The Complete Illustrated Book of
Growing
•
Health
&
Beauty
•
Cooking
•
Crafts
A READER S DIGEST BOOK
2009 T�e Reader's D•gr�t Assot1at10n. Inc
ngh
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READER'S DIGEST GENERAL BOOKS AUSTRALIA Project Editor: lynn Le� Designer: A
•x
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Contents 6
Introduction
8
Herb directory
An A-LO-Z guide to mor·e than l 00 herbs and the various ways to u, e them
140
Gardening
Information on gro\\ ing herb
uece, sfully.
from bact.. ·ard to \\inclowsill
176
Herbal medicine
Herbal remeclic
to boost general hcallh
and well-being and treat common ailment'
240
Natural beauty
Body ancl beaut� treatments to clean e and pamper. using herbs ancl cs enlial oil
Around th
282
r
Fmm 1-.itchens to bathrooms. from clollws
to pets ...the herbal, olulion
that \\or!.. lJrst
Craft
298
Contcmp(m.lf·� and traclilional projects that arc ca, J to clo anfl lmcl� to lool.. at
Cookin£1
326
LkliciouH, Himplc recipes that sllm\case
hcr'IJs ancl spires fi'Om arottn(l the '' orl(l
Index
384
Introduction li'l'hs liclH' heen usc·
of years to flm or an
m·�c'r\l' lood. U'l'cll ailments. \\al'(l off pest� and diseases. n'slwn tile
till')
C'nila�cc·
our li\I'S. Over Lhr
h,l\f' also lwconw associated '' illl ra cinaling
n:,tlls. legend�. and fol�lnre. In gcncral lerms. an llcrh is d plant that is \ alucd for its ·Ia\ or. aroma. or nmlicinal properties. ancl cliffcrrnt parts or an hc•rh- such
as
tile stc1lks. f!O\\C'r'. fruits. serd ·. roots. or
lea\c>'>- nw) llmc important application • . From small herb. �rO\\ ing hcsidr our l1igh\\ ay. to l)USh) shrubs in mountain ln'as to tall trees in lush tropical rain forests. there are lilerall) thousands of plant
all 0\Cr the \\ Orld that [)elong tO
the hcrh ramil). In Tbe COJ7JfJicle /llus/mteil/3oo� or 1/crbs we ha\t' comilinecl traditional �no''lerlge and llerllal '' isdom \\ illl up-to-date arl\ ice rrom gardening expert.. herhali 1 . natural therapists. cleaning �peciali.'LS. craft experts. and cook to sho\\' you hO\\
10 grO\\ herb
uccrssrull) and make the beLL u e or them in
your dail) life. Th
compl'ellensi\C information on more than
I 00 hcrhs in the 1\-to-Z director . togetllrr witll the chaptrrs on h 1\\ to u
e
them. \\ill enaiJic ·ou to imprO\C your llealth.
sa\r money. ancl usc fewer cllemical in your !lome. \\ith gardening knO\�-hO\\.
a e herbal remedie . naLural
beauLy product . inno\'ati'e craft iclea . herbal cleaning item ancl cleliciou recipe . this practical reference guide to hrrbs is packed \\ilh information ancl illu Lrated \\ itll beautiful photograph·. \lve hope you \\ill rind it a source of in piration.
IMPORTANT NOTE FOR OUR READERS Growing herbs Some herbs can become invasive and may be tox1c to livestock. Th1s 1nformat1on has been given where possible, but regulations do change from time to lime. Readers are adv1sed to consult local plant services if they have any concerns. Herbal medicine While the creators of this book have made every effort to be as accurate and up to date as possible, medical and pharmacological knowledge 1S constantly changmg. Readers are advised to consult a qualified medical spec1alist for mdiv1dual adv1ce. Moreover, even though they are natural, herbs contain chemical substances that can somet1mes have marked side effects. If used unw1sely, they can be toxic. The writers, researchers, editors, and publishers of this book cannot
be taken as a
be held liable for any
errors, omiSSions, or actions that may
consequence of mformation contained m this book.
Top row, left: Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). Right: Sweet marjoram
(Origanum morjorana). Bottom row, left: Garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris 'Silver Posie'). Right: Echinacea (Echinacea sp.)
6
THE COMPLETE lltU�·RATFO ROm OF HFRR�
r
ry
The hi tor of herb . their use . and meLhods of cu!Li ation are fa cinating, rewarding topics. Thi
praclical guide to more Lhan 100 herb .
mo L of which can b
grown in a home garden,
Lell , ou how to cullivate. u e and �'tore hCI'bs.
Top row, left o nght: Common thyme ( Thymus vu/gons), feverfew (Tonocetum cmeronifolwm). Oc1mum bosilicum 'Tha1 Basil' and Oc1mum bos11icum 'Dark Opal' M1ddle row, left to right. Common sage (SolviG officmolis), pmk-flowering rosemary (a variety of Rosmorinus officmolis), hawthorn (Croroegus sp.) Bottom row, left to right Marsh mallow (A/rhoeo
officinolis), rau ram or Vietnamese mmt (PersiCOfiO odoroto syn Po/ygonum odororum)
Herb directory Aloe vera
12
Lemon balm
73
Angelica
13
Lemon grass
74
Anise
14
Lemon verbena
75
Anise hyssop
15
Licorice
76
Arnica
16
Lime
77
Artemisia
17
Lovage
78
Basil
18
Mallow and hollyhock
79 80
Bay
21
M a rjoram and oregano
Bergamot
23
Meadowsweet
82
Borage
24
Mint
83
Box
25
Nettle
85
Brahmi
26
Parsley
86
Burdock
27
Passionflower
88
Calendula
28
Peony
90
Caraway
29
Perilla
91
Catnip
30
Pla ntain
92
Celery
31
Poppy
93
Chamomile
32
Primrose and cowslip
95 96
Chervil
33
Purslane
Chilli
34
Red clover
97
Clove pinks
38
Rocket or a rugula
98
Comfrey
39
Rose
100
Coriander
40
Rosemary
104
Curry plant
41
StJohn's wort
107
Dandelion
42
Sage
108
Dill
43
Salad burnet
111
Echmacea
44
Savory
112
Elder
45
Scented geran ium
113
Eucalyptus
46
Sorrel
115
Evening primrose
48
Sweet cicely
116
Eyebright
49
Sweet myrtle
117
Fennel
50
Sweet violet
118
Feverfew
51
Sweet woodruff
119
Flax
52
Tansy
120
Galangal
53
Tarragon
121
Garlic and onions
54
Tea
123
G inger
58
Tea tree
124
Ginkgo
59
Thyme
125
Ginseng
60
Turmeric
127
Gotu kola
61
Valerian
128
Hea rtsease
62
Verva in
129
Hops
63
Viburnum
130
Horseradish and wasabi
64
Watercress and nasturtium
131
Horsetail
65
W hite horehound
132
Hyssop
66
Yarrow
133
Iris
67
Trees
134
68
Berries
70
136
Sp1ces
138
Jasmine Lavender
Aloe ve ra Aloe vera syn. A barbadensis, A. vulgans Aloeaceae rlw c�nrit'lll i·:I-!'Jl l i d n
ral l <·d i t t iH ' ··pldlll o l
i m mort a lt t � .·· a n d Ut·opc� t ra 1 1 I'd i l s j u ice· t o lll 'lp prl'�<'nl' lwr IH'd U t \. lilt' ch\tr gel lrom t hr c u t i<'dW l1c1s �ootlnng a nd IH'iiiJ ng propt I l it' · . \lo
\l' ra is
· u i t t�ltlt• lor la rgt' pot s c111d mrk<'rirs anti a s a n i nrloor plant.
Oth r cOIT'ITIOn .,a Part ed Leaves
Barbados a loe, bitter aloe, Curacao aloe
• G a rde n i n g
w•th a g rttty free-drarning potting mix.
Aloe vera rs a succulen plant wrth very
Once they are well establrshed, transfer
leshy lrght green leaves that crea e a fan
them to thetr permanen position.
from the stemless base. In warm climates
• Mai ntenance Aloe is affected by
t produces narrow tubular yellow flowers.
even light frosts, and in areas where
Cape aloe
(A ferox) rs a tall srngle
stemmed species that has long, grayrsh,
wrnter temperatu res fall below 40·F
(s•c),
it rs best g rown rn pots and brought
sprny succulent leaves and tall, handsome
indoors i n cool weather. It makes an
spikes of awny orange flowers.
excellent rndoor plant i n good light.
• Position Aloe requtres a sunny
• Pests and diseases Mealybug may
positron and a very well-drarned soil
prove a problem for plants grown indoors,
• Propagation Aloe vera can be rarsed
although rt ra rely occurs on those g rown
from seed, but it rarely sets seed rn other
in the garden. Spray With rnsect1crdal
than warm climates. Propagate it from
soap, which is nontoxic to animals and
of aloe vera should not be consumed.
offsets hat form at the base of the plant.
leaves no residue. Apply i t late i n the
Commercial preparations ( without the
Allow hese plantlets to d ry for two days
afternoon, because i t can burn sensitive
laxative constituents ) a re available, and
before plantrng them rnto small pots filled
plants in full sun or at high temperatures.
preliminary research rndicates hat they
• Harvest i n g and storing Ha rvest
may be beneficial in a range of conditions,
Aloe vera
leaves as needed, usrng only as much
rncluding non-insulin-dependent diabetes
of the leaf as required. Cut the used end
mellitus and high blood lipid levels.
back to undamaged tissue, then wrap in plastrc wrap and store
m
the refrtgerator
for further use.
For the safe and appropriate use of aloe vera, see First ard, page 220 Do not take aloe vera internally if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Topical
He r ba l m e d i c i n e Aloe sp., including Aloe vera syn. A. barbadensis and A. ferox. Part used:
•
the center of the aloe vera leaf has
Ultra-soothmg and nourrshing for even
aL u ra l bea u t
anti-inflammatory and healing properties.
the most parched and dehydrated skin,
Probably best known for its ability to
aloe vera is also a mild exfoliant. gently
encourage the healing of burns, aloe
removing dead skrn cells and stimulating
vera gel can also be applied to wounds,
cell regeneration, helping to prevent
The exudate from the cut aloe vera
12
these times.
leaves. The clear mucilaginous gel from
abrasions, eczema, psoriasiS, and ulcers. Plant the dried-out plantlets into small pots filled wrth gritty free-draining potting mrx.
application is considered safe during
scarring and diminish wrinkles. For specific treatments, see Sunburn, page 255, and
leaf acts as an extremely cathartic laxative,
Hands and nails, page 258. To treat your
and consequently, homemade preparations
cat or dog, see Herbal pet care, page 297.
THE COMPLETE ILLUSTRATED BOOK Of HERBS
Ange l i c a Angelica archangelico Apiaceae \ s hO\\� . aromat ic 11 'I'l l . a ngr l ica has !1o t h mrdic i n a l a n d c u l i n ary u, r ' . \ngc l i ca·
name honors thr a rc h a ngel Ra phcH'I . '' ho is sa i d
1 0 h m c rnealecl to a m o n � t ha t l lw p l a nt could c u re the p l ague.
commo na11e Archangel P rts us Leaves, stems, seeds, roots
Other
• G a rde n i n g
• Pests a n d d i seases This plant is
Native to northern Europe, Angelico
virtually pest- and disease-free. The
Angelica (Angelica archangelica)
archongelico grows to 4ft. ( 1.2 m) and
flowers are attractive to many beneficial
has ribbed hollow stems, compound
insects, includ ing parasitoid wasps and
leaves and a flowering stem that can
lacewings.
Do not use angelica in greater than
reach 6 ft . ( 1 .8 m). although i t often does
• H a rvest i n g and storing Harvest the
culi nary quanti ties. Do not use dong quai
leaves and flowering stalks in the second
i f you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
not appear until the third year. Ornamental angelica (A. pochycorpo) grows to about 3.5 ft.
(1 m) high and has
shiny dark green leaves. It is mostly grown
consult your healthcare professional.
year. Dig the roots at the end of the second year, then wash and d ry them.
• Cook i n g
Gather the seed when brown and d ry.
Angelica is a popular boiled or steamed vegetable dish in some Scandinavian
or its ornamental value. Purple-stem angelica (A. otropurpureo) has similar
lle r b a l m e d i c i n e
countries; i t has a musky, bittersweet
uses to A. orchongelico. It grows to
Angelica orchongelico. Part used: roots.
about 6 ft. ( 1.8 m), has stems suffused
Angelica is an important digestive tonic in
(in maceration or via the essen ial oil) in
With purple, and pale green to white
Eu ropean herbal medicine. It stimulates the
vermouth and liqueurs such as Chartreuse
taste. The d ried seeds and stems are used
flowers. The most striking species is the
production of gastric juices and can relieve
and Benedictine. Crystallized leaves and
beautiful A. gigas, which grows to 6 ft.
symptoms of poor appetite, dyspepsia and
young stems are a popular decoration for
( 1 .8 m), with deep garnet buds opening to
nausea. Angelica can also reduce the
cakes and sweets.
large wi ne red to rich purple flowers.
discomfort of flatulence, stomach cramps
• Position Angelica requires a shady
and bloating. It is a warming herb and
position in wel l-drained but moist and
suited to individuals who suffer from the
poaching liquids for seafood. Add leaves
sl ightly acidic soil that has been ennched
effects of cold weather.
to recipes for tart fruits, such as rhubarb.
with compost. Allow a d 1 stance of 3.5 ft.
(1 mj between plants.
Blanch young shoots for use 1n salads. Use leaves and stalks in marinades and 1 n
For the safe and appropriate use of
They cut the acidity, and heir sweetness
angelica and dong quai (see box below).
al lows you to reduce the amount of sugar.
• Propagation Plant angel1ca seed soon after collection. M1x the seed with damp, but not wet, vermiculite and place the mixture 1n a sealed plastic bag (see also
page 44). Store i n the crisper section of the refngerator for six to e1ght weeks before planting mto seed trays. Barely cover the seed, and keep the soil mo1s . Transplant seedlings when around 4 in. ( 10 em) high or when the fifth and sixth leaves emerge.
• Mai ntenance Plants d1e once the seed has matured, but you can delay this by removing the emerg1ng flower stem. First year plants will die back 1n w1nter but will grow readily 1 n sprmg. Water regularly.
. \nf.ir/icd J>Of\ morpiJd 1 dl'. lndlg<'nou
''!lt'n'''·
Pan
usr
to Gluna. nang qua1 ''found m lidrnp
nwado\\'>. mo1st IJill'l'. and 1111 mt>rhdnb. It gm11s to a hour() rt. ( I.D ml and h<�> gn•enish
l\ o r l t111 ltlt•. dong qudl ll'>t'd 1\IJtiH'n\ mt'lilclnt• it' 'malc
11 hllr
lhl\\t>rs.
1s ont' ol thr must rommo11ll
lwrt1s. In
lldtltllondl C:lllnt>sr
11 1s con,idl'rt•cl
a
ldluaillt• tonit lm tlw
rtproducliH' 'i) srem ancl 1s ust•t l lo
tn\11
II!JII\ lllrnstrual anciHI!'IIop�u�al '' 1npto1Jh.
An i s e Ptmptnello onisum Apraceae \n i sr is n· ·ponsi lllr for m uc h of t h e "l icorice·· fla\ o r i n g in IJa�cd goods . l iqu<•u rs . t !'a'i . and clll'\\ 111g gum. Ch i nC'S!' ,· t a r a n i. l' and a n i ced m� rlle . a l t liougll un rela ted to a n i se. have a s i m i l a r flmor.
Other c Pats u
Aniseed, common anise Roots (anise only). leaves, seeds, dried fruits (star anise on ly )
Anise (Pimpinella anisum)
• G a l'dr n i n g
bears fruits that open to an eight-pointed
the seeds of each plant both contain a
Anise is an aromatic annual wrth stalked,
star. Do not confuse it w1th the neurotoxic
hrgh percentage of a compound called
toothed leaves that may be simple or
Japanese star anrse (Illicium onisotum) or
anethole, which i mparts the licorice-like
lobed. The slender lowerrng stems bear
the inedible Florida an ise (/. floridonum).
flavor. They both possess calming and
Aniseed myrtle (Backhousio onisota,
antispasmodic properties, making them
Family Myrtaceae) is a beautiful small tree
ideal remedies for alleviating flatulence,
Chinese star anrse (Illicium verum,
from the rain forests of northern New
intestrnal colic, and bloatmg. Do not use
Family lllicraceae). an evergreen tree,
South Wales, Australia. The leaves are
star anise in infants and young children,
strongly aromatic, with a sweet anise scent.
as it has produced serious side-effec s.
compound umbels of whrte flowers followed by ridged gray seeds.
Star an1 e 1 ·an rs enllal ingredient
m man� >\ ian cui ines. In \'ietname e cooking it i u rd to ria• or 1 he n odie ·oup kn011 n as pho. \long 1\ith Sichuan pepper. clovr . ca
ia and fennel ·eed .
it 1s a component in Chine e
ri>
-
pice
mix (ingredient, pi LUred below) and in Indian garam masala. )ou can u e tar anr e lvholr. broken. or ground.
dd it to pork. chrcken. or
duck
Insert a whole star anise
tews.
mto lhe cavity or a chicken or du k before roa Ling.
• Posi tion Anise prefers an enriched,
Bockhousia anisoto. Part used: leaves. The
light, well-drained and fairly neutral soil.
essentral oil of aniseed myrtle is believed
• Propagation Sow anise seed direc ly
to be srmilar to that of anise, although
in spring. Propagate Chi nese star anise
little is known of its medicinal use. Some
by semi-ripe cuttings; they will grow i n
studies suggest i t may have i m portant
well-drained but moist, acidic soil i n light
antimicrobial properties.
shade. Propagate aniseed myrtle from semi-hardwood cuttings. It is quite hardy, w i ll grow in full sunlight, and prefers a
204, and Wind, bloating and flatulence,
deep, rich, moist acidic soil.
page 206. For an iseed myrtle consult your
• Maintenance Keep anise free of weeds.
healthcare professional. Do not use these
• Pests and d i seases Anise repels
herbs in greater than culrnary quantities
aphids and attracts beneficial i nsects,
if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
such as parasitoid wasps.
• H a rvest ing and storing Cut anise
• Cook i n
when the seeds are fully developed. Tie
Anise seeds and oil are used throughout
bunches inside paper bags and hang
Europe i n drinks such as the French pastis,
them upside down to dry and catch the
the Greek ouzo, and Turkish raki. Use the
seed. Harvest leaves as required, and dig
seeds whole or crushed, but for the best
up roots in autumn. H arvest star a nise
flavor grind them as you need them.
fruits just before ripening, and harvest
Use them i n bakery goods, confectionery,
firm leaves of aniseed myrtle at any time.
tomato-based dishes, vegetable and
• H r b al med i c i n e
seafood d ishes, curries, pickles, soups, and stews. Add the young leaves sparingly to
Pimpinella anisum, Illicium verum.
green salads, fish dishes, fruit salads, and
Part used: dried ripe fruits. Anise and
cooked vegetables.
its Chinese equivalent, star anise, are Sichuan p�p�r 2. Cassia 3. Clov� 4. Star anisr 5. n,nn�l s�rds 1
For the safe and appropriate use of anise and star anise, see Indigestion, page
The leaves of aniseed myrtle are a major
used medicinally for similar purposes.
Australian bush-food spice. Use dried or
Despite belonging to different plant
fresh to flavor desserts, preserves, sweet or
famil ies, the essential oils derived from
savory sauces, and marinades.
An i s e hy s s op Agastache foeniculum syn. A. anethiodoro Lam1aceae l a ny agas tachc have rragrant roliagc. t he i r ·ce n t s ranging rrom ani,e to m in t and
i t ru ·. The lca\CS a re u sed t o m a ke hel'hal t e a . ror
hich navoring. a n d in rnedi i nc'. \vh i le t hf' o m a m e nLal flowe r 'Pi ke,. w a t t ra c t benencial i n,cc t s . mal<.e a pret t
aclcl i t ion t o , alacts.
Other common names Anise mint, giant blue hyssop, licorice mint r s used Leaves, flowers Pat
• G a rde n i n g Anise hyssop (A. foeniculum) is a hardy perennial with a sweet anise scent. Both balsamic and peppermint-pen nyroyal scented forms are available.
• Varieties Two varieties are 'Golden Jubilee', with its golden foliage, and white-fiowered 'Alabaster', wh1le fragrant vaneties and hybrids include 'Heather
AF� t
yree-k worc/yfr
"ver'f
��� ruul "ear of
wheat, re{u-r� to tluv�w er �e!Y. II
Anise hyssop (Agostoche foeniculum syn.
Queen' and 'J ust Peachy'.
A. onethiodoro)
Korean mint (A. rugosa). similar to anise hyssop, is a short-lived peren nial,
• Position A. foemculum, A. rugosa,
slightly more frost-tender, with a flower
and A. urticrfolio prefer light shade and
that ranges in color from rose to violet
a slightly acid to neutral soil. Most other
Licorice mint (A. rupestris) is a perennial
species are from areas with a dry climate,
with small licorice-seen ed leaves and
a re water-thrifty, prefer a light well
spikes of n ecta r-rich apricot fiowers.
drained soil and sunny pos1tion, and
Hummingbird mmt
(A. cona) is a
are well-suited to pot culture.
spec acular perennial spec1es grow1ng to 3 ft
• Propagation Sow agastache seed 1 n
(90 em) with long, dense spikes of large rosy
spring; just cover t h e seed with soil. It
pink flowers and a romat1c foliage.
takes 6 to 8 weeks to germinate. Plant i n pots when large enough. Established plants produce many basal shoots in spring. Propagate these as softwood
The flowers of an1se hyssop yield large
multiply plants by root division.
quant1t1es of nectar, w h 1 ch was popular
• M a i ntenance Agastaches are generally
with North American beekeepers 1n the
ha rdy. I n cool-cli mate areas keep plants
19th century for producmg a tam ly
1n a green house and transfer to the garden
a n 1seed - flavored honey Native American
1n their second spring, in warm -clima e
Indians used 1t as a ea and a sweetener.
areas do so in the first summer.
Infuse the d ned leaves to m a ke a ho
• Pests and d iseases Leaf-chewing
or cold dnnk. Also, use hem to season
msects can be a minor problem
lamb, ch1cken or salmon. Add the seeds
• H a rvesting and storing Use the
to cakes and m u fins. Use the
leaves and flowers freshly picked, or dry small bunches away from di rect sunlight
or fresh leaves o an 1se hyssop or orean mmt 1 n salads. Korean m1nt has a pepper mmt and a n 1 seed tlavor a n d aroma and IS
They will reta in thm color and scent
a good substitut e for m 1 nt.
them by hang1 g them ups1de down 1 n Korean mmt (A rugosa), with 1ts lavender blue fiowers, is also known as wnnkled g1ant hyssop.
Cooki n g
cuttmgs and plant outs1de in sum mer, or
owers
Arn i c a Ari'JCO montana Asteraceae TIH'I!'
dll'
cJI Hllll 30 spt•nc·� ol \mica. a n d a l l of l hern a rc prrc• n n i a l s
l h <� l "Jll't'ad ll\ rh iwnw �. \ \ i l 11 1 1 " rht•r• r l u l gol d c · n f!O\\C'r". a r n ira h a s long I H' l'll u st•d for -;pra1n s and ili' U I S t ' s as \\l' l l a s h onwopa l h ic l rC'almrnls.
o
ndmrs
Leopard's bane, mou ntain tobacco
• G a rdeni n g
alt1tude of aboutl,OOO ft. (3,000 m). Arnica
Armco montana 1 s a n aromatiC hardy
montana
peren n1al hat forms a basal rosette of
collection and the mroads of agriculture,
leaves. From late spnng to late summer,
and wild collection
1t produces flowering stems up to 2 ft.
IS
becoming rare, due to over IS
being curtailed.
Consequently, the Amencan species
(60 em) high, and each terminates i n a
A. chamissonis is sometimes used in its
single, golden, daisy flower.
place in herbal treatment.
• Varieties Most vaneties are nat1ve
• Posi tion Arnica requires a cool climate
o subalp1ne areas. European arnica
and ful l sun as well as slightly ac1d to
Arnica (Arnica montana)
lle r b a l m d i c i ne Arnica montana, A. chamissonis. Part used :
slightly alka line free-draimng soil. I n areas
flowers. Arnica flowers have significant
tobacco and leopard's bane (not o be
with wet w inters, grow 1t in raised beds
anti-inflammatory and mild ana lgesic
confused with the ornamental perennial
to prevent fungal attack.
properties. They are appl ied topically i n
leopard's bane, Doronicum orientale, wh1ch
• Propagation You can raise arn ica
the form of infused oils, ointments a n d
(A. montana)
IS
also known as mountain
is also poisonous, from the family
from seed but you'll need a period of
creams t o bru1ses, sprains and strains
Asteraceae). Native to the northern Iberian
moist cold. I n climates with cold wi nters,
to encourage healing and to reduce the
pen1nsula northward to Scandinavia, 1ts
sow the seed outside in autumn. In m ilder
discomfort of pain and swelling. The pam
natural habitat is low, ferte meadows to an
winter a reas, stratify the seed by mixing
relieving effects of arnica also make this a
it with a little damp vermiculite or sterile
suitable top1cal remedy for the treatment
sand. Seal it i n a plastic bag, and place
of sore and aching muscles and rheumatic
it in the crisper tray of the refrigerator
joint problems.
for a bout 1 2 weeks before sowing (see
Internal ly, Arnica montana is taken
also page 44). Propagate mature pla nts
as a homeopathic remedy, in a very dilute
by division in spring.
preparation of the herb. It may help with
• M a i ntenance Arnica is a slow grower
the emotional effects of trauma as well
and resents competition from pasture
as shock resulting from i njury. It may also
weeds such as white clover. Mulch well
help to alleviate the physical complai nts
and weed regularly, or grow plants in
described above.
weed mat.
Arnica has been ruled unsafe 1n some
• Pests and d i seases Fungal rots occur
countries. For the safe and appropriate
i n wet wi nters.
use of arnica, see Fi rst aid, page 220.
• H a rvesting a n d storing Gather the
Do not use arnica if you are pregnant
flowers when fully open and dry them.
or breastfeeding.
&�
Arnica IS toxic in all but th� tin1est doses. In som� countn�s. it is r�stricted to external u� only.
"anuc4/ »
;;ro6a/.;f;r rlerweo,-fronv
t�yre.ek "arnak&, » � "tun/;'y�f.lv," clew to �
UJft fetdur� of � �eo,-.
Artemisia Artemisia sp. Asteraceae amed for· the Gr about 300 of
k godd s.
rtemis. Artemi ia is a genus containing
pecic . allhough fC'\\ are grown in gardens.
peci , inl1ibil othC'r plant . sonwtimc
number
to the point of d-alh.
- -------- ------------------------- -- ---- ---- ------ - --- ------
-
--
Other common names Artemisia absinthium: wormwood, old woman. A. pontico: Roman wormwood, old warrior. A. obrotonum: southernwood, lad's love, maiden's ruin, old man. A. afro: wilde als
Parts used Aerial parts, roots
• G a rd n i n g
As i t is strongly insecticidal, use i t as a
Wormwood
(A absinthium) forms a woody shrub to about 2.5 ft. (80 em) with a
companion plant in the edge of g ardens.
bittersweet smell. Its deeply incised gray
artemisias by semi-hardwood cuttings
green leaves are densely covered in fine hairs.
taken from midsummer to autumn, or
Tree wormwood
raise from seed. Propagate rhizomatous
(Artemisia aborescens)
Tree wormwood
(A arborescens) resembles
• Propagation Propagate all perennial
wormwood but g rows upright to about 5
species by root division i n autumn. Directly
to 6ft. ( 1 .5 to 1.8 m), with narrower leaf
sow the annual species A. annua into the
Wormwood is used to treat symptoms
segments; it smells less strongly.
ga rden i n spring, or raise as seedlings and
associated with poor digestion, including
(A pontica) is a low (40 em),
transplant at 6 weeks.
wind. In many cultures it is regarded as
• M a i ntenance Lightly prune and shape
a valuable remedy for worm infestatiOns
with finely cut, scented leaves. It spreads
perennial bushy artemisias i n spring. Prune
and other parasitic infec ions o f the g u t.
by rhizomes.
southernwood heavily in spring. Artemisias
It is also used as a nerve ton1c and to
White sage or native wormwood
are a drought-tolerant grou p once they
treat fever and menstrual complai nts.
(A ludoviciana) has silvered foliage.
are established, and perennial forms have
An aromatic upright subshrub to 4 ft.
good frost tolerance.
Mugwort is used as a d i gestive stimulant
( 1.2 m) that spreads by stolons. it is used
• Pests and d iseases Wormwoods are
and nerve tonic, and 1s also used to treat
as ornamental ('Silver King' is popular).
very rarely trou bled by pests and d iseases.
menstrual problems.
Roman wormwood
growing plant to about 1.5 h.
Mugwort
(A vulgaris) is a perennial that
spreads v1a rh 1zomes. It grows to about
• H a rvesti n g and storing Harvest the leaves as req uired to use fresh or d ried.
3 ft. (90 em), with deeply incised leaves that a re deep green a bove and grayish white below.
A. vulgaris. Parts used: aerial parts.
A. annua. Parts used: aerial parts. According to traditional Chinese medicme, Chmese wormwood (qmg hao) is a cold
H e r b al m d i i n A. absinthium. Parts used: aerial parts.
remedy and is used for treating fevers, rashes and nosebleeds. It is the subjec of
Southernwood (A. abrotanum) forms a n
intense scientific research. See Herbs in
upward-growing bush to about 3 h.
the uture, page: 187, for more mforma 10n.
(90 em) with threadlike, finely divided
A afro. Parts used· leaves. stems. roots.
leaves with a "lemon and camphor" smell. Wilde als
Wilde als is used as a radi ional med1c1ne b many A ncan cultures. and like wormwood
(A afro) is indigenous to Africa,
from the Western Cape up to Ethiopia.
and mugwort, is somet1mes takenas a
A popular garden plant, it forms clumpy
digest1ve omc. Other traditional applications
bushes from 1.5 to 6.5 h. (0.5 to 2 m).
1nclude respiratory problems, such as colds, flu. sore throats and nasal congest1on, for
• Varieties Some excellent ornamental forms of A absinthium include "Lambrook
which 1t is some 1 mes applied topically. For the safe and a p p ropna e use
Silver· and aromatic "Powis Castle," a hybrid.
• Position Most species prefer full sun,
of these herbs, consult your healthcare
good dra1nage and almost neutral soil. (although mugwort tolerates partial shade!.
p rofessional. Do not use these herbs Wormwood (Artemisia absmthium)
1f you are preqnant or breastteedmo
Ba s i l Ocimum sp. Lam1aceae \\h l l<' s\\ l't' l i >c1si l . \\llh i l'i s m o ry clme l'rngra ncr . is thf'
q u lni!'Ssc' n t i a l l tct l i d ll c u l i n a r� hc rll. l la s i l s a re d\'a i lai>lr in a n c�mazing rann1• ol rorms a n c l rragrances-[I'Om l emon. l ime. a n i'lr, sp in'. cin n a mon and th�me to i n c1·nsc a n c l S \\<'<'l cam phOI'.
Leaves, flower spi kes
• G a rde n i n g
Large-leafed sweet
There are 64 basil spec1es, a l l native to
basils include 'Le tuce
the subtroptcs and uop1cs, but generally
Leaf and 'Mam moth'
speaking, hey are annua ls, or evergreen
(both have leaves that are
perennials and shrubs, with simple
large enough to use as food
aromatic leaves and sp1kes of l i pped
wraps); the very ornamental
flowers a rranged 1n whorls.
'Magical M1chael'; and 'Medinette:
• Varieties Many varieties of sweet
a large-leafed dwarf form suitable
basil (0. basilicum) have been developed,
for pot culture.
particula rly in the Mediterranean region.
Colored-leaf forms are widely used
Compact smal l-leafed forms of sweet
as modern ornamental plantings, as well
basil are popular in Greece and for pot
as for culinary purposes. They include
and windowsi l l culture. They include
'Red Rubin' and the frilly leafed 'Purple
'Greek Bush' and 'Green Globe:
Ruffles: The variety 'Ararat' is green, deeply suffused with purple, and has
sw�et basil
a licorice-and-clove fragrance.
(Ocimum basificum)
Citrus-flavored varieties mclude lemon basil I 0. americanum). Hybrid varieties
(0. x citriodorum) include 'Sweet Dani' and ' M rs Burn's Lemon: which are richly lemon-scented and ideal for culinary use. The variety 'Lesbos' or 'Greek Column' contains heady spice, floral and citrus
".A
fhA.JV
fronv
separate introduction from Greece. 'Lime' basil
1\Jolor
S1r 1 humas \1orr miln ,n•lphihl' pht·r 1 17fi-I->J:)
l<JI!'
I 0. americanum) has a fresh lime
and sweet basil scent.
(0. tenuiflorum syn. 0. sanctum), which is
Strongly spice-scented varieties of
available in both green- and purple-leafed
0. basilicum include 'Oriental Breeze',
strains, has a mild spice scent and is
a purple-flowered form much used for
widely planted in India around temples
ornamental and culinary purposes;
and i n gardens.
'Cinnamon'; 'Spice' (often incorrectly sold
'Anise Basil'
(0. basilicum), also sold
as 'Holy Basil'). with its heady, almost
as 'Licorice Basil; has a sweet a nise scent
incenselike fragrance; and 'Blue Spice;
and purple-suffused leaves. The basil
which contains additional vanilla notes.
encountered i n the cooking of Thailand
'Peruvian Basil' L�mon basil (Ocimum am�ricanum) has a fr�sh lemon sc�nt with sweet basil und�rton�s.
wofhA.JV wilt
tV
fovl!/ her akJ� "
notes. A similar variety, known as 'Greek' or 'Aussie Sweetie' in Australia, is a
fak� 6tUd
syn.
(0. campechianum
0. micranthum) is a spice-scented
species. 'Sacred Basil' or 'Holy Basil'
and Vietnam, 'Thai Basil'
(0. basilicum),
has a light, sweet a nise scent, glossy green foliage and ornamental lavender
C la H ' ic a l l\ I t a l i a n
lowers. Several select1ons have been made, mcludmg he very aromatiC
l n �.l l
'Queener e' and 'S1am Queen: w1th
or <:a p r ( ! . i n I he colors or t11 r l t a l liln
a sp1cy an1se ragrance
nag. , ., a l igh t . sum nwry '>alae! t h a t
Some handsome perennial baslls are the result of hybridization between
silO\\ l d 'i l' S t hl'
0
fliJ\ 01 Of basi l and
t nm . l l ues . \IT<Jngr tomato s l i e r
basilicum and 0. kilimandschancum, the
l'l (lf'
on a
plat I'. l n t r r s pc·rst' 11 i t h sl ice�
camphor-scented perennial spec1es.
o r rn•sil hocconnm (bah� mozzarr lla).
They have a sp1cy clove
Seaso n \I t ' l l . \clcl a !lash
fragrance, w1th
a n c l a sca t t t ' n ng or rre'>h bas1l lea1es.
or ohl t' oi l
a hin of balsam. They mclude wh1te-flowered, green-leafed 'All Year' basil, and the beautiful purple-suffused 'A rican Blue: Tree basil or East Indian basil
(0 grat1551mum) is
nat1ve to trop1cal A rica but widely grown i n India and Sou h Amenca. The plant
IS
'Dark Opal', a van�ty of 0. bosi/1cum, b�ars long c�nse now�rs and has a d�l1cat� sc�nt.
pleasantly thyme- and clovescented and makes a subs antial bush to about 1.5 m. Ano her stra1n
trays kept in a warm and protected
of h1s spec1es. sol d as 'Mosqu1to Plant' or
enwonment. Grow seed l 1 ngs o smaller
'Fever Plant: has a s rong hyme seen .
vane 1es 1 n pots or spaced about 1 h.
• Position Basils require a protected,
(30 em) apa rt, larger bush types about
warm, sunny si e w1th a well-dra1ned soil.
1.5 h. (45 em) apa rt. Basils cross very
• Propagation With the except1on of
readily between vanet1es, so seeds saved
the perennial basils mentioned above,
in a mixed planting will not grow true to
basils are generally rea ted as a nnuals
type 1n the followmg year unless you
and propagated from seed Do not plant
prevent cross-po l l i nation by bees. You can
seeds d�rectly i n the garden until the soil
also take cut ings from s1de shoots.
warms. For an early s ar , pia t mto seed
• M a i ntenance Water regularly. Bemg a tropical plant, basil grows rap1dly at temperatu res 1n excess of
60 F ( 1 6 C) and
1s frost-sens1t1ve Pmch out flower heads to promote bushy plant growth and to prolong the plant's productive life.
• Pests and d i seases A fungal disease called fusarium wilt can attack plants, causing sudden wdtmg. Remove and destroy affected plants (do not compost hem), and do not replan basil in he con am1nated so11. Cons1der plan mg basi Is among other plants, rather than en masse. They make a fashionable add1t1on to the orname tal garden.
• H a rvestmg and storing Harvest mature leaves and flow r sp1 es f01 fresh use at any t1me. To dry the leaves, cut 1hal Basil', anoth�r van�ty of 0. boslllcum, has a sw��t aroma that combm�s ams� and llcor1c�.
bushes a t the base and hang out o d � rec light, then store m an a 1 rt1ght con amer m a cool place
Prese n r ha 1 ! thr
I ta l ia n 11 a1 ! .a\ t'l'
t il t' It'd I t's m a (dr and sprml.lr t'
a
goo
'erun·!1 ant! torr 1 n t il<' rerngt'rdtor.
.J i lt I\\ 111g s e l t rd l da\' ror t h 0 1 1 tu be '
m ru -,!'d 11 t t h l ht• fl a1 o r of t h r bas i l
l st' l ht• 11'<1 1 (' ' d o d tht• o i l For ma�mg J ll' to ( 't't' rt'Ciflt'. fl.lf.!f' .1101. Dnzzle
" l i l t It· 01 1 Olt'r J liZZ
dt l tl ll l g a dash t o
d
m.trin dtlt•.
Ba il
Contmu�d
l l <' r'ba l m (' d i c i n e
Ras11 hd� hol h pos 1 l 11 e and negali1e
Oclfnum bosilicum. Par used eaves.
a . o 1 a t 1ons t h a i includt> love and
Sweet basil is known more for 1ts pleasant
rear. dang1·r and protrcuon. an11
taste than for 1 s med1cinal effects. Due
and deat h . Thr nt•gativr connotation.
o 1ts mild sedat1ve properties, herbal ists
prohahlv come from
rad1tionally prescribed bas1l as a tea for
r p 1 t hct
llasil·� La t in
bimllcum. 11 hwh l i n ks it to
Lllr hasJid ( l l' ft ) . t hr my th ica l
easmg nervous irntability
Oc1mum t�nwflorum syn. 0 sanctum.
, rrpr n t 'W i th thr dea!lly gazt>. Thr
Par used leaves. Holy basil, an 1mportant herb m Ayurvedic med1cme,
llfr
IS
ancwnt G r rk. and RomJn · llrlievrd Lhd t u t t r n n�: a c u r r \1 hen
used for a
ranqe of complamts. Sc1en 1f1c research
basil
\\Oulrt rn urr
SO\\ mg
J L grrmmauon.
supports 1ts role 1n he management of diabetes (due to a hypoglycaem1c effect) and as a supportive herb during imes of stress. It may also 1mprove concentration
C oo l\ i n g
and memory and, due o an antiallergic
Basil i s one of the g reat culinary herbs;
effect, may be benefic1al in treatmg hay
d i fferent varieties are used ex ensively
ever and asthma
in both European and Asian cooking
For the safe and appropriate use of
If a recipe specifies simply "basil," sweet
bas1ls, consult a professionally tramed
or common basil (Ocimum basilicum) is
medical herbalist Do not use these herbs
the type generally meant. Fresh sweet
i n greater than culinary quant1t1es if you
basil is highly aromatic, with a distinctive
are pregnant or breastfeeding.
scent and flavor remin iscent of an iseed, and ends to be either loved or loathed.
t\ ro u n d t h e h o m e
Dried basil tastes more of curry, and is
Basil 1s a natural disinfectant. Use the
a poor substitute for the fresh herb and
essential oil in combination with other
should be avoided.
In Greece, Greek basil (Ocimum mmtmum 'Greek') is placed on tables to deter flies.
antiseptic herbal oils to make disinfectant sprays for clean1ng household su rfaces. Plant basil m a pot close to the back door to deter fl1es. Cut a bunch of basil as an aromatic table centerpiece when you eat outdoors. The dned flower heads add a sweet and sp1cy note to a pot-pourri.
Using a knife to cut basil can bruise
5wed 6� w
.wtnd� caltetl �
72or Her6.
and d a rken the leaves. For salads and pasta sauces where appearance matters, shred the leaves with your fingers. Young leaves have the best flavor, while old ones have a coa rser, stronger taste. In cooked dishes, basil quickly loses its aroma and the leaves tend to darken, so add it to give depth of flavor dunng cooking and then, for fragrance and visual appeal, stir in a little more just before serving. Tomato dishes, chicken, egg and rice d ishes, spaghetti sauces, fish and vegetables - especially beans, capsicum and eggplants - all go well with basil. See Vegetarian spring rolls recipe, page
354. Basil is a good addition to stuffings. The most famous use of basil is in pesto (or pistou in French). Citrus-scented and caused basil to be adopted
spice-flavored variet1es of basil work well in a range of Asian recipes.
Bay
Thr tJay t ree wa� ronsidrretl sacred
Lourus nobilis Lau raceae
to t he
un god Apollo. dncl latrr
h i s son 1\sclepiUS. tile
The i la� i .' a long- l i \ ed a n d . IO\\ -gi'O\\ i ng. pyra m icl- · ! l a p d n e rgrern tree . \ccord i ng to fol�lorr. a il<Jy l!'t'P in Llw ga rden or a t L IH.' fro n t door keep· awa� l'\ il d:i \\ C I I a . t h u n der a n d l igil l n i ng . n rne Bay laurel, Grecian bay, sweet bay O ther corr n Parts us Leaves, flower buds, fruits, bark, roots
• G a rd n i n g
Several other species are known as bay or laurel, and some are also classified
( 1 5 m) over a long period, 1ts slow, dense
as herbs or spices. The northern bayberry
upright growth habit makes i t an 1deal
( Myrica pensylvonico), which is the source
specimen for a large pot. whether it is
of bayberry candles; the bay rum tree
allowed to grow mto its natural form or is
(Pimento rocemoso). used in men's
shaped into an ornamental topiary or
colognes; and Indonesian bay ( Eugenio
standard.
polyontho) have all been used for cooking.
this form, a small garden can
fell i n
of
ccording to m y t h . Apollo
lo\e 11 i l h Daph ne.
a bea u t i f u l
n y m p h 1�ho. ra t her l h a n returnmg hi
affec t i o n . a p pra l rd
LO the
gods
to
rescur her from h 1 rn . She was d u l c hangrd i n to a llay tree. t h e perf c t
polio
disguise.
cler lal'f·cl t h e t ree
. a rrd and t hr rcaftPr 11 orr a hay
While a bay tree can reach about 50 ft
In
medicine.
to
Greek god
accommodate a bay without concern; its
The ornamental plants cherry laurel
grow h is even slower when cul tivated in
( Prunus /ourocerosus) and mountain laurel
a pot. Bay generally flowers only 1n warm
(Kalmia lotifolia) are easily confused with
climates. and the small. very fragrant
sweet bay due to a similar leaf shape.
flower buds open to tiny cream flowers,
However, the leaves of these species are
after which come blue-black bernes.
very po1sonous if ingested, and even the
• Varieties There are two species of bay,
honey ha rvested by bees can be toxic.
l a u rel \\ rrath in Daphnr·H honor.
L nobilis and L. ozorico; the latter is
used ornamentally. There is a gold leafed orm of L. nobilis called 'Aurea; as well as a wil low-lea
The gods turned the nymph Daphne into a bay tree so Apollo would stop pursUing her.
form, 'Angustifol ia: Rd) ha� lung lwcn ronsHil'rrd a n
Bay (Lourus nobilis)
l l <'l'h or \I rung
mag1r. Jlllt• t o a t t raCI
good lorl u n r anti \\ t• a l t h . a n ti to �l't'P
d\\ d\ l'\ I I . Tht• til' a t h or lld� t l't'I'S \\ d'i l'OilSilil'll'd a POl l P i l l o l l'\ 1\ h e n
il l l m t • :
L lll' C i t y of Romp I t • II to u n asion
from the north 1 11
l lw l l h n'll l ll r \ .
all
t hr l id) l l'l'I'S 8 1'(' l'l ' plltt•d I l l h d \ 1' i l l ! ' d . l l u ring o u t l lreab o l I l i t • pldgut· Koman l' l l llt ' l i ' I I U I III'd
lia) li'd \ t's 1 11
i lJI' p u l i l iC Sqlldl'l'S. ,lnll t ilt' 111'11> \I d S s U I I U'il'd f i l l t il l s purpoSI'
11110 llil'
l l i l l l ('('ll l l l l'\ The lt'd\t's d rt' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) lld iTIJ i i r 1 1 1 ! l lldll t l t y; I l lS S d i d l l idl i ll t ' < l i dl ' l t • 1 1 1
l ) t• l p l l l l l l llr•ltH't•
l ; l l'l' l l ' rl\1'\\ t' d iJd\
slit•
li'd\ t'S
l'l ltl'l'l'd d p l i tpht'lll' 11\1111'1'
Till' l r m p h · J t l ll' l p l u 1\ d s Jlllllt·d \\ i l h PI ( l l t'l' l l \ t '
l 11 .Ill rill's t!l li.l\
8y
Con tm,;�d
\ n n i i i (J tw� c u s l a rc l Ka\ romplt' lfll'nts 1 1 · h . llii'Jt and ro ul t f)
• Postt ton Bay rees pref�r a deep sod,
dt,hr·o,.
so 1f ou are grow1ng one m a pot. plant 1t 1 r one o ger1erous dep h, 1 n a com post
pnhap . 11 l'rt cu tan1s
enrrched pott1ng rn1,_ Prov1de full sun and
f
l't'
sut h a l h t .
'' ilt'tt' 1 t imparb a ·ii�htlv 'P'r 1
good a1r c• rculat1on Bay prefers a mo1st,
tJo,tl'.
l 'l ar t' 1 n uz. r 1 ;;o m 1 1 m 1 1�. -, n.
nch we -dra1ned so1l.
( L iO
• Propagation Seed may ake 6 mon hs
� en·om, 1
n t l ) l lllt
dlld I IMI h'< f 1 0
to gerrr 1nate Cuttings, best made rom
'illi iTil'l.
sem1-rope wood, may take 3 or more
n·rnolt'
mon hs o form roots, and must never
a 'aun•p.tn Bnng In a
soli hn111 n Ugdr mrlk
w1nters, sweet bay •s best grown m pots
to .r
ns1de durong the wmter
rn1 mg
not
drop below 5'F ( - 1 5'C). Check plants
tn
rn ,r i.Jf111 I . ,\dil wlu l'rl
t hnruughl\.
Rt'Lii rn 111 1
tun·
aun•p;m. Coo owr <1 l oll
r Jr·an
l t rn ng. untrl t u lord t h ir � ·n
hl'at .
mon hs or 1f he temperature IS likely to
h·a\l'
J<prnow r""' dill!
Hr·.11 � · t•gg \Uib c.rr111 1 t.1bh• I"����
h·ar
• M a i n tenance In areas w1th cold
nz.
pill l dllllld pcxl
lrnrn lll'a t Jnd
r n fust• lor , -, fll llllllt•
be allowed to dry out.
and brougb
o,atu l'' . urh '" IJt\1rna1 .,.
rt'l'IJII', JIJ/!1' 33U!. aiHI. '-Urpri mgl\,
il'l 11 hull. St>rlt'
II J rrn
. tfo
11 1111 ht•l frUit
Jill'' all!! �ll·aml'tl puddtn:!
regularly for both scale and fungal 1nfestat1ons. Re-pot potted speCimens mto larger conramers wrth fresh addi t1onal so1l as reqUired; when transplanting, dis urb he roo sys em as l1t le as poss1ble.
• Pests and d iseases Bay 1s generally rouble-free but can suffer from scale
adequa e ven !Ia ion and light can develop d1sfigunng gray mildew, wh1ch should be reated with sulphur whtle the plant is wet with mornmg dew
msec s, which may mfest he undernea h
• H a rvest i n g and stori ng Pic green
of leaves and s ems. To remove these,
leaves for use a t any time. Dry leaves out
blend 2 cloves of garlic w1th a cup of
of direct sunsh1ne and store in an a 1 1t1ght
water, filter, and add a lit le liqu1d soap.
bottle Also see Harvesting, preserving and
Apply to the 1nsects w1th cotton buds.
storing, page 1 72.
To
rleter weevik il-l/ �ur �ff' adrl 6ar �&wetv toFy of
f&ur cuul r�
AI ernauvely, apply horticultural oil m he same manner Plants grown Without
C o o l-. i n g Sweet bay I S md1spensable 1 n French and other Mediterranean cookery. The tough leaves wi hstand long cookmg,
so
use
them m soups and stews. Apart from meat and fish, they go well 1n dishes that contai n lentils or beans. Two leaves are suffimn m a dish that serves six people Bay
IS
essential 1 n a bouquet garn1,
wh1ch 1s made with fresh herbs or dned herbs wrapped in muslin Bay 1S also used in p1ckling spice and garam masala Fresh leaves tend to be bttter, but the taste will dimmish 1f they are left to wilt for a few days. Fresh sprigs stripped of a few leaves make aromatic skewers for meat or fish cooked on the barbecue. Dried leaves retam the11 flavor for Bouqu�t garn1, a bundl� of claSSIC h�rbs, usually 1nclud�s bay, thym�. parsl�y and p�p�rcorns.
about a year. Remove dned leaves from dtshes before serving.
Ba}
IJOta n t · a l n a rn .
/,.Juru ....
lt'llls from the l.atrn 1\!lrd.
or
-praise.- lll rrf'rrnre
er01\ n of lla}
illll il'llt
Iraws II'Orn lJ� the
Romao
IIllO I \. Other oltrn toe
J.w •.
to th
to celcllrate
IH·rtJ, ll t're
rporatcd
tntu 11 rr.r t h · . Thr Roman rm r<·ror
Tlhcriu
al11.a
worr a 11r
a t h ol
bay laur l 11 hen
t h under. LOrm.
were r gm{!. 0t>r.1 u e
hr beltl 1ed that it t he •oct· or t h unlll'r ntl hl!hlninc
Berga m o t Monarda sp. Laminaceae \a t i l e \mcricans u sed \ lonarda to m a k
medic i n a l t i , a n ('S .
Hu�ton Tea Pa rt � . i n 1 7 73. 11 i1cn \ m e r i c a n
ft c r t il e
d u m ped Lea s h i pped
olon i L
il� t ll r B r i tish East I n d i a Com pan . i n p ro t e s t aga i n s t B r i l i 11 r u l r . L h r i)rrgamol t ea o l t h e 0 'll ('go I n d i a n s ileca m l' a po p u l a r s u b ' l i l u le . Oth r Part u
•
Bee ba lm, Monarda, Oswego tea
l.
Wild bergamot ( Monordo flstuloso)
Leaves
a r'd e n i n g
Monarda obtamed its common name in
different strains have hyme- or rose
• Pests a n d d i seases Some of
geranium-scented leaves.
the garden varieties are susceptible to
The cold-ha rdy M. menthifolia, known
powdery mildew, w h ich. a l though it is
resembled that of bergamot orange (Citrus
as oregano de Ia Sierra, has a true oregano
disfigu ring, does not a ppear to cause any permanent d a mage.
Europe because the scent of 1ts foliage
bergamia syn. C aurantium var. bergamia),
scent and flavor. Spectacular spotted
a small tree that resembles Sevi lle orange
bergamot (M. puncta to) has densely
• H a rves t i n g and stor i n g H a rvest
(C aurantium). Bergamot's leaf fragrances
whorled heads of cream flowers speckled
the ed ible flowers as req u i red. Collect leaves i n late spring and d ry them.
range from oregano to lemon. This herb's
purple and showy lavender bracts. Lemon
spectacular flowers attract bees and also
bergamot (M. citriodora) is a tall annual
honey-seekmg birds.
species with heads of large, lipped, pink
Oswego tea (M. didyma) is a peren nial growmg to 4ft. ( 1 .2 m). with several stems erminating in heads surrounded by dense
Herbal medicine Monordo didyma, M. fistuloso. Part used :
or lavender flowers.
• Varieties Most garden bergamots a re
leaves. M. didymo has been used
hybrids (M.
medicinally to ease flatulence and colic
x
media), and include vanet1es
whorls of long-tubed, scarlet flowers. The
such as 'Blue Stock ing' and 'Mohawk:
lea es have a very pleasant citrus scent.
• Position With the exception of
thymo l , a n essent1al oil compound that i s
M. fistulosa, which is drought-resistant,
also found in thyme and m a rjoram. a n d
Wild bergamot (M. fistulosa) is found on
and reduce fevers. It i s reputed to contain
well-drained hillsides and in light woodland.
bergamots prefer a sunny position and
m a y explain t h e cal m i n g effect tha the
Two botanical varieties to 4ft. ( 1 .2 m) are
an enriched, moist but well-drained soil.
plant has on the digestive system
grown, both w1th lance-shaped leaves. M.
• Propagation Propagate by seed, or
fis tulosa usually has whorled heads of
by dividing perenn1als in early spring. You
bergamot essential oil. For h e safe
lavender flowers (occasionally pink), and
can also take stem cuttings in summer.
and a ppropriate use of M. didymo a n d
Do not confuse his herb w1th
• M a i n tenance Clear dead material
C bergomio, consult your h e a l hcare
from plants 1n winter. Divide plants
professiona I. Do not use these herbs
every 3 years.
if you are pregnan or breastfeeding.
The l l l l l'IN'i� fragra n t \\ d\� 11 h 1LC' rloll t'rs of l il t ' lwrgdlllol uranl-!t' s� n.
C. dl11'81llillm 1<1 1'. lir'l'{!diTihl).
I'SM' I l l i d l Oil Ul llt'I'O I I . tl 'il'ti ll l l i r l� I ll
II Hl<'l'. aho
Till'
:,with
tJJ ttl'l'
'iJ JII I't'l' ol l ilt' l il t • [ ll ' l' l lllll!'l� t ratlt•. d l l t i d ht l l l l d l l gt• limi t'!
hut l l lgl i l \ d l'lllllil l ll � 1' 1 1011 jll ' l ' i ls l l 'il'ti t o fidllll' Ea 1 l 1 ; 1<11 It'd. d ! H I
lit' l'l!d lllllt t • o.; s e n t la l I l l I . 11 I n e l l 1 � l l 'il'il for i l l'l lll l d t hl ' l ap\ p u rp11,, .,_
I I can l w lll'lll'fii'IJ I fe l l " 1 a ngc o f , � 1 1 1 c o m l l l itll1'i.
Bergamot IS an ingredient in the eau de cologne 4711, wh1ch dates from the late 1 Bth century
C IIW
Ol
llut
t L'IIf'LJ' flt'I'J!dfllld
hornt· in cl u o.; l l ' l> HI sprmg. d lt' t he
i n r l tlllmg
l a �c· l'dll' ll ht•n a p p l \ lllg ' � I l l n c· a m s d l l t l
n1h
c111 oil\ U J I I I Pit•\Jou d l l d
l'CHl l il l l l l ll g l ilt' , . ,,, l l l ld l
l h t'l lllljll l l l l l l h . I H' rgil p l l ' l l . l l d 'i d �111 111 1 1 p l l l l l ll'i!'ll 'i i t i�IIIQ t ' l l t • t [ .
nil
Bo rage Boraga offiCina/is Borag� naceae Cons irlt'rt'd t1 r u n • 101 " m r l a n c l w l la
..
1 1 1 a n c i e n t t i nw'i.
horagc 1 s a lldl'tl� t� n n u d l IH' 1 I 1 and ti n !'\cr l l en t com pan ion
plt� n l . lw l p 1ng t o dt' l t ' l' t o m a t o horll\\ Ol'lll CJnll J a pa n ese I H' l ' l ll's. d i H I s ll lll l l i a l l n g tlw gro\\ l11 of s t ra\\ IJl'l'l' i t • s . Other corr f11 o n
Starflower a P r s .J'i d Leaves, flowers readily, in 3 to 5 days. Thin the plants to a spacing of 1 .5 ft. (45 em ) .
• M a i ntenance Keep the soli moist, and fertilize in spring.
• Pests and diseases Generally pest- and d isease-free.
Borage (Baraga officina/is)
• H a rvesting and storing Harvest borage yea r-round as req uired. Dry
ach ieved when GLA and other omega-6
the leaves in a very cool oven or in a
oils a re taken i n combination with
well-aired place. out of d i rect sunlight.
omega-3 essen tial fatty acids, such as those found in flax seed and fish.
H rba l m d i c i n In the first century CE, Pliny declared that borage made men merry and glad.
The leaves are used as a poultice for
Borago officina/is. Part used: seed oil.
sprains, bru ises and i n flammation, and
Borage seed oil is a rich source of
in facial steams for dry skin.
gamma-l inolenic acid ( GLA) , an omega-6
For the safe and appropriate use of
• G a rd e n i n g
fatty acid that is also found i n evening
borage seed oil, consult your healthcare
primrose oil. GLA exhibits anti
professional. Do not use borage seed 011
Borage forms a rosette of large ovate
inflammatory activity; some research
if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
leaves before send1ng up hollow flower�ng
suggests that it may be of therapeutic
stems to 3 ft. (90 em). The whole plant
value i n the treatment of dry and itching
• C
has a cucumber scent.
skin conditions, including eczema and
Remove the sepals from flowers and
and can irritate sensitive skin. The flower
psoriasis. The latest evidence suggests
use them i n salads, or crystallize (see
is five-petaled with a wh1te n n g in the
that better therapeutiC results may be
page 380) for use as cake decorations.
IS
coarsely hairy
center and a cone of black stamens.
• Varieties There are three species of borage, but only B. officina/is is used as an herb. There are three color variants. The common form has intense blue flowers, but some plants have flowers suffused
During th
Cru a de,. boragl'
\1. 3 '
with pink. There is also a rare white form.
mfu. r.d m �urrup cup and orrrrell
• Position Borage requ1res a sunny,
to Cru�ader' mountl'd on their
well-drai ned position and prefers a
hor
well-dug and com posted soil.
for the Holy Land. A lso. lad1r
• Propagation Sow plants directly 1nto the
traditionall e1nbroidered it starlike
c
m readlne
for departure
ground in spring and 1n autumn. You can
flo11 rrs onto scar1es. which they
sow them in pots, but you should transplant
ga1 e to thrir chosen knight
them while they are young, because they
thr1 wrnt mto combat
develop a large taproot. Boraqe oerminates
be for
kin
Boxwoo d The art of topiary - sc u l p t i ng
Buxus sempervirens Buxaceae
cornrac l.
\ltllougll lherc are
orne 70
pecie · of ho:-.wood, il i · the �IO\\ -growing
and long-l ived common bo:-.. . \� i l ll il ' neal foliag<' and dense wood. tllal i
u eel in formal
arcl e n i ng. I L i · also used in llomeopa l ll
·
bul
\·a riou
·
srna ll-leafPd IJiants i n to
shapes (see
also Panerr·e
gardens. pagl' I 14) - da le back t o Roman t r rn es . \\ hrn topiar·y
anrrnals and ouelr�ks were s u l pl'd
not in modern hel'bal medicine. due to i ts toxicity.
to a
Pa
Leaves, bark (note that the plant can cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, and that all parts are toxic i i ngested)
grand l•; u r•opean formal garden
• G a rd n i n g
rleclined 11 h e n fashion drcla rccl a
Toriary rl'achc
sed
or
t h r 1 7t h and 1 8t h r<'nturies. b u t
to
retu r·n
rn ore nat u r·al land rapes.
Common boxwood is a hardy evergreen
I n 1 7 1 3. t he po 1 A l e xa nd !' r Pope
shrub to small tree, attaining ful l height
\\ rote a sati rical e ·sa
over a long period of time. The small, oval
CuarUian newspaper rn 11 h irh he
glossy leaves are deep green to yellowish
d sc r t bed an u nf m i hed box1100d
green. Borne in spring, the necta r-rich
lOiliary of St Geor�e t ha t would not
flowers are pale green with very reduced
for
The
Ia� t llP dragon u n t i l il wa
petals, while the fruits are three-horned.
cornpletrd - six mon t h s hencr.
• Varieties Some garden varieties
Today. topiary ts rmre again a
or g r·an c l cou n t r� horn
selected for their form include
fea t u re
'Eiegantissima; a very compact type with
pa rl ir u tar l y 111 Lhc L f.. 8nd E u rope.
white-edged leaves; 'Au reomarginata; also
but r t
known as 'Marginata; with gold-edged
ga rdens 11 here her!J .. , uch as
leaves; 'Suffruticosa; which is dwarf,
boxwool l . at' s ulpted into
dense, and very slow-growing. making it
hap
particularly popular for edging herb gardens and creating topiary; and 'Kingsville Dwarf; which is favored by
.
is a l so popular tn olll<:ll n er im1 le
. I n Japan. cloud-pru ning
the art or crea t i ng cloud l i ke form. -
The wood of box was traditionally used in engraving blocks, marquetry and instruments.
and !Jon ai are
lloth fot·rns of topia ry.
bonsai growers.
• Position Boxwood prefers full sun but is tolerant of shade, and prefers a well-drained neutral-to-alkaline soil.
• Propagation Take semi-ripe tip cuttings with a l i ttle hardened wood at the base, preferably in autumn.
• M a i ntenance To encourage dense, compact growth, trim boxwood toward the end of spring. Carry out light shaping of topiary and hedges i n summer.
• Pests a n d diseases This plant is not susceptible to many pests and diseases, although the young spring leaves may be damaged occasionally by sucking insects, and rust can occ u r o n leaves. I t i s natural for boxwood to appear bronzed in wi nter.
• Harvesting and storing Ha rvest and d ry leaves i n spring, before flowering.
The small leaves and compact growth habit of boxwood ( Buxus sempervir ens) make 1t 1deal for topiary
Bra h m i Bacopa monnien Scrophulaceae T h i .· l ro p i c a l h < ' l i l IS I'C ' PU l l'd 10 i rn prm f ' I >O l h b r a i n ru n c l ion tliHI l l H ' I Il l l r� . tliHI l h< ' d r ied plant h u-;t•d i n rn a n J l ra d i l i o n a l \� t l l'\ l'd il' ro l'lll l l i d l iOil . R ra h l l l l lll tf �( ' S d ll a l t racl iH' h a n g i ng i lcf-;�< ' 1 . ) o u t tl II aho �rO\\ it i n c1n orndllH ' n l a l po n < l .
Bacopa, thyme-leafed
C a nl e n i n g
Brahmi (Bacapa monnienl
& � '6ralz,n,w '
fonv Br�, t� Hiiulw�r/ of creafiotv.
conuY.Y
rr �ke, • ' ' r
P'
I)
an
• yrown 1r the qr•)W brahm
,. r "_, r ter
•
rap gat10r Y
s eu bJ
• •
t.
car qr'>v. brahm1
rrrs ad"ent '1ous roots
1n
a
k
1� a
ping our bodir�
hape. Brahmi has hcen u ·rd
a� a "h1 am 11 orknut" hcrll rn the ·\vu rwdil t ra d 1 l ron or mrdiCIII<'
1• grows well
"1eter o•
t-.rC11ing o u r bra1n h ra l lh �
1 m 1JO r l a n l
on creepmg shoots, and the detached shoots q uickly grow into new plants
for allout
:iOO yt•a r�. Rr:enr her:
h� polhesil!' t h a t r t may hrlp hy
when potted. U nrooted 1p cutt1ngs also
impro11ng t he 11 ay the nrr1ou'
strike q u1ckly.
s��tt'm t ra n , m l l me
• Ma i ntena nce As brahmi has very shallow roots. water it regularly, espwally 1f exposed to d�rect hot sunsh1ne. Promote rapid growth w1th liqu1d seaweed fer ilizer diluted to the recommended strength.
agr. r n t he
l1ra i n . Gntu ko l a i Crn lella asia/Jca s y n . II} UfriCOI,I Jc• J ·ialicaJ 1 �
L0
someume conrustngl� rere r rrd to
lJ� l l w rommnn name bl\l h m i and h a "brai n" hrrh 1n
ll
011 n ngh l.
• Pests and d i seases None of note.
l loll t'll'r. the t11 o piJnt a n· t'J ily
• Harvesting and storing HaNest stems
chsungur�lll'd h� thl'ir difrerrnt lear
and leaves when plant is 5 months old,
·IJailrs ( 'ieP Gutu kolil.
pagl' 0 1 ) .
leaving 2-1n. (S-cm) stems so that plant can regenerate for further haNesting. Dry leaves
m
the shade at room temperature
and store 1n a�rtight containers.
take around 3 months to occur. Brahmi is also renowned as an exceptional neNe ton1c, so it 1s notable that a reduction i n
l l c r ba l m d i c i n Bacopa monnieri. Parts used: whole herb.
clinical studies, supporting its use during
In AyuNedic medicine, brahmi is prescribed
times of anx1ety and neNous exhaustion.
by herbalists to 1m prove memory, learmng Brahmi is an aquatic herb, ideal for growing m damp places m the garden or even in a pond.
anxiety levels was also obseNed i n some
For the safe and appropriate use of
and concentration. Scientific research has
brahmi, see Memory and concentration,
provided encourag1ng evidence for some of these effects. but suggests improvements
page 2 13. Do not use brahmi if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Bu r d o c l< Arctium lappa Asteraceae B u rclock is cn jo� ing a re u rg<'nCC' in po p u l a rity. both as a \ C'ge l ablr a nc l a s a trad ition a l m rd i c i n a l pla n l. I L i
rc·ga rded a . a \I C < ' t l i n t h e 1 o r l lw r n
· \\·e l f
on rough gro u n c l in a s u n n � pos it i on.
Hemi · plwrc. '' h P rr it grO\\
Other com mon n a mes Beggar's buttons, g reat bu rdock Parts used Leaves, roots, seeds
• G a rd e n i n g
• Propagation Propagate from seed in
Burdock is a strong-growing biennial.
spring or late autumn. Although the seed
The fairly bitter but tender young foliage
usually germinates easily, soa k the seed
of spring regrowth is used as a green
overnight in warm water before sowing,
vegetable. The leaves are large and oval,
then lightly cover it with soil and firm
Burdock IArctium lappa)
and the numerous purple thrstlelike
down. Thin seedlings to about 6 in. (15 em)
flowers are quite remarkable in their
apart. To produce h i g h-quality, long
perfect symmetry. Burdock can grow
straight roots, dig the soil to a depth of 2
Arctium lappa. Pa rt used: roots. I n
as h tgh as 8 ft. (2.4 m).
ft. (60 em) and incorporate well-rotted
Western herbal medicine, burdock root
• Varieties Some named varieties are
compost before sowing.
is used as an alterative or blood purifier.
grown as a vegetable for their slender,
• M a i ntenance Keep the soil moist and
These terms describe its gentle detoxifying
crisp, textured taproots, which can grow
weed the crop regularly, particularly when
effect on the body and stim ulation of
as long as 4.5 ft. ( 1 .3 m). These include
the plants are young. Remove the flowers
the body's eliminatory channels, namely
two Japanese varieties - 'Takinogawa
and burrs to promote root growth.
the lymphatic, drgestive and u rinary
llc r b a l m e d i c i n e
Long' and 'Watanabe EarlY: Both have a
• Pests and d i seases Burdock is rarely
systems. It is commonly prescnbed for
flavor between that of parsnip and
seriously affected by pests and diseases.
chronic inflammatory sktn and joint
Jerusalem artichoke. Arctium minus is a
• H a rvesti n g and storing For cooking,
conditions, which traditional herbalists
very bttter weedy species that is found all
collect young shoots and leaves i n spring.
regard as the result of a buildup of
over North America.
Lif the roots in autumn, about 100 days
unwanted toxrns in the body. When used
• Position Burdock requires a moist
after planting, when they are at least
over a long period of time, burdock root
humus-rich soil and full sun, although
1 ft. (30 em) long. For medicinal purposes,
can be particularly effective in clearing
it will tolerate some light shade. It is also
dry the grayish brown roots, which are
fully cold-hardy, and dtes down in winter.
white on the inside.
dry, scaly skin complaints, such as eczema and psoriasis, and t m p rovrng rheu matic JOint condittons. For the safe and appropriate use of burdock, consult your healthcare professronal. Do not use burdock if
The !' I C n l y
cit t rt l l u ted hook: on t h e uunlork
burrs. " hich kept st icktng t o h t . rloliH•s o n
11 alb
i n t h e cou n t r) Siclr. in pired c;l'ori,W cl�
\1f' tral to in H' n t \ e lcro rn 1 9 15. The ndmr comr. l ro m the l•'rcnch 11 onls t eluur. meaning
"1ellc(
and r'ru('/7£'1 or -hook.- Tht• t m t• n t ion
has been applied to a 11 tilr rang!' of J l t'm\.
from fa�trners on clot he�. !Jags dJHI shoes 10 stain lt>s�-stcrl hook and l oo p Fa t e ners t ha t are u�ed to a t t a h car part..
you are pregnant or breastfeed ing.
C oo k i n g Burdock is not a n t m portant edible plant, although the cultivated Japanese arm, gobo, is used as a vegetable and also rn varrous ptckles and a mrso-base d condr ment. It is also eaten as a vegetable rn Korea. Scrape he young leaf stalks and cook them as you would celery. Use the roots raw as a salad vegetabl e, or cooked rn stir-fries l i ke carrots .
Calendula Calendula afficmalis Asteraceae Calt•nd u la ha. la r,ge clil i s\ l i �c riOIH' rs in go lden yei iO\\ o r orange. In t� n c i c n L Rom e . L h e ht•rll \\ a · U'>t'tl Lo m a �e a tl ro t ll L ll a l \\ i:h -
Other c( Part
Golds, marigold, pot marigold, ruddles
Peta ls
u
• G a rcl n i n
Calendula (Calendula afficmalis)
Native to the Mediterranean, calendula
Itl/ t� fYlidr/te-A�, ��y
forms a dense clump of simple lance shaped aromatic leaves. The flowers resemble large daisies.
wert?/
• Varieties The orig1nal calendula of
r�
'fYlan!' ff<Jtd' ' y
of f� Vir� fYlarr-
the herb garden was the single form; however, i n the 20th century, double flowered forms were extensively bred,
iAv
honor
yielding much larger harvests of petals.
• M a i ntenance In hot summers,
ll r b a l m d i c i n e
Two notable choices are 'Pacific Beauty'
calendulas usually cease flowering.
Calendula officina/is. Part used: flowers.
and the dwarf 'Fiesta Gitana: 'Erfurter
Regular deadheading will help to
Brightly colored calendula flowers
Orangefarbigen' from Germany is used for
prolong flowering.
possess significant wound-healing and
commercial medicinal flower production
• Pests and d i seases Plants are prone
local a n ti-Inflammatory properties. To aid the healing of wounds, cuts and
in Europe. A remarkable heirloom single
to mildew in autumn. The variety 'Orange
variety from the Elizabethan period,
King' has good resistance. Spider mite can
burns, apply them topically i n the form
C officina/is 'Prolifera: is still grown.
be a problem in midsummer, although
of an ointment, cream or infused oil.
This is the quaint 'Hen and Chickens:
reducing water stress lessens the severity
which has a central flower encircled
of attack.
help to staunch bleeding, while its
by a number of miniature flowers.
• H a rvesting and storing Gather
antimicrobial effects help to keep the
• Position Plants need full sun but will tolerate partial ligh shade. They prefer
petals after the dew has dried and
site of injury free from infection. Use
spread them very thinly over paper on
a calendula tincture as an effective
Calendula's slight astringency may
a moderately fertile, well-drained soil.
racks, out of direct sunlight, in a well
mouthwash against gum infections
• Propagation Calendula is an annual
ventilated place. When they are dried,
and mouth ulcers and also as a topical
that is very easy to grow from seed.
store them in airtight containers.
antifungal agent for some skin conditions. Traditionally, calendula flowers
�Pot mar�gold should not be conru ed w1th the
includ
1extcan genu ( Tapele J. which Lhe o-called Arri ao and french
marigold ( right) as �ell a the coriander
!
ling
ndean herb h uacata or Peruvian
black m m t I TageLe ternif/ora). and the clo
I� re la ted T. minu111.
� .
.. ...
are taken i n ternally for i n fections and inflammation of the gut, including stomach and duodenal ulcers, and also as a lymphatic remedy for the treatment of swollen lymph nodes. For the safe and appropriate external use of calendula, see First aid, page 220. For i nternal use, consult your healthcare professional. Do not take calendula internally if you are pregnant or breast feeding. Topical application is considered safe at these times.
C a raway Roll o u t reany-made rizza dough
Corum corvi Apiaceae
or rurr pa t ry on a lighll
Ca ra\\ a� \\ a S a po p u l a r
l i dtllr !� a s t e r n h c rll heror
b r i ng i n L roc l u ced
i n t o \\'e , tern E u rope i n L hr I _ L il cen t u r" . I t s sreds a r·c u srd a s a n a n i f' cen tetl
p icf' in cooki ng. The herb a ! o h a
mecl i c i n a l a n d co' m e lic u sc .
work
u rrace. \\ h i k
floured
I egg yolk with
2 Lallie roans water u n t i l combined and IH'U h ligh tly over dough. . u t dough i n to square . Combine
2 table poon each or popp
eed .
Other com mon n a m e Persian cumin
caraway
Parts used Leaves, roots, dried ripe fruits (known as seeds) and their essential oil
chopp d almond . Sprinkle over
eed .
u n nower eed
quare . Cook 10 preheated
and
400°F oven
• G a rd e n i n g
• M a i n tena nce Regularly weed and
ror I 0- 1 5 min ute . or u n t i l pastry is
Caraway is a biennial with divided fernlike
water the crop, because the seed is often
golden. Serl'e warm.
leaves and a parsley-dill fragrance. It has
slow to germinate.
a spindle-shaped taproot, which can be
• Pests a nd d i seases Caraway is rarely
cooked as a root vegetable, like carrot. The
troubled by pests. To prevent fungal
flowering stem, about 2 ft. (60 em) tall,
diseases of foliage, water i n the morning:
bears tiny white flowers touched with
try not to water from above.
pink that are followed by crescent-shaped
• Harvesting and storing Gather leaves
ridged 'seeds: C. roxburghionum, known as
at any time. Lift roots after harvesting seed.
ajmud, is a popular Indian spice.
Cut flowering stems when the seeds begin
• Varieties 'Sprinter' is high-yielding
to darken and ripen. Secure stems i n small
and the seeds don't shatter, making it
bunches to allow air movement, and hang
easier to save the seeds.
the bunches upside down until dry. Then
• Position Caraway requires a well
shake bunches over sheets. The seeds often
drained fertile soil and a warm sunny
contain insects, such as weevils, so freeze
position. Thin plants to 6 in. ( 1 5 em) apart.
to kill the eggs before storage.
• Propagation Sow caraway seed directly into the soil in either sprino ..
,. , .,.
Herbal m ed i c i n e
Make
36.
a calming, a ntispasmodic effect on the gastrointestinal tract makes it a reliable
or autumn (the latter crop will seed
Corum corvi. Part used: dried ripe fruits.
remedy i n cases of flatulence, i n testinal
the following summer).
Caraway's ability to dispel wind and exert
colic and bloating. As a result of i s slightly drying nature, it is also prescribed with other appropriate herbs to assist i n t h e relief of diarrhea. For the safe and appropriate use of caraway, see Wind, bloating and flatulence, page 206. Do not use caraway in greater than culinary quantities 1f you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
• Coo k i ng Caraway seeds are used to flavor rye bread, sausages, cabbage dishes, cheeses, soups, pork dishes, goulash and cooked apples, as well as liqueurs and sp1rits such as schnapps. A digestive known as "sugar plums" 1s made from suga r-coated seeds.
Caraway ( Corum carv1)
L
Use the feathery caraway leaves in salads and soups. Thw taste resembl es a m i xture of parsley and dill.
C a tn i p Nepeta catana Lam1aceae \ l t� n \ ca t s t lw t c•ncou n t c ' r' t h i s \ l' l \l · t � . c u rious!� sn• n 1 c•d P<'f'<' n n ia l rc·act 11\ rol l i ng 111 i t . r u l i l i 1 ng aga i n : t it and g<' IH'ra l l� l u' h d \ 1 ng " " t h ough t h <' i r r<' · i : t i l l l < ' . Ca t n i p 1 s u s C ' r l t o IT i i t'\ l' rc· , c·rs. col ic a n rl t ee t h i n g pa i n i n \ D u ng c h i l r l rl' n .
P rt use
•
Leaves
a rd c n i n g
• Position Catmp needs a well-drained
Catn1 p is a short-lived perenn1al nat1ve
soil, and preferably full sun.
to Europe that resembles its relative, mint. It has soft, hairy, aromatic gray-green
possible m seed trays; seeds germinate best
leaves and small, wh1te, lipped flowers.
between 68 and 86"F [20 and 30"C). You
• Propagation Grow catnip from seed, if
The chemicals responsible for the amazmg
can also propagate 1t easily by tip cuttings,
response of many cats are nepetalactones.
and by root division in early spring.
cataria)
A lemon-scented variety, N cataria var.
• M a i ntenance Cover young transplants
• H a rvesting and storing Once the
citriodora, has a similar effect. Not all cats
in wire netting to protect them from
bush is well grown, harvest catnip at any
exhibit such reactions· young kittens and
felines. Plants grow rapidly in summer to
time after the dew has dried. Secure small
older cats show almos no response.
form q uite large, floppy bushes, so you'll
bunches of stems with string and hang them upside down i n a well-aired place.
• Varieties There are some 250 species
need to stake them. Water regularly.
of Nepeta, many of wh1ch contain
• Pests and d iseases In warm h umid
When perfectly dry, strip the foliage and
nepetalactones and attract cats. These
climates, septaria leaf spot may cause
store it in an airtight container.
include two common garden perennials
spotting, followed by yellowing of mature
that are both called catmints, namely
leaves. The nepetalactones effectively
N. mussmii and N. x faassenii.
repel 1nsect pests.
H rbal m dicine Nepeta cataria. Parts used: leaves, flowers. An excellent remedy for children, catnip helps to resolve feverish conditions, and its antispasmodic properties alleviate
Ca tn i p ca t toy
flatulence and colic. It is a mild sedative and can reduce sensitivity to the pain of
yow wilt need
teething and improve irritability. Catnip can also be used to treat the
0 thin cardboard
symptoms of colds, flu, digestive bloating,
0 soft pencil 0 two 5
x
nausea and cramping i n adults, and it is
6'/, in. rectangles fabric
particularly effective when stress is a
0 sewing thread
contributing factor. For the safe and appropriate use of
0 dried catnip
catnip, consult a healthcare professional.
0 small bell
Do not use catnip if you are pregnant
Trace a fi h outlinr onto orne th1o cardboarcl and cut out a trmplate. Placr t he fabn togethrr. .
ide'
leaving a small opening for turn mg.
rectangl s right Ridr
Traer the fish onto I he ��orong
of one
add X-in.
2 Slitch the l\\O ,hape together,
a llo\\ a o c e a l l
round.
• A ro u n d t h e h o m Catnip i s a useful herb t o have o n hand
rrctangll:'. remembering to
ram
or breastfeedmg.
in the home. Nepetalactones are a very a
mall bell
to the head or th fi h
powerful mosquito repellent and cock roaches don't like them much, either.
C e l e ry Cel riac i · a elected form of Apwm gra1eolen, w i t h a very large
Apium graveolens Apiaceae Ricll in \'i ta rn i n
a n cl m i ne ra l . w i l d celer
lla
bee n u ed a s a rood a ncl
flavo r i ng i nce a n c i e n t F:g p l i a n l i mes. Tile G reeks crownecl L ll e victors in t ile
ernean G a rnes w i l ll ga rlancls or it
wr a l ll
leave . a n d al o r nacle funera l
from l ll e m .
taproot. which is grown as a root vcgrtable . outer
lice orr thr rough. lOugh
kin rather t ha n peel iL then
u e i t raw or cooked. in
oups and
baked dishes. The root and hollow terns have a cele ry flavor; lict'
Other c o m m o n n a m e s
Cutting leaf celery, smal lage Parts used Leaves, seeds, roots
• G a rd e n i n g
• Propagation Grow wild celery from
The deep green leaves of wild celery may
seed in spring. Space plants about 1 .5 ft.
reach 2.5 ft. (80 em), while the flowering
(40 em) apart
stem bears compound umbels of
• M a i ntenance Keep the soil moist
inconspicuous white-tinged green flowers.
with regular watering.
The whole plant, including the tiny brown
• Pests and d i seases Celery has good
seeds, is very aromatic. Chinese celery or
disease tolerance, although septaria leaf
kin tsai (A. groveolens) is strongly flavored,
spot can occur.
with thin stalks that can be dark green to
• H a rvest i n g and storing Ha rvest
white in color. A. prostrotum is a creeping,
leaves from midsummer to autumn, as
shiny-leaved, somewhat succulent
required. Pick ripe seeds, then dry, deep
Australian coastal plant with a strong
freeze for several days to kill any insect
celery flavor. It is now used as a flavoring
eggs, and store in an airtight container.
in commercial bush foods. • Varieties Excellent selections include
the stem
and use them a
traws
For d r i n king Blo dy Mary .
remedy for the treatment of painful joint
Herbal medicine
conditions, such as gout and arthritis,
'French Dinant' and the Dutch 'Soup
Apium groveo/ens. Part used: dried ripe
in which an accumulation of toxins i n
Celery d'Amsterdam:
fruits (seeds). Celery seed has a strong
t h e joint area m a y b e partly responsible
• Posit ion Celery prefers a well-drained
diuretic effect and enhances elimination
for the characteristic symptoms of pain
soil enriched with rotted compost and a
of uric acid and other toxins from the
and swelling.
sunny but protected position, and is
body via the u rinary system. This action
As a result of its diuretic properties,
tolerant of saline soils.
may help to explain its use as a specific
celery seed can also be used to treat fl uid retention. Due to its slightly a ntiseptic nature, it can be of assistance in treating uri nary tract infections. For the safe and appropriate use of celery seed, see Arthritis and gout, page 225. Do not use celery seed in greater than culinary quantities if you are pregnant or breastfeed ing.
• Cooki ng Celery's tiny edible seeds are aromatic and slightly bitter, tasting of celery. The whole seeds retain their Javor wel l ; crush as needed and use to complem ent fish and seafood d1shes, pickles and relishes, soups, stews, egg dishes, salad dressings, breads and savory biSCUits.
Chamom ile Chamoemelum no bile syn. Anthem is n obil1s and Matncana recutita Asteraceae Rom a n or prre n n i a l chamom i l e or m a n za n i l la ( {;. nobile ) . the·
reculilel)
a n n u a l < ; c r m a n c t w m o m i lr' ( \/. ( \ nthcn11s
Ci ne ! d '<' �'"
ch m om i le
tmctoria) ·h are' t h e sanw common n a m e . The fl O \\ ers
Roman chamomil� (Chama�m�lum
u! !loth RomCJn a n cl Germ a n c h a m o m i l e are u ser! me
nabil�). for�ground; G�rman chamomil�
\\ h i le I IH' f!0\\ 1' 1'." of dyer"s c h a m o m i ll' �irld a go lclrn l l i'O\\ Il dye.
(Morricorio r�cuttro),
P rt
1
�
background
Flowers, leaves
• G a rd e n i n g
• Propagation Ra1se each spec1es
Roman chamomile is a densely carpeting
from seed 1n spring. Propagate perenmal
and low-growmg. cold-hardy plant
varieties by cuttings or root d1vis1on.
Its
feathery green leaves have a ripe apple
• M a i ntenance Weed regularly, especially
scent and the flowers of the spec1es are
1f you are establishing a chamomile lawn.
single wh1te daisies.
I
• Pests and diseases There are no
is often confused
significant problems.
with German chamomile, an upnght growing annual with fine ferny leaves
• H a rvesting and storing Gather
and white daisy flowers. Another annual
the flowers when fully open. German
species, pineapple weed (Motricana
chamomile will reflower if harvested
motricorioldes}, has greenish yellow flowers
in summer. Dry the flowers and store
and foliage with a pineapple scent
them in an airtight container.
• Varieties A non-flowering variety, C. nobile 'Treneague:
IS
popular for lawns.
H rba l m d i i n
An attractive fully double variety, C. nobile
Matricaria recutito. Part used: flowers.
'Flore Plena: is grown commercially for its
Chamomile has a mild sedative effect on
essential oil in many countries. Vaneties of dyer's chamomile include the golden
the nervous system. Chamomile's relaxing
compounds can help to stimulate the
effects extend to the gut, helping to ease
digestion and relieve the discomfort of
flowered 'Kelwayi:
colic, and also to the female reproductive
nausea. Chamomile is a gently acting herb,
• Position All thes� chamomiles require
system, alleviating the pai n of menstrual
making it especially suitabl� for children.
a sunny position and well-drained soil.
cramps. Chamomile's bitter-tasting
Topically, the soothing and anti inflammatory effects of chamomile are excellent for treating itchy and inflamed skin conditions; 1t has also been shown to promote wound healing.
F'or a relaxing I ep. try combining the senlial oi l s of both
hamomil
and
lavender m an oil burner. Chamomil al o a nllfungal and Lime you make se ond
nlibactrrial.
exL
hamornile tea. brew a
up LhaL· extra strong and usc
the liquid 1.0 wipe down the kitchen a n d Labl . o r 1.0 w1p out to rid iL or a must onto p la n ts dl
case
i
ink
a cahlnet
m 11. AI o. pray it
nd vegeLalJI
1.0 deter fungal
u h as mildew in th
rd.
Chomor:melum nobile syn. Anthemis nobilis. Part used: flowers. Roman
chamomile is commonly used in essential oil form and the dried flow�rs can be hard to obtain. Some h�rbalists suggest that the Roman variety has a more pronounced relaxing effect on th� gut and ut�rus. and can be used i n a similar way to German. For the safe and appropriate use of these herbs. see Nausea, pog� 205. Do not use these herbs in greater than culinary quantities if you are pregnant or br�astf�eding.
C h e rvil Anthriscus cerefolium Apiaceae Tlli d liciou cul ina
herb. u. ed , ince Roman
'
Lime . ha a delicate flavor b tween tat•ragon and par le
thal i ind i s pen able in French cui ine. E i t h e r
u e i l raw o r add i t at lh
I a · t m i nute. after t il
ha been taken off the heat and i
r acl
to
di h
· rv .
Other common n a me Garden chervil Parts used Leaves, stems
• G a rd n i n g Apicius, the renowned gourmet of 1 st
of colder conditions.
century Rome, set his seal of approval
• Position Chervil requires good drainage
on chervil, which is an annual plant with
and a moist soil that is close to neutral,
delicate and lacy, fernlike foliage that
preferably enriched with compost. Grow
forms a low-growing rosette. The tiny
chervil in a lightly shaded position, because
white flowers, borne in umbels on slender
excessive sun exposure will cause the
stems, are followed by thin black seeds.
leaves to burn and turn rose pink. In warm
• Varieties There are flat-leafed and
climates. grow chervil in spring, autumn
lightly curled forms as well as a strain
and even winter, as it has some cold
Chtrvil (Anthriscus cerefolium)
tolerance and will withstand light frosts. • Propagation Scatter seed over the
preferably with scissors, because the plant
soil, press down lightly and water
is delicate. Leaves can also be deep frozen
regularly. Seedlings usually emerge in
in sealed plastic bags.
about 10 to 1 4 days. Plants are ready Chervil i e pecially popular m
for harvesting about 8 to 10 weeks after
French cooking. and e
planting. Chervil has a long taproot and
(along With parsley. ch ive and
Chervil flowers, leaves and roots are all
bare-rooted seedlings do not easily
tarragon) in the etas ic herb blend
edible, although it is the faintly anise
transplant. It will not germinate in soil
flavored leaves that are most frequently
that is too warm. In cool-climate areas
used. There are various types, including curly
enlial
called fine herbes. which is u rd rre h "' it h poached fi h .
hellfi h
and chicken and in green salads and egg di he
uch a omelr tes.
Cooki ng
with mild summers, grow chervil for a
leafed varieties that make a pretty garnish.
continuous supply during the growing
Use fresh chervil in cooking, because 1ts
season, although light shade promotes
delicate flavor is destroyed by heat or
lush growth. and the season can be
drying. It goes well with glazed carrots and
further extended with the use of
1n butter sauces and cream-based soups.
protective covers.
Chervil frozen into 1ce cubes adds a
• M a i ntenance Water regularly to
refreshing taste to summery fruit drinks.
promote lush growth.
Chervil butter (see Herb butters,
• Pests and d iseases There are no
poge 336), makes a delicious spread for
significant problems.
savory biscuits or bread. Also, use it as
• H a rvesting and storing As w1th
a flavorsome topp1ng for barbecued
parsley, harvest leaves from the outs1de,
fish, meat or poultry.
!}row ckrvd to eur� � aMJ�fronv M4r6� v�a6� cro�
Chili Caps1cum sp. Solanaceae l 'a r l ol l h t• Sou t h \ m t'l'ican t l i t' l for al lt>ast 7.000 \ ca r s . c h t l i \ ct r i t• l i c•o; a rt • l lw \\ oriel's most frc·q uc·n l l\ u f'd c u l i n el r\ s p ice . The heal i
mos l lj
concc n t r
Fruits
G a rd e n i n g All Capsicum species are indigenous to South America. The most commonly grown is C. annuum, which contains many chili vaneties as well as the bell peppers, p1mentos and other sweet capsicum
So� c/z.i,.tu variefietv �� a;v aitradw�
tand�fedur£!/.
varieties, such as 'Banana' and 'Cubanelle: Chilies and bell peppers differ from each
and thick-walled, fruity-flavored hot fruits
other by a smgle gene that produces the
with black seeds. • Varieties There 3re possibly hundreds
fiery-flavored compound capsaicin.
C. baccatum, a spec1es less known
of named varieties of C. annuum, and
outside South America, requires a long
these have been selected worldwide for
growing season.
climate tolerance, color, size, shape,
The rocoto pepper (C. pubescens), from
degree of heat and flavor, wh1ch may vary
the Andes and upland Mexico, forms a
from citrus and prune to smoky, coffee,
perennial bush that is tolerant of cooler
raisin, almond and tobacco. They are all
weather and that produces purple flowers
divided into groups by shape: cherry shaped (Cerasiform). cone-shaped
The tiny bird peppers - including he
(Coniodes), clustered elongated cones
wild pepper of New Mexico, the 'Chiltepin'
(Fasciculatum), sweet peppers (Grossum)
or 'Tepin' - all belong to C. annuum var.
and long hot peppers (Longum).
aviculare. 'Tabasco' is the most widely
Among the best -known varieties of C. baccotum are 'Anaheim; with large,
known variety of the species C. frutescens.
long, tapering, mildly pungent fruit;
of the hottest chili varieties, including the
'Poblano; which has large, medium-hot,
'Habanera' and its variants, the 'Scotch
The species C. chinense contains some
heart-shaped fruits (and is known as
Bonnet' or 'Jamaican Hot', and the
'Ancho' in its dried form ) ; 'Pasilla; a large
somewhat milder Puerto Rican 'Roc.atillo:
ra1sin-flavored tapering variety; 'Jalapeno;
All three types are excellent for culinary
a thick-walled variety that is used in salsas
use and widely grown in the Caribbean.
or smoked (when it is known as chipotle);
The best-known variety, 'Aji Amarillo'
'Guajillo; a l�athery, dark reddish brown
or 'Kellu-Uchu; is widely used i n the cuisine
variety that is moderately hot; and
of Peru.
'Mirasol; a reselection of a pre-Columbian
• Position All chili varieti�s require good
Mexican variety.
drainage, full sunshine and an enriched
Som� - such as 'Purpl� Tiger, 'Riius Blue; Variegata' syn. 'B�IIingrath Gardens' 'New Mexico', a variety of C. onnuum. has a sweet flavor and can be either green or red.
Tiny bird peppers (var. ovicu/ore)
soil. Do not grow chilies where related species of the family Solanaceae, such as
- are very ornam�ntal and widely grown
tomatoes and eggplan ts, have recently
for landscape purposes. They are all edible.
been grown.
\1osl nf Lhc rapsn1 in L ha t"s respons1h le for the h Pa l
m pepper� 1 s . tored in Lh •
serrls and L ht• 11 hi t r :wpt
fn1 1 l . To rrtlu r the heal i n a d 1sh. you nt't'd Lo rrmo1c t hcsl' before cookmg. Ca psa 1 r 1 n 1s nol I� JH'r-soluh lr. and
IWIL IH'r 11 a t er nor !Jeer ll'l l l nrut rai iZe t hr" hea l . II IS. hOII l'H'I'. fat- OIUIJie. and a glass of mil� or yog u r t . or l hr l nd1an �ogurL-hasecl d rin � lass1 arr dfrr t l l l'IV soo t h l ll{!.
The dark purple fruits of Thai chili (C. annuum var. fa5Ciculatum) turn red when ripe.
ll rar protec l 1 1 e giOi t'S 11 hen
Chili 'Ebony F�re' is one of many chili varieties whose name indicates the intensity of 1ts heat.
choppmg q u a n l l l irs of c h 1 i l prpper · .
l wca u se
t hl'y ran n u m iJ )our fingert i p
For m a n � h o u r s . \ l so . a1 oid touchin
• Propagation Even the fastest
• Pests and d iseases Plant rotation
your Fare. rye•<. or gr11 1 ta l
maturing chili varietieS of C. annuum
will mmim1ze verticill1um wilt and other
preparing t hem. Do nut f rd pe l � food
aFtt•r
reqUire a minimum growing season of
soil-borne diseases. Vegetable bugs may
contai111ng c h i l i . lwcau .t• i t �� Fatal for
3 months. In cooler areas, grow seedlings
damage leaves.
somr· IJrrrcls.
under protect1on before planting them
• H a rvesting and storing P1ck peppers
out after the last frost. Although the
at any t1me, but remember that they reach
Scr ll i l l r' l l rat l.' n i ts ( S il l ) . 11 i l h Lhr
flowers are self-pollinating, they also
peak heat when they turn red
" l labaiirro· Pquaung to lll' t ll en
readily cross-pollinate, so carefully 1solate plants in ended for seed saving
oo k i n g
C h i l i heal is common!
mrasurrli i n
200.000 c�nd 300.000 S i l l . l n l l l recen t ! . L h r II OI'Id\ hoursL c h i l i 11 a s
with fine nettmg.
Some cuismes - Indian, West Indian,
an inramous 1 a ril't� of C:. cllmcn
• Mai ntenance You may need to
Afncan and As1an CUISines 1n general -
�n011 n as 1 hr "Red Sa1 ina l lallaiiero." 11 h1ch measured 3 7 7 . 000 S i l l . Far
t'
protect your plants from b1rds. Control
are almost unth inkable without chilies, yet
aph1ds to prevent the spread of viral
they were unknown m those regions until
lr · · l et hal for t he w-,tcbud�. "T<�llasco·
diseases; destroy any plants that have
after 1 492, when Columbus mtroduced
IS a ml're 30.000 to �0.000. In 2007.
mo tied or distor ed leaves.
them from the New World.
a
nt'll rt'cnrd 11 as t•stahfl,hed lJ) a
l d riPL� From \ssam 111 l ntl1a �n011 n a . " Hh u l Jolr1�1a ." 11 h1ch reached a 1 er�
Sill
\ rela i l l t' ht'at scah·. hd st'd on
d s1 m p l t' 0 to 10 rat ing. has also llren dt'l t•lopcd. 11 i t h
Ill' I I prppcrs ra t i n g 0
and " l ldll<Jiiero· 1 0
1. Chmy-shaped chilies 2 Red and yellow caps1cums 3. Banana chili 4 Olive chilies 5. B�rd chil ies 6 Long hot peppers 7 B�rd ch1lies
Habaiiero, a C chmes� variety, 1S among the hottest chilies 1n common use.
C h i Ii
C h i l i ron(l i m e n l s Continur:d
TIH're i s 8 ra ngr u f rh 1 l i
roncl imen t � to
c hoose from.
Chilies are always green • Pa p ri ka 1 s
when unripe; when ripe, they may be red, yellow. purple or almost black.
prod ure c l l l
The1r heat level varies from negligible
drying a n d gri n d i ng
-, u i tablf' val' it' I ies. Spa i n a n d
to incendiary. Generally, the smaller the
l l u ngar) arf' t hr \\ Oriel'
chili, the hotter it will be. Varieties lacking the capsaicin gene produce sweet fruits that taste more like capsicum (to which they are related) and have a fruity flavor but
m 1 l d l y hot. S\\ ee l .
l 1 i l i powdC'r t 11at. is
b r igh t rl'cl
l i ttle
Dried chilies: 1. Thai chilies 2. Pasilla 3 . Guajillo 4. Habaiiero 5. Chipotle (dried, smoked jalapeno) 6. Pimentos 7. Ancho (dried poblano)
The heat level may vary considerably even
always used fresh ; red chilies can be
among chilies of the same vanety, so the
used fresh or dried. Dried chilies differ
stated quantity i n a recipe should always
in flavor to fresh, being fruitier and
be adjusted to taste.
sweeter. a l though still retaining their heat. Buy dried chilies whole, crushed
cut the end off one and give it the tiniest,
or powdered, and fresh chilies whole, or
tentative lick. A remedy for chili burn
chopped and preserved in vinegar in jars;
on the palate is dairy foods, such as milk
these are a good substitute for fresh.
or yogurt.
