs ski n coal'f'. In 1629 harquebusicr equipment was priced at: .... A hmlSl (If PistOl! proofc A hack('

A gorget! A I kadP«Ct' \\ Ilh gn:al check), and a blrt t>cfore Ihe fact'

,. ,I " " I'll ... ""

"

0

ThiS equipment was never universal: wme Parha· mentary horse routed at HUlltingdon In August 1645 was Singled OUI because nf wearing 'al l of ulem back and breasl, headpcicc, bmce of I>IStOll, officers more'"'' whilst in 1642 C lrtrendon describes the King's 800 horse as 'fcw beller armed Ihan with swords· .... M:trk.h~m's SOllldirrr AceidO/cc stlTtl"S thul harqucbuslcrs should he 'lhe be~t of the finl inferior Jegrce .. , besl reome n or scrving men _.. ' .. ~. HONe equipped in harquebusier S1yle n'en." generall}' regarded as Ule lighler l:a\'alry I though some disagreed abouI Wh:tl was 'lighl' or 'heavy' ; If so. then 'hCIlI'),' cavulry WrtS seen on few occasions, for Iheir equipment was a din'et descendent Ilft he plate-armoured mcdie\'al knight. Styled 'cuirassiers' in the scI'cnteenth century, they wc-re complerely encascd in amlOur wilh Ihe cxceptionofthe lower lei lusuall)' co\,ered bya long boot land the rear of the thigh. It is uncertain how common cuirassier armour was, as artistic conventIOn dlclaled thut generals should be ponrayed in full armour, a rashIon II'hich persisled umil the nineteenth cemur}' and l'Un

45

PLATE 10 23 Dragoon, N ew Model Arm y 1645 24 Cornet, Wardlawe's D ragoons 1643 25 Corne t , Essex 's Ho rsel643 The COIMT of Esse~ ' s H0fS8 wears iI russeted breasl· ilnd bilckplaTe CV8\' a bull 'coat. Essex's orange· lawny sash, and a hal wrth a whrte handkerchief alound it as a field sign, His riding coat IS worn CV8\' the armour. aP08l1m,ly a comman practice, Sir John Smith (of SIandald ·rescue fame) was once ass.llled by a pltchfOl'k, wlekhng peasant who did him no harm 'by reason 01 his armes under Cl loose c08le" _ and AtkVns r8COl'ds a sknmish in which 'the enemy were upon me, cuning my coat upon my armour In 58YBfal places ' ~The carnel's slandard bears The popular device of an armouled, SWOld · beallng aIm IliliUlf'lg from a cloud, w ith the motto CaveAdsum, literally meaning 'watch out, we' le here', all upon Essex's orange,tawny field, Dragoons were neither In'antr y nor callalry propel; Turner reckoned them no more than infantry who rode into aCllon, then dismounted 10 light, and Thell status In the EIIstefn AsSOCiation seems 10 hllye been that of fool. recruited partly by impressment, Examples e'"lil ot dragoons reverting to fOO l, but also of conll8fslon 10 horM, whilst fOOl could ba made inlo dragoons wiTh apparently I1l1le dlllicully, qune apilrtifom the use of mounting foot on horseback to expedite then moye, ment. Cruso descflbed dragoonsafTTl8d With pikes and match · locks ( though the fOlffi8f ale nOt r8(;orded as used in Sntaln and the latt8f doubllltSli rep/flced by firelocks whentllleJ poli' sible) , w ilh a horse 'of the least puce. the use meteol being but to eICpedlte hIS march, allightlng to do l'Ils service' :I, Malkham's drBgOOn has a buff· coat and helmet, makn'Tg him a cavalryman. though anolher wr iter remarks that 'dlagoomels ale 10 be as lightly armed as may be, and theref()l'e they ale onlie 10 have 115 followeth , caliv8fs and powder Ilaskes' '', yet encumbers him wllh twO 56·inch (142,cenllmelle) swine. leathefs WIth sl~'lnch ( 1S·canllmetle) heads, Turner ch..ms that Ihe term 'dragoon' IS derJlled from 'd/agon'. burnlflg matches making a horseman appear thus, and that wtten fight · ing dismounted every tenth man acted as a hOlse holdef Most dragoon trooperS probably wO/e uniforms like those of the fOOl, and though cayalrY boots might be e~pected, inlanllY legwear may halle been equally common. The New Modal dragoon IllUStraTed wells an infantry coat and bandolier (with the blue -painted carllidge tubes specified In Ihe contract

be mislcading, For clCample, il :lppcaf'li that LWO portrllits of M o nck by ,,"'I ich:Jcl Wrig hl , IWO of Ch:Jrles 11 by Samuel Coopcr. und o nc of the Earl of Manchester. pro bably :111 depic t the S!1me, "cry distinctive, 3rmour. ..... hich W3S perhaps !In :lflislic 'prop'. Probably the most common use of l.:uirJssier armour was in delaching the breast- tlnd bllckplates for use with 3 buff-coot and light helmct , whi ch ma)' explain why somc eXlant suns lack these piecrs; mos t who wort: such 3rmour \\'t're officers

or gl."nt Jeme n · lroo~r5 ,

books), a SCIflP of paper as a field sign lfl his ha!. and call1es an Engllsh. lock muSket and the 'good lof'lg lUck' racom · mended by M onck, who also beheved they should carry swine- fea lhers and be equipped With a belt trom which 10 hang Ihe musket whilST mounted, Extant recOl'ds of dragoon costume Include a descllption of J ohn lilbuma (1648) wearu'Q a ',hon red coa!" , whilst Ueutenant -Colone! James Calf, captured al Clf8OCest(lf In Februarv 1643, losl 1'115 personal belongings Including a car· bine, three pans 01 pistols, 'one wle of Spanish Clolh layd With silv8f lace (7 . A long Riding Coate of the same (2, A doublet 01 Bu<:k leather and bleaches C3, A dutch Coatlyned With FolCes £4, A scarlell mant". [SToe1 skutl· capjlayd with sllll8llau 305:' The officer illustrated wears a gorget oyer his buff, coat, and a cloth cap (monlllo1) wllh furred flaps whICh could be let down," bad weather, probably w!lh a steel cap or 'secrete' underneath; coloured caps warll presumablv not unknown, lor the \lOOp of 160 dragoons falsed for the 1639 Scottish e~pe(htlon were known as Ihe ' YOlkshire Redcaps' Dragoons carried small, double· ended guidons as illustrated, origil'llltmg taccold,"g 10 Markhllm) as Ihree-feet (O.9 .melte) deep, Sl~ · feel (1,S' metre) 10nQ penMntS, th e ends of which could be cut off to lorm an oblong standard upon the owner's lirst act 01 yalou r, and l edUced 10 a square upon the ne~t occasion, a praclice long redundanl by the lime of the Civil War as Markham nOles Wllh r&gre t that lIS neglect caused Virtue 10 'SlI mourning at Ihe laddlH fOOL because shoo hath not one true IOUnd leh to mount bv ?, The plain guidon IlIus, tlated was Ihe personal Ilag 01 Colonel Wardlawe ( some'umes called 'WOIley '), whose COl'p$ wa.larQely ScoRlsh The Olhet guidons ollhe unrt bore Ihe SI GeorQe canton and a mol10, for the lievtenant·colonel, 101' example, It was Be/la Be. tofUm

Bellu"'NOTES r EJoA.. rJ 1J('~t"DI~m,

rrum

8.,,1J. ....~.., I·,"'ml

*'

f~

[Ch.f"r"'"

1644 ) qOOIN tn \'011111. fJvllill p . I Ark)'nl, ft . Ilrt \",..11("""" "1 N>dtJrd A""""" 166<»); K'C' /lIk)..." It. to 0 ..')·" , J TM E",IrJo C",i/ Ln,~ od ' -"lint, I' , & T\II:hr, N

(London, 111611 1' , ) Cnoo, P )1 -I

A R"t/T'~llMlqf lr..r

,..

rJ" I,,,, pt ..",

"J/"'f!.'m "~Q , MSS by

'W T :. quolfd b}' GrDK s Qu.'lftd Y""IlB, ~1I111, r :19 6 Qootal Al1.o'r, J (:'\"'1""', r'44 ( Ktnt l" n , 19 l J ) p, 19 1

7 S«C,,*,vo/ I, P, 1611 ~ ~ MI1I1e' , S,M SldllJ.m/I ....J C'*"rI"l 11Il """'>' 166r-r8l1

CUll'assicr !lrmour was extremcl y h~'a\')' : as Jamc$ I rcmarkl."<.i , IIrmour was :10 elCcellenl mwnlion for it s:U'cd the life of the wr:urcr 3nd prevented him hurting anyone elsd The weight probabl)' conuibutcd 10 the defeat at ROlllldw3Y Down o f o nc o f thc tWO units known to h.,,·e worn 11 . Haselrig's 'lob5ters'. who could nOI face an incoming attack in lime due to their cumbersome «tuipage. Edmund Ludlow of Esse)['s Lifeguard. the other cuira$Slcr Unit , noted lhat when unho rsed ' I could nOl withoul grt'.lII difficult)- reCO\'er on ho~-back

PLATE 10

23 Dragoon. New Model Army 1645

24 Cornet. Wardlawe' s Dragoons 1643

25 Cornet, Essex's Horse 1643

TIll! ES(lLlSII CIVIL \'\'AII.

CUllaSSler equipment (engraving by N C Goodnlght ahel Cruso's MII,taflB InstructIons )

ORGANJ~.ATJON, EQIJIPMJ!ST AND T ACTlCS

again, being loaded with cuirdssic( s arms' '0, \X' hen in 1639 Sir Edmund Verner was e"peeled 10 take the field in cuirassier armour he refused, 'for il will kill a man 10 serve in a whole C urass, I am resolved 10 use nothing but back, brest and gauntlet; if I had a POll for the Head thal were Pistoll proofe it maye bet: I would use it if it were light' 1 1 , Ironically, Vern(-y scems to hu\'c had a premo· nition of death before Edgehill and was killed wcaring neither armour nor buff-COllt ; Sir Goorge Lisle at Second Newbury shed hiI armour and charged in his shin fo r a different reason, 10 hearten his men . Because oflhe e"llCnsc of cuirassier equipment «(4 lOS, in 1629), 'these mcn ought to be of the beSt degree, because, the meuncst in onc of those troops, is e,'er by his place a gentleman' 1 ~, but its efficacy is proven by Richard Alkyns' description of his fighl 31 Ra undway Down with Sir Anhur Husel rig himselr. Huselrig, wearing armour like his "rcgiment of Lobsters' , resisted everv shot and blow uimed at him: thr;:c point-blank pistol shots 'but a nea·biting to him' , and nwnerous sword CUIS, After his horse was killed , Haselrig tried to surrende r, delaying whilst he attempted to free the sword tied fOhis wrist, but whilsl ' fumbl ing a great deal' with tht' knot, he was rescued, The Slory was related to Charles I, who made a rare joke oul of it, sayi ng, ' Had he been I·iclualled as well as fortified, he might have endured a sicgcofsc\'('o years'!lJ, The Earl afNonhampton when slain at Hopton Heath ( t643) was so armoured that his enemics had tn remove his helmet to kill him, TIll' armoured cuirassier was sufficiently rare, however, for Monck to ignore them altogcther, 'because there afe not many Countries tha! do afford Horscs fi l for Ihe Service ofCuirnssiers' 7.<. , The cuirassier in Europe was armed with a lance, but Ihisweapon was almost redundant long before the Civil \X1aTS, largely because of the difficulties of finding suitable horses and of using the lance, 'a thing of much l:!bour and indusl ry 10 learn' 1 J, T h(' only lances known to hove been used in lhe Civil Wars were in the hands of Scottish light (,,''avalr)', who employed them Wilh some skill. The uni\'ersal weapon was lhe sword, usually a hC3\'y-bladed 'broadsword' with a semi-basket hill, or a "stiff Tuck' with a strong but lighter blade; the traditional 'ge ntleman's' weapon, the rapier, Turner says, ' In the l.tme of the laIC T roubles in £lIg/olld" , wert used for a while, and then laid aside' a, The poleaxe (a r polehammcr) noted by Clarendon does not seem to have been used extensivc!y, but was the symbol of the Royal bodyguard of Gentle.men·Pensioners which served as a unit apparently only at Edgehill; Gentleman-Pensioner Mathews used his lodespalch a Parliamentary cuirassier who hod anempted to attack the Prince of Walcs, but whose armour was impervious to s\\'ord blows. The firearms used by horse consisted of pistols, carbines, and harquebuscs; the tWO !:ltler may be considered together, both ha\'ing z+-fool (76-centimetre) barrels and being suspended from a shoulder bell by

English close helmet WIth open face and fixed nasal bar

(WaUis & Wallis)

means of:1 swi\'el. the fornlcr having bullets of 24 to the pound (53 p.:r kilogramme) and the harquebus 17 per pound (37 per kilogramme), according to Cruso 71 , though Markham classes them logether as having 3 9~ inch (99-Centimetre) barrels :md 20 balls to the pound (44 per kilogramme), T he num bers of lroops thus !!rmed is unknown, but was certain ly a minorilY of horse: in 1645. fo r example, the Ncw J\'lodd boughl only 1,502 c;lrbincs to 7,650 pairs of pistols, BOIh wheel and fi relock mechanisms were used ror ca,'alry firearms (Ihe match lock being largely unmanageable on horseback), with the firdock the most IXlpular due 10 its simple mechanism and cheap COSI, Muny pistols were of the wheel lock type, cither small 'dogs' which 'sparked fire much like a malch lighted with gunpowder' -M as the whC<'1 sparked againsl Ihe pyriles. or longer, with barrels 'two foo t for the longest, sixteen inches for the shortesl '7"; Cruso recommended tS-inch (46-ccnti. metre) barrels with bullets 20 to the pound (44 per ki logramme). whilst fI'iarkham preferred 26· inch (66-

rill.' ESGUSH C1\'U W , ",,

'Anc:lflnt Dragoon'; In Klual facI, a troopef of norse witn narQuebus,e' equ.pment (engraving by N C Goodnrgnt)

C'Cntimelr~' )

barrds a nd )6 bulh::ls 10 the pound \ 79 per kilogrnmmc), :md bolh stllte lh:H although a horseman should he able 10 load his firearms from his Ilask , atleaSI s i)( prepared cartridges should ~ carried for con\'Cnicnee, The complc)(ity of the whec-llcek IS reflected by thc cost: III 16)1 IJ pair ofwhec-J locks COSI [.J, ab>:lmst £2 for snaphances o r fircl ocks, but even Ine l:l\Ier could be broken easily. lhe Seonish army fo rexomple requestmg in May 1644 1.000 pairs. 'because our horsemen's armcs do daylie become unuscful o r arc 10SI· III. Other horse firearms included those of a troop of \'!'alIoons in Essex in 1648. 'armed wnh Blunderbasse Pistols. each of which eould carry seven Bullets'·r , In the early slages, equipmenl was usually prO\'idcd b}' Ihe individual or troopcomm:mder; Rich3rdALkyns' troop, 60 stro ng in January 1643, for example, were 'almost all of them well a rmed, z\-!aStl'r DUllon giving me )oStl-e1backs, breasts and hcad prC~S , and twO men and horses completel y armed'u, In J uly 1642 the Committec of Lords and Commo ns for Ihc Safety oflhe

,0

Kingdom ordered that e3eh lroop comm3nder should receive [.280 for Ihe pro"ision of horses. arms And equipmen t, Man~' Royalist troops wc re equipped at their comm::mders' expense; fo r example, in Octobtr 164.2 Prince Rupert o rdered '30 li~': paire of your bl'Sl hols ter 3nd as many ofynur best spanners and as many of you r 001 fhsk.s as also o ne hundred weight of piSll'l1l .;hOl '" for ~'e arming of mine owne Troop' 'J. T he ideal cavalry ho rse was 'ofsufficiem stature and st rength, nimble of jornts. and sure of fOOl ,., to paC('. lrOl, gallop, or runne in full carcere'4., bm was not always w be found, The 'Great Horse' or 'Btuck Horse', the massh'C moum of armou red knights which was well o\'er 16 hands, is s hown in Ci\·il \'\Ia r ponruil$ bUI WIIS probably ,'eT)' rare and COSily. explainmg In p3rt tht' dedme of thc cuirassier; Cromwdl offered '60 pieces' for 'A Black won m battlc' (as against UI p iC~5 for la dragoon cob)" _Most ca\'alry was mounted upon lighter horses of ' Iall Slalure IInd le'olll proportions' acco rding to Markham , though Ihe Scots in particu13r we re always defident in good horses. as Lord Sare noted , 'l ight bUI weak. nugs " , nC\'er able to stand a charge or cndure tne shock of the enemy's horse''''. A man cnllsllng might ha,'c pro\'ided his own hOTU, or :1 man might haw prQ\'ided either 3 norse.' and rider or just a horse, for \\ hieh he reecn'cd (from Parliament, which fa,'ourcd this system) 2S, 6d, or IS, 4d, perdicm f('$pC'cll\'ely, The \'alue of the horse was ;I~sessed and regarded as a loan, repayment being pro miSl'd at right percent: thc syStem developed into a for~;:d loan, districts bemg assessed to pro\·ide the requisite qU:lfltily of mounts, By t645, ho\\,t'\'er. the majorit)' of horses \\'ere bought outrighl ((emounts £7 IOS. ea..:h and dragoon mounts [.4 . orher methods h:l\'ing !'rmkcn down, Th.: Royalists ust'd purchase and ImpreSSment. the laller a oonfiscalion b~' onc faclion of horses belonging 10 the other: in 1643, for example, the commander Ofthc Parli:lmcntary hOl'1le at Leek was o rdered '10 take so many horses ofthc pal'ists. delinquents. or nuhgnants. as 10 horse the s3id troopcrs ' '' ~. \,\Ihen troop oommandcrs r.:ame from the landed classes. they frequently mouO(cd their mcn al their own expense, Theorcticall)' a regiment of horse would comprISe 500 men. but was sddom :u full s rfenglh except when a POPUhlf leader was rhe eommnndcr. Normll tl y a rcgi mcnt comprised six troops, which oflen fough t in three squadrons o r 'di"isio ns" and though most had Iheir full complement of officers . were often ,'cry weak in Troopers. partly due 10 d~crticm and casuahi~ but also because man}, troop commanders found it beyond theIr means 10 arm and mount the ",'Orrect number, Not all the 'ot her nmks' ofn Iroop might be troopers, espcl'ially in the Royal fo rces; when ALkrns raised his tNOp, for example. he hau 60 troopers and 20 'gentlemen th3t borc arms' •• . Among such 'gentlemen \'oluntet'rs' in I.hc Royaljsl armies we re included ma ny of thc highest I:Stale, such as the Secretary of Slale Lord Falkland,

QRGANI1.A,. IO:;:, EQ U II',\\I:::;:,. ,,:;:0 T AC1ICS

ShabrilQue and holster cover, probablv daung from the CIVil War era

A few regunems kepI up their strength remarka bly: in

' Prtsenl & give Fire '; CUlraSSler dlschar91ng whlttlllock pistol. held with lock uppermoSt to aSSISllIansmlSSlon of

spark through louchhole Into barrel (engraving after Cruso's M,/,18f1e /rultuc/!ons)

killed at First Newbury whitsl riding with Byron's Horse. TypiCll lrooJ" composition was: one tfOOp corn· mander (,-.'apla;n Of field officcr), one lieutenant. onc comet (standard bearer). one qu:mermaster (..'Ommissioned offi cer). three corporals. IWO trum peters, one furicr, and 60 troopers. Royalist rcgimcnts usually had Ihrec field oHiccrs and P:lrli:lmcntary regiments h:ld IWO, a colonel and a major, wilh the coloncl's troop being commanded by a 'c:tptain·liculcnam '. In the carly part of the war at least. troops would oflen sen'c independently, Ihe process of rcgimentlllion nOI b("ing universal. A few examples may be quoted 10 show how widely divergent org,m ization of horse could be, AI Edgehill . Roy:llist rcgimcnls varied frome ighl lroops 10 Ihree, with totals ftom 500 to I SO; troop st rength ranged from ISO llhe twO troops of Lifeguard) lOonly 1S (Major uggc's troop of Prince Rupcrt 's regiment), Parliamentary IrOOp!> scc:m 10 havc 3\'("flIged aboUl so, $lI\'e Essex's Lifeguard which W:lS tOO s tr~' ng . In Fairfax's army in the " tarston ,\lOOf c:lmpaign, IfOOpS seem to ha\'~ avcraged on ly 25 mc-n each, whilst the PrQpc)f(ion oflroopcrs loofficerswassometimcsas low aS51)(: in mid 1644, for cxample. Colonel John D:llbier's rcgimcOl comprised four troops, toUllling 43 officers and 267 men,

December 16-1 2 Prince Rupcrt's comprised 465 men and 630 hors~s (including Rupert's Li feguard , whkh soon afler became independent) in se\'en troops; In J\'larch 1644 it had 10 troops. was 500 strong al l'.larston Moor, and 400 in eight IfoopS in May 1645. doubtless mainlaining lIS strength because of the popularity of its mmmonder. In the Eastern Association slrengths \'aried from Sir John Norwich's thtet' troops to Man· eht-osler's 11 nnd Cro mw~l1's 14; Cromwcll's 'double regiment" (i,e, double-strength) became tWO rcgimcm s upon the formation of the New Model . those of Sir Thomas Fairfax and Edward Whalle)'. In Seplcmber 16-14 the Easlern Association had 40 troops of horse (including one of "reformadocs', offi~rs without rcgi· menlS) In !i,'c rcgimem!1-, 8\'er:tging 99 ~r IJ'OOp, Organ!1..3tion of Seollish hor5t' was similar to that ofthc English. exccpt thal clghltroops per regiment WIL~ usual, and like the Royalists their ~gimcnts had licutenant-colonds. plus sometimes additional staff such as adjulant and SCfI \'cner, The laclics of horse were based on tWO Styles. Dutch and Swedish , The forme r, or Rtiler taCt iC, consisted of a regiment ad\'ancing in about six ranks towards thcit enemr and each sw:cessl\'e rank halting 10 tire (heir pislolsor l'llrbi ncs, lhen retiring fot thc- nl.'xtl".tnk to do the same and 50 on umil the- enemy was sufficientl y broke.n ror a final charge with the sword. The Swedish fashion conSisted of charging hom~ wilh Ih~ sword in aboutthrtt ranks, rescn'lng fi re for the PUrsUil , and was the st)'le used Increasi ngly Ihroughout the war under the innuencc of Rupcrt (md others: as early as Edgehill he instructed his horse to rellcn'e their fire until In mtlce, Later ex~ r ience altered Ihe taaic of rtcei\'ing a charge with fire to munterchargi ng at ':1 good round ttOI',tlS In onc descripl ion: ' wc stood and moved nOI till

5'

TJiI! ESGI..ISH C ,VtL \VAR

It.

.... _

...

Prstol ellercise on horseback. showing cuirassrers (engral/· ing after Cru so's MilitBrie Instructions)

Deplovment of reg rments of horN (from SPfrgge's plan of Naseby)

they had fired , which made Gerrard swear (God damn him). "Thc rogues will not Slir". Upon those words wc clapped spurs to our horses, a.nd gave him such a charge ... routed him and purs ued him and made him fly ... ' 19. The madcap charge, leaving all disorganized. which has been associ:ucd with Ru ~rt , is sometimes exaggerated, for he was a skilled leader; nevcnheless, the lessdisciplined regiments (including many of the Royalist corps composed of gentlemen-volunteers who could hardly be expected to submit 10 discipline) would mnke a wild dash which carried them out of the aClion and

52

perhaps look da ys 10 reorganize. On the day followi ng Edgehill , for cXample , Ihe Royal horse was so disordered thattherc were no regiments or troops, onl y a vasl bodr incapable of ordcring itself and IOtally indisciplined. Dragoons were mounted infantry: 'their scrvice is on fOOl. and is no other than Ihlll of Mu s ke lecrs '~o, and wcr.... thus equipped as foot, with firelocks and swords. They we re rrga rdcd as foot soldirrs made mobile by riding, and companies of fOOl were oft cn converted to dragoons; yet they were 'reckon'd as part of the Cavalry' and could evcn charge 35 such , as did Okc)"s regimcnt at Nascby, though thei r moU ntS (ponics of about 14 hands) were in\'3riably of the poorest qUAlity and ' least price , the use thereof being but to expedite his march. allighting to do his service' 91 • Organization was in companies and regiments, though exact estabhshments arc uncertain until the New Model's dragoon regiment of 1,000 men in 10 campanics was set up: but as dragoons had existed in the militia for some time (Cambridge and Ely mustered as man y dmgoons as horse in 1628, for example). there were also independent companies, sometiml,."5 attached to regiments of horse.

Fieldpiece upon SpliHIi'llllield call1age

i

omt.---~

Ju

IDJI)

Cuirasslel loading his pistol. holding ball In mouth until Inselllng It in bIllrel Note labfic interior 01 holsters, which could be dlawn closed over mouth of holstllf, protecting plSlol from dampness (engraving aftor Cruso's Mdirafle

CompalBtiv8 sizes 01 cannon-bellel Irom top to bottom: canllOn, demi-cannon, eulverin, saker. The decorative lilting handles were often cast In the shape 01 stvlized dolphins

Ins/luctions)

Infantcrie would be: SC'.lrtt intelligible to any common

ARTlLLERY 'Artillery' in the 5e\'entetnt'h century did nOI have the same meaning as it d0C5 today, but described :my missile weapon, as in I Samud xx, 40: 'And Jonalhan ga\'e his miller')' untO his lad .. .'; thus BarilTc's AlililOry Disciplilll', or '''~ \'o"g ArtillerY lllal1 ( 1635) is concerned

Rcader'''l. Ci\'il war cannon were clumsy, difficult to move and of limited elTeet except in siege warfare and in damaging mornle: Turner quotes M.onluc: '1110.;1 pillS ch pi!u r , quI' dll ilia/' ( it frightens more than it hurlS)"". Nevcrtheless. :In arm y's artilier), train was regarded nOl as lumbering im pedimenta but as 11 vital pan of the army ,and alt.hough man)' \'a rietiCll o f c:mnon existed the most common are

only with the muskct and pike. and Niecels' London Artilltry ( 1616) is 50 te rmed because 'the French wo rd ,\'/J"~

Robinet FlIlro ncl Falcon ~lL010n

SIIkt't/ Drake Dcmi· Cuh·erin Cul\'crm l>Cmi-Cannon Canno n ('.un non Ro\'n1

listed below:

e~"brr

!ertKht

leng fh

wt u:hl of

~m .I """)

Llb./II.t)

(ft.{en/\

sl/in (lb.lltg )

Iza/S4 ZI 0/9S 7oom 8

] /91 4{1 U

1410.6

ltlJ2 ZISI *~o

,/7'

'fS.

'h / 1q 5111 7

61. 52 7/ 178 8{20J

6/183

1,500/6

8(,,",

z,SOO! I. I) 4 J .600II ,6)3 .. .ooo/I ,8 q 6.coo{z.1 Zl 7.ooo{), 175 1\,000/3.619

9t/290 10 /) OS

11133S

(1/

1'0.3 Zijl 4 1.8 s i l2", 9 4.1 1516.8

IZ /366

n l lz.]

10 / ) 05

-I7/2I.J 6]128.6

8J,.,

14'1'lg ll/

pmcdir (tb.I" )

It/LI

3 11.6 S/2.J 9 4.1 18/8.z 1.5111.3 14/ 15,4 -1 01 18.1

ItiJ m ( Imrw HIM )

,,

,

"

'"

, "",0 7

60 '0 ,0 U

"

'" 53

TH!! ESGLlSII CWIL \'\'AIl

•

• •

,

--

•

~'" The monar 'ROIling Meg' (Hereford City Museums, photo graph bV Jonathan Cooler)

(Nomcnclalure \'lIricd: for 1I1lcrnativc statistics sce Thr Complra/ OWllleT (London, 1672: rcprirned \'\' Ilkefidd. 197 1) p, 40,) The 'U:'llm' quoted aoo\'e refers 10 [he number ofhorsel> or men required 10 drag the piece, t\'!issiles were principally iron (or evcn stone) balls, though casc shot could be uscd at dose I1mgej the ralc of fire was slow (eight shOls per hour from a cannon, 10 from Il demi-cannon, 12 from a saker,etc,),and gunnery was frequently imlccufllIe, For example, 50 unskilled

54

were the gunners III Blackburn at Christmas 1642 that although a demi-cul\'erin blasted away 'mosl of Ihe nighl and the day following" , the grealest execution it did, .. a bullet shot OUt of it entered into a house ,., and burst the bouom of a fryen pan', after which the Royalists withdrew 'thllt they might eate their Christmas p)'es at home ... .' Q. , Anillery crews consisted , for example, of three gunners and si!>: rnatrosscs (assistan t! ) for a demi-cannon and two gunners and four matrosses for a culvcri n, Different in eHicacy was Ihe mortar, which droppt.>d explosive shells from a high Irait"Clor)' into be leaguc r~-d b>arrisons J onen wilh Ihe gn:all:$t ph),siCIII and moraledamaging effects. AI Lathom liouse, fo r example, thc:se pieces 'struck most fenr with the g(lrrison, , , The monar pc~'C'C was Ihal thallroubled us all, The lillle lady('5 had slOmack to digest canon, but the SIOutesl 50uldicrs h(ld nee heart f(lr granadocs ,., The mortar peecc , ,. had fr ightened 'em from ml'at and slccpc' \os. Different again was the petard, an c:xplosh'c, bell-shaped device which hlld to be fixed manuall~' against a g3t(' or even a wall to blow a hole through it : the pet!lrdier, e\'en ifhc surviwd

the allentions of Ull:" b·lUT.l50n, risked bemg killed by the ('xploslon, or 'hOis t with his own pct:ml', Berore thc pelllrJier Gcorgt: Crllnngc blew down Iht: door of Os ..... esl r ~' Caslle with his petard, he had to be 'wcl l llned with SlIcke' v(> before he wnuld attempt it . the qUlIlities ftquired of a pelllrdier being 3k:in to those of the leader of the assault squad on Hereford, onc 6crrow, whose rew lution was 'answerable and yet his underst:lnding nOl so piereing as to affright him wilh the enterprise' DrJught animals (with collar, traces and (' \'en l-:1rters) we~ often Impressed, though Ihe New Model purcha~d thei r own; horse learn!> were ponderou ~ enough. but learns of oxen, lIsed when horses were unllvailable, were C\'en slower, An interesti ng prm::tlce was to give mdi\'idual cannon their own names; at least two were called 'Roaring Mt'g', ll.lld IWO huge deml-Clnnon were both known as 'The Queen's Pocket Pi Slol', whilst other names mcluded 'Gog" 'l\oIagog', 'Sweet Lips' (named Ilfter a rcnowned whore), and ' Kill-Cow'.

,n,

ENGINEERS ll1e man), sieges and fortifications in\'o!\'ro in the Civil \Vars were oflen organized by profesSIOnal engmeers, including a number of contincntals like Manchcster's Ros ....,orm. Allhough piol1et."rs had been reeruitro before (In 1590 theft." were supposed to bo: 20 armed pion(:er5 per tOO wldiers. and in Norfolk in 1640 Uc utt'nun tColonel Jam<."S Calmorr \\'8' directed to muster hiscompany with 10 pionecrs I>cr 100 men wilh suffi cient tools and IWO l'arIS). plOnCt!r dutics were regarded as below tht." dignity of 3 w ldier and lhus the task (lr Imprenro civilians or defaul l er~ , Tht." Earl of Nonhumberl:md'~ ordinances of war ( 16,,0) nOled that if a reboime.nt broke before coming to grips with the enemy it was to 'ser\'e for ploners and sca\'cngers, tll!:J. wonhy exploi t lake off the blot', as were soldiers who lOSt their t.'qui pmcnl 'by negligence or lewdness, by dice or cards..··, Som{' rioneers wert.", howevt."r. rated sufficiently highly to be clll~d as soldiers. such as thoSt.' of the F..3stern Association who doubled :IS the firelock guard for the artillery, Soldit."fS could be detailed liS labourers, or ci\'ili:lns impress{'d, the lancr practice unpopular as wimess the inst ruction Ihal cach 100 pioneers should hav·c 11 clerk 10 cal l thc roll e\'ery morning todisco\'cr those 'sick, deade, or ron nc llwaie'
TACTICS Although numcrous military manwls sJ)«ificd the rno~1 precise delllils of tactical mRllocuvre, all depended upon disciplined troops capable of performing thcm , not easily found , at leasl in the early years of the war. In theory. IWO s}'stems were u ~cd. JepenJing upon th~ ex~rienceor preference of the commander - the nutch , ilnd the morc <.'omplex S~t."dish tactics c\'ol\-ed by G U5tavus Adoiphus, The simpler Duteh S)'Slem . with men in elgilt ranks. was probably more practical than the Swedish array, though duub tless t.he beSI t:iemenls fro m both werc utililed. for example in the Swedish IUctic of form mg Rank guards of mixed horse and m us~ ketecrs to disorder the enemy horse when it charged, The normal practice was 10 draw up the fout in Ilne or IWO lines. With a rC'SCrve if poSSible. with horse on the flanks and artillery interspersed benl een me \'ariow. blocks of troops. Terrain fC'llturcs Wl're nOl alwa~'s us...-..J to anchor the b:lltlcline ;i nd~d , \X' al lC'r was taunted that 'hils. bogg5, hedges, di(cht.'S, these you must gronl him, hcC"11 not fight else' I O~ In l he confusion and smoke, howe\'C:r. commanders usually lost cont rol. SO Ihat h:1I~ ties depended upon subordinate officers and the morale of their men, '11lOUgh routs wt're common, morale was surpriSingly high in armies of what were largely m· experienced ci\'iliaru ; 'Thl' n3turall courage of English men , which prompted them 10 maintain thclr ground , tho' the raWn('ss and uncxpcrience of both parties hod not furnis hed them with skill to make the best use of their ad\'a ntages', as James 11 wrote'!)) . This de tCrminalion was reflected in gallantry like that of tho: Whitecoats, dying at White Sykc C lose in a hopeless poSllion, Ilnd even affected rrovincial actIons, the Parliamentary stand at Whalle), {Lancashire) in April 16,,) only I)tturrlllg because 'm::tn y o f the l\'l usketu:rs beIng rcsolut men rC'ply~d 10 the Cal'taincs bouldly bidding them take what course thc), pleased for Iheir safeties )'el the)' would adventure themsd \'C5, S<.'C the enemlc and have one bout with them ".' 10.0 , On the OIher hand. d i5':lplinc waS oft en atrOCIous. officers ha\'ing to cudgd or Ihreatl'n their men il1lo slandtng firm, in whIch case the men 'slood 10gC'lher more like a flock of s heep' 18) , Some sllOwC'd the rC'asonable desrrc ' to sce their own Chimneys' lo" ancl others were' 50 ignorant of drill, likc Essex's Lifeguard at Powick. Bridge, 'not understanding the dIfference between whC{'ling abouland shifting for themseh'es . " retired 10 the arm), in:1 \'ef)' dIshonourable manner' IQ", perhaps an Ironk comment! Though armies bet.-:1me morc proft."Ssional as the war progressed, C3rl)' \'che, menl,\! wBnt.-d ,SO thot, combining all these factors, there \\'3S great truth in Lord E)'thin', comment upon uc mg Rupert's phlll before Marston M oor: 'By God, sir. il is \'cry fyne in the paper, blll ther is no such thinge in the ffields' H)••

55

Tits E~ GI.lslt CI\ IL WAR

C:::J 0 Muskets Muskets

DD Pikes !

DD Musket s 'SwedIsh brIgade fOlma llon as used by 11'lo58 commandels who dIsliked DUlch syslem and had \lOops suffiCIently pfOficienl to wOlk 11

Y\'u ·,..U

(.",~

Oi Regimenl of fool In li ne company command81'S

o.batlle. Flags indicate posltioll5 o r

T H E FIRST CIVIL W AR

r642-3 The King's standa rd ....'35 raised on 22 August 1642, but C harl ~

I had lost his first ban le three and four momhs

before, when Sir John Hotham with Parliamentary and naval support haC! denied him access I Q the munitions at Hull, withstanding a Royal aHcmpt 10 take them by force. Loss of arm:lmenIS, there and al London, and of the nll.\·y's suppon. COS I the King and the Royalist faction dearly. Nevertheless, the embryo Royal army reech'cd a significant reinforcement in early August whcn Princes Ru pcrt and J\'lau rice and othe.r European miiital')' expens slipped past the Parliamcnmry navy

where; the \'ital pori IIl1d fortrCS5 of I)onsmouth sur· rende red to Parliament on 1 September with a suspicion of tr~~Jchery on the pa rt of the Parliamcnt&I'}·· appointcd Royalist governor, George Goring, and thc withdrnwl of the supposed rel ie.f force. Charles rallied sup port from Cheshire and the Welsh Marches and a sizeable Royal arm y cume into being, encouraged by thcir fir1t success at I)owick Brid ~e on lJ September. whl'n Kupert. the King's General of Horse, beat up and rouLed a s mall Parliamentary for('e under Nathaniel Fiennl'.i whilst covering the e\'acuation

and landed a cargo of munitions from Holland. Prince Rupe rt of Ihe Rhme. son of Ch3rles' sister and the deposed K ing of Bohemia, was aged only 22 when given comm:md in the Royalist army, but possessed some sc\'cn years' military expenence and far greatcr skill than he has St)metimcs becn credited with, S honl ya rtcr his arri\'al Ihe Koyal sland.ard rose abon' N ottingham and the war had begun o fficially, The anlly raised by Parliament was commandlod by Roberl Ocvereux, third Earl of Esse..", preVIOusly the King's lieutenant·general agaInst the Scots. a man said 10 be de\'oid of ambition , only wis hing 'to be kindly looked upon and kindly spoken to, and quieliy 10 enioy his own fortune'l, and to whom re bellion :lgainst The anointed King was distasteful. H is opinions echoed lhose of man)' Parliamentary suppcmers at this lime; their fight was not aguinst the King but against those 'ffialignants' :md Papists who sought to separate him rrom his Parliamem . As the Parliamcma ry dcspatch of Edgchill read , they fought against 'the Cavalicr1.and .. , those e\'i!I persons, who .. _ingaged His Majestic in a . .. bloody fight agJinsl HIS faithfull Subjects. in the Army rai sed by Authority or Parliamen t. for the preservat ion of His C rowne and Kingdome' l; tha t the King was with the 'Cavaliers' in this fight was wmchow o\'t'rlookcd. Leavi ng London for N orthampton on 9 September, Esscx (al:companled by his coffin and windi ng sheet) glIthcred a sizeable force, zo regiments of foot. six of horse (regimented from semi-independent troops) and onc of dragoons. plus Essex's own cui rassier Lifeguard. Agai nst this largely amateur arm y was arrayed an even poorer Royalist force: at the begi nning of hostiliti('5 Si r Jarob Astley told the King ',hat he could not gh'e any assurance against his ma jesty's being taken OUt of his bed if lhe rebels should make a brisk IIl1empt to that purpose' J . Nor were Royalist fortunes prospering else·

Earl of Esse)!. N ote use 01 sangle gauntlet, With helmet pj'ob,

ably shown Simply to em phaSize the quahtv 01 subject (engraving by Wenceslaus Hotlar, 1644 )

51

I

EDGEHfLL Pfl/llametltllfY Army , dragoons Of muskelOOfs 2 Lord Fielding's Horse 3 Sir WllIIam Fau18~ 's Reg\ 4 51! Phlllp Staplel0n'S Horse 5 5,r Willtam Bal'ol,II's Horse 6 SI! John Meldwm's brigade 7 Thomas Ballard 's brtgade 8 Ch81185 EsselC 's bfigade 9 Oenlll Holies' Reg\ 10 Sn James Ramsev's Horse 1 1 dragoons or musketeers RaYS/ISI Army Of muskeleers 1 J Lord Wrlmofs Horse '4 LOld Grandlson's Horse' 5 Earl o f CarnaNon', Horse '6 Lord Dlgby's HOfse 17 S" Thomas ASlo"'s Horse

1 2 dragoons

1 B Henry WentwOllh 19 5,. N.cholas Byron 20 Richard Fe,khng 21 John Belasyse 22 Charles Ger8rd 23 Pllnte

Mauflce's Horse 24 Prince Rupen 's Horse 25 Prince of Wales Horse 26 lC.ng'S Ufeguard 27 Sr, John Byron's Regt. ( part) 28 Sir John Byron's Regt (Pilrl) 2 9 Gentleman Pensioners 30 Wllham legg.'s Frrelocks R. Radway IIII/age rile scale fepfeSenlS one mile (I 6 kllomelfesj

uf \X'orccslcr. Leaving Shrewsbury on 12 Oc(01)(:r, the King mar ... hed towards London, causing Parliament to bc:gin the: formation of a ncw army for Ihe defencc of the capital. based upon their excellent trained bands. Meanwhile, Essex's lIrmy attempted 10 find the King, but such was the inexperience of both sides that neither knew where the other WllS. On 22 Ckwber the King wn.s at Edgccmc. 40 miles (64 kilometres) W~I of Bedford, when he learned thal Essex was only seven miles ( 11 kilometres) distant, and on the fo11owlOg day Charles drew up his army on EdgehiJI, dominating the Warwickshire plain. Awaiting the Parliamentarians, the

I~oyal army was split I?y internal dissent: Rupert. though only ~ncral ofl·lorse. insisted that he fcccivt' his orders onl)' from the King, not the General-in-Chief, the Earl of Undsey: and when Charlc:s ordered the h:mlc: hne to be arrayed by Plltrick RUlh\'cn, Earl of Forth, a Sl'Onish velcran who 'dOll'd in hIS undl'rsl::lOding', an immodcrate drinker ,almost il1ilcnue and deaf~, Lindsc)' resigned all command save that of his own regiment, with whi.:h hl' fell in thc coming battle. The Roral army numbered almost 3,000 horse, aboul 10.000 fOOl and 1.000 dragoons: Esscx's strength \\a5 llbout 2,000 horse, 12.000 fOOT and 700 dragoons. Charles doubtkss hoped that Essex would attack him uphill. but E.s~x. probllbly noT wishing 10 lOiliate lhe first baule of an unprcced~nted war. remained imml)-bile, 50 on the early 3flcmoon of;!3 October T6.f;! the Royalist army rolled down thl' hill, threc brigades of foot in Tht' cenlre and horse on thl' wings, mceting thl' Parliamentary army similarly arrayed. O n thl' Royalisl right, Rupcrt swept !.town upon Essex's left·flank horse who, demoralized by the defection of Sir PUllhfull Fortescue's troop \\ hich changed ~ides ,'" IIUWl . broke and fled , pursued by thl' Cavalier horse which seT aboutlOOling Ihe Parliaml'ntllry baggage. A similllrroul ocrurred on the other flank , though SlkllSt onc RO)'alisl commander, Sir Charte~ Lucas of Caernarvon's regimem, allcmpted to check thl' mad pursUit and gathcrl'd somc horsl' around him . In the ccntrl'. nearly halflhl' I'arhamentury foot ran a\\~"y before a blow was deIh'ered, bUt The remainder held on lenadously and. reinfol'\.'C'd by &lfour', and Stapleton's Horse (both homng avoided the rout on their fiank), nelUlllI}, pushed baek the Royalist foot. At this junclUrl' thl' King's sons were in danb'C'r, the I)-rear-old Prince of Wales (later Charles 11) Dnd his brother JamC$ being present in the King's eOlourage; orde red to escon l.hem to safety , the Earl of Oorset roughly lold the King thal 'he would not be (hought a Coward for the sake of any King's Sons in Christendom's. Young Charks wanted 10 fight , but they were esconed away by the l'Ommandl'r of the Pl'nsionl'rs, but not bl'fore :I Parli3ml'0I3'1' cuirassier had auempted to kill or capture t.hem. Uy the time RUpl'rt rc turned with his horse, l'xpecllng to find an overwhelming \'iclory, he found"ll stalemate. The sur· vivors stayed put th rough thl.' night , but the imminent app roach of fresh I>arliamenlary Iroops (including the regiment of John Hampden) compclll'd the Royal army to wilhdraw. Neithl'r sidl' had much 10 acclaim, for Ihl' first bail ie ofthl' wllr was both confused and amateurish, The Utmner Ro)'al had been capturoo upon thl' death of its bearer. Sir Edmund Verney, but had b«n recovered for the King; and lhough both armies wl.'re lemporarily shnttered. Es~lI: had at lea'il forestalled the King's march on I..()ndon, though the l'arhamentll'1' army also retired. On bllillOee, Ihe pendulum of victo'1· edged slightly towards the Royalists. Charles was urgcd by Rupe rt and I.ord Forth (Ihe

enlll War fOftific8tions, defences of London, 1643, showing blnefles and 'IoCOnces' numbered 1- 23

new Genc.ral-rn-Chid) to march immediately upon London, but fearing it might alienate 100 many subjects. he hCSltaled , occup~'i ng Oxford llo b( the RO}lll headqUJn ers Ihtllughout the First Civil \'(Iar) and onl y then moving on London , Rupcrt surprised and. aftcr n fierce figh t, captured Brentford on 12 November. On the fol\o\lo1ng morning he found hiS route to Ihe city b:lTfed I1 Turnham G rCC'n b)' Essex and 24,000 PnrliamenIllrlnns, with the London trarned bands as the heart of the defence, Though C lorendon claimed that many of these would have ddecli..'d had the Royalists 31taCked , tht.' mined bands, amayed 'in their brightcst equipage &. sand the war for Parliament by what S,R. Gardiner termed ' the Valmy of the English C h' jl War", 0 $ the Itoyal arm)' retired rather thnn fight. As thl:' campaigning scason of 16-41 drew to a dose, tht.' King possessN nOt onl y the loyal local forces in \'aTlOllS pans oflhe kingdom, but thrL~ field armies: his own EdgchlJl :Imly. now in the Oxford area: a force in the north under the Enrl ofNewCjle G~O\ik, "thc.generall)' most loved man

of tha t county· ' ) rallied the ~'O Unty trained bands and e\'icted thc Parliamentary forces ; but before an in\'Osion of Devon could be underlaken. new '\'olunlar!" regiments had to be organized . the trained b:lIlds being unwilling 10 lean: their own count}', In the north , the E.1r1 of Newc..:aslII." marched south and OCCUPied York, lIided b}' an able Scottish general, Jarnt's King (Ial cr Lord Eythin), against whose n.:uionality some pre judice was exercised. and as Lieutenant-General of HOrK, George Goring, ex·governor of Portsmouth, who according 10 Clarendon WIIS an uncontro[]lIble drunkard whose appointment with N(!wClIstle was engineered by the Quetn. T o finance the war, Parliament imposed a property tax or nssessment (generally fi ve per cent) oll;all countit.'5 under th eir cont rol, and I~)'m proposed an c.:l(cise lax; though unpopular, these me:uures (and the sequestrationof Royalist propc.rty) enabled r'arliumcntto pro\'ide most of the needs of its forCC'!!, Charles, howen'r, was forced to rely o n \'oluntary loans. levied cont ributions from Royullst areus. and on money the Queen had borrowed 1n Holland , Parliument 's sUJ:M!rior financial resour~5 pron:d vital in the outcome of tht.' war, which in 164] was fragmented into a numb(r of ' fron ts', Peace negotiations. which contin ued umil MarCh, broke down due 10 the stringency of th~ conditions which Parliament attempted to impose Uf'On the King, It is dcbat~blc whether Charles had un)' deliberate grand strategy in 1643; a thn.-e-pro.)nged assault e>n the eapital directed from Oxford, from the north and south · west ma y ha\'e been envisaged but the evidencc is scant , and there seems to have been lituc attempt at ('()Ordination , If anyone allempted a cohC'Sive strategy it was Parliament , which established a Committee of Safcry 10 coordinate efforts, and during 16-43 began 10 form 'ossocilllions' of co unti cs to ovcroome the ragi ng local· ism which ufte n prc\'ented the troops of one county from !Ctting a foot beyond it~ borders. M ost sut.'ttSsful of these organi1.3tions were the Eastern Association , conlbining the forces of Cambridge, Essex. Norfolk, Suffolk , Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire and Lincoln· shire, with an army under the Earl of Manchester; and the Soulh · Eastern Association combining the forces of Hampshire. Kent . Surrey and Sussex under Sir WiIliulTI Walkr. Nevertheless. only Essex's notional army was evcr free ofl ocal bias, ilS funds and directions depending entirely upon the central go\'ernmenl and not the committees of an associat ion , Fighting in the south-wesl continued through the wi nter of t64 2-) , HoptOn's bril:'fe)(cursion into Devon drawing the loca l Parliamentary forces over the bordcr into Corn wall and 10 defeat III Braddock Down, near Liskeard.on 19 January. Parliamcnt'scampalgns in this theatre \\'ere hampered by the incompetency of tht"ir commander, the I~rl of Stamford , who left the Welsh Marches to take oonlrol of I)e\'(ln, allowing the Marquis of Hertford's Welsh regiments to pass unh indered to

