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B. A. Whitton and M. Potts (eds), The Ecology of Cyanobacteria, © Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
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Abbreviations: BIF - Banded Iron Formation; Ga - billion (109) years; Ma- million (106) years
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B . A . Whitton and M. Potts (eds). The Ecology of Cyanobacteria. . © Kluwer Academic Publishers . Printed in the Netherlands.
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B. A. Whitton and M. Potts (eds), The Ecology of Cyunobacteriu, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
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quantities. With the price skyrocketing, it has been collected aggressively to near extinction. A one-year medium-scale test showed that from one Mu (a Chinese unit of land measurement equivalent to about 14.8 acres), the equivalent to about US$140 (in 1994) worth of Fa-Cai could be produced.” 7KHUH VHHPV WR EH TXLWH D EXVLQHVV LQ Nostoc. ,Q WKHPDUNHWRI,ORFRV1RUWH/DRDJ&LW\3KLOLSSLQHVN. commune LVVROGLQGULHGIRUP FXULRXVO\LQWKHILVK VHFWLRQUDWKHUWKDQWKHYHJHWDEOHVHFWLRQRIWKHPDUNHW DQGVWRUHGGU\LQNJMXWHVDFNV 0DUWLQH] 7KH ILQGLQJ RI Nostoc JURZWKV LV WDNHQ ZLWK WKH XWPRVWVHULRXVQHVVLQ&KLQD $FFRUGLQJWRDUHSRUWLQ WKH RYHUVHDV HGLWLRQ RI The People’s Daily: “good news came recently from the Shi-Wu-Tou Village, Xin-Hua County, Shen-Nueng-Jia Forest District, Hubei Province (in Southeast China). The rare, precious Ge-Xian-Mi has been found to grow in about ten Mu (about 148 acres) of water-filled paddy in that village. The annual yield reached five kilograms. According to the literature, the only other places that also produce Ge-Xian-Mi are: six Mu (about 90 acres) in Africa and 0.7 Mu (about 10 acres) of water-filled paddy or swamp in Xiang-Fan of Hubei Province. At present, there is no whole-sale quantity of Ge-Xian-Mi on the domestic or overseas market, so the price for it is very high. ¶¶ /LNH DOO WKLQJV LQ &KLQD WKH HDWLQJ RI Nostoc LV OLNHO\ WR KDYH JRQH RQ IRU D FRQVLGHUDEOH SHULRG RI WLPH VRPHWKLQJ WKDW *HLWOHU DSSHDUHG WR EH XQDZDUH RI ZKHQ KH LPSOLHG WKDW QDWLYHV VKRXOG SXW N. commune WRFXOLQDU\XVH *HLWOHU Nostoc LV D FRPPRQ GLHWDU\ VXSSOHPHQW IRU WKH HQGLJHQRXV SRSXODWLRQV RI 7KDLODQG 3HUX &KLQD (FXDGRU )LML -DYD -DSDQ 0H[LFR 0RQJROLD DQG 6LEHULD ZKR KDYH ORQJ DSSUHFLDWHG WKH SODQWOLNH QXWULWLRQDO SURSHUWLHV RID QXPEHU RI GLIIHUHQW IRUPV LQFOXGLQJ N. commune YDU flagelliforme, N. parmelioides (edule), N. ellipsosporum, N. verrucosum DQG N. pruniforme -DVVE\ 3ODWH OL 'RHVLWQRWVHHPUHDVRQDEOHWR TXHVWLRQZKHWKHU SULPLWLYHPDQDOVRVDPSOHGVXFKGHOLFDFLHV"