In one of those transatlantic differences
To minimize irritation from the fumes
in spelling, "chili" - together with the
when grinding chilies. use a spice grinder
less often used "chi lie" - are both used in
rather than a mortar and pestle.
the UK, while the Spanish-originated
Choose firm, shiny fresh chilies: avoid
11 11 1 c h m u ·t be i n l ensrl) red �� hr n fu l ly ri pf' n rd . mclude
' l l u n ga ria n .'
· pa p r i ka S u preme· a n d ·
or no heat.
To check the heat level of your chilies,
largrst
proclucf'r�. S u i J a l l l c> \ a rirt ws.
uMrx
Conquist ador.' • Caye n n e is a spirt' powder t h a L
i s drriH'd fi'Om d rird h o t red c h i l ies. ·cayenne· is a
fH't'
Co l u m b ia n 1 a rit'l) From French G u iana. \ n u mbrr of caye n ne-type va ri e ti e s ha\ r
been de1 e loped
from i l . i nc l u d i ng ' I lot Portuga l . ' ' Long Red . ' ' R i ng o f l'i re· a n d
· l l a d e l lot.' I rird c h 1 1irs a n d c h i l i fla�rs a 1·e a lso usecl.
'chile' is commonly used in the United
those that are wrinkled. Green chilies are
States and Mexico. The term "ch ili" is
These colorful strings of chil ies include only a fraction of the varieties available.
originally from Mexico, which the United
reserved for a regional hot and spicy stew, States subsequently made its own.
\. h i l i n n d l i m e H CI U C C' CaniJbra n
Thi
de l ir1uu
v. i lh
auce recipe i s
Cayenne pepper
IJ a r becurd o r ba�cd
f1 h or \rgctables. Ba�te the food v.ilh il. or serve il ·eparatcly.
• ' l�1basco. the
mnst ra mu u � c h 1 1 i
sa u ce . i s m atle i n l .o u i s i a n o . acc o rd i ng to a 3-) C'
2 fresh red chilies
prorr�s i m e n t rd i n I fltill iJ\
1 tablespoon sea salt 1 cup (250 ml) fresh lime juice RemO\c the se d and w h i l e p i t h
�:d m u n d �lr l l lw n n\ . • I 'CI'i Peri 1s
a sa uce· d t 'l t ' l np t •d 1>1
from the c h i l 1r if you do n o t want
ttw l'ort ugu<' 'I' from t i l t •
too m u c h heat. Sl ier rhilirs nnel
J Hli\ C' r l u l l � hot Sou l lit' l ll \ l r 1 ca n
and pack i n to a jar. D issol\ e thr
l (lflt'l)
sal t i n the j u ice and pou r over t h e
lt · mons, sp1ces .1 n d lwrl .s.
h i l ie'. Sral and sJore i n a cool place to let the fla\or
de\'e l o p .
I t is ready ror use after keep
4 davs and
for u p to 4 wre�s.
' l 'rn
1 1 111 h u l
l 'n i ' : l t iiH'Iudcs
• \ loll' pob l ano - c·ompt •u n tlctl ol
c h i l i ( sur II as p<J s i i i<� J . Sj lll't'S a n t i
Sl'�ds 0 1 '
t horo l i i l t ' .
jlt': l l l U t S
a llO I HI Idl' s a u c e 1 1 1 \ l t' \II'O ,md l l l t ' l'('dSi ngl)
IS
C l ove p i n l<s OJOnthus caryophy/fus and 0 plumanus Caryophyllaceae \\ i t ll d l l i n t o\it a i J ng
p1c� l rdgra n c t • . l lll' pn• t t � IIO\\ l'J'S ol c l m c· p i n ks
rt•st • m h l t• smc� l l L'
111 m u l lt•d '' 1 1W s . conl 1 a l JH' J'\ l' t o n i c s . salads and t l c ssl' rt.·. '' ll i l c t he ('sSl'll l J a l o i l is (1\t'd in I H'J'I U llH'I'\. l . i �t· J lle �pin' r l ol e . thr noll ers uf
G i l ly fl owe r
• C a rd ' f l i n g Clove pinks were bred from h e grass pink or cottage pink (O plumanus) and 0 caryophylfus (which also gave rise to
the carnation). They form a dense, low, spreading cush1on of grasslike foliage, rom which emerge many flower stems in early summer. All are perenn1al.
rh,l e pink'- Jnll rarnctLJon-, �rt· rirh m t·u�enol. ancl the prrfum!'
& yredcJ/ ruul
12ohUUZ!Y r�rlecl
f� dov€/� w.v � flower of f�y:;r/J;-.
• Varieties A remarkable number have survived the centuries, mclud1ng 'Sops 1 n
double-flowered forms mclude 'Mrs
Wine: used m Elizabethan t1mes t o flavor
S1nkins: 'Earl of Essex: 'Rose de Mai' and
mulled wines. 'Bridal Veil', 'Queen of Sheba:
'Mrs Gullen: 'Napoleon
'Ursula le Grove' and 'Pheasan 's Eye' date
variety that involves a cross with sweet
I l l' IS
a h1storic
from the 1 7th century. E1ghteenth-century
william (0 barbatus). The Carthusian pink
heirlooms include the Pa1sley Pin ks, such as
(0. carthustanorum) was used i n medicinal
'Dad's Favorite' and ' Paisley Gem: which
l1queurs by the Carthusian monks.
were bred to resemble i ntricate Paisley
The famed Allwoodi1 20th-century
fabric patternmg, as well as 'lnchmery'
pmks include 'Arthur: 'Kestor: 'Dons'
and 'Cockenz1e: Nmeteenth-century large
and 'Fus11ier' Other very fragrant modern
a l lso l u l t'
is u. t'll m manv lllgh
q u a l l l \ prrfu mrs. i n c l ud i ng Flons·�
ma Rirci' · 1; \1r tlu
\ la l m a i ·o n .
l'r mps. Gur·rlaul' $am ·ar anll
1;1 1eun• BIPu. \\ ortll's Jr RPi iens. l l l' r mh ' Rt•l Ami. Eslt'c Lauder\
\\ h i t r Linen and Bllgan·. Bll(!arl For \len. It
tnkt'' 1 . 1 00 Ill ( �00 kg)
of nll\1 l'l' to produce 3.3 n oz. ( 1 on m i l or thl' r s ,t· n tw l mi. u '� n t h e l ic.
surh a eugenol ,Jntl
1soru�rnol are ortro ust'd i n
modrrn pt>rfu mr n .
p1nks include 'Kim Brown: 'Tuscan Lace: 'Highland Fraser: 'Pretty: 'Tudor Manor: 'Jean d'Arc: 'May Queen: 'Falstaff and 'Gioire Lyonna1se: • Position These plants requ1re a well drained, sunny position. They grow well in pots, and are both d rough - and cold tolerant once established. Pinks thrive in alkaline soil ; if gardening on acid soil, add dolomite or garden lime. Alternatively, tuck small pieces of concrete rubble under the plant. These will leak lime mto the soil during watering. • Propagation Mixed seed of perennial pinks are available. Named varieties must be propagated by cuttings. • M a i ntenance Clove pinks are hardy and easily grown. Do not let these plants be overshadowed. • Pests and d iseases There are no significant problems. • H a rvesti n g and storing Harvest flowers as required. To use fresh, remove
Clovr pinks (Dtanlhus caryophyl/us)
the bitter white heels of the petals.
C o m frey Symphytum officinale Borag1naceae Com rrey·, o t ll e r common n a m e . kn i t bonc. is a c l u l !'a d i l ional u
c
i n I JO U i l ice
broJ..c n bone . Corn rrcJ i
to i t s
t o encou rage t il e h e a l ing o r a l o a fa bric c l c a n d dyn a rn i
cornpo t accelera t o r. Otner c r Part
u
l
Knitbone Leaves, roots ( high in toxic a l ka loids)
• G a rd e n i n g
• M a i ntenance Comfrey requires ample
Common comfrey is a vigorous perennial,
nitrogen; a n annual top dressing of rotted
with mauve bell-shaped flowers, that
manure is recommended. Water regularly
grows to about 80 em. Varieties are not
i n the first season.
commonly available. Comfrey is also an
• Pests a n d d i seases Comfrey is
"accumulator," a deep-rooted plant that
generally trouble-free. Some strains
taps mto minerals in the subsoil. A "soup"
are prone to rust, usually when the
made from rotting comfrey leaves in water
plants are water-stressed.
makes a great organic l iq u id feed for crops.
• H a rvest i n g a n d storing Harvest
Other species are the ornamental cream
mature plants up to 5 times a year. Cut
flowered groundcover 5. grondiflorum, and
with shears and wear gloves, because the
S. asperum, which has bright blue flowers.
hairs on the leaves are an irritant. Leaves
• Position Comfrey grows readily from
can be dried. Do not harvest in the first
segments of root and, once established,
year or after early autumn.
is difficult to remove. • Propagation Dig the site deeply,
l lerbal medicine
incorporatmg ample compost or rotted
Symphytum officinole. Parts used: leaves,
manure. Space plants 3.5 ft. ( 1 m) apart.
roots. Traditionally, comfrey has been
Lay out segments of root horizontally and
used as a top1cal appl ication for bruises,
cover with about 2 in. (5 em) of soil.
fractures and wounds.
It
has a remarkable
.
For cen turie from herb
tlyrs ha1 e lwen maclr
a nd ut 11er pla n t . Coml rr)
lealf•s produce J go l de n ye1 1o11 dye. 11 11 1 1c ua ndr l io n one.
ro01 s create a rrur 1 1 s h
L nlil md 1gn rrom t llr �·ar Ea-;1
wa ' l raded 11 1 t h E u ropt'. 11 uau
(l,au�
llnctorial 11 as used In prorlur:P " hlur rl1 c•. ancl l h r r:haril te nsl ic 11 ar pJ m l
reputation for hastening the repair and
or 1 11r anrirnt Bri ton� a n d C r l l -; 11 a -;
renewal of damaged tissue as well as
m a d r fi'OIIl i t .
reducing inflammation. One of the compounds found i n comfrey, called allantoin and though to be responsible
Oi l'!' n a t u ra l
'Ill make
l ight.
ron s u l t l lw
While traditionally comfrey was also such practice is strongly discouraged because comfrey contams pyrrollzidine alkaloids that have been shown to have tox1c effects. For the safe and appropriate op1cal use of comfrey, re er o Sports lnJunes, page 222. Do not use comfrey 1f you are pregnant or breastfeeding
l�non·d
onrs hrl'
rt' ' l ' l d l l l l o ldtllllg l i lllll l'\PO'ill'l' ln
herb, has been shown to have a
prescribed for i n ternal use, these days
I n Iodd;\ rommi'IT!dl
11 0r l rl . �) n t l l r t it d 1 rs c1rP
for many of the healing effects of this regenerative action on connect1ve t1ssue.
Comfrey comes in many color variat1ons, Including pmk, lavender or wh1te.
Comfrey {Symphytum officino/e)
l O I I I' l l\1 11 hl'rllal
dlf''·
l ntCI IH'I or 1 1 dfl l ioob.
Cor i a n d e r Conondrum sot1vum Ap1aceae l•'n1 l l l OI't' t ll c i ll l im'<' m i l l < • n n i c l . coria nder i l a s i lc c n c u l l i \ B l ('d
lor i t s . I t is nw n l ioncd i n t i l e H i i l l c a n d i s o n ! ' of t i l l ' h i l l l' l i l l ' r i l s t ra c l i l iona l l � c a l < n a t Passo1 c r.
Chi nese parsley, cilantro Leaves, seeds, roots
• G a nl c n i n o
presoaking the halved seeds
Coriander resembles flat-leaf parsley,
for 48 hours.
although it
IS
more tender
m
• Mai ntena nce Weed the
texture,
forming rosettes of long, thinly stalked
crop regularly. To stop premature
leaves ansmg from a crown. The leaves
bolt1ng of vaneties grown for foliage,
are d1ssected i nto wedge-shaped
protect the plants from water stress.
segments, developing a fernlike
Apply seaweed liquid fertilizer to promote
appearance. Vietnamese conander or rau
leaf growth over flowering.
fries. In I ndia, the leaf is used i n types
ram ( Polygonum odorotum) is a leafy
• Pests and d i seases Late crops may be
of fresh chutneys. Long cooking destroys
Coriander ( Coriandrum sot1vum)
perennial used in tropical areas. The leaves
susceptible to mildew and fungal leaf spot.
the flavor of the leaves, so add them
of Mexican coriander or cilantro (Eryngium
• H a rvesting and storing Harvest the
just before serving.
foetidum) are strongly aromatic.
seed crop when half the seeds on the
• Varieties 'Spice' is popular for its
plant have turned brown. Tie harvested
Used whole or ground, their mild, slightly
seeds, while 'Santo' is a variety in which
stems into bunches and then hang them
sweet taste works well in sweet and
premature flowering is delayed and
upside down inside paper bags to trap
savory dishes and i n sauces such as
profuse deep green foliage develops.
the falling seed. Once the plant is full-size,
harissa (see recipe page 338). The fiber in
• Position Good a1r circulation, a sunny
harvest foliage to use fresh at any time.
g round seeds absorbs liquid and helps to
position and adequate fertilizing will
Roast the seeds to enhance their flavor.
thicken curries and stews.
l lcrbal med icine
minimize disease problems.
The root has a more i n tense flavor
• Propagation Sow this annual directly
Coriondrum sativum. Part used: dried ripe
than leaves. It is used in Thai cooking,
in the garden in spring after the last frost.
fruits (seeds). Seeds have a ntispasmodic
especially pounded into curry pastes.
Assist germination by rubbing the seed,
properties and a stimulating effect on the
separating it i nto halves and then
appetite. Traditionally, coriander is often used in conjunction with caraway, fennel, cardamom and anise to ease symptoms of indigestion, including spasm, flatulence, and abdominal distension.
Palathal. or fig cake . date from Roman limes. They are
popular in Egypt and
1\J rkcy. R move s ta l ks from 400 g dried figs (select soft ones). Pro e s figs to
a
paste In food t.>rocessor. Sha l)e into a n oval cake w i t h
your hands. Combint'
1 teasnoon fre hly ground coriander seed and
I
teaspoo n
n ur. Du t r.ake
.,.; ith mixture. Serve \1-edg
.
for d
rl.
For the safe and appropriate medicinal use of coriander, consult your healthcare professional. Do not use coriander in greater than culinary quantities if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
• C oo k i n g The pungent leaves and stalks are popular i n Southeast Asian, Middle Eastern, South American and Mexican cooking, i n salads, soups, legume dishes, curries and st1r-
C u r ry p l a nt 'u rr� pla n t is some t i me. confu sed
H�lichrysum italicum syn. H. angustifolium Asteraceae
1\lth t he cu rr:r t ree
The inLen,ely
i l\'e rccl needlrlikc foliagr or t h i s p i nt rclrasrs a
This � ma l l tree 11- 1 Lh p m nate leaves i
mouth,• atering fragran (' or curr . The l'lo\\ e r · can l>c clricd and
a l . o m t c n e l y c u r ry-. cen tt'd a n d m a y
included in floral arrange m enL o r u ed in crafl \\ Ork. " h i l e t h e e
Use fre h leave adding t hem ju.
Part u
I 0 to
vrmually 1·ra h
enlial o i l L used in pe rfume ry.
Other
( Murra_ra koenigiJ) .
11 h ich IS u.cd 111 Ayurvrd1c medicine .
rr '"In n
Strawflower Italian everlasting d Leaves, flowers
1 3 fl. ( 3 to 4 m ) .
in I n lian d i s h e . L
before serving. The
curr) t ree makes c�n attracuve conta iner pla n t . prrfrrring a 11-arm cl imatr in full . un to partial �hade.
• G a rd n i n g
H. stoechas is also used as a source of
The common form of curry plant found
essential oil for the fragrance industry.
in herb gardens is H. italicum subsp.
The oil of both species is known as
italicum, a form widely sold in the n ursery
'immortelle' or 'helichrysum:
trade as H. angustifolium. It is an upright
• Position Curry plant requires an open
but eventually semi-sprawling shrub to
sunny position and a very well-drained
about 2 ft. (60 em ) , with densely arrayed,
soil. Plants may suffer temporary dieback
needle-shaped leaves covered in very
after light frosts. In areas where the
fine hairs, which give the plant a silvered
temperature can drop below 23"F (-S"Cl.
appearance.
grow plants under protection i n winter.
• Varieties Other forms that are less
• Propagation Take tip cutt1ngs in
commonly grown include the dwarf curry
spring and autumn.
plant (H italicum subsp. microphyllum).
• M a i ntenance Curry plants respond
• Pests and d iseases Pests are rarely
which is popular for edging herb gardens.
well to a light pruning and shaping.
a problem but curry plant is affected by prolonged rain, often developing fungus
Curry plant (H�Iichrysum itolicum
on the foliage. To avoid his, m u lch around the plant w1th gravel and ensure tha the plant has excellent air Circulation. • H a rvesting and storing As a n herb, curry plant is only used fresh. Pick sprigs as required.
C oo k i n g The entire plant is strongly aromatic of curry, particularly after ra1n Add sprigs to egg, rice and vegetable d1shes o i mpar a m ild curry flavor, but cook only bnefly. To enhance fruit flavors, the oil and the extract are used commerc�ally i n food a nd beverage processing.
Currlj';danJ- re!JfOnd.Y welt fo fr�, ..w (X)nai.der � if ilv fow -yow�, aronudib � w
Dand lion Taraw"m' olfrcrnate Asteraceae l l< � rH I I ' I r o n ' d l'l ' l il t • p l d ll l \\ o r ld\ r • q tl l \ d l t ' l l l o i l i l l ' prg: \ l rno�l
c 1 l l ol rl i s l'd l t ' ll Till' fl o\\ C ' I'S ma�t· d d l ' l i c i u u -; \\ i ll t ' .
l l w \ i l d l l i i THil h . -; l rg l l l l � l n l l t ' l' \ o u ng lt'ct \ < ' s cl l't ' u -; c d i n co!l� t n g c� n d ! Il l ' J()Oh d l'l' u-.t·d l o ll lcl�t' twrilal collet · .
Clocks and watches, fa 1ry clocks
• Ga nh·n i ng
• Pests and d i seases The
Dandelron • s a perennial with a thiCk,
leaves are prone to mildew,
Dandelion
par rcularly late 1n he
( Taraxacum officrnole)
leshy, deep aproot and a rosette of coarsely too hed leaves. From the ·eaves
season. Root rot can occur
emerge many unbranc ed flower stalks,
in poorly drained soil.
each termrnating rn a double golden
• H a rvesting and
Dandelion root can improve a sluggrsh
yellow flower. The flowers are followed
storing Blanch the leaves for culinary
digestron and provide a laxa rve effect
by spherical balls of seed, or 'clocks;
purposes by covenng them from the light
For the safe and appropnate use of
whrch are dispersed by the wrnd.
for 2 to 3 weeks before harvesting rn late
dandelion, see Uver support, page 208.
• Varieties I mproved forms were
spring and before flowering occurs. Lift
Do not use dandelron rn greater than
developed rn France rn he 1 9th century.
roo s at the end of the second season.
culinary quantitres if you are pregnant
Thick Leaved' has tender, broad, thrck
Both leaves and roots can be drred for
or breastfeeding.
leaves. 'Improved Full Heart' has profuse
herbal use.
foliage that rs easily blanched • Position Despite its weedy reputatron, dandelion crops will thrive if you dig the soil deeply and ennch rt with rotted compost. It requ�res a sunny srtuatron and prefers a neutral to slightly alkaline sod.
A y;orlFrleiV �
luw£!/
j,()n-w \ , .
,
wud'.v.
rh
• PropagatiOn Sow the seed directly mto the soil m spring. The plants dre
can be used fresh in salads, or cooked in a similar way to sprnach. Dandelion and burdock rs a traditional British, naturally rzzy soh dnnk made from fermented dandelion and burdock
l lcrbal me
d'lwn rn wrnter.
Taraxacum officina/e Parts used leaves.
• M a i ntenance Cut spent lowers
roots Dandel1on rs well known for its
to prevent reseedmg.
C o o h. i n g The variety 'Thrck Leaved' has leaves that
roots - rn much the same way as root beer and sarsaparilla.
therapeutic effects on bo h the krdneys and !rver, hence rts traditronal reputa 10n as a cleansrng cure rn the sprrng months. The leaf exerts a powerful diuretic action on the unnary system and may reduce flurd retention and assrst the removal of toxins from the body. It also contains high levels of potassrum and helps to replenish potassrum that would otherwise be lost as a result of i ncreased urrnatron. The root, which has a bit er taste. 1s utilized when a stimulating actron on the digestive system rs required. It promotes bile secretron and is a valuable remedy
attract1ng beneflc1al 1 nsects such as bees
for many liver and gallbladder conditions.
Dandel ion has ac(Jurred a number or name . mrluctrn wet l h l'ffect.
bed').
pts. en Iii Wrenrh for
a reference
lD it
d1urt'llt'
It common names Include fairy
clocl.. and
dor� · and 11. atche . both
or v. h 1ch n•rer to lht' rhllllrt·n· gamr or
tellmg tum• h� tht·
numtlt•r or
scrt1. I rt
nfter hlo11 log a 'clock.' . notller oamr. caput muoachl. refer. to thr ton uret1 heall of a rnt'dlelal monk.
Dill Anethum graveolens Apiaceae o u , u l frrrtl from h i ccups. i n so m n i a or i n d iges t i o n . d i l l .. .. ,, a, a n ideal r·e mrtl � . I t : name cornrs from Lhe old \ o rsr \\ OI'll d� l la . Trad i t iona l l y. if
m a n i ng LO lli ·tor
oo l hr or l u l l . \\ i t ll i t : :-> l ig h t cara\\ a� t a s t e . d i l l h d s a long
of u sr i n l nc l i a n cooking a n c l m ec l i i n r .
0111 seed 1s used in the spice m1x, ras el hanout. See Moroccan lamb recipe, page 368.
Oi l l w eed con 01 Parts u d Leaves, seeds
Other
• G a rd e n i n g
l l c rba l m e cl i r i n r
flatulence, page 206. Do no use dill i n
Dill is a n annual plant with feathery,
Anethum groveolens. Part used: dried ripe
greater than culinary quantities if you a re
aromatic, blue-green foliage and
fru1ts (seeds). The essential oil found in dill
pregnant or breastfeeding except under
attractive flat-headed compound umbels
seed is a key ingredient in the preparation
professronal supervision.
of yellow flowers, which are followed by
of dill water, a popular treatment for
small elliptical flat seeds.
flatulence and mtestlnal colic 1 mfants
• Varieties Dill varieties suited to
and children. Dill seeds have been used to
C o o h. i n g With a taste remmiscent of a nise and
improve he flow of breas milk m breast
parsley, the fresh leaves complement soft
feeding mothers. Used m th1s way, even
cheeses, wh1te sauces. egg dishes, seafood
'Du at: which is strongly flavored. Dwarf
culinary quantitieS of dill seeds can allow
and chicken. salads. soups and vegetables
varieties sui ed to pot cui ure include
the herb's med1cinal properties o be
dishes. especra l ly potatoes. Dill is famously
'Fernleaf and 'Bouquet: If you are growmg
passed on to the child.
used rn gravlax, a Scandinavian drsh of
dillweed harves ing that are also slow o bolt include 'Hercules: Tetra Leaf and
dill for seed, 'Long Island Mammoth' 1s a
Dill seeds can be used in adul s for
salmon cured with salt and dill. Add fresh
good dual-purpose heirloom variety.
gastrointestinal condittons characterized
dill to ho drshes JUSt before servtng,
• Position Dill requires full sun and a
by wind, bloatmg and cramptng as a
because cooking dtmrntshes its flavor.
well-drained, moist soil.
result of its ant1spasmodic effects.
• Propagation Sow seeds directly mto he soil in spring after the last
For the safe and ef ective med1crnal use of dill, see Wind, bloatrng and
fros . lightly cover them w1th soil and keep hem mo1st until they germmate, or plant seedlings with the po ing soil attached. In frost-free areas, plan it 1 n late au umn. • M a i ntenance You may need to stake some tall varieties. Thin plants o about 1 .5 ft. (45 em) apart
• Pests and diseases Dill has no noteworthy pests or diseases. • Harvesting and storing Harvest leaves as required. Spread them htnly on paper, then microwave them o retain good color and fragrance. S ore 1n an airttght container i n a cool, dry place. Store fresh leaves m a plastic bag m he refrigerator, or chop them fmely, put 1n o tee-cube trays, top with water and freeze. Harvest he seeds after the heads have dned on the plan .
Dill {Anethum graveolens)
Dill seeds are used m p1ckling spree mixtures, 1n breads (espwally rye bread), and rn commercial seasonmgs or mea .
1
5trat�uec/
ch i nacea
Ecnmac:ea sp. Asteraceae
To sprrd gt•rmmalion.
t rau ry your
�e ·d-,. �II\ !'I'd II lth ffiOI.l
Et h J nan•a
a rt• not o n l � s t r i � i ng l \ llca u l i fu l . l H l t le r fl � -a t L ra c t i ng p l a n t
l iH ·� a rt' a l so among t h e m o s t s ign i fi c a n t mrtl i c i n a l herb · . \\ i c l(' ly u c·cl as a n 1 r n m u m•-s\ s l l ' m s t i m u la n t . " i l h a n t i \ ira I . ru ngi icla l . hacLr r i c icla l . tl ll l i - J ll fl tl m m d to r\ a n c l rle t o\ i ly i ng p ropert ies.
tCnle
�and or 1Nm1cul 1te and placr in a sealed Ilia lie bag i n t he cri pt'r sec I ion
or the reFrigerator ror
4 11 reks. Plant treated eed m pot.. Transplant inlO the ground once thr root> han· hllrd the pots.
Coneflower Roots, leaves, flowers, seed while retaming their herbal potency. They include 'Magnus: w1th rose-purple flowers; 'White Swan: which is believed to have a similar potency to the pink forms: and the large-flowered 'Primadonna' series, available in deep rose and pure white. The extraordinary 'Doppelganger' has a crownlike second tier of petals emerging from the top of the cone. 'Fancy Frills' resembles a fragrant pink sunflower. Narrow leaf echinacea (E. ongustifolia) and pale purple echinacea (E. pol/ida) are more potent medicinally than E. purpureo. Yellow echinacea or yellow conefiower
E. pol/ida. Parts used: roots, aerial parts.
(E. paradoxa) is a handsome species that
Echinacea's reputation as an effective
has large fiowers with narrow yellow petals
treatment for the common cold, flu and
and a chocolate center. Its roots have
acute upper respiratory infections has
similar properties to those of E. pal/ida.
been the focus of extensive scientific
• Position Echinaceas require a well
research. The results of many clinical
drained, sunny position. The plants are
trials indicate that echinacea can indeed
deep-rooted and, i f grown in areas with
reduce the symptoms a nd duration of
shallow soil, should be planted into raised
such conditions.
beds. They are drought resistant once they Eminac�a {Echinac�a sp.]
H e l' b a l m e d i c i n e Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpureo,
Traditionally, echinacea has been used
are established.
as a popular and valuable herbal remedy
• Propagation Echinaceas are perennials,
for the treatment of many contagious
and can be divided in autumn and spring
illnesses and skin infections. It has a significant immune-stim ulating effect,
• G a rd e n i n g
or propagated by root cuttings. However, most propagation is by seed, which will
enhancing the body's ability to fight
There are nine species of echinacea, all
germinate more readily after stratification
off bacteria, viruses and other disease causing microorganisms.
North Amencan, of wh1ch three are
(see box above).
commonly used medicinally. Echinocea
• Mai ntenance Plants requ1re little
purpurea syn. Rudbeckia purpurea is the
except watering and weeding.
weakened immune systems due to
Consequently, individuals who have
best known and the most widely grown
• Pests and d i seases No serious pests
prolonged ill health or drug therapy
species. Its roots are the most potent part
or diseases are likely to occur.
may also benefit from using echinacea.
of the plant, but the leaves and seeds are
• H a rvesting and storing Dig up the
For the safe and appropriate use of
also used i n herbal medicine.
roots of mature plants i n autumn, then
echinacea, see I m mune support, page 202.
• Varieties A number of varieties are
clean and d ry them. Gather flowers and
Do not use echinacea if you are pregnant
valued as ornamentals and as cut fiowers
foliage from mature plants as required.
or breastfeeding.
E lder Sambucus nigra Caprifoliaceae There is a con t i n u i ng be l ief in t h e m � .· l ical a n d m agica l JlO\\ C'r' of the elder. :o man
people as� t he t ree· pe r m ission before h a r\P . l i ng i l.
flowers or be rries. Th and to fla\ or de Other c
Parts us
crt
flowe r · a r
u cel l o hrC\\ elde rflower cham pagne
\\' h i lc t h e berric
a rc t h e n u t ri t ional equal of grape
mo na s Bore tree, devil's wood, Frau Holle, Judas tree, pipe tree Flowers. ripe berries, leaves (insecticidal only)
• G a rd n i n g
• Position These cold-hardy plants
The European elder is a multi-stemmed
prefer a moist but well-drained, humus
shrub-tree with deep green compound
rich soil and full sun to partial shade.
leaves that repel flies. mosquitoes and
• Propagation Collect fresh seed i n
midgets. The large lacy inflorescences bear tiny, creamy white, fragrant flowers.
autumn o r stratify older seed for 4 weeks
The leaves. bark. green berries and roots
suckers, by semi-ripe wood cuttings taken
(see page 44). Alternatively, propagate by
Elder (Sambucus nigra)
are poisonous if consumed.
in late summer or by cuttings of ripe
• Varieties Ornamental varieties of elder
wood in autumn.
include 'Black Lace' syn. 'Eva; with finely
• Pests and d iseases Elder is resistant
Sambucus nigra. Pa rts used : flowers,
cut purple-black foliage and pink flowers;
to honey fungus. To repel aphids, mites,
berries. Elder flowers and berries have a
'Black Beauty' syn. 'Gerda; with similar
leafhoppers, whitefly and cabbage loopers
long history of use for alleviating he
colonng, and the bronze-purple semi
from the garden, make a strong infusion
symptoms of colds and flu. i n particular
dwarf 'Guincho Purple' syn. 'Purpurea:
of the leaves.
fever and congestion of the nose and
European red elder (5. racemosa}, which
• H a rvest i n g and storing Harvest the
sinuses. Elder flowers have a lso been
has large bunches of red berries. is also
berries when hey are black. Pick flowers
used to reduce mucus production in hay
used herbally, while the 'Sutherland Gold'
early on a dewless morning, spread the
fever. sinusitis and middle-ear infections.
and 'Piumosa Aurea' varieties both have
heads on clean kitchen paper and leave i n
golden foliage.
a warm, dark, dry place for several days.
1 rcrbal med i c i n e
Recently, clinical trials found that a commercial elderberry syrup reduced both the symptoms and duration of flu i n sufferers. Laboratory studies suggest that constituents in the berries may activate certain i mmune cells and act d i rectly on
I n man� pam of Europe. rldrr wa
viruses to reduce their infectivity.
·
For the safe and appropnate use
ll ed in mag1c a n d med1c10r. acquinng )lame surh a
of elder, see Sore throats, colds and flu,
Frau Holle ( ll u ld a ) for
its association With th
page 200. Do not use elder if you are
goddrss or
death. tran rormallon and
pregnant or breastfeeding.
l la i iOI\CPn.
and dev11'· wood a n d J udas t rer ror
Coo " i ng
1t · mrdlr\ a l association \\ l l h Chi'ISI's
Use the fresh flowers to make elderflower wine or cord1al or an herbal 1nfusion ; such
cro. s: J udas w as �aid to ha\t' IJe n hanged rrom the bough or an 1•ldrr.
& rr� Jie�?UY, rehWtJec/,
iflv �jUJiMJIWU!YjUflv
w
wert!/ Of'lee/
tAMYI fo
�£!//ldet¥.
processmg results in a pleasant floral asting beverage. H1gh in vi tamms A and C, the berry JUICe is ermented to produce elderberry wine. Freeze the berries for later use, but cook them for a few m mutes first and use them in baked goods.
E u c a lyp t u s Euc'Jiypcus sp , Corymbia sp. Myrtaceae l .d rge l \ i n d igt•nous 10 \ u � t ra l i a . l iH' L ' liCdl'v J l i S d i'L' I ' I C h in t'N' I I l ia l n i h l lltil t�re \ il l tl t ' d I o 1 ho i ll i l l l ' i r nwd i c l n tl l c� p p l ica l io n � a n d ! h e i r fragra nc<'. '' ll lr/1 ranges / rom lemon lo pt•ppt'rl l l l n l c� n d l li i' J lt ' l l l i l l < ' .
Eucalyptus seeds or "gum nuts" [ Eucalyptus sp )
• C a rd e n i n g
• Vaneties Many spectes are steam
• Pests a n d d iseases The otis tn
The genus Eucalyptus has undergone
distilled for their essential otl. These
eucalypt leaves render them distasteful to
taxonomic revtston and a number of
tnclude the lemon-scented gum
most tnsects; they are not suscepttble to
( Corymb10 citriodora syn. Eucalyptus
fungal diseases of the leaves. Heavy bee le
although older names still prevai l in much
citnodora) and lemon tronbark
infestation, parttcularly during droughts,
of the ltterature. Ktno, a gum produced as
(E. staigeriana). which has a fragrance of
will cause dieback and eventually the
a response to wounding of the tree, tS
lemon and rosemary, and E. globulus, the
death of the whole tree.
gathered commerctally from spectes such
most stgntficant spectes. Narrow-leafed
• H a rvesting and stor i n g The oliage
as scrtbbly gum, also known as whtte gum
peppermtnt (f. radio to) yields a sweet,
of mature or regenerated coppiced trees IS
bo anical names have been changed,
kino ( f. haemostomo). and the red blood
fruity essenttal oil with some camphor.
wood (E. gumm1fera). Some eucalytpus
The com mereta I chemotype of broad
spectes have shown weedy tendencies tn
leafed peppermint (E. dives) produces a
parts of the world, such as South Afrtca,
peppermtnty essential oil with sweet
Eucalyptus globulus. Part used. leaves.
so consult local plant services before
balsamtc no es; it is used tn toiletnes
The essential oil from eucalyptus leaves
growing them.
and aroma therapy. Gully gum [f smith1i)
possesses signtficant a n tibacterial and
essential oil is used 1n aromatherapy_
a n ivtral effects.
• Position Most species requtre a
Use a little eucalytpus oil on a cotton pad to remove a stubborn label and glue from a jar. See also Caring for clothing, pages 286- 7.
harvested for steam distillation.
H rbal m dicine
Eucalyptus essential oil is used today
sunny position and do not tolerate low
as a popular remedy for upper resptratory
temperatures. In general, eucalypts require
tract infections, predominantly as a
a well-drained soil and are quite drought-
decongestan t for catarrhal conditions. It IS
tolerant once established. When mature,
commonly used as an external preparation
they are able to regenerate after fire.
in the form of a chest rub or as an inhalant
• Propagation Raise from seed.
with a few drops added to a vaporizer or
• M a i n tenance Water regularly durmg
put on a handkerch1ef. Internal use of the
the establishment phase. Plantation
essential oil is not recommended except
grown crops are usually coppiced for
in commercial preparations. such as cough
ease of harvesting and to 1m prove ytelds.
lozenges and cough mixes, in which the oil is present in a diluted form. The oil can also be used toptcally, especially for as a cold sore treatment. It is also common in a number of ointments
Contrar\ to popular b lief. t he long- lrrpmg koa la 1 · not prrmanrntl� t nlllxtra tetl From mgesting
ru alwtus 011 - koa la . 'ilt't'P ror up to 20 hour·
a da� l>rcau·e tht' 1011 - n u t rt rnl gum leaH'S thai rorm the major pan or Lhetr d t r t requtrr a l,lreaL
deal
of tligesling and gt\(' them little energy.
used to relieve muscle aches and joint pain. For the safe and appropriate use of eucalyptus, consult your healthcare professional. Do not use eucalyptus if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Opposite. Eucalyptus globulus. lt ta es 11 lb. (5 k.g) of l�av�s to produce 1 .5 fl. oz (50 ml) of pur� oil.
E ve n i ng pri m ro s e Oenothera sp. Onagraceae Til(' hPa u l i f u l <'\ e n i ng pri m ros<'S ga i n t lw i r n a m r from t h e m a n
spr ir
L lltlt a rr po l l i nc l l<'< I IJJ mot h s . opr n i ng l h c i r flowe r · at n ig h t a n d po u r i ng fo r t h {'\(i U i S i t C fragrancr J•: \ r n ing p r i m r'OS(' O i l h a , a p p l i ca t ion
in L ll e
lwa u t \ a n d llra l t h i n d u s t r ir:.
Other c
Parts
Suncups, sundrops Seeds, roots, leaves
.J
• G a rd e n i n g
• Position Wild Oenothera species
The princ1pal species cultivated for evening
require a sunny position. They are,
pnmrose oil extraction is 0. biennis, a
however, very tolerant of freely draining,
bienn1al form1ng a basal rosette of leaves
poorer, sandy loam soils and are also fairly
from which emerges a central flowering
drought-tolerant and frost-hardy.
Evening primrose (Ornothero birnnis)
stalk. This terminates in a cluster of buds
• Propagation Propagate plants by seed
that open during successive nights. The
sown in spring to early summer. Extreme
research suggests that a greater therapeutic
large, circular, faintly phosphorescent
heat in summer reduces the gamma
effect may be achieved if EPO or GLA
lemon-colored flowers mimic the moon
l i nolenic content.
supplements are taken in combination with
and, together with their sweet lemon and
• M a i ntenance Keep free of weeds.
omega-3 essential fatty acids, found i n flax
tuberose fragrance, draw the attention of
0. lamarckiona is a much better competitor
seeds and fish.
moths. which are their chief pollinators.
than the other species mentioned above.
By the following morning, the flowers
• Pests and d i seases Where plants are
begin to wither and turn reddish orange,
overcrowded, powdery mildew may affect
Do not use EPO if you are pregnant
later developing slender pods, which are
the foliage. In inadequately drained soils,
or breastfeeding.
filled with tiny seed.
root rot may also occur.
other trials have been negative. The latest
For the safe and effective use of EPO, consult your healthcare professional.
• Varieties Other Oenothera species
• H a rvesting and storing Gather the
•
used as sources of evening primrose oil
fresh young leaves as required. Lift roots
Evening primrose oil is widely used i n
include 0. lamarckiana (sometimes
at the end of the second season and use
cosmetics. T o make your own skincare
considered a synonym of 0. glazioviono)
them as a vegetable. Gather the seed
treatment, see Three roses moisturizer,
and 0. parviflora.
when ripe; shattering can be a problem.
page 247.
a t u ra l b .a u t
H rba l m d i i ne Oenothera biennis. Part used : seed oil. Evening primrose oil (EPO) contains Theophra lU
(37 1 --<:. 287 BCE) wrote
two innuenlial botanical volume . On
the Cau e · or Plants and Enquiry into
significant levels of omega-6 essential fatty acids, especially gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), thought to be i nvolved in many of the oil's therapeutic effects. G LA has
Plant.s; thi
I
d to him bring rega rded
notable anti-inflammatory activity and
b some a
th
Path r of Taxonomy.
several clinical studies suggest that this
l ie named evening pnmrose OenoUJera. po sibly from the Greek words oinos. meaning winr. hunt.
ll i.
and thera. meaning
thought Lhar Th ophra tus
recomm nded u lng evening prunrose for tammg w i l d bea s.
effect may be of benefit in alleviating the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic neuropathy, eczema and dermatitis. Further research also indicates that EPO supplementation may help to reduce high blood pressure and improve some of the symptoms of PMS. However, results of
Evening primrose oil tends to be taken in high doses, so capsules are the most convenient.
Eye b r ig h t E�dH 1ght 1\ a� f1rst rPrordNI
Euphrasta officmalis Orobanchaceae
lrlC!I iCina\ ht'rb for "all
Eycll r i�ll l is a �; u ropean a l p i n e '' i l dfl o\\ C t' L h a l La kes i t :; com mon n a rn ' from i l � U c't' i n \ a r i o u . e� e a i l m e n t s . i nc l u d i n g con j u n c l i \ i l i s . st yt's a n d the i n fla m m a t ion a n d conge s t i o n c a u srd IJ� ha� fl'\ < I' a n d cold-; .
Parts us
Whole
The use of eyebright dates back to the Middle Ages when it was cultivated in Northern European monastiC herb gardens. A\ 1 Euphrasta spec1es are sem1-parasitic on the roots of host
\\J'>
1
l l h c r n tu ry. P a i l h m
it
u�r
�1gn a t u res. a p h i l o so ph \ propou n ded m t h r I !l l h crntur) h) a S11 i s · physiwm l ie propo>rtl l h a t . h\ oh e n a t lon
£¥h� coi11AY.Yfronv yre.ek worrl �
CJ/
''y;orl cheer. "
a plan t 's color
,md
or
rorm. or t hr placr
11 ht'rr 1t grPII. on!' could clt'trrmine i t s purpo. c 111 Cod\ plan. Eyl'hng h t 's JlUrplr and yr l l 01� spots anrl stnrr. 11 rrr t110ugh t to re. rmblr . uch a i l m e nts as 11\ood. hot eyt'\. co u l d h r used to t reat
ryr
Hrnce. 1 t
u c h a l lmrnts.
plants, namely grasses, plantam (Plantago sp.) and clover ( Trifolium sp.).
• Propagation I f you have these
The genus 1s widely distribu ed around
conditions m your garden, you can
the world.
establish these three species by scattering
• Varieties The princ1pa\ species used
seed around host grasses dunng spring.
1 1 r b a l m ed i c i ne Euphrasia officina/is. Parts used : leaves.
herba\ly as eyebnght are E. officina/is.
Alternatively, grow seedlings i n pots. but
flowers. Eyebright, as noted above. has
E. brevipila and E. rastkoviana, a \ I annual
add generous amounts of dolomite or
traditionally been used as a spwfic
herbs with small, oothed, rounded leaves
lime to the soil and also some established
remedy for imtated or 1nflamed conditions
and yellow-throated wh1te flowers, striped
soft meadow grasses.
of the eye. The combined astringent and
or spotted with purple. The lower flower
• M a i ntenance Ensure that the soil
anti-inflammatory effects of eyebright
lip 1s three-lobed, and each lobe is incised.
remains moist.
also make it well su1ted to the treatment
• Position These particular spwes,
• Pests a n d d iseases No problems of
of catarrhal conditions of the upper
which will not thrive under hot summer
Significance has been noted.
respiratory tract. It can also help to clear
condit1ons, require a mo1st soil. Eyebright's
• H a rvesti n g and storing Harvest the
up postnasal drip, middle-ear i n fections
native habitat is meadowland with alkalme
whole plant when in lower, and dry it for
and sinus congestion.
soil and a cool climate.
use in herbal preparations.
Eyebnght is regarded as an effec ive hay fever remedy and can ease m a ny of the symptoms expenenced by hay fever sufferers, mcluding 1tchy, weep10g eyes. watery secretions of the nose and also sinus headaches. For the safe and appropnate use of eyebright, see Hay fever and sinusitis, page 203. Do not use eyebright i you are pregnant or breastfeed10g.
\ a t u ra l hea u t � The pretty flowers o th1s plant have a ton i ng, cooling and m i ldly astnngent effect on the eye Eyebright may be used as a compress or top1ca1 lot1on to relieve common eye disorder s and Eyebnght [Euphrasia officina/is)
"
sl rrngthl't11'd lly lhr Doc t n n t• or
11 h o adoplt'd t h r name Parace tsus.
plant
• G a rd n i n g
in l hr
I'\ il�
d· a
Of I hr t')P
infec 1ons. To make a compress, see Eyebr1g ht compress. page 256.
Fennel Foemc,ourr. vulgare Ap1aceae ScHil t ' \ .t r i t ' l l ! ' · t l l ft ' ll ll t ' l l i d \ ! ' <1 pd i ' L i l' l l l d l' S\\ ! 't' I 11('SS ancl SOITH' e l l n.r lll!'ll l t i l qud l r l lt's. 11 h r l t • n l lit·r� tll'l' l' a \ t'gl' lahlc o r u st•d I n ll;n or prd-i c•s c1 1 1 d hd�t·d goocl s . "J o \I O I H i c ' l ' Chd l'l<'lllagriC' dt'lllciiidt•d 1 11 B I :.! t ll < l l l (' n rw l l ll' p l a n ted in c'\ ( ' 1'\ monast · r·� gard l ' n .
Pa•t u ed Leaves, flowers, seeds, stems, roots
• G a rd e n i n g
• Position It prefers a light, well-drained.
Fennel plants are annual or perenn1al and
slightly alkaline soil tn a sunny posit1on but
can reach 5 ft. ( 1 .5 m) or more, With one
is adaptable and tolerates the cold well. • Propagation Raise all fennel vaneties
to several erect, hollow stems com1ng from the base and beanng fine, glossy aromatiC
by seed sown 1n spring Propagate
pmnate foliage. The tmy yellow flowers,
perenn1al forms by divis1on in spring.
borne in umbels, are used 1n pickling and
• M a i nten ance Cut down and remove
the small seeds are very aromatic.
old stems.
• A ro u n d t h e h o m e
• Varieties There are two subspecies:
• Pests a n d d iseases Fennel rarely
Fennel is a natural flea repellent. Crush
a large group classified under F. vulgare
has any problems.
a handful of fresh fronds and rub them
subsp. vulgare, with the second, F. vulgare
• H a rvesti n g a n d stori n g Harvest
all over your dog or cat. Put handfuls of
subsp. pipentum, contaming only the
foliage and flowers as reqUired. Harvest
fennel fronds under your pet's bedding.
pepper or Italian fennel. F. vulgare subsp.
seeds when ripe, then dry and freeze for
vulgare IS further div1ded into three
a few days to kill any insects. Lift roots
• C oo "- i n g
botanical variet1es: var. vulgare, which
in autumn and dry them.
Slice the raw bulb thinly and add to
contains perennial fennel; var. ozoncum,
• l l r b a l m ed i c i n
salads, or cut in half and roast as a
which contains the annual Florence fennel, w1th its enlarged bulbous leaf
Foeniculum vulgare. Part used: dried
Use fresh fennel leaves in salads, salad
bases grown as a vegetable; and var.
dressings and vmegars (see Fennel and
dulce. known as sweet or Roman fennel.
ripe fruits (seeds). Fennel has calming effects on the digestive system, relieving
Many superb Italian regional vanet1es of
flatulence, bloating and abdominal
pork and seafood dishes, or as a garn1sh.
Florence fennel mclude 'Romanesco' and
discomfort, and its pleasant taste and
The dried seeds are used in cakes and
'Fennel di Firenze:
gentle act1on make 1t popular for such
breads, Italian sausages, salads, pickles.
conditions m children. Fennel has also
curnes and pasta and tomato d1shes
Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare)
vegetable o bring out its sweetness.
saffron vmegar, page 332), with fish,
been taken by breastfeeding mothers as a remedy for improving breast milk flow; used 1n this way, the therapeutic effects of fennel can be passed on to young infants experiencing colic and griping. Fennel has long been used to treat respiratory complamts with catarrh and coughing, and is suitable for treating these conditions in adults and children. For the safe and appropriate medicinal use of fennel, consult your healthcare professional. Do not use fennel in greater than culinary doses if you are pregnant The bulbous leaf bases of Florence fennel arc deliCIOUS sliced raw in salads or roasted.
or breastfeeding except on the advice of a healthcare professional.
'fhl' ancien! G rrek name lor frn nr l ,
marathon. 11a a l ·o the namr of th
bat t ! Held to th north r �LIJCn.
\lht•re. in 100
s�r. a
Greek. arm�
d fratcd t hr im adm;: Per�tao rorc •. 1\ot'tl of thr c : rrr� victor'\- 11.a carrt d thr 2(1 mt. (-12 km) to \thc•n rrom the balllr-n Itt llv c1 runnrr,
11. ho
dted on
tht• pot dfler d�li\rrlng bt lll !'��a .
Feve r few Tanacetum parthemum syn. Chrysanthemum parthenium, Matncaria parthenwm As eraceae
In 1 U7:l
\nne
Jc n � 1 n s ol \\ , l i e · � too�
1111'1'1' fr!'�ll lt'J\ ,., or it' I !'fit'\\
\\ l l il
d
long h h t n r� I l l E u ropra n i H ' rl k l i l l H 'i l l ! i n c · . t il< ' l l d l l l ( ' r!'\ l ' rl l '\\
.
is dt•ri\ l'd i rom " l c>hril ugl' . . I H 'Ci:1 U�l' i t \\ d S .\ l i d I n d i spl'l l t ' \ < ' I'S. I t '\ C'\Cl' i lc n t Ul'll d llll' l l l et l flm\ !'1' I S
ciS
[ I'L' s l l - Joo�Hlg c l S C'IH'l'�l'd gingl1 c i f l 1 .
I.'C \ I ' l'lc '\\ i : U SC'ti 8 S c l l l i ll Sl'L'l l'l ' pC I I l ' l l l < i l l d d l'O i l l j ld l l iO i l p la n t .
il
lid\
tn r u n · Ill' I ��·If or mJgrdlllt's \[lrr I ( ) lllllll l h�. c i S long ' " sill' �i'pl l illdng
l lw 1 'd\ C's. \nrtt• n o l o ngn sufft·rc·li
from n11graint' .
11 1111 l l prmn p t c · t l
Londnn n11gramc· 'PI'C W I I · 1
rontlurl , 1
,.; u n l'l. Tile
i1
In
cllnH JI
[ l l d l \� llirh foi!OII !'d [rtUild l h d l l h crr
Part u s J Leaves
\\ (}� i1 ht•rll'l l l
• M a i ntenance After flowenng 1S
I l l I J � I IIg
[i 'l l 'ffl'l\ [11
111"1'1 1'111 lll lgl'illll\'.
in1shed, cut back the tall flowenng stalks. • Pests and d iseases The leaves of everfew are bitter and highly aromatiC, and act as an msect repellent. No fungal diseases are of s1gn1ficance. • H a rvesting and storing Harvest the
feverfew is more likely to cause adverse
fresh leaves a any time. (Take note that
effects 1f taken th1s way, so he use of
handling plants can cause dermatitiS in
commerc1ally produced everfew ex racts
some sensit1ve md1v1duals )
may be preferable.
I I l' b a l m e d i c i n e Da1sy-like feverfew. Varieties can be confused w1th pyrethrum ( Tanacetum cmeraridalium).
Fresh leaves of feverfew are somet1mes chewed or medicmai purposes However,
For the safe and appropriate use of everfew, see Headaches and m 1grame,
Tanacetum parthemum. Par used leaves.
page 2 1 5. Do not use feverfew if you
Feverfew is used as a valuable remedy for
are pregnant or breastfeed1ng.
the treatment and prevention of m1grame headaches. Cl1nical tnals have shown that
'\ I'O U l l cl t h ' h o m '
• G a rd e n i n g
the herb can reduce the severity of
Feverfew
symptoms, Including visual dis urbances
quali 1es. For nformatiOn on us1ng moth
and nausea. Laboratory s udies suggest
repellent herbs, see Herbs for your c1o hes,
hat the therapeutiC effects of feverfew
page 288, and also Scented coat hangers,
IS
a perenn1al, forming a clump
of deeply 1nC1Sed compound leaves o about 1 .5 . (50 em). The all branched nflorescence conta1ns many small, white
are a result of 1ts anti-Inflammatory and
petaled, yellow-centered da1sy flowers.
pa1n-rellev1ng properties as well as a
• Varieties I n addition to the spwes,
muscle relaxant act1on.
several vanenes are commonly grown. 'Golden Feather' has golden yellow
Feverfew ( Tanacetum
foliage, and there is also a compac form called 'Golden Ball' and a dwarf form,
parthenwm)
'Golden Moss: Double-flowered forms include 'Flore Pleno' and he Ivory flowered 'Snowball; 'Wh1te Bonnet' and 'Tom Thumb: • Position It 1s a very easygoing plant, which responds to a sunny poSition, good soil, regular watering 1n summer and good dra1nage The plan s remain evergreen in w1nter and are fros -hardy. • Propagation Fever ew sel -seeds readily, but you can also grow 1t from seed, by cuttings or by root d1v1S1on.
Feverfew is no ed or i s mo h-repellen
page 290.
F l ax Lmum usttotissimum Ltnaceae
flil\ I"> onl' o l l iH' o l ! l r • s L - k tHJ\\ n c rop p l a n t s .
H<'il l l l i l u l h l tH'-11 0\\ ( ' f'<'d
I t prod u r < ' · d filwr L ha l ·.., u Td L o m a k<' l i n e n . a ncl fla\S<'nl o i l . a l so knm\ n as l i ll'wed o i l . '' h i ch 1 s a sourc<' or l i n o l e n ic , c i t! ( o rn rga<� J . Se!'d .
\1
hoi<' o r cold- rn 1 l l!'
d Whol e plan
,
seeds, stems
• e a rde n i ng
upward-fac1ng, sky-blue flowers, followed
Ltnum usttottsstmum 1S a crop spec1es
by round capsules, about 4 10. (1 em) i n
developed by humans that has been
diameter, filled with glossy, flattened oval
cui 1vated for at least six millenia. The
seeds. The seed IS milled and extracted
spec1es has been developed as wo
for flaxseed oil, also known as lmseed
d1stmct types: the taller forms known generically as long-stalked flax (for fiber);
oil. The industnal-grade oil is used 1n a range of products, from printmg i nks,
• H a rvesting and storing When
the shorter, more floriferous types known
paints and varnishes to linoleum; the
mature, cut plants for fiber. Harvest the
Flax (Unum usitottss1muml
as crown flax (for seed production).
residual linseed cake is used as feed for
seed when ripe. Store the seed whole 1n
The plants are slender, erect, narrow
cattle. The cold-extracted oil is used for
the refrigerator, or preserve in oil.
leafed annuals, with m ult1ple stems from
quality human n utritional supplements. Linola is a new crop specifically bred
the base. I n summer, they bear single,
for the production of a cooking oil that is comparable to that of sunflower and
oil. Taken whole or crushed with a l i ttle
corn oil. Flaxseed is also used i n bakery
water, the seeds of flax have a gentle
and cerea I products.
laxative effect and are a popular remedy
• Position It requires a sunny position
for constipation. The mucilage content
and a well-drained, open soil.
of the seed produces a soothing effect
• Propagation Sow the seed directly
on many Irritable and inflamed conditions
into prepared ground in spring.
of the gut.
• M a i ntenance Keep flax weeded so
Traditionally, fr�shly laundered linen was laid out on grass or ev�n lav�nd�r bushes to dry.
H e rbal m d i c i n Unum usitotissimum. Parts used: seeds,
The seed oil is the most concentrated
it does not compete against weeds.
plant source of the omega-3 essential
• Pests and d iseases A 3-year crop
fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (AlA),
rotation is recommended. Flax may be
which is often deficient in the Western
vulnerable to fungal problems.
diet, especially for vegetarians. Supplementing the diet with flaxseed oil or a l pha-linolenic acid may have n umerous health benefits. H uman studies indicate that AlA has positive effects on
a l l\ !' to \e��> Zt•a l a m l. Pilormwm lena\ (from th
cholesterol levels and a potential role i n
Fam i l
\ga1 acra<'l h a been wi
t h e treatment o f other cardiovascular .
twr�u�e 11 form handsome architrcLUral clumps or long. trap l i kr
lrmes t ha t haw bt•en used in r rac1il ional baskrtry (rtght).
\s a Jacm hrrlJ. k mm n as harakeke. i t l s u rd ·1milarly ltl aloe It' I
a. llemg applied rop!cally
n!Jsce
e
,
to
��>ounds and sores. hurns and
n ng.,.orm. \aricose ulcer,. chillllams and rheum tl
JOint ·. II hds also hel'n usrd to normaliz(' digestive' 1!1 ord r .
diseases. The anti-mflammatory omega-3 oils can also be useful for treating inflammatory skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. For the safe and appropriate use of flaxseed, see Eczema and psoriasis. page 2 7 7. Do not use flaxseed if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
G a l a nga l Alpinia go fango Zingiberaceae There a re two type s of ga la nga l - greater ga l a nga l . " ll i c h nati\ e t o J a \ a . a n d lesser ga la nga l . '' h ic h can llr fo u n d i n
i
t he coa t a l region · o f sou t hern C h i na . Tile
, ia. I ndonesia a n d I n d i a .
t h roughou t Sou t h ea t - -- --- - - -- -- - ----
-
a re bo t h gro�A n
-
--------
- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -
Other common n a mes Blue ginger, Siamese g inger, Thai g inger Pa rt used
Galangal (A/pima golongo)
Rhizomes
• G a rd e n i n g
after planting. Store dried slices in an
Greater galangal (Aipinia go fango) is a
airtight container in a dry, dark place for 2 to 3 years.
rhizomatous perennial producing several 6.5-ft. ( 2-m ) stalks with alternate
In tile L o l l e d Statrs. galanga/
sheathing leaves. The flowers are followed
11 as tradi t ional/� ciH'II Pli. just
by red three-valved fruits. The white-
like cllr11 ing tobacco. to calm the
Alpinia officinarum. Part used. rhizomes. I n t h e past, galangal's calm1ng effects on the
l l e L' b a l m e d i c i n e
eshed rhizomes have a characteristic
·tomarh anc/ s1�erten thP brea t h .
spice and pine fragrance, and are widely
but i t i a l so associated 11 ith good
gut were often used to relieve symptoms
used in Asian cooking. The flowers, flower
luck: i t 1 . sa1d I h a t if �ou p i t t hr
of indigestion, including flatulence and
buds and cardamom-scented red fruits are
j u 1ce onto the floor of a courtroom
nausea. Like ginger, i t was reputed to be
all edible. Lesser galangal (A. officinarum),
heron• t h e judge enters. )Ou'/1 11 i n
helpful in alleviating seasickness.
native to Vietnam and China, is a smaller
you r case. O t h e r names fo1' t h i s
plant w1th aromatic reddish brown
root are Little .J ohn anti L I L t lr
rhizomes that are used medicinally.
John 10 Che11.
For the safe and appropriate medicinal use of galangal, consult your healthcare professional. Do not use galangal i n greater than culinary quantities if you
The related low-growing Kaempferia
are preg nant or breastfeeding.
galanga is also known as lesser galangal and resurrection lily, and it flowers at ground level. It is used as a spice and
taste. The Australian Alpinia caerulea has
• Cooki ng
medicinally. Fingerroot (Kaempferia
ginger -scented rhizomes. The red fruits of
Galangal's lavor is sim 1/ar to ginger's but is not as strong. Greater galangal (Aipinia
pandurata), also called Chinese keys, grows
A. oxyphylla from southern China, known as
to 1 .5 ft ( 50 em ) and has long, slender
black cardamom or sharp-leaf galangal or
galanga) 1s the ype more often used i n
finger/ike storage roots attached to the
yi zhi, are used in Chmese medicine.
cooking, especially
rhizome, which is crisp, with a fresh lemony
• Position Galangal requires warm
Malaysia, Singapore, I ndia a n d China.
temperate to subtropical conditions,
Use the rhizome fresh, or i n dried slices, with fish and m soups ( especially
and grows best in rich, moist, wel l drained soils. • Propagation Galangal is an annual crop, grown by seed or from rh1zome
m
Thailand, b u t also 1 n
the hot-and-sour ones of Southeast Asia ) . It features in sp1cy condiments such as samba Is and i n the Moroccan
con a ins one or wo buds.
spice blend ras el han out ( see page 364). If galangal is no available, subst1tute
• M a i ntenance Keep the soil mo1st.
half the quantity of grated fresh g inger.
segments; cut them so that each segment
• Pests and d iseases Rh1zome rot is the principal problem. • Harvesti ng and storing For fresh culinary use, dig up the rhizomes 1n late Fingerroot 2. Grated fresh root 3. Whole root 4. Dried ground root 5. Sliced fresh root 6. Sliced dried root 7 . Peeled fresh root 1.
summer or early autumn. Store fresh galangal 1n a cool, dark place for up to 2 weeks. Dry the root about 10 months
Bef;r� � rlried' �� wai'er
j,{)ak fhuw ill/ lwt
for 3
0
11Untded/.
G a rl ic a n d o n io n s Allium sp. L •aceac
Garlic (Allium sorivum)
llw S t i ! Jl t ' r i . l l l " pltl l l l l 'd t H t io n -; 11101 1 ' I h a n :J.OOO � ! 'il l'S ago. \\ h i l t ' l l l l ' d iU 11 ' 11 1 l·.g� j i l l d l l '\ h,HI aho u l H . OOO llll'd i c i n < t l l ! S!'S 1 1 1 1 l l h ' ll l . tl l l d o l l l ' l l pld< 'l'd t l w m in l lw i r lOmhs. In (' l ! l i n a r� 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 " . 1 1 1 1\\ t ' \ t ' l. t H I H ill
cl l"l' ' d i d In lw L ll r poor lll il lf� l r u iT i e .
Leaves, bulbs, bulbi ls, seed, fl owe rs
• G a rd e n i n g
garlic varieties, and
The alliums - approximately 700 spwes
'hard necks' (A. sativum
of them - mclude not only globe on1ons,
var oph10scarodon). wh1ch
eschallots, leeks, garlic, wild garlic and
contain the remarkable
chives of various kinds, but also exotic
rocambole (serpent garlic or
forms, such as walkmg on1ons and po ato
Spanish garlic). It produces tall,
on1ons Many are so attract1ve they long
Sinuously loopmg stems w1th a
ago made their way into the ornamental
head of bulbi Is (secondary bulbs
garden. Alliums are all either bulbous or
that can grow into new plants) mixed
rh1zomatous in habit, charactenstically
with miniature plants. Belowground
w1th straplike or hollow leaves and simple
it forms a bulb of 4 to 14 cloves.
umbels of star-shaped lowers emerging
Ramsons or bear's garlic (A. ursinum) is an
from a papery sheathing bract.
intensely garlic-scented species, and both
O n i on s
the leaves and bulbi Is are used.
Common globe onion (Allium cepa) is the
Garlic
Russian garlic or giant garlic or sand leek
best known of this aromatic tribe. Spring
Garlic (A. sotlvum) IS div1ded m t o two
(A. scorodoprasum) develops a large basal
onions are any variety of onion that is
groups. 'softnecks' (A. sativum var
bulb comprising several huge cloves.
pulled when JUSt beginning to bulb.
sativum), which contain all the common
Wild garlic or three-cornered leek
Tree onion or Egyptian on1on or walking
(A. triquetrum) has garlic-flavored foliage,
onion (A. cepa, Proliferum Group) forms
small garlic-flavored bulbs and nodding
a basal bulb, while the flowers are replaced
umbels of attractive starry white flowers.
by a cluster of small bulbi Is that weigh the stalk to the ground, allowing the bulb1ls
Chives
Wild garlic (A. rnquerrum) bears umbels of pretty wh•te flowers.
to take root.
Four culinary spec1es of chives are widely
Potato onion (A. cepa, Aggregatum Group)
grown for their foliage: fragrant garlic
forms a large cluster of plump smallish
chives (A. odorum) from central Asia,
on1ons at the base.
with red-striped white petals; onion
Shallots - or eschallots or scallions
chives (A. schoenoprasum). with umbels
(A. cepa, Aggregatum Group) - form an
of pink flowers; garlic or Chinese chives
aboveground bulb that splits to form a
(A. tuberosum). with white flowers and
cluster of bulbs with a delicate flavor.
deliciously garlic-scented, straplike foliage;
Chinese onion or rakkyo (A. chinensis)
and mauve-flowered, garlic-flavored
is an Asian species cultivated for its cnsp
soc1ety garlic (Tulbagh10 vio/acea) in both
textured bulbs, which are popularly used
a green and vanegated leaf form.
raw, pickled or cooked.
Vur� Wort/ War L yv!i&� Wab uud ilv
tet/ tl'r� to prwed �ei'U!/.
Nodding onion or lady's leek (A cernuum). a North Amencan perennial, has an intense onron flavor rn all parts Canada onion (A canadense) forms crisp whrte bulbs and has deliciOusly on ron
mature rn the second season. Raise chives, cold-tolerant leeks and their relatrves by gar l i i�
seed. Propagate garlrc by plantrng cloves
l 'rrltn!l ld r!ll' qua n t i l ic� or
vertically, with the pointed tip covered by
r<.l ther
about 2.5 em of soil.
Uwt rs to he ·iicr
tf'
scented foliage. Milder-flavored leeks (A. porrum)
• M a i ntenance Regular weeding
t h u m p the clo\1' w i t h t hr nat h l adr
is essential, particularly in the earlier
or
origtnate from the Medrterranean. Some
stages of growth. Do not overwater.
crack the
excellen varieties include 'Musselburgh;
• Pests and d iseases The main
rrmo1 r. If you �� a n t to u r t h e ciO\l' �
a l a rge k n r fe. T h rs \\. i l l distort an
'Giant Carentan' and 'Bieu Solarse:
problems are downy mildew and black
11 holr. use a ro m m c r c i a l l
Garlrc leek. sweet leek or Levant garlrc
aphid. Garlic is susceptrble to nematode
gadget ron ·h; l ing of a ;.mall flc\ihlr
a � a ilahlc
ruhiH'r t u h e : IJiacr thr u n peelrd cloves
(A. ampelaprasum) is perennial and
(eelworm) attack. As it is an accumulator,
develops a large basal bulb. whrch splits
do not use chemicals. To clear the soil of
i n t h rs and roll t h r t u tw on a work
into several cloves.
nematodes, plant a prior crop of dwarf
su rran· fo r a fc1� seconds. \\ hrn you
CIOICS h o u l d
Poor man's leek or Welsh onion
orange marigolds ( Tagetes potu/a).
l i p O U l i hl' l'Oi l lPntS. t h e
(A fistulasum) grows in the same manner as
• Harvesting and storing I f growing
hr n ra l l ) st'paratrd rrorn t h e i r h u sks.
leeks but has hollow leaves. The plant divides at the base, formtng a perennial clump.
species for their aromatic folrage, use
Ramps or wood leeks (A. tricoccum) form
stage. When hey've stopped growing, the
them fresh. Harvest globe onions at any
scallionlike, onron and garlic-tasting bulbs.
ops of both onions and garlic fall over
• Position All the principal Allwm
and wither Choose a sunny day to pull the
specres reqwe a well-tilled and weed-free
bulbs of both types, then leave them for a
soil, good drainage and a sunny position.
few days to dry out. Store in a dry, well-
• Propagation Plant onrons by seed. In
ventilated area to prevent fungal rots.
areas with a short growtng season, grow them to he size of bulbils. or se s, rn thetr trst season, then plant hem out to
1- l e l' b a l m cl i c i n e Allium sativum. Part used: bulbs. Regular consumption of garlic, a potent natural antrbiotic, can help to prevent and treat t nfecttons of the lungs and rs a traditional cure or coughs and colds. Garlic's an imrcrobial effec s also extend to the gut, and it can be helpful tn the treatment of gastrorntestinal rnfectrons. Furthermore, inclusion of garlic tn the dret has also been
EI ' p h a n l g a rl i c
shown to have a preventatrve effect
\ a t l l •' to t ht•
agatns stomach and colorectal cancers.
I IH'
Garlic produces a n umber of benefictal
t'l!'phclnt ga r l i c
clmrs
of
( 1 . ampt'/cJJlf'asum
' E II•ph a n t ' l lid l l' a sll t't' t
many of whtch have been confirmed by
mulll IPss p u ngPn t th
cltntcal trtals. Garlic supplementation has
cmnrnonl� U'>ed r n t·oo�urg.
been shown to lower cholesterol levels,
IS dl t UJ I I ) a ITit'lllht•t o f t ht• l t • t· � J,l l l l l il lOOt' til l i s ('t llillllt!ll naHH's IS l it ' l't ' l l l l i d l
lessen the nsk of blood-clo formation. It can also help to reduce blood pressure as well as rmprove general circulatron. For the sa e and effec rve medrcinal use of gar'tc, see Sore hroa s, colds and flu. page 200, and Hrgh blood pressure Green on1ons 2 Brown onions J. Green on1ons w1th thelf tops 4 Red on10n 5. Spnng onions
te
Ea'> l . t hr• gra n t
effec s on the cardrovascular system,
prevent the hardening of artenes and
1
\ t ultllr
and choles erol, page 228. Do not use garlic rn greater than culrnary quantities tf you are pregnant or breastfeedtng
fla1or· t h a t r · g,nlit
ltw pldllt
sll t't ' t lt·t• k J . l·:dt ill!'
dm t•s
I'd\\ 01' t'tlttk t lit'lll
G a l l ic a n d onion C o o l d n .g Gari•C cor-plements almost any savory d•sh, a11d goes well w,th most culinary herbs and sp1ces I 1s an essential 1ngred1en 1n many cuis1nes. espec1ally As1an, Mex1can, Mediterranean, M1ddle Eastern and Car1bbean. Even 1f you don't like the taste o garlic tself, a small amount will enhance the lavor of many dishes. Garl1c comes m wh1te-, pink- and purple-sk1nned var1et1es, and in a range of sizes. Choose firm bulbs that are not
mellow and sweet Try baking a whole
sprouting, and that are tightly encased in
head 1n foil, then squeeze out the
their husks. Peeled cloves should be creamy
contents of the cloves. This mellow,
white, not gray or yellow. Remove any
creamy paste is delicious spread on
areas of discolorat1on before using, as
bread or cooked meats or s irred through
these will impart a rank taste to the dish.
mashed vegetables such as potato. Take
When peeled, then sliced or chopped,
care when cooking garlic; if i is cooked
the enzymes w1thin a clove of garlic react
over too high a heat, it will burn, become
on exposure to w to produce a strong,
bitter and taste unpleasant Even a tiny
lingering, sulphurous aroma. The flavor of
amount of burned garlic will permeate
garlic is similarly strong and sharp,
and spoil a whole dish.
and gives he Impression of heat on the
Above: Ch1ves (Allium schoenoprasum) Opposite: In a Cambodian village, garlic heads are separated and the cloves set out to ory.
Garlic is used raw in a'loli [a French
palate. The more finely it IS crushed or
garlic mayonnaise) and tapenade (olive
chopped, the s ronger its aroma becomes.
paste). Crushed garlic mashed into butter is a delicious and simple sauce for cooked meats, or it can be spread on a sliced loaf or baguette, wrapped in foil and baked i n a medium-hot oven for 10 minutes o r so. Push sl1vers of garlic into slits in a joint of lamb or pork, or put a few cloves instde the cavity of a chicken before roastmg. Vanous processed forms of garlic are commercially available, i ncluding crushed pastes and dehydrated flakes, powders and granules. If you are using commerctal garlic pastes 1n a recipe, you may need to make adjustments for the flavor of the salt and vinegar that are often added as
Dt'll!'nding on lhr 1·a r ir1�. rlll\rs
1 ·\. 'clwenopriNJm) hal t' a m t h l onion
or ga r l tc fla1or t hat goc · wel l
wi th :auces. str11
1 rgl'lalllc
�uch a
·. m a �hr c l potatoes. fi�h.
pou l l l') An
ami . a lad drrs s i ng . The deltcatc na1 o r is eastl� drstro�rd IJ� hrat.
-.o
a d rl chr1r. during the Ia t rc1� minutes or cooking lime. or them on
scatter
a lini hPCi llish to ga rn rs h .
Sntp ch11r. 11 ilh . cis�or, . ra th er than chop tllrm 11 t l h a �nife. Tht'\
are r � �l'n t 1 a l (dlong 11 i t h chrr1 tl, parslr� ami tarrago n ) tn the F'rrnch herb b l r nd
caller!
rim" hrrhrs (.'<'t'
l lr r b gutdr. paf.il' 336) .
Snip clme,
nnrty an(J rreezr Lh 'm rn trf'-CUIJe w prr. f'l'\f'.
preservatives. Garlic is also used in many
tra�\
commercial spree blends, including herb
a prrtt1 garmsh.
The no11er. ma�r
salt, garltc salt and piua seasonrng.
Ch•vrs bear pale purple to pale pink bell-shaped umbels of nowers '" summer.
12enwvf!/ � �yeuv JhootJ- yonv the, cuz/er of w cut y;-rli& c&vf!/, 6� t� tuu/ to �£!/ pori ta.M-f!/ 6iiter.
G i nge r Zmgtber of icmote Z1ngiberaceae c ; i 11gt' (
\\ tl .
h r�lll\ ITCOIIl lll ! ' l l t l ( ' d l l\ 11011(' o t ll l ' l' L ll d l l Coi1 1 U C i U 'i .
\\ IHl h n • p u t t •t l t o hcl\ t' llt�\ O r l ' t l c � l l h i
food \\ i t l l r t . l t llCl'i m a n �
m t>t i H i nc� l u st· � . i n t l u t l r ng l rc d l i n g m o t ion ��c �ll(' 'i 'i d n t l l l a u 'i('
Part
us d Rhizomes
• C a nt n i n � Nattve to roptcal Asia, gtnger is a rhizomatous perenn1al to about 90 em htgh, productng many fibrous leaf stalks sheathed in alternating lanceolate leaves. The plump rhizomes. known as 'hands; are pale yellow when freshly dug. The yellow flowers, wtth purple l t ps and green bracts,
Cured U1/ JAb, ��� ruul �� � t/.V UM!d U1/ t� J� rMJ
� rlidv-, �
Ginger root (Zingiber officmole]
mannades, stir-fnes and meat, fish and vegetable dishes. Fresh ginger's uses are mostly savory; crystallized g inger is used
are arranged in dense, club-like spikes. They are followed by fleshy, three-valved
• Pests and d i seases Rh1zome rot
in baked goods, or eaten on its own as
capsules.
is the princtpal problem.
confectionery, often sugar-coated.
The spnng shoots and flower buds
• H a rvest i n g and storing For fresh
of Japanese or myoga gtnger (Z m10go)
culinary use, dig up the rhtzomes in late
Dried ginger is hotter than fresh gmger. Ground dried ginger is used 1n bakmg and
are popular in Japanese cuisine, and
summer or early autumn. If drying, do
in commercial spice mixtures. Both ground
cassumar ginger (Z cossumor) is used
so about 10 months after planting.
dned ginger and gtnger essential oil are used in commercial food flavoring, while
in Southeast Asia. • Position It grows best in rich, moist,
Herbal medi ine
well-dra t ned soil and requires warm
Zingiber officina/e. Part used : rhizomes.
temperate to subtropical conditions.
Ginger has been clinically proven as a
• Propagation Grow ginger by seed or
safe, effective remedy for the prevention
from rhizome segments, cut so that each
and treatment of nausea. It can also
segment contains one or two buds.
benefit other digestive symptoms such
• M a i ntenance Keep the soil moist
as indigestion, colic and flatulence.
ginger extracts are used 1n cordials, ginger beer and ginger ale.
It is traditionally used to relieve various conditions associated with 'cold' symptoms as well as period pain, cold hands and feet, arthritis and rheumatism. It may also help protect the heart and blood vessels by preventing the formation of blood clots Selrct clean. plump. firm rhizomes.
then Map them ligh t ly in fot l and tore tn t he \egetabl cri per of the refrig ratur for �rve ra l \\ Cek
. For
long-term . torage. ginger ma� be
and lowering cholesterol levels.
• Co k i n g Young ginger is tender and sweet, with a spicy, tangy, warm to hot flavor. Older
pickled, Jlrr ·rrwll in sherry or other
ginger is stronger, hotter and more fibrous.
strong ·ptril. or rr� rallized. Store
Japanese gmger (Z miogo), known as gari,
rry ta lllzrd gmgrr or ginger in yrup
is widely used as a sushi condiment.
m an a trllgltr contamrr in a coul. dry p la et• . Thr} \\ t i l kerp for up 10 J yt•ar.
I n Asian, Caribbean and Afncan cuisine, ginger is a n essential ingredient i n curries, stews, soups, salads, pickles, chutneys,
1, Who l� ging�r root 2. Pickl�d ging�r 3. Ground dri�d ginger 4. Sliced dried ginger 5. Crystalliz�d ginger 6. Glac� ginger
G i n l
C\ O i u L ion
ol flm1 r r i ng p la n ! .' . I I m a y nt l\\ l w cxli n l i n 1 11r \\ i l < l . l l u l i s o n e o r l h r
rnosl frrqucn l l y presc r i l lrtl lwrh. i n We. l r r n hrrhal m r t l i c i n e . Other c o
mon
Parts
Fruits, leaves
USl J
'1
m(
Maidenhair tree
• G a rd n i n g
These include the fastigiate 'Princeton
The sole remaining species of the once
SentrY. the dwarf 'Chi Chi' and 'Jade
abundant and widely distributed plant
Butterfly; and the excellent male clone,
order Ginkgoales, wh1ch dates back to the
'Autumn Gold:
Jurassic and Triassic periods, ginkgo has
• Position Ginkgo is fully hardy, suited
long been cultivated in Japan and China
to a cool climate, and prefers a sunny
as a sacred tree. The plant has fan-shaped
position and well-drained, fertile soil. It
notched leaves resembling those of the
is very slow-growing.
Ginkgo
I Gmkgo b1fobo)
maidenhair fern, and makes an attractive
• Propagation You can propagate
ornamental tree. The species is dioecious,
g inkgo by seed, and if you require fruit,
of some circulatory disorders, mcludmg
so he unpleasant smelling plum-like fruit
plant a male with a female. Grow named
intermittent claudication, where poor
are formed only where male and female
varieties by grafting or by cuttings of
blood flow to the legs results in symptoms
trees are grown together.
semi-ripe wood in summer.
of numbness, pai n and cramping, and
• M a i ntenance These trees require
Raynaud's syndrome, where there
little pruning.
circulation to the hands and fee . Further
the flowering plants. Within is a seed
• Pests and d iseases G1nkgo is virtually
cli nical trials also indicate its use in the
resembling an almond, prized in both
pest-free.
treatment o vertigo, tinn1tus. asthma
China and Japan, which is boiled, roasted
• H a rvesti n g and storing Harvest ripe
and premenstrual syndrome.
or ba ed before bemg cracked open. The
fruits when they fall from the tree and
tree is dec1duous, coloring a clear gold
extract the almond-like seed. Harvest
ginkgo, see Memory and concentration,
in autumn.
the leaves and dry them as they begin
poge 2 13, and Circulation, poge 226.
• Varieties Most varieties of ginkgo
to change color i n autumn.
The 'fruits' are naked seeds, as true frui s only developed with the rise of
were selected for ornamental purposes.
l l e r b a l m c cl i c i n
IS
poor
For the safe and appropriate use of
Do not use ginkgo 1f you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Ginkgo bilobo. Part used: leaves. Extensive laboratory research has Identified many pharmacological actions associated with l.mkgo ha' a long. tandmg a s�oda lion hram
11 n h
tuncllun
l ffi iJI'Owmrnt m
a n d mouu. t'�pt•na ll�
in olclrr propl1• I I u man t ri a l s halt'
hu11. n 110 1l11e e ffl't ls nn
memory
11llpairm 1 · n t and pour t'unc!'nl ra t u m
a s 111'11 h <
1 111'
t rc a t nH' n l dnil
Prt'l !'nllon of S\lllfl!om'
t}(l!'s of df'lll l ' l l t l a . \lzh�un('r\ cJi ea
of StlnH'
i n r l u d 1 ng t'.
ginkgo leaf, 1ncluding potent anti-ox1dant and anti-mflammatory effects, an abil ity to enhance blood flow through arteries, vems and capillaries, as well as a protective ef ect on many cells of the body agains toxin damage. These properties explain the herapeut1c applicat1on of gmkgo to a range of health conditiOns, many of them verified by human trials. (See A seed of prom1se, le t.) Clin1cal studies m patients have shown g1nkgo to be benefic1al for the treatment
Dunng the Jurass1c penod. gmkgo trees werf part of the landscape m wh1ch brach1osaurs roamed.
G in seng Pona.1 sp. and Eleu herococcus senticasus Araliaceae l ; i l u•ng lw� I H'I'fl uscrl 1 11 C l l 1 ne�1· medicine l o r d l lt · a s l :i.OOO � ea r� . lildd\ i t 1 s ll l ( lt•l\ n ·cogn iZ!'ci l n \\ t • s L t· r n mt•t l ictnl' a : a n adapLOge n . red u c i ng t ill' hod\ \ l'!'cH' l ion LO t ra u ma d iH I �ll't•<;s. The closel:r rr l a L c < l S I I H' r i a n g m �eng d l l d \ m c r il'dll g i n seng lld \ t ' s i m i la r u :-- l '
Part u
•.
Roots
• G a rd e n i n g
• Pests and d iseases Fteld-grown crops
Chmese (Astan or orean ) gmseng (Ponax
can attract a range of pests and diseases.
g i nsengs appear to be
gmseng) is a long-l1ved deciduous
• H a rvesti n g a n d storing Harvest
of benefit 1n a wide range of chronic
perennial with branched taproots, from
gtnseng roots in autumn from plants
illnesses, many clinical trials investlgattng
which spnng long-stalked, divided leaves.
that are usually 6 years or older. Use
these herbs have produced mixed results,
Sibenan gmseng ( Eieutherococcus
them fresh or peeled and dned.
sentlcosus), which IS part of the same plant family, is a deciduous shrub with
l lerbal m dicine
thick roots. divtded leaves and umbels
Korean ginseng (Ponax gmseng), American
of blac berries.
g i nseng ( P. quinquefolius), Siberian
perhaps due to the large ariat1on� in the quality, dose, preparat1on and duration of he different g i nsengs used. For the safe and appropnate use of Korean g i nseng, see Tension and s ress,
• Varieties American gmseng (Ponax
ginseng (Eieutherococcus senticosus).
page 2 10 For the safe and appropnate
quinquefolius) is close in appearance
Part used : roots. Modern research has
use of Sibenan ginseng and w1thania, see Tiredness and fatigue, page 2 1 2. Do
and activity to Chmese g1nseng, while
shown that these herbs improve the
Japanese ginseng ( P. Japonicus) is Widely
body's capac1ty to cope with stress, so
not use these herbs if you are pregnant
used m tonic dnnks 1n Japan. Notoginseng
they have become popular remedies for
or breastfeeding.
(P pseudog1nseng) is a hemostatic herb.
enhancing mental function and physical
• Position Plants grow in full sun to
performance during t1mes of overwork,
light shade, and need a mo1st. rich, well
fatigue, exhaustion or convalescence.
drained soil. Panax species require mild
American g i nseng has recently been
summers and cold wmters, deep shade
successfully trial led as a treatmen for
and a slightly acidic soil.
reducing the incidence of upper
• Propagation Plants are seed grown,
respiratory infections. All three ginsengs
germinating rather erratically, so that
have also been shown to lower blood
seed is ohen stratified ( see box, page 44).
sugar, and may be of benefit in the
Propagate Eleutherococcus by seed, by
treatment of diabetes. Although the
sof wood or hardwood cuttings. and by
\I thou h not relal d Lo Lh e gin en ·. 11 ithania ( l�tlhania omelimt> catted
omnifera) i
Indian g in . eng a
a result or 1L
ability to i mprove mood. mrntal caparit} and phy ica i , tr nglb
d u ri ng rr overy Fro m iltn
root cuttings.
times of
• M a i ntenance With forest-floor crops,
.
u ·e
s.
and
\Vithania a l o
ppl'ars to ha\r an adapl{){,>enic-
lit le is required other than patience.
type effect on the LK>d) a
po ·iuv effrc
funcuon.
w el l
on immun
llowe\er. i n ontra t
to tile gin eng
. withnnla ha' a
m ild rdative actiOn and ha Lrad1tiona11
been pr .cntlt'd fol'
.omr en es of io omnia. It 1 high
Gins�ng ( Ponax gins�ng)
ai o
in 1ron. and can be a �a lnable
rt'lnedy ror trrallng anemia
G o tu l
g
of 2 � 6 . ou l l i \ i ng 24 · ucccs i\C' wi\ c . is a t t r i b u t ed Lo d r i n king tea madC' \v i t h t h i s C h i nr'.'C " l ong- l i fe h e rb . .. \\' h i c h i
a l o an i m porta n t Ayu rwdic p l a n t .
Other common na me� Arthritis herb, Asiatic pennywort Parts used Whole plant, leaves
• G a rd e n i n g
• Propagation It can be
Gotu kola is closely related to the
propagated by seed, but is
pennywort (Hydrocotyle sp.) and more
most easily grown from
remotely to celery and parsley. The plant
rooted sections of stolon with
is a small, creeping, subtropical to tropical
at least one plantlet attached.
groundcover that spreads by stolons, in a similar manner to strawberries and violets,
water and weed gotu kola
forming plantlets that root into the
as necessary.
ground and eventually form
a
• M a i ntenance Regularly Gotu kola (Centella asiatica)
• Pests and d iseases There are
dense mat.
Individual plants have basal rosettes of
no significant problems.
shiny, kidney-shaped, slightly fleshy,
• Harvesting and storing Harvest the
serrated, long-stalked leaves. The modest
leaves and use them fresh as required. Dry
flowers are borne in umbels below the
the leaves out of direct sunlight: Spread
leaves. Its natural habitat is in damp places
them out in a single layer or dry them
and along stream and pond margins.
under warm fan-forced air, then store
• Position Gotu kola is easily grown in a
them in an airtight container for medicinal
large pot or a dedicated garden bed filled
use and for tea. You can also j u ice the
with free-draining, sandy soil enriched
leaves and add them sparingly to tonics.
with compost and kept moist. It can be
H e rba l m e d i c i n e
grown in full sun or light shade. In cool climate areas it should be grown under
1/arww.Y Wil'v r�enafwtv;;rorluct.Y, �fw kofw jf�ecy co�;;rorluctwiV. ().w;( il'v
herbalists regard gotu kola as an effective nerve tonic that exerts a calming and
Cen tello asiatica. Parts used: whole
strengtheni n g effect on nerve and bra i n
cover in winter. I t tends to die back, but
plant. leaves. Gotu kola has been used
cells, helping o improve memory a n d
will reshoot in spring.
therapeutically for centuries. Ayurvedic
reduce anxiety. According to tradi ional Chinese medicine, gotu kola is believed to slow senility, act as a promoter of longevity
ccordrng lO official record of the C h rnese go1 ernme n l . Pro fe . or Li C h u ng \on. a renowned
cholar and herbali t . wa
born r n
1 egetarian who u ed gotu kola a n d gin ultivating a calm and
1 6 77. The stor� go s r ha t he was
ng and took bns� daily 11 a l �s ll h i le
erene a t t i t ude to l i re ( walking l i ke a pigeon. � i l l r n g l i k
tortDi e and sleeping like a dogr. \\ he n he died in
a
1 933. as reported by The Ve"
}ark Times. he appa rent!� looked l i kr a man m h i prime. w i t h hi h a i r and teeth intact. He
pent t h e first
1 00 year
or hi
l i re
tudying and gathenng wild herhs.
and t h e latter part lecturing and educati ng people ahout herb
and longe\ ily.
and improve rheumatic problems. Studies investigatin g the topical and internal use of gotu kola have confirmed an i mpressive burn- and wound-he al ing capacity, and a strengthen rng effect on veins, w1th notable improvem ent in varicose veins and other vern disorders. For the sa e and appropna te use of gotu kola, consul t your healthca re professio nal. Do not use go u kola 1f you are pregnan t or breast eed1ng.
H ea rtsea se
�1uny 11 1'l.1S. lllCi utllllf! hParL t'a�C'.
Viola tricolor Violaceae
havr ccliille flower . �V Ii lc h l ooJ..
T h i · I J IT l ly E u ropt'illl ll i lt l llmx t · r, \l h ich h a s acq u i red an t''
\ e ry pretty
1n a ,a lad. ( Some
I l ow er
pcusonou�. so he
are
t o rhrrk hrfore u. e.) 1\- l ( h
SUI't'
\ f i\ a \'arirty
or salad
green�
flov.ers
flhP gr('en paris rrmo1 rf1)
heorl ·ed e
and lhP !lowers nr nasl urliurn. l)()raac. llerl!amOL . fenn!"L
mL John ny -jump- u p , 0 he .:o 1 o n love-lies-bleeding, wild pansy I' s rl Flowers (culinary), aerial parts (med i c i na l l y)
rockt•t
or rCiir·n!lu !
_
• G a rd e n i n g
• Position Heartsease prefers a moist,
Heartsease is an annual or short-lived
cool location in light dappled shade and
perennial form i ng a spreading, low
slightly acidic soil. In the right position,
growing herb, wh1ch flowers profusely in
it will reseed generously.
spring and summer with tiny pansylike
• Propagation Raise plants from seed,
flowers. It was one of the progeni ors of
then plan the seedlings in autumn and
the modern pansy, and the flowers vary
lightly cover with soil. They can also be
considerably in their color patterns. They
successfully sown directly into the garden.
usually have a purple spur and upper
• M a i n tenance A gentle clipping over
petals, while the remaining three petals
the whole plant in summer will encourage
are variously colored purple, wh1te and
it to bloom through autumn. The plants
yellow with characteristic "pussy whisker'
are fully cold-hardy.
markings created by fine purple veins.
• Pests and d iseases Heartsease
The leaves are oval and coarsely toothed.
encounters few problems.
The flowers are followed by three-valved
• H a rvesting and storing For culinary
the flowrr .
H e rbal med i i n e Viola tricolor. Parts used: aerial parts.
capsules, which burst open to reveal
purposes, harvest the fresh flowers at
Heartsease may have acquired its name
densely packed, round brown seeds.
any time. The aerial parts of the plant are
from its traditional reputation as a
• Varieties The variety 'Helen Mount'
harvested for medicinal use, usually when
beneficial remedy for heart conditions
is a short-lived perennial with r1chly
i n ful l flower. To dry the plants, hang them
or a belief that it acted as a Jove potion_
colored flowers of purple, lavender
upside down i n a well-ventilated place
and yellow.
away from direct sunshine.
However, these days heartsease is regarded as a remedy for the skin and is used to treat eczema and other skin conditions. It is commonly prescribed for such conditions in both infants and adults. and is administered either as an infusion or topically to the area i n the form of a compress on the affected area. When taken internally, the soothing and anti-inflammatory properties of heartsease are also useful for conditions of the lungs and urinary system. helping to alleviate the symptoms of bronchitis and cystitis. For the safe and appropriate use of heartsease, consult your healthcare professionaL Do not use heartsease if
H�arts�as� (Viola tricolor)
you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Hops Humulus lupulus Moraceae keep \ l a l t ed gra i n s 11 co for l ll'l'\\ i ng lwc r a re v e ry S\\ t'l'l a n d rio n o t \\ C I I . so man� h i l l e r ile riJS. l i ke llnps. ll�l\t' l >rrn u srcl t o i m pro,·c i t � flm or a n cl lle l p prr, r n e i t . l l o p, a l so ila · scda l i \C' p ro pe r l i
, ell to m a kP a rrla.\ing dcco l i on for L lw ha t il . all(! r a n b e u ' Parts
u
d
Strobiles (cones). shoots, flowers, leaves, vines
• G a rd e n i n g
• M a i ntenance For the home garden,
Hops arms a perennial vine that reaches
tram hops on a tall tripod or pyramid
33 ft. (10 m) each season. Only female
support. In hop fields, vines traditionally
plants produce the required small, conelike
are trained on tall poles. Clean away all
inflorescences called strobiles. The leaves
dead material in winter.
resemble those of a grape vine and are
• Pests a nd d iseases The maJor
used as a brown dye, wh1le the vines are
problems are downy mildew on leaves,
used for papermaking and basketry.
and Verticillium wilt.
• Varieties 'Aureus' is a popular
• Ha rvesti n g and storing Young
ornamental variety, with light golden
shoots are harvested i n spring for culinary
leaves that can be used for similar
use. Strobiles are harvested in autumn
purposes. Early maturmg 'Fuggle' IS
and dned. Both the pollen and leaves can
popular With home brewers 1n England.
cause allergiC responses.
prefers an open, sunny position and a
The heavily scented essential oil is believed to be responsible for the plant's
• Position Hops 1s very adaptable but
l lerbal medicine
relaxing effects on the nervous system ;
moist, humus-rich soil.
Humulus lupulus. Part used: female
• Propagation Hops can be raised
flowers (strobiles). Hops is well known
by the bed to induce sleep. Hops' calming
from seed Only the female plants are
for 1ts mild sedative properties and is
effects can also help m reducmg anx1ety.
the flowers can be used in pil lows placed
required, so propagate either by root
commonly prescribed with other relaxing
diVISion in spnng or from cuttings
herbs for insomn1a, particularly when
on sluggish digestion due to the presence
taken 1n summer.
there IS difficulty falling asleep.
of bitter compounds, and it IS a useful
Hops has a gently stimulating effect
remedy for gastrointestinal com plaints, particularly when they are exacerba ed
H� 6eer
by tens1on and stress. Hops also contams estrogen-like substances and 1s bein g
Brt'I\PO m anril'nt Egy p l . hopped hrcr \\.il
men unned 11
Plinv.
the Roman \\Ti t e r
\\. h O r t' l i h r d ea t i ng
wnng grm\lh 11
the p l a n t "s
hen 1t 11 as prepa red
l i ke a s pa ragu . l lnp. lwcamr \1 idelv
u ·rcJ
111
E u rop('. but
111
England ot her
b i t t e r h •ri.J\ 1wn· preferrrd u n t i l t ilt' I Ht h ren t u ry. m pan hrcau'>t' tlwrr 11 a · a llf'lil'f t ha t hops rould raust•
nwlancholia
Snmt· lw rha l aut honlws
s t i l l atl1 1 'f' thJt patie n t s �ulft>ring from tiPpre. �ion o.;hnultl �\!lid hops
inves igated for i t s use i n menstrual and menopausal problems. For the safe and appropriate use of hops, see Insomnia, page 2 1 4. Do not use hops if you are pregnant or breastfeed1ng.
It t
cured lw.v in.MJ� 6;r � o;v �filtow of rlrd hof!v.
,..1 ) ..
H o r s e ra d i s h a n d wa s a b i Armoraoa rust,cana and Wasabia JOpanica syn. Cochlea no wasab1 Brass1caceae Tile' gJ\J l <'li root u r lmrsnadl 11 . C U I ! J \ d l !'d 1 1 1 l hC' t'd S l l'rn '\ 1 P d i l r• r ra n l'd l1 n•g Jon rM m o n · t ll d n
:uoo
\ ca rs. i s LJ '>('d a s a pu ngC' n l cond i m e n t a n d
i n nH'd J C J n a l prepara t io n '\ . \\ a a i H . n d l i \ r t o J a pa n . llc s l wc•n r u l li \ a t rd -, i nct• t h l' I O L11 crn l u J·� tllld posst\' Sl'S a s i m i l a r. \ t ' J'� llol t a s t r .
Parts
u
Roo a n d leaves (horseradish); rhizomes (wasabi)
• G a rd r n i n g
heart-shaped leaves. I s Inflorescences
Horseradish and wasabi both belong to
of white cruc1form flowers reach 1 6 1n.
the same botanical family, Brassicaceae
[40 em). There are a number of vanet1es, 1nclud1ng 'Tainon No. 1 ' and 'Daruma; but
H o rserad ish Horseradish [Armorac/0 ruscicana)
all form th1ck, knobbly rh1zomes. IS
a
Horstradish { ltft) and wasab1
• Position Horseradish requrres a sunny
hardy perennial tha forms a roset e of
position and a well-dug soil enriched with
the presence of compounds responsible
long leaves. The 30 or more stra1ns in
rot ed compost. Grow wasab1 rn very clean,
for many of therr med1cinal properties.
cultivation 1 nclude 'Bohemian; 'Sw1ss' and
cool, slightly alkaline runnrng water, w1th
'Sass: and almost all of them are sterile.
plenty of shade The temperature should
a nasal, sinus and bronch1al decongestant,
There are two ornamental forms - one
be between 50 and ss•F ( 10•c and n•c).
mak1ng 1t a popular remedy for colds and
vanegated w1th white, the other has
• Propagation In spnng, plant pencil
respiratory tract infections. Its antiseptic
IS
Horseradish
IS
antimicrobial and acts as
purple-suffused leaves. Belowground,
thin sections of lateral horseradish roots
properties and a diuretic effect have also
horseradish forms a taproot that expands
horizontally, or up to an angle of 30' from
been used to treat urinary tract 1n ectrons.
the horizontal. Cover with soil, and firm
Wasabi is believed to have therapeutic
down. Propagate wasab1 from offsets of
effects s1milar to those of horseradish.
in diameter in the second and th1rd year. Wasabi
the rhizome.
Nat1ve to Japan, wasabi or Japanese
• M a i ntenance Don't let horseradish
use of horseradish, see Hay fever and
horseradish [ Wasabiajapanica) is a semi
dry out, or the roots will become b1tter.
sinusitis, page 203. Do not use these herbs
aquatic perennial with long-stemmed,
Keep wasabi well-shaded, cool and watered.
1n greater than culinary quantities 1f you
• Pests and d iseases A n umber of
are pregnant or breastfeeding.
leaf-eating insects can be a problem for horseradish. Wh1te rust, A/rernorio and
•
bacterial leaf spot may occur.
Young horseradish leaves can be eaten as
"- i n
• H arvesting and storing Dig up
a vegetable, but the root is the part most
horseradish roots and use them fresh
ohen used. Peel and grate rt as needed, as
at any time 1n the second and third year; they are at their peak in flavor aher the first frost. Store clean roots in sealed
it loses 1ts pungency soon aher grating, or when heated. Alternatively, grate the root [in a well-aired place to avoid the fumes) ,
plastic bags in the refrigerator for up to
adding 1/2 cup ( 1 25 ml) wh1te wine
2 months.
vinegar and 1/4 teaspoon salt to each cup
l l erbal medi i ne Armoracia rusticana, Wasobiojaponica. Uft tht young ltavts of horstradish in spring and tat thtm frtsh.