59

reinforce the King al Oxford. A temporory 1000llrucc was arranged bctw«n Devon and Cornwall, rdlecting again the localized character of the combat in that area . In the nonh, Nc.'wcaslie's progress was slow rhough he was able to CUI communieutions between the Parlillmentary garrison of Hull and their adherents in the West Riding; despite the efforts of Sir Thomas Fairfax, perh:'lp5 Parliament's most able commander of the entire war, Newcastle succttded in establishing a garrison at Nev.-nrk, thus securing 11 crossing o\'cr the Trent, \-ital if the munitionsacquircd by the Queen on theeo nlincnl were to reach the King :n Oxford. Fairfax's capture of Leeds auured Parliument's hold on the West Riding, but sporadic fighting in Lancashire, Cheshire and Staffordshireonl),ocClsionally influenc('d the main Iheatres of war. The Queen with her curgo of munitions from Hollllnd evaded Purliameni's flttt and landed al Bridlington, at first joining the Earl of Newcnslle at York but later, with her own army and styling herself ' Her she-majest)', gcneralissima', joined Ihe King in July. Following a Royalist success al Nantwich l28 January 16ol3). int('rm;lIant fighting spread into the ~'1idlands, \dth local and largely untrained troops skirmishing without decisi\'e result. but with some RO),Blisr gains OflO\\'nS like Lichfield, Tamworth and Stafford, which if allowed to develop could assist the juncture of Newcastle and the King. I~arliament thus despatched Lord Brooke as commander of the forces of the associated counties of Warwick and Stafford to redress the siruation, and Ihough he secured Stafford he was killed on the morning of his planned assault on Lichfield, shot through the eye as he sat at his own window. Parliament thus lost :a staunch suppon er and all abk soldier. but only 11 days iater ( 19 Ma~h) the Royalists also lost a valued commander. The recapture of Lichfield by Parliamentled to the despa tch ofthc Earl of Nortimmpton from Old'ord : he defeated a P:lrliamentary force at Hopton Heath, two miles t ) .2 kilome tres) from Stafford, but in the course of the 3ction was dismounted and surrounded by encmil'S. Attired in cuirassier armour, he was impervious 10 their aunck until his helmet was knock.ed off, whereupon he was olTered qu:mcr. Refusing to :accept such from 'base rogues'lI h(' was k.illed b)- a halberd blow 10 the head~ and Lichficld remained Roundhead. In the west. an attempt on 7 March by Rupen 10 Clpture the vital pon of Bristol (with the con ni\-ance of Royalists within) was foiled, and some Parliamentary success was enjoyed by Sir William Wailer, who was :appoinled comm:ander of the armies of the \'I;'estern Associ:alion (Somerset , Gloucester, Shropshire, Wilt· shire, Worcester), \':taller, ..... ho had sc('n considerable campaigning in Europe, posed such a threal to \Vales that Prinee Maurice was sent from Oxford [0 threaten his rear, al which Wllller withdrew 10 Gloucester. Further Royalist succcss occurred in the north when Sir Hugh Cholmle)', Parliament's governor of Scarborough ,

60

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Edward M ontagu. 2nd Ea,) of Manchester (pomait by Sir Peter Lely, C 1661 - 5; The Nelfona' Port,al t Galle,y. London)

declared for the King and prompted Sir John Ilot ham and his son , holding Hull, to consider the sem... course. I'arliamcm's commander in caSt Yorkshire. Lord Fer· din:ando Fairfax (Sir Thomas' f:nh er), abandoned his headquarters III Sdby and relired on Leeds. his son's co\'ering manoe uvre mttting a reve rse al Seecroft Moor m the hands ofGaring's horse. Attempting to open a route for the-Queen's munitions from the nOM to Oxford, Rupert moved northward. capturing the small I~ril:ani cal town of Birmingham and the Parliamentary stronghold of Lichfic1d (21 Apri!), but then returned to Oxford as Essex ....-as on the move, Maurice was also recalled from the .....esl. but nOl before \,(lallerhad attempted to intercept him: the Go\'e:rnor of Gloucester, Sir Edward M asse)" was able 10 deslroy Maurice's bridgeofboou~cross the Se\'ern, but Wailer was routed by ,\buricc at Ripple Field, three miles (ol .8 kilometres) north of Tewkesbury, on I) April . The Ihreal from Esse" m:uerillli7.1:d as Parliament's main Helmel. bleaSI · and backp!ales ceputooly worn by lord Brcoke when killed 81 LIChlield, 1643 (engraYing by T Hamilton)

Tilt! ENGLISH CIV IL \'(111.11;

Ferdlnando. 2nd Balon Fairfax IIlusllales use 01 11 cassock (portrait bv Edwald Bow8f; YOII!. Cilv An Gal1ervl

field army l 16,000 footond 3.000 horse) moved against the Royal st ronghold of Rcading, il ruinous fortificalion hdd by Sir Arthur ASlon with 3.000 fool and 300 horse. The King was marehing 10 its succour when. thc day afler Rupert joined him. he learned Ihat RI..'ading had cap.luhlled, Aston having b«n incapacit:ued by txing struck upon the head with a roof tile dislodged by a roundshOl , and the sUITender arrnnged by his deputy, Colonel RIchard Feilding , who narrowly escaped the King's ~ntcnce of death for his conduct, and then only by th..- interC'e'ssion of the Prince of Wales, The Royal cause prospered bell..-r in the south-west, despite on invasion from Devon under the Earl of Stamford which threatened to swamp Hopmn's outnumbered Cornishmen, Stamford took upa strong position atop a hill at Srr:ltton, but though hea\,jly outnumbered (HoplOn's field army comprised 2.400 foot and 500 horse against Stamford's 6,800) and short of ammunition and food, HoplOn .allackcd before 1,200 horse unwisei)' detached by Stamford could ~join . The battle raged from early moming unlil mid-aftt-moon. unlil Hopton's ammunition had a\1 bUI run out, bUI his Cornish foot took the hill at a charge and routed Starnford, who abandoned his artillery and munitions in the night. This astonishing victory hlld an equally unus ulIl

result; III an attempt to explain his defeat, Stamford accused his subordinate, Major-General lames Chudleigh,of lre350n. Chudlcigh, captured whilst allempting :1 vain counterattack, promptl)' changed sidc.'S and was to die fighting for the King at Danmouth later in the year. In thc nonh, Parliament made another allC'mpt 10 capture Newark, IInd though in1llcting n revcrse upon th~' Royalists, the Parlinmentar)' forces of Lord WiIloughb)' of Parham, Sir John Hotham and Oli\'Cr C romwell were too mauled to continue their attempt on the cil)'. On 20 May t6.B Sir Thomas Fairfax auacked Wakefield , defeating the Royalists aftcr confused figllling in the town: the Royal horse CSL'apcd but its leader, Goring. was captUIed, The hard-won town was Inter abandoned. As Parliam..-nt ·s lord-general. Es$Cx , began his move upon Oxford. a RoyaliSt raid was taunchc.'ym, Tradition has it that he died of a bullet wound in the shoulder, but il is PQssiblc that his wound was inflicted by the cxplosion of his own pistol. an e\'er·present danger: as W/illiam Garmrd wrott·, 'He that lo\'cs the safety of h),s Qwne person '., choose rather 10 pay double money for a good Pecc:e, Ihen (sic) to spare h),5 Purse and cnd::mger h),msclfc"o, but in Hampdcn's case iI wa5 perhaps caused by the pistol being m'ercharged 11 , After Chalgrove, Essex withdrew his altempt upon Oxford and offered to resign his command, but it was nOI accepted, Similar Royal success came in the north; as Newcastle advanced upon Bradford. Lord Fairfax (in o\'er:all command. now joined with his son) attempted. with a grt'3t1y inferior furce <3,000 against 3t least 10,000). 11} surprise Newcastle lit Adwalton Moor, some five miles (eight kilonletres) cast of Brndford. The Parliamentary advance was 50 delayed Ihat Newcastle mct th..-m with his ent ire force in order of battle. but despite the di~­ parity in numbers Fairfax's army held against rhe Royalist assault. Newcastle was contemplat ing withdrawal when onc Colonel Skirton, 'a ....
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MAY'643 1 Auldearn 2 Alford 3 Aberdeen 4 Inverloehv 5 Dundee 6 Pllf'lh 7 TlppermUlr 8 Kllsyth 9 Edinburgh 10 Ounbar l ' Cllllisle 12 Newcastle 13 Scar borough 14 Skipton 15 MarSIO" Moot 16 YOlk 17 PrestO" 18 AdWlllton Moor 19 PontehaCI 20 Shelbum 21 Hull 22 Chesler 23 Lincoln 24 Wineeby 25 Ne..... II!!!. 26 Nottingham 27 Llehfleld 28 Ashby de III Zouch 29 Naseby 30 Hereford 31 WOfeeSlef 32 Edgehlll 33 CrOtlfedy Blldge 34 Pembloke 35 Gloucester 36 Oxford 37 Cotchesl81 38 Ablngdon 39 Chalgrove Field 40 BII5IoI 41 Lansdo .....ne 42 Newb1.lry 43 Readir'IQ 44 London 45 TfUro 46 Los!wnhiel 47 Launceslon 48 Plymouth 49 TOllinglon 50 beler 51 Taunton 52 Langport 53Lvme Retl lS 54 Wardour CilSde 55 Roundwllv Oo..... n 56 OlNlzes 57 Salisbury 58 Basing House 59 Winchester 60 Chen ton 61 POftsmoulh 62 Reigate Shflded ptHtlOfl represents leffilOfY In RoyaliSI hands /1/ May

>643

and th rough which poured the Royal horse, routing the left wmg as well. Only Sir Tbomas Fairfax,on the right . was !1ble 10 withdraw his troops in some order lmd join his fathe r in Bradford. Lord Fairfax marched 10 Leeds. followed by Sir Thomas when Bradford could no longer ~ held , but as Leeds was no more secure, the whole force fought ils wa y 10 Hull , Si r T homas being wounded :It Sclby. 'rnat Hull remained Parliamenlary was only due to Ihc discovery of a plot that the Hothams WCI"(. preparing 10 turn over the city 10 Ihe King. But by midJ ul)' all Yorkshire, save Hull , was in Royalist hands: and Ihe Fairfaxs' only consolation was that Sir Thomas" wife, captured in the flight from Bradford. had bc-i:n retu rned wilh characteristic coun«y by Newcastle. Royal fortunes continued to improve in the weSt.:as HQpton (now Lord Hopton of Stralton) was reinforced by the Marquis of Hertford and Prince A1auricc from Oxford, who joined Hopton's force3s the Uni ted Army or the West at Cha rd on 4 Ju ne 1643. Though small in size (4,000 foot, 2,000 horse and 300 dragoons) il included Hoplon's five "'olumary' Cornish regiment s which we re of the highest cal ibre, though some of the fOOl and pari of the horse were inexperienced, one regiment of the latter being exchanged for Sir Jamcs HamilIOn's corps from Dc"Qn where ils unruly behal"iour had b«n lurning the inhabitants against the King! Command oflhe United Army prescnfed a problem , as Hertford W8S the senior and in nominall'Onlrol: il was resoh'ed by Hopton receiving command in the fi.:-Id wilh Mauri~ commanding the horse. Opposing them W3S PilrliamenCs 'WiIIi3m the Conqueror', Sir William \"' aller, who received an early reverse il L Chcwton Mendi!) on 10 June. when a Cowa1ry aetiQn was turned in to a Royal "iclory by the Earl of Caernarvon, ' who always charged homl'"' 11 , rescuing the wounded Prince Ahuricc.. Shortly aflerwards, Hoplon communicated wilh his old friend , suggesting a meedng; Wailer replied in one of the most moving documenl!l of the war. . .. my affrctiolll 10 ),011 are so .",rhl1' IJ1<"fJblt, tluu haslility i/St'ificomlU/ 1.Jiol(Jle IfI.'II/rirmhJllp loyour perSO /l. bUI

I Imm be "1ft 10 Ihi! cause f"her~"" I ServD: T"e aI/Id fjlllill1liotl 1411/lle ad arllS holds still, 01111 u'hert lIty nmseietlcll is 1;lIeru/Cd, all ohlrgoljollS orr stt'Of/otud liP ... That grrnl C;odwhich is rheua rdltr of lily /I(:orl. kll{/WS foith to/lllt 0 sad Sf[lIct I goe "POll d,is service, alld ftJitlJ w hat o perferl ha/red I d~te$f this flJOrr wilhOll/ all ~IIe l1lie, but I looke " PO" il ar opus domi,, ;, fuhich is C1/ough to silenu aU passion ill //IU, The. God of peaet' ill Ius good lill~ ul/d la peace, a.,d ill Iho: mcalll tim~fitt us /a rcuivt ,./: 117(<, are bolh .,po" IhesUJgflalld ImU! act th01e parIS thalore lJSSli"td 115 j" IhiJ Tragedy: Lttt 'IS do it itl a WQy of !will"· and u'IIholll /Jt7so"all ollltllasities ... I J

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Wailer attemptcd to hold the roule to Buth , but was forced 10 fight 11 delaying action until he could conC1:ntnlle his for~s on Lllnsdown Hill some three miles l .. .8

TilE F,RST C I VIL

kllometres) north-west of the city, a strong position hcfining the 'best shiner and chooscr of ground', PS Mator Slingsby of the Cornish Foot lermed him. So strong was it, in (act, thllt Hopton dedined an immediate allac\.: and on 5 July bt-gan, with his entire army and encumbered by baggage, to bypass Wailer and march towards Oxford [0 effecl a juncture wilh the King. T his Wailer could not Illlow and se nt his horse inlO the charge, 'the boldest thing thar I ever 5IlW ... for It pany orless than 1,000 10 churge an armyof6,ooo' I" . As thc Royalisl rearguard faltered more of HoplOn's arm)' became ('ngaged, until the Cornish Foot, who did 'belie\'e ncc men theire equals' 3Cmrding 10 Slingshy, crit'd OUI 'It'll us fetch thOS(' cannon' , Hopton duly launched his horse and foot upon Lansdown Hill, the form('r with little success. some 1,,",00 OUt of 2.000 bolting. But the indomitable Cornish Foot dea red [he cres! of the hill , though with the grit'\·ous loss of Sir BC:\'ile Grelwi le, who died 3t the head orhi! pikes whieh stood 'as immO\'ablc as a rock' u . After a fight of the Cavalry combat; apafl from the f3CI that most weaf tUI/aUtltf afmOUl, Ihis is a good feplesenl8tion of I light between [wo bodies 01 hOlse dUftng Civil Wal (engrlving by JIICQUIS Cillot from Miseres el Ma/halllas de Guerfa (1633))

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utmost rerocil),. Wailer withdrew and , after some mllsketrydu ring the nlght , leftlhe Royalists in possession of the hill , a position so precarious thal. wrote Slingsby. one charge might ha\'c: rolled them back down the hill like a roc\.:. Next day Hopton was looking :J.t some prisoners or war sc:ated on an ammunition C.1 r1 when it exploded. perhaps as a re~uh of deliberau: sabotage or simply carclcssOl..'5sj in any e\'ent, Hopton was burned, temporarily blinded, and the Royalists carried him wjlh them in a withdrawal upon Devizes. rollowed by the tenacious \,(/aller. So short of ammunition were Ihe Royalists that Hopton had to order the colleclion of all bed cords in Dc\'izes to !Urn into match, and with Wailer about to il1\'cst the- to\\'n, a council of war was held at Hoplon's lodging, 10 which the wounded general W35 carried in a chair. It dt'Cided thal Henrord, f., lauricc and the horse should brcak out to Oxford, with HoplOn and the foot holding l)eviz(!S until rc1icvcd , The horse escaped JUSt in time. and for three days lhe Parliamcn· tary artillery bombarded the beleaguered town. Relier was l"Xtremci), rapid ; the horse lert Devizcs around midnight on 10/ lljuly.and on 13 Julya rcliefrorceof t ,800 horse under Lord Wilmot , the King's LieutenantGcneral or Hone, and Sir John Byron , compelled Wailer to march and face them at Roundway Down .

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Wilmot firM routed Hasdrig', brigade of Wailer's horse (including Haselrig's own ruirassier regimenl), and as Walleradv:mttd with the remainder of his forct. Brron char~d that and s('':lUcre-d the remaining Roundhead horse. Breaking offlhe pursuit, Wilmol and Byron chalkng~d \'(Iallcr'sfoot but were unable to break them until the sight of Hopton', Cornish Foot coming up from Oevizcs caustd the Ilarliamentarians to withdmw. Their formallon broken, the)' fell prc)' to the rallied Ca\'aller horse. Wailer's arm), was dcstroyed totally. 111is resounding victory IX"rsullded the King's council of war 10 makca funhcr push in the wt·SI, allempting to capture both BriSIOI. a pori .second only 10 London, and Gloucester, which protected a crossing of Ihe Severn. Rupert was duly despatched from Oxford 10 join Ihe Cornish army before Bristol; \Valler, with a remnant of his force ha\'ing taken shelter in Gloucester, slipped aW3)' to London . BrislOl"s defen~s were arnmged in IWO rings, a series of forls connected by a wall and an inner
4t

66

PLATE " 26 S I, Charles Luces, officer, Royalist horse 27, 28 Officers. Royalist horse The leh·hand figure is based upon Wllliam Dobson's po
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tween Newcastle and the Royal garrison of Nt'wark. A RO)'111isl expedition to recapture Gainsoorough, I('d by Newcastle's young COusm. Charles Ca\'endish, enCQuntt'rW a body of l'arliamenl1uy horse soulh of Gainsborough neat Ihe village of Lea. The Roundheads charged and routrd part of the Royal hOTSe, but Cavendish's own regiment, held in reserve, then drove off the Parliamentarians; whereupon thc Parliamentary

PLATE 11

26 SirChar(es l uces

27 28 Officers, Roye!!" horse

Till E~GI.I$H CI\' U. W"II

Ohve( CromweJl (POflralt by R Walkef, C 1649: The Nallonal POflrlllt Gallery, London)

reserve. kept back by Colonel Oliver Crom\\eJl , fell upon Cavendish's rear. 'which do so astonish him"~, broke his regiment and pursued him into a bog where Ca\'endish was killed by C romwe ll's C'oIptain-lieutenant , Though Newcastle's main army l'amc up. rccaplUred Gainsborough on 30 July and pushed on [0 Lincoln and StamforJ, CromweWs military repuwtion was founded upon his defeat of Ca\'endish, Instead of con templating a combined advance upon London . the King decided to swing thc weight of his for~ against Glou~ster, \;rtually the only Parlillmentar)'stronghold between Rrislol and Lancashire.and thl: ClPIUrt: ofwh k h would secure the routes to the Royalist su pport in \'.;Tales, Meanwhile, after 11 delll~' l:'.Iused by a dispute bcIW(OCIl Hertford and Rurcrt over the gQ\'crnorship of Gloucl:ster. the Earl of Caernarvon nnd ['rince ,\Iaurice were sent into Dcvon to extinguish Parlia· mentll1)' resisllInce. Caernarvon ga\'C generous tcrms to thou: surrendering or changing allegiance, bUI ..... hen Maunce Ignored the terms already granted, Caernal"ron stormed off in indignation tl.'l the King, whilst Maurice j(lined Sir John Ikrkelcy m the Siege of the Parliumentary st ronghold of Exeter. An attempt al its relief by sea having failed , Parliament inlended to draw a force from the garrisons of Plymouth, B:trnstaple and

68

Sideford m relieve il by land. BC!rkcley despat~hed Sir John Digby with 300 hor~ and 600 10 700 foot to mter· a:pt the Roundheads, but Digby had only 150 horse \\'ith him when he encountered the c:nemy at Torrington. Leaving these 10 hold their position until his remaining troops could come up, Digby and four or fi\'e oflicers alon(' charged the llarliamentllry advam:e guard : this. a ' forlorn hope' of 50 foot. threw down their muskets IInd fled , and were followcd b)' the entire body as pan ic spread. after which Digby's horse pursued them '1111 their swords were blunted with slaughter' I~ . This incredible charge by a half-dozen men had even more profound effects, for both Bidcford and Bllrnstaple surrendered upon receiving the new!, followed by Exeter on -4 September, With lh~e Royalist successes, Parliament was placed in adiflicult position. Already internal dissent suggested that Wailer should rep]::lI;e Esscx aso\'crull commander, but I'ym achievcd a compromise, Essex tt'main;ng as Lord·General and commanding the arm )' to atlempt the relief nf Gloucester. while the r::.:lrl of A'Ianehester's army of the Eastern Association remained virtually independen t of Essex, At the same time, Pym endea\'oured to reach an alliance with the SCOts, at the instigation of the Marquis of Argyll. a saturnine I)resbrterian who fearcd an in\'aSion of Scotland by Ro},alim fro m the nonh of England and Ireland . Pym duly dcsJXltched a deputation TO Edinburgh led by Sir Henry Vane, who nOI being a Presbyterian might have been expeeted to uphold the independence of the other English Puritans, The King arri ved before Gloucester on 10 August t643 and, being gllmely resiSled by Edward fo..tasscy, the governor I d~'Cl in cd Ru pert's plan of a storm as al Bristol beCIIUSC of its COSI in lin's. preferring a reb'lllar ill\'estmenl. Essex, meanwhile, left London wirh a reliefforcc including some of the London trained band regiments. Fending off allemptS to b3r his path , including a large attack by Ruperl al Stow-on-the-Wold . Essex brilliantly negotiated his pam 10 Gloucester and entered the city on 8 Seplember, not a moment too soon as the garrison had only thfl'c barrds of powder remai ning, Resupplyi ng the defenders, Essex now began his withdrawal baek to London, but swung nonh to Tewkesbury 10 di..'ceive the Royalists about his tflle in tention, The ruse worked , for Essex doubled baek. captured a Royal convoy Ilt Cirencesler (which replenished his falling su pplies) and was well on his way home 10 Read mg, via Swindon and Newbury, before the King could StOp him. C hasing Essex along an almosl parallel line of march , RUpen swung across l..'Oun(1)' and made 11 sharp Btlaek on Essex's left fL1n k at Aldbourne, which, though driven off, persuaded Essex to Jca\'e the main Reading road and swing slight ly south to put the River Kennel belween him and Ihe Royalists. The tired , wel and hungr)' I>arliamemarians Intc-oded to rest at Ncwbury, a sympathetic town, but arriving before it on t9 Sep-

TII~

FrIlS" CI\'Il \,(/",,, 16.41-3

t11c 'Round Hill" whieh we R o~'a1 army hod tx>cn sufficienlly lax nOI to occupy on th!'" pre\,ious day. The surroundlllg country \\'IlS Inlersected II'II.h IlInes and hedgerows, excellenl cover for the foo t but qUill.' unsui table for Ihecmployme.nl of horse. ThQugh the Royalists hod some s uccess against Esscx's ho~, Ihei r fOOl in the ~enlrc made lilt!;: progress and horse was c:allcd up" The Royalisl cuvBIr}' ll"lIdcr Sir John Oyron made s te r ling efforts to pcnCU!l(t· the hedge-covered count ry (during which Ihe Sttn:tary of State. Lord Falkland , nding as a volunteer with Byron, WlIS kilkd in what was probably a suicide bid mused by his distress 8tlhe horror of civil WBr H ). and Essex's foot wos C\'C'n pushed h3Ck; bul when Skippon commiued his trained hand reser\·e.

the exhausted Royal horse had to pull back. Hod the) been 5upporlINJ by their own fOOl, Round "!Ill might

PLATE 12

Manoeuvres of pu~uil18adll19

Esse..·s relief of GloucesuIF. and

King 's

10 lirst bailie of Newburv Numbers below

plate name! IndICate dale In September 1643 on which the each town

armIes reached

(emocr discovcred 1h:11 a rnpid march had brought Rupe.rt the re firsl. Essex was cut off from hiS road home and had 10 figh!.

Essex's ann), comprised some 4,000 horse In the conventional 1WO wings, and 10,000 fOOl In four brigades. wilh Ihl" six London lraincd band n::gimenlS III reserve (the Red. Yellow and Blue Regiments and Red , Blue and Orungc Auxilinrics); despite their inc:I;pcricncc they were Parliament's best foot and were 10 stand 'as :1 bulwark and rumpirc to defend the rcs, 'lO in the coming :laion , but due to Iht'ir 'pan -time' service wefC 3vail::ablc only for 5~cific opercuian!, 31 the conclusion ofwhrch me)' expected to go home no matter what the situation. Essex's second-in--oommnnd was SergeanH\iarorGeneral Philip SkiPl'On, a tough and vastly experienced professional soldier who had rise n from the ro nks in rhe Netherlands. ;11 ma n of orde r a nd sobriety' though 'altogether ill iteratc': L, who had been appoi n ted MllrorGencral CIf the London miliua. Against Ihis army. Charles I commanded the Royalists, wilh his LordGeneral, the Earl of Fonh. ns his depu ty and Rupen commanding the horse. The King-s army was about equal In numbers but with a greatcr preponder.ln('c of horse, abou I 6,000, gen<:rally far superior 10 that of I'arliamcnt where conditions suitcd theLr dcploym<:ntbut at Nl'wbury Ihey did nol. Essex WIIS mm'lng belo re daybreak on lO SeptembC'r. stealmg 11 murch upon the Royalists ond securing the dominant fcol ur e of the terrain JUSTsouth c,fNclI'hur}'.

29 Office r. tra ined bands 1642 30 Mus ke t e er. trai ne d b a nds 1642 31 Pikeman. trai ne d ba nds 1 642 bcephng theolflCelS. trained band equipment was frequently wretched. Ollen SIOfed wL lhLn the church. pansh arms were ohen ill-kept and ancient; Ln 1613, IOf e.ample. Ihearmourln Dum.m had been bought In 1569 and 1588. and by the CLI/LI War much almour Ollhls type was mOfe than a cenlury old Another drawback to ceottal paflsh atmOUriM was lhat when the traLned bands assembled 'there in a hubbledenufle dlS' orderlie to 81me themselves. whereol "." hllla men doo put on greal or tall mons armore, a/'ld leave lltle mans armOIS unfit fOI grea t men to put on 'I The appearance of some trained bands may be gathered from the order ISSUed 10 HerlfordshLle men to 'weare IheLl armot Just and Close 10 thelf bodies. Soldeor lVke. and neale and fit and I"IOt negglrgen tJie Of Loo581ve as thOlJgh Ihel call1ed II rna favre 01 market to sell it"l' whilsl others mav h8\le resembled Ben Jonson 's kmght; 'so hung wllh pikes. halbets, peltone/s, calil/ers. and mU5kelS that he looks like a iuslice of peace's hall"l The officer Illustrated wears an old·fashLoned burgonet helmet and rather outdaled baggy pludethosen 01 'cloak-bag' breeches and narrow-topped boots. hLs 'Ieadlng stall' has an ornamental. gilded head and large lassels as shown in 11 por Irait or SII Nicholas CfLSP by Corne!tus Jansen, The muskeleel has a leather jerkin atop hiS doublet and a cabassel helmet dating from abou t 1600. he C
1 Smyll1r. SII J /."'r... r"',.... 06Mn"aJWflrll~Jo..J;rl "lY/'~ITI" Ij9J I' : 11; $« llo)·nh>ll. L Thr E/'£Ilbtrll<m .1/,/",.. Iss8-r'Jb ·Ne""h)1l

AbboI.I971 p. l) ~ Qllm~llll;))'nH>ll. 1'1' J D .'.1

,1:0,,/.

:S-6

PLATE 12

.,

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30 Musketeer, trained bands 1642 29 Qtfic;cr, Itained bands 1642

31 Pikcman, trained blndl164Z

PLATE 13

•

--

32 En,ian. Red Reat- , lollClOfl trllned Ml'ld,1643

I'm! IiS(;I.I SII CI\' IL

\\~o\lI

PLATE 13 32 Ensign wit h 4th captain's colour. Re d Regt " London trainad bands 1643 33 Sergeant. Re d Regt .• Lond o n treined bands 1643

The ensign's costume IS tYPIcal 01 an officer of loot, a buff ·coat over 11 doublet, W.lh a melal gorgel, and Cl calSock, an ovet'coal with sleelles whICh ccx.rld be unbuttoned down therr entire length, allOWing Iha sleeves to hang loose. H,s boots nave pleon black 'bool · hostr· Inside. many prefelled mucn mow decorative hose, The halrslyle With a curled I!lnge on the lorehead enjoyed some poPularity. The colour 01 the fourth capta.n of tne Red Reg iment was plain red wITh tha usual St George'scanlon, Ihe flvewh,te flames Of piles wavy indicating Ihe regimenfs lounh C
...

",

NCYnlS \1:'''''''00 , N ' L(iI(rl' (,J HIlt., Sir H.

A"hiINI~w

XX\ ' ( ISH)

).1.2 -3

well h:l\'e fallen and Essex dcfe-,ued , but although Byron's uncle, Sir Nicholas Byron. held the ground gamed, his foot refused 10 ad" 'lnce: thcy 'pla y'd the poltroons extremely':J, wrOle an cxasperuted Sir John. By SC\'cn o'clock that c\'cning the fighling subsided, and al a council of war (at which Sir John Byron and Rupcrt wished 10 fight on), Charles was info rmed that he had but 10 barrels of powder remaining. The Ro)'~ aliS l S therefore retired on Oxford, le:Jving Rupert lO make a final th rust at Essex's rcnrguard as the l'ar~ liamcnt3ry army marched 10 Reading and home' 10 London . First Ncwbury may be seen as the turning point of the war, for the capital m ighl have capitulated h3d Essex's army been destroyed, As ;t was, E~se:'('s rehef of Gloucester and thc extrication of his army mark him as a ge ner:ll of considerable skill, and he

Lord Falkland (eng,aving nho, a portrait by Van Oyck)

rcceh'cd dcscrved praise and public rejoIcing on his return to London for the conduct of hiS campalgn, 'nmongSI the most soldierly actions of this unhappy war' u , No such pruisc was accorded the Royal foot, and 10 complete the RoynliSls' grief not only had Falkland fallen at Newbu ry but also the Earl o f Sunderl:md, a volu ntecr attending 'upon the King's person under th ~ obligat ion of honour , .. and.,. tak~n awa}' bya cunnon b ullet · H • and the gallant Earl of Caernarvon who. having 'charged home', was run through and killed by a Parliamentary s trllggicr who f'C\:ognizcd him as he made his way back to rail ), his m en, That day, 20 September 16.0, was a black onc for the Ro),nl camp. In the autumn of t6"310hn I'ym used his diploma tic talents to cement an alli:lI1ce between Parliament and the SCOtS; it was his last service, fo r he died of cancer in December , 'always a man of busi ness' and good character, 'yct not of thosc furious resolutions against the C hurch'a. In August 16"3a Solemn League and Co\'enant was drawn up (nOl to be confuscd with the 16)8 Notional Covenant which repudia ted the King's inter4 feren cc with the Kirk), Thc Solemn League swo re to rrcscn'e the Church ofScotl:md and reform the religion

of England and Ireland 'according 10 the word of God and the example of the ~Sl reformed Churches' and ro protect ' the r ights and libertl" of parliaments'. On 2S

TIIlI

September it was accepted by the House of Commons and the Asscmbly ofDivincs fo rmed on I July to advise Parliament 011 religIOus reform; l'arlinml!n1 had al ready abol ished bishops, but it was noted by the Congrcb'Utional minister Phil ip Nyc that they were not commi th.-d 10 imitate exactl)' the SlrUClUre of the Scottish Kirk, For the COSt of liS maintenance. paid by Parliament, a Sconish anny, 21 ,000 Strong. began 10 march south 10 January 1644. A Comminec of Both Kingdoms now ran the wlIr for Parliament, concerting strategy and including mcmbers like the ann}, and navy (:ommanden the E3rls of Essex :and Warwick, M .P.s like Oliver Cromwdl and Sir Hem)' Vane. and four Scotlish reprC)entativC$. As Parliament sought Scottish aid, so the King looked to Ireland , ordering his Lord-Lieutenant. the Marquis ofOrmonde , to armnge a JlCUcc: with the Irish rebels 10 allow loyal troops 10 be Km from Irelnnd to reinforce the King in England. Peace was concluded on IS September 16.43 and the first troops from Ireland began to arrh'e before the end of the year. In Scotland. the King had a staunch S("rV3nl in James Gmham, Enrl of Montrose, himself a Calvinist but loyal 10 the Crown, 'cdebratw amongslthe most illustrious persons of the age in which he h\'ed' 11, and probably the gre:atest general of the C ivil Wars. Appointed the King's lieutenant-General in Sootl:and in Februar)' t 6.,f4, l\o10nt rose hoped [hat the Royalist fact ion in Scotland, supported br lroors from Ireland. could cre:ue sufficient havoc to force the return of any S'-"OlIish force operating on Parbarnent's behalf in England, Weakened by the loss of his London regiments, ",hose mcmben returned 10 their shops and businesses, Es~x was unable to prevent lhe capture of Reading, bUl London prodded $Cn:n more regiments 10 auempt, under Essex and Wailer,tQ ret ricve the IOwn. As Esscx slarted, ho\\'e\'er. hc divcrted his course 10 Newp0rL

!

I

FtRST Cl\·!!.

\\"AII t 6~l-3

Above: CiVIl War fOMlficauons, plan of defences of Oxford (engraving after Anthonv Wood) Below left and centre: Colours of 2nd and 3.d capllllns ot Tower Hamlets RegIment (~lIustra llons from contemporary manuscllpt: National Army Museum. London) Below fight Colour 01 Edw8rd Hooker, 2nd captain of Red RegImen t of London trained bands (Illustra tion "om contemporary manuscript; NatIonal Army Museum. London)

.(j--- ,

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;

r 73

Tin! ENCI.ISII CIVIl. WIIII

PagndL recentl)' ClIptured for the King and an importan! link in Royal communications with Newcastle's army in the nonh. The lawn remained in Royalist hands for less Ihan a fonnight as its commander, Sir Lewis Dy,'n. withdrew wilhoUl 3 fighldue to a mistake in the orders from Oxford, RoyaliSl strategy 3t this poim secms to have divided their effort when their resources ""'('re only suffident for a single major campaign, Insu~ad of sccurmg the nantl in the fa1.-c of imminent Sconish arrival (which would in lurn h3\"e threatened the Eastern Association and cunailed an offt"nsiw: from thal quaner) whilst conl!Jining other Parliamentary forces . the King decided to attack \Valler in the &Qulh-east wilh an arm)' under Hoptnn, and send anOlher force under Lord Byron (d-devont Sir John) II') cle'.lr I~arliamentary forces from Shropshire, Cheshire nnd Lnn("lIshire and then, with assis lance from Irdand , eilher attack the Eastern Associalion or 3ssist Newcustle, On 4 November 1643 Wailer was appointed COmmander of the IIrmy of the South-Eastern Association (Sussex. Su rrey, Hompshire a nd Kem) and made an unsuccessful IlUempl upon the Royal uronghold of Bas ing Ho use. the defence of which was onc of the truly rcmarkabk sagas of th ... war, During November Wailer's old friend (nnd adversary) Lord Hoplon arrived in thc area wllh an army of I ,500 horse and 3,0Cl0 foot, bUl withoUl Ihe Cornish FOOl and rnduding halftrained and mutinous lroops. The original in tenlion was for Hoplon to contain \l;1aller over the wintcr, but Wailer's withdrawl, Ihe Royal caplurc of Winchester and unfortunate N:pons thal Susscx and Kent wcre ready ro rise for the King, pcn.uadeJ CharJc-s to reinfor~ HOpfon wilh t,OClO foot commanded by Sir Jacob Astky. a brave, plllin and honest man, 'as fit for the office ". of major gener.1I of foot as Christendom yielded' ~I , and o rder Hopton to lake Ihe offensi,'c, He duI), captured Arundel o n 6/9 December t6.0, but \X1aller (reinforce-d by two London regiments and 600 horse from the Earl of Essex) fell upon a Roya list detachmenl at Alton on t) Dccembt'r. taking 875 prisoners (of whom half changed sides) and forcing Hoplon I() retire. Slam at AllOn \\"lIS the Royalist commander Sir Richard Boile, upon the news of whost' death Ihe King called for a 'mourning sCllrf ', for ' I have lost onc of I.hc be!U commonders in this kingdom', 110llc and a few Slauneh Royalisls had made their last sland in Alton Church, BoUe being killed in the pulpit as the I>arliamentarians stormed in , Arundcl fell to Wailer on 6 January 1644, ParliameOl's fortunes improved in the north towards the end of 1643, Hull defying the Marquis of Newcastle (he had b«n ek"ated in the pecrage for Adwalton Moor), In early September the Earl of Manchesler dcs~ patched the Eastern Associalion horse under Cromwdl from Ihe siege ofL)·nn to resupply Hull: C romwell was join~ by Sir Thomas Fairfax and his own horse who had cscapcd from the besieged town. Together, 'Old

PLATE 14

34 Ensign with "t captain', colour , Charles Gelard', Regt , lM2 35 Pikeman, Charles Gererd', Regt , 1642 Challes Gela,d's BluecOllls was Olltl of the bellet Royal regl ' ments of the Edgehln campaign, bemg 10 companies strong, recruited from lancashire, Cheshua, Flint and Monlgomery, The ensign iIIusllated wea~ a lalher old·fash'oned dress 01 a pikeman's cO/selet and helmet. wilh refinements 01 gilded stud GecOIahon on IIwt taSselS, gilded shoulder SlrlPS and I helmet with fleXible earflaps and a sliding nasat bar Ward's Afllmadllefslons o(W"", (1639) nOles Ihat an ensrgn should 'be gallantly appa,etfed, wnh a laire .word and brlgandine' befitting hiS responllbiJrty, some 'thal ralner Ihey would undllfgoe the dishonour of lOSing thl:lII eolou's hava chosen ra ther to wrappe them about thel, bodyes, and have teapt into the me.-cilesse waters, where they have perishl With their colour" ",": when the colOur represented nOI onty a rallylO9 point but also tho honour of tha company, liS capture Of pteserv8hon wu always PIIramount. Tha colOur IlI ustraled is call1ad on a s hor! Slall aboul 9j feet (2.9 melres) high; in theory It should have been borne in one hand, leaving Ihe olhe, Iree 101 the sword, bul Ihe large site of the lIag muS1 have made Ihi, difficult In .trong wind, even with the bun restJng on the ensign's Ihigh, Gera,d'l colours were of simple design, havmg Iha ulual St George's canton and Ihe field divided Into alternaTe blue and yellow segments, Ihe design varying Wllh tlwt company, that iIIu$1rated is divided diago· nally inlo IlIangles, the upper and tOW8f blue and those allhe Sides yellow, wrth a gold wrealh in Ihe centre The plkeman weals an oId·style helmet of semi·cabassel shape. wilh aarllaps, and a COfselet eompJe1e wllh gorget, a lealura probably seen but rarel'llln the early Slages of the wat and hardlv al all thetlahllf, the whole SUI! is enamolled black. and he wears a bulf·lealh8f gaunllel on his leh hand and an ordinary Wlllil glOltle on Ihe 'ight, !':OTES r

S«GMt'. vuI t, pp .156-7

Noli' Cromwell and 'Bl~ck Tom' Pairfalt laid siege 10 Rolingbroke Castle, 10 be iofned b)' MancheSlerafter he hlld ClIplured L)'nn, The Roya lisl governor QfNewark, Sir John I-Ienderson, IIttempting 10 rclleve Bolingbroke, was roundly beaten b)' C romwcll ond Fairfax at W inceby (11 October), only a few or Ihe Royalis ts regaining Newark, This aelion proved nOI only the delerioration in the quality of the Royal nonhern horse but also the great impro\'cment in that of Patli:ament, in parlicular Cromwell's Eastern Association horse, At Hull , lOO, the Cavaliers had problems, with perhaps as much as half Newcaslle's arm)' (filled with impressed conscriplS) descning 10 return home, NeWC2stle was 100 weak to resist a counterall:ack by the Hull garrison and retired, and on 20 October Lincoln fell 10 Parliamenl.