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0DU6ORXJK &DOLIRUQLD 86$ LV WKHUHIHUHQFH VWUDLQ IRU WKH %DFWHULRORJLFDO &RGH 5LSSND DQG +HUGPDQ 7DEOH +LQGILN DVVLJQHGDOOWKHSODQNWRQLFIRUPV RI Arthrospira LQFOXGLQJ WKRVH SUHYLRXVO\ GHVFULEHG DV 6 platensis) LQ DONDOLQH VDOLQH ODNHV WR "S. fusiformis" 9RURQLFKLQ V\QRQ\PV A. maxima 6HWFKHOO HW *DUGQHU DQG A. geitleri 'H 7RQL VLQFH LQ DJUHHPHQW ZLWK )RWW DQG .DULP KH FRQVLGHUHG 6 platensis" WR EH D EHQWKLF VSHFLHV 2QWKHEDVLVRIWKLV DVVXPSWLRQ PRVWRIWKH $IULFDQ SRSXODWLRQV ZHUH LQFOXGHG XQGHU A. fusiformis. 7KLV RSLQLRQ DOVR VKDUHG E\ .RPILUHN DQG /XQG KDV EHHQ GHEDWHG E\ 7RPDVHOOL .RPILUHNDQG /XQG LQWKHLUUHYLVLRQ RI WKH WD[RQRP\ DQG QRPHQFODWXUH RI WKH WKUHH UHODWHG VSHFLHV S platensis", “S. maxima" DQG "S. fusiformis", VXJJHVWHG WKDW ZLWKLQ WKH SODQNWRQLF IRUPV WKHUH DUH WZR WD[D "maxima" DQG “fusiformis" DQG IXUWKHUPRUH WKDW WKHVH WZR WD[D ZKLFK FRXOG UHSUHVHQW WZR VSHFLHV (A. fusiformis .RPiUHN DQG $ maxima), KDYH GLIIHUHQW JHRJUDSKLFDO GLVWULEXWLRQV +HQFH WKH\ FRQVLGHU A. maxima WR EH SDQWURSLFDOA. fusiformis WR EH OLPLWHG WR $IULFD DQG WURSLFDO DQG FHQWUDO $VLD DQG FRQVLGHU WKH EHQWKLF A. platensis WR EH HVVHQWLDOO\ UHVWULFWHG WR6RXWK$PHULFD 0RUH UHFHQWO\ 'HVLNDFKDU\ DQG -HHML %DL SURSRVHG WKDWDOO WKHFDO\SWUDWHIRUPV RIA. fusiformis EHLQFOXGHGLQWKHQHZVSHFLHVA. indica 'HVLNDFKDU\
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Table 2. 6SHFLHVRIWKHJHQXVArthrospiru 6WL]HQEHUJHU Species
First description
References
A. fusiformis .RPiUHN
6LEHULDQ VWHSSH 5XVVLD /DNH 7XQDWDQ
9RURQLFKLQ
A. gomontiana 6HWFKHOO
1RUWK $PHULFD VWDJQDQW ZDWHU
*HLWOHU
A. indica 'HVLNDFKDU\ -HHML %DL
0DGXUDL ,QGLD QDWXUDO SRQG
'HVLNDFKDU\ -HHML %DL
A. jenneri 6WL]HQEHUJHU
(XURSH VWDJQDQW ZDWHU
*RPRQW
A. khannae 'URXHW 6WULFNODQG
5DQJRRQ 0\DQPDU QDWXUDO SRQG
'HVLNDFKDU\
A. massartii .XIIHUDWK
/X[HPEXUJ VSULQJ ZDWHU
*HLWOHU
A. maxima 6HWFKHOO *DUGQHU
2DNODQG &DOLIRUQLD ZDUP VDOLQH SRQG
*DUGQHU
A. platensis *RPRQW
0RQWHYLGHR 8UXJXD\ VWDJQDQW ZDWHU
:LWWURFN 1RUGVWHGW
A. spirulinoides &KRVH
/DKRUH 3DNLVWDQ VWDQGLQJ UDLQ ZDWHU
*HLWOHU
A. tenuis %ULLKO %LVZDV
%HQJDO ,QGLD DUWLILFLDO EDVLQ
*HLWOHU
DQG-HHML%DL WKLVLPSOLHVWKDWWKHWKLFNHQLQJRI WKH DSLFDO FHOO ZDOO FDO\SWUD LV D VLJQLILFDQW WD[RQRPLFIHDWXUH 7KHSURSRVDOLVEDVHGRQWKHIDFW WKDW WKH FDO\SWUD ZDV QHYHUUHSRUWHG LQA. fusiformis. ,IWKH H[LVWHQFH RI WKH FDO\SWUD FDQ EH GHPRQVWUDWHG LQWKH RULJLQDOPDWHULDOA. indica ZLOOEHFDPHDODWHU V\QRQ\PRIA. fusiformis 'HVLNDFKDU\ DQG-HHML %DL 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH SURSRVDO IRU D QHZ VSHFLHV A. indica LVTXHVWLRQDEOHVLQFHRWKHUDXWKRUV )RWWDQG .DULP FRQVLGHU ³S. geitleri” ZKLFK LV D V\QRQ\PRIWKHFDO\SWUDWH“S. maxima“ WREHLGHQWLFDO WR “S. fusiformis" 7KH WUDGLWLRQDO VHSDUDWLRQ RI WKH FRPPRQ VSHFLHV LQWR A. maxima DQG A. platensis VKRXOGEHPDLQWDLQHG XQWLO PRUH GHWDLOHG VWXGLHV KDYH EHHQ FRPSOHWHG 7RPDVHOOL &RQVLGHULQJ WKH JUHDW YDULDWLRQV LQVL]HDQGVKDSHRIWULFKRPHJHRPHWU\LQQDWXUDODQG FXOWXUHG Arthrospira SRSXODWLRQV WD[D EDVHG RQ PRUSKRORJLFDO IHDWXUHV VKRXOG EH FRQILUPHG WKURXJK XVH RI PROHFXODU ELRORJ\ WHFKQLTXHV 7RWDO '1$ UHVWULFWLRQ SURILOH DQDO\VLV SHUIRUPHG RQ WHQ Arthrospira VWUDLQV OHG WR WKH UHFRJQLWLRQ RI WZR ZHOOVHSDUDWHG JHQRW\SLF JURXSV 9LWL HW DO FRLQFLGLQJ ZLWKWKHERWDQLFDO VSHFLHVA. maxima DQG A. platensis, WRZKLFKWKHVWUDLQVKDGSUHYLRXVO\EHHQ DVVLJQHG 7RPDVHOOLHWDO D $ IXUWKHU SK\ORJHQHWLF VWXG\ XVLQJ $5'5$ $PSOLILHG 5LERVRPDO '1$ 5HVWULFWLRQ $QDO\VLV RI WKH ,76 ,QWHUQDO 7UDQVFULEHG 6SDFHU DV DPROHFXODU WD[RQRPLFPDUNHUZDVPDGHRQPRUHWKDQVWUDLQV RI Arthrospira, ZKLFK GLIIHUHG ZLWK RQH H[FHSWLRQ IURP WKH SUHYLRXV RQHV 6FKHOGHPDQ HW DO 7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\OHGWKHVWUDLQVEHLQJJURXSHG
