Du.nc- \Y........ "I"nold
The Early Episcopal Career of
Athanasius of Alexandria
OIriIrilnil)' and Judaism in Antiquity Owlcs Kannengiesser, Series EdiICr Volume 6
1HE EARLY EPISCOPAL CAREER OF
ATHANASIUS OF ALEXANDRIA
by DUANE WADE-HAMP'rON ARNOlD
~CI99I~
Uni...m.y otNoue oa- Pre.tf;
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To ARTHURMIQiAELRAMSEY
rtquksaJI ill po«
Bishop, Teacher. and Friend
ConYel1i me ad AlllIDaIiunl ~ ~ -.mi. et er.il Yin Idminlio lelIlIil. lit lib eo di..elli _ p(ll$im. 141 duo:I ciIU; b1lrol.a.a- C.....ilet:: IIUIIqlOe. irI
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tunClaliQIIC l1liul: haera1Iobltuiooa ;\& aperit. quit, ~ftlJlt. IIftlaQllt SaIptwnrwn ..-ncrua cnodnl. UI eIlSitiaoi tillP lec:lione lIIItI pouim Quid f1)wn.1 SLaUtl apud me CIIIlvcrte>ldo, iJllOll ac COIlles~ homini dtbitis lTItis!Tlt lO\tIrn dedete: I; ClIIid otii $lIJlpedi~ jIIIIllttO: nihil onIIlIllUIlI cklwlllllt Hlubriul, llIillil ;",hiu, ~pcriri ~ IIDIIAIllItr tdf""""vtrinl. AMBROOIO TRAVERSARI nFdnwy 1&24
CONTENTS
I'le&l:e •• _••••••.••••••••••••........••.•.••••...._••••••••• _............................ Abbr$"iIotiou __ ••••••••••............... 11M!WorbotAdUnasllJlalAk.undril JDIlPIlI1Iand.ser;. DIctiorIlril:s tnd LuJcons ..........•...•• IlllJOduction ••••••••••••••••...•....•••.••••.••••..•••••••••••••••••••••••••..••.•.•••••••• ATH.I.NASIlJS.:
~ii; ~i;; ~v
I
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I. IniliaI 0 '2. ilwelpa:aal ","""p•._ _ __ _ _. 2.1 ,.1t4oden~ ..__. .__.._ _.._ 2.1 Ni I dK 1_') CoIIlpill'" _................... 2J CwIUII Views _......................... 3. 1swef; in DispulD 3.1 Aakkmirocationallbelssuc:l 3.2 ~udlbc:C ., nciaIle-oou., _ 3.2.1 " . ·.....·iMC:O'Pnl;licaia_ o.aolAIt. " . _ __ _.__. 3,2,1 f'JQpIr . .lI51popel' I ole M' .-:I C . ' '11le¥i:IDl Uld a.if.cmc. • . . O;uoei of ro:-. _.._. .. ..._. 3.'2.3 Ii! I Ij,.Iavd_" _ .It.,...". 'f
Ii ~iii
_
••
••
••••• _
_
_.
E.."...,..-I E of AD 321 3..l TheMc~_1.ondoII1'lpynof191 3•• 11M! Onulon 01 Orepy or NWan_ •• COnc:ludin& ConsidetJIjoas
_......
9 II II I. 20 2.t 2.t 1S
36
.3 q 62 89
9S
•.....
"''''""
ATHANASIlIS M'Onr!Sna>(lFT'o'U
I. TlM:lw.:tjpvuiidol SJftDClolT)re _ 1.\ At' riUSII ~ AD 1111332 1.2 lbr. Concem_ L.iby-. AD 3l:loAD l33
_
10l lOt 118
• 1.31lle"'-iut~.AD)))'AD))l
126
m
ca.MuQlAprll AD 3301 S)'llOdof~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••.••••••••••••• _ 2.1 .... CallinloI .. S)'lOdofTyn,A03lS ......•......._ 2..2 P1OiA41leIAllAallloriI)' S)ftOdof..r' 2.3 n. ~ II . . $)'Mld of T)'Ie. July.oaotler
lA TbeSynodo(Cr
2
AD 33S
1.4
1M!
_
__. IS) ..... 151 ......_.._._.......... 160
1bI~~"'~AOl35
:u ne 'w1pn' II T)ft. 0I:dIer AD m
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Ui TbeRIPIOC..... AD))S _.. . Qwt"
10 10
_
AW""i': t..o-Ooa
__..
_ ~
1914
_ ••
. 163
.._ _._ _
m
_._ _ .._ _ '" B~l(lIlt ._ _. 1.91 I'rimuy SounleI • 191 Ednw _ T. l rl ., _ .._ 191 c · .M." of Allc:lelu Soouce DaculeuI .._................. 19'1 8 _ _ 19'1 $egq1,., Sourca _.................... 19'1 IId:::r. 131
PREFACE nil book, .. hic:h kpn .. I Ph.D. lhesil fot 1Ile Uaivenily of DwlunI. EJI&Iand. hu been written in .. Ill_lit 10 darlty lIIe many compk.s eve.1S wllicll look plxe durial IIle rl/1t "veil ye&t$ of tile "9......... of AIJluwiaI of ",Lou"".. lUId 10 uplain Ibe ImpllCl ot ...... ~ upon __ QnI\QI al'llltr$aadiai of lIIe biIhap. Tlw: _ _ of 11M: book, d1ue:bc. ' - been d' d finl, by 11M: _ _ of lliIaxiop f .... ~..,.dll:da ....... 1Ilq ....,. ......... "-,0,2 , . . . U IIoiIllop 01 AleullClria ill AD 32110 q bu. by C . . . . _ AD US. W'otio lbOta-xol_,......,. _ '. _-co ,',,1'I'iIbAO ;'''·lawWI AirboaPlbr.etranlllft.ec. . . . 10 ~_ . . ~ 01 daoz doqa w>lhin I JWtIc::uIw period <:L ~ ic *-Id k.-.d dI:M~ <:Llbr. Ie: =yjeer WIft. ~ II J wiIbiII • ..a --.,. <:L or!!inp It . I ' IUrllber at)IICIIS. Whe '0' N' 1Iow.... I bft -eht 10 pi-. dll:dlii. . !
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CrrtailI odle:r SI}'llIUc feawft:s <:L IbiI ~ sc.dy ....., bee . Tlw: fader wiD tal tau publisbiaa; mtormaIilM b III of Ibl: _ _ Ihis lt1Idy ko IIle bibIioCr1Iphy .... willi IlooIa CllIlu ~ whidllla¥C been cms...l&d ia IIle COlIfse ot raeardllUld tOlllld ad.... Abbrevilltioros . . . . . lie III&d tar 1Ilc ~ <:II A........" mq bee tlUld in lbe pn:lilDial')' PIleI of dols wart, u /Or IlaIllbI1l WCIIb of re(ertno;e, joMnaIs, eec.. Small panjces of \his boot ftt1t IIppeMICI ill SadiiJ PlIlriIrIu, ¥Ol21. pp. )71·313. Earlier ....sites olmaerial ~ here 1Ibo . . 1O bee fOlll'ld iIIlhra! Il\kleI. ill (Apllt Cb,tll RmClt': "AJbnuiIll end lbe Mdetians" (mi. 10, IloO. ): "AUlllothy rnd Proced..... II the Synod Tyro" (vol. 11. no. 3). "AL!wIa.llan Hi1lOrioaraplly" (vol. 12. no. 1). 1 ....01111 like 10 IhIll1t Ihe Pecr.ers nrm In LeU¥eIl. publisher or Studla Palrist/ta. end 1hc editon of Cop/It Clwrtll Revk.... tOt lheir pcnnis$ioo 10 allow lIlC usc or lIIit m.armaI. __ tevW4. ill !be 1ft'CII'.su.ty. I wo.Id IW: 10 LhaIlk whose &llOOIII1llt-_.... Id.ice, IDd aldtd 1Ile mearclIlIllI writinl of this ~ WOIk. 1loere Ioa-e beelI _ y pmtonIwho hive influenced my ..cIelSIandinl of AtbanaI1uI of AIe.undrit. tlr Loa lI\IlIY 10 mentioa ill tIlit briel JpICe. SonIe.llowe_. 1IIon M!IIred 10 ~'" of !heir tme and e>.pelti_llw I _11 ba mnia 101 10 _ \hem.. 10...... special debt of IJ'IliUlde 10 .....y willlla tlw:
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h . --..iJy d 1hc u.;voen:ity d DurbInl Ol>'\lo ....... me .... ~ ...,. ud p""ided bdpllOI ~ ckriIl& ~ lime I cti. ltw ieMtxM- 1kIe ~ iIodIIIl-.1t& RL Ru'd SIqIIra 'N. S,tcI., Mr. GeraIcl 8oMu. Dr. C.TJt Haywud.. ud Dr...... ' oWe. M, ~ dlIl*s iI aIfOc·...... to Dr. Oaridnomu. wbo pided.., . . . . . .... .ealmol""",;olC..... , d l a . · '_b1 .. , ~ 0 1 .... Udee;M erdoi¥c-ws.. IJI .... """"";"1'DlIlIIUlily bc)'Olld Ihe Ur.Il'f'llnil, of o..blIlhe:te bne beea "'""71llben who 1IPe. . tee! .., IelCM:Il b)' tbcir IIlI'ricc flld ditec:tioA. 'Ik h,,'d Or. WIDi= C. weinric:fl flta dinlC:lIlll_ to lie I(udy 01 AlNnMMW ud - . ~ to $IlO'OI ifu.eIulla Pnll. 0arItI: 1:.. s" has ..""ir:b1l1dpf1llllllelfCCiDn" ~ TIle ... RL Rc¥'d ILP.C. ~ whik ~ wilh 01 .., ~...... tk'= pooidtd as;,;bIfal toe.., " c. • _bcr .. triIal ..... oI ~ wilbia ItliI ~ . . , . TIleRto'd c... PJol. w.... iMu toOt IiIK rn.. a bDs)' • •' .. to n:acI . . "an.... dIaD rn.. wtlOcIl ..... tIoo* came .." It.enbJ euam IIll: d!IaIlb ...
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I tc:eei'cd toUneou . .is&ante from .... UIIrariaaII ud IlaIT of Ihe Ma/llIsalpIIlollIII and Re:adUI& Room or Ihe BrIWll Libnry: Ibc libnricl of lIMi IIftl"eISl;lQ 01 DwlIIm. Shefrldd. NOlIe Duncl, and Detroit: and llle
Wayne SUllO UalYCtSk, Ub<:ry. For the atIIdcrn;" ,ean 1\1lll-191lS 1 ...., Lbc n:clp\ctlt ollhc o.eneu
Raean;k SIIlClcnI A... ard beswwcd b)' .... Uni~ ICln.clonI'. Comminee 01 Vice Owlcelkln and Pmc:;p.b. This ~ ....1I'Il eIlIblecl me to cnp.ge in the llUdy ... hit/I IlandI behind ibis p
FinIlJy• ., I wrilC Iheloe ~ftll ooe petfOlIwho befrieaded -uu forallOSl In my hUrt ...... mind. Al\lloIIi~ 1Ii1 dmdI ... clelUed opponunity at Iharin& lllil final rallIt of Ill' ._11 wllb 111m RL Re><'d Mel RL "OIL Lord Ramsey 01 CIntrrbury .... III eumple of lboolcgical inlCJrit, flld lNe spiritualitY a waI' pea -.qCIllCIllICl me. ill my WOIt IlItouP lhllOCl\llK olooun'lo:u ~. It .. ICl BIsIlap tMidlaelIllli lhiI book II dcdicIlM.
me durin, my time ill DllIham
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ABBREVIATIONS
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Pau<Jkls:iaea.n... CGapleq. ScricI LUoa. 221 ...... edie:I by J.-P. Mlpe, Paris, 1~1-1164
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TItuJIGricfJl Silidill TMoIDIUl:M Siuditn IIIld KrlriUn TltmloliuNI 'hitIC/v(I (Ba$Ic)
VltiliJJ< C~
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l)iclimuttJin 4'lJ'cltltW>li. <Wfl..,.. ef • 1i'lUlie. edited by F. CabJoI llId H. Lcde.q. Paris. 1903·I9D A Di
l"'PIoy. UU'IIfItT•• Sau. aQ Doclrilw." YOb.. cdimd by W. Smilb - ' H. W..,., Lcndoa. Im·11I7 OicMIlJUJir. 4'1I1"oi" .. d. liol''''''' taUsitufiqau. edi.llld by A. 8aIDillKl, PIli$, 1911A f'~ C,m LalctM. ediicd by (l.WE.
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Luiam fW TMoI",ie """ KiTelut. 2d CIlia"". edited by J. Hllfcr Illd K. RalIlIet. Freilxq;, 1957unCOil AlbAlJri""...... ediled by Q. MIl1ler, Bcrm, 19.52 no. O>{QId Dicao-y (Ij w C/WtNM ClIrvdJ. 24 ediliOll, odlwl by F.L Croa IJtlI E.A. ~ 1..oaIIc-., 1974 lttQ1wa- f'r JuWU ud CNUi"eNaft, ediled by T. K1mIa', SruII.prt, 19S0~fi'~n-q
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Xirdw. 3d «IilUl, edlaed by A. Hau::k, Lcipzir:, 1896-1913
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INTRODUCTION In. work publishecl ill !be early willlU of 1981. !be Iatt. R.P£. Hena. ...... dle tollowint
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, at " - eweIIU pm:.edin& Mel 1llnOI08di., IIle Synod of l)re.3 Much of lhlt wort ba. of COUl'Ie.lIlQuited ••ecOi ,'~;..uo. of doc IWldlInI A1IaMwrslIrl chronolo&Y wfliell was ~;Ihcd by E. Scll~· ManIoYer, die Synod of T)Te, .. well. dlose _ _ wIlld1 boIh peor:ded IJId followed iu .. _ilia. Iou ,Clnaincd _ 1 l I t enitJuUo:- QlletlioDl - . iii.., ~ _1llIlIlnJ .l)re bceIl o....toobd or ddw" I .. ..iqIoila'" WIoelIlef or _l!Ie rllllll~ bildinaor...,. ad ...., lou abo """'oj..... -.dear. h illlopie(\ lhallhis ........... will be ,odI l wiIbiII " c:ocr-. 01 dlir 1Ddy. n. p_ijMI clif!kdy wllic:tI ca lIM 10 0 e:: _ .. wriOnt: • JIUdy ofcloe~,op ,+I_olAr' ;"" paIlIapIdoclllllil . . - wtI, _mmr' aocIerJI ~ ~ ) olllle baIlCIp'" JCl ~tia ill cIoe _ I&I'Id ...,.;.,. ol Ilw. _....... A11:11oaP chronolop
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..... AD JS1 (Gu<-'Idoo tUr aIttIn:~U ..... U• ....-l ediIioot. I'niboq. 19\., 61), SinoihIr .. ~ hod _ pul forwonl "" A.. R.h "'"". UlPF. - . I - - . 001.•. 91."'" "'"'-l ....... portIan "' .... _ to AD HI. R. kllot ..Joe..." "'............... dMiDI tod _ _ I I _ 1M ..lin ..., ..... d>o 'OIol, 01 ..... yurt of eel;... _ _ tkioo r iluIaDDo of _ boill& "'~Iu'. ~Io .. Nt... "" _ toIlowilol S1""d 01 T1ro ;" AD 315 (.4'.......... A,NJo.... ~,. flIT. bill","" ONIlhlW"", [Dloo•• TIlIiII,,,,l. pc Iobf, 1932, 1-32). P. hriorJ ~ doo . .lior .,-.. 01 B............... p<>ioDq II> ... pc tl oddi_ 01 ell. 19.90 ("C • .. A_ _ T)'r _ill: ,ted' . ,.".. M '_lrlf-:'.u.n. '- 10
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, H.I. Bell lIN publls/led the plpyrIIS .. bidllluowt: ....,;hI lwidlilflt Oft the bchavlDw of Alhanasilll ill hia _: IIloup lIli$ _ publw-cd nearly ID.I)I yeMf IJO the sisnif_ of it Us noI Jet Junk in f:..er,wl...... .. It llSlOIlishinl 10 lead dlc..ue:k in TJlE on the Illbjec:t oI~~ by MuUn Teu...ntu .. _II, .. 1977_ fdld no ~ 01 Ihb clocunIenl, III IJllpDrUDt for 0\Il' atilIIuioll of
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SECnONI
ATHANASIUS: QUES11ONSOFCHARACTER AA'D OONlEXf
SECTION I ATHANASTUS:
QUESTIONS OF CHARACTeR AND CONTEXT
In ...........Ir;;n. a lOpiI: sad! .. T_ £.", Ep4wpal C.,.u of AlIwoaJi"S fI/ Akmadria. AD 32S-AD two d~, ... imoI'l'tllIIIiaory UMIlbeoion. Ilocb IiwiplillM are .... 01 COUl'Ili. "'&II.allJ ucla·
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aiYe. and au ...... _ Dlhor. nis is we es:pccallJ wi1h qanillllbl: dlancttr IIIId ana 01 Alb........ fcc bill:lOIin Iifa _1bI;ped bl' &be ... 1llrbI_ 1M....... btad&be fll'SllbtDt>qliiiiiI&' oldie r-u. e:t:rIClrJ'. DwW. . . floil_yeand_ 1- • • . . . "I1l ..... * - d a""" Wida, t· • 01 imporiaI ~ III it reIrIa4 I) I ' IbI Iia IlOd jM!& TIlis Iou ofIta ol:ltI:ved IDe (Joe. Ileal ; - ... drol manc:aI 01 C_ ....... lid III A" '.'. fin!; aik .. AD 33S. Iobw.a. ,. • • 1'4 w-sdf_ a dririaI fore... 1M """'-":ia1 ~o'Q"'" 01.,;, . . _ II .. ia _ wriciD.&s IIbaI _0;.- f!zld ...., 01 lbc.-c:c _ _ . . . . _1IIIICr __
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ia¢e&rily _lhcIo:IIQP:aI j I it _the. wi Itinp oltllc ~ 01 A.lc""""'*'a .. - , 1hia indca1. It .. fcc tIIb _ !bat tllc I!ocIuIbtf\Il obIenocr MUll t<ml III CQIcb:aMii'll -..:rlalI1It anJ attempt 10 _ I tile LIlcdclt:icaJ and historiaI etboI 01 the. culJ fpivopw 01 Alhanalilll. We rnlUt II." liMIe"",", take IIOIe in Lhe bi$lQrico.llpl)Ioaetit: worD 01 Al/laIwiu, of Lhe subjective clements which mlllY n:Illcr, tuloe found MId
tiDe .... ~
~
compare Lhem .",lIh .imllar subjective eJemenl.l which IUJ bG ro~nd in the tlther writing. which report the events under d.lsI:uulOll,l Thll i, especially
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of _ _ u-~qIit3litoitdlbe--"ofAt ....m.p. . . . . dIcir d:cplidIlllllpllll . . . !bey paceive .... .;-;rllbly ~ • 01 W-Iiunry ri-iDIal::II .. _ pIft of Ihc lIUhop of Akx»dria.1 ~•• r.:.. dlis~.COI"Iect . . . ~.·_;_.. 1be r •••
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petIO"!f1ilicl eitber oar OWII ....... PfKlIlGol" or lIiol: ~.' ' .. QIfTaII ill _ 0 - time. i:ll order tnly III udu _4 , , ~.. we _ aDow tU.l1ll1pCIk frooa lIi.I_o ...... rinPrim ta Illat lUll, lIIl(lCIml Milas lIrIc plIced 1lleir own up:III ... biIbop of AIuInoiia. ~ g"ijy in n:~ 10 IIle -'Y ycon of bis ", '" • Me • CCf1lIin _ _ 01 a»IemplIO'.-y llisuJlioplplly ..lilt abo k llIldenaten 10 dixooooer Ilow htb
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2. oonPRETElS OF ATHANASIUS
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clI. Prior oolll.lkq: _ _ s-llllod been "",,*,od .. .--10 _ ",. o.nllr 01 Ope.- wi . - . ..... e - i l 01 ,...... AD )1.... wWdI ... ro-. _ 01 _ . . . 11 " " . . \10 "'""'" •• • .1oIdo _ _
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TllE E.o.J.LY EItiO:»'ALCA'fD OF AntAHASMi
t.sic 10Wad AtUlMilII _1UIIIeq..-ly IIkI:a "p by .....ber 01 Olber inulllC1llDlln who, • ~0lI him. Noll dle leu. - . lbcK _ Edllllll $cti•• ta. 11101 __
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if poaiblc, dlI: donlmarim of_ odler lnC:iaII. -'II • "CD.' The MtillIdcof
setI_ ~ AtI\aRuius bas been IlIm-'zed wdl by N _ II. Baynes; '"To Sclrqnz Atllanasius *8 a1~ and in Illl
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lIIIben"inlI hletarch: ambilion. I rutIIlesa ..ill, and I pUSioon for J!O""'tt we IIts CQl\SIlInl tlw1lCteri.ttiu ·10
5ch",om, lhmfore. although IlOl inclined \(lICCCpI llle dll1,e5 of (oraery II'IJdcllgainsl AtbanasiUl, did. for irUWlee, dil;mln !he .. hole of AtlwaIiuI',1IiMrical and apoloi"dc:al "'OI'b .. "~propqand.l.·11 ~ Ilej8ll\lC "il:w of Ihcsc worb has 1llbIeque~t1r been tat... up by .,bolars IlICh u Ii. Caspar, K.M. Seuon.....1. mea ;lllllorwlIlr. by Han..cew-. "'110 b.u provided lIS dlI: criiJcll od/tioI of 11I011I of Alhana$illf'l hisIarico-lIp)loaetic:aJ .....w...p.12 Lecturing in 1944. FL Cross rpote or (/Ie COllIflbution of 0pilJ. lO AIhanuIIn 'ludiel.: "Arising .... ollhe diJcU$SionJ wIIk:h SdIwanz ,tim.... laled. and porlI,.,s ban1Iy u:oond in Influence. ... btc:n &he new edilioa or Alhtn..;.'. CfIUVSIed by &he PruiSWl Aadcmy l.O Or. Opiu ,lid lhc: n>-
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.-:lIes 10 wtIidI it IIaf Ji¥aI';'" 813 E..... lbe_oIllle seca.s Warld W. _ iIle IlaIIiIe _ cl rdcioas bel eea OIaIBrillitlMd GcnDay 1lOIIkI_~PtQf CIoar... ~""buulOllIelli&W7~ iolc lIbour -tudI 0... Opia . . .'pmded.-" eM cn&llClllIdi.... _ _ -v. "Ibe "'h'M . . iII ..lIicb .. r _ I i oIlkllUt wiI sund 10 _~"" - r 01 .... _AD""",,, evidc:oIcc. ·I~ 11: ........... $
. . , k ~ , Ida. differed -,.liw. rra.n 1bII 01 Seec:t IIld Sdl-.u. Acc:on1ia& 10 Opitc, AIIlanuiIll .... "l!nIa&b md lI>touP • powcr.W!,py ptl'JClIlIiity.'l.'I Alt!lcMp Opia.'. .. ia doe editinI olllw. a1tQl Glioa. W. Set ........ 4c.' , fnlra lbe oIlli& _ _ ill .....,.-. be . . rxrt' • ,~landC ...!io.....lIOU"""IM"''''''''''''ol Atkuiuitl. ~ by I!Ie pedomiaalldr Germ. gitical tdoool. wllbo __ iIle biltIop 01 Ale 1 11 .. . - ~ iInol* in IIlnlIIJe for ,"lai...ie" -.l paliric" powu. S<:kee kllcr_ -wa Ibe 4. >IS,"" Ibc ~ -.ortJ, pIaiIlIy ~. picalre 01 !be *ivtft _ 01 AdlIllIrius. «Iris _tilNIIlrLIrla- _ Ilis mMna lOr power,"" 0.. 1ll_1dmi!.lIowcver.1Iw. Sc:hIleemck... &i~ Alhaaasius the.""benerll of !be doubl" by ascribina: Itis lIlOli¥lltion not aimply 10 bIaUN. ",ll·inlet'Ul ilIoIMl but"so 10. t-ic: ml!UlldUJllndilla 0I!l iIle pM of tile bishop concernin. Ihe Il'ue nature of the church. Accordina to Sc:lu>etmclcher, Athanasius emd by selling ulde Ibc ·'P.,llne COIJCepI" 01, eommunlly of faith in rl_ of • which 101.. I1Ie cl"u'l:h .. ", ref..." 0; 10 - . boweffi.1bI dle alillOlkalOpiQ; billry, Mil:uio: ....... f(llCe
or Alho
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sancwary "in Wkh WVltloo Is 1UpCIYised,..-.cl1l roo IonJa the COI1lIDunily of !he JuttifIcd, iIle Body of Chrisl raised up by !be SpiriL_17
11Ie QSUDlp(Iona: 01 Scbwau, Opia.1Ild $dlDcemekher coneemin, 1M rvthIcsJrIeII or AlhInuiw:'. chanacr and his willinpeu llllll~ pencqs &IllI1tYemI h:ave brJdy cdo:d Ibose ofSteek and Illooe (:l)rIliD-.l1O UCtt IIlIlllIJ infIlJe~ on = 1 ,""'""lln Itodiu. ni, is dcspilt. tilt fIICllhll \hc.lO-C:IIIled rQrlCriell of S=i . . . Iont Anta been rtIl:lOgftizcd as ItolWlOt tl and tbu. Sc:1lwatr.1\inl5tlf bas illite beta Jl""'OClIO 1Ia..e been;" enur 011 waYenl imll(ltW\l points.. ~I~ Thae t~-.ca of prllJIqancliziD,. hoklillJ power 1t ....1 t(lSl, cIcccptioII, and rodIl_ 1Iawe, however, COlI· tribultld and IenI aedtIlot to vc:ry partkular .......1
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all l/Ige. .110 lIacI1lloe ................. II> bow Altwnn&'1 wdl loved. 1Iim• .... dlooIc lID wbonl be _ ~ II8d " IQIrhm, .....h_1 III IWn.. He blew how 10 Ift:ll$1lIu lIioe wartII 01 ~ .ad IMl hiply pr!)claimed dlIt ...... He *""ed INIdl iJldld~ lor Itum.m. b .. • ftA . . die QR 01 111M _~ -iMs III ~ 011 bitll: be prden'Cd 10 lUlhlilltt IlIe tJ1Idl wllid !lad t-n .. ~ ill .jlb faItdooocl. IllCI be !mew _U Ioow 10 dQcon:r ... InIcrior f.w. conlaine4 ..itllin an alerior DC crmr. When be lIad completely unduIltIOd I pcnDn" cI>arKl<:l ond I'llOOllnhcd tlllIl the penon WU
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inwardly ~ be defended that petIOfl .,.w-..t III t1anclu.
&0:. time
!hili hoi wu fllfC(ld lD .... i1l: ago.iul. men 10 whom he ...... loyal. h. foo,hl their rille principles. buI rduxd lQ &iWl\bdr lIIOI1,",:1
Hlvin. a:!v... 1hJI auessmml 01 A1h1llAS;\IlI'1 pem:pt!_ IlI4 eoUeaial d\anaer, MQd>1a' lloct Oft 10 IIl'ri.Ie tha! AlJwwi ........ ~1'Il)t" man who COILCuIed dc'ai1 formulal WbliviDI biIh.- 22 AeconIina 10 MochlcI,
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Kow7c..-..1P.= • FLer-... ' _ ........ _~ .. '-..,. t who. .. die lira..., ollllc'b • c.IUlY. bid I ~~Iodcil:ol A'''' . ... Newmaa.-2:l ~ ill fKt. f1edJ ....iftId Wtt Iris __ ld'P- ~ bolIl-..s MIl r ~ ..... _
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26 , lIIe bi*lp ol .............. ill ~n .... ~ IIca't, -:/I _ ""b cMmpir- ol"-''''' He is "tbe ror-IloeMaI I .ilII ~l·. __ IlI.Plic bL 1 _)0 I. N _ ' I wriciDp ~ is doe dllltdI Ca4Iotic'. aeqlI:u P" U«IIc1t«. OeIc:ribill&!be ~'. IaktIl . . . . . . . NewmlIII _ t"- AlQnuiul ~ ~$impIc ill dklioa, dear, ·_wtiecl, tla$tii:. -.d rolled.id1 ~bncIa'.-3' "'albeolDgia, allishop 01 " ......... ill c:omlaalded for beilIlOOMId &BIt .. bolb ~ aid 0lrisliUl n AcconIilI&" Nt.. A'''_'m is I!le ..i-W 0wi$Iiaa, for wilen !be paMLWld bittIclp ill ~drt_ en. biI Oart:h,.. lie '"1uta all 0.' idcwn !lis Iloac. rn.. Tit_I:) E*iopia..n Eui........... icI pniJeoi Ad 'w.pertIIps NewlnuI'I earl, __ in ~ 0I1lle biIIlo(J ot AIr'MdrilI fro-t1llc L.".. AfI4llolica bell _ up 1lle np.usions of • JOolII' ud _ l u i .
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1b& ....,. ataialldon: _ iIloI-IriI*. Lad d. _ wodd'llIN feast. III . . dirt aip.1llid!be 1IIiaI.'• .w .cn. He axJd, doN boooal bcfm:, . . Holy MysIeriea.-k Ibcir _ l i p , welII< ¥Cad, )'el drriDd:W
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CO"""" ......) 01 ~JoIln MIIOIl Neale, b" i . Itld poet, Is 01 primary ~ ill doe ...-. _ I fa m ..iautdy • "d hiAory 0I1be pIlriIrdoIlcs 01 dlr. Eantn dudI wIlidI, lJIIi-
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PlliIllIlor&i,") as _U all !he ~ Cop6f; ..... Syri& llistorie&. 35 In rEI, Neale _ able 10 ...u "" 01 almosI all tb8 _ availlbic ID Ihe modem tIllaldl hblOriln ae-t fioIIllbc men reteQt crilical ediliou (e·cqltilll til
P"PJri 1913-J914. whicll wu ......1:ilabk lIIUillhe 19201). • rault of WIlI'tilIt willi JDdIIn3Zriab. Neale rum dlc _ _ lIlC:icIu ..... Ihe ~ modenI 8CX-X- apinst AihlnasiulIO be 'Withoal feat.dMJ(:m in tbe .Vllilahle evidence.. 1DstelId, AlhanNIllI is pitnnd &I • "'boly cCllI(cssor,"36 ...1Io has ~justlJ~ claimed "llle m~lllhatriO\lOl plAce &lllOI'lI !he ConrcslllOfl, and" i. ''known in hi! ChW"Ch by the title ollhe APOSlOlic Patriarch."3? As ",pnI.IlO ...y r.cgative uiliqlle of lhe bishop of ALe...c1ria. Neale II only ... illinlto ollte in his chronicle 01 '¥ella I!IaI ...e M".., JUspccl IJlII A!huqjul _ not I lIIIJI of 1ll...:11 pllylical CO\II'lIC~ Auonlina: 10 !'bk, howe_.lbU IhcNld 001) ad Itt -.0 lldmirc !be pace wille" elUblcd him 10 Ji...e 10 Iant: -.d .. "OU'-. pmofol nnl _*Yl'.•K A~. ~ laIer, Henry M.",m C; ... tkin _ ..hat_1O ~ Ihe IlaIldarcIIUI ror lIWI) rem (:OIICCmlai'lbe Atian ~,. A111loudl k is 1101 withal>! ;11 critics. as i. Ihe ~l "'OIl< 01 0"," and S/1IJiW of Aria.olIoo. r... published in 1182 {wilJla -=end ~ IltU'. '-dolo
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A. . . . . . _ before III dlillll I ..,. ...... wtIok Ii!e __ -..ced. III llin&k purJIOIIe.. If it _1peIIl. ill ~ , .... _ .. IBCO'I! ~ if 110: ...... 100 eaJily Illibe JlCrieI dd IliaIIlf l/Ie MIll ".; , ILis ~ II III __ ClC\lIItd by Ihdr lIrOCioat Ireldlay. M far Ibc r;harze tiL pcrxcution. M: ....... ill r-... _ qUasI. lbo; Me"';"·· -.too JCIQk lIlroup EPl:NaiQ 11K uplicir.
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WbalIUlIklcrin, \.he many coateIIlpenry ~ IpINl Al/IaRuiua, O-*iJI ..... ply -l!lc. peninac;a.. hand 01. ,"' ... ~ by !he enlhusiaItic aclminlion Dr lIWI)'.oo4J
_roph bl' ItC. Gre.. lIIId D.E. Gfoh, EM? M ~ v/ow of s.J>"'~ U>ndon ond PlIllodoolpkl.. 1981. Ore" on4 Groll ...,.u: of """'" ... ponm....
l!Io mi" or blu," bo'...... ortb<>do'J ODd .....,., (0 Ihl .. ri",,.,.ol l>o<mMou1lc of --. pony ""fon mol:iDs judi ""· tl). Tloe .~llIot. ~ th.ol ddI 1.1 • Ck. _.....,. ('~ h io .. Iloio oIli>K-." _ Ott...... c""" pleoo IUl. willi J.M. H _ loN.D. K&1ly• 01 • -.utAka __ MD of _lutlll,· (33, f•• 31).
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Yet ~ Ieic DilllUlelltlo-a:Jllury of tK dwKIer of Alhrn'l'"",,, br AIdIibaId Rd>r::i ..... biIDop of EI.eIa' Ind _ _ III ~ Coaqe, DurtIaao..iI. 1M iIIlI'c l few 10 die wriciap of Ifte . . . . of Akundna I'or'" UbnrJ of lIa. . . . 'OIH'~ FUwt. tJ/ IIw CIlrlJrIa CA.d. F"1Ql pabllsted .. 1191. it4Ila. . .·s ........1I1Wld. ill,· . ' QXlllIlic'io....... olSocdr. pIIlIli$lled..., ti~,..... .....'" AIXOdi"IORubaI:aM,~
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hIid die -ol 100 .........._ lift of ......., !be ~ oIlhlap. A Fat aiIlI_ flID)' 4'Ptciaced II)' ~ be -'-.ys_ • ~ wtl= principleilltl*'-.l or u.iItd as. ..1otte die boN! or 1M di_...".... _lIla'dy la:ldcallll. WIIlh AriaI ud Ariulisnl .. com~_ ., bllIlouCbl at: IllllIIc did . . fail lID dl!tinpl* .... -U, • _ ..... Ili.. on II .j11I, C'IaI ......... dldr cond!oC! - . d ~ialIdf!llld been llldcleltlible. So Ion& as tile alble ... j1G~ " ••, _ iaIiplifit:am. So br~.... It...,. be aclmibed IIlaI be .... Iillk .oocI ill IUs OWO'.... U;; bill _ _ ... C'o'iclcaa; it linpllrty .., iin.Ibl:r$ .... Iluk FOd to - . Tbc kIdcn oliM AriIII iDt=R _ ~ - . d\lIa' bi_ IIOCI .... "ir, fanItg like $«>', ..... and MIriI.. or _ otltll poll....' 1llocIIocbnt. lib Eu:lcbiusolN"...........tj· Valcat. Acxius, wllo IIctocI ~lilbu _lIleSL II/lUlJ be Idmlu.ed IIat be Id.... I(lll!mil tmlr in tail Criencls. HillllIIa IlliaBce wi!h MarttII-.IliIIIIIYJI'yi"l rdoual to 1I1~' .yllable of CODdemnatiool of him by ume; hit rdllSlll In _ . ,"en Pb(Kinus, wlillo: ya uposin,tbe enor __ 1IUed ....illl II;' 1\InlII; hi, suppression of 1bc _ <Jl Apollinarilll. rVCII wilen wrilinJ lllno::tJ)' "C.illS! him; aU this ....1JI in«lnsiSlelll wit/lltrlcllmpanlllhy. --.t, 110 do\Ibl. pIacod hillId~tS I*lly lJIlhoI ria"l. BUI;I ...... the plJtiaJlly of ••enero.as ItId Joyal sp;n~ IlId he could be &er>erouJ to perlClnal enemlell if he "''0' in them III 'ppr1).lmlll!D11 10 him!lelf in principle.. Tbc Allan wnlJOveny ..u LO tAlbanuiul1 100 bIluJr for eeclcllMtItal power• ...,,- for IIleoIocical uiumplL II ..... ldiliouJ aiIi$ illvolviDJ lhc lQiily 01 ~ and mkmpuo.f'
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(..... by Rubbao:b). 0 ......10<1'. 1976, 301·308. i:I IS oI...y. placinl por.orul od..nla&o ""or tho dooJrinoi """ occluiuo<do.-. ... \IIM. om&in depu 0( .~.il)' <xl I!lo J>II1 of beth ..m.... for Ihom to Iu•• "';.<4 ......... yll')'V>a """"hoIiono - . . . . . ..... of Alh.....i . ·'C/. A. NeaniSor. ~ Hi<1«7 '" ,11II C IM RIu,iM _ Ci0M'd4 (If_. by I. T......,), 5dilobufp. lUll...... 1, sow, I. "0)'0, W...b '" J_ IC~• ........ 1176. 73rt; LA. Dumoo-. History <11'11II o-~ '" ,11II Dodrilv '" ... " . _ ",avu. (1rODL by P. s.......), ~ ItII7. vol. '1, 1.292-306. 3311.).1;6. 350-3Si; and 'Inc puDcul.u pi__ wri,... ..,. w. Bript. ~"""""'l...• Die'''''''' '" ~ .;.,,..,,.,, 1m..... I. 17\1· 2Q): "';"b t . '" $._ " ' - . ..... ~ ..,.r- .... No-.. 0d<>Id. I..... l-ci; .... ' - ! ' - wu_",n-e- FMJw.. Lor-. 111I1. I· "bith
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to.... •• 01111 It ~ lIle c:bracIcr 01 ~ ~ .. Ibc . . . . rJI cloc _;cny 01 JdloIai. ",C';OIlllIO'" _ , d EaIe (rilical lidicicM ..110 fgllo eel Seott., IIOd &til',; b'hQoe ot 1Ile 10"d0- PapynlJ 1914 ioo I~. ~ Ill'" of Ik diu.- of At• • • • it _
lou _Ille mpm IIIllI ....... e'IaI d. .... nolXl_ ted. tber _ III Ilila lIle • it,- • • olllll!la 11 -.w _ pretba. Hex onty • Ofqllry or ID Epiplw.i\l$, .. ~ or I C)ril. al..Wa ar • Iiolll«, llOl Galy MmIf."C'O" and TIlbnoaI, Newman _ S......y pay aibuU: 10 ILiIn as • 0risliIn hero. Seaalar III "Idl .. QIurd. IliIIarias rau \ODder lIle spdl otitis penllftI/ity. IIlCI _ GibOOn 1Ilys IIIIiIk bIs "IoImuI ......... 10 IIIcl • I III At . "lIoe Gfta» AI. *-iI poln!, _ may WClIdu ..tw has QUXd. or KllWty saad:I bdliDd.lIle daMp ill aaitude .bid! ... I.IIkaI place U RptdJ I/Ie dlInaI:r of Al/laIwilll in tilt lwealielll CltllWfy. A Iimple. e>e:J not Mly like lIIlo ~ Ibc CfDl'Si_ 01 f>Cw IIlJlOl'lcal _ fNJIor new
"IeIIlodI uJed in tilt i n ~ olllldl Ullal or ~ ID-ws,
In,crpn:lUions, however. by wit vrzy 1IIWn:: lend 10 be IUbjeaivC nlLller m... objcctlvc ill lheir auetnpted pe=plions. In \be cue 01 AthJna. liUl.1h.II1Iat re.Allt.ed in lWO aAUSmemslinLerJlRWi(lll.l whkb now IIlarad .ide by lido. One i.!be Slal>darlI hlllOl')' of AllwIUillt which view. him. ill lhe main, III • bqioJraphical fllute. The Olher il U almost hypercritical view oJ Adwlulus whicb Ie>\dlIO ~ boIh hiI chnclct IIld conlril»tioL BOtb. however. clainl eenala IOUn:e ............. cviderloe for IheiJ ~JDiIions.
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" Am-wius ill III. or wlllll!leY _ u IliI _y rallll and roibIe.I • • tbcAnol1ltr ItUIllpk ollhill oenai-.lCbool 01 AIhuulan IWCfieIII !he (lemwlldlolar MWI Tea.. '" _ ~ "Zar B ~ da "lIMN.- 'I'OIl AIuaIldrien, ooSS T_ caDI b radic:aI reYisioll 01 tbc crWc:al vft 01 A1JlIJwlus QIeIl .... lIlIen lIalII ap die ... ceuury. He 1hII AltlINIi.. war -.:lIoqlIy ....ocuMd widI !be iIJriMM _ _ IbM 111M)' ..adenI1l:idIrs ...... carlI(110 ~ - ' dla SCripIIft. -01 per--.l or pol"....' ialri.-, _ be. _ . . . _ D¥aIIlI _..,.;'" IiIc:Ior ill ..... £". - . . rell.JlliIilIUou or AdlaI\uiu'l _ . . r ..,;w,p ...... bcca lIkaI .. by et/Icn.. .. 1961_ A ... I" I·... J-w. NibIl ..... 01 "the .... - . I u...:1Cf ol .. ,t ....... ill .... TIw Liz'" ~dw Woril-.d -.e4 lhII r- 1IIc.-..aillble omdmcI M&>allIiJb _ _ II. .... _ , i_I . IODnllodoa belids 1ft fQ1l, obI;pd III 'oW ...... !be -.-.51 Pleliba 11M lIIa,;o;-t III dlis-r poUlioe _=enl 01 AlllInui.. bJ ...... bU dleoIopat.lmOnI ..... _coulddllC G.I'1orowJky. T. Tomllce, G.D. Dnps. ED. Mo...d" V. T'womey, aDd R. PI71oft..S'
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~ l,..w. 8.-.1, " S - " , - . . 1Ioo ~ SdIi:n .. Em-.M s..w 1t11 (TU liS). kIiIt. 1915. 399~; .... w..n. .... lIM. I ...... S....M 1Al-. 3t (1977): 4t1-U1. _ llIa _ ...." 0' 11..-.1 .... A!lYn.ooi..•• _ ..............]1; - ~ Mot.iuo SdUmI .. EJYIII.. lEA $9 (1915): 11)·'19: wl "'T_ ,...,... 11'. ........ I. AIlIanui.' l!JoWon .. AtdItNItIop 0' AkJ.on
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WilliaIII Scl>ioeenoelcller. all/looIil' maew..lnj. cauliolIl 10M, <:onIinueslO _ polilietJ mollw.uon. alOd IUbIoquem cleuJlliOllI i.....y 01 tllc ~ ~6ol_ AMil Manin 1Iu IUlj ~!he lGaoflheMcJo. tip Ir;lUIlIl IlJId iu poa.ible wen,th lind popularlly u II a1TcclCd ~'18UIIuily (... lid of il) w;.,.\he Ea)'IItiD clollldl. is Mlldl _ coaJd t- aid ............. all of tlIe ae-e ..LIoon,-.d Ie'fmIlIllbm II wdl bal. ~ will t- treq : rderellCellll -=tI1lItlClIII ~ aoape. dAllIUdy. pa' PI bcA 10...,. __ 11I-' III IhoK bIueI IDd . .ia _ _ of <:oalelltiol teprdia, dloe dLadaa" of A t : ...-:ll1\lYe IClCCiWClllIldlI9Jt It iaIaal.
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" 3. ISSUES IN DlSPU'T1i
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...m.as w1lidl bcfIia6 oertaiJI or dle _ YC ....lIo1 . . d ......... y _ . . ~_ID becn. pkiIe$$ -.ak.~ Alblnasius"l-dlai-=r-e. be.-.ed 10 riel: :l 10 .-...e biI_ CllClI ~ ialpIlal b,. • pxxI dI=Il of ,. idalcc."" 11. is rIII1Ia IMja,,"'" lila .... COilOtid wilb I!II: It' 'ci. Itllin .. I!nDl. ,. ,,,....;... ~did _«naple 10 . . force .. !iii o1eaJinp willi dlis r.rwi:~. rUUIIIy.lK _ iI , . . WI -deplIIsilio- • T)ft _ buc>4, _ .. ...... ~ tau IIpaa IUs IIliKonltuct Ia E&;)1lL IludI is cenainly riatn .. "'" ."I .... *= 1IoIlile . . . . of ~. . lK C,'l 01_ JIIII)'ri. WId dlc ~ tIoII ~ fdt. bl l O _ Ill", lilic, _bcwhi....., ia l!le . . . . b It&t·s ic.l iNljr=ned " -
!'kri-_
-~ y-.: ~ refuslO. RCeat JID:ty bf William
Ruc;h in wlliclllle
e.umine$ ....... _Iokb lie Itrinb _
be COI\$\IIIQlIn lhe COUInICIian of ..... hiSlOrical picl,,", of AlIIanlEioas.69 The Wee pIIlicular ",1tidI R~h leu II beln, of imponana:, aIon~ 1M lllhcr ~~ -..:eo for
,!emS
such IItislcwy. a. LhoM:: 1. 1JIe rqIOfU of \he rtflh-centllfY church hlSllxian PhIJollorzius. of 2. 3.
...hleh WI pos_ only frqmenll Incorponled in !be ninth_ eenlUrY Epilo,"", oC P!Iotius:l0 London Plpl'fUS 11114, • fllllnh-oc:nwry EJyptlan Iemr ..tlich e:ame 10 li&bl in !be early ,....... LieIh ""'Ill)' and wl:I edilCd...... 1IIDUlaI, WId publisbed by It!. lieU In 1924;71 • kWvll oncion 01 Orelory Naz.iaftwlln ..hlcll the life IltId rbeolorical ~ d AlhanIshIlIn "'*'Ilzt(lln(\ defended..72
66p. V-..."....~ 67. "JtN.
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COAIIibeJed 10 _
I fJI_o... c:rilicaI , "" s.d, II " well .... IllI: -.ealIII fJI: po 1"'i!y lID - . dle cI. A........... .. diIIerax rnIllI: uti.. II! iIDIec d. .... "lIS IIIr. OraL 11', mw...u, .-:ll.l'IdicaI ra-.liIl op;a..iI II> be ntr ••• aIWld". aorhl -.1..~jgdIiced' . .~ of eacII ollilelll: ~ _ _ be ...... A·........ W"-1lUcd III
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J.2 1'~,..tMd.C4Aurr. . . e-oO£j" h ill d'i-ed "" IlJ.&II d!x !be EaXsillslictil Hu., fJI: ~p.. w-taiaed ill . . £,i,...oe of PIIotiu. aiAm~..,. palrial"C:ll oC C.....r ri ....,.. ' - pi I hoi. a= iee IIIi.JlIDrial II '" jew ...-...... 1+"'. 1'0$, albeic of • _ltIOdCa tiJod..73 Hol . . . . P-I .. lIlis en oN'" F. V-., IoIld. LW. '*-d. wiIlllKII.. : 110 this pi' .....,• • ""tic.... "" W.H.c. Fn.t.l.f 111 f.a, ~ ill pan. D IX __ flueD;e oISeect aid SdI.al1.....,. modI:n bPI: leaded lID m. 1RSl die IO-aIJed on!lodoA 8IlUrU:S fa lhe biIlory 0( 1lIi1 paiDd. K.M. GinrOIIlII.II ~ IIX:h anIIolkD. _ ....... lUlinr • Jidcd pro-AlIw oj.... poiot of view." Tb;fllu tUlllIed i. -u.odm.-.ca "lCdviJl•• pater lIeaI of aulen<:c 1haIIlhey mi,hl IX*iblll dcxrvc on lbe basi. or bol/IlnlunalllIlI a.ranal cvidmce. L W. BIIlIad lOCI" far » 10 1III1lIelil lila! !be lfldiliool l.IlK I'hiloslOfglllS ...., use.ntially an Arian apoIoJisl b lllCOlftCl. a1l.llouP Ibc pauaga cheel from LIlIIl Eccl~n4lf;cdl Hislorf by 8amatl11O prov1llhis poiJ!l soc.... in Illil aulllor'l opinion. mere likely \I) ""... bee./I !be IIlIetpOlatiau of Pboti....16 PhilostOfllu', Il~. wriuen betWCII:II AD"25 ...... AD 433, bas lOll' beelI =lniUld • ", 1_ apoIozy for the UlrelllCl AriBnilm or I'
....
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£>I_ius. 871 I'tlOliuI bimItlt describes ~ U in . . roll<>wiq RQd Illc IO-CaIIcd ~ HIi:I«7 by ~ . . AriuL, Illc spirit olwhidl is diffmm &0- IbM of --" tll Olber ea:1eIl-. licaI ~ ~ CUlls all AriIq, . . . . . _ Imalls IIlI !he ~ 10 dlilwut is _ 10 _ldo .lIiIuy • • pmqyriI;: of lllellu· lIIIIl tu;. ~ IItKlI: ...- _ 01........ His ~il:e', "r IlisdicWotBj .. el *-sb_IO~_~ .110 be ICIlious llI' £aaJ He His r.,....uoe _ of ~ it """ e.p-uaioc Md mala Illc ...... hodl plcuuI and ~ 110 rad: ......._ ho.eo 1llca fipes _ o'#Crtlold UId r... ktehcd. IIld ___ of beills l'ri$iel MId iJ1.tDod. TIle IIIlpIce is ••..., _be1ljohtd e'fa 10 llIe -*' ............lioIJ rdldlllmltltillvct..... in. disIgrouhIe abl!turity. I.n lIIUly mo_ Ihe IIItbor illU'Oduo;cs IIpplOllriIIC lllOfIi rdlet;tiont or !lis own. He: --.rI tI'am II.- di:YotioII 01. AriId 10 tbol h=Jy aDd ill lint becil'lllill&s. IUId cal:I willi Lhc reaII at lbe imp. . Aealll. nil Awu ..... ....-d fitq bisorr..... by 1lisbn.Uerllc"1IC00s since/w.l*ldid in
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wUcd_. as Phiklstor$i... bim$df un...utiJl&ly _ r - .
&
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ret:allcd IIld welcomed by tbc impious Jll1latl. TM biStory, in one volum....d III boob. a(le.l dowllto lIIis period. T1lIl autbor is. liar ItId tbollWTllivc oftt;n rl(:utioul.71
'*'
A1l/lt)u(11 PllIloMcrp... Ny. in ract, baWl _as 10 1tlrrI. AriIII ~ llOW Io5t to III, It lIlust be Idmitted!hat tha fnIamtrlll .bich rtnI*in Ulllltlt only blued, but, in many plaui. patently lJt.ccu...1tl as ....11.79 lhil II upIlCiall)' tnIII of tboIe ~ iIll'llilallOrllw ~ COiot:em AIMpOS;'1I In tile fncnlenl& olPhibstorliu&'. '"kdoJricuJ 1I'-7 .. uu ..... by I'botha& ia t1Io: £pIIQ ...,. only tWO plIsusm m.b difCd mrrftlU 10 AIhanuiIOl.1O TIle r_ or IKz pI:ISII(II clailnllO I» In K'iOoum at 1M ~ of Al!lInIsiUl following lbe dealh at A1exuwkr. The.,;:md P*IAiC RCOIIUIi iIIc evallI .....id\ \e.d 10 1M leuam or At/wIaWI 10 Akoondria folirJwinc .. rUll Wk. 0l1lleK tWO pClIliaDo olPloiIollof$iu, . . lana« I*DI& . . lIICI:i", dle peAIl' = . .. .. -..dl for . . 1ri5IOrbI Alina_", far it alb iftlo qonrim dlr. e-euJ Mtid SIillooudtxlllle .leo.... of Alhlnas:illl to lbe ~ of SL Mark. 11 .... calb iIm QU"'im
71 L On
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tIIIe -.:ley vi A"'......... ill lois ...,.....,. vi bodl ku::
iali
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M ' ...
vi
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'Be _:' _ r:L Iio:I (.....~ ~,..l Iftrr lIoc dIIiIIIl vi An..... bilbcpd. A 'e•• nm., ... __ ot ibe.1ftlal:I ~ .. . I, - ' IbIl dIoft ..... I di-.ilJ ot 'hen: 1I'Id .... I CC • 'e _ r:L a- -.t Iltlt2. IJI"IIIl .. ~ tbr. di..ise AIh_ ' . (........... /y "I'P*cd _ ~ iii Ibc churl::II called Ifla' DioII~.oad fbM:linI dIcre two EID'l'lillilhocll. rln'llly d(IIIcd I!Ie doan widllbc ~ ot _ vi hill tollowen, Md m ... onbillcd Wy
;t..........,........
,
.'' 1' ' '11..
Accordln. 10 PhotiLlS, PhiloslOrJ:iUl ICJe.I an 10 ducribe tbc e""oLs whIch lOOk pllCe It lhe Syl'lOd of T)'Je...hera. 1,llIa K~ln, 10 Ph!IoIlorJ'lIS. AtIIInasi\lS is said wba"" been Il:CWOd vi f..ud, inv!lenlilY, ilkpl onSillllian. IIld !he oft.reported violeOCfl '8ainJt IlIe IlKIIled Meletilll prieu. lIchyru. PhiJoswpulllOCl an III URtt Lhat ~Athlll""i ......hQ hid bapod 10 ete:lIPC lrlaI alIOICt/Icr, ""all IWly IIfw ClOIIYic:lCd vi. dooble crime, lOOt _Iy In illepllll"dinalion ( . r "'!pO",,",fI;!, II1II_ I bII ~y; IIftd 80, by the ........... ~ oIll1l,. a;pltJiW 01. dqICIIitDl ... p.ncd ....... Imn. "'J PbiloIU:qius further swes that fill" thete r _ Ath...uu .... 1'''0''''' ' 'M by. aec:ond liuiqof dlesy1lOd -:lib-. it ..... dQ time. (I AD llS) lIIIt Grepy lba ~ .... ~ - : lO Air 10 W:a Ai.nPsi... •• pIaoe. S4 TlIe IIua _ did ba.
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lUe pillee mlil AD :Wl.1IIlCl t.bea 01 !be S}"lOd '" Andocb.. 15 How Ihca .e _ 10 eYaIuaIe !be .........1 01 Philon:q:i... CI)D. oeniaa:!be d' roM _ _ Ofdlraa!p 01 A""""'" rnl, we .... ..., lha die -e<9- 01 Pllibupa _....-. ... wid! die lldlet h' iQ 01 Soa-. IN So. •. . . tIID bllIIdred ~.ncr r .-1 _ baed lIfI(WI ~ - . " y _ . bOued A n . , - . 1 6
_l:'I'ClU .....
Sel d _ _ •• al lpolha 1M _ _ vlPWololqiu is c.ly - . ..... _ y -.II ""-. E " M -.I M" _ i .I.,ee.cilberllaa:a . sa~ __ 0 1 _ or ia .... ~ d=ilL 'The d1arc:h hislOriu SaaueI. usinl. il would Itppcar. _Iy ..dI"ma ..-ialI .. Ilia ~rI ia IllI E:«~~H'-7 dial I IiIorI titne. ilia" dIcir fUlIn r... uile (I.... roUowial NiI;aea), 1be FIlM" •
"'-.s
objeelcd to llte crl1iaItion 01 AtMlw:i.... J*lIy .. I ~ lIn1!'\lfthy (baf/OlIl ot lIle prdll:y. aIId p.nJy ben'. !I.e dcI;taI by cfilqAlifed pnDIlJ Cp>! 6ly (,ri d(t.o~. Bw...- A..,MiIlS had shown himself ",peri<x lO W. calumny (tor ""vUle AI$Ullled COOlI'OI [IyKpaTWl or lhc churc~ of Aleur\dria, hi: trdenOy corllGllllod for lhe Nioenc CI'oed). l/lIeft E.lxbius UU\I!d h;mJclt 10 lhe ullllOSt ;ftSidioosly 10 _ tile. remova! 01 AIl!arIQIUlI and 10 brirle An", bid< to ,I.Je.andriL p
'*' *"
y~ llAOt.hcr YUSiOll of lhe deletion and ordinatioll vi Alh3Iwl... is found in .sor.o.-.·I ~C~"""'-fi'l HUIDry,I9 III h i I _ oflhe evenu IIlmIIIlIdInCIllc devaUcm of A!llIIlIslIII. So_ _ 1d1s 01 how AlbIDMill.l -cJIl to "a'fOld !his honor b1 nicN. Iau \hat l>e.allhlNp btlnB lIDwillirc. ... ~ C(JIbOa..ed b)' Abander 10 -.Ihc bisbopric. -90 Ahcr c:c.r-m, lIle Ibo¥e Mdt !Ix "';_1 01-. MApcllliaaiIat I!Io:
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all
a1lemaD"C Arian acalUDl of die
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TIle AriaM....., IhaI aftellbl: dcIiII of ..............,. the IapCCtivc fo/b'=s of 1hII bisbap.-l of MoI.li... held ~ ~, and fifty-folir bisbops fnxII Thdlts, aDd otbor partS of Emx. .......bkd qetbef, 1UIlI....,.el by aIlb I
f;ORlIIlunion widlllim.'1
s-en. ho-e_. _lDdismUs .... ~ oIlhis AriIa aa:auna.