For the safe and appropriate med1c1nal
(250 ml) of pulp. Store, covered, in the
refrigerator. Use as a condiment for beef or fresh or smoked fish. Wasabi, often in
Part used: roots or rhizomes. The hot and
paste form, is served with sushi, sashimi,
pungent nature of these roots is due to
saba noodles and other Japanese dishes.
H o r s e ta i l Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale EqUisetaceae The rore't where d i nosa u r once roamed were fu l l of giant hor.etail .
om
t he h e igh t or l a rge t ree . l l u t lhe few t ha t
remain 3 5 0 rn i l l i n yea r
n
\vere once u sed to sc r u b pols.
Other com m o n na m e Pe wte r wo r t , Part us d
m a l l t J c o mp a r i o n .
l a w r a re
exc 11 n l :ou rce of s i l i a. t h e
scouring rush
Sterile stems
• G a rd e n i n g Horsetails have slender, hollow, jointed
• Position Horsetails are primarily located around water sources, but the
stems with leaves that are reduced to
rhizomes allow them to move into drier
Horsetail
scales. The plants have a deep root system
areas. They prefer full sun to part shade
l fqUisetum hyemale)
and can spread by rhizomes. Horsetail
and are fully cold-hardy.
produces spores in club!ike terminal
• Propagation You can g row horsetails
s ructures, reproducing by cell div1sion of the fallen spores. Occasionally, livestock
in moist soil from small pieces of rhizome or divisions in spring; however, it can be a
are poisoned after long-term grazing on
very invasive weed that is both difficult to
material from he body, and was used
horsetail, a condition known as equisetosis.
control and resistant to herbicides. It is a
for arthritiC and skin disorders where
Horsetails are divided botanically into
Horsetail has long been regarded as an excellent herb for removing waste
prohibited weed 1n Australia where it is
the presence of toxins was believed to
two major groups: the horsetails, which
under statutory control.
exacerbate these conditions. Externally, a
have whorled branches, and the scouring
• M a i ntenance None required.
poultice of horsetail was used to staunch
rushes, which are unbranched.
• Pests and d i seases None of note.
bleeding and promote the repair of slow
• Varieties The field horsetail, bottle
• H a rvesting and stori n g Harvest the
healing wounds.
brush or shave grass (E. arvense) grows to
sterile stems in mid- to late summer and
about 2.5 ft. (80 em) and the sterile stems
dry them.
have whorled branches. The rough horsetail or Dutch rush (E. hyemale) produces upright unbranched stems to waist height.
H e rba l medi i ne
For the safe and appropriate use of horsetail, consult your healthcare professional. Do not use horsetail if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Equisetum arvense. Part used: stems. Horsetai l has notable astringent and tissue-healing properties due to its exceptionally high silica content. Th1s herb has a particular affinity for the
Rich m
bles
etalis
urinary tract and male reproductive �
re once
ing. Thr hardrnrd
longitudmal ilicrou. ridgr on t h e
tern·
�e re
uullzed i n anCient Roman
ume through to the 1 8t h rentufl ror
�r ru bb m g pot · and pan trm
\\ e rr round to he
.
l lorseta1l
particular!�
errt'rt lll' for rlran mg and
t>OI I hlllll
J>t'11 trr11arr. h ·ncr one or t ill' p l an i 's common namp-, - 1>1'1\ LPI'II ort. S i l1ca aho pro1 1drd a natural t�pc .tJc� coaun l! for couk11 arr.
or non·
system. Combmed w1th its gentle d1uretic action, horse ali is a favored remedy for treating mild inflammatory and Infectious condit1ons of the urmary trac , bladder and prostate gland. Perhaps surpnsmgly considenng 1ts diuretiC effects, 1t 1s also used in the management of incontmence and bedwetting in ch1ldren.
Eqwsetum arvense has whorled branche�.
ConcuzirafioN.Y of� W luw� 6ee;vfund iJv j.(;� lwrw� - ()/ �or/ indicator for � W;;ro.yuctorY.
Hys sop Hyssopus officmo/Js Lamiaceae C ro\\ n a. r n u c h for i t s llea u t :y a n d a l l i l i t � to a u rae t hee
a n d bu t le r f l i e
as for i t s c u l i nM� ami rnccl i c i n a l u ses. hyssop i · a n ancie n t h e rb t h a t \\ a a t t ri lJ u t e< l " i l h c l ean ' i ng prope r t ies in IJ i i J i i c a l U rn e s . a n d for t h i s r e a on \\ a , even used aga i n s t leprosy.
Gratiola Other c Parts u ' Flowering spikes, leaves
Hyssop (Hyssopus officina/is)
• G a rd e n i n g
• M a i ntenance To prevent plants
particularly suited to alleviating
A semi-evergreen perennial subshrub to
from becoming "leggy," lightly prune
conditions of the respiratory tract and is
2 ft. (60 em ) , hyssop is multistemmed
after flowering and again in spring.
associated with antibacterial and antivirai
from the base, and has small linear leaves
Hyssop makes an excellent hedge
activity, assisting the removal of catarrh
borne in whorls up the stems. In summer.
that is comparable to that of lavender.
and alleviating fevers. Hyssop is therefore
the plant bears long slender spikes of
• Pests and d i seases Hyssop has few
often prescribed for colds, flu, feverish
l ipped, rich blue, nectar-filled flowers
problems. I t is used as a trap plant for
conditions, bronchitis and coughs.
borne to one side of the stem only.
cabbage white butterfly around brassicas
• Varieties A white-flowered variety
and as a companion plant for grapes.
calming effect on the nerves and can
called 'Alba' and a pink-flowered variety
• Harvesti n g and storing Harvest
assist with reducing anxiety. It has been
called 'Rosea' are also available. The dried
the leaves at any time and use them
used to help bring on delayed periods,
flowers and leaves are used to make a
fresh, or dry them out of sunlight before
particularly when the cause is due to
tea for sore throats and bronchitis. Rock
storing them in airtight containers. When
tension and stress.
hyssop (H. officina/is 'Aristatus') is a dwarf
flowering starts, pick the i nflorescences
compact form with purple-blue flowers.
to use fresh, or dry them.
• Position Hyssop requires a sunny, well-drained position, and is not fussy
Hyssop is also reputed to have a
Modern research indicates that as a topical agent, hyssop may help combat herpes infections such as cold sores.
H erbal medi i ne
For the safe and appropriate use
about the soil.
Hyssopus officina/is. Parts used: aerial
• Propagation You can easily propagate
parts. Hyssop possesses a remarkable
professional. Do not use hyssop if
hyssop by seed sown in spring, or you
range of medicinal properties. It is
you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
of hyssop, consult your healthcare
can grow it from cuttings taken either i n spring or autumn. The plants require a minimum spacing of 2 ft. (60 em ) , although the distance can be halved if you are using hyssop for hedging.
�-tad"� �ed/ UM?d to {twor ridvfoci.Y � a.:Y wild� tli'LC!;M-fb.
& 6ilter
arf!/
Iris Iris sp. lrtdaceae h. 1 1 011 n ThP bea u t iful i r i ,l ' S i n c l t H i e seH· ral l w r l >a l specie: '' i l h rh izomes.
roo t . '' h i c h a n' usru for a m u l l i l u dr of p u r posl'S . J r·orn p('rfumcr�
a, orri
(a: a fi\al i\l') a n d h e rl>al rnl' d i c i n e t o rl m o ring g i n and riH'II i n g g u m .
Part u e
Rhizomes
• G a rd n i n g
tall -stemmed, pale lilac flowers. T h e blue
Ins x germanica 'Floren tina' and the
flag (I versicolor) has purple to violet
Dalmatian 1ris (/. pal/ida 'Dalmatica') are used for commercial orris production. The early flowering 'Fiorentina' IS a tall bearded
flowers and tall, swordlike decJduous
iris with white, sweetly scented flowers. The species form of I. x germanica. which has also been used for orris, is known by names such as 'Old Purple Flag; 'Germanica Anc1en' and 'Fiorentina Blue: The beautiful
leaves: the plant can cause allergic responses. The yellow flag (/. pseudacorus) has tall, sword-like dec1duous foliage and tall, stemmed yellow flowers.
Iris ( Iris sp.)
• Position Iris pal/ida 'Dalmatica' and /. x germamca 'Floren tina' are hardy,
Blue flag IS often used in combination
easily grown plants 1f prov1ded w1th
with other cleansing herbs, such as yellow
ceremonial white-flowered I. x germanica
a well-dra i ned soil and fu ll sun. Grow
dock and burdock, for these pu rposes.
'Aibicans' is still planted on Muslim graves
both I. versicolor and I. pseudacorus 1n
in the eastern Mediterranean.
moist soil.
• Varieties Iris pal/ida has grape-scented owers, but its variety, 'Dalmatica; has
For the safe and appropriate use of blue flag, consult your healthcare profess1onal.
• Propagation Grow I. pal/ida 'Dalmatica'
Do not use blue flag if you are pregnant
and I. x germanica 'Floren tina' from
or breastfeeding.
divisions of rhizomes that have at least one leaf fan attached. Cut back the fans
The � ello� flag the
( /.
pseul1acorus1 1'
fleur cle It' of heraldr . In L ilt>
1 2t h c e n t u r�. the Prench kmgs 11 r•n· the fir ·t to use an 1rnagr of the fl011 r on t h e i r English k1ng. their claims
Its re
h ield
a n d l a tn
used J t to em phJsizc
to rhe French t h rone.
emblancr
to a spearhl'ad is
>cen as an apJJrrJpriate
s) rnbol of
marllal pm� c r anrl stren�t h .
\ ro u n d t h e h o m e
to about 6 i n ( 1 5 em). and plant the
Orris root, a gray1sh powder with the
rhizomes horizontally so that only the
aroma of v1olets, is derived from the root
lower half is buried in the soil.
of the Florentine 1ris. It IS used less for 1ts
• M a i ntenance Control weeds.
scent than for its ftxat1ve ability - that is,
• Pests and d iseases Rhizome rots
1t slows the evaporation of essential oils
occur 1n poorly drained or shaded plants.
and prolongs the life of pot-pourns. Orns
• H a rvesting and storing I n late
root can be sprinkled around the edges
summer, d1g rh1zomes. clean and dry
of areas of carpet or under rugs to deter,
them, and cure for 2 years to intensify
although not kill, moths and des ructive
the violet fragrance.
carpet beetles.
J l crbal med i c i n e Iris verstcolor Part used: rhizomes. A close relat1ve of the popular garden irises, blue flag has a long history of med1cmal use 1n the treatment of skin problems such as acne and eczema Traditionally these conditions are believed to be the result of an accumula ion of toxins 1 n the body, and blue lag appears to work by encourag1ng the liver, bowel and lymphatic system to remove waste ma enal from the body more effectively.
Dried orns roo1 is used 1n homemad e toothpast es and '" pot-pourn (see pages 284-5).
J a smi n e Jasm1num sp. Oleaceae f'.. 1 a n
�prcie� o f j a s m i n e - L he d c l i ca lr flora l c m lliCill of l n cloncs i a .
l>a k i s L a n a n d LhC' P h i l i p p i nes - a rc renowned f o r L h c i r s u perb scnsuous scr·nL. a n d L h r very va l u a l l l e c ' ·en li a l o i l i ' producccl i n seve ra l cou n L rir for prrfu m r ry a n r l a rornatllC'rapy.
0
er
Pa s
Jessamine Flowers, roots royal jasmine, poet's jasmine or Spanish jasmine, is variously regarded as a variety
Common jasmine (Jasminum officina/e)
of J. officinale 'Grandi flora: or as the • Maintenance In cold areas J. sambac
separate species, J. grandiflora. Arabian jasmine (J. sambac) is used to make a fragrant tisane in China, the
unlikely to survive frost exposure. Trim J.
morning and mixed with dried green or
officinale immediately after flowering. Pests and d iseases Jasmine plants
Oolong tea. Native to India, it forms an
•
arching bush.
grown in the open have few problems; however, those grown under glass can
favored for garlands and religious
be attacked by whitefly, mealy bugs and
ceremonies, include the very double,
spider mites.
miniature rose-like 'Duke of Tuscany'
• Harvesting and storing Gather fully
(syn. kudda-mulla), the semi-double
developed buds i n the early morning and
'Maid of Orleans' and the smaller
add the opening flowers to tea. You can
flowered double 'Belle of India:
dry them for herbal use. Lift the roots of J. sambac in autumn and dry them for
Other common fragrant, white
G a rde n i ng
under protection, because they are
blossoms being hand-picked early in the
Double-flowered forms of J. sambac,
Angel wing jasmine (Jasminum nitidum)
and its varieties should be overwintered
flowered species include angel wing
medicinal use.
jasmine (J. nitidum), the pink-budded
Common jasmine (J. officina/e) is a frost
J. polyanthemum, Azores jasmine
hardy, tall twining climber with compound leaves and five-petaled, i n tensely fragrant
(J. azoricum), Canary Island jasmine (J. adoratissimum), J. multiflorum and
flowers fused into a tube at the base.
J. floribundum. There are a number of
Brought to Europe in the 1 6th century, it
yellow-flowered species, some fragrant,
The delicate.
is now extensively cultivated commercially
but they are not used herbally.
Llli
for its flowers in southern France, Spain,
•
Position Plants prefer a well-drained
I ndia, Egypt, China, Algeria and Morocco.
soil enriched with rotted compost. Most
Varif:tks Fancy leaf forms include
species require warm to tropical climates
•
'Argenteovariegatum: 'Aureum' and
but in colder areas can make excellent
'Frojas: Fragrant J. x stepanense is a pink
glasshouse plants. •
semi-ripened wood cuttings.
of
form an es entia! oil w i l h a rich. 11 arm floral scent L llaL is i m portant in JJerfu m e ry.
I L blend
well with other
·noral"-. t le oil ', ·uch a ros . and is parti u larly helpful i n prrJJaralion
Propagation Propagate jasmine from
flowered hybrid. The large-flowered Catalonian jasmine, also known as
tar-shaped flower
evergreen �ine are di ' li l led LO
dry, irr'itated
for
or cnstlive ski n . The oil
i also u,eel i n
romatherap
as an
anlidrpre sam and relaxant.
& � �»
fronv t� PerJialv r� »' whidv � ffft fronv yorl. COfhAY.y
»
Opposit�: Wom�n in India display th�ir bask�ts of harv�st�d jasmin� flow�rs.
L a ve n d e r Lavandula sp. Lam•aceae l 'o p u l ii l d i'O l l l l l i l ll t ' \\ 111\d . l ragra n l liJI ( ' I H I I ' r is I H ' t'Olll i l l g 011{' or [ \1 ( ' most I I I I J H l l l a n l \ H il
u st'd i n IH I I lH'Ill
Flowers
• C a rei e n i n g
True l avender
There are about 30 spwes o f lavender,
L. angustlfolio syn L. vera, L offiCJnolis,
which can be found from the Canary
or 'English' lavender, occurs m the w1ld
Islands eastward into western India, and
on dolam1tic soils at altitudes of 1 , 500 to
they are divided m o s1x sect1ons, of wh1ch
5,000 ft. (500 to 1 ,500 m). L1ke all
four are Significant as herbs Lavandula,
lavenders, it
contain1ng true lavender (L ongustlfolia)
and will rarely exceed 2.5 ft. (70 em) in
and 1ts subspecies - woolly lavender
he1ght. It has unbranched flowering stems.
(L. lanato). spike lavender (L lotifolio)
Excellent dwarf vaneties 1nclude 'Rosea:
and hybrid lavender (L.
x
intermed1a) ;
IS
a woody-based subshrub
Lavrnder (Lovondulo ongustlfoliol
'Compacta' syn. 'Nana Compacta; 'Folgate'
Stoechas, contammg L stoechas together
and ' M unstead' Medium-he1ght variet1es
Spike l avender
w1th 1ts various subspecies and green
1nclude 'Hidcote: 'Miss Katherine; 'Pacific
Sometimes called Nordus ltolica, spike
lavender ( L. viridis) ; Dentata, contammg
Blue; 'Sarah; 'Summerland Supreme;
lavender (L /a(Ifolio syn. L spica) is
French or fringed lavender (L. dentoto)
'Melissa; 'Tw1ckel Pi)[ple; 'Tucker's Early
endem1c to Spain, France, Italy and the
and 1ts vanet1es and hybrids; and
Purple' and 'Ashdown Forest: The taller
Balkans, and grows in the wild at much
Pterostachys species, characterized by
variet1es 1nclude 'Alba' and the twice
lower altitudes than L ongustifolio.
branched inflorescences and pinnate or
flowenng 'Irene Doyle:
b>pmnate leaves. All have fragrant foliage.
Essential oil gathered from wild harvested lavender 1n France is greatly prized, particularly therapeutically. The very fragrant camphor-free essential 011 from high-altitude grown seedling or clonal (single variety) lavender is highly valued m the perfumery mdustry, herbal medicine and aromatherapy. Lavender has been grown 1n France on a large scale for the perfume trade since the 1 7th century.
To cleter 6"{F, cr�� ririe�/ tuu;e,&/ Wo
6o� of clo� or rlro� cru&iuul tuu;e,&/ 6eiund Jklved 6ookY.
The varieties grown for essential oil production mclude the great 'Maillette; 'Matheronne: 'Fnng; 'Heacham Blue; 'No. 9' and ' Norfolk 12: Both fresh and dried flowers are used
The plant has a lavender and camphor scent. and the flowering stems have paired lateral branches. It is the source of 011 of aspic (oleum sp1coe).
m cooking (including herb mixtures such as herbes de Provence) and craftwork, for
Propagatr vanrt•rs of lavrndrr by cuttings tak(n m summr r (srr Strm cuttings, page 1 63).
l ntermed i a l avenders
wh1ch the finest vane y 1s 'Super-Blue:
In the overlap zone on mountamsides
Make sure that any flowers you use for
where both L angustifolio and L lotifo/lo
culinary purposes have not been sprayed
g row, natural hybridization occurs, resulting in plants wtth mtermediate
with garden chem1cals.
• Pos ition All lavenders req uire excellent
characteristics. They are larger and
drainage and full sun. They a re better
stronger-growing than true lavender,
grown fairly hard, and a slow-release
more tolerant of humidity and yield twice the volume of essential oil
fertilizer or a light application of organ1c compost is recommended. They a re all
compared with true lavender. Selected hybrids of L intermedio are the maJor producers of lavender essential oil worldwide. The oil contains perceptible
suited to being grown i n large pots.
camphor and is valued at approximately half that of true lavender. It is widely used for personal and household toiletnes.
in spring. • M a i ntenance Prune lavenders
• Propagation Varieties a re propagated by cuttings, but species are seed sown
annually, preferably 1n early spring. True and lntermedia lavenders can be shaped
lntermedia lavenders may be Identified by their paired flowering side branches. The most popular variety for essential
In Europe lavender is harvested from July to September, often by hand.
during harvestmg. Never cut back h a rd
Stoechas l avenders
generally free of pests as well as diseases.
'Abrialii; 'Super; 'Sumian' and 'Provence'
into old wood, or the plants may die. • Pests and d iseases Lavenders are
oil production is 'Grosso: although are used, too. The flowers are also dried.
These lavenders have compressed flower
• H a rvesti n g a n d storing Harvest True
Many fine landscape varieties fou nd
spikes shaped rather like a pineapple
and lntermedia lavenders 1n midsum mer
among the lntermedias include 'Alba; 'Dutch White; 'Grappenhall; ' H 1dcote
surmounted by flag-like sterile bracts.
when spikes are one- to two-thirds open.
All of them are suited to low-altitude
T1e lavender stems 1n bunches and hang
Giant; 'Impress Purple; 'Seal; 'Silver
warm-climate gardens, including those
them upside down to dry; strip them of
Edge' and the double-duty 'Provence:
near the sea. The Italian or Spanish
their flowers. The oil
IS
steam distilled.
lavender (L. stoechos) has short flowering Wool ly lave n d e r
stems (peduncles). while Portuguese
L Janota h a s leaves that a r e heavily felted
lavender (L. stoechos subsp. pedunculoto)
with ha1rs, and long spikes of scented
is distinguished by long stems.
flowers. It is very resentful of rain and will not tolerate wet feet. It is best grown in large pots in full sun. Several hybrids are popular for gardens, including 'Richard Gray; 'Silver
Excellent vanet1es mclude 'Major; 'Kew Red; 'Marshwood; 'Somerset Mist;
\I so knm1 n as �anLo l i n a . coLton
'Avonview' and 'Butterfly' syn. 'James
lalt'mlcr
Comp on: The 'Bee' and 'Bella' series developed by Bob Cherry in New Sou h
Frost' and 'Sawyers; which is stronger
Wales in Australia and sold worldwide
than the species, with long spikes of
are remarkable breeding breakthroughs.
bright violet flowers and silver foliage.
Green lavender (L. viridis) has green
( Santolma chamar'(l fiJI'/,,SI/S)
has a com pael l ldh l l t h d l m a kr s t l ith'al lor a
lUI\ lw!lgr
s u n i l d l' srt' n l In l a i !'IHlrr and dre w n
u s du l ror 1 !'P!' I I 1 ng mot hs. \ d d t ht'
foliage, and g reen inflorescences with cream flowers and g reen sterile bracts.
and place
bracts. Fringed lavender ( L. dentoto) has fragrant Inflorescences similar to L. stoechos, but the narrow linear leaves are evenly rounded-denta e. Vaneties 1nclude 'Ploughman's Blue; the green and cream variegated 'Lmda Ugon' and the hybrid 'Goodwm Creek GraY: Pterostachys lavenders These include a number of des1rable landscape spec1es. mcludmg L buchn, Canary Islands lavender (L. conorrensisl. Jagged lavender (L. ptnnoto), ernleaf lavender (L. multtfido) and the electnc blue-flowered L moroccono.
or l'!lgmg a JJalll. I t s
grCJ\. toothed <�romcl l lc lraw� ha1 r a
driecl lrm es
'Beverley' differs in having white sterile
L denrara, one of the Stoechas lavenders
CoffofV tcwender
to mut 11-rrpt> l k n t s.trheh
tined hunches 11 l l h slon•d
lJi d n kc•ts and o i i H ' I II DO I IP n s. S t l l l'l'rish dbo h
Jj a \'C n cl e r
Continued
J l e r ha l m e ct i r i n e Lavandulo angustlfolia. Part used: flowers. An age-old remedy for calmtng and soothing the nerves. 1mproving mood and relaxtng m uscles, beautifully scented lavender and 1ts essential oil are commonly
Spritz still-damp washing with Lavender linen water (see page 288) and hang it out to dry.
used for inducing a restful sleep, rel1eving
A ro u n d L h c h o m e
depression and anxiety and for other dis orders relating to a nervous or tense state,
If you could choose only one herb for
includtng stomach upsets.
household use, lavender would have
Lavender flowers can be taken as an infusion or added to a bath to soothe
to be at the top of the list. Apart from its pretty flower and much loved scent,
and a1d in relaxat1on. Apply undiluted
lavender is antibacterial, antibiotic,
essential oil to relieve the sting of insect
antiviral, antiseptic, deodorizing and
b1tes or to prevent cuts and grazes from
i nsect repel l i ng , which means that you
becomtng infected. You can add essential
can use it in the living room, kitchen,
oil to massage oil to help relieve muscle
bathroom, laundry, nursery and patio,
tension and headaches.
as well as in your wardrobes and drawers,
For the safe and appropriate internal use of lavender, consult your healthcare
on your pets and on your skin.
.,etWender �ud
oil w anliM!fl'ib and antibacterial) ideat for 6��ilv. •
Dampen a cotton-wool bal l and add a few drops of lavender essential oil. Drop i t into your kitchen pantry, or
Use both the dried flowers and leaves
your vacuum cleaner bag, to eliminate
professional. For 1ts topical uses, see
to make moth-repellent sachets and
stale odors.
Depression and a nxiety, page 2 1 1, and
lavender bags (see Croft, pages 302-5)
•
F1rst a1d, page 220. Do not use lavender
-
if you are pregnant or breastfeeding,
that insects hate.
except under professional supervision.
•
•
Rcputrd t o haw twrn brought rrom thr Garden or Eden b� \dam and
El('.
they both contain the aromatic oil
• C oo k i n g Lavender's culinary applications are
I nfuse distilled white vinegar with the
limited, although the flowers are edible.
flowers and leaves, fresh or dried, for
They are used in the Moroccan spice
an i nexpensive and very effective spray
blend ras el hanout and in the French
for cleaning and disinfecting a variety
herbes de Provence. Lavender goes
of surfaces.
well in sweet dishes containing cream,
Add drops of lavender essential oil to
such as ice cream. It can be added to
environmentally friendly unscented
shortbread and icings and used in jams
kitchen and laundry cleaning products
and jellies. Crystal l ize the flowers as
for a fresh, natural scent.
edible cake decorations (see page 380).
la1 ender ha� a h i story t h a t is a l most as old a
h um o n k i n d 1 t'elL ThP ancient
Egy p t i a n s d i p pel l shrouds I n
la1 enuer
11 atC'r. \\ h ile t hr Romans scrntrd t h e i r p u b l ir lla l h s 11 i t h
1 L - hrncr i t s
l rom t h r Latin word 'to \\ as h . '
name.
la l 'arc. mea n i ng
l ndrr J L · b 1 l l l 1c a l name
·spikrndrd.' i l \I dS popu l a r l y �u pposed
tu have llecn usrd b� thr \ irgin l.lil� to perrumr
.
J esu s 's 'll drlcthng clotlws.
hy \ l a r} �lagdaknr to
ll'l' l.
JllOJill Jesu
and 11 as also ra1oured 1 11 the
�l uhJir -\grs h\ apotht•rar\ monb. WhO II ·ed
I(
to trt•at f'I P I'\ l h l llg [1'0111
lahour pd i n s
to tll'monil posst·ssirm These racks of commercially grown lavender will be dried out of direct sunlight in a dry place.
Lemon balm Melissa officina/is Lamiaceae Lemon l 1alm
mc l l
l i ke wert lemon and is usee! in herhal teas. wine.
\\'e l l a in man] cau-dc-cologn
and liqueur. a
Carmelite water. Handful oil. IH' re one
formu lation . inc l uding
or t h e leave . wh ich contain a lemon-. cented
u.cd to noli, h wooden furniture.
Other common n a mes Bee ba lm, common balm, melissa, sweet balm Part used
Leaves
• G a rd n i n g
• Pests a nd d iseases Lemon bal m is
Lemon balm IS a hardy perennial that
prone to powdery m ildew, particularly
bears some resemblance to its close
i n areas with little air circulation.
relations, the mints. It is multi-stemmed,
• Harvesti ng and storing Harvest
Lemon balm (Melissa officinaf1s)
growing to about 2.5 ft. (80 em). with
the fresh foliage as required. To dry,
ovate. regularly toothed green leaves. The
cut the plant down to about 3 in. (7.5 em)
insigni 1cant lipped flowers are lemon
i n mid- to late afternoon, secure the
Recent scientific studies have shown that lemon balm has a ntiviral effects,
yellow, and borne in clusters on the upper
stems in small bunches with rubber bands,
and topical preparations of the herb
parts of the stems.
and hang upside down 1n a well-ventilated
have been used to relieve the symptoms
• Va r iet i es While the common form
area out of direct sunlight. Strip off the
of cold sores. which are caused by the
of balm has a fresh lemon fragrance,
dried leaves and store them in airtight
herpes vi rus.
there are varietieS with related but
containers i n a cool place.
different scents, including 'Lime; with a true lime fragrance: 'Liqueur'; and
For the safe and appropriate use of lemon balm, see Tension and stress,
H e rbal med i c i ne
page 2 10. Don't use lemon balm if you're
'Citronella; which mimics the scent of
Melissa officina/is. Part used: leaves.
pregnant or breas feeding, except under
citronella oil and is said to ac as an
Lemon balm's mild sedative and mood
professional supervision.
insect repellent. Two attractive color
enhancing effects are commonly used
variations are available: 'Variegata' is a
to treat sleep disorders, restlessness.
• C oo l-.. i n g
gold-splashed form, and 'All Gold' has
anxiety and depression.
Lemon balm's lemon scent and lemon
pure golden foliage in spring.
It is also suited to afflictions of the
and-mint flavor go w1th most foods
• Position Lemon bal m is an unfussy plant. but prefers full sun to part1al shade
flatulence, spasm and nausea, particularly
Use the leaves 1n tea, salads, cordials, fruit
and a well-dra1ned but moist soil. It also
when these are aggravated by periods of
dishes, wine and chilled summer drinks or
grows well i n pots. • Propagation Lemon balm 1s a
stress and tension.
1 n stu fings for poultry or fish.
gastrointestinal tract and can help with
complemented by either of those flavors.
perennial usually grown from seed, although it is easy o raise from cut 1ngs taken in spnng and autumn, or from rooted divis1ons. Grow named varieties from lip cut ings, wh1ch will root easily,
?ronv � to bU/ Lemon llalm'
gor-,
assonallon 11 1 1 h
l O a n r w n t l l m<·s
or by layering.
hrrs
• Maintenance If you do not want
\et urd1ng to ( , rrel-. Ill\ lhOIIJQ\.
barl-.
seedlings, or you desire a new flush of
\ll'IISSil II J\
foliage, cut back the whole plant.
11 lin h i ll Ze u s I rom h is l d l h l ' l
including the flowering heads. Cut back
Cro n u s. ll'l'di nl.! h 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 1-. and
'All Gold' regularly to mam a1n i s color. Remove any plam green shoots from both 'All Gold' and 'Vanegata'
h ! l llt'l .
Olll'
ll[
! Ill' 11\ l l l p h '
Olll'l' /,l'us rult•d 011 mpus.
h•· rhang<•d hn info a
qllt't'll he·•·
L e m o n g ra s s Cymbopogon cttrotus Poaceae L l ' l l ton grass. a tell I t i'O plcal grass v, i l h a I HJ\\ rrful ll'mon It agra nc1 · . i � '' ide I� u sed for cook.ing i n
Harvested lemon grass
Thcl i la n d . \ i t l n d m a n d o l lw r Sou t h · a � l \ s i a n rnu n l rit's. I t m a kes a \ i l d m i n A-ricll lt>a . a n c! L h c I' ·st•n l icll o i l i s u s e d i n m a n � co m me r c i a l t o i l c l r i t\' .
Part u
S ems
• G a rd e n i n g
69•F and 1oo•F 1 s•c and Js•c - and high
A number of the 56 Cymbopogon species
humidity. In cooler areas 1t is best grown
are fragrant, but the herb most commonly
i n a large pot and overwintered indoors.
called lemon grass
IS
West Indian lemon
grass [ C. Cttrotus). one of several species
• Propagation To propagate, carefully divtde the clump. Ra1se other species,
that share this scent. Its narrow, leafy
mentioned above, by seed. Feed with
stalks grow in large clumps that reach
seaweed fertilizer.
3.5 f (1 m) or more.
• M a i ntenance Water plants regularly.
East Indian lemon grass or Cochin
• Pests and d iseases Crown rot can
lemon grass ( C. fie uosus) is also widely
occur m plants grown m poorly drained
grown for 1 s essential oil. Ceylon
or flooded sods.
Citronella (C nardus) and Java citronella
• H a rvesting and storing Harvest
( C. winterianus) share the lemon-related
stems as required. Cut the upper g reen
scent of citronella.
part into segments and dry it out of
Palma rosa, geranium grass or rosha
direct sunlight, then store 1t in airtight
grass (C. martinit) smells delightfully of
containers and use it for tea. For cooking,
rose geranium when crushed. The closely
wrap the white bulbous lower portion in
related gtnger grass (C. mortmu var. sofia)
plastic wrap and store m the refrigerator
has a harsher scent.
for several weeks.
• Position This herb is best suited to a sunny position, well-drained soil, warm growing conditions - tdeally between
orne protection from
nea . lick . lice and mo. qu1 toe�. The e enlial o i l can be u ed m an oil burner. ,\lternatively. combm a fe11· drop 11 ith equ I amount or eucal} ptu oll tn a 11 a ter . pray and hgh tl:y pnlz O\er outdoor furniture on . um mer evrnmgs Or. light
a
andle made wtth citronella (allo\e). a
clo
e relat11e of lemon gra
.
I I rbal m di i n Cymbopogon citratus Part used: stems. .
Lemon-grass tea was traditionally used
professional. Do not use lemon grass
to treat digestive upsets and to alleviate
in greater than culinary quantities if
stomach ache, cramping and vomtting.
you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
It was also used for a number of other disorders, including cough, fevers. high
• C o k i ng
blood pressure and exhaustion.
The strong citrus flavor of lemon g rass
Lemon grass has also traditionally
goes well in Southeast Asian cooking and
been regarded as having pain-relieving
is often teamed with chillies and coconut
effects and has been used internally as
milk. Lemon grass is also an excellent
an mfusion for nerve and rheumatic pain.
addition to Western cooking, particularly
Applied as a topical remedy, lemon grass
in fish and seafood dishes. Use the lower white part of the fresh stems and slice
and its essential oil can ease the pain and discomfort of headaches, abdominal pain,
finely crosswise to avoid a fibrous texture
aching joints and muscles and neuralgia.
in the finished dish. If using a whole stem
For the safe and appropriate medicinal Lemon grass (Cymbopogon cirrorus)
/1 natura l in eel repe l lent. lemon gras offer
use of th1s herb, consult your healthcare
or large pieces, bruise first to release the flavor and remove before servmg.
L e m o n ve r b e n a Aloysia citriodoro syn. Llppio citnodoro. syn. A. triphyllo Verbenaceae The delicio u I� frc h . re rined a n c l i n t c n sr lrmon fragra nce of I i l L ' IH'rb . \\ hich i s n a l i \ c t o Peru a n d '\ l'gen l i n a . h a s l u n g l ll 'c n p r izc•ct for usc i n t i sane: . l i q u e u r . coot.. i ng. po t - pou rr i a m i perru m < ' r� .
...---..:.:.")
Herb Louisa. lemon beebrush n m nar Parts u. J Leaves. flowers
Other co
• G a t'd e n i n g
He rba l m e d i c i n e
Lemon verbena is a shrub with arching
Aloysia cttriodoro syn. Ltppio citnodoro
branches and pointed leaves arranged
syn. A. triphyllo. Parts used: aerial parts.
in whorls of three around the stems. I n
Lemon verbena is used as a digestive aid
summer the bush produces large terminal
for symptoms of flatulence and colic.
panicles of tiny, four-petaled. white or
It is thought to help wtth insomn1a and
pale lavender flowers.
nervous agitation. Lemon verbena is
• Position I t requires full sun, and a
also prescribed for feverish conditions.
free-drainmg loam with nearly neutral pH.
For the safe and appropriate use
• Propagation Propagate by semi-ripe
of these herbs. consult your healthcare
tip cuttings.
professional. Do not use these herbs if
• Ma intena nce Lemon verbena is cu
you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
back by frost, so it should be winter mulched in cool climates. I n heavy frost
• C o o k. i n g
flavor to fruit salads and other fruit
areas grow it in a pot and bnng it under
The leaves are best used fresh and young.
dishes, desserts and d ri n ks. Infuse them
protection during winter dormancy. Trim
Use sparingly, otherwtse the flavor can
1n custard-based sauces for desserts, or
to shape. Bushes often leaf out very late in
overwhelm the food and be remintscent
finely chop and add to Asian dishes.
spnng; don't discard them prematurely.
of lemon-scented soap. Lemon verbena is
poultry and stuffings.
• Pests and diseases Under greenhouse
a common mgredient in many herbal teas.
condt ions. lemon verbena
tmparting a wonderfully fragrant flavor,
IS
prone o
Lemon verbena (Aloysia citriodora)
The leaves are used to g ive a lemon
Add whole leaves to apple Jelly, and chopped young leaves to fru1t salads.
whitefly and spider mites.
and can be substituted for lemon grass
With i s digestive and relaxant proper 1es.
• Harvesti n g and stori ng Leaves can
1n As1an rec1pes.
the ea is tdeal for d n n ktng after dinner.
be harvested at any time to use fresh or for air-drying.
Tht' lw rh \\ Ofld oiler� Slllnl' ('\l fdllfdllldr\ S\\ l'('lf'r- l h d ll-U�dr pi.J I I I
.
Ofll'
or
\\ h it h
1 s . 1 1 �1· lt•mon l t'rht·nc�. d llll'ffi ht'l ol t ht• \ t • rllrn
�ralwrrtmd s� n . /,t/lfltil tlulr·ts)
\\ l l h s l l ll r l . l l l l l l f ll'l'S ;t•tJ '
111 l ht• 'un I I
IJil\\l'rs dllU 0\
t racT
""
111
1 dlllpiHII \htllilli l ll' ,n llldt'li.
a l t hnugh
rt•d
L ilt' <.uh,l!l rh1·rnot1 Pl'
d ldlJ PI'IC ' I I II I d i I l l l ht• \ s [ t • r.trt'dl'
1 111· I C 'I'iw rltt fct · oi i iH · c ; ud r < � n � lntl ldns.
m a r t'·. d l l <�< i t l ll!lldl l t 'd lll<�
In mild cllmatrs. lemon verbena can grow to 5 m htgh, topped wtth ttny flowers tn summer
'>llffiiSI'
or l'illllphOC
i 'd Jdgllil\ S\\1'1'[ h 1 · rl l ( S/1'1 hi t'l'ildllr/l
ra m 1 1 1 I L
! J((J[
rn n l d i i i S ht'rndn t l u l n n . 11 Inch ' ' more l h.1 11 1 000 l llllt's s\\ t'l'lt'r l h J I I
s uga r. S l l dills Jngh
hd\ llll l\ d
IS " frosi - L entlrl. St'ffil-pros l i <J l l' pl ' r e n n ld l
\ j l l �l'\ or \\ 1 1 1 1 1 '
l ' ! l n [ J I I I \ \ [ 1 ' \ I O S i d C 1\ I I ICII
is Up Ill ,l(l()
1 1 1111'
11 l1o usl'li l l l o sll t't'lt·11 ' '' l ha nl l lolll l ilt'\ fl,ll.l/.!lhll'l l'll'l'l. St1·1 1., S\\ l' l ' ( c • r 1 11,111 sug,JI
Lic o ric e G/ycyrrhiza glabra Papilionaceae In 1
03. t:d11 a rd I of �:ngland ta\cd i m po r t . o f conli n c n ta l l i cori r t o pa
for repa i r
to London B ridge: Dome Lie crops be ame concen t rated a ro u n c l
Pon t fract. \\ here Dom i n ican monk Parts u
pi n ted l icorice i n t h e 1 4 L h ccn t u r .
Taproot, rhizomes
• G a rd n i n g Ucorice is a graceful, arching, deciduous perennial to about 5 ft. ( 1 .5 m). It has a thick, deep taproot and spreads underground via extensive stolons. Aboveground, it has pinnately compound leaves and loose spikes of purple flowers. Ucorice grows particularly
Slices of dried licorice root
Licorice (Giycyrrhiza glabra)
still a leading world supplier.
• M a i ntenance Keep weeds at bay.
effects and ability to expel mucus. licorice
• Varieties There are three recognized
• Pests and diseases There are no
is used to treat coughs, bronch1t1s and
botanical varieties: Spanish or Italian
signi ficant problems.
catarrhal lung conditions.
licorice (G. glabra var. glabra), Russian
• Harvesting and storing Both the
A compound called glycyrrhizin, which
licorice (G. glabra var. glandulifera) and
taproot and the rhizomes can be used.
is responsible for the herb's licorice taste,
G. glabra var. violacea. Other species used
They are usually dug when 3 years old
is known to be responsible for the healing
in a similar way are Chinese or Mongolian
and air-dried before being ground and
effects of licorice on gastrointestinal ulcers
licorice (G. uralensis) and Manchurian
then processed.
and inflammatory conditions of the
licorice (G. pallidif/ora).
• H rbal m dicine
digestive system. It also acts as a tonic
• Position Licorice prefers a rich, deep, sandy loam and a sunny position.
Glycyrrhiza glabra. Part used: roots.
prescribed as a supportive remedy in times
• Propagation New crops are
Licorice root is one of the most scientifically
of stress and exhaustion.
propagated by rhizome segments
researched herbal medicines of our time
For the safe and appropriate use of
planted in spring, but can also be
and investigations are confirming many
licorice, consult a healthcare professional.
well on the rich alluvial plains of Turkey which, together with Spain and Greece, is
for the adrenal glands, so licorice is often
propagated by seed. Portions of
of its traditional uses, which date back
Do not use licorice if you are pregnant
rhizome left in the soil at harvest
to ancient times. A common ingredient in
or breastfeeding.
time will generate new plants.
many respiratory remedies for its soothing
•
a t u ra l b e a u t
This herb is considered a n effective natural lightener for brown age spots. For the best result, use it for mild discoloration and Pontrfract. or pomfret. cake became a popular sweet m F.:ngland in the 1 6th centur ·. The e
made w1th licorice. gum arabic and " il h a
oft.
nat disks
ugar '.Vere stamped
tylized image or Pontefract Cas lie. The
are still
made and lo\ed. along '.Vilh anothrr Engli' h fa1orite. l h • dlsllnct��e m u l l ic olore rJ licorice allsort that
. I t i . a1d
apolrun Bonapart alway carried licor1 e lozenge .
11 h1Ch 11 cre lJa�ecl on pont fract cake .
pair it with a natural fruit peel containing vitam1n C and alpha hydroxy acids to slough off dead skin.
• Cooking Licorice root is one o f many spices and herbs used in Chinese master stocks, adding to their intensity and depth of flavor. Add the chopped root sparingly (it can be bitter) when stewing fruit.
Lime Tilia cordata syn. T. parvifolia, T. x europoea Tiliaceae Ca l led the ··tre
of l i fe ·· due to i ts man
p riod l i me wa a it
ociated
�
i t h the
mecl i c i n a l u e i rg i n
fragra n t hea l i ng flower and to provide
.
in Lh
1ar . and ' a
medieval
p la n ted for
hade i n mona t r
garden .
Linden tree are popular ornamen t.al in Europe. '' bere tbe nowering t i p a r e har.·e ted at their peak and a i r dried ror use in lime blo
om tea. a
particular ly popular li ane in Prance. is Buis le
The center
of productio n
Part used Flowers
Baronoie
(below). a medieval town
• G a rd n i n g
l i m e blo som festival . together with
Other common n me
Linden, tilia
that each Jul
Small-leafed lime (T. cordata) is a small-
ume is also known as the linden tree in Germany and tilleul in France.
to-medium deciduous tree (to 33 ft.)(lO m)
• Position Tilia prefers a moist neutral
with glossy, dark green, heart-shaped
to a l kaline soil and a sunny open position.
leaves. In midsummer, it bears clusters of
• Propagation It can be propagated
pale yellow flowers, heavy with fragrance,
by fresh ripe seed or by stratification
which attract bees to their copious nectar.
of stored seed planted in spring (see
H1ves placed around flowering trees yield
page 44) and also by suckers.
a prized fragrant honey. While T. cordata
• M a i ntenance Tilia species tend to
is the principal species harvested, other
sucker. Either remove these, or pot them
species used herbally include T. x europaea
and, when established, plant elsewhere.
and T. platyphyllos. Tilia is occasionally
• Pests and d iseases Aphids and
confused with the citrus fruit species
caterpillars on leaves can be a problem,
known as lime ( Citrus aurantiifolia).
although rarely so in Mediterranean areas. Look out for gall mite, too.
celebrate an a n n u a l
their annual harve t sale .
Lime flowers are a specific remedy for
• H a rvesting and storing The petals
certain circulatory disorders. They have
drop rapidly to allow the fruits to swell
both relaxing and restorative effects on
so, over a short time interval, harvest
the blood vessel walls. and have been used
flower clusters together with a few
to counteract high blood pressure.
attendant young leaves at the peak of
especially when it is associated with
flowering. Spread out the flowers and
nervous tension. The flowers can also be
thoroughly air-dry them before storing.
helpful in the treatment and prevention of
H rba l m d i i n Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos. Parts used:
atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Regarded as one of the most i m portant diaphoretic herbs in European medicine,
flowers, bracts. Lime flowers are a
lime flowers are beneficial in feverish
common ingredient of many herbal
conditions such as colds. influenza and
teas that are prescribed to help induce
other respiratory infections.
a restful sleep, especially in children.
For the safe and a ppropriate use of
The plant has a sedative and calming
lime flowers, see High blood pressure
effect on the nerves and muscles, and
and cholesterol, page 228. Do not use
can help to reduce restlessness, tension
lime flowers if you are pregnant or
and anxiety.
breastfeeding.
L1me
(TIIio cordata)
L ovage Levt5ttcum offJcmale Ap1aceae LO\ agc l m· dn l l l t P n S( ' l'(
lcr� fl m or· t h a t \
I H ' r l t' C I for '' i n t e r d i s lw" . ! J u t i t i'i l a r P a s i t • r l o gnm t ha n n • l r r � . · n·acl i l lon a l l� u :rcl i n a p h rodi '>iacs a n d IO\ t ' pol ions. t h ese
tall
p la n t s p rO\ id<' gr n <'rous h a n r L'l a n d l l a ' (' a " i< l r range o l m <'dic i n a l u sc·s.
Bladder seed, Cornish lovage, ga rden lovage, Italian lovage, love parsley Leaves, seeds, roots
• C a rd n i n g
• Propagation It is propagated by seed,
Lovage IS native to the eastern
wh1ch remains v1able for 3 years, or by
Mediterranean and 1s the only spec1es
division in spring. The plants benefit from
in its genus, although it IS closely related to both angelica and celery. Th1s hardy
generous quantities of compost. • M a i ntenance Remove older, yellowing
1ntend to use them for essential 011
perenn1al plant, with large, frondlike,
leaves, and consider cutting back older
extraction or medicinal preparations, pick
glossy compound leaves divided into
plants to about 1 ft. (30 em ) high to
them before flowering. Harvest when ripe.
diamond-shaped leaflets, can grow to 6 ft.
encourage fresh foliage growth in
Dig the roots after the plant dies down,
( 1 .8 m). The tiny yellow flowers, borne in
midsummer.
umbels, are followed by oval seeds ( fruits) ,
the position of lovage, because it is u lly
parts of the plant and also freeze the leaves in sealed plastic bags.
In
a m ixed herb garden, mark
lovag� (Levisticum officina/e)
usually 1n the h1rd year. You can dry all
which can be used like celery seeds in
dec1duous.
cooking. The plant dies down completely
• Pests and d iseases Lovage 1s rarely
1n winter, emerging early in spring.
affected, but young leaves may be
•
• Position Lovage requ1res a rich,
damaged by leaf m iner or slugs.
Called celeri bOtard, or false celery, by the
kin
moist but wel l -drained soil, and light
• H a rvesting and storing For cooking,
French, lovage IS used as an ingredient in
shade where summers are hot.
pick the leaves as required, but 1f you
many commercial bouillons, sauces, stocks and condiments; its seeds are added to liqueurs and cordials as well as to breads and sweet pastries. Blanch the stems in the same manner as rhubarb, or eat them
t\� its rornmon name 1nd1caLrs. lo1 age. or achr a
l01 c
1L 11 as once called. 11 as traditionally
used a� an aphrodisiac and an mgredient m
raw in salads. You can also candy he stems and eat them as confectionery, or use the leaves in cookmg to provide an i ntense, celery-like flavoring.
love potions and charm . On a more prac11 al note. hoi�Cier. nH'dlrlal trawler t hr 1 r IJoo t
once hnrct
11 itli lovagr leaves to ab orb
root
odor·. 11 h1le a deco lion or IOI'agr ro t and foliage ma�rs an errrcli\ r hod\ llt•ouorant. Perhap.· lovage w a� les. a IO\ e pot ion than a deodorant. malodng close phy 1ral conta t more appealing in a penod 11. hrn pt•oplr rare!� wa hed
cfpv� i.Y J,(;fh.d� cdtetl ,fJ1���
6� ii:Y(k;or i.Y r� o{ fYl� 6oudto�V cuhe!Y.
M a l low a n d h o l lyho c l< Althaea afficmolis, Malva sp. and A/ceo sp. Malvaceae I l o l l � hoc� report ed!� rcaclwd � u ropr from C h i n a ' 1 a t 11r l l ol hence i t
original n a m e o f holy ma l lc m o r holyoke. Til
La n d .
m u c i laginous
mar ·h mal lO\\. i s " iclrly used medi i n a l ly. '' hilr t h r ornam 'ntal m u s k mal iO\\ " a · once used for magica l protec t ion.
Other co Parts u
J
Hollyhock (cheeses) n n nc. 1 Roots, leaves, flowers, seeds
• G a rd n i n g
tall flowenng stems can reach 3 m, and
Mallow and hollyhock contain s1milar
the single or double flowers - in shades
mucilaginous compounds.
of lemon. apricot, white, pink, red or purple - are borne in racemes.
Mallow
• Varieties The black hollyhock ' N1gra'
A perennial with finely hairy, gray-green, coarsely toothed leaves, marsh mallow
is the darkest maroon smgle. All mallows
Marsh mal low (Althaea afficmalls)
have disk-shaped, nutty-flavored seeds.
(Althaea officina/is) has small, five-petaled
• Position All species prefer a well
pmk flowers on stems to 4 ft. ( 1 .2 m).
drained, mo1st soil and a sunny position;
mouth and throat and as an 01ntment
Musk mallow (Malva moschoto) is a
hollyhocks will thrive in an a l kaline soil.
to soothe eczematous skm condit1ons.
European perennial with idney-shaped
• Propagation All species are
basal leaves and contrasting, much
propagated by seed sown m spring.
mouthwashes for mflammat1on of the
Malva syfvestris. Parts used. leaf, flower Due to s1milar mucilaginous compounds,
divided leaves on the upper stems. The
• M a i ntenance Stake both hollyhocks
mallow has been used for s1milar purposes
leaves and profuse pink (pure white in the
and musk mallow in summer. Cut plants
to marsh mallow, although it is considered
variety 'Alba') flowers are musk-scented.
down i n late autumn.
less potent. Like marsh mallow, 1t 1s used
• Pests and diseases All members of
for respiratory and gastroin estlnal
Hol lyhock
the Malvaceae family are prone to rust
conditions, characterized by Inflam ma tion
Hollyhock (A/ceo roseo) forms a large
(Puccmio mofvoceorum) and are also a
and irritation. that bene 1t from the plant's
basal rose te of large. long-stalked,
food source for some butterfly larvae.
soothmg propert1es.
rough-textured leaves, which may be
• Ha rvesti n g and storing Gather
For the safe and appropriate use of
broad and palmately lobed or, in the
flowers and leaves as required to use
marsh mallow, see Sore throats, colds and
ancient yellow-flowered Antwerp holly
fresh or dned. D1g up and dry marsh
flu, page 200. Don' use these herbs 1 f you
hock (A. ficifolio). fig leaf-shaped. The
mallow roots when they are 2 years old.
are pregnan or breastfeeding.
l l c rba l m d i r i n c Althaea officmolis. Par s used· leaves, roots. R ich m mucl!ag1nous compounds, the leaves and roots of he marsh mallow have a soothing effect and are bo h used to treat 1rntated and 1nflamed condit1ons of the respiratory trac , mclud1ng irntable cough, bronchitiS and sore throat. With a h1gher amount of mucilage, he root IS regarded as the more effect1ve remedy for mflammatory conditiOns o the Conf�ction�ry marshmallow was one� made from the mucilag� in th� roots of marsh mallow
gut, such as stomach and Intestinal ulcers, gastroenteritis and ulcerative coli IS. The root 1s also used as a top1cal agent m
Hollyhock (A/ceo rosea)
M a r j o ram a n d o rega n o Origanum sp. Lam1aceae The• G reeks ra l lccl t lwsc· fragra n t-lcafrd herb ··Bngh t ncss of the \ 1 o u n t a l l 1 . ·· and it i' i m po,· s i h l t o i maginr t h e r u i sinc-; of t h e M r d i t e r ranean a n d \c'gcan \\ i t ho u t t hr i r s t rong. warm a ro m a t ic La, Lc.
Part
u
Leav es, fl owe rs
• C a rd n i n g
that has undergone
Origanum is a genus that is fraught with
relaxation therapy.
taxonom1c difficulties, and there are more
Pot m a rjoram or Turkish
than 30 species from the Mediterranean
oregano (0. onites) is a quite cold-tender,
and the M iddle East. Confusingly, marjoram
strongly aromatic spec1es from Greece.
sw�et marjoram ( Origanum marjarano, l�ft) and common or�gano I Origanum vulgar�)
and oregano are common names that are
Selections of 0. vulgare are often incorrectly
often used interchangeably.
sold under this name.
and 'Jim Best: which is a vigorous gold
Sweet or knot marjoram (0. marjorona
Common oregano (0. vulgare) contains
and green variegated variety. 0. pulchellum
syn. Morjorona hortensis) has gray-green
six subspecies. 0. vulgare subsp. vulgare
is a name attached to forms of 0. vulgare
leaves with a mouthwatering fragrance.
is the mild-flavored wild marjoram with
with purple bracts. Greek oregano (0. vulgare subsp. hirtum)
Although usually treated as an annual, it
clustered heads of pink flowers and deep
is a short-lived perennial in mild climates.
burgundy bracts that attract bees, but
has a deliciously strong fragrance. The
A hardier hybrid, 0. x morJoricum, may be
lacks any appreci�ble flavor. It is often
very mildly aromatic 0. vulgare subsp.
sold incorrectly as 'Italian Oregano:
sold as oregano. Cultivars of 0. vulgare
virens and 0. vulgare subsp. viridulum
Spartan oregano (0. minutiflorum) is
subsp. vulgare include the very attractive
are both called wild marjoram.
frequently included in dried oregano
golden oregano, 'Aureum: sometimes sold
Lebanese oregano, Syrian hyssop or
mixes from Turkey. It resembles a
as 'golden marjoram: which makes a
white oregano (0. syriacum) forms a
diminutive gray-leafed sweet marjoram
superb aromatic groundcover for full sun,
tender perennial subshrub with gray green foliage. Ezov, the biblical hyssop, was almost certainty 0. syriacum. A hybrid with 0. vulgare, sold as 0. maru, has greater cold resistance. Russian oregano (0. vulgare subsp.
za·ar.ar i
a n Arabic t rm for a n u m ber of
gracile) has an aroma that is similar to
aromali
herb . ofl.l'n var ing accord ing to
Greek oregano.
the r glon and at o th
local flora. While the
term mo t oftrn refers lO origanu ms. za"atar
pe 1c a l so mclude ronehrad thyme ( Thymbra
Algerian oregano (0. vulgare subsp. glandulosum) is rarely seen outside its native land but is a good culinary herb.
cap11.ata). za·ar.ar hom mar ( r. ·pica La). true
Ornamental origanums Many species and
thyme ! Thymus sp. ) a nd
hybrids of Origanum are grown simply for their beauty and fragrance. They include
awrP/a sprc1es such
S. cuncifo/ia and S. Lhymbra. The ca oning m1xtun· rallt•d ·za·ar.a r· u, ually in tudes wasted
'Herrenhausen: 'Country Cream: the
sesamr srrd� and coarse salt. and IS used on
aromatic and strangely beautiful Dittany
vrgrl.ahlr and rnrat cl1shrs and also sprmklrd
of Crete (0. dictamnus) and 0. creticum,
on brrad before h k1ng.
a very aromatic species. the source of the essential oil oleum origani.
l\la rjora m a n cl saus age pa, ta
• Positi on Onganum spec1es are found in the wild in sunny, well-d ra1ned and ohen stony places . They thnve 1n full sun and are stronger flavored if g rown w1th tough love. • Propagation Raise the species from
1 0.5 oz. (300 g) riga toni
9 oz. (2 50) g sausages 2 tablespoons ol ive oil 1 large red onion, roughly chopped
seed in spring, and ornamental varieties by cuttings. • Mai ntenance Once the plants are
3 cloves garlic, finely chopped 1
small eggplant, diced
3
small zucchini, diced
established, do not overwater them.
2 cups (500 g) tomato pasta sauce
Cut back old growth in spring.
1 tablespoon chopped fresh
• Pests and diseases Origanums are very resistant to both.
Common oregano (0. vulgare!
in
marjoram or oregano
flower
1 . 5 oz. (40 g) black olives
• Harvesting and storing You can harvest the foliage fresh but the flavor is enhanced if you dry it 1n bunches in a dark, dry, warm, well-ventilated place for
oil, wh1ch is applied topically to ease
several days. When dry and crisp, rub the
headaches, sore muscles and rheumatic
leaves off the stems and store in an
pain. As an external remedy i t can also
Coo� IJaWl 1n hoilmg 11 a l e r u n l l l a l
relieve catarrhal conditions of the lung.
denlc. about 1 0 m i n u tr · . Dra i n . G n l l
digestive colic, flatulence and period pain.
sa u sages u n l l l b i'O\\ n. Cool s l i gh l ly:
a1rt1ght container.
H e rb a l m c d i i n
Medicina l ly, sweet marjoram
IS
9 oz. (250 g) cherry tomatoes
used
predominantly in the form of its essential
For the safe and appropriate medicinal
2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley fresh marjoram leaves, for garnish grated parmesan, to serve
cut i n t o t h i6
!ices. I !rat o i l i n
Origanum vulgare. Parts used : leaves,
use of these two herbs, consult a health
aucrpan
flowers. An infusion of the herb is a useful
care professional. Do not use these herbs
onion u n t i l
remedy for feverish conditions and also
in greater than culinary quantities or
3 m m ut . . \cld ga r l i c and a u. ages:
0\ e r mode r a te heaL F'r�
ta rl ing 10 color. a bo u t
for treating coughs, colds and influenza
the essential oils of these herbs internally
roo� a fr11 m m u lrs. I ncrease lwa l :
due to 1ts ability to improve the removal
or externally i f you are pregnant or
aLitl rggplanl a n d zucc h m 1 : cou�.
of phlegm from the lungs and relax the
breastfeeding.
s l i m ng. - m m u tes. u n t i l eggp lant
bronchial muscles. Traditionally, oregano
• C o o k i ng
hrgin
IS also
regarded as an herb for the gut; it
relieves flatulence and improves digest1on as well as treats mtestinal infections due to a strong antiseptic effect. The essential oil of oregano has been
t o softe n . -\dd t o ma to pasta
aurr. s t i r m maqoram anrl 'l'a ·on
Oregano has a more pungent scent than
t o wstr. Cmrr a n d s 1 m mer. · t 1 rn ng
marjoram, with a stronger flavor. The
occm,IOn a l l \ . 1 5 m i n u t r . or u n t i l
hotter and drier the climate, the more
eggplant 1s tl'lldl'r. S t i r
aroma and flavor a vanety will have.
tomator�. CO\ r r anll l'oo� a fu r t he r
i n o l i l r s ami
shown to possess potent antimicrobial and antioxidant propert1es, primarily due to the presence of the constituents thymol
cooking. Its aroma is damaged b y heat.
111 a ld rt;r h0\1 I .
so use it in uncooked or lightly cooked
and carvacrol. Some commercial oregano
S p rm � l e 11 l l h maqorom l ea \ P.
d1shes, or add it at he end. Oregano
dlld parmt'san
oil products have been used to treat a range of conditions, including resp�ratory and gastrointestmal infections, although
a more robust herb and can withstand
substantial clinical evidence provmg its e 1cacy IS lackin g.
wine, meats, fish, salads, Greek and Italian
Origanum morjorano syn. Mar;orono hortensis. Parts used: leaves and flowers.
Sweet marJoram
IS
the type used i n
IS
longer cookmg. Both herbs go well with lemon, garlic, dishes, beans, eggplant, capsicum and tomato-based d1shes and sauces. They are also used in commemal mixed herbs.
?or � r� J-Oak, fib � fab�on{d eadv of rlrietlweet h7Arjoranv ad oainuud info �� of �tlv ad rlro/P into tizb hai'lw.Jaier.
:'i m i n u t rs. Comlllne pasla a n ti sauce St i r
1 11 pa rsle) .
St'l'\ rs 1.
M e a d ow swe e t Fillptndulo u1morio syn Sp1roeo u/mono Rosaceae \\ i l l l i t s l ragrCJ n l d iH I I H' a u l i l u l l'lml crs. mt·adoii S II l'< ' l wa'i
('( ) ( 1 -; l ! l i ' l'<'d Oil(' OI I IH '
Ill O S I
j H l\1 I'I' [ U I il ll(l S
l l ru i c h . I n nwd ic'l d l t i m ( ' s . r l 11 a s a 1 c r� po p u l a r s i n ''' i n g l lnh. a l't�\ OI' I I <' of l•: l izdiH' I Il I. 11 llo orclt•rc • c l il u srcl in il l'r ll<'c l c h a m hc r . rd Bridewort, lady of the meadow, meadow queen, q ueen of the meadow Flowers, l eav es a wS
• G a rd e n i n g
North American species F. rubro is larger,
Meadowsweet forms a basal clump of
with pink- to rose-colored flowers.
Meadowsweet
pinna e leaves. and bears dense. frothy,
• Position Hardy meadowsweet will
( Filipendula ulmorio)
tall corymbs of almond-scented, creamy
grow in full sun, provided the so1l
wh1te flowers to 1 .2 m 1n summer.
very moisl lt prefers a well -enriched,
(Corymbs are flower clusters with the
a l kaline soil.
is often recommended for the treatment
appearance of a flat or rounded top.)
• Propagation Propagate the spec1es
of colds and flu. The plant's medicinal
The leaves smell like Wintergreen when
by seed in autumn. or by stratified seed
effects make it an effective remedy for
crushed. The plant occurs in moist meadows
(see page 44) and plant in spring. Both
helping to alleviate joint and muscle pain.
and around fresh water, and
the species and named varieties can be
IS
widely
distributed across Asia and Europe.
IS
propagated by division in spring.
help o bring down fevers, so this herb
For the safe and appropriate medicinal use of meadowsweet, see Indigestion,
• Varieties Ornamental but herbally
• M a i ntenance Every 3 or 4 years, lih
page 204. Do not use meadowsweet if
active varieties include the particularly
and divide meadowsweet in autumn.
you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
desirable double-flowered 'Flore Pleno';
• Pests and d iseases Check for mildew
'Grandiflora; with large flowers; 'Aurea:
toward the end of the growing season.
• C oo k i n g
w1th golden foliage; and Variegata;
• H a rvesting and storing Cut and dry
The flowers are used to flavor jams.
with cream-variegated leaves. Dropwort
flowers when in full bloom and use fresh
stewed fruits and wine as well as mead
(F. vulgaris) is a closely related plant,
for culinary use, or dried for herbal use.
and the non-alcoholic Norfolk Punch.
once employed as a d i u ret1c. It has s1milar
Harvest and dry leaves at the same time.
flowers, although the individual leaflets are re-pinnately divided. The beautiful
• Herbal m dicine Filipendulo ulmario syn. Spiraea ulmario. Parts used: flowers. leaves. Meadowsweet is considered one of the most important digestive remedies, Indicated for many conditions of the gut, particularly those
I n 1 827. sa licm v.as 1solatrrl rrum
associated with inflammation and excess
mf'adowswrrt 's saliq la l t's-con tain ing
acidity. Meadowsweet has a balancing
lravrs. then syn thrsizrd to acetyl
effect on acid production in the stomach
salicyliC acid (aspinn) hy Frl1x
as well as a soothing and healing effect
l lorrman 10 Germany m 1 890. His
on the upper digestive tract. It is prescribed
Pmplnyer. Ha}er \ G . named the drug
commonly for acid reflux, indigestion,
asrurin aftrr a n old llotan1cal name
gastritis and stomach u lcers.
Fur mradowsv.. e rt. Splrl'd ulm:ma. l'he hl'rb
I\
considrrrcl less lrflt,llinl.t
to r ile . tnmarh than the punfir11 dru�.
Meadowsweet contains aspirin-like compounds that are responsible for its pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds can also
Meadowsweet was once used in garlands for brides and as a strewing herb at weddings.
M in t Mentha sp. Lam1aceae Tru1· m i n t s co1nr in clll anw!lng range ol ria\ Ol" a n d
[ragl anCt'S. \\ i l l \(' 1'\ l' I'� Ont• i s l'cl lll l l i a r \\ i l h �pra rrninl a n d rnm mon n r i rr l . L hl'r t ' a r( ' llld l l \
rnon• moul h-\\ d lr r i ng \ 8 1'icl i('s. I nc l u d i n g c� pplt'. chocnl
Part us d
Leaves
• G a rd n i n g
resembling water mmt; 'Mitcham; the best
Spearmint !Mentha spicato) has termtnal spikes of lavender-colored flowers. There are many named clones, some w1th typical
a spearmmt-like i nflorescence. Other
spearmtnt fragrance, such as the very sweet 'Provence Spearmint: Others have
varieties include the quite deltcious 'Chocolate' mint and 'Grapefruit:
a peppermmt, fruit-and-mtnt or even lavender fragrance.
Water mint !M aquatico) has a strong peppermmtlike scent. The best-known
finely ha1ry leaves. Commercially they
Curly spearmint !M. spica to var. cnspa)
vartety
are sold as 'Apple' mmt or 'Ptneapple'
has ornamental fluted and curled foliage
with a strong and delightful true scent of
mint !the variegated form).
w1th a true spearmm scent. The large
eau-de-cologne The whole plan is deep
Woolly or Bowie's m i n t IM.
and slightly crinkly leafed vanety,
g reen suffused wtth purple.
olopecurotdes) ts a v1gorous, all-growtng speetes with broadly oval furred leaves,
selection of black peppermmt; and white
Sprarmmt
peppermint [var officina/is), with
( Men tho sptcoto)
.
IS
'Eau de Cologne' or 'Bergamot;
x
vtlloso var
'Kentucky Colonel; is very close to the
A natura l hybrid between corn mmt
common garden mint of Australia and
(M. orvensis) and spearmtnt !M. spicata),
often sold as 'Apple' min , but 1 is
England. 'Moroccan' mint is a neat form
Menrha x gentilis has a long in lorescence
distmgu1shed by he dense, pom ed
with a very sweet lavor.
with clusters of lavender-colored flowers
term mal clusters of lavender flowers.
Peppermint ! M x piperita) IS a wtually sterile natural hybrtd of water m1nt
m the axils of the lanceolate leaves. Two
Japanese peppe r m i nt or North Amencan
vanet1es are 'Red-stemmed Applemint'
cornm1nt !M. canadensis) s ptercmgly
1M aquatica) and spearmmt !M. sptcota).
('Madalene Hill') and 'Gmger'
pepperm1nt -scented.
The most commonly cultivated clones are
Apple or pineapple m i n t IM. suaveolens)
'Black' !var. ptperita). with an inflorescence
tS a sweetly frutt-scented spwes wi h
Pennyroyal ! M pulegium) 1s a creeping mtn that forms dense mats. Its small smooth leaves a re powerfully hot mtnt scented and he I nflorescences have clusters of lavender lowers. The Amertcan pennyroyal tS Hedr?omo pulr?gtotdes. Corsican m i nt ! M reqwnti) 15 a strongly m1nt-scented ornamen a\ hat forms a very dense groundcover of t1ny emerald green eaves. we\1-su. ed to mo1st areas or cui Jvat•on n large po s Rau ram I Pers•carta odorato syn Potygonum odoratum) s ar eas,\y g•own perennta t, 1deal for po cultur a gh 1 shaded post 10n Althoug r no o the m 1 n t fam ,ty,
Vantga ttd app l t
mtnt (M suoveolrns 'Vanrg ata')
s also c a l e d V1etJ1a.ne�e n' nt and 1s used 1 As ar coo .ng t s po nred. 1ance-s haped oppos, ng .ea es are g reer Prnnyroyal
(M pulegwm)
mar ed wttr deep browr a d burgu nd
1int
Contmued
l l c r ba l m e d i c i n e
-J-
Mentha
piperita. Part used· leaves.
Peppermint produces notable relaxing e fects on the gut and can help to relieve mdigestion, nausea, gas and crampmg. Clinrcal trials have verified a therapeutic effect of the herb on many of the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, including diarrhea, cons ipation, bloating and abdominal pain, especially when taken in the form of enteric-coated R a u ram o r V1etnamese mint (Persicaria adarata)
Peppermint [ Mentha x piperita)
peppermint oil capsules. Topically, peppermint essential oil
• Sprinkle cotton balls with peppermint
has a pain-relieving effect, w hich can
essential oil and leave them where
be valuable in allevia ing the discomfort
rodents enter.
• Position The ideal condi ions a re
of joint and muscle pain and headaches.
• Add a few drops of peppermint
moist, nch soil and half to full sun.
When it is inhaled, it can also help to
essential oil to a damp rag and wipe
• Propagation You can easily propagate
reduce feelings of nausea and act as
on cabinet interiors to deter ants and
mmts from cu tings or by dividing clumps.
a nasal decongestant.
cockroaches.
• M a i ntenance If your mint is proving
For the safe and appropriate medicinal
• To make a personal insect repellent,
invasive, grow it in large pots.
use of peppermint, see Wind, bloating and
mix 1 part lavender, 1 part eucalyptus,
• Pests and d iseases Some mints,
flatulence, page 206; Nausea, page 205.
1 part peppermint essential oils with
mainly varieties of M. spicoto, a re prone
Do not use peppermint rn greater than
3 parts unscented moisturizer or sweet
culinary quantities, and do not use
almond oil, and rub into the skin.
o a rust disease, Puccineo menthoe. The mmt flea beetle can cause leaf fall and
the essential oil if you are pregnant
• To deter fleas, sprinkle dried pennyroyal
brownrng; caterpillars are also a problem.
or breastfeeding.
under your dog's bedding or put a spot of
• H a rvesti n g and stori n g Mints dry
•
oil on its collar. Don't use pennyroyal on
well in a warm, airy place away from direct sunlight. Store crumbled leaves
Peppermint and pennyroyal ( M. pulegium)
in an a i rtight container. Harvest foliage
a re both natural insect repellents that are
• C oo k i n g
o use fresh as required.
easy to grow.
Lovely though its flavor is, fresh mint can
ro u n d t h e h o m e
cats or pregnant dogs, because it is toxic.
overwhelm milder flavors and is best used with a light hand. Dried mint is less assertive and is favored in eastern Mediterranean and Arab countries. 1
In general, mint does not complement lb.
(500
g) green apples, cored
other herbs well, except parsley, thyme,
and roughly chopped 't. oz.
(15
marjoram, sage, oregano and coriander. It goes well with yogurt, and is used
g) roughly chopped fresh mint
leaves
1 1/2
cups
(375
1 l b. (500
g) jam-setting sugar
'h
g) finely chopped fresh mint
oz.
(15
in Vietnamese food and in some Indian dishes. The coriander and lemon taste of
ml) white wine vinegar
Vietnamese mint is refreshing in salads. Spearmint rs the ordinary garden mint, and the most common culinary type. It is
leaves, extra
Plan· apple.· . m i n t and 1 rnrgar
rn
mrd i u m
a classic flavoring for roast lamb and its accompaniments, and also goes well with
saucepan. cook. unro�erPd. u n l l i applrs an· 1c•ry tr n d er. Pure · applf'S;
< I ram
l h rough a srr1 r (don'l push them r h rougll. bur � l in\\
Uw llqurd to run t h rough so It'll
c l ! w s n ' l l1ecomc rluudy). l
ugar RPLurn to t ill'
hurl.
llorl ing ror I 0 m i n u tes. Removr rrom heat. stir th rough l'\lra m i n t . Pour i n to rlran container: rrrrrge rate 6 h o u rs. or·
unl!l set. �1akes about 2 cups (600 g).
potatoes, peas and salads. Peppermint has a particularly strong flavor and aroma. It makes a pleasam digestive tea. The oil is used in ice cream, confectionery and liqueurs.
N e tt l e Urtica diaica Lam1aceae u l pt ' I H'I' notcrl \\ h i lt' t he ramou� 1 7l l l -crn l u l'\ lwrl >a l i s t C ·· ma� l >c fuu n t l I >J fee l i ng. 11 ith u n u : u a l lc1 i t � l 11 a 1 n l ' t l lc� lv l i i pprrl in t iH' cla r�r'l n igh t . " a r t h ri l i � s u fferers oncr t hcmscl\l',
11
i l h s l i nging nt' l l l cs to rl'l iC\l' t he i r· pa i n -
nol a t rea t m e n t for L hr fa i n l - lll' D r l t'rl. Part. used
Nettle ( Urtica dioica)
Leaves, roots
• G a rd e n i n g The stmgmg nettle ( Urtica dioica) IS a cold olerant herbaceous perennial growing to 4 ft ( 1 .2 m), with coarsely toothed, oval leaves armed with st1nging hairs. T1ny
l2d:,w� f� rliMxltn{orf of ndf� Jf� 6�
ru.b6�
arew
witlv � or
l lerbal medicine
f� �e!Y of clock.
disorders of the prostate gland, such
green male and female lowers are borne on separa e plants, the pendulous branched 1n lorescences emerging directly
Urt1ca dioica. Parts used: Leaves, roots.
from the upper nodes of the square stems.
remedy. It has a gentle diuretic effect and
The spreading roots are yellow. The young
encourages the removal of oxins from
Do not use nettle in greater than culinary
he body. It is used medicinally to treat
doses if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
leaves are nch in mmerals (particularly
as frequent u rina ion and weak flow. For the safe and appropriate use of
Nettle leaf is a tradit1onal blood-purifying
ne tie, consult a healthcare professional.
potass1um, calcium, silicon and iron) and
arthritiC conditions and certain skin
also contain vitamin C. Roman nettle ( U.
disorders such as eczema, which some
• C oo k i n g
pilulifera) finds similar uses.
herbalists believe can benefit from a
The young leaves were once widely used in
Classified into five subspecies, all of which have similar uses, U. dio,ca is
detox1fymg action.
the spring diet to revitalize the body after
indigenous to much of the temperate
allergic properties, and herbalists ohen
Northern Hemisphere. As an introduced
prescribe it for symptoms of hay fever
since these have yet to develop the slinging
plan , 1t is widespread in the temperate Southern Hemisphere.
and skm rashes.
compounds. Nettle leaves may be cooked as
•
Position Ne les pre er full sun to light
shade and hrive 1n a rich, moist soil that is high i n nitrogen. •
Propagation Plant seed in spring
or, 1f you are brave, by division of plants 1n spnng. •
The leaf is also assoc1ated with anti
wmter. For culinary purposes, use leaf t1ps rom plants less than 4m. ( 10 em) h1gh,
Modern research has shown that
a vegetable, in s1milar ways to spinach, or
nettle root may 1nhibit overgrowth of
added to soups or o vegetable, egg or
prostate issue, and clinical trials have
meat dishes. A t1sane can be made from the
provided some compelling evidence that
leaves. Do not eat net les raw; also note
therapeutic use of the root may 1mprove
tha older leaves are h 1gh i n calcium
the u nnary symptoms assoc1ated w1th
oxalate and should not be eaten at all.
Mai ntenance Ne ties can become
1nvasive plan ts. •
Pests and diseases While ne ties
are qu1te disease-free, hey are a valuable food supply for the caterpillar s age of a number of but erfly spec1es. •
H arvesting and storing In add1t1on
to spnng p1ckmg, harves i n m1dsum mer and again 1n autumn , and always wear gloves to protect your hands. D1g up the roo s m autumn and air-dry them w1th the tops out of direct sunlig ht
\ lidiHiilli!dt•
Sl'IOI-hil n l
rill'l''l'
Cil'dlll\ ld>l l ' . C:orlllsli l dr g is
111
II I til
d
11 l'ii J l t ll'd
lil' f [ li • il' d l l ' s <J i l l ' l J II'!'SSIOI-( ilflli hl' l l l l l lg
fill'
it•<J i t ' >
dr<' ldl'f ' f ll l i l ,lf'I<JIIgl'cl ll\ l i d l l d
t o lonn " pit'dSi flg pd l l l ' lll a n d Jho t o . J i l rdlt ll.t l U I
I diiiJll\ rotors
llit 'll lng f l l l l!'l'ss. d l i i l l llg d sub! it·
nwslt mom t a s l l ' . Kt'llllll l' \ d l'g lmm t llt· l l ' l ngt' l d l t l l d l ll l l l l d l l liour l l t ' l l lrt' st' I I I I IL:.
Pa r s l ey Pr•roseltnum sp Ap1aceae/Umbelliterae I 'il l -; I t '\ ilt�s '' idt•sp n·ad c u i J I I
c l nll
Par
d
Leaves, stalks, roots, seeds; root of Hamburg parsley
• G a rd e n i n g Parsley ts a biennial crop, formmg a dense rosette o leaves in the flfst year and flowering 1n ts second summer, when the foliage becomes bitter. There are three distinct types of parsley. Probably the most fam iliar ts curly parsley (P crispum var. crispum). The many excellent varieties nclude 'Triple Curl' and 'Green River' The plain-leaf types, known as Italian or French or flat-leaf parsley [P. crispum var. neapolitanum), have flat
leaf segments. In Italy, the true Italian parsley is constdered to be 'Catalagno:
japomco)
whtch is usually listed elsewhere as 'Giant
IS
IS
in the same family. Its flavor
a mtxture of celery, angelica and parsley.
Italian: Hamburg or turntp-rooted parsley
• Position Parsley prefers ful l morning
[P. crispum var. tuberasum) ts grown more
sun to partial shade, and well-composted,
for its delicately flavored tap root than its
well-dra1ned but moist soil. It tolerates
• Propagation This herb is grown
leaves, although they can also be used.
fairly acidic to alkalme soil, but if the sod 1s
only from seed and takes 3 to 8 weeks
Japanese parsley or mitsuba (Cryptotaema
very ac1dic, Incorporate lime before planting.
to germmate. You can speed up this process by soakmg the seed in warm water overnight before planttng tnto trays or pots. Alternatively, pour freshly boiled water along seed drills just before plant1ng.
For a ill' l ruuus-Lasung .11111 <J i l racl ll l'
t'llll'fahJ-grrrn lwrll n ·ouo. rook a r i a ·stc nso l l u
11'1'1111' u�mg dl'hono
l'lrt'.
1 h i r�t· l l
or l l'gt'ldhlt· stor� d r H I \\ h t l t ' ll l n l '
a hdiHII U I III choppt•ll
11 111'11 I ll(' IICI' I · m 1'
h l u l l\
lldll�
il l ll l os t
liul t�dd
S [ l l l ldt'h ll'dll'S
t'OO�Cil.
Ollrt' t hl'
Cllo�l'il l l l shou lrl l ll' d
dropping consrstr•nr\ 1 . s l t r i n d
nea m�.
gl'rll 'nHts
,lllll l llllt ol l 1 11l'11 rhoppl'll l r t· h pdr'h'\
111d cori.uu!Pr St'"'"" to t.t-,tt•.
Cover seed very lightly with soil. Transplant seedlings into the garden (or thin seedlings sown directly into the garden) to around 10 in. [25 em) apart. Parsley self-seeds
under suitable cond1t1ons. In cold climates. a cloche will warm the soil and allow for earlier planting of seedlings, or even protect a wmter crop. • M a i ntena nce Water regularly or parsley will flower ('bolt') in its first season. Cutting out the emerg1ng flowenng stalks w1ll frustrate thts process to some extent.
CoUfli"r:rfotk otLCe/ �that 0�/JM� who were- wicked were- ab� to yow
tw.Jv��
H e rba l m e d i c i n e Pr?troselinum crispum var. cnspum. Parts used· leaves, roots. seeds. The leaves are a good source of v1tam1n C. and both the leaf and root are well- nown for eliciting considerable diuret1c effects m the body Parsley has been used to treat fluid retention, urinary tract d1sorders and arthritiC conditions of the joints, includ1ng gout, an inflammatory condition usually affectmg a s1ngle JOint, such as a big toe.
•
Pests and diseases Generally easy
to grow, parsley can be attacked by pests of closely related members of the same am11 - for instance. celery fly and carrot weevil. Septaria leaf spot can also be a
Parsley has a calming effect on the gut, alleviating fla ulence and colic, and also a gentle stimulatory action. encouraging appet1te a nd improv1ng digestion. It can also have a notable stimulating effect on the uterus and has
problem. In Hamburg parsley, crown ro can occur after prolonged ram. • Harvesti ng and storing New
been used to encourage menstruation -
growth comes from the center of the
pregnancy is a possibility.
stem. so haNest leaves from around the outside o plan s. Wrap 1n a plastiC bag and store in the freezer. Parsley
IS
not a
but should no be used for this purpose 1f
professional. Do not use parsley m greater than culinary quantit1es 1f you're pregnant
1 s lavor. Collect seeds when pale brown.
or breas feeding.
of he mflorescence mward. Hang bunches
•
of npenmg seed heads upside down 1ns1de
Flat-leaf parsley is generally cons1dered to
paper bags. Harvest he roots at the end of
have the best flavor, while curly parsley
the second season and a 1 r dry them.
hero.
sprang frurn t lw hlood of a Grr.rk
l ilt' foreru n ne r Of d P a t h .
.
\rchrrn OI'II
11 lliiP English
fu l k lo rl' has
it t h a t
p a r ley serd g o t o t he Dl'\ i l and back
�ewn t inws befc11 r t hry grrrn i n a te.
n• rer r i n g w I he
ract t l l il t t hry can be
i. a l�o
-.1o11 to S!Jro u t . I t
c l a i med t h a t
on!� 11 1 t he r a n grm1 i t . O n a mort· l ight hearted note. hnM1rr. par�lcy
tra l it ion a l l y a curat i\l'. il fact t hat
i
B • a t r i \ l 'ottrr
wraves i n to The Talc
of Pc/1'1' Rabbi/ 11 hen l'rtl'r e a ts too rn u r h
patch:
111
FarmPr
' F i rst
�lcG regor·, 1 rgetable
h e il t e somr
and some hroa d brans.
il'ltucr
t hen
.
orne
ra d 1 s h r�. anu t l il' n . ree l i ng ra t he r
· icl<..
lw 1\ Cn l t o look fo r ome par'le ·
For the safe and appropriate medicinal use of parsley, consult your healthcare
good herb for dry1ng, as 1t loses much of They npen progressively rom the outside
\ccordi ng to G reek m y t h . par�h·�
ook i n g
has a pleasing crunchy texture. Use either one as a garnish or m salads, vegetable and egg dishes and sauces (see Frankfur gree sauce rec1pe, page 338). Parsley is essen ial to many traditional
{'Atv lwi'U!4f taborwtv.Y
Cor..ut:rtr - , witlv �or/ Bre«d, Salt and w � Par�, wilt �e- w contented f11ud witlv w roaM-ed On«J�v. " nuuv
flavoring mixtures, partiCularly m French cookmg. Bouquet garn1, a small bunch of pungen fresh herbs for slow cooking, is most of en comprised of a bay leaf. spngs
C h i m i c h u rr i R a u c e
of parsley a nd sprigs of thyme. Other
l 'ar-;h·� I S u s e d 111 mam
mixes include perslllade (finely chopped
111 1 \t ' s JI'OUIHI LIJt• \\ fll'ltl (st't' Cht'tlllOUid
parsley and garl1c, see rwpe, page 352)
iilltl l 'nsliladt' tt•npcs.
Sprinkle them on a d1sh near the end o 1ts preparation to retain 1ts laver.
1 11 1 ..,
(P crtspum var. tuberosum).
grown for its roots rather than 1ts leaves, has a
mild
taste It can be grown '" conta1ners as
well as 1n the ground
spier
fi.J!?t ' 1.1!1 Tl'\
\rg!'ntin i.Jil sc� uet• \l i t h llii'JI hot
oil L 111• hdrlwrut•
The edible root of Hamburg parsley
Hamburg parsley
l w rll .1nt1
I n <1 l d l' .
(lef ) is used m soups and s ews and can
2
t'I HIIill nt• b
rlol t's
gdt lw.
t;Jh!I'SIXl(lll'i i 11•sh l lr!'l!d lll l it'd\I'S .11111
be roasted or boiled 1n the same way as
d hanl l l u l o[ p&slt•\ it'd\t''· ,Jil l n it ' !�
other root vegetables.
t h"llllt'd
Mi suba IS used 1n Japanese cookmg, m soups, salads. slow-cooked d1shes and ned foods. Blanch the leaves bnefly to tendenze them or add to food at t he las
thoppt•t l . 1 p 1 n r h
moment o preserve the delicate flavor.
\till I
l.thll'spoou rt't l on1on.
ol
I tt'dsj K X III ground 1 I :;o 11 1 1 1
111i1t·
tli lt'tl clulh
hiJt
011. 11
k
I K ' i 'Pt'l .
1 11 1 11
t<�hlt·'' " "ll' n·tl 11 n11·
dllil Sdlt. to t;Jslt• St'.li ldl I .t'
ll.1k1''·
h
Pa s i o n fl ow e r Pass, flora tncarnoto Pass1floraceae To S pt� n h h n J i s .., i o n d r t l ' " in Sou t h
\mniciJ. I ll ! ' pds.'ion!IO\\ t' r rcpresr·n tecl
l lw 1 '<1'-Sion ol CJm ., l : 1 111' t lm • t • s t Jglllas s� m l >o l i zcd t lw n a i l s. t he corona l lw nm\ n o l l iH H"Il'< I lit' I J \ t '
J a nw n s t he wou n d s . d n c l t h c· len pe t a l s l hl'
\JlO'-'I IC's ( t'\CI'Jll .J tidciS l sca riot CI JHI l 't'I('J'). 'Ti m o Maypops, pu r p l e passi onf lowe r, w i l d a pncot, wild passionflower Dned aenal parts (especia l ly leaves). ripe fru its. flowers
Passionfruit ( Possifloro edulis)
• G a n lr n i ng
• Position It prefers a light. acidic soil
There are about 400 spec1es of passlon
and a warm. sunny position. I n cooler
Possiflora incarnata. Part used: leaves.
l lcrbal medicin
ruit. Many are ornamental. tendrilled
areas, it is an excellent greenhouse plant.
Medicinally, passronflower can be of
climbers; some produce delic1ous fru1t.
• Propagation Sow passronflower seed
1 mmense benefit in conditions in which
Most require warm-temperate to tropical
in spring when the soil has warmed. Or
nervous tension and stress are prominent
conditiOns. although P mcarnata 1s one
propagate by semi-ripe stem cuttings in
factors. This herb has a calming effect
of he most tolerant of cooler cond1t1ons.
summer. or by layerrng.
on the m1nd and body, and is commonly
Deciduous in colder areas. 1t can survive
• M a i n tena nce Provide a trellis or other
prescribed for insomnia in adults and
occasional w1nter freezes.
support, and mulch plants well. Shape and
children, especially when there is difficulty
prune the vine as necessary i n spring.
falling asleep.
A common wildflower
the southern
m
U nited States. it was used as a tonic by
• Pests and d iseases Passionflower
Nat1ve Americans. and was first noted
vines are mainly pest-free and, although
Results of preliminary human trials have provided supportive evidence for
by a Western doctor 1 n 1 783. The leaves
Possiflora is an important food source for
the traditional use of passionflower
are palmately divided with 3 to 5 smooth,
the caterpillar stage of some butterflies.
for treating anxiety disorders. It's also
textured. pointed lobes with serrated
they cause no permanent damage.
interesting to note that further research
marg i ns. The fragrant large flowers are
• H a rvesti n g and storing Harvest
has elucidated a potential role as a
lavender-colored, w1th a white cen er
the aerial parts in mid- to late summer
supportive remedy during withdrawal from addict1on to narcotic drugs.
and a deeper purple, threadlike corona.
and a�r-dry for medicinal preparations.
The frui s, ovoid yellow berries when ripe,
For culinary use. pick the fruits at the
are about 2 1n. [5 em) long.
"dropping" stage.
The relaxing and a ntispasmodic effects of passionflower can also be applied in the treatment of digestive symptoms, nervous headaches and neuralgic pain
Pass i o n fr u i t c o rd i a l
that are exacerbated by stress and tension. For the safe and appropriate medicinal
Spoon J IH· p u l p n f 8 passion fru i l
use of passionflower. refer to Insomnia,
111to a
m i \ l ng ho11 l . You nt·t·rt
page 2 1 4. Do not use passionflower if
aiJouL
1!1 c u p I 1 flO mit pu l p .
you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
\t.ld
I
1 Lea.,poon 1 an l i la
cup
rx1 ri:lrl.
( 2:lO g) ugar anrl 111 up
100 111 1 1 fn•,hl) ,qut·rzl'd h'mon 1 1 1iCf ' S i i r
lnd
\It'll.
!'our
mlll d t lrp
IJol l lr and rl'frrg!'r au•.
f..rt'llS
• Co k i n g The seeds and pulp of ripe fruits have a tangy flavor, and are eaten raw or used in fruit salads and other desserts. curds.
hu I Il l'!'�. l'our i n lo a 1 ug. 1\dt.l
jams. jellies and fruit drinks. The popular
1 c u r> 1 1 II h r l l ed cluh soriJ.
cocktail called the Hurricane is made with
St'l'll'' H
passion fruit syrup. rum and lime juice.
Pass,onfruit from th� P. edults vine
Opposite: Passionflower (Possifloro inrornota)
Pe o ny Poeonia lactdlora syn P alb, flora, P officmalis, P suffruticosa syn. P mouton Paeoniaceae O n ce l lw l m orrtl l lo\\ l ' f' of C h i n e l' t•m pnor . peo n i r s \\ (' I'C' fi r s t m r n l ioncd cJ s a med i c i n a l llerh i n <�l>o u t :i O O 1 1 : . I I O\\l'\ C'r. t ile rn rd i c i n a l u s e o f d l l l lm·e o l l lwse I H'On ir•
Oth r c Part u
i · re�t r i c t ec l to q u a l i rircl practi t io n e r .
n Bar shao, Chinese peony, wh ite peony ( P. Ioctifloro) Roots, flowers
• G a rcl e n i n g The Chmese peony (P. laccif/ora) is a herbaceous perennial. It has erect stems w1th lobed leaves and very large, scented flowers, which in the wild are wh1te and srngle. Cultivated plants g row to 3.5 ft.
&/M0111f 1/.v �
afer PMO;v, � to t� yruk y;r/y,
( 1 m), are fully hardy, can be red, pink or
Peony ( Poeonio loctiflora)
blood pressure due to its ability to dilate blood vessels and i mprove circulation.
• Propagation Plant fresh seed in
Traditionally and i n combination with
autumn, or stratify older seed (see
other herbs, whrte peony has also been
from Western Chrna o Bhutan, forms a
page 44), then plant it in spring. You
used to ease muscle cramps and reduce
branched upright shrub to 6.5 ft. (2 m) with
can also divide plants in late autumn
intestinal griping, enhance memory and
slash-cut and lobed leaves. The terminal
or sprrng, take root cuttings rn winter
concentratron, relieve night sweats and
flowers are very large and slightly fragrant.
or sem1-ripe stem cuttings.
treat angina.
purple and are usually double. The tree peony (P suffruticosa), ound
Common peony (P officina/is) is a
• M a i n tenance Peonies require heavy
For the safe and approprrate use of
herbaceous perennial with many erect
feed1ng, and their roots resent disturbance.
white peony, consult your healthcare
stems to 2.5 ft. (75 em), bipinnate leaves
Remove dead wood in spring.
professionaL Do not take white peony
composed of ovate-lanceolate segments,
• Pests and d i seases These plants are
if you a re pregnant or breastfeeding.
and large terminal flowers that are srngle,
susceptible to Botrytis. peony wilt (caused
fragrant, usually purple-crimson and
by a blight fungus), leaf spot, nematodes
•
hermaphroditic.
(eel worm) and honey fungus.
The flowers of P. offic1nalis are used to
• Varieties Common peony varret1es include 'Alba Plena' and 'Rosea Plena:
I I rbal m dicin
• Posi tion Peonies prefer cold wmters
Poeonia lactiflora. Part used: roots. I n
and a deep, rich, moist (and in the case
traditional Chinese medicine, white peony
of P. officina/is, slightly alkaline) soil.
root nourishes the blood and is a key
oo k i ng
scent tea, and the seeds were once used as a spice.
remedy for the treatment of conditions of the female reproductive system. Laboratory studies have shown white peony possesses moderate hormonal act1v1ty. Herbalists prescribe this herb, often with licorice, to regulate the menstrual cycle and relieve pain. This combmation
IS
used to treat irregular.
heavy, delayed or absent bleeding, period pain, premenstrual syndrome, fibroids and polycystic ovarian syndrome. A sculpture 1n Wangcheng Park, Luoyang, China, where the beauty of the peony is celebrated.
Wh1te peony can also have a relaxing effect on muscles, and it may lower
The old hcrbalr L reco"n izrd li\ O dtrrert·nl tea r form of P. omcmJJi, a.· ·mall'" and · rrma le·· peoore .
\\ hich 1\l'fl'
u
Pd for mal and
[('male complaints. re�11eclivel� Thr ·rrmJI
•
peony had I arrer
rolla t' . . ern ted d rl. purple n(llw r
ami blac� sreds.
hi I' IJlt' ·malr"
llfony had purplt'-rrd nov.er' and black an
Pe r i l l a
In Japan thr frr. h rrd It'd\
Perillo frutrscrns syn. P octmoides Lamiaceae i · u sed rresll Peri lla i, a pop u l a r. s p i c i l ) a rom a t ic c u l i n a r� lwril l ll a l c u rl� lcafr!l d n a l in salatl: and for p i c � l i n g anti nm n r i ng. Tile colorfu nual. forms arr incrrc�si ngl� JJOI u l a r a� an o m a rn C ' n ta l lwd! l i ng a n
Beafsteak plant, Chinese basil, shiso Part u d Leaves, flower spi kes, seed
Oth e r c mmor n a m e
• Position Perilla lourishes in moist,
Perilla 1s a hardy, branched annual to 4 ft.
well-dramed soils enriched with compost.
{1.2 m) with broadly ovate, serrated leaves.
• Propagation Plant seed in spnng
wh1ch vary
when the soil has warmed.
color from green to red and
purple. The leaf edges may be curled
• Mai ntenance Pinch out the initial
{a form previously called P. crispum). while
flower spikes to encourage bushy growth.
the uny white to purple flowers are borne m
dense spikes abou 4 m { 10 em) long.
arr <:tl · o usl'tl t o co lor and
na1or pitlled plum
(pi< tun·d) and
gmgrr. 11 h i l e the �t'l'd. arr sprouted for usr m salads. or p1cklrd as a tondmw nt for Japanr.e rhshc•s. Different vaneliP. · or p!'rilla arc a l so u ·ell in In done ian.
• Pests and diseases This herb has • H a rvesti n g and storing Harvest the
Cumin; both readily available, have cumin
leaves tn summer and use them fresh or
and c1nnamon-scented leaves. 'Aojiso' has
dned. Harvest flower spikes when hey are
green ginger-scented leaves. o en used
fully developed, and the seed m autumn.
deep red to purple leaves. The large-leafed
Th!' lravl'
few problems.
• Varieties 'Green Cumm' and 'Purple
w•th sash1mi. 'Red' or 'Akajiso' has nch,
IHappm g for ch:he� su h a. sush1.
\'irtnamr e and kon•an cui me.
• G a rd e n i n g m
of pcn l la
arl' usrd m saldfis or a.- a garnish or
I I rba l mcd i c i n
'Kkaenn1p' or Korean penlla is used m
Perillo fru tescens. Parts used · leaves,
salads, as a food wrap and preserve, and
seeds. Both the leaves and seeds of penlla
Labora ory research has confirmed substantial antJ-allerg1c as well as anti
the seeos for culinary flavoring. 'Thai'
have been used for cen u ries 1n traditional
Inflammatory effects of perilla extracts.
penlla has a strong, delic1ous flavor.
Japanese med1cine (a system known as
Clinical trials have produced prom1smg
Kampo). and also by Ch1nese herbalis s for
results for the use of oral preparations of
s1milar therapeutic purposes. Perilla is commonly prescribed w1th other herbs for the trea ment of resp1ratory conditions,
perilla for the relief of hay fever symptoms, mclud1ng watery, Itching eyes. Addi!IO al studies have also recorded mprovements in the symptoms of allergic derma i 1s w1
1ncludmg colds, flu and
the use of a topical perilla cream.
coughs. and to ease
such as lack of appet,te,
For the safe and appropna e medicmal use of perilla, see Hay fever and S1nus1 1S, poge 203. Do 't use perilla ,n grea er han culmary quantities 1f you are pregnant
nausea and bloattng.
or breastfeeding.
symptoms caused by poor digestive function,
Perilla IS also used successfully for the managemen o hay fever and dermat1t1s. I 1s a key mgredient 1n the Kampo herbal formula known as Sa1bokuto, a popular remedy tha is used for a number of allergic cond1 1ons Penlla IPen//o frutescens)
C o o "- i n g The red va(ety of per• Ia os more of en used for culinary purposes tha the gree11. [Be aware tha excess1 e handl,ng ot h e 1eaves can cause derman is I A volatile 011 m the leaves of P fru tescfns conta1n s a compo und that 1s 2,000 mes swee•e r han sugar and IS used as an ar t1C1al swee ener 1n Japan.
P l a n ta i n Plan tago maJOr, P. lonceoloto, P. osiottco syn. P. maJor var asiatica, P psyllium Plantag•naceae C :on 1 1 1 1 o n p l a n t c� i n i-; con s i d c rrrl a \\ t'ed ll:r m a n � ga rde n e r s . hu t 1 1 l l d 'i l ong I H'cn \ a l u cd i n fol k m ed i c i n e . a n d con t i n ues to
l i n d lw rllal u •w ·. Thr•n· c1 rr a l so :omr• cquatt:r useful a n d \ C ry o rnc�nw n t a l ' d i' i c l l<''> l o r UlC' ga rd e n .
Other cc
Parts us
Greater plantain, rat-tail p lantain (P major) Leaves ( P major. P lanceolata) ; seeds, seed husks ( P psyllium, P ovata)
• C a rd n i n g evergreen perennial that forms a basal
• Pos ition P. psyllium, P. avo to and P. asiatica prefer full sun and a well drained so1\. P. major prefers a moist
rosette of stalked, broadly ovate leaves
SituatiOn with light shade.
to 1 5 em, from which emerge cylindrical
• Propagation Plant seed directly
spikes of tiny green flowers to 20 em.
in spring after the soil has warmed.