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rthrospiru H[WHQGV WR WKH FRPPHUFLDO SURGXFWV DQG KXPDQKHDOWK VLQFHArthrospira ELRPDVV LV VROG DV D KHDOWKIRRG7KHZLGHVSUHDGXVHRIWKHWHUP6SLUXOLQD IRU VXFK PDWHULDO FOHDUO\ FDXVHV SUREOHPV LQ DFFHSWLQJ WKH FRUUHFW WHUPLQRORJ\ EXW LW LV KLJKO\ LPSRUWDQW WR EH DZDUH RIWKH W\SH RIRUJDQLVP EHLQJ FXOWLYDWHG 6RPHSpirulina VSS HJS. subsalsa) DUH LQ IDFW FXOWLYDWHG IRU FRPPHUFLDO SXUSRVHV LQ PLVWDNHQ EHOLHIWKDW WKH\ KDYH WKH QXWULWLRQDO TXDOLW\ DQG WR[LFRORJLFDO VDIHW\ RI WKH WUDGLWLRQDO HGLEOH VSHFLHV RIArthrospira 6KLPDGD HW DO %ULHED DQG0HULQRV
,9 2FFXUUHQFHDQG 'LVWULEXWLRQ $ *HQHUDO 6SHFLHV RI Arthrospira KDYH EHHQ LVRODWHG PDLQO\ IURP DONDOLQH EUDFNLVK DQG VDOLQH ZDWHUV LQ WURSLFDO DQG VHPLWURSLFDO UHJLRQV &DVWHQKRO] A. jenneri DQG A. platensis ZHUH GHVFULEHG E\ *HLWOHU
&KDSWHU $UWKURVSLUD 6SLUXOLQD DV FRVPRSROLWDQ 7KRXJK PRVW RI WKH Arthrospira VSHFLHV KDYH EHHQ IRXQG LQ DONDOLQH ZDWHU ZKHUH WKH\ IRUP PDVVLYH EORRPV VRPH RWKHU VSHFLHV KDYH EHHQ UHSRUWHG WR RFFXU LQ IUHVK ZDWHUV EXW ZLWKRXW VXFK SUHGRPLQDQFH 2WKHU VSHFLHV ZLWK PRUH UHVWULFWHG GLVWULEXWLRQV RFFXU LQ UXQQLQJ IUHVK ZDWHUV A. okensis DQG VSULQJV A. massartii A. spirulinoides, A. gomontiana DQG A. tenuis DUH UHSRUWHG IRU VWDJQDQW IUHVK ZDWHUV 'HVLNDFKDU\ FRQVLGHUVA. jenneri DQG A. platensis DVW\SLFDO RIWURSLFDO VDOLQHHQYLURQPHQWV $PRQJ WKH YDULRXV VSHFLHV LQFOXGHG LQ WKH JHQXV Arthrospira, WKHPRVWZLGHO\GLVWULEXWHGA. platensis, LV PDLQO\ LQ $IULFD &KDG .HQ\D (J\SW (WKLRSLD 6XGDQ /LE\D $OJHULD &RQJR =DLUH =DPELD $VLD 3DNLVWDQ ,QGLD 6UL/DQND 0\DQPDU 7KDLODQG DQG 6RXWK$PHULFD 8UXJXD\3HUX A. maxima V\Q A. geitleri) DSSHDUV WR EH FRQILQHG WR &HQWUDO $PHULFD 0H[LFR &DOLIRUQLD86$ 7KLV VSHFLHV LV WKH PDLQ FRPSRQHQW RI WKH SK\WRSODQNWRQ RI WKH VRODU HYDSRUDWLRQ FKDQQHOV LQ /DNH 7H[FRFR 0H[LFR ZKLOH A. platensis GRPLQDWHVWKHDONDOLQHVDOLQH ODNHV RIWKH VHPLGHVHUWLF 6XGDQ6DKHO DUHD &KDG DQG RI WKH 5LIW 9DOOH\V .HQ\D 7KH DEXQGDQW RFFXUUHQFH RIWKH VSHFLHV A. platensis DQG A. maxima LQ VDOLQH DONDOLQH WURSLFDO DQG VXEWURSLFDO ZDWHUV KDV OHG WR UHFRJQLWLRQ RIWKHVH HQYLURQPHQWV DV W\SLFDO IRU WKH HQWLUHJHQXV 7KH JHRJUDSKLFDO GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH PDLQ SRSXODWLRQV RI Arthrospira LV JLYHQ LQ 7DEOH Arthrospira VSHFLHV KDYH DSSDUHQWO\ QRW EHHQ UHSRUWHG IURPPDULQH HQYLURQPHQWV +RZHYHU ZKHQ DQDGHTXDWH VXSSO\RIELFDUERQDWH 1DQG 3 WRJHWKHU ZLWK VXLWDEOH S+ DQG VDOLQLW\ YDOXHV DUH SURYLGHG Arthrospira VSHFLHV FDQ EH KLJKO\ SURGXFWLYH LQ VHD ZDWHU 7UHGLFLHWDO 7KH PRVW GHWDLOHG VWXGLHV RQ WKH HFRORJ\ RI $ platensis DUHWKRVHRI,OWLV DE D E DE IRUWURSLFDO$IULFDQODNHVDQGWKDWRI %XVVRQ ZKR GHVFULEHG SDVWDQG UHFHQWXVH RI "S. geitleri" V\Q A. maxima DV D IRRG VRXUFH LQ 0H[LFR LQ DGGLWLRQ WR LWV HFRORJ\ 2WKHU VWXGLHV LQFOXGH WKRVH RI -HHML %DL DQG 6HVKDGUL +LQGDN .RPiUHN DQG /XQG DQG 'HVLNDFKDU\DQG-HHML%DL 7KHODVWGHDOVZLWK WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI ,QGLDQ LVRODWHV DQG UHYLVHV WKH WD[RQRP\ RI VRPH FXOWXUH FROOHFWLRQ VWUDLQV DVVLJQLQJWKHPWRWKHFDO\SWUDWHVSHFLHVA. indica.