PLATE 14

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34 EnSign, Ch,fles Ger.rd', Regr.,64

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P"Them. n , Ch.rleS Ger"d'SRegl.164

2

THE FIRST CI V IL WAR

16 44 The },Cllt 16-H began inauspicious ly for Ihe RO},3tiSIS in C heshire. for although Lord Byro n had been reinforced from Ireland and had bt-sicgN the lasl Parliamentary garrison In the county. Newcastle's failure in Ihe norlllcasl I"l:leased more ParliamcnUlfY troops. Sir Thomas Fairfax was joined in Ahnchestcr by (he ioc:ll Roundhead commander, Sir \,\' illiam "r{'relon. :md a rdief of Nanlwich was mounted in mid Ja nuary. On 25 januJ.ry F:urfax fell upo n Byron as Ihe Royal forces were d;\'idcd by the swollen River Weaver, and though Byron managed to unite his lrOOPS, the Irish fled . Byron esCllped with his ho rse but the remainder were C*Jplurcd,

more than half changing sides. Among the prisoners was Georgc M()nCK, a Ik\'onian \'c!t'ran of the Dutch wars who hlld commanded a re-gim~nt in Ireland but had been remo\'e-d from command due to his doubtfulloyalt y. H ~ l'C}QlOed hiS n.-glme m before- Nantwic-h after a re-o:onclliation wi th the King. but insisu 'd on serving as :1 priva te \'o!unteer pikeman. Committed to the T ower after his caPture, he e\'entuall)' ag reed ro serve Parliament 10 Irdand and Was to play a major pan in the restoration ofChllrles 11. Having defeated Byron, Fairfax ~.H down to besiege the last majo r Royal sTronghold in Lancashire, LatllOm Ho use, ably defended b)' Chatlolle de la TrCmoilk . Countess of Dcrb)'. On 19 Janua ry 164-1 , 21 ,000 SCOtS crosS«l th e Tw~d, (':ommanded by Alexander l..eslie, Earl of Le\'"n, an dded)' nUl expc.'neneed soldier who had been appointed Field-Marshal of Sweden in t635 after a distinguished career under G ustavus Adolphus. A poorly educated man , this 'old , linle, crooked souldier" was probabl y past his best, but his anny klwe I' arhamcnt 3 vital advantage, Newcastle, fearing a('H1cks from the SCOts 10 his nOrlh and the Fairfaxes to the south, pleaded for assistance to both Prince Rupert and the King. righlly cloiming that the Scottis h threat musttllke prioritym'er all o ther operations. Newcastle's 5,000 foot and ],000 hol'SC, partly ill-equipped, fell baek on Durham with !I threat o n both Sides; NewCllSlle was mU$ in no position to provide s ig nificant help 10 me Earl of Mo ntrose who arri\'ed at Durham o n 15 March, All Newcasllecould do .... 'lIS to call o ut the militia ofCumberl.lnd and Wcstmorland, pro \'ide Montrose with 100 hone a nd [WO cannon, and let him undenake an e..1(pedition to Scotland on his o wn. Ucfo re Newcastle's appe.allo the King, Rupen hAd alrcad y left Oxford for the north and bcb"lln to fo rm an

army to relicve Ncwark, in\'cslcd on 29 February by 3 I'arliamentlu), force under Sir John Meldrum. Rupert cobbled together 11 forr:t" dnlwn fro m va rious Royal garrisons IJ nd de.fellled Meldrum OU[$lde Newark after a furio us c~wa lr)' fi~ht in which Rupe rl himself was almost killed. ,'v1eld rum 's force surrendered and \\'3$ allowed to go free, forfei ting their munitIo ns, valuable ocquisitio ns fo r the hard-pressed Ro),alists, and control of the :Irt.'a agnin passed h) the Owaliers; Lincoln and Gainsborough tlmo ng other places again exchanged hands. But with hIS army ha\'ing to return to their gurrisons, and with no other troops 10 consolidate their gains, Rupert retired to \X/ ale5 in Starch of ano tlll:r army, In the south, Lord Hopto n spent the winlc r training and recruiting his depleted arm~' around WindleSter, ol mos t dOllbh ng IllS strength to companltivC' safety as the bad wt.'atht.'r tcmponlrily pre\'ented Wailer from J"ursuing the war. In March HoplOn was joined by the elderly Lo rd- General, the Earl of Form . who had requested the King that he beal lowed to reinforce Hopto n wi th 2,000 men rather than s i, to winter qU(lrtl'rs until sprIng. 11 was with some difficulty that Fo nh WtlS persuaded to take command 115 the senio r Royulist general. Hearini!: that the reinforeed Wailer was moving to w!lrd Wto che~ tC'r, che Royalist commanden advanced to m(lke contact llt Cher1ton o n 2R Marc h. Though the Royalists were outnum bered (some 6,000 against Waller's t o,ooo). Wailer held a council of W!lr Ih:1I nighe which resoh'ed to retire, During Ihe night he ch:mged hiS mind and ordered his London brigade (the Whitl:' Rnd Yellow Regiments, both new to ac tive sen 'lcc) to s ieze m e Cherito n "...oods. As the mist cleared in the morning, Hoplo n a nd Porth found themseh'e, in fOr u banJc instead of a pursuit, and set about clearing CherilOn woods. OutRanked. Ihe raw London regiments ret ired, Hopton suggested 3.n tld\'3.nce but Forth decided to hold their position. leaving Wailer 10 ad\'unce or retire all he wished; probably in view of the dis parity in numbcn. Hopto n complied. But Wallcr, wi th h,s eyl." for lerrain , Wllll so positioned that the Royal horse could o nly deploy in the ad\'ance by moving alo ng a lane in the ce:nm of Lbeir position. due to the hedge.row-co\'e.red countf)'. The Royalis ts s uffered an early disaSler when }'oung Sir Henry Bard, agllinsl o rden;, led his regiment inlO the Parliamenlary ranks where it was desltO},ed ulletly. Accounl S of the. Ro)'al horse in th{' following

defeated the Royalists at Sdby ( I t April). NewC3stle was lhusrompelled to move to York with his6,ooohorsc 9.nd S,ooo foot and prepared for a siege. Leven following and joining the Fairfaxes at Tadcaster on 20 April. Despite its age, York was a strong fonific:nion holding considerablr supplies which weN! augmented by fo raging parties sent OUt by the garrison until ,he besiegers became s ufficiently powerful to impose a btock3de. To husband his resources, Newcastle sent Go ring with most of the horse: into the ," ' id1:tnds, ClInlry belllg of \'cr), limited use during a siege. In the south, it WllS inlended thal Esse:x 3nd \,\laller should unite: at Aylesbury for a moveagainslthe King's headquarters at Oxford. Essex being supplemented by three London regimenls, again 'loaned' for a limited period. The KlIlg. meanwhile, was assembling an arm)' he intended to command in person, raising new regi. ments to gllrrison Oxford so that he could take nis entire force with him . Unable to recall Prince Mauricc from the siegc he had commcnced at L yme. Charles wi thdrew

MarQUII 01 Monlrose (prInt bV FMthorne)

action arc conflicting, Clllrendo n claimmg that they bd13\'ed ill, but others tha t they fought bnl\'cJYj prob. ably the fact that as the regiments passcd down the lane and were defcllIed in !Urn as ther tried 10 deploy dt"moralized the remaindt"r, so tha t Hopto n was able 10 r3l1y o nly some 300, mosll), the Queen'! Horse which IIldudw man y Frenchmen, During this furious melee \'('aller himself charged without his helmet and, though r«egnized by the enemy, survh'ed, With the loss of thrir horse and their foot under sc\'crc pressure, Hopton and Fonh broke off the action and managed 10 extricate th!.'ir ravaged army in disorder and fell back o n the Royalist stro nghold of Basing House, Though the Royulist faction must have be.::n thrown inlO dt:spair (csPeci3llr :1\ the defeat of their much· ...aun ted horse), Wailer was unllble to press homt" the ad\'antage as he might have wished as the London brigade, ha"ing completed the rask ther h3d agreed to undett3ke, went home, In the no nh , Newcastle deCided 10 allempt to retri~'e Ronhst control of the area, lost by the arri"al of me' SCOts, Le\'en, howeve r. refust'd to gi\'e b3ule and Newcastle "'ithdrew 10 Durham . his l"avalry leader Sir Charles LUC3S inflict ing a check upon the pursuing Seollish horse. t.'ieanwhile, Sir Thomas Fairfax had retumed from l...:lnC3shireand. reunited with his father.

PLATE 15 38 Captain, Gamut'. Regt. 37. 38 Officer•. Royalist foot The palOted wmdows of Farndon Chureh prOVide one of thlt few contemporary (or nea,-cofl!emporarV) .epresenlatlons 01 the various ranks of a legiment. that of Sir Francls Gamul. perhaps the C'IV oalOed band 01 Chester, A yeltowcoat leg'· ment (a colour perhaps deflved "om Gamul'salms), the men pol'lraved (including officels) all wea r 'uniform' clothlOg, In, eluding yellow sashlts and black bow lIimmings lor the offi , cers, and perhllps even a form 01 lank distinction in the bands of lace alound the breeches leg: Ihe picture of Capta.n Wllham Barnston of Chunon, upon which thiS captain is based. has twO bands of [&ce; semor oHicers had up to five, These lank badges (if such they ere) may have been unioue. fot lew other clues POInI to similar svsterns 10 use, though olher badges a/e reeolded, such lIS the embloidefed clossed swords on the sleeve of members of the Provost-Marshlll's staff. The partizan carried bV the officel iIIuSlrated (Wilh the tassel aglllO In Gam ul'.s liv8l'V) WllS also a badge of rank. rat her mOfelunc· lionallhan the decorative 'Iellding staH', for example. when SII J ohn Owen was appolOted colonel of the Caernalvonshlfe MIlitia in 1660, he bough! two 'hili beltS' and a partizan cost,"g ( 3. complele w.th tOlSells', The 0lh8l' olficefS wear SUits with open sleeves, revealing the shin, the redcoat cames a lille-Qua1tty wheel lock rifled musket. With whICh chosen markSlTW:ln might be eqUIPped; hiS spannellor thewheeilock is suspended from 8 cord Theother officer camBS a ·sec/ele·. a velvet,hned steel cap worn unclef· neath the soft hat, NO'["ES I Tucker, N H"wJ/m

M~I.,(ilfOt1Yll

SII

J~h

0,«11 ICot",'n Ba).

11/611 p , IH

77

PLATE15

--_<:-,

36 Captai n, Gamul's Regt.

31, 38 Officars, Roya1ist foot

PLATE 16 39 Pikeman, Earl of Essex's Regt. 1642 40 Pikem an. l ord 8rooke'$ Regt. 1642 41 Musketeer, Hampde n'$ Regt . 1642 The plkeman of Essex's Regiment wear's comp!etecorseletof the IVP8 probablv seldom worn aft9f the earlV engagements, the cumbersome gorget and tassets being discarded. Essex's Regimen t Ware orange coats (the distinctive colour associated Wllh lIS colonel). lhe man illustrated also wealing the orange, tawny sash. Raised In Essex. the regiment was 1,500 sl/ong In AugUSt 1642, one of the better Parliamentary corps, and servecl in Essex's army al Newbuty and in COrnwall before metgrng wllh the New Model The plkeman 01 l ord Brooke's Regiment wears s knllled woollen (Monmoulh) cap, hiS helmet hung " om a hook on his backplat8 as recommended by Markham: 'if 10 Ihe pikeman's head peace be fastened a smelll1ng 01 Iron, and to the rlgh' side of 1"115 back peace (below hiS glldle) and lion hooke. to hang hiS steele cap upon, It Will be a gleate ease to the souldler, and a nimble calliage in the time 01long marches' ' . His helmet is 01 'mollon-cabasset" form, an older style Ihan the wider-bl1mmed IVpe; both prkeman cany 'good. shslpa, and broads swords (01 which the Turloe and Bllboe are best), strong scabbards. chapl with Iron' 1, Raised in l ondon. Brooke's Regiment wore ptJrplecoatsand bore purple colours; it was about 1,000strong at Edgehlll, where It appears 10 have suffered heavily. and IS believed nollO have SUrviVed 'ongane. Ihe death of loro Brooke at l1chlield Its second CaptalO was John lllbume, HIII'Ilp(fen's Gr8encoats was another line regiment, rlllsed In Buckinghamshire; one of its colonels follOWing John Hampc:len s death was Rlchll!d Ingoldsby. the regICide, who tOOIc the legiment Into the New Model The musketeer Illustrated has 11 malchlock muskel and Ihe usual bandoher, and carlies alighted me.eh removed Irom the jaws of the fock His hat bears a scrap of white paper as a field sign. NOTES I $"uIJW',Actliklf(t;_Gr~,~ol. l ,p IJl ~

Ibid.

the force- watching Gloucest("r (allowing the I~a rliamcn­ tar), garrison to resupplyl. and ordt" rcd Rupcn 10 jolO him from the norlh, Rupc.n pleaded suCCt'Ssfully that he nec
80

Astle)' wall ne\'er comforlable in conferencc: and lhe two Prh·y Councillors, Master of the Rolls Sir J()hn Culpepcr lmd S~ercbry of State Lord Digb)', had little practical c"perrence and , lik~ W'ilmot , were opposed to Rupen. This inauspi...-ious group decided'" disma ntle the defences of Reading and add its garrison to the ficld army. On 6 Ma)' Lincoln was stormed by the Earl of Manchester.and the whole county passed into Parliamentary control. Edward Montugu, second Earl of {I,·llInchester, had (as \'isoouOl Mande\'llle) commanded a regiment of foot at Edgt:hi1l which was disbanded shonly after due to the speed at which it ret.ired. Appointed Genernl of the Eastern !\.ssociation in August 1643 . Manchester was no great commander and recognized thc fa" I, berng prepared to act upon the advice of those more experienced. 'Of a gende and gen~rous naturr· I he was, \\ilh the Earl of W:trwick, oneof the Ie:&ding English I~re sb)'­ t.erians, His 're\'cr("nce and affection') for the Ki ng. it hus been suggested. prevemcd him from pf\"'securing thc war \IJ ill utmost . \,\' ith his forces free , M am:hcster mo\·ed 10 join Ihe Fsurfaxes and Li:\'("n in the siege of York, his men enabling the cncirdement to be completed and the city stan'ed into capitula. ion . The Parliamentary stronghold of Lyme, besieged by I"' auricc, was of considerable tactical and moral \·alue, for if it f("l1, Mllurice reckoned tha t he ('QuId reduce tht remaining Parliamentary fortress, l1!ymouth, and clear the ar("a of their influeno:. Otherwise, Lyme had bc:come somethi ng of a symbol as the little tow n was defended by the belcaguered garrison, led b), the gmernor. Mayor Cccley. and Colonels John Were and Roben Blake-~ the latter lat<;r winnrng fame as an admir..l. On 2) '''lay the: Earl of WarWIck, Lord High Admiral, arri\·cd off the: tow n with his neet to rep l en i ~h litclr supplies,and over the ne'xt tWO weeks reported to Parliament and (he CommitttC of Both Kingdoms that the lown's plight wus desperate, that it must be: relieved b)' land, and Ihal its loss would sc\'erely damage morale in the enll re south-wesl. Due to the mUlual antipathy of the commanders, it was probabl)' wilh pleasure that it was decided on t9 May thal the unit~d armies of Essex and \'Vallc-r should separat(" to operale against Oxford . The Commlllu of !Joth K ingdom ~ was disma yed by the deciSion, but U$ their military ml!mbcrs we re on actl\'e sen'ice and as Es~ was the commander-In-chi("fwith every right to gl\'C orde.rs 10 hIS own subordinate (Wailer), th("y had 10 be satisfied with it. In any case, Essex delayed the news of his decision until it was already implemented, On 27 May a Royal council of "ar at O"fOrd agreed to follow a course proposed by Lord Forth (who was created Earl of Brenuord on the same: day), namcl)'. to garmon Oxford as a sc<:ure basc but to take- the: field army to manocm·re againsl Ihe l>arliamentary forces. whiCh, if Esse)!; and Wailer separated, might be O\"crwhdmcd in detail. Hopton was sent to lake corn'

TilE FIRST CIVIL \'\'AIl16-H

Civil War fortificauons: Micklebal Gale, York Sir Richard Willys, showing the use of ceremonial bfued · and· glft cunaiS"! armour (portrail by Wilham Dobson, Newark District Council)

mand of Bristol. as the King was concerned over the enthusiasm of its defence. The field army which left Oxford , however, was soon trapped between Esse:\,; and Wailer and had to return to the Oxford defence lines. Charles slipped out under covcr of darkne$s on 3 June with 5,000 horse and Z,500 foot and, in onc of the most rcmarkable marches of the war, co\'ered the 6o-odd miles (97 kilometres) to Worcester by 6 June. The Parliamentary pursuit was interrupted by urgent instructions from London, prompted by Warwick, thnt Walkr's army should perform the task for which it had been formed and march south-west 10 relie\'e Lyme. The IWO generals, howc\'er, decided that Esse£s army should undenake this ser.'ice. as Waller's men had nOI enlisted for general $Cr.·ice and might be un ....>illing to may so far from their Association. Leaving Wailer to co\'erthe King, Essex began lhe 13o-odd mile (zlokilometr~) march to Lyme. Thesiegt was lifted in the early hours or t5 Junt as the Royalists had notice of Essc:oc's approach: the PllrliamCnlal1' army must have covered

81

ritE Ei'lGLISII C I Vtl \'(IAIt

ahoUl 11 0 miles U77 kilo ml.'tres} in a week, a n excellent spct-d gl\'en the artillery and baggage which 3C1.:ompanied a lorgc otm y and the \\Tetched StlltC': of many oJ the ro.1ds, From lh:l1 point, Essex had thrtt allern:uh'es: Sla)' put, advance Inl('llhe west, Ot tl.'turn to \'(' :lIler, The first W:'I.S poi ntk'Ss, but the second had the possibihty of d L'S troyi ng Roya list support In the area, as \'(Ianvick Ihc>ught thc pf(,.'Scne~' of II Ptlrliamentary :lnnr wuuld cause widespread defec tion from the King 's ('.! use, Essex decided to leave Wailer to oon~r the King alone. LcJ.rning o f Essex 'Ji dcparture, the Kin!: determined 10 cngage Wailer as soon as rti nfo rcements arrh'cd from Q!cford, despilt' Wailer's :mempl to pre\'cnl Ihc jun clure 'rhe arnues mel nelr Ba nbury but Waile r's skill for choosing his own g round had established the Parliamenlllrians In ~I strong a positio n Ihat the KlOg ~fu5Cd 10 engage and began to march aW
The walls of York being sufficiently slrong UI withstand a rtllle!,}' bombardment , the Parliame nt';ilry forces lIttempted loopen 11 breach by mining beneath thewalls, Newcastle tried to buy time by parleying with th~ bes iegers, bUlOn the morning ofTriniry Sunday ( 16 June) a mine was s prung under SI ,.o'\ary's 'l'ower o n the north"est of the detences. IInd 3n Ilssault made uron the M tlllor, a g reat ho use which had been the headquarters of the Lord I>resident of the No rth , a ncl where Suulli)rc1 had Ih'ed hetween 1628 and 1633, Whils t many of !.he garrison '5 o fficers were a n cnding Anglican servkc in the c\lmster, the attack W3S made app3 rcml~' o n the orders o f ,~\3'(lr-Ge n e ral L3uren~ C rawford who rommandcd M.:m chester"s foot, \Vhc t.her Manchestcr \\M dS rm arl.' o f the allack is un certain , but the olher generals were not , and Crawford'sstorm or the breach cr~'OIled by the mine was repellcd with !.he loss dfsome 300 men 35 11 cor ps L)f voluntecr Citizens and some of Newcas tle's

PLATE 17 42 Pikeme n, bluecoat regl .. Roya list foot 1642 43 Pikeman, whitecoat regt .. Rovalilt t oot 1642 44 Musketeer, redcoat regt .. Rovalisl f001 1642 The bluecoal PLkeman wealS almour of '58IlgUlned' or 'rus· seled' metal. rustproofing like the black enamellong oftMl shown in contemporary plClu res The breasl- and back. p'ates a.e not attached by the usua. Sllap, bolted 10 each Side 01 the backplate and buckled ill the Ironl. but by hasp, and-s laple fil1tngs at the bonom edges, simllal to the fi ~mg of the s houlder-scales to the b,eastplato, He carrIes a knap· sack, IIPparenlly an issue' ilem as early as 1626 , and which (somellmes undBf liS alternative name. 'snap,sack') is men. II0ned frequently m contemPOlary documents. contaIning S pall clolh.ng as well as fOUT or hva days' prOVISIOns when ava.lable 'da.lv t..... o pound of Bread, one pound of Flesh, 01 In heu of 11 one pound of Cheese, one POII'e of Wine, or In heu of It, (Wo POnlesol Beet It IS enOf,jgh, CryS the Soldiers, wedesile no more ' . The whl1eeoat ellernplifies the shOttages whICh beset the Royal a,my, though Clarendon's comrnentthat not one complete corselet 8.II151ed m the army seems an exaggetation However. many regiments were chronlcallv ill· eqUIPped, the man illustrated having no delens.ve armour save 11 buff-cOBI and a leathel cap remlo.ced with lion bands, like a leerOte' In rtIYllf5e, on Ihe oUlslde 01 the cap .nstead 01 mSlde The redcoa t wealS a unlfo.m 5U.1 and Rovallst hat band: his muskel has an old-fashioned stock and small l/tgget, a 51y1e dat.ng f.om the first decades of ,he century, Such mIQht have been the dl8SS 01 the KIng's Ufegua.d at Edgeh.M, a ,ede08t le~jlfnent reis.ed In uncolnshilB and leerulled wllh DOfbyshlle mlnet$ and Cheshire men, and not a selected Ahte as Its litle m.ght sugg.eSL Ntn'ES I

['u"",r, ...

1O1

PLATE 17

42 Pl~eman, Royal ist blulICoal regl. 1642

-

43 Pjlcemao, Royal isT whitecolIl regl . 1642

44 Musketeer, Rova llst redcoat regt . 1642

"l'111! ESQUSII CIVIl. WAil

MERCVRIVS AVLICVS, C ommunic:n in~ thd ntcltigc net: and alfaires of rite COUrt, ro the rdl ofthc

KINGDOM ...

n.,for tie fi:ttb flrftAt, tIIJi,,: Novc:mb. 19. SaIlDAJ.

M~curjus AullCUS,

",.",,.j.n.

Issue 46

WhitcCO:Hs rushed to the ddencc of the Manor, Had th~ Olher generals bttn IOld and mounled diversionary Bltacks, the assault might ha\'e succeeded; as it was it served only to dispirit funher the investing army whieh was now suffering from sickness and hearing rumours of the approach of Rupcn with a strong rei id for~. Rupc.rl m:Jde for Lancashire upon IC:Jving Oxford, galhering a force with which to relie\'e York: he had aboul 6,000 foot and 2,000 horse when he left Sh~ws­ bury on 16 May, but after capruring Lh'erpool and relieving Lathom House,still defended by the Countess of Derby, he \\'(lS joined on 30 May by Goring with 5.000 or NewC3stle's horse :Jnd 800 fOOl , and a few dars later received a fu rther SOO foot from Derbyshire. Around York, the besieging generals received Sir Henry Vane, an emissary from the Comminee of 8mh Kingdoms, urging them to divide their forces and recover Lancashire (and. perhaps. it gave V:Jne an oPpol'lunil), of

M~cuflus

Aulicus. issue

cnlJClting aoothltft

46; ona propaganda news·sheet

C3m'assing the generals about the establishment of a republic when the King was beaten, but this is unccrtain}, Wisely, the generalsdccided that as Rupcrt W:l.S obviously coming to them, their ror~ should remain united and await him. On 14 June Charles I wrote a somewhat .unbiguous leller to Rupcrt , in which the instrUClions e\'en now art not completely clenr. The significant pan read: If }"ork tM 101/ 1 sllOlI esteem my crotolllittlt laJ; un/as 1I1pported by YO llr lfulden miJrch /0 me; and a miracllloUJ (O /lqm:.st ill the Somh, before lilt fifecu of th~ ir Northtrn pott'Cr can befollnd hfre. Blit if }~ork be relirocd. a"d you beat tIre rtbds' army of bmh kingdoms, whirh are bQort 11; then (but otlltrtois, not) 1 may possibly miJkto shift ( 11/1011 tht. tkfmJiVt) 10 spill 0111 lime muil )'ou cow to asSisl1Pll,

It is clear that the relief of York was uppermost in the

TUI! PIRST" CIVil.. WAR 1601-1

(lQI)

A PerfeCt Diurnall O F SO ME

PA S SAG E S IN

PARLIAMENT :

.lad r... od.tt pamal' dIk lined-. frGm " .....,,) l.Y 1' .all--,.dJllMq .... fIIl-,.A_ .. t~

c:oc.s.t b

... filWod.. " iodI . d" 10110

""'1"......

. :1.,....."_..,..ot. "'"

rn.d b ' . . . t:Jtt .... z-~t, A..t .Ill tWrs-,. ..... QIJ., .IJ.

A Pmect Diumllll of some P/Jsuges If! p,,'illmenr; Issue 26

King's mind, bUllatcr irulruclio ns that Rupert was re join him if the city CQuld nOI be relie"ed point towards a \'icw lhat Charles did not in lend Rupen 10 fight at ull COStS. Lord Culpepcr !taw a copy of the lener shortly after it had been senl , a nd was aghast: 'Why, then" he said, 'hefon: God yo u arc undo nc, for upon this peremptory o rder hc will fight, whatevcr comes on'I''' , \vhat'('vc r the case, Rupen carried the [cller with him for the rest of his lire 10 justify his (.'Onduct in the operations to relieve York. By 30 June Ru~rl was OIl Knllrt"Soorough. some 12 miles ( 19 kilometres) from York, The Parliamentary generals, fearing being sandwiched between Rupert and the cily garrison, marched out to meet him, barring his path from Knarcsborough 10 York. By the simple e-x· pcdient of a circuitous fOUle, Rupcrt evaded the combined arm}'a nd liftcd th{" siege. This was all he had bC"en insuucted to do. but the Prince seems to have bt.'\!n

dClcrmin{"d to fight, irrt'5P1-'Ctivc of the true meaning of the King's letter, He M:Cms nOl to IU1\'c entered the ciry iISc-lf, but instead S
8;

PLATE,a 45. 46 Musket e ers. Royalist n o rther n t oot 47 Sergee nt, Rovalis t no rth e rn foot

MARSTON MOOR ROYlJliJt Army

1 Bvron's HOfse and musketellfS 2 Tuke's Reg\ 01 Horse 3 MolVoeulf's House 4 Rupert's Regt 01 Horse 6 Napuw"s Foot 6 Trevor 's Regl of HOr1;9 7 Eythtn's Foot (com· manded by Titt'ef & Mackworth) B Blakeston's Horse 9 Reserve HOI'se (Rupert's lIfegu8rd, WoddnngTon's & Porter's) 10 Gormg's Horse and musketeers 11 GOftl1g'S IlSMVe horse (Lueas & Dacre) 12 LanQdales Horse 13 Carnaby's Regt of Horse

Plale18 tllustrates the Marquis 01 Newcastle's galiant White· coat regiments immortaltzed bv their 'lasl stand' at Wh.leSyke Close, MafSton Moor Probably the white untform tolour was not Intentional. but adopted simply because undyed doth was mOle readilv avatlable than the red whkh NewtastJe Is believed to have favoured ; a legend exisls that the Whuecoats requesled thell their untforms be left untoloured. so Ihal thev tould dve them In the blood of thell enerTuesl Red unllorms were worn, how ever. 115 were unusulIl ln51gnl8 (pelhaPli badges 'Of valotJl ), as noted In the folloWing, eoncernmg lile stege 01 York in June t 644 ... a souldier of the Marquess 01 Newcastle was laken he Will in a red SUlI , •• Some more 01 the MarQuesse his 50uldl8l'5 were tak,en prisoners also, Ihey had while toats (made of Ihe plundered eloath taken from the CIOlhters In these parts) With crosses on \he sleeves. wrought with rad and blew stlk, an IInslgne wee conceive of some Po[p)ish Regtment" The muskele8l' weartng a buff·coal'S shown blowtng upon the matchol hiS musket prep.aralory toliftng, ensurmg Ihat il is glowtng sufficiently 10 ignite the charge. The second muske, teer is ramm,ng down the charge of his firelock , wtth which some of Newcasde's troops are known to hlJve been aImed. including Perey's Regiment wh,ch pt'ovided tha ftrelockguard fOI tM artillery tratn. The sllfgeant wears e grey uniform (as may some of the Whtteeoats) laced With stlV8f and [ncluding a helmet, gorget and hiS badge 01 lank. a halberd,

PlJrllamerrtary Army

14 CromweU's Horse 15 Leslie's Scots Horse 16 Manchester's Fool (Crawford) 17 LOfd Fallfax's Foot 18 Batllte's SCots FOO t 19 Lumsden's Scots Foot 20 ScOts Foot 21 Manchester's Foot 22 Sir Thomas r.'tfaJC'S Horse 23 lambert's Horse 24 Eghnton', Scots Horse d ditches w Wh,re Syke Close

SCIJIa teprtwmts one mile (1,6 krfomettesJ

C()mm:md\.'J by Lord E~' lhjn (the Scolllsh p rofc.'Ssionlll soldier. General King, who may have commanded the Royal ';cnlre). Rupen showed him :t plan of h is dis· positions : Eythm was appalled: 'By God , sir, it is "cry f~' ne In the jl:tper, but Lhcr is no such thinge in the ffields· ,· Rupe" offered to Withdraw, but by then it was tOO late: as he had said to Newcastle lhat morning. ' N o thmge \'emun.". nothinge ha\'e'1, (thoUgh Rupert dauncd he wo uld ha\'c attacked earlier had he nO' been waiting fo r Newcastle). The lateness of the day suggt."Sted thllt if b:tttie we re e\'cr joined, it would be on the mo rrow; but L~\'en lhought o t he rwise and called a conference o f his gen· erals, Probably Cromwclland Sir Thom as Fairfax we re

86

","o'ms t

t\\ h S, III Coodf '.1:' ... Qm,,,,>'IIIIC" "/ f ....~ 1",,11'1."'(1 fm m IN "1U.·I>lh a..J SMlluIt I 'ima 1.on..kill, 16.4 1",ut' no .h i«' \\"(nluIm, I' 46

51111 With thcir respective wings, and as Lord Fairfax and Manches ter we r~ compararivdy ine)(~ricnctd they must ha\'e bowed to Ltven', recommendalions. The probable absen~ ofCromwcll and 'Black Tom' Fairfax wo u ld hll\'e had no great effect o n the decision, for Fairfal< nc\'er shunned a figh t and Cromwell 's Eastern Associat ion ho r5~, the ' Ironsidcs' , were as reliable troops as existed. A bout seven in Ihec\'eni ng the entire Pa rl iamcnta ry a nd Scottish line rolled do wn the gemle slope from their posit ion towa rds the hedge and di tch in from of the Royal arm}" For the Royatis~ it mus t ha\'e been a great shock, both 10 the soldiers eating their supper IInd to the commanders; assured by Rupen that no action would occur. Newcastle was lighting his pipe in his CQach when the attack beglln, h ooincided with an immense thunderclap and 11 torrent of rain, ~xt i n· guishing muske teers' matcha; and making the sight of the rnpidl)' ud\'llncing Allied army e\'en m ore terrifying. The Allied centre rolled over the di tch IInd engaged the RO)'lllist foot behind it with somc suc:ccss. but on

PLATE1S

-.'

45 Musketeer, ROV811st l'Iorth8rn fool

--

•

--

46 Musketeer, ROV811st northem fool

47 511rge81'1\ , ROV81 ist northern fOOl

Till! ENOLISH CIVil. \'(tAil

(he right (he allack went badly. Fairfas's horse came under heavy fire from the 'commanded' musketeers with Goring, :lnd came off worst in the furious melee which followed; Sir '"omas rece.ived a CUt on the chl"ek, and his brother Charle1 was monaJly wounded. Pari of the Ca\'alier horse pursued the broken elements of Fairfas's wing. whilst Sir Charle1 Lucas, who had esecutW a similar manoeu\'~ at Edgehill, prepared [Q charge the fool on the right of the Allied centre. CromwclJ's IIttack on the left achieved mueh more

-.

Deplovment of regImentS 01 fool In 811ern81e blocks of pikes and muskslS, with lIr1ill8fY inlfll'sp8fsed (from Sprigge's pian 01 Nasebv)

'The TriM guarded with Fifelocks'; Ihe ParHamentalY baggage camp al Naseby (from Joshua Sprigge's A ngli/J Redivili/J)

than Fairfas's, Aided by a premature countercharge by Byron's horse, and even more: by pressure from the impetuous Crowford's fOOl, Byron's first line was swept away by the lronsidcs, Rupert, who hud been eating his supper when the atlRck began, led his reser\'e in person to his right nank, where B)'lOn was laking 11 belltingj (the flight of thal part of Byron's wing commanded by the triple-turncoat Urry should nOI be rCb'llrded as sinister; it was Urry's practice to change sides bc:tween baltIC's, not in the: middle of one). Newcastle himself unempted to rally some of the neeing horse, but in vain; he then led Blakiston's brigade of hors~ against the Parliamentary centre, pushing th~m back and CIIusing considerable havoc. Newcastle mUSl ha\'c broken his sword in the fight , ror he continued to lay about him wilh his page's sword, and as the Allied front collapsed a single pikeman made a one-man stand against the entire Royalisl troOp

•

88

THI! FlltST C"' IL WAR

r 6~

PLATE 19 48 Pikem an , Eerl o f M anc hest er ' s Regt. 49 Muske t eer, Col , Thomas Gran t h am 's Regt . 50 Muske t eer, Ed ward M Ont8gu 8' s Reg t . Plate 19 iIIustratasmembers of Parliamen!'s forces , c 1643- 4. all wr th a white field SIgn m the form of a handkerchief or shp of paper The plkeman wears the green unIform, lurned up w ith led, ollhe Earl of M enchest9f's RegIment of the Eastern A ssoclalion; Ihere IS no evidence Ihat Ihe Earl's Edgehitl regI ment when he was Lord M andeville, w ore the same colou nng The pikeman iIIustrBted w ears a breastplate wilh a flange on the botc om edge, instead of lauels, and has his helmet hung from a hook on his backplale The musketeer o f Thomas Grantham'. wears Ihe regimentill russel uniform, none of l heearly Partiamentarycorps had more p'olesslonaJ officers (alle8sl nine wllh military experience, In · cluding a captain w ho had held Ihal rank as early as the Rhe expedition), butlhe regimen t d isappeared in earlv 1643, The musketeer has w rapped his musket lock In cloth to protec t I1 on the march, and carries a leather water bottle, whiC h had 10 be aCQuired bV the individ ual as no official issue was made despite the frequent scarcity of drinking wat9f, The musketeer 01 Edward Montague's RegIment wears liS red unllOlm w ith while lining, Ihe laller visible at Ihe turned back cuffs, He cames a lirelock and a bandolier incOlporatil11l a scalloped -edged. buff-leather Ilap protecling lhe lOPS 01 I he ca rtridge tubes from Ihe weal her, The somewhal archaiC shape of the muskel bun suggests thel it may be a converSIon from an earlier matchlock; many stVles of bun and stock may have been usedwilhin Ihe same regiment, at leasl Judglng from fhe collechon of muskets preserved at Odord WhiCh, WIth the collections 81 Apethorpe, Nortllamptonshlle, and Lrttlecote, the mid seventeenth represents I remarkabfe survival cen tury, The Oxfold muskets have ballel lengths ranging from 41 1049 inches (104 to 124 centrmetres): the CounCil of Wlr in 1 630 Quoted 48-inch (122-centlmetre) barrels, Ihough fhe ordnance ollicers in 1639 recommended I redUC l ion 10 42 Inches (107 cenltmetres); Turner notes that 'The longer a Musket is (so It be manageable) the beller, for she shoots the further .. and experrence dailv teacheth what advantage a long Musket hath of a short one'l The Oxford muskets have all manner of butts, fr om the ' French' (slralghl upper edge) fO the crooked Spanish-stvle, the 'club' type or the modern shape; the carving 'OX' on the butts 01 some seems 10 denote a connection ei ther Wi th the regimen t formed w ith the Univer SltV'S assistance in 1642, 'With su ch weapons as they had tra ined up and down lhe streets'2, or bv the University com · pany raised dUllng the Monmouth rebellion, III which case some 01 Ihe muskets would hive been very archaiC l

"om

NOTES I Turn~I , 1I 17'

2 QuOII:d in

FfO\,llk~,

C. £ U' OjJNfI A,,,",,,,,J A ...", .., ... ,Ilr l '" ,,'f'I'''/Y

o/Oq,mJ(Od ord , I!lll ) p PrOVISIon waggon ( engrilvrng by JacQues Callot)

U

3 ~ S ~ll«r , O r '" G ' &11>' Enclr, h M","k~ •• In I h~ To ....n Hall Oxford' J~'.,.,wl" 11ft. AT'" onJ Ar _..r S«",!<' IX IQl77 10- 11

aI

PLATE 19

--.

'-

•

.....

--.....

so Musketeel. Edw"d Morot~ue's Regl.

49 Musketeel, Col. ThomasGlarotham'sRegL 48 Pikemaro, Eallof MarocheSter'sRegt.

PLATE 20

,

".

...._-.-. ' -

51 Officer, Parliament(lry greyCOlIt regt.

52 Fifer. Parliamentary foot

.

53 Drummer, Parliamentary 1001

PLATE 20 61 Officer, grevcoat r egt .. Pa rliamentary foot

52 Fifer, PartJamentary foot 53 Orumm er , Parliamentarv foot The greyco,lI officer wears a un,form of wh.ch the cut shape 01 hal, sidearm aoo very volum.nous sash ara taken from one of the li gures shown on tha Famdon Church wiooow His gloves have funged culls, turned back onlo Ihe haoo, The drummer's uadilional rOle Wai like that of Ihe cavalry lIumpelar' 10 convey orders bv drum beal (TutOltI nOled Ihat a pl'oficlent drummer should be able 10 beal a 'Galhering', ma,ch, alarm, cha/ge, reueat. 'Travallle at Dian' aoo 'Taptoo' l aoo to 'can y a message .....lttllvto an enemy", Among marches In use was Ihe ancIent ' English March', dallng plobably born Ihe Hundred Years War, which Charles I Ofdered 10 be res, urrected m 1632 The French Marshal Buon said Ihis tune, beaten on a drum, was slow, heavy and Iluggish. 'thai may be', replied Sir Roger Willlam" 'but slow as it is, 11 has tra, versed your master's eountr'y Irom one end to the other r~, Fifers OCCUPied a less imPOt1ant piece, Turner remarking thal 'Wi th us any CaptalO may keep a Piper In hiS Company, aoo malntam him 100, fOI no pay is allOWed him. perhaps Just as much as ha deserveth ' l , bul he IS in BrTor 10 Sl allOg that 'hltle iIS home WItS acknowledg no such Creature' as ' Drummer MaJo{., as drum-maiOfs are mentioned belore, dUllng and ahltl the CIVil War, MUSIcians trad.tional! Vwore elaborately -laced uniforms: for example, .n 1587- 8 NorwIch purehallltd lorthe., drummer a green kers.v coat with elel/en yards of lace aoo so, yards of -POln\lOg', and spenl lOs, on live yalds 01 91860 and .....hlle Levant taffela 101 Ihell flute player. but lew eon tem pofalY plecurel Bre eKlan!: the drummer and lifef POrtraved In the Farndon wIndow are copied from Ffench engravings. Two carved fig urH from the stallcase 01 Cromwefl House, Highgale, show musicians wearing shon coalS open a\ the Ifont, the lifef WIth It hat and the drummer weaflng a cap s,milar to that illusIrated, probablv a tVpe 01 mOnl8l0 with folded peak. The one elllant pIcture 01 a CIvil War drum, shown In the portrait of the King and Sir Edward Walker upon which Plate 2 is based in part. show s a brown wooden shell decorated with brass nails, red rims, and a colouted paInting of th e Roval Arms on the fronl , perhaps looiealing Ihal it belonged to th e Llfeguald. DlUms were usuallv carried on a sling 85 illustrated, with the skIM almost ventea!. The Cromwell House liler call1es a hfe case on tha righ t hip, slung 'rom 8 shoulder belt,

son,s I l'urnu, p ll9 I GroJC , \'01. 11, r

1 "umn. r ll9 4 JM.J , p U4

«

which Newcastle headed (Sir j ohn Metham's (;orps of ge nt lemen-volunteers), This anonymous, gallant m::1O stood-off the Marquis of Newcastle but fell benealh Ihe weighl of lhe troop. AI lhe same time, or iust Ilfll'r,

92

LUI..'l1l1 made re ~3 t ed charges agamsllhe Allied fOOl on the right , until he was unhorsed and taken pri~ne~ With his centre apparently shattered and ht5 nght under what sumcd inlolcrable pressure, Leven decided the d!!)' was losl and quit the lield, a5 did Lord Fairfax; and on th(' left, Rupe:rt's eounterall!!d: fell upon Cromwell 's men at a time when the}' were probably withoUT thcir oommandcr, who may haw rctired to ha\'e a woum.l drened. The.fe is still doubt nbout Cromwell's part in the action, and even the nature of his wo und, some slIying that he was accidentally shot in the neck by onc of his own men, \'(1halever his in jury, several witnesses tcttilied to his absence, and that his troops w('re le-d either by David Leslie or Utu(ence Cra"ford, IX:nzil H o l1es' MetllOl'rs (written by a man who deteSled Cromwell) fepeats a story that, at the crilical momenl , Cra\\ford roundl y cursed Cromwell's troopers for th~ir inactivity, whe.reupon Cromwell appe-ared, 'and in 11 pitiful voice said, " Major General . whlll shall I do?,,'. Crawford repli('d, 'Sir, if you charge nOI all ;s lost', whereupon Cromwell indicated his wound (Holies sars tI pistol burn) and left Crawford to lead the ch llrge~ . Holies' antipathy to Cromwell clearly puts this story in some doubt, lit lell5t to the degree if not the fllct of CromweU's absence, \Vhale\'er the case, Rupert's counteraHack failed largely as a resul t of being charga.! in the flank b" David Leslk's horse (Cromwdl's re· scl\'e). which Cromwell somewhat ungraciously mentioned onl)' as 'a few SCOtS in our rear' in a le-tter to his brother.in·law, lond Valentine: Wahon (in which he also communicated the following piece of nCws; 'Sir, God hath IlIken aw!!y ),ourcldesl Son by a cannon-shot. h brake: his I('g, \'(le were neC('ssilllted 10 ha\'e i' .... ul off, whereof he died'~ , a message nOI as le!'!e as sometimes qUoted, for he paid gffilt tribute to the young man in the remainder of the letter), Whale\,cr the truth of Cromwcll's absence, howe\-er, he dM ensure Ihat nOt all his horse- pursued the broken Roral r~i ments , but formed up in dose orde:rlo ~nace the Ro)'aJ foot iDtne centre, who were withdrawing following the patching up of the Allied cemre, ,.\s night came on, fugith'es from both Sides were scurrying aWIlY panic-slricken; both commanders wen: OUlofaclion, Leven having fled and Rupert .cul oife\'en from his Lifeguard, hiding in (I b
",long what had ~n the rear of the Royal posi tion to smash Goring"s command and drh'e it from the field. He lhen turned and slammed into the rear of the Royal fOOl, already under pressure fro m the Allicd foot. Not all were rouled; N ewcastle's Whitecoats and a regimen t of greencoots (Broughlon's or TilIier's regiment) fought bra\"e.ly, the Whiteroats making an incredible 'I:tst srand' In White Syke CIOSC', a di tched enclosure, refus,ng qu:tne r until, aft er an hour's futile resistana:, they were all but annihilaled, 8y t I p.m. the fires of b::lttlc we re e)(unguished and lhe Earl of Manchester, the only Allied commander to stand hi! ground, WllS louring his \'ictorious but shattered forces, His men were exhausted and famished but called that they would wait thr«' da)'s longer for $U5Iena~ if he would sla)' with them; in his own way the quiet.gentle commander of Ihe Eastern Association was something of a leader. The captive Sir Charles Luca5 passed over the field , identifying the corpses of his frie nds, saying 'Alas for King Charles, Unhappy Ki ng Charles'. It was sllid that 4 .SS0 men were buried in White Syke Close. Next morning the wife of Colonel Charles Towndey. a Lancashire Royalist, ome 10 look for his body. A Roundhead offia:r bc-gged her to leave lhe scene of such carnage, where shc could fi nd only distress, and gave her'" trooper to take her to safet)'. She later discovered Umt the officer was Oli\'er Cromwelli the hard exterior masked a heart, Scoutmaster Watso n of M anchester's anny Ihought

that the final charge al " '1 :Inlon Moor had decided the business of the kingdom, Perhaps it had, for the north was lost to the King. Rupe rt gathered what horse he could and departed, leaving the veleran governor of York, Sir Thomas GJemham, to hold out for as long as he could; he capitulated on 16 July. The. ,\larquis of Newcaslle. hl!.nngcxpended a fortune and fought nobl y for his king, quilled the war altogether, laking ship at Scarborough for Hamburg mther than 'endure ye laughter of ye Court' 10. With him gone, there was naone left capable ofraUying Royal s upport in the north. Charles t was in purs uit of Essex when he learned of the catastrophe. Given his letter stressi ng the value of York, it WBS difficult to understand why such disaster had otturred, but il probably added urgency to the King's campaign 10 deslro), Essex, With the north gone (though G lemham '5 garrison was 10 be allowed 10 march out unimpeded to Cheslcr), a \riclor), in the south was imperative to auempllo redress the balance. Additional pressure might be put upo n the Sconish all iance if M omrose could cause s ufficient trouble in Scotland 10 compel the recall of their army from England, but when he met Rupert al Richmond two days after M.anton Moor, M onl~ was able to extract nothing from the despondenl ?rinet', though he begged for 1,000 horse 10 take into Scotland. On 2] Jul y Essex reached Tavistock and wrote to the Commillee of Both Kingdoms Ihat he was intending 10 relieve the Par lia menlllr~' garrison of Plymouth , and

Heads of pole arms' pa"'zan and curved scythe· like instrument, probably

adapted from an agrlcullurallool

Head of panizan, or lelding sIlff

93

Tuc I~N(iI. I SIt Cl\·U. \'(1,\11

hoping Ihar \X/u ller was following thl' "ing . Afrer relic\'ing l' lymouth he had a choice; f:JlT the "ingor ad\'ance inlo Corn"'D1I Esscx chose Cornw:JlI, believing that lhe county would turn agulnst the King :!Od th:lIlhe !,Outhwest could thus be cleared of novalists. As Esse:.; ad\'anced. Ilith Warwick's fleet cooPerat ing offshore, he probably had t o,ooo men. deducting troops Icft In garrison. The King . including thc fof(."l.'$ of Prince ,\·.\:JuriCC' and the local Royalist leader Sir Rich:Jrd Gren\·ile. co uld muster about twice lhal number. Essex pushed on into Cornwall, Grcnvilc retiring before him, but with the King at his heds. Esse:.; hoped to l'DplUrC Truro and Falmouth (Ihe hlltcr being onc of the few contacts between thco Ro)'alisls and the continent now that NC\I'C1sIJc was unusable. and the port from which was exporled Ihe tin \\hlch helped 10 bur the n<'ce5sa ry mUnitions fo r the Royal war effort), btll as Ihis was no longer pr.1ctical he wilhdrcw 10 Loslwithicl in Ihe hopt.· o f being res ulmlied - (lr e\,lIcu:lled - by Warwick's fleet via the P"rt of Fowey. But due 10 cO nlrary winds, Warwick nCI'er arr i\'ed. With empty sea :n his back, shorl of provisions and in a hostile land (for the Cornish had n ot riscn for Parliament). Essex's future was bleak. His only hope w:as 10 hold the King long enough for:a relief force 10 break through and sandwich the RO\':a1 fortts. hut the necessity o f ho lding both FOII'e), and su flicicnt l:lnd for hiS army 10 live o lf srrctched his resources 100 thinly . At this junclure a minor ctlSl5 t'lCCurrcd in the Royal comm:lIld. for Baron Wilmot. Lieuten:lnl·Gcneral of the King 's H orse, had been urgIng that negotiations be opened with Essex, and I'arllament . to put an end to the

Plkeman and musketeer In CIvil War eostume (horn 18thcenturv document 01 Honourable AI1I11erv Company)

PLATE 21 54 Muske t eer. blueeoat regt .. Rova list foo t 55 Pikeman, s,eencoat regt., Royalist foot 56 Pikeman, yelioWcoD t ragt .. Royalist foot The musketeer woals a cloth cap. probablV a Iype 01 montero. iO a colour malchmg hiS COilI . a practice which Lssuggested by $8veral conlemporary releumces. HIS bull-coal IS reallv onlV a short Jerkin. and h,s short sword tVplcal 01 Those camed bV musketeers but upon whICh cutlCS Irke Turner poured scorn' 'Ihe BUII ·end of their Musket may do an enemy mole hurt than these despicable Swords' He ClImes a modem-lookmg IlIelock WIth a carved bUll like one of those m the Oxford col!ecuon, and has Ihecartndge IUbeS of hiS bandolier paInted red Both he and Ihe greencoal have a spug of loliage In the" hillS liS a field srgn. The greencolll. from a regiment such as Broughton'S or Tithe", I!lsh. has bulf-Iea ther 1I0mg 10 hiS armour Instead of a buff·eoat, and call1es a bag resembling a sack with a slfap auached at lOP and bottom. an altemative 10 the satchel· type knapsack He beals his pIke levelled al shoulder height m the normal postu re for both attack end defence and known as 'Charge your Pike' The vellowcoat. weiltlng a mOre claSSIC pike armour including lassets and helmet. i5 in the posture of preparing to receive a chargil of cavalry. crouchmg with the pike braced agalllsllhe FlghllOSlep, The helld 8t hOf$O·s·breaSI level. and SWOrd half· drawn NOTES r TIlmt'f. 1' 1 7~

w:ar. \'(Iilmol \I'DS a hard drinker and a haughty character, bUl "'rui a capable ufficln and nen'r allowed his drink 10 Interfere Wifh bu~inC$S . His remarks o n negotialion. howe\'er, led to h,s arrest for treason and hiS replacement by Goring, whose Immoderate d rinkmg probnblr dId affecl his work. Wailer sent a small relief fo rce of 2.000 hoTSt under Lieulenant-General MiddlelOn lohclp Esse);, but it was repelled:at Bridgwater. As the Royalist ring tightened :around Essc); it \\'a5 obvious Ihal his army \\lIS d oomed, and o n Ihe night of 29/30 August Sir \'(Iilliam Halrour broke out of the encirclement wilh 2,000 horse, reaching the ParliamenlR'1' garrison at PI}'I1lOUlh with Lhe loss of onl), some 100 men. a considerable achievement. An attcmpt to retire o n Fo\\'C'y, where Warwick's ships might arrh'e. mc!. wilh lillle success despite a valiant rearguard action by Ihc \'clcran SkipJ'lOn, and Essex decided 10 Irove his army in liS hopcil'ss posilion, for RS Parliament 's cummander-in-chief his capture would only aggravate the di~a5Ier. Lc:al'ing by fishing boot for Plymouth. Essex turned over his l'Ommand 10 Skippon, who proposed a last attcmpt to CUt hIS way OUI. bUI h is regimeOfal commanders reported that their troops were too exhausted. On 2 September the sUfl'jving 6.000 Parliamentary troops surrendered o n generous terms, the

PLATE 21 55 Pike man, Roy.list greenc~t regl.