Common plantatn (P. moJorl is a n
Rose plantain (Plantago major 'Rosularis')
Ribwort plantain ( P. lonceolato). wtth
• M a i ntenance Weed regularly
recovery from anal/rectal surgery and
ribbed lanceolate leaves, is used i n ter
• Pests and d iseases In dry weather.
haemorrhotds where a softer stool IS needed to ease the passing ot stools.
changeably with P. maJor tn herbal medicine.
powdery m ildew JS a problem for P. major.
Astan plantain (P. osiattca syn. P. maJOr var.
• H a rvest i n g and storing Cut the
Its content of soluble fiber also makes
asiatica) bears flower sptkes to 50 em.
leaves and d ry them for herbal use, as
psyllium a valuable part of any cholesterol
Psylltum (P. psylltum) ts an annual with in orescences that release tiny seeds. Blond psyll1um (P. ovoto) is also widely used; black psyllium (P. indica) and golden
required. Collect seed when ripe, as soon
lowering program. The fiber binds o
as the dew has dried, and dry them also.
cholesterol in the gut, enabling it to be
I I rbal medici ne
excreted from the body. For the safe and appropriate use of
Plantago lanceolata, P. major. Part used:
plantain, consult a healthcare professional.
• Varieties The inflorescences of rose
leaves. Due to plantain's mucilaginous
For the use of psyllium, see Constipation
plantain (P major 'Rosulans' ) resemble
compounds, it has a sao hmg effect on
and haemorrhoids. page 207, and Detox,
double green roses. 'Rubrifolia' has purple
the l ungs, reducing inflammation and
page 209. Do not use these herbs if you
leaves, and Variegata' is marbled white.
irritation, and helping to remove catarrh.
are pregnant or breastfeeding, except
Plantain ts also used for its healing effect
under medical supervision.
psyllium (P. arenaria) to a lesser degree.
on peptic and i n testinal u lcers, gastritis and colitis. Pla n ta i n can be used as a mouthwash One or I ht' '\tnt' Sa crl' d 1 \rrbs of lhe \nglo-Saxons. plantain 11 a .· helie\ed to
cure hrauachl' · . T h l' Larnunga. a
co\lerliun of m ed ica l Ll'\h IHilten m I he l i t h or 1 21 h rl'n lur:v. relates this �tOr� ol ih!' /.!Oil 1\0dl'll·
.
'
.OUt or thl'
11 01111 'ill'
lOOK hiS S\\I Jrll dlltl thil ll/.!1'(\ it IIllO
lll llt'
ht'J ils. Thl'sl' ht•rils d u t 1 \w 11 Jst' lord rrt>al t ' .Jrtd st•nt them i n to thr �,�,orld
lnJ r w h Juri p(J(Jr. d J'I'JTII'd� 101 all . . '
or gargle for inflammatory conditions of the mouth and throat, and as an ointment it can be applied to haemorrhoids. cuts and bruises to aid healing. Plantago psyllium, P. ova to. Parts used: seeds, husks. Psyllium is a n excellent bulk laxative The soluble fiber contained i n the seeds absorbs water, making bowel movements easier and more regular. Clinical trials have confirmed its benefit in the treatment of chronic constipation and Irritable bowel syndrome. Psyllium
Plan togo psyllium sted has commercial worth as
can also be used in cases of anal fissures,
a htgh-fiber ingredient in breakfast cereals.
Po pp y Popover rhoeas, P somniferum; Eschscholzia californica Papaveraceae Cul l i\ a tell for :1.000 year . poppic · \\ ere once symho l i c bo t h of t h e e a r t h godde:s ancl of Ceres. t i l e go
the .ou rce of some of o u r most i m po r t a n t pa i n k i i iNs. m o r p h i n e
a n d codei ne. b u t a l so of flangcrou I� adc l i c li\'c h e ro i n . -----
---- --------- --
Parts used
--------- -- -----
Aerial parts (Californian poppy only) ; latex (opium poppy o nly)
• G a rd n i n g
& � IUUI1R/ pr
The opium poppy (P. somniferum) is a
t� �/M�J
rj,{)�f-Vhv,
hardy annual that grows to about 4 ft. (1.2 m) with large, coarse, toothed, silvery green foliage and tall flowering stems beanng four-petaled flowers that may be
I
�
'�-inti� '
white, pink, lavender or red, followed by a
Californian poppy (Eschscholzio cailformca)
The blue-green, finely div1ded leaves form a basal rosette and the many flower stalks
globose capsule with an operculum that
bear single silken, four-petaled flowers 1n
opens to scatter the ripe seed. The wall of
The European annual red or field poppy
the green capsule oozes bitter white latex
(P. rhoeas) has four silken, bright red petals,
when wounded.
sometimes with a black blotch in the
• Position Al l poppies, including
center. It was used to breed ornamental
Californian poppy, require a well
Shirley poppies.
d rained soil and sunny position.
Opium poppy cultivation is strictly controlled in many countries; however, a number of ornamental forms are widely grown, including the 1 9th century red and
Californian poppy ( Eschscholzia
lemon to orange.
• Propagation To sow poppy seeds
californica). which is related to true
evenly during spring, mix them wi h
white 'Danish Flag; double 'peony' forms
poppies, is a heat- and drough t-resistant
dry sand.
and the very old 'Hen and Chickens: which
annual, native to the western United
• M a i n tenance Weed regularly.
has a ring of tiny flowers encircling each
States, with the subspecies mexicana
• Pests a n d d i seases Powdery mildew
large flower.
extending south 1nto the Sonoran Desert.
can be a problem. • H a rvesti n g and storing H a rvest and dry the petals 1m mediately after the flowers fully open. Collect seed from ripe capsules and d ry them.
OpiUm drm ru rrom t h l' latex or t h t'
u n ri pl' red rapsulrs of t h e opium popp� ( i'
somnif crum) 11 dS once a
trathlional hrriJal medir m!' as
ll t' l l
a · a lrgal recreattnnal drug. btll 11 r no11 knm1 thai O!liates are atlrtic1 11 e and associalt'd 11 1111
errech. In
1s
l hr
t•riou. ad1 cr. r
\\estern 11 0rld. Opium
a hra1 ll\ regu l al rrl and llrt'nsrd
product used
to p roclucr
antl rotlruw.
� l mph inr and codeine
prOI ItfP
1'\CI'jll tona l palll
mnrphmr
rl'I IPr J.
pharmact' U l iCal tfrugs. hul s 1 1 1 1 carr)
a ris� ol dt'prndt·nrv 11 ilh 01 eruw
Jl
r' ba l m c d i c i n
Eschscholzia californica. Parts used: aerial parts. The aerial par s of Californ1an poppy were used by Native Amencans as a pai n killer, and have been mcorpora ed 1nto Western herbal medicine as a valuable pain-relie ving and relaxtng herb. It is used for treating msomn1a , anx1ety and over-exc itability, and may be a useful remedy for aid�ng relaxatio n dunng times of tension and stress. Californ ian poppy allevtat es many types of pa1n, includi ng headac hes, nervou s cramp tng of he bowel, and rheum atic and nerve pai n
P0 P PY
Continued
Substances known as alkaloids are responsible for the plant's sedatmg and pain-killing properties, and are similar to hose found 1n opium poppy, from which morph1ne and codeine are derived.
P0/1-U;r J.ee
luu-�fltwor¥{vr
6a.kedy;oci.Y. For the safe and appropriate use
therapeutic effect and are also regarded
of Californian and red poppy, consult
as non-habit forming.
your healthcare professional. Do not
Papaver rhoeas. Part used: petals. Despite being closely related to the opium poppy, the red or field poppy possesses
In
thr World IVar l llalliPIICid� around
PlanuPrs
no r t he r n F.uropc•. red m·
111
[ielrl pop pit'S lJIOomefl Cl rry\\ herr in I hr ravagrd eart h . Since thrn. t l1ry
hal P lJ come a symbol of �nnist icr or Rrmcmllrance Da:r on
I I
i'\ovrmllrr
each ye31'. John MrCrar wrotr i lle
However, the alkaloids that are found i n Californian poppy have a far gentler
R e m e m bra nce Oa�
follo11 ing porm 111 1 9 1 fi. l hl '
ildy after
he 11 iln s. eel lhP cfea t h of a frwnlf.
use these herbs if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
none of its counterpart's potent narcotic
• C oo k i n g
effects. I nstead, it is used as a reliable
Poppy seeds are not narcotic and are
traditional remedy for soothing respiratory
widely liked for their flavor and crunchy
conditions that are associated with irritable
texture. They are popular in baked goods,
coughing and the presence of catarrh.
such as breads, cakes, pastries, muffins
Red poppy IS regarded as mildly sedating
and bagels. I n India, the seeds are g round
and can be useful for alleviating poor or
and used to thicken sauces. The seeds also
disturbed sleep.
feature in Jewish and German cooking.
On Novemberl l , Remembrance Day, wreaths of artificial fi�ld poppies are placed on war memorials in memory of the fallen.
In
Flanders
ncltls
l lw
poppirs blo11
BNwren Lh · c rosses. row on roll'.
Tl1a1
mark our place: a nd
Thf larks. Scarrr
' l i l l l lra 1· e l �
in the s�y
·ioging. My
h ea rd am1d lhe guns below.
\o\e arr lhr droll. Short da�s agu \\ c
li1cd. frlt da11 n, sm1 sunset giOI\.
Lfll'ed. a nd 1\ P I'I' lOIN!, 311(! 11011 \�C
I n Fl
IIC
nc!ers field�.
Takl' u p our q u arrel \\ i l h I he for
To you from falling hands we t h rO\\ The torc h: he your. w h o l d It high If yr ureak
fa i l l l 11 .1th us 11 ho die
\\'(• shall not slec•p. though p o pple : ,g£'0\\ In lllanclrr · firld .
Red or field poppy (Papaver rhoeas)
M.lf"' John \lrr.r " . 1Rn- J H 1 1l
Prim ro s e a n d cows l i p
I n the
Primulo vulgons. P. v�ns Primu laceae
"'err u ed instrad or. or m1x d
c01, ' l i ps 1\ l'rr once l--. n011 n as "cOI\ Sioppr . .
..
u p po rdly d rop ned
pring u p 11 h c rc t he
fe l l .
• G a rde n i n g
a noor
helped to rna k
covering. The
u nplea ant odor . deter hou ehold pe t and. i t was belie\ed . protect against d i sea e. ccording to Thoma
Other commo n a m e Paigle (cowslip) Parts us d Leaves. flowers, roots
Pnmrose ( P. vulgaris) i s a perennial forming a basal rosette of oblong, rugose leaves. rom whtch spring a number of
tre"' ing herb
\\ tlh. rushes or straw a
in t h e bel ief I h a l Lhr� gre11
·· ' in cm1 dropping• . or as t h r leys of SL Petrr. \\ ho l he ke� . from hea1·e n . ca u ' i n g COl> , l i ps Lo
1 idrllf' o\ge .
1iJ •er ·
fhe Hundred Goorl Point. of /lu bandr:r ( 1 5 73). t he 2 1 strewing herb comprised: ·aas e l l l basi l ] .
pers1stent rufflike calyx; 'Hose in Hose:
Ba\1 Im e ! lemon bal m ] . Camamel
with a second flower emerging from the
lchamom i le l . Costemary lcostmary].
first; and the very attractive fully double
Cow l er and paggle
varieties such as 'Alba Plena; 'Double
Dai
Sulphur' and 'Miss Indigo:
Germander. lly op l h � sop].
! cow ltp ] .
i e o f a l l �orts. Sweet fennel.
stalked. solitary flowers with a sweet, fresh fragrance. The flowers are five petaled and pale golden yellow (rarely
• Position Primroses requtre a moist.
l .a\ender. La1cnder pike. Lavender
rich soil and l ight shade. while cowslips
colten I antolina ] . \la rjorom.
whtte), with a central cleft i n each petal.
prefer a well-drained drier site in ful l sun
�la\\ del in. Pen
The foliage of cowslips closely resembles
or light shade.
Ro�e of a l l nrts. Red myn l r . Sag .
that of primroses. but the smaller. golden
• Propagation Propagate cowslips and
Tansey.
yellow, sweetly scented flowers are borne
primroses by seed or by division. Stratify
tn clusters at the top of each flowering
the seed for 10 weeks to break dormancy
stem. well above the leaves. According to
(see page 44). Because of habitat loss and
\ 10IPl
ryall l pennyro a l ] .
. \\'inter avery.'
the English herbalist John Gerard, writing
over-harvesting of these plants, do not
coughs associated with some resp1ratory
in the 1 6th century, a tisane made from
gather them in the wild.
disorders. such as bronchitiS.
the flowers was drunk in the month of
• M a i ntenance M ulch the plants. Break
May to cure the "frenzie.'
up any clumps and replant well-rooted
For the safe and appropnate use of cowslip, consult a healthcare professional.
divisions every 2 years.
Do not use cowslip if you are pregnant
mentioned tn Tudor and Elizabethan
• Pests and diseases Leaf-eattng
or breastfeed1ng.
herbals. and are still available, tnclude 'Jack tn the Green; with a much enlarged
insects can damage plants. Rust may
•
Varieties Primrose varieties that are
infect leaves. and Botrytts can kill plants. • H a rvesting and storing Gather leaves and flowers i n spring to use fresh, and for use in preserves and wine. Before storing, a1r-dry flowers, leaves and roots (lifted in autumn).
I I rba l mecl i r i n r Pnmulo veris, P. officmalis. Parts used flowers. roots. Both the flowers and roots of cowslip have been used med1c1nally over t1me. The flowers are more commonly associated wi h relaxing and sedative properties and are used o treat nsomn1a and restlessness. They can also act as a valuable support1ve remedy tn 1mes of stress and tens1on. Trad1t 1onally, i t was believed that 1f you n1bbled on COwslips you would see fa�r�e s.
Cowsl1p
IS
also rad1t1onally used o
alleviate catarrhal congestiOn and trrttable
Pu r s la n e Portulaca aleracea Por ulacaceae In C<' ll L U I'I<'s pel l. p u r ' l tl l l l ' \\ il S lw ld up as a c u re lo r " i l last i ngs IJ� .. l lgh l ll ! ng or p l a n l ' t " . L i k.c · a n u m i l !' l ' or '\l l'<'d:" contlc•m necl in m odPrn garri< ' n s . L h i s -; u cc u l l ' n l lwril li d S o n c e a p p r<'c i a lc fl a
a ·alafl. picklr
d i H I . d U L(t'd l l'g<' t a h l c . I t i .· 110\1 com ing hack. i n t o c u l i n a r
Parts u s
Leaves, stems
• G a rd e n i n g Purslane
fasll i o n .
IS
a n annual hat grows to about
3 m. (7 em) h1gh and up to 1 . 5 h. (45 em) w1de, w1th soft trailing branches and wedge- to spoon-shaped, succulent green leaves. The ephemeral flowers are
P� JireAAJtv aroUJUI
6ed Wa!Y 6eJievetf to wan/ off wd J�Uri&
tv
Ofl.Cb
inconspicuous, five-petaled and yellow, while the seeds are tiny, spherical and
hem mto the soil, which should be kept
Purslane ( Portulaca oleracea)
black. Cultivated purslane is somet1mes
moist. Leh uncovered, they will germinate
sold as var. sativa. The leaves are ender and fleshy, with a slight crunchy texture.
rapidly. Dunng the growing season, trai l ing branches will root where they
Purslane has been used both as a food and
touch the ground; detach the rooted
favor as a culinary herb. You can cook it
a medic1ne in the Mediterranean basm,
tips and plant them out. In an area
in a similar manner to spinach. I n French
Purslane was popular in England 1n the E lizabethan era and is once again finding
India and China for thousands of years.
with a long growing season, you can
cooking, the fleshy leaves are used raw in
• Va rieties There
sow month ly.
salads, or cooked in equal amounts with
variety (var. aurea) with reddish stems.
• M a i ntenance For a tender, abundant
sorrel to make the classic soup bonne
• Position Purslane is found very widely
crop, keep the soil mo1st at all times. An
femme. They are sometimes included in
i n well-drained soils, growing i n ful l sun
occasional light application of liquid
fattoush, a Middle Eastern salad. Add a
to light shade.
seaweed fertilizer at the recommended
few leaves to the version of this dish
• Propagation Plant the seeds after
rate is also helpful.
featured on page 357. In Asia, purslane
IS
a golden-leafed
he soil warms in spring. Barely press
Pur'Ia n 'h
lb.
3.5
4 'h
(250
lb.
cups lb.
(50
�
g ) purslan�. chopp�d
stock
Cook purslane \\ l lh butter 1n Lock.
ook
u n ti l potato L tender. lh n puree m a hlender. Sur tn garnhh
1\
will deteriorate. Dry them
with garlic, chili and whole peppercorns.
Purslane makes an excellent pickle,
for decoct1ons.
spinach flavor and has been eaten for
fr�sh purslane, to garnish
Add
using wine or apple cider vinegar spiced
thousands of years in India, where it
tabl�spoons cream
cowred pan .
• H a rvesting and storing Harvest fresh plants before flowering, or the flavor
Purslane has a slightly sour, salty, lemony
g) potatoes,
p��l�d and sliced
3
is used in stir-fries. Abonginal Australians used the seeds to make seed cakes.
• Coo k i ng
g) butt�r
(1 I)
(250
oup
• Pests and d iseases Slugs may be a problem.
ream. Lht'n
llh frr h pur lan .
grows wild. It is the leaves that are most commonly used, but the roots, flowers and seeds are also edible. The plant contains mucilage, giving the palate a glutinous sensation and also serving to thicken such dishes as soups and sauces. Blanching reduces both the mucilage and the jellylike leaf texture.
Rich in vitamins A, C and E, purslane is consider�d one of the future 'power foods:
Re d c l ov e r
Trifolium pro tense Fabaceae
Red cltM'J' ha. been an i m po r ta n t agri c u l t u ra l l'or'Cig(' a n t i i n r r t hr � l r
rr r l i l i l� -impro\ i n g CI'OP
cant in, ph� toe t rogC ' n s a n d i: i n c re a s i ng! a rneclirin a l hrrh . pa rl icu l a r l
i m pol'l a n L a �
for m r nopa u s a l .y m pto ms.
(' ., c Meadow honeysuckle, meadow trefoil, purple clover, wild clover p s i Flowers, young leaves
• G a rd e n i n g
curry powders. Medicinally, it is used
Red clover is a shor -lived European
under professronal supervision to help
perennial now wide! grown as a valuable forage crop. In common wr h o her clovers,
manage blood sugar 1n pat1ents with
White clover
d iabetes, and as a cholesterol-lowering
( Trifolium rep�ns)
nr
rogen-fixing bactena rn its root nodules
assrmila
e
atmospheric nrtrogen mto the
agent. See Spices. page 138. • Varieties There are about 300 spec1es
These days, the most common medicmal
plant and significantly improve soil fertility.
of clover, Including the beautiful crimson
appl1catron for red clover centers around
The plants form a creeping groundcover
clover (T. incarnatum), an important forage
the use of isolated compounds known as
wrth stalked tnfoliate leaves, each leaflet
crop that is also used in herbal crafts and
isoflavones that come from the leaves
mar ed wrth a cen ral pale arrowhead. The
planted for roadsrde erosron control, and
and flowers. These compounds have been
stalked mflorescences are dense and club
white clover ( T repens), which is likewise
shown to possess mild oestrogenic
shaped, composed of many pink to purple
an excellent fodder crop. I also has similar
act1v1ty, and clinical studies suggest that
pea flowers, which are rich rn nectar.
culinary uses to red clover, and IS used as
they can allev1a e many of the symptoms
a tisane (flowers only).
associated with menopause.
Closely related species include lucerne or alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and fenugreek
• Position Red clover prefers a light soil,
(Tngonel/a faenum-groecum). The latter rs
good dra1nage, a cool to mild spring and
an rmportant spice, partrcularly
full sunlight.
Do not use red clover if you are pregnant
• Propagation Sow seed i n spring.
or breastfeedrng.
m
Indian
• M a i ntenance Keep plants weed-free. • Pests and d iseases Powdery mildew can be a problem dunng dry weather. In
th
teac h mgs or St.
clo1 er' trifolial!'
Patrick. the
lra w
( from
thP Latm cri. mran111g -Lhfl'l' . - a n d
fulwm. - l ea n � mholi r· d t h r l luly Trm1ty - the doct rrne t h t God 1s the Father. Son and l lol
Spirrt
- and became t h t' shamrock ol Ireland. A l t hough the 1 · the
Crl t r(
offici al ·}mho l nf I rr•lancl .
Lhr . ham rock 1 t hl' jlOpu lar ymi.Jol of •
L
ha rp
Patrick' oa1.
lh� fou r-l�af�d
clov�r 15
an abwation of
T. r�p�ns.
• H a rvesting and storing Harvest red clover up to 3 trmes in a growrng season. Harvest he leaves when young; use the flowers fresh or dned.
l lcrhal med i c i ne Tflfolium pratense. Parts used: flowers, isolated 1soflavone compounds. Red clover flowers have been used tradrtronally, both internally and externally, as a remedy for the treatment of chronrc skin condi rons such as eczema and psonasrs. particularly rn chrldren Taken as a n infusion or syrup of the flowers, red clover also alleviates the coughrng assocrated wrth some resp11atory conditrons, such as bronchrtrs.
For the safe and appropriate use of red clover, consult a healthcare professional.
Ro c ke t o r a r u g u l a Eruca sattva syn. Eruca vestcana subsp. sativa Brassicaceae \ ,l l i \ t' to l i H· \ i t ' ' l l < ' IT l \\ a rd t o Turh.r\ a n c l .lor(l a n . roch.t • l h d \ I H ' t ' l l J H l J H I I d l a s d sc� l a c l grcc•n s i nce d ll C i t ' l l l Roman t i m e s lor i t c1
P<'PP<'I'\ . -. m ol-.. � . ITH' d l � rlm o r. 1·:\ t'n no\\ . i t L : t i l l ·omr l i m rs "n 0\\ 11
Komt�n rndt · t . "1 ltal1an cress, Roman rocket, rucola, rugula Leaves, flowers, seeds
and contain s1miliar isoth1ocyanate compounds to horseradish (Armaracia rusticana) and wasabi ( Wasabiajapanical ; see page 64. The leaves add considerable flavor to other salad greens, wh1le the piquantly flavored, four-petaled white flowers can be added to salads. The small round seeds are borne in siliquas (which are seed capsules that separate when ripe). Tall rocket or tumbling mustard
Wild rock�t (Diplotox•s tenuifo/10)
Rock�t or arugula ( Eruco sativa)
raquette sauvage are usually Diplotaxis tenuifolia syn. Brassica tenuifolia, a species with yellow flowers and eaves
(5isymbrium altissimum), London rocket
that resemble a more slender version of
(5. irio) and Mediterranean rocket or
rocket. The flavor is more intense.
smooth mustard (5. erysimoides) all have
• Position Plant rocket in full sun in
a peppery flavor. Sweet rocket or dame's
the cooler months, but in midsummer
violet ( Hesperis matronalis), sometimes
provide some light shade. Rocket is quite unfussy otherwise, thriving i n average
• G a rd e n i n g
confused w1th rocket, is a popular old fashioned garden flower that resembles
garden so1l, while wild arugula reqUires
Rocket (Eruca sativa) is an annual plant
a tall single stock with purple or white
s1m1lar condit1ons.
resembling an open lettuce, w1th deeply
evening-scented flowers.
pinnately lobed (occas1onally entire) leaves that are aromatic and peppery,
Plants that are sold as wild rocket or wild arugula or Ruchetta selvatica or
• Propagation Sow rocket in success1ve plantings each month, from spring to autumn, because it tends to run to flower
Grown 1n the Mediterranean area since Roman t1mes, rocket has only been cultivated commercially since the 1 990s.
Rock�! or arugula (fruco sat1va)
fairly easily. If 1t doesn't self-seed in your garden, carry out monthly plantings to maintam your supplies. • Maintenance Weeding, providing shade protection in midsummer and regular watering are required. •
Pests and diseases Flea beetles
can be a problem, and some butterfly
Hr
iAv
IJitan-vilv c
tUU/ irotl/, rocket
.VinutlatetY fhe, �itt?/ tUU/ aMidt.Y rl�iotv.
laNae may eat leaves. •
Harvesting and storing Pick rocket
oo k i n g
Ro m a n ' a l a d The Roman, con 1drred r o ket a n aphrodisiac n u t t heir recipe for a
mixed ·alacl of rocket. w i tlor. cos lettuce. la1entler and tender m a l lo11 lea1es w 1 t h chee ·e
ancl dre sing 1
urflciently seducli1e in it. ow n righ t .
leaves before flowering. Harvest the
A member of the same plant family as
\ modern t a ke o n t h i s �a lad i
flowers as required for fresh use. and
cabbage and broccoli, rocket has a tangy,
si m ply ctres.·rtJ 11 1 t h good o l i 1 e 0 1 1 .
collect seeds when ripe.
rocket
peppery flavor when grown during he
1Ja 1·am1c l'inegar and some shm ing
cool sprmg and autumn months, but a
or panne ·an cheese.
stronger, mustardlike taste 1f harvested during summer. The leaves are best gathered before flowering, after which they become more bitter. Wash rocket well and store 1t i n the refrigerator 1 n the same way you would lettuce. This salad herb goes well with other salad leaves to make a m1xed salad or mesclun ( see Salad greens 1n the box, nght); the younger leaves tend to have a milder flavor, but old leaves can be bitter Rap1dly saute or steam rocket for use m pasta and risotto dishes, st1r-fries. soups and sauces, or to replace basil 1 n pesto. Rocket needs only the br1efest cooking. Add a scattenng of the fresh
For a salad 11 1 1 h morr rotor. nmor and
herb as a traditional topp1ng for pizzas
n u t ri l lonal 1al ue. l r\ t omllinl llg
at the end of bak1ng
a selrcl lon of
The Anc1ent Romans used rocket seeds to flavor oil and to concoct aphrodisiacs. Plan t rock�t in spring and autumn. In summer, you'll n��d to provide som� shad�.
Sa l a d gl' • e n
The seeds make excellent sprouts and are also pressed for oil.
�aldtl
greens Roc�ct.
1111Wna . 1\ illt'll'l' l'ss and r u r l \ rntll\l' d l'l' a i J l l l llft' llUll'ii iOlls l hctll ft' l l liCt'. I n cnmhl nallnn . t ill'\ h,l\ l' a slig h t ly lll t trr t a s l t ' .
Ro s e Rosa sp. Rosaceae Tlw ccl i l llc• pelc� l s of h<'rhal rosc•s m a �e
·alar! -; a n d di'.'SC' r t s . \v h J if' t h e pf'Lals of s o m e va ric l irs yirl
Pa
Petals, rose h i ps
Rosa rugosa 'Frau Dagmar Hastrup'
• G a rd e n i n g
other roses, the fragrance m the petals is
Other long-favored roses for the
Herbal roses. not modern ones - fragrant
strongly retained after drying. The petals
herb garden include the Gallica roses
and beautiful though they are - are the
are tonic and astnngent, and were used
'Tuscany' ['Old Velvet'). 'Belle Isis;
roses of choice for cooking, fragrance and
by many physicians, includmg the great
'Duchesse de Montebello' and 'Belle
herbal medic1nes.
Arab doctor Avicenna.
de Crecy; together with the Cent1folia rose
'Apothecary Rose'
were manufactured into conserves,
The most famous herbal rose is R. gallica
jellies, syrups, cordials, pastilles, fragrant
Atta r of roses
'Offici nails; sometimes called the 'Rose
perfumes, salves, creams and candles,
Today, the major producers of rose
of Miletus; the 'Rose of Provins; the 'Red
all products still favored today.
products and the extremely expensive
I n Provins, the petals of 'Officina lis'
'Reine des Centfeuilles:
Rose of Lancaster' and 'Champagne Rose';
'Officinal is' was grown in monastery
perfume concentrate attar (otto) of roses
(see also The Wars of the Roses and 'Rosa
gardens throughout Europe. The petals,
are Iran and Bulgaria. Both reg1ons grow
Mundi' features, opposite page).
either administered as a tea or a syrup,
the Damask rose (R x damascena),
were used to treat the common cold,
'lspahan' and 'Gioire de Guilan' being
The 'Apothecary Rose' was cultivated in vast fields around the famous town of
inflammation of t!:Je digestive tract and
favored in I ran and 'Kazanlik' syn.
Provins, 30 mi. (50 km) southeast of Paris,
hysteria. A decoction was used to treat
'Trigintipetala' in Bulgaria. The area
from the 1 3th to the 1 9th century. Unlike
sprains, chapped lips and sore throats.
around Grasse in France still produces
The single-flowered vanet1es of Rugosa rose (R. rugosa), with their abundant, repeat-flowenng habit, and tolerance of cold and seaside locations. bear clusters of plum-size hips that are excellent for use 1n syrups and teas. Rosehip oil, also known as rose mosqueta, is very rich m essential fatty ac1ds and has multiple benefits for the skm. Th1s oil, an antioxidan t and astringen t that conta1ns flavono1ds and carotenoids, is prepared from the h i ps of both R. canma and R. eglanteria.
Rosthips of Rosa rugosa
IIH' · \pollii'C&\ Ro. 'OfiiCn lillls.'
rr1<.1V
1'.
Rosa f?iJ/IIC,I m t rodun· !l
h a l l ' brrn
from t ht' \l idtlll' l·;c�,l 1111o \\rstt>rn t-: u ro pr hy t lu • Cru,a!l ers In l·:nglan d. 1 1 ll!'rarrw tht• '� m i lo ! of lh!' l lousc• of Lanr;ts tc•t' tn t ill' \\ars of
L hC' Ros1•s
( 1 l!i'i 1 I H 7 l . Tht• opposmg I louse• uf \or� <.�doptl'd t il!' anrwnt em H.IouhiC' \lim rcN'. 'The \\ ilttt' Ro sr
( R a lba
of York'
·sctnt-plc nc�' l. �� h i l l' t h1•
Jarohttc•s dw ·1· th<' lull� d o u h l r \\ h ich Rns('
form.
the Jarohtlt'
h1·rc�mc• kncmn a
(R ai/Ja l'lcnal AI
t h r l'ntl
of the \l t�rs. l l l'nrv \ I I. th<' fa l hrr o f l l1'nr� \ I l l . comlmwcl L h l'm m to the Tudor Rosl'. usual!\ dt•ptctl'tl as a
Rosa gollica 'Tuscany'
douhlt• rcN' I\ t i l l ll htte on red. otll' of
attar, which •s derived ma.nly from
• M a i ntenance Old roses are very
the very fragrant 'Old Cabbage Rose' IR. cenrifolia). A small amount comes
tough and need not be pruned or sprayed.
from he Alba rose and the Damask rose
so immediately after flowering ceases
'Qua re Sa •sons:
because they flower on ripe wood. Apply
•
Position The herbal roses prefer full
sun, although he Alba roses are the most shade tolerant of all roses. •
Propagation Most of the herbal roses
llw s� m i Jo l s of t ht• I I oust'
of
1\ulor.
If you w1sh to prune them for shaping, do
mulch 1n summer. • Pests and d iseases The varieties mentioned above recover rap•dly from any attack and can be grown without
flower only once a year but extremely abundantly over a month. 'Ouatre Sa,sons'
sprays, while rugosa roses such as
•s repeat owenng. Rugosa roses are h•ghly
remarkably disease-resistant.
repea flowenng over a long season.
• Harvesting and storing Harvest
'Frau Dagmar Hastrup' and 'Alba' are
AI respond to the mcorporat1on of well
herbal roses when they have JUSt opened,
rotted compost, but avo1d usmg modern fast-release fer ilizers.
on sunny mornings as soon as the dew has dried. To dry, spread the flowers on flyscreen-covered frames out of direct sunligh . Harvest the hips when fully colored and dry in the same way as the flowers.
This portrait of Edward VI of England ( 1 537-1 553). the son of Henry VIII, shows the Lancaster and York roses combining to form the Tudor rose.
IJV Brit-a.iA'v,
clur� Wortd War IL iLd ro�
w
werf!/
hart�eaied to �£!/ w Rosa x domosc�no 'Kazan lik; a Damask rose
tJit-� C � �r cJuldre�v.
Tlw rildlnlllll!
Rrh./ 1!.1111< .1 ·\n
u o l ot '
01 'Ro ·a lll lllltlt' ['ro't' ol l l u • 1\ orld ' l .
ts lldllll'd lo1 Rn s .t fll l l l t d
C l t lluJtl.
n· l u r t . t n t l l l l s t n•,, "' I knn
ul
En:,:l.uu i JII t il • ·
.lfll'll'll l
f il i i
'''llll·d lluhlt·
\\ h i l t
1 2 1 1 1 n·nl lll\ \ 1 1
I 1 1! 'l lf!Jnn.t hs,' I I bt•.trs dt•t•p f l lll� h l 1 1o m . up to
.l.i 111 l ! l nnl Ill
t hl'
I I . "-1111!
,u·"'" ·
l l lt'gUid l
\l i t h p,J11• f l l l t �
l l l f ll ' '.
Ro
Con t1nued
ll<'rhal nwclicine R oso canma. Part used Rose h1ps. The hips of dog rose con tam notable leve ls of vita m m C, and can be taken as a tea or syrup m winter to help fig ht off common colds and flus. Because of their slightly drying nature, roseh1ps have also been used to reduce symptoms of diarrhoea. Medicmal preparations of rosehip, mainly n powdered form, have been the focus of recent scient1fic research for the treatment of osteoar hri ic conditions. The
'Retne des Centfeutlles; a Centtfolta rose
results of clinical tnals suggest that it may reduce symptoms of pain and stiffness. For the safe and appropnate medicmal use of roseh 1 ps, consult your healthcare
the skin; 1t 1s espwally useful for chapped
\round the hom
skin and may also be used in soothmg
Place Rose and lavender pot-pourri !see
professional, and also see Pregnancy,
preparations for eye i n fectiOns, such
page 284) m bowls around your home.
page 236. Do not use rose h 1 ps 1n g reater
as COnjunctiVItiS.
than cui mary q ua ntities if you're pregnan o r breastfee d i ng, except u nder the superv1sion of a professional.
The essential od has ant1 -agmg effects
The h1ps (fruits) and pe als of some
and sensitive skms as well as to reduce
varieties of roses - 1ncluding R. canina,
the appearance of fine wrinkles.
• \atural be a ut�
C oking
and may be used 1n preparattons for dry
To make beauty products using the
R. x damascena and R gal/ica- are edible. The petals can be crystallized and
Rosewater distilled from the petals is a
rose, see Three roses moisturizer, page 247,
used for decoration, to make rose petal
fragrant and m ildly astr1ngent ton1c for
and Rose-petal bath bags, page 268.
Jam, or (w1th the b1tter 'heel' at the base of the petals removed) added to salads. See recipe for Rose-petal Jelly, page 376. Rosehips are high in vitamm C and can be made into Jams, Jellies or a syrup that se rves as a dietary supplemen for bab1es.
�osl'\\illl'r. a tJ�-produC'l nf I he cllslill1ng process
Ras el hanout, the Moroccan sp1ce
tlwt ma�r·s
blend !see page 368), has many vanations,
1nst• oil from rosr 1wtal�. 1s an
some of which contain dned rose petals
Jmporldnt fl m o r mg
and flower buds.
lfl \lidt lil
'
Easlt·rn rooking.
II 1 U'of'd rm•
some \Siiln and
lultllf• !<:� ·rrrn
s\\t'f'ls. In c l ud i ng 1)1rkJsh l ll' l i � h l. dlld till' ra�gulla' dlld gu l diJ 1amun
of l 1 11han rookmg a
'l)n kl\li
f.il'liglll is
\I i r k�. Jf'll)o-like but linn s\\l'rl.
madl' from s tarr h and sugdJ. II 1s
li
ll'llll/
<11111
f!Ct\OJ'I'rl \\ llh
J'OSf'
gc•nt•ruu I� rluslf•d \\llh
'ugar: otht·r
l ld\01 s
mclutJt•
II'JlltHI and mini Till' s\\l't'l \\Js lrllfltdlll t•d IO 1111' c 1' 111111
.
\\ lit•n
d
·
\\t'SI Ill 1111' 10111
�_i.et od wa.cY tradilw� uJUI
to tUWW Brilidv
nwn,arclw rlurinf t'luY
corotudwtl/ cerWUJfUJ"
l'lril l sll lllilll. \\ lio
\\11 lond ul 11. liippt•d
mru·
home·
Opposite· The beauttful Rosa conmo is a source of rosehip oil, whtch has benefits for the sktn.
Ro s e mary Rosmonnus offionolis Lamiaceae i"<'\\ lll' r l l s are us u nh<' rsa ll� gro\\ 11 d ll d loved a s ros<'mar�. Tlwn• ell'<' a n urn l>l'r or varie t ies a \ a i laiJic a n d J'.' h i ng n's i no u s sc< ' n l a ncl nmor of ils rvergrren fnlidgc i: i n d i s prnsa hlt' in cook i n g .
Compass plant, dew of the sea, incensier, Mary's mantle Leaves, flowering tops
• G a rden i ng Rosmorinus means "dew of the sea," and
to one species, R. officina/is. There are
in the wild this herb is most commonly
two other species that are both rare -
found growmg on sea cliffs a round the
R. eriocolyx and R. tomentosus, from
Mediterranean. Despite the i r different
southern Spain and north-western Africa,
forms and colors, all the rose m a ry
which have not entered general cultivation.
varieties offered in n urseries belong
Rosemary flowers vary from pale to rich blue, violet, mauve, pink or white. The form vanes, from rounded bushes and prostrate varieties to columnar varieties up to 10 ft. (3 m) tall. The majority are well suited to culinary uses. All are evergreen with small, dense, narrow, pointed leaves. • Varieties Recommended tall varieties include 'Tuscan Blue' syn. 'Erectus; with large leaves; the delightfully scented 'Portuguese Pink; with pink flowers; and 'Sawyer's Selection: Among the most intense ly blue
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officina/is)
flowered bush forms are 'Collingwood Ingram' syn. 'Majorca' and 'Benenden
g rowing, superbly fragrant 'Gorizia;
Blue; 'Salem; 'Blue Lagoon; 'Severn Sea;
introduced into gene ral cultivation by
'Corsican Blue; the violet bl ue-flowered
Tom DeBaggio from the city of Gorizia
'Miss Jessup's Upright; 'Suffolk Blue; the
in northern Italy.
excellent ' Herb Cottage' and the strong-
Pin k-flowered bush forms include 'Pink;
Itv Wortd War II, roJUn,ar� teave:Y
ad� 6errie!Y werf!/ 6urner/ i#v ?rencJv. lwJ!Ufak
dunng exams to improve their concentration.
to kdtp�
'Majorca Pink' and 'Provence Pmk: while white-flowered forms include 'Wendy's Wh1te' syn. 'Upright White: 'Sissinghurst
often first seen as browning of the leaf t1ps. Porous clay pots are preferable to plastic because they allow the soil to drain properly. Regular light trimm1ng allows good aeration of the foliage and inhibits
White' syn. 'Albus'
fungal wilts. Other problems, largely
and 'Nancy Howard:
associated with overwintering plants in
��--� forms 1deal for
Sem1-prostrate
greenhouses, mclude spider mites, white flies and mealybugs (see page 170).
trailing over walls
• Harvesting a n d storing In milder
include the glossy
climates, take clippings of rosemary any
leafed, mid-blue 'Lockwood de Forest; ' Fota Blue: the very fine-leafed 'Mason's Finest; sky-blue flowered 'Prostratus: 'Santa Barbara; 'Huntington Carpet' and the
time of the year, then air-dry in a well ventilated place. When completely dry, strip the whole leaves from the stems and store 1n airtight bottles. Major harvesting should be done before flowering. Gather fresh flowers to use as a garnish on salads and desserts.
J l u ngary \va ter Until t h l ' invcntloll o f
Uns
a u-de-cologne.
n•cipe wa · Eu rope's favorite
fragrance. but it
also
became popu lar
as a c u rr-a l l remedy for everyth ing tomach
from d1zzm s . rheu matism. cramp
and hcada hes to indige t i on
and lack of appelltr. The 1 111ention
1 unclear. but
tory of its ll i
though t
that. in t he 13th centu ry. a h rmit ga1e the recipe
lO Q u r n I abella of
Hungar . whose legs were cri ppled 11 ith rheumall m. DallY bat h ing in this water wa
a1d to have re tared
her leg and al o her youthful beauty. Later add i t ions to the form ula included
thyme. sage. m ini and ma rjoram.
beautiful 'Shimmering Stars; with pink buds and blue flowers. Variegated leaf forms currently
Her bal m dicine Rosmarinus officina/is. Parts used: leaves,
available include 'Genges Gold; 'Gilded'
flowering tops. The medicinal properties
syn. 'Aureus' and the white-margined
of rosemary as a tonic and stimulant to
'Silver Spires: The varieties 'Arp; 'Severn
the nerves and circu lation make it a
Sea' and 'Madeleine Hill' syn. 'Hill Hardy'
popular remedy for combating general
are more cold-resistant than most.
fatigue and depression, and for i m proving
•
poor circu lation. Rosemary also enhances
Position This plant requires fu ll
sunshine and excellent drainage.
memory and concentration by increasing
Rosemary is tolerant of a range of pH,
blood flow to the head.
from moderately acid to moderately alkaline soil, although the latter resu lts
infusion, the essential oil is commonly
While rosemary can be taken as an
in more compact growth and intense fragrance. In colder areas, grow plants
used for these conditions. A few drops
m
in a little vegetable oil and applied
pots outdoors, then take them into the greenhouse in winter. Rosemary is
can be added to a vaporizer or diluted topically for its beneficial effects.
excellent for seaside plantings.
uses lavender, rosemary
and myrtle, but other herbs can
• Propagation Propagate rosemary by tip cuttmgs taken in early autumn or sprmg. Rosemary seed germmat es poorly, and plants do not come true to variety.
In th1
be added.
l l ungar:r water recipe.
a "handful"
L Lht' number of 1-ft.
(30-cm) lengths ol herb '>tt•ms that can be en C i rc l ed h) the han
• Mainte na nce Regular light pruning helps to shape plants. Bushes respond well to clipping and shaping , and make excellent topiari es. Correct mulch ing IS
essenti al, because organi c mulche s tend to hold moistu re near the main stem as well as he lower foliag e, encou rag1ng a number of funga l rots. For this reason, gravel, coarse gritty sand or small pebbles
5
qt. (4.5 I) brandy or clear spirit
1
handful flowering rosemary tops
1
handful lavender
1
handful myrtle
\. u tlht' herbs mto
l-111. 12 :i-crn)
length' dnd leaH' to macrratr 1'01 d
mmimum of 2 1\rt·b lll'fon• fil tt•rmg.
are the mos suitable mulch.
• �sts and diseases Overwatered potted rosemary is very prone to root rot,
The basic formula
Prostrate rosemary IS ideal for hang1ng baskets.
ffi a ry
Ro
Contmued
Used e ·ternally, rosemary essential
Ros1•mar� ha a strong a
oil can be applied in a diluted form to rel1eve m uscle cramps and arthritic
1�hrn the
JOin pa1n. It also has a reputation for
ramil) was nreing oldi�r •. 1\.la�
prrad
hrr biU(' loak mer a �,�;llltr-flo\\.ermg
stimulating ha1r growth.
ro ·ema� hu h to dr). but when shr
Rosemary 1s regarded as a traditional
remmrd the cloak. the 11h11e flo11rr
d igestive remedy and, when taken as an 1
Holy
from l lerod'·
preventing prema u re baldness and
infus1on,
oCJatinn
1\llh the \irglll Mary. lt1:> aid that.
had turnrr1 hlur m ber honor. '\1 o
can help to ease cramping,
a sonatrd 11 1th ancirnt magical lore.
bloat1ng and gas, and may ease "liverish"
rosemary was oflrn calll'd 'Elf Lraf.'
symptoms, such as headaches and poor
and IJunche' or 11 11 rrr hung around
digest1on of fats.
housl''
For the safe and appropriate medicinal
to ke p thielt'� and
11 itches
out and to pn'\ent fa1rie5 from
use of rosemary, consult your healthcare
entenng and . tealmg 1nfant .
p rofessional. Also, see Memory and concen ration, page 213, for external use. Do not use rosemary m g reater than culinary quantities if you a re pregnant or breastfeeding.
\round the home Rosemary 1s one of the mam ingredients m the famous antiseptic Vinegar of the Fou r Th1eves, page 110, and can be used m
l2oJUn,ar;r few �e/.Y
(Vfayad� r� prrlark� 6runett� hair.
a number of ways around the home.
• Make a simple rosemary disinfectant
1 tablespoon bicarbonate of soda and 5 drops rosemary essential oil.
small stems in water for 30 minutes.
• Use dried rosemary in moth-repellent
Strain and pour mto a spray bottle. and combs by soaking them in a solut1on of 1 cup (250 m l ) hot water,
The leaves have a rather woody texture, so use them finely chopped. Alternatively, use whole sprigs, or tie leaves in a square of muslin, and remove just before servmg. Dried rosemary has a flavor similar to that of fresh, but 1ts very hard texture may not
by simmering a handful of leaves and
• Disinfect and deodor1ze hairbrushes
and stews, or steeped in vinegaror olive oil to flavor them.
sachets and m pot-pourri. • Use a rosemary rinse on your dog
soften, even on long cooking. Rosemary is popular in Italian cookery. Make a simple and delicious pizza toppmg with thinly sliced potatoes, crushed garlic and chopped fresh rosemary leaves.
after washing to deter fleas. • Wash your pet's bedding, then add a few drops of rosemary essential oil to the final rinse. O r, spritz your pets with rosemary disinfectant as they dry themselves in the sun after a bath.
• Cooking The bruised leaves of rosemary have a cooling pinelike scent, with mint and eucalyptus overtones, and the strong taste can overwhelm other flavors if used too generously. It complements similarly strong flavors such as wine and garlic; starchy foods (bread, scones, potatoes); rich meats such as lamb, pork, Rostmary stems, stripped of most of their leaves and used as skewers for fish, meat or vegetables cooked on the barbecue, will impart their flavor.
duck and game; vegetables such as eggplants, zucchini and brassicas; and is also used m sausages, stuffings, soups
You can crystallize the flowers of rosemary with egg white and caster sugar (see page 3801.
St. John's wo rt Hypericum perforatum Clusiaceae (Guttlferae)
CJ'h•ilrnllng th(' s u mmr r sol. tict·. Lhl' lnngr�t tla� of lhr �Par. 1. a ragan ft•stilalrhat's still ohsrr\C'tl
n·atfitinnall�. golden-floi\Ct-e
ca t nn mid�tnnmrr nre: as an hcrll of great pr·otcction and purilicalion. lbdaJ. it i, ·till the s rnhnl of midsulllllll'l' :nl ·ticc Ct'IPI>r
Part us
wlla\. Tradilronall�. parlllJJlanh
IIOUid enst St. John\ wort onto ,1 honflrr and
then IUfllll ml'r it
Ill clcansr the bod� of
!'I
II spirit�.
St. John· 110rt fiOIIC'rs lll'rt:' al'iO
Flowering tops
p l arl'd a1Jo1r rrligrous imngc•s 10
d�tt•r C\il on tht' tldV.
• Gardening
disorders such as anxiety and depressron,
Hypericum is a very large genus of about
St. John's wort con inues to be used for
400 species. H. perforatum rs a hardy,
these conditions but these days is best
partrally woody perennial, an upright
known for rts antidepressan actrvity
growmg, unpleasant smelling, clumpmg
St. John's wort has been proven to
plant that can reach 1 m high. Its small,
be effective against mild to moderate
premenstrual syndrome. for obsessrve compulsive disorder and also for seasonal affectrve drsorder. Laboratory studres have shown that
smoo h, oval leaves have numerous tiny
depression in a large number of clinical
oil glands, borne in opposite pairs along
trials. It was found to have similar
the stems. The small golden yellow
effectiveness to other antidepressant
pai n - relievrng and a n trviral activity. A tea
flowers are borne in large dense cymes in
medicatron but with fewer side ef ects.
or extract taken internally as well as the external use of the red oil prepared from
St John's wort possesses anti-inflammatory,
midsummer. The small, ovoid seed capsule
Two compounds, hypericin and hyperforin,
contains round black seed. The crushed
are believed to work rn a similar manner
the flowers can relieve sciatica. shrng les,
ewers ooze a red, bloodlike pigment
to pharmaceutrcal antidepressants, and
cold sores, genrtal herpes and rheuma rc
contai nmg hypericin. Do not confuse St.
many preparatrons using St. John's wort
pain. Toprcally, the oil is also a valuable
John's wort w;th the many ornamental
are produced to contarn a ixed level of
wound- and burn-healing remedy
Hypericum varieties grown i n gardens.
these constituents.
•
Position This plant is easy to grow in a
Clinical trials of S . John's wort also
For the safe and appropnate use of S . John's wort, see Depression and anxiety,
well-dramed, moist to fairly dry soil rn fu ll
suggest a benefiCial use for treating
page 277. Do not use St. John's wort rf you
sun o ligh shade. It's recommended for ornamental meadows, but consrdered a
mood symptoms of menopause and
are pregnant or breastfeeding.
weed toxic to livestock; it's under statutory control 1n Australia and New Zealand. • Propagation Sow seed as soon as rt is npe rn autumn (under protectron m colder areas), or in the followmg sprmg. Germrnation can take up to 3 months.
You can also drvrde the runners er her m autumn or spring.
•
Maintenance It is a strong g rower
requiring little tendrng.
• •
Pests and diseases None worth notrng. Harvestin g and stori ng Harves the
lowerin g heads 1n early summer, when buds commence openin g, and dry them.
I I r bal mcdi inc
Hypericum per aratum. Part used. flowen ng tops. Tradit ronall used y for treatrng nerve pain, rncluding neuralgr
and sciatica as well as psych ologrc al
a
Sage Salvia sp. Lam1aceae There are more than 700 'pecics of 'al\'ia . man of them spectacular ''hen in flO\\ er. and a number '' ith lea\
that arr ,·ariou�'l� scented ''ith pineapple. grap s.
tan erine. grapefruit. ani� r. honr� melon or fruit alacl . al\'ia flO\\ cr attract hullerflie p rt
I
ancl necLar- ipping bird
Leaves, roots, seeds, flowers
• G a rd r n i n g
In addition to the
Com m o n o r g arden sage (5. officina/is)
common form of
is one of the best-known culinary herbs,
garden sage, there
but there are also many ornamental species,
are handsome broad
all with small, lipped flowers in delightful
leaf varieties, such as
shades, from white to dark purple.
'Berggarten; and
A subshrub native to the Dalmatian
colored-leaf forms,
Coast, common sage has silver-gray
such as the purple-leafed
elliptical leaves and spikes of attractive
'Purpurea'; the cream-,
lavender, pink or white flowers. It is a
pink- and purple-variegated 'Tricolor';
pleasantly pungent culinary herb, which
and gold- and gre�n-variegated 'lcterina:
also aids digestion.
Three-leafed sage (5. fruticosa), native to Greece and Turkey, closely resembles garden sage except that most leaves are subtended by a basal pair of leaflets. The d ried leaves are often sold as 'garden
Common sage
(Salvia officina/is)
sage: A hybrid between this species and garden sage, known as 'Newe Ya'ar; is
used by Native Americans as a flavoring,
cultivated commercially in Israel.
medicinally to reduce mucous formation
Spanish sage (5. /ovondu/ifo/ia), also
and salivation, and for smudge sticks
known as lavender sage, resembles a
in purification ceremonies.
narrow-leafed garden sage. It has a
The golden chia (5. columbariat:), an
lavender-and-sage fragrance, and its
annual, is native to the southwestern
oil is extracted for toiletries.
United States. Like chia (5. hispanica),
Clary sage or muscatel sage (5. scloreo), a bienn ial, is one of the most beautifu l sages, forming a large rosette o f broadly ovate, pebble-textured leaves and sending up tall dense spikes of l a rge pink flowers. The leaves add a muscatel flavor to a diverse range of liq ueurs, vermouths and w ines, while the essential oil is used in perfumery. In water, the seeds become mucilaginous, and were once used to remove specks from the eyes. White sage (5. apiana) is a silver-leafed, Usc the pineapple-scented leaves of pineapple sage
(5. �l�gans syn. 5. rutilans)
to flavor drinks.
rosette-shaped subshrub native to south western North America. The leaves are
Thr root or rrd root agr or
dan hen {S. milliorrhiza)
staple crop by the Aztecs until colonization
25 g buurr in large frying pan over
that are gluten-free, very rich in omega-3
moderate heat. Add I finely chopped
fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid), and high
onion and 2 finely chopped celery
in anti-oxidants, vitamins, minerals and
talks. Cook about I 0 minute . until
fiber. A third chia, 5. polystachya, is also
oft. Rem01·e from heal and tran fer to
nutritionally valuable.
a bowl . Stir in I 'I; cup (I 00 g) fre h
Diviner's sage (5. divinorum) exists only in cultivation and has been used for many
\1 hite
and
I lightly beaten egg. Mix well to
bmd the mixture:
and promote spiritual healing. Despite sensationa lized media reports, it is neither LSD-Iike in action nor a "party drug."
ea on generou ly
with salt and pepper. Allow luffing
to cool completely.
e it to tuff a
turkey. Alternatively. u e mixture
It is generally understood to be non
lO loo el� tuff a large chicken and
addictive, and toxicological studies have
cook remaining Luffing in a bullered
shown it to be non-toxic. The plant is a
for
baking di h. putting it in the oren
prohibited substance in Australia, South
the Ia l 30 minute or the chicken
Korea, Belgium, Italy and Denmark. In France, clary sage (5. scloreo) is cultivat�d and the essential oil �xtracted for perfumery.
cookmg time. To a\ oid the ri k or rood poi oning. do not tuff poultry until you are ready 10 cook it. To vary the
(5. elegans syn. 5. rutilans) has slender spikes of red flowers and pineapple
California species, Cleveland sage
scented leaves used to flavor drinks
(5. clevelandii).
and garnish desserts. Others include its variety 'Honey
breadcrumb . I table poon each
chopped fre h age and fre h thyme
centuries by Mazatec shamans in Oaxaca, Mex1co, to create visionary experience s
species find culinary uses. Pineapple sage
Luffing
Gently heat I tablr poon Oli\e oil and
by the Spanish, it produces tiny oily seeds
Fragrant-leafed species Some of these
and lhym
()
wh1ch was cultivated as an Important
Found on several Greek islands, apple
recipe. try u ing 1 table poon each fine!
chopped fre h lemon gra
and
par ley in place of age and thyme.
sage (5. pomifera) forms fruit-like semi
Melon'; fruit salad or peach sage
transparent galls that are candied and
(5. dorisiana), with large, lush spikes
eaten as delicacies.
of rose-pink flowers and broad fruit
• Position With few exceptions, the
scented leaves; and the very fragrant
Salvia genus, particularly the gray-leafed species, req u ires a sunny, well-drained position. Sa/vias generally make poor i ndoor plants and become easily infested with white fly and scale. 5. officina/is prefers alkaline conditions. • Propagation Sages are propagated from seed, or by tip cuttings or div1sion for named varieties.
•
Maintenance Most shrubby sa/vias
respond well to gentle pruning or pinching back, particularly aher flowering. Do not heavily fertilize these plants. • Pests and diseases Pick caterpi llars off by hand. Sudden wilting indicates poor dramage and root rot. • Harvesting and storing Harvest fresh leaves and flowers for culinary use a any time. Dry mdividual leaves and sprigs before flowenng; spread Pott�d salVias · '" · flower make a pretty display ' to long-term indoor life.
but ar� not suit�d
them out in a well-aired place, then store in airt1ght containers.
'� r/Uirf!/ of tb-
�
to render hUUv ihvnwrtrd. "
ag
"Henvho would
Cont•nued
tiAlf!/fr �'
l l e t' ba l m e d i c i n e
f11.w.vt eat�
Solvta offic:molts. Part used leaves. Sage •s an an 1- nflammatory and ant•m1crob1al remedy, and
IS
�Avf11.�"
frequently used as a
mou hwash and gargle for sore throats,
lll
g u m 1n ect1ons, tonsillitis and mouth ulcers. I appears o have a drymg effect on excess1ve swea mg and IS a popular herb for he treatment of night sweats
For the safe and appropriate medicinal use of sage, see Menopause, page 235. For
assoc1a ed with menopause. Sage also has
the safe and appropriate use of dan shen,
a benefic ial e ect on the mind, 1mprovmg
consult your healthcare profess ional. Do
memory, concentration and mood ; results
not use dan s hen if you are pregnant or
o a recent clinical nal suggest that 1t may
breastfeed1ng. Do not use sage 1n greater
have a pos1t1ve effect on the symptoms of
than c u linary quantities if you're pregnant
Alzhe1mer's disease.
or breastfeeding.
Salvta mtlttarrhtza. Part used: roots. In rad1tional Chinese med1c1ne, dan shen (see also page 708) is described as a remedy hat "moves blood." Modern research has
Golden variegated sage
(S. officinolts 'lctenna')
can be used instead of common sage '" cooking.
less so in France. In the Middle East, it
•
ro u n d t h e h o m
Sage, like so many herbs,
IS
rich in essential
is used in salads. Sage tea is popular in many European countries. In Dalmat1a,
oils, antiviral, antibacterial, deodorizing
where sage grows wild, the flowers are
mos ly focused on its beneficial effects
and antifungal, and this is reflected by its
used to make honey.
on the mculatory system and the heart.
old French name, toute bonne, or "all is
The results of some clin1cal tnals 1ndicate
well." Use the leaves to make Herb vinegar
potential use for he treatmen of angina
spray (see page 292) and insect-repellent
and high blood press ure. Laboratory stud1es
s prays (see box, right). Alternatively, simply
have shown liver-protective effects and
put a few drops of essential oil on a damp
may explam dan shen's traditional use in
cloth when you're wip1ng down bathroom
treatmg acute and chronic liver conditions.
and kitchen s urfaces. Sage is also a moth-repellent - use it
Thi
herbal Yinegar i a
well a on , ock and hoe
in dried herb or essential oil form to repel
s�1n a
clothes moths and pantry moths. In the
to ui. courage licks and m1tes. Dilute
garden, plant sage to repel cabbage moth.
it 50:-o
\1 ith
it onto our
• Coo k i ng
jar. combme 8.- cup
c1der \ inegar and 2 t.able poon s
rue.
savory, with camphorous overtones.
age. lavender. worm\\DOd and
. unny
tecp the mixture In a
pot r r about 2
fatty foods such as duck, with poultry
the Jdf dai l .
and por k (and stuffings for them), red
relllm the
sauces, casseroles and soups, and also
a wi ing additiOn to the herb garden.
chopped garlic with 2 ta b l e poon
pcppermmt.
meats, beans, eggplant, tomato-based
(2 l iter ) 3Jlple
each of the f o l l ow i ng herb : rosemary.
flavor, whic h intensifies on drying, is Sage goes with starchy, rich and
makes
patch or �10 before using. In a gla
in flavor, common sage (5. of ficina/is) The aroma is h1ghly pungent, while the
(5. officmolis 'Tncolor')
water if �ou are pra}mg kin and te t it on a mall
Of the many types, which all differ widely is the one most often used for cooking.
Vanegated sage
trong in ect
revellent that can be u ed on your
"
ek ·.
hakin
train out the hrrb
.
and
liQUid. -\dd e'eral clove' or
cru ht'd garhc. and "eal again. L av to oak for 3 da .. Str 1 n OU[ the
in commercially prepared stuffing mixes
garlic fiber and d1 card. Labell he jar
and Italian dried mixed herbs. You can
and store 1 t1n a
also use deep-fried leaves as a garnish.
thl
Best used with a l1ght hand in long cooked dishes, sage is popular in Italy,
cool place. Do not u e
Ylnrgar 1 f �ou are pregnant. and
do not usr 11 on m a l l children.
Salad bur n et
H 'rb cocktail
Sanguisorbo minor syn. Poterium songuisorbo, Pimpinella songuisorba Rosaceae The ferny leave cucumber. Th
or, alad burnet ha\·' a plant i
ufficienll
pretl
cent r mini cent of fre h Lo have be n recommendecl
by Sir Franci' Ba on. the 16th-Century Engli h philoso1 her. for gr01 ing . along aile· (path ) \\ ilh thyme "to perfum Lhe air mo t delightfully. . Other common name s Burnet bloodwort, Di Yu, pimpernel (greater burnet) Parts used Leaves, roots
The cucumber
la lt' of alad hurnrl
make. it an excellent accompanunenl to alcoholic drink : accordmg
plants ·make the heart merr and glad." For a refre. hing co ktail. bru1 e
for salad burnet, and about 1.5 ft. (45 em) apart for greater burnet.
•
6 prays
of alad burnet \\lth a rolling pin or with a mortar and pe. tlr. then plae�' In a large pitcher containing 3 cup \1 hile \lo!Ot'.
mru e taste.
(750 ml)
weet
2 cup (500 ml) herry and
1 thinly ilced lemon. M1x
Space seedlings about 1 ft. (30 em) apart
to thr
Elizabrthan herbal MILer Gerard. the
\\t'll:
allow to
ror at lea L 2 hours. S\1 e ten to dd 4 cups
(I liter) of club oda
and serve O\er cru h d ice.
Maintenance Cut emerging flower
stems for increased leaf production.
•
Pests and d iseases No pests or
In traditional Chinese medicine, the dried
diseases worth noting.
root is also sometimes applied internally
•
for the treatment of bleeding hemorrhoids.
Harvesting and storing Harvest
leaves for medicinal use before flowering. For fresh use, harvest leaves as required.
• Cooking
Lift roots in autumn for drying.
Salad burnet is an ingredient in several sauces, including ravigote, which is used
Salad burnet (Sanguisorba minorl
H er b a l
rn
di ine
5onguisorba officina/is syn. Po terium
• Gardening
in French cookmg and goes well with cold roast chicken or sea ood. Add young leaves
officina/is. Parts used: leaves, roots. Greater
of salad burnet to salads, chilled summer
burnet has a very long tradition of use in
soups and to soft cheeses. Also use as a
Salad burnet (5. minor). a dainty, hardy,
Western and Chinese medicine. The plant
garnish or infused in vinegar. Th1s herb
evergreen perennial to 1.5 ft. (45 em),
is astringent due to the presence of some
does not dry well, but the
forms a low basal rosette of pinnate
unusual tanins, together with gums and
leaves can be frozen in
leaves with many paired, toothed. oval
glycos1des. It
leaflets. Borne on tall, slender s alks, the
minor burns and scalds, sores and skin
tiny green, wind-pollinated flowers with
infections, and to staunch
deep red anthers are borne in dense
bleeding.
globose heads. Salad burnet's close relative, greater burnet (5 officmalis syn. Po terium officina/is), is similar to salad burnet i n form but larger in all respects. The tiny, deep red flowers are borne in dense club-shaped spikes to 3.5 ft. (1 m). •
Position These plants prefer full sun
to partial shade, and a well-drained, moist, slightly acid to alkaline sari that con ains compost. • Prop agation Propagate both species by SOWing seed in ei her spring or au umn. Plants hat are allowed to flower will self seed, produ cing particu larly health plants y .
IS
sed exter nally in treating
ice-cube trays.
-
Add the fresh leaves of salad burnet to
,_
Savo ry 5atureja sp. Lam1aceae Sawrrja i repult'd Lo havC" been Lhc ourcc of the m Lhical ,al)rs· enormou, sexual, Lamina. Specirs
uch as summer sa\ ory and
are mainly used to flavor food. while
Jamaican mint bush are largrl P rt
v. inter
savory
criJa buena anrl
u cd mcclicinall .
Leaves
Summer savory
(Sotureja hartensis)
• Gard ning Summer savory (5. hortens1s), an annual
Savor;r '.v eMULtud oil � tAMd iJv J,(;�
g rowing to 1.5 ft. (45 em ) , has slender dark green leaves, pink flowers and an aroma of hyme and oregano. Winter savory
aM footlrfadl?/.
(5. montana) is a perennial subshrub with dark green, narrow-leafed foliage and white flowers. Creeping savory (5. mantana subsp mantanavar. prastata)
although the flavor of summer savory is stronger. The flavor is better before the plant flowers. Savory retains 1ts flavor when dried; in this form it is preferred for cooking. Savory goes well with lentils and peas,
with trailing branches of fragrant round
slow-cooked soups, stews, meatloaf and
is semi-prostrate, very ornamental and
leaves. Jamaican mint bush (5. viminea) is
egg dishes. Use it in coatings for delicate
resembles white heather when in flower.
an intensely mint-scented plant with small,
meats, such as veal, and for fish. Add to
oval, glossy bright green foliage.
sauces, pates and homemade sausages.
.
Lemon or African savory (5. biflaro syn. Micromerio biflora) is an excellent culinary
• Position Except for yerba buena,
It is a key herb in herbes de Provence (see
perenn1al herb with creeping branches,
which g rows well in a hanging basket
below ). Use summer savory in marinades,
attractive mauve flowers and bright green,
out of direct sunlight, all species should
especially for olives. In Croatian cooking,
fine leaves that a re strongly lemon- and
be g rown in full sun in well-drained
a lemon-scented strain of savory is used
oregano-scented.
neutral to alkaline soil. In cold areas,
with fish and seafood.
Thyme-leafed savory or za'atar
give plants winter protection.
rum i or savory of Crete or pink savory
• Propagation All species can be
(5. thymbro) is a low-growing, stiffly
propagated by seed sown shallowly
branched perennial with whorls of small
in spring. Perennial species are also
grayish leaves that have an i n tense
propagated by cuttings in spring and
oregano and thyme fragrance. Verba
early autumn.
buena (5. douglasii) is a perennial herb
• Maint(:nance Plants should be regularly weeded. • Pests and diseas(:S No significant
Hei'be Use tbi
4
luves
2 tablespoons dried thyme leaves 3 tablespoons dried savory leaves 2 tablespoons dried lavender flowers
the leaves of other species fresh as
1
•
for s1milar culinary purposes as summer savory.
tablespoons dried rosemary leaves
3 tablespoons dried sweet marjoram
before flowering and dry them. Harvest
sealed containers.
(Satureja montana) can be used
ic berb mix to ea on
cut down whole plants of 5. hartensis
requi red, and dry or freeze them i n
Winter savory
cia
nc
vegetable . ch1cken and red meal.
pest or disease problems. • Harv(:sting and storing You can
de Pro
oking
teaspoon dried sage leaves
an a1rUght 1ar.
2 Store in a ool. dark place for up
Both summer and winter savory have a
to 4 month
similar a roma - fragrant, with a hint of
n
thyme, and a peppery, distinctive taste,
dried herb . Place in
Combine lh
.
If u ing the mix \\'ilh
h. add a pinch or renn I e d .
Scented geranium Pelargonium sp. Geraniaceae Scrntrd grrnniums dl'<' LIH' great mirnics or till' plant \\OI'IU. \l liH' slight<' t touclltlll'J n'lt'dsr in ten. r trur-to-n'lnlC' rragrancc's. I'rom
lemon .;lwrhet ancl rip<' apples to Pf'JliH'rrnint and reel rosrs. ma�ing \\ill t'ring a colleclion CJ hlissJ'ul e\peri('flCl'.
Parts u
Leaves, roots, flowers The seed head somewhat rese mbles that of a stor k's head. Other rose-scented species distilled for oil are P. copt totum and i ts vanety 'Attar of Roses: together w1th P. rodens. The 011 IS valued 1n aromathera py, and is used 1n
Rose geranium (Pelorgomum groveolens)
massage oils to relieve tens ion and soothe the symptoms of dermatitis and ecze ma. Ant1fungal and a ntibactenal 1n act1v1ty,
• P. x citronellum 'Lemon Tart' • carro -scented 'Scarlet Pet' syn. 'Moore's Victory'
the oil is curre ntly used 1n the U n i ted States as a tick repellent for dogs, and IS
�lorgonium hybrid, 'Gooseberry'
• Gardening
• hazelnut-scented
antiseptic, and repels insects. Hybridization led to a proliferation of
x
concolor
'Countess of Scarborough'
re pellent. The oil of apple geran 1um
(P. odorotissimum] IS astringent and
P.
'Concolor Lace' and 'Strawberry' syn.
considered both mosquito- and lice
•
P. x scorborovior: 'Gooseberry' (lemon-,
clove- and mint-scented) Plants better s u i te d to large pots or
varieties, and scented gera n1ums became
gar de n beds include these pelargon1ums:
geran1ums onginated ma1nly from the
grea favorites w i th 19th-cen tury
Cape of Good Hope area in South Afnca. They were introduced mto England as a
gardeners, pa rticularly as hey proved
• the dar kly handsome, velvety-leafed, semi-prostra te P. tomentosum
The spec1es used to create the scented
adaptable to cult1vat1on in greenhouses
curios1ty 1n the 1630s, but by the 1840s the French realized their pote ntial as an
and on sunny k1tchen windows i l ls dunng
essent1al oil source.
once again, but fewer than 100 varieties
Steam distillation of rose geranium
(P graveolens] yields an essential oil
With an enlivenmg true rose fragrance that IS added to perfumes and toiletnes . It IS produced on the island of Reunion and also 1n Algeria, China, Egypt, lnd1a and Morocco. The scented geramums are soft to semi-hard wooded shrubs or subsh rubs
With a very wide range of leaf shape s. P groveolens is an upright mult1-s temmed smal l shr ub to 3 ft. (90 em), w1th bngh t green, much mdented leave s hat create a lacy shape . The small flowers are mid-p ink rouged With bnght ruby on the uppe r petals, and are borne 1n term 1nal umbe ls.
the winter months. They are fashionable have s u rv1ved.
'Pe ppermint' and i s hybrid 'Dark Lady'
• whi te-speckled 'Snowflake' • P x groveolens 'Robert's Lemon Rose' • P x copitotum 'D r Livingstone' syn. 'Skele ton Rose'
Those suited to cultivation in po s include the following plants:
• 'Nutmeg' and 1ts variegated form, together w1th 'Old Sp1ce: 'Apple Cider' syn. 'Cody' and 'Tutt1 Frultl' (a l l denved from P x frogrons) • P odorotlssimum 'Apple' • P nervosum 'L1me' and 1 ts hybrid 'Gmger' syn 'Toronto'
• varie ies of P. cnspum s uch as 'Fmgerbowl; 'Pnnce Rupert' and 'French Lace' (all w1th an Intense lemon fragrance)
• cream-vanegated P x ospr:rum ' Lady Plymouth'
Pelorgonwm quercdoflum 'Fa�r Ellen'
S c e n te d ge r a n i u rn • P x osp rum 'Mmt Rose' • P graveolens var. 'Camphor Rose' • P. x osperum. the 18th-century 'M. Nrnon' (apricot)
N a t u ra l bea u t
Continued
Ros(' grranium ( Pelargonium
p�� p� eeau� �� IUV in1fw jJ<Jubich for Jfr�
• P x scabrum 'Mabel Gray' (intense lemon sherbet)
cuul 6r�
• the pungently woodsy-scented hybrids of P. q uercifolwm, such as 'Staghorn Ellen; 'Endsleigh' and 'Pretty Polly'
•
, kin and the rre b.
!'�Vives L irrtl
pungent , me II rrwives I ad m i n d.
IL
properlie
and
Laning and balancing leave hair ami scalp
clean and Frc h. I t
is a m i ld anli roc a n
innammalion. i nc l uding m i nor
•
Maintenance Regular harvesting
restricts the size of larger specimens. They should be only lightly fertilized,
'Ci ronella' syn. 'Citrosa: a
preferably in spring. Water thoroughly
denvative o P x asperum
when the upper soil dries out.
Position Pelargon iums are d rought
pirk-mr-up . I t · toning effect
i rr i l an t. ma ki ng it h e l pfu l
Oa : 'Cionnda; 'Chocolate M r n t; 'Fair
• P citrosum True Lemon' • the reputedly insect-repelling
gra1 eo/ens) is t he cia. ·ic b auty
•
wounds and he l p
in eeL bi te . I L at
con t rol
o
t ress-Lrlggered oil
prod u c t ion. which can re ult i n pim ple breakour .
Pests and diseases They cannot
Herbal medicine
resistant, and, where space is limited,
tolerate poorly drained soil and will suffer
a collectron can be kept in well-drained
root rot and death from soil fungi, such as
Pelargonium sidoides, P. reniforme. Part
pots in a sunny posrtion.
Pythium, Verticillium and Fusarium.
used: root. In their native South Africa,
•
•
Propagation Propagate scented
Harvesting and storing Harvest and
where these two Pe/argonium species
geraniums from 4-in. ( 10-cm) cut ings
dry leaves at any time for pot-pourri (see
have been used medicinally for centuries,
taken i n late summer and inserted into a
Around the Home, page 284) and for sleep
a preparation of their roots is called
sterilized m i x. Make sure to protect
pillows (see Craft, page 300). Harvesting
umckaloabo. It is traditionally prescribed
them from frost.
for distillation ocrurs around midsummer.
for digestive complaints, such as diarrhoea and dysentery. and for infections of the respiratory tract, including colds. coughs and tuberculosis. The name is derived from Zulu words meaning "symptoms
Scf'nterl geraniums. w i t h t he i r a t t racl ivc 1ea1 cs m a 11 id are a
range of hca1 nly sce n t � .
u l i nary Lrca t .
1'r1 u si n g t t l r m i n t h e
�o l lol'. i ng ways.
in 1\'armecl liquid such as cream or
m ille
S t r a i n . and use liquid
to make
ire creams. sweet u tards and
• <\d rl rlrircl I aves of rnsl' or lemon l'o r·iet ie" ro t he
• P in e l y chop fresh l e ave . l n fu e
u·a caddy.
auce
for de
treating tuberculosis; in the early 1900s, as a remedy for this condition in Europe.
• l n fu e red wine vi negar w i t h rose gera n i u m a n d fresh ra pll rrie
.
urn mer
sa l a r J 1 i n ega r.
• Pia
Umckaloabo is widely used today by Southern Africa traditional healers for it enjoyed a rather controversial success
erls.
S t r·a i n after a � e k ror a
of lung disease" and "breast pain."
In more recent times, it has become popular in Europe for treating acute bronchitis, tonsillitis and sore throat; a number of clinical trials have shown that P sidoides reduces symptoms of
e a cake sti l l warm from t he
acute bronchitis by the seventh day of
o1en on Lop or leave, to absorb the
treatment. Laboratory studies suggest
fragrance. 'l'r
that compounds contained in the root
rose gera n i u m with
van i l la pound ·ake or pepper m i n t gera n i u m w i Ul a cbocolaLe
ponge.
may reduce the ability of bacteria to adhere to the lining of the respiratory
Remove the l e a e when the cake
tract and thus prevent i nfection as well
has cooled.
as i mprove immune function.
• Line J • 1 1-o mold w i th leave ( I f l ) and p o u r a i .l ly on top Lo
ct.
For the safe and appropriate use of these herbs, consult your healthcare professional. Do not use these herbs if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
So rrel Rumex acetosa. R. scutatus, R. acetosella Polygonaceae ea. i l � gro'' n. a n rt i t s fn·.·h il'mony ria\ o r
Sorrel i
i � , r � \ cr :a t i le i n d i -; h e � such a � � a l a < l s . �ou p� cHi d fri l l il l dS. \\ ; J t r r dock Pi in� 's twrl>cl l)rillan ira. ma� not ill' a gou r m e t ·: d P i i gh l . h u t J u l i u s C :i:ll'Sa r cured h i s t roop� of SCU I'\:0
'' ith
its h e l p.
Leaves [ sorrel ) ; roots [yellow dock)
p rt
• G a rd e n i n g
•
Three spwes of sorrel are commonly
soil and a sunny to pa rtly shaded position.
Position Sorrel requires a
moist
rich,
grown for culinary purposes - broad
•
lea , garden or sheep's sorrel, or sour
when the soil has warmed in spnng, or start
Sorrel
grass (R. acetosa) ; French or buckler- leaf
it indoors and transplant
(Rum�x
sorrel
Propagation Sow sorrel seed 1n 1t.
situ
Seeds germinate
wi hin 1 4 days. Thin plants to 1 ft. (30 em)
(R. scutatus) ; and sheep's sorrel
( R acetosella).
apart. Considered weedy, R. crispus is under
Broad-leaf sorrel 1s
a perennial forming
a basal rosette of leaves up to 6 in. ( 15 em) long. In early summer he slender
of all three culinary sorrels to keep up
o
flowering
about 4 ft. ( 1.2 m ) . produce
spikes of tmy reddish flowers,
followed
Th1s spmachlike leaf is quite delicious i f
Maintenance Regularly tnm plants
the
by
C o o !... i n �
statutory control in Australia.
•
stems.
ocetoso)
picked when young a n d tender. Cook 1 t
supply o f fresh, tender young leaves.
briefly t o retain the
use
flavor; d o not
a luminium or �ron pots or utensils, because
Remove the flowenng heads whenever hey appear.
they will make sorrel go black and cause a
ovate o hastate leaves, tiny green flowers
•
disagreeable metallic taste. If usmg raw,
and grows o abou 1 ft. (30 em).
of sign1ficance.
hard nutlets. French
•
sorrel
has smaller
Varieties R. acecosa 'Blond
de
Lyon:
•
Pests and diseases There a re none
select the young, ender leaves. A puree of
Harvesting and storing Pick
sorrel
cooked sorrel is a good accompa n iment to
With large succulent leaves, is used for
fresh throughout the growing season. It
fish, eggs, pork and veal Sorrel's ac1d1ty
class'c sorrel soup and to produce blue
does not d ry well but, like spinach, 1t can
also acts as a meat tendenzer
and green
be frozen L1 t the roots 1n autumn and
dyes.
A pret y silver-leafed
va riety of R. scuratus JS 'Silver Sh1eld'
Sorrel sauce (see page 338) 1s a French
dry them for herbal prepara ions.
classic that goes well w1 h poached
r n n fi J'nl J h 1 rn m unr-�r llli u l.tl l ng tilt' II'J h.Js ht't'll Shl't' l '\ ·oJ'I't'i
( Rumn aCt'IOSt'/fa)
iilltl nthcr mt•Jnht•rs of I IH' film II\ hdl l'
IJrru
hi
sorn• l
11 l i lt I l l\ dlltl diaht•lt•s. kl lm1 clnr� ( /o!llrlll'\ 1'1'1'/lll ')
1\ t'n'
ft'idll\l' nl
J ill'
SOITt'l ' I I
JS .1
tInT
I S !'1111111 nnl\ lN'tl
1 1frcn ra�l'n us " l r.td i i ii Jilal spnnl!
lnr t
IOIIIl' .
\ l l l l rt ' Ill l l l i U SIOil of (rt•slt
h'Jirs
11 as u se t l
rom pl, l l ll l s . l lnhd l t' l s ht'lit'l t' r h,ll
111.1111
In . 1
tn\tll
!:ihl't'p\ SUITt'l
111
rt•dun· ft'l t'rs
i\
l'l l l l l l t l l l t l l\
IIlii Itd
a� a n mgn•dit•nl 111 ,tn lwrhdl hll l f i i i i . J
.
t t l l l ' t l Esstar l1•a. s a t d r o 11(' h,bt'd m 1
a
t l'iidt l londl "al t l t ' \nH't lran n·nwd1
\\ l i th• Frrnch sorrrl IRum�x scuto tus)
propt•rttt's.
S l llt'l' t ill' l !l.�Os
t\rnn•r p.J i tt'n l .
d\'illftdlt'tl 11 l l h
a mar�l'tl d i i ! l'f' l tr l'fl t'C I . a n d
ll'it'tl
fish.
t lwrl'\ nu 'll' lt'nli l tr t'ltd•·nn·
In
lit nnw
si-.111 rnntlililllls .Jnd fm at t h n l tt
ol t hcst' rnndl t lnlts drt' rt'l,tli'd
l ttiildup Ill l ilt• hod\ . lt'litll\ tlotl I'I X I I !lid\ d l lt'l Iilli' lht'!ll h\ l ' l l h d llCiflg 1 111' dt'IJt\ll\ 1 11g C\ l p,lt' il\ of l hl' lil t'! ·" \I t ' l l "' t•nroJII ,J!!IIlg llli ll t' l'fllt'lt'lll l'l'lllll\ d l nf ll l\lns l rt1111 l ilt' l w J\\ t'l " ' . 1 rt•su l r 1 1 1 .1 !!t'Jll lt• ld\.J i l \ 1 ' . w l tnll
S we et c i c e ly Myrrhis odorata Aptaceae T ll h d < ' l ig h t lu l l\ • 1 n a m t · n t a l llC ' r h lla
IC'm c·s " i l 1 1 c1 sugar� a n i se
-;cT n l . It 1s o n t · ol l h t • i m porl < l n l i ngrcl l l e n l s in Clw r l n ' US<' l i q u c• u r . a n d is aho lllCi udccl in Scd n t l i n m i a n a q u a \ i l . " ll it'll 1 s u -;c•d as a d l�t ' s l i\ t' a n d an il i H' I' i l i l.
rn o n
n
English myrrh
Young leaves and stal ks, young roots
& UJoked ��
• G a rden i n g
root:Y ar� UJ�ered
Nattve to cool, motst mountatnous areas of Europe, sweet cicely ts the lone species 1n 1ts genus. It IS a fully hardy perenntal,
6�fr thoJb who rl " ult ruu/ without UJur� "
forming a clump of delicate, fern-like and very swee -tasting leaves. The large
arf!/
handsome umbelliferous heads of white flowers are followed by slender, l -in. (2.5-cm) seeds, whtch are technically fruits. They are aromatic and deliciously nutty
Sweet cicely (Myrrh1s odorara)
when eaten raw and green. Both the leaves
•
and green frutts are very htgh in anethole,
a round the parent plants, where they will
which gtves hem thetr sweet antse scent.
germinate in spring. Alternatively, stratify
• Harvesting and storing Harvest
Mature seed are a shtny dark brown.
the seed by plactng it tn moist, sterile
young leaves for fresh use. They retam
sand or vermtculite inside a sealed plasttc
little fragrance after drymg. Pickle the
If you're gathering sweet C!Cely in the
Propagation Allow the seed to fall
•
Pests and diseases None of any
significance.
wild, do not to m tstake Myrrhis for h tg h ly
bag, and store in the refrigerator crisper
unripe seeds, and clean and store the
toxtc hemlock ( Comum macula tum),
tray for 8 weeks before sowing in spring
young roots tn brandy.
which has dark stems spotted red-purple.
(see also page 44).
•
Position It requtres a h u mus-rich moist
soil, a cool climate and a shady location.
• Maintenance Remove flowering
• C o o k i ng
stalks to prolong leaf production.
Boil the roots as a vegetable; they can also be candted like angelica and used as a decoration for desserts_ Use the crisp, celery-tasting stems tn salads. The leaves of sweet ctcely have a
Osmorllizil Jonw�11 II.>. kllOI� Il as
Sl\ l'CI rJl't'l\
l troncrroot h
a
a nat11 c· \or l h
prcH•s of \ptar<·ar·. a l so
\m<' r ic an
(Or ilnl
or lona. 1 1 lr
pl'l'l'llllial 111 Lh
1'1'00 1 ,
'ill t'rl rool J .
s m a l l . 11 hill'
uml)(' l l ! fl'rous i n llon•sr<·nrt·s ancl coar�L'. ra t her Cl'i<'r\ - l i k<'
lf'il\1' . . I t
ts fou nd 111 nch \\ O()( I I and
111
eastr>rn
or l h \ml'nra Thr siL <'Pl - la una 11 i l h
tiS
root.
st rong a n t s< ' scc • n t . 11 as ust•il
��� \ a t i l t ' \tnrriulns and a n t ts<'PIIL
t�s J
di:!<'sl i l t'
warm, antse aroma and a pleasantly sweet taste. Use them fresh 1n salads or add them when cooking sharp fruits such as gooseberries and rhubarb and some varieties of a pples, because their natural sweetness will counteract the tartness. They are a safe sweetener for diabetics_ The green seeds can be used tor the same purpose. Sweet cicely leaves add a lovely flavor
to cream, yogurt, rice pucidrng, frui1 il:'lD wine. soups, stews and dressings. u�e leaves in omelette�. too. Thev-also make-a very pretty garnish.
-----
Sweet m yrtle ( flackhuusta Cllf'i(}(/Uril).
1.emo11 Ill\ rt IC'
Myrrus commums Myrtaceae
till iT rnyr t il:' ( H. amsalcll ancl n n n a m o n
\ l � nlr 11 a. sancd to k n u s in a nc i e n t t i m es. a n d .grol t's ol fra�ra n t m� r t lrs \\ P I'l' gi'O\\ n cl f'OLI IHI Iw r t e m p l e s . \ I � r l lr a l so s � m l lo l i s<'li honorahlr 1 icLOn a n d \\ C L \\ O\ t'n i n t o h a �
''
n ·a t l l s a t t il e t · a r l �
01� m p i c Came-;. B rides st i l l t u c � s p rigs of my 1'l lc i n t o t h e i r l louque t s.
lll) rtit' ( H. m \ rttfo/ta) arr ra m rnn•'>f t ll't'� from ea�tt·rn \u�l r
rap rcl l \ gauung prnm menct• for Lhc1r r u l m ar\ ancl per lumery usc�: thl'\ arr 0011 p lanta t ion grcm n i.l'mon myrt le i s a broati-IC'alt•d t'l rrgrcrn Lrrr 11 J l h
Othef
Greek m y r le
<
Parts u
panrclr� of s111a ll. scrn trcl \\ h r t r
I loll ,., .... T h r lra1 rs hal(' a n i n ten r l y
Leaves. buds. lowers, frui s
fresh lemon frag ra n P. and t he rs rnual
• G a rd e n i n g
oil i
Sweet myrtle is nat1ve to he south
nl\ l'l l!' ( srr '\nr�r. pa{:!e 1 -1) rs u t'rl in
l\ pi ca l l \
ll'f\ h 1gh i n c r t ra l. \ni�<'
eastern Mediterranean. The sweetly spicy
teas and
essential oil, also known as eou d 'onges
Cm namon m� r l lr nr carrol form
(angel's water). is used 1n perfumes and
o., h r u i H n·r 11 r t h �pic1 n n namon
al�o as a
rulmary flavormo. a
for medic1nal purposes. The plant vanes
scPoted o1 ate I<'Jit's t ha t ran b!' u ed
from a shrub to a small tree w1th oval,
rn cook mg. Bog m 1 rtle 01 �II <'C't ga lr
1 \II nca ua/e) or the ram ill \ l yrica!'ar
Shiny, fragrant green leaves and small white flowers w1th a central "powder
This gold wreath of sweet myrtle, a Greek symbol
pufr of stamens.
of v1ctory, dates from the 2nd century BCE.
•
Varieties Vaneties of myrtle 1nclude
the double-flowered 'Flore Plena'; the
ha' s11 re t l 1 rc 'IIHJU
a
plants can be q uite vanable. Propagate
box-leafed myrtle, 'Tarentma; wh1ch is
named vanet1es by tip cuttings 1n mid
useful for topiary; Variegata; a variety
to late summer.
1!'<11 <' that rrprl
i n ,ects. Thr1 art' u�rd 111 perfumer\. a contli mrn t . a n d a l so 1 0 ll't'Jtmg
'kin problems.
w1t white-edged leaves; a wh1 e-fruoted
•
vanety called 'Leucocarpa'; and the broad
grow sweet myrtle 1n pots and bring 1t
leafed or Roman myrtle, 'Romana:
under cover 1n winter
AI hough of limited culinary use, the
•
leaves, flower buds and fru1ts of sweet
•
Position Sweet myr le requires
sunsh1ne and good drainage. •
Propagation You can propagate
myrtle by seed. although the resulting
Maintenance In frost-prone areas,
Pests and d i seases There are none
of s1gmficance.
•
H a rvesting and storing You can air
dry the buds, flowers, fru1ts and leaves.
C o o k. i n g
myrtle feature '" Mediterranean cooking, especrally Cors1can and Sardinian recrpes. to flavor pork, lamb and small game b1rds. They are also used in sauces and some liqueurs. The berries have a m ild juniper flavor, and both the d ried flowers a n d dried frurts a r e ground into a sp1ce that has the same flavor The 1nfused oil is used m teas, salad dressings, fish and chicken dishes, desserts and bakery 1tems.
L_a;, ¥rt;F ouer 6ar6ecu.ed or roaM �Y towarr/ t� eM of C<Jok� to adrl �{twor. w
Sweet myrtle (Myrtus com munis)
s
e t
iol t
Viola odorota V1olaceae
In tht' I Ulh rl'n t u ry.
Tlw s\\ t ' t ' l l rdgf'
.. 11\ 1 i o l t • l
"
d il l I " I I I O t i t ' s l "
1 11 ll i L o n . d
d 1 ioi < ' l . .. H u t s\\ l 't'l 1 ioi<'l >; l l o l c l a proud p lan·
O l'l d l t n g l n ' t ' l \ \1 1 1 11 go< h. �i ngs. d ll t i t ' l l l p<·ror�.
\1, h1•n
IIOh'lS
l'n t l rl' tli. t nn� 11 I' I r <1e1 ott·
l lt'rfurnt'>
resemble rosebuds. Excellent vanet1es
Of the 250 or so spwes of Viola, two are
include wh1te 'Comte de Brazza; deep
used medicmally: V odorata (sweet violet)
lavender 'D'Udine; pale lavender
and V tricolor (heartsease, page 62). There
'Neapoli an' and 'Parme de Toulouse:
are single, sem1-double and fully double
•
forms of \1. odorato occurnng naturally
well-composted, moist soi l . Flowenng is
1n a n umber of d1f eren colors
reduced in shaded locations, so a pos1tion
of sweet v1olets are Victoria; wh1ch 1s the
11 d
r a p t u rr d
rn mc1n1 product,. rrorn
Leaves, flowers
Among recommended garden vanet1es
to
thm PIodu r l !on The
fr<�Qr.tnre
• < ; a rd e n i n g
\\ t'rl'
\ t ' r) fashiUihlhiC'.
Position Sweet violets thrive in a
under dec1duous trees IS ideal. Mulching ensures good summer growth.
foundat,on of the French Riv1era mdustry;
•
'Pnncess of Wales' (grown commercially
runners formed 1n autumn.
to tOIIPln!'s. prl'pared
from t h e r'>srnl!al
nil.
11 h1ch i
d1. l !llr<1 from t h leall''> Fre. h llo11 t•rs 1\ l:' ll' u ·ed to creat
syrup .
hnhdl Will<''>. IT) stalli ·ell no11 er . pa t i l l ! ' . l!qut•urs and rho nl Josc•ph1nr•.
tr'.
"apol�on·. 11 1fe. lo1rd
tht' Tl'nt of 1 10lrh. \\ hen hr dle
Propagation Propagate plants by
m Aus ralla); sky-blue 'John Raddenbury',
•
red-purple 'Admiral Avellan', pink 'Rosina',
when they become woody Apply a liqu1d
Maintenance Remove old plants
• Harvesting and storing Gather flowers and leaves fresh when 1n season.
the nchly colored 'Queen of Burgundy';
seaweed fertil1zer once or tw1ce annually;
wh1te 'Alba'; a pncot-colored 'Crepuscule';
overfeeding encourages foliage rather
and he large purple- and wh1te-striped
than flowers.
Viola odorata. Parts used leaves, flowers.
•
The medicinal properties of sweet violet
'King of the Doubles: The very double Parma violets have
Pests a nd diseases Check for red
spider mite, which thrives under dry
l l erbal med i c i ne
closely resemble those attributed to 1ts
shmy heart-shaped leaves and profuse,
conditions. Water under foliage and
relative, heartsease (\1. tricolorl. Sweet
large, mtensely fragrant flowers that
spray with a seaweed solut1on.
violet IS used for sk1n conditions such as eczema and psonasis as well as catarrhal conditions of the respiratory tract, where 1t can help remove mucus from the lungs. In traditional herbal practice, sweet
violet has a longstanding reputation as an adjunctive remedy in the treatment of certam types of cancer, mcluding those of the breast and lung. Recent laboratory stud1es have eluc1dated the presence of specific compounds in the plant that show an 1nh1bitory effect on tumor growth; further investigations need to be undertaken before his traditional use can be substantiated. For the safe and appropriate use of sweet v1olet, consult your healthcare professional. Do not use sweet v1olet 'O'Udme: o n e of t h e Parma violets
if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Sweet wo odruff Ga/ium adoratum syn. Asperulo odorato Rubiaceae . s1reN wood ru ff and i t s c lose re l a t i\f�s. Ia d i e · · bcd s t ra\\ l a el i l nwt n 'd r i · · s u mad der and clca1 e r s . have a l l been ume . f.-now n i n G e r m a n � a s rn a t r r o r t il e 1\ 00
for i t
grounc lco; cring habi t . ·wcc t '' ooc l r u fr i · u · c d t o flavor· Ia
t radit ional
'' i ne.
( G. odorotum. G. verum). fl owe rs ( G. odorotum]. whole p l a n t ( G. oporine) tinctorium). roots (Rubio p t u
d Leav es
• G a rd e n i n
Lad i es' bedstraw (G. verum). also known
Sweet woodruff (G. odorotum) is a
as yellow bedstraw and Our Lady's
stoloniferous perennial growing to about
bedstraw, resembles a slender form of
9
sweet woodruff. 'Bedstraw' refers to the
m.
(23 em). The ascending stems have
whorls of 6 to B shiny leaves borne at
plant's former use as mattress stuffing.
Sweet woodruff (Golium odoratum)
each node. while the starry white flowers
Cleavers or goosegrass ( G. oporine). an
are borne m loose clusters. In 1954, the
annual resembling a coarse version of
l l rrbal mcfl i c i n e
U.S. Food and Drug Admin istration
sweet woodruff. has white flowers and
Galium oporine. Parts used: whole plant.
banned the use of sweet woodruff m
stems and leaves that are covered with
Cleavers is a n important medicinal herb
food and non-alcoholic drinks as a
hooked bristles. Cleavers has been used
in the Western herbal tradition. Essen 1ally,
suspected carcinogen. The ban remains
as a potted herb, and its seed roasted as a
1t 1s regarded as an exceptional lymphatic
in place but it is controversial because
good coffee substitute.
system cleanser, helpmg to remove toxins
the evidence is contradictory.
Madder (Rubia tinctorium). a scrambling
from the body. It is a valuable remedy for
perenn1al with starry yellow flowers,
chronic skin conditiOns such as eczema
resembles
a
larger and coarser version
of sweet woodruff. The roots can reach \\oodn1ff 11- a s once u�t·d �s J \l rr11 1ng hrrh
berause
h�e �crnt
ll 11-a
ds
it p rod u c es
1t dm·s.
a
fn•sh ha\
Tra
II'PI I
1om: and 1ce-creams a
a
bt'J'r
01111 replacrcl ll l l h ·� n lht'lic fla1onngs
a
na1on n� La
.
1\oo
sl l l l
111 usc ils
for tobacco.
ht'd
tra11 ( Jlic t u r!'
llrf'n ust•d to cunllc
1 heeo,e ·. P
·
m i l k for making
pt>tial l� l t'gelar Jdn I\ pr .
ll h ilr its roots were• u se d to dy!' Larkins In Srot lanu u n l i l
l li!J�
•.
11 hen tht• erosion of nali1 t' gras.l,mds rr ulletl in l ilt' prat Iict' lleing iJdfiiH'd.
fluid re ent1on. In addition, it is prescribed for conditiOns present1ng w1th swollen
used to make fabric dye, mks and paints.
lymph nodes, including tonsillitiS.
Position Sweet woodruff and its
close rela ives all prefer a moist, compost
and sau.agrs m Gt'rma ny. 11 ht'n' i l ls
dnd aroma
3.5 ft. ( 1 m) long and are the source of a valuable p1gment, red madder. which is
•
usf'd as a fl m onng for jrllirs.
and psoriasis and, due to its diuretic and detoxifying e feet. can also be of use or
For the safe and appropriate use of cleavers, see Detox. page 209. Do
enriched soil. Woodruff and cleavers prefer
not use cleavers i you are pregnant
a partly shaded position. while bedstraw
or breastfeedmg.
requires full sun.
•
Propagation Grow sweet woodruff.
lad1es' bedstraw and madder by seed or by diVISion; grow cleavers by seed.
• •
Maintenance Weed as reqUJred. Pests and d i seases None of any
significance.
•
Harvesting and storing Harvest
sweet woodruff and bedstraw, then a if-dry as requlfed Once dned, sweet woodru develops a pleasing seen of fresh-mown hay When madder roo s are 2 years old. stnp them of bark and dry them They are used to make dye.
Lad1es' bedstraw ( GoiiUm verum) produces panicles of honey-scented flowe" 1n summer.
Tansy Tanan:tum vulgare syn. Chrysanthemum vulgare Asteraceae \ l l i l l < ' l' ht' rll i n c l u l ie
\\ l ll' d for " i m m o r t a l i t y . " ri ' l'l f 'C l i ng ! Il l ' !'a c t l l 1 8 l t a n sy S l et ,' i n l'lo� c r for a long J H ' I'ioc l . Tll f ' p l a n t J l l'od uct•s a y l' l l o\\ dy('.
o. t mar) unrr hml thP cumrnon name ol
IHIJ!r lrar.
a l l 1 il l r
m rrferenee
bookmark - it>
11 a� prrter1
fn1 l't'> i> i n� l h
·ermons. The 11 ord
athanasia. G ret'k
fam t -
tanacrlum
i s rrorn
for "imrnorta U I) . .. and
10 ancient G rrect' corpse� 11 ere packed .
ll'ard
Aerial parts
its us<' a�
l!cart d d u r i n g lntermmal ile ' u nday
11 1 t h tan y lea1es Lo pre
Golden buttons
10
m 1 n ll i kr s em
orr insert �
·rr1e
them and
unlil huriai LOOk placr.
herb mixtures. T. cinerariifolium syn. Pyrethrum cinerariifolium is an aromatiC, white daisy-flowered perenn1a/, the source of Dalmatian insect powder. The pink flowered T. coccineum is the source of the less-effective Persian insect powder. • Varieties 'Silver Lace' is a variegated variety of T. vulgare.