% :DWHU%DVLQVRIWKH6XGDQ6DKHO=RQH 7KH H[WHQVLYH VXUYH\ RI WKH SK\WRSODQNWRQ RI WKH SHUPDQHQW DQG WHPSRUDU\ ODNHV QHDU /DNH &KDG
SHUIRUPHG E\ ,OWLV IRU 256720 2IILFH GH OD 5HFKHUFKH 6FLHQWLILTXHHW7HFKQLTXH 2XWUHPHUV KDV FRQWULEXWHG PXFK WR RXU NQRZOHGJH RIA. platensis. ,WV PDLQ GLVWULEXWLRQ LV LQ WKH ZDWHU EDVLQ RI WKH 6XGDQ6DKHO ]RQH LQ &HQWUDO $IULFD QRUWKHDVW RI /DNH &KDG WRZDUGV WKH UHJLRQ RI 2XQLDQJD .HELU DQG WKH EDVLQV RI WKH (DVW $IULFDQ 5LIW 9DOOH\V ,W DOVR RFFXUV LQ (WKLRSLD /DNH &KLWX DQG /DNH $UDQJXDGL DQG=DLUH /DNH.LYX 7DEOH 0RVW RI WKH ZDWHU ERGLHV LQ ZKLFK Arthrospira WKULYHV DUH SHUPDQHQW RU WHPSRUDU\ VDOLQH DONDOLQH ODNHV QDWURQODNHV WKHVHDUHVFDWWHUHGLQWKHKROORZV RI WKH IRVVLO GXQH V\VWHP RI WKH 6DKDUD DQG WKH 6XGDQ6DKHODUHDV DQGIHG E\DTXLIHUVDQGWKHVFDQW\ UDLQ DERXW PPSHU \HDU 7KH VDOLQLW\ RIWKHVH ODNHV LV KLJKO\ YDULDEOH ZKHQ HYDSRUDWLRQ H[FHHGV LQIORZWKH VDOLQLW\ULVHV DQG OHDGV WRDQ DFFXPXODWLRQ RI VDOW GHSRVLWV RQ WKH VKRUHV ,OWLV E 7KH PHDQZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHLV a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platensis LV SUHVHQW DV QHDUO\ PRQRVSHFLILF SRSXODWLRQV LQ WKH KLJKO\ VDOLQH ODNHV ,OWLV D RQO\ D IHZ RWKHU SKRWRWURSKV EHLQJ IRXQG ,Q FRQWUDVW LQ WKH PHVRKDOLQH ODNHV Arthrospira FRH[LVWV ZLWK D QXPEHU RI RWKHU SKRWRWURSKV HVSHFLDOO\GLDWRPVDQGGLQRIODJHOODWHV LQDGGLWLRQWR WKH GRPLQDQW F\DQREDFWHULD Anabaenopsis arnoldii DQG PDQ\ Oscillatoria VSS DUH RIWHQ LPSRUWDQW FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH F\DQREDFWHULDO SRSXODWLRQ 6HYHUDO Spirulina VSHFLHV PD\ EH SUHVHQW HVSHFLDOO\ S. laxissima, S. major DQG S. subsalsa. $ VPDOOHU IRUP RI A. platensis, YDU minor 5LFK ZDV DOVR SUHVHQW ,OWLV E ,Q WKH VWXGLHV SHUIRUPHG RQ VDPSOHV RIWZR $IULFDQ QDWURQ ODNHV /DNH 0RPEROR DQG /DNH 5RPERX RI WKH UHJLRQ RI .DQHP O\LQJ QRUWKHDVWRI/DNH&KDG0DUJKHULHWDO IRXQG
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Table 3. *HRJUDSKLFDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHPDLQSRSXODWLRQVRIArthrospira VSS COUNTRY
ENVIRONMENT
SPECIES
REFERENCES
QDWURQ ODNHV %RGRX 0RPEROR 5RPERX
A. platensis, A. platensis /pRQDUG &RPSpUH I minor ,OWLV 5LFK
$)5,&$ &KDG
.HQ\D
A.