--7 I

-.... 54 Musketeer, RO..,..lIliltbluIKOI' regL

= ___ _ --~

~_.

56 Pike man, Roya lisl yeUoweo.t regl .

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King being anxious 10 sellJe the matter before Parliamenlar)' reinforccmC'nls might arrive in his rear . The defealed arm)" surrC'nderC'd their weapons (except the officers) but was allowed to march away on the proviso rhal Ihey should not take up arms until reaching the Parliamentary garrisons of Pons-mouth or South::lmpton. I n a terrible march, the exhausted soldiers fell prC'y 10 angr)' ch'ilians:u LostwithiC'1 (who took mOSt of their clothing) and, half-starved, large numbers perished from exposu~ . Cla~ndon claims that nOI a third of the: army reached safet)" bUI this may be an exaggeration; estimates vary from 4 ,000 10 only 1poo survi,·ors. Essex reached Plymouth befon: Halfout's escaped horse, and W::IS soon in London where his presence ...,:as grccted with relief. The remnants of the Royalurmy in the north comprised some 3 ,000 in Cumberland and Wcstmorland, and Rupcn wilh about 5,000 horse tit Chesler. Thus presented with liule threat, the victorious " tarston Moor arm y broke up, Leven 10 besiege Newcastle (which ci ty presented a thre3t 10 his communicalions with Scotland), Fairfax IQ reduce Royal strongholds in Yorkshi re, :and Manchester to protect his own EaSlern Associ:alion. The Committee of Bmh Kingdoms urged Manchester loattack Rupen in Chester, but he declined as his army had been badly mauled. and in any case his Association would refuse 10 support the army if it could no longer prolect its home. l'vlanchester, howevcr. mm'cd south shortly :lft~ r Rupe rt took th~ same direction . Ltaving l'I}'TTIoulh blockaded, the King SlaTled his r~lUrn 10 Oxford where his exhausted army mighl recuperate; Ih~y had ~en marching for almOSI half a ytar. we~ under-fed, unpaid and dispirited. and the horse werc upset by \,\/ilmot"s dismissal. By Ih~ end of September Rupe rt had arrived to prI:SC:1lI a personal account of MarslOn Moor; the King ordered him to tak~ his 2POO horse and around 2,000 foot from Wales into Gloucestershire, hoping this would cause the Parliamentary command 10 divide ils forces, ror now Wailer, Esscx and Manchester were hoping 10 unite. On 15 September the King's IIrm}' reached Salisbury, the horse 'mOSI IBmentable speC"lades' according 10 the agents of the Parliamentary Scoutmaster-General Sir Samuel L uke. At Salisbury the Ki ng learned Ihat Wailer was III Ando\'u, "'·lanchestcr was approaching Readi ng with 5,000 IroopS IInd awaiting four London regimen ts, and that Essex's 3.000 were near PortSmouth. Rupert was still collecting his fo rces and it appeared doubtful that he could be of immediate help to his uncle: however, Parliamem's forces were slow to COnfXnltate, Manch~Sler d~laying as Royal marauders we re at large In Lincolnshire, which Manchester's army was supposed to protect. Inslead of retiring to Oxford, the Nng (apparenlly persuaded by Goring) decided to attack his nearest enemy in the hope of dereating the opposing armies in

Pikeman's cOlselet Wllh las.selS. bearing "rmOO/tlts' mlrks 01 Commonwealth peflod, ptovlng the C(K1tlnued use of tassels. though unpopular durmg the CIVil War (Walhs & Wallis) detail. He chased W:a][er out of Ando\'cr on 18 October, but the Roundhead escaped to join Manchester al Basingstoke , Charles had hopW to relieve the Ro\'a! garrison of Basing House, but on 21 October Essex jOined M.ancheSler in the vicinity. making relief im· possible without figh ting a major action. On 22 October ChIllies murched towards Ncwbury, al ready the site of onc battlc. Thc Committce of Both Kingdoms h:ad sppoillled no ovcrllll commande r, bUl left !.he: campaIgn in the hands of a council of war, which in effect ga\'t ~h nche5ter the command as Essex was ill. At NC'wburythe King'5:armywaswell deployed, resl· ing upon Ihrtt srrongpoints, Sh:aw House, Donnington Castle (held by the Ro)'alislS for O\'er a rear) and SperD \'illage. The Kingcommanded in pt:tsOn, \\;th old Lord Forth (now Br~ntrord ) his deput)', Hopton in command or the artiller)', Goring the horse and Astie)' the foot of

the Oxford :lrmy: Printt Mauriee was also pr~knt with part of hls wL'$lern army. Despile th~ advanlage of numbers (perhaps around 17,000 10 Charl«' 10.000). the Parham~ntal')' commanders decided nOlIO risk a frontal assault on Ihe Royal position. bUI embarked upon an ent.!rprismg but dangerous manoeuvre: the army was to Ji\'ide, Wailer to perform a circuitous march lit night to attack the King frum the rear, whilst Manchester would Storm the Shaw HouSe.' area of th ~ Royal line. It was :1 pllln fraught with danger, for if Wailer's force were disco\'ered the King could bav.! ov~ rwhdmed Manchcster before having to f:lce Wailer, Ne\'enhdess, Waller"'t off on the eveniog of 26 October, swung past the Royal left :md, though seen b)' Royalist SL'(lUtS, some ineptitude allowed him to pass WIlhout impediment; nor was the King'sarmywlIrnedofthedanger 10 the rear. At about 3 p.m. Waller'satlac:k fell on Specn village, tllklng ,\Jlaurke's troops com pletely b), surprise; aided by the guns of Donnington Castle they put up a good defence unlil fi.nllll~· ejected. Maurice's hone was scauer~d . but Goring's horse repelled first Waller's right-wing horSe.' (under Balfour) and, as it came up. his left (under Cromwell). Manchester, whose troops had been engaged in desultory fighting before Shaw House sintt' daybreak. was apparentl)' unable to recogniZe the noise of Wailer's attack for ..... hat i1 \\1lS, and delayed his own assauh until aboul 4 p.m., when it nm out of steam before Shaw House could be stormed. By nightfall the fighlingsubsided. both sides thinking themselves beaten. As a Parliamentar)' attack the fellowingday might have been successful . the King retired during the night,gomg to Bath tQ inform Ruperl of the situation, leaving Maurice and Astley 10 extricate the army. The Roundheads were not e\'en obIt:' to QCcupY Uonnington Casll~. much less prt:\'ent the retrC'at of the Royalists te Oxford. Combined with the disaster at LostwithieJ, this bailie proved that Parliament nl!ecled a totally reorg2niud arm)' and , perha ps. mere determined leaders. Before leaving the campaigning season of 1644 with an account of Monlrosc:'s actions after Ruperl refused to help him following Marston Moor, it 15 necessary 10 sketch ewnts in Ireland during the firsl years e f the Civil \'(/ar. Internal warfare had been in I1rOgreSs some lime before the war in England: less clellr-I:UI than the Civi l \'(lar, "ims and allies varied with circumstance. It began with a rebellion in October 1641 by the native Iflsh and 'Old Enghsh' Catholics (Le. descendents of lhe Enghsh sclllers) against the Protestant government; war in England di\'ided the gowmment of I reland between Ro)"ai and Parliamentary factions. and the Scots LO the north-east followed their own line. The King's Lieutenanl-~neral in Ireland. the Marquis of Ormonde, hlld insufficient forces toconlrol the guerrilla tactics of the Irish, and b)' the outbreak of war In England the rebels had won almost all of Cork and Limerick: the Seots in the north controlled the

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NOVEMBER 1644 Royslist GSlflsons If) Pafltamefllsry SlellS

1 C8/lIsle 2 Bolton Castle J Scalbolough 4 Groonha!gh Castle 5 Kn8resbofough 6 Latham House 7 Pontefract 8 Sandal Castle 9 Beeston Castle 10 Newall( '1 Bellloll Castle 12 Llchlield 1J Ashbv de la Zouch 14 Crowland Pa//tamelllslY GSlllsons III Roys/tst a(eas

15 Monlgomel ... 16 Abingdon 17 Taunton 18 Lyme RegiS 19 Plymouth Shilded pottlQII represents ttmitory in Roys/is' hsnds III November 1644

Carrickfergu5 area. In the summer of 1642 a number of Irish mercenary officers returned from service in the Spanish army, notnbly Owcn Roe O'Neill and Thomas Preston, thr former the mosl skilled soldier in Ireland. Both look servic~ against Ormondc, Preston being lippointed to command lhe arm)' in Leinstcr by the Supreme Council of the Catholie Confederates, though their nominal adherent'(" 10 the King made no immediate difference to the war. In 16.0 the Supreme Council of the Confed~ra l es appoin ted lhe Earl or Ant rim a general , :md in NO\'e m~r of that )'ear he returned to Oxford (where he had spent the prcvious wintcr) witha proposition: Ihat the King shouldaproint

97

him gencral.in·chief of the Confederate for..:es \\ hilst hc raised 10.000 troops to 5(:1"\'e under Royal command in England and 3,000 in Scotland. I'ressure was (cm· pararil)' removed in Ireland as two months before Ormondc had negOliated a 12 months' armistice with the Confederates. Charles \\kJS unimpressed by Antrim's claims, as clearly O'Neill would nevcr accept him as overall commander: but, givcn AllIrim's m· fluence in Scotland and the d('spcratc need for troops, Ihe King accepted thc offer of men . ne\'er expecting any for use in England . The Supreme Council. indeed. was nOI enthusiastic. but agreed 10 send l,OOO trOOps to Scot land , formed in three regiments under Antrim's kinsman Alasdllir Colkino ,\ \acdonnel l, whose Scottish anCL"St ry might be exp«:ted 10 win support in that country . The three regiment ~ (Alasdair "1IJcdon n ell'~ own. james Macdonncll's and Colonel O'Cah:m '5) \\'ereth ree-qUArters Irish and the remainder Scots or English; all had served under O'Neill , all we re C1tholies, and they proved to be nmong the best foot on either side. In e:uly Jul y Alasdair Ma..:donnell landed in Argyll· shire and IIl1 empted to raIl)' support from the west Highland clans, but mel with limited s uccess due to the preciomin:mcc of the Co\,enant forces . The saturnine Presbyterian Archibald CampbC'lL A'Iarquis of Argyll . DiS('d his daD and destroyed MacdonncWs shil)S. lea\-· ing him isolated. Macdonnell man3ged to recruil 500 Gordons. but wrole in desp(:r:lIion to trr and contllL1 Montrosc, who at Ihis POlOt was rooming the area of Perth and Dunkcld endeavouring to drum up s upport. "Montrosc and Alacdonnell united at Hlair. ",hel'(' Montl'OSl! unfurled lhe Ro},al standard . Mont rose's force comprIsed only the Irish ·brigade'. if it may ~ so termed, and somc t ,200 Highlande rs. the laner ill· disdplined and armed with bows and broadswords, but his oppon..:nts were not much better off - Highlanders and largely untmincd local le\"les, Three Covenant armies faced him , Lord Elcho in Perth, Argyll's CamJ'lbd ls in the west and Lord Burleigh at Aberde<:n, 50 Montrose 5CI about dcfellling Elcho before he could be joined by Argyll . Mont rose's small force: met Ekho <1,100 stro ng, .hough 500 of his archers had changt!cI SIdes the previous day) at Tip['Cnn ui r on • September. Short of !lmmUlllllon. Monlrose arrayed the Irish in Ihree ranks (instead of six) to enable them to deliver onc massh'e volley which he hoped would be cnough; the Atholl clansmen he commanded in person had only

Equipment belooglnij 10 Sir Francls Rhodes 01 Barlborough Hall, Derbvshire, includIng bull,colII wllh while tape laciog and Sllver·wlre buttons, c3lblne belt and swivel. sword and belt, ilrm del.nee made 01 th," sk.ns cl leather and one 01 pasteboard, filled to bl.i1l-leBther 9love, and 45·In. (1 14 ·cm) 'Toledo' (rapier) associated with BSUIt of common lIOn IffIlour, with a balled helmet", belIeved to dale Irom 1620 (englalling by T H8ml!ton)

loac:hng .. n ,neIY: Ihe towel cannon IS bclog cooled by cloths soaked In water ("om hs rrllvlluxdl! Mars by A M

0 1 skins

Manet, Palis. 1684)

stoncs to throw, It was more thu n ('nough, for Elcho's horse charged , was de\'aStall~d by musket~·. broke ond tlcd: M(lntrose's whole force followed and utterly routed the remaining Co\'enant troops. Penh su rrendered immediately, bUI M onlrose lost almost all of his army sa\'e the Irish . the High landers following tradit ion and, after winning a battle, re· tu rning home with their loot, a problem whieh was to dog M onlrose for Ihe I'('mainder of his career, N ot Jaring to await the junction of Argyll and Burleigh, M ontrose set off 10 defeat the lauer, recruiting somc 75 In\'aluable horse on the wa)". On 13 September he rouled Bur!eigh before Aberdeen, the indifferent Co\·c· nant [e\'il's pro\fing no malch for the Irish bnb'llde. Slill with insufficient strength to metl Argyll. M Ontrose re· tired, lcadng a remarkable SUL"Ce5S bl!hind him. ha\'ing defeated two and e\lIded onc of the three armies sent to annihi1:lIe his small force .

99

NEW MODEL: THE FIRST CIVIL WAR r645 Parll;tmenl capitalized nOI at all upon the Sttond baule

of Ncwbuf),; the}' called upon the governor of DonnlOglon Castle. Sir Jo hn Boys, 10 surrender, or they threatened nUllO Icave one Slo ne upon anothe r. BoY5 replied Lhal he was nOI rt.'Sponsible fOf the upkeep ofrhc castle. but [(they did pull it do"," hI! would sul1 defend the ground on which it S100d. 'me Parliamentary att:1ck

upon it foiled nod the)' re-med. choosing not 10 pursue the King. Charles I reorganized his army. replacing old Forth with Rupert as his senior general. which Cl:lrendon thought thoroughl}' unwist', though the Prin~ J'IOssessed beuer quali tk'ti thl1n might ha\'e bcc.n appa renl. Despite a half-hearted alle'mp' 10 prevcnl il, the KinB

relieved Donnmglon Castle in early No\'e m~r, and Basing House later in Ih.: mo nth . \'(Iith descnion rdmpant, Ih.: Parliamentary army relirc..od inlO winl.:r quurters around Keading and Farnham, and the King 10 Oxford. Else\\ here, 1644 drew to a close wilh sever.ll Parilll.mcnflu,), gains; on 27 Cktober Ihe SCOtS captured NewclSIle, whilst Fairfax mopped up Royal garrisom in Yorkshi~ . On 1 November Li\'erpool surrendered, rhe mor:aJe ofils RO)':tilsr garrison haYing collapsed as IlS Irish members belie\-ed lhe)' would be murdered if the ch)' were stormed. The)' slc7.cd their officers and surrendered on the condition that ther were Iransponed home; it wus o nly just in time, for on 24 Ot:lobcr an o rdinanCl.' had been passed to the cffeclthat all Irishmen taken in England or \"'ales were to be 6eCUtL-d, an atlempl to cnd the recruitment of such 'mercenaries' mtu rhe Royal anny, Despite Roral reverses in the north, it wus now painfully obvious thar Parliament could onl)' Ilchieve loml viclory by a dr:ISlic reorgllni7.3tion of lheir forces :md military leadership. The central necessity WIlS for the creation of a 'gcncr:al serv ice' anny, o nc unhampered by local loyalties and commanded by those prepared 10 prosecute the war to its utmost. The more extreme members of P::trli::tment tended 10 shift all blame onto Essex, M::tnchester and \'('alkr, whose Presbylerian beliefs saw th~ King la! the supreme authority, without whom the social order would dissolve IOtO anarchy This. it "':1.5 conlended, caused such mc:mbers of the Presbyteri::tn 'arIStocracy' 10 5«/;;. nOl Ihe defeat of the King, but merely an ::tccomod::ttion which would cnd the war with the King remaining as the country's figurehe::td. Thus Wailer's f::tilure 10 exploit Oterilon might be seen

l OO

as an anempt to ::tvoid defeating the Kmg romplt!tcly; thus mi/otht be cxpl::tined Manc hester's apparent lethargy in hIS m::trch to Second Newbury. One inr;ident following Second Newbury could be quOlcd in e\'idenct: Jo hn Brrch, a Parliamentary l"Oloncl, heard a re['lOrt Ih::t! thl' Earl of Forth's person::tl baggage ltain might be intercepled, ::tnd reported as much 10 1\'lanchester. Manchesll'r replied I.hat he was resting and C'()uid give no instructions until morning: SC',lOdalized, Birch gathcreli 47 'resolved horse' a nd charged off after Forth, who managed to eSL":lpe, though losing all his baggage. Birch's rea-pI ion with his boolY w8sdecid('dly cool. Was Ihis simply C'()unesy on the part ofa general !I)w:mls a bealen opponent, or e\'idcncc of a lack of desire to prosecule the W'.lr 10 ilS ultImate? CromweJt thought the huter, Ih::tl '\'Ianchl'stcr belie\'ed 'lhat this war would not be ended b)' the sword , .. bUI 11 would be beller for the KingJom if il were ended by an accomod::ttion" . Adherence to the King on the part of some I>arliamcntary commanders o nly maintamed the o riginal aims of the war, which ( ....'11ged in the n::tme of the Kin g) precluded a n aU-out offensi\'e, as the \\'11r was being conducted 011 tNllalj o/thc King, al le::tsl in theory: as the SOI,Id,n-S Cutecltismr claims. ' I am for the King and Parli::tmcnl U,1f is il "01 dgai/lst tlit' Killg J',m fight 1/1 fhis Ca/tu? No surel)': yet m::tny do abuse the world .... ith Ihi~ base and ahsurd obJectio n " " 1, Even the Scottish Art/des alld Ordi/lOlle('J o/ lY'arre ( 1644) notcd as Article V, ' If allY shall speak irrewtantIy ::tg::tinsl the Kings MnjCSlil:' & hiS aUlhorilje, or shall presume to offer violentt 10 his Majesties Person, he sh::tll be punished ::ts n Trolytor', which even if ne\'er enforct:d ::tl IL'aSt maintained the facade of fighting on behalf of the King. The charges m::tde agains t Essex, Manchester and Wailer hlId some fou nd::ttion; Esse)!: said th:u 'rather ,han Ihc)' would consent tCl make the King a prisoner, lhey would all die'J, ::tnd Wnllcr numbered among his principles thllt 'rhe person, dignity, and honor of the King presen'ed, and the pcl'ltt and safety of the Kingdom settled' ... The problem \\'115 complicaTed by personal f~lings. CromYo'ell's dislike of his immedi::tte superior, Manchester, originated before Ihe war and perhaps coloured his ::tpprnisal of the situallon and (as a member of the Commillee ofOoth Kingdoms and an M.I). -and mddent::tllya far better commander lhan Manchester), he accu~d the Earl or hesita ting dcliber:lIdy al Second

,/w,

Newbury (In lhe grounds Ih:1I ' if ...:e beat the King ninel),.nine limes yet he is King sti ll, and we subjects still; but if Ihe King beat us once we should be hanged and our posterity undone' j , \'s had nlrcady been laken in January 1645 with the abolilto n of Ihe Book of Co mlllO" Prayl.T in fa\'our of a !'res· b)"terian dircclory of worship, llnd, on 10 January, the c)Cccut ion of Archbishop Laud for IrC:lson he had nOI t'Ommilled. Afler his initi:ll alt3ck on M.[IncheSler, CromwclJ's tone moderated, though his beliefs remained unaltered: that the war should be won nOI only to ensure constitu· lional reform but to reshape thc Church. Manchester. though the King·s leading critic in the House of Lords b(fore Ihe war, slill fa \·our~d reconcil iation. Parliament's solUlion \.\'as fra med in the Sclf·DC'nying Ordi· mince, suggestcd b~ Crom\\ o:U to quash crilicism that

'LobsleHail' helmets, with tflple·bar lace guard and hinged peak (Iell) , and sliding naSllI bat and Iluted skull/rig ht) (Wall ls & Wallis)

" he Members of both 1·lousC'S h!!."e gol grC"J.t pla~ IInd commands, and the sword into tht'i r hands: and , \\'11(11 by into:rcst in Parliament, what br power in the Army, will perpetually conlinut' themselvcs in grandeur . and not permit the War ~pecd il y toc.nd, lest their own powcr should determine wilh it" . The O rdinance stated ~i m· ply Il1:1t no member of either house- should hold miluary commllnd (later amended 10 the effCCI that 1111 should rcsign their commis5ions. but wilh nothing 10 StOp their reappointment). 115 critics saw it as a way ofremo\'ing Essex and Manchester from their (.'Ommands without dismissi ng th~m outright; pnd though the House of Lords (those supponing Parliament , that is, for the Royalists naturally (.'Ould not allend) PUI up a fi ght, the Ordinance was passed on 3 April 1645: to savc un· pleasantness, both Essex and Manchcster resigned their commissions JUSt bcfolT!.hc Ordin3ntt came into dfecl Parliament's revised 'New J\'lodel Army' could n<)w set· tle down under its new commander. Sir Thomas Fairfax . the only senior Parli:lmcntary offi cer nOI aiTected by the Ordinancc. The claims of this cap:lblc, modest bUI somewhal in:lrticuliue and unpoliliall genet3l had b«n 3dl'anttd b)' Cromll'cll , whose adl'ice wa5 accepted; Ihc position of commander of Ihe foot went to the: \'cler.ln Skippon, and Ihe cqui,·alenl position for the ho~c was earmllrked for C romwell , tcmlX'mrily barred by the Ordinancc.. The New Model (or rather, P:lrliulncnt 's arm}, ' ne\\' modelled') was neither totall)· ne\\' nor always tCflned su: 'the Army undcr Sir Thomas Fairfax' W:lS a common designation in contemporary documents, and officially

10 1

English 'doglock' muskets. c. 1650 (WIII!.s & Wallis)

il Ct'lIsed to exist in 1647 when Parliament created a slanding army with Fairfax as commander· in·chicf of all land for~, local faren hithen o remaining independent of the New M,ode!, Even before the passi ng of the Sclf·De:nying Ordinance, a lotal n."Organization of Parliament"s forces was under wa)' III order Ihat the campaigning season of 1645 could commence without giving the Royal isls an advantage. Nominall)'. the New Modd Arm)' was 10 comprise 22,000 men in 11 regimentS of horse, 12 of fool und one of drugoons; precise c.stuhlishments Wl're set, bUl there is some doubt whether all were: rdised. Formation of the new arm,' was based upon those of E-ssex, Manchester and Wailer. with regiments transferred en masse, reorganized Or formed ofi mprcsscd men 10 make up the numbers. and in some cases members of more than one army eombinro in the sli me regiment. for example Aldrich's FOOl, I3ler Lloyd·s. Some regiments were Irnnsferred directly whilst OIhers were reorganized complelely, and Crom· well's 'double regiment' of horse split into two nL.....' ones, those of Fairfax and Whlllley, In the formation of the uld Eastern Association aml)'. experienced soldiers had been utU"dcted from afar. some of the horse. for example, ha\'ing served pre\'iously with Fairfax and \,(Ialler. in Li\·erpool. Cheshire: or with the cify brigade, attracted by prOSpects of promotion or of ioin ing an army where religious Independenc)' was in favour . The recruiting of experienced men thus Improved the qual. il), of the Association forCCf; , especially the horse, Ilnd 11 was from here that most of the New ,,"lode!"s horse wus taken , The foot came largely from Essex's army, though Wailer's and Association regiments were also represented . Coming from existing Ilrmies, the newly organized 102

army was nOl OS radical as has sometimes been asserted, at least not at this stage. The officers commissioned into the New Model do nOl seem I() have depended upon religious persuasion or patronage, bUl Ul>on 'antiquity or meri" , and lit Jeast at the start there appears to ha\'e been lillle CQnn«"{ion between the rudical religion in the- army nnd rndical politi(.':ll activity; ctrtainl), some regiments (particularly horse) becamo: renownl!'d for l!."I(treme \'iew5, such as Cromwdl"s ex·lronsides, now rhe regiment!> of Fairfax and (If Cromll'ell's cousin. &tward Wlmlky, F!ectwood's 1·lorst had 11 number of flln:uical I ndependents in its I'1mks. and included lit oncperiod the Fifth·Monarehist Thomas Harrison. Much of this religious f'.!dicalism emanated from Man ch~ter's old army. though the criterion for an Eastern Associa· lion recruit was an 'honest Godly' spirit without specific conrormity. l11e accusation of the ' Iow birth' of Ne ..... ,\olodel officers (espt."Cially after 1647) is probably largtly untrue. though in the Association horse. for example. only Manchester's Lifeguard WIIS composed of II'hal ...·Iercurius Aulicus termed 't he gent.ler sort of rebels' I, and Cromw.:! 1 himsel f reported difficulty in getting 'men of honour and birth' ''; Manchesler's army was officered by experienced professionals (including one French colonel and a number of New Englanders3s \\"ell as Scots), and , at least inilially. local dignitaries were commissiont:d as often as officers like Cromwell"s 'plain russc t-<:OOted caplain that knows whllt he fights for and loves what he knows' 10. The same was probabl)' true or thc New Model , though by this time length of service and ability had become primary considerntions. Therc is liule evidence of religious discrimination: lhe House of Lords objected to tWO colonels and 40-0dd C!lptllins rrom Fairfax's original list or proposed commissions.

som~ because they were Independents bUI mhers I)n the grounds of patronage, Essex led the fight against ,hl"lr inclusion. but objections were withdrawn whcn a 1'011.' ended in a dead heat , until a proxy from Essex's brOlher· in-law, lhl" F.arl of Clanricarde. WBS disallOwed due 10 hi! being a Catholic. Disclphnc 10 the Ne\\ Model, certainl)' supenor 10 thl1t of the prc\',OUS armies (notably \\;'3111.'(5 . renowned for pillaging), was I:ugel)' a dt'\'clopmcnI O\'er years of war rJther than new policr, though the popular bdief that the New Modd was eompcned of sombre. psalmsinging Puritans is quite mislellding: as Sir Samuel Luke noted, ' I think Ihc~ new modclles kneadsallthe,r d~ with ale, for I nCI'et saw soc many drunke in my life in SOl.' Short:l t}me' ", The rombi nlluon oft'xpenenced officers and II'cll·tt:llOed, disciplined veterans 1e:J\'I~ning the recruil ~ Or impressed men made Ihe Nell I\-lodel intO a formidable force; :15 the SOllft/jcrs Culcchism<' cla,med , 'fresh- water souldiers arc commonl), fainthearled souldiers: wherell5 they that hal'\.· been used 10 the \'\'arres arc usuall y of undaunted sririts ' ! " . a few wcll-trained Souldiers are beller then (sic) G mullitude of rJW, unexpcrieneed men ,., Every $Quldier should seeke God by prayer , .. for it is tht' blesslIlg of God that mllkcs men tQ profit in an}' profcs!ion " ,' " It is possible. indeed, 10 o\'ercstimate the rt'ligious bigotry present in the Civil War nrmies; whilst it is generally true lh!!t the more radic!!1 Protestants supponed Parlillmenl and most Cutholics took the King's 11an, onl y .:en3in r(>gim~'nt s were affected seriously by rcligious fllnaticism, though ils effeet was someliml.'S rrofound, For examrle, the da:ision (0 declare Basing House \1 Catholic garrison, depriving il of some 500 excellent ( but non-Catholic) Roya Usl troops and their energclic leader, Sir tvlarmllduke kawdon, was a m3j'or contributory faClor in its f311.and the intcrferencc of the ministers in the rUnningoflhe O,\'enllnl armies against Montrosc had simi lardirc results, Turnt'r's remark Ihat a charlai n's dUlY 'is to hal'c Cura", A"iIllMflltl, the care of Souls, and it is well if he meddle wilh Ill) other buslOt'u ", ' ... was probabl)' made with Ihc knowlc:dge of tht' results of such interferencc, Ol'er-zealous reli~ll'US beliefs Itd to misguided 1'1I:\\'5 on both sides: for ~"amp le thc Smlldlcf$ CQ/(,I.iJmedaimcd thRt thc Royalists were 'for Ihe mOSI part PlIpists and Atheists ., . generally the most horribk Cursers and Plasphemers (sic) in the World ." for Ihe most parI , inhumane, barbarous and cruell .. .' u, 'men so loose, lewd, anJ wicktd, as most of )'our Cavaliers arc ,,' '16, whilst explaining why 'there arc SO many lewd and wkk ..-d men in Ihe Parliaments army ." Because Commanders In ChIef an: not marc carefull in choosing godly Officers " . honest religious men [lTe not more forward TO put forth themselves" . Order and Disciplinl.' IS not morc ST rictl y t'xecu tcd by Supcriours ". Officers in Towns and Cou Olri..'S aim 10 presse the scumme and refuse of men , and so by easing themseh'es. pesture our Armies

with base conditioned people" ", Religious fanallclsm could be manlfesled in an :lltogelhcr more distasteful m:lnner; for eX:lmple, in the final SlQrm of Basing House, the Rora lisl Major Robinson (in civilian life a I)rury Lane comedian) \\'as ont' of a number murdered In cold blood, He attempted to suncndet to Thom!!s HarrlS('o n, the fanatical major of FJeetI\'ood's Horse, who sh(lt hIm dt'ad, er)'ing 'Cursed be hC' thal doelh tht' LorJ's \\i)fk negligently!'''. Harrison also killed another of the gurrison's officers, M ajo r Catt'aud, whilst the lattC'r wus running 3way, How different from Esscx's Instruction, ' I shllll desire ._ that you avoid cruelty, for it is my desire rather 10 53 I'C the lifeofthousands, lhan to kill one ., .' I~ . The beliefthat 'Almighty God dC'dares himSelf... 11 friend to our l~arIY':o could lcad 10 as unpardonable e:.:cC'SSt'S as could the bch:wlOur of 'lewd Bnd wicked men', or 10 simple bl('lO(llust as elUlibited at Colehesler in t648, When thedcath of Colon cl Needham caused hIS Tower regiment 10 go bcr~rk, 'killing and s la~ing in a terrible manner': 1 SO tha, ' they willlmrdly admIt of quarter' l l, Befort' resuming an accounl or the CI'ents of 1645, mention should be: msde ofa growing mol'ement aN}und this timt' called thc 'clubmen '_ Supplies for an !!rm)' wcre usually garnered from the arl~a In which il was sit u:ucd as there WIlS comparath'c!y lilt le Iranspor!:lI lon of fOod and fodder over large dIstances, 1..oI.":I.llIcquisl' Lion could be ac ..'Omplished amicllbly whcn Ihe arm)' had cash I\) buy rrl)\'isions, but as I)a~' on bolh sides wos Mten w~ks or months in arrears, food was \}ftcn acquired b), payment whh 11 ticket rcdcemahle from Ihl! atm(s administrators, or slmpl} by theft. The hahit of plundering friend and foe alike afflicted most armlCS and in sume tllStS was allowed 10 proceed unchecked, though onlr Ihe rJ nsacking of opponents' proper!) for that of ' neUlcrs') would usual I)' be permitted offie.all)'. The large numbe rs of men WhO enlisted simply for loot , coupled with 'lcgitim:lIc' ptundcrlOg for food and welll'onry, created Widespread dcslI'u.:tion , This rulO!ltiUn l,f the lil'('s of inn ocelli ci\'l lians is described in numerous documeOls: TIll! Cflt'ufurr art' I'Xfr( mt'ly ,,,,'rl.ll1lOlI$ in p/lmdt'ril'K , . . plllme I/O dift'rJI/( 01111/ bt'lwecl/~frJClllh aJ/d mpfkJJt:d "lIe mIS ' " IJkm a/th(l/ Italll hiell ItSl'/111/ fo r rhem mId r Ip, lip j<'lherbt'(/s .)IId (IIrorell.' lite fcalllcrs ill Ill.. tfllld to bo' b/OfCl'1I (Jwayfor sport Qlld sC(1I1<,d aft Iht barrels nf oct'rr1 (Jml wjllt alld spilt 11 ill thdr siflt:r~ . Tllry I",vl' kifd (If,,11(" mUllS , ,000 sll<'l'p<' a/lll ,IIroffJIIl' array mllr}, n/ it tll~' amid 1101 C(JW, mOIlY olher outragfS ,hp:)' cam"'lf to largt' la eJUpriJ flus t:OllY , • ' H

Even officers in positions of r!!sponsibility succumbed If! the temptation to plunder; during the Scottish siege of Newcastle. for l'xamplc, the Sro\tish officer Sir John Leslcy wrole 10 Sir Thomas Riddle of Gateshead, oifering lopre\'cnt the plunderofRiddle's house in exch!!ngc 10 3

TUE l::NOLI5U CIVil. \'(lAM

CIvil Wal fortifications: two baSllons connected by a !!retch 01 enceinte (c urtain warl) which is prOtected by rIJvellns (V-shaped fOrt ifications) In ditch, A low wall runs around foot of rampalls

CIVil Wal fortifications : aerIal view 01 dOlJble baslion wtth masonry facing, On each bastIon I1 comtructed a higher gun-platform or 'cavalier', and sel in ditch is a ravelin or V-shaped lortiliccn ion to protect exposed length of curtain wall between the two bastJom. Ean hen ramps lead up to curtain wafl. and "om rampart 10 cllvaliers. 10 lacilitale the moving of ordl1
Civil War fortificat ions: desrgn of earthwork 'sconce', a 10ulbaslioned lorl

for a £30 bribe, 5Omo: bark),. :l horse and Riddlc's chiming d ock" 1 maun hat' the tagg'd tail troopt'r that stans in the Slaw, and the wee trim gat'ing Ihing that Slans in the newke of tht' haw chirping and chlrning 3t the newn tide o'the da\' ,. '!4 Results of such lootrng wert' twofold : firstly. it alicn~ ated thc 10C'.a1 population and dro\'c Ihcm 10 support the opposite factKm (11$ hlle as 1648 ;t was nOIe-d that a unit of Essex fOOl fought ("Specially hard 3$ they were 'much incensed against Goring and his party' H for bringing the war to their count)'); and secondly it gave ri~ to S(I(~ dt'fcnce associations of 'clubmen' , which themselves sometimes took on political bias, the majority of these swingmg lowards Pnrliament. As early as 16,p. it was reponed that 'the country meet , and nOI only intend to stand upon tht'ir guard. bulla disarm all the papists and malignants within their precincts , .. ' I11e men t)f Blad:.burn , Pndiham , Burnley, Clitheroc. and Colnt', I'.'ith those sturdy churls in the IWO forest s of Pcndk and Rossc ndal..:!, hnve ruised their spirits, and are resolved to fight it out rather th:m tht'ir beef and fat bacon shall be taken from them ", '1", pNte<:'ting theirhomcs from the most likely manuders, the Royalists, Some wished to oppose whichever side tried la plunder: John Williams, Archbishop of York (who changed sides from Koyal isl to Roundhead) claimed thal by fortifying himself at Penrhyn, 'I kept my H o u~ neither ag'.ainst the King or Parli:'lment , but to prevent Surprizdls'n,:'I policy exemplified hy the mOttOS inscribed on the ftags of the clubmen: If )'0 /1 offer 10 p/lmdrr or l
Bc oS.$l/rjld U'I' will bId yOIl

Despite their poor arms (typical weapo nry was des~ cribM as carried by an anti-Royalist mob in [}cmn in t6.p, 'some with Muskel$ loaden, some \I1th Halberts and Black Bills, some with Clubs. some with Pikes. some with dung E\'ells , some with great Poles, one I saw hud heat the calke of:l 5 1" C [scythel and beat hIm right out and set him into a long stllffe ,.: llJ). they were sufficiently numerous to harr:lss an army, espt'cially after some hud decided to support one faction or the other inste:ld or being si mpl y unti-war, In the winter of 16H -5 . before the New Model Army WlIS opt'l'lllion:lI , I~arliament m[maged to relieve Lyme. but elsewhere ran into problems. A surprise :\IIuel:. car~ lured Weymouth in carl)' February 16-15 and \'\' aller W:lS ordered to recover it: his foot. howe\'cr, previously of Essex's command, hOled him and refused 10 proceed under his orders. They agreed to march when Cromwdl ioi ned them, but their action hustened the Lords' aCCCI)tunee of the New Model Ordinance. Goring's forces at Weymouth were held up by the Parliamentary garri!.On of Mekombe (reinforced by u i:lnding party of sailors) and retired before the approaching Wailer. Wailer nnd Crilmwell, hov.'i:\'er, madt' linlc: impreSSion in the a~

Petard u!illd 10 blow down a gate (engraving

"om Grose)

and suffered 1I sharp I'('\'ersc lit Dorehester. A notable Parliamentary success occurred on 22 February when Shrewsbury was capturcd. se\'ering direct Royalist communications with Chester, Hself beslcged, and 3 relief force under Prince Maunee was chedcd at Nal1lwleh, Rupcrt arm'ed to aSSIst hiS brother but re~ tired southwards on the approach of Scottish tc.mforcemel1ls for the Parliamentary command... r Brereton . In \Valt.'S Parliamentary success WtlS shorter Ih'ed, as the return ofGer:trd's \Velsh t roop~ after the King's wi th ~ drawal to Odord sta bilized the: Ro)'al position , lcltl'ing only Pembroke and T enby in Parii:lmenlllr), hands in south Wal ...s, Iw hlled Royal gnITIsons like Chester and Scarborough still held OUI in t he north , in which dirt,C' tion marched Sir A-larmad uke L:tngdnlc' northern horse, from Newcastle'S old army, having \\'i nten~d ncar Shrewsbury, After a passage marked by the most nppalling indiseiplinc and brutal plundering, they re· lievcd Pontcfra(;'t (aided b)' the mass &."SCnion of Sandy's Hone, the seconJ wholesale deftttion of this untt : it had originally been a Royal corps), and then Joined Rupcrt and Maurice in Cheshire, In the Highlands, Montrose I'lllhcd support from those dans with old enmity towards the Marl.luis of Argyll's Campbell dan, and WlIS supplemented further 10 5

b)' the defcI".110n from Argyll of 150 Gordon horse. Taking the war to Argyl l's homeland . ,\lonlTOSC pil. laged the Campbcll c:l.pil:ll , In\'erary, nnd Cfl'lltcd s uch consternation thal some of Leven's :irmy wus drown northwards OUt of England, thus achieving Montrosl;:'!j pnmary objective, William Baillie, one of Lc\'en's gen· erals aided by Urr)" who had deserl~d the King before Second Newbury) commanded a force:lt I)efth , Argyll headed the main body of his !lrm)" the Earl of Seaforth led :100Iher "'(Jrps ut I n\'erness. and:l Co"enllnl garrison held Aberdeen, T o prc\'enl the union of Argyll and Scaforth, MOntrO'Se decided to anack Ihc former by a hill route, difficult enough in summer but IllmOSl im· possible m mid lI'illler, s urprising and ro utmg Argyll's army at In\'erlochy, The Campbell dllnsmen re(.'ch'cd no quarter in payment for years of oppression; as the Glldic poet lan Lom Macdonald wrolc, No 'wrp ill the hIghlands flJ ill sor rotlJ lor J'O lI j Bllllhi birds vi Loch £ il cm :' rdlce/ing " " hrgh. A"d UII: Badclloch tV01VN hcar ,he Call1erOI/S ' (TJ''CO l/it leasl.wl come frasl ft'itere 1I11! la/sc-h('(Jt"/I:d li/!Jl(>

For M onlfOSe's loss of aboul :I dozen men , it "'3S claiml'd that around 1.500 Campbclls were killed in Ihe pu"ui l or drowned in Loch Linne and Loch Ell, Havi ng recrujt<.'d his army 10 aboul 2,500 fOOl and 200 horse, M ontrose intended to stTikc !ltthe Lowlands, but liS before, with each victory, his Highlanders melted :I",a), home lI'ilh their bONY, forcing him 10 retire north 10 reorganizc. Before going, Monlrose sacked Dundee , but whilsl hIS Iroops were looting he learned Ihul lhilhe's Con:onl1I1t anny was but a mile ( 1,6 kilometres) 11\\\1)', Command ing a rcarguard of 200 sober Irish, Montrose managed 10 gCllhc remainder of his d ru nken , disorganized troops away before Raillie arm'ed , Balllie divided his fon'cs in an atlempt to lrap '\·\omrose 1:l lw!lYs a haz!lrdous m:moeunc ag:linst so ~k ilful :1Il ad\'erSary). Urry wilh four good Lowland regimenls and some medIocre levies (totalling !loout 4,000) being lempted to assault Montrose's 1.000 Irish foot amI 650 Gorduns at Auldeam , tWO miles (), ::! kilomClrcs) east of Nairn , on 9 Ma)', Whell the Gordon horse led a counterattack !lgainst Urry's regulars the Covenant army was ovcnhrown , with onl y Urry and tOO horse escaping after:l 14·mile (22,s-ki lomet re) pursuit, P;lrt orlhe New "'·Iodel Army was organized and fI,':ldy to march al Ihe opening (If the campaigning seaSOn of 1645. tnough not all l)arhamentary forCC5 were included in it; the major independent commands were those of the cnergellc Massey in the west and the army of the N onhern Associ:nion (fivc regiments of horse. one of drllgoons and sevcn of foot) under ,\Jlajor·GenerJI Sydenham Pornt z, a mercenary i:1lc1)' in service in Holland and Germany, The conlinu:m ce of the war was me\'ltable followmg a conference between the IWO faclion!> held at Uxb ridge in the first half of May, 1645.