He
_"'For 1111 1*\.1_ wnvinccd!hal ii_by Divilleappoinuacnl (oUr
II'llpo'.l,llr!9! 111. AlhaDas...... oca........ lD tlIe h'p-priestbood and pocwk 1O,...1ol the winuel of AlhIna$i.... SoUlmea ends his llamllivr. of evmla by rellli", lhI: 'POC:I)'llIlal 93 SUlrJ of A~hll'l "boy bapcism,· his SlIbseq""nl RNa in tile hOUKboId of Bishop AIe1arIder, ond his I'rit:rIdship with St. ArItatly.9ot T""O funher acl'OIlntJ of the election of ALIlanasi\lll as bishop of Aluandria are provided by ~iphaniu, of Sllbmi,;n the PllMrion." Most likely complel«l in AD 377, !he PantJrion live.lwO some..,1w conflicting narrntlvcl COIICernillJllhe elevation of AthanasiullO lhe throne of SL Mark. The fltIl of lhese is related in.
GSul
(dp)(l€~
~e_lhI.l
AJeunderol" Akxandria
wiuo::sa. Takia, Llrisoppclf1llail)' [i.. ~ of ~·sde:lllll.~. lhe Melaians iDsWIal • bisIIDp of EcPl. owiII, 10 mete now bciD&
91WoIford, • . cil~ 75. 91 /bOL 00. . . . . . ril. 2Sll, 7l-1.). 9Jw&!fotd. •. ril. 75. 76:rif..1933. TlMEDp.a. ....'.· ~1Ill' ........ ~_ • . ciI'~ m. 311.
s--.-.
,. IlO bishop 01 AJeur>clriJI 0-.... AIr"ndrill_ QcI t_bidIDpI. 0Il0er dlia ... ~); liley, Illuet'on.. in-.1 or obcyiDa IK wi1I 01 .. lor·....... jnstaQod • bi*'P of Em- ..-.l ~ fto after bc:irlI ill om:c dlIa -m died.. AllluaIiI&S ~ - - . _ 1oDl.rtt:t ~ cbdI or ThooIlas. and h.- lIliIR ~ IVUIld Iboul • S)"IOd 01 _ ~ pdlmd wbicll ...·1IcxI bi.. I~"'J ad pYC IIiIOI dle _ _ .. a_ -miry (~ attM. no W an.tJ bela pqwed by God', .... i11 (ni>' ~.., ...• aIId tlIe wialea Md 00llllIllIrllI I*-d ..n.",
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.. h IIty _~Alt.. ". MKl ad benI -.1 t.l, ... dullBe. bel:-. Krlt Ily'" 11). ~I)"~ lei ..... Ab"*,,... ben tie _ Iixlc liO die., bel onImd dlIr. lIIe ~ IIIould be p-. I l - . /10...0. iI>c CIIMOo'II in "!n'ndria . . 10 delay It& iaN'''';'''' of bisbopI after It>& cIca\II d: l!Ie prerioIos 1lWqI, buill) "'"~ thiI dorIe jm""t
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Wore lumillJ III Allwlasius'. own ac:coont 01 IIi, tJeetion and llfdi· ..-.Ion III bisllo::lIl 01 AI.nndri". tl!<:rc .e )'Ct two Olher IIl:l\IJ«II 6clII:ribiJIJ thil CY(n/ whlch Ire of inlt~ ond impcrtanc;e. ThIl rU'$l of tht.sclllll'O iOUtCCS is Orqory Nal:i.-.u:ll'1 oratlorIlft honor 01 Athanul .... CommDnly "'fermd to .. OT~I",1I21.101Lhis~)'ric WU deU-aod II CortsaMnopte by Gregory at llClmfl POinl bc:tWOCll AD 379111\d 3B1. 10J Allhoo&h Orat;01l 21 contains .. disp~lCd panaat C(lIICemin, ..,.
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_ .... ol~.bisllopol·1n dliL Glepyfir-..ys of ~ , ·..·.OIM· -10 dlc pi , I (ucIlD" tpi......,.-.) ... _-.........cl-*yd*'balJal'rlCe_ .......... , . . . dIIvIIP Ole erUc II:rieI olllrllel'$ ( d _ ........ ~ "" '0'«_ &r(t~ he _ (10 cnakc sbon) etllI'IISIlld wid!!Illl (~6pi'p) _ dill. people..·11" Qrqor)o tbI:a lOCI c-. 10 speak .,c:1r1Cllly IIIllIltir!:ctIr 'II" deaiooIlO..-t iruullatioa ill. Ifw we- 01 SL MId<.. PoIIibly . . . . IQ _ GOt tbe S".... lAll6l1{ tJw ErJPfitut 8Wtt.>p II{ AD .llI. IOS Grtpy ....
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'" _ - . flIllle people. (~ 'I'Oll Aoro6l .......lrl. IlOl in !be evill'a*bl wlIidlllas since pre"led, IlClf by _ _ (N ihc tRw b,uker, but 1M Ia",rully .ppoinled (d 1I'pq!,l",""Is- I~), IIllIIhe ...... 01 conuary opiflions, bat IhII ..... of Ibe laIlIe f,ilb; if this is 110I ..hal _ mean by IUcceuor, be IlIl;ecc>d.1Jl1be DIm sense all diseue to 1Ieal1ll, darkness to light, SlOl111 10 calm, and f,tt1,y 10 soon
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The IeCOad 01 ~ l\WO -.n;u hat its b;a;it i•• Ccpdc cnI uwliliDa .. hit~ Ut foancl iIf .... y inlo pzristic: IiIr:nl1lre in tile ApDp/".,,_f. !'WHo 73)01 A1lhouf;h dill. ezact Drip, Illd d.e cllbe rwnti .... Ia qIIatlCIn II more di/fll;a!t 10 ltICe 1hIn unain of the QtIllI" rail .tOch """'" been ted above, baIIl the 0DlllICll1 and IIIbject mmcr point to ill beillj Il!lCOl'll of .. iIo;:lclc.tu ...mctI to<* plaI:e ill EcYPt ~ the .. ' of AtIlaasiuI. S-1dIolIn.. v. T'w<mey. I\aYe aJu&Id to let. dIIe Jliablly.ner die lkadt of ~ (AD mj far dIit leU, a!'",1lliI 11 ~ • _ _•
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" 1ain,Iot This I*ticular UTIliYe - . too.""a, pW;:ed III I more deUWwe Il;lwallndi6ol witb ~ inclll$iofl i1l1he rIflIt.«ntury eompIlarioa at !he ~Itt,_ 1'--. ~ --... oIlIIlIICIl_e:alllll: lbo doancr .... cension is il Onoo*, Ibl: IoIl&,b.... 100. KII. We _ ... . . Lhal t ' - pl.hcmIlI.lh" t)'1IOd _ well 'CQ',ej"'N! willi die ~
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dle de (Mp;a ol1berdly dloi . lIa.coa. 1lIoe 'O'UJ .... ' wt1id111lley _ _ . . . . . lIcI bal CllIIYicIIheiI" f(nDCr _ I I of beinl hbr"oadl, alId. IIIC:I'e alIlSpiUq apiIrI hinl. Ale Ille, Ia)'. dw "afIa' Ille delIIh of Bisilop ,,""....... a ecrulJI kw1laYilla muililwoCld Ille _ at At .zz,.,;.. 01" _ 8isbclp1 declallIim dr' . If .. a _ ptaa::'" .-I dtis ...... lhey ...- 10 Ille EmpaOlS, 1Iavia& Il(l PUjlIoI about IAICfIiII& die tmlLe$l ral...baacls No-.. Iha1 Ille "'1laIa lIIuJtilude CIII all IlIe people ofllle Ca&haIie Cburtb (6 Mods" rill" .... /iIlW.on1r Iw",n«r) wembkd ~ .. wid! 0Ile lIIiztc1l11d body'" erial..... , .... AdlanasU shau&d. be Bishop olllle.. Outctt. IIlIde Ill.. IIle 1IIbja:1 (II 1lIeir plbllc pnlrm 10 ChrisI, and COIIjnred 111111 gran it for man, ~)'S and IIigbts. neilher
Ollly fw1hu rde=cc we: br:'c 1UlUI'lIl", abjeclioq 10 tbc cleo1iIIo...,TheCOI.... aian al Ad . l.biItlcp of AJeuncIria_ rn;n tbe 11
CJwtMiaM AlOe,;e· ... ' II>d IN)' wdl ba ....... 1Cd by al'ClU:t iIlllle 1caa"alC' • rljM wlriclIllqaoet by AIbmasiuI ilIIheApolo';''-III'1e III ... CIv""iauo ill Ihc eompikl alllle fcaalleuer$ _ m. ia AD )0. ))1 " . . . ., •.,
IlS,y.t. .. J.-' {(::I,a. 92. 11·29). &,litll ..... 1.JO'F ... 4. 103.
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enemies ..... 11IM lie 1llId been .ppoinleCl wtlea 11)0 fOUII&. He .... pcIfed [beforeConswllilleI, _Iboqhl wonhy of ra-.r ..... Itoro, lnd~wbeoIlkl~JfMt_ .... rrllUoell.lll It is PDl$iblc IhIl iI .... this illcident .-hldI CoftAanaiae Ud ill mind wbm wrilillllO'" pellIIk of AJeuMril in AD 331.332. 111 Conmmi. JlIWI IhK A·. . . . . ." -us ....-ecl befofo Iriln. _p'mint IhaI -.a .. c. II 100 old; saA .. _ II • ~ 1»1: 1Ile offici !ltQ,p ID 1M:; ill is .... ID - . .o.:e it II tIteII ....y 6uIl bini. I wiD p i I _ III ........y iii*, . . II-. I riI . . . ._ wi\.II .y po"'Cf 10'" w.,-Ut ....... 10 dll:Ie ~ _.., Ill lid dIl:iilioo _.,. j r p 1 of1lle _ ...... ...., lhM "'lXirs!A· .;..·, _.01 is IDe _ ~ of ""Y, IUppOI'1IId .,. ~ . .fa! an- wtIido .....uJ kb'c ID
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It we _ 10 ditcxM:t. wiIlllllly dl:1IJIle III OMIiIolY, w".a.Dy IOllt wtlit:b ...-.decllfle.eleYltian ol All.. 10 Ifle lbrone of SL MuIr; in AD 321,. cricic:II, Cll'tfal, IIId impMial ....._ ol aD ol1lle ~ - ' a l l IBut be IIlOllenIl.M. 11Iis is o l _ ~ ilnponll'lCe. if•• we llr4 IlMd lIefcn. we wisIl lD CIII inIo .._ ... \be lISe ol PlIiloltora:ius •• reli11l11_iInca In _ -a. far Ibe IlisloricaI AIluMsius. n.. Ik ceauaI ponlon ol f>!IlIaIDrpus·SI
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1I9A 62,' (Opim. \.2••"): EI£I1dI ....... uqp,.,.. ciI.. 133: ..........iIi ooSoSod, ........ 01 A........... 1M Ii_ of 1Ilo " .... ~ '" ... "" 1_ of _ . . . , . A. hi..... _ "'" Alb :"• ...,. Ir-.l ...... bIaI,...."... _ "'" c . . . . . ot iIf 01 ,,_ _•• "'" • ""' . . . oIllb . ;" OJ!, H=( ' .. -£I n-. 1&Jef!".sJpda.- Gorlok 2 (I_I:
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at Nicxa. IIld AIc:uIdiaa.. Coacil •... e1.aion of AD 32l. ~
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01 lUll freD J - . Fpipbniws & - ' • -.d E\Il)'dlIDs.111 . . . . odIln. lIlM tile IJIWD wlar:br "'" bishop al le·.......... ekalId IDd •_ _Ied by lIl& AIc.uAdriuI poeIbyIus lei aslock 0Il1y '"wtlcoI AlllIIuIi-. deIICllII III ...... ·awW. • ...' . . ;. tile w-.w oJ SI.. Mlrt,.1%2 ~ ID Tdfer iI . . 0IlIy • a raak alibi: rc.dt.- of Ihe 0--;1 01 N.QaoI%J Iba dlis c:t.q,: a.e . . . . . III IIld .... _ _ in. . . prcbUili/J 1I1!R111le oW _ . . "",",""IWbecI...-a " ' - ' dIM A'r dle 1m AIt........;... JIlIP" II) lab off_ widIooII: . . impolllion alii epixopaI Unds• .-1 d..a • _ order came in widI A1UuJi.... -I~ Wrilin&"" similar _leU in 1955. Telrel" lIpiD_ lhal. '"lIDliI Kae&. Eosxl- ideal Oft jo! 1...: poclItiiIr" all lUI Mafter Nic.M:I lllom is Ml re-. ID ~ ~ ortloocloa ED'fII avpcrilllpoled .... requirmooma al_ N"1CaIe dle lndiliolW EIYJllia ptIllenI in thea Ill3UeI1-115 Telfer's view hi been 1ICOeple4-.d
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........, ...... of £&Jp6on _ docodol; 01 "'" ro.u. .........,.. 121NunIbq,.,. <11•• L'. 119N..-.. .,. d,., II...... - . . cf AIo..-lrl. died .... :a I'lumo\llbi (11 April) ill Iho forqr.,.,."." 'JUt of DiooIctit.JI (AD 321). ....... "'" "_1 t..n.. I~ _ _ ..... £00... Ic>r .... _ woo ulobtOlOd 19 _-.hi (I" ApiI). F,_ lIob1o •• ~ ;,. appur. '110, AIll I.. w. . .l!w'o_ m Alt.."drlr. \.. PIIal (l1_> .. Ibis ...... JUI". Ct. FUIiIII-..x. IJ'NF_ ..ria.•01. to. m 'OJ. 1)0.......... ""'- riI. Ill" HE, Iln. In",~.... HE.D, 'I. InNaodborJ, _. ril, 1J4"'-.,.. C . I ..... M;,,·'. - - . ..r_ _ fIlllu tN.c ..., _ . , . . . q T.JIII
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l!oII • MelcWn bIslIop ......ed JoIuI AIdIIpI .... pIOIpOCti rilJlu 10 ..... «III W A"'andriI rollo'nl& IK deal), 01 Ale..undtr \lte. IUlIIlI 01 .. ...!"'wUII()wwt..jgc~lheu-oINe-.I" b-.d. _ dIM -rdler', ;"'0" ~ will _ bear crilicaI iD.w:aip. .x. RSIinI•• It does. mailllJ OIl DlIII;.c_ <* 01 Nordblq. BImInI, MIoouP _ caI;lliool: .. biI ~ I It¥al of Ille ~ CCIIlIUI. doa ~=:':.,n.n ~ taWD lhedec'riW" til A ¢ . "..",. ! oil' 8odI8Ir-.l ancI NclrdbefJ __ 10 . . . . beeIl eidIcr _ ••' 01. or III bavc let aAdc.1ll& imparunI c~ oITdfd'. poPrio" _,~.... lIIe Pft'> ...... ' . ~ pqQiI;e:s oIlbe dlIrch 01 ~ made by E. W. Kemp ill 19S,.loMl FoIIowill&. · ' _ b _ dllc9 Tdfer ...... _ 01 nriaus lUll, wil/I ~ •....nOm beia, ail'allO' ditpud pmqe from lavnte 011 tile AIeuadriIn IIIC\hod of COIISOCl.tioo>.141 Kanp "",tty palm 10 lhe flCl 111'1 Telfer "plal;a mare wel,lll on \be e~klcllCC lhIn It .nn JlI'OPlII'ly bear,-'·2 FW'Illennc:R, <:oDVIIb:llina on lhe ~se ot Epiplwtilll as In ~ witness of LIle IIIcieDl pral;Uca oIllle ebun:1I or Alexandria ..u.'·viz epia:oc-l ca Mion in ~, IIld tIIII 01 AIhanuius in particular, 1Cclnp renwQ thlII l.menIIllislotIan" Epipharlilll~. IlOI vay ~l;. Ible and 1II1. particular 1IIIlemen," conecmln..... thanu;u'·. election and Aleundrlan C(InHerauon CUlIOms ·~s IIOlltrcn.tbened by IlIe conllllll in which ;\ appears. AflU $l>OwiDg lhe"""'1 ;MllCww:la COfIIained In
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" \be SIIpllOIled ~ (J/ im~ .w"tFO'\.loU Kemp riahlly qua lhat .................... be K'CePlOd ......... independent IUppOI1.·1'" 111 Tdfer', _rwneal lIDl • clIaIlp in llDl .x. pw:Oua IDIll< pba: 81l/1e Ii_ ot A .... nder'.~. Kemp ICCb lO _rlflll dillpUllIlI passqa. IIIdI _!hole in Epip/lInivs. t.,1he .... of lila ..... wriws. 141 spoci.l ,cIenllQ . . . . 10 1M -ott of E~I)'C-hl\ll. dlc McIkJIe pallioooiJI or .......... (AD 9Jl-943). abo tno-ll. s.'1d lbol BaaiI<.. 111 ............" ~1lI...se. ... ~ dIinI:
nd no.- oll/le l~ poabyten of AIf" d illpplliIlti..- lbe pMriudI _ ol1lltoQd_ eo M' , \iJll/le IiIDC of Ibe. puriardI ~. w!Io . . of lhe line Ilunlhd Illd """ lie fc:IrtImo lIIe ......,.,,) tu
pMriard._"'lbe~~" ,*_~I""'" ordaiJled. _to.a, thM M. ~ !her IIloUd dect DDt:
He
r I and ~ _ f1UII..,. pin olllle land. wtIo:lIioa". ~ _ollber.dwci(y ~ or ..u W-I*ria'e" T1Ica oeaKd lbe MCimt CU$OII olltle putl, 1ClPlI' ,.... llle. pacriacll. ad dleN lOOk itt pa.,. l/Ie " . of the palI'iudl be. . madt by IIac bisliiopl.ll'
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KaIIp, ......... 1Iu poiIIled _ dial "il: is ~y llplIld tIlaa EuQUi.. ... _Iponnt IlId blWlderin&: *l'ilu. Uld whicb ""pc:lIQ (IO"!he firJt time i. IIi. Mull U/lllOl. be relied upon ... ltll an)' dqru of =taiII(y. ~ I019 Kanp malts llimilar .-ernenLJ in rqillll II) Tclrtr'. handIi"l of other NIeriaI U _II, ""II lIS !be Vii" /'wll~ and Ille wrilinp of Se-... orB ~151 and Severusof AIIllacb.152 Ma/lyofTdfu'. argumml5ano
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D Ihc Ak'wdr:iIoI: . . . ~ y bnI ia IIle """"".,...,. 1 ' _ n ... ciKd ;. ... n_;'~ ail AriIn ......... _ ..... rejm CH.. ~'.Ibeory IhIl _ ........,bop beioI. -=.-.:1 II ThoopIttlUl I66 &fld rouo. Ihl: ......... or Gore IiIIt Pw_ _ u-Iy I well maHjstw! ~ \Ir"" A.D '''.lt1 T1le alI;cr;t or eMion -'4, lkitkft, _ Iitdr be cilllef A1hr·±. 01_ I N' ". Pte. Fn:n . . .u...:.01~ill 1lIS_", die _ ' . Tdfer lkpet 01..0 ..... WI dla ... • dllbQtql"ll..-l ,«eiocd ordiIlIlicla ffOIII plab,ItlS.-16• nil YEw, ...... _.doesROl U4 iPlo 'ftIlllcS,nx oasiDn 01 .. ..,. wf\idI5PCib oIlhc~or AJe iDlhe,...I" de:Irly~IIle anin udllnp • • k:tUir::ll ~ ill 110 U . . K:Cqlt Gore', dull 01 AD m ror Illis rlarY. it an IiItd)' _ ... pIIIllllK or dlolilander _1WOf"Old. FiI1l. itflU)' ha¥e baeII _110 CUI aspeqionl on tile mclllOl')' or Athanasiar. who had only ~tly died In AD 373. Itld Mcond, itlllay bric IlJII&hlIO CI1I inIo 'I.QClIGI the vlliltity or arden COlI' femd by A",aP'$ wl1il:. _Cll oporrQ'o'C ill 0I'lh0d0a E(ypt. AIlhouP Ihl: ICOrJ _, a.c IIId it! ariaiN ill tloc _ tIirlaM partcooce..... 1be p. c1CIII method or IppOinIinf bUhopr or Alculldria. it Ippeaq rrtm tile eY{. delICt that tlle..., ..u no basi' in fact 10 opply IUCb IUur 10 L1Ie memory of A1lIanarIus. Ftom III or L1Ie abo'o'C we may 00I1Ia 10 cenaUt reo_lbl$ QOnI;lusloos conc:alIiIIt IhoI ~ Dr Lhe ple-Atharwlan COII-oon pnctica of Lhe cllurtb 01 AIcunOria. TM rlfSt COIICluslon II tlIat Tdfcr', iqoenio\lr IeCOIIllNCtionr _unablc LO be maintained Itf'I11 willi the _
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dill: !li«IW. T1ais -1c:acthY IIld wt\idIlIle ClIriai& dIlRb bd encIlnd . . inUiIIed by Dio· Io,i•• ill FebnMry.AD 303. 11 ill AtlDud d1c-.. portGI oIllle~ In Ibe w-.. pon;o.oI dle empft. adcI" M....;.. and CooI"plh", (tile fllllu of eo.$lAIltiae). ""'Y link .... duDe 10 prumuIple Ibe pcnoMion or. indeed. odlcr iaued by Dioderi. 201 la EI)'lll.lrowe¥er,lhe ~ _ ialalsc 8lld InIn)I'doM . . c:aamcn. Upon DioeIeUn'I retirement in AD lO' lbe ailUtioft btaaJe ftWtedIy _ _ ..illl Ille .,.;asion Oaleriul and bil .ppointment Maltilllin as 0_ the dvil diocese of Oriens \lIhicll included EIYJlIIOd 1hc: Pa1cstlnlaJl and Syrian 1I110l"l.. The JeYaily ot IIle perxcuLion ill EIYJlI cootiflUelI W\&bIUd IaIIkr Maximin apan (rom I briet ia~ in die """" AD 311 .. Ollai", c11inJ. Maltimir,Ilowe_. IUUmed his clforu I&Iinsllhe dll1tdles in lbe _111 I!le 'UIUn\fl ol .... _ yar,W2 The Plft:\Cuoo. in EvP: filial!)' came 10 WI end In AD 313 afIa" Licini... ttiuxlllD'IUOl oIltle empUe in lIle e-. lIllbe o:GUIJe of IbeM -u. _likely duriq tbe.laller ponioIl at AD )Q5 or.-if ill .... 0 306. -wa oIllle bisIlopI ...1lo - . : bein& bcId as pi-. 10 complain Iboou 1Ile IICllons 01 Mel i'" ol Lrcqx>liJ, . . . .., bbbop who Mol l'l:p1Iced ApoIlDnl.. tLL~ wbo hid ,popKmd,20J The lour prisoner bilhopt;. HQyd!i... hchcmius. ~
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" coud, IcId U 10 lIle q..estioll or Meletian invol_ in !he Aleundrial cloaion of AlbalwiUl ill AD 328.. Ilia, dlll'kult 10 c.. lN.... 11\ euc:1 ~ ore_ 0.10...... I p:neral OUlline of cilalmslana:I Cor Ille period ....._Ihc: Coon:i1 or NaeI .. AD 32j Md Ihe e....... ~iuI .. bisIIop of AIe.r.IIOia in AD 328 willl.y -Willy, tor lIle doeuIncalf lad RCIII'dI whidllJli&tM. be or I' .e p;1car .... oftal ........ Tbir diIllcuk:r is "'V"'"Dy C'" ilImt .. M: ~ 10 diIcowu lIle P.Xt _ 01 McleliM 1b9Ol._ ill t1IB &I1lClU .tL III eurJllIIinc Ibis I*lkllla diffItUJ TWO paiIns _ be dia: lid ne m. point. • ;. t ill . . - , illbc ;.... or W. Tdfcf ... .ner Ibc dieaIIl or BiJkIp " ~ IIi.-tdC IIIJd • df«ti¥e dIiM III ~ bistIop 01 A"'·wt\a. I ~ MidI wu bIeoIatM lip by.loM An:1lIP. o-u llic )«1"1'. biIIlap or MooopbiL2'. A IIlDIIId poiM,lbo ple.oon. ~nta. AlIwwilJS _not an A,,",,""rine presl)yltl. h$ did not as pope- bllr)' hi. precIecenor, aDd his devlItiorla aside dle ~ or ...y dailllll • ).kklilll CIIldXIaIe "'i&ht h.e.- 216 Ac«ll'dln, 10 Telter. ,Ilere..ue "sueh dal.... IWSW.1I1 Q;lRIidaatloa,. tor ConJlantine Illld (l(MIIri¥ed 10 _&he Me""ion. IJw.. Co/lolwlll, IIle deaItI nder, JoblI of Me
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Tar• .-niall, buellhilltICOIlIWCdon at e-u . . lbe eai&mMic ...... roulld IJI Atbalwlld's uanscription at lhe ldI«Illle 01 Melc:tiln bis/qlI pamled 10 AIu'''''''' tonIl:lime.ner NieIca, .... JoM at Mall. . . _!he one -whonIlhe anperor llIdued 10 be willllhe III:bblsbup.-21S This Job at Memphilll UlllJidclecl by Tdrer 10 be,m"l pralleIlll)', the_ 21~&... -W_ 01 L. i I;'".,. COI_ m,m. 11S...,.,"..w.- ...... 1oWIo!loM,-.,. ""_ 46-oW. 11'rolf•. el LJ"'DjIOl;o,".,."_ m.
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" pa-...tlo _ppeatI duriJI& die period olllle SJJIOd oIl)oe ItS Jolla lvtIoIpll, Ihc..sdod _ _ beiDllII a11usiof11O his ... in IIle MdedIn cludl as MAlt.....• or ....pre.mc. rl1hef,-2" F'"1llIIl)'. Telf« $lIgtSlt" _ .. lIi:r lMer Ieller 10 Jobll ArdlaplIIliaIOd "aI .... 1"* reWllllIO follow ~ k1I ,......;ll.;.. willi A1IoanMi.... -no S\dI u~,""" It\'el'. oioeI_ caiIdy fillba pMlenI olllil..-l.I-.lhiI ...xoId bYe iood.ed ... ~ willUa doe. ~ dlarct., for AT' _4 ... aIrady ill JI' •• of dle - . . dliI tilDe - ' -w ..... 1lIId II) qrce 10 Illy
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. _..Iioa will _ bear aitit:aI ifI~ ~ ... does, ........ y (WI eGIljecun rJtW;r daP QlIltemponr)' evidclIee. .ofll For Tcl!c:r.1bo: "ri(tG- of Jolm ollrkmp!ris Ire inwric::IbIy 1Mbld.,j.. It.- of MdeIia. \lilIQ. 1Ioe:tc&wc. die rWSl ~ bill .... die parIIR of eoidm:e.. 10 ~ lkleIlbe - - . . alIo be - S _ die P'u- wtlidI foIIooooI the _ _ of JofIn of Mtcpbis ill Ihc: .reYi(u~ J,idMj b lIy JIO ....... QOIIIC:Iusive. To be "Iftwd ".«Mw«rls- np4 ~ ~r.... ~ '"'" dp"'....owdroof" is w:ry PIlbipousll1la&. ~'I rolMIeftl, followlnl Newmu.. is ~ 1M -.-eIlbisIlop- Idmtd 10 IIcre i:I Mek:UlI$ CUI !be _ _ that he. wu Ille -nm- i. preemi_ _• tbc Mdel;,n biJbopl) and tIw • IIliI -IJ lbc Ani oo;clllTUQl oltlle wool" tJpX'nnft6lfOv, it dQe.s IIOt ~ iw lloter "flied _,-223 He (lUther
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Ibae is -0£0 ........ dill be..."",.. 10 live Jchn AIr...... piOij;lCdi... ri,pu 10 IlIc A1euzodri1D - . tfiI _ ~. _ 10 I'eI'ODcik CMbo!ict ond McktiIns 10 Iba pcac:c Il'lipt I'tip III 1M E.IIIpft. lbe Empmll' _liak~ wiltllM. co. w·iujca! .... 01 Jolla or Ihe Mt~ .. aI\holIdI be ... coaeemed lhal Iller PoIIld lIOl be ,pbjen 10 oppru.sian.f.l:1 It is impouible, oa t.III: basis ollhr. ULaN cvi(knc;:e, 10 Ihe full ~ III 1M Lheoriu olTelfer U ID 1M praopa::~ve rilhll ollhe MeleWns 10 ~ lcIdenhip .. the - . 01 A1eundria. ... more plu$ible eIlpW;.
tion for &he _avy imo schism of Ill.. MdeliaDI rollowial 1lle dectian of .......iUlIIu betn pul fON:lnl by AIInik Martin. Martia ronlellds WI lhe 1USOII for McleUaa anaer and ..c:usMions followi", !be eleaion or Alhanasiul ..... owi'"J 10 lhelr ~acment and inability 10 Pforlieipate in !be proct.SI. Alter I brief reYlcw olllle eYiclence fot LhlI "eonlCSled election" of A~tU, Martin pull forward I tey qPelilion:"1);d Lhc: Mcktian bW>opl. ul>der Ihe _ ollhe tICCOfdI of Hicau. "-'0'0 !he rliht 10 puticipale in IIliI election7"12'l FIOnl!he ewil:lcnce of S~. wbo. IIOCCInIlni III Mania, ~tJlc'w YU'J -ell the of Ooe" Wu Me.IetiIIl ......." ...;.., ~ is lillie. obItIlllla the "Md«iIns ...-1
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...,inH ' " (jLocm.all'r",oa ,"(¥~l.., 011 . . d!iI '0 . N " bc; . . .;oW 10 fdlow*ip IIId have dlelr .... ..:II 1M: ~ to DOnu':cf.. S • 131M lot. d. :1311:1 1331~.
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"po)(f.p/(" ~mtlh oppaUIImcnls. -235 Tk dcar ilIlel11 of die Itncr is IWO!oId. First, i11Wn$ clrar !hal Ferzt- it CIClr*'t io IIw Ibe ~ .... _that lbe ~ clerc' are 10 nocer.... ordina· 1i0ll.- 6 We &lJo IOIe 1Iw iIIIy fmber e.JcotacionI 10 IlK tplropwe .-..orlI1be Iddc:ll-. are nat. p....'ibcd ,;,pI, fId be iII"Oived in Ille same pauem of e--enu ",hic:ll _14 hold \file for IIlJ ~ ",Mid.., Second,lhe Mdllilma" n=snined from llQl;in: ~ appolnlJl\alU widlin Illeir own ophera 01 innumce. or ~ malin, _inlollons...khouIlhe Cl<' plkll pcnnLsaioo of lhe QlboIic: biabop of !he plIce.. In lipl or SlI~b ruuiclions 011 • local bull, lc _ml allOOISC In. c:omprdw:nsible 10 SU&aesllMr. lbe MelCUltll1lacl1 "pcoq:ICC:li." r1lht" IOIbe I!Irone 01 51. Mark or even lbe apeo:taDon 01 be..: ilJIowcd. 10 pclicipale in lbe dcetioll of Alcu.nder's "., _. Martin is o;crWnlJ oorn:cl, conllVy III Telfer IIJld Oirallla. 1lw. the accords readIaIlt Nic&I_1d 1Ia." been inter. prWld by AJhanasilllw biI followo'l iA!lIe ll'IOIt IlIm1 ....,..,:D7 We may
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0' fit -n. ADqod S..-l 2 (NriI ,m~ ,tiI·,7.,
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lfSl.1Ml·I7);_
s--.. 01"'" e-1I 011&-.· Jt.H:K_
"'"ea
AlII-.i.... thai. hit PJ"""'U'- AJeunde. died. five I1Ill111h1bad _ paned ffOQl lJIe lime of Ille Melell.n reeonclli'Ilon.240 Allhou&Jl ""....- , , does _ illllae dut Alexulde. died n......Ihs II'Its Ille Council of NiQU, - . like Theodom. pllud lIlIt nIUDinf; IIpOII Ille . .1t:II>eN.)I\ Cella,,' :11lw.1hl: Oloulcil of N~"""")'1uIed Ihree)'an ~ l1leDdDoea·'IIl~ollbe.l" , _ b)' ...t . . . . . . .). lIeIllll ~ lIlIIlhl: IUin teaionI ollbe. ->1 _ held MIl coo,,1 I ... 1Uci'l'd)' ilion IiIne ill Ibe._ ol AD m.1I2 ill all probIbiliry Ille re««i1jllion ollbe. Me""_ whidI •••_. . . . .. r...... paeatMioa ollbe. lID pWz • • opodaI plIlrriIIIa "'!IidI ~ bee. mm...-d b)' O-..., . j . 10 dil:aI ~)' willi Ibe. Idlism widiIIl!oe EI1Jlli- tlllIra. bca lid. ! Ill. di.I'iaa pi Nliry II)' Coni -Wid Soodl" io doeI ~ 10 ftC~ . . IUWlcI of ht"bi. d C ... L • • - . d IIlOe1iq whidI ED: pIIlZ tODowinc N"~ wilIIlbe. brid period ol peacr. btcwaa Illt . . . . . ..." Mekciao. pna ill EIJp tFtIiclI GCCw,ed .. £*')' btfo:ft Ibe. time d ........ ndet', dwb ID Api! d AD 32•.200 TIe ~ for t..\beI" wwti..... b)' Cormzmj.... may .-dI1iIa... beta' 'Ii< ~ II)' • Melee;., ~ fiIslIIlII accept !be IlXIDfdJ "Ilich bid btca deQdul upoa. N"_ Mld whidrI dTcclivel)' JialiIM IIleir power ill tlIe ~ ...."'l)' c:cns&ilUted~ qM'I"OpMC oC AIe.o.an*ia. Oi..... tile Alh",m,,·, Ialnmaarbcanccmlnllbe..-l.· miuion III Mdeuas UIlO COIIlIllIlllion e--Jd lbat lie wwld __ ........ been 1IdmillllrJ it teeIllJ III lla btca • disJcrneabkl propCIIitb for bodt sides from Ihl: tq:iMin• ..." «tIaia1)'1I\Ide. "'OIIlI II)' AlJIInIDuI·,1UbxqucnI e~ ..... lbe MdedanJ·llOllJlII1kIpedollln lileproc:ea.2M 8)' mllkilll_ III dle -...ide yulety III IClUrCt:I wIIich ..... our dUpoul, • plMIIible _ l i o n of Ibe. plVOl.ll ew:nu WIlle' diJl:lUIioII eouId ~ u follow1- AI the Cooneu III NIcIea levenl dec:bllllll ~ rqo;hed "'hich ....wd Iu.. . . profoond Impaa 1lpCl' Ille lICdeilutletl 1lN:wn: of the £uplisn dtun:b quile apan from llle lbeolo&lcIl pn;lIlOIlnC'.eI whiclIllId been lei forIh tooc:enlilll Arius. rll1l, Ihl: 0lIllIlclI1llUIhI1II p... lqiIJtIi... JPIlIlMlIO Ibe. lrIdil.lollal lUriulriaI ~ ol1hc bishop III AleurIdria. ",~h under unon ........ Wldef1100tl 10 indO ~EiJ'PI. ... Lilry.l..... . • . PenIlpOIil, ~ !bat is. lJIe ..bole olllle Nile ..Illey IIllI all or IIw rqioa ...1lidI .. u ....."d _ PenupoIiI.W AlIllouCh Ihl: t:ue:t exlClllolhisCOlltroI 0¥e0" die feu d..u provinces: of E&)'Ilt. Ub)'a. Pcnupolis. 1IllI11lebais WOIIld ~ detlatetl ia 1hI )'CM 10 - . the NieeIle fllhen -Pi 10 indic:ue
' '&1
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1)9.
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)II", •• ,,,~HELU. 242od.oi.. Ht. 2,)1.31:
'.
VC 1.
" doellJOCia/ po je' .0 and P=iF of ........ 01 ~by _01. .... - . . 'nib 1IIllq_ ,... cllllldJarily . - flnbll' e $ ....1 by ;. _ wUll1lle ..... _ of !be ~ fit It-.:ut 5ea:w' doe bWI ... fda _ dn . , _ '"'Plaiord lloe IIf'lIPC'l" Pi .. e lor !be da;>D Mel o:rijn.... ol biIklpI_ ....... doe ilIlliaI..-...ay ol_ po...... $yaOd..U'7 AlHclde.ind' :V' -id_1Ioep : 1o--aCdle fOIIn1I - . _ • ~ tile pan or Iloe. COUlcil widI dle "lev ".. ~ of e,iKopal 1.t. FmlIy. d1a..-:il dis~. ~ nerD dlc ~ _ ....;pbmqduda wbidI ind>t
•
II
AIled"'_Pio.isioool'ordle,·· ·oflbt~da1J'.U91t ...,. be -uy ~ lhII t ' - ~ lIUa ...... Iw, P'" AIuan-
. . . oey P'OIII "*"4 willl-.tlidl ro deal willi die. q-aon ol1lle Meleciart dil1lclllliQ ia Enot upoll his mum (fOlD dle eowoetl dunn, tbe tauer ~ 01 AD 3i$.no T1lc -;on)' of die Me"';·· port)' ift EJ)'llt WOllId _ ha"" boeD ~y pbIed wil/I1lle faUllI of 1lletoUllcil' Ibdr ~ pcIi. . . Tdfcr ..... ibei well the post-N"-. pm-. of 1be Me...... OW
...,
It II c¥ido:r>c IIIat Mcleti'" was h.imxIf wllliq D be ~ 8ul
I!LIIlIcinI». il
rdllO lliJII D ~ dIIc IaIIllI of 1M S}'MldaI
Icaer D ad! of Ills IUl'Ji3&;uu and pusuade them 10 ","pi. We-.l _ be IUIpliIed IIw il .... mID the lhinl year bdln IIoe was allIc 10 PRIe'" 10 Ale.undcr !be .. bole campany of pmon:I 10 be ~kd
and 10 bcndit under Ille
_s
of d>e S)'ftOlIaIIel\a".:l:S1
24'1.1<1, 2.7 Hor. , •. c;", 'II, 3a1i.
_t.. . . . . . . . _.
241"",,, "". N .• 3... u~v.. Iyn. fro. no. 2500rD. B..... ~..- lho-C"'-k" of J_ _• _ _ ... final _ '" .... e-:u 01 H;e.. __ .... ~ .. :l:S I,"" AD 32S of 1h& i t. Ii., ...... ....,;a, __ .. I", • r.-..u ,,; ..- Ioof_ . . Ioi&loopo i lI:
......._
fIl _ _~
1
I~II.
""""'bo<.
::_ :
"'hri. ,..... .... _., ",-o r""- ...... tl ' .• w...- JDJ, lIS 31, 1
IAfril 1.51,_,,_ 1"'1: m._•• ,....<- ~ L. r ~ , ~-);
. ..
_
1
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.
•
" II
Eutebi.'.
ilW) lhe..-sot lhe EoPIian cloD'.lSo4 11liIllWlNla; aDd rJnlll '-rinion doolIlJIPeIr 10 Ilaoe IUm pIa::c ia Ihe lXIrlIat 01. Of inullediaIdy _ lqe III«Ula otitic c1cr&Y. for Alhanasius _lballbole individlals lisIm in Ihe B,rNrri_ M~lj~y-eiPtbis!lops, rour preI~'" three
232E;o....... VC 3. 23. 253L.uiblolid., .... cu.. 114. lS4~ It><. cil. 2J5 A,.w. 72 (Opitz, lSi. 10). 156.... _ - . ..... Alu.m..-<JI A.Iu. . . . dlod 17 April AD321-. d>o .. idoQoo oflho F_Ifftkl< (Ro' loNPl'. - . d "'OI. ~, ... lAnoow. Fuo·.riq•.•_~i1 .• 26, 21), y ~ lhoo ""'" of _ ti"<Ml • ,. _.", by - . . i q bod: fi"" _ '" "'" ~ I"'fli- or AD 321. 2H",oJ. 59 (Opiu. 139. 1~.16). n.. _ _, or ~ "'"' ~ loMl ..... boforc "'" e-.til 01 N"-.. (11_. 61,» _ OOftOiloly 100 4; ... "" "'" -.11I 01 1M .... \>y "'_ _ 110 P 1 !lis
AJu_" _
="".
10 (Apo>L 72). Tho _ elm '" M _ · , _ io "I .. oklo>t.iP ~ ... pbaM 01_ C =f):+ _..e.io:lI 100oi 4inoal)r 10 "'" s~ of ~ ~ io lM of doo Welori_. "",0;"';"1 cl.oimo • • _ _ or _ M . _ -U- .... iaodlioool(Noole,'_ _ o f A _ ' " l~ &..2). &I-,~ iI "".--""'_ o .... )_oboelloo.liaM.. AIuDSor 01 .. ,.. 1 i.o dial. 13IFOOWlI-. •. eif~ (q. _ fa. 2S6). ~
s.u."-"' ....
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.......,.i.... -..
"
11i£EAlU..Y EftS(X)f'ALO'Ff' OF A11tAHASIIJS
ift IUeh '''11U1.~9 Atbanui", _ IlOl I. AIea.andria.or. tile tiaoe of Akundo\r'. deadl.. SoIne _ pbr:e 11Im. 0ClDI1 on dlurdI bus; m • ....iIe 0lhctI1ndicaIe ....1 pUl'l( 10 Ike .... boDor,'J60 III eillloocue, lIMn ~ 10 ""~ becfI InCfIllIIII ~ ill . . at • re. Wl& ~ u repdl dl:alil. FpiphMlm dor:II ~ 10 .. .e • MdtU e:.ciila ....... _ • • IIWD" 10 plMla _ oIlllW __ a. !he: lllIm&oI$l. MaI1t.2lli1 SD .. nm;pl beLe.a. ~ .......... '....dtd by die cwI 4" dcru04 QllIlpleRfy ~ _0 f .. I) Ibc sy..w Ialcr oll'fic:.-lIld Ibc RCCIlt .....i.... 01 !he: MdeIi. deru 10 ........"..1IllCI. lhuef_ l"'me
--= "'i1. __ '" ,..,lyllletl!lftflr.pe-.lftdllDlilyoilhe
IOkiV.ll'·
dudl.2:Q W'odIinalllorltinlc.boweocl,A'· ..·.r--sIOA.......... wbm.1'l)Od lIUInbcrof~ bildahndy J ootllailllll. weare 1Old.-..: beiaa ...1JUled by tile peopk 10 dn;t AlMftMjo., callinglWn ~Iood. piou, ~ III ~ '1C'IU!1lI: bishop.-260' Eh!Io:r owi!IIlO Lhdr failed (or 1han..1iYed) .urmpt 10 dea !he.. 0 - caM1dw, or be .... ollbe.,;a ia1eI"pmI" oIlhc:' ..... concained wUhilI1lMl rynoclaI kucr (lAd possibly lit tut.equem ePforcemcJlt by COIl5WItiJle), .... Maleliaa bistIopI wac .... ~Ily uclllded "llllIpIcteI)' frcm any funller pan In .... eb:tion. By lbl: ....eek fllllowing .... f'l.$l of Pl:nteeosl (l lunr. AD n8) all of !he bWlops ....ho were ~ompetem 10 take p:lt1 in the el(lt;uoo could MV' ma
U9H_,
'*- 7 (HolI".,
r.. 91).
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n. ~ '"* ... ot Me -1>''''- iii-. _ . Me!oIl. - " of...... 'Lo , DO). a-. II ...u.a rcl'..-
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hri·1IIullop 01 ..100 Aio-
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(Opicz. 'I, 17, 11).
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" NiUelI.16j It ia. 1loweYet. poQI1lle IMI .. he _led tbe 1Jlrone <1L SL Mart ill ~ ~ of !be poopJe.. he had ret 1O ...... 1he rll1l eanonic:aIqe of tbiny yean. Noll surpisiaJly, U Hordber& 111. poinled out. 1M fuA ~1Ialknp Iluit .wai&ed lbe new lQhop ..... _owed IChiJm 0- Ihc ~ of
......'"
tbe Melni_ ..1lil:h Ihruwled !he mly 8lld JQbi1i1y of lbe E,)'JIti»
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_pa-al";1lI Ol!ler...,... 1lle. M alb 11Cioi .... 01 A'_lSia ai_ "" ~ II .. "'Idly clefll:Cli'oC badt ioo . . dcaik ..... _ otrmd Illd .. iIt ~ ~ ~
<Xl
!tappan -r probIbIc lIw. ~. . . 0IIIy randcn - - . of f ~ Aria . . ~ CIknnic:s . . . . AdIulaINI..tril:ll "-' bcm <:ompfUICd iIIIo. siape IlImliYe ..... ... •illk Nail in faa. n. Illcrt; _ . . . . . . ncIiliall cauea iii,. AlhINsi. pIll 'cd by PIIilooaoi ...... IlocreQrl be IiaJcdoullt. ThaI it ..... ia ... wonII of RIIICh, • ~~ ~ 1rIdilialI- _ _ 10 be .. __ cepnblr. en'-Vw of 11M ~ praenlCd. Of aIIn _ .....bbIc wbil:1I JlIII'POR III p.e .. ...-- <1L\lle 'iecMe 01 A'Il. 'lit. tbe . . ~ _ted by PlIllDal:.-li_ appan 10 be lI>e _ _ IriYed IIOd tbe _ ~ tn:n odIu 111 utary c'l'ideru. 0l'!lc:lM:r ......... Mdetiarl. or ol~ IIllI ~
JqlQled
I
..-
By way ol _ _ Lhe ll'IIUriaI COIllIi..t widWI tbe .)'llOdal1caer of &be EJ]'pCiuI bishopa, wri_;" .... D lWl9. only. dcacle atk:t tbe evcal, ..1IiIe ~ucdI, .fendifta all on/lodcu; doI:I ~ lObe ............ liable "'JIll" or ..... Ktua1Iy lOot pi-. W ".. 0Iller a:eouna wllM;b _ C(llU\ne(l i. EpIphanilJl., Solololell. Socnlca, and O"'iUY NuiIm:ea do_ kDowledae Ihe circula~ 01 Arian .... MdcliP -wn. of !be elealoo, .... tb8y l1'li, for lbe IIIOSl pari, disc:ounled. - ' the JUlUlIl OIIL1int of_IllS ~ be reconcIled ..ltII !he repon and .. knell oIllle IiaYJllian bishop.. For lilli __ ....e eannot I&ft'C wliJ'lll.usdI'l o:on.. nlloa tho( P'hiloslOrJilII is. vital help 10 tbe modenIl'tIW'tlIcr wbo IIInYOlwd In 1lle _ o(('o"W....oo. I lr1lC ~ picturr. ol .... lhInUius. On Lhe (oOnUWy, Pl>lIaIr.orcillS~ eDIly.:l di.Iloru LIle ;mqe 01 AWtIMillll!lall4 is diI'IlcllJllO fllld Mly IdDd allnle lIisaleIl ,epe$tillUion oItbe biIbop of A\e.&arIdriIIn Iris entin: Ie-
.Iion.
U5ct
11'-.-._
B..-d, "T_ ~if_ 349. 'JMIF_ , - . 10<-. ril.; Abo ...... ~ 01 . . . . . 01 MMo • mel iIt .-latioloollip ..... _ 01" cloaiooo . . - - . <[. M.ua..,. ..... 31-61. 0"'100~ _ _..... _ . _ Go< 011"... 01 .... _ <J4 A ·• bInll 0111/0 --t>.t..;,;"p- mel _ ,• .,.. _ · · i wu .Updf ~ ~ fMIy II,- -au) lbo .......... II,- lIIo ~ (q.""Lo Dolo. I·....... ,' ....... _ -e- ... ~'. ·S.. ,· - U6 ~(lr1O): 3IJ-m~ (C/. ..,.. fwlMr r o f _ .. IIIio ~ 267 H.......&, • • dr.. 19. 26aA,Nl.' (Cpin. 9,-9),
r.. 119lior
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1ft... 0w)'Il 0riIf......
~ to
s,-c.. _ . ~ ~ IF"
I
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...
_ .. _ • • ~ $1..&. .. W_ do,." ..... 2. C . C 4
19k. IOD.
270~
, . . - ". . 1"I$J" n~ 11 iOpitr, U1, t . _100).. ~ 10 1M. iMIocltk_ (cf. d., 22). 0pC.. "C, '" _ c...o- .... __ """.-. (OpQ. lolO, ..... I. IStr.).
H..-...•.
... • 1
...,.. .r
71llolwo •• LNPF.--.. ...............i. ... L »111.. n .... c&. 29. ln~.
Nk:onlcdiI. W;1Il1lle ",i_meau or IIle uiJod E.............. ThcopiI or Niaq in AD 128. IIle ANn COllllQWt4y C111CrCd upon I new dlIptelP4 "'*biua. au IfIer hil_a teSIlnoo.. beplllO fOl'Je I political a11i1occ witII .....,. or lhoIe Melelilns wtlo had "'fra«IlII$leadcnlIip or AIhInIsi.... Thomas Kf"oed widlllle ~2 Few, _!be -.oa., wtlidl r"'\ wut, ... Oldy did AIe.aandl:r faiJ D menD .,. ~ or AriIu in .... rqwd.. bltt,_ WWlIlN . . poiIIlOd. 0Ul, A....- · II1ol'lfraiDed rn-1DIIl:iq my rer-iaformMioa. TIliIponioI orWlJlillN'1 ~ • .ued
"'*
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[tIlan IIle $l~ or "kundal il lIll: ...""'" oL A!hIn"" I Ie..... o".... upuloulcoOll",.. IlIIia(a _haw:-.., he had 110 qlOllllllltloW.ll:QIlIifll McleUul 01 .....1). If ...~ ....
ill I poIition 10 blow ...... _ Iecorded or IbI you..,.... Aria ill lbe clwloety filet of M ""IS. Yet lie CIIl delcribe.1Ile MdetWI ori,Uu, -.Id \he lIur l3Ctical a1li11lce 01 AriIIlIInd Mdr:dIn$, wi!bout
"""IIldriI.
274n.o....." from uilo of E............ 'l'IMoopl< .. about AD 321-. do< boW of lIIIit.,.,..,.. '" Con!laI\1iQo (Opil& 01, Utl:lllwlo 31) I! bolh Sen _ (JIE 2, '11 0Il
*"
"'" CoM'_..........nl........
..............
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eo
N_'.....
n'lI:......... N,. 76. 27~
. . IlopoRUo
_ ..u. w. Tdf.., -no. Cocka v...... u: (SI)," HTIt]l (190):: 16!I·2A6, n.o ponloa wtoidI - . ...;...... qwMioow of lho ......:y of ...... .." bo _ _
po 1.... A pectk •• dI.. 3.
M.· '_.
"
.
THEEAAt.YEJIlSCOJ'ALC.'ED OF A'l1IAHASIUS .._ ~ wIIai wolld surdy ..~ beeII • _ - . • "I'POrlUI'itJ ror blacIcenln& IIa - . or bod! JJOlIPS of Idwenarial .. once. He _ ~~ r~ trope of IIa clot: .etunlina; IU ilJ __ it IpiIlSl 1k MtI".i.......Il)r lIOl Ilpillsl Ariul re'tCltilll 10 IUs pill . . of disllIfOCi." \ ~t*,iaf727I
'" -r - . it __ ..tibf}' ..... AriIII-Md
il .
jl• .niIncc woodd IIrtc of Ari..', eafliu asMIcialio8 wiJb Mcletiur. roo_e _ .-hidl iotriu: .-:II .......... abo iN!ir- 1lIaI dlis blM • brief epilodo Iikoft!lllllensiadl wIlidI i1b..:Jtp! eol-..al
powIl . .
endtd" _
-'"
II _ dear, lKidOi.. lhal.!be Ariu-Mdetian .ll;.... P'"'c1oln ~'. den;""'" die abIo:q_ ~ of JollD ~ 10 ~ lewSa.... of Ik ..... Yet I 'I'U.iIlI q .. , "M" W1IeoII did A'" . becow: ~ oll/lc -'4«' .Wd1 . . bci"'I ilnnIalocI qoailullliml Fnlm IIis 0 - lI£srinwY'y iII,yo1. S9. Alllu..ai.. iwdQ.... dill ill lIle early SIqCI oIlIa olli~ !be Me.m- lIId Euobi. . . Ibeir ~_ trknd" ~ 1IOQr).2IO Tlrit Illi,bl""est Alllarwius's o.u IIet oI.wftneA CllfICeminJ;1hc simario- allhil tlIne. lllllil FcSIQ/ !.dIUl .... lilly wiuIeaI his P"I"U' ill pucc:jXiw U 10 the ,ta!ity 01. daa .Iianf;e.. In hisFutd l.#Il6 far AD 332. Al/W-Ji... _ lhII he: isllCGlllt, beelI .... moned by Cooslan~ • !be iJlstlt;aIkm of "\he MdcI1ans, wbo wm praeql. tbere. ~ teeldnallil "nriD before lhe Empaor.~2S1 In IIi. Fulal I4l1tr Cor AD 3)3, Al!larIUiu:s mate. ~ rd_llCeIlo 1Ilc "'ao:tIismetiel(I.'" 1M Mclellan.), bUI it i.1lOI until the F'Jlall4I1., roc AD 338 that he speak. of III "those who dispute with Chrlll.~ I.'.. the Atianl, "but also •.. the IChiJ""~; fOl lIIey are uniled LO,eLher. . . men of kll\dred r";in,.,-212 AiJlmuiIl$'. ooavi::tion lhatlbe McleUans /lid ........ _ ....
bam,
17'W,l~__ ." ~. 179 EpipI\l1oiu.. II 61.' (Holl. ",. cit~ I..... 1..5~ bo "'Is __ "'" .....,. Is JO"....... of M•..,;,.·, finI imli,.. i_..... _undon of - " ...... MIlO. w. rna)' - . _ 1lw Epi~ - . ..c i!od;'_ 011)' -'ior _Iuia .-p "" III "7 ......... AriM-.. dci.. oIli_ _alF I' alM' fi• • • • ~ _ '.iI'"
""'It ....
(W~ • . a...~ 1:10"""". SlI (Dp;Q, 1)11, 1:0),.
Z11IUlPF........ 51? 0---. F_ II). 1:t1:l.NPF, ",. riI~ Sll. I ..... _ 101 doo z.-. _ u. _ , . forw.ord tit' L 1.-. 0.. . -
At.. _
t
.,.
b 1110 F_1Il
I'''' ..........,. n. _ ..... 0..,.."'1 M
'W' _ A_1M. a.m. _ _ Y. . . :10-11. Loo-.. io . . . . "' ............ AD Dot ...... AD 1o'S . . ,.... 1M tt_ _
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io _
pbriq IX __ ...... '" . . ,... AD '" lIo;o
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qainst bi.. willi ElIte..... of Nio:onIcdla
.~
10 IIave bca !be
IUllII 01. p1Idlllll pIODIlIf .. bic~ found ill f1naI ad",inIIg, . . . III die lime ot !be eIIllq; lbe I)'flOd 01 ClesarelIII AD 314. By !he tiIJIe of Ihe Syaod oIT'yr$ in July AD taa'WUiou ~ ..ipIllrte lIId or &he po-ecIIIory lWlft ollhe ~ would ...... been ~y clispelled.20 ~ 1hilI ...., Alb"";'. ir _,'PUlt ill hill iIlkalifac;g" 01 !he M~ctiPI ill Ec)'pl as .. eJ.lendo., 01 lha AriH I*t1 unckr EllIebios. 7101
or
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.... r.llowlh. or lIM dMlocll. 101 odw>I... lin. 0«<1"" ...., IhiI _ ........... Aria •• Iba (
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s ~ LM-.-J6 (1911~ '23... _ bul. r.",). E_ doIlna 01 ...... II _ Iho "'hjobobloo (J ... 10 • f01_., ~Ju J""I-ha... of .., W1It ..1IidI 10 _ oil .."" ..loh '" _ lI!e _~ no, treeI)' ...... ,.... _ ..... r.::.toW _ ...... ",..,. Fe. if 1 ......1" Ium lila,.". ...... ~I 1M ar ud_ _, ...... han boo.. ..iII",. '" "'" -"';1>&<1 '" W= --.1oft '" ... dudI, I ..;u ..........., . . . . "'"- )'001 ' " ..., - . ....... _ , - _ _ pl.-~ ('Opb. lao, 7-10).. ..._ ........., "' _ '" iatomo ... _ ''''' ..... ..._ .. _-CllrUti• ......., _lie Chote _ cziA~ lIr"""r- d _ _ ....,f.... of ..,. ~ -'lJifKI q k -..., '~...,~6Q,0piL<.16Q,11.11).""'1 _"'~ "'_ (if. B-...d, ~...-i Sl ~ • . rir.•• 25). ....... 4; .. '\I _ of I . -ad "'" rtf "'" lolclebMo .. _ of !lodI' olIiDJ ""'-"- • 11> 10_ Ill IIlIi-. rori=:I S. . . . . . _ "l'I'd"__ '" be ... UK ' Fua.J Lan " - ....