Do not use tansy or its essential oil, and
• Position All Tanar:etum species listed
take extra care with this plant i you
prefer a well-drained, sunny position.
are pregnant or breastfeeding.
• Propagation Propagate the species and its varieties by seed, root division in spring or semi-ripe tip cuttings in summer.
Tansy ( Tanocetum vulgare)
A ro u n d L h e h o m e A natural insect repellent, tansy can be
• M a i ntena nce Tansy can become
grown outside in pots around outdoor
invasive, so in garden beds take care to
entertaining areas to deter flies and
keep the rhizomes under control.
mosquitoes. Indoors, use dried tansy
• Pests and d iseases There are none
to deter ants, clothes moths or fleas
of significance.
in your pet's bedding. A strong tansy tea
• H a rvesting a n d stori n g Harvest
can be spritzed over the carpet to keep
A very hardy rhizomatous perennial herb,
tansy foliage during flowering for drying
flea populations under control, but do
tansy g rows to about 4 ft. ( 1.2 m), with
or oil extraction. Harvest the leaves of
not spray it directly onto your pet or its
pinnate leaves, which typically have a
costmary and camphor plant as required,
bedding. Also, do not use it if you are
camphor scent. There are a number of
and the flowers of pyrethrum when they
pregnant or breastfeeding.
chemotypes, with the scent of rosemary,
open, then dry and g rind them.
• G a rd e n i n g
artemisia, chrysanthemum or eucalyptus. Tansy bears flat-topped ornamental
H e rba l m ed i c i n e
inflorescences of golden button flowers
Tonar:etum vulgare. Parts used: aerial
that dry well.
parts. Tansy was once used as a short
Crisp-leafed or fern-leafed or curly
term remedy for the treatment of worm
tansy is a more compact ornamental
infestations of the gut. Today this herb
form with ferny leaves. Costmary or
i s no longer used medicinally, because we
alecost or bible leaf (T. balsomita) is a
now know that thujone, a component of
rhizomatous perenn1al with clusters of
the essential oil of the plant, is associated
white daisy flowers and silvery green,
with significant toxic effects.
sweetly m i nt-scented leaves. Camphor plant (T. bolsomita subsp.
Thujone also has a strongly stimulating effect on the uterus and can have serious
tomentosum) has camphor-scented
negative side effects in pregnant women
Plant tansy w i t h potato crops t o deter the
foliage and is used in moth-repellent
or those attempting to become pregnant.
highly destructive Colorado beetk.
Tarragon Artemisia dracunculus, A. dracunculo1des Asteraceae nracuncu/u, i: La t i n for '' I i l l i <' d rago n . " and onr<' t a r ragon \\ a: r c p u t e c l LO c u lT t h e b i t e s of not o n l � cl i rn i n u l i \ c d ragon� l l u l a l :-,o a l l .:;crpe n l s . Tocla� i t s u n ique. ciP i i i o u , ami piqua n l fl a\or· i s i ncl i , pensa iJI
10 t h e
cia · . ic c u i inc of Franc e.
Part us ' Leaves Followmg the Doctnne of S1gnatu res !see
• G a rd n i n g
French tarragon. A half-hardy perenn1al
French tarragon (A. dracunculus) is a
with finely toothed, linear, deep green
page 49),
tarragon was used aga1nst venomous b1tes.
selected form of exceptional flavor.
aromatic leaves. it produces a lavish display
an alcoholic extract of French tarragon
I rarely sets seed, especial! in cool
o small, bright golden flowers, borne in
lowered the levels of both 1nsulin and sugar in the blood.
climates, although it may produce tiny,
clusters m autumn to 2.5 ft. (75 em).
greenish, ball-shaped Inflorescences.
•
Its slender linear leaves are warmly
hot, humid climates. French tarragon is
Position Winter tarragon thrives m
For the safe and appropriate med1cinal use of tarragon, consult your healthcare
aromatic, with a complex fragrance
cold-hardy and d rought-resistant, and
professional. Do not use tarragon 1n
and aste that blends sweet anise,
can grow in high summer temperatures.
greater than culinary quantities if you
It is, however, very susceptible to h1gh
are pregnant or breastfeedmg.
basil and resmous undertones. R ussian arragon lA drocunculoides)
humidity and easily infected with fungal
regularly flowers and sets v1able seeds.
diseases. Avo1d overhead watering.
• C o o l-- i n g
It often 1mproves in flavor the longer
•
French tarragon's flavor diffuses rapidly
Propagation Propagate French
it IS grown. but seed-grown Russian
tarragon by tip cuttings in spring and
tarragon has an earthy balsamic scent
early autumn, or by root division.
Use it fresh w1th fish and shellfish, turkey,
•
Maintenance Regularly thm plants
chicken, game, veal and egg dishes. Use
marigold or Mexican tarragon or sweet
of French tarragon by haNestmg. Remove
chopped leaves in salad dressings, fines
mace ( Togetes Iucido), is a true mimic of
any diseased branches.
herbes !see page 356), mustard, rav1gote
•
and bechamel sauces, sauce verte a n d
Wmter tarragon, or Mexican mint
Fr�nch tarragon
IArtrmiSio uru•run•CUIL"I
Pests and diseases Tarragon is
susceptible to nematodes (eel worms) and leaf fungal diseases. particularly rust.
•
H a rvesting and storing Harvest
foliage until mid-autumn.
through cooked dishes. so use 1t carefully.
mayonnaise Oil of tarragon IS used 1n commercial salad d ressings, beverages, confections, perfumes and mustards.
l lcrba l medicinr Artemisia drocunculus, A. drocunculoides. Part used: leaves. These days, tarragon is
more likely to be used for culinary than therapeutic purposes. Tarragon contains an essen 1al oil component that IS reputed to have s1milar propert1es to that of an1se, which is o en used to treat d 1gestive symptoms. Russian arragon has been used for st1mulat1ng he appet1 e. In some countries, tarragon IS trad1 10nally used to treat the symptoms of diabetes, recent scientific research appears to support this. Prelimmary studies in diabetic animals found that
Winter tarragon
I Tagetrs Iucida)
Tea e Camellia smensrs syn. Thea srnensis Theacea l!'a ha� been t he fd i < H'<'d 1 w1 c rage ol C h i na fo r
:tooo
l t'ars.
\\ h i lt' \\ est e rn pald t < s l d i OI'l' d 1 11 < ' mon• roilust l l m o r of illark t r a . grrcn l <'C I h a s ! we n sl1o11 n t o he riclwr i n a n l io\ida n t s a n d i s credited 11 i l h a n u m l w r or ust'S i n t ra d i t ional m r t l i c i nc.
Parts u s
Leaf tips, leaves, seeds
• G a rd e n i n g
include C. crapnelliana, C. ole1fera,
There are some 350 vaneties of Camellia
C. octapetala and C. sasanqua.
sinensis, and they vary considerably
•
m
hardy and requtres full sun to partial
form. The smooth. leathery leaves are
Position Camellia sinensis IS frost
oval, p01nted and fain ly scented. The
shade, and a nch, mo1st, but well
small wh1te flowers are single, with a
drained soil.
Tea
( Comellw smensis)
boss of gold stamens. and are borne in
• Propagation It is propagated from
the leaf axils.
freshly harvested seed, and by sem1-ripe
help
wood cuttmgs for named variet1es.
numerous chronic d1seases of our time. Studies of large populations of regular
Tea contains polyphenol antiOXIdants,
10
the prevent1on and treatmen of
the levels be1ng higher in green tea, which
•
has undergone minimal oxidation. An
height of about 3 / ft ( 1 m )
g reen-tea drinkers report lower ra es of
essential oil is distilled from the mature
•
some cancers and reduced rtsk of cardio
leaves, wh1ch is used both in perfumery and as a commerctal flavoring The
of significance
seeds are pressed for a fixed oil that
tips for tea once bushes are 3 years old.
•
Maintenance Maintain bushes to a Pests and d1 seases There are none H a rvesting a nd storing Harvest leaf
rs processed to remove saponms. Other spec1es that are used for oil production
In South \fri ·a. Lhr lPaiP of l h t• rnoioo. < p ronounn•d ro1-hn'-
J piJ n l
I l'tlalaLhu · lml'art'l hJI t' hrc>n hre11t>d a
a rf'fn• tun g hl'\t'ra gc•
fur fPiltun e
.
\011, rnnihn' l Pd ,,
herommg a ropula r tlnnk a l l tJit'r
l lcrbal m dicine p1cked from the tea plant are subjected to
gum Inflammation and plaque ormation. Due to its caffetne content, green ea
green, black, white and oolong varieties
continues to be a popular a1d for 1mproving
of tea: For mstance, leaves are fermented
mental alertness and concentratiOn, and 1t
and dned for black tea, but steamed and
has also been 1nvest1gated for 1ts use as a
dried for green tea. Each type of tea
potenttal weight -loss agent. New studies
contains differen levels of 1mportant
also suggest a potent1al role for g reen ea
compounds, known as polyphenols, which
in the treatment of diabetes as a resul of a blood sugar-lowenng effect 1n add1tton
are pnmarily responsible for the plant's medicinal properties. Green tea conta1ns
act1v1ty of all these teas.
IIPJI
d
hr l p Ill
1111' llt'JliTH'fll of
man\ sen nu lllnf's sr· .
regular consumption of chewable g reen
vanous processing methods to produce
more Impo rtant . the d 1 1'0\ t'J ) of ll rrmarkahlt · dOl lo\lrla nt r<�pac i l l :
unpr0 1e gent•rill l1eal t h dOd •Htl-h t'lllg
sunburn when applied top1cally, and tea tablets has been shown to reduce
the highest levels of polyphenols and IS
d
Fur her human tnals have reported a protect1ve effect of green tea against
Camellia sinensis. Part used : leaves. Leaves
lhc 1\ o r l ll a a n•sult ol l l s plt'a san l l
Th••rrfon· it ma1 halt' l lll' put c r l l i J I to
vascular d1sease
regarded as hav1ng the greatest herapeutic Green tea polyphenols possess a potent antioxidant capactty that IS far greater than tha of vitam1n C or E, and which may
to its anttoxidan propert•es. For the safe and approprtate medictnal use of g reen tea, consult your healthcare professional. Do no use green tea in greater than culcnary quant1t1es 1f you are pregnant or breast eed•ng Caffe•ne e n ake should be mont ored d ur'ng hese tcmes.
yotde�V � fuu &;;re;;aredfronv "tw�fY.Jd" �fund ill/ c�
w rar�
Opposi t�: Harv�stmg Com�//io smensis lea v�s for t�a. on� of th� world's most popula r beverages.
Te a t r e e Meloleuco sp. Myrtaceae In t il l ' I H l l1 c·c · tH u n . \ I Jw igi n d l \ u -; t ra l i a n.· t a ugh t C1 p t c1 i n . i cl lllt'
Cool.- d n t l l l i � l'f'<'\\ IHl\\ to m a !.-c•
puu l l i et " ' I rom liH' l ' l'l l '- ll l ' t l ll'a \ l' · ol t < 'a t ree t o l l't'tlt C l l l'i il l l t l
P
u
J.- 1 11 l l l fl 'C t iC J i l S .
d Leaves, branches
• G 8 nl e n i n g
•
"Tea ree" •s a m1snomer, because that term
Melo/euco described require
also applies to Leptospermum species,
an acid, very mo1st soil, full
while Meloleuco spec1es are actually
sun and warm condi ions.
Position The species of
paperbarks. Th1s has caused confusion and
•
the widely held belief that the tea naled
grown by seed, but trees w1th desirable
Propagation All species can be
by the Cook exped1t1on was prepared from
chemotypes are raised by seed from
Meloleuco, which is not recommended.
selected trees or by cuttings.
essential oil. The spwes grows to about
• • •
23 ft (7 m ) and occurs naturally on the
cut for foliage, which IS water- or steam
warm east coast of Australia, where 1t is
distilled and cured for 6 weeks.
Tea tree ( M. oltermfolio) IS plan ation grown in Australia for high-quality
Maintenance Irrigation is i m portant. Pests and diseases None of no e. Harvesting and storing Trees are
Tea tree
( Melaleuca alternifalia)
often assoc1ated with swampy conditions. M. leucodendron, a tall species, is the
source of caJeput oil. Both M. viridifloro
I I rbal medicine Meloleuco olternifolio. Parts used :
internally. Do no use tea-tree oil if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
and M. qu1nquenervio are sources of
essential oil from leaves and branches.
niaouli oil, used m perfumery and as an
Scientific research has confirmed that
•
antiseptic. All four species have whitish,
the essential oil of the tea-tree plant
Tea-tree oil is powerfully antiseptic, with
layered, papery bark, stiff pointed narrow
possesses potent antimicrobial actions
antimicrobial and antibacterial properties.
lmear (M. oltermfolio) or oval smooth
against many com mon bacterial, viral
• Wipe down surfaces with a disinfectant
leaves, and profuse, intensely honey
and fungal disease-causing organisms.
scented bottlebrush inflorescences, wh1ch are white, except in M. vmdifloro where
These days, tea-tree essential oil continues to be used extensively for its
ro u n d the hom e
solution - mix tea-tree oil with either water or vinegar.
• Disinfect a shower and remove mold by mixing 1/• cup (60 g ) borax, 2 cups very
they are green1sh white or, rarely, pink
topical antiseptic actions. It is used to treat
to red. Trees may literally dnp nectar.
acne, g u m infections and fungal mfections
hot water and 1/• teaspoon tea-tree oil.
of the foot, and clinical trials have shown
Shake in a spray bottle until borax dissolves. Spray on surfaces. leave
that its effectiveness is comparable to some conventional treatments. For the safe and appropriate external
overnight. then rinse.
• Deodorize and disinfect garbage bins
use of tea-tree oil, see First aid, page 220,
wipe them out with a solution of
Acne, page 2 16, and Athlete's foot. page
1/2 teaspoon tea-tree oil and a little
218. Tea-tree oil should not be used
detergent in hot water.
I;v Wortd War IL .wfdiery
t� tr� UMd teAU-freA!/ od to treat infectwfl-!Y, wowuiJ/ and� infectwrw. iAv
Tea tree makes a n environmentally friendly fenc1ng material that IS also very attractive.
T h ym e Thymus sp. Lamiaceae Therr arr an a · t o n i s h i ng n u m iJcr of a roma t i t il m e specie s 11 i t ll a 11 i(lr 1 a r i e l � o f fragra nc('S.
na1or\' a n cl u :r . from c u l i n a r� a n cl mrtl i c i n a l t o my t ical and magica l . \ o
1\
ancien t G reece 11 a s t llr r:-- prr sion "To s mr l l o f t h y m r . .. Part u
Common thyme
onder t h e ll igllrst p ra i se i n
d Leaves
• G a rde n i n g
( Thymus vulgaris)
W i nter-flowe r i n g thyme ( T. h yemolis) forms a small, densely clothed gray bush and is harvested for commercial dned thyme and essential oil. A number of thymes are popular as
There are some 350 species of thyme. They share much in common, most bemg
much for their profuse flowering and
sun-loving, perennial woody subshrubs or
dense matting habit as for the�r fragrance.
creepmg woody plants with a neat habit
Azores or orange peel thyme (T. mtcons
that are high in fragrant essential oils. Garden or common thyme (T. vu/gom)
resembles a dense, bitter orange-scented,
is the pnnc1pal culinary thyme. The leaves of all forms are tiny, narrow, elliptic,
or lavender.
and T. coespititius syn. T. ozoricus) mosslike carpet. The flowers are white
gray-green and aromatic. The tiny whi e
Mother of thyme ( T serpyllum) has been
or occasionally lavender flowers are borne
div1ded taxonomically mto two spec1es,
terminally in many-layered whorls.
previously class1fied as subspecies -
T. serpyllum and T. quinquecostotus, w1th
Selected forms include 'Silver Posie; w1th soft green and white variegated foliage; 'German Winter: a very hardy spreading form: 'Provence; a selected
'Bush BBQ' thyme is very aromatic, perfect for adding flavor to barbecued meat
h1gh-quailty culinary variety rom France:
redd1sh stems. Many popular vaneties of carpetmg thymes have been developed from the Ia ter, mcluding red-flowered 'Coccineus: 'Minimus: 'Pink Chin z:
a hybrid called 'Fragran issimus: or orange
Lemon thyme ( T x citrodorus) has neat,
' Russetlngs' and 'Snowdn :
thyme, with very fine, erect, thyme- and c1 rus-scen ed gray foliage, and 'Erectus: w1th strong vertical growth.
bushy, fresh g reen-leafed plants that are
Woolly thyme ( T. pseudolonugtnosis) has
redolent of lemon and thyme, makmg
soft, g ray, dense foliage. Hybrid carpetmg
them ideal for fish and chicken dishes.
varieties also include 'Coconut' and gold
Caraway or seedcake thyme (T. herbo
The plants have somewha sparse heads
speckled, lemon-scented 'Doone Valley:
barono) IS a w1ry carpet1ng thyme w1th a delic1ous caraway seen and lavender
of l ilac flowers. 'Silver Queen; also known
'Porlock' and 'Westmoreland' (Turkey)
as 'Silver Stnke; is a white-variegated
thyme are both robust culinary vaneties.
fiowers. The neat foliage is deep green and the loose flower heads are mauve. Vanet1es
form, and golden-variegated thyme was
1nclude 'Lemon Caraway' and 'Nutme g: Conehead thyme ( T. copttotus syn. Condothymus capt lotus) is another very popula r cook1ng thyme. It is an mtense ly scented, compact spread mg subshr ub With d1stinctive termm al con1ca l cluster s of deep pmk flowers. Spanish thyme ( T. mostich1no) forms a neat gray, uprigh t subsh rub. The scent IS
Predo minantly of comm on thyme w1th an elem ent of eucalyptus leaf. This thym e is excellen t or barbec ues.
the old Elizabethan 'embroidered thyme: 'L1me' is a low-growmg fresh green variety with a tangy l1me scent. Broad-leafed thyme has broadly elliptical leaves with the true thyme fragrance and interrupted mflorescences with whorls of mauve flowers. Vanet1es include 'Oregano' or 'Pizza' thyme, wh1ch IS o ten listed as T nummulorium; 'Pennsylvania Tea: w1th broad leaves and a gentle lavor that's ideal for isanes; and 'Bertram Anderson' syn. 'Archer's Gold; w1th pink flowers and
Thymus vulgar�s 'Silver Pos1e' bears p1nk-purple
bright golden foliage 1n summer
flowers i n late spnng to early summer
Thym •
Contmut:d
Position Trymes requ1re good d ramage
and a su ny pos1t1on.
•
Propagatton Raise thyme from seed i n
/1ca;rc/� to {ofld()rf!/, wFcleAV{dt of t� wilt aifract {uri&.Y.
spr•ng, bu propagate vanet1es by cuttings and by diVISIOn.
•
formidable remedy when tt comes to
M a intenance Weed the carpeting
treating respiratory conditions, such as
thymes regularly.
colds and flus. Thyme can also be used
•
as a gargle for sore throats and tonslllttis.
Pests and d t seases There are none
of sign1ficance 1f g rown 1n full sun.
In addttton, thyme a lleviates the
Substances leached from the leaves of
symptoms of tndigestlon, such as gas,
thyme 1nhibit surrounding plant growth,
bloating and cramps, and its antimicrobial
reduc1ng weed and grass competition.
action can also be helpful i n treatmg
•
gastromtestmal infections.
H a rvesting and storing Thyme is
low i n moisture and easily air-dried out of d 1 rect sunlight. It retams 1ts flavor.
II
rba l m e d i c i n e
Thymus vulgaris.
Parts used: leaves,
flowering tops. Thyme has potent an i
For the safe and appropriate medicinal use of thyme, see Sore throats, colds and flu, page 200. Do not use thyme in greater than culinary quant1t1es and do not use
garlic work well. Use thyme in terrines,
the essential oil if you are pregnant or
pates, meat pies, marinades (especially
breastfeeding.
for olives), eggplant and tomato dishes
m tcroblal propert1es, attnbuted to the high content of essential oil found i n
Lemon thyme ( Thymus x citrodorus)
and thick vegetable-based soups. Dned
ro u n c l L h c h o m '
t h e plant. Thyme also possesses a muscle
Thyme essential oil 1s a great addition to
relaxant effec and a n ability to thin mucus
clea ning products and disinfectant sprays.
m the lungs, making 1t easier to expel.
For a powerful and fresh-smelling bath
These comb1ned effects make thyme a
room cleaning spray, mix 1J• teaspoon
thyme is often used in the jambalayas and gumbos of Creole and CaJUn cooking.
each of lemon, bergamot, pine, thyme, citronella and tea-tree essential oils with
2 teaspoons vinegar,
1 tablespoon cloudy
ammonia and 4 cups (1 liter) water. Then, to this solut1on add 2 tablespoons club soda and shake until well combined. Use thyme essential oil i n an oil diffuser in a sick room for 1ts antibacterial qualities and soothing aroma.
• C oo k i n g Various types - including lemon thyme and caraway thyme - have the flavor suggested by their names. Lemon thyme and common thyme, with their warm,
Grow common thyme ( Thymus vulgons) in pots or as a border plant in the garden.
pleasant aromas, are the ones commonly
>\ recipe for a magi al o t l . al leged!}
used i n cooking, but 1t's well worth trying
rnabltng onr
other varieties.
in a 1 7t h cen t u r
to ,ee falrtt' . �>a' round manuscri pt tn th('
Thyme is a major culinary herb in
'\shmolran �luseum
tn Oxford. England.
Europe, where it shines m slow-cooked
Thr rrcipt• mcludP
a ralbcr obliqur
casseroles and dishes conta i ning meat.
tnstrucuon
poultry or game. It can be assertive and
··rhr t hyme must br garnrrr d near the
dominate other milder flavors, so robust
stdr of a h t l l 11 here
compan1ons, such as onions, red wine and
for coil cung 11 t id t h) m : f;:uric. used to bt':
Tu rm e ric Curcum a Iango Z�ng iberaceae n1rmrric is a mrrn her of l lw gi nger r, m i l
and i t s r h izomrs add a go lden
color to cu rrir:. It has long hall m cd i c i n a l lle r l la l u ·c. pa rt i c u l a rly in \yu n edic mccl i c i n c . a n cl a l'll izome con, l i t u r n L c u rc u m i n . i s c u 1Tcn l l. ('\C i t ing 'Cientifi c i n t e re s t for i t ' po t e n t ia l i n t rra l i ng a r•a ngr O f d i sra C
Part u
Turmrric (Curcuma Iango)
Leaves
H e rba l m e d i i nc Curcuma Iongo. Part used : rhizome.
For the safe and appropriate medicinal use of turmeric, see Liver support, page
Turmeric has a long history of use in
209, High blood pressure and cholesterol,
both Ayurvedic and Chinese traditional
page 228, and Psoriasis, page 2 17. Do not
medicinal systems, where it is regarded
use turmeric in doses greater than
as an excellent tonic and blood purrfier
culinary quantities if you are pregnant
and an effective remedy for inflammatory
or breastfeeding.
conditions such as arthritis, skin conditions, including psoriasis, and digestive and liver disorders. Extensive scientific research and
Thr tlowrrs arr accompanird by pair grern lowrr bracts and pink to purple upper bracts.
C oo k i ng Buy plump, firm, clean rhrzomes. They
clinical trials are providing supportive
should have a warm, mild aroma and an
evidence for i s therapeutic effects.
earthy, musky flavor. Turmeric can be used
Turmerrc contains a compound called curcumin, whrch is responsible for the vivid
fresh or d ried and g round, and adds a brilliant yellow color to foods.
yellow color and has also been shown to
It is used in curry powders and pastes,
be involved in many of turmeric's medicinal
pickles and chutneys, vegetable, rice and
Turmeric is an herbaceous perennial native to tropical Southeast Asia. It forms a dense
effects. Potent antroxidant and anti
lentil dishes (especially in India, where it
inflammatory propertres have been
often partners potatoes and cauliflower).
clump of aromatic foliage to about 3.5 .
identified, as well as a protective effect
and with poultry, fish and shellfish. It rs
[1 m), spreading by rhrzomes that are brown with bright yellow flesh. The flowers
on the liver and an ability to rncrease bile
also an ingredren in the Moroccan spree
secre ron. Turmeric has also been shown
blend chermoula [see page 352).
• G a rde n i n g
are borne in dense spikes with yellow and white to orange tubular flowers. The leaves are simple and the lam rna extends o the base of he stems. There are ornamenta l forms of C Iongo, including 'Bright White;
to reduce harmful cholesterol levels rn the blood and reduce the development of hardened and blocked arteries. Recent research has also led to the discovery of a remarkable range of potentral anti
'Jamarcan Red' and Vietnamese Orange: • Position Turmeric requires a rrch, moist soil and consisten ly warm tempera tures
cancer effects.
rn order to flourish. Plants die back under groun d each winter and will survive some frosts.
rheumatord ar hritis and post-operative
•
Propa gation Propagate from sectron s
o rh izom e. •
Clinical trials have shown that turmeric is effectrve rn reducrng the symptoms of rnflammation It has also been shown to be effective rn the treatment of rndrgestron, stomach ulcers and rn lammatory bowel condrtrons, such as Crohn's disease and
Main ten ance Drvid e each year. Pests and diseases 1 repels an s.
ulceratrve colitrs.
Harvesting and storing Botl he
have shown that the consump ron of large
rhrzomes for several hours before drying and powde ring.
quantrtres of urmeric rs associa ed wrth a
• •
In addi ion, s udies on large populations
reduced rrsk of developing certain cancers
Followers of Jainrsm, a relrgron ounded rn lndra, rub wet turmerrc ovrr bfldes' aces.
Va l e r i a n
Thr name · , a I rlan· ��
Vat�nana aff1cmalis Valerianaceae
t h r La l in
d<'riled from
1 aten•. " l o IJe · t rong" or
" to IJr 11 ell . " The herb wa · u ed by
\ a i l ' l' i a n mnl i" l w l i C'I < ' r i t o i H' t lw a l l ra c t a n l u "e r l l l� t he l1iC'd P i p e r
ancient Greek phy icians
i n l lw n H' d l ! ' l ci l Cl'l'll1 d n m i l l i ng tm1 n o l l l <:mw l i n in 1 28 4 . I t certa i n ! �
l l lppo ratrs and. 111 thr Dark \gr�.
p rm !'d t o l l!' profi t a l l l r k n o11 l!'dg!' rnr t lw ra 1 ca t c lw r. a t a l irnC' 11 h ! ' n t il < ' lll d \ 0 1 \\ tl
d!'-; J )(' f'a t ! ' 10 <;J\ (' t h e t 0\1 n \ J'ood : u p p l i e ::; .
il 11a · re
o m mend d
hr r bd l s for trrating
Root
�uiTrrmg fro m
�hell
tress disorrtrr
111 a
oldirr� 11 ho 11err
11011 hetter k n011 n a
• G a rd e n i n g
111 Anglo-Sa \on
-;hock During
\\orlrt War I . i t 11 a · us d l i n l u re lo lrral
uch a�
. hock. '' hich i po Hraumal!c
or fYI'SD.
Once praised by Arab physicians, valenan
(II. aff1cmalis)
IS
an herbaceous perenn1al
orm1ng a large basal rosette of compound,
1 1 rba I m e d i i n
ern-like leaves. The tall flowenng stem bears large, dense pale p1nk to pure white
Valeriano officina /is.
heads of sweetly scented flowers. The
Valerian has been used medicinally as
essential oil
a remedy for atdtng sleep and relaxation
IS
used commercially for such
purposes as flavoring tobacco and beer.
for hundreds of years. Pharmacological
Chmese medicme has employed several
studies on the plant have confirmed its
additional species, such as II. cor�ana, II. fauri�1.
V amur�nsis and V stub�ndorfi
for mdica ions similar o those used in the
sedative effects on the nervous system Valenan ( Valeriano officina/is) bears clusters of white flowers, followed by tmy seeds.
West. Note tha red valerian or kiss-me q uick is Cen tranthus rub�r. wh1ch
IS
of
Part used : root.
as well as its relaxant ac ion on muscles. A number of clinical trials have assessed the efficacy of valerian on
•
Ma i ntenance Divide mature plants
its own or in combination w1th other
no value medicinally.
in autumn or early spring. Cats are as
relaxing herbs for msomma, when there
•
Position Nat1ve to Western Europe.
enchanted by valerian roots as rats, so
is difficulty falling asleep and/or sleep
valenan prefers a cool root run, a sunny
you may need to provide protection for
that is easily disturbed. The results of
to lightly shaded position, and a moist,
young plants.
these trials are mixed and may be the
well-composted, well-drained loam.
•
•
of significance.
and preparation of valerian used as well
seed sown in spring, scattered over the
•
as the length of time it was taken;
propagation m1 and gently pressed down,
rhizomes in early spring, then rinse
however, they are strongly suggestive of
Propagation Valerian 1s propagated by
Pests and diseases There are none H a rvesting and storing Lift the
result of large variations in the dose
because the seed req u � res light to
gently and d ry them in a cool 200"F
positive effects on sleep, particularly if
germmate. Transplant 2 to 2.5 ft. (60 to
( 1 00°C) fan-forced oven with the oven
taken consistently for more than 2 weeks.
70 em apart.
door left aJar. G rind if desired.
A small number of human trials have also shown a beneficial effect of valerian
Valerian (Valeriano officina/is)
in alleviating the symptoms of anxiety and mental stress. Valerian's calming effect on nerves and muscles explains the traditional use of the herb for gastrointestinal cramps, period pains and headaches as well, particularly when they are related to nervousness and tension. For the safe and appropriate use of valerian, see Insomnia, page 2 14. Do not use valerian if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Ve r vain verbena offie�nalis Verbenaceae nc�p i t c i t � ldck of looks d rH I :cen t . \ l' l'\ a r n \\ d S nnn' con: idcrcd L IH ' most mtl�i cal or a l l hcrll. i n l·: u rope. L lw \l iddlt' l·:ast a nc l C i l i n a . and was u see! for puri f� rng �acred . pace: a n d i n � pe l ! -; a n d po t io n · for d i \ i na t io n . unmo rtal i t � . crop fert i l i t � . JWOsPt' r i t � . IO\ l' a n d l o r p ro t ec t ion fi'Om l ' \ i l Ioree: and l igh t n ing.
Devils' bane, enchanter's plant, herb of g race, r holy herb, pidgeonweed (it is a bird attractant). Venus, herb cross, the of herb Isis of tears joy, s er l mp r s Aerial parts '
• G a rd e n i n g
•
Vervain rs native to Europe, Asra and A nca. and rs naturalized in North America.
in spring. Germination is erratic and can take 4 weeks.
slender erect herbaceous perennral grow1ng to 4 ft. ( 1 .2 m), 1t IS found on dry,
• •
stony ground such as roadsides. The leaves are coarsely and �rregularly too hed, and
caused by insects can form in the stem.
he Slender, branched, term1nal flowenng
he green tops JUSt before the flowers
A
•
Propagation Grow vervai n from seed
Ma intenance Keep plants weed-free. Pests and diseases Knot-like galls
Vervain ( Verbena officinolts)
H a rvesting and storing Harvest
system and an uplifting e ec on mood.
sp1kes bear small tubular lavender flowers.
open, then air-dry them. Store under
It can help to relieve nervous exhaust1on
Brue vervarn W hostote) finds similar
airtight conditions.
and depress1on, and act as a support1ve
uses.
remedy during times of tensron and
Pineapple verbena ( Nosh10
maguens1s, family Verbenaceae) IS used as
l l ' r bu l m e d i c i n e Parts used : aerial
stress. Vervain is particularly effective for hose who feel miserable and fatigued
an herbal tea Position Grow plants 1 f . (30 em) •
parts. Vervain has bo h calmrng and
d u ring recovery rom feverish illnesses
apar , in ull sun, rn well-dramed soil.
restoratiVe effects on the nervous
such as flu. The plant's relaxing effects
Verbena officina/is.
are also of benefit for any muscular tension 1n the body, reducrng intestinal cramps and easmg the discomfort of penod pains. Vervain is also traditionally prescnbed
D�ri1ed from the Crl l 1c ferfacn. from fer.
during the early stages of fever. Further, 1t
lt'na1n ha' a rn u l lilucle of rt ' l i�r ou s .
used to reat some conditions assoc1ated
-to tlri1r a11 a1- and faen. -a s tn ne :
cultural and rna ical a ,ociat ions. m
IS regarded as a liver remedy and can be
f'or
w1th this organ.
Wncr. lhr names hrrtJ of t hr cro · s. hot�
For he safe and appropnate use
hrrtJ and dr1 rl\ IJanr drrh r from l r n a rn \ rt'putallon fur tannrhrng C h rr � r \ II UUIHI� on Lhr 1 ro�' a n d r t 11 a� aho uspd 1 1 1 · <..Jm frt r anrt punfica t ron n'rPrno nrr. l11 lht· of \ori h \mt·nra used d concocl ion of sma'>hrtl hlu<' wnam I l <'rbcaa /JJ�ti.llt
of vervam, consult your heal hcare pro ess1onal. Do not use ver am 1f you are pregnan or breastfeedrng.
:
��� l•hno\ IIJU
') it'd l t's to llld�t'
rJer on go a11 "�
Ver/Jailv few WtW Ottee/ The Druids may have built Stonehenge, the standing stones on Saltsbury Plain, England.
uu.d to jl-rofed
/U<'�fronv IJ�etY.
Vi b u r n u m Viburnum �JPU"JS,
V prundolium Capnfol1aceae
\ illlll'!llll/1 " I H'CI!'
c l l ' t ' " l l r u h '> gn !\\ 1 1 lor l l w i r o u l -> l a rH i i ng s w i ng r l i .· p l a ) s
o l l l '> l lcl l l \ l r
c1 m u T i l ' rr · l a \d n t i n
l l'l' . I ' '> J H ' I' I d l l � i lli l\l ' tl '>SI I I' I d l t ' d \\ i l l l l l l l ' l l 'i i i ' U tl t i O i l .
Cra m p bark, European cranberry bush, guelder rose
(II. opulus) ; Amencan sloe, black haw. stagbush (II. prunifolium) S em bark (V opulus) ; stem a nd root bark (II. prunifolium)
• c ; c l l'd c n i n g
followed by lime g reen bemes that ripen
Cramp bark ( Viburnum opulus) 1s a w1dely
black m autumn. Do not eat the bernes of
distributed dec1duous shrub, w1 h vme
e1ther spec1es.
shaped leaves that turn red 1n autumn and
Another species sometimes used 1s
large lacy heads of wh1te flowers borne m
Amencan h1ghbush cranberry (II. trilobum
late spnng.
syn_ V amenconum).
Black haw (V prunifolium) forms
•
Viburnum (Viburnum opulu5l
Va rieties II. opulus varieties include
a spreading dec1duous shrub to small
'Sterile' (the snowball tree); 'Notcutt's
•
tree that reaches to 1 6 ft. (5 m). I has
Variety; With excellent autumn foliage and
the outer bark in strips and dry it.
fine and s arply toothed, rounded leaves
large red fru•ts; and 'Xanthocarpum; w1th
and fla -topped lacy heads of redd1sh
translucent golden berries.
buds openmg to wh1te flowers m spnng,
•
Thi' ht' rril'. or
l i/JIJ/'/)1/1/1 ll{JIJJU, dl ,.
pOISOiloU�. II I I I I I'
I IHN' o l i':UI'O(II'Jn
cranbl'IT� IHI h ca n ca u t'
\ O i n l l l n� and
dliliTht'd. \nd t h e n• an• ol lll ' r I ll t he p l dnt
gl'l l\\ 11 1 1 1
i.l
P<'t'lt'S
\\ r H irl t li d l �IHIUI!I not
�<mh·n t ha t
()(•
� ou ng rll i lllrl'n
can dCCI'SS J'Oi'IHHJ I I S l o \� JO\ I ' .
t lhf!J/dll.' 'II 1 . for
t a l l sp111'
Position The species described above
l l r rba l m r d i r i n e Viburnum opulus.
Part used: bark. As its
are all dec1duous shrubs for cool to mild
name suggests, cramp bark is effective
climates, and prefer an open position and
for most types of muscular tension and
well-dra med soil. Once established, they
can help to relax the muscles of the
have modest drought resistance.
body after strenuous or ongoing physical
•
activity. Cramp bark is also prescribed for
Propagation The species above are easy
to grow from seed, while the varieties can
tens1on and cramping m the digest1ve
be propaga ed by semi-hardwood cuttings.
system, and it will ease the symptoms of
•
mdigestion, colic and gut cramps. including
M a i n te n a nce Prune after flowering,
if required.
•
Pests a nd diseases There are none
of significance.
those brought on by nervous tension. The medicinal properties of cramp bark are particularly useful in treating menstrual and menopausal symptoms.
1 n s t a n r'·· pro
Its muscle relaxant properties help to ease
or fil lll t ' r� t h a i fil neat I\
the spasm and discomfort of period pains
o11'r l hr fmgns. r c m p l l ng l h d d n • n to
plc11 11 1 1 h l hr m . \ l f ln kshootl l
H a rvest i n g a nd storing Peel off
and, due to a slightly astringent or drying
\conJIIJnl
effect. cramp bark can reduce heavy
p. ) . \I ilith lia.· d 'liTHia! f l l l ll l' rl ll l!
bleeding during menstruation as well as
l�
i rreg u lar bleeding that can occur during
m m po u n r l I hilt 11 d ' onu• usl'd to
menopause. Black haw (V prunifalium)
Jllli 'Oil d i iO\\ l i p'>. \rn ll tllng t o <� rr1·k
is used for similar indications. For the safe and appropriate use
111\ l hOing\. J('I )II!IC' g,•drlr"
1 111'
\\d'> !TI'd[l'ri h\ l ht•
ol Lilt• I ndl'f\\orld,
l lt•C
of cramp bark, see Sports injuries,
mou l h '> ol c,·rill'l'll' i. a l l i n'l'-lit'ddt'tl
dn!.! t h,tl gu,Jrtll'd I i ll ' /.!
ol l lctdl'
page 223. The red berries of cramp bark [ Viburnum opulus) are po1sonous.
Do not use cramp bark if you
are pregnant or breastfeeding, except under professional supervision.
Wa tercres s and n a s turt i u m Nasturtwm officmale, Tropaeolum mOJUS Brass1caceae \\ a t crcre:s i, r u i l il a l e l i l o r i l s d l l rarl l \ ( ' n < ·�s H� c1 gc�rn i:->11 as \\ l' l l as L lw b i l e il gi\ t•s In '>l l L I P'-· pcs l n . u·oul . i n C. salads. saJHI\\ i c lw a n d 1 l 'g< ' L cilllc I ll ices. I I i s h igl i i n 1 i la m lolic aci d . [)( 'l a-ctl n l l l' n c a n d m i nerals. i n c l u d i ng pota s s i u m .
Leaves, young stems (watercress); aerial parts (nasturti um)
Parts u
• G a rd e n i n g
either planted directly mto mo1st soil or
Watercress
Watercress is a sem1-aquatic perenn1al
germinated i n pots a nd transplanted mto
( Nasturtium
herb found wild in streams passmg
a sunny position.
officmald
through chalk soils. The cultivated form. now usually grown hydroponically, is preferred, because wild watercress is often a re uge for liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica) .n areas where sheep graze. The plant has compound green leaves. a hollow stem and ms1gnificant wh1te flowers. The •s no ably more b1t er when Nas urtiUm
or
plant
flowenng.
Indian cress ( Tropaeolum
maJus) has large, sh1eld-sha ped, peppery
•
Propagation To propagate, use tip
cuttmgs grown in regularly changed water, rooted runners or seeds. Grow all other cresses by seed
• • •
Maintenance Water very regularly.
nasturt1um Juice rubbed onto the scalp
Pests and d i seases None of note.
is said
wa
nasturtium,
ercress fresh and only use before
flowenng.
to stimulate ha1r growth.
For he safe and appropriate use of
H a rvesting and storing Harvest
Store 1t at room temperature
consult your
healthcare
professional. Do not use nasturtiu m 1f you are pregnant or breastfeedmg.
w1th its roots 1n water.
leaves and cheerful, helme -shaped
l lcrhal medicine
lowers 1n yellow, orange and red.
•
Position You can grow watercress
.n pots 1n a
partially
shaded pos1tion. It
prefers a well-limed soil. The large seeds of nasturtium germinate easily in spring,
·
Cooki ng
Tropoeolum maJUS. Parts used · aenal parts. Nas urt1um and watercress belong to the
The sharp, peppery taste of watercress
same fam1ly as horseradish and, like their
wi h a citrus d ressing Use watercress m
relat1ve,
contam pungent compounds
known as m ustard oil glycosides, which are responsible
for
he major medicmal
effects of nasturtium. These compounds
makes 1t a good salad g reen. I goes well soups (see rec1pe,
page
346), sandwiches
and sauces for fish (see Frankfur green sauce,
page 338).
Nastur 1um flowers
make an attractive edible garn1sh.
possess po en antibacterial a nd anti \ llllnilJI'I or
llilll'r \[II'C II''- SIJdl t' i ll\'
htll f"'lll''''' IIJ1n1
or ll d l t ' ITII''-' a n t i
f i n d '-llll liJr r u l l ll i lr\ u , , . , 11
11\11'1
I
pldnt l o 1
nc·�s I Harhart•u l t'/11<11
I oltl-hdllh dri -IJilti iTt'"·
sold i n I fillS �'- IWill'll
h
d
Tht• nt•s
lu lw t l i ppl' t l lor Sdldch
r1 I' ·�
l /,t'/!UIIIIIII
Tilt' ruruntlw r- l l.tl tHI'tl l .l'ildllt''' '
tT••ss
I lptl/111 fll!dt//tl/'11111) r!''>l'mh ll's ll dll'ltrl's
i h
bill ' ' 111 ldr l . a l<�nil plillll · rt'IJH 'tl lo rl'it'l')
fungal properties tha have part1cular application 1n the treatment of mfectious conditions of the respiratory and u rinary tracts. They can help the body fight off colds, flus and other 1nfec ions of the lungs as well as cyst1t1s. The fresh form of the herb 1s reputed to have a h1gher ant1microb1al effect than the dried form, and IS commonly prepared as an mfusion Applied externally as a poultice or compress, he
fresh herb
is
also used as a local ant1bactenal agent for cuts and wounds. Interestingly, fresh
Nasturtium flowr"· leaves and '"rds are ed1ble
Wh i te h o r e h o u n d Morrubium vulgare Lam1aceae
In latr
\ldrch or In \p1 11 rarh
.I<'" · rriPIJr atr l 'a sowr
�t'ilr.
\1 1 l h a meal
l h,l l . )mholi!.<'' l hr flight of t h e .le\\s l ' <•d ils a Ctll tgll tl lld I H oncll i l t s n w d i ( ' i n < · s i ne<· 1·:g� p l ic1 1 1 l i me s . llorcllo u nc l
l rom Eg� p l .
i -.; d l l l ! ' ill l w r ol t ll ! ' m i n i l < l l n i l� < � n < l ltc1 s a l l ra t i \ < ' \\ l l i t < ' ftt rr� fo l i agr . I t i s
the plat r·. or
a l <;o u �ed i n m a J... i ng IHl rl'ilo u n < l a l l' i l iH I flm o r i ng l i q ue u r . . c1 11d a t t ra c t ·
of lhC' slor. of th!'lr rscdpe: \lnng 11 1 111 romom<' INllll t• or grated hor lTad1. h.
I H'<'" to garde n · . u
11 hi l t> horehound
of li1 in� a
• G a nl e n i n o
• Variety A very attrac ive, heavily
White horehound 1s a perenn1al w1th
wh1te-vanegated form of B. mgro,
attrac ive crinkled, downy, gray-whi e.
'Archer's Variety; has deep green,
toothed foliage. The small whi e flowers,
toothed leaves and small, hairy,
borne in summer, are densely clustered
tubular lilac (rarely white) flowers
in successive upper leaf axlls. The plant
borne in whorls 1n the upper stem
yields an aromatiC bi ter juice with a
axils. The scent IS rather disagreeable.
Black horehound (Bolloto nigra), a
1
·
one· or tht•
h1ttr·r
ht•rbs t•atrn to �mbollz� l hr ha1 'hnl''s
Leaves, flowering tops
d istmct1ve and not unpleasant smell.
Earh of l hr 1\ llrm on sedr·r. l'rpr('�f'nh Pilrt
a
Ia I(' in Eg� pL
• Position Grow white horehound 1n
a sunny, well-drained position, and black
member of the same family, was also
horehound 1n well-drained soil in sun to
used medicinally, but this use has largely
partial shade.
fallen away now. Native to Mediterranean
• Propagation Propagate both wh1te
Europe and Asia, black horehound 1s a
and black horehound by seed. The latter's
fully hardy perenn1al herb that is still
variegated form can only be reliably
widely g rown in herb gardens.
propagated by cuttings.
horehound relaxes the bronchial muscles
• M a i ntena nce Both forms are hardy
while at the same t1me encouraging easier
plants needing little care.
removal of mucus from the l ungs.
• Pests a nd diseases There a re none
As a result of its pronounced bitter
of Significance. White horehound has
taste, due to the presence of spwfic
been used as a g rasshopper repellent
compounds, white horehound has an
on various crops.
appreciable and somewhat stimulatmg
• Harvesti n g a nd storing Cut down
effect on the digestive system. It can
he whole plant just as flowering begins and d ry it for herbal use.
i mprove a poor appetite as well as ease symptoms of indigestion. par rcularly when there is gas and bloating.
l lerbal m dicin Morrubium vulgare. Parts used: leaves,
Whrt� hor�hound (Marrubwm vulgare)
It also has a pos1tive effect on liver function and increases the secretion of
flowering tops. Not to be confused with
bile. which can aid the digestive process
black horehound, which is used for qu1te
as a whole.
different purposes, white horehound is
For the safe and appropriate use
best known as a remedy for respiratory
of white horehound, see Sore throats,
conditions such as colds and bronchitis -
colds and flu, page 200. Do not use
especially when there is mucus that is
white or black horehound if you are
difficult to expel by coughing. White
pregnant or breastfeeding.
lredv wlut-e-- lwrelw� caJ1/ 6e-- UMUf to tnafc� �� and candcr to eaM- j(jre-- throaty aNI (X)�
Yarr o w Achillea millefolium Asteraceae h i rn st r·ippcu Yarro 11 is one or o u r o l ctrst lwrbs. I n C: s u l t t he and cl ricd j a r rO\\ s t a l �s 11 e re L o ·secl l o con
1 Cflinp. t he Boo� or C/1angr•s. a n d . i n t h e \\ e s t . i t ha · LlCC ' n ll idrl} usee! as a n h e rh or pO\\ c r r u l l l u t neu t ra l magic.
on r.a lf � Achillea, all heal, bloodwort, carpenter's
,..
herb, m ilfoil J<
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Leaves, fl owers
• G a rde n i n g
'Credo; blackcurrant-colored 'Cassis;
• M a i ntena nce Divide clumps every
Yarrow is a tough, fully hardy perennial formmg a rosette of very finely divided feathery leaves with a pungent, refreshing
Damask rose-scented 'Fawncett Beauty;
3 o 4 years 1n late autumn or, in cooler
'lilac Beauty' and coppery 'Colorado:
climates, early spring.
scent that is strangely uplifting to the senses. It multiplies via underground rhizomes The small white flowers form dense, flat-headed, large inflorescences
feathery, woolly yarrow (A. tomentosa);
borne on wiry stems to about 2.5 ft. (70 em). There are some 85 species of Achillea, and many hybrids. Yarrows are among the toughest and prettiest modern ornamen al
• Pests and d iseases There are no pests
or diseases of any consequence. Cold, wet
fern-leaf yarrow (A. filipendulina) and its
winters may cause rotting if plants are
golden-flowered hybrid 'Coronation Gold';
poorly d rained.
sneezewort (A. ptarmica); and A. taygetea
• H a rvesting and storing Harvest
and its famous hybrid 'Moonshine:
the flowering stalks j ust as they fully
•
open, and dry in small bunches h u ng
Position The yarrows described above
all require a sunny, well-drained position.
upside down out of direct sunlight.
They are frost-hardy and have good
Harvest leaves at any time.
drought resistance.
perenmals; many have been bred from A millefolium. •
Other widely cultivated species include
•
Varieties Some beautiful varieties
Propagation Raise species by seed
sown in pots and transplant about 6 to
l lcrbal med icine Achillea millefolium. Parts used: aerial
include 'Lemon Queen: 'Paprika; 'Cense
8 weeks later. Propagate named varieties
par s. Yarrow has been used since ancient
Queen; 'Appleblossom; cream-flowered
by division.
times for its healing effects on wounds, quickly stopping bleeding and reductng inflammation. It is also well known for its application in any feverish condition where it encourages persp1ration and
\arro11 has hrrn u. ed o n many ll� t t l rfi e l
l!lnod\\Ort .
1 1 11 a �
Onr of our olti<'st herl!s.
G rrPk hero
named fOI' the nnl'lenL
\clnllt ' ' 11 ho. a lliJd, ust•d I t ttl
c on l mg tn l lomer' st.au n t h t hl'
Tlw
flo 11 of hloncl
from hi. t roops· 11 uunch in t h e Tror a n
\!'tuliPs ht�ti i.Jren taught h011
w ll�t'
1\ J i'.
plauts
hv Cht•tron. a learnrd centaur. \l onr· pomt.
Eul)p Ius is 11ounul'tl and
tn 'put
L hl' l'lghr l h tngs on
l i!'g. l 'a t roclus
11.'
' l 'atroclus .
nXJL. . . antl put 11 on the 1'0()1 I<Xlk i:ll\ a\ a l l t h l' palfl.
crusl il'iJ a hlttl'r IIOUniJ Tht• Tht•
lJiootl 'loppl' tl and t h t • \\ O U I\11 c l rtl' d ·
reduces body temperature; for this purpose it is commonly taken with elderflowers. Yarrow is a valuable digestive remedy, allev1at1ng colic and �ndigestton and 1mprov1ng appeti e while also having a Stimulatory effect on bile low and liver function. TraditiOna lly regarded as a women's herb, yarrow was commonly used to treat menstrual complatnts assoc1a ed with particularl y heavy and patnful bleeding For the safe and appropri a e use of yarrow. see Sore throats, colds and fl u, page 200. Do not use yarrow 1 you are pregna t or breastfeeding.
Tr e e s \dll! i n •d 1 1 11' t ll! ' i l 1 10\\ l'IS. I I II l S d ll d l l l l i l . Ill S l l l l ( l l � for t li l ' i l ll l l'r!l. t'dCil ol t lwst' t rct•s i s a l so t il l ' so i i i'C(' o l l l l l ' d iC ' I Il il l p ro pt ' l l it''> t ll d l ild\ t ' long ht'l ' l l u s!'d as linlldl n • n u'd lt' .
I \ l .tl-!l l o l i d
1 /, ,�:no/t.t ol/1t ut.tll'
Best nown as an ornamental tree, the magnolia IS a b1tter ton1c herb used to improve d i gest1on, menstrual and liver problems.
Dned oak bark is an astringent herb used to reduce mflammation, control bleeding, and trea d1arrhea and vanous sk1n conditions. :1 \\ ii l ll l l l
lu�:l.tth llil:t.t
Black walnut hulls have traditionally been used for the treatment of worms and intestinal parasites. l l l a \\ l h o rn r 't .tt.t< l:th 'II
Hawthorn is an aromatic warming herb used to treat mculatory disorders and heart disease 1n both European and Chmese medic1ne. :; \\ h i l i ' \\ i l l II\\ .�.tli\ .t/ll.t
Wh1te Willow bark's analgesic and anti-inflammatory propert1es m a ke it a useful treatment for arthritis, back pain and headaches. () ( ) I i \ 1 ' flft•.t I'Uf't!JI.It ',/
Not only does the olive produce wonderful fru1t and oil, it is also a blood pressure-lowering herb w1th antioxidant propert1es. 7 l l oi'Sf' clws l n u t
\ r ·-m/u..; /ti/1/1111 a..;f.tllum
The seed, or 'conker: of the horse chestnut tree provides an 1mportant mculatory remedy, used to treat varicose vems, leg ulcers and other blood vessel problems. B l ' r i d. h a:-;11 l. m tlu ' ' ' lu m
.tllll't'f('illllmt
Th1s herb 1s prescribed by herbalists for circulatory problems such as varicose vems and Raynaud's d isease. B \\ i l l 11 h a z e l 1 /. uuam l'li..;
l ir�:iut.tn.t
Sooth1ng and anti-Inflammatory, w1tch hazel IS used topically for a range of skin and vascular problems. Its astringent nature means 1t 1s also prescribed for diarrhea and heavy menstrual bleedmg. Caution
With the exception of he topical use of w1tch hazel, do not use any of these herbs 1f you are pregnant or breastfeeding, except under the advice of a healthcare profess1onal.
Berries \\ h i lt• SOilH' of ! IH'Sl' i H ' I'f'I!'S (l f'(' d l' I I C I O U S a n d safe I ll ra t . e i t lw r· rrc �ll o r cookl 'ti . o l lw rs d l'l' s t rict i � for m e d i c i n a l u s!' o n l � d iHI
lwu l d cl l\\ d � � IH' ! cl i<-1'11 l l n t i ( ' ['
l lw S U JH' I'\ hion of c1 prol e:s i o n a l l w r l la l i s t .
I B i l hl'IT\ 1 ,/1 dllilllll
Compounds
m
lll \ 1 /ill/1.'
bilberries called anthocyanosides have potent
ant1oxidant properties, which contribute to the herb's many benefi s, part1cularly for vision and eye health. ::! �d\\ p.r l m e t l o .'it'lt'l/11,/ l'r'flt'I/S
The berf'Y contains an oily extract that has been clinically proven o reduce symptoms of ben1gn prostatiC hyperplasia (BPH). ;� C il ds l t ' I l'l'l' I ilt'\ ,/lfllll,-t ,,,,,II.,
Chaste tree helps to regulate the menstrual cycle and is used to treat a range of hormonal imbalances, 1ncluding PMS symptoms. -t C r a n i H· r·n
l .wcillll/111 m,l('mt
.II'JUIII
Rich in antiOXIdants, Including vitamin C, cranberries are an Important remedy for prevent1ng and treat1ng cystitis.
These berries are prescribed for a wide range of symptoms and cond1tions, including asthma, cough, insomnia and liver disorders. {) J u n i per
.llmipt·m, cnmmuu;,,
Often taken in combination with other diuretic herbs, an infusion of berries is a traditional remedy for arthritis, gout and rheumatism. 7 �asphern
R11fw, irlat'"·'
Traditionally used to treat diarrhea, the leaves a re also taken d u ring the third tnmester to prepare the uterus for childbirth. H \\ i I
' '''1'.1
Rarely used these days, an infusion of the leaves was once taken to relieve mild cases of diarrhea and soothe minor stomach problems. <) B l a c i..I H ' IT\
Rulw' tmfit·o.-:u'
Strongly astringent due to large quant1t1es of tannins, blackberf'Y leaves have traditionally been used in the treatment of diarrhea. Caution
Except for raspberi'Y leaf, as directed on pages 236-7, do not use any of these herbs if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, except under the adv1ce of a healthcare professional.
136
S pices H-tr
k
t•t•th. "l 'l'd poth. ! r r r i l . ! l m\ c' r h u c l s .
l'l">i n .
C'\ t ' l l s t igllltl'> - \ d r imrs pa r t s n l l ill''it' p l tl n l s a n • li'Wil a s ur l i nc�r� s p i cc•s il'> \\ t' l l a s i n ilcr i>a l nwd r c i n a l p n · p a ri.l l l l llls.
I \scl l l ' t i d ; r
!'l·rul.t .,,,lfr•l itl.t
The resin IS used as a remedy for flatulence, so 1t's worth adding 11 to dishes based on legumes and pulses that tend to cause wind. 1 l 't ' l l l l !.! l'l ' l ' "
I t i�ool'//, /or'tiiiiii·J!r.u·cll/11
Fenugreek IS used under professional supervis1on to help manage blood sugar in patients w1th d1abetes, and to lower choles erol. :l Ci J I IW llll lll
l'illtl
(' I .,,,;,/
The volatile essential oils of both cinnamon and cassia conta1n high quantities of a compound called cinnamaldehyde, which is believed responsible for most of the plants' medicinal activity. -1 C u m i n
r umim11n 1 l lllitllun
A popular cooking spice, medic1nally cum1n can be used to reduce flatulence and colic; 1t has a reputation as an appettte tonic. :i C l m c•s
" ' ' ' t!ium .tmmalil'llm
The essential oil in the flower buds contains eugenol, responsible for its use as a local anaesthetic, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory.
Saffron threads with a vibrant orange-red color contain the h ighest concentrations of the carotenoid crocin, which may have the potential to help treat and prevent cancer. 7 B l a r r..
p e p pe r l 'if!l'r ni,l!rum
Black, g reen, white, p1nk and red peppercorns all come from Piper nigrum
The different appearance and taste characteristics
of each type are created by d ifferent processing methods. B \ i gc l l a
\ lt!l'lla '"/"·'
The peppery flavor of nigella seed 1s used 1n cooking and in Ayurvedic medicine to treat a variety of digestive problems. 9 Ta m a r i n d
tiJmarlmiLt' illllil'a
The fruit is used widely in cooking, and various parts of the plant also have traditional medicinal uses. For example, in India the fruit is used as a laxative and also taken for nausea in pregnancy. Caution
Do not use any of these herbs 1f you are pregnant or breastfeed1ng, except under the advice of a healthcare professional.
1 38
E CO .' P L r r E
LJSTRATED � J O � O F H E R B �
Tl1 r i \ i ng 11 r rh" a rc a bea u t i fu l ,' igh t . \\ l w t lw r � u u 0 1'0\\ t h e m for coo � i ng o r ro r t lw i r lwa l t ll a n cl bea u t� l w n c l' i t s . O l' � i m p l � t o c n jo� t h e i r a p pea ra n c e a n d a ro m a . t ll i � gu i d e " 110\\ llO\\ t o grO\\ lw r l l s
\\
i t l1 grea t � uc c f ' .' s .
·
:y o u
l l c r b ga r ei e n s ty l e \\ lw l lw r � o u r lwrh ga rden i : fo r m a l o r i n fo r m a l . , h a pc . t \L u r I H' r l'u nw a l l p i a
a n i n l l ' gr a l ro l e i n c rea t i ng a n i m i l i ng o u Lcloor
l'lw b e a u t \ ol h e r b Herbs form such a diverse group of plants, from g roundcovers o shrubs and rees, that there are herbs to su' any climate, soil type and pos1 10n. Even •f you live n an apartment w1th a small balcony or have no outdoor space a all, you can still grow culinary herbs in a window box. And herbs are mcredibly versatile. Take
and ra c e .
l l e l'h� l o r a " n o t ga rde n Tnild\. I hi' 11Hl I Cllllllnl lll l\ U
I'U
hedgmg l lldlll I S
bU\.
d\ il
1 s nlll i J ldl' l . rollll�l dlld long- l l\ 1'11. hut 1 o u could u . 1' o t h r 1 lr<� d l l liHldl �not gd 11 k n p l d n l s s u r h c1s rusrmar� . lci\I'IHI!'r.
(
sdn lo l l na . gcrmandt·r and m ug11 or1
ngh l ) \ arwgau•d
\ ill'll'l lr's can dho loll� d l l ra r t l l l ' l'an sir�. grounrlc<J\ ('1 i ng l h\ mrs
IH' I l is .
�ucll
c h ill l n l .
11 h ich pro
the elder, for example A dec1duous shrub or tree that grows to about 20 ft. (6 m), in summer t produces clusters of tiny,
\ o u r h e r l > ga rd e n
Form a l h e r b ga rde n
bees, followed by blue-black berr1es 1n
Depending on your lifestyle and on the
Traditionally, plants were grown for their
autumn. Elders make a great hedge, and
amount of space you have, your herb
uses, not their beauty: herbs were highly
you can use the flowers and bernes to
garden can be anyth ing from a showpiece
valued for their culinary and medicinal
make cordials, wmes, jams and Jellies. The
to a personal retreat. Good garden design
qualities, and in great European medieval
creamy w h1te scented flowers that a tract
leaves repel flies and mosqu1toes while
can seem deceptively simple, and some
monasteries, monks grew a vast range of
the flowers are used medicinally to treat
gardens often belie the creativity, skill and
herbs in apothecary gardens.
coughs, colds, allerg1es and arthritis, and
sheer hard work involved in their creation,
cosmetically as a skm toner Note,
while others leave visitors in no doubt
K n ot g a rdens
however: In some locat1ons 1t is a weed.
of the financial commitment and years of
During the reign of Henry VIII, in the
effort mvested in their planning, planting
1 6th century, decorative knot gardens
and presentation.
became popular. These gardens were
Fortunately, travel - whether by car,
often complicated, des1gned to be viewed
plane or armchair - can provide you with
from above: low, evergreen hedges were
Inspiration for ideas and styles that suit
planted in geometric or symmetric
your personal preferences. Often, it's not
interlinking patterns, such as diamonds.
until you consciously explore your own taste that you begin to build a mental
The knots or patterns could be quite intricate scrollworks, such as coats of
catalogue of what you'd like to grow in
arms or heraldic symbols. To distinguish
your own garden.
the patterns, contrasting foliage textures
To help make your 'wish list" a reality, consult the expert1se of garden designers and landscape architects. You m1ght prefer a potted herb garden so you can grow your favorite culinary
or colors were planted together. Originally, there was nothing ins1de the hedged areas except clipped grass, or gravel and stones, but later these compartm ents were filled with fragrant
and trees mingle with annuals, perennials
herbs, such as rosemary, lavender, sage and hyssop - perfect as drying 'racks' for linen (imagine sleeping on sheets
and groundcovers. Or you could design a
scented with fresh lavender).
herbs, or perhaps you have the space for a sprawling cottage garden, where shrubs
formal garden that's dedicated to herbs, Hatfield House '" Hertfordshire, 1 n the U.K., is an
like the grand knot gardens and parterres
Repeating shapes, such as spheres, provides
excellent example of a n Intricate knot garden.
of Europe in the 1 6th and 1 7th centuries.
continuity and interest, at ground and eye lrvel.
Parterre g a rd e n s
A few hours from Paris, in the Loire Valley, is Chateau de Villandry, one of the most v1s1ted gardens in France. Designed
In 1 6t h-century France, parterre gardens - intr1cate, complex beds spanntng huge areas - developed from the English kno
In 111011'
garden. Agam, geometry and symmetry
pi.J I I I s ll'ot'd
II'Ct'llt t t l l l l'
·.
t hl' I illlgl'
lor toptJI\ 111 partt•t
of rc·�
to lllCI Udl' l ho ;p •
to be viewed from above, the replicas of the 1 7th-cent ury beds in the Love Garden
were intnns1c elements tn hese designs.
hd� l'\j1Uilllt'd
W1de g ravel paths separated beds, whtle
rnm m o n l� rrrcrred to as -�l dtHiards"
flowers were used o balance he green
- pl a n t � t ha t ran
hedging. These fine gardens were also
l ll illlt'd i n to d l o l l i po p s h a pt• For t lwir rl mlt'l''>. rra�rantT nr rom p l i J n t
swords and daggers. Nearby are the Herb Gardens dedicated to about 30 aromatic,
loltagr. 1 011 co u l d I I'\ tlura n t a . ro l' · .
cooking and medicmal herbs.
des1gned to be viewed from above perhaps from a terrace or u pper floor. Topianes, a ea ure of parterres, provided focal potnts. They were crafted
IJII� 1 11 1 1�. sp
1
tw gn111 n
Ch mest' l a n i L'I'Ih
and
( \hull/on
a n d mueh iPIIht'rkia.
rom small-leafed species, such as citrus, yew, bay, box or cypress, and punctuated destgns that ranged from sp1rals and
Some g ra nd restored gardens
spheres to cubes, symbols and animals.
Near London, Hampton Court Palace
extravagant ormal gardens fit for royalty,
Another fine European garden 1s in the grounds of the Dutch palace Het Loa, near Apeldoorn, tn the Netherlands. It features restored parterre gardens, an axial layout, fountains and statues.
corners and cen erpieces in imagtnative
While Versai lles, outside Paris, showcases
have been planted in symboltc designs associated with love - for example, tragtc love, represented by the shapes of blades,
Desi g n i n g a for m a l garden
gardens is the home of the Prtvy Garden.
In your own garden, you could plant out
Raised walks are lined w i th rows of yew
a simple knot garden in a small space of,
it took an army of workers to build them.
cones and parterres on either side of a
say, 40 ft. ( 1 2 m] square, divided into four
You can still v1stt many stunntng examples
central walk leading to a circular pool and
sections with low or dwarf hedges. Or
o these formal gardens, whtch have been
fountam. To the west of the Privy Garden
you could design a circular garden by
re-created or restored; 1n the 1 8th century,
1s a small Knot Garden hedged with box.
planttng out a "wheel" and "spokes· with
many grand European gardens were
A ltttle farther north is Hatfield House,
hedging materiaL
destroyed and replaced by open, undulating
in Hertfordshire, where Elizabeth I spent
landscapes, wh1ch were designed or greatly
part of her childhood. Included within the
best from immature planttngs, and the
tnfluenced by the great English landscape
grounds are splendid examples of herb and
gaps will take a few years to close up.
archi ect Lancelot "Capability" Brown.
scented gardens, kitchen and knot gardens.
But be patient, because hedges grow
Within the subdivisions, grow herbs for a variety of uses - for example, separa e culinary herbs from medicinal ones. Using a formal des1gn is often the easiest way to start plann1ng, espeCially if you think you lack imagination. Mirror images of garden beds are a good way to replicate patterns on either side of a path, lawn area or house. Use the continuity of low g reen hedges to balance color and reduce the possibility of overdomg the flower planting and parallel lines to give a sense of order and calm. M a i ntena nce
Pruning, clipping and general tidytng are the main maintenance tasks for these formal gardens but, in spite of the work involved, there is a satisfying sense of purpose and achievement. The tdea is to have no-nonsense clean lines and shapes. H�re, a formal layout, with raised beds and an arch, is softened by informal plantings of herbs.
Snll l l ' l iilll' . t l \ t'.t sll'r to di'SI!!Il 1 01 1 1 lil'l'li g
• C r,t l l \ l a111 dt•t t 1 1 .t l 11 1' olilt'Ch t'dll ht' m.trli· 11 1 t h lit' I hs. l '' ' f rdgl il ll t ht'l hs 111
l i l'rt' Jll' o;(11ill' S11!!!!1'SI I111h.
• Sl'11'<01) \ppt'dl
t t' l li' I I I IH! Sil('ll l'l s; pn•ss riOII ('I'S
Ill 1 111' 'l'li'I'S or
lot gtll tags m11l
'ight. ·ouml s11wll .t lld lourli < ; roll Ill' I hs sut h a s l
lor
1 111' ntis l ilt'\ l l'il'd
pi t i l l lwrhs o n t o 11,11 1kl lh. llf plan I
Som• h•rbs grow to ovrr 6.5 ft. (2
.1 h<�nglltg ht•rh hd l l Fnt pro)l'rh.
I' II IH'II I I IU
"' ' ' (rd/1 fltl!!l''
l t'lll' 111 li•,nt•s - lor
1'\,trll ph• I ' I I I'IIS. il'lllllll h,tllll. l hl iTII'
•
stnk•ng background planting 1n an 1nformal border.
snllnt• ' 1 11 ldmh' t\11
11 1 1 11 upnglil
Ifa
softer, wilder co tage garden
f rt''>hl'lll'l's t�ntl hl'fhal r lt '
spt�t·s n l ldi i'IHII'r 1 1 1 I hi' roughtwss
ust• llt'd-rt'Pt ' l l r • n l pld n t o; , surh a
• C u l i nar� Cli1111''' " tS
more
ll.tllH tht'fllt' lot
your s le, set out beds and paths wtth
! ltfll'rt'll l l'lllllhllhl l tllli' nf hr•rh' surh c�s lint rhi lll''·
I H'PI H'I'I rnrkt'l
and rectangles, and plant herbs in round
dllrl
pots, ra her than square ones. However,
p l t! n l l fd l l i l tnrtt�l F n • n t
the pr1nc1ples o a formal garden can still
ht•rll'. Sill It d
be usefu n providtng structure
.1 nd parslt'\.
Define plantmg areas with low hedging regtmented plant, such as ca mmt. Thts is a billowing flowering herb that softens lines, making t t tdeal for a more mformal nerb garden des1gn. Des1gn tnformal herbal borders so ha shrubs and trees form a high hedge o disgu:se he fence or a n ugly shed, or o prov1de pr1vacy rom the ne1ghbors. In front of hese, grow taller perennial herbs, such as cardoon and angelica (see Herb Directory, page 13), wh1ch can reach over 6 / f . (2 m), then lower-gro wing
ldii'IHICI. to prott'l'l \ II I I I' dog Of t'ttl
l'! lllktng. 'I n 1'\)ll'l'lll l l ' l l l lllg 11 1 1 11
sweep1ng curves, tnstead of ngid squares
bu , mstead of tradtttonal box, try a less
l lt l l l,l'ilOitl usc l l .tllr'sl r usr•s.
lor pot-prHIITI. ma�1' ft J!!lilfll ,t i t
of lt·nton hahn
I nfo r m a l gmd e n s
JOIJ-.! 1
spt•artn l l i l lfl,l qor,lln .tnd Ort'gt.tno
.tnd .tni t·t•d Cwtl r.tst l ilt• gt· n t h· m), form1ng a
r,mh. plio10g1 dph
l l l't hs t o n t\l l l ' .1 m u ra l . thg t l d l l l
101 t hl ' l f lr.tgrdl l l l lml t'rs or o l h t• ts nush I lit•
h • t • p p t l loll s , u u l mnlli
•
r i H' I I tl
I rom sOli' t ltrual lll'tbal
• Pic�ing Lrt'd l l ' postt'' 11 1 1 11 111 1111'1''
I K I ) I)lll'', S,lgt•, I dit'lltlUid,
11 '1 !'I I I'll
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'"urwll t n l ll'tlt contli l lllfl' rangml.!
.J:!H.
l d l l ' t l l it'l' lli.l\l l l lf i !I I I I S, gl'f'd il llllllS,
.tiHI J ) l ) II'Op r t d l l ' U St' I l l
h t ' l h.tl I I t'iil lllt'lll
I'm t n form.l l ton Oil
gJI Iwn·d l rorn \tllll g.t rtl1·n l 't•nn\ .
\ i ! ' l l i c i n . t l \ l .tnl llll't l tr t nl's dt·mr
I-'m t ill' Stile
11 r u l ll ldl'l
('I)O�IIIg II t i lt ltt•tlls. s('l' /1#1'
1 mul/ll the
.!H I-U7
tht'll ht'·l l l ng pllllll'illl's fr om ht•rh
ptn n H tdtl!it'r O t IOU rnu h l
I .Ill dl,!llll.
l·ot tTrt l ll''· st't'
lltl/111'. fhl/.:1 ''
•
l l1 'rlu uw.
co,melit'
I n art h n t ts. fltl/.!1''
II t l h lwrhdl t'SS�Il l ldl
Otb. It t•sh ht'l hs ,11111 sllllll' t lcm 11'11111 \IIIII )l.l ll l f� . \ l lll
1-.111 llld�{'
fl. l l llrJI Iw,liftl protl11rt
pltl n h h 1 1 pr11wt ' ' oil nl,tktng hnh
I I II I I
.ttHI IIctll t'l d ll .tllgt'llll'rtl .
IIlii! h Ill I l l t' Jo' lll' I'd
fl.ll!l''
:IOH I.J
1'1' l.'r.l/1.
to lone
kill. I'IIIH I I I illll \ I Ilii h,lff. dlld
I I t'l lpl's. S('!'
\.Jftll
.! 1.!--H I
herbs, such as salvias (see page 108). Use trailing, groundcovering plants to blur garden lines and edges, and add self seeding herbs, such as Californ 1an poppy (see page 93) and pre ty hear sease (see page 62), wh1ch pop up year after ear. You can even grow an herb lawn w1th a low-growmg plant, such as chamom ile (see page 32), or a compac ground cover,
such as thyme (see page 125], betwee n pavers. When walk1n g or these herbs, you w1ll crush t em and release herr scent .
l'l'
.!01!-311.
Vanet1es of Citrus, such as lemons, are grown for their fragrance and the11 cui mary use
I\r o
I ng .
ou r s i t
lk l o l'l ' p l cl n l i n g o t l t c111 IH' rh ga rdl'll or S l dl'l i ng cl Col it'Cl illll of IWrhs I ll pot s . l il �C' l h <' l t l l H' 1 0 p l d n BJ l t •a r n i n g a l lo u t
c1
l i l l ie'.
o u r s l l <' c1nd
l r }Ou ha1e a \ U n n � . \I t'll-drained
lrwl
area. con. idcr plant ing a knot gard n
cl10o s i ng t il l ' rigl l l l l r rhs for � o u r . ro n d i l tons. \ OL I I I i ll ' : u r<' l o t'f<'Cl l < ' Cl t l l ri\ i ng a n d p md u c l i \ t ' ga n l e n .
d
\ fo r m a l h e r b ga l'c l c n
l
or parterrr 1 o u r plan
( �l'r pa(.!es 1 12-1). Dra11
to ·ca l e on a sheet or gnu
you can then decide how to utilize them. The easiest way to do this is to document
the st ring.
by plant ing hed�rs or loll -growing
hell I tse l f b y using s a n d . garden l i m e
compact herb\ . . uch as ro'emary.
o r lancl�cape-markmg pa i n t . 11 h 1c h i
lavrndcr or conan laH'nder. then fill
,
·
1t 11 1 t h more
pra) can.
Usr s t ringlinr to rn. un• straigh t
Once you've familiarized yourself with
cnbe a mcle bJ ��o a lkmg around
Jour central stake at t h e fu l l len t h or Dll Ide a knot garden mto srction
paper nrst . l hrn t ra n � pose 1t to t h e
sold m a
the mam charactenst1cs of your property,
Thrn
!mrs. llu l for a C i rcular bed. pu h a stakr in l hr crntrr of t h e hed ami
t ir
a lrngth of st rmg to another stake.
hrrb. lo
n•ate a color or
foliage t heme
Fmall . add a pi kcl or w rought iron rene or a
to acid a touch or whimsy
rn. e or fli co\ery.
your garden space. Fi rst. measure your property carefully and sketch it onto a piece of gnd paper.
areas
A scale of 1 : 1 00 or 1 :50 is useful. Add the
or characteristics you need to consider
children or the family pets need some
house, garage, d riveway, shed and other
before you start planting. Remember to
play space? Do you have enough time,
existing structures, paths, paved areas,
include shade cast by neighboring trees or
energy and interest to look after a high
steps, fences, ponds or pools, power lines,
buildings: Although they aren't part of
maintenance garden, or do you just want
underground services, trees and major
your property, they will certainly affect
a small section to tend7 Are there some
shrubs. It doesn't have to be perfect, but
what you can grow.
elements you'd like to enhance - such as
-
m
other words, any peculiarities
entertaining, or just for sitting7 Do your
a bas1c plan drawn to scale will help you
As you record all this Information,
to design your garden, even if all you are
you'll gradually build a picture of the
you'd prefer to disguise - the utility area,
working with is a small courtyard area.
main elements of the garden and w hich
for instance, or traffic noise? Is the space
favorite or d ifficult areas need some
limited or unwieldy7 Does the route you
Next. use a compass to determine where north is and mark it on your plan.
special consideration.
views and wildlife sounds - or aspects
take to the washing line or compost heap follow the existing path, or do you traipse
Now, use colored pencils to mark in any shady spots, the d i rection of prevailing
Experi ment
across the lawn7 If you always take a
winds, parts of the garden that slope or
Once you've created a basic template of
shortcut to the utility area, thin about
conta i n g u l lies. particularly damp or d ry
your garden, photocopy i t several times
redirecting the path, rather than wearing
and use it as a basis for experimenting.
out the grass.
You can either draw i n existing garden beds or make a fresh start. Mark any areas visible from inside the house that you want to enhance
Measure out new garden beds with a string or rope, then mark them with lime or sand.
line
Research
Ponder the possibilities and look at the space from every angle. If you're making
or disguise, and also note potential or
big changes, get others i nvolved in the
existing seating, entertaining areas
planning process; you may be surprised
and play corners.
what a difference a new perspective can
P l d n n ' < I a re a s
owners, read gardening magazines and
A garden area should b e functional as
books, watch gardening programs on the
make. Talk to friends and other garden
well as visually stimulating, so the next
television, visit open gardens and shows,
step is to consider how you plan to use
pick up color swatches from paint or
your outdoor area. Start by asking your
fabric stores. In short, explore anything
self some questions. Are there areas for
that will give you ideas and inspiration.
• This formal herb garden has a classic
• Bay and box topiaries draw the eye to the
• The sandstone flagging and edging help
symmetrical geometric layout, with the
seating area, while the square pond
to unify the garden. The peach-colored
height elements provided by an olive tree
provides the central focal point.
gravel, used to fill open areas between
in each corner and trellises on either side. • The main color scheme is lavender and
• The central herb garden is planted with
culinary herbs, but you could also use the
the beds, complements the overall color scheme of the main planting. e The standard roses on either side of the
mauve flowers, with gray-green foliage
four quadrants to separate culina ry from
provided by lavender, artemesia, nepeta,
medicinal herbs, for instance. The brick
entrance are reminders of how, i n the
olive and rosemary, accented with pink,
paving radiating out from the pond makes
Middle Ages, monks grew standard roses
i n the roses, hollyhocks and echinacea,
each section easy to access for weeding
in their monastic gardens to represent
and red, i n the chillies.
and harvesting.
themselves at work.
\ pe( l One of the keys to growing successful herbs IS plenty of sunlight, so the aspect of your property will determine what you can grow. A northerly aspect IS ideal, because many herbs will struggle Without daily exposure to the sun. Remember that he amount of sunlight vanes w1th the seasons: The sun IS higher in the sky in summer than in wmter, and deciduous trees will prov1de shade durmg warmer months but extra light during the cooler months of autumn and w1nter.
,Ii
l
,
l"li
I•
) '1 .
Cli mate types can be broadly broken down mto tropical, subtropical, Mediterranean, temperate, semi-and or cold Generally, planting 1s carried out in spring or autumn, with the determming factor being the tim1ng of the first and last frosts. Tem perate locations with warm summers and cool winters can be div1ded further i n to "cool-temperate" climates, which a re subject to frosts, and 'warm
A garden with a sunny aspect is ideal for a cottage garden featuring herbs. On the left side of the path, pale pink Nicotiono sp. towers over deep pink dahlias. orange nasturtiums and potted lilies
temperate," which is frost-free. I n tropical areas, the amount of rainfa l l and humidity
thus affecting the growth and suitability
plant, such as citrus, you can try creat1ng
can affect the suitability of some crops
of plants. You can also deliberately create
the protective environment it needs.
d uring particular months.
microclimates to provide more suitable
If you're unsure whether you're making
conditions by plantmg windbreaks for
an appropriate choice, just wander around
M icrocl i mates
shelter or building brick walls to retain
your neighborhood and look at what's
Within each climate zone a re natural
heat and warmth.
thriving in other people's gardens. Also.
m icroclimates that create conditions
So, if you live in a cold location. and
outside the general climatic pattern,
you really want to g row a frost-tender
De:· ign l i p Before you
Clear th
tart pla n t i ng, ah\ay
wh
properly.
area or weed·. rake it rial
LIJr . oi l \\'ith orga nic
matter ( s c page
• Ma"
150).
paths \\ 1de enough for a
!ha rrow or so that two people
can comfort bl
wa l k s1de by sid .
• &weriment w i th plant placl'ment. S1t rows or planllng.
your local nursery.
·
prepare new garden b d
a n d 1 m pro\e
seek the advice of a horticulturalist at
pot. in poSJl ion before
to rnsure I h a t thr pacing
1
correct. thr height i
accurate and
your color. form and texture choices work w I I .
• I ncorporate su rfac
a n d struc t u res
i n to thr new de 1gn - for example. pai n t renee .
to o n l rast
Ialli
e . gatr · or
wall
\\ i t h or com p i men1 the
garden color sch me. Thr,e feature can proviur i n tcrrsling backdrops garden beds and e n h a nce or ton flowers and fol iage.
to dO\\ n
Use the vertical planes of your herb garden
by installing pots of herbs on trellises.
Th e p r i n c i p l e � of' p i ;J n l H r l ec t i o n
Aqua t i c he rbs fo r ponds
What you can grow will be determ ined by the amount of space and available sunlight you have, soil considerations
hcrh� J .on� for f l
and, of cou rse, personal preferences.
g�l'c l c n t llal is
Think about where your new herbs will be positioned - at the front of a garden bed as a border, as a hedging or screenin g plant, near the kitchen door for culinary use, as companion plants or space 1llers7 So, make a list of the characteristics your plants need to deliver - for instance, you might need plants that 'prefer full sun and grow to a height of less than 3.5 ft. ( 1 m), preferably with flowers: Once you know what you want a plant to do and look like, it's much easier to choose. And think about specific areas of the garden. If there IS a spot that seems to collect water after rainfall or watering, grow th1rsty plants there to improve the drainage. Any area that is hard to access is easily neglected, so plant it with resilient herbs, such as Greek sage (So/via fruticosa] or other survivors.
Plan l i n g i d eas Herbs are extremely versatile plants, suitable for a range of garden designs, from formal to cottage gardens. Set aside a dedicated area for growing
\n 1 n trn•s 1 1ng li\ I S L on an h e r l l gar
lm>
p o 1 n l 1 1 1 yo u r
ons1�te n 1 1y hoggy or·
11 !'1 . perhaps a1 t he IJotLorn of a s m a l l s l o p e wllCrr r u noff colll'cts. l n H t ra
\
lal'gf'f'
I
001 11 i l l ht' IP>S
uhJ('CI 10 clidn{lrs in t e m pera t u re>:
The water l ily, an aquatic perennial, requires rich soil, still water and full sun.
A sma l l ponrl may frerzc in 11 i n l et' in 11
ruol-trmprrate mnP. \ l a ke s u re l hr
I n L hr pond i l se l l . plant
u c h herhs
( Llricutaria
pond 1� siLer! I> IWrP il rrcPivrs s u n l ight
as yrl l011 hladdl'rii DI'I
for about h c1 l f a clay. brca usr too m u c h
australis) a n d 11 a l rr· snu11 flake
, u n w i l l rr� u l l in a l g a l hlooms.
1 N}rntlhoirle� indica! .
Some aquat ic IH'rhs prefrr Lo grrl\\
Both a rt• n a l i l e
\ u > L ra l i a n heriJ:-. To h r l p �harll' t lw
on l hr margins or a ponrl. 11 h i le ot �rers
11 a t<'r and pr'Pi t>nt a lgal blooms from
L h m r i n thr pond i t se l f. \\ hen you dig
de1 r l oping. p l a n L floa l ing-lral plall l s.
t ill' 110l l ' . you ' l l nel'rl 1.0 cr'r'a l e a level
surh a� ll alrr' I I IY ( IVI mp/WI'a s p . ) a n d
shrlf al1DUL
10
in.
( 2 :!
em! I H ' IOII l hr
su rface on 11 1iicli 10 posiuon pol l t'd marginals. such a s ilra h m i
I Racopa
moooien) n n l i 11 a 1 e r i r i s ( Iris sp.).
loLUs 1 � l 'ium/Ju \ntl
if
nucifera ) .
� o u cion·!
for a pond.
)flU
hmr
t h e sparr
can Jill d� s plctnl u p
a large clrcorat 11 r pol f u l l n f 1\Cl lPr.
•
herbs, or consider interspersing them with vegetables, flowering perennials and annuals and shrubs. •
Grow herbs in containers, using them to create focal points or accents. For more impact, choose large containers, rather han small ones [see page 167].
•
•
Think about color combinations throughout the year. For example, tone down summer's heat with soft, soothing blues, mauves and white. Plant tall herbs at the back of large beds, or in the center of circular beds, with other plants graduated in height in front of them.
•
•
Use groundcover or spillover herbs to disguise borders or path edges. Position edible herbs where they're easy to access and can be monitored for growth, health and harvesting.
The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nuc1fero) has large fragrant flowers With a seed cup that is remmisce nt of a showerhe ad. It contams hard edible seeds that can be eaten raw or cooked.
() i l
ci o 1 ga n i
r
m a tt r
C 1 1! 11 l '1 1 1 1 1 ' t l w l o u ndc� t m n tor g n m 1 11g l wa l t h� p l a n t s . I t p ro\ idt•s acc< 'S<;
So i l L \ pes
t o l l l i i iWil h . \\ d l t ' l dlld a 1 r. -.; t . J l l l l iZ< ' " roo t s cliHI a s 1 s t · 111 p la n t s ' n a t u ra l
There are three m a i n types of soil: sandy,
rt ' s l , t a n c < ' t o JH's t s d l ld d l s<'il " � ' " · l 'oor soi l s t h d t d l'<' IO\\ i n n u t rll' n t s l t ' l l d t o n· -.. u l t 1 11
\\ t'
k
s t u n tt•d plt� n t s . a n d a l t hough so t n <' o f t lw t ougllrr.
I I H ll'l ' l t' s l i l <' l l t l l t • r l ls . s u c h ds St . l ol l n \ \\ O I' l . l h ri \ t • i n t lll'S<' con d i tions. \ 11 1 1 -.. 11 1 11 1 1 d l it ' d\\ d lt ' t l l a t t il l ' n • s i i H ' IH ' l ' <'cl n t u rn s u c h p la n t s i n to \\ Ccds.
loamy or clay. Sandy soil is easy to dig, but it doesn't hold nutrients or moisture. Heavy clay soils tend to become waterlogged, are d1fficult to dig mto and set hard when dry. The ideal soi l
Loam, o n the other hand, i s he ideal garden soil, a good balance of clay and sand. A rich brown color, it is slightly mois and crumbly, w1th a good earthy smell. It holds both a1r and water and releases the nutrients in the soil to the plant roots. In a loamy sod, clay particles bind the soil together without making 1t st1cky and 1mpene rable, while sand par icles allow motsture penetration wi hout letting the water run away. If a soil has too much clay, 1t will hold onto nutrients instead of releasing them.
A large component of loam IS decomposed organic matter or humus. Soil mtcrobes, such as bacteria, as well as fungi and earthworms help to brea down dead plant material - leaves. branches, twigs, sawdust, kitchen scraps, manure and newspaper - in a process that can occur either naturally or
m
compost heaps and worm farms. I m prov i n g your soi l
Making nutnents available to plant roots is an important aspect of growing healthy plants, so if your soils are too sandy and porous, the best way to improve their structure is to add organic matter in the form of compost or manures. In addition, to reduce compaction and improve aeration, apply gypsum (calcium sulphate), available from landscape suppliers, nurseries and garden centers, at the rate suggested by the manufacturer. To grow healthy herbs, add plenty of organic matter to the soil, and mulch well.
Sweet or sou r soi l
To determine the levels o f acidity ('sourness") or alkalin ity ("sweetness") in your garden soils, use a pH soil-te sting kit, availab le rom nurseries and mail order or online. On a scale of 0 to 1 4, 7 is
neutral, while soils above 7 are alkaline and those below are acidic . The acceptable range is between 5 and 7, with most plants enjoying a
Test i ng soi l p i I
!Jow wdt ned D pH soil-testing kit D samples of garden soil
slightly acidic soil of 6.5. There are exceptions, of course - lavenders, for instance, grow naturally in alkaline, limestone soils while blueberries, rhododendrons and azaleas prefer to be in an acid soil.
Adjusting the pH level If the pH of the soil is outside its normal range, this can mean the nutrients are
:3
either not available to plants or are too
D u ' t Lhe paste with the w h i t<' PO\\der pr01 ided. and �>. a it about
readily available. Either way, it can make
I m i n u te u n t il i t changes color.
them toxic. So, if your plants are showing signs of nutrient deficiency, but you know you have applied the correct amount of
Place a level teaspoon of oil onto
fertilizer, be sure to check the pH level
t he te 1 card . and add drop· of
of your soil.
th
indi ca to r liquid. Repeal t h is proc s.
If your garden soil is too acidic, lower
w i t h d i ffer 111 a rea
the pH w1th an application of agricultural
of t h r garden.
lime (calcium carbonate). Th1s will also have a beneficial effect on the structure of clay soils. If your clay soil is also deficient in magnesium, apply dolomite (a combination of magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate). Where the soil is too alkaline, and you need to raise the pH level to make it more acidic, add some agricultural sulphur or sulphate of iron. Remember to check the pH again later, because you may need to make annual soil adjustments. To make a comprehensive analysis, select at least five samples of soil from
To dr1erm1ne 1f the sa m p le i s
each garden bed or area.
or I he so11 sa m p l e 11 i l h
.Aclcl� or� n-vaifer wilt intfrwf!/ J,()d ruul reMd-1- il-7/ �luer � yowtlv.
a l ka l i n e
or n e u t ra l .
ae1dic.
match l iH'
colcJJ'
I he n�<m·�t
p/ 1 I'J l ur on l he color card. Read color chaJ'I in n a t u ral da� f i o fl l . fluoresr\' nl IJgh l .
2
S11r
l hl'
soil sample and keep adding
more drops u n l l l a t h 1ck
I Kistc.
small sl ick.
lls1•
011 can �11r
1 11r
11
i n to
spoon or a
1 -\ l t c rnJ I JI I' I\,
)' o u r ·a m pl1·� to a l dboru l nr� for prolession dl annl;sis.J
I ll ,
Ill! I send
C o m p o -.; t IH'a p�
\lulch
Sor etrmes c a l led "black gold," com post
Mulch tS a layer of material that's lard on op of the sorl or potting mrx, acting as a
slowly releases nu n e n ts o your sod a n d conserves m o 1sture.
na ural 'blan ket' that has many benefieta l
Successful compost heaps marnta m a
functions. This layer can be made up of
b a l a n ce be ween carbon (dry, brown a n d
different types of ma erials, from bark
woody materra1, such as dr1ed leaves) a nd
a n d straw to pebbles and gravel.
n1 rogen (we , fresh a n d g reen mater1 a l ,
The benefits of mu l ch
such a s grass c l i p pings). The r d e a l ra r o is 25-30
1, so rem e m be r
h r s easy rule .
A thick layer o m u l ch shrelds the soil and plant roo s from temperatu re flue uations,
Loads o brown m a terra1, less green The pde should also be mo1st. not
keeptng them cool and helping to retain motsture tn he soil, reducrng the need o
sodden The mo1sture h e l ps mrcrobes to break down materra ls, but rf you
water. This rs parttcularly t m portan for
add too m uc h water, you w i l l create
s h a l low-rooted plan s.
smelly a naerobic cond1 ions- that is, wrthout oxygen, a nd the pde needs oxygen rn order to break down.
To speed up the decompos1t1on process 1n your compost heap, add comfrey leaves.
Thick layers of mulch help o suppress weeds. Often there rsn't enough light for
the pile and speed up he decomposition.
weeds o successful1y germrnate or, 1 they
Although you can buy powdered actrvators
do reach the seedling stage, they have to
M a k i n g com post
from n urseries, try a natural activator -
push herr way up through thrck mulch.
Include kitchen scraps (excl u d i n g citrus,
comfrey, an herb.
Thrs results i n weak, exhausted spec1mens
Choose from free-sta ndmg compost
onrons a n d mea ), a n d a handful or two of blood and bone(see Fertilizer types,
brns or tumblers in a wrde vanety of
page 156)m your com post pile, and d i g rt
shapes and srzes, or build your own
ha are much easrer to remove,
so
mulch
saves you trme, e for and energy. If you use an organrc matenal, such
over at least once a week. You can include
frames, about 3.5 ft. ( 1 m) square. Have
as lucerne, rt w i l l break doNn, adding
cow, horse or chrcken m a n ure as well as
two or three com post brns or piles, so you
organrc mat er to he soil. Th1s prov1des
mush room compost - even natural carpet
have heaps in various stages of
the rdeal environment for bene 1cial sorl
f1bers from a vacuum cleaner Add a
decom posrtron : by the i m e the third pile rs
organrsms, such as soil microbes, fung1
compos activator to build up the heat i n
full, the first will be ready for the garden.
a nd earthworms.
\\orm l'arms
\\'or m
\\orm� drt' dOOIIil'r l(lt'ill SOIII'('l' o l rertilrzrr. lwcau't' lh t ' r r OUII'Il'Ols and sofl organrc
a grl'cll
''"stc i� nell in
\\ d\
IO fl'C\l'lt•
lldW'. )ou can purrlia�r
11orm farms from mosl nor t•rrr�.
�ard •n crnlt·r· anti sonH' :prc ra l it.l' d gardrnrng
lnrsuwsst•s on the Internet.
of
larrns dl't' acltrall\ a -;I<Jr�
:l In I lr;11 s. t'ath 11 ilh holrs
111 lhl'
hnttom 1 hr l n lll'Sl 1 rm collrcl · tilt•
liqurd 1\dstc• that rlrams from lhl' uppr•r il'11'1s: this i
lhrn tapped anrlu�l'lla·
a lrqurd ferlrlizrr.
The IH'\1 Ira inlli,lll liuust's thr
1\0I'm
und l h t• r r hrdtling
a· coconut
moll'ridl (such
liiH'i): food scrap� arr liH'n
11r llw lavrr aho\t'. Tire 11 0110
·
s('d, trul rood. 111 it!glrng tlwir ll
lO
lht' nt' t la�rr. \s lhr food is rhgt·�trli.
il 's IUI'n('(fiOIIJ
1\,ISit' (1\0flfl ra�ling ·).
11 llrrll can lw rtug into garden llrll Onl� a
[PI\
'IIIIJiill' for llli so lm� rompo ft�r m. bt• tllht'
pt'til'. ill
.
1\ltrnl� <JI''l
diC'l of rood
1 lltlll' ns 11 ilh
SCI'
•
d 11orm
t'ar'lhiiOI'Ills prrfcr
�
mort' organic l i fesl� It• rn tllr g,mh'n
peboles and mulches ca n look striking
m
·ocker1es and Japa nese gardens, subtle, �atural mulcr complements a y s1 uat1on.
mulch. Thts process IS known as "n1troge n drawdow n." but you are able to combat 11 by applymg a fertil izer that is h1gh 1n n i trogen to the soil before mulching .
Mu lch types
s ...·.,.rel 'ollt ·t''
tn• �es ",j ffil)l)l, humus-nch soil
.n sur. or pJrt a shade
There are two types of mulch. Organ1c
Applying m u lch
mulches - such as various wood or bark
Always a pply m u lch to a motst garden,
products, straw, pea straw and lucerne -
preferably after rain , never apply i t to a
break down, adding organ1c m a tter and
dry garden. Also, make sure the garden
nutrien s to the sou.
beds are weed-free, a nd that you leave a
On he other hand, tnorganic mulches.
plant stems, otherwise rot ca n s e i n as a
down and provide soil w1th extra n u tnents
result of the motsture conten .
nor contribute to the soil structure and 1ts Aesthe 'ca lly, mulch can add a "carpet."
clear space around the tru n ks of tree a n d
such as gravel and pebbles, nei her break
wa er-hold1ng capac1ty. However, hey are
How th1ckly you lay the m u lch will depend on the type you use, but generally
a good layer of 1 to 2.5 in. 12 to 6 em ) will
wh1ch puts the ;nishmg touch to garden
very effect1ve for a decorative look i f the
beds or con a1ner plantings. Choose the
area 1sn't a ffected by fallen leaves and can
be adequa e. Finer m u lches break down
appropriate material and color to blend
be tidied easily
more quickly than the coarser ones a n d
w1
h your garden type, scale of plan ings
It is worth noung that uncomposted
or the color scheme of your house and
bark products set off a cham react,on,
surrounds, and 1t wil make a dtfference
stimulatmg bacterial a nd fung1 actiVIty
:o he overal VISual effect. While bng h
in the soil, which uses n itrogen from he
\lulclw: Thl'lt'
.Jllcl
an· lllillll .tttrarlilt' I\Jlt'' ol
organic•
tnnrgalltL IIIII I< h In rltcJCN' lrrllll
Leaf mulch - a m1xture of trunk and branch chips and leaves. Woodchip -mexpens1ve and durable but not as attractive as fine pine bark. Lucerne -available e1ther 1n compressed layers of "mats" or as finely chopped p1eces. ITo avoid respiratory problems With the fine part1cles, wear a mask and also lightly
4
dampen !he mulch before applying it.) Pulverized cypress bark - naturally termite resistant w1th long-lastmg color. Red woodchip -woodchip colored with environmentally fnendly dye Tea-tree mulch -at ractive, f1ne, dark mulch, wh1ch IS great for con rast m natural and nat1ve gardens. Fine p1ne bark -an aesthetically pleasing, prem1um product that is slow to break down.
8
River pebbles
( /, in.)(20 mm)
-come m a
range of colors, from light gray to dark brown, and look good m nat1ve or natural gardens. Ouartz pebbles are an alternative. 9
Organic garden soil m1x -made up of mushroom compost, sand, soil, ash and chicken manure. D1g 11 1nto ex1st1ng garden beds or use it to create new plantmg areas.
will need t o b e rea pplied more frequently - perhaps once or tw1ce each year. Compos ts bes dug i n to the garden rather h a n applied as a m ulch.