,06

Ihe King refu sing the st ringent demands of !'arliament; these lI'ere thal hc should accepllJrcsbYlerianism as the religion of England, and that permanent colllrol of the army and na\'y be in Parliamcllt 's hands, as well as ~o le responsibility for waging WilT againsl the rebels in Ireland , l'arlilimenf. anxious 10 rdie\'e Taunlon (besieged by Goring). ordered Sir Thomas Fairfax to ac ..'Omplish it with part of his Ncw M odel, the yo ung gen~al (aged onl y 33) having come from Yorkshire in February though hiS appointment was not app ro\'ed until Arril. Royalisl slrategy was cunfuseJ , !md was UPSCI by Cram· well's impounding of me available draught animals around Oxford , depri ving much of the King's artillery of its mobility , With the young Prince of Wales ~n ol yell S) appointed Captain·General in the West, it was intended Ih:1I Goring should remfortc Ihe main Oxford army to m~t Fairfax before Ihe New Model had settlcd inlO its new organization: but Rupe rt , due partly to his halred of GQring, persulldt:d lh\.' King to march north in s l~'Ud , returning Goring to thl!' WCSL which plan Gormg appro\'ed as hl' enjoyed cXercising independent command, Rupefl envisaged attaCking Lc\'('n's army in the north , now depleted by Iroops sent (0 oppose MontfQSe, and was supported by Langdale. whose un· rul y nOflhern horse disliked fighting anywhere except near their homes in Yorkshi re, The King, as ever trusting [QO much on the ad\'ice of others, 8b'TCCd, and disllSlcr rollowed, Fairrax se nt a J etllchmcnt to rdie\'c Taunlon (it was rcinn'sled as soon as GQring returned to the WCSI) but kept lhc remainder or his forces under hIS own corn· mand. makmg clear from the outset that Ihe Nc\\' M odel had no pri\'ilcge"d unlts; e\'en his own regimcnt had to Illke its turn in the IT3r oflhe llrmy. a departu re from Ihe usual custom Ih:1I the general's own regiment always occupied Ihe van on the march and the right of tile line whcn d rawn up for ball\c, As thc King mllrchcd norlh. the Committee of Both Kingdoms inslfUclcd Fairfa..~ to besiege Oxford. hoping that the RO~'8 1 Cluse would collapse wilh the f3ll of Its capital, whilst u\'en could deal with Charles, Lord Fairfax, commanding in Yorkshire, urged Le\'Cn 10 nlarch south as the sieges of C hester and Hawarden Castle were relieved, but Le\'en determined to lld\'ance via WestmorJand where hc hoped hCI.:'ould bolh support Brerclon's Parliament:1rians mme north and cover the King's route to Scotland , an invasion of whleh ht feared, This decided the King to march nort h \'ia Y(lrk· shire, hopefully to evade Leven in \'\'estmorland and recruit m Yorkshire, where Lewn's for~ had made themselves highly unpopular, Charles ordered Sir Charles Gerard from Wales and GQrmg from the "'~st 10 IQin him, but on lcaming that Oxford \\'115 running short of s upplies, diverted Goring to attempt the cilY's rdid, On 26 May ,\Iasscy stormed E.... eshom. scvering direct communications hemeen Oxford and Ihe King's

arm),. Charles' plan was nov. formulat~d : if Oxford could hold for six or eight weeks. h~ would co ntinll~ north and throw Le"':n back across the border: If not, he would return and rendezvous Wi th Goring betwccn Oxford and London, :md whilst ::awaiting a repl )' from Oxford was persuaded by Ruperl to assauh Leicester, the nearest Parliamentary town . 11 was stormed on 30 Moyand Slicked , much to the Ki ng's distress, but its fall threw Parliament into panic. Fairfax was instructed to abandon the siege of Oxford and march against the King, and Parliament began to consider terms of r-ca~. Morale in the Royal army was high and 3t this stage the prestige of the New Model was low; furthermorl!, Ldcest~r was an excellent place TO await The arrh'al of Gernrd and Goring, Then e\'(1)1hing went wrong, as 'the e\'il genius of the kingdom in a moment s hift~d the whole sce ne' ·II , Not knowing that Oxford was free , the council ofwsr (prob::ably influenced by Rupert) beg::an to m::arch the army towards Oxford on 4 June, despi te the fact that some were scatfered after the looting of Lei~st er and that Langdalc's mUlinous northern horse wer~ "::all disCOnTented, and could hardl)' be kept from disbanding or returning home in disordcr' Jl. Sir Thomas Fairfax and the New Model mo\'Cd nearer Ihe King, determined to engage: Fairfax also requested Cromwell as his Lieutenant-General of Horse if the House of Commons could spar;: him. It could. and the architect of the EaStern Association's fine horse was sent to ioin the army \\;th wnose creation he is oft en linked. Apart from his earlier training ofth;: horse and his political endeavours. however, the New Model \\'us the wo rk of other h:lOds. Fllirfux's Stouts found Ihe King's anny cast of Davent r)'. but th~ Royalists began to retire on Market Haroorough })(fore an engagement could be brought. Charles ha\'ing decided to fall back upon Lcittster 10 await reinforcement , IlS his arm)' was inferior in numbers (and qu::ality). Against Fairfax's 13.000 or morc. estimates of the King's suength \'ary from 7.500 to o\'e.r 10.000; probably a figure bi!tween the rwo is more acc urate. In the earl y morning of I) June Fairfax called a council of war which resolved to engage the King: midway through its St.~sion Cromwell arri\'ed with 700 Ilddilional horse. Pressing after the Royalists. Colonel Henry Irelon wit h his own regiment of New Model horse surprised and beat up elemenn of the northern horse ealing their suppe r al Ihe village of Naseby, south or Market Harbo rough, Realizingthat r:'airf::ax was nearer than he had belie\'ed, the King called Il midnight council of war. The (.:onscnsus of opinion WIIS that the Royal army could not disengage suC\.....ssfull)'. so would stand and fight , In the morning the King'sarmywIl5 arrayed on risi ng ground aboul a mile ( t .6 kilometres) south of Market Harborough, a good posit ion tQ stand olf a superior en~my: Lord :\ stley commanded t1le fOOL in ule centre , Rupcrt the 2,000 horse on the right wing, and Lnngdalc

Henry beten (engravlI1g alter Samuel Cooper)

his northern hone plus a small detachment frolll Newa rk on the left , totall ing around 1,600. Held in resen'e were 800 fOOl from the King's Lireguard :and Ruperfs Regiment, plus the Lifeguard or Horse aboul the King, Foirfax 5ent OUI reconnaissance patrols 10 asttttain whct1ler the King: was standi ng or retreallng: the withdrawal of one such pat rol may ha\'e persuaded Rupert that Fairrax was rel iring, bUI ror whate\'er reason he convinced the King 10 lea\'e his slrons: posillon and ad \'anee, W' hen thiS desperate error was realized . it was too lute 10 do anything but draw up as best lhey could on high ground north of Naseby" Fairfax assembled his arm\' in Swedish fashion , tWO hncsoffOOt with the second-line ~giments covering the gaps between thoseof t h~ first ; Fairfax commanded thc centre in IXtsOn, lreton's horse on the left WIlS drawn up in IWO lines, and Cromwe l!,s on the right in three: both \\'ings included unilS or (indcpendent) E::aslcrn Association horse. On the Royal right flank , Okey's N~w Model drJ.goon regiment was strung out in what might later have been termed 'skirmish order', Adum brating Wellington's fll\'ourilc prnctice. Fairf:ax drew back m()St of his armr berond some high ground , out of sight of lhe ROYllliSts. who (laking it for a withdrawal) advanced; Fairfax brought his army back onto the creSt of lhe hill ,

' 07

1('9 The oPPOsing a.mlCS arrayed al Nilseby (rUUSlratron from JoshuiI Sprrgge's Anglia Red/v/vII, Nalronal Army Museum. London)

and battk was joined at about 10 a,m, IIn 1.4 June 1645, l.3.ngdale·s northem horse, opposing Cromwell on the I~arhamenta ry rlgh!. were countereharged by theNew Model horse, Ihe old lro nsidcs of Whalley'$ Regiment m3king first roman, \,(Ijth the Qd\"(Imagc of chargi ng downhill, Cromwcll's troops wIthstood {l voIJc~' of pistol tire, engaged and 5catlered the Royalists who wcre bOlh outnumbered and oudl:lI1kcd. and 'fled farther lInd fasler than bcc:lml' them'U, In ,hc centre. though, Ihe Royal foot movcd so quickl)' that the New l\1odcl regIments had ume to fire onl)' onc \'olley before their first linc was sem spilling backwards l)nlO the st."COnd linc, ASIJey's (001 being no doubt morc experienced than some of the ImprC'Sscd New ,\1OOel men, On the RO}"QI right , thc horse of Rupcn Qnd lreton :l.ppro:lehed e:l.l.'h other somewluit diso rgan iu:d by tht' hedges !md ditches in theIr path, Despite sufferI ng Ihe musketry of Okey's drngo~ms on thclr flank. Rupcn's men had Ihe beSI (If the enmulller: Iremn was brought down And captured as he altempled TO rdic\'e the pressu re on the fOOl of the Parliament:lr), left-centre, and olll} two formed regiments escaped the onrush or I{upcrt 's charge, In:l rcpc:u of Edgehiil. Rupert pursued Ihe fugHit'c.s almost1wo miles (3,2 kilometres), 10 Ihe Parliamentary baggagc park. inslc:ld of ("I.·forming and laki ng the Roundhead foot In flunk and rear, By 11'1(' time he tCco\'ered his command, he was 100 laiC 10 sa,'C' the day and rould only join the King who was Illtt'mpting 10 rally Langd:llc':s bNken holW allhe rear, Their lIdv:lnee Slopped by Fairf:lx', ~eoo nd line, the Royal foot were now bereft of coJ.\':llr)' suppon , How dlll'crent from Rupt:'rl's bch3\'WUr was Ih:lI of C romwell. who instc.ld of careering ofI' nftcr l.:mgda1c, dclUiled suffiCIent hMse 10 w:llch the broken C..n':lliers :lnd then turned his command inwards hll1ssail lhe flank or the Royal foot, Only instilled discipline could control "jclormus horse In this way. disl.'ipitne originallr imbued in CromweJl's Eastern ,'\ssociauon horse , and which now ,'irtuall)' won the war for P:lrliament; as the Jifferent character of the Royal horse would have m:lde I.hl' imposition of such strict discipline much huder, Ruprrt dl)Cs nOt, perhops, deserve: :lll Ihe criticism which has been le,'ellcd:ll him , As remnantS of Ireton's horSe" began 10 refonn, Oke)"5 dl1lgoons mounted and charged the riglll of the Royal foot. whit'1l under pressure on t I1rl,\: sides at last g:l\'C' wll~'.one bngade st;mding firm until Fairfax person:lIl~' led his own regiments of hors;: and fOOl against it, Allhe rear of this dcb:lc1e, thl!' King m:l.de os if 10 lead a fin:ll charge at thl!' he3d of his lifegu:lrd, for wh3tl!'\'cr his failings hc nc\'er lacked ~'O ul",1ge , The Earl ofC:irnw:lIh siezcd the King's bridle 'and swearing twO or thn:c full-mouthed S~'Ots' oaths " , said. "Will )'OU go upon )'our death In an inSI:lnt?'''H and pulled the King's horse rou nd. whereupon Ihe Lifeguord turned :lnd bolted, if mIght ha\'e hetn bell er had the King fa llen a hero amidsl the wrl!'ck of his army al Naseh}"

no

When Rurcn's horse relurncd, an al templ was made lu rJ.l1r into some oruer, but the field was abandoned when Fairf;JX m:lrshalli!d his nrmy, Charles' fOOl was sm:t5hed, his enlire artillery lost, ROY:llist morale se\'erel), denlt-d, nnd hIS papers captured, rc\'eahng:l plan to bring o\'"r :In Irish army and gh'e pr('fercnce 10 Roman C.11hohes, which served onl}' 10 strengthen the 'war purty' in Pariiaml!'nt at Ihe expense of those desIring a seulc.ment. Y('t the King ret11llin('ci optimistic and )ourne),cd 10 Hercford to faise another army, Allhough it grew in numbers until il almosl repla('ed the N:lseby losses, the quality of fecrwlS Wllli indifferent and its leauers no more eerl:lin of what course 10 adopt: torn bc-tween ioiningMontro5CorGoring.lhe King went insteAd 10 recruit in Wales, After the recapture ofLeiccster on 18 June, Fairfax sct off 10 relieve T aunton, C:irlisle Iu\'ing fa llen to DIl\'id Lt'sli('on zS June (C:lusing mixed feelings in Parliamenl , for a Scottish garrison was insl:llled in the old Border fortress). Parli:lmenl intend('d Le\'Cn 10 co\'er the King by besieging Hereford whilst FAlrfllx clc.:lred up to the west. BUI Lcven refused 10 go further than Nottingham until his nrm}' had bl'Cn paid, and furthermorc was eoneernl!'d o"cr the order 10 execute all Irish pnsoners, fl':lring Ihe RO)'aJists might in retaliation order the same fute for c:apturt-d SCOtS, E\'en with:ln EngliSh reinforccmenl, u\'en's force al Nottingham numbered only about 7.000. hlwing b«n deplcled by C:lsuallies. garrisons and detachments se", 10 ch:lSl! Montrose, ..\ s Fairf:lx and C romwell :ldv:\nccd on T:lunton, Goring rnised the siege and prepared 10 meet them in the open, HCRllempted to deceivc Fairfax into dividing his (.'(ll1lm:lnJ by sending a strong force of horse lowards Ilminster, It did C:lU5C a division of Fairfax 's command, but backfired when Goring's detachment was destroyed ut that place on 9 July, Attempling 10 c\'acullt(' his b:lggage and IIrtillery. Goring m:lde a stand al Langport on 10 July, F:lirf:l:l( launched a c~l\'all')' charge :l.long 8 lane which bisecled the Roralist posilion llht' remaindt'r of Goring's front W:lS marshy :md unsuitabk for C:lvalr)'}; led by IIl'OmposltC reglmenl of Falrfax's and \'\'h:l!Jey's horse - lhe old ironsidt's - I.he charge spill Goring's posllion and dro,'coffhis army in eha05.. Two mikslj ,2 kilomelres) further on Goring made a laSI clTort to S:l\'e his Ilrtil1er)' :lnd b..'lggage, but by now momlc h:ld gonc and his army ceased 10 exist, The P:lrli:lmemary forcts m:ldeequlllly short work o(pacifying the local clubmen, who simpl}, wished 10 prOlect their own homl'S. Only in Scotl:lnd was the King's p:ln )' ha\'ing any SUl-cess, and Ihal due enl1fel}, 10 Ihe effons of one remarkable general. After Auldearn, Monlrosc consistently outmanoeuvred a harrasscd Uaillie, ,\ hQSi:' pl:lns were interfered wilh consl:lnlly by advisors :lttached 10 his :lrmy by the u.,mmiltee of ESlates, Ihe ruling Co\'cnant body, Anolher army was Also formed around Pcrlh, commllnded by Lord Undsay, Having scnt away AI:J$d:lir Mllcdonndl to recruit. MonlrO${' had only

Q'Cahan's regiment and loyal Highlanders when ne mcoumered Buillie at Alford on 2 July. Spurred on b)' his tf':mdling committee, &tillie auad:.ed unwisel)' and erne to grier as Lord Gordon, commanding ~ l ontrO!ie's horse and incensed at Ine sighl of t'3ptured Gorda n ClInIc witn Baillie's army, charged prenlluurely and, rollowed by the TCSt or thc army, routed the Co\'cmml force, though Gordon hImself was killed in the fight. Baillic's resignation was rerused for the second time and he was gh'cn 0. new army, mostly unwlined lc\·ies, and, to ensure disaster, another travelling commilll"e under Argyll. Engaging Ma nl rose :11 Kils)'1h, midway b(:. t.....«n Stirling tand Glasgow, on IS August, he met with no more SI/ccess than before: !vlonlrose broke Ba;llie', l"C ntrc~ whiistl"Onlainmg his righl,lhen turned upon Ihat a.nd destro)'ed Ihe army, Argyll fk'
- -

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NAS£8Y R oyalist Arm y

1 King 'S Lifeguard 2 Pllnc;e Ruoert's Ragl, 3 R,ght -w ing horse (Rupef1 & Maurfee' 4 SIr Bernard Astl tty' s tellla 5 Lord Bard's lellla 6 Sir Georgo l lste's torlle 7 HOWilld's Horse 8 leh-wlOg horse (langdale) ParlilJmentlJry Army

9 Buttet' s Reg l.. trelon ', horse 10 Vefmu¥den's Regl , Irelon' s hOlse 11 helon's Ragl . Ilelon's nOIse 12 Rich's Regl , Ireton's nOIse 13 Fleetwoocfs Regl , Iroton', hO/58 14 Associat ion Ho/se 15 Sklppon's Ragl 16 SIf Hardress Wall81 's RagT, 17 PieklJfing's Regl, 18 Montague' s Ragt 19 FalrfaK' S Rag!. 20 Prlde·s Rag\. 21 Hammoncfs Ragl 22 Ra,nborough 's Rog!. 23 Whalley's Ragl " Cromwetrs hOlse 24 Pye's RegL. Cromwetrs hOISl 25 Falllax's Ragt., CromweU's horse 26 SheHield's Ragt., ClOmwell's horse 27 Fiennes' Rag\ , Clomwell's horse 28 Ross'Ier's Regt.,

ClomWOIt'S nOise 29 dlagoons

Ireland, but Langclale's nQrthl'rfl horse was o\'(.'rthrown b), I'oyntz und Ihe bcsleglOg fo rce at Rowlon Heath on 1-1 Septemher, UnablelQhdp, Char1csund hl$ Z,4°O survh'lng horse rode: away next da y. In Scotland , l\'l onlro~e's hopes 10 raise th" l1ordC'r lanclowners for the King proved unfounJcd; his Highlandcrsdrirted homeward and with a disintegrating army M ontrOSC' l'ncoun· tered Onid LC'S lie (rclUrflccl rrom England , with ahout 6.000 men (and Argyll's lr.wdling co mmiH~J 81 I)hlli phaugh near Selkirk ('In t) September, Outnumbered perha ps ten to one and ass:ulcd by a surprise attack OUI or a rog , ,\.lom rose's forcc wa.s annihilated . The general himself cut his \\~"Y (ree \dth a few eompamons, but the lasl remnanls Qr the Irish brigadc, comm:mded hy O'Cuhan . s urrendered on a promise (If clemenc), from Leslie. The min islers!n the Covenant arm), protC'slc:dut this leniency: the lew surVIving Irish troop~ were then

'"

TilE ESGLlSII CIVIL \'('.0.11

massacr~'d, including some 300 C'd mp followers, and O'Coh:ln was Imer hanged in Edinburgh. It was a shameful end 10:1 heroic C3mp3ign. The Kmg ro..'Stcd at Newark, uttempled 10 go nonh lignin until he learned of "'ontrose's disaster. then reti red to Oxford wheTC he arrived on 5 Nm·cmber. There h:ld been ;l tem!X)r.l.ry reconciliation with Rupcrt , the King IlIwing ix.'Cn C'Oll\'inecd that the surrender of nriSlO1 had not been tre3~onnus, bUI he refused I() employ his nephew :lgain . On 13 October the famous Royal stronghold of Basing I-louse was stormed by the New ,\!.odc1 with greal loss of life amongst the garrison, aod excesses by Ihe fanatics amongst the SlOrmeTli; six priesls In the garrison died in the assauh and four were hanb't."
'"

slroycd with a Royal defeal ncar Dcnbigh, Parliament gaining control of nearly all of Wales; Ncwark was in\'cstc
Basmg House after siege. showmg effecl s of inves tment

7 BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND CIVIL WARS The campaigning season of 1646 opened with the Rays. hsts in a totaily hopeless posit ion. In the west, the Prince of Wales appointt'd the faith ful Hopta n commandcr~i n~ chief. but it \.\'as onl y 10 ncgOli:uc a su rrender as the New Model ro lled onw3rd , storming Datl mouth on 18 Jan uary; Fairfax sent home the Cornish garriso n with 25. each, allcmpling 10 win the favour of the Cornish people. Homon was beaten at T orrington on 16 Fcbruar)' and, his ammunition dest royed in an explosion, surrtndcred 10 Fainsx on 14 "'·Iarch. The Royal western field arm ~t was disbanded six days later, th e Prince of Wales having sRiled 10 join his mother in France: III the beginning of the month . C hester had capiluhued on 3 I~cbruary . Ilnd on 2 1 M arch ASllcy's hlSl 3.000 men , en route 10 Oxford, were: bellten III Slow-on-the.Wold, ASlley and LU('llS being taken. O ld ASlley remarked 10 his caplon;, 'You hll\·e done )·ourwork and ma), go play, unless you wilt fall OUI amongst yourselves· I. The King slipped away from Oxford in disguise and g3 \·e himsclfup to the Sconish army besieging Newark, which s urrendered on the da)' after his arrival. on 6 Ma)'. Exeto!r had yielded on 9 April. SI Michael's ~'I ou n t on the 15th , On 22 June Princei Rupc rl and Maurice left Oxford and [WO days later the garrison was disbanded. The last RO)lli strongholds were Ptnde nnis Caslle. held by 8o-ytar-old John Arundel of Trerice. who was pre\'cnlcd by his own garrison from blowing il up in a last gestu re of defiance, II nd Raglan Castle, caplured three days afler I>cndennis Castle, on t9 August. Charles I was take n 10 Newcaslle-upon-Tync, where ht refused to promise Iht Scots to acce pt Presbyterianism as the official English religion, or ngree 10 t.he proposals put to him by Parliament . which eventually paid off the Scottish force s. The King was senl 10 comfortable captivity at Holmby Houst, Northamptonshire. On 16 September 1646 the t tlrl of Essex dit d, 'in a time when he might ha vt been abk 10 han,· undone much of the mischieve he had formerly wrought; to which he had grcut ind inations; and had indig nalio n enough (or Iht indignilies himsclfhad rt.'CCin'd from the ingrateful Parliament,and wonderful apprehension and deltslation oflhe ruin he saw like lO befall tht King :md kingdom , . . he might, ifht had lived, gil'en $Ome chtck to the rage and fur), that then prcvalled ' :. wrote Clarendon, h is entmy. Ptrhaps he was corrttl: how much iI v.as to be lamenred Ihal ont of Parliament"s most capa-

r646-7

ble generals, and certainl), the mosl beloved by hIS troops, should dit in shadows. T he socioeconomic consequences of the FirSI Civil \'.;!ar were probllbly limiled, excludi ng those famil1es which suffered loss o(propcrt)' or lifc. London becamc more puritanical, wnh numerous fast days decrctd during the war in an effort to guarantee d ivint support for Parliament's cause, Some IlfC::aS had suffen"
Okays dlagoons concealed In ambu'd'l behind hedges.

assailing Royal ist flank w ith musketry: nOle men detached as hOI56-holdf!'ls aline leal of Ihe hedge (hom Sl>I"lgge's plan of Naseby)

"3

TUI! ESGU5U

CIVIL

Will!

lhe country as a whole, In some areas rhe demands of war had eaused full emplo),ment, but nell' laxes ( particularly the excise Jcvit'd u{'lOn ale) were unpopular. The many 'ordinary' people now standi ng viclOrs o\'er some of the greatest famIlies in lhe land showed Uule vindicliveness to their erstwhile masters. tho ugh tJ1e undermining of Royal and C hurch authorit}' allowed radical ideas 10 de\'elop, \X'ilh hOlllililies ended, Parlillmenl had IQ anempt a seulement with thc Kin g, and find somc way of disbanding their armics, The fo rmer was made impossible b) the King's allilude; had he agreed that Presbyterianism bt: acccpted liS the national religion for IhrCC' \!Cars. and Ihal Parlillmen\ control rhe armed forces for ten, he might have been restored lO his throne imme· diatel)'. BUI he pre\laneated. Deal ings with Ihe armr were no mo re successful, T o be rid of them, Parliament decided that half should be disbanded ( includmg all officers !Ibo\'e the rank of oolone], :lpan from the oommnnder-in-chief), a nd Ihat the reSI should be s;;-nt to l r;:land or kept in sccuril y Jutics in England, no clear provis ion Ix-ing made for payffil'nt of arrears of pay. By keeping the a rm )' undcr command of officers they could IruSt, the 'pcace party' hoped to retain enough power to ensure thallhe King k;;-]lt to the constitutional 8e[11emenl the), hoped [0 :trrnngc Not unn:lIurally, the arm}, obiected todemobjli1.3lion WIthout being guar.mt~ the pay ow;;-d them, and lhus grew lhe conflict between the army a nd a maiorlty of Parliament. A dcpul:llion from Parliament \\';;-111 tOam1~' helldquarters 31 Saffron Wald;;-n in spring 16~ 7. to be lold Ihat the arm), wanted more mformation about disbandment and the Irish expedition, and the rank and file presented to Fa irfa.~ a petition requesting arrears and Ihal bereaved widows and orphans of soldiers sho uld rceeh'c pensions, The perpetrators of these not unreasonable demands, thought I>arliament, \\'erc in a 'distempered condition' and to be regarded as 'cnemies of Ihe Suite :md disturbers of the public peace') If they continued. A second deputation ins isted that

'S,ege-p,eces' stluck in Newalk (engraVIngs)

PLATE 22 57 Mercena ry French musketeer 58 Me rcenary o ffi cer of horse The Influ~ oll()(eign m,litarv experts, mercenalies and Butls" officers relUlned Irom ollerseas would hlJlle resulted in the presence of foreign s tyles of alms and ellen costume. ThiS musketeet wears French ·swle unifolm, as i1IUSC!lIled (IOf e~amolel in Lostelnau's l.~ MafIJSchal d~ Balaill~ (1647), The coat hn sleeves open down the front seam and Cl contrast,ngly-coloured lining. and the \lerv baggy breeches hav~ a pleated bottom edge IUrned back and laced. showiog Ihe coloured lining. All Ilems 01 costume are ornllmented by "bbon bows, and the OUlet pair of stockmgs is CUI and tied up with ribbons so as to resemble the shape of solt ·lopped boo\.S, The French-swle musket has a Irigge, In Ihe fOrm 01 a 'sear' bar. an old faShIon which persISted InIO the IllIer part 01 the eenlury despole the IntroductIon of more modarn "iggelS, and Ihe musketeer IS encumbered WIth both a sPlked'ended muskel res t and a swine-leather. Combined rest and swlneleathers. musket rests WIth pIke heads, were ne~el In general use but d;d exist: see for e~ample £lffoprllm AIIIIS & AfmaUI. W.lla" Col/eerion bV Sil James Mann (London 1962) \101, 11

o

620.

The officer wears a buff·coat wllh silver lace hoODS on thl! sleeve, a not uncommon decoration misinterpreted by some later allisls to give the impreSSion Ihat rugby shifts were worn durif'lg the CwllWarl He wears a PoIish·style llschlJgge helmet with ftuted skull. $lldmg nasal bar and a small tube at the front on the left into which Ihe plume was af"~ed, He has a knoned neckelchicf as a field sign. and hps tied hIS sword to h,s wrIst With a leathel thong,

Pairfa" (JrdL'f' hiS men to voluntee r for Ireland, to sCr\'e undc! Skippon, who was lruJ;\ed ill London, Fttirfax said he wuuld e"press a wish , bUI would not g h'e such an order. and the army said it would do nothing until arrear.; had been paid and an indcmnit~' gi\'en, Parliamenttilen \'otcd six weeks' pay and scnt four M embers, including Cromwell, S kippon and IrclOn , to speak to the army. -nle), reportt'd that the arm), was still dissatisfied at rCttiving SIX o r eight weeks' pay when they were owed for morc than a year. but would dIsband if a satisf:tC1ClTY arrangem\'nt could be mlld~·. but would not go 10 Irl:iand, F:tirfax WlIS told Iha! his army wanted 3 g;;-neral ml'Cting. when 'agilato rs' from each regiment oould pUl its ease. On" June the whole force camped al N;;-wO'\lIrkel, This disaffeclion in his e nemies' mnb gave Ihe King ncw hl'arl ~ they were. as Ast)ey hlld ,said , falling out amongst thcmsel\'es, Charles lold the Speaker of the House of Lords that he agreed 10 the proposals gwcn him, but Ihat he wished to come to \'\7estminslcr 10 give tbe n.xeu ary Roy31 assent to the bills which would 3chie\'c the scu lement . His plan. e\'idelllly 10 .11.:1 as a sym bol of national recondliation or to profil from the

~

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-

split in Joy~ ,

hi~

opponents' ranks. was spoiled by Cornet

a junior officer, who arrived al Holmhy and lold

the King Il) accompany him to the army, 'His majestY asked, " By Whlll 3ulhority they came?" j oy~~nswered, " Oy ulis"'; :md shewed them his pislol' .. The army h3d staged 3 significant ":Oup. From the arm)"s seizure of the King in early jun\.' 16,H. their demands 10 P3rliament altered, Alienated by l"Ontessions already given (0 'rcformadOl."'S' and the CitY of LAndon {which still possessed its tramed bands). suggesting a possible armed revolt againsl them, the arm~ now beglln 10 urge a constilutional scttlement which would mdude ,heir own claims for fairtrcalment. This politiciz:uion of I.he army may have been linked 10 the evolulinn of Ihl.' uveller mo\'emenl, whose Il!3der. john Lilburne, had been a ticulen:ml-colonel. Cromwell :lOd othcr senior o BiceTS still averred that seulements should be: made by Parliament, but the)' were forced 10 reco nsider by the 'Declaration of the Army', dated I S June. drawn up by the Council of the Army ( which included 'other r.mks' as well as oftko.'rs) and wh.eh claimed thm il wns the),. not Parliament, which truly represented the 1>eOI)ie, as the)' were nOt:l mercenary body but one c;!lIed forlh for the defence oflibertr, \,\' hilst the King was in the army's cuslody, he continued to negoti:l1e with anyone prepared to listen, From the army he accepted a dOcument drawn up by Irelon, "rhe )'Ieads of the Proposals', as a basis for negotiation, and he was approached by the SCOts (notabl~' the Duke of Ilamil ton and the Earl of Laudcrdale) who offered to support him in return for acceptance of their religious dcmonds, To thC' army he spoke oftolcrario n, and to the Scots oflhe suppression of the SttIaries, Then he escaped from Ihe army's custody at Hampton Court and fled to the Isle of \'l:fighl where, unable to escape 10 France, he agreed to the Scottish proposals, 10 thC' establishment of a Presbyterian system for three. years, to suppress the Independenls [lnd other seas, and to conSf,.'nl h) an assembly of di\'incs 10 be convened to make ':I permanent religiOUS sC'uJemenl; in rerum, by this 'Engagement', thC' Scots promised to restore him 10 his throne. Before this pact was scaled, hO\\·e"C'r, the army h:ld begun to pressurize I':lrliament; on 6 August it

Medal cetebratlng the Ea.1 01 Essex (engI8vlIlg)

116

entered London and 1I lcadersoflhe anti-army faction in the Commons fled , The arm)' then ro.'ured to Putner, where Cromwell chaired nrmy debatl'S in Ihe face of a grOWing (but :IS yet undeclared) rC'publiC'.In mo'·ernem unde r LC'\'elter influen(.-e, Cromwdl was still wilting to :lcttpt the King's reSloration if it would relurn the countr), to peace, but in Ihe Commons o n 20 October he declared dUll negotiations should onl y continue if Ch:uk'S :lcceptcd Ih.: rigorous terms presented :I. NewCIIstle. When it bc.eame know that Charles h:ld made an engagement wilh the SCOtS Commissioners, howcver, a vOle was carried to StOP negotiations :lnd to watch him moreciosely. The outbreak of the conflicl known as the Second Ch'il \'('ar was founded upon the inllbility to r~:lch :1 settlement with the King and Ihe subsequent uncertainty :lbout the (Ulure, for although the r~public.:an movement was growing and suggl'Stions of impo.'aehment of the King \\c re m th\.' air. (he majorit y stilt regarded him as the natural (if onl y symbolic) head of Ihl' nation. ScconJly, the re \~as growing rcsentmC'llt of the harsher side of l·uritllnism being enforced in some places, and the continuing dominance of the eounfy committees. originally formed during the war 10 r:lise recruits and funds, bU I which had been givcn powcrs to sequester Royalist eStates and had become, in the more extreme examples like the administration of Sir Anthon)' Wdden in Kent, \'inually local dictnlOrships, Thus the rising in Ihat county in 1648 was more of a prOtest against the commlltc\''S than primarily :In expression oflo)-dl t)" to the King, and the resulting lack or coordinat ion doomed the rising to f:lilufC:. In tht, first warit waslhe King'. central dirtttion , wayo.vard though it was allimcs, which had en:lbled the Ro)"aliSlS to fight ~ long: now, the King ....11;' powerlas and the onl), central di~clion was fro m Fairfax 10 hiS ruthlessly effi· cient New M odeL To be stricti), accurdle, by F~bru:lry 1648 the lalter had been ~pl:lecdofficiall)" bra 'Standlng Arm}'" incorporating elements Olhc.r Ihan those of the New Model , nOlab l~' from the forces of the NOrthern Associ:ttion. The new army comprised q regi ments of horse and 17 of fOOl, with 30 ' loose (:omp:lnies' unaffiliated to lIny parlicul:lr regiment,

THE S E COND CIVIL WAR

16 4 8 I'erh.ap$ the most succinct account of lhc= Second Civil War (or ~rhops of O"Y war) was that gi\"cn br Sir Winslon Churchill: 'The SlOryofthe Second Civil War IS shon and simple. King, Lords and u,mmons, land-

lords and merchants, the Cil)' and the counlrysidc , hishops
PLATE 23 59 Officer of foot , New Model Arm y 60 Pikeman, New Model Army 61 Musketeer, New Model Arm y 11 appeals Ihill the New Model ~"'my wore led uniforms from

Ihe beginning Tha men ara Redcoatsa'l. the whole army only are d islinguished by severel faclngs 0 1 Iheir coats" Thl!Se coats ale described In Ihe COntraCI books ollhe New Model, ,"cluding the vanous facing colouls and ' tape S!flngS' used 10 faslen the CoalS; fOI ellample, Two ThaI/sand Coat~s arid rwo '"ouslInd Bleeches at seventeen shlllmgs a Co"t 6 Br~ef:/les Two Thousand pairs of slocklflS al Th"fleflfl~ PfJllce hallo ponfly It pair~. The cO/JIes to be of a R~d ColOllr Md of Suffolke, CovenlrY Or GlouGester, shlfe Cloth and to bemiJde Three quarters 8 If nayle 10llg faced with bllyse ar Col/ott wilh laPfJstrmgs aCCOrding /0 a pa rtolll delivered ill/o ve said CommIttee The Bre~ches 10 be of Grav or some other good Colou/~ 6 made of Reading Cloth or other Cloth If! length Three QUllrters one eighth welf lined and T",nmed sutable to ye PIIttern~s pr~sented, the said Cloth both of ye Coates IInd of ye Breechu 10 IH flfst slllunke In Cold water, The stocklfls 10 be of good Welsh Cotton,'

Another ellample was 4,000 coalS and breeches, 'ye tape 10 bee while, blew, gleef1e, & yellow ,, 100 With orange ribbon. 8n1 S- p pee the Cloth to bee shrunk 1,000 W·h orange" Other 8fltrtH IOlhe contracl books ,"clude detailed InstIUC-

towards Ihe mood of cven modct3lccitiuns and adumbrated the Kcnl n sings of Ihe ("nowin!! spring, The firsl military actions occurred in \Vales, where Colonel I'o),er, Go\'c::rnor of Pembroke Caslle, whose troops wcre rCSlWC Qver thdt unpaid wages , declared for the Ki ng and roused a revolt over SQuth \X'I1Jc~ as he def eated a Parliamcnral')' force near Carmarthcn , 1\ decision had been Hlken in Scotland In raIse an 'engager' army, and on 28 April Sir Marmadukc Langdalc wilh ROYlllists from Scolland caplured Berwick-uIXlnTWj,.'t!d, and o n the followi ng day Carlislt" was siczcd, Parliament's situation lookcd serious; Fairfax was faced wi th the Ihre:lt of a Scouish In\'asion. a \'?d~h ming, dis turbances in Kc nl and ES5Cxancl perhaps in Ihe WeSl, againsl which he had o nly his S landing Army, as m QS I of

lions for 5hirtl, shoes 01 specIfied SIzes, ' Snapsacks lalge & of good lealher' al Ss, a dozen·, Spanish PIkes (15 feet (4 6 metres » al 45. each end Englllh pikes ( 16 leel (4 9 melres )l al 4s. 2d .. and muskeleefS ' bandoliel'swhlCh appear always 10 have had blue· painted IUbes and blue-Ind-whlte suings' 'The bolles of the said , Band!leers 10 bee of wood WITh whole Bonoms, 10 be turned w'" In end not Bored, the Heads 10 be of Wood, and 10 be la\ld In ovie (vlZI) Three limes OV8l. and to beCOIOUfed blew w'" blew and while strings With strong thr8(j twist. and w'" good belts, BIl Twenty pence a peece '8 The use of th ese uni fo rms IS confirmed bV CromWelr5 ordet, for Ihe almy senllo Ireland, of '15,oooca55ock5 of Venrcs · red colour shlunk in walO!" , 'he same number of 'breeches of grey or olher good cotour' and 10,000 hats end bands': Iha re· maining 5,000 presumably would heve been IIqUIPped with pikemen's helmels and thu s nOllllquired hals The men lliuS1laled weal wha t was pfobably Ivpical New Model uniform, Ihe offrcer wl lh & partizan es a 'leading sleff end th e muskeleer wi th his blue · lubed bandolier, Th.s rathel auslere chareclel, dUllfully leading hiS Bible, wea rs Ihe seagleen ribbon of Ihe Levellers lied around hiS h8l, NOTES I l't'I«I f>~J>IIt6,; M;a)'

16.t$; KcYO\Inl,E,IGt",II,r

: New Moot! nrmy Conll'W;t B..'Ob, r~ F(bniilry IN fir..,. Illld A'",.,1lr S«~f'J \,1 [ 196' ) 69 1 Ibod I'- llj (J nllnl l&.isl

1j 16.l ~ t !>ft J iJ"'1fod ,1

4 1InJ,p. loo(u.o.ea,mMfI6-4 S) ) 1/nJ, JI , 81 17 "t.arch ,f4j )

6

1 ~'-JOrI, voI

I, r 11

117

PLATE 23

--

....... o

.~

...

59 Otficer olfOOI , New Mod'l!l Army -

~~::>-

......-

::-

60

P; ~eman, NewM

r',b.rmy

61 Muskeleer, NewModelArmy

PLATE 24

II"' ,.. 1'1

,~

~.,

"

//

.,

62 63 64 Musketeers. New Model Armv

-""

r

-

i. """" •

Tile P.Ncusn CIVil

\VI".

PLATE 24 62, 63, 64 Musketeers. New Model Army The men iIIustlllted wear New Model unIform as described for Plate 23. but two of those armed wIth flfelock muskets have canrdge boxes suspended 'rom a wllistbel t instead of a bandohel These bolles, recommended by Orrery among others. could be worn /llther inside the coet (w hich when fastened over the top plov,ded proteclion from the ,ain) 01 outside, and aredescnbed in the New Model conlfaet books as 'boxes of Sllon;e plete covered w'~ bllICk leather 700 01 them halfe fOUnd & Ihe olher SOO double al x'»1 I, p, "

the lown g:Jrrisons and local forces had been disbanded, F!lirfoo.; despatched CromwcJl to reinforce' the Parlia· mental')' presence in \\:Iales; Newl.:ast.!e WII$ held by Sir Arthur Haselrig with (1,1,'0 regiments. a fu rther twO were already in the west under Si r Hnrdrc-ss \X/o Uer, and Gloucester and Oxford were gnrrisoned. 'lbere was :l small field army in the north under 1\olajor·General John Lambert. an experienced New Model officer rrom rne West Riding who had helped IrC'lOn frame 'The He:lds of Ihe Proposals', a capable though ambitjous sold ier whose unlikely hobbies included growing flow· crs (I~rned from Lord Fairfax), painting and needle· work. With these forCtl to stabilize the sit uation. Fairfax hoped 10 crush the unrest in the Home Counties before turning his :menlion dsewhere, In early May the Scottish Parliament wrote 10 WestminSler demanding that Englishmen take the Presbyterian Covenant. rno t negotiations with the King be roopened, and that the 'army or scctaries' be disbanded, ' Ibese demands were re)l"Cted, lne Scottish army under the Duke of Hamil· ton was weakened severel y by the opposition of Argyll and the clerb')') since the in\'asion of England would In\'ol\'e cooper,1I10n with non·Covenant Royalists; most slgnificanl l}', the ScOts' most able commander, Oavid Lcslic. declined the appoin tment of Major-General of I-Iorse, When Cromwell arri\'ed in Wales he found the rising 120

already half--crushed, \\ith onl), the reducllon of Pem· broke and C hepstow Cast..les needed to C'xtinguish Ropi resistancC' completely, In Kent , howC'ver , the situat ion was morc !Crious and induded 0 re\'ol t of the crews of ships stat ioned 10 the Downs, as wcll as the seizure or Rochl'Ster and Sandwich among other towns. Parliament reappointed the Earl of Warwick !IS Lord High Admiral (having been depri\'ed of his office by the Self· Denying Ordinance), but e\-cn he was unable to regain control or the HeeL But the Royalist risings wcre not on ly uncoordin~ted but also badly led; the Prince of Wales appointed Warwick's brother, the Earl of HolI:md, as I.:ommandcr-in-chicf in England, and he in rurn p\'e locnl comtTUnd in the Home Counties 10 George Goring, Earl ofNomich (father Qf the dissolute g('neral of horse), a pleasant counier but totally lacking in military experience, whose one aim was apparently 'to please eveI')' man, and comply with every body's humour' 1. Against this cOmmamJer and his I t ,ooo rebels (man), or whom more resembled an armed mob than an army) was matched Fairfa,x and his dficient New Model (or now Standing) Army, Feirfax arrived outside Maidstone on the evening of I June 16,,6, intending to storm uu: Ro}'alist-heJd count)' capital next day; but as his van became invoh'ed in heavy .skinnishing, the remainder of the arm)' was drawn in and a furious street fight ensued, all 4,000 of Norwich's dC'ce'nt troops resisting the Parliamentarians. By midmght the barricades were down and Fairfllx victorious, As the mopping-up of the Kem insufTttlion continued , Nom'lch withdrew towards London but WIIS unable- 10 gain much support. On 4 June the Royalists in Essex rose, their support including part of the tMlined bands oYer which Sir Charles Lucas was put in command. On 9 J une LUC'dS' force was joined by Norwich and othe rs from London, including Sir Gcorge Lisle and Lord Cape!. Their local suppon W85 limited, however, the nonhe rn county trained bands declaring for !'llrlia· ment and securing the county magazine at Brainlree. Norwich Ilnd Lucas withdrew on 12 June to Colchester, Lucas' home \\'he.~ his family populariTY miGht benefit recruiting_ lnc~ were other minor risings; Lord Byron , re· turned from France, siezed AnglcsC')' and prepared the Welsh Royalists to cooperate with the Se~)(tjsh army when it arrived, In the nonh, Langdale had surprised and cnptured Pontcfract, compelling Lambert to divide his force'S. pan to besiege the town ilnd part to inlcrcepl Langdale's main body. The revolt in the na\')' resulted in the: Downs fl«t sailing for Holland to join the i'rincc of Wales; the~' we re led by twO ex.Parliarmntarians, Lord Willoughby of Parham and Admini Batten, the latler a Presbyteria n who disliked t~ new IndC'pendent regime. Fairfax rushed his 5,000 trOOp' toward Colchester (covering 50 miles (80 kllometres) in two da)'s. a con· sidernblc fcat) and engaged Lucas' army on 13 June,

'Siege-piece- struck In ColchesllIf, 1648 (engraving)

Lucas withdrew inlo the lawn and ~sis ted all Fllir(ax's attempts 10 break in , the j'arliamentarillns suffering severely: with the SCQllish danger coming closer. a large part o( Parliament's (or..:es were to be lied down besieging Colchestcr, an advantage. however. upon which the Royalists were unable to capitalize, T he Earl o( HoUand attempted 10 siezc Reigalf: with a smull Royalist force in early July. but after a sharp fight at Kingston on 7 July with a. de tachment d(.'Splllched by Fairfa:", the Royalists were scattered and Holland ultimately (''lIPlUr
L:t.mben, anticipating a SCQuish invasion by the a rm~' mossing al Dumfries, had to ~e nd more trOOps 10 contain the Royal ists in Nonhumberland , le:H'i ng him (including localle\'ies) with arou nd 2.500 horse and 2,000 (00(, Arrayed agBinst him were some 2.3 ,000 SCOtS plus Langdale's english , but commanded by Ihe Duke o( HamillOn and his equally incompetent deput)', the Earl of Cal1ander, Baillie commanded the (001 and John t\,tiddleton the horse, Ihe laHer a Parliamentary com' mander during the First C iVIl War, Lambert retired before the Scouish invasion and tit Olley on t3 August was joined by Cromwell, sent (rom soulh Wales now that resistan(.'e was ended. Neither side seems 10 have had an y definite plan; as Hamilton intended to march towards London, hc held 2 counci l of war near LanC:Jster to decide which route to take, to advance into Yorkshire or con tinue soUlh th rough LanC',lshire. T o :!.\tempt a junction with Byron's projected rising in Wales. Ihe laller course was selected . though the in(.'O mpclenl Hamilton sacrilked a \'alullblc reinforcement of 3,000 troops brought (rom Ireland by Sir George Monro by using them onl)' as a reserve, simply becausc Monro re(uscd to take orders from eilher BlIilhe or Cal1ander, Despite Langdaie's warnings that the enemy was near. Hamihon kept his ann}' hopelessl)' dispersed: lhus, his ''3stl y superior numbers could not be coneenlt'Ilted against Cromwell who encountered Langdale's ronti ngenl (the Royalist rearguard) outSide Preston

on lhe moming of 17 August, Uingdale requested as· sist:mce, which HllmillOn " 'liS prepared " ',I st'nd. bUI Olllander, unwilling 10 risk his Seonish troops to save the English contingenl , persuaded Ilamilton 10 lel che Scottish (001 go 50uth across Ihe Ribble. lellvmg Uingdale's rearguard 10 fi ght alone,lhough to his C'Te-dit, Hamilton himsel f joinl-d l..t\ngd:'lIe. Langda!t-'s (001 re· sisted stubbornly but after a (our-hour fighl were o,'ercome, Langdale and hi ~ horse moving north 10 join Momo. and HamI lton rejOlnmg his (OOt , SI ill mO"lOg south. Pressed hard by the I'arliame'nlary forces , the' e
Till> EHGLISIt CIVIL \'C.. k Ludlow, representing the growin g republi.:nn "",\'e-

mc:m, romplai neJ (With linle e!fee: } 10 F:mfax over Ihe rfi>pe ning of negotiations, bUI was reech'cd more symra thetirnlly by Henry IrelOn . Irelon believed the only wa)' 10 s to p ocgOliations was 10 exert in nuencc Ih rough the army ruthcr than Parliament , and accordingly COIl1~ed a ' remo ns tran ce' whieh he wanted the army to su bmit 10 Parliament. dem ondingcons lilulional reform ond , to ensure the counlr~"s safcl )" lh:u Charles should be PUI o n lriol. On 18 November 16 .. S the army's co uncil o f officers acceplt-d Ihe remo ns trunce. Both Fairfax and C romwell were carried along by the rt'S t; Foirfa.'I: decided wllh reluctance that the Ki ng's deposi tion WaS ne<:csSllr), and that the arm y h ad 10 be used to pressurize l'ariJam('nl , w hilst Cromwdl would h o\"e preferred 10 ha\'e persuaded the 1·lou se of Commo ns to dlsL"Ontinue negol1lillo ns with the Kin g r:nher than the drast ic m e3sure which was adopted by lreton and Ludlow, On 6 Dceem Mr the Members arm'cd 10 find th e Parliamentguard (normally th e C ity tr.Iined bands) repl:lecd b y reg ul nr soldiers, w ith Colonel T ho mas Pride at the entmn et' to th e I'arliament 1·louse refusing ndmiuall('e to those Membe n. o p pOsed to the most drastk measures, T he so-called ' Pride's Purge' excluded 1116 Membt'rs

The execuTIon 01 Charles I (Dulch pl'lOt)

PLATE 25 65. 66. 61 Gunners, Royalist artillary h hils been stated that the Klng's arllllery traIn WOfe blue coats laced WIth red. Ihe 'tradItional' colours of lhe Royal An,l1ery This belle/. Blezed upon to accord Ihe Royal Artillery unllorm With more antiquity Ihan perhilps it warrants. seems based entirely upo n a single copy 01 the frontispIece 10 Eldred's Gunner's Glasse ( 1642), probably hand·coloured 8t a later date in the colours then worn by the Royal Anillery In reality. the crude portlal! 01 Eldred (i n his eighty . third year ) shows a single· breasted coat With fringe· ended loops ollKe on the breast. wh ich may well have been a civihan sun Noothar con· temporary sources Ind,cate blue an illery umlorms, lhe earhest reliable descflpllOns concern striped jackets ( 1688) and led or Crimson coals ( t 696- 1703). In lact. C,VIl War anlllerymen probably wo'" ordinary ciVilian CIOlhing Of thal 01 the fOOl, With additional equIpment: for eKBmple. JO March 1643 It was noted that long poleaxes had been dahver ed to live gunners and twelve maIJosses (ass,stants). and swordS 10 the twO wheelwJights. of the tlain organized 101 Pnnce RUpelt'5 siege 01 Lichfield The gunnBfs Illustrated Include twO members of a gun learn. one wearing an old 'cabasse!' helmBt and bearing a rammer, and the other WIth a kmtted woollen cap and cs/lYing a ladte used lor tlanslalllng powder from the ·budge· barrel' or 'bouget" illustrated IntO the muZZle ollhe u nnon. POWdBf· barrels were Imed with labrlC or lealher. enabling Ihe top to be drawn together, and ballded wnh lOpe lathel than liOn, to reduc e Ihe danger of 8CCldll1l1al uploslOn caused by the striking of sparks. The gunner In lhe IOllgfoulld cames a 'hnstock' or '!inkstock', In effect a pike or pole which allied a length 0 1maTch, usually held by metal Jaws as itlustr8led. The burning match could be used TO ignite the chafge 01 a cannon direc tl y, by being insefled InlO Ihe touchhole ollhe ballet. Of be STuck In the groulld behInd e battery Of body of musketeers 10 provide e IlghllOf matches camed by each gun captain or individual musketee. whose match had been eKtinguished

and arrested -'!5 of the mosl \'ocifc rous c rit ics of the ptan \0 depose the King; these included sueh Slaunch I'arti a· menl.llry soldiers as Colo nel Mossey. Sir \'(' illiom \'\:;al1er and Generals Bwwne nnd Copley. With this excl usio n from Parliament o r the 1C'.1ding i'resbYlerinns . whose aloofness had pre\'ented compromise with either King or ann), in war or peace, the King's lasl hopes d isap~art'd .