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w• ..,. ~1We lha by AD 335 1lIo: M'
"_ .. £cypc hid ll'q_ • bd ci_ .... 1ayIIIJ ... .... 'm ''" ,. - ' - llaIf of 1"'- IiRd io 1lIo: lIidiril.U
_ 0"" A oiDbIIIl • i III ~
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. . . . . . . . . .,hidbJB.-d.-Imli..QlplEMdeo. . .• . ...... Milk.. would ha..e rt&liaed r:L lile W.. • pw" . •1 <*loot oL iItc 'Cllcrcll ol!be Martyn, - . . . . . . ID Ilro'C Ii- lIioN aIJ&t·
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" s\IIlCe eilller III AiJww';'", or lohn A/duflll. bul only 10 tbeh 0WIl cenoIlilic 8 .... 216 On t/oe. bail 0/ IIle .vaibble evldenoc Ills diffiaott. if JlOI iml'O'sible. 10 em-"'1Ile ~ COIIIIllUlIlI)' in EnJIl by !be year AD 3D .. a
sinsJe. .e.II~ or ....OO8·
'IS 0110_11..
'IlItn abo __ 10 1llI..e bcell ill ......it. . 10 1/10 CfIpllellIeCl Mdcliaa l*IJ in EI)'Ilt • llOIDbcf 01 otIla' -.IllS ~ -'ob' IlemlI:aI &I""P" ..too were iIrool-ed ;. I/lIe "r·"jrMl potilieI 0/ IIlc. AIealldriall .... dlIriD& lbisperiocl. UfI1ikcIbf.M 6_, llo.cO'Cl,itiidilf-'t1O 1:: • • fU1lJ 1M po/iliQI Of ~ iol!IDellc:e wtIia . , 0/ dIefc pII\iu eJlcn:iscd. W.K.C. FmlCI COO.II_ Ihal. lIotre - . • _Ii-. 01 AiIlMIIi..•• cIecrir~ ...... jiiobluid ~ lbe Oucb" Ecn--""l!le M',ir" MCIlhdWNi_·butdlll ... l!lInaiuI .... edllleMd .. ID be '1llc ' _ pasulIpoiOtle..- oIlk dlrce.2rl NlIfdber& _ Ihal. darilll Ws ptriDd - ... Ar'- _e I dillllllishilli miaony 1II'i1/lin Ihe ~ IIle Me"';'. Iiilila' iqIc:nanl. -._111 o.lcI W. Gri&P"&'l'= willi Noo!lluJ. )1ft II'Ilticu$ IQl it _ Ibr. MelaiIft iIluaion iIIlo Ibe EoPd- I( ...m... 'IO'bicIl_CGiiDtJICld At'" 'm 'ZIP T1lere IIo;>we'Q, ., IddilOl&i lnat--.y IfOUP in EcJpl. It _ dear fro- Itlc. C8Ie oIla:ltym lllIl • .-bcr 01 tlloIe ",110 Ud bcell iIl¥QlYld in Ibf. CoIh,,~j .. JdUsm Ilad c:IIoo-=n IIQlIO "'Ike peace wiIh eitIIa" A\eunder or q _. "',~.... SOmeollhele., like 1IdIyrq himlelt, ended up Il1lied wilh Ille E............ and ~ Mdelialls.290 I
"1
._11,
2I6 B..... 4. ·S""'o N.....• .". cil • .00; ~ POf'YI"I' 1911 _ iIldkOlO I IIIoooIoJl' .. hkh .. _whallCll\OYu&h Bwnor
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·1010 · 0IttI 1M Oripa 01 ~-. ~ 1_ _ 1iI M. thaol.. Ualwenl.,. 01 ColifonJa. It1'9 (\1&10....1.,. Mino>m............otiooIool, IlC'06O), 1071!. 190 A . . , ...... oho co 'M odtiooao .... liIlbd ....... io oho _me- ptrio
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1
....
68
Tk pelilion of AlllMwi... ·.lUpJIOi ...' . tile Synod 01 Tyoe COlli""" !hat pan of Ihe ~riclence IpiIllJl AtIlan$ut 11M rallllOCl (l'Ofll Ihe faa Ihal " ........ 1fId!lil fcnow. C(IllD;.ll(\ . . alcllef be pratllIelI, • cominI ,..., !be CoUumiaDs, 1M """'I . d aIld AriIns. IUld directed IpinIt us. "l91 A"..... 'C" dx artP-l CoIlgthle IltlrIUIIIiId !lIIaI ...n.d to ~ lid •• M ' &IaoIo1f~ 10 llaw:!lIIaI ,.....-Iled IOAIe.wdrT • • I;)'llOd of F.mJlia "'"*'PI beklla AD l1AIU (wllIl Oaia ofCllrdcm. ill .. ....".nec:). - . .. lJdoyru." • • t ~ die. . . body of the
rr-
dIUJdI in EoJLm Ak/ooup we QIllU - - . rrom !be rooaiIable _ rials 110.- . . . po.p dlr.p(*-N.,.. OJ!1,.hi.' ~ 1M EJ)1JliIlI bisIIopI_ Tyte aMSitIertId lblem erQlItI of. IIlIalIO ... IlleIII ~'Ile 1/Ie M" IIlCI ArianL W" _ .... IIIIafUIia. 10 Ihe eua IIJaIIIII of 1/Ie AriIIlI*'7 (Of s:-nia) .. Ec'Pl dlorin& 1M period bdlR 1110 SyaocI 01 Tyrc In AD 335. Elmrd R. HIrdy . . . tbaI "1Il1be tinr: SlIp, _ rom. Adm . _ _ -.1' ri= a 110 lMaio- or c.iduoc» • 10 wtIo 1Ilat penont ~ Of wllat poIillaas lhey beJd.~ We boe 110'- lO bdie... lhx MIlS
=.
~1'elIIf1l
1IlI _ _ inditaltlalhe
retAaiIIed in uilc 1IlIti! hi, deIlII in AD lJ6.2!U Furlllet. _ ldlolaB. slIl:h u Rowan Williams. ha", spKlllaled WI Ali..... Ihcolosic:aI posilion lillY III.. lUIlIled In ~Ihe rebllve Irolacion oJ Ari.., h1l11ldf wilhln • InQVC.111m! ulle4 by lIis _-296 In EaYPt. k _1111 probably Ilw lbe _ _ m. was le.a lIlIIllnODOllthic: a'ld include.cl in iI boIII dIotc: ""ho Rril:lly» hered 10 An...'. vlcw. (dilc:iples) as weD as mo. who OCIly I)'lI1pWUud
"''''''P''''. e-n..;"................ It/HL n (OpilZ, 97. Ill.). 29I A,.,.
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(Opil:l, 157, '.11). Tllio
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2904K I ..... dl~ I, sa. 29S• ..a-. HE. 10. lllf., s.a-. HE. I. n:.... Ht 1, 29. J'J6 •• O. W~I;_ .. '"TIM. QuerI or "'" Hi~ n.ou..~ IIrl"als•• Ho-iuf _ n ",Iul.H'· ....' "...-sf>-'" NWIt J_ _' _ C.,.".. . . ... , ~ SloJJu (<
" wiIlo Ariu·. _k";"!FtittVPo'i'ica' silQtOl (a1lleI).2:9'J AhIooup we are IIIICImIla • III ... dIIllpr wl!IiQ lIrilIl'OUJI iIlIdIIDr po;INd 10 IK pcr.o:r ol Adwwrias,.~r:n:.wl 4 Ulldlj "dd...... tleFUUIl ~ .... 11II: W- ...... willi eIcJI ........ ,... fJUIIIdle m- 01 his c........ lluGI&!llllc Syft(lCIoIT)'R-291 ApwI frllm It\o$t pIfties _ ....-.au ... ~ bad \heir &eoais wisltilllbe dlIIn:Il. a;IRiOideo. . . . abo be at- ....... wbIcb eUsled llO 11II: ~ oCilla ~ «Tkri"rica' 1IDllJl'Ia.il)'. Griff.,. ilia lUI' Seaed 1lle fClllDwlllJ ~ ~,0I_, AleUlIdria itIdf ~ III auJpoa,lhe r~ c' nl' belns Ored, EiJpliaa, 1~ Inaian. lAd ~ aa:ollioa 0Il1y 11II: _ ~ -'l9'J P.M. FnJer has (Om I Ilod 011 Ibe !lei lila P\:nian ~ beeline ..... """" psyasi"", ill ~ JOO:iay 1brcIa1'- ... R _ ft'a, aperia"y duoucb Mpid" • • IIOd MilhnlimI.lOO FIllIlIer afodd., 11II: _ aaIift ~ ..... • ... """"' abo atroc&ed. ne IppQI ol_ ...... • 10 !be willett ...com...." ill EJnII_ . . -Po ... .tla:l LJ(f ~ ,,-,.~ point iId* die ~ _ _ ';1Il lbe ANns ... lIM: Mrlec'l"r ~ IIlinp IlIYiq ID .... widI flilh.Ilc."wa lnIly ........smid and onIlodo:l. ~...., tbeir ~ Illd apostaly from 11II: ~. he ne_ IlId comlll.... M:- widI \be Meletl&llllChismltict. And neillw::r lOW.d 1M Manic,*- nor IOward 1
III.
_"'10
"''''_has ...... _
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ml~. W~li ..... _ Iha1 Mill" diKlpl. (I.... _ 11I110 I cd IW .iew or "I!lo 5 •• 11m11ed know\od,.; ..."", ~ li1loly .. raldo In ElY!" Ih.. ......hera. ""' "",,"'• .,... _ _ "'" p<>Wari\Il~· C;.......... li.,ilecl, ... _ po•• I!IIc.Io word. klla r. AD 330. _ •. opoIko of """'"" ill .....,.01 -.I II 1inbd ~ lO.,..,kl " (S, .)""" OIl if ... fellcwship""'-' 1oסi_ _ _ '" 11I& ....... IDOl 1M foncieo Df ......... lnYallioon' (1). Tho ItIlnI FUUII /.At.., lOt AD 331. ~ odilOt ....... _ _ lOt "0)41 «f. .......... O ' _ e O ~ )0.)1). . ..,. dot. biolIop ....
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"
THE EAALY EP\$lXlPALCARED Of' AntNV.SlVS
alIyodl« Ilnetica did """ profess ~ip. . .. So I. Ibe I8IlIe llWIlICr did """ Uhor!he ~ oIlbe ""-.~)OI E""" if _ _ pi"" judpDea( of SeIlw.u. IIIIl AIhaDui", "u:Ied" "'*-y fOl lid __ pollUcai and lIleoI
......'"
of.tf:iQ" EI)'pt
We . .y .cd)' iDdka'e lberefore. lIlIl. lhc _
duria& Ibe r.. ~ 01 ",b"osiv1'1 t'pCnpw appmn ... 1Iro'e bceII _ _ . . . ,",,"~ ill rqu'lIlICIlbe life of die ct.dI. n. MeIeWn OOOllllunilr !lid br • I IlaN&nr: ot lbe Colhlllila Idl&sM COMinoolld 10 male dif_
01 its M· _ ClllerilI, no Ihc En' . Mdetip aI..... 1lIe""-' ill Ef,ypl1Pd ~pIOpa"_"'dol iadi~d. -,.;.. It lit..;, .. PMePl_1 willloul. iI wwId appear. II sin&\c Pidim& for= The £aypt.ip . .estjc communJcr ad ,a 10 boK:o... I echc:si.e. dOO'aIICllt loYal 10 Illc bislql of ~ IlIIIl _llbo Illltjm 10 _ _ _ ian-..JO) 111 N!djrige ... \he clifflC1lhia lie t.:ed ill Eaypc. Ad '," bid abo b)" AD 33~ boa .. ipptd olll\lOly 01 bill all;u ~befe, IIlIclI .. EusuIJIi... of AaliodI. Av!qln of GIZa, IlICII _ of !be Olkr ..... oXfeDden of Nicaea..:lOI This Illm ... dle
30IYlla NIl. 61 (1'0 26, ~B).
z..
lO'.lScllwom. C..._ . tIn~.... 216. :KIln.. .....11.. r.. 1M . _ of "'" _ t i c _
...m.. tD 01... """ CfoIl ... ooruialy .................. '" 0At!)r _otic (AI) ))00) ·who _ _ ItIo ..-. _ . . . . A.... ~I wlUI _,*"", or .-;q." IU). ..... "0110··•••..,.,.. - . ilI _ - . 1M "JOn')' f l l k - ' !UVI
boooft • JII"OkaIocI _
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EuPcioa
llMlloJII. A.riM.' (Opiu. 115): t:f. Lr.c. H - . "TIoo F... of Euoa_ of AMiodI." %XC" (19101) 1. 171_119, 110. . . . . . . .iao w• •; ill :n6 . . . . )21 '" )2')- (1'19): IIM. ....... iii. _ _;..... petUp. oilin Iloo "ioolric:~ ....... _""'" of _lai.ottif:lol pot;c;co" ....s do _ fIOO"'lok •• "'W-"" Is· (I.....). hocill_ WOll t~ willlloio I; ...... . . Arioftoolloio_, .uey(1oa_ HE 1.111. ~
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~_
" 111 1m. Si' tbrolcIl4riI BeD _"""" ~ qaIIi_ " die 8ritistI WO__-. till ~oIliC111 PIIlJri ~ ~ ID be .... 1i&hIt~ ~ Atha~si~ IJI ~ins dIis ~ 01 PIC'7ri. 8dI flack !be rollotriaJ illiliII co ll _ • •
-,*
(100' aD buI ..-e .., lr:uus) dapia Ihcir B,-,Iiae .-eilI • link _ ..II, ill • _ _ jlnbk 01 -.k, . . 01 c" iI>lCl'CIt rot k Ii&ht dIcy _ _ 0- Ihe lift 01 • a.na;. 'c, illite rr:ip ole ..... dlf. OraL a... ir.. by ..v- of r.o Oftly of die PI'Cl'J'ri _llle """"""icM ~ ill! 'P'CiaI ImpolRlnl;1a. 0. DllIles. !be c.ly ~ I rout II In 1M «tiop'Ud dale of dle Syaod 01 e 1M ocher ..ul onere \nIualinc. I Ion& Idler ITorol u ~ Mdctian. Ji_ • vivid piet_ til t/le. _fferinp 10 .Iril::b die ~ were upoied II die hindi 01 ~ - ' his adbe=a.:J07
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AltI:t • brief d,..:ription ollhc «IIileft1 of t/le. IOllet Ilidl &til claimed 1tJIp(*d Au.-iuI'I "cIf.:ial peileCacioIl"olthe~" lbepuiod bd'lR tile S)'IlOCI 01 T'ynI, lie lUIcl1dcd by "'*"'IlIIit c:ommcnt
nw. "'"' lell1rf plxa I/le P
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""_1, bill it &bowl, ........... IlISPU*d before..... t dlae _ _ ju$lirQ!ion rtr roura, lit.
~us' ow-
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tile. Il!Kk m Allwlasius l!wI the CIolhollc lIWIilJoo a11ow11O~, IVId il """!1IIIOl_ljM .nos! pr.do... dtX:_tIlS fl{ftJw!Jw;,1I/w7
ettk_ri",llI4tory.
TIle publie&lion lI&er thI.\ re- of the leD popyri .. JIIl1 01, ¥Olume eIIDllcd Irw, tJIId Cltrl.rd~ '" £VfX pnMdcd !he ~;IY for. _ deuIIled eA...inMiolo oIlhe llocuml:nt ",fermi U11boft wtW:h _ CIla10sued .l..onclon P.pyNJ 1911, or LP 1914,309 (My u.nxrip(ioa of 1M cIocumUIl Ippean btlooo, In Ihoo "llPeI'd~l FI'(Mn ialenLal uidence. Bell ~ LP 1911 U ........, been wriuen IllftlftiaIc in May or J _ or AD l]5.311) Hit ...._ for clUJ olllle lela fU)I' Ill: ..........nzai .. foIlowI;
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309tIJ, ... J~ - . CJIrUliau .. £1»1, '-'-.
191" Sl-fl. lilla.n. J_.-I C.............. c_., 51.
Int;
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n
THE EAALY EPlSCa'ALCARa:ll. OF AntAKASlUS
I. 2.
II wnlWl dwinllhe lime WI Al/WIIIilll was in IICtuaI p" 0I1be _01 Ale.uncIria, .... is, aIier J-= AD m. II delc.ribel !he KtioM 01 Allwlaailll duriaa • tialof. w .... U/Iclui:tIIIoe wlllllble 10 iaaiJUl: _ _ ...... \IIoe r.te~. he .... f., flOO'll lIimteJr. Bell _ l h u -u.c.e ill 010 wee ill (U ndiUoa 01 tIdI ~ durilll Ibe urly ,an 01 hill epiwqwc, ad illllaed it ill .., plikdy lla lin tlIeir &lIWlcc witlt tile E~ ~J' !he Mekt.UBI were JlJO"I _p to coutitlIIe • raJ ........ '" II ~,"lItis IlliMoe .... prllbabl'J' ... (or-
_e
_Ibercfooc. -.
-.ns
1.
4.
5.
10. Alllioc:h (1.304). TIle lellel aMes tlIlit u Athanal:i1D was prtlpari", to ao on. jounley (l.J\ltr.)•• etnaIn AIt::IIoelMn (wllom Bell identiflellll • Qlll{~ 01 _ . . - 4 u Ihe orden 01 • John (l.3Srr.). This 1ol10'o
AlIwIail;u.>
Jll/w.l.55. JI2/ . 3IJ/ ~I,: IkII 10010
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THE EARLY EPf5O)pALC4'FF' OF AntANASlUS
dle banda or AtIlaIwilll'l ICIbemlu Illd of "'~h.. blrul'lf,·Ul The 1lUld.vd inleqRUItion of IJ> I!H4, flfll prcIKfIlf:d by 8dl in 19'204.....' be summariJ
'*
On !he c¥miDJol2" ~ (19 ~ AD]]5. sl:i&bLly IhuI two _ _ ~fcn AlhaDMius', ~ fer ~, . . .lId< IIOOk p1ao::c at
Me... ,
of Alex ........ ~ ... _&hok' or !he I ill 11K 1lliIila'J' CIIIlp ooIlicll ~ lire _lIlIity.n2 nc. IllKt IlId bop • !he r.ou.e of Htncu. _ RfICiOfder dle pic,. clIy (11.3, f). 0. dlcday" 1 . . - ~_. a-ofl...nopoW.nerxciD& Hen1scIIIa Ale· ...... bel _ 10" widI_lator _ _ ............ bUbop'1lll1ll:C8Illp- (11.6-1). ~ D Bdl'.lIT''';'' "'die dIer· cal$ of AdlMIIiaI"" h
N-·, ••;•. '
~
_rot>!'
<-
-.I,
(1.2&).
AocClr'dlnt; IQ kll. !he :emaillder of Ihe Ieuu decribet LIle tone=l auill>(\el and II:llans of Atlwasiu'..-.d IIis f(llJowtn, Imll>OllWly bcfcn lbc Synod of Tyrc. AlhanuJlII is ll=ribcd. at bcini ""elY despooclent" aIld -~a. dlJlreu" 0'<11'" III tvents whic:. ilI"tOlved \lie CflIpetor IIlld lilt pc»-
Mac""'"
aible ItTUl of (II.:lO. 31). T1x followill, lillea In: I1IWlatcd (1.31lT.) ud Me.. llIcrdQf1:. of liult belfJ III I'urtlw!r tlj)IIi.Ula the cin:llmMIIlUS wblch rollow. AUlea5hl'. IICCOrdIna: III ~11. IClII Arc:beWa IUld AtlwIasi.... lbe _ cl ClpilO. III IlleJllpllO fI_no4t MJ(.ari1ll. b\ll werelbellldYCI dtWntd b)' MAplJobn. (II) NtdodI M(1I.3S-36). Owin& 10 l1lillllP*tCRl ~¥r!aI. A.1bIIIuius ill'tJIOf'td u bciJl& IlellunI III lea..., die 00UlIlIJ (II.3&, 39).
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" A f.nllar bn:i.t ill tile IW lICClQ III U. 41. boot Bell I' .". l!Ia 1111: saIljoaollk . . . . . . . oIlbelmer . ' _ .. boI All . . 31] ne Ir:urr dJ ol . . M ~ oIJ. biItop tile Lowv C ," Mo ... 1Ioea a.r-t io. _ aPct (1.42) &I'd 01, prd _ ~ wlIoo wer'e aIIo ~(11.'3, 44). HttaiIazI. ..... lIIppOaQ .. -.. . belli ~;,,_ ~ Millet. .-iMd ;" l!Ie c-.p -.I .... ~ 10 om.," -Sc4lt1foq1l * ~ of faIIr lb)'l (11..43.46). 0. 27 ~ (Zl May) I fW1ller - - . bistqIs......, aikd, inc'odin, £.u _ Pns (11.41, 41), 8cl1 idaltifatll 1Ili:s hlQ "';!b 1111: per-. 01 tile lillie _ ill !he lI.rNIri_ MiJUll.J 2A
or
n. i'IaaI portOI oIll1c ltucr is IWn "" widldoe ~ d br-' ""ll!lla Ihc ~17 .... moncd ~ p 10 Itae .. ba liYall/ll/lc. AtIlt. 1rQ.1Ilc reciptna. .uaraulloll!lll inlarmaioa.,...",jno:t widlin 1tUlIetw, Bdlume Q - . J COIIdllSians ...i<:.. hI..., pi...t ..... a:cq:UIICC. II ..... be Ilaal, 1Iow«cr..... I/lI. CJnIlJ:IIIhnIst of ~ ~ ; . dle. re$dr. 01 BeD's pMjeular ilIltrpnlalioa 011111: lUI; Ills in", I a O'l _ ' " 1M IeIw 1O,;au prior 10 1M S"'" allce incident IIld the. 1II11f1kr or AnelIilll tai4 lIOlhil\l about !be
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..... Ilia. wtbO;k appear 10 bne IlcaI ~..-d ill U' 1914. Bell is aulioll. ia m Ju4rnenl. oL IIle bishop of Uld ci~ dlis ewl·qtjge· -Vet Illlll/lll . . be foo-plllCOl Icuer of Otllj"P'.rm is . . «>; fIO'. - - . T1Ie faelS be rtlIIeI c-. b-dIr be b"· I, ... me,.
W aju.lllfAliooo ~ bo. doa; 1IOII.uo.IO lIC'PtU. Nod iI..,. be llIlfait 10 foIu'ld OIl dIeIc Uld .... ilar fKU a ICGCJllI ~ 01 ~ .. dIoqll we MllIlll fUIIu ill his: cMnaa- .-I enors iIlllis ClIDduI:t. -n1 BdI fW!bu _ ~ l!Io: bdm 01 bodl JidcI; ill dIiI COIllflia 1II'I:ft 1KUl& in QIrisliu cUrit)' 10...."" dIU ... while ndI CllIiiII' , 01 ~ edI _ _ ""iDq: ID .... . . 0Ib'cd'wl .. 'b ...' ofpeo .• »1 Yet. KCUdiua ID 8dl, ~A fair Uld critkaI,/udpDeaI bet .. Wi ~ . " _ GW' M must ral OIl a ·:4emioll. 110II of JudI deaIls. buI 0( a:aI ptf1IOIlalil:)' .oDd of IIle NilII-.c .. StIle. -1<9 WridnI_ ~ ~ in 192'5, Ben iDdil:slcs. ho'O/C'iCl'. WI LP 1914 OIlly ~ ia pn:win& ",,11M could u.:.dy hr. aIIUIllIld . . . lhe CUl>-lhaI is. thai Al!ul,*l~s ....., Kuvely involved in \Ile pentC~tlon of die Mdetians. B.ll ClOIlImtnlt WI die ~)'OIIna: Athana'liLd~"'oo lwei IUa;IlOIdIld AIe>:ar>der in lho episcopal ~ of SL I>W1< ~_ af a maslef1'ul tun~nL willian lho ilItn1111'MCe W Illl!le Irnpalimce of)'OlAh tutti ""'" "","IItoW die •• idelocc 01 tho lkx:wn.nt (I.,., LP 1914] lir prier assumption by Bell 01 tbo .~ik 01 Al/IanQjU17 111 bls lnlrOl;\ul;tiotllO die Meletiaa papyri collection, Bell cila only twa 0Ih0r JCIUIUI wlIiclllleal ""ith Alhana!I:i",,', H'fioknl eandriAD in dle ml....... lht S)'DCId 011')'1'10. which. uaflol SanIiea ~ _ AD }oil. nellamlli.... IU)' ,,*"'$
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n In tile Ienu Is batb ~ and JPOC=ir", ill dcIcribIJlIl.he eturp which ....., .... 1piftA Al1wwi1d:
Aec:_u prxlefel. at lk inilari.a. .iollUllia. eaeda, I!qUC ipu epi.Jl;oponolll Illle1llitilllle Ii.............,...). Quiq_ elialll diebus ~ir pIlIthIe l)ftlWIir:o _ .mm._1M aquenmilihm hn:-.~~
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alllldea. For CUlI'Iplc.1le c:ommelllS dlIl. lbelUll'ial ~ Illd lbe cMIia ilIcidmt -pew ill . . Cl)IIr1It ollimc.. .. lbe Ieaer 01 1M 0rieNaJ Coati! of Sardic:I A1IlIM$i... is ICO!pd 01 hnlDc PC'~" bIotallllc .....lj...., IIlIlllIlad IboI alta, owawned lhc pricII'l dIIir. &'ld cltmoIistIcd tbe d\\lIdI!-Ul no. the IlOries of AI!lallMiu'. 1.1 . ieecl. hid bol:a crud' em bell........ bJ!Iit . I ill. rdali...ly IlIort period ollimc 111m: c. be liWl: dDIIbL N1!Ia1Dcn, we _ ect.-Icdp IbM bolll dlo S~ at T)n: lAd tbe ClritmlII Counr;il of Sardica, rlUll wlUdlllle ftCOnlI 01 mdI "'i""'"'d' ~ dra.... _.w.dy boItiIe lDWadI Irld wen: rillcd oritIllllole .. bo IDU&!K hU ~lion. The imPKtoflJ' 191411p01l1llbleq_eYIIYllionsoi AttIanIsi... .IIld II" etlartelCr hat been proroW>d. AJl!loqIl IIdI did DOt acrw willi tile opiDiolIl about AI/IaoIui.. which bad been c>.1R$Kd by Seed: IIId Scbwam. tbe ilutfJIlelJlion or LP 1914 ...... ,ell "'1lS pre$Cnled In J~ /IIId Cltrhdwu ill £,1P' did _m 10 lend lUpporIlO Lhtir view of A1hInaaIus lIS .. VIlSl'UjlUIous Itld ruthlCSl man ... ho would InIl'n, _ ooly wlllin, 10 Dnit lhal A~llI o/\ea. Powed ~ Il'Ore ollhe wisdonl of llerpent llwI tbe harmleuDea of II» clo¥e," and lIIaI -allOlClher one ditoenu III hili cweer !he Iwd• ..-c.whal lIIlIll'IlIble ClUlIirw of !be ..... '",,,ie·1 fII_ nllIa' thalllfle lIJ=. of 1Jle ....nt or -=tlolar,-3» Tha4 tile aundard IalCl'pfUllion or LP 1914. rtlll olTeI1ld by Bell ill 1924, ... been ~ IlId e-pIlldecI ~ by • ..........ber of AlhanasiIrI -=lioi#i is CUly c'
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lnHiary of,..... IV (CSEL 6j. F.d. ... 9-67. 20). n3a.n. J_8 _ C............... ciI~ . 3)y: •• Sed:. 8<11 s-t 10 - ' I o l .. liIOJ """""'" 10 _ . " ·'h."iw -. do II1II Jar (11011, ciI~ 175). or S<:l 1lolI _ ~ = • ......... III .... 7'1'" __ dot, . of "'10' ,. __ •
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20 (19n): 72-89; ""'" LA. ludJo ..... $,R, Pick....... ~1'apynI. eo...m.ily bo Eppo .. lho ....""""" e-y.w _ 20 (1m): .'·71. ldJ""cc .... 1'iok& "'" dlorlc<s. -W tAbIf; pi.- clorinc 1lIiJ"'" (66.71). n.lho ...W* .._ . .;", lho M'rk_ .. LP 191. _ lho nul dll)'''' off . ~opolol1"_IO _ _ Ii _ . (11). S..tl. ot>---_ lObo _ .. lho oi,*, '"""It '_Iy ..._ , _ widI . . oiol "' .... ..w..,.-
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wdt..... wIl(I allieII ~ wiIh ..........u-ud Bdl wtieaIt:Ilha 1llU oaIy led: plaR i111hr. pcriDd <1/10 Tyoe!~ &eU"'..ta . . dit· '__-Ioa \lEt,.... I/le. Melcti:aal .'110 lIacl IJlitd IdYU wido IIIe F .t' • dle e. .~ ODIIlm.... ~ ... (at ill LP 1917) dl:fcclias IIId uilu all« lh& Synod 01 T)re, ftICeded N:I QblaoritJ. From Ib: uzummu wlIlcIl ""... boen ",eaoOlU:l abcM. 110_+<1, tIUs ell) ItIal. .... cowx of lime lhc ArianI _ l'OfIILI-ly uIIecI Mdniat .. £ol:Il..:w!I FurtbrnIoore. . . aclIll:reaII ol COlIeNIR _rd'amllD _all in of 1lelI"1 wriutIl WOI1< ~ dolJ_15O CrmlaIy ltxrc 1& -,. IiDJe l:Yidoncc l(l JuPpClftIUd • _pIiM "'"' of ItIc oj".'. ill E,)'lll III !he !at ,an Mlidl fo/Iowed II-. deyllioa of AlIanasi.. 10 Ille iIIrone of SL Mn DKII11cre it mlldl evidence q:ain$t iL A. "- bcea cliJcuued above, Atlumasius hilllRlf ""IS COilCCllic:4 in hi• ...ritinl_ witll llIe M.nichaelllll, llIe Meleti"I. III1l and lbe
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Collulhlans. Nordller."s.-..:h has iNlic.ell thllil is hithly ~ I/gl • larie number of Mek:lianI had liven their support 10 AlhIlIIlIiUllHfote !he Synod of Tylllllld were activc!y engaged in OJlPO"inJ alld d!stfedhlnJ !heir former bn:LhmI. Cenain papyri. such u LP 1917. point to other. largely ;"e depeNle:nt, collllllunill.. Dl McletWu ...110, .... hilo certainly ll(lI Arian (or EuJebllUl) In lllelf theoIoak:alootkd aUo CllpnlSscd liuJc (If no Loyally 10wardI tlle a:c1GsiuUc:al eslablisllmenl. in AIe.r.IlIdria. Pinal.y, tlle Mdelian. EIIICbIan lJliMlQe .... bitb eWItd bach inside IIIId 0IIIside of EaYPl durilli tlle Ilme oocb a:nslderIlion 8Id IIU2ClCd many ~ is ...:lllIlCAOCIltl in • ....;.se variclJ' 0 1 - . In..xlillon 10 tlle _ r.a tIw. tbeso....,. ~ KIlW1)' uisled and ~ iIln_ dlUia& Ibis 1IIrbuIml. period ill EaJpI, __ is eWQ')' . - 10 jm all ollbcsc pKtirs,...s tlle indi......... .nJoia tllem,
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" fQrlnt4. paUem of dlifPIl& alliances mol ..iud Ioyalliel. 1II111e cue of 1Jc1l)ftl. for example, we appan:nUy see ....... -ordained" by Collutbus wbo etlote 10 mnain in.,;bison after his \QcIa'. ~ I im \lie AIe>aldriaa dllll'ch.3 S1 "(Ier """"',.:ars ia isnLo'ion. ""'itla only his family as. priest. it appears IbM be joined himsr.If '" \lie Meletiaftl ~y ara \lie tubrllissiofl of Melclia$, for his ........ docs . . appear on Ihl: .. whidI _ IUbortille4 10 AI~).JS1 SliD ...... liB is brtlu&ht 10 lhe Synod ot T)'Tll U 811 _ of Alhanums, m>dcr lhe proltelioll of Euscbi... d: N' f, • .lot. Atd'4¢. m idyraI wu~)'pcnwdcd by his rdalivcs 10 _ his c!wges JgaiaIt MIZiaSi... md _ reconciIe4 10 1M bisbop, aiIlloup pUad undu amun:. l s.4 Tllis situIdcD.~, ..... toOII re'IUXd -..tlc.R lJdl.}'t1lS lIpin bmk.£ wU AlIwlasias, =ewal his charlu. alld was -pvell llle nazne of bUhop" by \he EIIHbians.3H AlIhoug/I dle QIJl: ac I£ItyrB is br I'mm lJpical, it does il~ the pDlnt tha !be eor"",i....,, .liWlllioa in Egypt ffOlll SIAbIe and cannot be m. duced 10 doe IOlPeWlla .mplislic: iao whidI i• .uumed by 1ld1.356 1.5 Bell hi1ll5Olif II» Slid. "'dIe hisDiuI. ""-va emi-. is. boI4 _ who -u 10 inle:rtnt IIle hiswry of the bIrth otIIllUy 00 llle lines of InIIdIn , . tionIUtm,"3S7 While his r e I = ill thir qool3liOll is 10 C"".wlline, if could ~ll apply 10 any Illempled illlerptet:llioll of lIIe ecdeswlic.ol politia of posl·Nicene EmK. 11la ~1I.10\lS and political situation d~bed above takes on even zrealel' imponallCe ...hen III auempt is rna
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ThI:: Styli:: of lhe Ieue' i. unforwnateJy .wk ard and 11 ~me. obsclU'e; and ll'\OItO>'er a private letter. tile wriLeJ of hich, r¢furilla: 10 malleI'S familiar 10 biJ C
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wilhill hi. pcri;lIIa iWP'Pbiclll $elIing. we ..... alII lillie 1M Ili$ rqICliIiooI \IIIIl 01 wonb Md ~ ";!hW. ~ ~ or e(lnj~lI(t_ (11,9. 10). hiI omwion 0I1;On~.. WOfdI (I, JI). Uld hit _ 01 ~ _ " ' " dMaI..-iIIoDw COIIjuro;:tioM (11.14.41) 110 thow. ~ difficulty wiIlIllMllIlq Ibo:. bnpqe.. ~ eua m. .; , lherd'cn. oIlhe pI:nse 1Io'll.iclI8dl1lal1n"'IoW. "W ~ of A • ' I~ 00IIk1 ~ poaO1Ity eMf}' - ' CaWBly. II is poniNe 10 IUQeIl froIII __ ~ "SII'C oflllc fOOl word Will100 liN '-Ion ,eaduecl by Bell _y ... ia fItt. be ..boIly 1Iliil'1l:IOfJ. nil ~ .... plvaIc illIIsnallcll·. _ _ 1bM~. UT'l13!O is .. iEo .._ . Uld IIIIIc&s lie is faidltaJ 10 his ori&ia&I his iIlIerpreuPollln&y be euile!y ..uludiaa. ~]62 Tbi&, 01 e:aur&, ...... 10 sugeIl" BdI _ ......... 10 ...ru ..}1lliJoc otbef dllIll. tailhruI1nIlSbIicn oldie IfW. II" ~ 10k. ~0I1hi1~ plnw. _lMfly WIaeoIald by" ~ ilia 0I1bo:. lcual a:mIUlllld,IlIa«OIC, rd'II:uod llio own bill. For BcD I1Itn: were OBIy _ putiu iftolftO-.dlc Alb I' IIId IIbr. Melriop, r. Ira I ' . IbcnCore, Il&cIIl) widlUa . . Idotaoc 01'" N . . -
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'Hptultr"", (1.25) ";lhi.a Ilais comm....i'y. He was. • Bell Drs. ~iW*U1dr' penllIl of _ ~- _ . . Iille ~ rnJ_S' - ' d jMirw dill ... _ • prioa. ar bislIap. ~ dlc lader fII. ric Qlmllllllliily."" T"lliln Us n<:II ba:a ,.... dill .. _ -..., 01_ Iipope, lOt "'" by lIM ....eletilas ill 'W'ri'" 10 Adt.InasM..~:M5 Yea,. BdI .,., ." ... arious objcui<M 10 lhil ~... chaI . . . . ~ _
.,oIlhcecc,,* ' .. t'.· ...... rderlObllLYel - - . . difrlf;"'Y ia tlH: ICil 01 LP 191~ l;IClan owill& ID. bkmisllill lIM Pif/l"llil'oOowiDllhc r_ ~ of liM 41. BeU ~ Iur:t _ _ II.- "ktc I ~ WQn!II . . . NIm RWtI)' -..dI of ... pIJIyf\III. _l61 k II. lIlOSl: lII1Caruma difl"1l;\l1ty, for 11M porDgn _ a-ay _ lltd, 1ndic1.... Ille subjecl ollhc remailli... tina.AIIIloouP Sdl . . . WI. "c.ld....1, ~"" is tbc 1Ub~- ~ .. lOOC/Iint; ..tridl positi¥ely indicales 1llal LIlis is ...361 AdwoasiuJ II clearly !be allbjeQ ollhllt portU of Illc lUI wbidl cgmCl br:b'e lbe bfW: (11.29"1). bullbe COIlIeU .... ~ of a::tn$ illlfic:atell by Olljp,n 'oI!owllIc IlK 41 maka il possi. ble WI ~ per.- or pany has btm iN/'Odccd Inlo lbe 1CeOIlnl. AlhuM-1IimR1f is NX IIlUIlioiiOCl .,am by _ aI'Icr Idle '\. W1leIllbc IClIIIll pIilytk:ol . . 01 Lbe Ill'pytuS itse!f is eumined, iI be>< eI dea- 1Il:M e¥tll lbe IaIIl ilWrmaticxll*0'idc4 iIlliRes 41 IIId 4'.l. _ be 'IlewecI.i!h • wuy ¢ri11ca! We cnllOl. ltlcn:fore. 11ilOlll.Wn, UIQI1Ie lIlat
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3MH.......- . -0. Md.ti in P. t . - VI (P. Jowo) 1914," <>p. ci... "'1.~. «»I1aldt Iha' H..,o.i l~ roc,. til. M.loti", bllhop of ...... """'" (453~ Ttlio owerti... if boo<>cl OIIlltol~ """" dIo lnfon..."lon oonlOinor4 wkhlrl LP 1914 willi no <111m oonI<mp>nry .,"""01 _ _ clootll.
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Al!laNsillS illIle individull who "c:aniaI ofla bi!bop of IIle I...owa' Country and.shut him up ill a meal marta.- (11.42, 43). imprisoned IIle llt:aooa (IM).OIdera HeraiJcus ~(1.46}.OIWJed\he _Yea ~(1.41). TIoose bishops ~ _ «iled could. ill fact. bdcInC III . . y ~ IIIoR puties named Il)c:rte, illcludinl die Alba . ' }69 Funhoer
m.
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from AtIlanaslul, thc only !X'siuvely i(Jenlifte(\ pl:l'$Oll)..... ere ill aclivc lhroIIghouI the entire span of this \Wclve-year pcriod.372 Finally, the Ilesita·
36'n..". &t• • !sa OIhu .nmpl., ~f diffiouhi.. in "an,l.,;"" &I'd lnI"""tll.Mn in LP Ig14. Fe, .....,ple, In I.... 29 _ ••"" d>oa fello.. ~: ',\5.....",. . Ii "f7d~ da,.r m ..mls- ""Pfx< ~r.. rdjJ..._ lild '" _~..... It iJ oboiGua f"""
' ..... "'" ;, .. less _
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writiol&t ... COIl..,. di.,lOS>
- . . u.. - . _ oJ ColI"""_ A _lien ..1,100 _ bo _ _ Ih<. dioUCSt.- .. ,.... sympalhJ 1'OIbor"" -'J>oIIIy. 01. ..,. lbis ......1<1 _ _
.. 1>0.101 k""" wilh lho , _ _ <Jfltw_. 310Cf. 8eIL J_ _ C_ _.•.
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................
31llkll. 1ס0o. cil. 312 _ . b aamplo. _
-.
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..r l_lia •• - - . - .. IIoc P'- .. T}ft. ... low lodo"", pi ....
Isu<
_ of lIoo W- r. Ioio f>Io& co-. DO Ioio iIll'IlIoEa """' 600: 0pilZ, 141. 11.11-10). se ,= IS _ lsa.-: ... _ 01 ..... .."" 010<> aocuod A.-.M 01......- '"""""'" (HE 1, 25). L.t . . . . _ 01"" '". ies. Itw 0E*00l e - ; J of s-.. (lfa-y er - . . lV. 77). .... AIduPo . uiJ&oIlolloOliq .... cfT)11' ($ HB 1, 31). boo _..., _ ...
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..u;IIJ"h-";',,1I1:&icl widlin 1hr.1IW Iallr.u..llbe Synod 01 11 die _ loacI boa na:i Marc:k, ..... p:s&ed iaLP 1911."" Canjp ·s laD lqu~ Ilk ksilllitw .....May, IhiI - ' d 1IIOt ID be d1elariAlly pro&IW;led period wild;
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tro. WI t."itiooed br Bdl,1lIId allifl=l,t ~1l1D daciac, 1lIo: CCIlin: dlrusIolLPI914It1C1iQ""*, riiidtJpie. . . . . rmicI/lrdloal&
cooMd \Ie Did .......... LP 1914 8IId llIMr. pulliiiips of dill .... caoId be pat ro •• d, 1l1li iIIis - ' d !aU • _ a:I(lpIl ol __ pn::stIIl mody. IldI DIialldailad IbI _ _ ....... dId • • • -'- oa!J io.lerale4 ill ltIc ....,. nidl ... a.dJ 01 .-P7riiC' .... 1,. n.l:ialti
-.el all
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clearly any sinc14 ","pyrw 00' collection orpapyri It ~Mbk. 10 ~yeal all the facts 01. pan!cullllllhlllion. l1ley are mcrdy lndkalorI and .lridal wilhin •
wider tude or h"LOricaI in¥CSliptilOfl.. A. Bell hlmKIr wrllie. ""1bcrc is. daJIget 01 e>.1Ufl'li1lJ 1M darUr $ilk. SlICh evidellce u 1Iw or Ihc pmpyri lillY usay mislead; (or it IoII1buses, difflCllltiu and Inqn1aiIk$, IlIIbcr IbIro Ihe IlOmIal 'OIIWkini ollha S)'$IaD docllJntflll rerood. w )16
whidI..,..
he ttmoinod ..,oj•• In 1M '_1/I01dI of ~ .. po...... """ of "';c), ..... " ...iodl.
)1)Boll. I#w. _ C~ •. ai.• ~ n. )1tq. Scu. cil~ 160; 1f"".1 (19049): Sl. n51.u. IIWI _ C..iori...... 1l5-1:lll. aoU', UIlIuioono far "'" - r ~ . , U' 1m .... m' • _ of .... +r . r.- ... "" : "Tloo _ _ ... _lo _ _ .... louol ....
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II iI-aJo ID My 1ha,.JIhauP all of . . lIlileftlli.a illed abowc possibll;1y thai BdI'I iAitiI.I 100. aid II 10 oIl1' 1914 illbIol:aildy cartea.lbe1_ ~ • .(Ii doctIlIMI ~ ill . . _ of.. ... III plOCI puIki 01 . . . . \enc _ of ~ ' I" ....... AI..;u,..,. piIft (Ii wrioaIlUoricaI eYidence we _ C(lllllIlUIC lei ccmia 'l'rsriool: II Ill. piece 01 writias ",mlnd I I . -'AI" ~ How are we 10 be CCl'IIIin? W'- is 1lle rebuclIlSIlip ber een 1lle ubor ..... Ibs ~ (or e_> ,...dDd1 How cIoes il_.... e.itli 0Ihcr ~..-1 111 ClllIcr W'lltdiJ, we ______ of III ..conned ....... _WId IIOl be 4Isa1atlll or Ild ...,. by ~ • .,.-.- Of ptejudloeL tn iu,lbs eYidcace of LP 1914. Mlic:k, ~ ill ecdelidical Of polltallOlOn:e, iI dcIrIy "" .... ~ - . l of e~, we IIIDuId filer ~.'Iown ,a,..bon Ille ...,j&lctoflhe"",oI_ioIeolCC 10 funloa'. 'cliliolOl caase. Qearl.y, tIicn: 1ft ~ ..110 would _ AIhanaIiuII 01 OupLicily, bur. his ..ritinp II80d 10 be CGlIicIered 111111: Ie-.. publk: ""II '1Ii' of IriJ own ........ AItIiocp II II _ IJllpoaible hi k ..., Yldeace. we may
*
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compel, bul 10 persude.-3IO Moreover, AIMnlllDI .... _iolenl ilnimidlllon lJIlIle foll"",lnlllCmlS: II II In t.hll mlllncr Lh.II the dem, ",hen he hal 110 1JUt.h llOI hls side, .IlKQ Ill(! tweaks down with axes and hammers \be door'I of lhem Lhat admit ~Im. Bill OIIJ Sa.iour ill 10 &C"'lic dial he ~ ;n 1lIi1 ""Y. M;' any ..... willi 10 came aflcr me,- and "oIlloI:ocvcr ..illl 10 be my ditt:iple": ud JO each penon lioe &:lei noc foml dlenl, but laoocb Mille door,)11
com,.,
It ...........,1ICIll Iha .. tlaic pauqrs Adlanaooi.. _ wri(lQa ..... IIlIiIl:. "'" Iriatl peneancd IW 'ClI.... en.. We _ ... ooneha. ~W(I, . . . . . . lIe be wiIliq: lDapase UQdt 10 tIic doarp 01 iluj:Q:itt itt )TJ H... A>.... )) (Opi
n./w..lOI-. 201.
IL In-ZJ). )7'1..,.." 2 ~ U. II. I'" 11). UOH" AIMoo-" lOP«. 21'. I. )9.no" I. I)]lIH... An-. n lOP«. :NI, II. IS-I'}.
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.... ~ 10 be PJty oll>ldl criIKiI Some. 'lila lh= _ 1oI-.c beeIl_ , d Ir'IIIh
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, . --.:1O_Jilc::ac:e ....._ . . __ u-.a.T,..e. Yel: Iht..u..oe rJI A'''ee . aT"" .. dliI...n.r. . .1..... _iijWallO IK .... clldlYlM . . .-..-...) JboUl be rie'ooocIiII He..,,_ ..... _.aal ~ IIle Dtildi:, of Ib: ~ dilIlIClI cal far • ,d~ .. tile • dle...., .,......ricn II ill impar-.IO-* lb&IlMI is bail::ally 1bc pe*'icM which bJ' lIoe Alluadila I)'DDd ia AD 3l1/l9 • lite)' -.:JCrieaU,. rejoclal tk chI<JeI ....sc IIpiAsl A ............ 1')fe..MJ A lI)lft '·01 A.... . 'J n:w ol .... _ . . . . .' be p.d fRlIII. a_ill";' olllillallll FQIIII/~. MIitll_ COIOipollt4. AD}lB <:iItlor Milr. _ _ fma _aik ill Trier or wlIile .. ,t, . . . M"tria.~ Here Art. 'III J loW clNrdl .. Jaok ..-lheif pew lrieods.llI ~ "foii._ 01 DPid,-1lIe "wled_ 01 JKOb.- IIIId lbc. !mY or ]~. _ardI c--. wtIo • ...,
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,oit" IIJICIIIIhcDI..lIS ~ all, \Iley . " a!IolftollO Milftilale !he uampk of OW' S.vlour. who J;rievaI for tlqo. ....1Io 1M IIItb lhinp. _316 "pin, Am.nuIuI "'Iy ~"" !><en pUll)' of du~limy. But wauld be !lav, ~ 10 In .lettct 10 1M ocry JII'I'SO'l' .... ho WOIIld haY .Vll been • muter polin. clan. "WOUld IWn •• cry imprudcl\l caurx 10 have followed. E.lled live li:ncs. wil/llriellds and coUusutt .ubi«1ed 10 pelXCUOOn, lOI'Uu'll.1rld 6eMh, AlhanMi... _ lI'lOfe Utm linned "pnsclhan sinnng, or to it "'IOUld Ilppellf when it comes 10 !he qUleStlon of viole-.. We RlUS!, of COUI1C, live popel' regard 10 Ibe l'llhcr ~ of LP 19•• aDd, iDlk:cd. III IlIe olIler tlIIrIu which ""-",, been awk qai... AtharlllillL Yet, 001 !he wbole, i, I. pouiblc !hal Humann·1OK' VOl! WU COI'1'CCI wilen be toII\IlW:lItI:d lhal ~AlhaNsI.... never poe w:ay 11>. blind PI"IY apirit. atId never lost dghl 0( Ibe inllef ..bich lay behind and beyond !be difpulCd fomluialiollL ~lIl
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. -.e.
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If lftiI ., ~ ............, IK If'C* '''''o!oIic'' of ""' liIna. . . dial. A ' 'jm . . , k:a .......iIlIllle lMicy of Ibo. choQ ... doc ill .. hidll.IIoat M;p be rl" CIeIrty, _ _ pr) 'olpr'1'WQ W Is -W ......... "OI I i podoc&i dlC.kIq:_. Mut_.lliJditJlaIlt III - . - . , . toe wocld !law. lad __ ...,.. io ~ MdctiIll-.. -u: W. sa-alIJ clioeau1. aE~ cI OM' e .... jari-jcb'" apIast IIIcoB .. tile ar!y ,.an oE kiI \" 1>1e We MIlIA abo teqI il:I ..iad ibat it .........., dIcse C3I'ly ,..an ia ~ . . . nulllber IlL Mdru. ~ II> haft brIcame udr.al SO:WC:-k'l oLlIlc)'Oll" btshopoL AIuanck'ia, ~tly wilJogu( cw Cot many of dleir ~ bpIal inlD "PP""irion wMout ... y irnma:l;' _. b11ba lIIlIII Palysis, we must eoNider ... haI it libl)' lD hlIn ratm place in till. lnlub!a1 liltLllioo p¥m aU otllle ...ilabll: illbmUiDa. AIlIooup _ y poaibk EeUrias may be ~ _ I do .... in r.:... ~ prob&blc.. Some build only 1IfIll'I ..".me of liluct. prdcninJ lD view A.....· " · • • 1ItIaIbwy ~ tnc"' _ ~ ....... ID IIle _rcq ot 1M c:IlmpirK:ia ia wbido.lIIII. ... illvoll/!lll. Ytt. " ' - of dlC. e.-idencol? AdIanui...•• viDdialion by \he IY*Id of EayptiM bis/aop$, hQ support by IIrp a..mllen or fmncr ~iekli3nI,Ids ~ by !hi. rij(WUIIS ftlOlWlic commlllliliel or Ihe EI)'plian desert. 1lls - . I ...rium Iepc)' ..... CUll'" pena:1IlIcn, IDd his Ialer vast popularilJ in E&YJlt oil IrJ'I'l tpiIISl Ibo mndanl interpl:lIlioft of U' 1914 IS prima/lJJl:wftideoce 01 AlhanasiUS'I viQlenl ~ towards his lheoIogiaI and polilic:al tqIOfIeIIlI. Thr. inlemll quesllon.. lhcRfln. which h3vc been mi$ed in LP 1914 are by no means completely ICUlcd ..... llave ret lD be fully nICOI>clll!d ",ltll elteIUl ~ aDd pQccd ";lhill llleir proper hislorial seD.iD,. J.~
ys
r ..,.u -...........
,an
T1w OratifJII fl/Gr~fD'JN~1l I\na1, Md _ ~.1OIII'l:e lila is liJ1cd by F'nnf;:u ¥QO,IIII ODd William RUICII in their re'5 'lelllS of 1Ilc~ of AtNnaJiUl is Ihe femval onUon (0'1IIw.. 21) oCGrrllOl)' Nlzianun in whic~ Ille Ii'" and lhcoIolPcll avities of AlhaaniIlS arc "'!n&iIQl...cl_bered..loll 1lIeir _ 10 1hil1locumcnl .. lIII aid _ die • 'lela ol AlIlaAaillll .. or _ . llII .......... _ of • paDq)ric .. ~ (01 ... -.;1ft IIoq .. irs iaa:atb lbe exaltaeioaorl!le _,At ol .... biIbop qI Ak.....rla; .. Grqory .ya. -Ill praisiq AlUmasia, I dIaIl be 'rirI-. To spcalr; or loiM -.1 III praiae ........ am.- ia _ - . ~ '-d. or 10 spcat _~. has cmtnc:ed YirDoe iD its atfttt _1tiInaE1f.-J19 -.1 11.. .... pclUi'I'C iii Grefory', 0.- -.1 _ _ pdia.
nc
._ed Y-.:
kIwe_.
)I~_lIUIeLO"";-~I II . ' .. J. w-oy.Gr#".w« 11_ _• 0 - . lO-2J. SC 'l1O. Pom. 19110. 110.1'3. .....,. to. ..... po.' ••• ;, , '- ...... cit. "'109. Tlio I e ' eL .... _,.., • . . - ill PO
1U1,._
n. cok. 1001.UK,
3190_.... 21. _ _ 1; M.....,.••. cit. 111. 11. \·2
'" _ ...bck lDOIi¥lltion "'l1 olIj1a.-dle dtfcnIII of ... _ , 01 AINNsi..s Ipllllt Ille critital, and oI\cn hosliIe. IlOllClI'tlIodo leporq ..-minllllis ae:tiolls Mel (I• • lei whith were SliU In dIcu1alian " ' . (irecor>' deIi>fte1 Ibis IddRa ~ bel-.. AD 3191ftd AD 381.)90 DrlwiDa; apo.!he raeudl ol Roucll, V-,: simply ~ thai lIleu weu ~ ~ 1Iw. Clftpy"'v=-'''fdt_bldlO _ _ II; bill C;Tk. ~)91 ne , , _ I 01 Ruck "Illidt RealI ... Ii" Abswlcc 10 lIIis 'Q~'";,;~ boIilclI . . l/Ic prcllliJI: 1M 1M • u oIl'l1lk11llq:jas IDf 1hc lrNtirimll ~uUc:. oILP 19\" must be: inc"",", lA dleOCl&Jlnlaioa d . . . 1liJllJraI pic;_ 01 ""'llIn";'.. Far IlioId., die falh'aI cnlioa 01 (J1qU)' coMlfllII dIIIlhea critical ~ roDOeIlIl"l !lie bisbop at AIuaIdia. ~ y Ihok ,.......dcd. by PIti~.-en:.uI ~.....p QUJC c>;&;dl and,1lomfcn. dlapecIlhe 8ddn::a of Grqory, ..110 anemptillJ 10 .-e- 11M onIlodoa ..cIIIOIJ of A"'·.... A_II _ bis cue ill_ ~....--;
rr-_380
OrDfitM 21 olCftpyNlriomee [lsjl_pvbf,bIy • Ihe fcaII of SL AI"'n"';'., lC'O'IOlIJ rlie] ran Iht:r "" .... A! toe lliI.... IIid Ibo¥e. IftiI, of Goqory po I mu ~ II I alll! IIld piIIK of l/Ic Clluttll 1\0 defCDlial her apinst !he Ariu menI(:1C, BlOt tcrUift f er' ofllle UIIUJ' lmlIliYdy be IIkaI II .. N*:IDpllO dcA, IIkpboftis from Itle ~ ndition. 11lc: cad of lIOCliolI I j is • clc no Uplic:il mentiool of Ibe
kllId or lnfornwioD pro'Ilded by P!lilclslorJNs. but ;, is tJc. lhalll>ese ChaPIIII ~ .0 refullllhe PIIilosiofpan IX_lion of Alhanasius. TIM: electlon ollhe I,"lei' Is p«:selIIe4 .. unanimollll. He llllPf.¥ed ubl\mo. in Inial. blLmllle in IJIi:riI, 1IITIi1lb1e.. _l.llli~inI with lbe IeIldl:rnc.a 01, ralher.",", -00. 9). Catmot Ihe Iittlnl of UICIC It&1I1 be sun . . . ~ lei II.ilIa Lhe Oth$" re«l11ec;lioD. of AlhInI:IiuI: wtlidl 'Io'n'e Rill IIi.... IlId _ in _ d wiUl ~ lIOIlllf1lIo:d).~? lJI.lhaase,CrttcrJ'l Orlo/.". 21Cr- "';lneSI.