5LFK 9DUHVFKL
platensis
A. platensis, A. platensis I minor, A. fusiformis A. platensis, A. platensis A. fusiformis A. platensis, A. platensis $ fusiformis A. platensis A. geitleri A. platensis Arthrospira VS Arthrospira VS Arthrospira VS
7XLWH +LQGiN
SRQGV /RQDU /DNH SRQGV WDQN 0DGXUDL 0&5& LVRODWH &UDWHU ODNHV ILVK SRQG /DKRUH /DNH %HULD ILVK SRQGV 1DQNLQJ WDSLRFD IDFWRU\ HIIOXHQW ODNHV %DQJNRN 7XQDWDQ ODNH 6LEHULDQ VWHSSH SRQG /DKRUH
A. maxima A. indica
'HVLNDFKDU\ -HHML %DL 'HVLNDFKDU\ -HHML %DL
Arthrospira VS Arthrospira VS Arthrospira VS A. platensis Arthrospira VS A. fusiformis Arthrospira VS
0LQ 7KHLQ )R[ )R[ 7VHQ &KDQJ )R[ 9RURQLFKLQ )R[
0H[LFR &DOLIRUQLD 3HUX
/DNH 7H[FRFR VRODU HYDSRUDWRU SRQG 2DNODQG FRDVWDO ODJRRQ 'HO 0DU /DNH +XDFKDFKLQD
A. maxima A. maxima, A. platensis" A. platensis, A. maxima
8UXJXD\
0RQWHYLGHR
A.
%XVVRQ *DUGQHU /HZLQ %XVVRQ 'HVLNDFKDU\ -HHML %DL *RPRQW
/DNH 6DQWD 2ODOOD WLQ\ ODNH &DPDUJXH $GDV]WHYHO2URVKD] ZDWHU EDVLQ .KXPEDVKD
Arthrospira Arthrospira Arthrospira Arthrospira
/DNH 6LPEL (WKLRSLD
/DNH $UDQJXDGL /DNH &KLWX *UHHQ /DNH
(J\SW 6XGDQ $OJHULD &RQJR =DLUH =DPELD
/DNH 0DU\XW /DNH 'DULED -HEHO 0DUUD SRQG 7DPDQUDVVHW /DND 0RXJRXQJD /DNH .LYX /DNH %DQJZHRORX
0HODFN .HEHGH $KOJUHQ 0HODFN .HEHGH $KOJUHQ (O%HVWDZ\ HW DO )RWW .DULP )R[ )R[ )R[ )R[
$6,$ ,QGLD
0\DQPDU 3DNLVWDQ 6UL /DQND &KLQD 7KDLODQG 5XVVLD 3DNLVWDQ $0(5,&$
platensis"
(8523( 6SDLQ )UDQFH +XQJDU\ $]HUEDLMDQ
UHIHUHQFH VWUDLQ 3&& KRORW\SH
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&6 'RZDQG8.6ZRERGD :DWDQDEH0)DQG2LVKL6 (IIHFWVRIHQYLURQPHQWDOIDFWRUV RQ WR[LFLW\RIDF\DQREDFWHULXP (Microcystis aeruginosa) XQGHU FXOWXUHFRQGLWLRQV $SSO(YLURQ0LFURELRO :HLVH* 'UHZV *-DQQ% DQG-DQQ. ,GHQWLILFDWLRQDQG DQDO\VLV RI OLSRSRO\VDFFKDULGHV LQ FHOO ZDOOV RI WKH EOXHJUHHQ DOJDH Anacystis nidulans. $UFK0LNURELRO :+2 5HSRUW RI WKH :RUNLQJ *URXS RQ &KHPLFDO 6XEVWDQFHV LQ 'ULQNLQJ :DWHU *HQHYD $SULO 6HFWLRQ 0LFURF\VWLQ/5 :RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ *HQHYD :+2 *XLGHOLQHV IRU 'ULQNLQJZDWHU 4XDOLW\ 6HFRQG (GLWLRQ $GGHQGXP WR 9ROXPH +HDOWK &ULWHULD DQG 2WKHU 6XSSRUWLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ :RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQ*HQHYD :LFNV 5- DQG 7KLHO 3* (QYLURQPHQWDO IDFWRUV DIIHFWLQJ WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI SHSWLGH WR[LQV LQ IORDWLQJ VFXPV RI WKH F\DQREDFWHULXP Microcystis aeruginosa LQ D K\SHUWURSKLF $IULFDQUHVHUYRLU (QYLURQ6FL7HFKQRO :LHODQG 7 DQG )DXOVWLFK + $QDWR[LQV SKDOORWR[LQV SKDOORO\VLQ DQG DQWDPDQLGH WKH ELRORJLFDOO\ DFWLYH FRPSRQHQWV RISRLVRQRXV Amanita PXVKURRPV &5& &ULW 5HY %LRFKHP :RQJ6+DQG+LQGLQ( 'HWHFWLQJDQDOJDOWR[LQE\ KLJK SUHVVXUHOLTXLG FKURPDWRJUDSK\ - $P:DWHU:RUNV $VVRF
Citharistes apsteinii, Coccochloris, Coccochloris aeruginosa, Coccochloris elabens, Coccochloris peniocystis, Coccochloris stagnina, Cocos nucifera, Codium, Coelosphaerium, Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, Coelosphaerium minutissimum, Coelosphaerium punctiferum, Coelosphaerium subarcticum, Coenocystis, Collema, Collema coccophorum, Plate 31c, 31d 31e Collema cristatum, Plate 31b Collema tenax, Conophyton, Crepidula aculeata, Cricotopus fuscatus, Cricotopus nostocicola, Crinalium episammum, Cryptococcus, Cyanidium, Cyanobium, Cyanocatena planctonica, Cyanodictyon, Cyanodictyon filiforme, Plate 12e Cyanodictyon imperfectum, Plate 12c Cyanodictyon planctonicum, Plate 12d Cyanodictyon reticulatum, Cyanodictyon tubiforme, Cyanogranis ferruginea, Cyanonephron, Cyanonephron styloides, Plate 13c Cyanophora, Cyanophora paradoxa, Cyanosarcina, Cyanostylovirus, Cyanothece, Cyanothece aeruginosa, Cyanothece cedrorum, Cyanothece dianae, Cyanothece halobia, Cyanothece (Synechococcus) minewae, Cyanothece 3&& Cycas, Cycas circinalis, 550 Cycas revoluta, Cyclidium, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Cylindrospermopsis,