The pu rged l'louse of Co mmon~ decided that the negollalio ns with the King were ' hi ghl Y disho no urable and destructive of Ihe pt.'3et' o f the kingdo m ' and es tablished a rommillee [0 bring the Kin g to jusIJee. On I January 16.. 9 an ordinance was passed establishing a cou n to tr y him: o n 27 January he was l.-ondemncd to Jcath as a tyrant and trai tor respon sible fo r the bloodshed o f his own people. On 30 J anuary, phr5icall), bra\'c 10 the la5t, K ing Charles I was beheaded :1I Whitehall.

122

PLATE2S

• ",,'1,."

THE THIRD CI V IL W A R 16 49-5 1 Tht' new king, Ch3rlcs 11 , had lh~e possibk courses Open hJ him: he could 311empI 10 regain his throne with foreIgn IIssislanct'. b}' an invaSIOn (rom J reland, or from Sco_land. The' firsl \\'t\s ne,'cr fC3Siblc; the declining mfluence and later death orhis brother-in-law, William 11. Stadholdcr of the United Netherlands, neutralized his most likely ally, and whilst lending moral suppon France wus p~cupiC'd by he'f own lrOublcs. Spain, fearing the naval slrcngth oflhe English, was the first to recognize the Commonwealth Govcrnmcnl, the remnllnlsoflhe HouseofCommons which had in\'ested so\'crcign fighls in itself. Im'asion from Irchlnd or Scolland were reasonllbk possibilities, bUI unkss Ih,""), actually bc1,'3n could expect hull:: aSSiSl:lm:c from English Royalists. crushed hllrder as a n.'Sult of the Se<:ond C i"il War Ilnd closely scrutiniz.ed by the county commiuttS; and in March Lords Holland , H~mihon and Ca~l were all exttut,;-d, A fortmght bc"fore Charles I's death. however, temporary peace had been brought to lrelllnd when the MarqUIS of Ormomle-, Ihe King's Lord-Lieutenant, had concluded a treat)'3t Kilkenny bctw«n the Royalist and Confederate 1rish factions, by which the Confedenltl'S agreed to supply Ormonde w,th IS.000 men in return for the independena of the Irish Pllrliamcnt and freedom of rdig;on to Rom:1O CatholiCl. BUl Charles 11 tarried too long in going to Ireland to pro\'ide a figure:hc:ld to unify the IWO camps, and by the time he was ready to land it was tOO hue. On )0 March t649 Cromwc:1J IIc«ptc:d the appointment os Parliamt"nl's Lord-Lieutenant and Captain-General in Ireland and took an English army to c rush Royal res istance:. His anny was not prepared without difficuhy, for o nce again objections were raised regarding service 1n Irelund, cnusing disaffection and mutiny which was onlyqudled by Fairfax in ]" \IlY. Even before: C romwcll's arrival Ormonde had been defeated at Rathmines(.2 August 1649) and Cromwe1J prOCt!eded 10 crush the Irish with vigour and barbarity, most notably in the slaughter of the garrison :1I Orogheda_ By May 16so Cromwdl was back in London, ko\';ng an arm, of occupation in Ireland commanded by his sonin-law Henry Irelon, his Lieutenant-General in the prevIous campaign, Scotland W3 n more: fertile ground for Charles· hopes, and on S February 1649 a proclamation was issued acknowledging his succession as Charles 11 and lamenting the 'wieked and lnl)'lerous murther wC(" dOl! 124

from our soules abominate. and all parties and consente" Ihereunto': on 2.1 Februar), Montrose was appointed the King\ Captain-General in Scotland wi th instructions It) raise a loyal army. R:lIhcr than accept the severe terms put 10 him b)' a Scottish delegation ..... hich ,·isited him in Hol lund in 1649, howe\·er, Charles prevaricated in the hopes of s ueens in Ireland , When there was no longer an alternative, he entered into new negotiations wnh the Soon ish Commissioners:.lt Breda. The ruling SOOt fi sh Committee of l::States proposed terms which (,\·I.'n Argrll conSidered too strict , but Charles was encouraged by Willinm I I to agree, a nd on I i\hy 16so signed the Treat)' of Breda. B), this he undertook to impose PresbYlerianism upon England , to outlaw Roman Catholicism, 10 acknowledge the Scottish Parliament and renoun\..~ the arrangements with Montrose and Onnonde, in rerurn for an invitation 10 be crowned in Scotland and to have the Engagen' rights restored to them. Probably neither side intended to abide by these agreements; Charles mUSI rua\·c been unenthusiastic aOOUl the religiouJ Slricmrcs, and the Scots wished o nly to use hIm as a figureht"lld 10 help funhcr thdrown cnds. I3cforc thl' trC'.It)' was signed the last actS ofa gtl:at and gallant general had 1>«n played out in Soodand. l"IOnlrose, in his last heroic bid in the RO}'a1 cause. landed at Kirkwall lt1 I11c Orkneys on 1] March 16.50. With him we~ some .500 Danish and German mercenaries, 1,000 local r«ruils, a troop or so hone, old Royalists and mercenaries, and the: praClicc:d TUrncoat Urry, o nce mo~ a Royalist. Montrosc:'s small force: - of negligible military value for t.he Orcad;ans were totally untrained - awaited the expected Ro),alist n $ing among the clans. h never ,--ame, and Mont.r05e was crushed b)' the local rorces from l nvcmess al Carbisdale on 27 April , the Orl"lldians fleeing wilhout striking a blow. The mercenaries and horse put up :I good fight but were overwhelmed . MOntr05e a nd Ur r)' were executed in Edlnburgh in the following month. Montrose's lust words concerned his King and countr)'; his latc master, who ' li\'ed a sai nl a.nd died a martyr', and hIS present seWercign, in whom 'never an}' people .,. might be more huppy in a king' I . His dying declaration. 'May Al· mighty Gud ha\·c mercy on thIS afflicted euuntry'. might wdl ha'·e: applied to the whole oflhe island, for when tht' king for whom Montrosc had died enlered Aberdeen en ro ute to his proclamation as king in Edinburgh, ha\'}ng repudiated the principles for which his genc:'ral had died,

TilE TlllltD CI Vil.. WAil 16~ 9-51

he passed through thc city gatc o\'cr which sdJl hung a dismembe red arm of Ihe great !\brquis, lronicnlly, the Third Civil War was nOI initiated by the SCOtS but by the Council of Stale in London which decided thol an expedition to Scotland wus required to forestall any Scottish offensive, H3d they not in"3ded Scotland, it is unlikely th31 Argyll and lhe: ruling Cove· nanters would have inili3 t~d conflicl :u This sl ag~, though there was still rc5entment at the execution by the English of a Scottish king. There we r~ difficulties in launching an invasion of Scotland as new regiments lud to be formed and a commander appointed, Fairfax having dl"Clined partly on the grounds that militarily it made better sense to await a Scortish iO\'asion and defeat 11 in England , and paruy Utat, although he would fight to the death to defend England, he could no t invade ::I country with whom there still existed:l Solemn League and Co,'enanl. Ignoring the differences between the Engagers ond Covenanters. the Council of State ap· pointed C romweil commander of the cxpedition. \vjlh Lumber! sccond·in·command and Monck Major· General of FOOl , Fairf3x, whose wife was 3 Presbyti.'rian Royalist, had become progressivcly alien:lIcd from the new regimc (he hod declined to take 8n oath to the Commonwealth or sUPPOr! the lrial of Char/cs I) and was probably glad 10 be out of a position of respon· sibilil}', CromwcU's army of eight regiments of horse and nine of foot. totalling probably in excess of J 5.ooo, advlInced north via York, Newcastle and Durham. arrived in Berwick on 19 July, and crossed I.he bordcr three days laler. Cromwel/ manQCuvred until within a mile ( 1,6 kilomem:s) of Edinburgh, but on 6 August withdrew to Dunbnr, fhe safest pan al which supplies could be landt"d, Pour days previously Charles I1 had arrived:u Leith hoping to get the support of the Scottish army. nominally under the Earl of w 'en bUl 1IC1ually commanded by Sir Da\'id Lcslie, To pre\'cnt Charles from gaining tOO much support, the Scou Commiuee of Estatcs appointed Commissioners for Purging whodis· missed some 80 experienced officers and 3,000 wldicn: whose loyalty 10 the Coven1l", W9.S considered to be in some doubt, an act which contributed 10 thc eventual Scoll ish defc:n , Charles himsel f ....'35 guilty of saying anything requi red, ..... hether he belie\'ed it or not, to ensure that he .....ould regain his throne; his declarations to the Scots were probably the exact opposile- of his true opinions, The m:lI1Qeuvres of the next thrcc weeks betwccn A1ussclburgh and Dunbar ochie\"\~d Iillle excel)! to weaken lhe morale and stamina of C romwdJ's force , the inclemenl weather causing considerable illness, By I Sept~mber, outmonOCU\Ted by Leshe, Cromwell had retired again to Dunbar, With Le-slie in a stcong position on the l:lmmermui r Hills, threalcningCromwel]" land (,."ommunications with England. the English army wos in some discomfort. as Cromwell nOled when wri ting for

George Monck, Duke of Albemarle

reinforcements to J-I aselrig in Newcastle: 'We are uron an Engagement very difficult, The cnemy hath blocked up our wa)' '" through which we cannOl get without almost a miracle ", we know not how to come that way wilhout greal difficulty; and our lying here daily con· sumcth our men , who fall sick berond imagination' :, Then the ministers of the Scottish Kirk inter\'ened, quite unintentionally. on C romweU'S behalf. The interfering ministers persu:aded Leslie 10 move down from his posilion and scatter the cnemy. as Ihe God of the Co\"Cnant would ensure victory, On seeing this, the English council or war decided nOl to embark thei r foot and leave the horsc to cut thei r way free, as some wished, but lI1stead to follow l:lmbert's pion to attack the Scottish arm}' bcfore it could concentr.l!e fu lly, The manocu\'re was audacious, in,'oh'in& movement by night o\'cr difficult tcrrain , until in the early morning of 3 September Lamben launched a ma~ s ive anack with his horse against the Scots. wh(l wcre SQme. what demoralized by a night spent in the field s wnh· out cover and in inclement weather Uimbert's horse smashed inlo the SCOts. Monek's foot seconded them 30d Crom .....ell"' flank all1lck shattered the army completely, The routed Sconish horse rode through and disorl,"3nizcd their own rool . most of whom were fe·

TIIIl EWGUSH CIVil \'\'AII

.!oisllng gnmly. encournged by th~ir M inisters who 'preached and prnyed. and assured them of the "ictory. ti ll the English were upon them; 3nd some of [heir (lr~achers were knocked in the head whilst they were promising the "ictorr'J, About an hour :I Cier the baule began. the entire Scottish ann)' was in flight ; Clitimates of casu:lh ies mngcd from 3.000 to 6 ,000, .md 10.000 ]Jr;soncrs. whilst C romwell cJulnlcd to ha,'c lost 20 10 ..) 0 men 11 \ \ '(IS onc of the most \:umplelc \'iclOrics of lhe C ivil Wars, though Ihe \:amp:t;gn CQuld h:1\'1: had a "cry different oUlcome: had Lcslic abided by his own mililary

insllncu.

PLATE 26 68 Officer, Pa rliamenta ry artillery 69 Fireloc::k g uard , New Model Army a rtillery 70 Waggo ner, Parliamentary a rtillery The officl!f tlluSlfaled (pe,haps an ellpen htred from the contlnen!) cames two Items which distingUish him as an office. of artillery a lalgc nask of plimlng powder, used 10 1111 the touchhole 01 a cannon barret, and a 'gunner', Quadrant', an Inllstuable malhema\Jcal instrument wnhout which accurate aiming of an artlHery piece would halle been Impossible. Escorl' lor artHIery ifalns appea, often to haYe been d.awn from the ermy's fOOL but an imponant factor In thclI selectron was Ihal they should be aImed with firetock muskets, the lighted match 01 the matchlock prOlling 100 hazaldous for use alound I.llge quant'tles of gunpowder FOf elCample, It IS noted Ihat lleutenant·Genelal James Wemyss' attitlery ua,n of Wailer's army In the Cherlton campaign was guarded by two companies 01 bluecoats armed WIth liletocks, probably drawn I,om a regiment 01 bluecoat loot. tn Ihe Royal army, I( is nOled that Pelcy's Regiment PfOllidcd white· coated filetoek gualds 10' Iheil artillery Haln Howellel, twO companies of 'Firelocks· were lormed specIally to gUlIld the New Model's 11"811'1, dressed in orange-tawny COllIS as iUusttated; the soldier lIlSO call1es II knapsack and a frontal cll""dge-box. Orivotr, for the lIrliUery train w8I'e usually h"ed (or even Impl'!lssed) CIVIlians, who wore Ihell Ofdma.yclothes; theman itlusllated has the smock worn by many agncultu.al workers and waggonl!f1.

the Isle of \,(/ighl . and the inherent loya lly towa rds lhe Ki ng (If leading Presbyll.·rlans, weighcu in fa\'our or a Presb)'terion aeceplanL't! of the monar<:hy, as did th~ execution for treason by I'arhamcllt of a Prcsb),1eri3n minister, C hrislOpher Lo"e, previously onC' of tht' monarchy's most vehement critics, Charles I1 was at lasl accepted in Scol land and apI"lOmted nominal commundcr-in-CTetion, CromweIl al1empted to make L('slic's position untenable by interru pting his supplies from Fife; umbert ....,on a minor victory at Inverkcithing ( 20 July) and by inn'$lIng Perth (which capitulated on 2 August ) C romwclJ s ucceeded in CUlling Leslic's tines of communiC".HlOn. The Scols had two opuons. to stand 3nd fight or march into England 10 sc\'er Cromwell's communications. and Charl~s decided upon the latter, Hamilton concurred, but the e)(p;:ri~ nced Leslie was apparently unenthusiastic. Charles, In

Cromwell's Gre.n Seallor Scotland shOWing CUl'lISSier armou, of S6flIOf officer

Leslie kepI some 4,000 men m reason:lbk order, pre,'enting CromweJl from mopping 01' completely; Edmburgh was oceupit'd (though the CaSlle held OUt until 19 Dcccmbcr) and few manoeu\'tCs of significance ocCU rred in the first half of 165 t , Charl~'S 11 wus able 10 prcs:. on with his intention of uniting his supporters ill Engl3nd and Scotland, which the defeat of tht' Co\'emllllers at Dunbar enabled him to do. He was crowned King at Scone on I January 165t nnd began to revil'C' Roy:l1ism in Scotland, though not until J unC' was the Act of C lasses ' which forbade former Engagers from S('f\'mg in lhe Scots army) repealed by the Scottish Parliament , AI the same time, preparauons were made: secretly in Engl3nd for :I concerted Royalist m mt: to cooperate with the: projected Scottis h invasion. assisted by the growi ng Royalism of many English Presbyterians who begun to qucstion the current regime. Charlt~ I's offe r to acce pt lhl! Presbyterian Church made whil$t he was

126

PLATE 26

68 Officer, Parliamant&", &rtillery

69 Flrelockgu&rd, New Model Army&r1i11e",

70 Waggoner, Perllamant&ry lr1i11ary

Wheel lock pIstol of German manufacture. c. 1630 (Walhs & WalUs)

hO"'o;:YC'r , was confident of the support of English Royalisls and Ihus decided 10 march through Carlisle, Warrington and ;\'ianchcstcr, Royalism being thought still especially strong in Lancashire, It W35 a grave miKlllculation. Most Englishmen, irrcspc<:liYe of religious or political bdiefs, st ill regarded the Scots as their tradilional cnemy, and the reluctance of the English Ra)'alists to Iry their hand again was aggra\'al'ed by a pronouncemenl issued by the Commitlee of I"!.inisters, " 'hleh accompanied the Covenam arm)" 10 the effCC1 that both King and arm)' full), subscribed to the Co"enant and that no recruits would be acttpted who did not COnl'1lr, The King made a desperate attempt to stop this fatal interfef
tz8

,.

. -~

Detached wheel lock mechanIsm and (Wel1is & Welhs)

spanrtef

some of the Midlands Royalists (inctuding such a hitheno staunch Parliamentary commander as Colonel John Birch), few offered material help, no doubt recognizing the hopelessness of the position of the King's army. Cromwcll, with some 28,000 men of much higher ca libre than those of the King, in\'csted the city and Ilnaekcd on 3 September 1651 , the annh'ersary of the bailIe of Dunha!', The date was well chosen , IInd the outcome the same. Cromwell attacked in threccolurnns, across Powick Bridge IInd the IWO bridges of boats thrown across the rivers Scvern and Teme: the SCQIS had deployed to the cast of the city, sufficien tJ y neat for Ihe King 10 observe the! action from tJle tower of Woreester Cathedral. The Royal command was disrupted by wlic's antipathy towards General John Middlclon , and by an injury 10 Mas5eY, their mOSI \,jgorous commander. and the troops were dispirited. Middlcton's command bra\,ely resisted Cromwcll's atlack until Middleton was wounded and Ihe' Duke of Hamilton lost a leg to a roundshot (from which he died nine days later), but elsewhere the Royalist army dis-

mtegrated. C harles 11 led a cou nte rattack from \'(lorcester, and when Ihal was beaten gathered a body of horse in the city StrC('ts and askm them to join him in one laSI cha rge. When he found that only his own servants were following he joined [he mob of fugitives. W orcester was, according 10 C romwell, 'a crowning me rcy" and ended nine years o f ci\'i1 conflict· and ended it, ironically, only a short distant.'e fro m th'e site of the first major skirmish which ?rinet' Rupen had won at Powick Bridge. After his escape from Wo rct'Ster the King e luded capture for 45 days unLil he was abr~ 10 5hp away to France. During this period of 'hairbreadth "SClIpe5' he met and wall aided by innume.rable ordi nary people whose :mcient loyalty was eventually 10 5UPPCln his restoration to the throne in t Mo. In those f~w weeks the King would learn more about his subj«u, nc.h and poor, than in all the rest of his privileged atstencc. The consequence9 of the Civil '\\:' 3rs WCI"(' profound; if lhe first l'Onftict could be accorded the style of revolution, then so must the conflict within ParJiamem betwun those who wished to retain the King as a co nSlit~t.ional mo na rch and those determined upon his deposmon. Cromwell, who became Lo rd Protector of the Commonwealth, was nOt the dictaror 50~timcs portrayed but had to accept advice from his Council of State: Though strong he was a lso tolerant, permitting Anglicans and Roman Calholics to worship privately in L.ondon ;. he pcrmilt.ed J ews to rcturn to England and dId not Interfere with other SOClS providing they did nC?t infringe the law. Afler his death , ho\\'e\"cr, his so n Rtchard proved an ineffectual Prmectorand the rcs torution?fthe monarchy was seen as the most likely road 10 co nunued peace. The Civil Wars destroyed forever the reudal powers of the Crown and the King 's right lo lcvy tax" wi th out the co nse nt of Parliament which , as it emerged victorious, became the cornerstone of the British co nstitut io n . A nd the suprcmely professional arm)' and navy of[hcCommonwcalth set the pattern fo r British military sup remacy in Ihe following centuries. Bm however p rofou nd thc political, retigi ous and co nstitutional effects of the C ivil Wars. they exerted e~'~n g~a te.r i~tlucnce upon the li ves of many ordinary Cit IZens, I t IS difficult , through lack or slalinit's, 10 assess these al'CUrlltely, fo r whi lsl man y arcas were untouched by the conflict oth ers came near 10 ruin , ~emplified bv Derbyshire afte r the plundering by Newcastle's arm), in ~la}' 1643, 'Ieavingnoplaceunransllcked,but ruining in mhuman and ba rbarous manner, neither sparing friend or A different eU"ttt upon a rural community can be ludged by Ihe case of the parishes of MyddJc, Ma rtcn and Newlon (Shropshire), from which 20 men joined one army o r another; no less than 13 of these wer(. killed. Of the Ch'it War commanders, some lost lheir proJX'rty and died in exi le. like Goring (i n Spain, 1657) ; othcrs died in obscu rit y and varying degrees of comfort, such as Lo rd Lt:vcn who. taken IU Dunbar, spent some

!"()("'"',

PLATE 27 71 Engineer in siege a rmour 72 Minor 73 Seaman The englneef wea" 0 set 01 'liege 8rrT1O\,1(. 6nO!mousl ..-heav.,. breast· and b8c:kp/atos, thigh guards and It ·death's.hoad' burgOrMIl, so called from the helmet' s Issemblof1Cato a skull. Such armour aHorded the maximum protOC1ion possible 'Of engineers working within musket·shot 01 the enemy, and as la[e as 1764 Ihlee SOts 01 Ciyil War siege armoul we,e sent to the army in America lor "the Engineers, who in that Wood.,. Country ma.,. be obliged to t8COn<>rter Within Musquet Shot" •. The miner is equipped for digging tunnels and saps, With a leather apron at the reat and knee pads; he carries a shOl1 pick and has a hatchet and (in the baekglound) a woodefl sledga used for dregging excavated earth from a tunnel. The sailor illustrated is wearing a military buH·coallor ser. yiteon land. Sailors partlClpatlKl effectIVel.,. in thewlII on land. lor example in the detonce of Plvmouth and Mlllcombe. and an attack b.,. a landing partY of some 200seamen wMavital laclor in Ihe Pillliament81V vittOfV 01 ColbV Moor (1645) which reSUlted in the fall of all lhe Ro.,.alist strongholds in Pembroke. shire. Regulation uniform 101 seamen was nOI esteblished unlll 1857, but preleued styles had been in use tor centufle&. The fllSI men tion of 'slop' clolhmg (garments made 10 specifications set bv the Na vy Commissioners 101sale to Ieamen aboard ship) occurs In 1623, but detailed descriplions date onlV IIom 1663, when Monmou," and 'red' caps, blue and white shirts, 'blew neck CI08lhs', 'canvas suitos' and 'blew sU'les' are menlloflOd 2; 'rugg, ". coats 01 a heavy wool or ',uggo', WefO recommended fOI night watches as earl.,. iIS Si, Richard Hawkins. The sailor illustrated wears a 'Ihlum cap'. 'thrum' being a woollen malellal with long nap resembling fin, prob. abl.,. the cap pictured b.,.tha Venettan Cesale Vec:elli in Hllbili Antichi et Modemi (1598) uoon which tha cap ilIustl8ted is basad. BV the date 01 Wycherlev's corned.,. The Plain Du/llr ( 1677) it would appear that fed breeches wllle as chaletC. toristle of sailolS as soldiers. but it is not known whether this apphedto the Civil War. or whethOl the striped or checked shirts and trousers were a5 popular as al the end of the cenlUry, The coat illustrated has a 'mariner's cuff' with a bunoned seam whICh could be unlastened 10 allow thesleaves to be rolled UP lor work. Hawkins had edvocated armoor for use In actIOn. but il was issued [0 ships in such limited quanloties Iha \ no general use can have been envisaged, OtliCOlS ptobabl.,. dressed as th05e of Ihll annV, Wi th breast· and backplales over a buff. coal, the embrOIdered 'ed 'court d,ets' conlllmed b.,. 1604 seem5 to have lapsed belore the Civil Wal

NOTES I BtlCluno". H.L. BntiJIt M"IIiI'l' F"~,,., ,6Jl>-r'Jo {t..or.~, 196I) p , 67

3 lalnll, 0 , /J",uA NIJ.oall)w"U..Qnoon, 19fiQi Po , 8

129

PLATE 27

71 Engineer

72 Miner

73 Seaman

PLATE 28

'14 En.ign, M.ster ofYester's Regl .

75 Musketeer, Scottish fool

TUB El-IOLlSIt CIVIL "'·... 11

PLATE 28 74 Ensig n with COIO\Jf. Mallar of Yastar's Rag t . 75 M\J5ka teer. S cottish foot With clothing gonetally provldad cenlrsltv, ,alher than by Indi· vidual colonel$, a degree of un,formllv probablv 8JClStod In Ihe ScotliSh army, Mosl common was clothing 01 'hOOden grey' COlour. 11 le,m describing various shades 0 1 gIOV·b,own. The use of such common 'country clolh' by the Scollish ~rmy seems la have persisted lor some years. 10' as laleas 1 684 the PrIvy Council asked merchants and manufacturers 10 supply 'suNiclon! cioalhes alleasol"l8blllrllteJand of such dye H shall be t~ughl III 10 dlSlmguish soj8I'S from other skulking and vaglanl p&fsons" . The groy would not be univ8fsal. how8Y8I'; some corps are beheved to have worn red uniforms madofrom English cloth. and one, the 'Mini518f', Regiment' was said 10 be dressed In black, second·hand cl8flcal clothing Oblique non.contemporary ulfelences 10 Ihe use of Ihe Sluart colours (red and yellow) for military dress suggost Ihat Ihey may have been worn in the mid sellenteenth contulY. but the lilSl which r.an be daled withcertaintyconcernsJames 11, who 'did his ulmost to ensu,e un,formlty In the clothing of the amlV, adopting the lamlly colours·'1. I1 has been said that tha SeOls mlhha WOfO blue. bul such ref8fenees mav POsldate Ihe Civil War, such as the ballad of BOlhwell Blldge (1679) ;.J rhe Lowdien Mllffishs /hey Clime with the" ctMfes 01 blew,

F,ve hundred men Irom London clime Clfld m a reddish hufl.

01'18 almost unlllersal ilem was the lIel. blue cloth bonnel wo,n by the Scottish army. including oll,cels. The ensign lIIus· \faled wears a gorget oiler a ,leaved bull·eo8\ and carries a Iloghtlv·eurved hun ting sword. The colour of the Master of Yesler's Regiment is based upon the nalional sallaire of SI Andrew, wllh the legend 'Couenanl/ for Rehgion / /(lng/ and Klngdomes', end a familV cres1 in the cenlre. John Hav. MaSler of Yesler. commanded Ihe lIn1rlhgow and Tweed·dale Regiment al Mi"ston Moor and the bst Lotl'lllJn Reglmenl al PlOSIon. wh8fe a numbel' of caplu,eeI colours all bore his own elOSI. 8S muSlraled NO' tES I ' ...",,.,n. ,·,,1 l, rp.j7-8 l IblJ, p. SM. qUQlinQ RI!5' ,:\, Old S",mw. If'r"I",~r,J/ C<'l~ .." ) Sa: Cr,,,,,,. \XI J. T~ RI1V<J' ....(1frll GlDlKmn (l.ood<>n. 18n) p . •j l

lime: in capU\'It)' bUI died al an ad\'anc~d age in his own homt' in 1661. Oth~rs survived to SC'C Ihe Restoration, some like ,"ionck} playing a major p3rt in its excs:ution and others, like Sir Thomas Falrfax (second baron after hiS f:uher's death in 1648) and the Earl of M:mchCSter. wdooming the King's relUrn, Some of their old cornmdes did not ; for exampk, Lamberl was held in custody for over 30 rears ulll il his death , and Edmund Ludlow.

132

Parliamentary general and regicide ( i.e _ a signatory to Ihe death warrant of Charles n, died In SWllzerland mfter a 3D-year eXile. 'nlTee of Ihe regicides were kidnapped in Holland in 1662 whi lst \'isiling [)elfton busi· ness frQm their retreat at Hanau. Miles Corbel , John Barksu:ad and Colonel John Oke},. the latter the corn· manderoflhe New Model dragoons, wcresiezcd by Sir Gcorge Downing. an agent for Charles 11 , )'et pre· viously Cromwell's scoutmaster-gener:11 and even the chaplnin 10 Okey's own regiment. The o ld dragoon and his IWO comp3nrons we re hanged. drnwn IInd quarlered al Tyburn, Other old Roundhead!! a nd Cavaliers survU'ed 10 see (and even participate in, to some dcgr~). the 'Glorious Re\'olution' of 1688, though none of the leading figures, poliuClI o r military, 5ur\,h'ed so long as Wil1iam Hiseland, the last Edgehill su("\'i\'or. who died in Chelsea Hospital in 1731. Personalteslllments and petitions for reliefoften show the effects of I he C ivil Wars in their mosl tragic light. For every soldier killcd in battle or dead of discase, at lenst onc other soldkr was broken in healt h or a family dept h'ed of support Not all were wounded physically; a cast: which cannot have been unique wa5 lhat or Thomas Goad, a chaplain ll. t Mll.rsmn Moor, who walso unhinged by the carnage of that banlt" thal he Ih'cd for the next 16 yell.TS in a Slate of diSlraclion. Applic.ation~ for pensions re\'l~al lhe plight of the real \'ictims of the Civil Wars, like Sergeant William Sloakes who fought for the King from Edgehil1lo Naseb)' and whose 'm:IOY da ngerous hurts' left him wilh a wife and five children to supporl, but ' Ha\'ing lost the useof his lrmbes is not in any wa)'e able 10\O.orl:. for thei r fll::.yntenance"i he was gr"nled 405. per ann um by C ha rles 11 . A simil:ir pen· sion was awarded in 1661 10 Corporal Robe rl D:wyes, wh05C 3t years' service COSI him all his possessions and whose I] wounds .& ye grellt lossc of bloud ... halh alm05l105I the sight of his cre! & allmosl the use ofbolh Armc.s ..... hercb)· he is made unable to worke or use any t>o
10 UNIFORMS One oflhe mosl deeply rooled miscon~rl1i('ln, concerning the Civil War is th:Jt milirory uniforms d id n OI exist untillhe creation ortne New Model Arm)', and Ihal they we~ the first 10 wenr Ihe traditional Brilish rut coal. In ac tual fact, it had long bttn the custom for ,;ompanics or regiments to be clothed in !I uniform manner, though. IlS colouring was at the discretion of the commllnder or proprietor Ihere was liule sl:m dardization. As early as 1539 the London mjlitia worc uniform white COOlS; in 1569 lhc G loucester levies wore 'bluc C',Jpps w th ),310",c sylkC' rybands. and .. ' slopps of blt:wt' clothe gardede with yallowc,and yal1owcnetherslocki ns": lInd in 1587 the Doncasu!r Trained Band worc uniform steel caps, (uSlilln doublets, grey woollen ' Friczdand ' COOlS and light bluc coorsc cloth stockings!, for cltll.mple, I" lonck advised office" that, 'You must be careful before you march with your Ann y into the Fic:Jd to see you r Soldiers wel l Cloathcd, well Armed , and well Disciplined; and that you be slOrcd with Shooes and StOCkings for the: March ' J j though offi cers were usually ad\'iscd against trimming their men's uniforms with their own li\'cry colours:

, .. a desire you IUld la pilI your colrmrs uPO" YOllr {MU (or Ill/! beller kmxl.'illg 0/ YOllr mell '" ", mille opillion fl'OlIltI /lwcll wrol,g llie COIlr. Th~ diifcrmces /lIat Capwills Ilse ill WI'Irs is in the arming of Iris pikes for u" pilt/!mm, which is 10 b. Dj hiJ {OIOlIrS, and /iluwiJe the jrillge of his h~dpi«t of uu. shol I musklfursj, The daubing oj a COOt frith lace of SIIndry colollrs, as SO IllI! do Ide Il,tm, I do "either talte 10 M J()ldierlike Ilor profiflJble/or lite COOL. If a Capilli" mIScarry, he tlull (Omit" illliiJ roo m, hiJ colOllrs beillg comr
Wilham 8 amffe, snOWIng the use 01 gOfget wlIh buff,coal Note tne laces 8t tne IlOm or the coal (polllal! from Balllffe's MilttlJry D,sClplme)

emplificd by an appeal made to Charles 11 by the Compan y of Drnpcrs of Worcester, for £453 for red cloth, before the settlement of which 'the arm), was ddeated and then miserably plundered" , Parliamentary uniform provision was similar; for c."(ample,on 6 August 16..p. the Committee of Lords and Commons for lhe Safel), of the Kingdom ordered that soldiers should receive coalS, shoes, shirts and caps to the val ue of 17s. each man , but the lack ofa cenLr3lized rurcha~ lng system alway" caused problems. Within the Eastern Association , the Cam bridge Commilte<: hAd great d iffi culty in getting Essex 10 equip its le\'ies correctly, and eventunlly had to bu)' coats themselves, hoping (in

' 33

Tile CHGI . ISH CIVIl. WAR

vain} Ihat the coumy would reimhurse- them. Conscripts clothed at the expense of their parish were frcque-mly illdad; In August t6.B. for example, Essex conscripts we-re dcscri~d as 'worse taucred soldiers' than e\·cr before seen. and in the following year Silas Thus took command of his new Henfo rdshirc company but found them 'cxtrellmlic ill provided fo r ... withoUl shoocs, slockingli, comcs ... the)' wanted nothing bUlall'''. 'Uniform' usually consisted o fa coal a nd sometimes matching breeches, though frequently Ihe latte-r might be of a different colour or e\·cn pro\'idcd" by the indh'idual. CoolS were pro bably mostl)" of fht" shortskirted variety. as described by thecontr.tCt books ufthe New Model ( nOled below), though frequent mention is made of thc 'cassock', which ma)' describe the o rdinary. skirted CO:1I (as distinct from a doubh~l ) o r a longer coat as shown in Plate 13 . The cas50Ck is noted as early as 1599. worn by troops in ireland, 'of Kentish brood cloth. lined with oollon . and trimmed, with buttons and loops', or 'of broad cloth with bays, and trimmed Wilh silk Incc· (or officers ' 0; Ihis was probably the g re:ltcoatlike g.'lmlCnt used in winter, which originally could be transformed into a cloak wilh open, hanging sleeves. Plkeman·, cor~let and helmet (engravmg from Grose·s Ant/tint Armour)

PLATE 29 76 Lancer, Scottish ermy 77 Pikeman, Scottish army The ScOthSh cavalry, due to the small Slle and poor Quality 01 their horsos. was usually regarded as greatlv inferlOf to that of the English. a somewhat unfair Judgement as thllY perfOl'med well on occilsion. as at Preston when lancefl of the Sconis'" rearguard killed Ihe commander 01 the English purSUit, Colonel Thotnhaugh The ScOtS were the only ones to use lances to any degree, the weapon being largelv redundant evan on the conllnen!. The lancer illustrated wears I leather jerk.n and an otd·fashioMld bulgonet, the 'stell! bonlllltt' beloved 01 the reiver, of Ihe Borders dUring the previous century In iKkIitlon to Cl lance he.s armed With a broadsword and carrIeS baggage and fodder on hiS saodle; the wooden canteen is !)flllatalv IICQuired. 'HOOden grey' appears 10 halle been worn bv the Scottish dragoons even allllr red had been adopted bv Ihe lemainder 01 the army; when In 1684 Ihe PIlIIV Council passed on act to allOW the Importation 01 English red cloth, Gontlfal Oaye!! obJocted to that coloul being worn by dragoons, and an Ol([[a act was required 10 perm;llhe impol1 of glev clolh When the 'Roval Scots O,agoons· were raised.n 1678 they wore glev COlts. not Idoptmg red unul lboUI1684- 7. tho 1IIIe ·ScOIS GIEIV" perhl~ le/errmg originallv to Ihe colour 01 thai' uni. fOfTl'lS, not (aslaler) 10 their horses. Tha prkeman here wealS the 'hodden glav· umform shown in Plate 28. with Ihe addilion of an old-fashioned cabas.set helmet Wi th Its b&ckwald·pointing ·peal·stalk· althe top, He earrios a leather satchel inslead 01 the sack shown in Plate 28, and has 1 long knife in his girdle, a common weapon in the Scothsh almy, His blue bonnet is tucked behind his belt, though I1 mall halle been possibla towear il undor the helmet.

which Turner termed 'frocks' and recommt'nded s hould ha\·e a hood. ' 10 kCl.'p them from rain. snow and cold' 11 Anolher o\·crcoal was the ·rockel', p!"e$umably a secular \"C:nion of the ecc1ctiaslical 'rochet' . with skins !IO long that Colonel Edward Apsley of Suuex was captured in 16·0 wht'n somc Royalists 'caught hold of my rock.et ('O.1t. and threw it over my head' 11 . Uniform colouring was governcd by the a\'3ilabi litr of mrntrial , tJ1C (.'Olonel's prcference o r his livery; for cxample, Essex's Re-giment worc his o \\'n 'orangetawny' colour a nd in at least IWO (';lSts around this Pt'riod. black 'facings· ..... erc adopted as a sign o r mo urning: Richard Cromwell issued red COOts 'guarded with black' for his father's funeral I.!. and in 1667 Lord Chesterfield clothed his regiment in red COOlS lined black, ·bcc-"duse I \\''3S al that lime In mourning for my mother'I •• h is uncenain exactl y how 'facing colours' were displayt'd during the Civil \Var, bUI such refe-fe n~s probllbly indicate Iht' lining visible wht'n the sleeve was lurned back off the wris t, Ihough in the case o( the Nc\\' Model, facin g colours were IIpparentl)' also

134

PLA1E29

16 Lane8 I , ScottishafmV

)

..

.'

11 Pikeman, Scottish armv

green as a nalional colour, though there is no evidence to support Ihis. As ma)' be imagined, similarl)' ,-.'oloured uniforms on bOlh sides led 10 great confusion! Listed below arc those regime'nts for which uniform colours are known, though due 10 changes of command and lhe practice of naming a regiment after ils colonel, the same regLmentS are sometimes listed more than once. For example, the Yellowcoal.~ of Sir Charles Va\'asour became Sir Matthew Apple}'ard's Regiment afler Vavasour's dealh: and Prince Rupert's Blueco:1lS was a Somerset regiment . raised by Colonel Sir Thomas Lunsford who was captured at r:d~hlll, and when hIS brother Colonel Henry Lunsford \\~.. s falally wounded at the storm of Bristol (26 July 1643) the rei,oiment bcc:lme Prince Ruperl's. being commanded by Colonel John Russell until it was dcstroyed at Nl1seb)' ' Morlon' helmet a desIgn ptedadng the CI\lI! Wa. by mo,s than" eentu,y, but still in use

displlly~d

in the 'tape stri ngs' which fastened th~ COOtS insu:ad of bullons. Until the' New Model, records of facing colours aTC Sp:1I"S1!, though the Eastcrn ASSOCIation ccnainly used them; in Octo~ r 16.n Mllnch~s ter ordered green COOtS lined with red for his own regiment, and in 1645 Ihe Committee of Both Kingdoms ordered the l'Ount}' of Essex to send th~ir recruits 'commodiousl)! pro\'ided, lls hath fonnerly bttn practised, with tOOO red COOtS lined with blue' L~. The eolour of a regiment'S uniform often gav~ it a sobriquet; thus in 16 42 when disturbances between regiments in Odord devc-loped into faclion fights , the units involved we re described as Lord Saye's Oxfordshire BluecoalS and their opponents as Russct-coolS. Thus it was us ual for regiments 10 be known by thdr coot colour. be it the Gloucester BluttOalS (StamforJ's Regiment) or Newcastle's renowned \Vhit ttQats. Red uniforms were popular long before the New Model; an Elizabethan example is the instruction to William Chalderton, Bishop of Chesler. 10 provide t ,000 men 'furnished of redd clokes. without sleeves, and of the length 10 the kn~' If•• and n Ir:tler of 1638 suggests th:u by that date. red brecchC5 had become the mark ofn soldier: ' 11 would be good if Yr. Lordship's mcn had red breeches to their buff coat,. bcl-ause othe rwise being country fellows they will not be so nC3tly habitcd as the other lord', men"', Colour mattered more than s tyle; an example of how colonels cndC3voured 10 keep their lroops uniformly clad is found in a leHt'r of 1644 from Sir T . Dallison to Prinee Rupert reponing that' I ha\'e had t 13 COIlts and caps for (001 soldiers in the house of my Lord Powis, an 100 of which are blue ..... hich ..... ill well serve you r Highness' Regiment of Foot' '-, the remainder being gfl"Cn scn 'ing for 'Col. Tylye r's' (Tillier's) and regiments from Irehmd which. likr: Broughton's, it has been suggcsled may have .....om

136

Royalist fOOL Queen's Lifeguard King's Lifeguard Prince Rupcrt's Firelocks Sir Allan Apsley Col . Edward Hopton Prince Charles (C.O. Sir Michacl \VoocIhouse) blue Lord Hopton blue Prince H.upcrt blue Thomas Lumford blue Henry Luns(ord blue Charles Cernrd blue Sir WilIiam Pennyman blul! (or red?) Sir Srcphen Hnwkins while lord P~rcr while Marquis of NewC'dstle. while · Sir Ra/ph Dutton while Col. 'l1lOmas Pinchbeck g"'y Col. Sir Henry Bard grey Sir Gilbert Talbot rellow Sir Charles VS\'ll5Our yellow Sir M.auhew Appleyard yellow Sir John Paulel yellow Earl of Northampton Col, Robcrt llroughron green Col. Henry Tillier gTl"Cn Sir Thomas Blllckwall black * though NewClIstlc's seven divisions of northern fOOl are usually d~ribed as Whilccoals, probably some wore grey,

"'«"

l:tarliamenrar y fOOl lord Robartc-s Col. Iknzil Holies Sir Thomas Fairfax Edwllrd Montague Norfolk Regt. Essr:x Regts.