<_
mn..nJoCI_ofO-'.... 211o' oj. w-, .... " .. _ _ _ '. ' .. c.., " ,.. ill '19.:lID." III "". . . kM of...-.. of 11O....sri. (N_"1, •. riI.• lID). .... II _ _ ........ _ . ~ .. c. , _.7J...,..,214q1,cf._"1.9'J.I02J,.iI _ _ lUI AD 310 b • pdnobk . . . 0 ' " II> "'" I "';YoI 01 (ft.llr)' ioI c."w· Jl0 it AD '19. no.. lIoo .u., _ "'" ...... •• • ~._ or.. On"",' • .....n it CIMdI 01 . . ~ ilool,
.... סI0o .. II\<. _ _ ... iSeI _ ... D 311 (ct. MoMo" 102. 103: 1 - . , _ _.G..,...,4/N""'-": , ..a ...... 0lf0nI, 1969• • ~ .... K - - . A H~ 4/N~ n. S.M.), )9IY..... Ni<-. .. O·
•• 61.
" Wllik it ---. been SIlled _ _ .. mil -'ion. IhIt 1be>e were a bet 01 ndi • ~ A........ .JIill~ ill ~ Iu rc:udlPd..ty foflllcelllllriel. *"...-c ofR", _ ..i... O.«jq,o 21 is lea dl.-. saWfau, for. lUlIlllJer of. F". .. it doa ... _ _ 10 !aU _10 • Ihe II\CQl)' . _ 10 ..tlic~ Orati•• 21 t
bl:k»p."l '"" ...... of A"'-rios"..-- "" OIqDl)l • ..aioa ,. wtOctl RIUd! ~ 10 allooe. ..... w'" _ _ 10 ~ ",fm:Ke 10 1be PIutiIoe ~lIIOllel ror tulIft bUbnpo TIle.e \itliDp, -.I . . be _ _ • & -.er III COMIWy opia_ II« "'Cfdy • • lhelOiic:al de.a.. O"...... \illc 011 -'::Uooos" "'" 10 .. O~• • 21. 11_.,. ~ Ius oorictft!hal ...... PQIlWI)'ric Illis"'w..... 1D dll: li Mi.
-l9I
110.,.".
could abo ba Ji'f'ell • byptCbolJc lIlft "" Pi h .';na .. me .-in.a of l!Ic paD! bein& praiIIId _ lID pta *-!tIe _ _ ullaaslal ill lI:JWl& """qI....,. III claaibe !hem au.. .... '- called IIpa. IliI ......... ID lIdp Illm OUL Thll$, lI\.c:rdal;:ribilllllle ealy cncrol,.", _5. GftIP'J 1IIal<e. • fi'a/l JWl widllhr. words: --c.:.- Ibm 10 aid . . in my pIneJyTK:; for I am IaboarillJ Ilea.;". Uld IlIoqlII dcIite 10 . . . by point ariel' poinl,l/Iey teize IlflOIl 1M _ at... lila ada, - ' I .... rind no QcdIence in • tonJl wtllc.ll .. iJI ~l rupecU wdJ ... """",~oneclllld beluo.lflll. fot each ash 0tI:\lft 10 me _ faiftIr IIwI tile fIlA and lIG takes by mrm my rpeedI,"39S
'wpuAa,
AnoI/le, l;(IIIIlnQIl fJpte wed by an onICll' IllCh as (jrqory _ par_ aleiPJit,. ill .. hiI;hllle JPW:;er"'recoun1l _ taw or evcnt1 wltik cklclarinll his inWIUorllO pal ~ \heJn in .uer-.. Apin CllnlInCIlw., ... D,dlilJll 21, Itwlber rtIleI, "'UI ill 1M p...... lolloorinllbe _ quatcd abo¥e. a",1ll'Y detlara 11IM lie mU$l pUs 0_ IIlOlII of Al!IIRui...• rinDcI ill sikrQ. JiJlce wy CGllld fill mrri'd d.iIrourJeI (lIa'lini. of cawx. aIJaoly eal1mClaUlll all ~ vinIlq: in .....MIenb1e deIIiIl, and ~ his _ only 10 Ille _ Unponllll poilllS. -)96 Far IIOnI ~ his lIiIoomx II> _ \be putIaIIar c.baoJes 01 crillcs from 0lllACk IhlI onbodDr. ndiilion. GRIP'J lila)' IlIUtlll"lllft re'lon'bIy be Of as Illerely foIloo
_,It
116.
m ...... ~" ,. -"-llo" ,....-.. .'.'""",," hlittfooo. U3C/. "'-"1......~ 91.9'). 3,...,.;.....,.• •" riI~ In. _ _ 10. Il." 7. US..-'*'.•. riI~ n. }"/W~
n. 11.
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"
mE EA!U.YEPUCOi'ALCAREER OF AtHANASIlJS
We Deed IlOI, lboerd".-, III:tEII any $pm.a signiflClllOe 10 RdCh'. Ekctod W7jms of dliI addmIs be:yaIId Iutiq allow..... fur OfesoIy's c:oweo" ""III • ~ type 0I'IIDry. Second. RIISdl pl8ces pel! cmpbalis 01\ "bat lie pera:iYa 10 ~ GrqOf)"1 linlaJar ulcotiaa r. form.......' Ihls ontion ~ Alht"Vaa. Rudl P'IW"" iIut Grqcry illtIelllpliaa 10 ~den]I alkpcionll _-orIIirJcIoo;. blltitioo- alCI is conaued wiIlllloo:lK -rh ~! oIa ~ ~ wltidl .....Ilm 10 ..., llIe -.ory or • ca"'*'"""'d palrialdI,-l9'1 Fer YOIIII&. dlere i:he airiri"", thx Onpy ... felt lie bid 10 _ _ .-g Bodl ~ views _ ......., 10 d>e ;tions 34 and 3j wllere Cn:py n:bw1 the partlcular 1ss11C11ho.llhc bishop d Alexllldril flCed 10 lhe prasing issues of the universal church of his (}wn day..tOO Cutainly, it i i _ diffICult 10 tee O,,,rion 21, with the Ihemes set OUt above. as ",,"villi' particular mes· sage for Gregory's Constantioopolitan coopeption durina llIe period sur· r(lundinl1'heodollius'l ",fonn•. II is, perhal"l. nOi wilhoul signllkallCC thai Oreaory in section 35 portray. Athanasiul primarlly .s I reconciler who "bound IOgether" dJfTering parties "in I unil)' ot llCtion. '~l In Reuther's anl1ysis of Oralion:!l similar themu ~~ albeil wilh _puler emphuil OIl the use of ~ rheloricaI farm.. S~ note$ tIw., followln. the Introduaory =tiOJU 1-9, "~!ben the um~ IeCNlique IhIi be used. in l!le oraOOol 011 Cyprian. FoIk\....In. _ fIX';c.oon
or
m:..1be
or
or
Mcua,.
or
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397.. _ ... ",. cit.• 116.
39IV-.a, 1«. cit_ 399M"...,.. tJp_ riI.. 92.-~. n. ....,..... ;. .. "......;.........iJ od1loy 0. Mo T.....,. ill .... Onoiooolo .... 0......,. of Nm.._ - NdnT 27 (1m): W-234. ~.....,., ",. ciI~ ~. 40lM_. ",. ci<. IU. II. U. 3f. 402.....-. ",.ciI_ Ill. 403 ll1U~ 1 1bor ..... ..,... ... "'io. "'" lWO cncloM -.I ... A>htMoi-. IIooI!I _ of powu!oI dow of .......rI, 0......., folio ...,. of . . - ' dowdy'"'" ill IIiw
ewn-
t
odIet
"..uc.ur ~ (",_ dI~
109. 110).
of Adlarwi... •• vin..e&, bowew:r. Grqcry PfISIIC$ OlI, RanIler ..... u _Impo.wn"':
jndja.....
"to
.-IM/bjO" of th. NiOll%l. po,ltiOll. AlrMdy in Pobru.wy of tho 'lImO )'OOl" Thooodosi... IIod lv.roldodlll, !'li..... <:ommi1mOJl1 !JI his f......... o4iI:l COM'''' poplllM.. tho lhoo!olkol po,lllono of DomISlD of Romo end P.t.. of Al<:<JlI.o>1>O' of impofl.Uy,.ppo-oood -Cllholio- C1uirtionilY. noon. aoon 0.(101' "" onlOfod Coou;u: _ .. tho Nioono CJ'«d "'".....- doo dry', <11"...1>00. 11100 INoI>op " " - tho 1aIf
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• ...rIoorl" (>6U.). pooolloly. 0 _ of-.irll; . . . . AD no. a-Ioo G. lito.- - ' , _ Il. S...ao.. _ lho1 ~ 21 .,.,"" •• , lllo - . . 01; , 'I d'f_ _ ....... acq'IOlw wid! dIo - . iii. ~ io dw W:ic of........ lIit _....-... . . 1!riooodo-(UfPP. _ _ - - . ..... 7. 269). If> _
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1D!be ord>olb Il'IdiUan CllIIlOef1liJla: 1M; litt . . A_";'. and pre._ iI ill • _ Illat Is JIIitIld 10 lib _ piniadar Pl"JI'*I.. If, ill bl1. d1a .... Al'Iealu:III ..-ed .. ~ "P,~ Gn:py........... "'UO'
or or Arilllis IlO 1eII-aaa .. ..roo. I),
Hilde:«>...,. ofNio:aea Iilewise
1Icb'*creeol~~buI.""""'''~Yllf~ .• pIE.iD.J .4,)_,....... ItIe r... nW: ..... ItIe oaemIla. ollhr. 0 .......' fa pUeIaQ _ p.,., 10 equally wi1h . . alllllb."""'" J...to • . - . _I" Orqory".Pref_ 10 lbc Ataaiasal&lr ...... '-1 d.idI..pi' 1 t", rr.cI . . . . lilt; IlIiI'll. CllflIIC of IN. hiq - . . ill
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,..... itallty\e e""iduec1 by Reutber lIppt8f III bIllOi tw. ~.... erj¥e indicalors GrqorJ'I in~ In IIle '&'litini of iIle ~. ~. !tIeR. _Id lIJIPW' 10 be. _ dellft 01 jl>StlrlCIlbI ill ~ tftalilN< 21 UI lha immediale comext of lhe _uoweny In ~lInop1c IlIlhct IIlu 10 Q~gory'l eJlll)' Into an billOrieal debau conec,ninl tile ctwxler of AilwlQilll willi _ whieb not 0111, ~AlIUSpllCl. bul abo _ lIIiKd KCOIIlIU of wllictl we ...... "uk lmow~ Allhougll II ill wilhin ItIe realm orpvibj1ily Wt aoodlu intupmaUoll olOrqory'. ~ . .y, ill flCl. be. _ I , dwn illiuk, if uy. evidellce.ftiIIbk 10 JllIlIlQf1It1e 'PX'O"
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Ptika Alhan:asiIlS" "'1:................ It:ICll1oCd 10 D ~ ... "'"' am is imptir:d by llood dell 01 e.ideoca:...q
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PIIiIclwq:iu.....a_ U' 1914, .... Or...... '11 olOn:1IOIY N....·zrn-
hal abo boca 1UIda1Ib:n. "" ";tIl <eYil:ws 01 caIain ~ t ~ inoIu wllld ariK out 01 lIloese sourt:es, sadI .. \he cOIlICCfllloa of Alhanasiul in AD 3'21 and lIIe l'Ok or ... MdI:tiPI within tbc EJyptian dlurdlia IlIe perbl ber w. I/IIe ClIunciJ 01 Niaci ill AD 325 .... the Sl"OI
CllTyJe ill AD m'uo
-m.
FIVIII dlb llUdy, ~ prelim;....,. Cl*l. . . . . . .y be II daald be IIOICd. l/Iat ~ prdimiDary ,..-J'1Iiont _ remain _llwe. rMlIer !han absoIuu:. _ .... 10 th$ iJllt.rpolationl ill I.hc.
'-"'-er.
~ ~Ii_ MId lhe<:UlllialOCllllllCaainly. 10 I/Ie allall COllIUt ID .. Wc/I LP 19'1 wu wriltCll. b m..... abo be ..know\edted dw. badl V RusdI ...... dOlI dlefe ueelemeau iII ....... 1ood cnditlon-whiclI eaulnly rip!. willa !be IIisIariclI Alhanasillll if; litely 10 be round Mia middlllllJlllllld. ~1l Nevatbelr:J:s. Ibdt Inri.., ...... on KIOep!inl thc evidellCfl of PlLIlo5lor&!us, IJ> 1914, -'- Gtepy NWaN.cn iJ '~V'II or W n)nl rea:nI """ulonislllCCOWllS of AihItwi... wtlicll we IIImlld ill the rlQl poltloa oCllIi, RCtioaf 12 TberlI CIn remain little doobIl!Ial. PbilosIorgl\ll II I >'&I1IIIb1e _ of infonnalion willi n:ptd to • Iargc rmmber of I"IIIdom Nian InIi Mdcti.u eallUll1lieJ qo;lIil Am.nullll wl>ich Il'e ro\lc:cu4 IIld preter¥e(I ia Pb(ltiu$'1 Epi_. ".. these -.ted IIaIldm Ilawe tiule basQ: ill tkl, Ioowcvt.r, is ..., lljIpIIUIwllea IJle)' lrecocnpaml wilhod...-couemporar)' Of _ _ M
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.U Oa-a., ...... ~ 161.177.
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.IIY-. . . rif. 6I:boclo. •. rif. 116. rn, .12V. _ , fa..5
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. IICCOUnIl of lIIe _ c _ v e n lIae _lIined In histories wlUdI.e not ..l1oi11 f.-able 10 AdwIaius.41) Th6 Philowcq:ian IOC(IWII or 1M ~ of Al/IInuiIll renlains a ~ in poi.~ .. \4 III Ibis ~ narnli... It Is dimculi. if IIllt impossible, III .IqWMIl ~ rcpon of PlIiIoaorJ:illl fi'Olll !be edilorial Cgmnw'U or I'boDIas. AInIlemloIe. lIle roprtS wbo lie - - . I ill tile JC:ClOUnl, IIIe deIails whi;il . . otrm:d., IIld llle ..... ~ 01_ iI pooidod In aI -.:tI..-iInce .mIllbe 0lheJ" hilIorict and ~ 10 'IltlIic:It we lRo'e acc:as as 10 be U - ClOIIlplctdy witlloDt aedca:e III . , _ p 10 pnwiIk • I ,_tWo '$I ....... 01 wbIl-.uy lOOt place. CcnaiaIy, RIIdI is I!lIl "Ik pcnrail 01 " ... dlaI iI pOfidocl "by IeftIIlCft/')'
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1',llowcwa. _ ~ Ilu po oed. _dlcid<M I"IdiDooI t;Oii\;UaOq AIM '1II1Nl II of eqaaI ftID& I l l ' " : ,: . , _ _ ..., _ ..... ...,. IeC IIidoI c.I)' . . . . "riIt mil peril" _ 10 III be~ wllaIlIlec eo..... IIlows.4'i ne dta:iipdtM 01 ,,-"',nu;' ia U' it _wftat _ JlrllbIU"ric 417 " - _ ..... i-ticar.d ill lllilI audJ. dle ~ a:IUIW;w!lictl U' 1914 lIiift. '"" clItiIlt of 1M ~ by R.I. BdI is oooapktd, QrQuaJWlli:ll by 110 _ _ cll:fIaiI:i'lfCo "' ne owlOOIS fit........ penies IllClllionecllll lllllleuer are not idcDtifocd wid! Ill' depee 01 oenaiaQ'.1IId Ben', _laden owes mudlld IliI ownlUldenundor lbott _ at he - . - I "y IlII'IllIlIlldt ill wrilina. Ik:U. as .... beea tllown. Ieftlkd 10 ipn the c:unplcdtJea of 1M rdiPOU. Jitu.aOOn if! EI)'pt Ind, by rne.- of IIis inuoductlon IIld ~ or d>e PIP)'llIS, p,ve ~ wdlhllO Ihis docllnlmllhaa It miIIM odlerwlx Nove merilCd. LP 11114 'emains an ioulgulng ~em ot "b~l but willi cenain sboneofninp. Thee geauinenea oIl1le dowment bo4!I in reprd 10 ils dMinJ: -' Q3IdUI Is lJIUlUin. The Iype or nlnUtic commllllll, whiclI is .s-ribed IlILP 1\114 as bei"l _ 10 the tit, IIld IlIn1 by !be IIliliury <:amp i. difrll;U1llO _ l i e willi CllIIer ~ rnn doe period.• '9 Taoe IDeS.... or !be pIpJnIS. as Bell hinlJtlf ..smits, illO tome awn IIIICIcar owing 10 \lie perJOftallOllUR or 1lle U..........lOOlCL·:!ll 1118 ruder of L.P 191• ....,. In....odm...UJ To
doc_.., "'14
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oat)! Ii- 'M" UClOI .-,.., ,. , T bt:ULQ 1M .lIlof, epn;e..., -.1 me _ wtlidllll C..... to be ft4Uw&- FiIIrIll" II. .", A....• . 's Ii ollba Mdew.._btqtIl ........ It Iba $,-1 or~ ill ADl15,Iba_ $ tbbllllplllllllllu.'IlC"Ot"Utp.. o "i.. am.xlllose wllicll_1dMtd iii LP :914 aapl iii . . _
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1..-1_,........421
AD ol 1M ~ (:(lIP_' It> - . ol ooww, diiil~ Ibt IdalM: ............ ol U' 1914, no,. do,~ . ..n iIiio q .... IOlllle ~ 01 A.ihaftaias's pilL TaU is _ till ;"l'J lnIt if
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AdIsNslow' ._ wrilillp ............aiJI, \IIrt IUbfea or per.alioii Uta _·0,... willllbt - , to oed .. M't
iMo
difft:rttc .............. lI'ftIdI M't .. . . Fr" LrfIus rfUlllllc fint dcc3lk orllis .""'P'''' FIu\htnIlof'":, COIOIIary _ _ 00lI1aint:d willliii hiskiiit:I or Ibt period prooticle. Piult lUI>_liItion for Ill. cin:ulDf"' -..biclI lie dI:limbed ill U' 1911, QH.. ~ . d _ toLP 1911 c"'l'J 11IM few pio;tloItvlcltrlct C" be IaMCI for biJ~y ill owe ill whit;lIlIlcy _ fooIJld; tbty If'" .... rily IIIbjec1td to ItIt aail:m.-l ..aIo - - . . d Iht -.ller IDd illlerJlftla'.122 1'lIoI$..,bo woul4 oertI< to mate lilt oILP 1914 II proold AIlunIIi~'1 ~Ioltrlol cn..:1tf haYe ytllO lIhow dle pIpynB 10 be decisi>'t t.idtoIf::c; I.r., ewldtllot ..bleb CDIIlirms ClIIIy ore nc..,1lllI ududu lis ri'tlls. ClaIty. LP 1911 is 1lQl1UCII. piece <JI evidtnee ill iu cumnl SWt IIld, IMrTinllirnha _,uboo:MiOlll matmII, is litely 10 remain III ia Iht flltare. O~1OfY Nu.iIIIwI'l O,lUitJllt 21 ~ At'-iu rotl illIG 7
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itI,
' 21 11 ",.y be _ het& _ ilt odditiol ... Illo \he ....... '" ............. Adunaai....... a!><> dwJ"" ";lk onrl ~ of • _ ot M.101lIn """I<~ ~ incNdirIJ; lJdoytu, CIlllItI<'IIO (biahop
"' ......'->. _ - . ............ _ _ {.so--, H6, II. 2:l,lK,(.idet, SC )l)6, )(lIm:" Sdlw..., as UL:zI8fL). ~p ........ _ oiooIll.- ......
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" lIDROIthodo~ JOtlfCa.~1J By pwuin. find ll1e omioD iuelt 10 its poaiblc IDOti¥atIorIa. ne teardl for C1l.-ion ..... IIlOlivation. howe.«. is. by its YUf -.n. tubjoelive. 111 wo;aseoiORplry'loraUDll-a .. ~ .... is fllt1ll8 eooaplQled ill tbIt _ _ Itt asideGJetDr)", 0'a'1I..-d ~ in . . tdikaI, • well • lib adbemlc:e ID ...,;a.a. ~ ,-.o.icaI Ikwica wbldIue ,. idellald ebelIdM 21. M:II _ ~.... • is ~ by RIIIdl ~ __ III K " ,t'c 424 MoiCOffi • ..,. Olta clIor->_ _ dotd, IdIled III . . - . . 1 and Itylr. ollbo. IdclnA __ 6 ~ 10 u>oe cqo,oal or pucu c1aal ID' Mjo· or a;lIi........ dar. twtlidI .... bel:lllltw d"" bdI_ Y_1-4:l:S To _ _ Gta:nUt "r; iUl ~1icIlte CC II .... 1he dwo ...... 01 ...•....· ; · oI~ dirrak, ihllt ..; ..... 1l ill paai-bIc, IoowcoCl. ID lniwe. otnaia r-.ablc _ ....... OIl 1M IIais of" cril:iI:al. ......!nom. 01 dle. docu ..,. c:.idtace. haa6 .. onIeo-lD ...... m. probIbilitJ oIllle lI'UIlIC.u- oIllle _ CIDlllailIed widlilllUdl .... w:rials. AdmillleClly. our to...... hoi ... 01 \lMI C'iellU 1IItic:b IllDk pIKe beIWIIlaI AD 31S _ AD JJS is illlpeffccl. retlbe only ..dial we .nil __ n ... -Ilina 1lloIe c:roclaI ~ it _ . . it build IIJIOI I!Ml e'rideace., opilIlonI, Illd reporu. No ~ wlIidl is buallIJlOII IIikno! or IIlD our inalIUil)' 10 &IIa:I1bl1llc: initio or llituIlMlI is. in reaJK,.• without MlslInee. This would IppW 10 bellll>cuc ............, of I!lofe more fIlOlkm ~1ISIlio1lS of wiolence ....lIIcl1lL1w: bcu Iid'fal>ced qaiJlSl Atlwwlus.426 FIII1t.c:iillOiC, illllould be IICDoookd,ed IhaI ~ burden 01 pool is OIl !be ad~ olllle& beslillypcll/lc:lclwhkh repacal I radical bouk ffocn """ more rnodenle v1e'/l'S of earIIcr tc:~ wilhia the
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'-'"IId lIuI . _ lUJ rdMionJllip "';11I ltM: luga" SlrEtIInf or dle clIlIfdI or his lJ*ifallr doc. CCUlMnlaJ and poviacilll. S)'DOCls. Allboqll He- piDcd pater j",porIaIlOe ill IIiI lbco!o&Eal1hoa&b1 willi IIle paainJ yean. lIlc provilICiaIl)'DOd wl\ietlloot pb<:c • T)nl in AD ill !lad all _ Il'O(:ft imllledllle. direct, lIIId llnmmc: impact 011 hbn, tellLlti... ill lIiI uile from ~ lIthe ClOIlClIllill'1 01 dle Dtfti... and taler obja;:lions toltis _ llIal rd. Vol.427 It is alao "';1;hi!I tho! rer;ords 01 dIU I)'WXI #1&1 .." rlllll IJle r,"" ddIIlltlve 8Ct1lWions lNde Am-Jllll bJ lUI POIUempoI'Iriu widlilllll ea:letWUcaIlCIliD&-4 In the _ _ .alan d Ille puent wort.lbel'll(ft,. u '~pI. will be IMde ID l'IltOIISlnlCl .... lIiAQric:aI """-;vc IIldcllronolol1 ot~ ~1I ..hEb I£d .. dleS)'llOdoll)ore.u ~U .... uamlllalioa of dle proem: by 'OII'hich Ihc syllOd wriYed III iIa jlOdpnems concemlni lIlc bishop of AIe~ which .rro;:led him 10 IJeatJy lbinllllc rora lWOdacldi:l of ~ lpillOOp;lle
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SECTION II .1lIANASIUS AND TIiE SYNOD OF TYR.B
SEcnON II ATHANASIUS AND TilE SYNOD 0' TYR£ I. ntE8ACXGROUNDOFnmSVNODOP1YRE
87 Illr. liIK 0I1liI IhinI uile. AD 3S60AD 362. ""'-ius had bIIlaa-d. panQII:w view ~ Ille aallclrily. SD\IalU'C, and ~ 01 eec: .,.w;Ida. Kia views were 1IJJdy bUrId . . - IliI __ apo of _ . lim ... ," f . " " by. ¥IrieI7 at'.,.. .. d>e .-cy ,... wtoidl ~ IIiI dIild uile roo.. d>e docftICII at' Ibe e-ri 01 ~ ill AD 32S. 1lIe If g" of ~ ............... wbldlliIawe beClI n_iMcI illtla (IQI If:IlSiga of Ihia eIpCIrialIy III Iq.Ud ., ltIose e_.~ i:he SyllOd oI.T,... .. AD 3ll. wae.~ praml -..;lJ 0I1lOI'ItCnl for i:he \lWIop 01 A!e·'"Itria. ll& _ .... 01 ballIstllneaI "qpwed by CcmI'N;ftI: toIkowiq die S)'IIOd ofT,", p""idtd AIbMati..•.......lIlin ..-idl an 0fIIlI)I1Ui1Y for ......·1 UIIl:b ........... Ihis period and, 1M "'"" bcca ..... - . - . pre ri& 10 JiIIteriaa doubts ......... . , Ille m...:..r mil 1DO!i.:acioa 01. dle bisbop 01 AlreadriL II is, lbaI, III . . S,.,od 01 Tyre lIoII " _ lift ow run M_" ill ..,.
.,........xd.
..-1IDdy.
.-pI1D InIenIaIId Alb"';.'. early ,"
"
~ Illd lila IllIIIIa" ill
Uic:1l dliI.7lIOd 1IlI"c=d bls lata" acIionI ... ........,. Fnnces V-,: lIlIeS dIaIAthInasllll'S MdoposiliOllM T)Te _ ...... lIIII OIl doclrlrW 00IISXIeraIi0II bill uponllil m.irconducl ill Ei)"pI. ~I ncan be: liuJc doubI, t:K>-Iever, IhaI LI\e lIerie. 01 evenll .lIieb reaebed !bell peat. ~ belill ..ilb Atbana$iUol'1 re.fUHlIO reMlmit elLhcr Alius 01" !be MelWanIlO the oommunica of !he churdI 01 AJeunllria Ia ~ with LI\e rommlnd 01 Ctwtanlil'oe..2 Follo.ina" mum of ElISCbIus, biihop of N~edia, 10 Ills Reo • C&ll"Ipaign hIod been JeI inlO motioIIl ...... ith had as ill primary objeelioe!be
--~,~,~,.;,Y;.:_~~'~_:~M~':_:'~.: ,c.....~_ ~ 1913, 67, zu. 2vw. - . s-iao L In.
''''
TIlE EARLY EPISalPALCARW OF A'IllANASltIS
....."'je... III An.... liO the clllud. ia AIc.ondria aIoII. widl. .w fa • src-r MdeIiaa I"oaa:t:'" rDk ia Ihc 1lfairI1II1Ile EfJJIIidIadI. W;Jlia.l sppean ID be aomrt ill lIIcioIIl/IIe ,mesis at dM)'
~
lim;
10 the Bidl}'lWal SJBCd III Iele AD 12. wtlicll _ mdor lbc ~ tiL E~.-I iSlllled • '"I .... elIlRJe1l .. "''''ndrillOr ArioB'• . _ . . . -u lOf for the IallirlI 01 1M Md.t~ b7 Ibeir """"'P'ke») t. spiw.oll!le fzt It.1be 1lIlI._ 11M boeo <Mld nI 'W';' bJ' the _ ..._. il .... rdual OlIlr1Jbt by Alburiu.4 Allbousll llIlUuldylbrm d willi drp¥irj. . IllIII u.iIe by the~. Att."";lII """,I.... iatru.PJtUlIioL-7 _..
~
e-
1
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IJ . . .·ooi.o'.,"_IU.ADJJJOJ2 The Arim-Moirciln alliaao;c appan 10 ha'IC beeoIlRnrIFd by Eusr:toiI<s 01 Nioorne4llo dn,lhe ~ ....Iricb inunedialcly {oIkl.. ed Ihe Synod III Bithynia, thM II, CII. AD n9-AD 331.1 Acc:otltiIlJ 10 Athanasius, E.... biut persuaded LIle Mdeliarlt "to pmdlU $OIIle pmelll. IIIICh U !bey hal ~ Pela'. Ac:hll1M, n Alr:nndet. iJlllI'der" Lhallhey ",1,111 -invent Irld Ipfead. reports IplnsIIII U weU. w9 EpiphaQ.iUII plal;u Ibc beJiMin, or !he alIiarQ i:n Illlglldy d.ilTtte'U camc~t by ~Ilbal .. lie. I cIl:leplioll of Melelian bilbopl arrived It alUl1 10 pcesenl • petition 10 lhc WlpUllI' which req..esled Jlfl*IC:tIoo for lbW cIlIIrclles from repcMed clllIolic inll"USiou, the emporor"1II1CJlllaJ1t1 tdllJed 10 p;lIll ....... _ 10 ~nc. RClUinin« in Ibc qIon at CooI$Wllinople and N"ocomodia. they lUmlId II> Eusebi... ol NioolnedIa for - U _ ill 1Jrin&ia1l1bcir case before cmpc:rIlI". Eucbivs pWed IllW ~. bul llR/y with \be condilicln ~ would .ccepl AriuJ inIo fellowsblp.!O Ono;eapin,~. Epiphani... ~ ~ i11lt'pnIlD daIiDg alld conw.l, indJcatinllllw Illis InlCrView Ild: place wbile AJeundcr .....
_.ains!
3•. w.a;-Atial. H_ _ T ~ 16'4 s.--H£ IT/(I'G ..." 1m),. ... • _ HI! 0. II (Il.jd
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'q ~ 59.'" ((IpiI:r. 13'. 2G-1.
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ISH£D.21e-.n.6tf.);r(.£I" 1.&5. 27tJ.). '...,.,,6lL I (Oph. 14Q, Il-IS). IO£,.~ H_. 6L 6tf. CHnU. 14,.:mr.).
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alive, _
is, t.:fore lire spriAa oL AD 321.
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' A 01 dlarzes KI c.•.•_ ~ tIIc.-a:ootu. E, " h.. _1 be relaIiq f!WI MduiaIl _ lhc .""",-," 01 .. .,.;Ql.... oIll1e be. . ..., of fie AJ1ID.MeIeWn fIl1UIA wIIidIl!lct.IId.. .. tClliIy, be ft at AD 330. folio.... e-"D".'. rellInI 10 IK E.a ...cl 1M. cledicaliOll ol Co-,tpliloplc. 11 All Fllldliw bad failed 10 ..pia mt.. ...101 C_lipe'u_'lierlcacuoAlt - 1IIol1ok" 'WVllWlilrie.. • ... • _ oppllfWllil:y kr ......Irin.1!Ie bisk>p d. Ale· ...... II ill... a" chaw" 1llaI1hc_ '" r... letol_ ..' made . . . . . . Alh •• _€en ... =puG ill Ni ,.. _ JdKal mel..,. sipallba ' . of --. ~ qa;u. 1Ilo biIlqI
t
let.
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IrI ....,., , 0Wl'. oIl!IC ~ ot lila alIi..... , wriI:a. u-1hirIy ,..,. aI'lu . . - . ill • 0:.' • lie ftbIa lIlIIdlra: -...tas 01_ MeleOarl detp.1Iion 01 AltIolld. Em_ _ 01 TmiJ, Uld CaDiniNI 01 hlllSium, wltlIlIle Idvioe oL Emebius. puI far unl tIIc. InlPal_alioll: lhal u bllJlop Al"-sl", Iaad imposed on Wll.wf\lllal< III killd upoa. !he FIYPUanI, possibly W:in. over 1bI: pterOIMlvc which b)' civil decree and ~lIIto1n !lad f«lIlaly klollllcd to l!Ie hicl3fChy of tbc Pl'P" ICmple.l aIICI. lI'IaefOl'c. violalina the ri,m of lbe lou! Roman Idminiscrnloo.l 3 The $
from lUi btin8 ~lal£d 10. local levy on lillell lunlc. wblch... Ole dele.atioA claimed, "-I been rust imposed. upon the ~1etiaJls lhem..l.ea. 14 n.e locIIion or thll n.. ICCIISlIUoa was
11.'<1(:1 rglllfl of 1M lUll Ull
moM probIbly COll$l&f\tiaople. where Camaantinc was l~ railknce from 16 July AD))O 10 30 1une AD ))I,IS II is p0ss01lle. 1Iw Olnslaaline Yisiled Nicoa>edll durin. this period u ......1, =1I"ollp Epipllaniul'l
howc_.
_
ot Ihit 1DMM:r is unc:1cM. 16
Tbe _ I Ioc&tion of Adwwilll • dI1s Ilme alto rcmIial IIJlCCI\lLin. "he IIUIa 10 lhe FU4J1 knm indalcs dial he YisUcI .... T1ldJIid during doc .. i~ter ot AD )>>'») I and rmlll dw IocMioft issue4 Il~ EM.... Icocr of AD
lIT.a--.,.... ' _ _ F ••... 131. 12/i1N'. 1]""",.60. 2 (Oplu, 14lI. IJ.-lt). I~ ....~ .. _~
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1ST. B__• no. 11_ C-Vc of DMdoriM _
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11HimIW "Anpo\oV .,I..du: S~... l.uUurft , . _ ..At......... tA. M.cllo willi M. AIbt1t. .....), SC 311, 1915. 229. IIs.~ as IV, 1:
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....
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..
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I..... 2&5.
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CO"domnMicrl a/1lle MeIetitns, CanJaan~ ardcred Allwwlus II> appeal before llim. 2S TIlt ~ for 1lle A1QlIllOllI ill .... IiYcD by A ~ and Ihe Ieuers Conslantine wtlletl he quoIa all 110 IClnp UWIl. wiIhin tile IQt 01 ApoIop. A~. Alhuailll. Ka:W'dinlIO nosIOIII. _Ill hayc rtWll Ale·........ fl'Ollll lIle n.etmd. 10 be paeIlt fOl 1lle &sw ceIdnIlDu w'U;lllOOt pl.ce cIIwirlI;lh! - . d weelt 01 April AD 331. TIleFfMIIi ~ ,..... Ul.lPPCII'I ID be eel ill tile chr'oo.Ckal ~ III iu dca>ipc;o. 0 1 _ ob, ·"'~IOFQUJtl~lV. n. ... >tiDe cIoa .,. __ III U>ooe 1lIltll "'JtIIl. if _ iudIct ~'I bet or tlndy ~iMce wilhllle ttiipClOi'. ~ TIle lidocp fio:Ioolly.m-llll.
or
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1loc~11" 01,... ....;. c..1llellUllbraoiNic Iii ID~ \:Idoft C , dIoe Ilu _ . 01 AD 3J I nl ; . , Ikn: l!Ir J..-y AD 312).n He. _IlillKcaun .... 1lt;_1iQ ~ Icucf ID l/Ioe clladI ot ~ for AD312dwiaIN urlJ ~oI _ _ yar:ZI I/, appears _ upon IamilIc dill "11.._ ' . llId bra 1'-""" .. ICIClQl' bdOft Ihe tIr..... OI. ElO:IdIiuI coavUlc:ed!be Mclclilla drier;'" 10 muin in IhIJ WA 01 Ni4:oMiIIdi.I1ridl1lle Iumt at poumtiq ... aBpcnlt widI • _ _ of MlCIISIlions IplMl AlllaAasioar.. n.: Woe _bets ollbe ~ deleptloo (bion, EIOdxmoIl. and Callinicul) wac joined by • fourl/I ~ ..ben AlIlaM$i", deteribet as "W ridiculoul Hien::amn>n. wIlo bei... ashuzled of M name, alII hlnudt EWoai.... 0029 Of the ro..r. Hiaammon is the only membtr oIlhe delqIUon wlw) is not lisuxl illllle IClledult of Mdoulll delaY ..lIiell bad been presen~ 10 Aklw>der appro~inuHel1lO11ror five yars earlier. The Initial cjl;' ~ of H1C:&a! lUMioll ..Ilicll hid Clfi&iaaIIy been brou&11l forward by Ille Mclcliall' _ld be jDined 10 lIuu fllltber accuSlliont-tWO of ... occlesiasllcal naturt IIIll OK wlditional cjy;1 incIictmeI'IL When AdlII_ius appeared before CclluIlD~" PDmathia lbe fourc:llarJe$ he Iud 10 _ _ 'iIItn dleIe: I. , . . oriJillll KCIlSIdoa of lJlepJ w.ation of lhe c,ypliaa popullce. ..d!he. MeletiaIu in ,..uell1ar. ill rqard 10 !he lRD IIlIlKs mentioned Ibove. w.. ~i\C:lJllCld. S.,•• mcthDd of w.atlon in Utd _Id ... ha¥e bcClI untnulll In ECYJII doring the Roman period bul. .. Iou boon jowtjra..... ablM:, wculd bve IlIIIIped the autItoriIy of the £&ypDan ri'ril .aminisuaau. IIIIlcss 'M ..
'1:IA,HI. loG, J (o,;a. 1010. 20-21), 26HiMU. (I\, Mlnlot), 229. 27 B_ ncl'f_&yW•• 1t. 'ltF.... r.-IV(ltobu • c1f~5'1).
29,...,.
2.
3.
it had beca <:olIfined 10 lilt cburrb as • 10rl' ()/; ~l¥J oIluinp..:so The _ d att..,"jOll. IlOt II'ICALioned by AWlIUius but lnetic,1ed in lhl: F,sJtJ1 l411tr , .......... tlw he had bccD ~~c:d". bl!tlop "whi1r.1llll ~ ·31 A1l11oq11lbi11 brid td"crcow;e 10 A....WU·' • • _ lizM of~ clor;:bge IIllP'*I 10 rdct ditec;dy III ~ II of lIoII _.N~ S,.od of ,..- . it ...,. be ~ 01, _ . - . . -.-.1Iliuu to..., ..lIidI ~ IIl:I , ........ 10" W-oISl. Mart .. AD )21. n
nr. dIifd
1Ilu Maariall, dle Q·MeIetiIa pieA die Mdecian ddqalioll IVa ~ Iai"I ~ Ibe inRnocdaaI of Albanasi.......... his ,up' .. jbjli,y. had taltitr bectI .... II> IlIol ~JiorI 01 MIrallis 10 _ _ 1Idll'l'M.' .. t ' Ilk pdtlIl. 10 A.lcunclria. In llle _ a/1IlU j::tasw;nl wililllioa" ~ II Aid 10 1llI.-e bem ilMlhed ill III a1le:atioll clur!Ill wllidl be bn*e I cfIaIil:e bdaap., 10 I!Ml dl=1I of 1IdIyns." 'The fout\h, ...,;1_ JUiclas. _1LSaIiCln appean to 111."" been wilo ddcl'
4.
1
loW";,..........
,... ror-d by wtwSocn&llden Ill."'" Euabian parly," ot N~ TbcopIs 01 Nic-. Maris of ClIakedoa.l.h1Kius of $i"lidnum in Upper Moesla.Ul4 VaIcRs of M_ 10 Upper "*nJlooia." AIhaDasiIl' .... ,,,-"&Cd willi Ireuonable corISpiracy in WI he w. IUCIW 110 lllIoe JlfOYided Phil_Ill,. rOllllel' mUle. or lIlII olTlCelI . . ..ccl of h"i'! ploued 10 _uw,1e COO'.....IiDC, with • ~ of 1OId.J Ah1IDuP Hans ~l:PnIILII. _ I ethctI.lllUtslI NI this _ aa1y. q<JC#ion of~lhl: bribery 01'1 m-a«," II ill ~ fn:n Am-iu.J'1 0WlllltCOUl\llllal1lle charJe"""~, til-. IIw Is. Eulebius
1s.IlrilI, dle. 30 ..--
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~ 80--.
kill",
r c! llle emperw._l6
£,,,, "'/I'; ,.. ,...~. J12M;·""}~"1. fr-
,... AtwIo C_ _• Orlord, 1916, 91, In; SooI_ HE L n. 9 (I'G
67, InA). 'IHI.ooin (A. N.ociaI ..,,",
". CIeIrt,. Ibe _ _ dille tokh" ...., fnobjem; ia.. "i. . . doIrp:t'-lid . hdORe--;.,_IO~_ h,lI'I'; the. _ oJ A!ruMriL no. odd ~ ot ci'tlJ IRI ...' . r l m" to wlIidl_ El .... ......, ~ lIlIlIPc .., • IidI: ..-t dliI ....... -..laisp:' t' a_E' , t ' .llIdu-ly 1Udl .mhand,_ ............1 .......... aIOl"C·; ·.'impo iuies 0lllIId bB .. dfeo;t;oe a:w:dIocl ia lbeir c..pIip 10 ~ die _ 'lOCI! .. , : n d. die Nioeao ""..iriao 1llII ~ IlId ~ 1M pri-r
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objca ollhis ~ _ _ llkd, 10'" n:p:ue. otled lpill$l A~s OIlly I ftw y~
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....
The eUlel11 bishops at Slrdic. hinl lhal the bishop of AntiOCh was dcpoud not for doclrinalreasons bill because or his e--il monner of lilt,n Alhaoq'u,. writini lhirly year. aflU l!ll> event. "'t« WI Euswhlus. coote..or ... d .....a of IOtII>d flllh." .. as deposed (/Win! IQ "invCllIoed KCUJlIlions' apinst him, incllJdilli Ill. cbArlC Ilw. ~ had KInsulIed M CO.....tlloe'. llKIlher.3' HId EllSlfIthilll beCII depoced 011 • cIIIrte of
M.
Stbcll;,nIPII .lone. one ....,..ld _ Ia~ ""b I characleri:wion by AlhmaUIaIli_ lbe. ~ cIiJnIll: IIIlrilid1. _ ........... 8&meI ...........ua 1Ix case nlIde. apiIur. EiIII&Ihi&Is • follows:
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IQJ bce:a ""6P"a:d or ~ iN......... coandl I~ All ca. AD 3211 _tlillef and oo4lo'C'.ic:wa1!hecaK_"_ _ &P..· .~ .-eel .. abjDaDo D die 9Cft1ir;t ~ dIC 0DallciI."ll
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II it impc:llunI lD note, lherd"0I'C'. wllIlIloulh O!NlD of l!le dwlcs 'I.;nll Allllll;lJlw wue of • civil natu,e. llIe dcslrod end rtQllll101 h;s ctnOftkal dePQtitil)ll from AJc.undria. This f;OOld be ac:oompU$hcd only by l!le decidoll 0(. s)'llOdlllSscmbl.y IIIId the _ I of the empllR)f. lfI\Ia:I, of CO\lfX, Alhanas;us ...u found If> be guillY of. lrUIl)IIabl.. ICI of. purely pol;~cll ar civil Ralll"'. In $UCh cit(,lIlftIl.Il\CeI lhe FURbians mlghl be ......et of • IUmmary jlIdglDCllt 00 the pan of Constantine. weh u • _nee or u1.If:. (II" tile iroi'J\edillC call;"1 of. syocdll IIRl'Ilbly which could pau. _tmce ol deposilioa.. U. "'""''''''. otbef, kss drInwic. civil r:hIrJes could be provlld. such IS the w. rdItin& 10 llncll tunics, CInQRial l'aIIIined possibIc. The =ODd ~ of NicMa ...: IIuI <:krzy apon lIM ~~lWO .... lhrt::C' witftea" wen round piIIy of. -SQ"C'ar "Qpill! oa-" be. subjca lD i- tin. ~ . 1 Hddll·• ....W_ ollHl.maa ~ doe ~ "doe tUlc is tbIt they . . "" do ",-ot if tbey _ i t • ..no. allllaialltll menil, ... IDtut of dIU
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ATltANASIUS ANDrnE SYNOOOFTYRE
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TIle IW_ _ irTcplaricia ill rq;anl1D Ath¥....••• mwa:tMi::ti .. biJtIop 01 Ak..1lt!ria hno: bcaI co ," cd ill paIa' clNil ia \he IQ. ~ oIlbe....- - ' - .... ~ Iilllo. r..,lher ~_1. 11 iJ ....~ 10 IOIe, 1Iowc_, dIM. wilhoIIt nrrpion, d 0/.1IIe c:bIrIcs WIlo.nodi", A'_";,', . . . . . 10 1Ioc ~ 01 SI. Mark 8fe 0 0 Illd 10 r .....ical pmaiflllc-, wtoedler 01 -.e, tile ..-.bet oIco_1liloI bistlaps, or !be ud I': oIMokliu1 infOl.ca .. tile derdcllI IIxU." ya. ..... bcaI poinlOli oat by A.H.M. ill . _ n ....... lllontelllUled IIM:k 01_,;- , duriq lIIispcriod _ .......... _ _ in .... bisIIOpI_ derIDd .." lbe. wllidI .....
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F'~: • 10 dlio e.:--linr bd 1i~1l i.iI IppiOYal 10 tloe ~Iectb. .... ~ 01 Alballasiul at- iflomedi.....,. If... 1IIe ICIIlIIl ~I ond would Ilaoe belen IoM/Ie 10 leICincIao:b • .wQ:i<w Ii'lal ..... ~Ilt ~ Some 1la... 1llailp!Cd 10 inu:rprel; tloIl rharaa ..hidl_ plIrcd opiDsI At!wlUi1l:l u bcin. primarily of a civU, witb only IIle Il:CUtation ronccrninJ: lbo! brealtin. ofl/lc cllallr~ bcini ec<:lcsiastlcal.4.S Sur/I • .,jew. booi~ver,
'~IO lifIoOte tI>c IlIOlIvalion wbicb ItOOd behInd !he c~J'=1 onlbe p-I Mel~lil.llllnd llte ElISCbims, namcly, lhe rclllllalCment of AnUll, Owing 10 Alhanasius'. imtaMi~ca>ceminl AriUS'11'CtUlIl to AJuandriI, llIc OiIly pouibillty which ~ appeamllO be lIle c1epoillioll of lIle bisllOp of Aleundril by Illy meIBI poaiblc.. In lho cue 01 Eoulllbilll, lillie
ollhe
aucnlion ..... JiVCII to whedle:r lhr dlIftes _ cld or ecdrIUicaI by lhr Synod of Antiocb 01', IJllIIrcmly, by CclllswIlilIe, ",110 ..mwc4 Ibe CllSe aftuwll'lb. ClurIy, lhe only point .. issue for II>e Ev.Mbianl ..... lIIc. rrmovaI 01 £1IJta!hiI/J by Illy IDCanI pallible, Ulldct lhe second c.- 01 N~.n 1llM .... ".... I ) fora bisIIOp', depoai!ion .... hll conviclionof III oIl"en& of a lUiably 8Crious ~ g".jJ or fICClrtilStiral. The mllltiplirily of d1..,.1iIade apinst botb EuItatlliul and A~Ns, civil UId ocx\esllqic'l, ~ meody _ I to prootick IUfflcient _ for JlIdI a depclsilioft or, III 1M Ieut. .. provide fe.- III ern~jladieiII inquiry by a ~ IlII : I" DurlIf; 1M CUIII1Ie ot aadI. illqllirJ', runhef aDep'..... miPI be Imed . . ill a C8fetmIIy I • d -..lIlY: . . filIIf 'I'Udirt WOIliII
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• Now bl:l' of AD DI, be. a;lllCal'IlO r - beca _....., oCtile ra.c..s ..bidI_-re4 .... 1iat.
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'I'broIqIIouIlh8 iIucMew willi CllllSllllline~ lh8 eMrp wbidllIad bra! ~, Athuuiu tMlIS 10 1laY~ been under 1Ilc 'lnpftDian IIw 1bc: Mritilou were 1M primary sowcc of 1lI~ ICC..,.IOM EYCII 1bc: cIwgc .......iilnI tbc told _ 10 I ' l l i l _ appearI 10 u .... bra! brou&bIlO CoaSlaJltl",,', Inan;oa I!lroItI:h Ihe represeawiooot 01 tK Mcletiall Ah1Iov&h """"';. would beer iIlclinIc 111M. F' 01 N' t til .... !he &iI:nd" 01. He.tiww IW 10l'M0eSI 0I1hB bet _liIlo.iled 1.iIae..1 The procell 01. 1n1UYic.-s wKII e--_iDc . . die l:I irlm iaID dle ..... cMires IllCIt pbcc _ . pcriocI 01 ~foIr'I""'W fiolau. rfoocmbttADllllDu. Nb_, AD }}2, DwiatI tIleIe IIOlldlI wtlicII -m M'I lwei: : t ~, IIInicItd willi, ~ ill IaIIt oIlbe
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Consunti.. delIeribellhe manner in which ALhana$ln _10 be PIll 10 Lhe II:IlI$ ""vln, arisen 0111 of "tIleir O~Ltageou, plberinili IlIld Mscmblie! of dco;tlon,·n The effipetOr ..... uret Ihe Al
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01 AlIIanasilll at Psnadlia.16 SeoDrld, .... COIraJ <XIa I P"'** . . . . Qrt"'illt'l dlooce 01 Byn"I"' • tilt oIllte capillol 01 1M emp~ 71 F"lII&lIy. tilt aIt=:aQon whP In'lOm.! M-u. aad ltdlyns e. ... rntlIIioned spearally. Iltlloui~ tht ~ -':I ba ul*'(kd .... WOIlId ~ in lbe near f\ltllft.. 11 lI"Illy be ~. bowtvtr, that ...iIhlht ~ or ~\ll II ClNlt 10 dcrend hillllt1t lDlllO Ii.,. pet*IftIJ ItSlimony COlICerllinj lbt matet, Constantine wallll1lfied &II to be. innoct
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MdeIilnL" 1lIat Q:n!amir did aa ....sjdrr die prllCCIIIlllrIp • I'Iamadlla 10 be 0( I eml - . • Ic:ISl ill reprd to IIoc f"1JIaI J-Icmau. •• id1 u deli_ may be ...... ia me ftr:l. !hat two ran ' - Il& ~ IK Me widl ~ lIOlbciril b_ (Iome&/lulc DOl yon dclne) iCllley peniIled ill lIotir disrupliYe bchI.....1:S Ii _ _ PlDbIc !bit E~ at Nio;orncdq fO"'OIl'ized CoasWllillt:. WID 10 pqmbt UId, fol~ lbe ~iJUl oldie. CIlhI:r ....'S'Micfts, ~ hlJQcll rtll'll \lie. McIelUnl, IIIl leal in l1Iol public: eye, wtoilc n:maiftirli their __ n:1 frlaod.-U nu. wou.ld. uploiJl CoruurItine's aIonosl IOal ~ willi lbe ~ in his 1
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WIlli Conl\aJl~nl'l public llec1aJaljon c:oncernin& \h(I procoodlng•• Psarn.lhl. In the hancla of the cMholic: communily In AJeundrlt.. A\1IaIwius ~lelnlcd l!Ie pucllaJ feasl ... i!h his churob 011 2 April AO 332. I\aY;OI l;Omplc\tcly tri..mplled over lIis adversarie,. During the ~ ollJle year be uncbtook puu;nI yisillllillllS throughoul the qiooll 01 tI'HI I'1:olapQliJ lJId.
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'" MIT ..... (Lib)'1l""" 8d LibJa Iaferior)." II appeon-1boo.lP AlIuNIilll"S risk lOW Po................. vdy Ilrief. wlIik hilllay iIIlk ""a" '"i_ • (Uie .-sis III Awnoa, cklle by lAIc QllIll.a depieQliaa) AII:IlouP.,;IIK ..... ackIlO ~ 1JlI¥ds u pin 01 • "paIicJ of ....... lnIIIWed __ uder /ail ;.nf!3ir;1io!1,- . . . joIolli).... 1O lIIendleid _ . . wiluu 01 AD 3m31 "'Ill Ul71IiII AD 1J2. 1M)' ~ beIllI 1I!Ie ..... . - - ci • _ ..... DewIy tkc:lod
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II - . Mo boa JuUwed I!lM Alhalwi....... y t.lv~ 'tUiw:d Uby• ...... !his cilne ill order ""to interome .. UI>y:B epiKupol el«liou" 00..... iUlC=at.viM KJiviliclia AI .etI .. up'o..... -.y _ plalDlIk. Rre is Iillk PK$ 1Ibk cawa . ,1bc. Merion .. ~ ..... 6iI pcri;ld. DwiIlc dle MM f ....'7 P"'O"ti,. till: j! 01 NQa. AriuIi!/Il appean: Ul ha'IC b JmIIeS 01 ..,ppon wil/lia U~. In 1Ill: T'~Ja",u al Niccw Choniatcs, ..lid is prUcIYa\ by PllilOJlOrlius. 1bc LlbyJa bitbops ..ho fIlpportCd Ariua .e ...-d r". IlllIIhe Jilt indldo::s doe ..... lOCI olllle PIw~... well. W1aiII -..ller 10.....: "FlOIII Libya Svpcrior: Seft:;,,_ of Bareion. Pv~!rM 01 a-nice. $ocwodlIs oITeudoera,. ZopyNI of Barb. Sen.... g. 01 P1olemai.. ThcoulI of Mamlariclo.-91 AI Nicata, DcklDi at Baenice. Sea.ndUli of TCl£hen, and Zopyrul at BIlIenlll Illlpelr IG have been ...."ed. 94 If PlIilortllrciul is IOlle beI.ie-ed, Sceundla.oo '!'Ileona.\ Nicael harborifll • KIISl: 01 beu1.ya1 and
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'" in ""II -.so ......100 Qd been IetI tlml ill dleir oo-viI;:lions, "1P"'d.Uy E_billS 01 NIc:omc4ia.91 Their lIll",illinpeu III "'sip and cxplaiJl1alel""" coooceo,u.., lbI:ir ~I position. u ..... IIle CU6 willi "'" ~ . _ _ 'BIj$lLi). s..oe..oaoSoedt,.IlaYe'IlI" d dNlbeir"'ialimale 6ienlIskip~ willi Arius. tatbtt IIIIn doclrinal_...... lbem 10ftabIe 10 ~ _pany &en tiIII • N"~ It ~ _Ilia .. 1kJllu Sec:l.... Uld. ~ ... t - [ al. III IMir __ 117 IK w.: of ....... ,iUS'S jolnoer 110 L.iby1I ill AD 332AI....... Wilti8ms _ IbM -""'en";'. il1hcir _ _ _ bid ba::a s-t vllhe pat EIlRbiu ~ p 01 lite JUI'lI aBet 328,~" oaly ear ref_Ill llle. poR·N'IUIlCaama. 01 Se<:adui woe MVC &oao lite bi:I/lopof AlcurdiI. ~ fron "'" li..,oIbii tbitd cQle.lIw is, IlIQ AD JS6,.§1 He...,. C1IIdwir;k. Ilbo iadiaIa thol ·pClWliliry r..-.Itle 'tiew lha dleir _ ..... qaiaI_, P"'.127· l2& It _ ocnaiIoly arlin dulldM J - - ' - . Ii- ..' 01 S p' her _.., , . iUcrior cktD' 01 andriI., ClKC _ . . . ~ AriooI, ~
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oiep(l$ld b!Jhc,pt, .,,;11 ., Se<:WIdus 8Ild ~ 99 SUlC:h u inlerprr;lllion
would, 1hertfdlQ and lhoIe "'iLllIUIII ~ IUIom.l by COlIswltill8 bill doeIllOl I'\lCOI1l eilbcr !he dat8 or dfl:um_ oIlho. 'CClIL100 Onl, durin, AtbInaslus's rotll nile followlnl lhc. Synod 01 Ty.., doeIlhe (.ide,," slIow SCCIlIldus beoomi"l 1Cti'IC once IlaiD In Ihc ...... even IlI.clllptina 10 iIlpplllllllle.b$enI bishop of Aleundrio willi Pistat, • cardida.e of his _~ clloice.