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Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Cylindrospermum, Cyprinus carpio,
D Dactylococcopsis, Dactylococcopsis acicularis, Dactylococcopsis salina, Daphnia, Daphnia carinata, Daphnia galeata mendotae, Daphnia pulex, Daucus carota, Deinococcus, Deinococcus radiodurans, Dermocarpa, Dermocarpella, Desmococcus, Desulfomonas, Desulfotomaculum, Desulfovibrio, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Diaphanosoma, Dichothrix, Dichothrix baueriana, Dichothrix calcarea, Dichothrix compacta, Dichothrix gypsophila, Dicranella, 'LGHPQLGDH Didemnum molle, Drepanocladus, Drosophila melanogaster, Dunaliella, Dunaliella parva, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Dysidea herbacea,
E Ectothiorhodospira, Plate 17c Emiliania huxleyi, Encephalartos, Encephalartos ferox, (QWRSK\VDOLGDFHDH Entophysalis, Plate 4A Eoastrion, Eoentophysalis belcherensis, Plate 4B Eomarginata striata, Eomicrocoleus, Eomycetopsis,
Epithemia turgida, (SLWKHPLDFHDH Erythrospira, Escherichia (E.) coli, Eubosmina, Eucalyptus, Plate 28b Eucapsis, Eudiaptomus, Euglena, Euglena gracilis, (XVSLUXOLQD
F Festuca octoflora, Filiconstrictosus diminutus, Filiconstrictosus majusculus, Fischerella, Fischerella epiphytica, Fischerella laminosus, Fischerella muscicola, Fischerella muscicola 87(; Flavobacterium odoratum, Fremyella diplosiphon, Fremyella diplosiphon 0 Funaria,
G Gallionella ferruginea, Geitleria, Geitleria calcarea, Geochelone gigantea, Geodia papyraceae, Geosiphon, Geosiphon pyriforme, Plate 28f Gloeocapsa, Gloeocapsa alpicola, Gloeocapsa alpina, Gloeocapsa biformis, Gloeocapsa calcarea, Gloeocapsa compacta, Gloeocapsa kuetzingiana, Gloeocapsa muralis,
2UJDQLVP ,QGH[ Gloeocapsa punctata, Gloeocapsa ralfsiana, Gloeocapsa rupestris, Gloeocapsa sanguinea, Plates 2c, 32b Gloeocapsa & &DO* Gloeodiniopsis uralicus, Gloeothece, Gloeothece rupestris, Gloeothece $7&& Gloeotrichia, Plate 15c, 15d Gloeotrichia echinulata, Gloeotrichia natans, Plate 15f Gloeotrichia pisum, Glomus, Glycine max, Gomphosphaeria, Gomphosphaeria aponina, Gomphosphaeria lacustris, Gomphosphaeria naegeliana, Gunnera, Gunnera chilensis, Plate 28a Gunnera manicata, Gunnera monoica, Gymnodinium, Gymnostomum recuwirostrum, Plate 16e
H Haeinatococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Haloarcula, Haloarcula japonica, Halorubrum, Halorubrum distributum, Halteria grandinella, Hapalosiphon, Hapalosiphon fontinalis, Hapalosiphon fontinalis 9 Hapalosiphon intricatus, Hemiaulus, Hemichloris, Hemichloris antarctica, +HSDWLFDH Heterococcus endolithicus, Histioneis, Histoneis elongata, Histoneis highleyi, Homoeothrix, Homoeothrix balearica, Homoeothrix crustacea, Plate 16d
Homoeothrix janthina, Homoeothrix rivularis, Hormathonema, Hormothamnion enteromorphoides, Hyella, Plate 16b Hyella fontana, Hyella immanis, Hypheothrix,
I Ikedosoma gogoshimense, Iyengariella endolithica,
J Johannesbaptista pellucida, K Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsormidium flaccidum, Kyrtuthrix, Kyrtuthrix dalmatica,
L Leiothrichoides tenuitunicatus, Lemmermanniella pallida, Plate 13e Lemmermanniella pawa, Lemna, Lempholemma botryosum, Leptogium, Leptogium schraderi, Leptolyngbya, Lichina confinis, Limnothrix, Limnothrix amphigranuluta, Lissoclinum patella, Lissoclinum punctatum, Lissoclinum voeltzkowi, Listeria monocytogenes, Littoraria scabra, Locusta migratoria, Lyngbya, Plate 3A, 15b, 32a Lyngbya aestuarii, Plate 8f, 31a Lyngbya circumcreta, Lyngbya confewoides,
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Lyngbya digueti, Lyngbya majuscula, Lyngbya martensiana, Lyngbya murrayi, /\QJE\D valderianum, Lyngbya vandenberghenii, Lyngbya wollei,