-
Culti va t i o n Choosing hralth� plants. preparing thl' soil to :uit their rwccls and gi\ ing them tlw appropriatt> care and maintenance\\ ill result in a thri\ ing 11<'1'1> garllen thatv. ill "upply you'' ith u ·l'ful plants for cool--ing. natural braut product'. m<:'clicinal prcparalions ancl many uses arouncl tiH' hom<:'.
\\
IH n to pi nlt
loca tions, where many plants can be
The best ttme to plant depends on your
grown a l l year round in the hot and
climate. In general, planttng times are
humid conditions, the overriding factor
divided into two seasons - warm and
is rain. In such c l i m a tes, the seasons are
cool. The warmer months o f spnng and
divtded into wet o r dry, and the best time
s u m m e r fa l l between September and
for planting is during the wet season.
Februa ry, while the cooler months of autumn and winter fa l l between M a rch and October.
Kick-start a garden bed or potted display by p u rchasing maturing, flowering herbs in pots.
Plants themselves fall within two groups - frost-tender ( including tropica l and warm-temperate plants) and frost
Plant frost-tender plants about two weeks after the last cold snap. In frost
From yea r to year, these times may
hardy ( cool-temperate and cold-hardy) .
prone areas, a good alternative planting
vary slightly, from a couple of weeks to a
If you live in a warm- or cool-temperate
method is to start seeds off tndoors and
month, depending on the weather, with
c l imate, you should determine when the
then transplant the seedlings into the
the limiting factor being the tem perature
first and last frosts a re likely to occur and
garden later.
- or more specifical ly, frost. In tropical
plant a ccordingly.
Bu� ing herbs at lllli'SC'I'iC'S At reputable nurseries and retail ga rden centers you'll find large display benches filled with lush, edible herbs of all shapes and sizes. You can select from annual or perennial seedlings in flats, or al most ready-to-eat plants in la rger pots. It's good to see what's in season and check out other perennial herbs, shrubs and trees, such as salvias, l avender and bay trees - and companion plants. You may be tem pted to select young plants that look like they're matu ring well, perhaps even flowering, but if this is the case, they have probably outg rown their pots. S m a l ler, immature seedlings will become healthier plants. Before you buy, check that the herbs have healthy roots and are not pot-bound. Once the roots are tightly compressed, curled around the inside of a container and poking out the bottom, there is no guarantee they will grow well once you plant them in the ga rden. And while you're at the garden center or nursery, ask for advice if you need to.
Once you've made your choice at the nu rsery, check for pests and even growth before buying.
Horticultura lists are em ployed to share
Some of he taller-grow•ng perenn1al herbs.
such as some salv1as. requ�re prunmg and staking, otherwise they become leggy and look unattractive
the1r gardenmg knowledge w1 h their
\11.1 i 1-ol'd<' 1 pi d nts
Pn•pt�t'ing g;mh·n lwds
customers and help them make the best
Some herbs are hard to find at general
Before transplanting or buy1ng plants, prepare the areas m which they are going
choices, so don't hesitate to ask questions.
nurseries, so you may have to buy them
You'll build a friendly, useful relationship
from specialist growers, who usually offer
to be grown; these may be existing beds
with the staff 1n the process.
a mail-order service. The Internet is a
or newly created areas. To ach1eve the
great place to start your search.
best results, remove any weeds and d1g
As soon as you get your purchases home, give them a good soak 1n a bucket
Once you've placed your order, 1t's
over the soil until it's loose, so the
o water for a couple of hours to ensure
exc1t1ng to wa1t for the arrival of your
new roots can stretch out and grow
the rootball gets a thorough watering
precious package. Plants are packed 1n
un1mpeded. It's also a good tdea to
before planting.
vanous ways, but they will usually be
tmprove the soil and 1ts water retention
grown beyond seedlmg stage, but not to
and drainage
matunty, and will be sent 1n a sturdy cardboard box. The roots and soil may be encased
h some organic matter
planting your herbs. Some herbs benefit rom added nutnents 1n the soil, so
m plastic wrap or in tube stock pots,
give them a good start 1n thetr new
and secured with protective material to
environment by adding a slow-release
stop the potting mix from coming loose.
fertilizer 1nto your beds. Other herbs -
Alternatively, you may receive only the
such as anise, swee basil and the various
roots - as w1th turmeric and g1nger
lavenders - like an appltcation of lime.
or the cloves, as w1th elephant garlic They will surv1ve for a day or two, but you'll need to unpack them soon after amval and place them 1n a sheltered area that receives filtered light for several days until they acclimatiZe to your location. To mmimize transplant shock, water Gently ease the herb out of 1ts pot and check hat the root system 1s healthy, not pot-bound
WI
Once you've prepared the site, start
your plants with a weak solu 10n of liquid fert11tzer and a seaweed solut10n.
I 'etlilizitl"
Nutrient deficiencies
For heal hy g rowth, plants eed the right
Well-balanced soils play an 1mportant
balance o nutnents, applied as ertil1zers.
role 1 n ensunng that utnents 1n the so1l
These a re sold on nursery shelves under a
are be1ng released and made available
mynad of descr�ptiOns, and you'll probably
to plants. Add1ng more fertilizer will
find here's something for palms. herbs,
not necessanly resolve the long-term
roses, c1 rus trees, rndoor plants and m uch
problem, but Improving the soil will.
more. You car add fertilizers to the soil so
Nutr>ent defic1enc1es man1fest
hey're absorbed through he plant roo s,
hemselves n various ways: distorted or
or you can apply them as a foliar spray to
stun ed growth, yellow or mot led leaves,
he leaves.
scorched leaf edges. premature maturity
De ermine wh1ch plants you want to
of fru1t, d1eback or poor roo g rowth.
fertilize and ind out a lit le about the chemical makeup of basic fer illzers o make sure you choose the nght one.
Some deficiencies are common to certain types of plan s. For example, fruit trees w1th yellowing leaves and green
the roots have grown, then plant them out.
veins benefit at 1mes from chelated iron,
Ba l a nci ng the e le m e n ts
while the older leaves of gardenias that
The best fert11izer to choose
one that
are yellowing or browning around the
offers a bit of everythi ng. Th1s is known
outer part usually need the help of an
as a "balanced fer ilizer," wh1ch you can
old garden remedy - a combination of
use n various ways.
magnesium and Epsom salts (magnesium
•
•
IS
Add 1t at the 1me of planting.
sulphate) dissolved in water.
•
0 her symptoms migh require more
Sprinkle 1t around garden beds as a seasonal top-up.
rnvestigation. Take a cutting to your
Avoul water� wlzuv if� wilulf,
6� the- nwi!Jfurf!/ wilt j,{j(Jtv w�raff!/.
Apply it as a weak, soluble solution
local n ursery for horticultural advice. join
to young seedlings or as a booster
a garden cl ub, read gardening books or
Ferti l izer types
throughout he g rowing seasons.
search the Internet.
Some fertilizers are produced from manufactured chemicals (synthetics). others from natural products. The natural products. such as blood and bone, are
Cllrmiral clemcnls Cht'llllt
dl
flowers and fruits. It aids plant health, s em and cell th1ckness and the
elt'IIH'IIIS- llrlllldl�.
movement of water w1thin plants,
t'nHHian .11111 1 rat P- p l m a 1 l l a l
ro l t ' 111 g11111111g
hraltll\
'11nhols 11.:1':"-.
llliiiC
dl lht• p&k 11 hcrl'
of Lilt• 1hn•1•
major
l.ool-.
p l a nI'
\tlU'II nnd 1111' Llll'
rUIIOS
l'll'll l t'llls
nlll'llgl'l1. pho phorou�;
and
pold'-SIUill.
Primary elements •
chemical and natural ingredients.
in the green colonng of plants (that is, chlorophyll) and therefore vital for photosynthesis, a process whereby plants use the energy of sunlight to produce sugars. •
S u l p h u r (S) - part of the flavor and odor components (for example, onions and cabbages).
growth and reproductiOn. It promotes root development as well as seed,
Trace elements
flower and fruit production.
•
Potass i u m
(K)
- important for fruit
(6:14:17).
walls and root growth
and chemical reactions i nvolved in
•
months. Other products combine both
containing more potassium
Magnesium (Mg) - a key component
12:1 :5).
Phosphorous (P) - for cell formation
blooms, flowering plants need a fertilizer
•
leaves lush. Herbs grown for their
•
feed plants over a period of several
Calcium (Ca) - needed for healthy cell
foliage, such as m ints, need a higher nitrogen value (for example,
minerals and fish, which tend to slowly
drought and heat. For a good fiush of
•
growth ( leaves, stems and frUit). making
by-products and manures, seaweed, rock
provid�ng resistance to pests, d iseases.
Secondary elements
Nitrogen (N) - i m portant for vegetative
based on ingredients that Include animal
These are iron (Fe). manganese (Mn), boron (B). copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and
bearing trees and vegetable and fiower
molybdenum (Mol. which are needed
crops, because it 1m proves the quality of
in only minute quantities.
Fertilizers sold in a dry granular form are designed to release nutrients slowly. Faster-acting forms are liquid plant foods. which are dissolved in water to give plants a quick lift. Whether you go synthetic, organic, dry or liquid, the important aspect is the N :P:K ratio (see box at left). Always read the label carefully and follow the manufacturer's directions.
Seaweed so l utions Strictly speaking , liquid seaweed-based products are soil conditio ners that 1ncrease plants' resistance to drought heat and frost. They also improve their
ability to take up nutnents and improve
Plan ling
as root a nd Stem develop ment as well . the soli. the water- holding capacrty of Typical ly, the ingredi ents include
nncP you\t• prr parril lOUt' gJrilt'll lwus.
molasses and humic and fu lv1c ac1ds, whiCh increase soil microo rgan ism
burl\rt of II all' I bt'fUI'f'hJnd. so Ihill II
it's unw for pliinlrllg. Soa� ihl' plant rna
11 ill
and earthworm actiVIty, makrng them g a wholesome addition to the waterin
u l los rlt rnorstllll' mur!'
Pasrly.
Wr
p l antl'd wrr<Jgon. a pc•rf'rtllkllill't'lt I hill
can. For larger garden-b ed areas, use a 'hose-on" applrc atron.
sprrarl� h)
rhrzomt•s
and !ll'l'ds to
lH'
rPplantt·rJ rvrr y ft'll wars. Turrugon
l i�es
d 11rll-drarn d so r l that doesn't
fl'ldin moisturr too long: olhrr\1 L c
\\alering It's helpful to learn a ew things about
til
rh izomc•s may
!'01
3 Carl'fiilll
the logistics of watering. If you give your
posrl!on the plant rn the
holl'. ma� rng sure it sn.· at th
plants a good, long soak infrequen tly, hey'll search downward for water This
l e l'r l 1n llw ground a· it !lid
rn turn encourages strong root growth,
poL Don't ro1er the rro\1 n.
in
same the
so your plants will be better able to cope between waterings. Regular surface waterings, however, tend to produce weaker plants that rely on morsture near the soil su rface, so they have a hard time coping with drough
·
Drought, or dry periods be ween rain, render soils hydrophobic: The soil repels water rnstead of absorbrng rt. But you can buy produc s to reduce or elimmate
Ensure
these effects. These products include soil-wetting
that your 'Oil has plenty Of
organrc matter. such a� compost or
agents that help to reduce the amount of
11ell-rottNI manure. th e n dig a llolr
water that's repelled by the "waxy" coatrng
Bar�fill anti firm
ar ound
that's largrr than tht• root IJall.
hat forms on dry soils. The agents are
Lhe
t1011 n
I he sorl
plant. Tarragon can
much more sophrsticated vers1ons of
also bt• propagCJtr·d lly rootdr1 is ion
detergents, which reduce surface tensron.
rn
,
pring.
Choose from granules that expand when watered and then retarn the morsture, or a t1quid form tha 's added to water and hen soaks rnto the soil. Both are also suitable for dry potting mix.
Watering options How you water your garden depends on
115 size, how much time you have and the local water restrictions. You can install a rarnwa ter tank, a gray-water system or an approprrate timer-operated irrigation system. Check w1th your local council and consult a membe r of a qualrty endorsed landscape assoc iation. If you water by hand, stick to early mornrngs or late aftern oons so the moisture won't evapo rate rmmed 1ately
2
Teas!' out I hi' roots
11111
'<'"�
out IIUtl'il'l!tS and llllliSIUI'I' from
tlw soil
1
\later I hi' p l ant
11<'11.
.rnd tlwn
11atrr rc•gularl\ unl rl estdblished Prunt' fur rul!!ldr\ ust• and a l s o to
c l iscouragr 11 ood\
stl'llls.
Ga rd('n main Lcnance
Filler.. mHI frcr piDnts
Routine garden tasks, such as pruning and
Whilt' you·n, watting ror olllCr plants
r
to mature ancl spn·ad. plant
pot L11em and
annuals as fillrt'S. \ l thoug ll
some
rno�t
ntO\C any unw
u e llwm t'l 'P\\ lwre.
1\ ht · n thinllrllg out plants in the
weeding, will not only keep your garden tidy but will also help prevent pest and disease attack, which often starts with1n
annual herbs \I i l l nerd to ht• rrrno1rd
garclcn. thrnk about giving those r cess
decaying plant debris. So. employ good
at the f'ncl of lhCil' life
sc('(llings
garden hygiene methods and you'll have
rra
yell'. lhOSC' that
self-seed- such as calntp.
nasturtiums and tlorage-
11 til
per·prtuate tlwmsr l ws . With larger plants that
elf-seed. such a
ba�.
to a frirncl. novice garclrnrr
or· schoo l . Pruntng� fmm perrnnials can al o he Lh(' start
or nt'\�oly JH'opdgatefi
pl8nts. F'or more mfornralinn. sec UUIDgS.
page ifi3.
St.em
less maintenance to do in the long run.
Pru n i ng Many herbs benefit from being cut back annually by up to one-third, because this not only makes them look more attractive but also promotes new growth in the following season. Normally, gardeners are encouraged to prune back spent blooms on annuals and perennials after flowering, but that's not the case with herbs that are grown for their seeds, such as coriander, dill and
Many herbs self-seed in the garden, popping up where you least expect them. Catnip, nasturtiums and borage, all shown above, keep appearing for years, as does heartsease.
fennel. Leave them to compte e their life cycle. With herbs that are not grown for their flowers. pinch off their blooms to encourage leafy growth.
l2e11Wv�A1f � {b;we.rY
wilt;-rotJtLf the {b;wer�A1f .i&lMnt.
You only need to prune trees if their branches are rubbing together, which can create open wounds that are prone to disease and insect attack, or if their limbs are congested, reducing light and air circulation. For low branches. use a small handsaw, but for larger ones, call in the professionals. Always protect your eyes from sawdust. For regular stem pruning, invest in a good-quality pai r of clippers, but for tougher stems and small branches, buy a pair of ergonomic ratchet or anvil pruners. If you regularly clean and oil them, they'll last a decade or more. On the other hand, if you habitually mislay things, buy the cheaper ones. Always keep your herb garden weeded and wcll· mulched. and remove damaged foliage regularly.
Eliminating we eds
other plants Garde n weeds comp ete with but you can for nutrients, light and water, by e ellmmate or at least reduc them es. practic garden basic following some
If there is not enoug h room in the garden, weeds won't be able to grow, so
Be responsible a nd choose the type of herbicide that's appropriate, effective and safe, and a lways wear protective clothing, such as a mask, gloves, boots and goggles. •
Selective herbicides - kill only weeds.
•
Non -selective herbicides - k i l l a ny plant they touch, so use them carefully
plant groundcovers, such as thyme and mints. to fill m gaps and stop weeds
on a sti ll day so the spray drift doesn't
jostlin g for pos1tion.
commonly used non-selective herbicide
land on your garden plants. The most
Hand weed1ng IS still a n effective way
to remove plants, particularl y those with
is glyphosate. •
the entire plant. from the roots right
rh1zomatous roots. Dig up the whole root system, rather than pulling off the vegetative growth that's above the soil.
u p to the leaves. •
heads into the compost, or you could end It used o be considered good practice
Pre-emergent chemicals - are applied to the soil before seedlings
And 1t's best not to put weeds w1th seed up returning the problem to the garden.
Syste m ic herbicides - travel through
have emerged to e l i minate weed seeds. •
Post-emergent weed ki l le rs- are
Topiary shears ar� id�al for shaping herbs with
applied after crops have emerged.
compact leaves, such as this variegated thyme.
to smother weeds with sheets of ugly black plastic, but a l l this did was foster anaerobic conditions in the soil under
I
neath, resulting in a i rl ess, sli my, smelly conditions. Weed mat is a much better alternative, because i t a l lows a1r as well as mo1sture through.
-\ 11t>rd 1s ofll·n a plant that"s 111 thr uong p l ace
gr011111g
- and thai In c l udes
herb:. Finclmg I he nghttllant for the
Using herbicides Use weedkillers, or herbicides, only as a las resort or 1f you're preparing a whole
bed, but be careful, particularly 1f you're
growing edible herbs or there are valuable or favorite plants nea rby. Always read the
r1ght place ran br tnck�: If �au plant hardy plants
un11 t'
111
to copr 111th c l rought
diff i c u l t conlllliOn\ or
aspects. lllr\ 're usua l l y
the
or
rrsillt'nt
p l a nt . that rntl up takmg owr.
directions carefully.
then tJec1de 11 hrtht'r to gro11 11. The
,.
plant is a problem m �our area
\n
•
\
j
.·,
•
'I
'
. ' W!lltl
.
·�-:- / ' ·.I . · It�·I '· · · \. w/ \,".. . '. j ,. I I
.
'J· '.
\
-
..
I
.
•
.
·At
,
,
.·
.
.
.... '' ' fk-, ../
.. .
. \ .. •
Ch1cory 1s a self-seeding herb that can become a weed in the garden.
hrrh that's lnlilSIIt' 111 one lo at1on
p l n ts
may not llr m another an·a 1111h
n(II\('I'S be fore ihl'\ set �t'ed. \1 hiCh
thffl'rrnt climauc or so1! conditions.
11111
In acltlllion. no1 all pldnts of lilt'
Regular!\ rrunr those 11 1 111 1111as11e
a
sam!' spent's may lle rampanl. so
ma' ht' hrl'rl a-. stl'rilt• {so
the red
11on'1 hi' 1 1<1ble and gro11) • Plant gard!'n
t'sCdPI'l's
111 pots
l'ltiH·r dS frt'l'·'l
IIH'
ground. so
1111'11' I'IJOts an• l'l'stm it'd t.-t't'P
111 check h} n•mo1mg the•
he• SPI't'ild
h) 111nt1 and llinl ·.
runners. such c1s mint. anti dispose of lhl' I'U l l lllgs rrs pnns1h l \
look for alternatllt' lill'll'lll'� !hat
When weeding, make sure you remove the whole root system, not JUSt the foliage.
f.,� .
' i . �( . .. ... .. �' / �� :': :../-
staff at your lora! llUI"t'I'Y \hould hr able to
,.
.
r
has a rrput..Jtion for lwmg invas11 t',
.
,
• Check 11 het h r \OUr chosen herb
label and follow the manufacturer's
�·.
r· ., ,. /. \ ·,I *• �IJ i 'I ·•� ,�
•
\sk \OUr l oca l cnunnl or 11rc•d authnrll\ 1f \our lwrh. are on the 1111\IOII'i or 1111 " ' " t' lht Some 10 lit'
illldi'P of 1nrlude horseradiSh.
St. .lllhll's 1\lll'l. dlltl flllllls
\CIITil\1, l'hiCOI'\
P r o p a ga t i o n Orw ol till' rnost "
"('('d. or cuttings cllld lht'n \\dlchirrg 1111'111 flourish. \!though <>ornr llrrll.
Seed-raising mi'\
rcquin· pcll'liculdl' trr'cltnwnt ·. liH'n ' arr· 'C'\eral rnellwd-; )OU can use.
The growing medium play· a critical
dnd it\ ah\tl\" ''orth 1'\IH'rinll'nting. \nnuallwr·hs arT IH''>l plant<'d each
role 10 r>lant propagalion. The Lin�
�t'ar lm1n 'W<'ri. \\ hi l t ' rnan\ pcrcnnilllht>rlls arT propagatr'd IJ�
root� orne�> plant need
ll'lll
cuttings. lci�cring or dl\ is inn.
to gro\1 m
a
that pro\rde·
urporr. a1r pocket·.
mot lure and good drainage.
So \\ ing s<'e
Pot ling m i'-C
Source seeds through plants grown in the
c pec ia l l
garden, or buy seed packets sold h rough
are de\ eloped
ror propag lion and are
usually old a.
nursenes or mail-order compan1es or
eed-ra1 ing ffil\ or
propagation mi,. Th
websites. Collecting seed from the garden is the cheapest way, of course; however,
•
A. "
r1rer an<1. nor
will come rue from seed, because certa1n
r1n
herbs may cross-pollinate or stmply not
good drainage.
brickie, sand.
L be 1 for
• 'I'ER.\IICLLITE Thi ltght\11'1 hL
represen the parent plan . For ease of growing, particularly for
hero h att•ct
ilicatc mat rial ha
new gardeners, packet seeds provide good how and where to plant. In addition, he
1ngrechenr
rna} include:
there's very little guarantee that plants
value and Instructions that tndicate when,
to be ble
light\\Cight material
Carefu l ly remove seed l ings from punnets by gently squeezing the bottom of each cel l .
it expand
.
�oa
up\\ tcr
and allract nutri nt .
• PERLITE Deri1rd rrom \Oicanit
plants will be true to type, and are their roots encourages them to "bolt"
rock that ha a l o been mined
The requtred depth of planting will
(flower prematurely), are best planted
and ht'ated. it 1 used
vary, dependmg on seed size. In general,
either directly i n the garden or in large
soil and imprO\C drama •e.
ava i lable in the right season.
the finer the seed. the shallower it should
pots. These include borage, coriander,
be sown; sowing at a depth of about twice
dill, chervil, fennel and summer savory.
the diameter of the seed 1s a good gauge. It is easier to spread fine seeds, such as
To add interest and color to paved areas, paths or retaining walls, fill cracks,
marjoram, savory and thyme, more evenly
crevices or nooks with potting mix and
if you mix them with a little sand.
sow seeds of compact or trailing plants, such as nasturtium, sweet violet and
When to sow
lO at•rate
• COCO'\Ff F'IBER. roco-prat ot' coir. Thi · 1
a natural
product \lllh exc llent hol
\Ia Le
wat
,_
It i u. d
10 gardrmng products in>Lead
or peat mo
>. 11 h1ch 1
a non
renewaule natural re ·ource.
different varieties of thyme.
When you plant your seeds will depend on your clima e and the advice given on the seed packet. If your chosen seeds take 6 to 8 weeks to germmate, start them
Sow i n g seeds u nd e r cover Other seeds, such as coriander and verbena, need to be in the dark until
indoors or in a glasshouse about this far
they've germinated. Block out the light
ahead, before the final frosts. Once the
by covering the seed trays w i th sheets of
good spring weather starts, the seedlings
newspaper and store in a d ry, warm place.
will be ready to transplant. Some annual
Soaking seeds in warm water overnight
herbs can be sown successfully in autumn
before planting will also help basil and
but, to achieve best results, follow the
parsley to germinate, while other seeds
packet instructions. Sow seeds in cell packs or seed trays, in individual pots or in situ. Herbs that don't transplant well. because d isturbing
need to be stratified. For details on this
process, see Echinacea, page 44.
Once seedlings appear, prick them out. See Pricking out. page 162.
To block out the light while stedlings germinatt, cover the �eed trays with newspaper.
It��toforp
what :;ow' 1/f!/;;fanted.
Writ£!/ t� � OIV �ek and/M� then-v Wo t�fMtJ/ or fr? provide artificial heat i n a n u mber of ways. Try heatmg trays from he base with p u rpose-built electrical heat packs or hea m ats, even hot-water bottles. You can a l so purchase portable glasshouses through n u rsenes and m a i l order suppliers. These compact PVC greenhouses are ligh weight and easy to assemble, and come in various sizes so you can posi ion them agamst a n outdoor wall or even on a baleen . Propagators are portable trays, like a m1ni greenhouse. and are also sold by n u rseries. Alternatively, place seed trays by a sunny window, in a warm k1tchen or outdoors
m
a warm, frost-free locat10r
Possible problems At th1s stage, you cou ld experience a couple of problems.
1 Damp1ng off
IS
a fu ngal d1sease
that thflves 1n cool o r cold, d a m p or overcast conditions. The best way to preven th1s is to keep seed trays Using the l.atm name to identify your plants is the professional way to go. It ensures that. should you WISh to grow the same plan again, you will purchase exactly the right one.
m
a location w1th good alf Clfculavon,
l1ght and warm h, at hough you could also try water1ng the seed l i ngs w1th
Rai s i ng
'<'t'ds
Keep seeds and seedlings moist but don't overwa ter them. Seeds, i n particu lar, need
chamomile tea, an old herba' remed
Fert i l izi ng
If a white mold a p pears. 1 n sp1te ot
Once seedlings beg1n to emerge, give
your best ef orts, discard the rr x a n d
them JUSt a half-strength solu ion of an
transplant the seeds or seedl ngs n t o
to be kept damp but must not be soggy. Once plants dry out, the1r germina tion
a l l-pu rpose soluble fer i l izer. Later, once
n e w stenlized cor a 1 ners
will be stunted, or may even stop. It IS important to water the seed tray gently. E1ther lightly m i st the m1x w1 th
dosage, but remember More is not better;
a spray bottle, or dampe n 1t before plant,ng Alterna tively, you can wa er the tray rom the bottom so the mo1stur e can be drawn up mto the m1x .
you have transplan ed them, ncrease the plants can absorb only so much.
Heat
2 Seedlings become leggy wher· here IS not enough ligh or tile cond IOns are overcrowded . S 1 m pty mC' e t11e
tray to a br1grter spo dncl thin ou the seedlings by cu
mg t''" u n wa n•ed
Warmth 1s also a n 1 m por ant factor for
seed l 1 n gs a tile base. If you � 11, therr
germ,nat,on and, dependmg or your
out. you r u n the fiSk or d1s ,Jrlli'lq lle
locat10n and the type of seed, you can
roots of the others
eed
m
P r i c k i ng out
ing
Once the first few leaves have emerged, move the seedl i ngs so they receive more mdi rect sunlight and heat, and they "harden off." T h 1 n out the rows by
seed tray bag of propagating or seed-ra1sing mix various seed packets or
transplanting mdividual seedlings into l a rger containers or single pots. Use a small wooden skewer to gently ease the
collected seed
delicate roots out, then carefully handle
piece of dowel or pencil
the seedl i ngs by the leaves.
plant tag
M i n i mizing transplant shock
spray bottle
Here are some tips for easing your plants
plastic wrap (optional)
1 n to the garden.
JciiJIIH' SC'l'd ll'ill 1\llh f]liDiit) St'l'd
•
Gradually 'harden off plants by moving
ra!Sing or pmpagaling Jnl\. (F'nr ilt'sl
them into stronger light while they are
rt•sults. usr clean sii'I'Jilzed 1ra1s and
still seedl i ngs and before transplanting them into the garden.
too l s th<Jt han' !wen 11 aslwd m a weak sn l ulion or tJirc�ch.) G\'nll:, su1'filCt' 111111 a p1rcr of
moolh the
•
dc111 el or a small
If the plants don't l i ke their roots being d isturbed, grow them in small pots or
lllock ol 11 ood. bul tlo nol cnmpacl the
individual cells so you won't need to
mi\. Lsing a prnci l or a p1ccr ol
thin them out from other seedlings.
create a shallo11 channt•l. Gt•nll� shak1' thr seed · t'l·enl\
•
O\l'l' tile mix or. if they
8J'P large rnough to handle, drop them
•
resistance to drought, heat and frost.
lo thr packet mstrurlions.
Seaweed-based liquid products
:!. Smooth Ihe mi\ so the srctls a1e jus! r a sirve Ill add
cmering. \er1 fine any COICI'ing.
Improve the seed lings' ability to take
l ight
up nutrients, a nd they also improve
erds ma) not need
root and stem development as well
Se l e ct Jhr fine. pray
as i m prove the water-holding capacity
. ctling on the spra� hottlr anti ll'atcr the Ira
·
When watering, add a seaweed-based solution to increase the plants'
one at a Lime. spacing them acrortling
co1 ered. or u
Don't transplant - simply grow plants directly in the garden bed.
of the soil. The ingredients include
thorougllly.
molasses and humic and fulvic acids,
:.1 Place 111 n 11arm. dry location 111111
which boost earthworm activity and
natura l intlirecl l ight (rarh planl type 11111 have diffrrrnl Jighl rt'l)Uiremenls).
To J'etain moi. iiii'C and llumidit}. CO\l'J ' tray� 11 1t11 plaslic 11 rap or a sht ' ('l of
glass. \dtl a Lag with the p l ant namr and elate or so11 ing. Rrmo1 e the rm er lvlwn Lhr se ds begin to germllldlc.
the number of soil m icroorganisms. •
Apply an anti-transpirant foliar spray to protect aga inst frost and reduce the effects of transplant shock, sudden climatic changes, drying winds, water Joss and heat. These products are biodegradable, and the effects last for several months.
Ru n n er Strawberries, sweet violet, mint and Vietnamese mint all send out run ners that w i l l take root wherever they touch the soil. Carefully lift satellite plants that have developed roots and plant them in a new position. Consider planting them i n a pot to keep them contained.
L a � r ri n g
aga tion met hod , the herb With thiS prop to the pare nt pla n t, but d ,s s dl attache
uraged to take root the stem is enco Use this tech nique rated sepa before it is
, such as rosem ary wtth peren nial herbs or early summ er. spring late in and sage,
s it Bend a soft, flexible stem so touche leaves surrou nding the remove soil, the k n 1 fe, nick the the bend, and usmg a sharp understde of the stem. Secure the stem to s the ground or pot surface using ha1rpin or several pieces of soft wi re, then cover
with soil or potting mix. Water and keep the soil mo1st u ntil
the roots develop in 4 to 8 weeks. You can
then separate the new plant and
Some seed heads explode as they dry. Hang stems upstde down t n a paper bag to capture seeds.
plant ' elsewhere.
D i \ i ,' i O n
Dig up the plant c l u m p with a sharp
Clean up the c l u m p by washing the
spade. You may need to loosen the soil
roots a nd removing dead foliage, then
Another way to multiply plants i s by
around the plant first, then cut away old
gently divide it in two, ensurtng there
dividing them, which is best done w i th
stems and leaves to determine where the
is new g rowth on each half. I f the plant
perennials, such as yarrow, bergamot,
new shoots a re appearing. Either use the
is a reasonable size, divide the two new
tarragon and chives, when they are
back of two forks to separate the clump,
plants t n half again. Some plants a re easy
dormant, or JUSt before new growth
or a spade or sharp k n 1 fe, depending on
to p u l l apart by hand. Replant new p l a n ts
appears 10 early spring or autu m n.
the density of the roots and stems.
into the garden or in pots.
Stem cutting \ou ran
ta�r oft -s t emm ed c u t l l n�. .
�urh a basil and m m t . i n spri ng (aflrr the Ia. t fro t ' ) u n t i l midsummt'r. and ·rmt-hardi\ Ood c o l l i ngs. -;uch as rosemary ancl myrllc•. a
llit l at e r.
from
midsummer to mid-a u t u m n . •
l 'lc hormon e po11<1er - C u t a pit'rl' of soft-stemmed plant about I . :i to 2.:i m.
r� to G ern ) long and rrmm e
the 10\�oer lt>a1-es. D1p the stern tnto a
hormone po11 <1er. 11 111ch 11 i l l stunulatc • IIC'II root gro11 lh Plant the stem i n a
small p l ant ing hole
111 a rontal nL'I'
hllc•cl ll l l h propagatmg mi\.
l s i ng a
spray lxlllle. llatPr t horuug hl�. t hen
�lart• lhC' cutting
111 a pro tt'c t t'L I
IXhllion With natura l mchrer t light .
\lake a 10 111 1
greenhouse• h� cu t t mg J
lllasuc soft-dn n� bottle 111 half and mverung ll o1 r r thr c u t t ings
Dtp the stems in some hormone powder
Recycled plasttc bottles create an ideal m tn t greenhouse.
• l
se a glass ol 11 a l l'l' - \nolht ' l
lll l ' [ illld
i\
a glass or
[II pldC'l' S[ l'lll ('tl [ [ llli!S Ill
ll
llldtn•rt llgl l l . 111< ' 1 1 ll
I to 2 ll l't'ks
Cll,mgt•
l ltl' \l d l l'l' 1'1 1'1'\ It'll d d � S dllll
t hen l rtl n s p la n t l hc· r u l l mg� m to md11 1dual ront.tmt·r� or IIllo t iii'
l!dl'th'n . I h'rl t� ' U i l .t h l t· l o t
lht'
l rt'tl l lllt' l i l i i i C IUdt• 1 1 1 1 11 1 d l l d
qgt'.
; ( n t a i n r g a rd n 1 n g \\ t l lt 1 ,. i i t ' l l l i <� l <� n·as t'\panding a n d mort' peu p l l ' sc· t t i ng up homr i n
t i l t < ' . l i\ 1 1 1 g :-- pdu·s d P JH'd t t o l w gc• t t i ng s m a l lrr. B u t n u l l l d l lrr \\ IWre
\ Oil l i \ t' \ oil < d ll a i \\ CI) '-' p i ,Hl l a "''lt•cuon of h e r h: . \\ h r t h cr i L on a
' '" ' ' on\ t l t ·t 1\ o r \ C' I'Cl t H i a . o r i n a cou r l �
• To !'{'due · moisturr lo s. apply a seat to IJOI'fJU. pots. Or bu glazed
\\ l i t' l t' t i t • '' 1 tl ll l h t'I\ C' 1n h a nging i.Jc1 skets. pols a nd o l l w r con ta i n prs.
\ p o l l ( d h < ' r h .ga rden
('eramic JJOt;. which are not a ·
a· un t rr a w d roncrete.
(JOrou.
On the other hand, a few herbs, such as
Heros •ove gr uwmg 1 n pots, and some
watercress and angelica, actually need the
herbs, sucll as mmt and parsley, spread
shade. So, determme how m uch sun your
t!'fracott.a or lim!'ston •
.
If mm ing pots is a problrm.
fihe rg l a s or pol�ethylcnr
.
eas1 y and will take ove r garden beds, so
balcony, courtyard or wtndow box will
hu
rece1ve throughout the year, and choose
onr.
to con tau them. If you put containers 1n
your plants accordingly. Alternative ly,
romr m man� differe n t �hape. .
the nght sunlit pos1t1on, use good-quality
choose the plants you want to grow and
'>iZe.
potting m•x and give you r herbs the care
then find the most suitable spot in which
they need, they will flourish.
to grow them.
even 1t yOIJ have a huge garden, it'S best
In hot climates, it's best to give plants
The best position
some shade protectiOJ1, as the heat can be
Man) herbs, such as marjoram. fennel and
too intense, even if they enjoy full sun in
thyme. prefer to grow 1n full sun, while
cooler locations. Another important factor
others. such as catm1nt, chamomile and
is good air Circulation; humid cor.ditions
conander, are happiest
can create fungal problems. Also avoid
m
part1al shade.
posit1ons open to strong winds; a barrier such as lattice, can diffuse the breeze.
The r i g h t pot for the job Before you buy pots or containe rs, think about their different shapes, sizes and
any e\cc
11. atrr a nd to LOp tile
or
tain ing. How e\cr.
urface
make
urr �ou give tlle root
a c h a nce
to rtry.
• To rai e pots. and makr moving or
weepmg easirr. u r static or
mO\ able
tand
on ca ter
sure pots are ecu r
.
\lakr
and won't
move around on 11.ind days.
• Hea\ or large containers art• LIH' best choice in a rea
re�ularly
part in the success of your herbs and the
rooftop garden
in different styles and colors, as these tend to make small spaces look cluttered. You can still grow a variety, but keep it simple : for example, select a single color to pull one area together. Herbs such as parsley, peppe rmint and thyme enjoy being contained, and look attractive spilling exube rantly over pot rims, so consider the shape and form of what you're growing and select containers that suit their 'personality: Choose con tamers that complement the location and its surroundings, pick
textures and colors.
• Sit �our I>Ot on �aucer · to hold
e.1.po.erl to trong wm!l . suct1 as
Don't use lots of l i ttle pots, particularly
and apple mint, h i g h lights their different shapes,
nd colors.
mate nals, as these will play an important design of your di�play.
A wide selert1on of herbs, including sage, chives
They're ltghtwri 'll and
textures and colors to match the area's paintwork, paving or surface, and go for the biggest container that's practical.
and balconle
.
• Con lder the calr: a verv ta r pot 11. i l l
look tot.a lly
·queez d onto
a
ou l of place
liny balcony.
r
that will spill over the edge of the pot Stagger the heights of complementary pots or conta1ners and underplant tall herbs w1th trailing plants
Shapes and sizes
In fact, the new generat1on of plas 1c
Troughs are generally long and narrow,
matenals offers a range of good-look1ng,
Round, square or rectangular, squat or
l i ke window boxes. and are perfect for
tall, with straight or tapered sides: any
formal or narrow areas. Team them with
pract1cal cho1ces. Polyethylene and
of these container types is perfect for
a square pot of simi lar matenal to create
g lass (including marine grade) are most
growing herbs, as they a l l al low for good
a right angle, then add a round pot to
com monly used, as they're long- last1 ng,
root growth and the display of foliage and
create a point of d i fference.
l ig h tweight, wa erproof a n d available
Mate r i a l s
be frost-, UV- and scratch-res1start. And,
m
flowers. Varymg sizes of the same design will g1ve an area a uniform look. Although they look attract1ve, urns
T h e type o f p o material
WI
I also affec
ber
a w1de range of colors. They can a so
because these materials a re not porous,
and 'oil jars' have narrow necks, making it
both the look and the par abil ity of your
they ' l l hold moisture longer � a ., ro,crete
extremely hard o remove plan s without
h erb garden Terracotta pots are popular
or terracotta.
damagmg them. You could also find your
with ga rdeners because they're practical,
self w1 h many plant roots and very little
affordable and look attractive 1n most
foliage. I f you favour bell-shaped pots, a
situa 10ns. Limestone and concrete pots,
If your chosen pot h<Js no dra1naqe
cylindncal shape is bes because ones that
with heir lovely pale color1ngs, are also
holes ( m a ny po s are des1gned or ndoor
popular, while a l ternative materials, such
use and don't have then' I. JSt d r , l l a ew
room for roo s to space themselves out.
as plas ics, are worth exploring.
of them lflto the base
taper i n sharply may not provide enough
Expenment w1th u n usual (Onta ner� such as old colanders and w1rk�r baskets.
Potting m i x One o
h e most 1mpor a n t elements m g row1ng herbs successfully 1s the nght soil or plan mg m1x. Pott1ng m1x
IS better than garden so1 , as 1 's specially des1gned for
container cond1t1ons and will prov1de jus :he right balance between holdmg water and prov1d 1ng good dr a 1nage. At your local nursery, you'll find var1ous organic m1xes that are tailored for different
The best products have a 'standards' mark to indicate he potting m1x contains extra 1ngred1ents, such as a wetting agent o stop 1t drymg out too fast, vermiculite to keep the m1x lightweight, and a slow release fertilizer that gradually feeds the roots. The old adage 'you get what you pay or' I S true here: 1t is worth invest1ng 1n a good quality m 1x as, over t1me, you'll have hea lthier, happ1er plants.
s1tua 1ons. such as hang1ng baskets.
Feed i n g t i ps There are many fertilizers on the market. A good all-rounder that will su1t most herbs is a "balanced" or "all-purpose" one: • Deride
11 hat �ou \\ <J il t to use
1 o u r herbs for - for t'\
• Choo e a t hemr 11 hrn grrl\\ mg u l i n a ry ht'rll .
riC'ct h o t c1nd
sp1c� herbs such as c h l l l w s and ronan
• I !ant contra l i ng colors i n t hl' ·amr pot. Tr� "Rurne . .- t hr dark purj le-leafed ba II. on one �1dr a n d fine- Lemme
on t h r o t her.
• Tr� ha� trees to crrate a ro at
1t will contain all the necessary nutrients to promote strong, healthy roots, flowers and leaves as well as help herbs grow in o vigorous, sturdy plants. A soluble fertilizer 1s ideal for container-grown herbs and also for seedlings, which need to be fertilized regularly so that they will flourish. Always
Vibrant petunias add a splash of color to thyme, lovage, chamomile and erigeron.
follow the directions on the packet. If you notice that white 'salt' depos1ts
pelargonium, are ideal for hanging at eye
(fertilizer res1dues) are appearing on the
level where you can easily see your plants
outside of terracotta pots, you can easily
maturing and enJOY their fragrance. If you
wash them off. Add a liqu1d seaweed product to your watering regimen, as th1s is an excellent
hang baskets higher than eye level, you'll tend to forget about them. Baskets are commonly made of plastic
tonic. Apply it when you a re first planting
or wire. Line wire baskets with sphagnum
up pots and containers to help minimise
moss, a spongy fibrous material that will
transplant shock (see page 162).
hold the potting mix and retain moisture, or use a ready-made basket liner made
Watering
from coconut fiber. Hanging baskets are
poi n t aga in ·t a wa l l or flanking
While most herbs l i ke to be kept moist,
prone to dry1ng out in w1nds, so keep
a doonl a). The� hal t' a t n t l ! pop
they also need to be allowed to dry out
an eye on their moisture levels - another
in between waterings so they're not left
reason to hang them at the right height.
hapr that make
t hem prrfrrt
standing with constantly damp roots.
pot specimen�.
• l
A good potting mix provides good sc 11 ine barrel
for a n eart h \
took. F o r a cia . ira! onr. usr urcorated terracona
• Pot up c u l i na f) hrrbs. . uch as h il es. rockr t . parsle) or h a i l . 1 1 1 J pol nPar thl' h a rbc•cur. a n d let )OUr guf' s t � s n i fl o r r tiH'Ir 0 11 n herb. .
dramage, while holes in the base of the pots allow the excess moisture to escape. Buy a colorful watering
Re-potti ng About every 12 months or so, give your potted herb garden a boost by re-potting or replenishing it.
can that's easy to find, fill and
Discard annual herbs and start again.
carry. Keep it out of direct sun
Remove perennial herbs carefully, compost
so that 1t lasts longer.
the old potting mix, and re-fill the base of the pot with fresh mix. Then trim the roots
H a n g i n g g a rdens
of the plants if they look congested, and
Y o u c a n also g r o w herbs 1 n
cut off any old stems to give the plant a
hanging baskets (see Hanging
tidier shape and to promote new growth.
herb ball, page 306). Those
Replant them in the contamer and backfill
that have a trailing habit, such
with fresh mix, gently firming it as you go.
as heartsease, thyme, mint and
Finally, water the herbs thoroughly.
P la n t i ng a t raw bc r r po L It's fun to plant up a strawb erry pot with your favorite herbs and flowers . Buy a few more herbs than you will actually need Experime nt with placeme nt and combinati Ons of herbs to get a look you like. Then get plantin g. Always open bags of potting mix in a well-ventila ted area. Avoid breathing in the dusty particles, and consider wearing a protective face mask.
0 0
large terracotta strawberry pot selection of trailing herbs (we used variegated and common oregano, thyme and strawberry) and an upright plant (we used fan flower).
0
bag of quality potting mix
0
potting scoop or trowel
0
small bag of coconut fiber (optional)
Fill the pot 11 ith polling mi\ u n t i l
it comes to J U S t beneat h t h e le1 cl
or the fin;[ hole.
2
Carefu ll) remow the first lwrll from tts container: tea -e the roots nut so that the surroundmg potting m i \ t s loosened. Gen t ly easr thr roots i n t o the IOII CSl ho l e in t h r p o L . F i l l put lli l h
more POl l i ng mi\. gent!) l'i rmtng t he
you reach l i H ' l r 1 r l nf t 11r n t' \ 1 iii>IP.
Pla n t u n t i l al l holes arr l i l l t ' c l To stop
doesn't ha1 e to
br c1 n
pol l mg 011\ Ja i l ing (llll l hl' siues or t il<·
a n n u d l or pere n n i a L
pot . tuc" a
fiOI\ t'l
s m a l l drnount or coconut
fillt•r Jround t il!' t•dges of t • ac ll
3 F i n i sh
htde
li� t rra l t ng an a l t racl ll e
011\
In ide �> tl h your hancl to en ur<' t h a i
cenJt•rp it'Ct'. tucktng pnl l tng
t h e roots a r r col'ere
a round ils roo t s. This l tnal plant
hrrll. For a da�h
of color. you could u . r a Jl oiW I' i ng
\\l' selected
( Scacrola armulal.
fan
liu t an,
plant II i l il a n Upl'il!hl haiti\ III I I hl'lp
t o bdld lll'L' J ill' rom[Jo�ilton ol
! lie poL
l 'laC'I' ' o u r s\ t'il\1 lll'rry pot in a 'ili!IO) '>Pill. l ill' ll ll iltl'l' \I t'l l .
(: o m p a n i o n pla n t i n g For n·n t u ri t "< fa mw rs. g,l l'll<'llt'r
a n < l l l l ' r l la l i · t s hl ' l iC\ l ' t l t h <·n· is a
'>\ m l l i n t i< . u lt r • n I H' r w l r c r a l r<' lcl t io n s h i p l H ' t \\ < '<' n C < ' r l a i n pla n t s t ha t gro\\
llt'ill' t't!Cil o t l w r. H\ g n m i n g c c rt a r n h e rbs t oge t lw r l o r p ro t ec t i o n . a n < J u t l w r s t o cl t l r
1\ p t·�· o l co m p a n i o n s
or protects beneficial insects while they
Farmers and gardeners have pract1ced
feed on the target pest is another worth
compan1on plan ing for thousands of
while strategy.
years, and there are several different
Place plants with similar sunlight or
types of companion plants. There are
watenng requirements together, and grow
"nurse" plants, such as climbers, wh1ch
heavy feeder crops, such as cabbages,
shelter tender herbs from the wind or
which need h igh levels of calcium, w1th
sun, 'trap" plants, wh1ch lure pests away
others that don't, such as sage or thyme.
from your favorite plants l i ke sacrificial
Plant cabbages with dill, because it attracts beneficial insects (see opposite), or With sage and thyme.
basil and parsley. In other words,
lambs; and "bamer" crops, wh1ch exude
Nitrogen "fixers"
rejuvenate the soil by rotating seasonal
a chemical or oil that deters pests. So,
Legummous plants - 1ncluding peas,
crops with vary1ng needs.
when you're choosmg wh1ch herbs to
beans, sweet peas and lupms - play an
grow, consider which ones enjoy each
important role in the garden. Known as
Nematode repe l lers
Oltrogen-fixmg plants, they can absorb
In the Northern Hemisphere, gardeners
other's company or provide your garden with a particular benefit. For 1nstance, you can confuse the pests so they can't find the plants they're
n1trogen gas from the air and convert it
bel1eve that 1f you plant marigolds, a
into a nutrient form through their roots.
chemical exuded from their roots will
Once they've matured, add legumes and
prevent nematodes 1n the soil. Some practices may be folklore, others
seeking. M1x non-flowenng herbs, such as
garden compost into the soil to replen1sh
oregano, with flowering ones hat attract
nitrogen sources. This is particularly
chewmg 1nsects - such as gera n iums or
beneficial before or after planting root
1n one location may not work elsewhere,
roses. Planting a companion that hides
crops or heavy feeders of Oltrogen, such as
so experiment w1th various combinations.
These leguminous plants are nitrogen-fixers. From left lupins, snow peas and sweet peas.
based on sc1entific fact, and what works
Vo� , tv� that fli'U!/
I n:c rl I � )H' S
Insects are a n impo rtant part o f a garden's natura l ecosystem. As plant polltna tors, they both bring life and susta in it, and may also defend your garden against un wanted predato rs
tXUV
6econu?/ r�,
& Jaicf
to � rio� r
and parasi es. For example, ladybirds love aph ids, and some specific types also feed on scale insects and mites. The larvae of
Trap crops o r l u res Using natural decoys not only draws
common lacewings eat caterpi llars,
unwa nted insects away from your plants
aphtds and other soft-bodied insects,
but also ma kes pest control easier: Once
while the assassm bug tnjects lethal
they've congregated on the decoy plant,
saliva mside its prey before sucking
you can destroy the l u re (and the pests).
out tts insides.
Fi nd out when the peak pest imes occur
m
Parasites often lay their eggs on or
and decide whether one well-timed
the bodies of their prey where, once
growing period is all that's req u t red. or
hatched, they will feed off their host,
whether you need to plant tra p crops
eating them from the inside; tachinid
successively throughout the season to
fly larvae are parasites of caterpilla rs.
keep the pests under control. It's also
So tf you spray your susceptible herbs
I m portant to know the life cycle of
wtth insecticide, you're likely to k i l l all the
various insects so you can successfu lly
beneficial insects as well. If you grow your
break their breed ing cycle.
herbs organically, essentially you're letting
Grow butterfly-attracttng plants to draw t nsects. such as the Monarch butterfly, to your garden.
Nasturtiums, for instance, are tdeal Other chotces tnclude borage, coriander,
your garden - a bala nced ecosystem -
trap crops to grow near edibles and roses,
regulate itself.
because cabbage whtte caterpillars a n d
licorice, hops, lemon balm, lovage, sage,
aphtds love them (aphids a r e often
nastu rtium, pa rsley, rosemary, rue, sweet
attracted to yellow flowers). You can also
vtolet and thyme. Many of hese herbs
l u re tomato fruit worms away from their
repel pests, too. For example, tansy wards
intended target by planting borage or d i l l
off aphtds, fruit fly, cabbage moth a nd
close t o y o u r tomato plants.
cabbage whtte but erfly.
Benefici a l i n sects
1 n sects, s u c h as some wasps a nd beetles,
No a l l tnsects are detnmental, so find
to your garden by planttng flowenng herbs,
out which ones you actually need to
such as dill, ch ives and fennel.
You can also welcome other poll i n a tm g \tan) herbs haH' armnallt oi l
mntJtmng rlwmirdl ro mpou n t h
that
t l'prl pt•sts. hut )llU nt'l'd t o llrush
aga irt s l them tht•tr
ern h.
pil'asanll) .tn·
befor!' tht') relt•ast• 11 htch
grx11J to �1'011
,m·as,
an• u sua l l )
J t oma t tr . Till'S!' I l l' I hs 10 high t 1 a IlK
such as alortgsidl'
pd i h ll a1 ' ·
i lt'fl' dl'l' Sllflll' SU/!/!I".,tlrtrts. • llot'mll oorl rt'jl('ls ITIINjll l t m•s
deter or destroy For example, some caterpillars mtght chomp their way through a few leaves, but u nless they're rampant, constder leaving them alone after a l l, they m ight transform hemselves t n to beau iful butterflies and adorn you r garden. So es ablish which caterptllars are dotng the damage and need to be stopped, and wh1ch ones you can ignore.
•
Bas i l 11 a rrl qif hoth l i u•s dlld lllOVjU I [t)('',
The bee pol l inates m i l l ions of lowers to produce edible food crops and ornamen a l flowers. Butterflies are also
• Ft'nn<"l d r t d Pl'rtll\ l'lll d l bot h
rt'tll'l
fli•a-,
• Rue dt•tt• rs C d h .
attracted by scented flowers and foliage In the herb garden, these mclude hyssop, oregano and woolly apple-mmt, along with echinacea, bee ba l m and the yellow daisylike flowers of mangold and tansy.
Be careful when spraytng your garden w•th pesttctd es. so you avoid ktltng beneftc iat nsects.
Pe s t s a n d d i s e a e s I f t llt'rl'·s d p roillrm i n � o u r garde n . n o t e L lw sJ ill J l l o m s l w fore you p u l l
Problem
Possible cause
o u t l ilt' orl c n
Irregular holes, chewed leaves; black droppings
Caterpillars or loopers
t h e n t ·a n · s t a l l- p u r posr i n sccl iciclc.
Meandering silver lines across distorted leaves
Leafminers
Discolored or d istorted leaves
Thrips; lack of nutrients
Speckled dots on leaves and "cobwebbing"
Two-spotted mite
Thr p ro l l l t • m co u l c i iJe c a u sf'cl hJ a I W S l . l Jac t e l'ial d i seasr or 1 i i'US.
Flowers dropping off before blooming;
c1 e n t ile e m i ro n men t . a n cl ea c l1 req u i re. a d i ffe re n t
o l u l io n .
Com mon pmblcms
brownish marks on petals
Petal blight [fungus)
Stunted, wilted plant
Soil-horne fungus
Stunted plants; yellow, mottled leaves
Mosaic virus
Orange/brown powdery pustules underneath leaves
Rust, a fungal disease
Sticky leaves, black "soot" and ants
Sooty mold [a fungus) growing on a
Familiarize yourself with the plant's
secretion produced by aphids, scale
condition, or take a sample cutting to
insects or mealybugs. The insects are the problem, the fungus is a by-product.
the horticulturalists at your local n ursery
Buds not opening; leaves twisted and distorted
or garden center and ask them to identify
Aphids
the problem for you. Here's a list of some symptoms and their possible causes.
C a u ses o f pes l s a n c l d i sea ses
•
Does the herb have sufficient light?
•
If not, you have three options: Thin out the surrounding plants, move
Is it being overwatered? Many herbs like to dry out between waterings.
•
Is underwatering the problem?
Pests and diseases are usually the
the troubled herb or plant something
Watering can require a fine balancing
symptoms of a n underlying problem.
more suitable. Herbs that have become
act. Stick a finger a few centimetres
Generally, healthy plants are insect- and
leggy and straggly are often reaching
into the soil or potting mix to check
disease-free, so look at the basics first.
for more light.
on its moisture content. •
Is the herb being neglected? Move it to a more accessible position, remove it or write yourself reminder notes.
•
How ohen is fertilizer applied? Giving plants access to the right nutrients will produce growth and vigour when and where it's needed. Check to see if the herbs need an a ll-purpose feed or one that is specifically for leaf or flower and fruit production and apply
Leafhoppers are minute sapsuckers that damage
Remove caterpillars by hand or plant "trap" crops
plants and also spread plant pathogens.
to keep them under control (see
page 1 69).
accordingly. Remember that more is not better, so overfertilizing won't produce faster-growing or healthier plants. Always remember to follow the manufacturer's recommendations.
I n sec t i c i de a n d fu n g i c i des Basically, there are two major problems you can treat with chemicals - insect pests and fungal diseases. If you have Female mealybugs are sapsuckers and protect
To treat m ildew, remove any affected foliage
themselves with an unsightly powdery wax.
and also use a fungal spray.
any herbs affected by a virus, you'll have to destroy them.
Latlyb inh rlr1 uur aphid . sca lr
ro Ot cour�e . i t '. much hea l t h ier u r na r ura l
remetli es.
in rcr, ancl thr 1110-
parUru iMil
1r }ou're ,gro11in g ct.Jil!lc hel'l> . • 'Ji•eal i n secr pest
meal) bug. ,
u l ack mole! on Je;11 es. To
�uch as m i l e .
oap
oar coa l � t he
•
Tackle l ea f-e
A beer trap will attract slugs and snails. You can also recycle a margarine container.
•
lhuringiPnsis
slo11 1 1 •
Pick
�i l l
Bacillus
bacLcria ll' i l l
•
• l
•
Encusc an
infested pi n r i n a � m d l l
base.
ancl p u l l t lw 11 ho l e pl a n t our lor j u 1 c u t orr the arrertrd · t r m J .
afminer. sa11 fl� and lee�r bee L ie
11 i \ 11 spmosad. a n a l u ral product
l i l r ond I0\1 tui\i c i t } .
plaslic hag. l ie I t arounrl the
i nc l u d i n g
dem ·d from a ·oil fungus.
moL tlrr
c PYI' t h ru m . n n a t ural
rL' · w ua l
caterpillars. f r u ! l fl). t h ri p .
I
to
m i trs. a p h id ·.
in�eclicicle 1� \ l h a shnrt
orr 18rgcr pests. such as
Conli'OI 1 ar iou� i n sects.
up and a t tack nt11er a ph t u .
mea l yb ugs. 11 h l le fl\ and scale.
m o l offender .
caterpillars anu loopers. h� hand.
to raL The ladytJird . 11 i l l J hr n huilrl
planl -basl'd oils ( ra L 11er Lhan
i n�rcts such a
rsold a- D i re i J . T h i s
natural!) occurring
'l l'l
prt roleum-llast'd)
l i ng catNpiiiJI .. of
moths and b u t t erfl1es 11 llh
t
ha rbor a n a nhitl t h a t dorgn't a t tack
insert. 11 hich dies of su ffocat ion
a nd deh\dr alinn.
a u ra
otlwr pla n t s and t ha t ladylmtls l i ke
ap hids 1�il h n at u ra l r e m clit's nwdr from IO\HO�ir or pota' i u m
mite.
t h r m . plant somr n e t t les: They'll
calc. '' h i tefl) a n d
ba"cd . pra1 ·. Tht>
pon rd
and This onr reed' on m l lciCI\ fu n g o "
•
Usc l u r·s to clrtect
t h l'ips as ..,oon
as Lhey apprar in y o u r ga rd E· n .
I n t egra t e d p e s t m a n a ge m r n l An environmentally friendly alternative to pesticides is i n tegrated pest management
(IPM), w h ich
is usually available to home
gardeners only by m a i l order. Certain insects are mass bred for their natura l It could be that insects such as aphids are carrying the virus, so perhaps you need to deal with the problem by using
and t h e more toxic chemicals have been
predatory habits and then released so
removed from the m arketplace.
they can seek out and attack their target
At your local garden center you'll find
prey. Some of the beneficial predators
an appropriate chemical. It's also a good
low-toxic sprays that are less harmful
idea to go back o basics and check the
to waterways, bees and other beneficia l
plant's environment.
insects. Check with your local nursery
m i te used to control two-spot ed mites
so you can make an mformed choice
(or spider m ites). These m1tes suck the sa p
Insecticides
before tackling your spec1fic problem.
Formulated to k i l l only insects, insecticides
Final ly, take extra care when applying
include predatory mites and lacewi n g.
Phytoseiulus persimilis IS a predatory
from hop and rose leaves, causing them to mottle, yellow and die.
fall into two broad categories: con act
sprays to edible plants. Always follow the
insecticides, which k i l l the pest after it
manufacturer's instructions.
( Typhlodromips mon tdorensis) preys on
and systemic insecticides where the insect
F u n g i c i de s
curling, deformed leaves or leave silvery
1ngests the chemical by chewing or sucking
These a r e added to water and used to
brown damage, deform fru1t and leave
the plant, poisoning its nervous system.
drench the soil or saturate plan s. thus
pale feedi ng d a mage in flowers. This m 1 te
makes direct contact with the chemical,
However, the disadvantage of using
The Australian pear-shaped m i te most thrip larvae. Ad u l t t h r i ps create
treating a variety of air- or soil-borne
can be used for herbs that are susceptible
insecticides IS that they are very l i kely to
fungal diseases. Add a wetting agent to
to thrr ps, such as thyme a nd rosema ry.
JUSt the pests. For unately, over recent
coverage. Using a seaweed-based product
vears, many changes have been made to
as a foliar spray or to drench the roots
the active ingredients used in insecticides,
will a lso benefit the plant's heal h.
kill beneficial insects (see page 1 69). not
help spread the fungicide, g1ving a be ter
Green lacewmg
IS
e m p l oyed to targe
h r i ps, mealybu gs, greenhou se w h i tefly, small caterpil lars a n d two-spo tted mites and moth eggs.
I-l a rve s t i n g , p re s e rv i n g a n d s to r i n g l l cl i'\ ('S l i ng I IH ' IIO\\ l'I'S. l('cl\l'S. '\('('ti'i. I'OOl S a n d C'\t'n ha r� Of l h l' hrrh � ou \ t • n u rt u r!'c l 1 s one ol garden i ng·s l r u<' c l r l igll l . a n d t he re · so1n< > t h i ng i l l '> l CJS '> pt •c i a l about ga t he r i ng l ll e l l l in l hl' \\ i lc l . To m a �r l iH ' most or
\ CH J r !ld l"\ l's l . folio\\ ou r l i p.· for c o l l ec t i ng. pre<;e r\ ing a n d sto r i ng herbs a -; \\ ( ' 1 1 ciS U 'l i ng t he m safe ! � .
S a l ('l\
Use the correct p a rt
At best, m1stakmg the identity of a plant
The chemical characteristics of d ifferent
or using the wrong part could mean that
parts of each plant vary, and consequently
your herbal remedy is ineffective, but at
have different effects on the body. For
worst you could make yourself or someone
example, just as coriander leaves and
else very ill by accidentally collecting a
seeds each bring d i fferent characteristics
plant that's toxic.
to a recipe, so too do the leaves and roots of the dandelion plant have different
I d e nt i fi cation From a safety standpoint, there's nothing
medicinal actions.
A cake rack is p�rfect for drying l�aves, or you
could str�tch some m�sh ov�r a wooden fram�.
Before harvesting a plant for culinary
more important than ensunng that you
or medicinal reasons, double-check which
Leaves
only harvest an herb if you are confident
part of the plant you need to use. Once
The best time to collect leaves is on a
you know what it is. Th1s is reasonably
again, making a mistake could have dire
d ry, sunny morning before flowering has
straightforward in your own garden, but
consequences - for example, bark from
started. Choose a time after the dew has
can get tricky if you're collecting plants
the shrub called cramp bark ( Viburnum
evaporated, but before the sun gets too
you haven't planted yourself.
opulus) is a very useful medicine, but
hot and starts causing the essential oils
the berries from the same plant are toxic
in the plant to evaporate.
Once plants are dried, it becomes even more d i fficult to tell them apart, so harvest and dry only one herb at a time to
Use gardening scissors or pruning
and should not be eaten.
shears to snip sprigs or stems of young,
mixed up, and always tag or label them
I l a rve ling a n d d r i ng herb
immediately, so they're easy to identify.
Freshly cut herbs add extra zing to your
prevent d i fferent batches of plants getting
healthy leaves, or gently pluck individual leaves from the plant by hand. Remove
cooking and boost the refreshing flavor of
don't wash them in water. Discard any
herbal teas (see Infusions, page 790). But
leaves that look diseased or damaged.
most of the time, you'll want to dry your
strip the lower leaves from each stem, tie
needed - regardless of the season.
the stems together and hang the bunches upside down. Spread mdividual leaves out
dark spot, most dried herbs will keep for
to dry - a cake rack covered with kitchen
about a year. (Also see Cooking, page 329.)
paper is ideal.
For more i nformation on the best time
Keep the leaves in a warm, airy place
and way to harvest specific herbs, consult
away from sunlight, and check them every
the Herb Directory, pages 72- 133.
day or so until they have completely dried.
70
enMd'"� t�
6wftwor � � tlrtul
6� � rlrf"tj-Jroce&Y aJ;- j0011/ afer luv-v� aJ;-jJ�JJ
;;rorluct, Dri�d l�aves should b� brittl� and �asily snap in
If you've collected sprigs of leaves,
herbal harvest so it's on hand to use when Stored in labeled glass jars, in a cool
your fing�rs. Stor� them 1n an airt1ght glass jar.
any d i rt by gently brushing the leaves, but
of
\lost
t h t• l'l f ii ! J I ITll'lll � ott'll llt't'd
� [or h.il'll' 'i l lll! ht•rhs arc 1'\ t'l'\drl
111111 '!'ltl lhl i t i'ITl' • Sharp -;cissor�. �hl'.il'"
or garde n
�nifr
l l l'lp pn·�t•n l
tLtlllill!t to t h t• pldnl hi .till il l ' II Sill;! il s h ,l l Jl hl,Hil' • ( ; J O\ l'� l 'rtlll'l'l
\ IIIII li.tlltl
h n s t l e s .11111 .t l l l'l'l.!l<'
lrom I horns .
n•,tr t ions h)
1\ t'.tnng good - qu.t l i l\
gard t ' n t nl! /.!lol l''· •
I f J M �'' i h lt' . g.I I IH'r twrh
Ba-,�<'1 1 11
" t rdl
111 fl,ll shal lo\1 ha ·kPt. ·o
\ 1 111 1".111 SJ11Tdd 0111 l h l'
diT1J1lt'S,
r.ntwr t h .1 n pilt• t h l' m up. \1o1d
S,ll b
II ' ! Ill! h.tgs Ill
.mrtm1 or
I IJ.tl lillllt
, t l h lll st•par.llt'
hullrlil''
ol ht•rhs to llll ll::!lt'
•
Canlt'ning
for� \\ lit'II d ll!l!lllg
up mo". ll't' 1 gardt'llllll! tork.
not ,,
hm t'l. "' I I i ·
sp.tdt• or
it' s 1 ! �!'11 to d.Jm.tCt' 1 111' plant of hnhs
• St r i ng Til' h u nrlll'
IOI!t 'l ht · r 11 1 1 h s t n ng .
\ llll J.thrJ
• f .;th('JS Till' SIH II!l'l'
d r i t ·d ht•rh
n11 11r
\ IIIII
t h •• It' ' I kl' l1
•
I Illi .Ill' to torgt·t 11 h.tl 1 1 1 1'\ ,t rt' •
l '. ! pt·r
hag�
I
,
p.tpn h.i�' t11r
r·otlt• · t m:., st'l'th. dlld ll'llll'lllht'l Ill
Hang bu nch�s of flower stems, with their stems stra•ght, wh�re Narm a or can corcu late around them.
•
lahl'i l ht'll' ro ll l t ' ll i s .ts I Ilii /!11.
1-(ar� II
or 1 1\1\ I I • t l" 1!11 llf'st
lit'll ih l' lt'
IS
,!til H I .111 111111
Flowers
heads •n a place where here •s plenty
.u·nlllltl 1 ht·m.
Co11ect flowers shortly after the buds have
of warm a r Clrculat·ng over a period of
pt rlt'l'l \1111 t'lllllti ,tl 11
opened and well before they start los1ng
a few weeks. Flowrrs conta1n h1gh levels
llll'sh I l l !it' l l I ll!.! lil t'!' , , ft.lllH'
thm petals. Flowers that grow 1n clusters
of mo1sture, so to prevent mold from
- for example, elder flowers, angelica and
formmg, make sure the petals aren't
meadowsweet - and those w1th long
overlappmg on the tray. Once the flowers
stalks, such as lavender and roses, can be
a re completely dned. they shou l d feel
p1cked on the stem, but it's preferable o
stiff, no l i mp.
collect nd1vidual flower heads of others, such as calend ula blooms .
Store dned flower heads l r' a dar glass Jar, or use 1n a pot pourri [see Around the
To dry flowers, follow the 1nstruc 1ons for •eaves (see oppos1te) and hang bunches
Home, page 284). And once you remove
of flowers or spread mdiv1dua l flower
1n dark Jars before they deter1orate
flowers trom dfled s ems. a l so store t em
•
( : ids"
11 ,, t .t�t· r.ul is
jar-. I l.t ' ' ' o l l l l i� h l .111tl
lllt l t s t u n· pt not. so tl'
pt•rft•t i
lor stot ln,.. t i t it'd lit'l lo
!ll ll it'l'
I I l'tCh
II 1 1111
t tllltit•!i ' . ! I IOII ill! ldlli!! u p
I I l h•• 1 . 1 1 . t ilt' lwrll t'llllipll'lt•f\
til\
I
I
\ fll ll l ot
1 1\ t ! Itt Ill
.tlld ,!IIIII\ l ht'lll I n tit i I I I I I Itt
hi'Ft l l t '
lllfllll!
I'
Seeds When collecting seeds. the timing is vital. Harves them in late summer in the short
\\ dn
period between the ripening of the seed
rom<� n t tr. l t u t l lwrr .tt c 't'l f't
• Ecol g1 01 ('1'-lw n e� t mg ul \\ t id
Keep a close eye on the plant, and
c m ps ol ·ornt• tn(•dirinal herb.
t'\IJt'tb rdn ITidkl' t n J s l , t ke s . \ l l hl\ s
has rcs u l t (•d i n t hrm IJrcornmg
when you judge that the seed pod is
L CIITI d p l d n l l!llldt• JS d rl'ft'I 'PnCl'.
cntlangrrrd Tlw rlas�tr r\ample
starting to ripen (its color will start
<1nd rlwck both lilt' pltotogrJphs <Jild
ts t Ill' \orlh \mt'rtrdn hrrh �oltlrn
changing from green to brown), cut
I IH' 11 t i t tt·n de,cTtpl tnn dga t n s t !'a I'll
st•a l . ll it trh has ,, tlr l'ned
the seed pods from the plant, taking
ht•rll. If 1 o u "'" tlou l l ! l u l of a pl, 1 ! 1 t 's
re p u t u l l l tn d s a polt'nl a n t unirrobial
plenty of the stem at the same time.
idP n l l l l . don ' t piCk t l . Prt'\ t • n l
rt'tTtt"il). L nfor t u natPiy, gulden ,eat
d t l l t•n•nt planh ! rom lwnun i ng
b a tl tffi c u l l plant to r u l t 1 1 ate. )Ul I
i s nne of t h l' mo>l popular mrtltcinal
h) 1 1 1 11g tlw samplt's i n t o l l u n d l c s
hrr!Js i n '\mrrica. 01 e r mau� � rars.
a n t ! l a l H' I tng t he m t1 • )Ou hdl'l t's t .
this has led to a n P '\ l l'l'mef)
\ l a ke sun· j ou collect t lw correct
l u c ra l l i P m a rket For ll tld-hari ('"L
P l l u t ion \ l u ll\ tJiant� t ha t ·eem to br �r011 ing in l h t• clean. grren cou n t rystrlc are a c t u a l !
expo�ed to
largl' q u a n t l l ie '> at poi l u l io n , 11 htch can accu m u late i n l hC I I' t issues anti be pa them.
ed on to t hose 11 ho con s u mP
Bt• a11 a re t ha t . in farmtng
d i s t ricts. agri c u l t u r a l ell rrncal· art' often �prayrd on crops. ancl may drt l t to atl rarrnt areas. P l a n t s gro11 m� b� t l w
i d e ol b u , � road�
are con t a n t 1 1 P\flOSc;>d to ·xhau ' t f u m e s . E \ e n a patch of h a l l hy
(or \\ t ldcra ftPtl ' l gotclt•n sent roo t .
l c � s prr1 al(•nt no11 t h a n 1 1 li dS m
) Ou r pan t n protPc t i ng our herbal hrrtlagr b) finding out \\ l1 ich. i f an). p l a n t s arr t• ndangered i n �our 011 n local area. a n d tea1 ing them bt>hind. E� t•n 11 11en pi nts a r
plen t iful. l l 's
good pract trr to hant'\l on!) 1\ hal you ron
U$C i m mediate!). and to
lem e a t least a t !J i rt l of each plant IJellind to regt�ncratr.
them inside a brown paper bag, and use string to tie the opening of the bag around the stems. Hang the bag
cJ
and con�L'quen l l ) the plant i � l a r
. t ricl l
Gather the stems in a loose bunch, place the ends with the seed pods on
r u m hi<'Ci nr Mftc u l t In tdcnt tf} I<J t e r
medtcinal part of t lw planL too. •
pod and the potnt when it bursts open to disperse the seeds into the air.
containing the herb in a warm, airy
spot (see page 163). As the seed pods ripen over the following week or two, the seeds will be released into the bag for you to collect. When the stems are dry, scrape any seeds still attached to the seed pods into the paper bag. If
you're going to use the seeds for
planting, you can keep them in the same bag, as long as you tape it shut and clearly label the bag with the plant name and the date on which it was harvested. If you're using seeds for culinary or medicinal purposes, they will have a stronger flavor if you store them in glass, but again, make
loo�ing herb'> t ha t you diti 01 er
sure you label each one appropriately.
i n a cou n t r� lane may h a 1 e bren
Avoid storing seeds in plastic bags,
spra1 ed 11 i t h 11 eetlki l l r r j u s t
because they allow moisture to build up
moment
and can cause mold to develop.
before you a rm ed.
\\ hrre\C'r pas ible. aat llt 'r
information about an) chemicals
Roots a n d rh izomes
u erl i n t h r area bef re you
Harvesting roots and rhizomes in autumn
start collec t ing herb ·. a n d alway ·
or winter maximizes the plant's ability
wa h them thoroughly before
to regenerate itself. Choose a time when the parts of the plant above the ground
U ' i tlg t ltl'm.
are starting to die back. That
• Lega l i t ies I n some counl rie . i t
1
i l legal t o collect plant. 11 i th o u t
fir t see�ing p e n n i
the whole plant and its roots. Carefully separate the portion of the root that
if you harvest her·bs i n a n a t ional park. or if you gather plant endanger ed.
that
also
Using a gardening fork, dig out
i o n from l h e
landO\\ n e r . You ' l l also b e i n trouble
ar
will
make it easier to identify them.
you want to use, and replant the rest Harvest sweet-smelling elder flowers in spring, before the buds are fully open.
immediately. Gently brush as much dirt as possible from the root. To clean more substantial
Jrup wlwte- Jn,in,f �e.tY or 6orr fhwerJ/ iAv f..c,et cubet/ and uJ.et the.nv iAv
{rtdt� and C{)ckt�
F r<'r z. i n g h e rbs Freezmg herbs is a great way t o retain their color and flavor. Although it isn't suitable for herbs you're going to
An Omani man taps a boswellia tree for the resin, better known as frankincense.
\ '' itll'r 1 ariety or herbs than vou
use medici nally, it is ideal for culinary
could eH·r hope 10 dry or h a n r t
herbs with very fine leaves or a very
�ourself rs m a ilable at your local
h i g h mo1sture content, and for those
health-food store. The more norular
that lose their taste when dried. Good
herbs
are available i n teahags. but
ca ndidates include fennel and d i l l tips,
11 h i l e con1 enient. the e �omel!m
tarragon, chives, parsley, chervil and basil.
con t a i n a 1011 er grade of herbal
For herbs you intend to use in sma l l roots and rhizomes, such as ginger and
quantities or a d d to w e t dishes, such a s
material. and Lend
to be more
l'\pen · ive bl 11 erght than loo e
horseradish, scrub them with a vegetable
soups, casseroles and risotto, freezing
herb . Look for dned herb
brush; however, gently rinse finer and
herbs into ice cubes works perfectly.
rrtai n the color and · h a pe of t he
more delicate samples, such as valerian,
Rmse fresh herbs under cold runnmg
plant and ha1 e a
under running water. Don't soak them,
water before choppmg hem finely. Place
scent. Reject tho ·e that are dust�.
or they'll take up water and lose flavor,
a tablespoonful of the chopped herb i n to
and perhaps develop rot. Once he roots are clean, cut them into small pieces and dry them in the oven at a very low heat ( 1 20. to
t 40•F] (so· to so•c).
You may need to keep the oven door ajar to prevent the temperature from rising too
each segment of an 1ce-cube tray, add
that
trong. plea a n t
po11 deo or ha1 e l ittle
mell. See
page · 328-9 for more mform a t 10n.
a little water, and then place the tray in the freezer. When the cubes are frozen, transfer them into a labeled plastic bag or container, and they'll keep for months. Freeze whole bunches of herbs to use
loosely together. Place the whole bunch inside a sealed and labelled plastic bag
much. Turn the root pieces regularly to
in larger q u a n tities or i n recipes that
ensure they dry out evenly; you'll know
won't benefit from the extra water of he
herbs will become qu ite brittle, so before
they're ready when they become brittle.
melted 1ce. After rms1ng the herbs, pat
you use them. just scrunch the bag with
them d ry with a paper towel and tie them
your hand to break h e leaves into p1eces.
Another way to store chopped herbs is to freeze a large quantity 1n a small plastic con tamer.
An ice-cub e tray is 1deal for freez1ng small quantit ies of herbs you tend to use spanng ly.
Allow the roots to cool before storing
and s ore i t in the freezer. The frozen
them in a dark glass jar.
Bark I 's easy to kill or injure a tree when collectmg 1ts bark, so in many cases it's better to use commercially ha rvested varieties of these herbs. If you do decide to collect bark yourself, choose a damp day, and use clean, sharp tools to remove i from the tree in vertical stnps at least a metre above the ground. Never take a horizontal band of bark from trees or collec bark from saplings, or they will die. Clean the bark to remove any d 1 rt, and then flatten it out as much as you can before leaving 1t in a warm, airy place o dry for a few weeks.
Trea t i n g com m o n a i l m e n t , a nc l con cl i l ion s a n d e ffcc l i\ l y \\ i l h h e rb. i i n te re ,' l a ' '' e l l a
a fe l
a n a rea o f grO\\ i ng
t h e foc u s o f re l'a r c ll a ro u n d
t h e wo r l n . F' i n cl o u t \\ h i c h h e rb, hme h ea l i ng p ro pc r t i e
-
a n d l e a rn t 11 e be ' l \\ a , to u se t h m .
n h e rb a 1 t r a d i t i o n l l u m a n ki n c l h a
been acc u m u l a t i ng a n d u ti l iz i n g
h e rba l k n m\ l c c lge for a l I a L 60. 000
l ll e \ n c i e n t . Ancient Egypt, a center o advanced
ca r .
(b. 460 BCE), who deserves to be remembered as much for
medical knowledge, borrowed knowledge
his sane medical advice on
from the M iddle East and also imported
lifestyle as for h1s remarkable
many d ried spices, herbs and fragrant
healing insights. Hippocrates
oils from Mesopotamia. Its first recorded
developed a systematic approach
healer of genius was l mhotep, physician
to diagnosis and took a rational
to he Pharaoh Zoser in about 2600 BCE.
approach to hea ling, based on a
So g reat was l m hotep's reputation that
profound knowledge of both herbs
he entered into Egyptian mythology.
and human psychology.
As Ancient Greece rose to power, its
While H ippocrates did not, to our
medical knowledge was, in turn, built on
knowledge, write an herbal, Theophrastus
that inherited from the Middle East and
of Eresus (b. c. 379 BCE). who was a pupil
Egypt. Several famous schools of medicine
of Aristotle, wrote two splendid herbals
In medieval monastery gardens, medicinal herbs and edibles were usually grown separately.
evolved around its greatest healers. The
that encapsulated Greek herbal knowledge
earliest recorded Greek physician, Asclepius,
of the time. The herbals also included
religious but also for surrounding villages
was credited with performing miracles
Aristotle's writings on botany, Historia
and travelers and pilgrims.
of healing; the rod of Asclepius. consisting
Plantarum and De Causis Plantarum.
Perhaps the greatest of all the Greek physic1ans was H ippocrates of Kos
The gardens of the religious were usually constructed on a symbolic cross.
of a snake wound around a staff. became the symbol of medicine that endures today.
became medical centers not only for the
The A l exa n d r i a n School
created by intersecting paths. A number
The most influential of a l l the medical
of specialized gardens were created within
schools was the Alexandrian School,
that layout, including cloister gardens;
founded in Alexandria. on Egypt's
a physic garden full of healing herbs;
Mediterranean coast. a great center
productive gardens. each bed dedicated
of culture where Oriental and Greek
to a particular vegetable or herb; a picking
influences met. The hybridization of the
garden to supply the church with flowers;
great medical traditions saw herbal
and an orchard, where brothers and sisters
medicine make many advances.
were often laid to rest.
The knowledge contained within the Alexandrian School was largely encapsulated in the very influential herbal Oe Materia Medica, produced by Dioscorides, a 1 st-century CE Greek physician. H is herbal, containi'ng some 600 precisely described medicinal plants, became the cornerstone of medicine for approximately 1 400 years, as first the
Wo� wit� clzdtl
If
that eat � wilt 6ear w/.MV clulrlreJV. " Rrmht>rl OOUIJI'n'>.
I � 17 I
18:i
great Roman Empire contracted and then European learning stagnated.
\ l o n a s l i c �a r
A surviving 820 CE plan for the model monastery, intended for St. Gall in Switzerland, reveals just such gardens together with plantings according to the
Europe's knowledge was guarded by
list that was decreed by the Carolingian
monasteries and nunneries. which
king, Charlemagne the Great.
The grea t herb als The 10th-ce ntury Glastonbury Herbal r�vea led an extensive knowled ge of herbs,
I n Sou t h
while the Leechdom, produced in the same
Sou t h Afrlc<Jns con s u l t 1 racl i l lona l
centu ry, is an outstand ing compila tion of
h ca l rrs.
\fnCil. 7 o u t �lore t ha n
of 1 0 bldl'�
700
spl'nr" nf
medical and veterinar y herbal knowledg e of the t1me. An extens1ve herbal was also
10d1gr n ou s hl'rhs arr h an t•strcl fl'l lnl
produced by the preemine nt medical
ava1 1alih' m commt•rual prl'parations.
lhr \1 i l d c>ach �l'a r. 3nd man� arc>
school in Europe during this period, the
'1\v o popu l a r t'\a m pl l's arr
Welsh Physicia ns of Myddfa i.
(Sul/l('r/anc/Jd
The Norman invasion of England saw
rrutt'src ·n�).
C'ilnrPr
hush
ru n su l rred
a gonrl all-pUfiiOSt' tome for 1 1 1 \ / \ l l ls
Dried buchu leaves (Agathosma betulma)
a refinement in the gardens of pleasure
su ffrrrrs \1 ho nrrd to llno�l t hru·
associated with castles and manor houses.
appr t i t r . and huchu
Filled w1th fragrant herbs as well as
hc/JJima). ta �rn for t hr t re a t m e n t
\\ 1 t iH I U I ;m� l it· nl'fl l acrrumg
arr nu\1 bring ta �r n 10 prt'\ t 'llt l h !'
l l c> r l ls 111 L IH' fu t u rr. fhi{:C IRI�
(
\{icJli/Osma
or m i ld urinm1 tract i n frcuon . St�ps
flowers, they included plants such as the legendary Rosa gal/ica 'Officina lis;
rommrrrial prod url lon of l h t•st• lwrlis
1 1 1 tiH'
I IHiigenuus (lro p l t · (sl'r fc · a l llrt' llo\.
that found their way to Europe from the Crusader expeditions. The greatest of the English herbals emerged from the 1 6th century onward.
Parkinson. an apothecary and botamst who
resurgence in herb usage a n d herb c u l t u re
William Turner's New Herbal included no
is remembered for Porodisi in Sole Poradisus
worldwide. At the same ime, the complex
fewer than 238 British plan s. But for
rerrestris and Theatrum Botanicum.
i n teraction between body, m1nd and spiri of holistic medicme.
physician, apothecary and knowledgeable
\ l od n n h e l' h a l m e (J i c i n r
gardener, who first published his Herbal/ in
The modern practice of herbal medicine,
come, and with 1 t the acknowled g m e n t
1 597, basing it on tha of the Rem ish
coupled with a fascination with culinary
that herbal medicine deserves respect 1 n
physician Dodoens; and also that of John
and fragrance herbs, has seen a g reat
i t s o w n n g h t.
charm as well as content, two others remain unsurpassed - that of John Gerard,
1\ L l ra . L
I 30
d i ffcn·nt
is again being acknowledged i n he field An era of complementary medic1ne has
sprcies \\ t'I'C'
empiO]l'tl 10 lwrllal mrd 1 c inr. 1nc l u d 1 1 1g l hr· Thr -\ustralian co n t i n e n t include range of em ironment
.
and coo l -tem pera te mo.
S\\drnp� coa ·tal
a \\ 1de
from ra i n fore t forrst s to
w�etauon. Its ancient nora. dr5c<'nde
t rra um·nl of \\ Ounds. l 'i l u r 1 . a s t ra m of
1
from lhr grrat superco ntinent of r.ond\\ a na l and. is qui I<'
rto. sibl\-
thr
f1re adaptati on) anu a J �al01d · .
Sad!�. much of thr kno\\ lf'dge pas ru on
by
Dulioi,'lil hopu oocln. 11as rht'\1 t•tl and u t'(l Silll l larl\ to coca
lra\ t's 111
Sout h
\menrd.
to c l u l l h u ngrr. O\C'rcome filllgue and nu11111
nche.t ut the 1\ 0r l d for both rs ·c•n 1 1a l
o1h ra
J.:uca(\J!IUS
spt•ciro,. f..n0\1 n as �mo. It became \\ uk l �
us('rl b) early ·rulers for c l 1 a rrhra anct t he
hrat h l a nd�. cuca l ) p t u
'rrub and va ·t tleserts \I 1th �parse
hartl�nC'tl gum c\udate of �ome
the ora l tradiuon of t h e \bo ng1 n a l
\u�trah an. \\as lo t brforc> i l could IJt•
n·cordt•d. Their techn1 qu •s includ •d anu t' p l lc pou l t �res. the inhala t ion
or rru ·hrd l t'a\ t' . sun-r \tra L<'d lt'a anil l h!' ChC\\ IIlg of \dfiO US lc'CI \ t'S.
pam. r spru a l l v on long rou rn e\ s. 0Lilt'r SpC'cirs \\ ldCI� IISt'rl lllCIUdt•d
thr a n l ibart c• na l and a n l i fungal ·IJI'Ialrllc.l
al/l'rtllfofttl a n d somt· relatPcl 'llC'Cit•.·.
and p l u mhush ! Sanwlum IJncc·otillllm) Toua1 . man� a J om d l l c herhs hil\ t'
llrrumP
pop u l d l fo1· t u l l ll J I'\ and
pt>rfu mt'l'\ U\(', uH l u d mg l l'mo n m y n l t ·
( Raci..IIUtNti r'JiriOiforal anti mnu n i.J IIl pt•ppcrht'l'l\
I 't;J ,mamua
lann•ofat,J I.
\\ c s tc 1 n l1 c rl> a l p h i l o so p hy T h t • -; t � lc nl lw r l l a l nwt l ic i rw c u r n • n l l \ prac t iced in L IH' \\'c t e rn wo rld llds i t s roo t \ i n t lw t rad r l ! o n s or l·: u rope a n d "-, o r t h 1\ m e r ic a . l l u t i t ha · d l ·o acloptcd some· �c·� rt 'nw< l i e s rrom \!'rica a n d Sou t h
c l.' I r o m t h e p ra c t ice or C h i ll l ''>l' a n d \yUI'\ l:' C i i C m e d i c i n e .
.\ a l i\- c \ met'ican h c rbali m
me rica a · " P l l
It is said that 11 hen the Pilgrim arri1ed rn �orth
90 di ea
merica. re\\ rr
�t· l u t n i n g l h <' h ( H t \ l ) • I; < •
fighting approach
when dealing with dangerously h1gh blood
among
At rts heart, Western herbal med1crne
pressure. a life-threatening infection. a
\\ ho e extraordina ry filne
re arns some of the philosoph1es espoused
burst appendix or an anaphylactic allergic
1 ita l i ly wa
by the Greek phys1c1an Hippocrates and h1s
reaction - all of which require drastic and
doctors in early Colon ial day .
contemporarres more than 2,000 years ago.
fast-actrng treatment.
IS
exactly what's required
than
alive Amerrcan people.
noticed b
and
Europran
auvr American healer were
These eachrngs included he prrnc1ple that
highly re peeled and pia� ed
a pat1ent's d1et. environment and mental
Gentle treatment
state all contributed to h1s or her well-being.
for c h ro n r c hea lth p ro b l e m s
Today's Western herbalists take a similar
w re kno\1. n
a
valuablr role in thr phy iral and pirilual \\.ell-being or their society.
al o
On t h e other hand. herbs a r e often
The}
holistic approach to healthcare. prescribing
appropriate for chronic disease states.
on wbich
had a rich herbal traditron
to ctra\\ wh n treating
die ary and other l ifestyle changes as well
which develop over a longer period,
illne
as herbal remedies. based on the principle
and whose symptoms may be less well
and cont raceplil e purpo es.
that the factors that contribute to ill
defined. These conditions are commonly
health need to be removed i n order for
l i nked with u n healthy dietary and lifestyle
or injury. and ror midwiFef}
1bda� mao round i n the
or the remedre
\\ e tern herbali L's \Cf}
habits. and they often respond well to
di pcnsary - including the
This is an extension of their view that
slower-acting, gentler herbal remedies -
popular herb echinacea. golden
the body often repairs itself when provided
especially if healthier habits are adopted
with the opt1mal conditions in which to do
at the same time. By addressing these
\I ere
so - another concept associated with the
chronic states of ill-health. herbs may help
by the
Hippocratic tradition, wh1ch taught the
prevent some conditions developing into
healing to occur.
vis medicatrix naturae, or innate, self
more serious diseases that require acute
healing capacity of the human body.
i n tervention; in fact. disease prevention is
I n many ways, this goal of returning
a l ( below) and black coh
h
nu in troduced to e u l ers alive American .
often an i mportant goal of treatment.
the body to a state of balance is central to every decision the herbalist makes i n
D r gestrve system
treatment. Whereas the medical approach
In order to restore the body to a state of
largely focuses on fighting disease and
balance, the Western herbalist considers
pathology, the Western herbalist mainly
the functioning of each of the body's
works toward optimizing the function
major organs and body systems. Of central
of the organs and body systems so that
importance are the digestive system and
the body can heal itself.
the organs of elimination: optimizing their
Of course. in all acute and serious
ability to assimilate nutrients and process
•
normalize hormonal balance, relieving
conditions, medical intervention is entirely
the bodily wastes is a major focus of many
the symptoms of menopause or
appropriate. The specific, targeted, disease-
treatment protocols.
premenstrual syndrome and, where it is appropriate, priming the body
The herbalist may also prescribe
"Cure- .wnud�,
op-uv, w+rt alw� "
•
treat
thr·r•
r
lit
c
w
no
01.
for conception;
remedies that: help the patient cope better with stress
•
relieve pain and inflammation; and
by either building up or calming down
•
support heart and blood vessel function.
the nervous system ; •
enhance resistance t o infection or
I n d iv i d u a l ized care
allergy by supporting the patient's
Before determining an appropriate
immune system ;
treatment. the herbalist considers each
patien t's Indiv idual circu mstances and g constitution. For exam ple, in form ulatin loss, t weigh rting suppo for a prescription t actors t e herbali st may take into accoun energy , habits l bowe t's patien the as such cope levels, hormonal sta us and ability to to with stress. This individ ualised approach the not , treatment - "treatin g the person disease" - is the oppos1te of the "one size fits all" approach that can be characteristic of the medical or pharma ceutica l model.
Co m h i n i n � S < ' J e n c c a n ( ! t ra d i ti o n
a prescription from your Western medical herbalist
IS
likely to combme remed1es
is greater than any of the individual remedies acting alone. Synergy also applies to the compounds
that have been clinically proven with others whose use is based on traditional experience. In many cases. five or six different herbs - or more - are blended
w1thin a plant, with Western herbalists believing that the whole remedy provides a safer, more effective medicine than its
in one prescription.
individual active constituents.
Synergy
compound originally derived from
For example, aspirin, a salicylic acid meadowsweet, sometimes causes side
The prescription of combinations of
effects of gastric bleeding, whereas the
remedies demonstra es the herbalists' belief in synergy - the concept that
herb in its entirety does not, and even
different botanical medicines work
seems to offer some protection from the
together to produce an effect that
gastric irritation caused by salicylates
To achieve these aims, the modern practice of Western herbal medicine, which
IS
mainly based on the traditional
practices of Europe and North America, has adopted an eclectic group of key remedies from Afr1ca and South America as well as from traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. Cl i nica l tri a l s
However, unlike Chinese and Ayurvedic herbalism (or, for that matter, the Hippocratic approach to medicine see the box at nght). modern Western herbalism does not incorporate a humoral or "elemental" approach to disease. For that reason, the herbal remedies the Western herbalist borrows from other traditions are rarely used in their original context. The Western herbalist prescribing dan
The l l ippo l'a lic school oF IIH'rl i c i ne t heorizrd t h a t t ile 11 orl!l
shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), for example, is
including
IIH' h u m a n
illlU f'l r r, t h mg in i t
lind) - 11'8' i n rlti�JICt'd ll) t ile Four rlemen t s ol' fir('. \I d l er. cal t h
likely to be thinking of its clinically proven
and a i r . I n h u m a n , t hP r lemcnt
actions in angina and other heart problems,
these. i n t u rn . 1 n n urncrd each inuivldual's con s t i t u t inn a n ! l per�ona l i t ) . Sicknr�s
ra her than its traditional Chinese attributes
also lllamru on un imllalanre
as a cooling herb.
hrlpt'd
ruled tou r fluids rercrretl t o a: tllr h u mors. a n d
11 ils
or llw h u mors. and t lir pa rt icular 1mbalancr i ll\ ol 1 rd
to tlictute thP appropriate remedies to
lw
usrd 111 tn'i l l llll' n l .
In fact, Western herbalists are increasingly turnmg to scientific evidence such as this to validate their traditional knowledge. Notwithstanding that the scientific study of herbal medicines has
Element
Fire
Humor
Yellow bile
Phlegm
Black bile
Blood
Personality
Choleric
Phlegmatic
Melancholic
Sanguine
(lazy, slow-thinking
(prone to
(relaxed and
and slow-moving)
depression
(quick to anger)
to overcome a un1que se of challenges (see Herbs in the future, page 786). the double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial has become the gold standard of herbal medic1ne research - just as It is in med1ca1 science. Given that relatively few herbs have been subjected to any scien ific scrut1ny,
Water
Earth
Air
cheerful)
and sorrow)
Health issues
Hot. dry
Cold, damp
Cold, dry
conditions, eg.
conditions, eg.
conditions, eg.
conditions, eg.
liver problems
respiratory infection
constipation
diarrhea and
Hot, damp
and other catarrhal
other conditions
conditions
associated w1th over-mdulgence
E a s L r n h rba l p h i l o o p h y Till' a n r i 1 ' i 1 l pracl lt'!''i ol l l'dd i l i o n a l
bemgs should strive to live 1n accordance
C l l i llt"·W <1 1 1 < l \� u n !' d i c lw r i la l
with the rules of nature and emphasise
llH' d i t' l l l t ' . i ln t ll llol h t ic a p p roactws
the Importance of balance and harmony. In keepmg with the Tao teach1ngs, the
Ill IH'< l l l ng. d f'!' i ld-.t'
goal of all healing 1n TCM IS to restore
p r i n c i p l e o l h u mor" o r c l e m e n t ·
internal harmony.
a n d l o c u s on ! TC'
\ n a tH' i <' n L t r a d i l i o n \\ i l h s p i r i t u a l roo t ..; Chinese herbalism has a h1story that can be traced back thousands of years. The most famous of Chinese herb books, The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic (or Huang
This philosophy of returning the body
In the human body, q1 is believed to flow along channels called meridians. These are not physical anatomica l structures like the blood vessels, but nevertheless TCM practitione rs can identify thelf locations with pinpoint accuracy so they can insert acupunctur e needles in any one of over 500 individual points,
((H{!/ Who fake!¥
n-zd� MU/� to r/iet wade!¥ the- Ji
affecting the flow of qi through the body.
Y i n a n d yang Another important concept in TCM is that of ym and yang, two opposite but complementary qualities hat can be attributed to all things. The familiar circular symbol made up of black and
Di Nei Jmg). may have been written 1n
white tear-drop shapes, each containing
about 100 BCE, but its ongins are even
a small piece of the opposing color, is
older: the emperor for whom it was
to a state of balance in order to bring
called the taijitu. I t represents the
named ruled from 2,698 to 2,596 BCE.
about healing is not unique to TCM - in
dichotomy of yin and yang by illustrating
Since then, Chinese scholars have cont1nued to document this complex and
fact, 1t is also central to the philosophies
that any two opposites are dependent on
of Western herbal ism and Ayurveda. But
each other, and cannot exist in isolation -
sophisticated method of healing, and
the methods used to achieve this aim in
each requlfes the other in order to make
traditional Chinese medicine continues to
TCM are unique, a nd the concepts and
up the whole.
thrive today 1n mainland China, in other
practices i nvolved can be quite difficult
Chmese communities throughout Asia,
for Westerners to grasp, especially as they
and increasingly in the Western world. The philosophy of traditional Chmese medicine (TCM) has its basis in the
encompass not only herbal medicine, but
as feminine, passive, dark, cooling and
also acupunct u re, massage, diet therapy
associated with night. Yang is depicted
and healing exercises. such as q i gong.
in white in the taijitu, and has act1ve, masculme qualities associated with heat,
sp1ritual practice of Tao1sm (sometimes spelt Daoism), which teaches that human 1.
Boxthorn (Lycium borborum)
bilobo)
3. Chinrsr haw
4. Ginseng
2.
Ginkgo (Ginkgo
( Ponox ginseng) 5. Schisandra
(Schtsondro chinrnsis) 6. Dan shen (So/via
miltiorrhizo) 7. Bitter orangr (Citrus ourontium)
8. �-
Dong quai (Angelico polymorpho var. sinensis) Qing hao (Artemesio annual
(liziphus ;ujubo)
10.
The l i fe force The Chinese use the word qi (sometimes
( Crotoegus pinnotifido}
Chinrsr date
Yin is represented by the black segments of the taijitu. It is characterised
westernized as chi or ki) to refer to the
lightness and daytime. A state of harmony exists in the body when yin and yang are balanced, but a
life force that inhabits not only the
relative excess of one quality (and the
human body, but also all aspects of the
consequent deficiency of the other)
environment and everything in 1t. Oi is
causes an imbalance that can lead to
a moving energy, sometimes defined as
illness and disease. Herbs and foods are
'breath' or 'air; which also has many
classified according to how yin or yang
characteristics of fluids.
they are, and the effects they have on
5
•
an the bod , and these quali ties are g to help1n 1n n eratio impor tant consid
\� u rwdic med i c i n e
res ore harmo ny and health .
The five elements Like several other anc1ent systems of medicine, TCM IS based on a theory of eleme ts or humors. Each of TCM's five elements or 'phases' - 111 reference to the1r cyclical nature - has different qualitieS, governs d1fferent bodily functions and can
be influenced by different medicines and foods. with the taste of each medicine givmg insight into which element or
elements i affects. In addition, each of the elements - fire, earth, metal, water and wood - interacts with and mfluences the others in many ways.