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~tIw. Ulem~ of pi<:lY.~ ... ho:$e ... rillefl "'Ofts 19IillSl IJle churdl were duuoyod. II Li.kew"'" Arius and lhoK wbo folio... b;l'\l. whom lIIe eIOpavr lksi,oaleS as '"PoIpllyrians,- lbould abo hve lbcir works dc:Iuoyed. 119 The IrCaIiscs of Arin:s ..., 10 .... "cursiped 10 tile n-es.- IIId l/lose wbo alle"'pl 10 conceal .. y ""rilin& 01 Ari... ..., IIuulcIcd ""illl "lO'~I20 All opaIleaef acIcIl d 10 Arild mel lliJ foIlowocn, !he secOlld lIcJc». meat hal riPUJ b«a ~ III btiq; ~ ramblin&. Illd allUsive. tile wortt oIa .... wbo feels 1IlIP1 and atfronled. " 21 The «AI_ bo:t ...... ~ Coftsan/iDe'. 01 God,~ """ Ativs, wtlo is cks:ribal as "lIII
immeomcee.-o.
e.,jl ~ ... lIoo~" fQ1ily illhe im.aIe and eoI.ocy 01 AriUI. wbictl "I'P"3'" 10 U"" been prcsaued 10 COllSwlli"" in Jd: arolIu proteuion of Wlh, is
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The .csull of Arias's coolilWCd Iawles$rlt$lll\l.y clearly be sea> iIlllis OWIlllalf-deld ..,.,..,..:c.126 Far !heir o;onUlllIIId tepamion from !be ealllolie oommWlily Arius and his fo1l<>wus _ threalefleCl willi p=illies COfIsiAinl: of additional w.cs and threats 01 f;OfIIf;ription fOt public" ~ln
Wilhin!be CU'd..oo. of the Irtlcr. 110.. _ . Coctpntiz.1UfIcns W: by _ _ 011 pcr.-l appe:al ud c:>ll:llClI . . _peaod iIIvilaioa I
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DespiIc Atilos', v.ltimatc a<:cepllUItt. by Conslarulne. II Is important '" pla<:e A\lIanasiw's positiol in AD 333 in !he Pl'QPU pcnpel:live. II ...... Wil!>out doIIbl. I pClIition of Slrc:n'lh, regardleu of • lood. """,be: of continoing problem. in the hinlelland. of EJYPI. and Libya. Si!>Cc his clcctlorl and CllmIllCllIlioIJ in AD 328, Atlwla.!.ius ~ manaalld 10 cONOlidale htl base of support within EgypilO a COfIliderabie dclifU. A1lllouah wllal has bun described as "the growth of a patriotic tpirit &monll the Egyptian monk.! and an Imenslfication of lIleir IOy51ty 10 their bishop" prolxlbly still lay In 1lIe 1'1:11=. by AD 333 Alhanasi.... had achieved much.13(l A process of wlMllll converts from the Meleti.ons still wiLhin EiYPI'WW" to have prOJTeued Jte.dily durinl these yc.-s..1JI A1harwJlII had .ppeared bcIore COnsllDtine II Psamalhia. had refuted completely the charles whieh had been ma:le apinst ltim. and had returned 10 Aleundria bearin& \he emperor'. 0...... lcuu or commendation. The bi.1 to !be Ianer ...isIutiDa, MIlS. FmalIy, his earlier rdusalto readmil Arius (and probably Ihe Me.... i.".) to Ihe Ak:undrian church on Ihc..-den of 12:llJ3.t. 1'-20 (Opitr.1IL 71. 23·72, 3). IUlJ3.t. 13 (OpiQ; ill. U-l,,~). I2'lU)4.:\It (Ope m. 7" 16-20).
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eon.lIIIIine '-l bcaI ¥indjrM"d publjrly b,. Ille rapoue or lIle empc:rur UI
the IIudwlIliDns which lie had _ ";1Ill:$Illd for h1mIodf. hrtIIps C'IU more imponanl us dllrinj IhlI period _ lhe luhllCk or CaaSWIline lOW_d, thOle i_I, botlo theololieal and ditciplinary. MtIch laid bca ded«d ~ • NiracL AU or the iaIcI..-hir:II oceupie.d A1IaIMsIIII Dtl, .. ~ . ~ in IqM'llIO EIJP: _ iIuiInI.lcly I;OUOlI:lIed ..;tlI N;caea, II hal bca ~ iIbo'tc. 11 appeal ... C Ijl. viewed Ilfttdf ~ lIIiI period. dll: jliOki:&W or the Na.. doc:rca. A.. Grillme:ier bas ~ IDe .n-ioa:
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III tile.... lI. [licl baweea 32S -.I )l5C 'i-btnyIl wi3lt to 1\'pn1 . . . . . . . I or tbe but Ibo 10 wacda _ tile ltapua<: . . dQcpIirtary dcc"iPonl die CotIIlcIl NDca (Illd aIIll or oltltI s)'flOd$). This ai1l WOIlId _ • ..."D' 10 .. Ia"llt_ in ..... ronn.ioa doclriaIl dadIlou. but .-Id tmhcr be tllar 'tI1icliI)', in IlIeit (~ till: tIOil)' the ~ .. IItiI _ we l1li)' GIldenuJIcI lIle c:oiacd by EGKbtu lOr COIlpcnll. aile II ... till: iaspoQor paaal. for die abIl:I , altho dec:nleI or die _ i l . Il2
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Cutainl,. lIle pro'I'ilioni ~nl lIIe conlCCtltiort or bis/qls (as AthInuilll), tba IKllWoa of !be MelctiIM in EI)'Pl.. and llle IlIaCItIncnt al LibyllO lIle _ al Aband'" would aU (ilIl1l1da' IhlI Clll:1OfY. If, in faa. litis rtP1UC1l1l propuly COIISlIIIlinc', IllinMle durill tlt's period, AlhInuillt'l intranIIJCnte O\"tl' lbesc II _II bis Af;li0RI f;I)Io;eming Al'ius, bmIma mucll more uncltrllllldiblc F\WlcmICln', j, wollld I«lIl II tltcluiII Can$lIIlti!'lll1lld &ood f;aost: to mainllin •• _ b l c rclMiDflShip ";111 AJu.lfIlIriland ill mclfopoliWl. Willt &he folflldina 0( CoIiIlIIItilIople OIl 8 Nln'embe' AD 3Z4 and ill cemnortiIl dodicIlian 011 II Ma, AD 330. I new domand. for Ei)'plian JI'&iR _ creaIed. a. II May AD 331, COnunlJne bcpn.tho dllCribllllcll of me pain w11111lt l!Ie chy,lfIlIl!le "lwvaII of EJ}'P4.. fomler1y lI'InSpOf1Cd II> 1111"",- di'f'C'Ud eat......... -m AccordinJ to Soctaea. tbe imperial city J(IOfl required. dal, ruIOfl or elJhty lIlcuurld tNHIil. or wtlic:b lite ~ portion WII llI!JllX'f1lllrotr1h lite pM or Alolnd.... l ,. The lceepirla of: the peace. in AIcundria, tbcm"cn. .... VU'f mud! III cco-.ic IlId political priority .. -U II'" ea:laiastical COCICCI'fI. Tlta timinl oreor-tiDc'. dcc"rClC f;I)I...... WIJ tile ptO'Vioioro or JfIia for Canuanlinople alto appears UI wir.. icIc
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TIu lleut] MIl Imds .... Ii'taIlbe CI'ClII' 1lIroolP dlit -'d 10 IhIi whldl II befotr. . . -.l God p:nldxa _ _ m. iI . . joy of par_ 1aMti... briJI&inI .. lD 1M _ -.bly, ..., In "«r plaoI ...itant; all 01 IrS iD spiril; ~ III _ lOren IIlCI • pc p.....cdinlliona ...., b l For Ill. is dle mawl of hill loWlP ind " . tbat lie sbould ptha' qa/ler In !be _ pIKe .... wID _ •• "i.......... _ . . . . * - wllo IppiCIr 10 be r. oil illlhc body, 10 be _ IOIcthct ill Dllily 01 spiriLl)j -
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In COOIUMt "' . . aily oflbe faiIhlul..trici lbc fUR pnxlaiaot,~... meDII .... '"\be sc:1IiIma6::I kotp-lht. feast '"in ~ ~ INl wi1!l .... ~ NU' MattoOCI, laeahartt IliIIC:lIdI:n 10 teqI dle fem • • wi_ 01 tllcir unity '"to !he ~~ ~ia IIOl rcnditI, the COlt oC ellri.. bw. .. OIIC /logse. cYaI in the c.holic: C11lltl:b. let III esc IJlc: PauoI
lCJlisnuoLb: ...., inclicllie. COOItirI~i02 diIJ"oculliel ..hIlin EaYIJI_Wl\Ilbe MeletiaM an¢, pethips, lbe Collulhians. No menllon llllll(le, however. of "M,ellel" (J"" Ariansl. Of of any 0I!ler dillwtl&rlcea wllllio the E8)'lllian CblUtb. luch II h.t been the case ill the Euler Ieue" for Ibc previous Lhree years. The rulilY of the Arian·MeJetian oll~ IppeanlO have remailltd hidden from Alhanahll'l lilhl. durin, thi, period. CelUinly, he ml/.5t have been Iw"", 01 the continuina: activities ollhe ElIJeblWlI .III WllU .. the OIlIer ~petillJ IDl:II in EJypI and Libya, but wilb lhe emperor', aetionlI ,pillSt Art... Md Ibo bishop', 0WIl >indication lII. PsamllIlil, AtIwwlul probably ~ IUC!lIfOUPIIO 1uIY<: become _...n.l lea 01, IIlrcal tIwllhey had bee. 811lle_ otlris' pi.'..... 1J TIw ATpu AI". AD JJJ....w 1U 'nIcre raIIaillI , fClOd IbI 01 <:alfasioI • I) P&1ly ...... ~ DW lIerie:I 01 _ 1m' ~ brul>&IIl. IIpiml .......Mi-. 1M it ~ U lloey _ beeto put. r-.d IIIonIy after lhr. puN' and'ia 0I~-··11tam
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. . . . . . inmlbe .. k· ..... dun;tI . . . ..,.b '... I, il __ .... boc:uM 4\W- II) F ' · _ ... Ifleir 01>1, t ... 1M: '" jo' of "rba>1'NI TIle Mrldi=", FuPt -..:.uo beiaI ..-.,. _ . I by 1M: --...e4 p C . . . yi,., i of lbe biIIlop oI .. k·...rria ad.-Jd '-e road IilIk _.... . . _lbe fIa Ilw ....,. 01 doeir forma- brcdm:a _ . , . InM: I f• • Ie: 01 .. rb. ' . 0IIce . . . KIlac _ CIlIIC'C't. ..... IWO p'ClllplOIaiiC'8e4 ~ ..... I!lc biIlqI oI"kutldrio, wilIIlbe McIaiaAl q:,aia lIkia& lbe posit. 01 belq 1M lrinarY or lOIc • .. Am.asilll itldCales I/Ia fief !lis 6nl ~... ";1IiI e-ci1lC • .,....-....h.i•• "die MdclimI mDliaed ........... for. Jbon Ii ilia j(a IhiI dley ~ lIleir "'-iliJ:y once __-Ill $otooueo, y dIa, -.tier 1bc bill" oIlbcir r-u ........1" 1Ile M' ._ ~;,,¥C'IU:dodrIcI..n_' _ l i e u 'qaiul AlhtNsi....'ll9 1M Me)etian tcCIdef, passibly aI ClCllIIt, is -AtdII$IIl. ...110 b alog c:aIIed .10M. _l~ l1lc ~ dla'Ja_ ilrIeIe: I. ,,'''''''p,' IIoad cwdered MxaWI II) Iftalt Ihc dIaliaI ofldlyns. This ..... repeal 01 an ClIIIic:r cllarp 1Itbic/I1IIld bcea rntde • Pwn3lllia. Ii is ~bIe, ~, _ tlI~ MeJclius tcIded i'Ill'Ihcr dabut.lioid II) !hi: inilial JlCClIUlion. 2. Alhanuiu:s hioe beaI the dcpol:itGI 01 AlbanaiuI GlIM btsiJ 01_ Niecrlc RUImlc", (OI(:(;IlliDI1Ile MeJo:i_ IllCI lbe - . d eanoc. oItloo ~1 COIlCIIlI'lliq teriooI ofTeG5eI ......... iued by 0I'de:t.. The ~ it=m ;., IIIe IeCOIld llldiclmc:nt. ~ Athultsilll IIoad CUI otr AnealIII'. _ for N(ic:Il purfI(IIeI, ""'y be ~prdcd., eir.her IinlfIIe embdlWla1enl or IS an auempl by lbe Mdcli.". 10 pichn lhe biIllop 01 Alc.undriI. _ .... lDIIinoI:oIIy erIpIOd in JUCh plClices. tba-r; i I _ 10 belie¥e ~ !he Melcl;."o Iud lIrc.ody pnllIl~lpecIlIIdI • rmnor tilloIol
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'" Ad'l""hIs ill Jeprd III hiI ~ .. bisbop. TIIi.. ..... possibly swviYa ill Ihe KWIUlI of PltilOllOl'lias....110 ~ WI Ao.-silll ......ssed lhe power 10 compel his CllllI«iaJOrS III ooGaIn hiIIII altboq:lllbis -1lrOiIICIY ~ 10 Ihcir 0WtI *siIa. 1. ' The Anbk ....._ of Ibc llim.tl a.- of NiI;aa SllqeslI 1hIt • blsllop or pre&bJlcr c:mYicla1 of matin& _ oImp: _1Ilbjea 10 cIepoti'ioe I4/. " . . rw.rrine. wOIIId bne Ilea 1ellIiIi.-e 10 1IICll .. jllCljc,..,.. II ~ ne:rr. were ~ ;Oslo, #' .. wllic:ll_ tmpl:iGi tIlOwcd .....11 10 be IwJtIIllCI ~ ill lIis p"'lt oIpDt01l11wtlo were OOJCMlal 01 mKiIIc _ oI......p:, Ibc _ ccldll tee! cue beiat lUI. ot • ..: I i_ 8d""" of COl uri .... Soc*tr. w!Io balII c"""""""""' tor "feuaWt l/w. ....... 1IlCI Jlicoaotil:J!be t
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paia . . tro-~~_onil:rtdlllbcbt h,l. '" eYallDlilll e--',.mude.1O'II'a'lb IDClI prw:..... die OW lof AlhanIsi.. hi... 1loped llAc 1l)t Iddillc IUdl • _-00. Illlhdr """ftlic_ 01 . . biIIIop of AIe:wldria. IIle emptftlf -.Jd bc IlJUffalIO • I'loar IespiAlIC dIM be IlId betfI ill tile ....
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oIlKtyns. 15iao;c Ibc lint ~ or IlIiI ~ MI'IamaIIIia, AIhanuIas IlId ~ .emperor ...illl f'unbu Wonrudon COllCeI'IlilI& lIlis IUppOR(ltkrilcp.. IllppeaJS as lbooop UdlJfU bad rll'St been "'ordaineor by Collul/lul Md dloIe 10 ftmaia in IICllisrlI e...ell af1ler his le.IIder'l R:ldmiaioll no lhe A1c~ (lIuJt:h.l46 i:lIIrinj; lhe lime in qualion. Udlyns liwed In l.maII '~1IIIe in Ibc Marultis IWIMld Sec:onla'lltld. 1of1 Althouth, \lIIIder lhe proviIianI ich ...... 1llKhcd 10 !be fUdmiAion of Collu!hus. tbc. SUlIU. oIlxhylU as Wt of • lay perDI. be IIIlPW' 10 IlIlve ooalinlltd 10 perform 1M fWlCdons of. priesl in !be ~oflllorphan rwned lsioll.. l •• HisdlUldlWUOllly desipwed IS. privue houte IIld his COftIIepUon _ 10 have COIlIiSlld oaly of IbDse in tis immeditle ramil)'.l.' A lIeal'by cat1lollc: pred)ylef «lInplaillCd 10 AthanasiUl COlltltl.Jnc Illls violalioll ... bile !he bi.Illop of AIeuncWI ..... DO one of hiI yjtitaionJ oIl1le rqiOIl.lSO S\lbtlDquently. appuaIlly durilllUle period before M-u .... at COIIrt, th.- is. JOIIleCl_ befOle AD 330. lie ..... llC:IlI by Altwlasilll 10 1lI111_ IIdl)'fU 10 AIeJcandria, ~~I)' 10 be dilCiplined. Wbcn ~ .. ";ved ill Seconwwvs aIDIIt .. illllbl: b::II prabytcr. 1Idl)'JU"'" in. a11bou&h • C"'«h_ ... rOGlld iD Ibl: IIoule aIoDs wiIJl die falbar 01. ~
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", lhe ~".ic ..... 151 Mx:rid aad IliI fdJo. ~ iDfonIled!be t.hc:r oIll1f. '0 ~ I IboRk1I1is . . cootitIIoe 10 r..- ... pril:I&, "I~ ti&lJ' I _ r.c.. doe family dla me,. ~_ ..e lJc:.ynllO dlmdql>necl. W!IN lJdlynll._.acd.lIc=e.a•• tonoot lbc CoDn*i. QUIC IIId joino:d.1lilDIelI' III dle Mil:1aiMs.1J1 AI. toaaIq..-e 01 dlis KID. Isa}'Ja appears IlIIliroe lIea "'Bp"1Ied ..,. t'IOO MeIeaI pClb)ICllJ. ' - aad HcAcIides. and dIt Meleli.- bi:sIIop, a- of LaopoIis. 10 rabria!e die dmz" or l:IIl:riIl:ae 'PiaJI ~.. a.d A·ltpM!u)S3 While III. P ±j. lbc. ' i"rio. !lid ~ .poll die ckJallCda& of _ tftaIiee. br IlIt. tiIDc 01 dIis -.cI pre:ltlluUolI of dIoe illlliawlllllllppllln 10 IIaooe iDc:kxkd _ ~ 0I • .ur, lbc Iu1liD&: oIlialttlW IIoob. ...., the .......;", 01 doe Wlic:c dlIrin. tloc ~ _ of offeriola; lbc obI'i • .ISot """ mtw".... wI\idI AIhanMioI W.uady pUI _lOCo I" ," COl' I ala wrilIP _rcssiooo &om ldl)uI bllllId1lh1llhe dIarpI-== fabric.led..lU Athanuiulruy bave bee able 10 oblaiJIlkilI ........ ot hiIlc IU .tier _ _ ..nil CoaIanIiM: III. ......... "z'hoqlI_ CXLIy i:lcliclces 1IlaI1Ile enlpeta" hal. Mcarlicr bean! of Ihe _ ~, lhc cup.~lS6 I. _ _ Iitdy.~. dI&Illlb Iener...., otw'i"«! by' aftw "" _ 10 Alvandria, lOr be iIldicalI:I1lw. OO)'l'U!IId been ~ by !lis frie'Ids ..... tamily to pmallllimalt 10 lIM bisbop for • pe:nonaI inul'Y;e... 1~7 The letW" of lscbyrw COIIr...... 1his xquene:e of
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When I taIM 10)'011. my Ian! bishop. cIealrillJllI) be no;eind;1IlO the chuR:h. you tepo'O¥ed me for wtw. Iliad saill.lhe nm. .. thooih lllad IOI>C 10 IUch uuemcs of my 0""Il clIoice; 11lle",tOl1l lay beren )'OIl this my apology In ",riling, so that y(IOI.lI'IlY undcmand 1M. Yiolenu .... , . to....ard me md I ""'" bcaIu Il)' isM;: and Hlnclidel, Illd lsuc oll..eqlolis. WId by t/Qc .... m ""'''' "';I!llhenl. Md llll<e God u my ovI_ ill doc:larinl lhaI )'QUirt IICl ,wlty of Illy or 1Iloee millen 01 whktl lhcy bI~ lpokell. For DO bteaIdlI, at • cUI' hppen.ed., -0 CIIliIIt 0 - of tbc lIoI)' Iablc 0CQIIllld, bullbe)' foroed oM by wiokncc 10 br\JIi lhiJ fOfWWd. And thic defell.e I bri"l III )'OlI in writinl.
151 1... 1511.... ISJ,yoot ... I (()pill. 1.tJ. 1f.2O). 1Sol",",",," n 1-1 (()pill. 162, I_II). ISSApoL ... l-3lOpir&. 10. IS-I..... 'l). U6 n1... r _ ..,I plw ~ lriftlt.... 6S. I (OpQ. 1«' ol-S). 157,.".... '" J (Opla. 10. \1.1]).
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ThIIlhis ClIIIlessimI ............rim lIII ~ J*'l of isdlpas IUIIt pIIa: ill Of _ ~ is funbcr ma;aod to by Ibe wlc>eaiIlg of I1Ie docIune.Iu by liore presbyIen from !be MIrr:otis: Am...... 01 Dicd1a, Her.dillS 01 "'-U. Boa:on of Ow:ne:bri. Acbillas of M ~ Diotyml.oI of T...,.uis. md J _ 01 aom",t 159 Four may bI."" <:aral fot Ibe IdmioisD'uioo> of the dioc:eIe) as .n_ ..... inIended 10 bOll lillie daub! in Q:m!"'ine's milld th111h8 tlwits -.n: Calx. The klW' _ "Uf probIbly _ 10 ~ aI\er lhe inillal inw'view .,. ~ and Ny !live beeJlllllknown 10 either tha Meletianl or Easebi.... 162 lD u)' f;UIl. Consl3llline ..u sufTIcir.ntly
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Eiypl. Atharwius', enemies remairled acti •• It CDIUl. Eusc:biul of Nlcl)lllcdi., 'Oleoan" of Ni~. and TheodoruJ 0( Perimbus preSKd ConSll.ntlM to eonvene. 1)'tIOd. preS\llllably to consldct lhe eeclesia.llical f'llIllit'ICaLions 0( Lho jlldkial inqltiry whidillad been IJIldel1alcen by Dalmati.... 110 For IOnIC t\fl>O, !hue IealIerJ Dr !he ElI$t;bIan pm')' bad been lIU=ptinJ to _vince CoIlJWlUne lbat
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IIIbc arti= S,..od 01 M.ciodo. _!lid $I ., I _ . I:iIDiW IIlquir)' ..... Eu,,·bi. of Anlioc'" CcnaiaIy, .... Fnt"! lAfur INIu VI iIlOfican 1ha.,-tal AltIanasiuI'. m-a.IlD Ilend liIitl)-..d wu bued upon \he Ioalion ond, IlmUIIlab!y, !he leadenIIip or Ilw: ","li lll.11S III early AD 334. ""sa:ft:d iIIlperiallmtn'" _ _ 0011 "bJ .... _ pious emperot e-llnc ordcriftt otrUin ponou from EanM. \IodI bls80pI Illd pritIUI &lIlI Illay Olhen .•. 10 procDCd 10 CktareI ill PIiIIlIllnlIn SyriI" (or ella 1ym>d.1&6 Whelher, in f.il<\, DalmaliDS or FlISebIllS had beerl in,uve:1Od 10 prai
Ills... II. HE IL n. 1_2 (Bidu, n. 21_79. I). 1'2n ' ... ,.,... ~it; s-:..-.IIE D, 7'. I (KodoI, 14. 7"). IUa.-. CMrI_ _ £ut6 m; B..- oIJo ... " of . . ""coutI 01 . . ~ ill wEIIlpofot lioIIoopo.. ~ 0 -:; _Woo ~ . . S,-IoIT)-. ... I Il4q.~ ..,. - '_WE 211_ II'F...... ~ htJJtaVl ( I I ' -•• A. 1<01 UI. 233). l''uo 1913. I .... (Bdl J~"'" CIori>l .f9).
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P'qelI$. II ~ prieR. _lei ~ beeol aBed III II ts inlprobablol It\aI K .........1IKIDCd 10 be II direct panicipal ill IIIe deliberalions. but ~ ..,. haoe bm> iIIch wled II l"iuIetI. II _ _ CD (rom Ilio ~. bo.. e.er.doIt Ibcre .... u.ncqa .. tk.., 01 eilhor C wille 01 IIlc "".. bie. III ilIchIde I .mbor 01 '1o;:Il'" Mdc:tiu den::s ioolhcpi wf po
..... .....-:JJ _ . 'm.., S,.od olCliescel .... bcillJ CIUed""ID
_ _ IllIIIIIe iI' '\:oiw"'1be pari"""" 01 dM: E.Iy 0 . - . Pl'Ol*- -1M TIle. ran:.: 01
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Ibe 0'·-'11 H.L Bellldlniu, tsdolt -"'SJOQI oIe-e. _ 01 doe lillian: 01 • judidaI _bly.9190 ThM lIIII ryao4 .. lIlD 1'CIlIl1;" tIoc p.nr~ of 1M d1ord1 _ _ 10 sui! Ccln:luatiK'. eo "'ion of lIS f1IoQi_ way wdJ.- 191 TIle S)'IIDd DI C: .... ., r.r II doe Eo , ..... were _ ' WId, .... iII,""""d ID pnI'I'i
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CODfIl1llllion by ConJlIrItine..I93
cu be flak lIoo.obl .... the F,tSdli_ ...., Ille Meletians enwiapl A~UI'I allllImllali<M as the pmbablc _ c oIlbe proceedings a e.-e. and bcIie'OCd t"- Cu ililll' as in the c:a. of "-tIl... -W There.
Iu dle.. I:~~, Albuasius abD nlC:II:i..ed Ik ~ _ _ III lIae Sr-od of CIoesaru. ifu ~ of i a f _ .. COWl 8lllI lInJ. . . . -wid omaialJ!DYe int..ed _1:1 llle . . .-II« of il,,~ wIlicll weR beiaI t:
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Whik the 1:rishopI ""' pbrril!1 • Iloweve", ... 'ho.....,.. had. boa. buI)' in Ea1Pl Soallll\cr Lhe dIU had n:Jeut4 Piuncs and Elias from cu$Uld,y, \lie two Melel!anJ IlleIllpied lO ..am John Atch:lplllO dellR itl his accuJIlllons siainl! AlhanLl;UJ concernlns A.seniuJ. Wrin.n from lite monuwy of Ptermenkurki, by the hand of I fellow monk. Paphnullul, Plnnu informed Archsph conc:eminl t/>c. detail. of !heir Captunl and COlIreulon. cn4i"ll Ille I;OIJIIlIUllia,tiorI willi tIliI W&I1Iiq: '"ThllS. I iIIfarm )'011 oIlbcM: lhinp. rllher. Ieslyou s!IoIIId lei JOllIIIeIt 10 IifXIlR, ~ for I aId- .... Arlmius -was ali.e, ad .... he Md been IIidclaI Alid all lbtst lhinp .... kno...... ill Etypl and Q/lnat be ke\lI ~t My loa,er,~I9I T1:tlouib lJlt <XIUr!C ol e""MI, Ietler fl'Olll Planes 10
wi'" ....
th,.
An;hJrPI was
ioo:rceptd by Atbanasi.,.'llItlppQrlerlllld ""u ,,_ 10 tlIe biIIqI""ho, IIIbRlqlllCOllly, teal iI lID II:l ConslInUna. MtulI04l'1t. Aneailll
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A1lW'IASIUS ANDnlB SYNQOQFTYIll!
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II MenllIlilccly lhMddrirtI!be williei' at AD 3311334 AIJwwiIlS"" throuj:Jl!be LoweI CouPII)' of EIYPl in lIeaK~ at AlxaiUS. I99 The..-dl ........ _ dilr_k owi"110 AqcaUs·. abili,y 10 chIRp his place at concuIftIelIt "OGSlIPlly, ~y .-illI Ill, assllUlIU at tK IIWDCf'OUI ~ l)'IQ. .bltas wllo kid IeIIIIlaed wlIhIn !be n;p:..200 At 1eqtII. beNe... , Aranius .... rOlCE01 bf!be..-e at AlheDaliIll'I ac:DYiDeiIO qui! EfYIIC CId edt .rely iIIll)oe.. wtlile 1tIen::,IIG.. c.Cf.1IIc . . dixu_""Two IO'YMII at AttIte!N" Ihc IO"Cmor atlllc. prow' o.a....d a ,u"a . . . . . . orhitlllUl:"·... IlIlll Ancnias _ali... -.I illlidiq -.'07. nc, fqlllMd lItiI iRI'~ 10 wilo ~ III:izaI AGcIIiwI atla lU plIcc til ; ; I.... . ,. ely ioora-.i A.... • 1 At r_ ~ ~ MX &lbit 10 1l.iI_ 1dcl:Kily, tow ~ llisappcNMCC." «(k . I 0IMt pi ..... _ bf"" 1D&!Ii*'P at Tyrc. _lIo ww .. old ac:clllu/iluce, 1IIc -W lID Ioolcer "'m"- die fil:lic&1ll1 Tllcf 'pep. aaordia& 10 COIWic-' of bcias lI.ialJclt. ~2ln It is IOllr_ N III !be . . oflbcse Kdoidta, dlaI b, ;" c.ty AD 334. _1laYC NO run, ..._bIler Icuer lila lIlipl ~ .. iIssi&bl iolo A""'nau·. __ of 1il1lld.1O] Tk '...,.enc ...hid . . do ll'4 I lIlilbl<=ly dIled bf .. 1IIlticftl E01Uar 10 lIIo: .,.. AD 345. inrona.I lIS cmIy .,...;cmiollllo: daJ Eas&u is 10 be obIeo o
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I99F&IMI /l'1li.. IV (J/wDiu, A. M........ 231): T.D. B..... ~ lhlo joumey 10 .... -.e lll< plocc ......, • MI yu, ..olio•• ....un., --.. lie ...,.;.... o.lrnoIi..·II.' A~"," ...w.Ir... Irortto AIo1<_. 11> ........ ~ .......... iblo" (C_ _ " E",diu, 2301). Tho F_~ UllU JNIu IV • . . . . . . . Ippun 10 indiaco .... ponod imonodi*ly bel... Iho s~ orc _ pobobIy in ....... 01 AD ]]:l(lU bllc _ _ or.... ~luo 1\.Id""';_ _ nl of "'" inqlrioy .. AMlodl ''''''' O.....1lloa1 pr... loDo yur. - . . .... W-.oo. oonctlMd in
liJE.ly.
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1OO.son-. HE L 21 (1'0 61. 1518). 201",....65.] (Op/tI. I.... \].IS): HI! L 29. 2 (I'(! 61. 16OC). " - ~ '........, If _lei 0fIPM" • - . ........... Il>Ol: pa.. ..ty III AD Dol •_ _ """"" 1Id"_ "'" S,.- olTyN, .... _ _ of s--. ..... t...a of CorIouol II> A" _ , ~ ' . prior ...- ... -Ai • io -'OinIy """'IJI .,.... .yM. U. :2 (Opa. 146. 14-
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11'01. 21.
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138
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I. 207s..1..clnaz, "p. dl.• 16·19. for .............. or $clIo...1I\&. lOiS M' HE l. n (PO 61. 1511); A,..1. 6J•• (Opitz. ..... 17.21). ,._ A.-....·...._ it _lei oppur u .......b tIM. " _ ' I _ (pr_bIy IIoId ill AmiodIl .-.I lbot 'r-d or _n _ _ ""... Moe....... by 11M. • pi.. nl Plll. t.",.., 1St -YWJI nP' ............ d .... "'" nf' ...... 7"-.t_ UIl . . ""pi. i,x<'fI/"'OIi'S' c/&
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(0pN. 144, 19-21). 01 die. d. POl ,"- ... nJo ~'24).
'" IllelUlled ffltlS. 8ec:ausl:: we see in so;:h c:ondua lof lbe MeJcri_llhal d>e:re Is SJIIIl orrauc.1ct 1hcnI undcnund _ I have;ud&td i11111is way aIllet. md !iqe) _ -=rdinI1O ""1e Paa nt buI ...... diaI ... pWllr;: law. 2I'2
This '-:11I:I' pl'O"riJial for lhc pn>XICIltiool by dwil autboritiel of tbocoe , . die; ~ _bo .......niP'""" D caz\It pIIl:IIic ~ ..wid fllld its qkaI elld ill !be proa:cdinp of Ihe S)"QI of Tyre ..... icb WOIIId !Ie presided _ bJ aD np.ri.oI official, II.-. ~t DioIysius. 1111:Io m ........ tbt Ille COWl of lhe CltlUtJ' aDd !be Synod of CIes:ueI wcn:. ;" aD
Dr'llbIlri,",,"'O ~ flnms. AlhanMius'l etlyoy ... court in Co_tillopIe. lilian. . quittIJ infClr/lled ••lImber of infalmlial bisbopI; by Icoer of die seq.....:c of e~ whil;h bad resulled in \be YindiaDoD ofhis bishop in Alaandril.2IJ Iu. raull. Allwwius received • IIwnber of Icum of <:orIplIllllalioo &em fellow bisIlops ..1\o wen: I)'mpalbetic 10 !lis - . 2 \ . Atnonllllle Icw:n", one from Alexar>clel' of Thcssalonica. Athar'wius lI.Id earlier informed Ak>el wit!> disgrlcek and hopes tbal he "'" his ......1.......iU receive !be p'oj,bmenl '"hiJ; crime& deslervck £rom "the
riIb_judp.k211 212""", 6*, ~1 (()pia. I~ 33.141••). 21:J.n... Nocariul w . . . . ~ """", .. _ -.. "'_ ..... ill ill tho _ II> . . . . . . . . """""" . . . - "" A"'.....sc. of t'IrIo.a.o~ ...,.". 66. J lOpia. \.5, "10). "io ,....."bI<, &1''''' _ _ -......_ _ '... "" .... iwwillo ... ........ 0Ild I' " . . - -.& eh io ~ ....Il!>lo lbo< Moan- !la
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'mE EARLY EPlSOJPALCAIIFF. CF Anw.v.sMi
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'" __.a...d . " ' . Lknlup "'1eUcr1; of pe.KCI~;'l» !lid. IInICWrld m" J 01 : . l;N. pouDj ..... IUId _ -10 "y _ iI ..p..al i'iiOd:s; IIWl . . ~ 1M YaU4iI J ol f· .'" _ _ beNt 1114 odlcr c_ _ ect Q1 .wen.. ArMUo.I t...,., ......... _tIll: ........ : c of Nh •• ....-.nc, _. __ wtlidI t
_~IO~:t l ' IDlIldle-."pa'L rd....... bKJiJtlI _ ...... ;.e1 m r. cidaeo' ~ A/l'WoPiP Illd T)11l~WS 1ft Iisaed -.:II t/IIo lIipcn: 01_ pe......1lidI ... p ......lCed III T~ 0- bebalf ol AdIIaasi•• Z29 ..... Ialcr. ;. AD 147, lbe:r In ,tjlOtlCd .. Uvia, In ion of thclr - . perhIp ItIrou&tl dea!lI.no 1lIe remainin. bisllop ..... tiQncd. PlIniInIa. would ~ III ~ 1CC.aed by Ille MclctianJ. surprUingly "'-&!!. of pllyin......jar ..." In IllelIlplinllO mlltder AncciIlS 11111 earliec ~"",.~1 There nn.al lind iDlril"inlIeqllel10 lhc cvenu: 5W1'QUJIdjD' the SYfIOll ofe-.. JoluI An:haph, d>e Mtletian biIhop otMempbis II'Id lbe chief ..... l>JeII" or Al.harwius in the Anenius alTair. ICllt .lctu:r 10 ComaIlIine In ",bleb I\e. confessed hi. pan in the episode Ind "f.Ipres$Cd his repellanCc.-132 Fllrlllc:rmore. it is implitd WI Arclllph infllmled the elIIpeoor lllal be Iud ioInod dw: COOIdl...ion of the churd! and "M It peace ..illl Adl..wi....uJ Finally, he IajIlUled pe.milSion 10 ~'It'11O coun (probIhIJ flOll\ Alnloc:h) 10 "I'PW" be!OR CGQtalltJ_'2Jol Thl: emperor lmnMdiwlJ replied 10 Arch;iplI'. rcqucsL He _ ~ lOr "xDin& to \he side IlII pmJ foelinp~ and ~ 10 mab l1li: of IIlc cwsw.J PI'b~1Lf
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(Opitz, \41, Jl).%1). m,~~XIX.lo~ ...... StlI). lUCf. Oplu. 14'7• .liL 1'. 11. 1 (Opiu. U,. So I). DlJF_ r-.lQX.Ioe. ... DI $0 HE II, l'. 12 (BidIu. IS. 26-29). D:I;..,..,,1O,. 1 (Opiu. I'" 9-12). D'"""" 10,. :I; ~ I'" IS·l1). 2).1,,",. 'lO.:I; (OpItz, I'" 19-20).
m..,...,.
., ;" order lila. lIlere m;'1w. be -0 doebly ill noatlll' ~b appunncc: at CouIanliM;', ~f;lOUfl of ~ y...zJ" H. NClIdlJeft "'.11 of ~ opm;o. ilia AIcNplI _ ona>III...,.t by IK EE.'I.:~~'" 10 make lIIis app ....b 10 Conaanline. be1lcvbI& dw, as i111bc _01 """"" 1bc ...pe.Q woWd be~ 10. ~duI;..Io IcIdtr an:I . . . . klD IOc:oun.1l6 The IlcIpe for. Il'CcllI1ml_.11 liz raU. ol ~ • petDlII ~ - . ~ . 10 Nanrber•• based ~ IIr.c F ,. N ' jacI& 01 kIw lbc uupa.... WIUd lela:
nc,. ... ..,.J'CIf1ofppeliauofO=="
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~
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lfidald, mmpe_.II.
dlorl:b poIi1id.. 1O be IbIeIO,iadce "'" 1Jr . _...... p!it'-.rd .-;'* JI"'IIld keep peaa: ill . . dl
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Wj;j:oitd 10 AlJlInasiIllIlirueIf,'D7
AI kl/ln ArI:MpI"'" hill "'1I'f 10 IIJIPAf tietoN 1M cmpc:RIl', pmbably
durinc IeCCll!Id 1lIl( do AD ))4, SowRIerllqlORl dill Ibc McleliaDs ia EcPt.
wtoo IlacI bcell a1Imled by COnstaaline'lllu'eat of puniJlwcnIlIDIbcivillaw, becIlrIe _ qui~ (co-. t'-1Ild !Nt Ibc dluIclIeI dvoo'&boo" El)'plcnjoyr:d
peace lIRd prospered,m AIllanasiUl, Iloowewer.1Ceml1O N1>'e leCOJJliUld Ilw. ..... ~ was anHldal. He maIw flO mentlon or • lUQflCilillioa widl Jolin Ardlaph. and it is possible lhat I>Orlt lOOk place IpII1 hom AIdYph
atltillJ bit ;nwuiOD 10 do 10 in onIet 10 obtalll •• interview ... jth Co_ti..., The blJl>op of Aleundrb ".11 unain tIw ~Ibou&h tile Melr".n. - . for Ibc Ilme being. "'1et l*:t tnd c:ooue4 willi sIwne.~ Ibc iAue whlclIlUlIIillC(l ctI'III1ll_lht readnliIIion of AriulIO Ihe AIcundrUn churcb,139 . . . prinwy C:Ollcan oll.be EuKblalll, thcrd"~ ,..m";aecl A1haMP.'ldeposi.a as blshop of AIt.........
us..,.,. 10. 2 lOplu.
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1- II'· ...., ...... ~..,. 21. II 10 - , . , . - OIl - . '101 • • IIO,Il.alt.
...e-. . 136", 100 ...... ,
1Jll1'Wl~ 16Ul h _ .. 1/6 U. 13.' (8.... '1. 29-12. 2). n,,,", 11.1 (o,ia. 14, 2S-2tJ,.
'" 2. lHE SYNODOFTYRE
IJI Wt· • COIOCeIlIioI& die ionpJnDce ot . . Spod vl1)n. W.H.C. Ffaod MIde dle ~ .....Ilioa:
For ... r_ ship ba 'ea clnlrdl_ . . in Ihr; Eu. dIc ro..;! 01 T)n ~ .1!laI 01 NiaQ. II Qd boca .l b)''' _P"Of and OtP"iW like. _ 01 ';'lII>a:'" llILIikc Ariel (I' bk d ID Ilea- Ibe nr..im· ptIilD). II _ pesick4 _ ~ .. illlperb! officiIII. I1Ie COUIlt DOon)'liloJ. • f _ COllSW. T1w tfllpetOr JtiId iI...aed dnaly ill. _ of dIoudI chcipla IIlI1 1IlcIqll .....lCll: W(lIlldbe II"··" d by die" , ~.w;,~ 1II'llU/d be ~ b)' .~. This _ 10 be 1M J*1crll fot au IIle palCO,neil. oIlIle p:lln,.;c ~1060 II II poulblc. tlIM FRnd Ilas oYCtUlai T)'.e'l lipirlCalQ at "1lIc pauem tot all die JIW COIIncils ollhc pWlllk: lIe,- bul. .... eom_ts ~ f Ilw: iIrlponaace. oIw S)'ftOd re1aIIve 10 N1~ I n ~ 1 corneL],I A' Nicxa. ""-vcr. 1lIe etj rieo" __ pr;m.uy COlIC IlW whlI clcx:aftll nIIUer$; . . . . of dIlJrdl ardor _ cliJc:ip6ne _ olleCondlo, ifll~ n.dcposilioa ol~.IIlbe.SyllOdot AllUocIlIJlP*1ID !live been l/w. ~I of_ combinarinn IU DionyWs, and. WO\IId be fOl'*ardod 10 ConJwuJnc. for his .ppro.ilI. U1 2.1 TIw C(JlliIt, c(IM $prod ofT".•. AD n$ Jolla AldLaph'. mlel'Vie..... itll Ccnswui.... probably dllrint tile liner pon;a. or AD 331, raIIhed iJI yel aDOlber 1eUan>;.MiolI of the _ , ~ whidI had been bnIu&"t :tpinsl """'p.';'. ~ NonIberJ is ~ ill bill -.enJoIl dlat !he nd"bia'" _ dIc ...r.u;1lI ~ bdIiDd 1M 'tiSl1 01 AtcMpll II ucerWn. bar. ~ 11II_ 10 their llI.oM '.·~_.Ida'"~""'Ad' .-st.:.Id be: III .1oC! • ~ co-i"Il Cr<-. _ CoIbrt' . \lie I' , d_ PIld the
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positlorllllJlCler Akl.ltl(ier aod AIII;uwj....251 II b possible that AlNnasi... 11$0 enppd Ibe llSIblante of one lrenaeus... (OI11ler Mcklian prcsb)'ler,2.SI \11110. It an _lie,ume, Ilad bua an AriaD dtcon.m Alhaftuilll was fully .ware IhIllbe Meklian tOIllroVeJSy would too one oIlbe rnaiQ iasuea uOOu tcNldmlion ... Tyrc and, tbud'
Stconcl, A~jUJ ....Jht 10 tRWIC lI>e .....iblbitily of w\tncsscs who would COIltIWIia die Mdc~ claims. MaI:arius had bcu IakCllInlo CUSIOdy by lhe em"eror and ..... alrally ... TyR. The former Mclclilll bi!llops """"
wu inchided b'l Athanuios ill his ddqMioft _Id be Ible 10 SIIpply
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...TIlo\NASIUIl AHDTHlI SYNOOCSTYRE
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Alhanasiw ..... """I aware of Ibn danietl wIlictI awalled hJm III Tyre, aDd if, as bolh Soerales and Soz.omen SUUea. "'= was apprdleluive. lbefe .... aood reuan. 266 Thn E~1Iad failed ilIlbei, .....pt lO_vince !he elIIperor 10 ' - a su........,. jlOdlmeD1l1 PIMIIlhla. "'lltast ene or. accordina 10 L Ginrrdet, tIil'O ciYil acIionI \lrl:lugtIt . . . . Alhausiu had also faiIod 10 IeCIR I'Iis ooa~26'I WiWa lIln fltSl few mondr/; 01 AD 1110$. . . . . ~ HE II. 1S. Lo (BioIcz, IS. $l.n). 1611U'. .Ic>Iowi<:. . . . riI'. 01. 262/1oU.
W/Wcl. 164,yoo1.71. , tofOu. Ul. 11).11);:.y.l. 21,' ~ I" $l.2oI}. Ui.y.t. $l. 1 (OfolL 9t. '2S-~); AI*- 21, ,~ 1-' 14-26). 1"' _HEL:tI(I'G".I6llA);$o HIa.1:S.1~""1l).
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II Isdiflkull 10 NtC:fUin willi...,. dq:ret 01 ""inodlllbe~ wIlOdl_ anploJulllll tbIo Synod. olT~ P. BaliITol di~ betweao. Eallan lad WQIImI.....;lj. proceduret. He ClllIUilIoR4lb11lyngdsol die EallD ......b18 ... p t 01 opeft debate .. bidil WIll prIail;ed ill , . dIoob; n Wut IIIOdoIcd chwdI t;OU!1Ci4 oa lbI: pno:aa. .... pItQll__ of IIle R _ tcftalC.2'H1 N.H. Baynes. 'lli'id!oul m.oIdnlllle diJtillctioll be,Wtell East IIId West, limply WIleS thai ~i1 lou lon, 1lwI fCCOI'Ilwi lIIat !he proa::dute or \be. tlfl, 0Iristi... Councils ..... based uJlOl!IIIIl olllle R _ Il'Illte. '211 This 1IIQdd, lIo_ver, which inYOlYeilI "fila/I" in wttich 1M "",au beln. di~ read to !he uoembly, fol\owecl by- role call ill which f.IClI deleplO ted hi.I "Illenl;", artu whidl • >'(Me "'. . taken,"as IlOl Umlled 10 \he Roman smale but had bcelllakeft up by 1lMI mlUliciJWities
.,nodI
as wcll 272
In the case of !he Norlh AfrIe." whicll illdire<:tly rolJowod this Pfl)IleU. lhe rcsolution """" VOlCd Upoll ""Wid be pboed in !be
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1i;lmI1II'lI d1ll'oontik Md H. Hess _ b i t euua-Ibc.....1Oe III dudo J)'IOdI orp:III .... xr-'*I modd ... ~ mucIcIe dle 1qillIli...e diIliIIl;.... ~ die ~ lid COOlcilla' III lila body, dlen: CII be Iiak doubt dw ~ U • sinllla ~ ndllic;a%16 While. it is bcJ'OI'lllbe .:ape III . . SAId)' 10 It fotlty Vpoa tlw: prowItn wIlicll .... . . " • 11£ o...... a of NDoa, It ..1IJt be -.:l lila tlw: ill ftOdd 01 s.a,.s is ..bIwlliutd oa.I, bt die _ _ I of El/.ICllllIS, whlc:ll ..., b¥e pIxed Con"'NillC ill • more CellIIll1 posirim \han is rua, juRific:d.m 1
_iii
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1HC/. H. H.... Tb Ca"""" of Ow Cu",,11 of S.,~it: •• JI.l9; Hu.', "".·i<0 01 civil ...,1oa00lic0ll _ . . . . . , b)' .......- _ Ito ~ '=wiIy porfonnool. Iy liIM oJ. Di<>cJefiall 11III C . . . . Ito ...s.t obIIpl)r ... _ of 0Itwi<.. I' 10 1horJ_ _ _ _ .,.o'f 'I <_ .... P"' wei of\of . . bototo.. " ; cl III _ ..i.rieo'..-le of law; b , bUlod . - of -.....,.. poraIW .. llooI.f Ito _ ....,_...... _ _ _ ...... ..ciI 01 _ .... ~ _ COIIbIIJ .. lho E..I wei .... filth .-...,. iooho W_ 1100 ...... I"I.... oI_~oI.... ~ • of jIIridicoI 0lIlI00rif, io "'-"Y -..0.1 wIdr. Ito . . . ""WIll of _
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N'_.I.
V
''0 £. CaspIr• ..tIile aIlmviq for certliD. d i f f _ belweeo. Nicaea ... Tyre. COIllellCIs lila Ihcy 'O'CrC esscatialIy similar. f(ll' • RddukJ...iJiut tI>ey Q3R1biIIed .......'"i·..ical ..... civil iurisdlainn aDd QdlIllCl under !he dira:l ~ 01 inIpcrW. aII/oily;2.1f .. _ptiooIls mIlll: Ihu 1IIc proc:edwc employed by ear;b S}'ftOd was also K. Oirvclu hat', iii 'cd '"\be Rek~ ot~-llI aa.....tw bJIb.:m Ifld. a11bou&h JirinI liule mdenoe 10 tI£ A"'....;·."",....I$ olTyre. be cleatty axnidcn lhc s}'DOd" 1Ia~ bocIllilllc. mere. t!= ... m:k'Wllio' triaI...tIEll apcma1 lUlda' 1M cmt jarisdietioc ollbe lIKe: ""llle iNu ia L!l.iI proc:ess is CooltutiAe" ill llle pct10II of Dioapiu. M1be bishops lis UlII1i1i4rii. -210 Tbe ICOteaee lII!lkt1 ax:1I a s}'DOd would decjd,e 1lJIOIl. l/!oetdoo'e, WllUId 0Dly be mvisuy ia II3ll1nl meiil, wIlidI would be IdIIOCcrtmnrioe 2:11 V. Twcnlqr laue:sa.~, IIIai 1IIc S)W3d oIT,u I" ~ pue llO"'fI' tbaft dlaI 01 ...... advUDry _ 01 1M iIIlperiai WlUiJUzrii" aad e'pened 10 ""llUI_1ellCe on Alhuasius, •
Ii.........
cn:ara
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......IU ..1lk/I\heJ."lhc ED'.·... "'-.med bId.~1hc....,;p. ofaci'ti1judplerltandllOlsimplyuea:' . ..,._"212 HitcondllSion is .... '"bere Tyoe nI Nicae:I _ be considtmt as ....liaIly cj;lferent" in repnllO _..toothy and, prosumably, pmcc
The Cb\lJl:h had 11 grelIl belid in lIle ~a11le of coullCils, bill hen: again lhere were no llCCePICd rules to deletfnine ",1\0) mighllwnmon them ;md whal jurisdiction mer possessed. The Council or Nil:lICll had. as we
"'VI' seen. put provincial couocill 011 • regular rooting aII(\ defined thcir competence. In IIOme area. IoTicr <:l)UllCils were sanctioned by ltadltion. The bishop> of Rome and Alexandria From time 10 lime summoned oouncib from !be Su.bwtlic:arian provlooes IJId from qyp.;. Ind !be biJhop of Antioch from til !he diocese 01 Oriens. Council. of Illlbe Afritlll provinces wm. reaularly held WIder the pre:siderw;y 01 !he bisbop 01 ~ But eIie"""m llll:te wue 1'0 I'lllXlgnizcd uborities 10 ~
Wier COWlCils.
'I'1w imperilll"""""""al oflCn look Ibe iailialive. Only !be ePlperor could SUllllallll a gcnenl councilor the ..hole cllurcb: ConsalIIllne had emblidrd lbc a1 Nicxa, and ~ ... in WI' cae 1'0 ce:a~ «eleriwicll auIhorily wlUdl could EL Bul. Ibe empen:w aIao oflea SWIlIIIOIled smaller COIlIIdls 10 deal willi some
,"'Lulu.
n'L C_. GnrWIu ~ I'e,_·.' ~ 1.1. 179L Cit. . . . .",. cif~ 66-7S.
210/ .... 6l. 2111bi4~ 11. 2IlV.~ ........'../a.... T _ ..... elf.. l$$. flI.. ol6..
213,.....
'" prab.... 011 ... ~ • p....,....... QOIIIIl:i1 . . . 1_0'11' t 10 ckcidc: ConIwItiIle Ipla set !be preoedeIIl by caWna !be _ l i s 01 R"",," and "'lee; 10 deaI.-ilb Ibr; D<wwisI '"""'0 ., aad llQeolC ca and Tyn: 10 Pe ,it"""""1 011 ,,\buM Sa lid AIle couneilJ ~ ... .-..okecl by kadiIt& hidlop&. but wtallef 1Iley __ ~
by lqleriel or ~ .iaiWdoe., ........, . . di:+ t1 ... ltIcir werdia was foeqec:ftl/)' cM " .,;: by dcf-.l ,.roes wbo. atIl:a 1ndJ. alIqcd 1bIIl.1lIey ~ I*bd
At_ .... 01 T)tt, ~ plKticc IllCl poooedin . . lItilI_ die I"'X'C*I 01 de¥elopollellt. AD..,. MIl 1'01"0'& a,areed CIODtl!. . . . IIIIpcriaI IW lie......... but • S.L.. G....... stode Ilas ex... oed. "'die dleary 01 QOI,nQb _ aiU to fIIdilIIemary ilia Ibe pxdce ofIca ~ 1M .w.ority 01 tile emperor raIher dlan lbe lnlodom oIlbe 0ucIt.~ fWlllelolOi", ;1 is olielllMlltdZd _ bo.Xb 1bc Syq 01 Cwo . . ICldlbe S,nocI oITyn: lad. ~ ........ dIM 01 jIId&iq • t ' ~ea;lo' . . ., fipre wIlo IIId bmI ....... """01~ 'Ii th". oIbodI dorila:l _ ..... o.iac doe period -.o.Adiq dM: SJIIDd 01 c - . IWO .1*'* mIllS -..: maNis hed 10 dtal1rilll adI-aas. We may _ _ lIlIllbe ~ ......, 10 .iud&e flttlqiuliQI ~ lUll! .... lbe alUR or tIIc 10 eval.... 1C: any civil nmirlCatiofts. Al Tyn: lIlese lWO rl¢llonI 'IOCR linted. Ah.houlh lbe ovcrsllbt ollbe Syqod or Tyre was ulNSlcd 10 all imperial oI'rlClalln • manner similar 10 NicKI, the JlIlIlM* ...as dltrcnonl., and the CQfIIJOl oIl1>c Mlperol' in. l'llIuet of diJc:ipllne (q QJIPOS«110 t/leoloc)') was
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Apin... A.H.M. JODC:I has «NIlmenccd, Cooslllltine cnttluted "lbe case of AlhanUiu 10 • bomd.·pkked council presided O¥a' by III impaiBl rornmluionu. He himself prtmO\I~ on A\harwiol's appeal from lhi! council,.,'J;16 The. 1Ull1! of ~lIlCh I JoeClUlique. whereby !be anperor cllciK !he bithops who "ere 10 make lI>c decision. and IIll'O\llh • lI,y president JUided lhcir dlJcuulons" was LIllllbe lmperi.ollcwernmenl was 1I'm1 ~I CCOlIiderabk
1""- 10.
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'" AltMup _ EIYJlliu bi*Ips SlalClIbM ~ fII N'.. ,. COIIII!3lkd ,.... 01 ~ ~ 1IIn>qlI DWu)' 1:19 Ie II _ IUd) draI F '" 111Ile ,c:siduII __ '~'&M or~, F\Ic:illus of ~ -"" ........... po.oe. dlo:. _ie; lOle.otPielidioc bi*lp.2'lO ,.. h to 100."0, belie-.ell lk P ee1inp • Tyre 10 be pr;..ril, axlcsi.jc., ;" _ -:I MSl I . . . lbdr _ ...... ~ rer:eiwe 1llc IRIrO"aI Mel ~ (II DOc.ysiM ....... by iaCeraoce. c",'w_:lt! A .....,; ~ T)'Ie.II .... ~ f'O:6Ia:ioa.as. IU"'" IrbI wtIidI MIl LeVe-icaI audocIricy -.:I oooIy . . IiIna.d tivil joai»l&:dGi ....... been IlL .cd by !he cmpcn;Il'.1f1 AI roro-p'M. biaqclf, tllc cm.pct'OI' cut, «JnsideRd it within !lis power to ....-.l dle .....Odonf of die Synod 01 Tyn: I'ld 1Cl reeumi......y di:spuIaI _ _ IIhc:t dle fll:l:m Clnie ~ coadudc.1!I=f
die 1#"
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1lIe pnlCIldan: whidl _ folJowe1 by lbt $)'DOd oITyN ~ 10 ""'... Iadudod d I(lib 01. civil lI'iaIas ~U II dle 1iJM........ ed fdafi..... ~u~~d. cwdcrilIl 01 1M qt:II<1L The synod beplI willi I lottler fltlnl CaallIIIIliaoIlll tile bisbops .. .,bil:lI ha set knvdlloe _ 10 be dlxUlld (... """, ).29" In Ihif; Ieuet lIe.bo:! .labli$lled !be jlutJdictional ~Ib.t of -DionysillS, I IDIIII of co~sulIt Qftt."" FWl!w:>,-.Cpw",u.mter:xcd Ibe ........... ...tlldlllld ...... euended .. all the ~ ~ and ~ baniJI>menlll. punQblnCllt for IIae ""'" rdIIaod 10 enend.2M This eombiDinl of LhIl nl(ul() wllh Iloe queaioa of JIlJbdktlon and I tepeIl of I1le S"DII'''''''' (jill !he hybri4 nallUe of Ibe Synod of Ty~. The. ~lIrIJ OOfllinued with the tr... l Plllpet, in whk:h tile prc.Ildln, 0.,1= al1e<:1 up'n !he inwestrA pa:tia to pretellllhci, respoctiWl CDII5. The. aucn1bled bisOOps ""CfC then liven an oppofIun;ty III JWe lbeir op!nIOIIJ or 10 dil]l YlU folJawullll 1)'re.