M Macrozamia, Macrozamia communis, Mucrozamia lucida, Macrozamia moorei, Mucrozamia riedlei, Mastigocladus, Mastigocladus (Fischerella) laminosus, Mastigocladus +7) Mastigocoleus testarum, Melosiragranulata, Melosira nyassensis YDU victoriae, Mentzeliamultiflora, Mercenaria mercenaria, Merismopedia, Plate 2a Merismopedia tenuissima, Merismopedia warmingiana, Mesocyclops, Metallogenium, Microchaete, Microcoleus, Microcoleus chthonoplastes, Microcoleus chthonoplastes 3&& Microcoleus chthonoplastes 6$* Microcoleus lyngybyaceus, Microcoleus paludosus, Microcoleus paludosus YDU acuminatus, Microcoleus sociatus, Microcoleus vaginatus, Microcystis, Microcystis aeruginosa,
Plate 2d, 11c Microcystis aeruginosa IR aeruginosa, Microcystis aeruginosa 0 Microcystis aeruginosa 15& 66 Microcystis aeruginosa 3&& Microcystis aeruginosa 3&& Microcystis aeruginosa 87(; Microcystis aeruginosa :5 Microcystis aeruginosa Microcystis botrys, Microcystis firma, Microcystisflos-aquae, Microcystis stagnalis, Microcystis viridis, Microcystis wesenbergii, Micromonas pusilla, Mycoplasma genitalium, 0\RYLULGDH Myxobactron salinum, Myxococcus fulvus %*2 Myxococcus xanthus, Myxosarcina,
N Nassula aurea, Nephroma arcticum, Neurospora crassa, Nitzschia closterium, Nodularia, Nodularia haweyana, Nodularia spumigena, Plate 11e Nostoc, &KDSWHU Plate 29d, 29e, 29f Nostoc calcicola, Nostoc carneum, Nostoc commune, Plate 24b, 24c, 24d, 24e
2UJDQLVP,QGH[ Nostoc commune YDU flagelliforme, Plate 1i Nostoc commune &+(1 Nostoc commune '5+ Nostoc commune 87(; Nostoc cordubensis, Nostoc ellipsosporum, Nostoc flagelliforme, Plate 1i: VHHDOVRNostoc commune YDU flagelliforme Nostoc fuscescens YDU mixta, Nostoc linckia, Nostoc microscopicum, Nostoc minutum, Nostoc muscorum, Nostoc muscorum $ Nostoc paludosum, Nostoc parmelioides, Nostoc pruniforme, 3ODWHD Nostoc punctiforme, Nostoc punctiforme $7&& Nostoc rivulare, Nostoc sphaericum, Nostoc sphaeroides, Nostoc spongiaeforme, Nostoc verrucosum, Nostoc zetterstedtii, Nostoc $7&& Nostoc $ Nostoc %DOL Nostoc &F Nostoc ' Nostoc (IO Nostoc *LEVRQ Nostoc *P Nostoc 0$& Nostoc 0 Nostoc 0PO Nostoc 081 Nostoc 1,9$&<$ Nostoc 3&& Nostoc 3&& Nostoc 3&& Anabaena 3&& Nostoc 3&& Nostoc 3&& Nostoc 7 Nostoc 8$0 Nostoc 8&' Nostoc 6 % 1RVWRFDFHDH 1RVWRFDOHV
Nostochopsis lobatus, Nostocomorpha, O
Ornithocercus, Ornithocerus magnificus, Ornithocerus quadratus, Ornithocerus steinii, Oscillatoria, 55, Plate 17a, 17b Oscillatoria acutissima, Oscillatoria acutissima % Oscillatoria agardhii, Oscillatoria agardhii YDU isothrix, Oscillatoria amphigranulata, Oscillatoria chlorina, Oscillatoria formosa, Oscillatoria irrigua, Oscillatoria limnetica, Oscillatoria limosa, Oscillatoria limosa 6WUDLQ Oscillatoria lutea, Oscillatoria nigroviridis, Oscillatoria perornuta, Plate 11d Oscillutoria priestleyii, Oscillatoria princeps, Oscillatoria redekei, Oscillatoria rubescens, Oscillatoria salina, Oscillatoria spongelia, Oscillatoria submembranacea, Oscillatoria tenuis, Oscillatoria terebriformis, 55, Plate 5a Oscillatoria %* 2VFLOODWRULDFHDH Plate 23e 2VFLOODWRULDH 2VFLOODWRULDOHV Oscillatoriopsis,
Oscillatoriopsis majuscula, Oscillatorites, RVWUDFRG Plate 5c Ostreobium, Ostreobium quekettii,
P Palaeolyngbya, Palaeolyngbya barghoorniana, Palaeolyngbya helva, Plate 3B Palaeolyngbya minor, Palaeonostoc, Palaeopleurocapsa fusiforma, Palaeopleurocapsa kelleri, Palaeopleurocapsa reniforma, Palaeovaucheria elevata, Pannus spumosus, Paramecium, Paramecium caudatum, Parasponia andersonii, Partitiofilum gongyloides, Pediastrum, Peltigera, Peltigera aphthosa, Plate 29g Peltigera canina, Peltigera membranacea, Phaeoceros, Plate 29a Phaeophila dendroides, Phalaropus, Phoenicopterus minor, Phormidium, Plate 1h, 6c Phormidium ambiguum, Phormidium angustissimum, Phormidium autumnale, Phormidium calcicola, Phormidium corium, Phormidium crossbyanum, Phormidium favosum, Phorrnidium foveolarum, Phormidium fragile, Phormidium frigidum, Phormidium hendersonii, Plate 1d, 1e Phormidium hypersalinum, Phormidium hypolimneticum, Phormidium incrustatum,