Visiting a TCM practitioner
\ ) Ul'll'da. a tradlllonal ht'a li ng ��stem
A TCM practitioner uses tongue, facial a n d
rrum lnd1a. 1s an ancJent holistic hra l t h
pulse diagnosis, as w e l l as your description
praclicr 11 1 1 h man) similarilles to
of your symptoms, to determine whether
tradi tiona l Clune ·c• nwd innr
there is an imbalance
' " �� l l h
111
the five elements,
n the ym and yang of the body, or the
TC\1.
(TC�I}.
t he a 1 m or \�ur\Cdlc
halann•. Thi
bewildenng to a Westerner, who might
dietary changr.
be puuled to hear heir practitioner make
hrrhal ml'clicme� a m i a t o through
hey came for a consultation about the1r persistent headaches! Depending on your individual needs,
4. Winter cherry 5. Turmeric
( Withama sommfera)
( Curcuma Iango) 6. Brahmi
(Bacopa monnien1 7. Gotu kola (Cent�//a
asiatica) 8. Tamarind ( Tamarindus indica)
t o bring t he bOd) into
mcdJcme i
flow of q1. The terms used can be quite
a d1agnos1s of spleen qi deficiency when
1. Fenugreek ( Trigon�lla foenum-graecum) 2. Gymn�ma sylvestre 3. Nig e ll a (Nig�lla sativa)
I ' achit'\ed through
thr
prescn ption or
•
mrd l la t Jon diHI yoga . - \� u n rda" is
a San , kr i t 1\ 0rd that literally means "thr ·cienu• or tiling: l'l'necung
\ a la
gO\ ern
ancl m i n tl .
the
mcM'mrnt n r
ancl LIH'
tht•
runrllonin�
hod�
or
Lh�
CJrrulalion. nerw-,. m u,rles a n d bones.
It
IS assoc iated
11 Jlh dr lll'SS. co ttl and
11 ind \\ hen 1 a LJ i � 1011. il
can flp
pnnc1p l l' t h a t an J O d i \ idual's ht•alth ''
' l l rn u lal�d h\ h i l l er. J '>lr l llge n l i:lnd
your pract1 10ner IS likely to prescnbe
thr1r 1111 n rr,polhibi lll� and t hat thl'
pungent tastes. 11 hilr 'iflur. s11 t•et and
herbs for you, and sometimes a l so a
ph)�Jrian
course of acupuncture. Chinese herbal formulas often contain n u merous herbs,
an unlv guicll' lhrir patients.
A�J m . l i kl'
TC� I .
\yun Pdll 1�
I.Jas�·ct
on a h u moral ph i l m.ophy. hut thrre
are
which are boiled together for up to a n
threr elements. ca l l c tl ctoshas. rather
hour t o make a traditional decoction
t han r11t' You h<�lr a l l ll1 rrl' or thl'm
ha concentrates he herbs' flavors and medicinal ac 10ns. The full course of your
in dlfiPrrnt proporuous.
ronsl l l u l ion partly dt'll'l'mim•-; t he•
treatment may be dispensed to you in a
rauo
senes of paper packets, each conta 1 n i ng
i:lfft• ' It'd
your daily dose.
,mil your
or
each. 111
h u L Lh1·1
il rt' ii l so
dll'l. r li m a t t· d lltl n l l w r
l i l l''>l\ II' fac t ors . i o u r do-. l i d ' ti lt l d l l ' )Ollr persnnill i ly. t ill' n a t u n · ol l lw
a l l� L<J Strs h l' l p lmng 11 mto lld!clnre. • Pi l l a gmt·rns L hl' p o ll l'r ot t ra n s
formalloll . such as 1 111' rom t•r mn ol foocl m t o t'nl'rg\. ,md hds mmsl. hot llllil l l l ll' . . \.,Sil(ld[l'tl \\ i l h [O(' l l \ conn•n tra L J n n . i l ls \ I J m u iJ lt'd
,1 l lln�l· n l l a II'
l'l'tlll!'l' t'\1
I ll ! '
1111' t'\d l l lplt'. kl't' t lllll!
l ilcll Jll' ht'S I S l l l l l 'f l ltl I OU
1\ il l l'l'\ ,Jnd cold ""Pild 1
ol l lll' clo'olhh
l'dn Ill' l l l l l iii'OU'il h\ 1 111' l a ' l t'\ ol I IH' rood d l l l l l ll l 'llil'lrlt'S YOU I'Ui l 'lllllt'.
pfiiJ
IO l ilt• hod\ dilll 1!11\ 1'1'11\ l l l lli'JC
gt' l l l ll l! \ I ill
TC:\I. 1•arh
I'�'
f,a tlha IS l i !I H I J ng. pl'll\ iiii'S S ( f' U l ' l lll't'
ol food. lwrha l mNIII'IIlt' d nt l t'\t'ITI\t'
\\ l l h
st� l l \ .
so1n. p u ngt•n t t,t,il''· S\\ 1'1' 1 . l i J I I I'r.
i l l iJI''iSI'� \ C ill f'\Pl'l'll'llCI' a net l ht• I\ tl!'S
\s
dlld
1!1
t l l l l l h l l'tllll
I I \ qlld l i l ll'S . I ll ' l'
h\ S\lt'l' l . ·,t i l \ dllll SI I U I Lislt'S, dlltl S l l ] lpi'I'SSI'i l h\ lllllll!l ' l l l , 1111 11'1 dlltl
d S I I'llll!l ' l l l I I .til l! s.
Sc i e n c o f h e rba l m e d i c i n e l lrrllal nwd i c tne is l lotll an art and a sc ience. com bining cenLUric of tradition \\ ith nwdrrn research method a m i anal:, t ical techniquE's . \\ here herllalist� \\ t're once srlf taugll l o r lrarnerl their craft b apprenticing l l1 c t mcl\ es to a more exprrienccll practitionrr. man arc no\\ uni\ crsity trainee! . and their stucl:,. inclucles elemrnt o r a '' ide range o r scicnlil'ic c l i scipline
ol
S l dtHi d t dized
I H 1 ha l p n · p t 1 1 c1li o n "'
Desp1te still being regarded as un proven
Unlike the production of pharmaceuticals,
and old-fashioned in some quarters, the
where manufacturing processes ensure
modern practice of herbal medicine is
each batch of med1cine is exactly the
i ncreasingly u nderpinned by scientific
same, the compounds i n herbal medicines
rigor and academic research, and
are subject to natura l variation. Weather
g a i n m g credibility as a result. Herbalists
and soil conditions, the age of the plant
now study elements of botany, chemistry,
and even the time of day the herbal
biochemist ry, pharmacology, toxicology
remedy is harvested can all affect the
and medicine.
levels of active constituents in a batch
M uch of what we know about herbal medicme has been handed down through
of herbal medicine. To guarantee that each patient i n
the ages. However, plants are complex
a clinical trial receives a medicine o f the
chemical ent1ties, and the herbalists
same potency, many clinical studies are
of yesteryear could only observe their
now performed using herbal remedies
effects; they lacked the tools to work
that are standardized to contain
out why a certa i n herb works the way
consistent levels of one or two key
it does, or how it achieves its actions.
marker constituents.
Today, the science of phytochemistry, the study of the chemicals in plants,
High-quality tablets, capsules and liquid extracts for commercial sale are
reveals a much deeper level of i nformation,
also made the same way - and this
which helps us understand how medicinal
can be one advantage of purchasing
plants work.
commercial products rather than
S,
rg str
�= c.ts
harvesting remedies at home or using dried herbs for infusions or decoctions.
I t's q uite l i kely that the combinations of
In many cases, but not always, the marker
active constituents in many herbs work
used is one of the compounds that plays
together to create synergistic effects
an important role in the medicinal actions
that are more powerful than any of the
of the plant.
i ndividual components acting alone. Even so, u nderstandmg the actions of the individual compounds helps researchers to make herbal medicine safer, more effective and more reliable. In some cases, this type of research has identified new uses for existing remedies as well as potential adverse m teractions between herbal medicines and pha rmaceutica l drugs.
'7hh art of �
fronv nalur(!/ ruul Mf fronv � � JJ
co�
l'.u 1< 1'1
u
I l!L> , -, I I
Major clas e of phytochem ica l s Thousand or different ch mica is wllh
t raditional sy t m
or medicine they are
phy iological acuvity have been identified in plants, and no doubt there are man
gallbladder and pancrea . Wilh its
more yel to be d i covered. l n tere tingly,
extremely biller t<�
many of the plants that have tradition ally
U1e mo t potent b i t ter tonic'. but even
been pre crlbed for ·imilar indication a l o
herb
phytochemical are ummarizcd below. •
Alka loid
•
predo m i n a n tly u ·cd for t h e i r
elm. a r
lavender.
uch a
oothing to p i c a l errcct on i n flamed membrane .
mucou
are p l a n t compounds
• Phytoc ·trogen
be extra ted from plants by proces es
system.
with e troge n - l i ke activity. The two
and orne well-known examples include
that concentrate the esse n t i a l o i l .
main cia
morphine and codeine from the opium
m a k i n g i t more pote n t . a n d enab l i ng i t
i n red clover and soy. a n d the lignans
poppy. 11 hich are central nervous
t o b e used i n aromatherapy. perfumes
fou n d i n na:.. eed. orne gra i n s a n d
and food l uff . They commonly h a \ e
o t h e r rood . Phytoest rogen-co n t a i n i ng
ystem depres ant . and caffeine from coffee. a nervou sy tern
compound
Umulant.
are a group of
• Anthraquinone
such as
peri ta l lie movements i n the colon
tradi t ion
have a l o been
• Flavonoid . a n e\tensive cia
compound
and trigger a bowel movement orne hours later. The e effect
plant
actions. and a n u mber or mental and
a ar
well a
overdo e . and exces i v c u s e m a y cau e
a l o a trong afrin i ty w i t h the blood
electrolyte .
i n tegrity of the capillaries. s t i m u la te
of the bod� and protect cholesterol
may r nder the bowel
molecule
from harmful O\ida l i\ e
unable to function normal ly.
proce s e . Specific g1·oups o f flavonoids
Bitter
are
are
bitter
ub tance
to
that
ponsible for I he mrdicinal
chr t n u t . among oth r herlJ .
believed
trigger a renex re pon e in thr vagu
rc
effect or gin�go. ha11 thorn and horse
ta te receptors at
the back of the tongue. Thi. i
•
Gl ucosinolalcs
are sulphul' com p u n d
nerve. which in turn s t i m u lates th('
that ar
production or 1 ariou ga tric secrelions.
·ubstances ra i led isothlo ·ya n c� l r . .
Herb that ta te biLLer have had a long
The glucosmolale
history of usc in s t i m u la t i ng d 1gesl i1e
and na t u r l i u m are rrsJlUil'>ihlc• ror
function in thi way. and in many
tht' a n l l-i nfect11 e and rnurou.,-i lqtwf\ mg
con\erted i n the bod� 1 n t o
·
propert i('S or llll' �c Th� three scanning electron micrographs show:
1. Caffeine, an
alkaloid.
2.
Morphine crystals,
another alkaloid. 3. Oil glands on the surface of corolla petal of peppermint
(Mentha x piperito).
b�
flavonoid' S l l'engthen ancl m a i n ta i n the
be u ed occa ionally.
a exec sive or long-term reliance on
limulate the
( a llove those norma I I
con. u mrd i n
t h e d i e t ) i s considered con t r01 ersial
circulation to t he peripheral areas
prl11 l p l e
i b l e reduction in the ri k of
con s u m p t ion in e\ces i 1 e doses
and
and only at the recomm nded do e .
laxative herb
ociated 1v i t h a n u mber
brea t cancer. On t he other hand.
or i m porta n t
n t h ra q u inone-conta i n ing
hould on I
i n take or phytoest rogen
been a
a po
a large n u m ber or beneficial effect . They have a n t i-oxida n t rropertie
herb
for t he t re a l lnent of frmale
or hea l t h-protec t ing errrct . i nc l u d i ng
in herb . are re pon ible for
magnified i f the herb are taken i n
d iarrhea and the los
h a 1 e been u ed in many herhal
the d i tar ha
of
p l a n t rood
found in man
found
es are the i ona1one
reprod uctive I I'Oblerns. I n addition.
documented 11 ith thei r use.
enna and
Chinese rhubarb. they stimu late
a n t i - pasmodlc and a n t i m i c robial
emotional effe t
11 ith potent laxative action.
Found in herb
•
u h as mar h m a l lo1� a n d · J i p pery
n l i a l o i ls, largely re pon ible for
or a n herbal medicine. They c a n a l so
tend
in low dose or not at all. Alkaloid 1.0 affect the central nervou
the removal o r chole terol from the bod�. Other muci lage-co n la i n i ng herb .
retained as one of many const i t u e n t
herb that cont<Jin them tend to be used
benefits for t h e
to enhance bow e l function a n d promote
pepper m i n t and ba il. are often
o
very trong phy iological effects.
Ess
p yllium
uch a
dige tive s y t m . i n c l u d i ng t h e a b i l i t�
.
the aroma or herb·
1v ith
are potent compound
have n u merou
uch
with a m i lder biller navor -
timulan
of
a t pe or fibre t h a t b i n d
i
·Juci lage-ric h p la n t ·
one or
grnlian i
�luc i la ge
gel . ll'i t h wa t e r to form a n i n d igestib le
as dandelion root - can act a clige l ive
hare imilar group of active con lituent . Some of the mo t important cia
te.
•
tomach. l iver.
taken a s tonic for the
in
1 cgrtt�hll's
i n hnr t'l'adish
hnh
. 11 h t i P t ho'''
surh a., raliht�ge. hrurcuil
and l>ru:srl> spronts i l fl' credited 11 1 ! 1 1 helping
10
p rl'I Cn l
CilllCl'l.
•
orne a u thoril irs.
Tan n i ns
i n teract 11 i t h P I'Ot C' I Il S 11 i t h
1v h ich ther come i n to contact. mak i ng thr l i s· u e tougher and lr's prrmrablr. The) arc used to l llrn a n i m a l h ide-; 1 11to it'dther
111
a prores. kno11 n a<; t c1 n n 1ng.
Thr�c· a s t ri ngent e ffect · an• u t i l ized
111
hrrhal ITI('rliciOr lO l iglll t'n m ucous
1nrm1Jr
and m il kt' l lH'I I I h'ss c•a s 1 i)
pt•nt'lraled b1 l l l fCr l l l l' org, u l ts l n ' . and also l u l'l'Ch1rc• dld iTilt'd. o1 her
l'\Ct'
\ I l l'
h il'l'thng
st'c Tc · t i ons
diHI
Tl'a ,, l ilt'
lllO'il II llil'i) ll '>l'li l d l l l l l ll-('O i l l d lll lll/.! p l d n l m l hl' 11 orlrl. J nd l h , J s l nngc·nf IW t u rc· l'JII c•as1il ill' it'll
a n 1 p of t c· a
1 11<11\
h1
d n n ktng
hec·n .tl lm1 " "
S l l 'l'p f01 1ou long iiiHI IIOI IIIQ t ig h t t ' l l l ng
l'ilt•rfs
;uu l tonguc·
on
l ilt'
liS
111
111 \ l llg.
lll t ll l t h g u n 1 s
II
i n t h e fu t u re
I n I IH ' Pd '-' 1 . l w r l l a l nwd icirH' Ira-; '-'Oill ! ' t r rnt•s l ll '!'ll rdr • r·n·cl t o a
an art.
pr. Jrt rr·t•d l l \ p t •o p h • \\ r i ll , 1 �II O\\ ll 'dgr· o f pl c l n t s d n t l t hc i r qua lilil's. l l u t
1 1 1 t i l l ' l u t urt ' . sr r t • r r c r · . t r ·clmolog� a n d r·co r r o rn i c s \\ i l l a l l ha \ C' r rlorr· a n t i
n r o n · r n rl tu·nct• on l u m r t h p rac l rcr · r l . �l'sr·arch i s u nro\ c • r i n g r ' \Ciling
dr ' \ r · lopnw n t s 111 t il l ' .r p p licd t iorrs ol l l e rl la l nwdicirw�. \\ hi h coul
l l l l o c k i n g n t� I U J'('. I I' [I l i i'C ' c IH t
a portion of their research budgets to h1s kmd of work, as many drugs already 111
·
Sc1ent1sts have long recognized he plan
use are produced in this way. For example,
kmgdom as a rich and bount1 ul source of
aspmn IS a synthet1c compound based on
potent1al medic1nes, and around the world
the salicylic ac1ds found in meadowsweet
researchers are systematically reviewing
and other herbs.
the chemis ry of herbs in an at empt to
And there are exciting discoveries to
reveal the1r therapeutiC secrets. In some
be made: stev10S1de, found 1n a swee herb
cases. laboratory studies will identify new
called Stevia rebaudiana, is 300 times
compounds that have potential benefits
swee er than sugar, m1nus the fattenmg
for h u m a n health, and researchers will
or glucose-altering effects (see page 75).
Morphin�. an addictiv� drug, ts d�rived from th�
I·J n d o l' s i n g l o c a l I r a d i i i o n -.
capsule when it is wound�d (s�� also
Th1s kind of research may seem
Approachmg the same goal from a
societies and cultures, The World Health
rather speculative, but pharmaceutical
different but equally rigorous angle,
Organization (WHO) recognizes that many
compan1es have good reason to devote
ethnobotan1sts explore the role that
work to either isolate and purify the compound, or replicate 1t 1n a synthe 1c form to be used as a medicine.
whit� lat�x that w��ps from th� opium poppy's
pog� 93).
herbs and other plants play 1n differen
people around the world rely on local tradit1onal remedies for their healthcar�. and that - particularly in developing countries - these are often more affordable than pharmaceuticals. In the future, ethnobotany will continue
\ ml'diCinr t ha t su
n•
sfu lly
t re a t s
nrrwnts 1\ l'lght -rrlatl'd prol l l e rn
to play an important role in documenting
or
these traditional practices so that their safety and efficacy can be evaluated
ha.
rnorrnous potrn t ia l . Thr sue u le n t
and, where appropriate, endorsed by
p l a n t hoodia
local healthcare providers.
( Jiondia t:ordoni/l. 11 hich
ha. rxc i t ecl rr�earchrr lusrorv or u. r
. ha a long
\ a l ida t i ng l l c r h a l m e (J i c i n e �
IJ the San p!'oplr of thr
1\a l a ha n De ·t·rt. 11 ho u e i l t o help
la1r off h unger d u nng lon� h u n t ing
r rip·. >\frrr
n re l u n ma r� rrsearch
the
San nrop l e 11 1 1 1 benefit t hrough a
incl 1cated t h a t h ood ia has 'lgnificanr
groundbreal.lng ro 'alt:r agreernrnl 11 1 l h
a[lpe l i l f'-rt'dUCing efft'C l . . SCit' n l i fi!'
t h e medi
tucl:r i n to the p l an t a n r1 1 1 ongoing. I t
11 i l l br
hoo!1ia's po t e n t ia l hut
il
.·ornl'
aret) 1 ·
�ears he fore
1s fu ll:- u n clerstoorl.
ll dors t u rn out to
hr t h r
\\ Ontlrr ll t'il!h t - luss drug of ! he futurr.
tnt' drwloper ·. I n L h r
t ht' hcrll i
rn anume.
i n rlanger of exuncuon due
to
u n scrupulous O\er·harvestlng. and some of t hr nroducts on and Europ
ale
111 r hr
n it d
Swtrs
are a l leged to IJe countt>rre i l .
conta r n i ng lilllr or no hoo lia.
The double-blind, placebo-contr olled clinical trial is regarded as the gold standard for medic1nal research, enabling unbiased statistical analysis of the safety and efficacy of medicines. As mor� and more herbs are subj�cted to clinical trials and proven to have therap�utic benefit, their credibility in th� medical world mcreases, and doctors become more open to the idea of prescribin g them for the1r
[aclv ;;ear, fiUJrf?/ tluuv
500 �1V/MO�
becofn£/ Jeri{;udr dt wiflv nudari./u/
wen!' 30 .uxon.d.v, t1/
clzdd clfh.Y of if
patients. Of course, clinical trials sometimes produce negative results, bringing the use of particular remedies into question. Using clinical trials to verify herbal therapeutics provides researchers and clinicians alike with a grea deal of valuable information, but there are some unique challenges involved i n testing herbal medicines in this way. The first hurdle to be overcome is that
O i ng h �:w - chang ing t he ru t u rr or m a l a ri a The slOry o f qing llao ( . \rlcmi. 'it1
annual.
Ol' Ch lnest•
II OI'mii OOrl.
proVIdes a snap�hol ol l h r 11 ay medicines d •riled I rom hrrlJs may have a clramal ic i rn pdl'L un LIH' future
or h ca l i l 1 are. I n Llw 1 870�. Chlnrsc
n•:em-chl·rs t'<'kill" hcrlw l remetlit•s
II
as tlw prt'lerre d JPProacll for m a l a ri a
treaunr nt. u 1 u s far. i t hos Sd\ l 'd m i l lions
of l i l t'S arou n t l l h!' 11 orld. I IOIIfY<' I . i t is t'\Pt'nsiv r. costing a s m u t 11 a s I :; l l fl l C S
!nOl l' ! han t ile pr l iflll� gt'll!'ril l ion or
a n l i-m�larin l tlrug�. But t'ro n omlla l l \ . a n e mesmin lws J l so
again�L malaria rctii,COi errd ils
prowd rrloluwma f\. In 2003. Lhe med1cal \1cdrcins Sans Front irrr · L ea rne! l
poLr n l ia l . Subst·qut•nt rrst'arch
l haril\
re1raletl that thr artilr mn�Li t u c n l
11 1 L h research HLl i i U l l' ' from \ nca. \sia.
arlrmt>sinin 1 s t·xt rrmcly effrrl ii'P
L·:ui' Upt' ann Sou t h 'l m •nra Lo form I IH'
is spread ft·om person 111 prrsnn lly
known us D"JDi.
agam ·t t h e malaria parasilr. 11 hi 11
mo�quitocs. k i l l i ng m i l l ions e1 c r� yra1'. Today. malaria 1 rra t m e n l has hern
Drug. for Nrgh•ctrtl Diseases l n i t ia l ivr.
To !laLr. t h 1 s rollallora l lon has
c1 > l'lopecl two furms of CT thal arr
I'<'I'Oi u l ionisrd by artrmc i n in-has!'d
11011 in ust• i n As1a. \friciJ a n d South
comhinat ion therapy (ACT). 11 hich
and Cen t ra l \merica. �> lwrc. as Lhr
pa i l'S artemrsinm t l c r i i D L i l r: \lllh
world'� fii'Sl pa t e n l - lrrr m rchrinr, . I he�
pharmacrulical agc·nts 1nto a singlr
arc changmg not on l y the health oullno�
drug. -\s \CT sarl'l) ll'C<JI
or com m u n i l i r · afft•cLrcl ll\ malaria. b u t
malaria
I n just L h rrt' days. 1\ 1 1 0 has cnllorsecl
a l s o L hc•1r
conomic prognosis.
all the patients in the study should take exactly the same medicine; however, as they are natural substances, herbs can contain chemical variations from batch to batch. Thus, the herbal products used in many stud1es are standardized, and we now possess a sigmficant body of evidence supporting the use of standardized herbal products (commonly single herbs dispensed as tablets or capsules), but far less evidence of the effectiveness of more traditional prepara ions, such as homemade infusions and decoctions and compound medicines made up of several herbs. The processes involved in creating standardized herbal products provide
A Chinese farmer carries stalks of qing hao, which contains the constituent artemismin.
companies wi h a level of ownersh ip of the research results, giving them more leeway to recoup their investm en funds by claimin g that their specific produc has been clinically proven, while other non-standa rdized produc ts have not. These issues have major I m pl ications for the way herbal medici ne is practic ed m the future , and have alread y strong ly mfluenced the prescr ibing hab1ts of many doctors and herbalis s, who prefer
to focus on prescribing standard ized
popular herbs work, and Lhe roles h a t
remedies tha have been clin ically trialed.
herbs can p l a y i n extremely com mon
It's also worth pointing out that he
conditions, such as a r t h n tis a n d heart
econom1cs of scientific research are
d i sease However, this focus on financ1ally
such that the herbs most l i kely to be
lucrat1ve remedies may mean that our
Investigated and "proven" to be effective
knowledge of more obscure herbs, a nd
are those for which there is the largest
the herbal methods for treatmg less
potential market. We therefore have a
prevalent con d i tions, could l a n gu1sh
good understan d i ng of the way the most
1n the future.
l i n g ll I b It'
sa f ly
t'
a n' n a t u ra l
t ill') · n· a l o '-'.til'. h u t t ll l ' n' an• -;onw i m po rt a n t c a u t ions you sho u l < l lw ; m d l'l' ol . \ 1 \\ d \ S sec� professio n a l h < · l p i f Jou s u ll e r from a serious
iiiiH' · · o r '-'<'\ t ' l'l' ") Ill I tom'>. or 11 ) OU a rc prrgn d n t or lm •a : t fl'<'tli ng.
d i H I I I \ o u ' re h a n < ' s l i n g p l d n t -; you n · l f. mc1�e s u rr � ou i n < lc n t i fy t h e pla n t colrt'c t l\ . l<' i n d l l \ . t il �l' Cdr<' t o ciHJO'>t' a rc p u t a t lh• profc ·sion a l herha l i t.
) I f'(
The act1ve const tuents
m
� ,
(\
herbs have
he power to affect the physiological funct1oning of your body - some have a
Seek p rore, ional help Srlf-trealrn !'nl 11 1 t h hrrh i � approfH idlt' For mrnor condit ions and For
ptol !din� ') mptomauc rl'lit•f
from 'Oml' ilisra\I'S. 1 1011 e1 1'1'. an� cm1 d 1 l lon that !\ rrious. life t h rratl'nlllg. long-term or ha . e1 err
doses, because h1gher mtakes are likely
S\ mptom' '>hould he t r('alrd 1>1 a
to cause senous adverse effects.
profess1onall� t rarned medical
Our understanding of an appropriate dose for each herb
IS
l a rgely based on
hrrhalisl ll l l h a good under.wndrng or 111sea�e processe and
gentle 1m pact while others are extremely
traditional and historical knowledge
potent medicmes. As a rule of thumb, the
accumulated over hundreds of years
I'I'Of<·ssiunal t reatment 1 a l o
stronger the action of the herb, the lower
and supplemented over recent 1 mes
rt'commendNI 1f you arr pregnant or
the dose required to cause a physical
with a growmg body of scientific s udy.
hrrd'>Lfeedrng. lx'cau e man� herh
effect: Some herbs are so potent they are prescnbed only in mfin1tesimal
Always follow the dosage instructions,
approwiatr treatment . .
dl'(' contramdiratrd at this Lime
and do not exceed recommended doses or take a part1cular herb if there is a caution against its use in your Circumsta nces. Seek professional advice before taking any herb over an extended period of time.
Herbalists overcome these problems by referring to plants by their botanical
In the majority of cases it is wise to seek
(Latin) names. This system of nam1ng wa\
professional advice before treating children
developed by Linnaeus, the 1 8th-century
or babies with herbs, because different
Swedish botanist. The first word of a
doses may be required, depending on the
plant's botanical name refers to 1ts genus
child's age or condition. It is also important
- for example, all mint plants fall into
to keep herbal medicines safely out of the
the Mentha genus. The second word of
reach of children.
the name refers to the plant's species, so the plant we commonly refer to as
ldenttfy the p l a n t correctly Identifying the correct herb to take as
if you have any doubt at all about its
if you are harvesting plants yourself
identity Check which part of the plant
rather than buying commercially
to use before you harvest 1t, too - there
produced remedies. Plants that look alike
is absolutely no pomt in collectmg the
sometimes have very different chemical
leaves of a particular herb if the medicinal
makeups, and some plants from the same
constituents are only present 1n the roots!
family have vastly different med1cinal
\\ o i c l t i l l \ a d\(' 1' < ' (' II ' C h
There a re also many instances where
should always be kept out of children's reach.
Don't harvest or consume a plant
a medicine is not always easy, especially
effects.
Like pharmaceutical med1cmes. herbal medicines
spearmint is named Mentha spicata.
the same common name is applied to
Even when they're taken a t appropriate
several different species - for example,
doses, both herbal and pharmaceutical
at least five different plants are referred
medicines can sometimes cause adverse
to by the common name of bal m of
effects, which generally fall into one of
Gilead, makmg it very confusing, as
three categones.
well as potentially dangerous. for the amateur herbalist
• S1de e fccts are symptoms or physiological changes that can be
5/zrid& th{!/
tr
�raketY torrv out of � earlk
lllhl1r.11 l l llH'S.
IJ
frwmb
�h.ikl' I Ill A' mru and .Ju/11'1 \t ! I\, Stl'lll' I l l \1,
I
\� I I J if' l 'll l l P r and
Jt·,11 111'11 I ll
,ln\0111' IU'anng l l
herbalists can antic1pate that a small
lklla
report having v1vid dreams, and similarly
.n eracts wi h numerous pharmaceuticals, reduc1ng he efficacy of the drugs. G1ven ne vas number of potent1al mteractlons
l lrmlor� The c;n·p� plulnsopiH'r Uflil ll'S
f('
�GO-.Jtll) lll f.)
li d
lounci i!Uilt\ ol (Oi l Uflllllg t ill' \ 11 U l h
or \t hens and
entl'nrl'cl to di'a t h .
so. a rro n h ng tn \t hl'lli.JO ldl\ . lw
cl ra n � a t u p of
200-39, details major potential drug
not be considered an exhaustive reference on th1s importan 1ssue. If you are taking pharmaceut1ca medicat1ons, talk o your pharmac1s or doctor before adding herbs
from i t s ft rmt·r ros11ll'l iC u r . r l i lallng 1\ 0ITI<'n's p u p i l
to m a ke l lwm
morr
a u rari i i C: hnll l'l t'r. prolo11grd U'>l' led
t o h l i n i l lll' s. I t " "' ahn l lt' l i C i r i l t o be u,t•tl ll\
\l ilcllt' m "fl\mg o i n tmt•nts.-
t hl' po1 on twm l nr � .
tartl'd
as a ht'd\\ srn .1 1 1nn 111 Sorra tl's·
1n eract1ons where appropriate, but should
rlonna. or
H1 -;tudr•nt Pla to n•wnll'd lht• effeth ol t hl' po1 on. 11 luch
Cond1 10ns section of th1s book, pages
a u ra c l l l l' .
"hea u l i i U I I\ rllllilll" Ill l tJI I
be ween herbs and drugs, and between
while o hers are well documented. The
its
1ts romlllllll n.lmt• 1 ht'lla
Htmlock (Conium macula tum)
herbs and other herbs, no a II of these pes of adverse effects are predictable,
nr
:\ho �no11 n a s tkatlly mght. hadr.
expenence an increase · n blood pressure.
documen ed that he herb St John's wort
p1tr•
mslJntll.
hot h pOI'>Onous aucl hallunnogemr .
that some patients who ake l icorice will
s1multaneously. For example, 1t is well
In
cl ll' S
glos \ lllo�rk lJt•rrws. tw l l ar1on na 1s
number of pat1ents who take valerian will
a pa ien IS ta ing wo or more medicines
l'llllls
'>liCh on ·ar-pii'ICI Ilg shnt·� t ha t
pred1cted t o occur 1n a percenta ge o f all
Drug 'ltP• c ons may occur when
1>:1111 l ing's
roo l i� u n ea r t h t•t l . 1t
users of a particular medicine. For example,
•
1\.
Secret\ ll'grnil ha'> ll l hci l . 11 hcn thr
relevant pages o this book.)
,I
lftu·n l'ot/l'r aml thr' c.'hJm/Jt't of
10
(Important side effects are l isted on he
101 t'
11 1 t ll nt<�Ail •ll qu.llll ll'
lrgs. gr, ul ua l ll l u rrung mtu d
)I<Jfdi�SIS
l hJ l crt')ll llp hiS hOd\
u n t i l hJS ht·drt stoppt•d ht•a t l l1!! \ la11dra�l' Tilt'
l txll of
l hl'
hailtll'lllllg1'11ir I�II'>IIOOIIS JIIJ11l ma nc l r
1 \Janrlr<�!!nra oflicm.mum
hJ IH'd h�e a rrudt· lntp n·
11111 of
a IWr ·ou, a n d has hl't'n assonalt·d
Belladonna (Atropa btllodonnoJ
o your treatment regimen, even 1f you are usmg them o treat a different condition. •
I
rg
occur when the 1 m m u n e
If you develop any symptoms that
to these q u estions may depend to a
system overreacts t o a substance t h a t I S
could be due to an herb you are tak 1 ng,
otherw1se innocuous, and c a n r a n g e from
stop us1ng 1t i mmedia ely and, 1f
minor inconven1e nces to severe, life
medicme 1n your country, bu should give
necessary, seek med•cal treatment.
you a n 1ndicat1on of the profeSSIOnalis m
hreaten1ng problems. Some herbs are more likely o cause allerg•es than others, howeve r, the real reason hat allerg1es are unpred ictable IS that the underly1ng 1ssue 1s •n he pa •ent's immune system, ra her han the plan 1tsel • If you are a n allerg1c person. ake care with herbal med1cme s JUSt as you would with other substan ces. and always pa ch es top1ca1 remedi es before usmg them .
C h < o <' t1 l J'd i r w r l h e r ht� l i
certain extent on the lega l status o herbal
and exper�ence of the pract1t•oner I IS also 1 m portan to have a good
rappor with your herbalis , JUSt as you
Make sure you consult a n herbalist who
have w1th your doctor, so assess whe her
IS appropriately tra1ned Do no be afra•d
you feel comfor able and con •dent w h
to ask about helf quail icaliOns, whether
them. For th1s reason, many people prefer
they are a member of any protess1onal
to seek a referral to an herbahs
assoc1at1ons, how long they've been
you know and trust can recom mend a local pract1 10ner, ask your 1ocal hea th
pract•cing, or about the type of public liability msura nce they carry. The answ rs
It no one
food store proprJe tor or pharma c1st
1 e d i c i n a l p r pa ra tion I t '.· rr\\ a r< l i ng t o m a k.c you r O\\ n ll rbal m r c l i c i n r · . l< o l low th : t c p - by - , l<' p i n s t r u c t i o n · t o r n · u re
nfusions, decoctions, tmctures and
I syrups can all be prepared for internal
II
use, while mfused oils, compresses or poul 1ces are more appropnate for top1cal applications. Some active constituents in herbs are readily soluble in water, wh1le others require a more v1gorous extraction process that involves alcohol.
J n i U "\ i O l l "\ The word "infusion" i s used to describe an herbal tea or tisane that is made by pouring bollmg water over a quantity of fresh or dned herbal material. Every time you make a cup of tea with a tea bag, you a re, in fact, making an infusion. An infus1on is an effective preparat1on method for delicate or fine plant parts, such as petals, leaves and other aerial parts. It
IS
Ideally sUited to extracting
water-soluble components from the plant and is often used for aromatic herbs that contain essential oils (such as peppermint, fennel and chamomile).
1 Place the recommended quantity of
loose dried herb (dried chamomile is used here) or finely chopped fresh herb into a pre-warmed glass or chma teapot or coffee plunger.
2 Pou r about 1 cup freshly boiled
water over the herb and stir. Place the lid on the teapot to trap the steam and prevent the essential oil evaporating. Allow the m1xture to steep for 10 to 1 5 minutes.
3 St1r agam before pouring through
a strainer into your teacup. Usage Drink one cup of tea three times a
day over several weeks for chronic (long standing) problems, or up to SIX cups a day m the shorter term for acute problems. Storage I nfusions do not store well, so
1t's always best to prepare a fresh pot of tea for each cup.
II
o u a c h ie\
th
c
be, L re u i L .
Dt
CO( lion
A decoction ts an herbal tea made by boiling an herb i n water This method tS most SUitable for the woodier parts
3 Stt r agatn before
Grind the required q u a n tity of dned
pounng through
a stratner t n to a teacup.
herb (dried dandelion root is used here)
U a
i n to a coarse powder
2 In a saucepan, cover the powder with
Drink one cup hree ttmes a day
over several weeks for chrontc (long
of a plant - such as the bark, roo s,
about 2 cups (500 ml) cold (not hot)
twtgs and seeds - and tS used to extract
water; sttr. Bnng water slowly to the boil.
as many of the water-sol uble active
Reduce heat to low and, with the ltd still
constituents as possible.
on, stmmer for 1 0 to
standing) problems, or u p to six cups a day in the shorter term for acute ones.
Str rag DecoctiOns keep for a m a x t m u m
15 m t nutes. (If your
of 3 days t n the re rigerator. I f you have
stovetop doesn't have a suffictently low
the time, tt's preferable to m a ke a fresh
heat setttng, use a double boiler.)
decoction for each dose.
Ocrnruons are l herapt• u l l r
l h t• hrrha l t s l and a l htl\
rt'l l'l'l'd
l'FFcr t s
the
In
hy
Chuw:e
herha h s h For tht•tr
and l ht • t r l t'rs.J i l li l \ . Tht'\ t•nablt•
ldtlor rrnwdir · to l ht• pii l ir n t '
l rt'a l m ·nt t o
rmuhl lon rhangcs
111
Ill'
nrt'th.
illll!'llth'tl "' l lw pallt'lll 's
w pon st• to l h t' mt•clinnt•
lht• C h mt•se ht'l ha l t s ! or pharmanst ron u l l \ 11 l l h l ht' pa l tt'lll illlcl tlt'l t'I'IDIIlt's l ht• dppropfldlt' rt'lllt'lht•s lo t n c l u c lt•
111
l lw prcsrt ipl ton - l llf' n u mlwr of ht•rhc�l
l lll!t('(llt' n t s ( J IHi lht•n clost•s)
u t•ti iJ\
\\estet n
ht• rhall',['i
Each ddt II close nl lwrhs
is Oll!'n
1s
larger l h.Jn t htlSf'
t i i S I H ' I I st•cl tnlo d
ltdg For l hl' pa l lr n l IO prPIIdl l' il l
ho!IH' Tht•
"'P
dllltllllll o r
ll d l l' t n•q u t rrcl . t ht• hot hng l t lllt' antl l iJt• qudll l t l l ,mel ln·qut•un nl uH·clit m e
Feu
l o lw
t'on sumcd llldl c� l l 1 .1 r1.
Tracll l ittll d l l l . n•r,HIIII rlc11 poh 11 ilh litis d rt' ust·tl C t l t n t•st• tlt•t·nrtio ns. ht'!'dllst • rht'lllit'
ran urrnr 11 lu·u hf'l l!s .1 1 t' t'\JltN'd 1 1'1111. t l l ll tll l l l l lllll
!II' l'll( l l ll' l'.
Itt
nwt.t l
uc
h
d
l t l l C t l l l f'
Less concentrated preparations called
Many of he act1ve cons 1tuents in herbal
tinctures are used for herbs that have a
medicmes a re readily soluble in alcohol,
s ranger taste (such as g mger or cayenne),
wh1ch IS also an effect1ve preservative
and for those that are safest in very low
For h 1s reason, professional herbalists
doses (such as wormwood).
use alcohol-based liqu1d herbal med1cines to prescribe and dispense individualized herbal medicmes for the1r pat1ents. For professional use, l iqu1d extracts of herbs a re made w1th a h1gh concentration of pharmaceutical-grade alcohol (ethanol).
The recipes featured here use vodka in place of ethanol and a standard rat1o
of 1 part herb to 4 parts vodka. Note that
place, out of reach of children, and always observe the dosage guidelines, taking care hat they are not consumed in situations where alcohol intake is i l l advised. Herbal ti nctures are SUitable for nearly every plant and every plant part, with the exception of mucilage-containing herbs (such as marsh mallow root and slippery
while homemade remedies are ohen not
elm bark), which are better extracted in
as potent as the professional-strength
cold water.
remedies d ispensed by an herbalist, they
Typically, 1 part of the herb is extracted in
are s ill strong med1cines and contain
Different methods are used to make tinctures from dried or woody herbs, or
e1ther 1 or 2 parts of alcohol.
alcohol. Always store tinctures in a safe
more delicate fresh herbs.
Use a kitchen scale to measure out 1 .5 oz.
(40 g) fresh herb (thyme 1s used here), then wash it carefully to remove any dirt. Chop the herb i nto small pieces, then blend to a pulp using a stick blender (add some water to aid the blending, i f necessary). If you don't have a stick blender, chop the herb very finely.
Add f, cup ( 1 60 ml) vodka to the pulped herb, and then blend again before pouring the mixture i n to a glass
jar with a screw-top lid. Seal the bottle tightly and shake vigorously. Store the bottle in a cool, dark place for 10 to 1 4 days, shaking it once or twice a day. Strain the mixture through a piece of fine muslin. Squeeze as much moisture as possible from the remaining pulp. Pour into a dark g l ass bottle, seal and label with the name of the herb and the date on which you prepared the tinctu re. Makes about 'I• cup (200 ml).
Using a d ropper, dispense the req u i red dose into 1 /• cup (60 mil water before d rinking (this is usually taken three times daily). Refrigerate and store for 6 to 1 2 months. Make sure 1t is stored safely out of reach of children .
Dned herb ti ncture W�igh 1 .5 oz. (40 g) dried herb. Chop or grind into a coarse powder to create a larger surface area; this allows for greater �netration of the liquid.
completely submerged. Stand the bottle in a warm place for 10 to 1 4 days,
shaking it once or twice a day.
2 Strain the mixture through a piece of
(Cinnamon quills, used here, have a large
fine muslin. Squeeze as much moisture
surface area so do not need chopping.)
as possible from he remaining pulp.
Place the herb in a large glass jar with a
secure lid and pour 'J.. cup ( 160 ml)
3 Pour the tincture into a dark glass
U
tincture. Makes about '/• cup (200 ml). g Using a d ropper, dispense the
required dose 1nto 1/4 cup (60 ml) water before drinking (usually three imes daily). S vra
Refrigerate and store for 6 to
12 months. Make sure it is stored safely
out of reach of children.
bottle. Seal and label with the name of
SHu J h
c I'C' a m :
I ll' r l w l
the herb and the date you prepared the
vodka over it, ensuring that the herb is
Syrups are mostly used to ease coughs
Coug h syrup from ti n cture
Stir together /, cup ( 100 g) sugar (or
Herbal creams help to relieve Itch�
and sore throats, because the thick, sweet
honey) and '/. cup (50 ml) water in a
�IJn. soothe burns and 1rritalion�.
liquid has a very soothing effect.
small saucepan over a low heat un il
rela\ tense muscle�. encou ragt'
Commonly used herbs include marsh
the sugar is dissolved and the mixture
11 ound healing and t rea t mfrclion.
mallow, licorice, thyme and white horehound. Although syrups can also be
To make medicated herbal cream
aL home.
tart 11 1 th an
un crnted non-greasy cream ba e . u c h a sorbolenr or � I Laffiln
E
cr am. Add . orne herbal u n c t u rc. u ing a rauo of I part uncture to
10 1
parts cream. or c ·srnlial 0 1 1 at
to
2 percent the �� eight of your
ba ·e crram.
Sur u n t 1 ! yuur cream
1 'orne
made using an infusion or decoction, th1s recipe uses a tincture, so the result is a syrup with a stronger mediCinal act1on.
is thick but still runny. Remove from
the heat and leave to cool. Add 1. cup (50 ml) of the appropriate tincture; st1r.
2 Pou r the cough syrup into a dar
glass jar and seal with a cork. Makes about J, cup (200 ml).
U< go Take the appropnate dose directly
from the spoon without diluting i . StJrage Refrigerate the syrup for up to 3 months. The sugar may crystallize
topical u e. �o �eel. profc.· sional
as a result o he refrigera ion, but he syrup will easily become liqUid agam if the bottle I S allowed to stand 1n a bowl
ad> ire 1f you are not sure
of hot water for a few mmutes.
ha an e1en con ·i tenc�. es entia!
011.
are u n . u n a blt' for
J
Homemade herbal cream. haw a hurt Jifp span. so make a sm<JII
Caution
QUdnliLy a }Ou nred l l ancl u ·e 1t
Occas1onally, when syrups are stored,
u p qu1 l.ly. To ht·lp extrnrJ the shell life. add a few drop of lavende r es rnlial oil OI' the contt' n l . u f some Vtta m 1 11
E cap�ules.
fermentation occurs, so It's best to make a small quant1ty at a t1me and to use 1 1 qu1ckly. Syrups are traditional ly stored m bottles w 1 h a cork stopper so that the bot 1e w111 not e plode 1f fermenta 10n does ta e place.
A compress is a cloth that has been soaked in an mfusion [or a diluted tincture) and applied to the skin Compresses are used to relieve headaches and pain, disinfect wounds and soothe tired eyes. Make a fresh one each time. Make a strong infusion of dried herb (lavender flowers are used here), using 2 to 3 teaspoons of dried herb per 1 cup [250 ml) water. Cover and steep for 10 to 1 5 minutes. Remove the cover and leave the infusion to cool to a temperature that is comfortable to the skin. Soak a face washer or flannel in the infusion and wring out the excess water. Apply to the affected part. As the compress dries out, it can be resoaked and reapplied.
affected body part. Place in a container A poult1ce
IS
a top1cal appl1cat1on of a
fresh herb, which is most commonly used
1 R ub a little body oil onto the affected
and blend using a stick blender, adding
body part to prevent the poultice
a little water to aid the blending, if
sticking to the skin. Apply the poultice, covering the muslin with plastic wrap
to encourage healing of inju red muscles
necessary. The finished mixture should
and bones (for example, strains, sprains
be of a m ushy consistency.
to keep it in place. To make it more
and fractures), or to draw matter out of
Place the mixture on a piece of folded
secure, if necessary, place a bandage
the skin (for example, to help remove a
muslin. Use a spatula or the back of a
splinter or bring a boil to a head).
spoon to spread the mixture thinly so
J ag Change the poultice about every
Chop sufficient fresh herb (comfrey
that the surface area will cover the
couple of hours, or, if possible, leave it
leaves are used here) to cover the
whole area of the affected body part.
in place overnight.
II
around the poultice.
t n f u cd > i i "-
d Oil-solubl e components can be extracte extended an over oil 1n herb an infusmg by
Hot infused oils are used for woodier, denser p l a n t parts, and are used for
penod of hours or days. The pure mfused oil 1s then used for topical applica tions or added to a cream or ointmen t. Medicat ed
p l a n ts with "heating· characteristics. Popu lar exa m p l es are hot mfused oils of cayenne (ch i l i pepper), black pepper
1nfused oils are similar to (althoug h much
a nd g i nger, all of which a r e used to
stronger than) culinary 1nfused oils. They are quite different to the essent1al oils used ·n
warm stiff, painful m uscles and joints.
For dried herbs, use a ratio of 1 part
aromatherapy, which are commonly
herb to 3 parts oil. For fresh herb, the
extracted from plants by distillat1o n.
I
'1
ratio is 1 part herb to 1 .5 parts oil.
ust ':1 11 s
Coarsely chop o r grind the herb
A cold mfusion process (shown below)
(fresh bird's-eye chi lies a r e used
is used for fragile or delicate plant parts
here). Add to a saucepan or g l a ss
such as flowers, petals and leaves. Among
bowl and stir in the required q u a n tity of oil. Place the covered
he most popular cold infusions are calendula flowers (for eczema and other
Filter the oil through fine muslin into
saucepan in a frying pa n half-filled
skm complaints). St. John's wort flowers
a clean jug. Squeeze as much o i l as
with water (or use a double boiler).
(for the relief of nerve pain) and lavender
possible through the remaining pulp. If
Simmer over very low heat for 2 to
flowers and rosemary leaves (both to help
any sediment remains in the oil, cover
3 hours. Do not allow oil to boil.
re11eve muscle soreness). Pack a wide-necked, clear glass jar with resh or dried herb (fresh calendula flowers are used here), leaving about
I m. (1 em) space at the top of the jar.
Pour vegetable oil (such as olive oil) over the herb until it is covered to a depth of about 1. in.
(5 mm). Stir gently.
the jug and leave the oil to stand for a day or two u n t i l the sediment settles to the bottom.
3 Gently pour the oil into a dark glass bottle, taking care to leave the sediment layer behind. Seal ; label with the name of the herb and the date on which you prepared the oil.
Allow to cool before stra ining through fine m us l i n mto a clean jug. Squeeze as m uch oil as possible through the rema i n i n g p u l p . Gently pour the oil into a d a rk glass bottle. Sea l ; label with the n a m e of the herb and the date you prepared the oil. Apply topically o r add o a cream or ointmen . Do not use oils from hot-flav ored pla nts on mflame d Fold some fine musl in and place on top of the oil. Seal the lid tightly and Qlve the bottle a good shake . S ore 1n
a warm, sunn y place for 3 to 10 days. Shake the bottle several t1mes a day.
Apply top1cally as is or add 1t to a cream or ointment. Store
m
a cool, dark place for up
to 6 months, but discard at the first s1gn of ranc1d1ty or fermenta tion.
or sensitiv e skin. Do not get them 1n your eyes. Store m a cool, dark place for u p to 6 months, but d1scard at the first sign of rancidity or fermen at1on.
( n ee
l \
t
ro.·
l H ' [ \\ t'!'ll IH'rhdl l l H ' d l t' I IH ' d lH I IlOITlt 'lljld l h\ . flm\ t'l' (''i�t'll Cl'S
d l ' l' · u h l lt' n · nwd l t ' s t h a t ge n i i � h e l p resol\ c t ' l l l o l i o n a l p roi l lt•ms.
H . t r h 1' 1 0\H' I' L
,
l' IH
·
diluted w1th spnng water and brandy for
Dr. Edward Bach was an eminent researcher
dispensing to patients, an1mals or plants.
in the fledgling sc1ence of Immunology
The stock
when he gave up medic1ne 1n 1 930. A firm
creams and ointments.
bel,ever that mental and emot1onal issues were beh1nd every 1llness, from then on he
IS
also sometimes added to
Dr. Bach 1dent1fied 38 flower essences
Clrmatls (ClematiS v1ta/ba) may also rncouragr grrat crrativity and makr you morr alrn.
that are s ill used throughou the world,
devoted his life to Identifying gentle natural
and their indications are summarized
Cherry plum is for people who fear
remedies to bring he heart and m1nd back
below. Rescue Remedy, the most popular
to a state of balance.
of h1s creations, is Indicated during any
for the�r san1ty, who feel they are heading for a nervous brea down, or who are
Bach spent much of his time in the
emergency, large or small. Th1s combination
fnghtened they will harm themselves
Bnt1sh countryside, where he "tuned tn'
of the five flower essences - cherry plum,
or others.
to the healing properties o flowers, and
clematis, impatiens, rock rose and star of
Chestnut bud teaches you to learn from
where he developed a system of prepanng
Bethlehem - helps to relieve fear, panic,
your experiences, so you don' repeat the
his remedies - or flower essences - that
stress and shock, and is mostly taken by
same mistakes again. Chicory is for people who risk stifling
is still in use today. He believed the subtle
mouth, but 1t can also be added to a bath
energetic qualities of the plant could be
tub, applied to the wrists or forehead, or
their relationships by clinging too tigh ly
captured by float1ng freshly p1cked flowers
admm1stered in a cream.
to thelf loved ones.
in bowls of pure spring water, which were
Building on Bach's work, researchers
Clematis bnngs those who are always
then allowed to sit 1n a sunny place for
have developed ranges of essences
dreaming about the future back down
several hours before he used brandy to
from flowering plants that a re found
to earth to focus on the present.
preserve and stabilize the essence.
in other parts of the world, including
Crab apple helps you to heal yourself
Australia, New Zealand, South Afnca,
of any feelings of unworthiness and
Hawaii and even far-flung places such as
uncleanliness.
This concentrated flower essence, called the "stock" remedy, can be further
Alaska, the Himalayan mountains and the
E l m helps people who are overwhelmed
Amazon Jungle.
by thelf responsibilities to feel able to
l n t mfl u r r n g t h e rc nw d i (' :--
cope again. Gent1an provides energy and enthusiasm
after d1scouragmg setbacks.
Here's a list of the Bach Flower Remed1es
Gorse renews optim1sm in those who
and their main indications.
feel hopeless, and enables them to see
Agr many helps cheerful people who
the pos1tive steps they can take.
a re secretly troubled to deal with their underlying problems. Aspen supports those who are anxious
or warned, but are unable to identify what frightens them. Beech fosters a spint of compassion in
those who are intolerant of people who are different to them. Cen•aury helps people who over-extend
themselves help1ng others to learn to say no so they don't wear themselves out.
Star of Brthlrhrm (Ormthogolum umbel/a tum) is a prrrnnial bulbous plant with a drlicatr flowrr.
Cerato boosts self-confiden ce, teaching you to listen to your own counsel instead
of others' opinions.
Chwy plum (Prunus cerosifero) in blossom
Heather helps self-centered people who constantly seek attention from others to become less needy. Holly helps release feelings of anger,
�I
aggression, jealousy and hatred, and
l h r flora
encourages a positive, open outlook.
rr t han
G:i
or
rs��·nc(' ·
an· m,Jtil'
frllm
i hl' ,\IJ'i i TU i idll II ildt•J'IJCSS.
�lany i\us l r< J iin n p l a n I·
iZC' Olli look. u n d o l d m a n lianksia lu recnerg
Lhnsl' 11 110 han• hccomr l r lhargic due
L1�e I h e Rdch Flo11 e r Rr m e d l(' . . Lilt'
Honeysuckle is for people who are
111 I he world. Jncl according to L l w
stuck in the past, reliving either their
m J n u facLUI'l'I'R
past mistakes or past happiness.
Flm1 t'l' Esst•nceg. thr 1' 1·rmrdirs
. createcl h� . t uning m " to each p l a n t ',
Hornbeam supports people who
or I IH' \ u s l ra l ian Bush
LO
fru�ll'a l ions dlltl setback ·.
•s are l \u�u·a l ian Bush FJowr1' £�srnct
111
i l s n a t u ra l hu�hland
<'nrrgcl ic qua l i l irs
procrastinate because they are so
landscape to promolt' I<J�I ing
M'l l i ng. These energies are ! he n capturrtl
overwhelmed by the tasks before them
emotional cha nge.
that they feel exhausted before they begin. Impatiens is for critical, irritable or
Desel'l pra lor �aline s
1mpulsive people who are easily frustrated
emotional pai n . s u n s h i ne 11 a t l l t '
by the slowness of others.
h e l p people 11 h o
Larch builds self-confidence in those
ann J ra n s ferrl'd 1 0 a l i q u i d remedy t h a t
TIJr \'\ll'll Sii C range 111Ciudrs Slul'l
n Pga l i l i l )
Lo
to
d l'(' � L rugg l i n g 11 1 l h
re t u rn t o a po. i l i 1 r
c a n be taken Cll'a l l } or ad!lrd L o creams . Also al'ailalllc· i
a range of Sou l h
Ar1·ican F1011 f'r t'SSCIICr .
w h i c h inrluctr•
aganan l h u s . hlush i ng liri!it'. keu rl j ie.
nicolidna.
SOUl' l'ig a n d si lvrrlear.
people who consider themselves inferior to others, and helps overcome an expectation of failure. Mimulus helps heal fears and phobias, ranging from anxiety about public speaking to fear of ill ness or death Mustard brings clarity and light during times of despair and despondency. Oak helps determined, driven people to realize when it is time to sit back and take a rest, or perhaps to realize that their goal 1s neither achievable nor worth striving for. Olive brings renewed energy to those who are exhausted by struggle and ready to give up. p;ne is for those who feel guilty about
Sturt Desert pea
[Swainsana formosa)
has been proven
to
help alleviate deep emotional pain.
thw own perceived past faili ngs, and always feel they could have done better. Red chrstnut releases excessive anxiety
Sweet chestrut strengthens those who
Wa•
or fear for the well-being of others.
feel they are in a hopeless situation and
people to reconnect with others.
r v olet
helps 1solated or aloof
Rock rose brings calm during times
cannot go on.
Wh1
of terror, panic or extreme fea r.
Vuvam brings flexibility and detachment
busy m 1 nd, helping to settle mcu lar
1
1 t ca l m s a n overly
Rock water is for those who deny
to people who zealously try to convert
or repetitive thoughts and allowing
themselves pleasure in favor of some
others to their own bel iefs, and who
concentration and focus to return W l d oat helps those who can't dwde
higher goal and feel a failure when they
can become quite worked up by their
cannot maintain their own impossibl y
own efforts.
high standards.
Vme eases the need to dominate
Scle ranthus helps people who question
IN l d
and control, and is for those who
who no longer stnve for change because
hemselves when making dec1s1on s to instead feel confident in their convictio ns. Star or Sethi{ hem heals feeling s of shock, regard less of whethe r the unpleasan t event occurr ed recent ly or
m
the dista nt past .
are prone to agg ress1on and the abuse of power
he1r d i rection 1n life to 1dent1fy the�r path. rose rekindles motivation 1 n people
hey have become resigned to the�r pa r ICUiar lot 1 n l i e
Wa l n u t eases you throug h times of
W i l l o w helps people who feel overly
change and helps you confidently stand
sorry for themse lves and resent the success and happme ss ot others to
your g10und when those around you have different op1n1ons
return o a more pos1 1ve Ol•tloo �
1 el i i n c I I ( t b s \ l ud n n l lo t a n i c n l nwl i i c i n e llas become t ru l y i l l t r ' r n n l iona l .
tl iHI Iw rha l i , t s n o " hm t' access to t h e m o t •rrec t i ; c· lleriJs
from all cornL'I'� of t h e glui H ' .
\ l l 1 1 l l lh Albizia lebbeck
P
Dang shen is the Chinese name for the herb known in English as bonnet bellfiower.
Astragalus membranaceus
Stem bark
r
Roots
infections of the kidneys, bladder,
The traditional Ayurvedic applications for
One of the most important qi tonics in
urethra and prostate. Buchu also
alb1z1a mclude a range of inflammatory
traditional Chinese medicine, astragalus
has diuretic actions, so it is indicated
and allergic skin and respiratory conditions,
is taken to enhance vitality and increase
for fluid retention.
and laboratory research indicates that it
energy. It has potent immune-boosting
does indeed have anti-allergic properties.
properties. so it may be prescribed to
It appears to have particular benefits for
build resistance against infections as
mast cells. which play a major role in
well as for more serious problems, such
allergic reactions, so it may help some
as helping the body's defenses cope with
people become less sensitive to substances
the trauma of chemo- and radiotherapy.
Cat's claw grows in tropical South and
to which they are allergic.
Herbalists also prescribe astragalus for a
Central America and takes its name from
\ 1 d t ( )� )
lhi
Andrographis paniculata
u
1 Leaves, aerial parts
Andrographis features in the traditional medicine of China, Thailand, India and Korea. An extremely bitter herb, it is used as a digestive tonic in Ayurvedic medicine,
C a l \ c l c 1 \\ Uncaria tamentosa, U. guaianensis
Pa t
u
Vine bark
wide range of other conditions, including
the shape of the long thorns that help it
l iver and kidney dysfunction, heart
to climb over other plants in the jungle.
problems and for aiding recovery from
It has been used for hundreds of years
blood loss (especially after childbirth).
by Peruvians to treat inflammatory conditions, such as arthritis, asthma and
Bueh L Agathosma betulina
P rt
.e Leaves
skin problems, and is also a traditional remedy for infections, fatigue and cancer. Laboratory studies attribute it with a number of immune-stimulating and anti
inflammatory properties, which may be
while in traditional Chinese medicine, its
The South African herb buchu is mainly
cooling properties mean that it is indicated
regarded as a remedy for the urinary
behind many traditional applications; little
for dispelling heat and treating infections
tract, although traditionally it was also
research has been conducted in humans.
and toxins. Andrographis also has immune
used to treat digestion and joint problems.
stimulating properties, and is used to
Its volatile essential oil has a(ltiseptic
help prevent colds and flu and to treat
properties and is considered responsible
their symptoms.
for the herb's benefits in treating
Ddn� .·hen Codonopsis pilosula
Part used Roots
Chinese herbalists regard dang shen as a gentler version of the more famous stress and energy tonic, Korean ginseng. This distinction means that it can be prescribed for patients who are frail or debilitated, for whom ginseng is considered too stimulating. Dang shen is also traditionally used for treating digestive, respiratory and cardiac problems (especially when caused by stress) and as a nourishing blood tonic for nursing mothers and other Cat's claw has hook-like thorns, which enable it to climb other plants rather voraciously.
anemic patients.
1
T
Ill
lm
Sen no alexondrino syn. Cassia ongus tifolia
Harpagophytum procu mbens
Leaves, pods
Tubers
Senna's purgative action is due to its
Devil's claw grows in the grasslan ds of southern Africa and has been used there
content of a n thraqumone g lycosides,
as a top1cal treatmen t for ulcers and wou nds, and taken internally for fevers,
triggermg a bowel movement some
which stimulate i n testinal peristalsis,
12
allergies, d igest1ve problems and as a pa 1n reliever Numerous scien ific stud1es
strong and reliable, i f a l i tt l e d rastic.
con lfm 1ts benefits, most notably as an
Habitual use may lead to "lazy bowel
: ect1ve analgesic and anti-mflammatory for ar hritis pain and backache. Some ;rudies have shown devil's claw to be lS
hours later. Probably the most popu l a r
laxative herb, senna h a s a n effect t h a t is
Each seed 1n the milk thistle bears a tuft of
syndrome," 1n which the colon becomes
white ha1r5 that help it to become airborne.
unable to function without the laxative.
effect1ve as pharmaceutical painkillers
md anti-inflammatory drugs.
1
. n l It 1
Rh1zomes
)olden seal
IS
. I Seeds
1ydrastis canadensis r
,.
Silybum morionum
named for 1ts rhizome's
haracter1s ic yellow color, and It was
M i l k thistle has such a remarkable ability to prevent and repair liver damage that certain constituen s are somet1mes used intravenously to treat death cap
1sed as both a dye and a medicine by
mushroom po1son1ng. It 1s a lso em ployed
Ia 1ve Amencans. It is still beloved by
against more frequently encountered
erbalists today, who regard it as a b1tter
toxins, such as a lcohol and environmental
1gest1ve st1mulant, a n as nngent ton1c
poilu a nts, and can help digestive and
Jr he mucous membranes and a potent
cholesterol problems, h a n ks to its effects
road-spectrum ant1microb1al remedy.
as a liver and g a llbladder tonic The best
ome of 1ts most medically 1mportant
qual ity products are s anda rdized for thelf
lkal01ds are also present m other plants
silymarm content, which is considered to
.uch as barberry and Indian barberry),
be responsible o r most of the herb's
nd these are now largely used m its
medicinal benefits.
You can use dried senna pods, available at health-food stores, to make an infusion.
Arctostaphylos uvo-ursi Leaves
lace, because golden seal has become ,dangered by over -harvesting.
Uva - u rsi's an 1 m 1crobial proper 1es are
cl
specifically 1 n d 1cated for un nary tract
TobebuJO 1mpetiginoso
mfect1ons, and seem to be more ef ec 1ve
I n n er bark
when the unne is a lkali ne. Smce many
In he 1 9 60s, pau d'arco developed an
u r i nary tract i n fections acidtfy he u rine,
internat1onal reputat1on as a cancer
the herb IS somet1mes prescribed wi h an
cure, but it had been used as a trad1t1onal
alkalizmg substance (such as bicarbona e
medicme
m
Brazil for hundreds of years
of soda) to m a x 1 m ize 1ts effec s. The
before that. Some of the herb's
compounds that are responsible for
consu uents have been shown m a
the antibiotiC ac ion a re not presen
laboratory sett1ng to mhiblt the growth
in uva - u rsi Itself, but are formed rom
and activity of umor cells. An i m m u ne
1\s content o phenolic glycos1des af er
stimulant act1on that may further help
the herb IS 1ngested.
he body fight cancer (as well as fungal d1seases and other 1nfect1ons) has also been documented. However, extensive e Cherokees pounded golden seal rhizomes th bear fat to makr an �nsect repellen t.
research will be required before paten ial is fully understood.
1
s
Caution •
Do no lakr he herbs on hese pages , ou are pregna rt or breas feeding , e>cep urder the adviCe of a healthc are profess ona
R E S P I R ATO � Y SYS T E M
Sor
th roa t s � c o l d
Tile c ll o i c c of a n a p p ro p r i a t e remed bo u t or f l u i
c l c Lc r m i n
I b
L ll e
St� g('
a n d fl u
Lo re l i ve a c o l d or a
ymptom
yo u ' re
peri n c i ng.
infection. The researchers in
Salvta officinaIts
Israel hypothesize that the
Sore throat soother
extract works by altering the surface of the virus, preventing
Cer ain compounds in sage have been documented as having antimicrobial
it from taking hold in the body. l lO'-. \( ; r . Infuse 1 to
2 teaspoons
properties. which may help to explain
(2 to 5 g ) dried elder flowers in boiling
the herb's traditional use as a gargle
water; drink 3 cups per day. Alternatively,
for sore throats and tonsillitis.
look for a commercial preparation
of dried sage; use as a gargle several
the manufacturer's instructions.
IH)
\ ( ; I· Make a strong infusion
made from elderberries and follow
times per day, as required.
) a lTO\\
The main active constituent of garlic is allicin, which is released when you crush fresh cloves.
Garlic Allium sativum Broad-spectrum t nfection fighter In vitro research has shown that garlic
\ m l rogra ph i s Andrographis paniculato
and several of its constituents have broad-spectrum activity against a wide variety of d isease-causing organisms,
Achillea mi/lefolium
C l i n i ca l ly proven to reduce
Fever remedy
symptoms of respiratory infection
Native Americans traditionally used
Used in many parts of Asia for the
by enhancing the activity of immune cells and, when taken prophylactically - that
including strains of the virus that causes flu. Garlic also helps fight colds and flu
yarrow to treat feverish conditions, and
treatment of infectious and feverish
modern herbalists still follow their lead.
condi ions, andrographis has been
is, as a preventative medicine - may help
It is often called for in the early stages
investigated in several clinical trials.
protect you from catching a cold.
of cold or flu, and is commonly combined
These studies document i mprovements
1 I >U� \! ; E To treat infection, take up
with elder flower, which is also considered
in symptoms of cold, flu and pharyngo
to 2 cloves fresh garlic per day. Chop them
helpful in lowering high temperatures.
tonsillitis, such as fatigue, sore throat,
and leave them to sit for 5 to 10 minutes
muscle aches, shivering, excessive nasal
before cooking with them. This will allow
secretions, sinusitis and headache, and
the medicinally active component allicin to
leaves) in boiling water; drink 3 cups
suggest that andrographis may also reduce
form. For prevention, aim for a dose of up
per day.
the amount of sick leave patients need in
to 3 cloves per week, or buy a commercial
) )( )') \ ! , L Infuse 1 teaspoon (4 g )
dried yarrow ( the flowers, seeds and
Elder Sambucus nigra Fever a n d flu re l ief
Elder flowers are used to treat upper
order to recover. Like echinacea, astragalus
preparation that provides a standardized
and garlic, andrographis also appears to
quantity of either alliin or allicin, and
have some preventative action and, when
follow the manufacturer's instructions.
taken over several months, may help reduce the incidence of colds. DOS
\< ; I : For the best results, take
respiratory infections with fevers or
andrographis as soon as possible after
sinus congestion. The berries have long
the onset of cold or flu symptoms. Look
Thyme Thymus vulgaris Antimicrobial and antispasmodic
been used to make cordials and wines,
for commercial preparations standardized
The essential oil of thyme is regarded as
but more recent research in Israel has
for their content of andrographolides,
one of nature's most potent antimicrobial
established that a commercial preparation
which are considered responsible for
substances, so herbalists commonly
of elderberries, standardized for its
much of the herb's activity, and follow
prescribe the plant to help resolve
content of anthocyanins - the purple
the manufacturers' instructions. Doses
respiratory tract infections, such as
compounds that give the berries their
of up to 6 g dried herb per day are
colds, flu, tonsillitis and l aryngitis. It
color - helps relieve the symptoms
normally used to treat infection, while
also has antispasmodic properties, so
of flu and shorten the duration of the
lower doses are taken for prevention.
it can be used to help reduce coughing.
R E S P I RATO R Y SYSTE M DO:\ \ ( ; 1 Infuse up to 1 teaspoon
(4 g) dried thyme leaves or 2 teaspoons fresh leaves in boiling water; dnnk 3 cups per day.
•
Marsh mallow and andrographis may affect blood sugar levels, so they should not
•
•
be
sensitivity to sunlight. If you develop
taken by people w1th diabetes, except under
th1s symptom, stop usmg it I mmediately
professional supervision.
and seek medical adv1ce.
Don't use yarrow 1f you are allerg1c to
•
plants (for example, ch1cory, da1s1es,
Marrubium vulgare
Loosens the mucus in
•
unproductive coughs •
horehound
Do not consume the isolated essential oil of thyme. Use only the fresh or dried herb. Uncooked fresh elderbernes may cause
Black horehound
(Bal/ota nigra)
should
not be used as a substitute for white
echinacea and chrysanthemums). •
Do not use large doses of elder flower over long penods of time.
members of the Asteraceae family of
\\ h i l r hore h o u n d
Yarrow may very occasionally increase
•
(Morrubium vulgare).
With the exception a normal culinary quant1ties of sage, garlic and thyme, do
White horehound has expectorant
diarrhea and vomiting. Use only the
not take the herbs on these two pages 1f
properties, helping to break up thickened
dried or cooked berries.
you are pregnant or breast feed ing , except
Andrographis may exacerbate pre-existing
under professional adv1ce.
phlegm and encouraging you to cough to remove it from the respiratory tract I t is particularly favored by herbalists when coughs are dry, hacking and unproductive.
j )( ), \ ( , I•, I n fuse up to 1 teaspoon
•
cases of heartburn and gastnc ulcer. Garlic may cause minor gastric upset in some people, but these symptoms are less likely when the herb is cooked.
[2 g) dried flowering tops of horehound in boiling water; drink 3 cups per day.
\ l m�h m a l h m
Althaea officina/is
Soothing expectorant for i rritated a i rways Both the roots and leaves of the marsh mallow plant can be used to treat coughs. However, herbalists prefer the root for its higher mucilage content, which is responsible for the herb's soothing actions on the respiratory mucous membranes. Marsh mallow is traditionally indicated to relieve Irritated and inflamed th roats and ai rways, and to help expel mucus when lungs are congested.
I lOS \ I ; I I n fuse 2 to 5 g dried
marsh mallow root in cold (not hot) water, and steep for 8 hours to release mucilage ; drink up to 3 cups per day. Caut ions •
Exceeding the recommended doses of yarrow, andrographis or wh1te horehound may cause Side effects and should be avoided.
•
If you are taking blood-thinn1ng or blood pressure medicanons, don't ake garlic, andrographis or yarrow. Stop takmg any
of these herbs at least 2 weeks before undergoing surgery. •
Marsh mallow may mterfere with the absorption of other medicines, so separate doses by
2
hours.
Elder flowers and berries have many applicat ions in na 1 ura 1 beauty prepa ration s and In cookin g
AESPIRA
..__
I1
_RY SYSTE M
rnun
suppo1
l lclp l)OO. t �o u r l)()c l:r's elden . e. aga i n,'t di ca e-cau i ng 11actl' r i a a n d ' i r usc, l l. tak i n g i m m u n e-s t i m u lati n g h e r b .
I .rltilldl t'cl fe 1 t rr to 1rf
t1on
Labora ory studies mto several different ech 1 nacea spec1es and constituents isola ed from the plant have 1dentified a vane y o immunolog 1cal effects, and seem to valida e the herb's usage to support 1mmunity The results o human clin1cal trials have not always demonstrated he a ntic1pa ed effects, however, causing the popular use of echinacea as a preventative against colds and flu to become controversial.
Three species o f echinacea are cultivated for medicinal purposes
E. pal/ida and E. purpurea
- Echinoceo ongustifolia,
(shown above). They also make very attractive additions to the g ard en .
But a meta-analys1s published in
2007 may go some way in clarifying he situation. In this study, researchers pooled the results of 14 clin ical studies and est1mated that taking echinacea decreased the l i kelihood of developing a
\�lrd.gdl uo..., Astragalus membronoceus
In traditional Chinese medicine, the herb astragalus is attributed with warming tonic. It
IS
indicated for patients with
fa moly
of plants
(for example, daisoes, chrysanthemums.
chocory and chamomile); people woth pollen allergies should also take care, as some preparatoons may con tam pollen. Cases of contact dermavtis have also occasionally
properties and is regarded as a lung
( I The most appropnate
Do not use echmacea i f you are allergoc to members of the Asteraceae
1n chron c cond;t10ns
cold by 58 percent, and when a cold d1d
Ill I
•
l m p rov s 1mmun ity
occur, its d u ration was shortened by about 30 hours.
Cautions
been reported. •
Talk to your doctor before taking echinacea
dose of echinacea depends on both the
longstanding illnesses and for those who
1f you have an autoommune conditoon, such
plant part and the species used, but it
are susceptible to recurrent infection, and
as lupus, or a progressive disease. such as
is important to start taking the herb as
appears to improve the functioning of the
multiple sclerosos or H IV/AIDS. Echinacea
soon as possible after symptoms develop.
immune system so that the body can
Preparations made from the root of Echinoceo ongustifolio
or E. pol/ida are
better defend itself against pathogens especially viruses. Astragalus is a good
generally taken at doses of about 1 g taken
herb to try if you're run-down and tired
3 times daily to treat colds or, in lower
and repeatedly catch colds or flu since,
should not be used by patoents taking immunosuppressive medocations.
•
Note that astragalus os recommended for chronoc (longstanding) rather than acute mfections; discortmue use
i
you develop
an infection while takmg ot.
doses, as a preventative. For E. purpureo,
in addition to its immune-boosting
either the whole plant (including roots) or
propert1es, it is also traditionally used
may help reduce the sode effects of some
the aerial parts may be used. The dose is
to raise overall vitality and energy.
immunosuppressove cancer treatments, such
up to 2 g taken 3 times dally as an infusion
10 g dried astragalus root i n 3/4 cup ( 180 ml) water for 10 m1nutes before straining; drink the decoction in 2 doses during the day.
as radio- and chemotherapy, but should
of dned herb, or 3 ml juice made from the fresh plant and taken 3 times daily. To make the juice. liquefy fresh aerial
I HI
•
\( ,) Boil 3 to
parts of E. purpureo with a little water in
Alternatively, take tablets or capsules
a home j uicer or blender. The juice doesn't
according to the manufacturer's
store well, so make only as much as you
instructions, up to a maximum dose
need to use 1mmed1ately.
of 7.5 g dried root per day.
The resistance-boostmg effects of astragalus
only
be used m this way in consultation woth your doctor.
•
Do not use the herbs on this page i you are pregnant or breastfeeding, except under tne advice of a healthcare professoonal.
: .R'ESflJRAT·ORY':S:tS'iT:EM
r Iay f
er
,
an I sinusitL
prevent. Lhe Herb' can help provide relief from. and rna e en mptom of hay fe er. d bilitaling pain of inu ili and lh
\ll>izia
llol'...,l'I\Hlhh
Albizio lebbeck
Armorocio rusticono
R h(
s congest ed
muses
Ayurvedrc a ntr-a l l ergy herb
1 you've ever tasted horseradish (or its
Albizio lebbeck has a long history of use in
Japanese cousin wasabi), you'll know that
Ayurvedic medicine, where it is prescribed
it is a rapid decongestant. clearing the
for allergies and inflammatory conditions,
sinuses and easmg breathing almost
including hay fever, asthma, hives and
immediately after ingestion. This effect
allergic conjunctivitis. Studies suggest
is due to the ability of compounds called
that albizia works by stabilising the cells
glucosinolates to liquefy thickened mucus,
that release histamine and other allergic
makmg it easier to clear and relieving the
mediators, thereby relieving allergrc
pressure and head pain assoetated with
tendencies and helping to manage
smus conges ion. These are the same
allergy symptoms.
I lf l'-. \I I Look for commercial
compounds that give horseradish its spicy taste. They also have antimicrobial
preparations providing the equivalent
3 to 6 g per day of
propertres, so horseradish helps fight sinus
of
infections, too. In clinical trials in Europe,
bark. and take it according to the
he dried stem
researchers found that a combination of
manufacturer's instructions.
horseradish and nasturtium (which also contains glucosinolates) was just as effec ive in treatmg sinus infection as antrbrotics but produced fewer side effects.
IHl
! ,( Use horseradish paste or
wasabi as a condiment. Alternatively, take
Pt't illd Perillo fru tescens
M � pre
n
hay fpyf"r symptoms
Also known as shiso or beefsteak plant,
Horserad1sh root 1s rich '"v1tam1n C, and sailors once ate it on long voyages to prevent scurvy.
commercrally prepared tablets or capsules
perilla is a common mgredient in the
(wrth or wrthout nasturtrum] at a dose of
traditional diet of Japan. Screntrsts there
Ca utions
have also been integral rn rdennfying
•
up to
3 g per day.
those w1 h gastnc ulcers. 1 may also cause
symptoms. Both the leaf and the seed
T
r
irrrtation and burnrng 1f 1t comes onto
of perilla contarn compounds that help
Euphrosio officina/is
reduce allergy symptoms, such as
m
sneezmg, itchiness of the nose and
Horseradish may 1rr1tate the d1gesrove tract m some people and should be avo•ded by
its potentral for preventing hay fever
con act w1th he skon or eyes. •
If you suffer from hyro1d d•sease or are ak1ng blood-th1nn•ng med1cat ens, do
E yeb nght is radrtronally used for
scratchy, watery eyes. Prelrmrnary research
resplfatory condi rons wi h wa ery
suggests tha the herb (and particularly
than normal culinary
drscharges, so rt's an ideal herb to take
the constituen rosmarinrc acrd) may help
protessional superv1s1on
when you are suffering from hay fever
seasonal allergy sufferers expenence
symp oms, such as constan sneezing, a
fewer hay fever symptoms dunng periods
at the same 1me as pharmaceutiCal an -
runny nose and watery or irri a ted eyes. It can also be used for colds and lu with
of high-pollen exposure.
allergy med1ca 10ns (such as antoh stam nes)
s•milar symp oms.
per day rn tablet or capsule form. For the
11 1
Infuse up to 1 teaspoon
(1 to 4 g) dned aerial parts of eyebright in boiling water , drink
3 cups per day
no take horseradrsh at doses h1ghe•
•
to start takmg perilla about a month before the hay fever season.
a<e, e>cept under
Alb1z1a ano penlla shourd rot be raken
except under profes��onal super;1s on, as
( I Take up to 9 g of dried leaf treatment of seasonal allergres, rt may help
on
the effects o the drugs mav be e•1�arced •
b.cept for normal cu1 nary quar Jt1es u horserad sr1, do not �se tne herbs or 1'>1s paqe you are pregnan or breast'eed1nq, excep ,; der the adv1ce o• o hea trc;J•e prote-;s lna
IG E STWf S YSTEM
lncligc tion Tlw l' n jo)mr n t of a meal q u i c k!
el i ', i pa t es if thr b u r n i ng
pa i n a n d d iscomfort of i n c l ig ,' l io n o r c l , prpsia fo l l ov. . \lany popular apc·nuh are based
1 >0..., \( , I, Infuse 4 to 6 g dried leaves and flowering tops of meadowsweet m boilmg water; dnnk 3 cups per day.
SliprH't'\ elm Ulmus rubro
Sooth1'lg and healmg
The mucilage in slippery elm bark forms a gel that lines the gastromtestmal tract, act1ng as an anti-inflammatory and encouragmg healing. Slippery elm is
(;r•ece and paslis from France. are
Sti m u lates d igestion
lin1ng from the effects of excess acid.
on the tongue, triggering the release of fluids. Gentian aids many of
15 to 30 minutes before meals. (As slippery
the symptoms that can occur due to poor
elm trees are becoming increasmgly rare,
digestion, including heartburn, flatulence,
form rather than collect it yourself.)
dominated of anist'
mc l udmg ouzo from
hv the licoricr-li�r a roma
or tar ani ·e. Ta�mg a dose
of one of the many bitter hrrbs the
saliva, gastric acid and other digestive
slippery elm bark into water and drink
powdered
act a tonic
other aperiuf·.
Bitter-flavored gentian improves digestion
m
st•crrllon s but al �o
Gentiono luteo
by stimulating the bitter aste receptors
it's preferable to buy bark
11 h 1rh not on I\ stunuldtr stomach
<;en licm
because the gel helps protect the stomach
1 teaspoon powdered
mPllictnt''· �urh as 11orm\\ ood.
for the 111 rr and gallbladder. \lam
an ideal herb for indigestion sufferers,
I H ..., \(,I St1r
on lrarhliona lly ust'fl biller herbal
or a rom au
hr fo re your meal can ha' e
amr henrfih: tr� peprerminl.
ft• mw l , gmgcr or glol>c arti ho�c.
nausea and poor appetite. It is best taken before meals over several weeks, but a single dose after a heavy meal can also
\JeddO\\ "i\\ t'Cl Filipendulo ulmorio
Acid balance
be beneficial. 1 )()...; \(,I·. Take
2 to 5 drops gentian
root tincture in water, or infuse 1 g dried root and rhizome in boiling water. Take
Meadowsweet relieves indigestion, reflux
gentian 3 times per day, preferably 15 to
and other problems of over-acidity. Taken
30 m i nutes before meals.
over a period of several weeks, it helps to normalize stomach ac1d production while soothmg i n flamed gastric tissues and promoting healing.
\nisr
• A heart attack some imes m1m1cs the symptoms of ind1gest1on. Call for an
Pimpinello onisum
ambulance immediately 1f your symptoms
R e l i eves f u l lness and b l oating
are accompanied by a pain that radiates down the arm or up the neck, or by
Anise helps to relieve the discomfort
d1zziness, weakness or shortness of breath.
and pain of indigestion, and is particularly beneficial when wind or bloating are also present. Other aromatic herbs - such as caraway, fennel and dill - can be used in
•
Slippery elm may mterfere with the absorpt1on of other medicines, so separate doses by
2 hours.
• Do not take meadowsweet 1f you are
the same way.
taking blood-th1nnmg or an 1coagulant
1 teaspoon (2 g) ripe anise seeds to release the
medications lmcluding asp1nnl. or 1f you
1 [)()..., \(;I·: Grind up to
essential oil before infusing them in boiling water. Drink up to 3 cups per day.
are allerg1c to salicylates.
• Do not confuse antse and star amse. • Do not take gentian 1f you suffer from pept1c or duodenal ulcer.
• With the exception of normal culinary Cautions
• See your doctor 1f you expenence In the Middle Ages, meadowsweet flowers were a popular flavoring for wine and beer.
indigestion or heartburn frequently, or 1f vom1ting occurs.
quantities of anise, do not use the herbs on this page 1f you are pregnant or breas feedmg, except under the adv1ce of a healthcare professional.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Na u ea Lomach bug. a ca
Wheth r it' a 24-hour or a bout of ea ickne
. nau
a make
or food poi oning
you r
I mi
rable.
1crmnn chamom i le
G i n ger Zingiber officinole
Matricaria recutita
Settles the stomach
Eases anxiety
If you're feeling queasy, reach for ginger
The essential oil that gives chamomile
first Several clinical trials support its
its characteristic smell also imparts
traditional reputation as an effective
antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory
treatment and preventative for nausea
properties, while its bitter principles help
from a variety of sources. including
stimulate the secretion of gastric juices.
morning sickness, motion sickness and
This combination of actions, along with
post-operative vomiting and nausea. For
its renowned calming effects, make
more information on ginger and morning
chamomile a very useful herb for the
sickness, see Pregnancy, page 236
treatment of nausea, especially when
20 to 30 drops ginger
1 DOS \Ia'. Add
tincture to water, or infuse 112 teaspoon
1
powdered ginger or
to
2 teaspoons
it is due to, or accompanied by, anxiety and emotional upset.
11 ) )( ), \(; I•: Infuse
1
to
2 teaspoons
grated fresh ginger root in boiling water;
dried chamomile flowers in boiling water;
take 3 times per day. For children over
drink
the age of
4, add 10 to
15 drops of ginger
tincture to lemonade or ginger beer.
3 to 4 cups per day. Children over 4 years can take a third to a
the age of
half of the adult dose.
To prevent seasickness and travel sickness. take 1 g dried ginger
30 minutes
before the trip starts and every few hours
Ca utions
• In some cases, nausea and vom>ting may be symptomatic of underlymg disease.
during the journey. The same dose can
See your doctor if symptoms are severe,
be taken before surgery to reduce post
prolonged or occur frequently.
operative nausea (but discuss this with your surgeon first- see Cautions).
•
Medical attention 1s also warranted 1f nausea is accompanied by severe
Peppel'm i n t •
Mentho x piperita
Ant1spasmod1c
abdominal pam, confusion, headache or a
allowing reflux o occur more readily.
stiff neck, or is triggered by a head injury.
Ginger is also contramd1cated >n reflux and
Dehydration can occur as a consequence
should not be used medicmally 1f you suf er
of vomiting. Watch out for symptoms such
from gastnc ulcer or gallstones.
as dry lips and mouth, decreased urination
Peppermint is specifically indicated when nausea is accompanied by churning
Rehydrate usmg an electrolyte replacement
of plants (for example da>s1es, chicory,
and seek medical advice Immediately •
Gmger should not be aken for 2 weeks pnor o undergoing surgery However, in
content of a menthol-rich essential oil.
consultation with your physician, a single
10 to 1 5 drops
dose can be taken just prior to surgery to reduce post-operative nausea.
peppermint tincture to water, or infuse
1
teaspoon fresh or dried aerial parts in
boiling water; take
3 to 4 times per day.
Children over 4 years can take a third to a half of the adult dose.
•
Don't use chamomile 1f you are allerg1c to members of the As eraceae family
the gastrointestinal tract are due to its
� DO� \!:t: Add
•
and rapid pulse, espec1ally >n children. supplement (available from pharmacies).
sensations in the stomach or gripping pains in the bowel. Its antispasmodic actions in
German chamomile grows wild throughout Europe where it has long been used medicinally.
Don't use peppermint if you suffer from gastro-oesophageal reflux d1sease (GOAD) or hiatus hernia, because ItS antispasmodic e feet may worsen your symptoms by relaxmg the esophageal sph1ncter and
chrysanthemums and echmacea). •
Wi h the except>on of normal culinary quant1t1es of peppermmt and German chamomile, do not use any of the herbs on th>s page i you are pregnant or breas feeding, except under the adv1ce of a healthcare profess,onal.
-�O.I.GeSTIVf SYSTEM
\� i nd, bl o a t i ng ancl flatu l en •\ c erta i n a m o u n t of '' i n c! every da be u n comforta111c ancl e m barra
i
n o r m a l . b u t i t can
i n g i f it occur
to
xce Chine ·e tar ani�e ha
P<'PI f•rmint
( d I il\\ .1\
Mentha x p1pento
Corum corv1
lmt ble bowel relief
AromatiC a ntispasmod i c
Latin \rnrrica and the Caribbean a� a treatment for colir. but folio\\ ing a numb r
Long known to relieve wind and gastro
Caraway is another herbal medicine that
Intestinal spasm, peppermmt
has been traditionally used to relieve wind,
IS
an ideal
remedy for people w1th irritable bowel
bloating and flatulence. Like peppermint,
syndrome (IBS). a condit1on characterized
it helps to decrease spasm in the muscles
by abdominal pain, bloating and excessive
of the digestive tract, and the essential oils
flatulence. Several clinical trials support
of the two herbs are sometimes combined
the use of peppermint to relieve IBS
in commercial products.
I HI
symptoms, especially when taken as entenc-coated peppermint oil capsules hat break down in the bowel, where their antispasmodic effects are most needed.
(Ill'-; \1;1 Add
10
to
15 drops
(2
\I,( Grind up to
1
Somr of the e cases have bern
rela
to contamtoalion by the
d herb Japanese tar ani e
(Illicium ani atuml. which i tO\ic. llowevrr. Cbine
e star anise i al o
ronsidered responsible ror at lea t orne or th
reaction
and eren
in lov. do e may cau e
\ere
reaction. in �oung childrrn.
3 cups per
day. Alternatively, use commercial caraway oil capsules (often combined with peppermint) and follow the
3 to 4 times per day.
children. this
hould nov. be a1oided.
attributed
teaspoon
1
boiling water; take
practice
essential oil before infusing them in boiling water. Drink up to
or evere ad1cr e reaction
in infants and young
g) caraway seeds to release the
peppermint tincture to water, or infuse teaspoon fresh or dried aerial parts in
(Illicium 1erum1
a long history of u�·r in Spain.
manufacturer's instructions.
Alternatively, use commercial peppermint oil capsules and follow the manufacturer's instructions.
l>r l l Anethum groveo/ens
�oothes col i c O f the many herbs with calming actions on the digestive system, dill is the
Cautions
preferred remedy for the treatment of
•
Products contaming the essential oils of peppermint and/or caraway are not
colic in babies and is equally beneficial for adults suffering from uncomfortable
recommended for infants, children,
wind pain. As with other digestive
pregnant or breastfeeding women. or for people with gallbladder, kidney
remedies, it is the herb's essential oil
or gastro-oesophageal d1sease.
that is responsible for its actions as a gastrointestinal antispasmodic, with the effect of releasing wind and reducing
the manufacturer.
•
pain and discomfort.
II()
2
taking peppermint oil capsules. because
teaspoons
(4 g) dill seeds to release the essential oil before infusing them in boiling water.
they may interact with some drug5.
•
colic in a breastfed baby. For babies over
3 months. allow the infusion
Caraway is combined with fennel and dill to
to cool and give 1 to
make an infusion for treating intestinal problems.
a time up to
3 teaspoons at
4 times a day.
Caraway may cause an allergic reaction in some people. Stop using
3 cups per day to relieve
it if you expenence
any adverse effects. such as diarrhea or
bloating and flatulence in yourself or
the age of
If you are already taking prescribed medicines, talk to your doctor before
\1 ,)· Grind up to
Drink up to
Do not
exceed the dose recommended by
a runny nose.
•
Do not use the herbs on this page in greater than culinary quantities if you are pregnant or breastfeedmg, except under a healthcare professional.
the advice of
DIGE'STIVE- SYSTEM
con tip a t ion a nd 11 c m orr l1 o ids can IC'HI to ilcmo r riloic! · ( nrni ng probl m. vvi l ll consl i palion ·ancc r. and an i nc rea cd r i k or eli c rl i u lar d isca 'C' ancl L)O\ cl
contain anthraquinone glycosides, its
P:-.' I I i urn
Plantago avo to, P. psyllium
..,, bl
fiber supple ment
Mucilage-rich psyllium husks are a valuable source of soluble fiber, often lacking in the Western diet. In fact, psyllium IS one of the
laxative action is less marked than that of Chinese rhubarb or other herbal laxatives such as senna and cascara.
4 g dned yellow 10 m1nutes; drink the decoction up to 3 t1mes daily. Ill l
\I
Boil
1
to
dock root 1n a cup of water fo r
few types of fiber supplement that have been proven to aid the management of chronic constipation problems.
IH 1 \( I Psyllium husks are available in tablets, capsules and soluble
Hamamelis virginiana
I
c
r o a hr I r
powders, and should be taken accord1ng
In clinical trials. topical applications of
to the manufacturer's instructions.
witch hazel have been demonstrated to be
A teaspoon of the powdered husks can
as effective as other medications (including
Witch hazel is native to North America, where i t was used medicinally b y Native American tribes.
also be sprinkled on fruit or breakfast
corticosteroids) for the relief of the pain,
cereal once a day. Every dose of psyllium
itching and bleeding of hemorrhoids. The
Cautions
should be taken with a large glass of water.
herb is also traditionally taken mternally
•
Chin!'"'' rhul>d rh Rheum palmatum
rang 11 'a11ve
more than
astnngent nature makes 1t unsuitable for people with a tendency to be constipated.
•
10 days at a
time.
Do not use herbs to treat constipation 1n children, or 1f you are pregnant, breast
I ,I Rub witch hazel gel,
Il I
Anthraqumone-containmg herbs should not be taken in excessive doses. or for
for the treatment of hemorrhoids, but its
feeding, have undragnosed abdommal pain
ointment or tincture into the affected
or an mtestmal or gallbladder blockage.
Chinese rhubarb root 1s a strong laxative
area once a day. Talk to a professionally
Chmese rhubarb rs also contraindicated in
with a potent content of anthraquinone
tramed herbalist. who can help determme
persons suffenng from ar hnt1s or k 1dney
glycosides. In trad1t1onal Chinese medicine
whether mternal use of w1tch hazel IS
It IS prescribed for constipation and is
appropriate for your circumstances.
or urinary tract disease. •
psyllium) on medical adv1ce.
improve appetite and ac as a liver and
\ natural triggel'
gallbladder tonic.
I I I \I I Boil '/,oz. (20 g) dried or 11. oz. (40 g) fresh Chmese rhubarb rh1zome in 3 cups (750 ml) water Simmer un il reduced to 2 cups (500 ml). Take '/, to I. cup (50 to 100 ml) of the decoct1on with your evening meal.
l.a\aliiC'
llrrlJ� tl'nd
to contain
•
Always dnnk lot5 of water when usmg psyllium. because cases of cho rng have occasionally been reported m people
llhll'h ll'all'lillniUgh lill' lilgt'S(II('
who have taken psyllrum powders
systrm tiH'\
LO llw
1ntrsunr.
tllnulall• l)('n,lahls a nil
tri gger a
hOIIt'l lllOi t ' ment . Smre
ll
hours aftPr
Without adequate flurds
11 ht'l'l'
Rumex crispus
Yellow dock is a gentle digestive stimul ant tha is specifically indicated for slugg1sh liver or bowel function. While 1t does
Psyllium may interfere w•th the absorption of other med1crnes. so separate doses by 2 hours.
ralll'
th1s rrrert usually occurs ahou1
r
•
ldl'\' i llg ((UJiltilll'S O[ l'OIIIjlOIIO(IS
)t·llo\\ cl<w" clrar
Persons d1agnosed w1th an 1ntestmal 1llness should only use herbal medic1nes ( i ncludmg
considered to promote bile secret1on,
•
•
tak('n 111 tlw 1 '1 <' 11 1 11/l. 11 1 th lllr'
Top1cal applications of w1tch hazel occasionally cause contact allergy Stop
llw lwrhs are
consume
Rhubarb leaves are toxic and should not be consumed.
usmg 1t rmmed1ately rf you are concerned •
W1th the exceptron of top1cal applrcat•ons of w1tch hazel, do not use the herbs on
llhi<'CliVl' of lit'l-l'IOplllg d l'l'gllldl'
thrs page rf you are pregnant or breast
h011PI hahll Ill till' 11101'11111/!�.
feedmg, except under the advrce ot a healthcare profess1onal
D IG E STIV E SYST E M
l ji\ er an cJ ga l l bla dder sup por t 'tour liH' I' all(! galllllacldcr arc ,.ita I fo l '
procrs
'CS. Look aft( r them. , o L11c
I ii� Ill"
our' di ge live a n d deLoxifi calion
an look after you.
It'
Turmeric
Silybum morionum .. V(
1
t
Curcuma Iongo
t r o r and rep a 1 r
Stimulates gal lbladder function
The seeds o f milk thistle (also known
Among its many other medrcinal actions,
as St Mary's th1stle) con tam a g roup
turmeric helps to stimulate bile secretion
of antioxidant compounds collectively
and may offer some protection against the development of gall stones. Its effects
referred to by the name silymarin. Studies show silymann helps protect
on the liver and gallbladder may also be
liver cells from damage and aids the
responsible for the herb's ability to help
repair or replacement of injured cells.
lower blood cholesterol levels.
Under professronal supervision, milk
I ()()� \GL Mix 112 teaspoon powdered
thistle and silymarin aid the management
turmeric with cold water and drink 2 to
of a wide range of serious liver problems,
3 times per day for up to 4 weeks at a
i ncluding non-alcoholic and alcoholic liver
time. Alternatively, take turmeric capsules,
disease and some forms of hepatitis.
standardized for their content of curcumin.
Milk thrstle can also be used to prevent
' 0
or treat the effects of overindulgence in alcohol a nd fatty foods, to prevent liver
Cautions
•
headaches a nd skin problems associated with poor liver function.
Th� white veins on the leaves of milk thistle
attempt to treat yourself using these
were said to be milk from th� Virgin's breast.
or any other herbal medicines. lnst�ad, seek th� care of an appropriately trarned
I)( l" \I,( Look for tablets or
capsules that are standardized for their silymarin content (sometimes labelled as flavanolignans or silybin), and follow the manufacturer's instructions.
healthcare professional.
Dan(lelion mol
Schisondro chinensis
Liver s u p port
•
gastrointestinal function and is traditionally
are sometimes experienced when th= remedies are taken. If you experience any discomfort, discontinue use.
•
used for minor digestive ailments, especially
Although there is less scientific evidence
An infusion of the roasted root is a popular
Don't use milk thistle or dandelion root if you are allergic to members of the Asteraceae family of plants (for example,
sluggish liver and gallbladder function, indigestion and mild cases of constipation.
Minor gastrointestinal symptoms. such as nausea, diarrhea and flatulence
Taraxacum officinole
Trad itional hepatic toni c
As a bitter herb, dandelion root stimulates
Schisan
If you suffer from liver or gallbladder disease (including gall stones), do not
damage from toxic exposure, and for
daisies, chrysanthemums and echinacea).