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'lI91..... ('Opit&. No 1S-16). 290A-.,pa-wo-._", I'
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m""'"".... 295,..,.,.
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1.1 Tht f>r«udUotr. 1M S1IfOd D{"f'Jn, JliI,.tk1t1blr AD JJ5 HlvlllJ left E&7p. on II July AD 335. A!hPMhlt probably 1IJi¥ed in Pboc::DIcla Iaier in lbe _ IIlONh willi lbe P'll"edinp beinc .. ilialCd JhonIy Illcn:atltr. ~ I(UI .umber of bishopr wbo ulCndad lIIe ryDOd rarWDs IlIIC'CNia. Soc:noler indicia .... only 60 bIsbops _ ...-.297 Hdele -=t:qJlI tlIiI ...... ber but - * I Ihal iI polllUI)' doc:I _ Ind* lIlc EeJIIi- "''''M.,291 H.M. O..-.dtllo ..... PEt' lK _ _ vi. ~ 10 bve bocfI .~ UO. ind~ of lbe EI)'Ptiu dck......1M It is fIOQllII:IIy ~ .:l pI.oe lhc IIClQl -tier vl.lIiJIq:IIpr-. III bee. 110 aid 150. It is poaible Ibt lile Em:Uu biIeqlI lIN _ . . . vl.6daUy =1_ dIM tbeir -.ltlmfcn,ltid _ ~ .. lhc IisI v/. jIodces .. wIIidt ~ 11m acua. ~ - , . blstqII_ ~.:l ki ' for lite 1ri1:........... IDd IUJ' Ilawe IlJived III dli$ po'. . . .y .ytOl. .l)n .&I' d» pmc-1i" !lid IftIcly tqlIL ....., dle pdlere41lls1lap1 Act ild _kl'-ve JOuDd,.
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W'(ft. ElIItbillS Nieomcdia. Nams- 01 NIrolIiu., MaN vi. 0 ............ TlocopIi. or Nie••, PwopbillII 01 SqUoopollJ, Gco:qe 011 lOfliccl', TheodO,,1 HerlIe/al. MxcdortiUl of Mopmmi. l.InKlu of Siq:idwlIJDI, IIId VIlIenI or Mursa, all of whom ta'fOl'Cld Mus'. ~ widlill tIIc chllfdl 01 A1eundril:.3O:l. Eultbiu. of e.e.Cll IIId FIlIcllllll 01 AlItiocll .ore alteady been mentioned and Wt/1l probiIbIy IlOt Illy IftCIl1l well ditpoIed IOWIIdt AtlIaIII$i\ll lhan ~ biIhops IiIl11d abo.... In IddiUon 10 his OWII bisllopt (10m EIYP'. mlny of whom may hlvo been ucluded flOlll lbc polla>tdinp of \be t)'llOd, \be bisbop of AJe.andria .... abIG 10 muIlber a lew frielldt. $ldI II Mplmvs of lerwalenl, Marcellus of Ancyn, ond the vencnlble blallop 01 T1Ieualoniel, Aleaander,'O] DupiIC lI>eae few SlIppor\e1S. h appears cenain LIIIt AL!wIIsiut and thoao widl 'i... u Tyre _lIeavily OIIUlumbered by lhelroppon¢llll. Sotomea IW'I" 10 Illve !lad _ 10 _ IOlllClRIc or millUlC:l or lIE poooeoclinp of lbe Synod ofTyre IIld PfO"'idea dle __ CllIDpIctc ICaUII 01
or
2t'JS-_ HE L 21 (l'G 67, 16OA). 19.H......... dr.. n. n. mOw","" Sl.-n lA ~ . . 1. :JllDs-_ HI L:lO (l'G 67, 161C), JOls HE n. n. ]-' (B;a.,. 14. U.1S). 3lnq. ..,. 77, I: Il. '1; 11. 1:"" HI n. 1S. I'. :lOlS •• HE n. 1S, 10 (B1oSu, 11, 1I.12k ~ . IIQ, 1 ((Ip;Q., 16G.
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309...... , .....7.) {OpiI:l, 9l. V-9l. 26~ 31DiI,HL 7. I.' (Opia, 93.1 ....::1.1). lllq: iI,HL U. 1 (Opiu. 164. 5-11).
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AntANASlVS ANDTIIIi SYM)OOFTYU
'"
rqated dledlqc Ilw. AlhanuiIlJ had ordmd Ibc Ilo'ealdft& dlbc o;haIice Illd llad overthro' 1Il0 ronsldendOlI oIa leacknIlip 1010 in lbe EJ)'Ilti:&n dlurclllllouid Alhanalius be deposed as a IIIIUII of ~ ..Ilicll ~ beina: IICI forth.
ne
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' 12 50., - . I/E u.15.' (lliclcz, .... 13·U~ 31]/Wol. (B0Iu" .... 1'-17): c(. Bvnoo, no ~_~.. lSI, 1St. '1·50"' liE IL:u. (8 11.23). ]U fo , HE 1I,15. 5 (Bida. n.2S). 31'~. 17.' (()pit&. 99. 31·100. 3). 311/.." TJri,on; I.. _0_. 0 -";"1 ""'ndkllo. _ _• the inopI....... oK 11oo EIJ'I"l- Iliotoop ... rho _ _ oK "'" S)'Md oK T,.. IP..:B '" Sene. ' I 11oo _ of ""'" ArdroopIl. For oM ' " tk r-. '" ~ AD »&1339 iMIi<_ ""'" ........... Ud _ • 5J1 bel.... lbo S)'Md "',.".,., S< _ tho< - , . ( ~ _ . . M WI_ _ _ ""'" AIM tk r)'M4. , I/B u.:u. 2S (Biclez, U.I1.I9). no.. __ .. iu¥f. . . . 0 policy. MOO' •• oK " ' I . . _. . . . . . 11oo .-t>l>< Ir.f. '" 11IO a.dI.. .. ioo • .,...., olIIooop It. _OOiOIO lU)' ..... _ ot&aooI A _ _ .... A . . . c-. ;. po ;" .... _ of ""- Mol ~ • eM S , - '" ,lor ",= .._ M o:d
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". """"""in,th;. r.JRrecital.ion of tlle,cd ~iolcnu. and lnlimidaOOn.lbe Mdelianl put forwwd """1 ~y conskk.red 10 ~ Lhe primary c _ foe tbe pa5I Ryen )'Un of un.alldN bel n:pIicd by IIleaDl of ... ioIenu ud iln~Dl..)19 Hen: lIpin, i. is clear lha Ihe Meleli_ were /'f.lyin, lIpoiII Iha CMalk&I prtI¥iIioId of Ihe Coancil of N~" arda 1ll_~'.dl:pc,.iII(a.
nc Adaliu afflif ... lIll;ll ra1fcd (lIIIQC lIpiJIlty lIE MdeliIns. "" ........ ItIM All' . ~ tIIIl ..,. of bis cppma! frierldI bcr;-. ~ ... i .. ",pod III Ille. fIldlill. biIbop 01.11), '" 320 l1le Mel....,..· ~ ) d·l..."j papLIar -.ppon (or 1Ile:Ir ""'''QUI A .... II . . III .."., 10 . . .,.-s ... llido IUJIClNd II) COAI:IiIl .-btio: ," rn-dIa __ afAI... '''~'''''''''.'.""""",,.. So
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Alh. .";" _ . ~ llilfIopI'" bop 111& bJ1bJ.....,.. .... n:liiq dlaa.p.wllidl Ndboel ,uw.. lCd.l21 0:naiII ofllle."'T . wen: draIa . . . CIlII of UncI. wtIiIf. odlors ..-e ldened 10 r..care "c .. of Ihc. 1J1IIOCl.1U ...... • ... . . - - 4T!wn.iu brfN&bI Anenim 0IIl of
1rilbIl. aad III hishops
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A¢ 'M ' ....... u....KUSI., ......... m a1Jady ~ dIdr 1qlIJ. lbc7 -..l dla AdlInasiDlllaCl bi*lp, Ph' 10 .... 1101: DIe of Ancni.... ond 10 ..aIltCIt Illc. biIlIop of H)'llIde. AnaliIaI, '-I
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'" «"'P"" flOll'i P\lJsiaftll'l and had JUDe imo bidinl, ~ MeIeti:aRs ~uded lbal be bid been kilkd ... Ibo llldm of A'b..osi"s -.4, bo't'*... Ancfti.. was
-.ell Io¥ed by ~i:s fdlow bishops nI had beefl a g;JIIfUJ(l".lIley bad lIOIirJed lbc macislrIIe.I.3tl The ~1aI$ian of PlusianllS. ..110 was probAbly • farmer Meletiln. in !heir nplanaUort f;CI~1 AlVailll. wenll\ho::a$ lbc ;qgneatlbal mu;b ol .. tw IDOk pIaee iD. ~ _1!Ie I'l:IUIl of .. ~ riYaIt)' beI:weu \lQe Mokliml who had ~ their ,..blol1bip "';I!I &ktllMlr\a IOId I100Ie ~ bid maainod rlismllie :n6 Willi to _ , E ~ blsloopI p t I aside. all "'lDIincd ..... Ihc asc: of lsdlJfllS. ~ had remained Itdamant in his denW ollbc chari" .1>4. presu.... bly. Al!w>uius bad prut111ed 1lle 'd""llllc of Mc:Jetian cleqy fl'Cllll lhe lime of AiuatIder 10 the .)'nod. sIlow11li l!W Ischyru had IIOt beelI ord.ined by Meletiu and. Lherdore. was not. pre
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the mallcr of lhe chalice. ~"8'WIScpl.mbfr liD J35 The Eusebl~ .ugg.....d tel Diony3;us lh:It a wmmi$.1ion of inq~i1y shwkl be Wli 10 the ~ to 5t:C11f1: Iddiliooal evidenu. Aihan35ius consiokrtd $llCh an ul\dl:ttUillg to be M.uperCluous,M pOlrhaps ba:au"" the bi$llop 01 the Marroli., Agaihammoo (ye! llI10IIler former Ml:letian) wal already JmSC'nl II 1M I)'lIOd and . . . well aa:q... inted willt lhe CII$C.328 Ne~, Ath3nal'''' ItlUwed that if wc:b • cOfllll'liaiol'l . . . 10 be ICI\I, III _ben $bouId be imputiaI and. \ltmfore, -..clade lboK bisbopI:
2.4 Tiu Mareol;" Ccmminioll.
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311J~::S. n (Biced botw_ ~.-a 0 ....,.,.. .... lbo ......u- 01 eM S , - at T_ Cir 11M .... ""'"r " IhIo DioDyI_ .... _ oocuoUr ~ II lbo d.oIil ' .... 01"'" 1ItJ ill T)'f" <•. nt~ ,,). TIUo Ii boo IipI I.-:t 1>r lIM £«no:i.-1Iiobop ,;....
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..bl) h..t already sIlo'fI1l Ibcmzwa II> ~ 'ostik .. rqn 10 biI -.. 1"4'" IhhluP Ao.",;ubdie>oed dlal he lIId pel h I Da)'SNs 10 rotIDwdlil_of.u..dJl:_nna.wtaidlwu ;; ': tN' 1'1 lha ~ po-. ~ ... IIod. au • 1 sIoIId be. c"dndod J2l' DiIClro, ''II. dlher rhp. eelc.r-tiq die <ml..lpke biauolf, ... diI'"'*'CI die. J7llDd I).,.q . . 1MllI'ideaw::us by I ......a.- _. prubabIy UIllIaIlle ~ 01 flacillllS of AJlIiodI1"JlJla lI'IaII F"trbi. of Can ea.-tID bid dady _ IIIIda" lllIaI:t fnIIII Ibe ~no 1lIc _ ..... Ill'*bI7 dlaeii by llimpk. _jorily .... ofllle KCnldiIod .. _ben of the Q'lIIOll C_1lOdI tJdIllled IItc ~ ~ of Ibe FJn'IliM oklc:pr;o.). o w ' e1 oITl1tlopi1fJ1NitEa, Maris 010..'....... T1lDocIcnI;of Ker1IdI:a (\II Tlnool. ~. . of ~-.;" (ill CiliclI), Unad... oI S ~ and V.... of Muna.33l AD of Ihc _beq: _ ope-. AriIII J)"llpillWlers
and au were lnll'Kllbly ~ 10 AIhana$i ... AltIlou&b IJdlJru, Ibe ~ ill die malter. 8CaIIIIpmied dle. l;OCIImi'" 10 !Sa)'JII as I ~ _iii IoW:aios, Ibe.........", !'MY. _Idt .. c-ocIy. T)'RWilli • miliury pn • dloir disp>Dl and aleu.r JCIII.-iDIIk' • 'ntt al IItc prd"m of £&yp. ill -..s, me,. .m-I _\be MMeoliI ill lac AupIl AD
33,,332 1lIc p~p 01 dle canmissioIl ... Ille ~ ....- ocal1 biased and ~ AI lias benl rnenIionod above, the !'"'rca of EoPt. Plll1lCri-. _ DO fr\l:nd 10 die churd ill A "'nnd~ He mel. the COlMIiaion frvcn 1)rt and ....,. u¥e ..pplcmcnwl. !be;' milil3ry eKort with QlIIer lIOlder. ~ndu 1111 dUKe tommMd.3lJ As lhe commission bcpl lts IIlqUIrIes, • rtood numbel' of Alllllandri.. prcsbylefS and deacoos mIdo lbeif ....., 10 lIle Mareocll in (101it. 10 llel fonh evidence on bellalf or ~UIIIlIld 10 "claim Ihc rillM of bein, pruenl at lhe invesUlllihl" linc:e AlhlnJsIu,', 1~len:SlI were ll()I tCptCKnted In its mcmbenhip.JJ.4 Their prutnte, howe_."1II no! welCOmed by the ccmmi$$ion, and they "'ere I~ Iway. In llOIIMquenu. the ,lltee:I presbyten and flve deIconl f/'Ofll Alexandria praeml4 I.tMo oommi.tion wi.th • wriuen pl'OlCSt CCII'IOemJI'II1beIt elU:hlllon
AniANASlUS AND1llJl SYNClOOFl'YRE
..... -SOtlw; It would _ . tept I«m.-..,nt. runba ~ 10 dleo:lIriaau
Flavi... .".~UlI. praumably 10 • _ on 10 CoaslantIne. " PIl11a&rius ..6 lIIe COllllniuiollUl Ie, In lbe . . . of imuropti"l .._ _, wilhin Ihe rq;o.. 1be ceIllolio: po<:$byIetI UlI * - 01 Ihc Mareobt .uempltd 10 appear bdooe lbe iIIl1~;ry ..illl I1le iDleJIlGI 01 poaeIIq rll1lhnl_ oIl!Ie • .",.. iIwol..... OOyrM but were, like Iheir ~ m1... I' .. ' tumecllwy.n6 1u.000000000ilhile ........ die r!heN puto,lUI IIId r.nee. '. I P ~ I ~ Palladia Ill6 FlI..... "-isI'" (a ""0:"6 0I1lle p"lU:*, pre{«u), ~ dtalldt)Tll blllel:ll ordained iIrtaIl6ly by Cdl..... -.I Pt II II i .. dIura. that .. c:llIliec: had. beu bootat. Mel Illa Ille ....., IFIfY _ r........ . F..... bcl"urt... _ peqiIlalkd 10 OClIlf"le ~ I,piu; AtIlIoIIGiQ ...., ~JJ9 ~COIIlIri'·.I.remalnl:d......... IQI MacariulIlacl Y'ililed \he "!bee 01 I weWll!y ..nea\he EldIariIt 'I!OU1cI _ haoe been cdcbtllCd.}fO 1JOllC,. ill Ihe MItC(ltia,lC Afier .pin rellearlin, tile faeu IlOlI<'UlIi"l lhe Cll'eu or laeh)TU I./lCI ~DDdcmnln. u.. mabod.a or tile commlulonu.. lbe lelU. enIIed by eJICOUtIIinJ tile men.bm or tile I)'llOCl !ll oarulder that \bin will abo ""be • $
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1.1 T1w 7)R. AD J;U _"";iJe 1M MIrtIoIie ........· . n _ holdia, ill III tcna. .. • ' tpil:IN Wit .....".., mel ~ P""'durs ton: cd bf lbe IJIDl ~ beIq - . . I ;" l)ft. Ad.IIBRa kIdpd • c ; '. . wllh oayAus - ..... Ihe -.posilioo of Ibc romaIlssioL)oI,' The E~ llhhcpIli T)ft okIi-eml • ~ 10 !lie' Wd bts!IopI. .. ...1licA! Ibc~ delcribed llle MareoO:: commiaioll as lLIyiq bectlldeetcc1 ~1a..-_-3017 -.d .. hI¥"'_OUI~ill Of'dulObriq MeIcU.... IDIO !be Maieotis 10 teStify qaim A~ias.]·' 'They rgl~ ucl . . _Ill'mk·.... wid> ... aJmoa ideDlieaI kttcr 10 Dioaysius ud, rlftl1ly. witlI.1IlinI pctiIiaa ill 'IIi'hidIlbty ....... r~ IIl'PE*ldlallbc cue be; IdmnId 10 Ibc un...... himrlf:M9 WbaI Aleunder fIl ~ bad boa iACCW'IlfId .. 10 lI£ biucd EIioDs olllle , he IiUw1se _ 10 bim lila. w:upUlCy bad ben.1\:noed IIPiast ~ ......lIldl ia'fOlnd Ihe ""-.Ihe MdetlMs, Md Ihe Collullriarla rcprlIil' !he f..1Ite of Ibc EC'Jlli3n dlmdI.'~ for ~iJ put. t>ionysius _ 10 Ihe ElIfIl=biIAs IlDd iDformcd lhan lIlx Ilodl A"",,,/Ieo" ...... Adwwlllll bad quUtioDed Ibc pro;cdllQl ClllldlX:1 or 1M ryDOd. He abo prtwldcd ....... willi. ropy 0( the lcuer ftOlll AleuncIer. willi ilia wamina:
ronr.."""
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u.-.. of tho JRfoel I'lillqriuo:
fir .... ·Akflil'/1pn .. ~ ~IIN""" "",{(op~ ~k I'~ 4J'M>!'fl'; ....~ rp of AL.uadri. "",kala "'"' "__ ..., "" I'lblqrio• ..., tile biI.'ino......- '" iJoWald..... op;.o .. ..uoolia ill !he cily. ; '.n, 1M 4yi_ "."aI_ .., Thlo _ _ Ia ;p-ecI 1»' T..o. B.,.. .. Iii - . . - of .... S)'ftOd of <s..-. C_',.j.. _ E......... 1362)f) ....,u •. $ ,...' flip< .. .u.-.- •
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'" INl. CMe IhouI4 be lItea I'CIt ICl pootide poondI roo an appeal by tbe ........... JWtic:a.UI Tk -.juril, of 1lIe bislIop:Iln Tyrc Iw1, early in ScpIember..... ibeir 'Qt 10 ~ far Ihr. ..... jcarjre 01 tbe Oourdl U dlc Holy $epulcIft - ' • eat.sed ~ p1lIeriq wIIidt r......uy rullIliIaed Arim - ' OIIllnallboir pIltJ) ICl \IIc ........,..... ol_a.n:a.U2 i k onily of Ilw. d11Kll. -.tidI. ee.n.ioc.." Ioqed for, ... _ ... .........,. a:co&ii'"I' 1 FaIIooriIla 01 tt' , M·_.tlidl1uRd I) .. 10"'1 .... AD 1M biIbopI i bW io ~ to 'ar llleleplll"l 01_ ""i4icmmmji "; pea~ eM All . TIle lIidqtot ... k·todria,.lk>we_.llad alre.:ly fled. So- M ....... cbaI. AllIanui.-Itad., tomelilnc carlitr, ben to ~ fnw die public • oM ollloe ayaod owin« ICl ... urwIinea 0I1be proceaIInp'" fan b his safely CM lIle pan at !be aI:lborilief;.~l II it 1iteI)' ..... foIlowiD&!be appeal ID 1M _peror wthidI abe Eppliall hi·...... Ud .....iue4 10 tliil:.)'IiIoI, .'..... P . . had cla;itkd (or _ _ .illClllI) 1I)..u .. way &o:n Tyn: 10 IJIpUI' bd~ d!oe mtpOfa' .. c."'n,ienple., J"Daliy ~ IIcl9ided.3SS
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'" Sozomen "'potU !hat following thiI ICIlleIlCe of dcpo.siLioD ~Jo!nI [Atd>lpbl and his ron-cu......, rclnsl3Ied ill fcllowslllp. •. and ClIl:h __ pIaoedtpin in his _D clerical raak- -35') TIIis. howe_, wouJd ICaIIID be _ ...... or aa anomaly, .. JolIn had Qrlier bo::llltCriYfd by Ihc ICIIIpcmr n. pert\Ipl. IenlponrilJ by Socralcs. wbile DIX .....ua..iIIg AJdqph, _ .... AneIriuI was JUI(Rd 10 ~)60 A,pil>. mdI • ~ is prcblbIy .. as AniMiIaJ 1Ilad ~ beerI-.-iIed 10 Alhuaiu belen !he IyIIOdaI ;c... Il T,.e.. In bolh _ _ iIIe ~ollhc IldIoriaASIppeaS III be mLt.i1oal MdI Ihcpo' . al ~ d idlowilll!be c:wllaA bd._ the ncepcjlII of A~·.. ..'. wftik I!lIl biItIop llilllSdf is .njaslly c:oncIomaed. NeY81lIdea, it is pewiNe ilia tile bisbopI-l'}ft WI mm" special cffart 10 aD"~ pIAJlkl}' 1lle 'l"llidily of Ibe clerical _ 0 1 the Me "· who......,.iD. ............... dll: synod. loa _ D I oIlbI: , di"&I' and tbe Albsequtlll ~ or Ihe _blecl biJlIopo: wu ptc!"".... and scDl II) CoIQUI\line.. Farther. a simibr ItOOUlll or the .,..... of tbe syaod _ included Ul • ciIaIW lelia" ~h was _ D "11Ie bishops of aU rqicm:" erljoinill& dlelII 001 II> ~ Ath3nasi1lf in fdlowsbip or 10 rommllfliclle witll him by le\lQ'.36~ BotIl of Ieuers «lOltained and atrumed!be multil" of dl_lcslhat bad beto:I brou&!'l apinst AthilJlasiw both befon: and after hi. ru.ht from T~. In<;lucled in the till of accusations _ Ilw: panic,,],. indictmem lIIat AIIwwi.. bas disobeyed the empenr by his failllte 10 appur III caesaru the previouJ year. The indusioD of Ibis charge, ....hicll 8ppIRnily!lad no1 been raisod duMg the general $eSSions of the S)'nod, appears to have betn , blalanl attempl on the PlU1 of the pro-Man bishOjll to conuasl ... wann;".'. disobedience 10 Constantine's wishes wilh Ariun recent lubOlission. S=en'ssummary of the syoodalleuer or C
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They lisa ~Iartd in this Jetter that lhey hill been forc«!l0 brinS this CCIlldtnwtion upon him ri.t.. Atharwiusj becI~ .. he>I tQfIInWlded by !he em~ the preoeding year 10 IpPear berM !he eu.=m bis/'oops ...110 ""'U'e illlwed at Caes3Iu, he dUobcyod the summons. Itept the bilibops waillnj for him,.lIIIi 21 aside the commandli or the ruler. They also aaICd !hal ... hen the bilibops had IISCfllbled 81 Tyn:. he 'M';Il1 to !he (ilY intend"'&: 10 <:lIu5e diswfbanee$ and rioIf aI Lhe synod. bringinJ "';111 him a IIqe retinue {or ttlis fJUflIO$e: Ilw. when ~ k oI"lCII rdllled 10 n'ply 10 !he accllSlltiMI brou&bl apilISI him. insulted individual bistqIs,.-I ....""'" call"" Idon!beln he ........ ota ~ IllllI III Other limes did not allow himself 10 be jada:ed. In the same
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The Ian(ua&e used ill Ihil
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.... s.u...t, dlc • icw iI"cfaalil:BofUdJ.~ is 'TkodepGItb.otltw; IeIer ate de ' 10 PJ'*MiDg dlc of A1c·-m.. beq:. ~ ifldividal .,;.... 1M life of . . (brO. . . beillJ uc.pIifoed by lois ....;ni... 10 K1lleIlt IIlc ~ 01_ 'w ...... ~ Tk tid:. of *'~ ill \heir ~ aad !be IIbst1lce of ALIIausiu U ilS ~clelr" iMicattd Nt dle..-of lhelrisllop'. ultilrlaa _ nul yet rlllly ...... jdrc! Funher. ifI dlc IftXII" of _ EuPtiIn bisIlops. ~ of ~ Il>d 0Iber~- bil' cPO. dlc """11k&, ditspite ~'I IUl:r as:laUCft 10 "-11& HcnDit. ~ .,.,;dy Ira'oe beaI
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2,4 T1w: FU,1v ., e-w",iItopU /JItd £W" N _ _ 1tD JJj The ~ and """,net of A"'-'asius'. nijht from ~ bas n:malned, de'l7ile nllltlCJ(lUS SlIIdies, • Yued cpJtSllon. The Ei)'lltiatl bilhcps.
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". esDblislled. it Is blow.. tIw. Athanasius ... i~ ill ColISlantinopic 011 30 (klebe. AD 1)5.361 TIlls d:atin&. bowev
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This illeOll5iscency bas
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• puhapr ~y druwic
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.~ioII ol ~lS IlII lbc pan oll;Utaill. IddIn.. Far P. Pa:1!Q, 1lI,,1dj... ...- lhe ~ manhakd by Eo SclrwvtJ..lUUCSlS lbal
tloo Iellllll ollbe ..".qe J:urd ilia ID do willi Arblnasj,u", ....se cl PlIeIen __..... l!lc Syriac It1fJ/I#widIift lI'Ie ...-i.e of lbe FUlill U~ IIIda vrn as -ralt~ Pol opitleIlNl At!IaalIsius fOW1d -. timba tall I'1oIIlaI ••. ie Ibc pan- and made: IliI: WI)' out of tile Iwbor. -~bliq. priDoa m*ing his csape. -lQ ToO. Banocs _ /OlloM:d Ibis Inditioll and cvd= all evu &ICIII<'Z _ at ~ ...heII be-.:s IIw. - Alhinasiu Oed 110m ~ iD .. optII 00.1 alId ulldcr lIle <:oVa" of darkness, eYllClillllbe soldien .,Ito ...... ,"'le· pauolled !be hIfbor. - ) $ A. ManiIl is oenainly c:om:cI in $IIgge!lina tlw "'it " ~ DOl neo;esaary 10 dtalnlti20e tIrf further lbe sailin( &om T)'fe of -..bidI " do not know \he dale • $
lfJIlJllONOOn-
In Iny case. ,he,e are <e'!.Im difrll;ullles whh IhCIe dramatic ,econsuvo;tiona, and Olhcr pouihle explanationl sllouId be brought forward. It il cleM from lbe ICCOIIn! of Sozomcn thaI tile first wilbdr:awal of Alhana$i\l$ from lbe sessions of the Synod of T)'re was II lIle instigation or "the ofrocen ...110 had been ":lTI'inled by the emperor," who were CQIICemed fOf the safety of the bishop. 1 In this namlli.e. AthanUiu.'. flight from Tyre lmmediately folio"" his ",moval from !he pI'OCCCIdinp by Ihese offICers. R.I. FTank, in hi. study of the .chol"" palm;/tM;, writelllhil ...ben questlolu of occurity and order ItO$e il .... $ qyilC IlIlural for so:iItJklnllO be Ulled.
Seeaily "'as _ noubly I prclliem .1 ilIe COIulciI of Tyre. 1lNb.,....,ly lhe most disonlerly millti even say uproariuus---of Dioaysius bad AI hit: <:orlUIIIIld • dcw:b1JlCOl of III the toIdieB. They ae nriousIy caIIcd "Illiliury paards.~"fo.diJlClS~(dlal is, VtIliJu), ..... impc:rial detIcIifDt:f.... ~ and "!bole ...1Iom lIle emperor had _ 10 lIIIillllia Dfdcl.~ 11 is cbr 1Iw1hey -...ere imperial panIs. Evenu stIuwcd iIw ibc pards were needed.•.. The bisllopll hostile 10 Alhanasius ...ere 50 iallerosed ••• lila !hey allll:kcd birD ia I
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367 FuMl ""'-I.... vm (H_~. A. ........ D3). 36&IIN~~ ....... "t:Epi\oll><." •• ~iI~ 13<'.1»'
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'" body, and onlt I1Ie iaI......... olllle l . w 011I dul)' a>oed!he ~ rn. ........ deadL The aIT_ ;" doIrp IllCllI: Illlll 1M 01. IlIe '-II br • _ ail ...t lbat ai&IIl _ Ilia. "'87 c. tard • lIIIip .. anlIIr 10 ...... fur'daer ~.J72 Is i1111Q prwibl, 10 P'W"lar IbIl ...... ' . ' . fIi&bl rn. T)reIIOl N 01. .. elClpilll pri hit ruher or _ ..110 _ _ D Coft..a";'" .. _ or ~ CUAOdt' Illc N¥eIIlurwl aape 011I • raft IlJ saWl . . boN ~ II , _ _ 1"" T IUc. wlia Al!lalIIsiIB SQtC!I1lI:III fi,. EoPciIa t · II "" ........iPs AnIDoII.~ ...,....bi<w .-lPtIU,aDolwboln l>adbeea.~ WIII'r. p _ • Coas\IntiDople. il.Im, ~r· tim on llilI jouraey.l13 If lIle jowl. 0{ !be syllOCI !lad, ill fKt, been w.pe..decllO "boo- Illc bidlopIlO mate Ibdr way II) \he ceIebmiont ill JCIIIAJem (13-20 $qrlllmbcr) II IIU, be possible 1<1 SlID'''' thai AlhanM:iu IJld ILls toIllf*IklnIloft T')'re \IIIIdef !be proI«lion 01. DloII)'SI1II • about 1M _ Ilme. ~ IuP ollllc joImey WllIIId lIlad>y be _bed 10'" fony dltys or taI_ woWclllJow far Alhanal:iIoI'.1"tliru ~ wltlI lila. AdaliDcdly.lOIdI. ~jmi"l ol1llQe W1&1ed 8Ild ill-reponed c¥I2W illlrpoclltticaI. \IuC _ ..., .u thal in tile lar I«w of COUtl!ll;"" II wtIltll ,eun4 Al!IIRal;iI.lt 10 lUI ...,. d!O! _ Wnp1M4 III ~ for l!le blIllop'.uik _ _ of proectiorll'rora 1liI _ _ .J1. DeIpiIe lila" uaerUoas 10 !he oonoary. _ llUy.lbc::rdore. poulbl'J qllllltion ....tJcI/ler or llOI AlbInQIus'. fli&bt horn T)"Je was undct lbe prolOl:t1oII of imperial 'ijlllcrily lind ...., hive JlI1l"'ided l!le aeoesis for ..""I ...........Y. been «asidtrcd I face-AvllIi lllClV)l device. If this it allowed •• poa.IbiUly. !he _ount ill Lhe Itllto' or Conswuine II u.-y be .en as IOI'Iltthllll 0IIlet ltw1 •
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polile flCllon. Wbc:llAtlIIII&IlllllIId his CDmp;aDim"llIrivcd in COftSII.n~nople 00ri:I8 lhe lllltr ponio/I of Oclllbu, Comwlt''''' ..as 001 in lbe cily. The emperor appearl 10 III.. len Lhe copila! fill" N"lC
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' i_a-VoLD, a - I"'. 1160111. 3'73"",,, .,. '2 (Opa. 16l. 4.6). For doo po fII _ ........ Do Tyra "'..... : iii,! .. t 1 : . ' _ . . . . ;o..q. .. <:0-_ ir•• A. N .... ~ T.D. _ _ 1........ flldoo.lMo.o. oM • _ ........... """"'"" io . . uP;w _ )(I a.- AD m ... .., __ .. u.,.~"""N~al1k_·
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probabl)r been Ipp «of fIllbt; Ii_ and ~ 0/ Ihl: (:101"....... 'J - . r .. ~ enIeftld IIle cily 001 1lcnebKt. lbe bIsllop of AJeunckia "is ~ bIoclcd dle wly MId 'ppl"u (DIIIIpbd! 10 lite. po at IIoe llI*'PI r.o. 'T)ft 'fr!lo IoId W-.r:d.... r..1l"int "U",,· -As. IhiI ""","*M 10_10 ~'I"" ,,- .. ; I _III t t IlliI kaa ID be wrillI:a III yGol.- !be biIhcpI • ~ -10 ilia all of )'011 wIlD fila .p die lywXI whidI was bdd • T)'re lIIipt quickly ad 'WldDat cIe1Iy come lOW f;QUfI oflllY clrlllellC)', Inonler 1 0 _ by ~ e .... yo. hI~~ .. impIniaI and JOUld jud&meN..-371 C vri....... ~ Y " yetllD;CfUia • III whal b3d ll'IRSpind u Tyre .... not _ 10 have """" iJI. pone.;'" alllle S)'llOCbIItuer of candcmlWlon. By militia, lISC of ManiJ!'. cakulMioas. we 1<_ tIIM AlhanuIu& eouJd "-~ Ia4Id ~vmol. days ia .. ~iclIlll conv;lll:e C<MllWltiJle thaI be h~ been unjustly deall .. il/l II Tyr.. What hlwened a....1 is uDCc:rWn, bul il illfguell by some. ti~e Pwen and Btmel, lhal Euseblu. of N!CQRXd;I, ICCOffipanied by Theognis, P.trophil~., Eusebius or CIC$are&. Ursac:ius, and V~I\I, arrived in the capilal 011 6 No_ember. Lhe YUy lilly IlIal
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.., Coasc.>line was prepar1.., his IeUCt.31 ' This ean-.ient and dramatic 1l2IlUio.1loweoa-. is baed enWdy OII~"e'riokncc. ,.Fuwl ww flfdu VW illforms.lIIa..w-ius.mcd iJllbf:; ap:Ui1 011 30 0c10lJer bolt had 10 wait eixht lIIys bd~ praencioI,llimself tdcn Cmaanrir'C,!haI is, umil6 Nooenlber. The JIIdu abo jQct;":::s Ibai AIAlllash.....at _ iIuo aik . . the. fallowiq cII)'. 7 Novaabcr. 379 Atttloq;b GJl. S ~ -zuo:d. thai this dilte .. ;1lCOl,ea ad U,ould-hc , led 10 S Fel:Jrg:y AD 336. lIle11'...... i daeol.l NOfl:iilba AD 315 . . beerI ddeaclod well b7 P. Pt>eu>s &DCI is in.. ..ulIlbe """- ollhe k~pIuJh. wllidl iadi<'al£lIlhaI. IbI: cWnDon 01 AihalI&slus'. r_ c:illo .... twenly~ IItOIllbs aDd ckYeft days•• tiJllC wlllcll....... III wts 1tidl lbc bishop'. ~ (rom !be apil3l 011 dIi$ day.l'O lr SieYa'5 is irwkcd iLta.",,(, and lIle cimlmswnial <:Yideace does _oa 10 iDdio;Me .... lhis is !be case. it .... he ........... 1lIIIlllbc EIISebin pa'ty _ prolNIbl}' ahQdy pam, in IIle(apiWOll6(1 Now:mbrs. A. Martin, ~_. has arlDCd that 30 Octobef was tbc: dale of Athana$i",'. (nl mecling ",lib Con... ·~ w.... d OOIl1le cia... of bis urival in the t;apilal. as I!le '/fda WOIIId have IIIID bel1evc. w:Ja1 This -...ould allow for. period or &e¥mll days, Wrina; ",hicb. Atlu;rouiu:s milhiliave lllel ",illl the elllpel'Ol' II'l
Itlending upon ~ cmperor.J 82 AthanasiUl'1 narrative simply cornprn;... poiJll of ~icaIICC\ll1lCY. 'The IUMeqIlClll.aionl of 1M Eu~ianl II coo.t would have cm.1iJlJy con~iJll:ed AlhlnUiUl1hallhey hid ~ informed bef~ of 1M alOllenlS of ConSllDlinc'IIcucr. HId !he Eu5eb.... bccD ... lhc o;spital for CVCfI a few da\'l. ;t is ditro::ult 10 believe tlw they _Ill IICIltlve IIad acces:s 10 IUdt WonnIIion, SIOdI knowledge, tto-_, could oaly bave Ileal obtai....... af1ef lIIeir IrriYIl in COn$tll«Uj'qlic 11 is eauJdy likely iIw T D, BII1ICS ill comet in hill aucrWn IItat. by Ihe tiIne of AlIlInIsilll's lIIrinI ia ConswlIiDople. 1M ~ EoDebiaII bisbops _ aIftady _ I D lIEapiuI bl'arin& !he I)"'OdalIelter of IXIIllIeIMaliOX C~enI$ pUI ~
l1la-.., c.-c .... _ £.c""'n •. cil. 240; ,.,....... "'l."EpilDpc. w •. oil" \]7. ]'!tF...-U- t_ vm rpUfDW~. A. ~ 2D} lIOo.., S~ • ......,;i yo..........·l·· Eia Borilrll _ Geot'· l • All.......; • ZfludoriII fir 1lUuwUcJw. T~"]I (1161): 91;
*'"
m._nt>.
". from T)'l1l io onkr 10 deliYa" il in pc.- 10 Ihc empervr,)1) If. as E. SclI.....u SUUem. Ihe Onal XDioa of Tyre ICIOt plai:e fi:r Ihc S)'DlId at
JauDJem (1).20 Sq:ulllbe:l'). Eusebilll L'ld IIiI companiolls could cuily "YC Idl Tyn:. durin& !be e.ty portiort of Oclllber Illd mille !be 1 _ , Uys' jooInIey 110 ~ ... idllbeir ....... taIIillI wilt1ln Iha ...t 01 N_be:r. b is. I sllon tiooe afler A~'I r... Hi., wiIlo. e-..-.."" 11w.1My c.riaI. 1ridI . . . . . . . . . . fJ'lllII _ Spod of T)ft..,. be ~ ljo lby At . wboa. tpoo;UallJ _ ....... lloe _ I allllll: ~ ~ Ibcir arri'+'IIl f;:lIIIiUllllll ....,. 110 Iclqcr Did "J~l abcal. llle Ind Ancci-.· IlaYiq P=Ci¥Cd thai the
r...
il .
e""
,;n..... w_~)1$
Cr.
. , . ; _. : 10 B. . . . Ihc ~ d!oM IoId IUen pIKe .... dla lhe onktcd .- biIIaopI fn:a T)1C. 10 0 t.le . . IiIqde
......Q1 • 1lId
Ille!ll 'ft • aIr<:adJ D I1Iou of It. Oirarllet. wllo COllIUllll 111M AIll.......·' uile sabsajuo.al 10 hi. IasI ilumrlew willi em.a~ _Ihe emperor'llqal Me......... of 1Ile judgmelu oJ. T~ -311 E.,;h of these y;ews JftSUpposel WI tINI Synod of Tyre 1I'0llened • a . . . . . dolly _ dian advllory 1OIlIlori.,.. WIwe_ 1M ..... UleDI of Ibis IlII!IoriIy - . ~vu. _b$equenI.,¥allS sbow dearly IbM e-tinc ...ftc!e>'ed IIle Jadlment of lbe syaod 10 be IUbjKl 10 IIi.I nwIew IIld. u IllIIWS U'lftSpin:d. all of 1M pn....,. IOIRCI appear 10 be in acroe- 1haI. A.thanacI\ll'1 banisllmem ..... bax:d ~ ID lIC:CI4Mion whi(:h Iud not br.aI brooi:ht r_ _ o1 It Tyre or included in Lhe I)'I'IO(W IellCr of COOdCIlU,"00ll.
"'" [ in I' .lbenfa.. 0 - " ' . . . . br Ihe -.cil. -)16 nil; view ...i l I _
_
liM
To thl. CAlCntl\ would seem thaI Bames LsIUMlIlntll.lly ,,10Ie' 10 1M truth of Ihe mllllCt in hi. asserdOll that Constantine annulk:(\ Lhe judamenl whiclI Iud bwIlJ'll1'11u1pIed by lhe I)'lIOd. Boell Socralu W'IlI S(W)nlell. ""Ill" rollOWi"l Ihe clwoolot;ically inlmnlC IlImUve of AltllnasillS; ' .... ac the COOII-uc. of the bisbops II ~0¥Cr thelCUiDl Mickorlbcir iud&- by thcempe.or,3.. ~ indicalal thIl thc Eullebians """0 journeyed 10 thc Clpilal doeicled not ..... IIIow Illy runllu inquiry". COIIC(:I,,",& the brokea cup, the 0'Nthn>.... lila", or thc til~nl or.v-illl,· thIl is. lIloce wety ctwBes inc:lllCled in l!lc
lynodIlleuuof concItmrwioa.319 Sozomcrt. howe_, wbile emp/llsWnI the rar of l!lc IIishopIIil T,.., 0¥Cr l!lc CllIpc.or'l~. c1IUa' Ihar. the
313 1 _ c....ri.. _
3Ms-on&, as m. ,.7«. lU"",,, 17. I, 1«. cW.
3I6a.-. C-w _ 3I7a.... C__ID_
,., )".son-r.
_
r·.....·~ •. dI. m, E--.., .....~ lotO.
'i"'*l_ _... dr. n.
l a s - - HE lU.I (PO~. 16'lC): 1«. ~..
S
HE n. 21. 13 (Biola, tl.
'" ElIdllIm ",110 /wi ...... lheir way 10 COnI\IIIlinopie Jill'~ Illclcd • rlUtbrs
IIIX'UWion 10"" ,.,1lkb '-d been 8dVlnced • dle synod..
Willllhll Dri,iDallynodal <:ondemnalioa of AlbaoIUi ... now. for aU in_ IIld ~ _ aaIX"'" tbc _perot ~11Ile m:all of dle biJbcp:110 • ..- ..men .. ConsWltillOPle. EuatbiUl 01 NioooaediJ, aad doc OIlIer five biJbcp:I_Dd IIplOI • _ coura 01 KIica. 111 .. inIerviI:w wid! o.panrinc, ~ 011 IS ~",bu. 1.1 wlliQ; 1M pn>A'hu. . . £DpdM blsaqlo wrn abo ~ Ibqo ICltUIld doc biIllop 01 AIc.wdrio, ol -.:NI _oIl/1e<:hup_1tIa~.... d 10 ~ lhc I"MIpOI'IIliaa 01 pUl r- ECJ'P. 10 rw-eminopk m WIlahot AIIw ". Ihc CIJIlXlIUDitJ 10 _ _ *is dlaJe is ....-... W'laen t/lebilklpol AIe.. ndria rdMal d1B' .... t . . . . r-r ~ aI\co" . . C¥etll., he JWed 1ba IIle empcrar ~ 'luiell)' ~ aid . . . oIl11Dwina . . llIearin&. he . . . . . .....,. IMo 0 ....b11hc Ieuu 01 EcPti- ........ ,~. 'f>TIlIQI c.ly wee ~ Ihe COfIfIO"'· , AI......,;.. _ 10 be pruaII ..... Ih8 • • IUlIe bJE J '01"'''''-';' forusmlari/;l; 41ccb'''' _aXdoa: IiIaI he ..... iAc::apibIc: oI lIl.IoltiIlJ; JDdIa d!fta .. Ilol poor _ widloat SlIdI power .. Ilis posiDoR.m n:p;.der. IIIlI dUo llImlM, . . 10 rqlW publil;ly llle. d'wp II'Id . . ilia A ~.. _ • ridlllld IlO""'Ifgl . . wIlo _1Ib1e II) do lIIytl\iDJ.l9S Eplphuiu reWs
ne .....
-li-
t
Eaebi.',
,_dod ..
a. AWnasiuI_ indeed po-... and ~ by CoftAIIItine.1D ans.....1tU
IICW lCCuaOon. In
c:oone oIdle inlCn'Cw. ~
10 1lIIs_ru..
iuI: ~ inc:rasinIlr upy unUl, • Ihe ..... the blsbop or ~ in'l'Obd divine judpncnt ell ~ Ilw God ..-kI deciIk bl:t_Ihem,3'16 Tlkla. t ' - KC(llIn(J .OCelbcr, it _11'1 likely WI AlIlanllllillS .... prete"l ror.t Ieatt IClRIC portion 01 thli fInaIlnttrvit... .,..illl COnIlWlIine. WllaIAlhInIsilli1taiel tIIat illo c.illr. ""ilboul' hearin&. it may be dIM th8 biIbop I\ad ~ I formal ~ bdore Ihe ftllpelllf In .mcb be '"'OIlId bl.vo: t.l1blo oppor!UJUly 10 1Id_ colcSmc:c 011 ru. bdlIlf in order 10 di~ Ibc WD·n,ion. Clearly. no rucll rllnllal mqllif}' lOOk pI-. It ...., 1110 be nollld IbM wbile tlle leuer or IIoc E,)'lltiarI llilbops inchldcd AlIlIIl&IiuI'l eJnOlional ....ialI.lllr. bishop bim..1I' IIIIla 110 _Iioa cllloc - . " . dc:x:riplioft rJI E¢pIwIiUI. wlLlJc 1M __ ~ IIId litely bollI Coualdne 00:1
he....,.-
ms.,.. HE n. '21. l) tBida. 91, 5-10).. 391""". 11. 1.1 (Opim. 16S. :M-166, ,). )rnfN/~,yol. , ... (Opk&, 95.1"'20). 393A,ooi. 17. 1 {Ofitl. 166, '-I). 'M•.. 1"¥ It- IA.ol"lS' I .....QI 01 wrP/F "t~ _ _ .......,. '." fOpib, !n. 15016). 3'5•.• nl u-.Ioo .... .",~"""'. 9."
'""*"_ "'"' ...."'"
(Opiu., '5. 11). )M,;pi....... H_. M. 9. 5
0'0 42. 1910).
"" toIlveyin,tbe spirit or the encounter. is ..ithout coooabooation as
10 the
detIiII pili e lllld. All 0/ IN: 1lM11lli¥ell qn::c: OIl one poiJlt ifl psniadar. the ~ of WIIcthc:r lIlis anger .... owillt 10 uaspenUoa or Ihc: jNv.............. of AlhIftasiu or EuJebiu "",II IjUly mnain .......... coed q~. Wllaliscenain.,~. is Ilw CooatmIinc lI'>led ~'O'Cl7. No fur1her Irial war IleId. No finbeo" synod .... calkd 10 COllSider the. 1UUOf. Am.-iuI_ . . ~ fcrmaJly _\' • d III !he bishop 01 A~ "'" was banid·ecl 10 Trier .. Galli. 0.. 7 Nowmbcr AD 3JS. a1_ ;",mmalel, afler lb•• lISt illlervie... At1l:lnasius ICt Ail fl'1l4'll e-iIlclpIe. jXJSRbly ID3Ikioc Ills W2)' 10 Tria' by way alRome.H7 WJw. l/leQ .... die reu Socmes. eo.uw.~ had issued • daily allowanoe 0( eipll;y Ibuusmd _ of pn 10 the cilizc:ns or Ihc ClIpill1. He runtlcr _ thatl/lis cma -1lnJu&hc di=Ily rnm AIcundria.3\I' The delay or inJpcdlnjr: of lbese sltipmenu wauld """'" beaI • dis:o:$IrJ cI the rank Dupin. capilal. AI very Dearly the same time u ... lIIxw.i... ·1 rlfSl exa., anodler lllCidenl lOOk pIKe which illustrates Ihc tmporwoce LhaI ~ placed upon these "'Iular delive,i.. f,om EIYllI. Barnes describes the iJ>7.ldenl as folklws:
Con$tantine..
rlrSl
ror eoo.wuinc'.
SO\llIler, • pupil 0( Tambl;chllS, had freqllC"~ the ceurt of Liciniu.; be ~me to lhe coun of Constantine .fter his muter'. death. Despite S()p;ller'l pa¥anism, the empem, held him in hlah esteem, conversed \oIl1 willi him, and used him as an adoi$\\!' wben condutlin. public buli~l4I. Ho.... e~er. ooe aulumn Ibc pin sbiPll ....ere delayed by llJe ....eathel. and lbe bungry cmwd in Ibc bippodlome e~inccd its displeaSllle with the emperor. Sopatu'J eIlemleJ pouncc<1. They ImlIld the plIiIosopber 01 felSeriDi \be winds. ConJl3olline conclemned Sopaer 10 be Iw:beadM (pcrbaps d>ow d>e _lime III AthaDasi... ·J manleJ ~ his mooYll1 by Kal:Sirq; bin> or dll1l
From tbe xalUIIIldaed IIbovc, iI is ~ easief 10 Iillllelllai>ll whaI migbl IIlbcrwise IppW 10 1;10. ....my • rbcIorical ~ iIllhe IelIcr or tile Jl&yptiaJI billlops ..nuen thJu; yars 1aleI...hich SlKeJ lbaI "\he aracc or ODd ...
191Cf. c.1'idri. -La Qo>oo"'- 4·"........... _ _-
l.UrI'1W. iK. 9Is--.. HE D.. ~ (PC '7. '20\110). maar-. e..•..".. .. EaMbi... "". ~;,_. Z). I).
' ' ' i<{N; n
m
.a:l.......... fOpu, t1, 11-10). ~'.y.oI. II. 1·2 (Ope. 1110, 2i-J2).. .cI:ZE,. (Opi
..,d.'"
wi.
!he crime(1) witb ..1Iidl Atlwla$iul ..... 1CC\IKId, _ "*,,ilh_ 10 • provi"iIl capiul lilt =llon of his dipil1 as 1 biPiop .... .digIIt pUllilhmfAl. lk Itllll.'llCe in ilSoelf lIlIJ' l i p I/IIl CO"'lIlIlilIe _ COIIYirad lela of Ibl: bishop'l wn)OlIdoiq IhIn of his beinI:" im~ II) IlNCIllrII .My ..-ilhIn !he dlurdl. Suc:k. \icw -.J&hI be 1U"'lI" I b1_ faa Ihallbellld·Amr.... ,".','.... flo:uc. .upa-....clI ....Ml·liol dtlc.Il: allet T)ft.. Soc' "I tqlOl'U dIM follow'" lilt ."is ! ot Altw...u. lIIe E~ d11C'Ck becIlll<: fIaIonaIized, ";1II _1\IPPCIftUlI Allw-iCI .....uk Illec M! IlId lJIl*Ul.ly put rQrWVd Jo/II ~ . . . . . . 1«10 biJIlop of Ak·MdriL Wilen COIIllllt1ac b«1_ lware 01 1lls litaltiool. he i_ctilldy uilod llIc. Mdtt'" bOtr, impoII"I uptllI Mill 1k _ _ _ tIt ............... ..tbdI .... betlI ru:eiYlld b1 At" I.. Tbc.ti- b1 tbt. 1ldtoriIII _ lb lbe ...pen:c .... 1lllYi1liQ& II) ra:cffl;" reqlItIUor petia.a- 01 "'Illy pa-. Qo ~ol....... di .... 01" "';1UI lha 0ristiIa COln.H ly. 'll "'.~ b1 ..,. of an tllicoriIl COI1III'ICM, -'10 rdaclltiIr. . . dcatICI e decrees of IIlo a)'lIOd- of Tyrc in rtJ:IId 10 A........illll, It is clear that !be elIIpetOJ hi_If IJClIltd thtm \/try li,hlly in practict. ir. in filet, lit lOOt t
Ilrif.-
,........izrd
them in\{) _Illlllt ..1.• 07
AtllanaliusllimJell" would liter COI\ltIlII .... l OlDIlalIliIle lAd baIlislltd him JO lIIal lit would be proteCted fran:a IlII> hQJIUity and hatted of his ~ Il iI imparwu.lIowtV'tr. 10 _ that ... makes thll claim rl1Sl in ~1i0ll willi the leUet at CanIlIllline II ..b1ch . . . wrilleOl 011 l/It oflbt biIIlap'11UUnlI fl'llll'l his rllll alia, 17 J_ AO ))7.1114 -.c.d in 00IlleCIi0n";t11 his 'jM tIIM did Illll ...ik IlUll ill orOer 10 pie-. lilt Ei4etJiao Cor Ibl: ernpel'Ql" did IIOl ~lKe !lim &I I1tIc IllIIlop 01 A Ie"ndria witII 1 a""jclote oIl1ltir cboice.~ III e-.:tIl;lIIe tile t:n'lflbSif ... bt:cn plaa:d I4lO'I dlt Wi..... 0I1bl: £qItfQ" aIone_ . _ !be ~ judJ:meat 1M Syaad ot T~ MllfllO'IU, tilt tlw e-..unc did nat a::udt 10 I1tIc wiI1leI 01 tIoo ~ billlopl ill RpdICl the YJCIIl( . . . or Ak.undriIIDIy indir:* t1III the ~ of AdIInuiDl .... i ... W by Ibl: cmpcll.ll" ICI be llar:pOrIf)' ..- . II tlIlllll by ~
ao::am.
e--u.
or
rlCl
~,... .. HE n. ll. 4-5 (Bidu, K, '20-29~ - ... ...., ofM. ""'-" '1......,., ... 1It1ornd.. ~ I, n,.o _ ~ ; Sa" HE D. 31. j (I&' 96, 2i-%7). ~'S , HE n. 31. J (I&' 96, 14-1'~ ~'A,HI. II. I·) (Opltt. 161. 1-101; Hut....... ,." 2 (Opicz. 212, 4-9~
on Il in ilia Il:um.Q TIle possiblIi" remains. u has betIl SIaW1 ~ \hat A_ad... _ ie.""..... Cam T)ft for his _01 prceo:tian. 111 lIle irlIt.olK poIemieal ~ which surrt)IlIlllod ilia renorn !l'Onl c.dJe and e """'"" lIle whgk ollhr. fltSt WI&. T1le faa .-.... dw t!aIi _ 01 AluvldriI dOd ~ A" ",,', finl. aile. 'Ill IdcIitiaI 10 Ihr. of)oM ~ iI ill poIIIllle dIU ~1lI 01 f'!r*moi•• roUDwiolllu owa ............. -...d 10 _ P'iKoI, • " " - pubyD 01 ...... Mdria,
Iluoo""'"
.'0
II ~;. A'''''_ _',ae:Ill. Eo SdI-a ~ ell:', ill olllle cpiIlio-. dw Pia. _ oaIy IUde bi*'P olllol MarooUa. ~ Ibis _ _ 1UIiikd,.IIIJtl1)'l'a1 ~ III Ilave t»=dewIallO IlliI ' - ' III' ~ for bis Rn'bI • T,re. 'I In.-y case. Pislu doe$ noc ..... 10 bYe been .......i.... by dtIla "" feUow der&1 cr . . iatperiaI audIGritia ....... fades from 'riew. AIlIloqh -;.w 11) . . . . . . . . . . ollhr. c.1ll~ ill Trier. """"";;'111_- dlo.bisbopol A.... 'Mdrilo, -.w:.i!l·.....'lIIbr.IaicmOC doe S)'llOCI olT,.cfl:l Froln Ill. 01 Ille e¥idoDcB pheted lbo¥e. It Is . . lllUeuonabk '" toIICludc 1M IhII ~aI AllQnuiu byCcnPln,m.. _ .... ~ eUlIte, 1M nile _ 1M mlll, 01 .. imperial ediCI issued '" an effort to lUIOI'e peacI> .. iLhiIl LIIe Chrbtlan mnmlll1;ly. Tbe JUlie 01 Lhe y.lid;ity of tho deciJlons made II the Synod 01 TJ~. ~vu.
would eOlllinue 10 follow Alb_illS LJuoughoul his ",aWning
epilt'\'ll»' amcr.
f#J~
11.'