2UJDQLVP ,QGH[ Phormidium laminosum, Phormidium martensiana, Phorrnidium murrayi, Phormidium persicinum, Phormidium priestleyi, Phormidium tenue, Phormidium uncinatum, Phormidium valderianum, Pinguicula vulgaris, Plate 16e Placopsis contortuplicata, Placynthium, Placynthium nigrum, Planktothrix, Planktothrix perornata, Plate 11d Plectonema, Plate 23b, 23c, 23f Plectonema boryanum, Plectonema boryanum 87(; Plectonema nostocorum, Plectonerna polymorphum, Plectonema terebrans, Plectonema tomasianum, Plectonema Pleomorpha, Pleurocapsa, Plate 1a Pleurocapsa minor, 3OHXURFDSVDFHDH 3OHXURFDSVDOHV 3RGRYLULGDH Porites, Porites lobata, Porphyrosiphon, Porphyrosiphon fuscus, Porphyrosiphon notarisii, Portulaca (oleracea), Plate 24b Potarnocypris, Plate 5b 3UDVLQRSK\FHDH Prasiococcus, Primaevifilum amoenum, Primaevifilum conicoterminatum, Primaevifilum laticellulosum, Procambarus clarkii, Prochlorococcus, Prochlorococcus marina, Prochloron, Prochloron didemni, Prochlorothrix, Prochlorothrix hollandica, Prorocentrum minimum,
2UJDQLVP,QGH[ Prototheca zopfi, Pseudanabaena, Pseudanabaena catenata, Pseudanabaena galeata, Pseudanabaena 3&& Pseudomonas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas pelfectomarina, Pseudotrebouxia, 3WHULGRSK\WD Pyrenocollema, 3\UHQRSVLGDFHDH Pyricularia oryzae, Pythium torulosum, Pyura cancellata, Pyura carnea,
R Rhizosolenia, Rhizosolenia clevei, Rhodococcus, Rhodomonas lens, 5KRGRVSLULOODFHDH 5KRGRVSLULOOXP Rhopalodia gibba, Richelia, Richelia intracellularis, Rivularia, Plate 16c, 26a, 26c, 26d Rivularia atra, Plate 26e, 26f Rivularia biasolettiana, Rivularia haematites, Rivularia minutula, 5LYXODULDFHDH Plate 26 Romeria elegans, Romeria leopoliense,
S Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Salmonella, Salmonella typhimurium, Sargassum, Scenedesmus, Scenedesmus brasiliensis, Scenedesmus protuberans, Schistocerca gregaria, Schizothrix, Plate 2e, 9e, 23d Schizothrix adunca,
Schizothrix affinis, Schizothrix antarctica, Schizothrix arenaria, Schizothrix atacamensis, Schizothrix calcicola, Schizothrix coriacea, Schizothrix fasciculata, Schizothrix fasciculata IR semiglobosa, Schizothrix lardacea, Schizothrix lateritia, Schizothrix pelforans, Schizothrix pulvinata, Schizothrix rubella, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Scytonema, Plate 25, 31b Scytonema %6F\M Plate 32c Scytonema crustaceum, Scytonema endolithicum, Scytonema hofmanni, Scytonema hofmanni 87(; Scytonema julianum, Scyyonema mirabile, Scytonema mirabile %< Scytonema myochrous, Plates 2h, 25e Scytonema pseudohofmanni, Scytonema pseudohofmanni %& Selenastrum, Serratia marcensis, Siphonochalina tabernacula, Siphonophycus costatus, 6LSKRYLULGDH Skeletonema costatum, Snowella, Snowella atomus, Solentia, Sphaerocystis, Sphagnum, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Spirulina, Plate 27: VHHDOVRArthrospira Spirulina fusiformis, Spirulina geitleri, Spirulina jenneri IR platensis, Spirulina labyrinthiformis, Spirulina laxissima, Spirulina major, Spirulina maxima, Spirulina minosa,
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V Veteronostocale, Veteronostocale amoenum, Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio harveyii, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vitreoscilla, 9ROYRFDOHV Vorticella, Plate 14c Vorticella aquadulcis,
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