""

red red lined blur: red lined whitr:

",d red lined blue

red hned blue Lord Halifax bluc Earl of Stamford blu~ Col. Henr}' Cholmlcy bluc Sir WilIiam Constable bluc Lord Sayt' & Sde bluc Sir Arthur Haselrig Lord Mandt'vil!.: (later Enrl of )\unehester) bluc whiter} Sir WiJliam Springale grey Sir John Gdl grey Simon Rugeley Sir John Me.rnck ",e, grey Col. Thomas Bollard grey Major William Ryvcs (company) green lined red Earl of Manchester Samuel Jones green Col. Byng green" John Hompden Col. 'fllomas r.ranth3m russet orange Earl of Essex purple Lord Brooke .. Bund is in error in staling thal Hampden's wore grcyl9,

.""n

Details of the uniform of hone are SCIIrccr, perhaps bc.cnusc the buff-eoot and defensive ::armour pn..-cluded the necessity for recognizable uniform; Dt'\·enhdess. among existi ng references are notes that the l7incc of Wales' Regiment chose red as thcir main colour, tha t in " lay t644 a quartermaSler probably from tht' Earl of Denbigh's Regirmnt was issued with Sf yards (7.8 metres) of grey cloth, in which colour Ocnbigh (p reviously Lord Feilding) ma), h3\"e dressed his mt'n as early as Edgehill, that Captain John MoorofNorthamplon's Horse in 1645 captured some red cloth and rep(ln"ed that he intended to clothe his troop in it, thot Lord Hastings dressed his three troops in blue coats underlaid with leather, and Ihat Sir Thom::a! Dallison (commanding l'rince Rupcrl's) mentioned that he had 3ocor 400 yards (275 to 365 melres) of red cloth 10 make inlodoaks. Godwin's Civil War ill Humpshire ,642-45 ( t9O-l) mentions thot Sir Michael Livesc)"s Kentis h Parliamentary regimenl wore red coots wi th blue facings, but as facings was 0 huer lerm the reference is pe rhaps questionable. Much l-avolry uniform involved small units, perhaps e\"en less Ihan troops; for example., before Edgehill Francis Russcll of Essex's Lifegu:lrd was observed with 12 armed servants, all wearing red cloaks; onc Ro),alist troop accoutred, il was said, by the Earl of Newcastle, rode 'fifty great horses of a darke Do)" handsomelr set out wi th osh-colour'd ribbins, every m3n gentile1y 3ccoutred' lO, :l.Od a further example is pro\'ided by the troop raised in 1639 by the poet and gambltr Sir John Suckling, '3 Troopcof 100 "ery handsome young pro~r men, whom he clad in while doubiens a.nd scarlet breeches. 3nd scarlcn Coales, hatts

and fc-Jlhe-n, well horsed and armed. The), say 'twas one of the finest sights in those days'J' . A similar 'personal' unit was the bodyguard of halbardiers dn:sscd iD long red cassocks formed by Sir Arthur Aston, Go"crnor of Oxford, following an attempt on his life. Hats were not ulwB)'s of the broad-brimmed, 'cavalier' style belowd oflatct generations of artists, but also existed in other guises, with narrower brims and taller crowns. Two \'"3ricties of cap were used extensively, the 'l\·lonmouth· and the 'monlero'. The former (also mentioned in listS of seamen's slop clothing) was apparenliy a kniued woollen cap, shaped either like a ski-cap or like 3 fisherman's 'stocki ng' cap; Richard S)'monds' Diory notcsof Bewdley in 16« that 'The only manufacture of this IOwne is moking of capps called Monmouth capps, Knitted by poore people for :zd. apiel'<:, ordinar), ones sold for 25., 3S., 4S, Pi n t they Ofe knin, then they mill them, then block them, then they worke them with tasells, then they shecre them'. In t642 Parl illment pnid 23s. a dozen for 'Monmoulh Cal)S' for troops scrving in Ulsler, but when Colonel Richard I3Qgot bought caps for the 300 fOOl he raised in April 16-13 ID garrison Lichficld Close ror the King, hc poid only 6d. each. The montcro is enigmat ic, as the tcrm (origI0311)'

Pikeman's bfeasl- and backplatas wilh riveted 'skins'

attached, beanrlg almourel"S' marks of rl'gn 01 James t and Commonweahh (Waltls & Waltis)

137

Till! ENGLI SH

CIVIL

WAR

Spanish) simply means a cap as worn by oorseml!n. and ils uS!! was probably so common Ihal no-one bothered to Jescribf! iL Prob:Jbly it was s imilar 1'0 the peaked, dQlh lllp U5(:d in Frdncc from around 1625. reputedly copied from lroOPS (If the Duke of Buckingham, hence' its French naml!of·boukink.:m'. II becamc so popular as 10 be adopted by the Gardes dll Roi, and is shown in tl n engraving of 16.p upnn which lhe drummer shown on Ihe window of Forndon Church is bascd. Whether this ft'ru Che montero is unceruin. 3S 5un'j\'ing dt'SCriptions !Ire une!':ar: Thomas ElJwocx:l WTotC of 'a large mo nlcro ..:ap (If blACk "clvel, lhc skirl of which \\"JS fUmed up in folds' H, whilst Slcml!'S Tristram Shlmd\, no t« onc of 'SC'.. rit'l. of a superfine Spanish clOlh. dyt·(j in grain, and rnountl!d all round whh fur , t'):eept about four inches in front I which was raccd with a light blue, slightly embroidered', AI NlIseby a Royalist officer was described 'somewhat 10 habit IIkl! our gencral, in a red mOlllero as Che Genernl hod' ll,and in 16.U an atlOrneywas hanged as a spy by Sir Richard GrenvilJe,bcing 'disguised' by a moO(eTO, perha ps implying that ft was the recognized mark of a soldier, tho ulolh as Grenvillc bore a gnldge against the man it may havc been merely a com'enil!nt excuse. Certainly. it S<ems thut caps wctt' regarded as much an item of uniform as coats, and Ill:\\, cven h~\'c been in matching colo urs. .. ' Unen ' CQnslsted nf the luose shirt and its :appendages. with elaborate la~ cul!s ~for officers), t~ugh very oflen 11 was of a more pmctlc.11 style for use rn the field. Thl! whitc linen colluror 'falling band' wus usually loose and tied o n with S[rinIol5" though kno tted ncckclOLhs scem 10 have bCt!n popular, both to prevent the armour ~r bufr-CQ~t from ch:afing Ihe skin and as added proteclion ; the lives of al leosl two members of the 1637 expeditjon against the Pequod Indians in America were saved by the knots of their neekl!rchiefs deflecllng blows. Stocking5 were frequently worn two pairs at a time. the inncr pair (often offi ner m:aterial) being dmwn up and Ihe oU ler or ' rowling' p.:!.ir. which origin!lJl y protected lhe inner, rolled do\O>'f1 or drawn o nl y partway up thl! L'Ulf, chus c reating a delibenllely cusual aplX'arancc which may have originated with the Ge rman Iomlsklll'ch/S. Shoes had buckles or hl~S. somclimc..'S lied ' with a bunch of ribbon, Officers' uniforms were provided indi\·iduall" and thus based on ci\'ilian s tyles, Ihough some uniformiry in colouring may have been anempled. Some of these uni. forms were vcry fine, including prodigious quanlities of lace; despite on earlier exhonatlon 10 the Hertfordshirl! Irained bands 10 'forbearc their f~'ne coorl-Iyke SUlCS during the I)'rne of muslers' !'". man y officl!ts affccted elaborate dress, such as Sir Richard G renvilk who re~i\'cd rrom Parliament 'Q great sum of money for the making his equipage, in which he always affectcd mote than ordinary lusrre' H , or Colond JOrdan Prideaux killed 3t MatSto n M oor, whoulIs said 10 weara diamond buckle in hIS haL Prince RUlXtl, the archetype ca\'alier,

138

PLATE 30 78, 79, 80 Highlander. The Highland Itoops wOI'e the" OfdlnalY clolhe5. of which a number of descnpllons, but few PlctUles, survive from themid seventeenth century. though. well· k/lOWn ptint bv Koler shows mercenal!es of the Thirty Years War wealing i-lighlal'ld 'mlhtary' diMS The principal garment WIIS the S,eaClJn ,an lhellfdh 01' 'belted piald'. a long strlpo! plaid cloth which could be wound -around the waist, hald in place by a belt and wIth one end pulled up over one shoulder, Of used as a shawl 01' cloak, lIS shown bV Koler, Tlla legs were ellhar left bare or covered With Slockmgs or plaid 01 olher cloth, Of with one. pleca trousers-and-stocklngs, forerunners of the Scofllsh If/Jibhs (lIewS), wo," either instead of, or und6lneath. the S,eacan -an lhelltdh A linen shirt was usually wo,", the tradi. tlonal 'uffron' type probably stili in use. and a leather Jelkln, At ICllsrth the day was so hot thal Montrose oldered his High. l~nd6ls to lay aSide Iheir plaids. and fight in thell shil/s, knot. ling Ih. long fails beneath Ih8l1 legs. Footwear consisted of mocassln-tyPB shoes, though mim)' went balefoot, and the common headdress was a blue Cloth bonnet WOf'n square upon the head.Asctan tartans had not evolved, the pauems of plaid worn by Highlanders wele dependent upon personal taste, though certain ,lieu ale believed to have had more 01 less distinctIVe setts; the coloullng 01 most wes probably subdued. and many were p!'obablyol Simple checks. A legend ex~a!nlng tha tladihonel while SpalS 01 later Highland regnn.nl$ IS Pl'obably apocrvphal, but records how Ihe H.gh. lendOfS wrapped the torn ramnants of Their shirts around thell feet dUfll19 the march thlough the snow to Inver10chy Highland weaponry was traditional and p'olific, a roll taken bv the Ea/I 01 AthoU 01 fOUl PB"shes In 1638 recOf'ds 523 man who between them possessed 112 guns, 11 Pistols. 149 bows, 9 polea~es, 2 halberds, 3 claymores, 448 swOlds, 125 targos, 8 headpleces, 2 'steet bonnelS', a pall of plate sleeves. 11 breastplates and one iack (mail coet): only 21 men were returned as unarmed The two-handed claidheamh -mhm or 'great sword' was lalgely ledundanl by lhls peliod, the broadsword being lhe commoneSI waapon, though the traditional tvpewl th decorated basket hilt p'obibly had not evotved fully; some had curved blades resembling a hanger, Unlike the European 'rOfldel', the Highland shield or \arge was flat, made of wood covered with leathe. and often decoraTed with brilS5 studs, and had a cenltaJ boss mto which I nine'lnch (23. centimetre) spike could be llerewed, turning 111010 a weapon of offence. Simple dllks would be WOID at The waist: the predominanl steff weapon was the lochabe, axe, charac. t(tllled by a eleaver·llke blade and a hook welded to the upper Slall socket The longbow remained I potent weapon In SCOtland (probably retained because of shOltages of firearms), With allOWS calfied m a Quiver slung OV8f Ihe shOulder Highland dress was probablv l8Stlicted 10 those unable to afford conventional mUilary clorhing, which chieftainS and oHicers mlghl be 8lCp8Cted to ha\le worn. though Montrosa IS mentioned as waatlng Highland dress on one OCcaSion, almosl eertainly With tlews to el'lilble him to rida in comfort.

PLATE 30

-.- , .

78 79

eo

Hlg hl.nders

B

A

,

o

A. Hill 01 rapier with ornately. decOlilted oommel. QulUons and guard (aller Wagncr )

B Cavalry backsword with basket hill ol 'Sdl,avona' Slyle, a VeneMn patIeln used throughOUI Europe

C. Sword with sImple hill. including ring 10 protec t thumb: Pfobably typical of the 'sl iff tuck' favoured

dUflng th e CIVil War (after Wagllcr) O. Sword With SImple hilt and griP bound WIth wife

or metal strip

E.. BacllswOfd as used by cavalry

140

was nolt:d in a London newslcner of 1645 dressro as befilting his repUlation, 'clad in scarl~I, vcry richly laid in sih'er lact, mounled upon a very g311'lnl black Barbary honc' JIo, but such references are:as decepti\'e as the ponraits which showofficcrs wearing magnificcntfyd~con'l(ed armour, Such o rnam~nmtion could a ni), lead to their bdng singled OUI by the enem)', to prevent which, for example. Rupert al Brcntford 'look off his scarlcl Coat which was very rich and ga\'e it 10 his man and buckled on his arms and PUl a g~y coal o\'er il so that he might nOI be discovered'I1 , Colond Geo rg~ Lisle al Second N~wbury led his men wcaring a while shin and was mistaken by the: Porliamenlarians for 11 white witch running up and down the Ki ng's arm)'~ Adhe«:n15 [0 the: mo re: austere: rdigious StttS usually f3\'oured mo«: sombre dothing, but even this is som~· thing of a misconception; for example. Colonel Thomas H3rrison, who commanded the King's escort on the way to his trial, was described as wearing a \'e!\,et montero, :l bulf·oo:u 3nd :l crimson silk waist·sash, richly fringed (which alone lime would have indicated Royalist

Musketeer iumec! wi'th !:aliver and costumed In Ityle predallng the CiVIl War (engravIng by N.C. Goodnighl after de Gheyn)

sympathy). and in 1650 he wore a scarlet cloak and coat so covered with gold and sih'er lace that Ihe fabric was barely visible! The rigouTS of campaign and shortage of mlllericf resulted in many C ivil War armies going barefoot and almost in rags. Contempora ry sourees nOle many examp1t:s, such liS Sir Samu~l Luke's statement tha!. 'There were 2 in my company that had blll one pair of breeches between them so that when one was up, the other must of nectssity be in his bed' It , and a typical cri tk cot./lr is found in a Iener from Bartholomcw Vcr· muyden, commander of the Norfolk hOTSe, pleadmg for S<'ulc:menl of his men's alTean of pay. for 'to sec: our troops gac barefool and naked this winter wether, and thire horses unshodd for U'anl of your assistance makes me write thus earnestly' 29 , Some Iroops even began their service in a State of wretchedness, such as those sent by lhe Essex committee: 10 the Earl of Manchester in Septembli!r t643, with 'noc armes, nQC clOlhes, noc coulors, noe drums" _ in so Ilaked a posture, thal 1(') imploye them wcr~ 10 murther them'"O, With no universal uniform, recognition in the field was ever a problem; IWO aids 10 recognilion were adopted, the 'field sign' and the 'field word', The former, a \'isible proclamation of the wearer's allegiance, \'aric:d from coloured sashes 10 SCNips of paper stuck in the hat , Such praCliCCl were nOl new; for i.'xamplc:, Robert Cary, Earl of Monmouth, recalled an assault du ring the English campaigning in Flanders under the Earl of Essex in the previous ccntury: 'Onc night Ihere were scaling hidden prepared .,. \'{/C wi.'re all corn· manded ro wear shins above the armour (! lost many shirts thBI I lenl lhat night) " .'.11 Coloured sashes were resuicted largely to officen and horse, for, ' I~\'cl')' honc:man mUSt WL'3TC a skarf of the

PLATE 31 Colourl Top left: Colonel, Tower Hamlets Regt, (Parliamentary) Top right: , 51 caplain, Ufeguald of FOOL (Royalist) Those of olher companies bore differenl Royal badges. Cent,e lel(.' 1S1 captain, City of Oxford Ragl, (Royalist) , Lieu tenanl-!:oloner. !:olour bore reversed 'C' cypher below a scroll bearing FORTIS ET VERITAS; major's had a pIle wavy d&s<:ending from the SI George canton; 2nd !:aplaln IWO lions, 3rd Ihree, etc, Centre right: 151 eaptaln, umplugh's Regt, (Royallll), The only known colours of Newcastle's Whltecoats. This demonstlalOS how it was not usual for eoat !:olouts and lIag eolours to be Ihe same, though many regIments hed similar eolouring, for axample Blooke's 01 Hampden's, Bottom lelt: 41h !:apllun, Sttadllng'S Ragl, (Royallsl), caplured al Edgehill, Bottom right: 2nd !:apla;n, Green Rag!. 01 London trained bends (Parliamentary)

PLATE 31

•• •••• **

•• ••

)-

)-)-

PLATE 32

Cn__ ,

PLATE 32 Colours and stan dards Top left Ma/Of, Orange Auxmalles, London trained bands (Parliamenta.v), ShowIng the pile wavv descending from Ihe SI G80rgacanlon. Top Tight ScottIsh colou. of an umdenllfied regIment, laken alDunbar t!tustrates InterestIng features .ncluding the use 01 the SI Anc!rew's saltal,. In other coloullng than the national whlle·on·blue, the Covenanl mOllo (spellings var iedl) and tha use of both heraldic marks 01 cadency (in this case a golden fnilnlat) and company numeral. Indi<:at,ng the owrUIf' ship of Ihe4th captain of thereg.menl- Pllor 10 1650, when the Covenant mOllo wal standardized to H"lClude loyalty 10 the K,ng, I1 .... as ohen rendered as 'Religion, Covenanl and Country' or ·Co ... enantlor Religion, Crown and Counuy', etc. Centre. lOp le/t: Standard 01 Capta", Owen Cambridge, Twi5tl8l0n', Horse (ParHamerllary) . Example of the common arm·and·cloud motl'- typical motto, and in regimental colou., ing, whila with black lInd yellow design. Cenue, tOp figI/(; Unidentified Royalist standard captured at Malston Moor. Ulustrlltes the USII o f symbolic 'tanoons': pre· sumably refers to rhe .sword CUlling the Gordian knot 01 politic•. Centfe, bottom: Standa/d of Sir Arthul Haseirlg (Parlla, mentary). tallied p!'8Sumably by hiS Iroop of horse at Edgehlll. The green colOUring was retained bv his later regiment, on the standards of whIch the arm·and·cloud modI was displayed, Bottom lelt: Slandard o f Sir Willlam Wailer (Parliamentary). represenllng the personal IlagS" carned by many gane,als. Bottom tight Major'. guidon, unidentif,ed Royalist dragoon regiment. captUred a\ Marston Moor.l1Iuslfates Ihe swallow· tailed guidon of dragoons D.sl.ngulshing marks were like those 01 foot Wailer'. dragoon regiment, for example, had yellow gu.dons beclling black ,oundels, one for Ihe major, twO for 1SI capta.n, etc. Colonels" gu.dons were usuallv pllln. disl1ngu.shrng symbols were 85 varied as b.bles (on black, Sir Samuel Luke', Reg.ment) 01' black crll$Cent·moons on white (unident ified Aoyallst reg.menl)

Princcs colOur whom he 5ervr:th, and nOl put if olf ... and upon occa!ilons of baltcllthc)' shall be sure by that means nOl 10 offend each olher' JJ , App:ucntly red scarves we re the lradllionlll English oolouf. perhaps taken fro m the colouring of the national fla g; for example, HoklllYfW Postll/wlIls or PMlhas H is f>r'IJINIII$ notes Ih:u the English In Java eelebra tcd the Queen's coronat ion in 1606 by making 'scan 'cs of white and r~d taffeta, being our country's colours,n. and red sashes {and red-a nd-white (eathcrs) wcre still in use at lhc coronation of Charles I p.a. Red or 'rose' sashes werc USed by the RO)'alisl forces in the Civil \~'ar. an extant example reputedly worn by the King at Edgehill ~i ng dght f«t nine i nch~ (1:.7 metres) lo ng, embroidered in silver. and now a purplish hue, ~rhap.5 having al tercd in colour over the yea rs. It is often assumed that the

144

!'arli:tmemary forces in general wore the orange-tawny sa.shL"S of the Earl of Essex's army. but this may not h:l\'~ ~en universal and perhaps applied onl)' 10 the for~ under Essex's actual command . Ccn:!inl)' confusion occu rr~d and other colou" of ~sh were used; for example, at Edgehlll Si r Faithfull Fortcscuc's troop of Parliamentary horse changed SIdes trr bl{/(., shooling their pistols into the ground 10 signify their change of aIle-giancc, but some were slain by the RoyaliSts for delayi ng 10 remO\'c their orange-taw ny sashcs. Ludlow claimed that Sir John Smrth recaptu red the Banner Ro)'al at Edgchill by disguising himself\\;th an orangetawny scarf. whilsl at ChlIlgro\'c 'the reaSOn why wc killed no morc was panly because dh'ersc orlhe Rebells had rcd scarfes like ours and by followi ng them wtle Mr Howard :and Caplain Gardne r unawares ingagcd and t:.tken •.. o f the King's party, were some 10 or 12 slain and some of them through mistake tw:ing for want of starfes or their nOl having Ihe word readily' Jt. Continued use of the red sash by Parliamentarians is proven by the dia ry of a Royalist dt'fendcr of I'omefraet Castltwho reco rded the death of a Roundhead weadng '3 gallant shuyt of appart'1I with a great redd sk.arfc'. the s::lme 3CCOUnt nm ing a Captain f..hson 3t Second Newbury wearing a ·blllCk sC"J.rfe about his middl~ ' ''~, probably signifying individual mourning. Deliberate de,:eption was prac t ic~d, such as lh:u of Colonel Henry Ollge whose relief of Basing HOUK in September 1644 W85 due in part 10 hislroops being disguiKd by ol1lnge sashes fi nd hat ribbon' . Hilt ribbons were used to identify ordinary soldiers who would not wear sashes, though their use: was not UOl\'Crsal. Early In the war the Venctian ambassador reported to the Doge that the Royalisls we.r~ identified by 'rose-coloured bands on [heir hats')1; when equipment was orde red for the p;rmy to go to Ireland, 10,000 hats and bands were included, presuIT'l:ibly for the mus· ket«rs. Whether cockade! as such were worn is unknown, but a painting by Dobson ()( Prince Ru~rt wilh Colonels Willillrn Murrn)' and John Russdl shows hat, cockades of pink, black and gTrY (or si k~r), th~ fact thal Russdl is shown dipping his cockade inlO a glass of wine giving rise 10 the SlOry that the picture rcpresents an au em ptto persuade him not to change ,ides l -, though a more likdyexplamllion is Ihat it shows Russdl receiving his commission liS lieutenanl-colond of the Prince's regiment. As Murray WIIS the n probably o n Rupcrt's staff, thc coloured cockade mlly ha\'e been associated with lh~ Princc's personlll service J9 . Hat ribbons wefe used for ol h~r reasons than purel)' military; Levell~rs, for eXllmpk, w~re distin gui5h~d by their sca-green favours. Field signs were IIdopted (or a panicular occasion to distinguish one arm y from another; foru:lmpl~ , a White paf'Cr band or handkerchIef in th~ hat was a popular Parliamentary sign. perhaps inspired by the London trained bands who in January 1642 proclaimed their

00 Tower Hill supporters of t~ French nmbassador 'marched in great companyes along the street, wllh every man a while handkerchief I)'ed aboul hl~ arme' "0: the same distinction was employed by Gage'~ relicvers of Basing I-jouse in [644 Ca handkerchief tied abO\'e the right elbow). Sprigs of foli3ge were:1 popular field sign. used (for example) by Parliament at First Newbury, where the 'whole 3rmy wore green boughs in their h:lIs, to distinguish us from our enemies, which they pcrceiving, one Regiment of their Horse had gOt g~n bough~ :1od rode up to our regiments cl)'ing, 'Friends, friends' ; but we let fly III them ... ''''; Ihe London lrained bands, in fact, rcLained their green boughs until they retumr:d home, though five days e3rl ier the. Parliamen!ari3ns had worn white handkerchiefs in t.heir hatS instead. AI Ponlcfraet the Parliamentary foot were recorded ·with Roasctrull)' in thcire hatles' "l , whilst at Naseby the Ro)'alisl5 'had beane slalkes in their hms, we nothing: some of ours on their owne accord had white Linnen, or paper in their hats''&), AI ,,"Iarslon Moor Parliamentarians wore white handkerchiefs or paper, the RO)~J,lislS no bands or SC:ln'('S; at Bristol (J uly 16,0) Rupt'rI ordered his troops to wear gret'n colours. 'either bows or such like' .... (or 'boughs'?), and to be without band or handkerchief around the neck. Naturoll)' Ihis syStem was lhe cause of grC'Jt confUSion; for example. at Marslan Moor, Fairfax was able 10 ride Ihrough Ihe e:nemy by taking the white handkerchief from his hat, whilst al Cheriton both sides adopled the some field ~ign and p:lSS word (something while in the hat and 'God wi th us'), nnd in June 1648 bolh sides in a skirmish at Bangor wore neither Sash nor field sign and used :1 similar cry. the Royalists 'Resolution' anJ Pnrli:lment 'Religion'. The 'field word' or pass word was adopted 10 pre\'enl such confusion, bu! its use was quite impractical once combat \\'35 joined Ilse:!ch side could disco\'er lhe other's password simply by listening 10 the enemy's shouts_ Random examples ate noted below;

Fu~nch engraving of 1632 showlflg drumtnef of GlJrdes F"nrilisu weallllg iI boukinklJn, not onty an English nvle of headdress bill sufficlentlv familiar In England for figure to be COPIed. alm05t eXKlly, 0f'I Farndon window

adherence [0 Parliament by rasu,'ning copies of the Protestation issued by the Commons upon theil' pikes and h3ls or tucked into the breasts of Iheir coats, Such ftlVOUrs were not overtly military, as in the 166 1 riot

Cherilon

Royalist Parliamell/(Iry (both orginallr 'God with us') 'God and the 'Jesus help us' Cause' or ' Jesus bl\.·ss

Naseby

'Queen j\'Iary'

Thurland Caslle, ' In with Queen Mary' Furness, 1643 Colchester 'Chnrles' Allon Basing House (final assault) Cropred~' Bridge

' Hand and SworJ·

",'

'God is our strength' 'God wilh us' 'God's our help' 'Truth and Viclol)" 'For God and Parliament' 'Vielory wlthout Quaner'

1

CO L OURS AND STANDARDS

COLOURS Each l1'lmr:mr 0((001 carried a nag or colour, and each troop of horse had :I standard, whkh served as a r('\."OgniZ3hlc rall Ying ~'IOinl In action :md embodied thc honour and rq'lur!uion oflhe unit . Lon ofa colou r was th{" gnn-csl dish onour and liS L-apture the' greatest prize; thus bitter combats raged aro und them, and traditionally dislISICTS were measured In terms of '35 when :l standard-bearer fainlelh' ( lslIIah x. 18). The (corm 'COIOUM; ' l~ ri gi nal cd in th e six tc;enth C'C l1lury: '\'(/t'

Englishmen do call Ih('m of larc ec.lours, by reason of the variety o f coloul'li they be made o f •.. • I. ES lima\(~S o f the size of a fotee l1ught be given as 'about fift y colours of (oot' , Le. So cQmpank"s. The bearer ofa nag (ensign of fOOl or corn eT of horse) fi lled '3 place of repute and honour, dUlh not suile ( \'ery Yeoman. T aylor,or Fidlcr , •. (\f the like l\' c..:hanick fd lowes'), and, 'In oc:caliones of fightings wilh\: his enemy. he Is to s hcaw himself drc3dfull and terrible. with his :.worde in his righte hande.and his G.1lours in his left ... 'l. Coh.'urs were usuallr 61 feet ( 2. metres) square. With dC'Sign often dependent upon the colonel's whim, but rerta!n rules we re USU311 y followed. \,\/ard's AlljmQd· t'CrslOIIJ 0/ 11"0"'-1' j 1639' notes that the colonel 'ought 10 h:we allthc: Colours of his Regiment to be alike, both m colour :I.nd fashion I{) a,'OIde confus ion so lh3t the souldlers may dlscernc: thei r owne Regiment from the {,lIher T roopes; likewlsc, e,'ery p3rticular Captaine of hIS Rcgtnl\:nt muy haw some sm311 distinction in their O:Ilouo: as their AnnC's. or some Embleme, or the like. so that onc Company maybe discerned from anothl·r' '/'. Among ,::uides for colour design was ," Iatkham's Slm/· dit'rJ A~cidm(C which listed the \'inues of each colour: yellow 'bt!Wkeneth honour, or height of spirit'; white 'significlh innnce nclC', or purity of conscicnce, truth and uprighl iOlegriIY'; black 'wisdome :md sobrielY': blue '(a,th. ('Onsto ncy, or truth in aff(.'(:Iion'; red 'justice. or noble worth)' a ng~' r , in defence: of religion or 'he oppressed'; green 'good hope. or thenccomplishment of hol)' and honourable aCllons': purple 'fortittlde with dIscretion , or 11 rn,'st true d ischarge of an)' trust re-ncl~ed': tunnis or lawn)' ' merit or desert, and a foe 10 lOgratitudc': ermine 'religion or holiness'; 'From Ihest' colours and their m~ IU fes Ufe dcri\'cd man y bas tnrd anJ dishonourub1c colours, as carnatIon , orange t3Wn)'. pOpt'ngie, &c. whIch slgmfie crafl, pride, and wanton· ness" .

q6

Most colollrs followed ge.nernl rules of design which allowed them to mdicate nOI onl y Ihe regiment bUI 3150 the officer commanding the particular compan y. Nor· mally. all bore a SI Gearge's cross in the: upper an ton ne3rCSt the Sl3ff, nOI larger than one·sixth of the whole , su,'e the (.'Olours of regimental colonels whH:h were uS\lall y 'of pure and dean colour' I> withOut decora· tions, The lie ute nanH:olonel'scolour had the St Gearge canton alom~ , and those of the major and company C:lp-tai ns a number of dedcl'"5, either her:lldic badges or 'pilei wa vy' (lOngues offlame issuing from the SI Gearge canton), Ihe number of devices depending upon the offi cer's seniorit y: the ma jor mighl havc onc device. the first oplain IWO, the second capt:lin Ihn-e, ete .. though the arrangement v:lried . G.1louring and de\·ices were usually chosen by the coloncl. oft en based upon his own arms, s uch:ls the cinqucfoil of Sir Edward Stradling, or I!vcn a pun UJXln his namc, as for T albot 's Regiment. ExamplC's are listed below: ParliamC'ntar)' fOOl LoIIJ(m trOlm:d haruh

Red Regt.: rcd colours. distinguishing fealures white piles wa\')' While Regt.: white colours. 1-5 red diamonds Yellow Regt.: yellow (;olours, black s ta rs Blue Regt.: bilK! (.'Olours, white roundds Green Regt.: green colours, while ('""lilt raps placed diago. nally O range Regt.: ornn~ colours, while trefoils Westminster Liberty Regt.: yellow colours. major's with pile wa\'y. CAptains' badges blue roundcls T ower Humlets Regt.: red colours, with m O!lo IEHOI'A I'ROIIfDE 81'1' within silve r branches, sprigs of leaves in cornen: S t Ge.arge canIC)Q for all excepl colonel's colour: major's :lnd captainS' colours dis tinsuished by white roundds in a line along the lOp edge LIIl/dOIl au:ciliarict

As for the trained band regiments. except that most used piles wa vy to indicate majors and captains, Ihe Green, White. Yellow and Blue Auxiliaries having t.hese of gold. red, blue and gold respect Lvely, 111c Red anJ Orange AuxiliariC'S used white roundcls in a diagonal row, lhe Orange hll"ing 11 pile Wll\'y for the major.

Lord Sa)'~ & S~k's R~gl. ( Inter Mddrum's).; blue /"'Olours, gold r.ampant lions as distinctive badges Lord Brooke's Regt. : purple colours, while slars Hampdcn's Rc:gl.: g reen oolours, colonel's with mono .\'ulhJ I'tsli/lia RttrONllII1 Charles Falr(ax 's Regt ,: blue colours, colonel's \\'ilh monQ F,dthur F(lc/i(lfcr 10 a circle: major's with white pile wa,'y, caPlams' wllh while stars Royalisl foot Life Guard of Foor: St Gcorge's cross occupying two· fiflhs of colour nearest pole; remainder red bearing Royal badges as company dcvic ...-s, c,g, crown over gold leopard (coloncJ), c rown over gold rampant griffin t1ieulcnanl..rolonc!'s), crowned portnJll is (major), ClIptains' with gold roses Gerord's Regt ,: colours dividcd diagonally into trianglcs, top and bottom blue, olhcrsydlow ( lSt captain); others with triangles subdivided in nhern3te colours Talbol's RegL : while colours, distincLLvc badges black {albolS (dogs), one for major, ,WCI ror 1st captain, etc_ L))'\'e's Regt. : yellow colours, red rou ndels Pennyman's Regt. : g reen colours, gold piles wavy Stradling's Regl.: blue colours, while dnqutfoils umplugh's Regt.: rello\\' colours, black crosses Lord HoplOn'~ Regt.: red colours, while slars Sir Bernnrd Astle)"s Regt , (ex-Marquis of I krtfo rd's): gr«n colours, hawk-lures as di5tinCli\'c badges Apsky's Regt ,: as Gerard's. but black and while Duke of York', Regt.: as Gerard's. but blaek and red Scollish fOOl Most colours wen: based upon the St Andrcw's sallal re. Oflhose captured al Pr" to n and Dunbnr and recorded In A /Wrlul rtglStry (11 oil Ihe col/ours lake,! Iro m Ill,

Alternallve system of inc!ICilllng rank upon colours by means of alternatlvely,eoloulad segments, as for example Challes Gel81d's Regt ,lIustrated In Plale 14 lelito right: 1 SI captain, 2nd captain, 3rd captain

~r the saltaire, many In the national colouring of white o n blue, o r as tin upper (;3nlo n; IS h:l\'e while on bluek whils t olhers have ted, green and rellow fields , In the 1639 war it was reported thllt all colours bore the mOllO 'Fo r Christ's Croun and Covenant', and in t650 the Scottish Parliamem o rdered that upon 'haill eulloris and stnndards there be "Co\'enanl for Religion King and Kingdo mC'S"', which occurs often o n the Preston and Dunoor COIClUrs, either Il1 the triangles o r the field or o n a plain-colo ured flag with Ihe SI Andre:w's saltaire in the upper amon nearest the pole. M,ost L"('ll()ur~ bore the nrmorial devices o r !.heir colonc.1 or owner, wilh n greater use or numerals to

Scots., .7, 150 out or 197

Rank,mar k,ng on colours, as e)Comphf,ed bv regimenl of fOOl (Blue Regt, of London trained bands) , Left to ,;Ohl ~ (tOp) colonel, lieutentlnl-coro net, (m,ddle ) 1st capta in, matel, 2nd caplain, (bo ttom ) 31d captRln. 4th caplain

O[]

Till! ESClI.ISII CJ\'II. W ,u

indicate the CompaJI)' Ihan in English regiments. Some bore the saltaire on 11 pani-coloured lidd, such as SII:war1 of Garscube's colour carried at Worcester which had a field of quartered blue and pink, Others bore pol itical symbols. such as the black colours of Montrose's foOl beuing a reprelentlltion of the severed head of Charles I with the motto Deo tl l/ jetridbtt$ Arml4S, Charles 11 '5 'L)fe G uard ofFoote' which fought at Dunbar had blue colou rs, the colonel's b(aring the Scottish Roy:lI Anns and the others a Scot lish device on one side and 'Covenant fo r Religion, King and Kingdomes' on the other. STA..~DARDS

Standards of horse were much smalkrj an extant pair prcscf\'ed at Bromsberrow Church are onl), two feet (0.6 metres) square, The stanci.1rds of regimrnlrd troops u sua ll~' had some related design or colouri ng, but the earlier independent trOOps carried standards with the widcst possible arra), of designs, based upon the anns of the caplain, or politicl, religious or e\'cn risque symbols and c-.lTtoons: unl ike foot colours. mOst were fringed. Many examples arc rccorded, though a number of the known designs are unidentified, Random examples arc noted below: Guldon5 01 feglmenl of dragoons which 'did betong 10 Wailer', September 1643 (irtustration trom contemporary manuscript; Nal10nal Armv Museum, London)

•

-

Pa.rliamenlar}, horse Sergeant-Major Horatio Care),: armoured arms issuing from a .:loud (a common design), holding 1i bow and arrow, tht' arrowhl~dd LOuching a winged hcart; scroll abm'e bore 'CHARLES T HVS PEACE FLYES TO THE' Capt, Nathaniel Fienncs: warrior in amique costumc holding a lance; scroll above read JlTRAQ JlE PALLrIDE Cap!. West of Cambridgt': red standard bearing a skull crowned with laurel Twistleton's Regt ,: an example of a regime nt with similarl y-coloured standards for each troop, but each bearing the captain 's own device". All standards white with black-and-white fringe; de\·ices were: Col. Twistleton, plain whilc; Major l ames !krr}" gold scroll bearing SI DEI'S NOBI SICVM QVIS/CON TRA NOS; Capt , Pcartc, gold diagonal scroll readi ng PRO Pri CE PUGNO; Capl. Cambridgt' , the popular arm-andcloud motif as in Phl(t' 32; Capt. Ncllhorp, a black w:trhorse with full furn iture:Capl. Haint's, a scroll bearing AD ARMAWOL/INS Ro yalist horse Often used more ovt'rtiy political and insult ing designs than the P:Jrliamt'ntarians, including for t'xampJc: Earl of Caernarvon: two standards; ( I) six dogs baiting a lion , one larger dog with a scroll issuing from his mouth, inscribed ' KIMBOLTON', and scrolls from the others bearing ' PYM , PYM'; from lion 's mouth, TANDEM

•

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C OI.O IJIU ASI) S-rASDAltOS

AHUTERJS PATlENT;1 NOSTRAJ; (2) five hands reaching for a crown Crcpre:senting the King IInd t.he ' Five Members'), with an armoured hand issuing from a cloud to defend the crown, with motto REDO/TE CAESAR /. Yellow standard similar to ( I) aptured aT I'hrsmn t\'\oor but not identified, though cannot have belonged 10 Caernarvon's old rt'gimenl. Capt, Lumby (captured al C irencester): white with gold mOtto PRO REta; ET(NOT/ S LEG/BUS(

ANGI,IAE Lt. Col. Caryll Molyneux: repeats the scurri lous slor)' of Essex being a cuckold, showing a reindeer's head (Essex's badge) supponed by five hands (the 'Five Members') with motto AD QUID EXAI.TA TlS CORNU ('To whot dost thou exalt thine home') Others: some Royalist troop commanders ~m 10 have borne their entire arms upon their standards, but amongst the recorded but unidentified eXMTIples are some or lhe mosl bhmtanlly propagandist, bearing monossuch as TERRIBILlS UT ACIESORDINATA (black standard with yellow frin~. sword issuing from a cloud, 'Terrible as a battleli ne drawn up'); AUT MORS, AUT VITA DECORA and a skull ('Death or an honourable life'); PRO REGE ET REGNO and white cross on red ('For King and Kingdom'); A'IALEM MOR J QUAAI TARDARE ('J will die rather than turn 3sidc') On fed standard; VJVE L/j' RO}' on white standard (, Long lin: the King'); L1. Col. Sir Henry Constable. bart' a cross with IN HOC S IGNO VINCES (the mOrlo of ConslantinC' the Great); the Marquis on,(/inc.hestcr bort' DONEe PAX REDEIfT TERRIS ('Until peace returns 10 the eanh'); Sir Edward WiddringlOn. DEO ET CAESAR I, The srandards of thc Queen's Hone reflected the French origin oflhe Queen and some of ilS personnel : dark blue fields scattered with fleurs-de-lys, all troop standards bearing a crown in addition .

Seonish horse Standards of similar charncler, but mort' sober ~md with greater useofhcrnldic de\'i~; Scon's Horse lit Dunbar crried a banner five: fcetthree inches ( 1,6 metres) long by fourft-oct (our inches ( I ,3 metres)deep, with thcwhitc ~altaire on blu!!; others bore versions of the Covenant mOIlO, whilst Montrosc's Horsecamed bl3ck standards bearing three pairs of clll5ped hands holding swords, wilh the motlo QUOS PIETAS VJRTUS £l'HONOR

FECIT AM/COS, OTHER FLAGS In addition \0 unit colours and standards,scnior Qfficers possessed personal standards often different (rom those borne by lhc.ir own troop. The King's royal standard (or Banner Royal), so nearly captured at Edgehill, bort' the rull Royal Arms (first and fourth quane.rs, quartered afms of England and Fnl.Occ, second quaner Scotland,

third Jrt'land), lhc Scottish version hanng the Scottish lion in the firsl and founh quancrs and quanered England and France in the second; and at Edgehill, the King had 'a s~'3rkt cornet larger than the ordinary caITyd ~fofe him" , At ''''orcester ChariC$ II used the fed rampant lion on gold as befitted Ihe 'King of Scotland', Prince Rupcrt's slandard captured at Manton M oor borc 'Ihe Ensigncs of the Palatine, ncere five yards long and broad, with a rcd eros~e in the middle'''. which due to ils size mUSt have marked thc Prince's headquartcrs 3S it cannot ha\'e m-en borne berore him. Levcn ', arms included 'supporters' bearing standards which may han" been hi~ own , red with the St Andrew's canton: Essex's red Slandard bore the mOllo I'IRTUTlSJ COMESIJ,VIIJOJA , Sir'lnomas Falrfa.'('s was o f plain gr«n damask with grccn 'figurin.g' interwovcn (as a colonel of horse's); Lord Fairfax's white standard borc 11 crown supported on 3 \'en;cal sword , impaling a Papl!l mitre, with the mOttO VIVA El. REYn' MUERRA IL MALjGOVIfJRNO r Long live the K ing and dc.llh tu bad gm'crnment'), MBjor-Gcncral l' hilip Skippon had a red standard bearing an ann and a sword issuing from a cloud over 0 Bible, with the mOIlO ORA ET PUG,VA IUIIET ET /UVALET IEHOIIA; the Blrl of Man~ chesters was of green figured damask. bearing the powerful motto 'Truth and Peace' d Iagonally, Colours were cxpcnsil'e tu buy; in D<:ccmbcr 1644 , for cxample , thc New MQClel'scontract books included ' ' , .. ffor)'c buying Drums Cullers Halberts & partizam for ye furnishing of Collonell Aldrich his Regimt, vizl tror VIII new Ensignes madc of blew flort'n~ sarsnctt will Distinclion:; or gould culler Laurclls \l'1h lassels to ycm ,., at ye rale of xlv' 3. peece , XVlllli"o, A regiment or troop which 1051 liS l..'otOursor st.andard was nonnally not allowed to CIIrt)' another until Iheir disgrAcc had been wiped OUt by their capture of an enemy nag; thus, 1he I'ri nce of Wales' trOOp Ilhich lost its cornel (standard) at Hopton Heath ( 19 i\\arch 16.01 had its honour restO red when Major Thomas Daniel captured 0 Roundhead banner 01 Chalgrove Field ( 18 June 1643). Colours were a great aid to idemifiC",uion Uhe White Rcgimenl of London trained hands was visible 11 milcs (2A kilometres) away a1 Cheriton), but as both sides used identical styles of coloun, conrusinn could arise; fo r example, at Southam (23 August 164"2 ) Major \'(Iilliam Legge. and Lieutenant-Colonel Sir FranelS Butler 3t Nantwicb (25 J:lnU3ry tD44) wett both cap' tured by mistaking !)arliamentary colours as their own! The number of coloun captured was usually regarded as a way of gauging the size of tI viclory. Colours wc.re nonnally pro\'icled wllh dabol1lle (.'Ords and tassels, and even with ribbons wrapped arOund the pole, but other ornaments included those m~' ntioned by Colonel Anhur Goodwin, Hampden's fellow Buckinghamshire M,P., when writing of Hampden's death: " ., I pray lel me beg or )'OU a broad black ribbo n 10 hang about my standa rd . , " 11

ApPENDIX: MEDALS

Asdlfferc.nl from the mnny commemornlin: medals and medallions concernmg Civil \'i' ar personages, medals for \'alour or militar}' se rvi~ wcre nOl prolific. In the Royal army there cxlsted a sih'cr 'Forlorn Hopc' medal , ins tig:ued apparently by Thomas BUsh{'\I , \,\lnrden of the ."Iint . who was commcnded (or his invention, 'for (lur beller knowinge and rewarding the Forlorne Hope wlIh Badges of Sih'cr al yo ur own charge when the soldiers wcn~ ready 10 run away' I. Thcse n:cdals \\'cn~ described in a Roy;d w:lrta nt of 18 A'b y 16.. 3: 'Oadges of Silver, comaming our Royal image. Rnd that of our dearest son , Prince Charles. 10 he delivered 10 wear on I.hc breast" it was further decreed to be an offence to wear a medal which had nOI been earned, or for selling onc which had! An C~lanl medal, perh!lps of this type, is O\'al with 11 loop for s us penSIOn, bearing on the obverse a bust oft h~ King and lh~ inseriplion Caro/rIS D.G. Mag. Br. Fra. cl H. Rtx, und on the reverS!;! a shit'ld ..... i!hin a crowned gan er and Flort'bmll abo\"co J , Sir John Smith and Sir Roben \\7alsh (or WC'lshJ were b()lh aw::ardcd med:lls ror the-if pari in rcco"cring

1.

150

Ihe- Banner Ro)'al at Edge-hill ' Smith 'had afle-l'\\ lUds a large '\kdal of Gold given hIm , with Ihe- King's l'jcture on onc Side, and Ihe Sllnner on the other, which h(al\\":lYs wore to his d}ing Da},. 10 a large- grt"en wate red Ribband,cross his Shoulders'; :lnd \'\Ialsh, 'an Irisllm(m: who also pretended that he was inslrumenud in regain. ing !he Standurd , did also in the same ,\tannCf wcar a green Ribb:lnd with a Medal : but whether it W35 giwn hIm by Order, or how he came by it. I do not know .. ,' ~ The first nlmpaign medlll for both officers and other ranks WIIS that VOIe.'d by Parliament for se r"ic~ at Dun+ b:lr. st ruCk in gold for olfiel'rs and sih·e.'r (or others (bronze.' eXllmp1cs al so exist): the 1·louse or Commons was depicted on thc reverse nnd Cromwell on the {Jb,·crse. wi!h the legend ' Word at DunbarTHE LORD OF HOST S' I>arliument also Lssued gold and ~ il ve r medals btaring M£RV(ST! ("I hou hast d(:st"rved,), t649 dt"cncd thllt 10 per centof awarded IIrtt"r a.n act all prize mont")' resulting from naval anions s hould be: used to reward officers and m:mners who had perfonned 'E.xtl'3ordin:lr)' Service' at sea.

or

NOTES

Preface

Col.,....]

4

s.c.. Oarcnd<>n. Ed ..~ Hfdc, Eioll ,.r, H u",", DJ Iltt Rdvllw .. unJ

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(1',"<"10 11 , 197»

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Quoled Young, E41tJII/I, p. 1111 1X'~rtl , ,,",,(jMe,vol I,p 150 IlIv •..s.E,:suCroor.V\)1 11 ,1'1) 1:6-1 Mood:., I'P. :5-ft Tu.rntr, p, 1-5 5<'f f(l)Ulk<':1, C '" 110f'kJn.... n. E C .. 'S".."lh 1ft thc Snl1.!l1 Army' JounW ofw So.:..(\'fvr A._l1u",,~ ~It XI, Ul Ib.,lfe, 'XI ,1.111,.."" nuc,,·/.nt Or, T1tr )'.,.", ArI,lIff)' M .." 1I6j5); 0« C~. \ '01. 11, .'If' J39-40 TUl'lIC'r, I' 11S K.anlfe,"""eGrooe • ...,1 II ,I"P J39--40 Turner, pp 16<1-10 \l:'1ftdcal1 .. pp. 93-IO, Earl orEssn. I 591. qootcd ,n lloyncon, L . TM 61,.,,,10:1;"'.. M./",_. IJj,-,iJ' tNo:vown Abbut, 1911 } p. '9$ Ca", Da"'I~. " n. qUlllcd ,n Boynton, p. ' S9 Quol!ed in Shmtoro.l. p. n Quo.w In Clip",. W J ~ Ri»"I ....'HIlI fi/u,..:tJIn ( l...onOOn, l 'nl P 9 QUIlled In Gruse, "uj 11. P JJO I~I
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,8 ' 1'llIlmu I'QIj '" 1.,"0.1 lknb"", ~Un;h 1644. in' U1.Inll. p IlO " I"'Ni("t..~ P<'IIK"I'I" rAt f'tt>pk of EIl1/Q ..... (t..>noo.. . 11101 ) 60 MOJIId. 61 Turner. p .. 169 61 Qu<"ed In Youn~, 6a,t}"IJ, p . l:z.il 6) CbNndon .. VI , n 6~ Turner. p . 1601 6S CnHO.J . M,/,w .. /'IJ"uu.''''fOJT Vr(OIroI/'<,, (Cambri(jge, 161J.1 p . jQ; Ott :ilio 1I111Ih;un. J 'TlIt l'..lIercik of IIIe F~ .. h in IIIe ktv1CC: ~u.... hIgh and mljthlY l...ol'lb . I)r,n.: unilnl l 'ron~ in the 1...0",' Coumu<s' III BI11,ham , 1. Tlu T..."ltnf At/r.a .. ILondon. 16161pp .. ISJ~ 66 G.OSf:. \,01 JI , p. lH 67 S)'rnondJ, k 'Tile 1)lIot)' o f Rlthartl Syroond~' nI .. Lon,. C.E. Clmlk .. S .... u:ry 14 ! 11I,9 ! l)1 t'" ahl) YUUog, !Jnlt. P CIf1,/ II"... &tbnJ [,...,no.l<,". 100'I ) 1'1' ll-l (or biogMlrhy I)f S)"mon(bJ 6~ Cla",ndon. VI, , f!9 ~G,",*, vol 1, 1"1" l oHlf' 70 Ludl_, E. M."",,,,,,/I:'d...,...d LoodJOIJIJ W , I' ,nh. C.11 (Oxf,."o.I. 1894 ; Ladl"",', KWUnl of EdgchiIJ il "'rroduc;ed in YI)ll~, £J,rt",II, pp 311 - 16 ;1 \'rme),I' I",S","","dlh","f!...on.lo;)n.I9641p.lI' ~l .\tMr1
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4 . TIle First Civil Wa r 164.2-J , CWcndoo. VI. " OJ E.Jt>J.llJouJ TIIM> Rd........ p/ 1/11 0"""",,,, "lid Ht.HIJy F,,1u (Lon.loo, 16.6:\ p ).1iH Ropn, (;.)I II.C.S .. &luurt.J(;tNN/"f rJr, (''''1/11''",.,. 16-/J-jl l .on.km .. '!ilfiiJ p )01 1 CI~d.In. \ 11, I

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.\ Ial G. H""" ""J S ... Ulrrv ( London. , 196s1 rr ",_. QUOlcd ' -.,..,ng, ," ...."'" M,,,,,,, 1'1 .. 12\1 Elclnl" fron' dilryofSt:llfllrd Safely Cum 'mn~ . q\)'''cd 1ft Slcq;h Ill1rury PI Uti! (lm:'" cdn.) p . 9"1 Alkym, 1'. 8 Col FT'IIncos ThornNch in J'w!1Cf Ot( u(f',"m. \I Ocl'*, 1145' qUIlled YOUflj:l. CIt~l lfQ' E"If,kJIIJ, P )l Tum... p. 2)6 Cruloll, P ]/ Grold·WaIker. rr l..I-j TIornrr, p, 19J -I)IX'()URC of I"" W.rr In ulK".uhur' ('lu:tJw", &I... VI~ ~~ 010.1 ""'''CI, qUl)IW In 1Ia,.1~. JJ '" LA·;" A S u. ..~~hl"'" (Cllpkam. 1911! I'.l..! Q"'l'ed !bllc), & I..cwis , pp B -~ Guulh. k . mllM)'''f Alyddl. rd. llcy. 0 . !1..ooJf)n. 1981 I p . l7~ .sr..""'llry HI)( "Mdn.ry Mnnnir of Colonrl J"hn lJu.h· c;,mJr" $«'Iry 1'01 VII. """,. M"r;e" '~73 , quo.nlm lI ... th_r\~'. E. R~ ..""'Iu.d '" R~.dUl t llerr(ord, 19,· P. O QuorrdGn...,.,"O! I.p ul Quoted ,/nJ., p 229 Dwryof"(".,.T""~J ", £J"",,,~"~1 lIund.} IX' Will;~ f Wort'~tct. 19161 \'01 . 11, P IlJ. qumw Sn.:rwoud. p. 66 QlIOlrd (jrQsc:. ' '01 I, p. lS4 M rn'''''u, AulirUl p. 10Sj.quolrdTo>·nl!«. M &: Young, »nll, P Cl'lIfrlJy H,iJp, 16U , ... inrlon. 1<j1O) P lit Quoted Young , Una P .. & funber1un. W . TIu C..md_ ""<"0' I. Londtln, 197~ p. 1:z.Ji ·D,-.rrwC'lfIM Wan In u.~,n:·.qU01n1ll;lalry& ~"p

• 9

CIar,mwn, VIII, 20) J~mo 1I lrf~ 1>/ JillItiI. 11 ru

CI~rke. T .. S 11.."nOOn. , 8IiS); ' " YounN. f.·
NOTES

10 Garnrd . W TM Ar ... '" 1I' .mtl LondGn, ISIII) I'P "-S 11 &.. Ada", J "'T"ht: lkath orJohn Ihmplkn ' HIlf,J'Y To.L{yXXIX CI'l19 J6}6-6J 11 Clarn!don. \Ill . 10 1 Il CC:IIII~,M CtnI"",III,,~GMJlC",IIW"' { IIJ61 ) " TI' 14 Alk,ym,p. I" I S IInJ . P. 19 16 Clarmdon. VII, IJl 17 Ibid .• I)} 18 C rom ....,1I h. o"nmllleo: Ur ~'~.n "'~"'IIOO,)I Jul)' 1&.41 lR i(ulhwonh, J 11;'1(},1(41 QIII«I""rt, (L<moJon , 16S!>I-I70I) \'.218, '1\1010:<1 in and I« OIt1-," C",,,"''tIl'J IAflnSdrt4 SfW
,6"-4'

5. The First C ivil War 16....

101"",,,," M"".., p. 7~

~

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J 4 5 6

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7 IW. 11

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6. Ne\\' Model: The First Ci"il War 1645 , Q..m~.J In ,""."Iamk)". M.A. TIo, Rile'" u... NN.