(Opit:t,
I'"
20-25).
.\0","". lA.l (Opg. Ill!. II.'.). 411Sdl.om, GS m. 9I;y.L 1S.]..7 (OpiIz. 163. 11'1,_ ' - X. I.
,t-,.... l).
CONCLUSION
lUll)'
ADd )'U _ -..Id MIl ...... illiD& let 4ic~ tbc "'lll'lII ill wllitll to "'l'iIm 1lI0I: fcII caosni~ 1O do Ioanqe III . . I iCe'" . .
IlIOUl IfO"'J(IfJ NniMlZ"'l" euIau illOO~, ppIOUIl'oI IIIOdem ~, Hooter', will li.e wll,le Eftilip iI IPQI:tl: IIld Oibtal·• .nltatloI fDf A'~.vh'l.' bonl r\lkI 0 ( _ illht .. DIe 1iplfk:IAt. coUt,; r-r- OM ..... I;OIl)d biOI: IQ tor
aaa..,
1
_
Ovdl benleI.,. 1m bel!lou&tlt oprifQllJ wont.,. of rer;olJoc:lia. •• " Iloe dtqI reli&i"'"" n . Iloe _ _ ied .... " , ...,. ri h $0..... """ bam' ........': til dlealT"'" v :.wbid . . . IllnlIO _ IUUOIII " « •od tbc Il't:II. ~ trod CIIwdHUer .,.;m Dc ~iIicI'"opporturtiPeI; ~ 1D'1I'UIy 10 .... -.1 t
._l\rn:a"'
111 A"·.rna iod!.1Ic .. ,1 • 1IIIflPDIt wbldIlle eajc;cd fraa!tlt _1Ild kn IIIis poIllb by ooptililll" cccltsjrtjcal m.ttL In ba)'tlll. ifllelO~"OClIIIdNtij;Me. rial or ........... 1llt ortk:rl, ad",illiwatioa til dle tM,. A1IIInIsi.. pnt,..wcI. I'O""Cf til tbc emptlllr wbidllle built .p ... plI"ptC~ by rioItDc:c. ••• Lib • aodet1l &DIller, be: e¥Otocl wid I lJmislnr!l.podaiaocdlOllliallOOellCl . d - u , . _led II ....... f;OOIrittion DIlIpecifIC: dlllFS-:Z t
. . . . . .
i"""""""
Tlllse im<:oncillblc views of AtIIanasiw are uueme eJ.pres.lionl ot lWO .chools of ihougllL To 1M tim haw: belonged nearl, all of tile lIiJInriInI of Alhanalilll ~'Iioous III lIle uri, l""'lllllltth <:eIlUlry, ....... U as I 1IIIa11 poup of mDIltm IUlhtn. ,.. nujority of 1llt&, 1Inwevtr, it IIInuld be Jelllembcflld. wen: (or~) t/Itm$clVei COMeCIed wil1l relia:ioul U1lItiliolli wMc:1I ~Ive Iookr.d willlre_cntI upon AthaN.llus. To tile _and lias
1W. BriaJrt&, T'" 0 , - . '" Sl. .w..-a......... ,... "'...., __ tdidM. (hfor
". rub$::ribed. 10 IfQlI::r or k:s9cr dcgtt>tS. the .... mIJOritJ of modem dlolrdl historians. Tht SVpporIerJ of the filSl"ue IhaI A~ ~"'=" wi.Ih minor m..:1a fb-s. was a nlIJusI app Illy 6d«lI ollhouiltl or c!laiaaet wllidl toe may haw: ,. F d 1JI1llort, a>UJ, ~ _ I : the ""';ten of tbc tinclentll cetllllZSl be 1dnUued. .. .x. rlnt liP I 'IIOflolIy &aU ... p'~. loIripe _10 ha... .........xd Iin:I &lIlll1be earlioa daysot IUs ~sc:opiIe As')'OWl1l mel rdm¥cly po_.M bishap. lie may ~ done 1aI1llao was ""IlIinld for !be =ancilialion 01 the Mdeliln alOIlIIIIIIily in EuPt. He Uelt malyofdleJUlUliYequalitia oIlIis IF- Tooofu::a Et;ypciaa ecdesiuical dispuleS dissoI-..l Wo Cr3Irictdal 'rioIence. widl the .-sibilily of outra&cs beillJ conuaitwl by aU iavolved. I WllUId -zge, howe •• , lIIM mudl of l!Ie e.idtalCC pmviIbI by AlNNsjg. himself baI aftI::n l:a:a di:Ic:oonIed. and ~ ~ ' - been liven 10 nwaiaJ from mun:cs whic" upoo dJou&hIfui inYCSligalion do 1001 al....ys presetlllllc de.- pit1ute of miKmdllCl 011 !be pan of Alhana.«:nIllry pc<sonaliLies it somelimcs less lh:lf1Ilelpful in an enquiry Of \his sort. The:second school of though! maintAins thai Alh.anuius ..... wholly driven by I ''Wille ZUI" Mach~ " en~ly consumed by greed Jnd ambition. and ronslslenUy prone 10 resort to violence. especially in Lhe early years of his episcopate. Concerned only with self-lggran\1i1Cmenl, he was [00 .hofuighLed 10 I~nd 10 the true imereslS of Lhc ehu",h IS In international
aIld C(l$Il'lopolila/l entity. This vie~, howe""" ianotes \he seriow m..mer wit!l ....hich Alhlllltolius llJ'IX'03OSt from the ootsel, III !he la:p number or Mdetiu. ducy wloo JUllP(Irled him even IIplnsl: tht.ir fortllu coreli&ioaisu. IJt syftCldaI plheriDp and ;" !be ptUeDCe of tbe cmpuor, Alhanasilll time IIIId time IpOn rrvwaled tile _pIS Dfhis enemit.l; 10 remove him by ......... of demORSD1lbIe eville:llce ~hich proved !he bbity or tbelr "X"... ions. His InUllS or defease in sue. sitDalioDs .,.. oflell IQimatic In(\, akhoup. IIIlI'OllU1- wit!lllis OJIlXlneIIlS, pnved 10 be ccnviPcing 10 Ibe emperor, d>e W-.. bistlops. Ibe J:.cplian IDDDaSlit: commllllitlel, IliI own dern'. and nell _ tbDsc ...tID hod ona: brou&:ht clIa'FS .... o.st hinI. Ii lUJ' be ..,..xd' ,»abIy m. Athuasius _ lit uuane IenJW 10 maiIItaiII his position _ IIIat bis basX lIIClivation _ . tbtteIore, !emsb; bed hi, iltllOeell(:C Pel marshaled ob:¥ilXPU Illd willlalCl lit ~ II;, daiJm ~ tuuea _ dept>e or COftfIdalee 011 "" I*l. ... ltidIlOl:S beymd mere hraYida or • pll&SII:rlite -.ality. The.,..y;yaJ or the d!mdl u he pua:i'fed Ie by Illllc: ilelrtoL
or
m
_n
hi$SUUUIe.. Th.II.. CYefI in IIle arly )'WS or bil epillXlpUC;. ~ tDew wdI. Ik abo knew, havilll \he depo$iLion of ElI$lIlIli", and hlYina willlC'SlC'd 1M otbu .,;li'tities or EuJebjut 01 Ni(omcdil, !low lIIa his =cmies tOllId be ilIlCille1'lqlheir eads. .qhk lbeldcn.1Nt hit -uI _ IIIV1r. 1Ii1u17 IItaI a jlOii..... or IIIldet1atcn .... eJ.ueJMly fII"O"OCMi~ ~ whicll could hrte beell ued Iatct II) . . - . . . . !lim; iI is ~ fnlon IIle; irwatipiaM IifIdeI I:ts III tIllIlIUdy lIIaI be _ did ... fan. boI1l rie..-s or IlaY'& "'o.uJiu.plfied al:aJipb • I 01 ~ ~ by eqlII1/y coaplu ~1icL o.e IllO 1*' dI& ocber 100 criaic:al -.u views I!w'e. taM fa! r.ilin& .. aulilia& ~ lturiq; \llt; eIf'Iy )'tall ol ~I f •• ! willl _ _ em· ) . . ~._ia/1ucoa t •• (Joraoodorblll),1lla
"_1"11
III
1O
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lie ~ '"
d
8odI...., alIcI ....... 10 \lie ~ a
b::aI
pqaonl .......... til-. lie uti •.....,.,. ,~i11 ,. lQ "'JlPCIft ..ichil E&TPt _ dta1y IloIld .. 1O _ , ot lIiI _ wricia:p.] nis disIotlioa oIl1islory .. cu tor Ille _ COIIIaIIpararies of ANasius, (JRpY aad \he ~ for uampIc. . ., d .=I_1Iave 111le bisIqI's illtIumcc and PlI""G ill W inlcfallI oIl1qjup..., 1
caw
t
ob:ui:lalllld """""riMrica' ............... la I Jialillf _ . dle circumswlca IlItt'llUlldiDl 1M Sy..xt oITyR. IIId 1UIIaNsIuI'.1lInI1lIlntm b1 CouWlu. boo abo beelI CMninIpIif.ecl. By 1M rear AD 33a,1be F..... bdns appear 10 l1li", bepR. Cllnpli,p II> line the dcpo$i'ioo of AlhanasillS '" T~ reeoallized by lilt Wc.aaw. bishops (l!Sl*'i.IlIy Julilll of Rome) and IIle MW RQlIar IUI/IoriIY which "ad lIceo vesled In CoIlslantlIle n. Cocu&ans. nl ConSl&IlulIIll followi•• dle dCIllI of ConsWltille!be Gtell on 22 May AD )3711ld LIlew pnxllmllion IS aqJUli 01 9 September of IJIII IIJIl<: year.. All anl~ 10 Ille lcucn o(!he Eut<...... 10 Ihe ~ tmpetM was lIIIlkrIaken by lheSyood of Alcundri.I in AD 3381J:J9, n.. EJ)'lltian bishopt apcei(ouIly tnlwercd lilt ~ which led 10 ilia Synod of T)'R.1Il4111e IUbseqllClIt .roans of that plhcrioIa wilh rqard 10 die iIInoteIlce of AlIwwius widllbr.1IJllIII assmian that the bisbopliit ~ licked Ibe aadloril)' IIld dle mealll 10 deplle lbe bishop of A ~ They IIRlQI' 10 mailll*in Al"-silll', 0'1111 claim thIt be had IxIen uiled by imperial audlority 110M and eould, LlltfdOfC, rilbdy &lid Iclll1Jr b8 ~llImed 10 hit eily b)'. ~ imperial duree. lhiIlime
or dIc:lr 0Wll Im.......-
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.... ,...... Hlt hlillul """ ,..... 0.1 ~" C..., c_ ......... ool. 9• •, ) (JolII9U); 61-1', 'q. ~): S·' (Opia. It. 19-90, IS), - . HiM. N .... 9. I (Opi
).S).
SC/, ~ 1, 1.-1, S (Opitz. 93, I..... lO).
'"~ i - ' 1l)' \be eldeR ~ o-o...m..', - . COI>JlIfttiooe. II. e- 11 J_ AD )]7.II _
I
+Ie .. _ dIa !his aax. ltad toe -.mal_ rI. bra. ~ ot fie adin
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po: , ''1WIllIc.-_ .. wit)o C III V_" eilta ~ _ bisblp', ....pltal-.y _ ·In 2J No. brr AD 33'1 or oay _ ~.' b ol:so oppran _ III bst ' - ol_lItqUlI" were _wi0a4. CI' IIO~ • • __ ot upedie-'y. l!Iel Ar..... . s', lint aile ~ rI. •
E&Jpt_UA'l,..l Mono_.J..,
.
..-a.c ot "pcriallUthclrity II'd IlOl: !he .......... ot • .,..... ~ E.<_ dll. 110 tIoc c:omlf¥Y 'IIo'OUI4 fII'O"iok 1M ~ for bolh l!IIIl .,.;ond c>.ik 01 ~ _!be S}'llOd ot SadQ, wllln \be cbrp rrom ~ WOIaId be. rni.m. ~ iI is impJr\allllO -xc bit ....
~
...,.m
... ...ci1 MIlIA&sNI', ~t III Ibe -..tJ 01 the. • Ibat l/Il: iIsae or "T'pft', lulbDril;y became CCIIU'Il F\utIIetnl(lR.. il _ 01111 aIitr A··.. ~ .-.1 \he ~ of E,..biDt from Nio;oIncdia 10 C_rinopk dIM Ibe ....Il:orily 01 T.,.e bccanI• • poilli o;orUIelIlion beu,..", !he Easlcm and Weuern bisbops. To c1aUlI. ~. tlIat dle ;.da_t or lllc Synod of Tyoe ..... 1Uli_ _ 1, tCCOl'liud f.om dle bcliMina it II) dismiss !hoE ~ wbiclllaUllly JlIf1UlIDlkd d:e ~ 1Ind ...in' iUI ",tcbI:diolp Daly liam Ih! E"'sebl point of l!Ie Iouet I)'DOCIIIt ..... Dodl and Sardica. Sur;h an oUlJoolc 1M of OftnimplJlU(iulllld. perhaps. of zc:eptiIl, • EvIeb\aII INcrprewion of 'Yenll "'hieh .... ~y ana<:bronistic by d'Ie lime of SwdA.' A Iwdy 01 !he .,.ly episoopo"" of Alhanasi\lll 00es. ho~_, reveal Inheren. CQIl\ndlc:tlolll. AI !he bi.!1Iop of AIe~drif, he posseued an crI.Iblishod IIId _mln.ly hi&:hly "'Ianiud =lalutlcal ,tnlClllR:. The III:Iiquo: posItlon of Ille Alullldri.on cmrch plvOl between Eut -:l W,* ~IIOI bc q~. YCI Arius"","" 0I.lI of Abllld:ril. Libya oI'len ""'&hI
psi'''·,
or
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as:.
if. ApDLI1, ._1 (Opia, 166. 1I·29~ GS Ill. W. 'Cf. U C-.. s (S_iot. SC 56. 9)). A1lhooIp Iho ...._ 10< "~''''';'~'' _ _ .. Ale. «it. .. No. .... ADn1. ,.... dI.- No ••,.... AD nl. it. C.....,........... . . . . - of A. M....... HI....,•• ~. 11-19• .c
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,,, • _1-"'puoOul nalU, Ibe MOnUtie ~llIliliu wut ......1'. P'OCP' lite I!Ie Collq·bi",. _ Mt""· Iidd ...., ;. _ ..... rep.. .. r... _ -id-lhisd cetCWJ' Ille IlliWlk 01 boIll ~ -.I W_ _ biItqos _11 Ale t i.I Cal Gal1 be ibc4.. t"&*"" Ma 01 .... "'*-ius !lis ....,. )'l'aQ biIllap -'ted f:tGI' lhiIea.b_....c. 111M be ...-o_Jial fipre. _ ill . . ~ l'C'W* 01 <:IalM be dclricd. 1hM _ " 01.. 0001'·' ~ i"t1coillOll 1bo be """'P"" nc q 0·01 All' ',.', chat .... ill!llelc ewl)' ~ 1lcJweotJclriM ~ GDd. wu poblisbed. IO AIIbouck II is . . pouibk' 10 do Ml ,iusUa: ~ .. Ille IDJII(:riaI put forward by " - - . IOlnC .............. be . . 01 ~ poiJllI '*"idI are ~ scnn- D die ~ ..laIch brIe beell .-itcd in abe ...... body ot 1Il1l..... FlrR.In wbal is allUllWflll ~ of IIIMCrials and IllUOCeI, ~ ripl/)' peleei_ Ibe cllanaa of Align_us iD lbc carty yean ot .......1ICl:lPUI .. briJlI aveQollO OWI..clelltllldin, of Ibe periocl.lI Ullron-d,. Kaua hu teCqlltd. albeit ..itll tome: ~ Ibe witUl.Cl of ",he••;.. by Sdntanz, &,r-. Uld XleiIL 12 FurIlamI:n. Ibe III at P!lilllAoIPzs. ..1KIftI H.oa_ rccocniza lIS ..... UIttlne Arian,' Ire cglsidenc1 10 be ~mocLrBW- an4 MCoasequrlltlJ all tile m~ WOfUl couldainlJ.-1] ConcemiIlc Alhullsilll" elecOon 10 Ibe 101: 01 Aluandril.. HIn$OlI wrilQ lhilllle biaIlop - _ indml decled. b'"llOl by .... ;fIl~ IIId _Imam KClM1IIlion, and IlOI wi1llout suspicion of $Iwp 1DCtlce.-\. Ko doeI Keept. howe_.1hIt the Melelian bishops were I"'Obably nc:ludcd r..... the eIetUon. allllouth LhilIliw.uon is nol COIIneCted with the 01 the ll:h;sm.l~ Althoullh mllth mon: could be said abo\Il the panlculan of his Wimale ot AthanMlUl &Ild !he circumSWlCe$ ourmundJllI1he Synod ot Tyre. HI/UOIl hat h;m~lr pro~idelI In ;ns\1\lCti~c: .ynopsll 01 Ibe ""!erial: "When lhudore we II')' to roc:orutr1ICt dle eW>l1S ...hicll-...cd A!hInui", (rom hi' electioft;,. 328 umil Lheeo...cil olTyre in dle ...... _01'33', we mWl bear ill mind Ill-. our lII&iJI ;n(0JJIlaIlI (Al!wIasiUl himJclt) II delenninoe<110 conc:eII ~I ....... beIIrtiCJr by a1Je&inIllw.u _ ilI-emed by pe.opIe 'IIo'llo ..- da"F"wl IlMxics, and IbM _ of ~ !ell ollhe IOlIJUI, and _ •
t·
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lJ~ ...... 1AI. 141""~ 149. ..tI.
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of Sdl_
'" wrilell since. luIve l&elIlbis plea:ll face value.."16 HaDIOII, tto...cver, bdieved 1lw _ pieoc of evidcDI:t. "'tbl: .;...Lr_" of which . , . IIlll yet ,WIt in ewerywllete., ~ l t l l l S l _ us 10 ICCqlIlhe!hells iIw ~Am.-iIlS·s rl/'S$ effons III P1ISIerism in JUs diocese bad nodIitl& III do willi diIT=nced opillb aboolllb/: AIbjoc:t of lhe AriIII Coo'bOoaS)'. but _ dRafd Ipinsl lhe,.~"11
The~ .. hid> HaBD> briftp f-.d ill LJ> 1111'. Heincrodul:a Ioi:l Q!e fOr !be ~ of1hiJ ~. follaws:
We _;,hI clisnUJI l/If:. 1C('t .... 'ion• .,ailul At!wl&slIu de1allcd by Sozanea.. Ill4 ~ . dle IlfO(Iua ollMer plr"iPmI>i;! mel . wonhy of aedeace. as. for inswIot. GwIlkin cloeI, Inll """'1 • cbrdo. lIiSlOrila bcfan: ad after biJn ""'" . . . .nil 10 taR A~' proM'f'Mions of bis in. . . . . . . . . . lIIcir flu Ylll We 11li&flt bdiPoe !he diIect cknial tbal ArIpDlsj..·evcr .lIItor ~ lIlyllllltmade by lhe ECfpIian bistIDps in 3311. W. lIliahl difmiU &be of lhe CounciJ of ~ md IR:allhe IlXlI$a\ign:s IIIJde apm AIIlanzlius by lhe Uslen bisbops, " Sardita ill 343. willl lhe same: steplicism as we tud IIle. diefmce ofhim made Illbeame lllOIlIelIl by !be WC5lem bisllops.. or .. illl evell more. All tIIeIC are 1U.elUCnD made for propaganda purpom by ¥\Iry much inlerelted pllflies, lhoulh CYUI iII \bose cin:umllaro:es it would be unwise 10 tefLlSe all crcd.i11O \bern. BUI. accidenLally or providentially. we have available 10 us
.""011'
cOlllcmporary evidence which we cannot J)09Sibly dismiU as invenlion
Of cuggeration or~. to
The c,idellCt con,ists of JXlpyrn. leuers diso;ovcrcd by British
arthaeologlslS and publis,,"d by H.I. Bell In hi. book Jew3 C/IJ'IGIII11IS in £1111'1. fl
~nd
Hanson .cccpu LP 1914 as Bell publi$hed iL wilhoul any ~ritiul evaluation at LIle doXwtI.... SlIve for LIw of \be Ietier·s distillJUisbe4 editor. For HIn$IOII, !he Ieuer dIows ~Alhanasiu, be/lavilli lite an employer 0{ thqshlted 10 lnlimidoe his co:mics. -19 ODe may _ , !loW(:_. al_ ill eollU'W;liction 10 his e.1ier .... mml, tIw. HanSOII COlllmenlS ill a rOOUlllle LIw ~iI sholald be poinlUl OUI llIat these~ are by no IlIClIRS !he .... y evideIlOe (or LIle ease apinsl AlhanasiuL Yet, even ~ Ilu .tmiUed. 16/""'_ m. 11,W~ u; 2Solo. 11,,,,,,_ 151.
1"IO
To lbo ~ .......... _ lIdd ...
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.
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IN! 1:IltR blilllkde. e'idt;ax; 1bII is idicaecl ~ adler _ 10 . . -=tI ecna;. dM: 01 .."'·...,..., At 1lIls pDiII, I be~ " - 1m WI cd. II ti" ol II) LP I'H """"'. bu beet _ _ illaoiI: ~1IIIdy, is bs .... Ildpful. Mtrt' '; 01 dle _ -'ij:tI it dafts 10 IqIlXL ......, ",.-..., boIIl C(Illc.uuaI..:l 1C::UWII........ .........-d..reprdlOU' 1914. iII IO iauaI wllidlllne btaI ...,·' cd taeo-e. ClIle' be As E..A. Jqe IlIII ~""'UrdQ/. ~ lbcpel-.l ~ IIIOllb wIlo hl:d ill ......nclriI wae... rlllt!lu ~ ,.jpI be. WlIIt IOlt 01 EI)'IltiIlI_ p" ~ .. AD J3( is pII«<1 b71l1c - . . .-ollbe old ~ Qll. -dllll the .-eslollbe 1lippocII...... dfOClioody within dle til}' ;!K1t? l Flll\beln........ lIid H.t 8dI111Otice sucb an iDl:au~J wbea lie ctIoIe 10 nIlIlJIe in LP 1914 as "'1IosIel'" rlIdlu ItIan ~ •••• did in u> 19131 2 C\earty this I"'PY"" posa IIlOfe " " "...., lban il _was ",idIlny d~ of l;:Cflailtly.IhnsoIL" OYeI'llepelldenu apoollhil docwnent Ill"'" place in _ dotIhl ......,. of hill cond...... _nina:
"W''''
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roof
c-.:ltr...,bd.....
AlI!:tnuin
f,
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H _', lIUlmCn\ of l.Il~ Sr-od 0( Tyre Is 1(laI,,,~ lIloOfC c~ ~tbcu&h bee jlI"CJVideIl ~ briefN"Xl"q' of1lle p •• """lnp.23 He KUo"1edca that -c.x1m3slical ctl""d l, ~ IlJId. Lont contblllOCllO be. inteftlCly UIlSItIsflClOlJ' orpm of jwllee, .. itt!out fOf1llI Of .-ldinJ;
Ol'den 01" ~n ....110 COIlId COIIIJOI tbem Of _ COIIau.., or Vl)Ies."lot Once. more. lie acecpu \he leS!imony 01 AdIIllISllII'. mtm~ wilh liUle n:aard rcr COIIIU.I ItI4 ....1eS Ihallhe bisbop of Alo:xandrill', supponen ~be"."Cd d~rlnl !lie IIIISlion of Coulll:il in • distwbin. and lIItea1ellins 1lIM __ lllCIlllal "bil enc:O\lIlI;jl........t Over ..vefJl)'W'll1O bis IU\lPClI'ler:J m behave like hooU,1llS was now recoilin, on his own IQd. ..:1$ AJlhoulh
howe_.
Odor
",,-.fI;IaIlMIerial jW_ _ io lbis I!Msis.
2'EAl\ldf.. 1'bc £oItiost Use of M_1toI rOIl ·M. .' (P. Coll. v....... 0ripIa of 101__;";_ - J. ._ P, _lor _ C , , " - - 20 tI,'I1): it : h , ..._ _ " , . . p>poptly •• " '.1IolIIc _ 10 1I:oo"'Gooo of. S ..- (U' I"" II. 1).1')." _ _ olil _ _ or _it, _lloo_ io . . . . . ~ .... lloo '"'""- ...,. _ (LI' 1'1., 1.9), _ '''I. t1 .. ...... N· , I' _ ..... io Dorlq_ .... ...,. _ _ in"" . - -.op ..... Uoe L P' ;J No _ _
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~ lI1lowIlbIt 1beR ... __ air of aemesiI" IboIoIIM SJftOd 01 Tyn: widl .epnllO ilf PO' ~iag:r, lIII iii.. 11'0', is PYUlN Ihtle _ (n1 is) Iiak *'obt IIboul AltImlIsilll'l .....26 Haugn ~ &he 8Ctiau 01
...
Nabod, e:- pn:II:E l!Iu ... puceediap • Tyn: _ 1
. . . . . of jasI 'in& 1lIedi~r.:iIlJ_bdbopIplIacdlbln_"'dley
COoIld 0-11
~
oa 1IlC'ciflc.. ..... .-.aI. dIoops,'" i t _
w cr-
dm".QlIl1O olIcU C'O"~ oalpOCifoc cbIpI. Be lIl8r AthP.m- III ~ 10 defend kinUdt. l1lol 0( IriI IUppclI'1ttI dW'i1ll" tbt; rial was "",...,in• •Dd ~I IIllI IU~ Ilw he - . more COIlCC> ..... willi coereiorIlIIaII widl Justi= II !DUSt 1Ia..e been dear II> e¥tfYbodl . . he bel been time t
usinJ iJo;krensibk .ir>Imce ill "" IhcIuIh It was -. YU}' easy ID Ilrq
t
.....
ror _
ia~ or ~i. ~ •• ¥CD
10 boct: on a.,;l dlqes. ZI
Yce ~ &ill 10 IIlemloo. d1eattlda ~ ~ , die inlafcm:lCle of IXoa,PlII, lfte. proIcSU of bislIopI from 0IIUidI: of EJypI• .., Illc false chirp of mll'dtr: tile vioImce ol!be MaraU: a;IGlIJIiasioa is couldeoed lJIIly in .. aside. TIle IltIUmen1 presented .. OM bllsed llpoll ,ilenee Ill>d ptCllllppositionlI concmtiog !he chano;leI" of Ibc bl.shop of Alu.~ In conchtdlna his evaluation of LIlc behavior of AllwwIlul, Hanson .uCi:U lh&l Lhe ~mllCCnd""l· lhe bishop of Alcnndril ..It LIle mDSl seriouJ ClIIJlI of the bmad> bclweon &he Ease IPd West 1JlaI became IIfIpaI'eDI I. Satdlca. He cllarw;tr;riu;s A1IwIISiUI"' bdII"ior as foll/)wt; ~E¥efI if
or
of ..... povc:eedinp of !be ColJllCll of Tp. ~ llia;bh"""d. ;1 was beJ:la'tCd wilb .iolclll;f; .pnn 1M MeletiaM ... evinced in IIi! petal tondllCl .. Illlhorltar!lll ctwae1er deteminecl LO uploil tbc influence 01 bb see. -11 De.tll;le Hl.nSOIl's _nions 10 LIlc oonuwy, 1I1d1 an inclitImenl 01 Atlwwilll dlfftfJ YUy 1ill1e flOlll IJlOIID of O. secck ... It Scb.... anz.. For HaMon. Alhanasilos. ""'ile • aenuille IheoIosbn. lmIlIined -... uMCtIIpIlIcus poliliri..f 29
DIU:
beyond. do\Ibl lllat Alh:&rwilll had
:U1tU~U2. 11111i4.
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'" n.e pieW'e 01 A·....".. wlllclllwl _ ... 110 ~.,..,. 01 ~ - . : I I po I ,"'" ial/lia Sbldy ii, ~ J . Cat lIltleftM tro. ...... lias ~ owined ...... I bd~ WI -uii. aac:rtiou C(lrlCUllm, A1llarI&Pus III.,. III IUde OIl ~ basis of .... mearcb. Pt'teInme.1 IhUc ...... dzaw:' . Ihol.lIlrnilfltlelle." • b1loc . ""Ok 01 A..... . dIM .... 1Ie ,,: I rn.. • ....., 'inc ol 8--. or Ue odler eatUl aiDtI. MaD)' 01 lhc <• • • PtI'll', ~_WacAd . bI~_lICldo...,.dDaallll:i. . y c,idncc IIlM ~ .. IIiIllCrial u.u.,. "lIdir::ir:M IllM pew llIrI '" Ih& _pet 01 O. S<:edr; 10 pooe dw.1lIJIqI of AIeuIodriI. 10 lie. foqet,)O T1l& m..p rlOla die aiDe-...-<:aU1rJ .ne.. of A,b,pi,. IIQ beea ;.n,'C,* _ by • dimaIe ol aiIicU. willi _ cb Dry 1
r...
- . SldI.JIlllCIea....,. .... p/.IiolIy dIe-.-sy.. ._ A" • 's ckcliool ... ,__ .. IIiJtIop of ...... nndril. 1k PhiloMclrIiIlllUlUial Ilas bcCII well mo- for III., )'Ql1, be iIs 'I'lIl"" . . . _ured 0"' lpiQI. m<JI'iJ rdiabk sources and iu inhen=nl ~Md -'P'J," ".QlIIIIId illO becwddmld, I bdio.... ripIl,. II bdIlI olliUk IIdp III ~ lhc _ of AD Yet Iloc wort ol W. ltu;ft 1ItIdu'fOrS 10 oonoillcl: dIoc mder dIM dtillUIeriaI _ lie CllllSidaeclll ta,. ol cqIIaI iqIo:IrtaKe 10 lllhct wdl t4',' I _ 3 1 11M (jIUeIlion of ... MeletiaM IIld U' 19'4 ill _whit clilJerelll. '" Illi! Call\, 'IU'J lill~ mlical ~lu.al or cOllle~tu&l evallallion hils t*en place. ThlIIlas led 10. blind ICl:epWlCe of. docwnenl hlclIlIl\lSt be C bWI of b 1llldeI'IaUIl (It, L.P 1914.PlJCI'S 10 be _ofplloe willi ~d IOconIW., IJld i _ not wholly IUspac:O in 'C&-.I 10 lis COOleftL]1 In COIln«tion 1II'it.II lhill document. 1lowe¥Cf, II i. clear thaI dle I1\Ijor OOIlltOYerly in EJlypI fn:wn AD 32810 AD 33' 111&1 .Imost compklely concuned with lhe Mcletlan' and, pcrhapl, lesser Ehl""- groupllillCh lIli!he Collullliln, n!her IhaD wilh die. AriaJI pan,. "l;",a, willi 1M KllisNtlc lJ'OUll': WIlli I..s...l and prllbebI,/ um-n 10 Athtn";'.or1lNil AD lJ4I335,» Ii II abooenain Iha AI~2 , .. Illljo)a1" ~ suppon rn. Mrl .. _ ...110 ta.i.-iIcd 1hea>td'fU1O tile - . cJ AlcuIDir.IhIn IIu beelI Jft..w:.J'1 t'-pa. ~ lilIllPll't cootinund Ihrou&~ 10 d>c S)'IlOd of Ty~ and "''1 wdI '-"10 bIOe/I inslnamelIlaI ia lUI eMf !be EaJptian l( u.1e: connuniUes. _'/ oJ """kII bid MdeIiIfI F'lInhcr-. dIcft.""", liake.1cka::e.. II;*t die. 01. _ 'w •• l!laI ArM·- apl"'" .. • idcspUKI GIl;) Ill;'; 'ioll ~~ widliA 1liI-.. em-ty, doc 01. OR...,. Nazianza piooides no - " lUG " , tv'III a.e..tI dIoo.al 01. iI:I
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ruE EAJ.Ly EP!SCOPA1.CAREER Of AlllANASIUS
fe'1.
uPl"$iwe 1t\t;1OriC:.J~ II is, ~. likdy thal. ,ClOd deal ol violence ~_ variouI of !he ~ d\tlrclI .... y 1laYe ..... pIap::al MrOIIfl( olllClians "" plZ3Da WI:I 1llOIi-. ~ Ittic8I: and mOli\'CS a:miDr; fO&aber Ia panialI. CYeIIIS. To . . ._id lIlemoliYa .... Ikir ............ c:erlllidyfeqUim~1bouI
no
cYCrllS""
iadt'm.
the ~I illvolVQ1,~. in:slillllions. alld clDcumenll. bull111ks1. l)'IIl/Iesls is made of Ibcsc da.......ilh CKh Olber Ifld ..iIJl the elcmcnl ol time. we we Idl. ..itbaw. • IN!: 1IislIri;aI ...... tive. T)Te. IIlcn:ron:. caDD
be viewed ill i • •ion. To ItIit end IIIaw: allf';InpIed 10 pbu the Synod
01 TJn:
wilhin the
CClIIW.lolllle ...... y-ur:r .,.......~ot Adlana5illlll bdon: lIlecmpt, .. , lIle Meletiatl tcltism ill Egypt, tho evolution of tuOOI Ia.., ~ arid aUlhocily, IIId lIle earlier, bul similar, deposillon of Eusathius of Anlio;;h, To lhese 'lUicd canleIl1l:Ll ele"","-u romrnenu IIaYe II1lI been added
.,nodaI
_millg Imperil! luthorily and it< n:lalion$hip witll synodal dccm:o. Il is clear thaI lhe calling of the SyDOd of Tyre "'II concerned Ie•• with ALhanuius'1 alleged m;scondoc( in Egypt lhan with llll: ElLlebian party's de.lire 10 rid i!Se1f (If ill OpponenlS and SOCW'e the readmilSion of Ariol and hi. fellow. willlin the Egyplian church. h also seems probable thaI A!llanasiu,J WII ~w~ of the Arian influence upon the mllChinalions of the Meletife oIlell teen (.,eA,oed • evideDce lhat _ tr\IUI ..... Sl..cI behind \he ~ eYCI if porti<:uIar indictlnems CUllIlI be ...,...ed.}7 II ftIt1$1 be aid, ~YU. !hilt even a dase ua.m~ .. the Kat<Miaa'
w.
'" IpiIlJl ..........111 ptOlIidelliuJe coam.enl cvidmf;e to ;""Ic-e his pUt. On dle ex.u.y. lIE Inconsislerq o(!he 1CC1ISIlionI .... by ~iI OJIllOiClIb sboIlld CMlS4 _ 11> " .. p " lIE or IUdI clwJw .00 Ibe moIi_ aC his ICCllSaS. if 11m IJIlecllbc. ci"jJ qllllily 01 1M rlNll .. ' .... apiMtllifll .. ~ ill AD m. - " I iowIjnI. . . al1anpI1O pa.y
_It,
1IIIlle"
. . lbedlltpr ' ~ ....... olo..."""'•.....-'ol'J~dlc:1DJy ol"'um~ _ tIo£.. WI "it beGll or WI capilaI. lflbe_ywn . . . . .u. '-_ ·.." .....0 eel_ Ihe III:IianI 0( Ibe Sr-t vlTyre1ll1UpllCl dIM 0 -. . . . . . _QWi.iwIId ID ftC&lIl!Ic . . . . . . 10 CIWlSIW;nnp!o', Ibe~....uo. of die tlIlpUm" ill ~ bodI \!Ie biIIIop atA""IllCIria...., JoM ~ __ Ill: ., t:d.. ~ 1lIOli........ dail'& tor Mil, wia=r, IK East
ne _
_
ob.'"
eoa,IMtillC'. ICUons. it doesllCl uc:ludc W. poI$ibiHl, Illallh= ~ odler lIlillOf fllCllCln, possibly politicallJld _allie, .bid! wen of Dlle UnpotWlCc.. ThIl combiJQlioII of Imperial rupeet - ' !naslnolion .ilb AtlIanasild ..bieh cllbninaud in bls baIlilllmen., wIIiIe dlmclIll for Ill.. moclem ruclcr 10 WIderIwlll, does seem 10 bvc bow • ~isten( !rail 0( CoManlint was c>.cn:ised in his ~1.tloDshJp wllh ••1d8 \lVic1y of chUftIl ~ T.D. Samet hal COII'\II'ICtIIC lIpG1l tIIis flCCl olQlnslanrl~'1
""'It"
"""""'
0lYlc1al pronouncemencs by WI)' &IiIQC:. . de.5uYe 10 ~ lrea1ed ...il1l • -Wn skcpdciUlt. Bill C
For Ihe ClIlpenlr. !he aile or A\llInariu., u well . . 01 Jolln Aldlaplt. problIbly hlocI lillie. III do willi Ihe. ....nll lllc okc:rou of ~ iIWCId.. boi1I ~ IIIId lllc ~ ill £up. -..: ~ 10 Ibc . , Ibe Euu:ra cllun:ll aad tbc InchlllYCtlCU ""hlcll Ibe _puor dc$lrU.
or
". Abhou&h Irrc .., 1lI~ bCIpall!lollK Synod ol1)'fe _1cI1tll1e Ibl: . . .
E.c'Pl. ..... k
r.iled 10 do 10 lie IOCIt; ~ alO a..dI. Yet II rftUlM Ilipi/II;e _ ea.......... appIiew,. Id'*'ll 10 ~ A""'"Prim Moo • • , .... t • ...,. btsIIq>af .... IcX 1 .~ llIeIoe\I u.iIed 10 Trier." a.u.w by apM fn:n. ..... jucIp. . . "' S)'IIOd o(1)ft, "'hr• • WllOIId abCl_ fn:m c:rlle 10 AkAIldNo JOWJoo..... ol ilnperiaI.n,t t rq. ·oo.apWtA'1lIftMi·...... 1ke.fy yanol_ .I.·..;'~_; be lfi=iaoed out ollQood., aq. _ • aa be. 'N • ~ no pmi....... of lbese dufteI -.. irwbd, d!e Iiuca of . . S)'IIOd ofT)rc..,. beup6liDod ill l<m1I of u ~ 10 the EcfIlim d1-" taiIl« d\IlIlllnlu:&b ...,. 01 ils iDDDIIl:lIiliIIp or IIlc ~t of ill bisllcp. l1w. iNlnIl n ill ~ espec:ial!r ~ IIle Mdel........ Colhllllian -=llisnIaliQl undoulMedly • conaibutiac fED. bal lhe cvideKe...,.., "III lIIcse d~ scbismlOc:l we-. e•.cowlW<4 .... • m ...... "" 1IIe ~ . . . . eI. br&cr plIlIlO Ill.. An., lUdmiQcd willlill dlo: f:opciIlI ~II. R=lurse III Ihe _pel'lll' _ r. . employed by thiI·m ...., bcfln ...... Ii. . after tinIe the tllIrJa 1piII. AthInuiIIr _ .dlu..1 T\r. desire 10 1It.I~ Alhanasi'" IAll*" bef_ • J)'JIOlI. in • _ _ rea j.....'" of Eo him, ...... bI>l -ocr put of \IIiI __ pro::ca. ne talliDt: of Iloe 1)'IlOds ol Cacsma InC! Tyre, Illero:fGnl, c::aIUlOt be riewaI in the _\IClItioui KUe <JL leSlS of &Ui" 01 illlllXUCC but u lI'qlc: tno.o aw.,,10 r..... iliar 10 our 0 - calIUfy...... verdiN or ....iclI Ad been deQdr:d r.iJIlMMDceoflbeir _tina. In doaiJIi Illis stlJCIy of the early episc:opal e.cer or Alb_illS of AIc:UlIllria, I tonl'eu I!lal !hen: is mil much 10 It... _.,.illl Ill•• "iIaIly impo,wll period of the blshop'J life and career. Pl:rhl,. new 1OIRe. ..ill tome 10 HlhI. or furlllet Investigation of prelel\l telIlR:U m.y yield new illJi,hIs. Ytlll:&l\l\Ol but fttl tholllle bishop deserves. MllU r,~ tblJl 10 serve lIn"". lerlulUions continually u ... example of • fllO'lh-«n11l1)' 1I11l1lilOr or In ll/IJII;rupuloui churcll politieilll Of LIlo laIo CoosWII.ifliln epoch. For oJl!Iou&'t dle~ may have been times when AtlwIIIllil wu rub or lIls IIlOYaDCrIlI ill Jud&ed, IIlore is liuJe JOIid ewide_ from lbe urly 1U" oIllis eplll:tlI_lIw he behr<ed in lbe runnu ..hiellllU been suue-ed by I(l ....., lllldletl 0'Iet Ihe put three ............" ., _ III _ ..!her lha the _ 01 HIn>Io;k, .w-p 51i&l:&lY 0¥mWtId . . . . tltIl _ _ d Ilis 0*rI tim&, _Y yet JlfO"e 10 be • _ _ . . For AlllINsius lllIfI t!oll ..~ d lIlIll7 CUIIUll..... YaitlQ:: ~If _ _ Ilinl by t!oll R . . . 01 tois tioe, _ c=. ~ IICIChlrtt \plbIo or . . . aboat
"periIl--. It_..,.'" .-
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"0,,- _ H_ _ H'-7 '" Dros- ~ .-.~ .... l. _ - . E4iIolMp. 11191. U.
APPENDIX:
LONDON PAPYRUS 1914
...
h..... lett !Urii-. fr.... lop to bouOfll 01 'M "".IlS:
V.rso:
'"
Tr_'F·
of ~ """""" ttl. """""" .........
. . T r - of ... Briclolo UlIr-Q-.........
of
BIBLIOGRAPHY
£dlliolls . .d Traubtioas A ...~ • ., 1II.rf.U;• ., AJImIia,oIIi/lII'Utli1ti,UIlIOI Gal
e.u. CIulL
A,buml _I A1u.utI.... J"d."., ~ :t~ d~ ...... 12. A\Ilcns, 197<1-TI.
4Jl'-
VoIs. I -.:l 2.
/1QTtpow. Vols. 1_
eo.uu...a
r
Ap(1/(>6~
Paris. 19S8. T1tr AnrtlliM V......... cf 1M Uti.,. cf AIIlaAasiIlS '" J.liIMp !k,gpitm CONV"u,6 1M Holy Spiri,. Edi~d and nasbled by O.A. Egan. Studies and Ooxumcms. Sall Lab: dly. 1968.
AI~1WI'1IIWl
SyrllJC4.
EdiICd and
tr..... Jaw:l by
R.W. Tbomson.
"vob.
CSCO 2j1-258. 212-213. 324-32j, 386-387. l..ou¥aln, 1965-17. A/(I"lJIW.' ulI,rr "S.,apicne 10 Spiri/(l SIJil/(l. Transladoo, InlnXlllClioo, and note& by E. C.tlllIlW. Rome, 1986. AIMlUJli,.,,' O,aliottl agaiJlSllh. Arianl. 8<><»: I. TranJIllL<=d and Wiled by W.O. Rusch. Sources of Early Christian ThOU&ht. Philadelphia.
1980. AUI"w4.Alrt Schrif/.n dOl htili'tiI A,MIUJlIIU. Tfanslllllll by J. Fisch. Bibliothek der Kift,henvllter. Kempten. I m·1S. COllI''' rrnrfllntllk irocar1lG!iOM. Edited II\d lta/I$Ialed by RW. ThoomllOll. Qlford Early Ovistian Te..lS. Olford. 1971. DilcolU, Ctlntr, /'1 parr",. Edited and U'aII$Wod by P.T. Clmelot. SC IS. 2d edition. PatU, 1917. /.Jl Jot Ielue fesWeIfAfiIaII4tlolf~. TrarIs1alioa lll4al11U11C1lWJ by M. Alben. III I'tuOI. tk rOri,. 1\.7. Mlkulgtl O/fuu " .. H.P. F'<1Jf{OisCinJ/filt, SJ. Pwi$, 1916Di. Fqt.Bridc drs 1Irilil'It Adoato"p.... B;,dllJ/,_ AIui
"-'''''''It
'" £HI
nw
S..,._
IIItllil'~
AIM...;... usrnwllJu ~lvifU• .., k .. G,..",.../te. 1lK"t'rI. £Oiled IIl>d nuIaIcd by J. ~ A. mel H. J,knel. Bibliodoek det~. &CCIDd 1OrieI., ..... 13 ad 31. KempK:n. 19I1-I7. l..c;vtttUiolo ", tJw W...., (lh ~ J . by a
"'God
T,. '.....
rdiP""alCSMV. 1.ondolI.1~3. Tlot utwl '" s.iAl AW-u,;-' e-ar...., ,. lIo/ys,iri,. T_*.... by C.R.8. SMp!..... LoaobI. I~I. T/w Life tJ/ A.ouoAyw dw wnu ... M...ulliul. T_' ....... by Itt:. Grqe.
o
,":,oLWeslUlISpiriaahty. NnoYork,llllIO. TIw Lift '" Sf. AII_y. TAndwd by itT. Meyer. .ucieal CtIrisUuI Wrilen 10. W_...., Md-, 19SO, ~ ........... BEPES 30-31. Adla>I. 1961-1961-
Opoor'" ~ ~ E4i1r:d by B. dt. " " " " ' - (,loP. Mipe). PG U-2I.. Paris, 11&/;-1111. OrIUiDv .,. . . . Arl4.v. Boot IIJ. $41. '" Tk ClvistoUJ,kJll '-_"y. TnnsIacd md cdirallty RA NcrriL Soun:a of Early 0wittiIn lhclusIL PlliIaIkJp/liIII980.
tJ/ SL
,w....
AfI"... The A~,iem and MOlkm 1...ilmuy of Ultnlwe. London, DO dale.. Os,,~,tbriq dI. Apa A'.-....u... ..... dtM KopdxMa &#frt Md "llIMIt". Editc4 af\d traNlaIccI by P. Mtrmdil>;). DtIaeldorf. 1965. SI, AII"""ul...' Q'Dlll/a, gIll""" 'M A,UJtU. Inuodll;lion. edition. and ll8llSIaDaa by W. BrillU. O~tord. 1834. Selt~ W,ili",. aJtd Ulltr, '" A/!IarIasiIu. Bisltop 0{ AIuwrdrilJ. Edi.Iod by A. Roberuon. LNPf. seoood series. vol. 4. Reprint ed.. Grand Rapids, Mkb~ 1974s..,./' iII",,~ d~ _t.. CriliallC:ll, InIn.IMiolI. IIllJOdut'lion. DOleS, and inIlcx by C. KaMeft&icsscr. SC 199. Paril, 19n. Wlrt.. Iv". I", AI{t'u" tkr KiTclw.'i/Jltr·K~/oIIdu f'rnssUt;lIen AUdemle de. WisunWw(l.n. Edited by H.O. Op;u. Vol. II. 1. 1280: Dk "PoI~I;'''' B.erlin. 1935. Alh""Jlu ./ Mu...d.l. (S,"rlllfll) TIrt: ClIM>tcS q{ A,IttJI,IUIIU. Edited and IIUs"'led by W. Rtido;l -.d w.R. CoJm. LondoII. 1904. FiWt: HtwlJliu: Ezpwir. fltk: u,_ 1Il4jtN. EdIl«l by H. fo!anibul. Soriem SciMQrunI "-ica: Com-.tione:t H _ IJtcrwum JO, 2. KtbiaD. 1962TM Q,.kHu
~
£,1,*"",,"
~o.,""-#1MrUU..
PG41_42, Pn 11601. ...........'" ,,114 !'PM IiIla. EdiIal by L Hall. oc:s '25. 31. 37. Lcip>;il. 1915. 1921. 1933. £",,,,1., ~ Cuuu" CJ..,cJt Hu-,. ~. of C_.... ad Or.... ill !" . . of C-u.... Trlll:llual by A.C. Mo;GiITO'1 ud E.C. Ric" ... U
'" a..-_
E:«kliaPice'm-, 1_ Ored< \I::I.lJ. Til' t ed IIIllI ediIool by x.. J AL. o.ac-. LoW Qau;al lJlnly I IllCI 2. !-'On IIIId New Vert, 1f'16.19J2. (J/e.u.t..' l10r FrrIc....... Haw,,,., Iitt NgrfJn. ~akszj• . ;c.. Md .... by HJ. Lawlor and J.E.L 0uIl0a. 2 I.ondooo. Im.lm.. HisIoM £uk.sriM ElliIcd by Eo. SctIwaa. t: ,.,,~. f'rm'h.... by G. Williln-. Nno Yark,. IIl66. fa 1'~ of eMU,uli.: A Hu~tIl SI., Md H_ T , ~ of EtmbW"Trl«Jui,Jlo.......,. TJ dol;'. inlrolIue",,"lIlJIOSby K.A. Orm. 1la1tJey, CaIifcnIia. 1916L4.,1a c..."3"d'" PO 20. PIriI., 1ll64. I..4tu CoouUlMilli. EcIiIrd by L lk:iit:d. GCS 7: EaJdJIu tv..... I. I..ripzit;, Eut6if<$
au-.
n-
ocs
,on.
Vii<> C(NUIlIN_ PO 20.
hris. 1864.
Vii" COOUUMtiJli. Ediled by F. WmulmaM. GCS 1: E_biou W"*"'. I. I.
Berlin, 197$.
Hila" sf Palll". S, Hlla,li Epilcs,. PICla.lllUis Opt.,a, PlUS QIilUII1 [Incilldina F'",menra iIJsloric
reviteeI by F. WillkebnImL Ilm.io., 1972. S,,,,•••1 Et.Eull.." ..,;. TIw: Hiltory
S.t,It'"
Hr.""". PO 61. Paris, 11164. TM EcduillJli. . Hilwq 1I/S«nJtn s.~ T-'ated and _pi •••"", bf A.C. z-. LNPF. ~ S(ries. vol. 1. Jlqlrim cd.. Gnnd bpioiI. MX'-. litU• .sou-I SdP'"*",. £Cd ........ Hilll1ri4. EdilecI br II.. H.aey. VDk. I £,x1Qi1Ufiat
Mel 3.
Oabd.llS3.
S"r•••• £«IeriPw. H ~ PO 67. Paris, 1164. 1'W Ea'"riMpkei H'-7 of s..- C....,via, .1I~ofdot Chrdo frOIII AD m '" AD .25. Troll'h...., bf D.o. HarnafL LNPF. teCCDd Jorit$, Y(lI. 1. Reprinl cd.. Cralld RIpIdt, Midl.. 19U.
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1HE EAJU.y EPlSO)p...... C..'FF. 01' A11tAI'4ASIUS
H/sIW, «diMllf... Vois. I _ 2. Gm:k 1C>;.I rlVOll Ihe. tIiWcxl "" J. Bilb. b1uuduc:iilM by B. 0rilIet and O. $" TJ '$ ~ by A.J. Fc:sluI~ Anro'" brO. Sa!>balI SC lO6. ...... 1!IlI3. 50_..... ICwdw.,ucIlicAu. Ediaod IIId lrM'l ' '"" J. Bider. aDd Ci.e so. IlerIia. 1960. t
...... ocs S.,,,ci., s,....,.u Ubri..,.
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r.,.t.,,, HUIDtV
EdiIaI "" C. FbInL
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Vielma, 1166.
~
PC IJ2. Paris, 11l64. Edilcd by L hnDcruier. OCS 14. 2d ecIi-.1UiKd br F. Sdaeidwriler. llel1ia. 19S4.
Hi-.w "'duMp"
A""'-'iu W"...,., KnJ. ia Aafn&e der lCin:tIaI¥IIeI_KClftIIIl1aion der Pm$.... hetlAbdcm~dl:rW"~Vol),', 1-76: U~ .... GudidrI,duIlrilMUcJtu.SlTtiluJl,.m. Edilalllr H.O. 0piIz. 8crtia,
l~.
CudlWr_ Ou_Aic...... ~'UJ4. £¢idie lMUwlO per ~ Scierm= ReliVe ld ediOclIl. JWocm 1913. $.",•• _ CMC~ Hawl n ~iJItiJ CIIl/urill. Ediwl by J.D. MaMi yOI. 2. ~ 1762. 8111110.nplll.. Bib/i""lJPltlo l'"fri,lIt.. Vols. 1-29. EdilCd by W. SdlllollC""llchu. Ber~n.
1959. Blbllo"apAJ,14 I. R~yt. rl' ItiJroiT, tcclisLmlqw. Louvlin. Clovi,l'al,lIM. G'I.tcM""'. VoI.2: lob A/MIlD';" ad C""Sl>II"III'''''" Editc4 by M. Goctard. Brepoll-TumIIoul, 1974,
SECONDARY SOURCES Cunully lbefc Wsu IlO uleflll-e bib\iop'lply ill priDI wllic:II is 10 .... subject or AWnasiIu: of A ~ CcnailI works of bibkwc.-: rd~ -'-"a,"" boI:a Iisled • !he. Pf'C:'<'icM IllCIica. 111 ......;... IOllae.pIftly ,*,Ij,¥; . . . . ' IWOOlhcr WlrtI U¥e 1leell or pea IIdp i l l . PqMMU of1lliJ5I:Idy. The A...·"" • ref~ ' - ' .. J, QgM"". oaL 3. W~. Md.. 1975, 20-79, ..... beeoo Ptraody 1I&Ip{'" McRQnalIIislinp _ ~ .. die ~ -.iol.oI","-V-a,F.-Ni&JMJ.CJdc .S04Ptclf.I9C3. ~
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t
AlIiwDo.1ki, L "'1M Sr-k _ UG 16(197$): )S6-l66.
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Alnidoa.'.... 321·))9.
Arib.. P., .... O. Duby. edI. A Hino., of I'riwJle 4fe. Vol. I: F'Dm 1'1111111 11_ If' Byuslllj.",. Ediud by P. Veyne. TQft&\aed by A..
OoIdM-,w. LoDcIoxI.I987.
A1IrIaroolc. ca. '"T1le Synoci at Ale1&driI JIId Ihc Sc:1liJnl • AD 362,."
nu 22 (19'21):
AllliodI ill
206-221. 34HSS.
Amou. a. MArilll eI II doclrino des.daicftI triallllirft.· (;re~/llII 14 (19))): '269-:172_ AlZbefaer. L. Die LojDSl,lue duAlJta.otaJ:j"..... M... ietl, 1880. Aublneau, M. "Une I>omflie pucaIe Iluibuilo' I. Atha_ d'Alexandric dans Ie Sin.llicu! gr. 492." ZtIUI.I: Alb.... tuniro',,", P'o{. Dr. E. de
SlrycU,. UlffChl (1973): 668·678. Mau'. H. Die OSIerhomili,1I d., Asttr/OJ !opAls''''
Auf du
Tric...
Theolo&lIdleSlllllicn 19. 1961. A:dOllI. M. MS/Ju,dDrilUft tI iMperi/lltt: 1l>e COIlIWUinian l1'fI<'l'fIfiD ~ 101hc0 |
--.PfIj""oU. 2ded. T....I·...... byTJ.S........ Frcitu),19Ol.
BardJ. O••A1umdne,. AJuiDdIl:, ~ (32S-ISI).Iu "Ii.s, ediled by O. ROIl....• "Ol I. 11l-201. -~,
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AI'- CrisiI... 111 C"-'cl i• ..., C"'/.IdM 11_ NJP01. I. I ...... 1\149. M Act .. - r>icriDMMn tie /or ~ I (hris, 1937). c::oh.
u.,.re,
- _
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10l1.1Q52. - - . -A'hp_ fl'Ak:ca:td:riB(IaiaI).· DHG£ l.col.llll-I)IO. . ~AlUorqilltJdel·6tokd· .. k ...rlrie.·l1.SI1n(1932): 65-90.
'" -~. ~u QUe -.icnDc.-
In IIUtoiu '" U,IiJIt. eclilecl bJ A. Ricbe and Paris, 19S0. "'(.'Hbi!aF Iilll!nirr;d·Aai.....~ RilE 24 (192:8): 809-&27. • '1..1 PoIitiq..e rdipeusc ck CansIanIin tptI k
v. Martin. YO!. 3, 69L
=:'
=
RSR' (1928): Sl6-55I.
----:. R~1ounil' SDilll UtdD. tr" ..iocl.,,, .... leok. Paris, 1936-
- . '"Silo.! Ak1mdn: d'AI....ndric .-4.i/ COllIllI La "Tba!ie' d'Ari...?'" RSR 6 (1926): S27·m -=~ SoiItl AI""'""'" (196-J7JJ. 2d. cd. Plris, 1914. ::• ~Sla' La 1fi1tnlial ~ cor>cik de N"dt... ~ 23 (l9J}): 4J(l..4S1J,.
B-.nS.LW.I1lcAnrad=mtsofArials." VC24(l!nO):; In·l8&.
- . • AIlla:la& et lei ~ln Ccmuntin et Coclsunr;:e.. In ""'iliq.e cllloitNofie.ediIal bye. ~.ln-I"l. f'ariI" 1914. - . -At/lInasius and !be Mdetim Schism .. EJYPI.. lEA ~ (l91S):
113·189.
- . -AlbnUius ..... tKRomanSwe.- L4_36(I977): 422-437. RepriMed ill SllIlIiu ;" Cbrt!l Hi,1Ory III1tl I'I1ITlsfiu. ·A.....u...,.., .lUanf&.26(T'bessa.... Q, 1978): }12-32&. ----:~ '11le Dale of S. Alhlllwi..s' Vila Anl"";;,- VC 28 (197"): 169· 17S. - . -Edward Gibbon gn Athanasills." lII. MIMllm, edited by R.C. Oregg.361.369. Philadelphia, 1985. - . "The Figll'e of 'T,umpclS' in Syriac Tradition: An Egyptian ParuUel." U Musio" 88 (1975): 327-329. ''The Site of we Council of SardiCI.· SIP 17/1 (1982): 9-13. . -Some Lllur&kal E1emeJllS in Alhanasius' Frs/al EplJlIu.- S,P 13
:=:'(1975): 331-!42.
---", "Some Noles On Lhe Meletion Sehi$m in EiYPt." SIP 12.111 115
(1975): 399-405. ---.::. '1'wo Note> OD Awll.U;u.. I. Alhuniol' Election as Al'cllblsllop of AJeundria. 2. The CircumstaDc:ell SuntNndina the EJq<:1ic.l1 Law of !he Egyplian Bisbopa: (Apol. c.. Ar. 3.1-19.s).~ orClrP 41 (1975): 344-3~ Reprinled in Stlldiu u. ClrMrcll Hilwry QItd I'll/tUlia. :.u...v...... BlaTd&w26 ('I'he$#IcmiQ. 1978); 329-
. 1lIZ28(l972): --~""• ~_Ari""Phibsophy18 Barllel. S.W,B•• and H. Cbrdw1ct.
A1ua:ldria.
8
rn.s, NS 24 (1m):
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443-oi5S.
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JT1&S,NS 37 (1986): 353.)68.
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Be*ow. P. /fa Clori.: TIw r ..,u;,
., CIIri# .. tJw &lit, Cluvcl. , by EJ. ~ UppsaIa. 1962. Bicar:rt. w. OitHtpiu _ AIuJurdriaL- 2ar F,." tIu Ori,t '-.- .. ..... Ju,kIuttJm. BmiA. 1971. "'Neoor.~da DicQysills .... dill Pw\lI_ A~ ... Cod. 2J6.- ~ ~ (1973): )01..314. -n. Sipir~aC """"";,,,. IrWI n'_lielM QIIiUUrlJ 48 (1981): 111.191Bw.. 4....... T.E. Binl. elk. Tloe £cuvllictU W""U (I{ Qn/totkn Cf,.m IfI
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1903.
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.
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• ~o.!bo.IlId·Atius.· 8[£65(1\1601): 175-103. • "Ocf\yad'AleundrieetArius.- BLE 67 (1'Jl66): 162.169. . L'lIi,bit d' Ari"uI IlJ "foi" rU NicJ•. Z vol.. p.-;,. 1972. Bouyer. L L'IIlCtl'NIlIo••, r igli#-cCDt'p. d" CIvUf daM 10 /hj,%, .. do $
,....
BrUmMvt, H. "AluMdrie Ilfld die Kani:lnes del HippolyL" JDJvhdfir AJI/iU """ CIvis~1U1UII 22 (1979): 139-149. B~ J. ~JIIIim lUld ~u: T_ Appr-=bellO Cn:atiorllllll Sal.....• TIwtMO 16 (1973): 73-&1.
8,-,8.R.. "o.ia&A!hulasi-.as·WIIJ.u-a,- VCXl(I~ sz,S4. 80.. 'c llC. HiWiu _ l'oi1Un IUfII JW B~Itt:("'i 'd!bo ~tu
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'" Brock. S. Mil. a. . . .·' A.ddnss AIlribuIed 10 Athauri-..- Qrl,u ~61(1P71): 92·101. BIOOb, E.W. -n..0rlIic... ottbe e.!y BiJIlaplIoI flU 2 (11101); 61UIl. -....:;. cd. T1w Sid &101 <1/ 1M Sd«ILI,Uq II{ s.-v I'lItTWrlo of A.oori«.lo U. w S,""" VuJi... of AI..........., of NisibU. VoL 2' . . . . 1903. ar-a. P. -rIirIo1la.".,.... of . . Holy M. .. J..- .t.nriqMy.- .. ~ _ dtt Hfllyi..lA«~. 103-1S2. 1krtdcy.1982. - - ' - TIw World fl/L.- ANiqIfilJAD. 1$(}.7S0. 1...onIbI. 1"1. Bqe.&.A.W. TIotl"lnIduu(rltoH*JF"""'tI,. 1 .... ' ...... 1907. - - . cd. CA,Hic "-uitt~ iA 1M DW«' q( u~ £vpl. Lonclon. 191G. B..... A.E. T1w Ct;HUtCil fJ/ NkMtJ. laKloa. 1IW. BlII1Il. P.C. n.. eltri",,,ID,, ill HiliJry 0/ POlti,,,- C_utIT1 D"
""'PC"ia.-
__
N~4Il"cw. ~, 1981.
• M~ of PooIierI' ~ willi Ariulism .. 356 Ud m,11'I A1ioMU... Glell b1' R.C. Grell. 217-301. Pllilldolphia, 19&5. Bill}', J.8. HWvyD/ Uw Lam RaffWI EInpi~. :I: Wli:I.. Ne.. 19S8. 8us11. R.W. S,. A.w..ww: His Lift tJN1 T.-1. I oMon. IA8.
yen.
au:htr.£.L. TlIISllI?af*Cbn:llo{£fflII. 2wo11. 1-".1887. e-Iol. P. fA Cmtdk., Us aHldlu. Ediled by 8Quc cuI. hriI. 1960. c .... pbell. T.e. -rbe Ooctriae of tbe Holy Spirit ill Ihc _
AlbIAasi....• SctHtWtJo"'MJlofTMolov'17(19U); Clrnptnha..,R, H. ''Da Betcrullni. des EIlsebilll Y.
TIIeoIo&1 or
~.
e.csarca (Nicaclo
32.$).- TNW 67 (1976): 12.3-139. - . kdtsUJlrlttJI A~lllorit:1 (WI SpUl,uaJ Flul TIl,.., CI1Ill
"0'Mit, I" 1M Cbr,lI of liw
- _ . T1w FQJ.wl oflile Gru! ChUTdi. Tl'IIlsialeCl by S. Oodmaa. NCl'o' York. 1959. - - . Trgdjlit1~ aNI Uf~ ill 1M Cluuclt. TrandalC4 by A,V. LII~ ....ta!e.
PIlllDlphia, 1\l68.
CanilltIOll. P.
TItt. £luI, C/lrislUJII Cluucll. 2"01s. Cambrid&e. 19S7. Cue, R.A. "Will lhe Rul Al/IaJwiul Plcue Slalld Up7- J(}1iI11Ql fJ/ IItt. E~T/wI()fiallSoriayI9{1976):
c.,.24RJ>.(1936): -A.rlncllian Mamlll:ripu<>l St. .).59. --'-.26(l9l3): -"" A.m:== VcnG <>l 1n.ISO,
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Cro-.allmo, F. $aiIIl
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- - . 1.4 Sdti_ ~ANiDcIw. hriJ. 1\lOS. Clvc,. W. fuk~: Or. dw HInDrJ tJ/ tIw U'I'U. A.cu. Dtlllll. IlIId lV>iliqlq{dwMOl6&UtMFodrt"fl/IAorCbrd. 1..... 1613. cartiu, R. "Saial " " -•• ,1Ie ' ,.. *"=- "" I'~ce v=5 •. -1a1flJlWlrln_..,Mab.«rlIrMmqltQ,1d..(,1l91)l, ..... 1160. Cab. J. -o;e polll.'" Hitlr.erptollk 6cr 1"-1 kllR. .... Kird......,u..Au . . ...,.....;.; w , ed*d~O.llgb!llctl.297.:S21. ~ 1916. Ooidwa.H. -AIUlasilll.o..dw"UlI~J.·JTllS49(1941): 16&-169. . no. brtJ C'-'II. PdQa H<sIory of 1M CIlordI I. Now YllIk,
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-==::.
~FtlllorE~ofAloliodl." n1lS4'(I94l): n-lS. • Nina? tINI "*",,ru q{1_ EMir CArd. London. 1982.. - . I1le OriIin ollho: Tilk ~ CoIIndI'.- FT1IS 2J (1972):
Ill-I)S. - - . "'OsAu or Cordova and lIle Ptesldtlq ollllc Co..ad 01 AntiocII 32$." JTAoS. J'(S 9 (19S8): 29'2-298. - - . TIw /lak II{ 1M C~ BIsIwJp '" A/Odtlll $qdtiy. CoII0q0ry 3S of dle CMlU ror HertneneollJcal S,udlet in Kcllcniloc and Modem Culllll'e.. Bettdey.I9S0. Cheanut. O.F. J1It Fim CIv/.ui1Jll Hiwriu. Paris, 1917. - - . -KairoII Illd COSlll~ Symplllly ill die ChlrctI ~ SocraleS
Scho~' CftH 44 (l97S); 161-166OUIly, D, TIle Dum" Cu,. OIfGn1, 1966. ChrisIou. P. Mllncrult4 tad Creased, UnbrlOlWl IIfld BelO'lteD in IIIe neoloCJ of AIhanasiDl or A1e:lwldria. M A.,uliAUIa"", I] (1913):
"..". CbIU. F.S. "1.osI.oo Found: A1hanasius' Doelri~ eI Prcdc:sI.iIlMiorl..S~J11 J~ I!{TIIloIo029 (1916): .35... 50. CbyIon. A. "'The Onlloclox RlICO'C'f eI. IiueUeII Proof Tell!: A\IIIDIsius or AIuandri.'. Eusesl* eI Pro.obc U2J ill Conniet wiIh Iht Ali-. PIlD. 4iu.. PeRiDJ selIooI el1'heoIoct. 1m. lit CIerq, VI;. Oui... tI/ Cor-"""-: A CfMlrilHui411 UI fIN J{U/DrJ tI/ fIN CI>"SIUJIliru 1'.ried. COA S.lIdles I. CkWlIII AIIliquilf 1]. 19S4, Coidonkil. K. -n .Ill&r«n I> M. A......... QJ' '"P' .~ ..... 'Apon",,,,,"".- EUI,r";/Jlfih.. 1'1uroI29 (1930'); .96-SI6. M
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A"'.. .
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"._ _• )Nrisdit:titNf i11l1td.1J Cbrdo.
1968. I """"". 1975.
Dotllcr,I.A. HimJry off"" DeYe/oi>-IIl 0{ , . DocIriM o{. ,.~ 0{ Clorisf. 3 ooIs. TROM"" by P. Simoa. £difIlluIlb. 1897. DOrrie$, H. "Die: Vila A1II011ii a1s Gacllichuqllelle.· N~1IridrOl dv ~ , tk, W'lUrlUdlt'..... ill G6niIlItJl, plIilologiscll.Jllslurische JOasIe (1949); 3S1-41n ~,G. "11le Paspa:ti"" olthe Early Chmdl HlstoriaAI.- Gred.
R-....... B"""';"'S:adia6 (196S): S'/.1O. Orapl, 0.0. ~ Vol.. 1. i...I;nba, 198Q. "O::asclcoce atJd T>aditiooo: NeWIUIl Md Alhanasial ill the 0n/ladD1 Cbwdl.- IlIurllQ,i"IUIk C.,dill4J N.wttUll< SuU/UI<.
---c'-""'-'llle EImIII Son: An Essay in ~ willi Special Rden:a::e 10 SL AdlIn:I!:illS.- Abba s..t- 9 (1979); 11-54.
:=:;St>Wr_
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___• ~ HomIlOlllion ia Ath3nasiu' COll/'l, ApqlliAarcm I." 10 Mi4llOi.url. cdiled by R.c. Orega. 233-2.41. Philadelpllia. 1985.
- _ rlw McGlliIll ofTMoIcgy.
OarIillilOd
111#0/0" 1 (1980); SI}-554. - - , "A Nace Conceming Athanuius' Soter,olOilY," EUluia'titos PhDros61 (1979); 210-220. - - , SI. AIMna.;"" Conl7a "'pollinOTem, Alilens. 1911~. - - , ''1'he Two Trealises of SI. "lhanuiu! 'Conll1l Apollinarem': Secood Thouihl:! on Ille Research 0( l/Ic C,WCI.- Abba Salama 6 (1975): 84.96. Duehe$ne. L. Tiv. &u/1 J/iJlarj af 1M CirrLsIiiut Cluuc~from II, F/>llIUiatioft 101'" Ettd 0{ IIv. Fif'~ Call1l)'_ J ¥OIl. New Yon:. 1922. ".--,_ IfiIl<>in.anci~"""deri8/is,t:. Vol. 2. S1hed. P'ari1.1911. Duval, YoM. '1..1 Prcbtmwiqoede la 'l.etbaou vicflQ' d'Alh.n.... • ~
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"A NoIe 011 Ihe Syri.Ic V"",ioo or Alb.nasia! Ad Epic"'t_ in Ms. 8M Idd. '.S$7." nItS. NS 23 (1972):
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Oero. S. "'T1le T""e Im.ge of Christ: Eusebn..' I...ew:. 10 COIISWlli. RfCl)IIIillmll.-
mls. NS 32 (1981):
46(1.470-
Owel. W. "Oas prilllllti~1e BeWllSSlSein Jul;\II l. im Lichte du lntuaktionen
zwisellen der CaLhedni Pelri und den Mli1llenflnisellen Synoclen.- In 'Ilpll: FWI.. b~ /iiJ JI..ma~~ TatAI~. ediled by O. Sl:hwalilef. 6}·74. MWlich, I'adetbam. and Vienna. 197'. de Ollellll\C:k, J. ''Qui 10m Ies n ....S' ).(1"01'fIf de 1& !elite d' Atil/I?KfI~tU ,,~d
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-...:-. "'T'Dc CIx aplnst Emdrim or. Did the Fw-er otChurdl Hisloty Wrilc;H1aloryr SII"II.5(1!J1S): 41)..t21. '"&ty Ale>.ancNa 0IrisIiMWy.- CAH«l (1971); 133....... - - . TIw &Irly CItriz6tM [)D(1riM ()( God. Cllarlouelvill&, Vir&illil,
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edillild by J. Re ll!Tl3 2n..2.47. Vilicy Forte. 19'n. - - . £KnhilU..,CAwo\HisInrimt. OUordud He.- yut:. 1980. • '"Rc6JiOn Illd PoliUl:I at the Council of Nlcaea.- llt.5.5 (1975): 1l1
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"KOIIW ulld Reuplioa." In A. Grill_/q SJ.• Nil iAIn tuuI j" "lUI ",rJpdtiIlCII. 303-412.
jAm; CIrriSloWtilC~ F~,d"""" ~ibluJ. ButLand Viema,I!nS.
-..:.:. '"Die Sldlq del Tomu _ IUr.ulldriu 362 .. dcr GrisroIo&ie del hi.. Alhao 1"0. - In Dliall R,..w.- 61.110." (I9t7):: 3o'HSS. Or)-.. L .$u&, ~"''' U/AdJt I~/h. SC 261. P.is., 19l1ll. 0unlnll:ntl.1. 1M .....,.....·Iccw fl7Vi bU:_ TOIk IIu KOOUIIWiu. Lrip.. 1!ilOO. Q!Qari-. B. PMciplel ill Hill Feud .. Hill CoWd 1I~1IoCItsI·VIII.' W" (1961); "29--WI. H.M. rw AriM C ~ . , _ _. 1M
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'4-1a.
- . -Namtiwe in Ihe Thoolon of 51. AlIIIlwiUl." CollmlwlUfI 10 (19'71): 6-13. HIII&pida. M. - AlhanaWs 011 TtldiliDn alld Saipl1R.- MdDw, NewtOll (2l11U1ul, 3.1 (1962): 13·29. ~. R,P.c. -n.e Aria. Doctrine ot tile I _ _ UOo>. ~ III "';....1_. _ _ ~ediled by ItC.. Otta. 181.::!:11. ptlil ....!P';•. I98S• • ""T1Ie eocuine or tile Trinity ""hlevod in 381. ~ SaHIW< JowJotJl af TIttoIoo Xi (1983): 41-S7. ~~. -n.F'leofFQSl8I"iusofAntioeh.- ZKG9j(19&4): 171.179. • T1w S..-cltjor w elorislNM D«viM f/GotL FdinbuoP.I988. • TIfIdititwo;. "'" &vIyewelt. l..onlbI. 1961. • ""W1lo TlUlbl Ff of« ~ In MIIUI... CIIlitt>d by R.c. 0reg.79-Il. PhilMelpllill. 1915. Hanly,EJt CItIiItUM£¥Jpf: elulnlttMtJl'~. OId:. A. DM e1lnHllDlo~'" "'1li~ItI;d~. UI~iIl.".1JiJ £_biu. :2 ¥OIl. Ldfr:l.. 1904. - . HlSIIJrI tJ{l)(J,-. ..... 3.,.oj 4. TrvabIed by F..B. Spein Ind J. Millar. ! ~, FdictIGtJIo.Iftd Oxford. 1191-1191.
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..........
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Orita Md SIl.. S2t.
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W.R. Clark. Edlnbur&h.II171. Henry, P. '"Why i, ConLemporary Scholanhip 10 EUl\'lO\I.red or Ancient Heretic,'" S,P 17.1 (1982): 123·126. Het!Wldez, a.F. "51 "ilm. mdedano en I. l&lesia eailXiC Gtri6~ 2 (19a.-): m·l80. - - , "ProblcmaI hlst6ritos en IOJJ'O I Ia m....ne de Anio." £ryJlteu.: Rmna ~ n'MdWs I1yuwillOs:/IWIriel& S (19IIol): IIS-IOO. Htton. A••'LopJI. 1mlI,e. Son': Some Modell Plll1ldipas it E.ly CllrislolOl7.- In C,taIi"". CIIM" mod CIIl,IV': S,l/Jiu t. HOllO",. of __ T~.F. T","""",. odlled by R.W,A. Mr.Kinrley.O-62.. EdillboarJh, 1976~ heoclo-A1IlInasia WcrtllR TriAiJ_ ~ Splrilw ~ """ Dc i~lITlIIJd_ CI COII/." An.....,J: A CompIriton." In All.... ~~: A Fuudrifl for .4.rc1lbiJ1top Mtllw1diM • aNI Gf'UIl 8rilllUr, edile4 by GD. Dagas. Looldon, 11lIS. - . -z.u.11nllo&ie lief 'Tope;' ill defI Setlplonlrlr;reudel AthanMius,'':/trw 14 (Int): 3-2A. • HemrlaJla. J. "'EiIl Sucl1,&(:$pikll mil ~ithcII AIpInc.lIIca ~ KaiJor ~ Imd. Bidet UberiaL· .. FclUCNflfilr HlIIU Ue "edit<14 by V.K. <:lbr:!ourer .... ILK. '.... , 7'1-16. EJ" &'. 1~,
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no.
!'bi!lcltlpbil, 1!lI6. Led. e.ubi., W~. Vol. 4: Dk trl«1IiJcN1I dIri""id.,. k~*r~_JM :do: fit. Bat... ~. A.L "'P.-\atm lllllll: onine Nalurc:; n. u. 0111 ~ 1:4 by AIb _ _ • W 11 (1912): 101"'1023. K~. T.A. A Hu-y 11( "'~ '2 'fOIa. I'Ki isoc Iik&>p¥ Sa;a .. e-tridp, ~WI.. 1979. --~. "'Nco-Ariu kdiJion.: n. £"Idala: of the Ap#s."lic CQ/Uti'lUio.u," III Ali...i,... cdilil:cl by R.C. O..,U. In·I79. 1'tli1adI:lptlia. 198.:1, --.::. "J'rolCgw Cllartes KIAllen~, View oIllll: AriaA Crisis: A Cricique Ind Coanler'PlopotIl..- Colloquy 41 of tIl& e - far tkmItneulQl Studies i. KelklliJbC Uld Moclem 0Lb....,. '1-611. 8eI1<ek l 9lt2. -:\
n
1m
r.
Knfi, H. K__ lCtlllllOIIlUu ulifl6J' E/lblldJIUI,. Tllbinaea. I~S• . • q......0$".• ZKG 66 (I9W!S); 1.24, KtallJe. M. -oas ..lIristlic:1le Aleundrien and leine Bu.iebun,en Z1UII kopcikhen MD\*a," I" AJU4ItdTin: KsdllU""r"IIIIlt~" drelt. Jd!vtQ_..u1Jll Sd'md:riqtl tlMr tNdiu"tlNJI Grou:uatk, edilcd by N. Hlrub, '3-62. Aelypdaca ~ I. Mal..... 1981.
H. "The OriJ;n of 1M PllriaIdIIle of COIlSwu.Inopk ..... IhI: Firs! Roman R«oJlliliol 01 hs Pauian:1IaI Jwisdicllllll.- Ph.D. diu.. Ihe c.aJo)Iir; UIliYUSily of AmericI. 1\l66. WIO. K. "Some Funller NOlel 011 lhe Mu. or llle Writinll of SL Alb·nul"•.~ /TItS ~ (1903): 1(l8.11". Lab. K..and RP. CaRy. '"TlIe TUl d the lH: j~ ....","""",ol AthMlaPlD.HTIt, 19 (1926): 259·270. Uminski. A. ikT lIeilip Oft. tIls Grist CItrilflIINI GNr w G~: D" aei"a, flu Af~r _ ~ : ... For...u-, flu triIti~ DoIITW iIII tv. lltl. Eri\anu SUoclc 13. 1 vii 1969. Un-.nmt" G. £bIMil., Mardlteu. EilllteiI4r /Cud. bri A/'-""';as: v.... tuwJ ~1tri.JUic1te $(HtrioIo,w IINI rnlerWotk bri AI"'"'-iIU _ AIUJIIldrioo. Gru. 1918. - - . "'Ei1lile Aspekte dea Ill. ALhaIlMiot lllt Eiallcil lIer Kirdle.~ta 6 (191"): 1A2-1S9. '--"'.1. "1.·EItl~~.EaI:Oe et 1eI1a... ..... II." R"... tie r /IisIIIiT. flu TtIi,w- 111 (1967): US-IoU. I .... her\" F. LtOrA du "~AdlcM1lj.. fIu G~... ell' • . 1911. ow lAJw flu lttilI",. Af*WU;as flu GT6##.. l..cipli,. l~. ~i1ump.
.,.........ior/Ic
m
'"
THE I'.AJU.Y EI'lSCOf'AL.CJ!'FE, Of AllU.N.ASIU5
'"
". "'.anin. A. _
AdlanaIe tt It$ Mallieas.- In I'Qliliqw. C.IWI~. 31-61. Paris. 1914.
_
C;.
M
-A... ori.llles 6e I'~&lise caple:
" 'IrIo/tilk. edikld by
L'[mplaal&Uon et k:
~cIIo~"'FQJ*(Io-lVclikkl).~ R~da
, , . . , . ' ...,18(1911):]5..56-
- - : - "Lcs I'rallion SikIa ... Cb·..·
• AJcnr"'ie.- RIYtU tIu ''''''',.u,-piWuu)O(1'J84): 211-215. ~. J. "Obcr ~ ckl' _ beo1j.... A~.~.~~
EdIIh:iI"
'- a.- Q l ~ Vila ~•• FoJte ll. An.. XXXJI. 4U·316, Heft U. NF S6. An. XlI'Jl.t91.
I, Naa
fkr /(/Il/tDU!; (1886): Heft IIld An.. XXXIX, 619.636;
Mcljlrirla. EJt. 'TIle DocaiM oIl!1e W .. . . of dIt Tr>.iIJ .. b ~ afOqaryafN-' _ - NMnTn(l9'7n %24-Dol.
_-:-' -."" "'""' frr 01« ,Jo. 01 ........
ExmiIJ.- VC 28 (I9'}4):
Di,
-.011 Time and
161-169. - _ GtM. 8m.,. Hisl1J'ry: SllldiuiA I'dlrillIC 1'1IilMtJplr,. ~
..... Odo..l.lm. - _ OtllttJdoq /PId 1'/4I0IliIz,.;" AWuwI&f: SJNMM ()T ANidtnir. 2dcd. LeidI=lI.I914.
O. ManaJdus. CItrUti4&-316MeiMokI. P. "Die JesamlClIris~icbe Bcdeull1llll des. bl. Alhanaslus.- Kyri
=
14 (1974): 97.114.
,,,.
Meredith. A. "Emanation in Plotinus and AtII.,..,illS," 51!' 16 (1985): 319- - : - "OnJlodo.y, Huay, and Pb;JcmpIly ill lhe Lauer Half oIlhe Foun.II Ceaa.y,- Iftl'Jorop low"'" 16 (I91S): '-21.
P.
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I'.uclNll, Sou_Ill"",: EiJw U"u','ldu..., 1M, die Onukilt«IIut., N. IIlIwuuiIU _ AIW>Adrie. Uo illru Be~ .M de_'tll1w:lvlrllklw_ ue,eti:fC~41wo1"""M_ O/JttUqm'llle_.
ManJUr.I96j. Mc:slia, M. in Ariau aop~•• J_ _ II/ HdJuk Slodin ~ (l'~
S4--sa.
..w-.r.a.,
diU G_,.,../ die KInJw uiItD bu. k-.:len 1.0 K-.pfe rril duo Arliwi..... 14 ed. Mllru, 1844. --:-' ~ '" GnJlldel U,1ise de ... lelltpl a /1Ute. r.~_ TransInol b)' 2itt...:lU1' and CalIon.. 1 ¥OIl. Pwis, l~!l. ~Ii. .ckrid6l:de ..~....qnliq"c· m1'R }(I~): 1·29. ~,JoA
'1..aQt.........
Momil';" It. ............ Otrisliu " ' -.....'J '- \lle. FoIriI Ccaaary w "D. 111 TIw ~ ll{ ,.,. . . . VIII CJlftIliMhy '" die FOfUfi ~. 711-99. Odord, 1963.
M<
m;,cp· sotlC!ll aaag.a........-
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.... _, ,."
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OIIUfic:-l(l969): 4}.11.
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LiJfIoft.v u
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<Md c;r"* C"'-o~
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'~/"..<; /ttI{
•
r....... l.ewislNr&. Pa.. 1979.
MI.,.r
'..1"'-0105".
AlhaIt. 1!n5I. --.:.:. '0 ~ 'A~. Aibal$, 1974, - - . "tc Prolllttnc de II lbte du 'TrolIl1ixOlUl' COIlll"t Ics Ariats d·~d·AIe1Anllri8."
Sl!'16(198S): 32A·}41.
MlIl\k::Ibu•• E. ApoIliNlri• ..,..., Wodic~. GOlllllgcn. 1959. "Vtrilt CI bonlt de Dieu." In Pollri,"., ,III/!1o,I., edited by C. Kanncnlie$tclr, n~·230. Pant, 1974. MOlll:r. C.D.O. "Alh.,lIIius von AJe.an<1rien II' kopt!schu S<:hriflslcllu." K".los 14 (19'74): 195-~. Nalll;o, P.. "Ow, lnterpolluOfIlI orthooOllQ dJo... lIaC !elite d' AIillS.A1ti>l801/67 (1949): 131·14l. --~. "'U Dcx:lrille d·Ni....• """,""",. r &01. pnIII,u du HiWU E.wiu. velllCtiorl: Seienccs~8J(I!n"·7S): 23lf. Neale., J,M. ""is«>ry f1( 'M Holy £Dsu:rll Cluud: 1lot PfIlriDrcllau af AI~ '1 wol$. UIDdoB.I847. Neuder, A. G,MUU Hisl(Jry of 1M elvin",11 R.II,I... tMd Cbrch. Tl"ftolM"d b)' 1. Tonq. ~ 1859. N."""IalI. J.H. Apt>b;>t" F... Vua S"".. Bd,.." HIsrD<7.., lIis Rdtio.s
:
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• TMA.ri
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, 1951.
Es,., ... 1M: o-0JJ-tIl of CIvUIi<JIo D«ui... ho-. aL
I...,. 1m.
L~~ l~l!Ied. ' ....... 116"'1. Sd«t T-UU.., 51. A*MR.. ill Cdhli;.;.•••••,"~,...,.. llot Ariau.
C_.
2 ..... 2decl. I ....... 1111. • .. .......... ~ ad 1Ofa-D~ <---..dta.AQnasia.- AqJuIi'-""-16(1976): &S-106. ~dba •. H. AIIII:I........... I. Hdsinlri 1961.
lk N"1CGla, A. "LlI to
. AI~IIS."" 1M U~_)(l.J.
£1llpC"". Helsinki. 196.1.
COllll"eRl:IlioMlI HUlDanaram
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lHE EARLY EI'ISalPALCUEEll OF Anu.w.sIW
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TrIlC/QIa
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Coatnr. cates tIII4 De
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no. Nn; vb/rid.. 3 (l'il62);
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Il~141.
+._.
otd!oo I>aleof "t .... C-w ~fOW ad rie •• Sd' 1 (I!il6I): 2&-2166. Nonb. E. DW oItliU XMS¥OM. 2. 'dI. I . . 1191. Nona... l(.£. ~Dcifaao.: ne Conceai fJl AlhM";- SoIcrioIoIJ.~ PIl.D. dill- DI*r. Uai"III"IitJ. 1910. ~A
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Of
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NorriI.,F.W. -o..tpyNazlmea·IOpponcaIl.~)I.~ la~ Idiw1 bJ' R.c. Cln:g, :121-ID. Philadolp/lia, 1m. NyInan. fA 'TlIOI AriIa ea.lnlftI5J frcn III Bc:Jianlpp 10 ltw. Ccluncil 01 Nicaea.- DJ'tIil.diu...01tcI'd.I'XlO. -rbaSymd g( Aatial:ll OU-US).ud 1be<:ou.:i1 fJlND:a.· til' ... T1J '79 (1961): 48).489. 0piIz. M.G. "E.-b _ e - ds TbeoloV Eia V-..- 'ZNW}( (1935): '·19. "'tlM SyriKMCorpa Alhmasi3run.- lNWJ3(19Jf): 11-31. . Ualuacb,qa UII' 0baiUf_, dtI, Sdvif/u Iiu ~...
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== =
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OI1mdl, T.
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AIcasandtia.- AU,IIJtiIlWIIUII 15 (1975): 49·79. Osborn. E. - ArirIn Obcd~ Sroutina: for TheQkllianJ." R'viIl.... of GreU II'dOrotl.urtyAriMimt P.tMkNUlI6(l984): 51·.56. Plpldopoulot. $. :A.8
l3H}8.
Payne. R. TIw I/tH, Fir.: TM SU>,., oftM FI>J/w" 0( t/w &.ttu~ C~",c~. I..
...
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. .,.·Epi
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_uru.. MI.x..as
-.MS.'
JO(I'HS): 131·177.
S)'IOk die Tyrca liS.- AMIJI6I1 '3 (19045): \}I.
PdiboI. J. TIlt CItnniMt TrtIdilitHt: A His1tw7 0( "'" lh'ortk¥ .. t1{ DcocIrlM. Val. I: 71wUtwrZftUt1{IAoC~n ...... I ........ 1911. - - : : -e-:il or Falhcr or ScriplIn:: 1k Coao:pt 01 AIJlboril, .. Ibe TMolosl 01 MaiimIlS die I~ TAo: H..ra,c of lAo
eoa'n_.-
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. 71lt E.r:ullflll &!pVt: 1M FilII cf R_1lNI fIw TIi. . (J{ lite
_ _ C:""'d'. San Fi_iico.I987.
• Hit/OriNI TIw""'".....co",I"Jr, .-.1 CA....... ill CIIris,i
-,....
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Puciwal, IU.. eel. TIw ~ &-.lal CllMdlJ f1{.1te U""n.k41.
w
Cla,d. 1Wr e-.s fIIf4 Oo,..uk Duras. T"".1Jtu Mllt All C-.os 0/ IJIIoW l.«4l S,.,odJ IV""lI Haw R_ _ En _ k«,,-u. l.NPf", 'U Mries, ¥Ol 14. RcpMI cd. On.! ~ MidI., 1914. Pm, V. "Lhh +.iadelleL.mae~"d1_·""~""Clall~
.v- 3j (1961): 2U6.
hridIIool. P. "Pow
lrM ldition _'fdt. de l'lliMoriea SacnIC: La ~etIctWQ. . . .·ItSAn(l96S): ll:l-In Ptnorl. R..E, TIw MINk q{ ~,Iul !HdIl4A·lid1lll <1/ 1M EtufJ E,_ttiuI CAluK/J.I: M 1"4"'''"'''' IN: F_tW~ l!{Strip<we
w
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Pcnt'. ... A.L "Chrisf. Dulll-A Llnualal E¥eBI ror Athanasi... or ~r TIw 0".,.....". Itttli"" 346 (l~): 21-]1. - . "Did AI!I~nuiUI Deny Chrhl" Fearr SetHI"1! 10l<1'fIJII of TIvIJioIJ 39 (1986): ]27·340. - - _ . "'The Queslklnill& Jesus 1ft Alllanuilll' COlli'" Ar"-s UL" In Ari4Iui.... edilOd by R.C. Greg:. 2A).2SS. Phi"Ip/IiII.I98.5. _--.:;. ~ A R«onlln1Cdoll or die OIle of Cho CDIIIT" I~ttlU_....o~ i_ttl/olwof A!hlnmlnol ~ - StJ> 17 (1932); HlJO·I04O. --~. ~'To Floe or NoIIO Floe': An ~ I of AI/Iana
ZNW 37 (1938): 73-76b coIl4bliit diu ElUH>c lie C&.6< {IfuloiIe
_lbiNllque).- StJ> 10 (1970): )01.)l)S. PiI:ai, C. "'La ~ d·Alha..- .--de Rome (lJI..36O).- I",.~ n I~Iit. Olti1llll by C. ~, 9)..126. Park, 1m. I'llIlItd. T.E. -Elndlilll 01 Ce.. ca IIlIll rile Synod 01 Antkdl (32'.25).Ot1ulk/u"""ucltidtdicM (l1IlV_~. t4ilClll by F_ hd>U.
---=. -n.e
Bertie., 1981.
EKcua 01 loluo X 30 ie rile £.-Iy T. .ltam. Coerm'IU1ie&.- Ifl$ 3 (l9S7): 334-349.
EuFSis of Scripture aftd 1l>c Arian ConlrOVerSY. w The of 1M Job RyitJlfdt lblJrj of IIIa..;:MM' 4' (19S9): 414_
- . '1bc 8tdllfi~
:". ==':,..,.,.
Cltri$loIQD
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~_ -rheOricdJalAriallism. nJt5.NS9(19S8): 103·111. PtWipe. F. NIII1IVIlHldL lkidt!brr&. 1m.
Ptali"". G.L. __
M
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'Ar/w-"rror- and KiIl4n:d Wonh i-. "'""':·. . . IhcEzlJArims.w .InS 24 (1923): ~~ 'J1yi.vhJros- ud Ca~ Words '" AlhaIlasi.....• JTIIS 14
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(1933): 2S8-26S. God;" 1'~ rlioorllot. I cwlM 19ft. • FIIlIv,sMdIl_tia. l...ooldnaandNewYort, 19o1O. Prilmm. K. -My$IUioa' ....... V~ bci AdIIftasius.- ZKT1I 63(19)9):
3SG-3S9.
Pusey. E.B. T1w e-nciJs<~ lite C1uu"cll. l.cndon. 1857. Qtaslcn.J. 1'4frOIo". 3 ouI... Antwap and Uu=t, 1975. Radfonl, LB. T1oT« Teac/tus ofA.1nnJfdrfrJ; TlttIOg/lOSoo.l'lenu. aNil'elt,.
Cambrid&e. 190&. RaItntr, H. Ki,e"" IUId SIQat imfrllllu CMUltnlllm. Munich. 1961. Recheis, A. "$.ancli Atbanasii MlIgni Doctrif\ll de primon1iis SCII '1l><>111Odo expliQ!veril G~im 1-3." NIlo"'an.... 28 (I9j3): 219·160. ReiLlen. R. Dcs All""'".,..... Wed: iUn, das Le~1I dlt AnIOlli..,: plli/olog/Jehu Beitral ..., Ouch/ell" du M6nchlu"".
£,,,
$ilZ\lng.sberichlC, Altatlamie Heidelberg. 1914. Phil. Hi$!. K1. Abh. 8.
Reynold.!, H.R. AIM""';"': Hi, u/e and WINk, Lon(\(ln, 1889. Rczelle. J. ''LA. Mysltre de rtglise dans III COOllOYer1$ anti·arienne c~ saini AlJlanase.· Srudii Biblid F'lUIcisctvll Uhf' AMUIU 2S (1975): 104118. Richard. M. "Slin( A(harwc et la ps)':'holog;e du ClIti$t.e1an lc:s Ari"",_~ _-=M~ltk JC~,," .tJig~_ 4 (1947): S-~ . • ed.. Nlt,;i StJpIlis_ C~~ ill I'IDl_ q_
•
SJJI't'_.
$ymbolleOSloen.... FI!C. Suppletn. ~Yi. 0sI0.19S6. Rieken, F. wHiltaill1s Krisis des alu:brisdiclten PIaton;Sl'lllS.~ TI' 44 (196'1): 321·141. - . "Zur Rezcp'ion der pb10Giscben Q,"olocie bei EulChiu. _ KaiAreiI. Arcic>I UDd ....".. . .. ~ TI' 53 (1978): 321·352Reidel. W", llnd W.E. Dvm. cds. aDd nIlS. ~ C _ II{ Ah\oo......., 0/ A/ulJIodrl4. London. 1904. de RiedmIuea. it W Mia dJi. P"x.u tk I'll'll • .s.u...uure. IUMlt _ 14 . dtrintM,v A J~ lV" sikh. Fril;o;>r" 19S2. RiucJs!, D. ~Al.b_; Sowu DC New Quesliou.. II Kuuptt: ael_lrf A-/Id'u. YQI. I: l'"tTUtisclN SI»dU~. 7a·n. Bern. 1976. - - _ AlMir4Ji.,: Vernodl tiM, IlUf'~uui.... Zuricll, 196t.
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•
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u, ui4JWdwIt S,.,lru. FatIcIlWII" zur Uwnb.Ir..-.d noe"· "ics;:hic:Me 7. I. PIdeotlOill, 1907. RoIda4uI. J. 14 Clvw " / ' ' ' ' ' - 4us 14 rllhUl,l, trA,1IiIJuIM fT"'"w"IIIri#; e.-. " ' ~ tU .. r",,""" III ,~... Studies .. lIle HlsIory or CIIriIliIP l'bouPl •.
RoiaLa.
~
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"..
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Ry&II. OJ. 0. Uw:tu.I"WM '" Al.r..-uia.s. Pan I, rltf 4PI, Ru.1ISimt /II1J/l1I«ripII. SlllllIea Md Doc1Ilnl:mJ 14. ! ondon.I9S4. Saab, H. 1'1Ot_lDiot'": UflUrnd"u.~~ ..... Gdsrorrlf6,.,bi, L.. }Q/taJIMIt_'rU.... loti Ori~ rtNt AI"'-uiM _ AJuwrdriu. FrankIUt\ ..... I>1aiJI, 1911 --~. '1)u F'rl$bipt zum usteIl St.nopionbrid lies A'b"Mias VOD Alexandrica ab: pneIlll''''''''Civhcs Programm.- VC 26 (1972): 188-
,,,.
B.!blleroa. "'~" tM1U "" CllriIJ dn IGiM A'h-,... If~. RolIlc. 1967. S-pIe, ILL , . . 00riIl0l0t:r cl tlIc. ComcU cl Aa&iodl (26lI c..E..) R : ut.- C.w48(I979): 1&-26.. S....-"CJ. MAd._i", MMt:dIus.Md&ldlialclc CL SGK I'
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-Alexandria.- RAe I. cols.211·2.83. Sehwart:l:. E. "Ou ""liocllcnilcbe SynodaIscllreiben 'Oft 3'U.- NCG 19O1l. lO5-374 [OS 11I.169-18'71. - - " . -Die 001<_ del ariaaisdaca SiR:iltS bil3S1." NGG I90S. ~7-299 [OS III. 111-1681. D~I G.s<:~ic~rn>'ll'. du ThUydltk" Reprint e4.. from lhe 3d
--=.
WiliOll of 1929. Hildeshelm. 1969. - - , -Oll: Q~IIe11 nber den meti1ianl!t1left SlI'eit." NCG 1905, l€••• UJ7 IGS 1II. 17·1 l6j. - . . 1hr'.,.ScnnomajolclerldeduAto\cllwi.... MlIDkll, 1m•
. ow SytIDIk ."", AIIl~1rioo .... JIIJu- :IUII2S; £/11 B.i'N', "" (Asclricllu tIu K""ozilI_ HidM>. llerIin, 1913, -~, "Von KonsunIins Tod bis Sanlica 342," HGG 1911, 46'1·S22IGS _ _ '~II, 26J-l)4l. , ~VOOI NEia bit q ~Tod.~ NGG 1'11,367"'26IGS m.ISl-'X>olI.
- , 1M GUl"Aidu: ~ dIU. J(iTcJw MIl Utru .~"'u. (GS IV ~ - . . ZMr Guew",," du AllwwilU. IGS Inl. • "Zur ~esdlkb~ des •. J ~ . ZNW)4 (1935):
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. • flU __ ... Kg, lad Pipsufb _ I . , JJI "., 476 .. CN. ... OIbtU .. r;., ,., • '.' ....... . , fWUdit. . IC.._wiL SMl;pI. 1919. JltpiM; cd.. mBf-. 1961.
B!J.I ........ PKY
--_. -un.mlldllllll'C" __ Gesdliclne del "icIoniIdIerllton:Ula.- ?XG 11 (1896): 1_11. 319-362. Seiler. R. -AlllaIwiul' ApoIo,itl ttHllrll AriaotN: Ilw £Iltabu, IIIId 0Itie:rq.- ",.0. dill... ~ otTtill':" DC Idnrl. 1932. SdIcG, LV. u--ltiu ~ A.uiIJd . . Hi$'''"''"&rly H'-1 t1{ C....... DtIcfriItI. Caubi 1921. ScAa, V. Kwe. IUIIi SII"U ~II-11plJllliAiu • • Itridw uil G uJ /lis FilJk X_pg• .;.."...". Vol I' 1M lldi,.~ drriJdk 6oola:MtI K./bu _Xo-pg-w. .... c.w.r.r. ... TAl 0 (JI'.Jl/OJ. I.;pr;,.. 1973. W. -c M·.... BDIIap..- IllS 37 (I!N7):: In·oJ. Seuoa.IC.M. CtlriDMAttWdr ~ 111I F-.J/ He- yen. 1!N1. RqnM.cd. New yen. 1961. Sicbtn. liJ. -A!hMaIias Ilbcr dol Pslll«': ""-'r- aiMs Brides all MarodIifIMs.- ".I(lm): IS1-I73_ - " . -IbmtDI:UliqI&do I'erqtrtloplaliqucd'~- In,oIitiqw __ :61 IlIIok>Pt....... by e. g ..,,'"'C. '. 19S-11•. Paris, 19'U• • "z.r EatwPlIIIII doer """.asjk Wcnk. YDd Eaeaan det KOftZilsideedelA'" QSjlll_~." "4S(191O): !S]...].89. Simonttti, M. LA crill ariMO lUI IV .ecok1. Studi. Ep/l(meridis "Aui\lS!inl.anunl" II. ~ I91S. =~. "NocuuU·arianoe-tido." O'lHwIU 10(1963): lSI-IS'• • "Le ori&illi doll·Ariancsimo.- RSLR 1 (1911): 311-330. • Revp or G~II aDd Groll, Ell'" Ana";'",. RSLit 18 (1983):
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• "Teoln8ia .leaandrina e leO!o,bo qil1b II ooncllio di NiclU..Aurwtillil/llllm II (I913): 369·398. Sin,.... e.G. "AiJl¥IaIilUo." Jo""",d of Clvtuia1l Reto>Ul.ucti.,. 1 (197S): l6).l1&,
Sk_, K.E. -Die .....'*""'""'1 dcr McoIIebHrtlul& 0riI&i IlICtl dcr I..dIore des til Atlwluius.." Sti_ tkr O,,~ 8 (197S): 46-SO; I' (I97S): S3·S7.
51_, M...Atlwlalius. CDNro ~I and De boeIf,,,,,ti_: PIau IIId Ol&c of Cornpo$icicMl." nloS 31 (1986): 11.-111. Smidl,J.O. TIw/hfltIUlfe~l'~ !'ie,,-yen. 1m. s.idl, R.W. 11w All of I/JontJric .... klMdrioa. n.r. Kapc.. 1914. SIMi ...... D. "l.I 00c\riIIc do sai:llI A u - _ II saIIIL- 111'~ '" :'lthIot~. etlilelS bye. 227.29). hriI, 19'14• • ~ Et\OsuIIpIefte dc& lII. Athanasi..... Cr-." K"nos I~ (1974): 1S-41. SWlIey. AJ>. Wet.." H~ fI/. £.outomo CA..-d. ,-'"".
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DIE EAIU.V Ef'tSCU'ALC.'fE' CW AlHANASlUS
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as.
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F~ oIlbc: Will IIId l!lc AriM Cc.tn;noeny.- 10 ... ~utlC~ FUUdwilP,HdNfU.D6nK.odiJed bJ' ltD, B'- and F, M... J,wkcA /IT A.-dU w c.vu-r-. .. ' 1't'OI. 10(1913): 2.45-2S7. , -UCl w ' . ' It-. .. pcas6r.lIe aillt At!ltM= In ...tlliliqw '" ~,aliJcIdbJ'C KaMcrlIieacr, nl·~3. Paris. 19'14. -..:... "1k""""" Cl( Ariua.' nIlS. NS IS (1964): 16-31. - . Rniew of 0.0, Draps, $I. At........,'" A,oJUOIV,... nIlS, NS 39. 1 (April 1988): 2»2S1. =~. '1lh::bic:al MethocI in AWIIaius.. vc 30 (1m>: 121-131. • "'T'be Scripnll'u aoo lIN: Soul or ChrlJI In AlhanaslllS.- VC 36 (1982): 233-2.50. - - , "'T'be Sipit'.canc:e oIlbe Hclmoo'I$" - S.... 3 (1961): 391-411, - - . SIIInUlitC, tINI JIIe-;" I~ CltrUriIuI FllIlttrs. 1.lIlodoa. 19B5. - . lha TlwUia of Anlll ond ~ Testimony Clf Al!IaMtius." nllJ. NS
c_.
:
M
29 (1978):
20-52.
SlUf\SOn, JoN. "Basil 0' Anqn and lIIe COIlrJ;y," D.Plill. dia..O.Jwd UlliVO"Jity, 1983.
Slelmam, A. "Z..- Datietuna cIt:r cItel Reden des lleililCll AthanMius le&tn die Arianer.~ TIIQ 9(i (1914): 227,231. Sleldle. B. "Hamo D"i MIO";..,. ZUm Bikl des MailM. GOIIU im oJlen M(lncilun." StJMIJd~J8 (1956): 141-100. Slel&de, P, lNT Az-writM,riJ!;" Ihr ,ri«lIIrcltt.. T1wDIatic da MUll JIIJorIuwlutt. Frr;ibo,q.19I3,
Slevawn. J. Stwtk, ill ElUdJiu. Cambridge Mel New VOI'k, 1929. Sootdo, R.Ii. "'T'be 'EoIJebiaA C"nswlli/lle' CItH 40 (1971): 10..155. Suaqe. C "AIftItouiwOll Oi.· ...... - S.... 16(1985): 341·)46. StJaer, Ii. 1M E:rl6nIIrlk." da Ill. ~.., Ftdburl.ll94. S.,...b. J,A. "COIlswlIiae u Kot"OS' '£,,(rn/o.-or. nadilioll and laOOVlllan ill the Fir5l Olristiln Elnperor'. Ma,ieJly,- 00'" 21 (1967): __ ~~SS . • ~ Kl:Jualtia aIs 'C1I1~ rQo. &nIr,- StI' I (I9fl): 67U9S. S ~ P.M. "Die TriaiIaIsldu1: IlielIIoL A,i1",.im IlllCI ilIr Ma"a-=!u ioa Abad-s.." K,w 14 (1974): 4l-t1O. SIlItIket.. A.. A'M-ed...: li~,~ uJ .,,~sdWlII'li£M UfIl6IIIC~" TV 19,4. I eipril: 1899. Tdfer, W.R. MAriuTakes Refuse ill N".,.,w"i•. w nu n (19)6): 60-63. ,M
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Tlilpllllil. <:.N. -Aspects (1976): 61-~
or AtIl3nalian Sowioloo.-
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TIIillet. A. "Lc.llhIlli"IiSlC$ el Ie. dgtle~1J de I. primili~ til;" et let oriJiI>Cl do. ]'6cok (didasblr.ioft) d'Aleundrie.- 5" 17. '2 (1982): 738-'19. --~. -IA Sew do. "ldjeclit tm:1tmt!~lq~ datu Illr'ldilioll.postoIique II dan. II uadition byzanti~.· NQwvtll, ,e"~, IMolo,lqlUl S6 (1%4): 26().271.
--c "L6Sens do rume ~or>U
d' AriIn et Ikl'bIc d' AnOo<:l>e-. SIP 3 (1961): '21..(:10. TulJoell, J. -AlJwwillll,- EM:yc1cpedi1J Brll4MictJ. 9Ih eel. I..oOldon, 1$89. T\unef, C,H. '"N0IeI on lbe Apo,loUe ellASl/l./;IJIII.- JTAS 16 (I914/191$): ~~I. T..,...H.E.W. Tfw1'.,.,.."o/CIorisriGIIT....uo. 19pdat!.I9S4. T~. V. ApoIt4Nw,s TIvottos: TIv 1'ro-c, 11/ R_ /IS Rql«td u. dw C~. HillDryof EudJia <1M iii' His ~,. Wrln,s of $f. Adla"a".' """ MilIlIler.I912. lJ1lmu", W. "'1llc Conqjt"0imll SiJllir_ of CllIuIantiM Ihc SeI1leInctIt" JEll 27 (1J16): I· I&. Uqer. D. "" Special AJpIlCl 01 A1h_•.••' Sc*>ioIoo." F,~jK:" S._s6(1946); lO-SJ.I7HCU.
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.. lbo. Hiaxy of ... o.dI: A!I'M ..-I Hit Cpoo " TI '.....t by F. C"todli. . (19'131979): "'- I. }l-4'. V.... O. "'t..a DllniolII: clIo.....,.,.,.L&ck . . . AU.,._ - I1HE 1 (1900):
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0Ilkirthl: und die CIlhedta Pari illl IV. Ja!lrlIlIDdcn." 114·1«. - , ~Die ScnlkIW' ck. Kirche llCmkI clem entm Kgnzll \I(KI Nibia lIIId .a.." 'Ui~' In Wft~C'v": f'~'/raM ..,'" M), G~bw/,t4', _ t',.",. Dr, fI.rltWtW,ild /rI. Bifdf'mIJJt/I OSA. cdIlC1d"" E. C, 5~llller and C. P<Moclr, 0. lls1.lic:be CIlrWcnlUnl. N.F ~ vol. 1$, 55-81. n.d. WaJ~r. I,B. "ConY<:nancc tpisttmoio&iq"" de l'homoow:iorI dans La 1~1oJ~ d'Atb.nuc..~ In PDII/if" ~f IAlDf..,f~. cdlted by C. Kanne/li1wet.255--2'75. Paris, 1914. Wllbco-Hldritl.0.5. -n.c E....,biuI OIronidc: l1lc Euen' and 0 - of Corllpolition ()/ lu EIrty Edilion. ~ nIlS. NS 6 (1955): 2A8·1$3. - . Eutbi"'u/CII(!~". Londm, 1960. W.tlJis. F. "On SomCI M.<s. oflllc Writillp or SL AlhuIaslltl: Pan I II'd PIn 11,- nItS 3 (1902); 97-111.245--251. WIlIaS, C. M"""," Itrc"-oloty iJlEt]pt.. W_iuu. 1974. WInd.J.W.c. D«w,tllldCtnUIdls. 1..I:n;Ioa, 1962. Wcbef, A. •ApX'f: EiJo Bdlrtl, III' ~,;. ftI £1UJIbl", _ CbtJr-. RoIne, 1961. Wei'" E. u.""..~ UIr C.......p du III. AI..........,. Plidnb..... ~~
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-nw.
b)' L HcnI'.... 0Uap>. 1972.
THE IWU.Y EPISOOPAL C~lIfE' CK' AlltANASJUS
Wib, M.P. , . Defence of Ari - nIlS. illS II (1962): 3)9.~1. DaclriM. 21·31. London, 1916. _ _ '~l'P'.bIjshed III w....tilolf'apcn • TlttNoa.,lI{CIlristUlaDot:trT-. CanUidF.1961. Wiles, 1oU'.......c. .AsIeriw:: A New (]r,opa''' die H8lry vi Arluilllllr la A>;ui~•. cdilCd by R.C. OlTaI, 153·119. Jlhitwltlpbio 19K5. WilWI., R.L "TlIdilDl. Eacpis. _ l!Ie Olrinoloc'lll CaoollO"Uy.-
o.eu.
CAH ~ (1965): (2).1.1.
Willia.ou. O.M. "Orislo6ot;y aal Omn:iI-5lKC 11.,,1....... III \Jle. FoDn.II e-,.- C1IlH llI.l (l9S1): ).33: 20•• (I~I):]..')6. W"1lbu. RD. l!M: Uektin SdoiIra.- InS. NS n. I (1916): lS-". --.::. hi-s: lIuUy6. TrodilitM. 10llC!cw 1911. - . '"tk 1..QP: vi - fll&S. NS ,. (913): 56-11. - . ""nIc Qlleavl His:IoricIl TItaIiL- InAlI..u...GItd by ..c. OITI&. I·:l'. PIliIadelpbia.I9&S. w_m.-.. P. -Ocr IrinilatUclIe SftiI. ill xil.I....._f!cr SPi.- DIU AI_ll(l96T): 99-101. Willla', It "'Roc:_ 10 Rome: BatilToI·........ . - .- Rn'w lSI r U __sili 101_ 31 (1961): 4n-5Ull. W"*', J.O. Uft Mdl.aw,i11 f'.,,~ Ana MIcr, Mldlipa. 1931. WojlotoUcll. M. f'",wrlllfl IUId KDlUiI' ..... lSI~ A1{
-Arias_
46/}. SlUtlpIt.lI.d.
Wolf. C.U. "E,*bius of Cacsatu and the Onomaaioan." Blbll,.r ..."II«Dlop 21 (I~): 66-96. Wolfson. H.A. "P1IilosophiUllmplio:alion, of AAlIlIbm and Apollinarianb,m." 001' 12 (I9S8}: 5-28-
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TM
C""I'd Rr-I,.. 9. 2 (1988): J5..0W. YOU/ll.F.M. F_N~U!~. London,I9IJ. • ·A R=Jmldention of AlewIdria:m ChrisIoIoo." JEU 21 (1911): IOJ·II •.
--.:::, TM Ux II{ SIIc:rijfdlIl Jdas 1& GI'ul: Cloriuiaa W"""fr'- , . Nn> U! JtJIu, CIrry_",- r.ristic: MoiOOii ....' Series S. PIIilP!CI""", 1979.
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