I;..J , p. 2S 14 TUl"Mr.p. u}

I)

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vd .

I."".)51-.

20 SQuIJ ....1 C"'fidllf'lll, p. Il 11 QuoIW inJour ....1 "I w St>fW'{)I Ill!' ... ,~ HuwroclJl RtsI'iI1lli . LlX ( I981 ) '51 II SirTho"",. I'ainu; qUI.IIN ibid. 1) l.c1ICTIO I"~ M ayor ~nd Corpon.lion ofS.ndw,~h, No\OCnlMI 1641. qllOled in ,\\ el1rns. H. K£NI ",,01 tilt CI/·,/ lf '", (MaldsIOM. 1960l P· l1 U Rrprinled in UN"" CII"",,,I~,)o Dm:m~r 1715 15 Quo!C"d m)tJ.."".r 01 dw So>otl)' I ... Ar"!.\' f l u/lW"Q/ RntrlWI, LlX ' 1981) 149 ~6 &lIlc. E. II....-, .,j "" P.tL.uuu wod Ow/ry f'/ 1...lIC
ec.""O'

S,.,.,..,

a.....

7. Between the First and Second Civil Wars 16.. 6-7 I

Quoted RtI\I
z Oltcndon.X.lfl ) S~t\shlt)'. p . 1311 "" O~",ndon,X . 90

M II
(umbridKC'.11I79} p 18

~ So~IJi", CD,«Iou/W, rp. )-.1

\ S«' K"h/llruky, p . 106 .I W• Un .P7

S QuolCdtn Alhky, M. TNMJIISII Cn.·IIW.v (Londoo , 19N) P. I IS 6 11 ;\'nz> 1........, III r..., 1~ (i.onOOn. I~ S): '1 .....10:<1 In H<::IOthAfI'I(W,p 11S ~ lI.u.hworth VI , 4. s« Oll()t"f Ot.""lIVI/', IAt\M .mJ S/W~NJ, pr . 118-9 11 AI="TI..., .-t .. I..: .., .S"· H , PP '1)9-~0 91 I olllJ<" , p. lfIj andncol~IO) 10 Abtll>t1 . W C. T\t W~fll\IllI ..JSfINdw< ~/OI_rOt._/l \c.m. hnd~, Mom .. 19J1-41J vol l. pp. :61-1

I' Qu..>1~d Shr .....vod. r I II~. """" l'ibblll!. I I C . '1lM: Ull~'b.!OIu or Sir S~"lI.d Luke ' BcJI/1f"JJ/I,,~ lIiJwr..:.lI R«orlb S",,,I)' .u (1 90)) '1 S.lI/ld.m OJtt(hU>rtt. p. l.I

8. The Second Civil War t648 I Chu...:"iU. Sir W }fuW? 01 tlrt 1{",lulI Sf'(J/,,"t l'tophJ 19S6) M . II , I'll. J I 8- 111 J C1:umdon. X I. j , } Cla.~n, X I, 107

U.... n.J..ln .

9. The Third Civil War 16"9-5t , &.. HUliup, p Jj6 1 CrlJmW~U 10 lillor:lng, ~ ~trn~ 1650; 011(.,... 00_1/', U'1#r1 S1'«Joa . rP. 3n-8 3 Clannr.lQn. X III , n 4 don.X III . 6: S Cromwtlt LO wm",m llnth.aIl , Sr.ukeror l'arhanltm.~ Stpltmbn 16S I; Ol,t.... C ...""',,//'. 1.11/..., amI S""UM... p. 459

".Id

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153

TIlE ESGLlSH CIVil. \ ... .,,~

6

Q"'lI~u

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In ShrrwilOd. p. 164

1 QuoI~d,n"""nll . EJ,d"ll.p UI QooIN ,bid. p U9

, ,..,

36 S« Drman. (I . lS

10 H,,,,"_,It. qurtlcd ..... hlaft. r 18;

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39 S« "' ..nwl r .... ...,. H oIla<..m RtJI4TC1t Xx.-':J\'.

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IIIJ· J

40 Ooug". r \Ill ~I

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Sec L..o"·,« n. V
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6 IINJ . p 190

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IS Quotcd Youn,. EdK.,::-.646 ,,,,11 wSror.:1r '''''11_''1.61' 1190S: rt'pnmcd GI~lu. 19791 P_;1I :IQ Quoled Young. Edt,lril/ p l8 11 Auhrr)" JI "'SO U Q""lrd Young. E.tJ"II. p. :, :) JIttJ p :S Lt Quoled Ra)-nIOn. p . 27 :S Oa,.,ndon. \'l ll. 13! Ut Quolrd/"III>ryT~XXI 11/711685 J7 W.rbunon. E. M~ •••tm"'l l>rift(~ Rup,..""J riot c:m,:Jions l Lo.lndon , l iI.49! "'lL. II .I'. h l~ SI. S~rn"d Luu 10 E.lrl or r:.lK~. ~ l'~bruMf I6.lS; 'l(:e Roa:~n, p 1\13 29 QUOIfiJ 1i.,111lC$. p . \l8 JO 1t-iJ.• " 100 )1 L..oI-u . J 8 ","ltMiJ,wryl-'''Ifi"",, \ lAndon,19.dil p 1

31 Crwo. p 17 )J Quuttd Carman.i". :S

154

11 . Colours and Standards Ibrm . R rift" J'Iuow.n. Maj T S",,,Ji,,,b.(;~~,,,,,,,,,J('.I"I",," ~/ dv C""'_INOIiIlt ~m ,i\lcknhof. 19SJ p. ~ W.rd. A... .....at·"""""~/ tr/JN.;Stt F.d"'IT,h. p 101 lb'I)·. G A DUl:ourIt" ~! Ah!!",,",, Due,,./,,,. (RN.wIJ, 16},1 ); If" Ed"'lItJ •• p. 99 Wanl, "'"lrruJt'l'n lol'" l>/lf'aru; KC Ed" .. NI. rP IJ 41 ~ S« GtoK, vol 11. pp. I ",o-~ I V(nn. T '\/,IIIJI)' 0"","""",,,, Dr 'r~lufIJ /lu/ INtO Pr"'"U fLondon. 161Z): Stt Younj/. 6%(1,,11. " . 3S S« '\\~.\lI ltan . W. & Sl~-:.n , J./I Swry ol lh. Str1"uh FIIJ,t

r

2 ) ... S 6

1

(GIJ.l,.,..,. I lllj) pp. H-4S

g J........ fl. qUllIc
Appendix , QIIO.WYwn,.Eq(J"II. " 1';10

l $« G.lrdon. M_i. L.l •• l l1l/tsIt 8 ",d,. ""J '\/ta..I' {"'ld~nhol, 1\162

p 2• ..... c,~ IlK ""'nn! it 'looted In 1\111 ) Sec Iknwn . G , A .. lfrcvlIII! '" t"~ C,'O' '" \'g/Ao (l·ork. 1925J pp. )1-8: and Wtnllam. I'. 1'/,.. G1w, ~",JCI_ S...,~ ~/ ~'...... 16.,~ rK,,,.,/on. 1970) rp . , I , -Ili "' Bllblrode , SIr R M~_ ... ( Lundon . ' 721; 5tt YOU",. f:J"Ir.Il.

pp . 270-7'

G LO SS AR Y

Some' of wc military lenninolo8Y of the mid-sevcnteenth century is Jufficiently obscure' 10 be: \·inually unintelligible C\'cn with a modern dictionary. The following elucidate's some of Ihe terms which may ~ Cllcountered in works of the Civil War Ixriod: Ancient: corrupdon of 'cmign', junior officer; e.g.. "Tis onc lago, ancien! 10 the gencrul" (O/hellll, 11, i) BouIClSdle: trumpet 1..'1111 for 'bootsand sllddJe' (Frcnch} Brigadccr. corporal of horse {orig. French}

Bringer up: officer or N.C.O. III the reor of 3 unit or file Captain of arms (orgcnlleman of amls): N.C.O. responsible for keeping the weapons of a comp3nror IrOOp in

b'OOd order Clerk (or Scrh'ener): N.C.O. kccpingcompany rolls:md (It"ting Ill! pa)'TT1aSIl~r

Coal and Conduct: 'COAl and conduct' moncr was the sum paid loa recruIt for uniform. accoutremenTS and journey 10 his poll Commanded: a 'commanded' pan)' was one seleeled for a panicular lask or POSI Corps de guard: gu3rd pany or guardroom (ori&Frt"nch) Cural : sel of breasl· and backpluu: , i.e. 'cuil'3ss' (orig. FttDCh) Diun: drum all of rt"\'eille (orig. French) E"ja"u PerdllJ: Fttnch term for 'Forlorn Hopc' (q .\'.), sometimes u~d in England Forlorn Hope: ud\'uncc guard; "ot specifically a swnn· ing parly as Ihc tcrm l:l\cr came 10 indicate Free qU:lrlcr: payment of mt"llls or lodging by licket; euphel", ~ m for thcft Gutloup : 'running Ihe g(llloup' mean( running the gauntlet as punishmenl Grantldo: monar shell L:mce:sp<snla (Qr lanceprcsadoj: eon llne:nml term en· countered occasionally in England signifying a 'broken lance', originally a gentleman !'If a troop of horse who had IOSI his mQun! and becomc attached to a company of foot until rehorscd: additional N.C.O. Lunanc: formation of arraying 1r()()p5 m half· moon ,ho",

Last: umt ofwt';ghl equalling .,J.ooo tbs. 0.814 kg) Passelunt : allowance of malch for the: use of sentinels Passe\,olanl: sn 'im'isible msn' on a compan)"s mUS"ler roll. for whom pa~' was dT3wn and appropria tcd by Ihe captain or OIher officers; in Sweden this practice wns legalized bUI limited to 10 p3ssevolants per company in the hope Ihat il would pre\'cm further corruption PUlrovillc: as 'rQund' (q .\',); also !I pan)' doing 'rounds' Perspecti\'e glass: tc1esL'opc Picqucer: to skirmish Pot·piecc: voriel), of mortar Punchoon: barrel or cask (ScoHish) Rammcrwand: musket ramrod Refusing: tactical disposition of protecting a flank by stationing a unit :n the rear of the Hank Round: Qne who visits ~el)(melll ~cn trles) during the time of the sentry's dUlY Runnlng·trench: approach trench Sconce: earthwork fortification, usually 10 house a bat-. tery,and usually detachcd from the main defences Qf a plal~

ShOl; muskett'Crs Sow: siege tower 15 used in the )\'Iiddle Ages, for assault· ing a fortress wall: not in common usage but did cxist during the CiVIl War. onc having so uncommon an appearance th.:1.I It 'sorely frighted our men al Froom' (sct' erose, vol. I. pp. 385-6) Span: to 'span' a whttllock firearm was 10 cock it: hence: 'spanner' for a wh(-ellock kcy. Square murtherer: "ariel), of mortar Swine·feather (or Swedish feal hcr): short double-ended pike intended 10 provide a defence fClt muskclcl:rs, being plamed 10 form a portable palisade Tenia: brigade ThiIJ, thiller: t'3rl sha ft s Tattle: va.rict}' of mortar Travaillc: reveille (orig. French) Tuek: s tl'3ight·bladed sword Zap: sap tfrom italian :"ppa, a mattock)

.'1ou_; tcrmmology of artillery nnd small arms is covered in the main texl .

'55

S ELEC T BIBLIOGRAPHY

l:>Ubli(:ation details of some of the "ost literature on the Ci\'il \'(fIrs arc givC'n in me form of notes 10 the text. The followi ng sclC'cl bibliography includes a number of standard histcmes. rC'prCKnlali\'c biographies and ttr· tain of the contemporary works which arC' generally accessible in the form of recent reprints. Bibliographies including l'()mrnentS upon the reliability or bias of vari4 ous sources may be found in such works as Ashle)" Roots , \X'oolrych t elC. , listed below. Cerlain of those listed (\~agncr . Lawson, Carman and various costume

histories, etc. ) and some of the drill books and con· temporary manuals do nOl bcar directly upon the evems of the Ch·i! WOf$ bUI cover the military theory. equipment :!Od costume of the Sc\'cnlccnth century in :t mo rc general manner.

ACHESONE. J. rht MiliUJry Gordm (Edinburgh, 16z9) (rc:p r1flt~d Amst~rdam Ilnd Norwood, New J~rsc: y . 1974 , in the Kries of reprints Tm English Exp.."rie"u, a uscJui series of facsimilic:s including such imporlanl works as Da"ies' Art of War ( 1619), Kellic's Palfas Armota (1627). h·tarkharn's SO'lfdim £wrcue (1639), ~tc. O lher contemporary pamph lets, The KinKs A lajcslieJ 1'lSfTUClio"S ( 1642), His MajtSlics ItlSlrucliorlS ( 1642). His tHajtstiel S peech ••• III O;tford ( 1643), elc .• h(l\,~ been reprinled recently by Tnt' T oucan Press, SI Pcter POrt . Guernsey) ADA IR, J. CherltOll, 1644 (KinclOn . 1973) ADA IR, J. Roundhead Gel/eraf; A Mi/ilary Biography of Sir lI'1iffiam Ir/affer (London , 1969) ASHLEY, M . Th, English Civi/l17ar ( London, 1974) (includes concise bibliography wilh perlincnt ''(Im/mnts) ASHTQN, R. TIlt' English Civil War (London, 1978) ASQUITH. S. Nnc Modt/ Army 1645-60 (London. 1981 ) ATKYNS. R. & GWYN . J. The EIISllih Civil War cd. Young, P. & Tucker, N. (London, 1967) (r~prints Alkyns' Vindjro/ioPl and C ....,,'O·s Military MtrnoiN) BURNE, A.H. & YOUNG, P. The Great Civil \rIar 1642-46 (London, 1959) CARLYLE, T . (cd.) Dliwr Cro"lff:tll's Lmm a,Jd Specchn (London, n.d.) CAR.~I AN. W.Y. British Military Unifor ms/rom Co,, temporary Pic/llref (London. 1957) CLARENDON. EdwQrd Hyde, Earl of; HisM,')' of the Rebtflion ami Civil ll7arJ' ill Englalld ed. Macray. \'(1.0 . (Oxford. 1888) (Ihis edition IS most oompl~l e; latcst ~print 1969. C lassic historybUl biased towa rds the Royalists and to some degree against the military in general) COCKLE. M.j ,D, Bibliography of Miliwry Boclu lip /0 1642 (London, 1900) (reprinled London. 1978. Valuable work camloguingaJl d rill books and military ITCalises available at th~ ~ginning of th~ Civil War) CRUSO. J. MiHlarie Instrlll:Jio,1S for Uri. Ca'IXJllri~

SBI. BCT IJ ,ftI.lOO1l. ... Pt!l·

{Cambridge, 1632) (reprinted Kinelon, 1972, wilh importanl Cllmmentary by P. Young) CUNN INGTON, C. w. Hfmdbook of English Comm it III Ihl! 1 7 1" Century [London, 1955) EMBERTON, W .LDvt Loyalty: Thl' C1OJeond Pi!rilous Sitgt of Basing House 1641-45 (BasingslokC", 1972) FIRT H, C.H. Cro lllwdl'l Army 3rd cdn. (London, 1921 ) FIRTH , C. H. & DAV IES, G. Tlrl' Rl'gilllt'mal History of CM mu'tIl's Army (O"ford, 1940) FRASER, A. Cr(1If1rucll, O ur Ch ief ,,/ A·fen fLondon, 1973) GARD INER, S.R. fJu loryoflhcvrtal Cif);1 !rIor t 64Z49 (London. , 886-9 1)( 1903 l-dition has corrections; remains one of the princi pal Slandllrd histories) G R EEN , R.M . Olsl/mU! and Fashion in ColOll r (Poole, 1975) GROSE, G. MI litary Allliqllilin rcrpt'c1i11if u HUlory of thi: [;""gfish Army, (Citi, A TrEatuE on A"cit'm Armollr orld 117eopolu combined edn. (London, J80 I) HAST INGS, M . M rmtl"Ofe: The Ki,lg's CJwrnplO" (London. 1977) H EATH.AGNEW. E. RotmdhtfJd 10 Royalist (l-Ierc· ford . 1977) (biography of John Birch) HI LL, C . God's Englishman: O/iwr Cromu,tll a1l(/ /ht ElIglish Rn;olUlio1l (London, 1970) HOLMES, C. TIll' Ear,mt Anocialioll i" th~ Erw1ish Civi/lt7ar (Cambridge, 1974) K ISHLANSKV , M.A. TheR lseofthr NefZJ Model Army (Cambridge, 1979) (imponanl rcassessmcnl) LA WSON , C.C.!'. History of the V llijorms of tlte Brititl! Amty Vol. I (London, 1940) MORRAH , P. Princt Ruptrl Q/ ,h, RlJjlle (London. 1976)

l>arrER, R. & EMB LETON, GA 77re E,.glish Cif/il Irl ur 1642-5 1 (London , 1973) ROGERS, Co\. H.C. B. Ballles alldGem!rall of Ihl' CitJi/ !Vars 164Z-51 (London, 11)68) ROOTS . I. TIlt Great Rrbellioll (London, '966) (in· cludes important bibliography, with comme.nts)

RUSHWOR'11-I, 1- His/Drial Collu/1fI11S 16/6-49 (London , 1659- J 70 1) SHERWOOD, R.E. Cif)il Slrijl III 'he Midlcmds (Chichesl~ r ,

SPRI GGE,

1974)

J. Anglia

Rediviw: E"gloml's RccO'Vt-ry

( J647)

TOYNBEE, M . & YOUNG, Brig. P. Crop redy Bridge, 1644 (Kineton , 1970) TURNER. J. Pol/as A rmalO: Military Essays .'. (London, 1683) (re prinll.~d New York, 1968) TUCKER, J. & WINSTOCK. L.S. (cd.) Tile EIIglislt Civil lYlo r: A M,/ltary Handbook (London , 1972) WAGNER, E. E,lroptan Ir/MPOIIS a"d \I1or/art' 16'848 (Prague, 1979) (English lranslation . London, 1979)

WAUGH, N . Th~ e lll of M t ll's CIDlha, 1600-- 1900 (London, 11)64) WEDGWOOD, C.V. Tltl! Killg's Prace (London, 1955) WEDGWOOD. C. V. The King's U7ar (London , J958) WEDGWOOD, C. V. Thl' Tria/ of Char/cs I (London. 1964)

WENHAM, P. Tht Grtal arid Clost Sirge of )~or•• 1644 (KinetOn , 1970) W INSTOCK, L. Songs und Marchn 0/ the ROllOldheOlb and Cot.'Oliers (London. 197 r) WOOLRYCH, A. BUllIes o/the Ellglull Cif.'ll War (London, 1961 ) ·W.T.' Tlte Comp/tot G lllmu (London, 1672) (re. prin led Wakefield, 197 1: nOI so contemporary as Eldrcd's G'tlmer', Glass" bUT more acct"ssiblc due 10 the modern reprint) YOUNG, Brig. P. Cif);1 IVar [;"lwlall(l ( London, 198 1) YOUNG, Brig. P. Edgtltill, 1642 (Kinelon, 1967) YOUNG, Brig. P. MurS1/I1I A'loo, 1644 (Kineton, 1970) r OUNG, Brig, Jl. Tit/! E'IK/1S1t Citli/ War Armia (London, 1973) YOUNG, Brig, P. & EMBERTON , W. Sil'gCJ o/Ihe Gnal Cif)ifl\7ar (London , 1978) YOUNG. Brig. P. & EMBERTON, W. The Caw/in Arrrty (London, 1974)

157

IND EX

References In //,II,( refer IQ black-and-"'hite itlUSlnalions IInd those

JJ!led below under 'he name CIf their cumrrwndcr Abcrdun99, 106.

1~

Adwailon ,\ 1001'. Bank o f 62. 7-1 AIJnch's Reg-c . 102. 149

Alrard. B:mlcoi \ 1 ' Alum, Banlc oC 17. 74 Anmm. Earl of97, 99 Apslcy, Sir Allln 1)6. 147 i\lX'hu)' 44 . 1)8 Argyll, Archib:dd Cllnlpb<: lI , MarquI s

of' I, 68, 99. 12 5-6

105-6. Ill , 120-1.

ArtIllery 5)-5.122, 126. J1. U· 99, lS.

"

A5Scmbly of Dhin~ 73 A5IJC')'. SIT Jacob 42. +4. S 7. 74. So, 96-7.1<'7. 110,113-14. 1,,7

A$lon. SII' Anhur 62, 137 Alho U, Earl of 1)8 Atkrns. Richll rd -,9-50 :\uldc-Itrn. Battlc 1)( 106. 11 0 U:ullic, \'rilliam 106. 110-1 I. 121 Ikll(oUt. it \'tlilham S8, 9," 96-7 Ban!. Si r tkn!,,)' 76. 136 l1arilfc. WilJiam Jllr Ib.rnlfc) " • ..\4. B,IJJ Hasing l-lllu$C 16, 74 .1",96. 100, 10) , I I l , I44-5,lt.I

BUlh 6 .4, 91. I r I Bomn.Admir.illlO (kOl·lck·upon·T.... rtd Ill , 111. 1~5 BerwIck, PlIdfieauon of 11 Bllhngslrs. Lt, Cot litnl') 11 Hlrch, Col. Jo hn 100. 118 Blackbum 54· IOS BllIke, Col. Roben llaler Admirab 80 Bolingbrokc Castlt 74 l1011t. Sir Richllrd i4 Book of Common PrIl)'cr 1/ - 11 , 101 BOlhwtn Bridge, Balllt of ( 1679) 1)2 Braddock Down. BUllle- of 59 Bntdrord 6l, 6-1 IJ rtda, T1'C3IY of 11.1 Brtnlford. Eat'1 of J(l' FiJr/lI , lArd Brertton, Sir \X'llham 16, IOS-06 Brldlt'"'ller9-l , I1I IJridht\ilIOn 40,60 Bri~l oII0 •.U,oI4.60.66 , 68. 81, III-Il. "15 Ilrool:e. Lurd )), 60- 1.80. 137. 1-11,

'"

Bmughlon', Regt . 45, 9)-4, 1)6 Brownt. Genernl12 1 Budt.ingham, Duke of 10- 11 , 1)8

'58

In

bolt! refer 10 platt' !'lumbers, In some

l1u~hell, Thomas I)). 150 B),ron, Sir John fI:uer Lord :0, 30, SI. 65-6, 69. 74, 76. 85, 88, 120-1 8} run. Sir Nichol;r.s il

C1tmar\'on. Earl of 58. 64 . 6S, 1l, 14 11 -9 Caffo ud. Mafnr 10J Callandtr, Earlofl2t Cambridge. Cup!. O ....en '4-1. q8 c..pcl. Lord )0. 120-1. 11.4 C:lrblsdale. Saute of 124 Care)', Sgt . Maj. Hor.l.lio 148

Carh~1c II Q-II, 117. u8 Qlmwluh. Enl of I 10 C:tu~ of ChiI \ttar 9-12 Cu\'endish, Chllrks 66, 68 Ch"jm\'t' Field, Boule
25.42,4.\,49.57-60,62,68-9, 12-4.77.80-2. 84-5.9 2 --1.96-7. 99- 101.105-1.110-14. l lb- I '!. IlO-J, 124-6. 128, 1]2. 144 . 148-so,J~II'11I.1'P't(l.IU. 1.

Ch:lrlcs. Prince o(\i'alrs (later Charlrs II I !l. ,,6. 49. 58. 6.1, 76. 10], 112--1). llO-l. 12-1-6. 128-9. I)Z. 1]). 1)7. 1-14. 14~ -SO • .l ChCp5loW 120 Chc:rilon, BlIllle of 22, 76-7,100. 12-6. 145, 1-19 Chcsltr 17.93. 96.105-6, Il l-I) . 121 Chudltlgh, .\Iu,. Gen. Jame. 62 Church or Englomd 9-1 1, 7Z, 101 Clrcntnler 22 • ..jli. 6S. 149 Clonncatdt, Earl of 10) Cl ubmen 14. 10). 10S. 110 Colby Moor. R~"le of 1'1.129 Colchesler 17, 10), 120-21, 145 Coluu" 72-4. 1)2, 141 . 144 , '~6-9. i J. 147-6. I ), 14, 28, ) I, P Commissionc" ror Purgin~ I zS Commil\t'C' o£ Ikllh Kingdoms 1). 80, 8."93.'}6. 100. 106,1)6 CommlllC'C Est:lln 110, 125 Common,,-eal!h 12-1-5, 129 CJnslabte, Lt. Col. Sir I-Ienl')' 140 Clple),. Gcneral 122 Council of Sli!.le US. t 29 Cruwrord, Mal Gcn. Lawrence h. 8S. 88·92 Cromwcll. Oli\'cr 12. 14.21, lS, 50.

of

61.68,73- 4 .86.881~2-J·97 ·

100-02. 10S-
l'llS~,

regiments are

116- 17.120-':.114-6. ,28-9. I)!. 1J-I. I So. 66. 126, ) Crom"dl. Richard 119. 1)-1 Croprffiy Ilridgt. Bottle of )0, 82. I"~ Cruiltl.J. 28.46. 49 . CUJrasmf$ 28. 45-6. -19, 4~' j1- J. 6}. 6,.61. (16 . .. Cull)l:pc r . Sir John So. 85 !)alll,."n. Sir Thomas 1)6-7 Oarlmuulh 62,11) D:I\·... nlry 82.. 101 Denblgh. Earl of I ... )0. 1]7 [krb)'. Charlotte de- Trcmoitle, Countcss o( 76. iJ Derby. Earl (If 128 [)(o\'i~ 30, 4.\, 65-6 Digb)" Lord 80 I)igb)'. Sir John 68 IJonningl0n Castle 96-1. 100 Donel , Earl 0(58 Donf. F.art o( 1,j.)0 Downing. Sir Georgc I ) l OnagQ('lnl46. SO. _ p o 1]1 . 1-\4. 148. 148, 10, )1

Drpghed:t 1!4 Dumfries 82-. III Ounbut I2-S-6, 128-9. 147. 1"\1-,0 OUrh3m 76-7. IlS OYOII, Sir Richard )) D},\'u, Sir Le... ls 74 Easlern AsloOCllll ion 40. -1-1 , .. 6, 51, SS . 59,68,1-1, 80. 85-6. 9). '}6. 10 1. 107. 110.1 3).1)6 P.d,C'Wle 58 I:dgehitl, Balllt of 12. 17.21 -2-, )0, -Il. 49, ,1-2. 51-If. 66, N, 80. lb. 88, 11 0. IJ2. 1)1, I4l , '-1-1 , 149-,0. SS Edmburgh 112, 1l4-6 Elcho, Lord 99 Eliot, Sir J ohn 11 Engagcmenl and Engagers 116-17. 121,12..1-6 Engm('('n 21, SS. 129, 104.17 EuC');. Ro~rt [kver~ux . 1~r1 (If 12.

22,29.)7,ol-\ ...6,SI . SS·Si-60.62. 68-9. i2-4· 77.80-2,93-... 96. 100-03.105,11). 134. I)i. 144. Q9,si. 116, 11,1 . 16 Exe ter 68. 11 J E}lhin. Jall"ln King.l.{Ird ss , S9.IIS-fI Fiilrfax, Charl" 88,

I-I~

Fairiax . Fl'rdinandQ, 2nd Baron q . 60,61,6.1. 77. So. 8j-6. 92. 106, 110.1)1. 149. 6 1

Fairfax, Sir Thorns,. IUC'f lrd Baron
8,--6.88.9 1 .96.100-0.:. 106-1. 110.11)-14.116-17, 11D-2.

11.&-,.

132. IJ6,"I5,'49,6) F:dkland. Lord }O-I, 69. p, 1Z Falmouth 9-1

F:iIOlOm. CaPI, Carlo lZ Fdlding. Lurd (Ialcr Earl of Dc.nbighl q.I]~

FcildlOS. Sit Richard 104, {;l

Fil'nnes. Nathanit1 37. S7, 66,1-18.7 FircJ.rms 18. )0. JJ-.h )6-;.40-1, 44-'. 49. SO- I , 89. 114. JJ-4, ]6-7, 4',4S. SI. t Ol , JlS Flcel\\'ood',s 1101':111:' 101-oJ Fool {inrnn lC)'l 1.4-S. :;IS-]o.

]]-.1 .

J6.

41-1, ~ -!i.69. 71, 7-1 , 77. 80. 82-,

86,89.92,94, 1I".1I7,120,IJ1, ':t6-1t, l~-j. 19. p. 11, j6, 88.

.,0. 96. ,.,t. 1·0", 11, I]. '-I, ' 5. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 11 ,

u.

2J, 2-1 , d , )1,

J' l'orlescUl'. Sir F:ulhfull S8, 144

Forth, Palrlck Ru' hn~n, Lord lalcr Earl of Brcolford l ll, SS. 69, 76-7. 80.96.100 Foruficalil>os S,. 104-j FIJ"~~' 94 Gage. Col. Henry 144-' Galnsborough 66, 6S, 76 Gamul. Sit I:ranril 77 Ga5C(!igoe. Sir Ikmard III GcmlelTlC'n Pensioners 49. SS. 66 Ql:r,mi, Sir Charlo 52, 74. IOj-1. 1)6.147.147. 1-1 GJrmhlm. Sir 1110rtW ) 7.9) GIO\IC'nler )7.60,66. 6S. 7l, So, 1l0.

,,'

GamlTY. IkrmmJ dr 66

Goodrlch Caslle)J GoodwlO. Col. Arlhut 149 (;orlOg. Ci<:orgl:' st. '9-60. 6l. - 1. 8-1-5· 88. 92-4' 96-7. 105-(\. 10-. 110-11. 119 (;r~ndi500. V.,counl 66 (;nnd Rrmonslruncr 12 GroOlham'S Regl . 86. 19 Grtnauo 44 Grem·i1e. Sir Ikvil 59.65 (jrc n\'ilc. Sir Rich3ru 94· IJ8 G ... yn. Capl . John).j H amilton . U t Duke of 116. Il(l- I , 12.\ Hamilhln , znJ Duke (If 126, IllI Hamil tOn. Sir JlIJTlej 6" H llmpdcn. John 9.1 1- 11.58.62.80. 1)7, 14 I, 147. 149 .P Hampton Court Il. 116 lI:mison. C.ol Thomas 10l-). ql H1S1!Ing, Sir Anhur 10. 2g. "fi , 49. 66, 110.115,1)7.144

Hasl ings. Lord 1)1 Hawlrdtn Castle 106 Hay, John. Master of YC'$ler 1]2. 18 Henriell& Muia.Quct'n to. Il . ..O. 59-60.11)

Hererord.w. SS. 11 0- 1 I Hwford ....·iarquis or '9.64-5.68.147 Holland. Earll,lf 12D- 1. 124 Hol1c:5. Denril 14.91. f)6 "Iolmb)' House 11), 11 6 Il0nour3blc Artillery Company (Company or lhe: Anillcry Garden ) 16- 18.2S·29·P4 Il oplon, Sir Rlt lph fb ler Lerd l l,. I". 17. 22.JO, 4l. S9,62.6.a-6. 74 , 76-7,80,96. 11 ).1)6. Q7.9 H(!ptOfl Healh, BauJe of "9,60. 1-19 Hone (aw3 Iry) 18. )0, )4. )7. 40. 4l. 43-6· 49-52,66, Iq. 1)4,18, JJ. 6j· 4-1I • .12 . l9 Hotham. Sir John Ill. )7,,,.60.62,

'.

Hcnuc of Common, 9-12. 73.107, 11 6.122.124 HouscofLords Il , 101-2, 105, I q HuiJ 9. Ig. 22, 37. S7. 60. 6", 14 i-Iunlingdo n 11 I

"5.

ingoidsb}" Col. Richard 80 In "~r:rr}'

106

i ",'~rkeilhing

126 In l'rrloch}', Baltic o f 106 In"~meS5 106. 12..1 Ir~llInd 11-12,21. 1).76.97.99. Iq, 11;, 124 I ~ton , i lenl'Y 107. 110. 114. 116. 120-2.124

iri~h

BriSldc 34. 44 . 99. 106. I 11-12

Jl&nlC:S 11 . Kms SS, 58.132 Jonn. Inigo 112 }oyee. Cornet 116 Klls)'th, Ballk of 11 I, 138 KnllrCllborough 85 umbcn , .\\aJ Gcn.John llD-I. 125-6, IlB. 132 Lamplugh's Rcp:t. ql, I.H. J I Langdale. S,I' MlIrmaduke IOS-7. 110-11.11 - . 120- 1 Lnngporl, Bal\l~ 0f 110- 1 I urudown, 1J3uic Qf 6-1-' uthom I-I ou~ )). S4. ;6. 8" Liud, WiIIillm .." rchbish.~p nf Canterbury 10-11, 101, ,0 Lauderd:lIr, Earl of 11 6 UII, Han ie of 66 Lttd$ 6o.ti4 Legge. M ajor W'illiam 5 1, 149 ulccstcr 22. 107. 110 Le Nen', Sir William 42 ~Ii~ . ...hi (ftl\. Sir Da"id SS, 92. 11 0-11. l lD-I. 125-6. 1211 L('5lie, Sir John 10). 10, Le\'ellel1l 116- 17. 14-\ uvc':n. Alexander Lc:5hc:. Eltrl of 12. 44· 76-7, So. 85-6 92.96, 106-'1, 1 I D-I2, 125. 129. 1)2. 149. Lu;-hficld )J, 60. 80. 1.22, 1)1 Lifeguard of FOOl, King's 82, 92.107. 133· 1)6.141. l·n.)1

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Lmcoln 68. 74. 76.110 Lind~a ~', Lord J 10 Li ndSl!Y, Earl of S8 LIsle. SII' (ftorge 49. 120- 1. 141 u"etpooI1l-l, l OO, 102 Li,,~)', Sir Mlchad 1)7 l..ondon n. S7-9. 66. 68. 72.~. 101. 116-11.120. 114 i..{lndr>n InION billrub 16-17,25, r. -14. 58.68-9,11, 74, ,6-~. 82.10). 116, 122 , 1-11. 144-6. 149> 7 J, '47. I). ) 1

1--Ofi!wnhle I 94· 96..-;LuC'as. Sir Charles 5!1. 66. ,'.I$!J:. 92-).1 1). Ilo- I . I I L.udlow, Edmund 46. 1l1-2, I)':. 1-14 Luke. SII' Samuel 96. 103. 141. 1+1 Lunsfvrd . SIr I-Ienry 1J6 Lunifo rd , Sir Thomu, 1)6 I.y me 77. 80-1. 105 M1I~·d(\nnell. Alasd:ut Cr>lkJ lh) 99. I 10 Mllcd onnc:lI , Jaml'~ 99 M \lnchcsler ll, 76, 128 M:ln ehes ler, Ed ....ard M onl agu. ElI rl ,)f 44· 46, 5 I, 59. 68, 74, 80. ill, 85-6, 119.92-].96-7.100-2.1)2. 1)6-7. 14 1. 149,60. 19 M:mde\'ille, V,scounl sft Mml( htJ/,·r. /!JJrl (If M anlon ,\\001. B!lule of 40.42,44,5 I. S5, 8S~, 88, 92-). Q(o--, 1)2. 1)11, 144-5. 149 ;\\~,«y. Col. Edw.rd )7. 60. 68.106.

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,\llIulc:\'crer. Sir Thorna! 14 ;\huriee, Pnnce: H. 60. 6-1-~. 611. n. 80.94,97. 10S. IIJ Maurkt' QfOrlnge.I'rince 29, 36 .\I c1combt' 10S. 119 Mcldrum . Si r John ;6 MrrnlrUlJ A .. u) 10':. ,,, Metham. SIr John 92 Mld.llelon. LL (;cn Joon 94. 1':'1. 1:8 Milllia Ordinance 12.10 M(.'nck, Gen Gt'Orge later Earl M Albcrnarle j 18, )J- -& , 36. 42, ~ ... ,,6, 49.76.125. 128. IJ).llj Mo ntrOSC , James (;t:lhsm. Marqlm 7)· 76, 82. 93. 9;.99·10), 105-6· ll D-1 2.124-5. 1)8, 149:-9.11 Mo nsrs 54, 14 ,\ \Uml},. Col. Willtwn 144 ,\i uskelcen 14. 29-)0. ))-4. )6. -44. 110. !h. 8'6, 94. " 4. 11 7. 110,1)2, 17. JO, Jj. -10- 1. 94. '41. I . Il . 16- 111. 1 1-4. :8

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159

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Rochrord, Lord 1.1 RO'Jwurm. Col. John 22, SS Roo nd",3>' Down, BaIlI~ of 28. )0., 46. 49, 65-6 RU\\'1on HC:.:llh . Bailie of 11 I RUpc.'n . Prinl."e 21 . 45.50-2, SS. 57--60·6.:.,66,68-9, i2, 76, 80, h . 84-6.88, 92-3·96-7. 100, 105-1. 110-11. In , 119. 1)6-S, 141 , 1+1-5, 149, I ) RUSIt'II. Sir John 1]6. 1+1

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NOlUngh:lm 9. IS, 57. 11 0 O'Cahan, Colonel 99. II ' - I l Okty,C>llohn.sl, I07, II O, I I].1]2 O·Ntill. Owen Roe 91, 99 Ormondc:. Marqu is or n. 97 . !H, TU! O rrery. I,ord 28.J3-4. 3e, 120 Oxrord 20, 31. !is, 59-60. 61 , 6.\-6, 72, 74,76-7. !Jo-2, h . 89. 96-7. 100, 105-7, Ill- I), 1l0. I )], 136-7.7) 0)((':'1'(1 Regt. 141 . J I I'embrokc: 105. 117. 120 Pc:ndennis Cosile iiJ Pcrcy's ReSt , 86, 126,1.]6 I'erlh 99, 106. I 10. 116. 128 Pelllrds 54-5. 10j Philiphauih, R:m lc: or II 1 Pikemcn 16, 14-5, 28-9. 44 ,80,82, 94. 11 7. 134,10, l j, 39, )J, 94. 96, ')4. ')7, I, 12, 14 , 16. T1, 21 . 1),29 Plymoulh 68, 80, 9]-4,96, 11<) Pontdrac:t 105. I l l , 120- 1. 14-I-S PQph:i.m, Col. AJc:xandcr ) 4, Ii Ponsmoulh 57. 59. 96 Po\.·Ic:k Bridge SS. 57. 128-9 POW\s, LJrd I J6 PO)·n u~. M uj. Gm. S ydenham 106. 111 -/2 Pral<m, B11ltle of 121 , Ill, '47 Preston, Thomas 91 Pride. Col. ThllTUs 121 Pym, John 11 - 12, 14, 61. 68. 71, n Queen's Horse Zl.11. [49 RaJlan Caslle 11 ) R:linborough', Rc:gl. (111:10 Rainborow's) ~4 Ralhmines, Banle or IU! Ra",don. Sir M annadukc: 10) R~dJnIS 14, 62,68.71-). 80,96. 100 Recruilln jr IS- 16, 18, z0-2 Riddle, S[rThoma5 103, 105 Ripon, Trta l), of 11 Ripple Field, Battlc: or 60

160

SI, ,\tK-hatl's Mt)Unl 113 SlIye, Lord 50, 136-1, 147 Sc:arborough 60, 9). 10S. I I I Sconish Kirk 11 ,72-1. 125 Scacrofl MOOf, Battle I)f 60 Seafonh, Earl of 106 ScalTl<'n 129, 17 Sclby 60, 77 Sdf·Denying Ordinanu 10 1-Z, 120 Shcrbomc: Cast l~ 1). 11 I Ship Monc:)' 9, 11-11, 62 Shrc\\'Sbury s8. s,., 10} Skippon. Ma;, Gen. Philif1 6y, 94. 10 1, 114, 149 Slanning. Sir Nicholu 66 Slingsby. "'bjOr 65 Smilh, Sir J()hn 46, 144 , 150 Solemn Leaguc IInd Coy~npn, 21, 71.

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Soulhnmp(l)n \l6 SQulh· Eastc:rn Associalion 59.74 St.amford, Earl of 59. 6:., 137 Stirling 11 I. 126 Slow-on. th.Wold 6S, 113 Slr.Idlmg·s Rc:gt. 141 , 146-7. 3 I SlraITord , Earl of I 1-12, 19.)1.82 Slrallon. Bau1l! of 6! Sucklmg, Sir John 137 Sundc:rland. &tl or 12 S)'mo1nds, Richllrd I ) i T:ac1iC5 45. 51-2, SS. j6 T,dC'~sler ". 85 T,lbo!'s Rc:gt. 1)6. 146-7 Taunlott 106, 110 TIIJ(cs 9- 1-z. 14. I 14 Tc:",kc:sbury 60, 68 Thiny·Nine Ar1icles 10 Thornhaugh, Col. 134 Thurland Ca~tlc: 145 Tilli~r 'j R~gt , '$S, 93-4, 136 T ippc:rmuir, Baltic: or J4, 99 T orringlon 6S, I I 3 T Olnd 11. 31 T owcr of London 11-12. ) 7. 59.76 Townclcy, Col. Oludes 93

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bllf\ds 16-/g,':S.)7, 44, 58-9,68-9,72.76, 112.110. 13). 1)8. 12, I ) Tn:\'ann iun , Col. John 66 Tnc:nnilll Act IZ Tu rner, Sir Jame:s 28. )6, 46. 49.}j. 91, 94, 10). 134 Tumll2m Gn."en 17. 59 T\\' lsl~ I('!fl ' I I'l or5c: 144, 1411, )1

Un)'. Joh n llllw H urry) 15.62,88. 106. 124 Uxbndgc , Confc:r~ncc: ~t 106 Vane, SIT I knry 1" .611.73 . 11.\ Vo\"asour . Sir a'llrle-s IJ6 \'c:nnuytlen. B~rthvlam('w 1'41 Vn-ney. Sir fu:lmllnd I~ . 14. -19. 58 V~rney , Ralph 14 W[dker. Sir Etfward 21. 92. 1 Wallc:r, SIr Il l1rdrc:ss 120 Wailer, Sir WdUolfl 14 , 17. n . .w, 55. 19-6o, 64-6,611 , 73--1, 76-1. 80-: , 94.96- 7, 100-1. 105. Ill. 116, 144. 148,jl Wallon , Col. Valc:nunc 9: Wl1rdlllwc:. Col. 46. 10 Warrin810n Ill . 118 Wal"l·ick. Earl 01 Il, 7). 80-2, 1).4, 120 WlIrwick. Sir Philip]O IX'auu n, Scou l ~ler 9] Welden, Sir Anlhony t 16 \'(Icldon', Re gt. "". b We!ilcrn Ancxlot!on 60 Whallc:y. F.d" 'ard ll. /0':, 110 Whanun , S&t. Nehemiah 71 Widdrington. Sir Edwnrd 149 Wighl. ble or 116. 121 , 126 WdUam 11 , Slodholdc:r 114 WiI!itunl. An;hbisoop John ) OS \'I:lilloughb)' of P~rham , !..ora 62. 66.

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Will)'s. Sir RIC hard 81 \'I:fi lmor.lArd 65-6, 80, 9-4. \16 \"1:limblC"don. Lord 42 \,('i ncc:by, Ihtll~ of ", WinchC'$lcr 74. 76 WinchC:Sler. Marqu[s of 149 Wood , Anlheny 37 Worceslc:r l5. 5H. 8 1, Iz8-q. 1)3. 148-9 Wo«:etlc:r, Marquis of 15 Yarmou lh Artjllcry o,ml':IflY ' 7, 2.2. J7 York Il, 12, 60, 77, 80,111 , 8.4-5, U S,

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