•
If you have a gastric or duodenal ulcer, or are taking blood-thinning medications.
to support its use, schisandra may have
caffeine-free alternative to coffee and a
do not take turmeric at doses higher than
similar liver-protecting properties to milk
pleasant way to stimulate digestion before
normal culinary intake.
thistle. Laboratory studies demonstrate
or after a heavy meal.
a number of a ntioxidant effects and
•
In tradrtional Chinese medicine, schisandra is contraindicated in the early stages of
to prevent cell damage by harmful
1 ()(h \(,h Infuse 112 to 2 teaspoons (2 to B g) dried or roasted dandelion root in boiling water; drink 3 cups per day.
substances and to reduce some of the
If using the roasted root, add milk or
symptoms associated with liver disease.
soy milk to taste, but avoid sweeteners,
or breastfeeding, except under the advice
1 l)(), \(,1': Take the equivalent of
because they may diminish the herb's
of a healthcare professional.
suggest that it, too, has the ability
500 to 1500 mg of the dried fruit 3 times
effective-ness. Tablets, capsules and a
per day, in either tablet or tincture form.
tincture are also available.
coughs and colds. •
W ith the exception of normal culinary quantities of turmeric, do not use the herbs on this page if you are pregnant
Detox Fe ling luggi h and run-down? tJ a be iL's lime to d to di t. e pe iall if you· e been o erinclulging or n glc Ling your
material from the body and returns them
Dandelion ll'ar
to the bloodstream for disposal. It is
Taraxacum o fficinole
specifically indicated when the lymph
Herbal dturettc
glands are chronically enlarged or
Dandelion leaves have powerful diurettc
congested, and when skin problems, such
activ1ty: They promote the production
as acne or eczema, are present. ()():-,\(,!. Infuse
and excretion of urine. They also have
1
teaspoon
properties (although, traditionally, these
water; dnnk
3 cups per day. Alternatively, 15 ml
actions are considered to be milder than
juice the fresh herb and drink 5 to
the actions of the dandelion root).
3 times daily.
1 f)O \( ;t: Infuse
1
to
(4 g)
dried aerial parts of cleavers in boiling
liver- and gallbladder-stimulating
2 teaspoons
(4 to 10 g) dried dandelion leaves 1n 3 cups per day.
boiling water; drink
P�� I lium Plantago ovata, P. psyllium
Factlttates excretion of toxins
Clem ers
husks is especially beneficial when you're
Lymphatic cleanser
substance in the Intestines, trappmg toxic
gen le ye effective tonic for the lymphatic
compounds so they can be excreted.
body
that it's d ifficu l t
lo function dl
il' best
tf lhr organs of elimmalion arr OH'rloadecl. In thr
ph i losop h i r ' of
man} traditional heal ing��. trms.
thl'
fl'
t·an lrad to ymptoms as d11·rr
powders, and should be taken accordmg
a hostory of eatong dosorders or alcohol or drug abuse; people who have had
A teaspoon of powdered husks can also
a hogher than normal exposure to toxins
be sprinkled on fruit or breakfast cereal
(for example, hrough occupatoonal
once a day. Take every dose of psyllium
exposure)
with a large glass of water.
Don't use dandelion leaf of you are allergoc
plants ifoo example, daosoes, echinacea and
Cautions
chrysanthemums) or are tako ng po assoum
Most people can safely undergo a gentle detox program by adop mg a doet of fresh
sparong douretics or ACE mhobotors. •
fruot and vegetables, dronkmg plenty of
alcohol and processed foods for a few
2 hours •
days However, transoen sode effects do
excrruon of the• f crs. so rr·1nrdtrs such as thr ones d wiled
and
occasionally been reported on people takong
include gastrointestinal dosturbances, headaches, joont and muscle paon, fa ogue
•
Always drink lots of water wh�n •osonq psylloum, because cases of cho 11 g have
sometomes occur durmg a detox. These
to
Psylloum may 1n erfere woth he absorptoon of other medocones, so separate doses b
water, and avoodong caffeone, cigarettes,
pia\ a major role in Lhr formatton
atHII}mphaLtc sy�tem ·.
•
to members of the As eraceae famoly of
r
an�
dosease, cancer pa oents, people akong
to the manufacturer's instructions.
prolllrrn ·. Thr 11\Cr and gallhi<Jdclcr
to he r rntr a l
ontestine, kidney, liver or gallbladder
prescribed medocatlons; people woth
as headaches . faligur and �ktn
on th1 · page trnd
chronoc ollness, diabetes, diagnosed
available in tablets, capsules and soluble
•
Ulling UUIIdup of tOXIn�
and breastfeedong women, people woth
I)( )'-o \I, L Psyllium husks are
system, which collects wastes and foreign
II 'I ICH'
professoonal children, teenagers, pregnant
detoxing because 1t forms a gel-like
Cleavers 1s traditionally regarded as a
for lhe
make a caffeine-free coffee substitute.
Soluble fiber of the type found in psyllium
Galium aporme
llrrbalt>l
The roots of dandelion are dried and roasted to
psyllium powders without adequate luods •
Do not use any of these herbs
you are
and skon rashes.
pregnant or breastteedong, except under
The followong people should not undergo
the advoce of a healthcare profess.onal
detox regomens or ake the herbs listed on thos page except under the supervosoon of an appropriately qualified healthcare
NE RVt>!JS S'i'""S'rE M
ion ancl tre II �nu
C:ll'l'
fee l i ng tiH' pt't'"surc of too m u c h to clo
tn too lillie time. tllrSt' llcrbs ma
help
ou to cop '.
"()' ('dfl �ill ('llg
L<·mon hnlrn
Pona>c g1nseng
Melissa offlcma/Js
l m p•o
p rformanc
under stre s
The most h1ghly valued of all Chmese herbs, Korean g1nseng has a long-held reputation for help1ng the body and mmd cope w1 h stress It has been he subjec of n umerous clin1cal tnals, wh1ch have documen ed (among other effects) i mprovements 1n alertness, relaxat10n,
Calmmg and relaxing
Lemon balm IS traditionally used during t1mes o tens1on, restlessness and an 1ety, and IS 1deal when you are feeling uptight, ag1tated or overwrought. In clinical tnals, people affected by stress have reported feeling mcreased levels of calmness and 1mproved mood after JUSt a smgle dose of
mood and performance on various tests.
lemon balm, but it can also be taken over
No all ciln1cal tnals have supported
a longer period when stress is ongoing. I)(,..., \I ,f. Infuse 1 to 2 teaspoons of
Korean ginseng's trad1t1onal reputation. l l \I,
Take commercially prepared
Korean ginseng tablets accord1ng to he manufacturer's mstruc ions (up to a
resh aerial parts of lemon balm in boiling water; drink 1 cup 2 to 3 times per day. The herb has a mild sedative action, so
ma 1mum of 1000 mg of dned root per
1f you are suffenng from fat1gue, take
day). Look for products standardized for
1t only in the evening.
the1r con ent of g msenos1des. Note that Korean ginseng is traditionally taken for
8 to 12 weeks at a t1me, followed by a
Cautions •
Do not take Korean gmseng 1f you
have
break of several weeks; it is not a ppropriate
diabetes, cardiovascular disease (includmg
for frail or anxious patients.
h1gh and low blood pressurd. depress1on, an 1ety, hyperactivity, mental illness (mcluding b1potar disorder and s1milar
Oat
conditions). msomnia, blood clots or
Avena sativa
Trad t1onal restorative
An infusion of oats seed is used topically to soothe itchy skin.
•
bleedmg disorders.
certain sedatives, and a group of med1cines
Korean gmseng is known or suspected
rderred to as cholinergic (or parasympa
to 1nteract w1th many pharmaceutical
thomimetic} drugs, wh1ch are prescribed
med1cat1ons - 1ncluding antidepressants,
for Alzhe1mer's disease and a range
The leaves, stems and other green parts
ant1psychot1c med1cauons, anticoagulants,
of other conditions
(somet1mes called "oat straw") of the oat
msulln and hormonal therapy - so consult
prescribed medicines,
plant are used to help restore a depleted
WI h your phys1cian or pharmacist before
before using lemon balm.
or debilitated nervous system and aid
takmg
for the nervous system
with copmg 1n times of stress or nervous exhaust1on. Herbalists cons1der this herb a gentle and reliable nervous system tonic, capable of calming or energizmg as
•
(3 g) dried oats g reens in boiling water; d ri n k 3 cups per day. Children over 4 years can take up to half the adult dose.
not take it at the same time
•
e any of these herbs 1f
you are
Korean g1nseng is traditionally contra
the advice of a healthcare profess,onal.
S1de effects are occasionally reported
These may
1nclude headache, disturbed sleep and skin problems. If th1s occur5, stop takmg the herb. Do not use oats if you have celiac disease or gluten intolerance.
•
Do not ta
to your doctor
as stimulants such as caffeme.
w1th the use of Korean gmseng.
•
•
tal
pregnant or breastfeeding, except under
indicated durmg acute mfections.
required. Even the very frail or anxious pat1ent can take this herb. 1 I)( l..., \( ,(, Infuse 1 to 1'/2 teaspoons
11. Do
- if you are taking
Lemon balm may mteract with some pharmaceutical medications, including
.
N E RV O U S SYS T E M
D pre s s ion a nd a nL i e ty t you r mood o r ca l m L ed a p prop r i a t e ! , h e rb c a n 11 c l p l i f your ne n e \\ hen
ou fi n d L h ing ' d i ff i c u i L Lo d a l � i L h .
c' l J o h n ', \\ O I'l Hypericum perforatum
Herbal antidepressant
Clinical research has proven the anti depressant effec s o St. John's wort, w1th some studies demons trating a level of efficacy 1n mild to moderate depression that is similar to that of Important pharmaceu tical anti depressants, but with a better safety profile. Interestingly, the way the herb works in the body is also s1milar to the mechanisms of action of some of these pharmaceutical medicines. I IH I
\1 , 1 Look for supplements
that are standardized for their contents of hypencin and hyperforin [considered
Soothing and aromat1c, lavender flowe� are cultivated commercially. For instructions on how to make an herb pillow that will help you to relax and sleep, see
page 300.
to be the main active constituents) and with a daily dose of 900 mg per day of
and temples. Or, 1nhale the steam from
the concentrated [6:1) extract, equivalent
4 drops essent1al oil diluted 10 20 m l
to 5.4 g of d ned h erb
h o t water (for example, in an oil burner)
.
•
4 weeks
Lavondula angust,follo
Aromatherapy to rel ieve anxiety
The scent of lavender has long been
from 112 teaspoon (1 to 1.5 g) of the d ried
th1s herb
may
St. John's wort occasionally causes mmor side effects [for example, gastrointestmal upset, headache). The most common of these IS photosensitivity, a condition •n
•
wh1ch the skm becomes more prone to
St. John's wort is known or suspected
sunburn Avoid sunbathmg or prolonged
to interact with many pharmaceutical
sun exposure while takmg St. John's wor
medicatiOns (including antidepressants.
and consult your doc
cardiovascular med1c1nes and contra
th1s symptom.
cept•ves). so consult your physician
•
or pharmaCISt before taking it. •
Depress1on IS a senous cond1t10n and IS
•
Stop takmg St. John's wort at least
Unless adv1sed to do so by your doctor.
not SUitable for self-treatment Do not
do not take St. John's wort
stop taking prescribed antidepressants
pregnant or breastfeeding, and do not
of your doctor A 2-week wash-out
reducing he body's product ion of the stress hormone cortisol.
or f you develop
2 weeks pnor to undergomg surgery •
except under the adv1ce and supervision
mtens1ve-care units. Research also shows that lavender Inhalation has the effect of
effects of lavender, use a ratio of 4 drops lavender essent ial oil for every 10 ml earner oil and massage into the shoulde rs
•
Cautions
bemg in a range of stressful situations, mcluding dental waiting rooms and
I H IS \1,1 To enjoy the anti-anxiety
6 weeks,
not be suitable for you; consult your doctor.
flowers twice a day, and again at bedtime.
attnbuted to promoting relaxation. and there is a grow1ng body of evidence to support this traditional pract1ce. Stud•es Indicate that inhaling lavender essent1al oil helps ease anxiety and 1mproves feelings of calmness and well
to develop. If there IS no noticeable
1mprovement after
You can also drink an infusion made
La\ c IH i er
The effects of S . John's wort take 2 to
if you
are
give it to children. •
Do not 1ngesr lavender essential
011
and
per�od is adv1sed 1f you are sw1tchmg
do not use 1 t du r � n g pregnancy or breast
from pharmaceutical antidepressants
feeding. except under the adv•ce of a
to St. John's wort
healthcare protessional.
Research into the use of St. John's wort m severe depression has not yet demonstrated safety or efficacy and so should be avoided unless medically prescribed. It should not be used by people w1th bipolar disorder.
N E RV O U S S Y S T E M. /.-. ·
a n d fa t i g u e 1 r o u r e n rg
l e e l s a re nagg i n g . a
p i c k- m e - u p rn a
t i m u la t i ng h e r ba l
b e a l l L h a t you n eed .
S i l w ridn gins<'ng
I 1 >0 :-. \ t : l : Take commercial withania
Eleutherococcus sen ticosus
tablets according to the manufacturer's
Extra e n e rgy d u n n g stressfu l t i mes
Herbalists recommend Siberian ginseng
instructions. Look for a product providing the equivalent of 3 to 6 g of the dried
Patigo
root per day.
you that it'
as a stim ulating herb for people who
to help rebuild energy levels during the recovery period following an illness, and
time to r
1f your eneriD level
are ti red and run-down, especially those affected by stress. It is traditionally used
is your body's way of telling L Howt-ver,
seem to be
much lower than u ual. or you are
\ st raga l u s
too tired to participate in normal
Astragalus membronoceus
evel)day activitie . then it" time to
E n e rgy tonic with i m m u n e support
a heall hcare profes ional, wbo
e
may be beneficial for some sufferers
Astragalus is one of the most important
of chronic fatigue syndrome when
energy tonics in traditional Chinese
i
professionally prescribed.
medicine. It is used to help increase the
most cause of fallgue are related to
can help determine the underlying ue behind our fatigu . A lthough
I I J( ) S \ I ; Jo: Take commercially
vitality of patients who are debilitated,
life tyle factor .
prepared Siberian g inseng tablets
and is specifically indicated for cases of
or leep. exerci e and healthy food
according to the man ufacturer's
fatigue accompanied by poor. appetite.
you are getting each day. l i r dne
instructions (up to a maxim u m of
Astragalus is particularly useful if you
can also pre
3 g per day) for a period of up to
are constantly feeling run-down as
an underlying health problem.
6 weeks, followed by a 2 -week break.
well as tired, since it also supports the
as anemia. underacli\·e th raid
i mm une system, helping the body to
condition
\\ i l h nnia
fight off infections, such as colds
well a
Withonio somnifero
Blood-buil d i ng herb
I n Ayurvedic medicine, withania (also
a a
ymptom of ur"
or glandular fev e r.
the herb d tailed on thi
page, the remedie for Ten 10n and
and flu. I DOS \(; E Boil
nL
ucb as the amount
3 to 10 g dried
stre (
astragalus root in 114 cup (60 ml) of
( ee page 2 JC!} and I n omnia
e page 2 1 4) rna also be u eful.
water for 1 0 minutes before straining;
known as ashwagandha or Indian ginseng)
drink the decoction in 2 doses during
is used to enhance energy and sta m ina
the day. Alternatively, take tablets or
and to help the body cope with stress,
capsules according to the manufacturer's
so it's considered especially beneficial for
instructions, up to a maxim u m dose
patients who are physically or emotionally
equivalent to 7.5 g dried root per day.
antidepressants. thyroid medication,
it can also be helpful for fatigue caused
Cautions
medication, do not take withania, except
by anemia or low iron
•
•
If you are diabetic. do not use Siberian
•
If you are taking tranquillizers. sedatives,
ginseng, �cept under medical supervision.
exhausted. Withania contains i ron, so
levels. A small n umber of studies indicate
chemotherapy or immunosuppressant
•
that it helps to promote blood-cell formation and raise the
with hyperactivity disorders, bipolar
suppressive cancer treatments, but should
disorder or similar conditions. If you have
only be used in this way in consultation with
cardiovascular disease (including high and
your doctor. Siberian ginseng may also
low blood pressure) , or if you are taking
in the blood.
professional supervision.
parts of China, astragalus is also call�d milk v�tch.
Siberian ginseng and astragalus are contraindicated during acute infections.
•
Resistance-boosting astragalus may help reduce the side effects of some immuno
anticoagulant medication, only use it under
Nativ� to Mongolia and
•
Siberian ginseng is unsuitable for people
level of hemoglobin •
under professional supervision.
Do not �ceed the recommended dose of Siberian ginseng.
interact with chemotherapy.
• Do not take withania
if you are sensitive to
plants belonging to the Solanaceae family (for �ample, potato, tomato, eggplant).
• Do
not use these herbs
if you are pregnant
Stop using Siberian ginseng at least
or breastfeeding, �cept under the advice
2 weeks before undergoing surgery.
of a healthcare professional.
N E RV O U S SYS T E M
M mo ry a nd con e n tr a tio n I f ou keep rorg L U ng \\'h re oJa
ar k y
ou p u t th
e . il cou ld be l i me Lo m i x up a m c m o r
< i i 1 1 kgo Gmkgo bilobo
May delay the progression of dementia
Ginkgo is the world's most popular
or
our
Lon ic.
I H h \l ,f Infuse
1 to 2 g dried
brahm1 in boiling water; drink 3 cups each day. Alternatively, take commercial preparations, up to a maximum of 6 g per day, according to the manufacturer 's instructions.
memory tonic, and is believed to work via a number of mechanisms, including improving blood flow to the brain, actmg as an antioxidant and helping to prevent
Rosr m a r� Rosmorinus officina/is
Traditional memory tonic
injury to blood vessels. It may help delay the progression of Alzheimer's disease
Rosema ry has had a reputation as
and other forms of dementia, so has the
a memory ton1c since the time of the
ability to improve the quality of life for
ancient Greeks, and it can help i ncrease
sufferers of these debilitating conditions.
alertness, reduce anxiety and encourage
Gin kgo trees, which date back to the Jurassic
Ginkgo can also be taken for more minor
a cal m mind.
period. can
live for more than a thousand years.
Ill h \I .1 Add a few d rops of
memory problems or as a supportive tonic dunng s udy periods. However, there is
rosemary essent1al oil to an oil burner in
reactions have occasionally been recorded,
little sc1en 1fic ev1dence available to help
the room or area where you are studying
mclud1ng bleedmg problems and seizures.
us understand whether the herb 1s also
or working.
If symptoms occur, stop takmg the herb and seek med1cal advice
bene ICial m healthy people. f l ( IS \( .L Look for supplements
standardized for their content of the
Cautions If your memory problems worsen or • your concerns w1 h a doctor
flavone glycosides, g1nkgolides and •
Gmkgo akes a month or two to reach 1ts maximum effec , so use it for 6 to
•
•
gallbladder blockage or gastriC reflux
•
Both brahm1
( Bacapa monnieri) and gotu
kola ICenre/la asiaC1ca) are somet1mes
(including ant1psychot1c med1cat1ons,
not 1t 1s helpmg you
Do not take brahmi 1f you suffer from
problems.
Gmkgo IS known or suspected to interact w1th many pharmaceutiCal medicatiOns
12 weeks before assessing whether or
Do not take gmkgo 1f you suffer from
celiac disease, malabsorption syndromes,
alkmg ro your doctor. •
(for example. reflux). I should no
a bleedmg disorder.
do no take g1nkgo or bra mi without first
the equivalent of 6 g of the dried herb.
occasionally causes gastromtes!lna
be taken w1th anticholinergiC med1ca ions.
If you have been diagnosed vllth Alzheimer's disease or any other form of dementia,
of a concentrated (50: 1 ) extract, prov1d1ng
Brahmi
irmation
become senous, 11 IS essent1al o d1scuss
1mporrant active constituents g 1nkgo bilobalides, with a daily dose of 1 20 mg
•
by the name 'brahm1" n
ant1convu1san s, an !Coagulants and
referred
ant,choLnerg'c med,catlons), so consult
Ayucved1c herbal exts, so make sure
your doctor or pharmaCISt before a king
to
you don't confuse he wo.
B ra h rn i
·t
Bacopo monmen
before undergomg surgery.
rosemary essen 1al oil o the sk1n, f you
Always use commerc1ally prepared gmkgo
are pregnant or breas feedmg, except under the adv1ce of a healthcare profess,ona
A1d for learnm g
•
Stop ak,ng g1nkgo a least 2 weeks
products from a reputable company
Brahmi appears to enhance the way
Do not consume unprocessed g1nkgo
the brain processes new m ormation, wh1ch makes 1t a perfect herbal ton1c for s udents. I also helps relieve anxiety, so ' can be of real benefit at exam ime bu 1t does ake up o 3 months o star work1ng, so don't leave 11 too late I
leaves. as hey may cause an adverse reac 10n. Do not ea large quant1t1es of he seeds or allow children to do so. •
G1nkgo sometimes causes mild adverse reaCtiOnS, WhiCh may InClUde diZZiness, gastro1n eslina upset, neadache and alierg1c
sk1n react1ons. More severe
•
Do not take gmkgo or brahm1, o r app y
_ -- -
N,E I W O U S SYST EM
li , ing
u t on a goocl n igh t 's
l e e p can b e n ough to r u i n you r \\·h o l e cia • . T h e rig h t h rb m ay preve n t L hat fro m h a p p n ing.
\ d l t ' J i;l Valeriano officina/is
Cllmcally
n I u b a l sedat ive
A n u mber of clinical studies support valerian's traditional reputation as a sedative herb. It helps insomnia sufferers to fall asleep more q uickly, wake less often d u ring the night and generally experience a better n 1 ght's sleep. In contrast to some pharmaceutical sedatives, it is very rarely associated with side effects, and doesn't tend to cause sleepiness and difficulty waking in the morning. IH I
\ ( , I I n fuse
3 g dried valerian
rhizome in boiling water and drink 1 cup a n hour before bedtime. Alternatively, take commercial preparations according to the manufacturer's instructions. Valerian works best when it is taken every night
The aerial parts of passionflower are collected at the end of summer and then dried.
over a period of several weeks, rather than when taken occasionally.
1 \tssion li m\ e r Possifloro incornoto
I l o ps Humulus lupulus
Trad 1 t 1 o n a l sleep m d u cer
Although more famous as an ingredient
Sleep problems w1th a n x 1ety
•
do not take he herbs listed here, except under professional supervision. If you
are accompanied by nervousness or anxiety - so it is ideally suited to those whose insomnia has an emotional basis.
disorders. This herb is also traditionally
Although there hasn't been much scientific
regarded as helpful i n treating anxiety and
research into passionflower's actions, there
restlessness, although there is conflicting
is some preliminary data to support its
evidence about its effects on depression.
traditional applications. Herbalists commonly prescribe passion
combination with other sedative herbs,
flower in combination with other relaxing
such as valerian and passionflower.
herbs, such as valerian.
I ) ( 1:-. \ I , I. Infuse up to 1 g dried
( )OS \( ;1. To treat insomnia, infuse
If you are taking pharmaceutical uanquillizers, sedatives or antidepressants.
insomnia - especially when sleep troubles
used to help treat i nsomnia and sleep
D o n o t exceed t h e recommended dose of the herbs listed here.
•
Passionflower is traditionally taken to aid
i n beer, hops has a long history of being
In many cases, hops is taken in
Cautions
are taking anticoagulant medication, do not use passionflower except under professional supervision.
•
If valenan worsens insomnia and/or causes exceptionally vivid dreams, discont1nue 1t and try an a lternative herb.
•
If you suffer from depression, do not use hops, except on professional advice.
•
Allergic symptoms sometimes occur from contact with hops. and may include dermatitis and respiratory symptoms.
•
Do not use hops if you have a history of
hops in boiling water and drink 1 cup
2 g dried passionflower leaves in boiling
hormone-sensitive tumors or are taking
an hour before bedtime. Dried hops can
water and drink 1 cup an hour before
anti-estrogenic medication.
also be used to make pillows to aid restful
bedtime. For anxiety, take the same dose
sleep in the same way that lavender is
twice more during the day. Like valerian,
sometimes used. To make an herbal sleep
passionflower may take several weeks to
pillow, see page 300.
achieve optimal effect.
•
Do
not use these herbs if you are pregnant
or breastfeedi ng, except under the adv1ce of a healthcare professional.
N J; RVO U S�SX S. T E M
H a d a c h a n d m igra i n e \\'hether y o u
u ff l' from heaclcch e o r migra i n e fr q u r n L I
ma
occa ion a l l y . a n herba l a l le rn a l i\
b r ing \\ E' Icom
or
rr l i r f.
preliminary study, white willow bark was also combmed with feverfew for the prevention of m1grame, producmg h1ghly significant i mprovements in the frequency,
Fe\ c rl e\\ Tanacetum parthenium
Reduces m1graine freq uency a n d symptoms
intensity and duratiOn of the attacks. l lO'> \ ( , 1 Boil 1 to 3 g dned white
Feverfew is the most famous of all herbs
willow bark in a cup of water for 5 to 10
for treating headache, and is one that migraine su erers find particularly
minutes; drink the decoction up to 3 t1mes
effective. If ta en over several months,
daily. Alternatively, take commercially
it lowers the frequency of migraines and
prepared products according to the
reduces symptoms, such as headache,
manufacturer's instructions.
White willow bark is harvested from young branches in late winter and spring.
nausea and vomiting, as well as decreases the duration of the attacks. I )( )
Pc p p<'rm i n t oil
\( , I· You can take feverfew
eyes. Using both peppermint oil and
Mentho x piperita
e1ther by eating 2 112 fresh leaves every
R a p i d rel ief for tension headaches
day (w1th or a er food) or by using
paracetamol simultaneously may enhance the effects of both treatments.
Applying peppermint essential oil to
commerCial preparat1ons according to the manufacturer's instructions. It may
the forehead and temples has been
Ca utions
take from 1 to 4 months before the
scientifically proven to be as effective
•
effects become evident - perhaps even
as paracetamol (acetaminophen) for
longer tf you are takmg the fresh leaves.
he relief of tension headaches. This effect occurs very quickly - a significant
your doctor. •
such as mouth ulcers and soreness of the
may be noted as quickly as 15 mmutes
Salix alba
tongue These symp oms are more • k ely
after the oil has been applied.
Herbal aspirin
Feverfew sometimes causes allergic side effects, most commonly mouth symptoms,
reduction in the headache's intens1ty
\\ hit e \\ illo\\ h a r k
Severe or freque nt headaches may reqUire medical tnvesugatron - always consult
to occur in people chewmg fresh leaves
I ) ( l'> \( , I Apply a solution
(as opposed to tak1ng tablets or capsules).
Whtte willow bark contains compounds
containing 1 part pepperm1nt oil diluted
�ailed salicylates, which are similar to
in 9 parts alcohol (or water if alcohol is
the acttve Ingredient tn aspinn. It has
not available) to the forehead and temples
traditionally been used to relieve
every 15 to 30 minutes after the onset
headac es of all types, especially hose
of symptoms Take care not to allow the
accompanied by fever. In one small-scale
solution to come into contact wi h the
•
Do not take feverfew 1f you develop a rash after comtng tnto contact wi h the plant or rf you are allergrc to other r>1embers of the As eraceae famtly of plants (for example, chrcory, darsies, chrysanthemums, sunflower and ech•nacea).
•
•
Do not take wh•te willow bark 1f you are allerg•c to sal1cylates [ i ncludr ng asptr·n). Do not take feverfew or whrte wrllow bark wr h antopla ele or antrcoagulant medrcat•on. or
\llhough II !' nrten U\!' I he II Urcl "ni iQraim•· to l il' sU I I w <1 pa rl ituiMI\ st'l t'rt' ht'
OW� IJr dffllmptlllii'U
a
migl atnt'
h
t1 ' l l''rifll
bl ll l h t• r S\ lll piOIIlS,
blurred l l'ii! Jn or o t llf'r 1 is11c11 d l s t u r l ta l l l t ' . � u flt' I'CI' ·
mav aho hi'
\Ulh
.
ll pt• ol lil' l l l l l l ci l l ll" lll'�cl.tlllt' (IS 11,111 \l'd
l l llglllll.!
111
,1 1111
ol t h1•
you suffer rom a
Peppermrrt or I sho uld always be dduted before applrcation. It should not be used on or near ne face of chtldren and babres
111nhs.
Jld r t trularll 'it'll 'ii l l l l' to nn1s1' or l i.g l l t d u 1·ing .111 .t l l.tlk. a nd
mol fl'l ll'dl i n to .1 d&k. q u w 1 room u n l l l ll11· t'PI"I!It• llus p.ts ·t·d
•
I I JITIII illg,
n u lllhiH's'i
t
blood dtsorder
•
[even rn ItS dduted form). Do not take feverfew Or whr e wrllow bark, or apply peppermrnl od o the skrn, , you are pregnan or breas eedrng, excep unoer he adv•ce of a healthca re professronal
ne B rra � i ng L 11 r c c l c o r s k i n
a n b e a l i v i ng h I I .
ru p l ion
TrJ L h e , r 11 e rba l 'Oi u l i o n ' fo r L r a l i n g pl'o b l e m s k i n .
l tt'<
n umber of acne lesions and the severity
Meloleuco olternifolio
of their acne when they used a tea-tree
's
po
> t m p l e healef
oil gel over a 6-week period. A previous
Clem t • rs Golium oporine
k n and l y m phatic detoxtfier
study had already shown that tea-tree With a combination of broad-spectrum
gel had a similar level of efficacy to
In the Western herbal tradition, skin
antimicrobial properties and anti
benzoyl peroxide (also used topically for
problems, such as acne, are considered an
inflammatory activtty, tea-tree oil is
the treatment of acne), but with a much
indication that toxins in the bloodstream
a n ideal topical treatment for acne.
lower incidence of side effects.
In a recent study, people with mild-to
HI
\I I
In these scientific
are being excreted via the skin. Cleavers is one of a wtde range of blood-cleansing
moderate acne experienced reductions
studies, a gel containing 5 percent
of more than 40 percent i n both the
tea-tree essential oil was used - a more
and lymph and support the body's organs
concentrated preparation may have
of elimination, thus improving skin health.
herbs that are used to detoxify the blood
I H 1 '- \C , I I n fuse
yielded even more i mpressive results. but may also have i ncreased the risk
4 g (1 teaspoon) of
dried aerial parts of cleavers in boiling
of side effects (see Cautions). To replicate
water; drink 3 cups per day. Alternatively,
the study conditions at home, apply
juice the fresh herb (excluding the root)
tea-tree gel to the affected area twice
using a stick blender, and dnnk 5 to 15 ml
a day, washing it off with water after
3 ttmes daily.
20 minutes. Cautions •
such as contact dermat1t1s, itchmg, burning
Vitex ognus-costus
or scaling of the skm, especially if used
Herbal hormone balance r
in high concentrations or on inflamed or eczematous skin. Use d i l uted preparations
Hormonal imbalance can be an i mportant
to reduce the likelihood of these react1ons
factor i n the development of acne - not
occurrmg, and patch test on an unaffected
just in teenagers, but also for many
area of skm 24 hours before applymg to
adults. To restore hormonal balance and help resolve problem skin, herbalists often
any mfected or mflamed area.
•
prescribe chaste tree. This herb, Vitex ognus-costus,
is more widely known for
issues, but can also be taken by both
reversible side effects, such as headache, nausea and gastrointestinal upset. Stop takmg it if you experience these symptoms.
•
replacement therapy
It is especially useful for premenstrual
professional advice. People w1th a history
\( ; 1 Take tablets, capsules or
of hormone-sensitive tumors should not take
tincture according to the manufacturer's
chaste tree, because safety 1n people with
instructions. Look for products that are
The chaste tree is also called monks' pepper because 1t was once used to suppress libido.
(HRn or drugs
conta1mng progesterone, except under
acne flare-ups.
standardized for their content of the
Do not take chaste tree at the same time as the oral contraceptive pill, hormone
males and females for treating acne.
IHI
Do not ingest tea-tree oil. Chaste tree occasionally causes mild,
its role in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and female reproductive
Tea-tree oil somet1mes causes reactions.
these conditions has not been established.
•
Do not take chaste tree or cleavers, or apply
1f you are
compounds casticin and/or agnuside.
undiluted tea-tree oil to the skin,
Results may take up to 12 weeks or
pregnant or breastfeeding, except under
longer to become noticeable.
the advice of a healthcare profess1onal.
_ -
_
S K I N C, O N D I T I O N S.
Ecz rna a n d p o r 1 a s 1 .
.
a
o m b i n a t io n of i n t e rn a l a n d t o p i c a l
He rba l i t
u
treat m e n t
t o re l i ve i t h
.
i n fl a m m a to ry
C h i c k\\ eed Stellorio media
Soothing relief from the garden
You probably have some chickweed growing in your garden - it's one of the most common weeds 1n the world. Chickweed is traditionally used to relieve itchy and inflamed skin conditions,
k i n cond i l i n .
grind fresh whole seeds and serve them wtth breakfast cereal, smoothies or yogurt. Note that the oil is more unstable than other culinary oils, so keep it refrigerated to ensure its freshness.
Tu mw ric Curcuma Iongo
Ayurvedic a nti-i nfla m m a tory
including eczema, dermatitis and psoriasis. It's gentle enough to use on the most
In Ayurvedic medicine, turmeric has been
delicate and inflamed skin, and is even
used for centuries as a topical treatment
suitable for use on babies (see Cautions
for psoriasis and other inflammatory skin
before using). l lO
\ ( . t : Juice the fresh aerial parts
disorders. Modern Western herbalists sometimes a lso prescribe it internally for
of the chickweed plant, then mix into a
the well-documented antioxidant, anti
cream or ointment base using a ratio of
inflammatory and i m m u ne-stim u lating
1 part chickweed to 5 parts base cream.
properties of both turmeric and a yellow
Apply to the affected area as req u i red.
pigment it contains, called curcumin. As
Alternatively, use a commercially prepared
the herb is also a liver and gallbladder
cream 1n the same way.
tonic, this use reflects the traditional view that cleansing he body of toxins
Flu srrd o i l Linum usitotissimum
Herbal source of omega-3 fatty actds
Without fats and oils 1n your diet, your skin can become dry, flaky, scaly and itchy, so the quality and type of fats you eat IS very important. The omega-6 group of fatty ac1ds (found in safflower, sunflower, corn and grapeseed oils) can exacerbate inflammation. On the other hand. omega-
can help to resolve chronic sktn problems. I H l " \ ( , I Mix '12 teaspoon powdered
turmeric with cold water and drink tt 2 to 3 times per day for up to 4 weeks at a time. For topical use, mtx 111 cup
(50 g) turmeric powder wtth 1 teaspoon baking soda and some hot water and apply as a poultice. For more detailed instructions, see page 194 Cautions •
allerg1c sk•n reactions. Pa ch test on an
flaxseed (as well as other seeds, nuts and seafood), enhance the body's production
unaffected area of skm 24 hours before
•
psoriasis, eczema and other tnflammatory skin conditions. capsules or liquid form, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Alternatively,
•
oil or •
a
axseed
her omega-3 at y ac•ds.
Turmeflc •s a safe herb, a1 houah h•gh doses can cause mmor gastro•n es •nal symptoms.
applymg to in amed skm or before usmg
Do no use ' at h1gher than culmary doses
either herb on 1nfants or children.
1f you have liver and gallbladder d1sease
Although they are made from the same
(includ•ng gall s ones). gas r c or d�•odenal
plan . flaxseed oii 1S a d1fferent preparat•on rom the refined oil sold as "linseed 011" and
ulcer. or take blood·th•nn1ng
used for mdustrial purposes (for example, m pa1n s). which should not be consL•med
I H I"> \1 , 1 Take flaxseed oil in etther
before takmg h1gh dosages o
Ch1ckweed and turmenc occasionally cause
3 fatty acids, such as those found in
of anti-inflam matory compounds. and can be beneficial in he trea ment of
The stalks of the flax are used to make linen, while 1ts seed oil IS used •n herbal medicme.
If you are takmg an •coagulan or blood thmnmg medications. talk to your doctor
ed1Cot1on.
except under protess•onal ad 1ce •
Do not use 1laxseed oil or tur meflc 1n greater than cul•nary quant t•es 1! you are pregnant or breastteed,ng, except nder tne aov ce of a hea thcare profess•ona
S K I N CO N D I T l O N S
A t h l te 's roo t a n cl fu n ga l i n fe c t i o n s O n ce a fu nga l i n fec t io n l 'J �c s ll o l cl . i t c a n b f' h a rc l t o ge l r i e l o f. TrJ l l w s c h e r ba l o p t i o n , . b u t he p rr pa rf' c l t o \\'a i l for rc u l t .
T('il-l r t> < ' oi I Melaleuca altermfalia
Proven ti n e a trea tment
Tea-tree oil 1s effec ive agamst a vast number of disease-causin g fungi. Clin1ca l trials also support its use, especially in foot conditions, such as tinea ped1s (a hlete's foot) and onchomycos1s, a fungal i nfection of the toenail that is very d i fficult to treat and can lead to destruction of the nail. In order to be effect1ve, the tea-tree oil needs to be used at just the right concentration - in one study, a solution containmg 50 percent tea-tree oil killed the fungal mfection in 64 percent of tmea sufferers after 4 weeks. However, in a nother study that used tea-tree at a concentration of only 10 percent, the tinea symptoms improved but the
Nat1v� to mountainous regions of South America, pau d'arco prefers a tropical to subtropical elimat�.
infection remained present. With fungal nail infections, applying 1 00 percent tea-tree oil for a minimum of 3 months has been shown to achieve similar results to pharmaceutical top1cal
P c I ll cl ' a rc o
Cautions
Tabebuia impetiginasa
•
as contact dermatitiS, ·tchmg, burnmg
Antifu n g a l remedy
or scaling of the skin '" as many as 1 in
from the Amazon
25 people w1th tinea. espwally tf used
agents, with about half of all people experiencing improvements in symptoms
The wood of the South American tree
and the appearance of the affected nails.
pau d'arco is famously resistant to fungi.
! )( ) '-, \ ( , J· To treat athlete's foot
Tea-tree oil may cause reactions, such
at high concentrat1on or on in amed or eczematous skm. Use dilu ed preparations to reduce the likelihood of these reactions
In the traditional med1cine of Brazil,
occurnng, and patch test on an unaffected
(tineal. make a solution containing 25 to
a poultice or decoction made from the
area of skin 24 hours before applying o
50 percent tea-tree oil in water, and apply
tree's inner bark
to the affected area twice daily for several
to treat fungal infections as well as
weeks. Alternatively, add 15 drops of pure
conditions such as eczema, psorias1s and
support the 1mmune system during system1c fungal mfection. However, such
IS
applied to the skin
tea-tree oil and some salt to an electronic
skin cancer. Laboratory studies support a
foot bath (the heat and salt may enhance
number of pau d'arco's traditional uses,
the antifungal activity of the essential oil),
including fungicidal activity.
and use for 20 m i nutes twice a day. For
any 1nfect1on or inf/ammat1on.
• Pau d'arco can be ta en mternally to
conditions are not suited to self-treatment, especially because certa1n components of pau d'arco may be tox1c 1f taken in
I )( '" \ ( ,J Add 10 g inner bark of
onchomycosis, apply 100 percent tea-tree
pau d'arco to n cups (600 m/) water and
oil to the affected area twice daily for
simmer gently for 1 5 minutes. Cool it to a
at least 3 months. Specially formulated
comfortable temperature and then use
tea-tree oil products can also be useful
the decoction as a compress or poultice
excess1ve amounts. Consult a profess1onally tra1ned herbalist for more mformation before using •
Do not use any of the herbs listed on th1s page 1f you are pregnant or breastfeeding,
for some other types of fungal infections
on the affected area twice daily. For more
except under the adv1ce of a healthcart
- talk to your medical herbalist.
detailed instructions, see page 794.
professional.
S K I N CO N D I T I O N S
gu m a n d m o u th h ea l th
Col d o r \\'het her you · r
u ffering from L h e pa i n of cold
or b leed ing g u m . h e rb
c a n help ke p
ore . Loo Lhache
our m ou l h hea i L h . \l) rrh has long IJe('n a 1 a l uable 1 rading commoch ty. and was u sf'd
Lemon lw lm Melissa officina/is
Cold-sore treatment
Clinical studies show that lemon balm
ask a medical herbalist to make some for
In Ancient umc� in both mcense
you. Alternatively, try making a strong
and cnsmrtic
infusion of lemon balm and use the
more t ha n I I · 11 e i g h l i n gold. hence
liquid in a compress. For more detailed
ih
instructions, see page 194.
prevent lesions from spreading and relieve symptoms. Symptomatic relief is particularly i mpressive on the second day
status a a s u itable gift ror t h
infant J e u . . According t o t h e Bible.
is an effective topical remedy for cold sores, helping to decrease healing time,
. ll w a often 11 orth
myrrh wa ·
C l m e oil
HI ·o
u ed to ano1nt
Jrsus·� bod) afl r r t h e crucifixion.
Syzygium aromaticum
Lses t h roughout t he agr i n c l ude:
Rapid toothache rel ief
m u m m ifica t ion: t he p1·e. en a l ion of w inr: ,1 t reatment for ·nal..e bite.
of the outbreak, which is usually the time
Clove oil is a remarkably effective painkiller
intesllnal worm and . c u f\-y: a n d
when symptoms are at the1r most acute.
and anaesthetic. When applied to
as a n a p h rodisiac. I t i
These effects aren't surprising, smce
toothache or inflamed g ums, it reduces
l.. i l l variou
laboratory tests show that the herb,
pain within minutes - although only
parasite . . mcluding mo q u i toes and
and particularly its fragrant essential oil,
for a relatively short ime. It works by
t ieL
has the ability to qu1ckly kill the herpes
decreasing the affected tissue's perception
simplex VIruses 1 and 2.
of pain, and also has anti-Inflammatory
I H I� \( ; J· The lemon balm cream
pest
kno11 n to
t h a t carry h u m a n
pellrL of myrrh
11 ere burned
i n anc1rnt Eg) plian home
to h e l p
r i d t hrm or flea·.
and antibacterial properties. \( . 1 . Dab a small quantity of
used m the clinical studies mentioned
1 I )( I
was extremely concentrated (containing
clove essential oil directly onto the site
he equivalent of 700 mg of lemon balm
of the pain. If the essential oil is not
ulcers and infections without being
extract per gram). Look for commercial
available, gently rub powdered cloves or
diluted, or added to water (30 to 60
clove buds on the affected area, but take
drops at a time) for use as a mouthwash
note that they may not be as effective as
or gargle for more generalized g u m
prepara ions of the same strength, or
the essent1al oil, which IS rich in eugenol,
problems. See also t h e mouthwash
the most 1mportant active constituent.
rwpe for bleeding g ums, page 257.
\ ] \ ll'h
Ca u t i o n s
Commtphoro myrrho
•
Only apply clove o d a s a top1cal treatment
•
Clove otl sometomes causes contact
Tra d i t i o n a l ant 1sept 1 c for g u ms
to teeth and gums. Do not take , onternally dermatttos or worsecs trrotatoon of tne
The gum (or resin) of the myrrh tree
gums and mucous membranes.
IS used for the treatment of mouth and traditional healing systems. It's a useful,
mouth •
Use clove od only as an emergency or
fast-acting treatment for mouth u lcers,
short-term remedy unttl you are able to access protessoonal dental care Avoid
because 1t IS an effect1ve antiseptic, helps
us1ng ·t •epeatedly or tor long peroods
reduce swelling and mflammation, has a
of t.me, as t may damage gum tiSSue •
wound healing. I H ,.., \ I . 1 . Myrrh IS normall y used a delicious lemon-and-mmt scent.
th1s
11 and ronse your thoroughly w1 h water
gingivitiS, periodontitiS and bleeding g u ms
local anaesthetiC act1on and encourages
If you brush past lemon balm, the leaves release
I
occurs, stop usong
gum problems in many of the world's
as a tincture, which is available from an herbalist. It can be pam ted onto mouth
•
(Comm,phora myrrhal w1th Mvrrh15 oaoroca (sweer Clrely)
Do not contuse myrrh
Do not use any of the �erbs losted o page
·t you are
rn,s
pregnan or oreast'eed,
e•cept und�r the a0v•ce ol a healthca re profess1ona 1
q,
S t ock yo u r h e rb ga r c l r n a n cl m r( l i c i n e c a b i n t \ i l h t he righ t re m c ( l i e s ancl yo u ' l l be read
to h a n d l e a l l l i fe·
Iilli
m i hap
N ew Z e a l a n d tea t ree Thr e� entia I oil or thr e11 Zealand tra trrr or manuka
\ l ot
t rn
Aloe vera, A. ferox
(ed
fJur
rep;J i r
tissue. Homoeopathic preparations
scoparlum) i
br diluted and u ed lD
of arnica can be taken internally for
and can
the same conditions.
disinfect 11ounds.
I II ,..., \( , I , Apply arnica cream,
( Lcpto permum
t ro ngly antrm icrobial
A parUcularly
imporlanL remrd
i
honey from
brr ·
omtment or infused oil to the affected
thaL graze oo manuka. Manuka hone�
area 3 times per day. Choose a product
contains
wmdowsill so that it's handy if you
that contains 10 to 20 percent arnica
\lanul
accidentally burn yourself while cooking.
tincture or oil.
charge • it ability
Keep an aloe vera plant (Aloe sp., mcludmg Aloe vera
and A. ferox) on your kitchen
a
compound called Unique
i\t' research at the Lni\t'rsit�
Not only does the cooling aloe vera gel
Exten
soothe the pain of burns, it also reduces
of Waika!D in
i n flammation. And if the skin is broken, aloe vera helps protect the burn site from mfection as well as encourages the skin's
Calendu la Calendula officina/is
Skm healer
uprr
to heal infection .
ew Zealand ha
demon trated that high-L\IF' honey disinfects 11 0unds ancJ also encourage
them
lD heal. making it
burns (and other kinds of wounds) heal
grazes and rashes, calendula has been
othrr s l n\\ - hea l mg kin infection .
more rapidly when aloe vera is used; in
documented as encouraging skin healing
l l igh-UMF honey i
fact, researchers estimate that using aloe
in a range of circumstances, and may also
manuka" hone�. Other manuka
vera gel speeds u p burn healing time by
be useful in helping stop bleeding.
collagen to repair itself. The result is that
more than 8 days. I l l '" \ I , I Apply the mucilaginous
I I H I-.. \CE For broken skin, first
cleanse the wound with an antiseptic
l i kely
solution to ensure that it's clean, then
to the a ffected area 3 times per day,
apply calendula tincture to the affected
or use a commercially prepared gel that
area 3 times per day. For closed wounds,
contains a high percentage of aloe vera.
grazes, rashes and burns, apply calendula
Avoid using small, young leaves, as the
cream, ointment or infused oil to the
active constituents are most prevalent
affected area 3 times per day.
r·
and
labrled a ·actrve
hone} \l.lthOut the ·acu�e· label (or a UMF rating
gel from the center of the aloe vera leaf
ing ror
leg ulc
A traditional remedy for burns, wounds,
an ideal dre
or at lea t 1 0) are nor
lD be a pott·nt.
Lm c n d e r o i l Lavandula angustifolia
Takes the sting out of insect bites
at about 3 years old. When shopping
Lavender essential oil can quickly relieve
for commercial products, choose those
inflammation and swelling when applied
certified by the I nternational Aloe Science Council (IASC), which ensures that the product is of high quality.
C h i c k\\ CCd Stella ria media
Soothes itches a n d rel ieves rashes
Cooling chickweed is a traditional remedy
\rn ica Arnica montana
B u m ps a n d bru r ses
to insect bites and stings. It also has antimicrobial activity to help prevent wounds from becoming infected. Its use in burns is reputed to have started when the
for all manner of itchy skin conditions,
French scientist Gattefosse (one of the
so it's useful to have on hand to relieve
pioneers of aroma therapy) stuck his hand
rashes and bites. It may also be useful
in a nearby bawl of lavender oil after
in soothing the irritation and itch of
burning himself in his laboratory, and was
Arnica has a long history of use as a
urticaria or hives.
intrigued by how quickly his skin healed.
topical treatment for bruises and for
I DO� \ C L Juice the fresh aerial parts
I DOS u a: Dab undiluted lavender
helping them to heal quickly. Users
of the chickweed plant, and mix into a
oil onto insect bites or stings as quickly
often report that their bruises change
cream or ointment base using a ratio of
as possible after they occur. For wounds
color more quickly and consider this
1 part chickweed to 5 parts base cream.
and burns, first cleanse the wound with
an indication that the healing process is
Apply to the affected area as required.
an antiseptic solution to ensure that it's
enhanced. It is also traditionally indicated
Alternatively, use a commercially prepared
clean, then apply undiluted lavender oil
for the treatment of swollen or sprained
cream in the same way.
to the affected area 3 times a day.
Sl i p per� el m Ulmus rubro
Draw ing age nt for splinters and boil s
In the same way that slippery elm is used internally to reduce inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, its soothing properties can also be applied to irritated and inflamed skin. Mixed with water, it forms a gel-like layer that protects the wound and allows it to heal. Slippery elm poultices can also be used to draw splinters and other foreign bodies from the skm, and to encourage boils and abscesses to come o a head. [ )( )� \ ( ; E Mix slippery elm bark powder with hot water until it has a pastelike consistency, and use it as a poultice on wounds, to draw foreign bodies out of the skin or to hasten the resolution of boils and abscesses. For more de ailed ins ructions, see page 194.
Tea - t ree n i l Meloleuco olternifolia
Natu re's potent antiseptic
Tea-tree oil is one of nature's most important antiseptics. and its activity against an extensive variety of bacteria, viruses and fungi is well documented. Since it also has anti-inflammatory properties, it's very useful for cuts, grazes and deeper wounds, and can help prevent them from becoming infected. DOS \( .L Tea-tree oil can be used
undiluted to help cleanse wounds at risk of infection or on tougher skin surfaces (for example, the soles of the feet), but will often make an open wound sting
Aloe vera gel is reputed to have been used by Cleopatra as a beauty preparation.
if you
Do not take arnrca mternally, except m
echrnacea) and with arnica
rts very dilute homoeopathic form. Do not
allergic to the Lauraceae family ( or
containing 15 percent tea-tree oil is
apply rt to broken skin or near the eyes
example, sassafras, avocado, camphor
more appropriate. Creams and lotions
or mouth. Do not use top1cal applications
containing tea-tree oil are also available.
of arnica for more than
•
and smart, so in most cases a solution
•
Cautions •
•
10 days at a
laurel). Take note that topical use of
lime
essential oils may also rrntate the s
Toprcal applications of any herb can some trmes cause reactions, such as dermautts, or rtchrng and burnrng sensations, so perform
Do not consume essentral oils of tea-tree
a patch test at least 24 hours before use.
or lavender
Drscontmue
use rf a
react1on develops. Take
Do not consume aloe vera gel unless
particular care with arnica and calendula rf
rn a commercial form that IS specifically
you are allerg1c to the Asteraceae family
in ended for internal use.
(for example, dars1es, chrysanthemum and
are
especrally •
if
m,
it is already inflamed.
With the exception of top1cal applica ron of calendula and aloe vera, do not use th herbs l 1sted on these pages 1f you are pregnant or breastfeedrng, e•cept Jnder the advrce of a healthcare professional.
M U S C LJ LQ S K E L E T A L S Y S T EM
S po r t s i n j u ri e Ta �e n a n a L
s pr a i n
k n oc �? T ill' · e h c rl l
an help
and
tra i n
o u ge l u p a n d
a ho u L a n c l b a c k on t h e p i a i ng r i c l d .
As well as being used for fractures, Armco montana
comfrey helps soothe and take the
Reduces brutsing a n d repa 1 rs
swelling out of strains and sprains.
s w o l l e n or i nj u red t1ssue
1 )( I'> \ ( , I , J uice the fresh aerial
parts of the comfrey plant, and mix Topical applications of arnica have
\\ h i l e \\ i l l m\ ha rk Salix alba
Aspm n - l ike p a i n relief
Studies show that white willow bark
into a cream or ointment base using
preparattons, standardized for their
a ratto of 1 part comfrey to 5 parts
content of salicin, provide effective relief
a nd sttmula e the healing of muscles and
base cream. Apply to the affected area
of lower back pain, with up to 40 percent
o her soft tissues after trauma. As long
as required. Alternatively, blend a few
of volunteers becoming pain-free after
as he skin is not broken, arnica can be
fresh leaves from a comfrey plant into
taking the herb for 4 weeks. These results
rubbed tnto sprains, strat ns, swollen jotnts,
a pulp and make a poultice from them.
are not surprising, since salicin (which
ractures and dislocations. It is also used
For detailed instructions, see page 7 94.
has aspirin-like properties), has well
If you don't have access to a comfrey
documented anti-inflammatory and
pathtc prepara ions, a nd although this use
plant, commercial cream and ointments
analgesic effects.
is controversial in the medtcal world,
are also available.
radt tonally been used to reduce brutsing
internally in extremely dilute homoeo
I no
several clinical trials have been published that suggest arnica may have a beneficial effect. For example, marathon runners have been documented to experience less muscle soreness when they take homoeopathic arnica pills in the days
capsules (standardized to contain
\\ i t c h h a z ' I
2 40 mg of salicin per day). accordi�s
Hamamelis virginiana
to the manufacturer's tnstructtons.
Stems bleeding a n d reduces swel l i ng
before and after a race.
With its high concentration of tannins,
1 I )( 1'-i \ ( : I·, Apply arnica cream,
witch hazel is highly regarded as an
ointment or infused oil to the affected
astringent remedy with the ability to
area 3 times per day. For internal use,
stop bleeding and reduce inflammation -
take commercially prepared homoeopa hie
especially the localised swelling caused by
arnica pills or liquid i n the strength 30x
sprains and other injuries. It is also used
(sometimes labeled 300) according to
to encourage the healing of bruises.
the manufacturer's instructions.
1 1 )( lS \ ( ; E Apply commercially
prepared witch hazel cream or ointment
C o m fre� Symphytum officinale
Tra d i t i o n a l l y used to h e a l strams, spra i n s a n d fractures
Comfrey was once widely used internally
to strains, sprains, grazes or bruises 2 to 3 times per day. Alternatively, prepare a decoction using 1 to 2 teaspoons of the dried leaves or bark, and use the liquid to make a compress for the affected part. For detailed instructions, see page 1 94.
as well as externally to encourage broken bones to heal, and was so highly regarded for this use that it was also known by the names "knitbone" and 'boneset.• However, following the revelation that some of its compounds [known as pyrrolizidine
\ C L Take commercially
prepared white willow bark tablets or
With thf hflp of a witch hazfl wand, a witch pfrforms a curativf spfll on a man's swollfn
a l ka loids) are potentially toxic, these days
foot. Thf word "witch" in witch haz�l comfs
its use is restricted to topical applications.
from thf Old English
wirf,
mfaning "bfndablf."
M U SCU LOSK ELET A L SYST E M I H 1:-. \ I ; I · Take commercially prepared cramp bark tablets or tincture, up to a maximum dose of 1 g , 3 times
,--
'-( -.
,..,� ;
.... J.
4��
·f
The hairy foliage of the comfrey plant may cauSt skin irritation in some people.
Thr act io n · y o u t a k e irnmedt atel�
per day.
artrr a soft
S L . . l o l 1 1 l 's \\ o r t
Harpagophytum procumbens
Highly effective anti-infl a m matory
u e i n 1 u ry ha1e a
t hr prohlem hrals.
Hypericum perforatum 1011 both
• Reduce hlood flo11 and
Topical treatment for n e rve p a i n
SII CI I ing and bleeding b� r sling
Topical applications of St John's wort
t hr i n j u red part a
have historically been used to treat nerve
you can.
pai n of various kinds, but especially •
the pain of sciatica. This traditional use
\ppl)
quickly a
a n ire pack t o the i n j u red
area to reduce i n fl a m m a t ion.
is supported by laboratory tests that
Dr\ i l 's ci a \\
u
direct influrnc e on ho11 quickly
pai n a n d ti . ue damage. but
demonstrate both anti-in flammatory
al\1 a�
and painkilling properties.
your
I H J ' \ ( ; (' Rub the infused oil of
make �ure you pr·otect kin rrom ice burn b�
St John's wort flowers rnto the affected
placing a 11 e t 1011 e l or cloth
This African herb has a long history of
part, 2 to 3 times per day. For instructions
beneath t he i e and your k i n .
use to reduce pain and inflammation i n
on how to make infused oils, see page 195.
muscles and joints, a n d i s traditionally
Alternatively, buy a commercral product
•
raditional applications are supported
• Raise the i n j u red part
be applied to broken skrn or near the
for 4 weeks, and reduced back pain and
than •
reducing
10 days at a time
Toprcal applrcat1ons of any herb can
constituent of devil's claw is a compound
somet1mes cause react1ons. such as
called harpagoside, and according to
dermatitrs or itchrng and burning
lllood no11 to t he area.
• Consult your phy iotherapi· t
or doctor a
oon a
po
brcau ·e man� , art t i
sensatrons, and rdeally a patch test should
researchers, preparations standardized
require prorr
be performed at least 24 hours prror to
for their content of harpagoside are
so i t is
higher than t he h e a r t . further
eyes. Avoid using comfrey for more
mcreased mobility in 4 to 8 weeks.
ible.
ue i n 1 u ries
ional trea t men t .
use; discontinue rf a reaction develops.
more effective than non-standardized
Take particular care wrth arn1ca rf you are
preparations. Look for commercral tablets
allerg1c to the Asteraceae [for example,
or capsules providing at least 50 mg
da1sres, chrysanthemum, echinacea) or
harpagoside per day, and take according to the manufacturer's instructions. •
C ra m p b a r k
and 11 r i ling.
homoeopathrc forms), and should not
reduced muscle stiffness when taken
I IH h \( , (, The most important active
area to h e l p reduce bleedmg
Arn1ca a n d comfrey should n o t b e taken rnternally [except rn therr very dilute
by scientific studies in which devil's claw
ion
bandage. 01 e r the I n j u red
Ca utions •
p l y a f i r m . ll' i d e bandage.
kn011 n as a rom pre
prescribed for joint, back and tendon pam caused by injury and overuse. These
,\ p
•
under profess1onal advrce Stop ak1ng
Lauraceae families of plants [for example,
devil's claw a least 2 weeks before
sassafras, avocado, camphor laurel).
undergo•ng surgery.
Cramp bark bernes are po•sonous and
•
Devrl's claw does not appear o be effect1ve
should not be ingested
for back parn that radiates down the regs,
Do not take white willow bark 1f you are
a symptom that may 1 nd•cate nerve
Viburnum opulus
allergic to salicylates [including asp1rrn)
Involvement. It should be •nvest•ga ed
Muscle relaxant a n d ant i-spasmodic
If you are taking ant1pla elet or an ;.
by a healthcare pro ess1onal.
coagulant medicat1on, or if you suffer
If you're prone to tensron or spasms in your muscles, cramp bark may be just the herb you're looking for. Natrve Americans
•
profess1onal superv1sion.
use any of these herbs 1f you are pregnant
Devil's claw may occasionally cause
or breast eed1ng, except under the adv•ce
d1gestrve problems. such as d1arrhea,
of
and should no be used by people w1th pre-ex1strng gastro1ntest1nal compla1nts,
prescribe it today. With an abili y to reduce
such as ulcers, gall stones or d•arrhea,
both long- and short-term muscle tension, it rs considered particularly effective for overuse injuries and backache.
excep under profess1onal adv•ce. •
W•th the exception of oprcal applicat1on s of S
used it to relieve cramps and other types muscle pain, and herbalists still
•
from a blood d1 sorder, only take 1 under
Do not ake oev11's claw 1f you are tak•ng warfarin or an •arrhythmiC drugs, excep
John's wort and w•tch hazel, do not
of a healthcar e profess1onal
M U S C U L O S K E l E T A L_ SYST E M
A r th r i ti s a n ct go u t Do n ' t l e t t h r ,' L i ffrw : o f a r t ll r i t i ,' c ra m p
' .
d � b i l i t a t i n g pa i n a n d i n fl a m m a l io n
o u r s t l r . Try some h t'ba l rc m e d i r .
1 '1 ' \\ l' I Iid
to more conventional med1cat1on. for
Boswe/110 serroto
those who have had the d1sease for a
t
f from rhe u m atoid
a n d osteoa rthntis
long time, and for children w1th juvenile chronic arthntis. Boswellia also offers i mprovements in osteoarthritis, and is
The resin from the boswellia tree has
documented o help decrease pain and
been used in Ayurvedic medicine for
swell ing, 1 m prove range of motion and
the treatment of inflammatory and
increase walkmg distance in people with
rheumatiC condit1ons for centuries.
osteoarthritis of the knee.
With a combination of anti-Inflammatory,
I II l \I , I· look for commercial
analgesic and i mmune system-modifymg
preparations standardized for their
effects, 1t is particularly relevant for
content of the active constituents
rheumatoid a rthritis, an auto-immune
boswellic ac1ds, and take according
form of arthritis that 1s both debil itating
to manufacturer's instructions or as
and difficult to treat.
professionally prescnbed. The research
In a rev1ew collating the results from 1 2 rheumatoid arthritis studies,
into osteoarthritis used the equivalent
The rhizomes of th� l�afy ging�r plant ar� harvested at least a year after planting.
of 1 000 mg of boswellia resin (sometimes
researchers concluded that boswellia
referred to as oleo-gum or g u m resin) per
they persist for some time after hP
was just as effect1ve as some medicinal
day, standardized to contain 40 percent
herb is stopped. Rheumatoid arthr,
treatments (for example, gold therapy),
is a complex condition that is not well
and could be particularly useful for
(400 mg) boswellic acids. Research indicates that it may take up to 2 months
sufferers whose arthritis responds poorly
for sigmficant effects to be elt, but that
s
suited to self-treatment - ask your healthcare professional to assess whether boswellia is an appropriate treatment for you, and only take it according to the prescribed dosage.
l>c\ i l\ elm\ Horpagophytum procumbens
Cl meally proven
or
r
h 't1s pa1,
Devil's claw has anti-Inflammatory and analgesic properties, and is a proven treatment for osteoarthritis, with several studies demonstrating 1ts benefits particularly for osteoarthritis of the knee and/or hip. In some of these studies, devil's claw was compared to pharmac eutical analgesiCS, w1th researchers conclud ing that the herb was JUSt as effect1ve as the drug, but w1th a lower incidenc e of side effects. Laboratory tests suggest that dev11's claw may provide more than just symptomatiC relief o�vil's claw, a cre�ping perennial, gets its name from the hooks on its strange-looking fruits.
- it also appear s to inhibit some of the
I M U S C U L O S K E L E TAL S Y S H M
processes that both damag e cartilag e and trigger the JOint change s charac teristic of osreoar thn tis. Clinica l trials indicate that pam and other symptoms of osteoart hritiS start to abate after about 2 month s of taking the herb . I )( ,..., \( , I The most Important
and analges1c properties of 1ts aspirin like substances. Most (but not all) clinical trials also support its role in relievmg the pam of osteoarthrit is, but there has not been enough research to confirm 1ts effectiveness in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. IHJ
act1ve constituent of devil's claw 1s
\I , I Take commercial wh1te
according to researchers, preparations
willow tablets or capsules standardized to contain 240 mg of salicin per day according
standardized for their content of
to the manufacturer's instructions
a compound called harpagoside, and
harpagoside are more effective than non-standardized preparations. Look for commercially prepared tablets or capsules providmg at least 50 mg harpagoside per day, and take according to the manufacturer's instructions.
( ' p h • I \ "il't'd Apium graveolens
H<�ndy gout remedy
Celery seed is a traditional remedy for all kinds of arthritis, but it is considered particularly effective for the treatment
C i ngl i'
of gout. This extremely painful form of
Zmgiber officinole
The sp1cy anti-mfl a m m atory
The humble sp1ce gmger is also a
arthritis classically affects a single joint, such as the big toe, which rapidly becomes hot, swollen and inflamed. I H IS \I , I Boil 0.5 to 2 g dned celery
potent medicine with impressive anti inflammatory capabilities. Laboratory
seed in a cup of water for 10 minutes;
tests show that ginger inh1b1ts a number
drink the decoct1on up to 3 times daily.
of the compounds that promote
Alternatively, take a commercially prepared
inflammation in the body - including
tincture, tablet or capsule accordmg to the
several of the enzymes that are targeted
manufacturer's instructions.
White willow grows in damp places and was mtroduced to the eastern U.S. from Europe during the Colonial times.
•
doses by people su ffe ring from gastnc ulcer or gall stones, or those tak.ng
by pharmaceutical anti-arthritis medications. As a result, it provides relief
Ca utions
from arthnt1s pain, and some studies
•
under professional adv1ce Stop tak1ng 1! a t
Boswellia occasionally causes m i l d adverse
happens, discontmue
he non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
least 2 weeks
1ts use. little 1s known
•
1 to 2 teaspoons of grated fresh gmger
doctor or pharmacist before usmg 1t •
digestive problems such as diarrhea,
day. Concentrated ginger ablets may
pre-ex1stmg gastrointestinal complam s,
also be useful
such as ulcers, gall stones or diarrhea,
•
warfann or anti-arrhythmic drugs, except
undergomg surgery.
bel1eved to have been used as an herbal painkiller smce at least the time of Hippocrates. Laboratory tests have demonstrated the ant1-mflammatory
•
Do nor take white w1llow bark
1f
you are
allerg1c to salicylates, including aspirin.
you have a k1dney
Celery occas,onally causes allerg1c react1ons. plant or vegetable, and exerCise caur1on , W1th the except1on of gmger, do no take these herbs 1 f you are pregnant or breastfeed1ng , except under the adv1ce of a healthcare pro ess1onal.
devd's claw at least 2 weeks before
The bark of the white willow tree is
i
have low blood pressure.
Do not take the seed if you are allerg1c to the
•
Oo not take devil's claw 1f you are takmg
under professional advice. Stop rakmg
Herbal pam rel i ver
1f you
you are allerg1c to dandelion or wild carrot.
except under professional adv1ce.
Salix alba
Do not use celery seed disorder, or
so should nor be used by people with
•
Consult your doctor before use •
Devil's claw may occas1onally cause
root m boiling water; take 3 times per
\\ h i l l' \\ i l l m\ hw· k
w1th some forms of ultraviolet light therapy.
are takmg prescnp!IOn drugs, talk to your
of ginger tmcture to water, or infuse '12 teaspoon powdered ginger or
mcrease the nsk of side effects assoc1ated
boswellla and other med1cat1ons, so 1f you
30 drops
prior t o undergOing su rgery.
Celery seed may mterac w1th med,catlons, mclud1ng warfann and rnyroxine. It may also
about potential 1nteract1ons between
drug ibuprofen. I JO · \I , I·' Add 20 to
warfann or an !platelet medicat1on, except
effects, such as d1arrhea or h1ves. If this
have even found 1t to be as effective as
G ing er should not be taken m medie>nal
If
you are takmg ant1platelet or anticoagula nt med1cat10n, or suffer from a blood disorder, ake 1t only under professional superv1sion.
C A R D I OVAS C U LA R SYST E M
C i r c u l a t i o n p ro b l e m l n a d c q u Le c i rc u l a t i o n - pa r t i c u l a r l y i n L h
I gs - c a n
hrco m c a p r ' i t n t a n c l cl b i l i t a l i n g p ro b l e m a
1 1 o i'S< ' < ' h r s l n u t
a n d va r i co s e ve i n you age .
and it's likely to have even more benefits
Aesculus htppocostonum
for the circulatory system when taken
R e l i eves symptoms o f
over a longer period of time.
c h r o n t c v e n o u s i n sufficiency
The term "chronic venous insufficiency" is used medically to describe leg veins that are hav1ng trouble pumping blood back
I )( I S \ ( ; I·, Look for commercial grapeseed tablets, or capsules that are standardized o provide 1 50 to 300 mg OPCs per day, and take them according to the manufacturer's instructions.
up to the heart. In time, and with the effects of gravity, the legs become heavy and swollen, and can feel itchy, tense and painful. Varicose veins may also develop. At least 1 7 clinical trials have examined the effects of horse chestnut seed extract
G i n kgo Ginkgo biloba
Ton i c for penpheral circu lation
Although most famous for its action as a
(HCSE), standardized for its content of
memory tonic, ginkgo is also an important
escin, on the symptoms of chronic venous
circulatory tonic. For example, it helps
Insufficiency. Collectively, this research
relieve symptoms of both Raynaud's
demonstrates that HCSE can help to relieve
syndrome and intermittent claudication -
the pain, swelling and itchiness associated
two conditions associated with peripheral
nausea, headaches and i chy or �rr•ta
with chronic venous insufficiency. It
circulation issues. Raynaud's syndrome
skin. If this occurs, stop takmg the herb
appears to do this by helping to maintain
is cha racterized by coldness of the
The abundant qualities of g rapes are exemplified in an 1 870s wallpaper design by William Morris.
and seek medical advice.
•
Do not take homemade horse chestnut
the integrity of the blood vessel walls.
extremities and intermittent claudication
I I )( )') \ ( ; 1 : Take commercial tablets
by severe cramping pain in the legs that
or capsules of HCSE that are standardized
is triggered or exacerbated by walking.
for their content of escin (sometimes spelt
I I )( IS \ ( ; E Look for supplements
aescin). Look for a product that provides
standardized for their content of the
100 to 200 mg of escin per day, and
active constituents g inkgo flavone
always take it with food.
glycosides, ginkgolides and bilobalides,
or kidney problems. or celiac or other
with a daily dose of 1 20 mg of a
intestinal diseases, or if you are taking anti
concentrated (50:1) extract, providing the
platelet or anticoagulant medication, except
G ra prsrr r t Vitis vinifero
A n t i o x i d a n t support for b l ood vessels
Grapeseed extract is rich in a potent group
equivalent of 6 g of the dried herb. Higher doses may be required for intermittent claudication for more information, talk to your
or ginkgo preparations, as they may contain toxic compounds and/or cause adverse reactions.
•
Do not use horse ches nut 1f you are allerg1c
•
Do not take HCSE if you have diabetes, liver
to latex. as cross-reac iv1ty may occur.
under professional supervision.
•
Grapeseed may reduce �ron absorption,
•
Ginkgo may cause mild adverse reactions,
so separate doses by
including dizziness. gastrointestinal upse� headache and allergic skm reactiOns More
healthcare professional.
severe reactions, including bleeding
of antioxidants collectively referred to as oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs). OPCs
Cautions
help to maintain the integrity of the blood
•
prescription medications, so consult your
they may be beneficial for a wide range of
doctor or pharmacist before taking them.
circulatory problems. In people with chronic
Stop taking ginkgo and grapeseed at least
venous insufficiency, grapeseed extract has itchiness and leg pain in as little as 10 days,
2 weeks before undergomg surgery.
•
problems and seizures, have occas1onally been recorded. If symptoms occur, stop
Horse chestnut, ginkgo and grapeseed are known or suspected to interact with some
vessels and stabilise the capillary walls, so
been shown to relieve symptoms such as
2 hours.
HCSE occasionally causes side effects including gastrointestinal symptoms,
taking the herb and seek medical advice.
•
Do not take gmkgo if you have any kind of bleeding d1sorder.
•
Do not use any of the herbs listed on this page if you a re pregnant or breast feeding, except under the advice of a healthcare professional.
CARDIOVASCULAR" SYSTEM
Leg ulcers leg ulcer that won·t heal can have a negative impact. on your qualit of life. U e h rbs to aid the h aling proce s.
Calcnclula
Jorse che tnuL esculus hippocastonum
elps heal ulcers from the inside
�ccording to a sma ll clin i ca l tria l, a standardiz ed extra ct of hors e chestnut seed (HCSE } has b een d emonstrat ed to en han cet hestandard m edi ca ltr eatm ent bf leg u lcer s. Austra lian r es ear ch ers found that co mpa r ed to t hos e ta king a p la cebo, th ewound dr ess in gs on th e legs of p eop le
•
Calendula officina/is
a patch test should be performed at least
Accelerates ulcer healing
24 hours before
Ca lendu al ointm ent was r ecent ly th e
and
seek medical advice. Take particular care
subj ect of a sma ll-s ca le cli ni ca l tria l t hat
w1th calendula 1f you are allerg1c to the
sugg ests it ma y p al y a va lu ab le ro le i n
Asteraceae family of plants
u lcers w er e tr eat ed wit h eith er ca lendu la ointm ent or sa li n e so lu tion dr essings for 3 w eeks. At t he end of th e tria l, t he u lcers
tr eat ed wit h ca lendu la ointm ent had
ol w er cost of tr eatm ent. T hes e eff ects ar e
whi le t hos e tr eat ed w it h sa lin e had on ly
probab ly an ext ension of th e a ctions of
d ecr eas ed b y about
15
(fo r example,
daisies, chrysanthemum and echinacea) .
h elp ing t o hea l leg u lcers. I n t his stud y,
s hrun k in siz e b y mor e than 40 p er cent,
•
W1th the exception of top1cal applicatiOns of calendula. do not use any of the herbs l1sted on this page if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, except under the advice of a healthcare profess1onal.
p er cent.
Jl(), \(,f.: Appl y ca lendu al ointm ent
hors e chestnut on p erip hera l cir cu la tion (s ee oppos ti e}. as about ha lf of a ll leg
to th e aff ect ed a r ea 2 to 3 tim es p er da y,
u lcers o ccur as a r esu lt of chroni c v enous
or soa k dr ess in gs with ca lendu la tin ctur e
insuffi ci en cy.
and t hen app ly to th e aff ect ed a r ea. You
I 1>1 l\ \1;1·. Ta ke comm er cia ltab lets or
can a sl o us e fr es h ca lendu la f ol w ers to
capsu les of HCSE t hat ar estandardiz ed for
ma ke a pou lti ce (s ee page 194}. If th e
t heir cont ent of es cin . Loo k for a produ ct
s kin is b ro ken, disinf ect t he wound b y
t hat provid es
was hing it wit h an antis ept ic b efor e
da y, and a w l a ys ta ke it wit h food.
using ca lendu la .
Cautions
Centello asiatica
•
Ulcers are not well-suited to self-treatment, as they may be symptomatic of underlymg
Nature's t1ssue healer
vascular problems. Always seek medical advice before commencmg any self
Gotu ko al contains compo unds that
prescribed treatment, including topical
en courag ewounds, u lcers and s cars to
applications.
hea l. and can b e us ed bot h int erna lly and ext ern a llyfor t his purpos e. Ta ken int erna lly,
•
HCSE occasionally causes s1de effects. mcluding gastrointestmal symptoms.
it can a sl o aid s ymptoms of chroni cv enous
nausea, headaches and itchy or irrttated
Insuff ici en cy so . li ke hors e chestnut, it ma y
skm. It should not be taken by people
en courag et heh ea ling of u lcers.
wi h a latex allergy.
llo:-, \C I' Ta ke comm er cia lly
p repar ed ta blets or capsu les of gotu ko la extra ct a ccording to t he manufa ctur er's Ins t r u ctions. For topi ca l us e, add gotu ko al t nt ctur eto a cr eam or ointm ent bas e (for d e ai led instr u ctions . s eepage 193). and app ly to t he af fect ed ar ea tim es p er da y.
any top1cal application.
If a reaction develops. d1scont1nue use
fr equ ent ly, r esu lt ing in a signifi cant ly
to 200 mg of es cin p er
IS p articula rly
prone to dermatitis and rashes. Ideally,
ta king HCSE cou dl b e chang ed less
100
The skin around leg ulcers
2
o3
•
Do not consume homemade horse chestnut preparations, as they may contain tox1c compounds.
•
Do not take HCSE 1f you have d1abetes, l1ver or kidney problems. or celiac or other mtestmal d1seases, or 1f you are takmg anti-platelet or antiCoagulant medication. except under the superv1s1on of a healthcare profess1onal
Horse chestnut 1s also �nown as buckey e. because the seed resemble the eyes of deer.
IIi
bl od pr ssur and high cholest rol
Bl ootl pre ssure anti chol<' terol l evel, are i mport ant i n d i cator or l lcal'l l walth. as wel l a:
\
lh
OUI'
r i sk or c arcl iovascul ar eli ea
to prevent the ox1dat1on of LDL-cholesterol
II
Cratoegus loevlgoto, C monogyno,
(so-called "bad" cholesterol}, and
C pmnotlfido
decreasmg both the production and
Classu
nc
absorpt1on of cholesterol. I I
\
I Ask your healthcare
(,arli< Allium sotivum Protects the heart and blood vessels
There's good ev1dence to suggest that the
Herbalists regard hawthorn as the most
professional to assess whe her hawthorn
1mportant of all cardiovascular remedies,
is an appropriate treatment for you, and
less likely you are to suffer from cardio
with a protective action on the heart and
take it according to the dosage prescribed.
vascular disease. And when taken as an
1ts unction. It is prescribed for a range of
To ensure you receive a guaranteed dose
herbal medicine, it's been shown to lower
cardiovascular problems, mcluding high
of the herb's key active constituents, your
blood pressure, reduce total cholesterol
blood pressure, high cholesterol, angina,
practitioner may stipulate a standardized
levels and the development of plaque in
Irregular heartbeat and heart failure.
hawthorn preparation. Take it for at least
the arteries, and inhibit the formation of
more garlic you include in your diet, the
Numerous clinical trials support the use
2 months before assessing whether it's
blood clots. Some of these actions in the
of hawthorn as an adjunctive treatment
working effectively. Western herbalists
body are only mild, temporary or applicable
for heart failure, and in this context it is
have long used Cratoegus loevigoto and
to certain groups of people, but because 1t
documented to help reduce blood pressure
C. monogyno to treat cardiovascular
works via several pathways, the collective
as well as improve other symptoms, such
problems. In traditional Chinese medicine,
effect is a degree of protection for overall
as tiredness and shortness of breath.
C. pinnotifido has an extensive history of
cardiovascular health.
Some of hawthorn's active constituents
use as a digestive tonic, but its application
llO'- \( ,J The scientific researc"
have potent antioxidant activity, and these
has extended to heart complaints, in line
into garlic's potential as a treatment for
compounds may be responsible for the
with the promising results attributed to
high blood pressure and cholesterol Is
herb's cholesterol-lowering effects, helpmg
the European spec1es.
controversial - not least because different commercial garlic preparations have different chemical characteristics, and some may not retain the medicmally effective compounds, which can degrade quickly after the garlic bulb is cut or crushed. If you decide to take garlic tablets or capsules, opt for those that are enteric-coated and labeled with a g uaranteed yield of the compound allicin, or standardized for their content of alliin. Other high-quality supplements may be standardized for their content of S-allyiL-cysteine (SAC). Follow the dosage recommendations of the manufacturer. If you prefer to consume garlic as a food, aim to eat at least 3 cloves per week, or even more if you are at particular risk of cardiovascular disease. Chop or mince the cloves, then leave them to stand at room temperature for 5 to 10 minutes, so that enzymatic reaction allows the
With its bushy habit and white flowers followed by red bwies, the hawthorn makes a pretty hedge.
biologically active compounds to develop.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DOS\(,[; Add up to 3 g o f gra ted
or powd er ed turm eri c roo t to you r coo king ea ch da y. Alterna tiv el y, loo k for a comm er cia l pr epara tion tha t ha s b een standardiz ed to con ta in
95
Cautions •
Heart disease and other cardiovascular conditions are potentially serious issues, and should not be self-treated. Always follow the adv1ce of your doctor, and
p er cen t
cur cumin, and ta ke it a ccord in g to the
mdicate a heart attack, such as chest pa1n
manu fa ctur er' s i n stru ctio n s, up to a
(whiCh may radiate to the jaw, back
maximum o f 300 mg p er da y.
arms), shortness of breath, or a general feeling of discomfort
Ps�llium
•
Lowers cholesterol levels
prescription medicatiOns (including heart, blood pressure, cholesterol and blood thinning drugs), and may alter the dosage requirements of your ex1sting medication, so consult your doctor or pharmacist before
fa cili ta ti ng i ts ex cr etion from the bod y. Combining p syl lium wi th a lo w- fa t di et
tak1ng hese particular herbal remedies. •
fo r a s li ttle a s8 w eeks ha s b een shown to
tend to
dizziness, sleepiness and palpitations. If you
pro fessiona l sup ervi sion, p syll ium ma y
experience any of these symptoms, consult
b e par ti cular ly b en efi cia l for pa ti en ts wi th
your healthcare professional. •
con tr o l thei r b o l od g lu co se and in su lin
nausea, md1gestton, offensive breath
DO:-> \1;1, P syllium hu sks ar e
and body odor. Some of these effects can
avai la bl e in tabl et, cap su le and so lu bl e •
Turm eri ci sano ther cu linar y spi ce tha t suppor ts hear t and blood v essel hea lth. I t con tain sa yello w- color ed p ig m en t call ed cur cumin - the compound tha t
in stru ction s (no te tha t the do se o f
should not be used at higher than culinary doses by people With liver and gallbladder
do se o f p syllium shou ld b e ta ken wi th
disease [including gall stones), gastric or
a larg e gla ss o f wa ter.
duodenal ulcer, or people takmg blood thlnnmg medicatiOn.
LillH' fiO\H'I'S Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, T. x europaea
•
L im e flo w er s ar e a tradi tiona l Europ ean
cho lestero l, in cr ea se l ev els o f HD L
a r teri es. T hey ar e a lso a g en tly calming
cho lestero l ("good " chol esterol ), and pro tect bo thHDL- and LD L- chol estero l
r em ed y for anxi ety and r estlessn ess,
from thedamaging effects o f fr ee radi ca l
blood pr essur e 1 s caus ed or wor sen ed
•
a ctivi ty. In labora to r ya n d animal stud ies,
b y worr y.
leas •
IH 1:-. \( ,J In fu se 1 tea spoon o f dri ed
lim e flo w er s in boi ling wa ter and drin k up
chol estero l to fo rm p laqu e on a r ter y wa l s.
to 3 cup s p er da y.
2 hours.
Always drink plenty of water when using psyllium, as occasionally cases of choking have been reported when psyllium powders
hea r t palpi ta tion s or hard ening o f the
b ol od pr essur e and r edu ce the ab ili ty o f
Psyllium may Interfere with the absorption of other medicines, so separate doses by at
esp ecia l y w hen i t i s a ccom pani ed b y
so a r e par ti cular ly u sefu l w hen hig h
Persons with diagnosed mteSt1nal 1ilness should only use psyllium on med1cal advrce.
Calm1ng blood p ressure remedy
m ed1 cin e for hig h b o l od pr essu r e,
ha sal so b een shown to help low er
Turmeric sometimes causes side effects of doses. Except under professional adv1ce, it
p sylliu m u sed in cho lestero l r esea r ch
i s cr ed ited wi th mo st o f he herb 's m edi cina la ctivi ty. For exampl e, cur cumin ha sb een shown to o l w er lev el so f to tal
1t
by eatmg cooked
gastromtesttnal upset when taken m large
i sg en era lly abou t 10 g p er da y). Ev er y
Cholesterol-clearing spice
be minimized
rather than raw garlic.
powd er fo rm , and shou dl b e ta ken
Curcuma Iango
Ga r ilC sometimes causes side effects, including gastrointestinal discomfort,
r espon ses a fter m ea ls.
a ccording to the manu fa ctur er' s
be mild and transient. The symptoms
may include digestive problems, headache,
a ffecting HDL -cho lestero l lev el s. Und er
t yp e 2 diab etes, b ecau se i t can a lso help
Occasionally, adverse effects of hawthorn have been reported in clmical trials, but they
r edu ce LDL -cho lestero l w ithou t adv er sely
Tul'mei'ic
Hawthorn, garlic and turmeric are known or suspected to interact w1th many
g el in the bow el, trapping chol esterol and
form the plant's underground storage system.
in theupper body,
Plantago ovato, P psyllium
so lu b le fib er, w hi ch fo rm s an ab sorb en t
10 to 15 cloves, which
or
call for an ambulance without delay.
P sylli um i s an impor ta n t sou r ce o f wa ter
Each garlic bulb compris�s
if
you experience any symptoms that may
have been taken w1thout adequate fluids. •
Lrme flowers may reduce the absorptio 1ron, so separate doses by at least
•
of
2 hours
Contact allerg1es to lime flowers have occasionally been reported
•
If
au are pregnant or b1eastfeedrng,
do not ake hawthorn, lime flowers or psyllium, except unde1 pro ess1onal supervision. Do not take qarlic or turmenc 1n greater than culrnary quantrttes.
\'�Of�'EN'S HEALTH
men tr uaJ
ndrome
l
Tt1erc i' gentle lwrba l heir> a aila b l e for trca l i ng hormona l i mbalance s . period pa i n. m ood
wing
and cravi no .
Vitex ognus-costus C1 mealy
to
reduce P�c; symptoms
In clin ical trials, chaste tree extracts have shown a remarkable ability to relieve many of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PM S), including depression, anger and irritability, mood swings, food crav1ngs, bowel problems, and headaches. It ach1eves these effects by helping to normalize the complex hormonal fluctuations that govern the female menstrual cycle, and can help set u p a regular pattern of menstruation. In clinical practice, herbalists also prescribe chaste tree ( often in combination with other herbs) for women who are experiencing d i fficulties conceiving. IH '" \t .I To relieve the symptoms
of premenstrual syndrome, take tablets, capsules or tincture throughout the month, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Look for products that are standard ized or their content of the compounds casticin and /or agnuside. Results may take 12 weeks or longer to become noticeable. If you're experiencmg difficulty conceiving, consult a medical
0
herbalist who has been professionally trained and who can help to determine whether chaste tree is a ppropriate for you.
\\ Jlil<' Jll'Oll\ Poeonio loctifloro H r morP bJI
L r
The fruits of the chaste tree are used as a pepper substitute and in Middle Eastern spice m1xes.
commonly prescribed with licorice for conditions such as polycystic ovarian syndrome ( PCOS) and endometriosis its effects via a balancing influence on
Japan, white peony root is combined with
hormone levels.
bleeding, uterine fibroids and other issues
Ch,nese tome fo1 female problems
and, like chaste tree, is thought to exert
In the traditional medicine of China and other herbs to treat period pain, heavy
Dong quai Angelico polymorpho var. sinensis
1111 \(,I Talk to a professionally
trained herbalist, who can help to
that, in Chinese medical philosophy, are
determ1ne whether white peony is
associated with pelvic congestion. It is
appropriate for your individual needs.
Dong qua1 is another herb prescribed in traditional Chinese medicine for female reproductive disorders. Among other indications, and generally in combination with other herbs, it is prescribed for a range of gynaecologica l conditions,
WOMEN'S HEALTH lar. scant y or nt clud mg pain u .l trr egu er e ha s b een th e dat a bsent p eriod s To ir m wh e h er onf c to h c ar ese 11 tie clin tca l r h eld i n s i 1 h c wht m gard e t he h gi h r d. e tifi s u j S t Ch in a ,IIHJ \1;} Boi l1 o 3 g dn ed dong qua t root in a cup of wat er for es 10 m tnut es; drin k th e d eco ction 3 tim l ia c r e omm c da tly. AI ernat1 vely, ta ke tabl e sor cap su les, a ccord1ng to th e manufa ctur er' s in stru ction s.
l'l. .John·...,
''
orl
Hypencum perforatum
Proven antidepressant
ba ck and leg pam s that o ccur du nng th e pr em en strua l pha se of th e month ly cycle. I H l'> \I, I. Ta ke comm er c1a lly
pr epar ed cramp bar k tab let sor ttn ctur e, up to a ma xim u m do se o 1 g. 3 t1m es dai ly, a s r eq wed for symptomati c r eli ef.
Clm'
. dg<'
Salvia sclorea
For p nod pam and emotional u p sets
Th e essentia l oi l o cla r y sag e 1 s on e of th e mo st popu al r aroma th erap y r eatm ent s or PMS. esp ecia lly a s 1 1 sa lso con sid er ed to ha ve ant di epr essant . ant1 -fa igu e and
Revered 1n traditional Chinese medicine, the peony 1s an inspiration to many Chinese arttsts.
PMS cau ses man y wom en to exp eri en ce
str ess-r eli eving prop erti es. Laborator y
depr esston, in cr ea sed an x1 et y and a lso diffi cu lt y nt r ela ting to ami ly and fri end s. 5tnce 1ts e •ca cy for th e tr eatm ent of
d emon strat in g an ant ispa smodi c a ction
dep resston from oth er cau ses IS w ell
tr eatm ent ha s on ly r ecent ly b een t es ed
es ab li sh ed, tt 's li kely that St. John' s wort
i n human stud ies. In 2006, r esea r ch er s
IS a lso an e ecti ve r eatm ent for th ese
condu c ed a cl1 ni ca l tria l in whi ch co lleg e
l stud y PMS s mp om s. In a sma ll pi o
stud ent s who suff er ed from p eriod pain
pub il sh ed in 2000. wom en ta king St.
and m en strua l cramp s u sed eith er
John's wort r eport ed that th e severit y
aromath erap y ma ssag e oi l contai n 1n g
of h etr m enta l and emo tona l PMS
cla r y sag e, la vend er and ro se essent ai l
sym ptom s had impro ved b y mor e than
oil s; ma ssag e Wit hout aromath erap y; or
1n women WI h bleeding d1sorders. heavy periods or a htstory of recurren
r esea r ch support s th e o il' s u se b y on ut enn e t1 ssu e, but th e effi ca cy of thi s
•
Chaste tree occastonally causes mild. reversible side effects, such as headache, nausea and gastrotntestmal upse . If you expertence any of hese symptoms. stop taktng 1t.
•
Do not take wh1te peony or dong quat if you are takmg warfartn or other blood thinning or anticoagulan medictnes.
•
Dong qua1 is traditionally contra1ndtcated
50 p er cen aft er ju st two m en strua l
no tr eatm ent at a ll. Th e symptom s of th e
cycles. Furth er in vestiga ion i s r equ rt ed
wom en who r ecetved h e aromath era p y
m1scarnage. It should not be used durmg
to d et ermm e wh e h er o l ng er-t erm u se ha sadd ittona l h ea lt h b en eftt s.
ma ssag e w er e Signifi cant ly less sever e
bouts of dtarrhea or acute viral tnfectton.
IHl" \1,1 Loo k for supp lem en s
dunng th e ir st 2 da ys of th eir p enod
•
Cramp bark bernes ate poisonous and should not be mgested
han h e wom en tn eith er of th e oth er •
Clary sage essenttal otl IS very potent
tha ar e standardiz ed for th eir cont ent of h yp er tctn and h yp erforin, whi ch ar e
tr eatm ent group s.
con std er ed th e main a c i ve con stitu en s, and w o h a dail y dos e of 900 mg p er da y of th e con centrat ed (6:1) extra ct, wh tch t S
ma ke a ma ssag e oi l u sing 1 drop of
seda 10n m some people, and may also
cla r y sag e, 1 drop of ro se and 2 drop s o f
cause contact dermatt IS or skm ,rnta 1on.
equ tva lent to 5.4 g of th e dri ed h erb . Ta ke th e supp lem ent s through out th e mon h.
l w er oi l, and rub into th e abdom en or o
l lO" \I ;J To r el1 eve p eriod pain,
la vend er essentia l oi l p er
5
V1burnum opulus
Pa1 n relief for cramp s and spasms Wom en who exp enen ce p enod pain of a Y kin d wt llfind cra mp bar k tn va lu abl e becau se. a s it snam e sugg es s. tt ha s a lo ng h tstor y of u se for th e r eli ef of cramp s. It I S radtt tona lly u sed for an y IPe o spa smodt c or cramp tn g pam, t n cluomg u en n e, o va nan, abdo mma l,
spanngly. It may cause headaches or
Do not apply 1t to tnflamed sktn or open
m l of a lm ond
wounds. and do not use 1t op,rally 1 you are prone to dermatttiS.
ba ck a s r equir ed. For pr em en strua l mood swmg s or emotiona l prob lem s, cla r y sag e
Cramp hark
and should always be d1luted and used
•
can a lso b eadd ed o an oi l vaporiz er. Cautions
•
The herbs featured on th1s page have known or suspected hormonal act1v1ty and should no be taken at he same t1me as the oral con racept1ve pill, hormone replacement tnerapy or o her med1cat1ons hat a ec hormonal balance. except under profess1onal superv1S10n. People who have a hostory ot hormone-sens1t1ve umors should only take hese herbs under pro ess,onal adv1ce.
For the safe and appcopnate use o
St.
John's wort. see Depression and anx1e y,
page 211 •
Do no use any of the herbs Itsted on 'hts page if you are pregnant or breast•eed ng. except under the adv1ce of protesstonal
a healthcare
OMEN'S HEALTH
,luicl ret ntion ancl cystitis Try usi ng l h e r heriJ
Lo keep
our\\ aterwork
ancllo prP\C'nl i nflamma t i on, a ncl i nfc l i ons
C1anh
in goocl orcler uch a
c
Lili .
who expenence recurrent unnary tract
'II
Infections (UTis). as clinical trials indicate
Voccmium macrocarpan
that, over a 12-month period, the
Prev nts cy t1t1
frequency of UTis in women tak1ng Cranberry is famous for its ability to help
cranberry is significantly reduced. Other
prevent cyst1t1s, a bladder mfection that
people who are prone to recurrent UTis -
causes burning pain on urination. It
such as the elderly and people with spinal
works by preventing the bacteria E. coli
cord inJuries - may a lso benefit from
(which causes the vast majority of cystitis
taking cranberry as a prophylactic against
cases) from taking hold on the bladder
cyst1tis, but there is not as much
wall and settmg up an infection. This
scientific data available to confirm
herb is particula rly useful for women
1ts efficacy in these groups of people.
Th� fruit of the cranbwy, shown here at harvest tim�. follow b�ll-shap�d pink flowers.
l >ll \(,I Cranberry can be taken in juice, tablet or capsule form. Many people prefer to take the tablets or capsules, as
up to 1 '/.cups (300 ml) per day of pure juice may be required in order to reach therapeutic levels. Few commercial juice Cranberr� 1s an effecti\e prf'\('nlative
soothing herbal tea (such a mar h
medicinr for cy lllis. hut once an
mallo11 ). and a\oid alcohol. caffeine
rna�
infection takes hold. you
need to
take stronger metiiCIOe. Your doctor may pre cribe antibiotic . or your nrofe sionall� tramrd medical herbali t rna� treat you \\illl urinary antiseptic . such a. the herb U\a-ur i . \1eanv.hil . thr e •
te l
can help.
Mt quick!� \\ hile cy tlli is
left
aggravate the problem. • \lake
UN.'
Lo the toilrt. \\'a1t a fe11 moments
after urcnating. and Lh n try
again to
r\tW I the Ia 't frl\ milliliter or urine
should take care
flrrward,. ll'omen
to the kidn y
tran frrred to lhr urinary tra t.
\\lth much more
Increase your fluid intaJ..e
• Alkalize �our urine Redu ing !though
urinary ac1tlit� may help
to relit'\t'
the intense pa1n during urination
burning s mptoms. and can a! o
may discourage you from drinkmg
make iL more difficult for 11act ria
more.
it' \1tal that you do. t\t the
fir t igo of vmptom ·, incrra ·r your Ouid to about po
I l iter
per bour. if
Sible. This helps nush hactrria
from the
hladclrr. anti can help
to sui'\ i>r. '\void acidiC foods. 'uch as citru and tomatoes. ami
con�idrr Wking a commercial urinary alkalizer (olailahle from pllarmacie"). 'I homr rrmed of a tea poon of sotla
prr\ent mfrction. from becoming
bilking
morr seriou .. Choos • water or
rffrctil r urina1y
Alternatively, cranberry tablets and capsules are made from concentrated juice, and are general ly taken at doses of approximately 30 g (30,000 mg) per day, in divided doses.
to 11 1pe from front
to bd k to C1n1re that bacteria from thr anus aren't accitlentally
-
calculate how many glasses of ju1ce you cranberry that's present in the product.
complete!� empt� C\CI'� ume �ou go
for medicinal purposes, you'll need to require, depending on the percentage of
!Our bladder i
untreated. the infe lion can spread
cnou" con equencr . •
nzz 'OfL drink . v.hich may
from the IJiadder.
general!) a relati\ely mild and elf-limiting condition. 1f it i
and
products conta1n 100 percent cranberry juice, so if you do decide to take the JU're
111 v.ater i
a! o an
alkalizer.
\laJ\'h mallo\\ Althaea officina/is Soothes mflamed mucous m embranes
With its rich content of mucilage, marsh mallow provides soothing relief to irritated mucous membranes of the urina ry tract. Herbalists often prescribe it to ease the pain and discomfort of infections or inflammation of the bladder and kidneys. IH }"> \GF Infuse 2 to 5 g of dried
marsh mallow root in cold (not hot) water, and steep for B hours to release the mucilage; drink up to 3 cups per day.
Dand<'lion leaf
•
Taraxacum o fficinal e
conditions, in which case medical treatment
Nature's diureti c with plenty of potas sium
•
•
particularly, the potassium found in dandelion) may interact
use immediately.
medications, so check with your doctor Do not use dandelion if you suffer from
quantities of cranberry except under
liver or gallbladder disease (including gall stones).
If you have diabetes, avoid drinking high juice and do not take marsh mallow except under professional supervision, as it may
ar esom etim es obs er ved with th e us e of
•
professional supervision.
i n leaf is a pharma ceut ica ldrug s. Dand el o
•
w ith some
or pharmacist before taking them.
If you are taking warfarin or have a history
•
Stop taking grapeseed at least
2 weeks
before undergoing surgery.
quantities of sugar-sweetened cranberry
do esn't t end to caus e th e ad ver se eff ects
Grapeseed and dandelion leaf (and,
d1arrhea and other gastrointestinal
natura l sour ceof pota ssium ; th er efor e, it as so cia ted with potas sium d ep letion that
of plants (for example, daisies, echinacea). •
symptoms - if this occurs, discontinue
of kidney stones, do not take medicinal
th er e is litt ledata a va ila b le to confirm ti s effi ca cy in humans, a sma ll numb er of anima lstud ies sugg est that it ma y b e
High doses of cranberry juice may cause
2 hours.
Don't use dandelion leaf if you are allergic to members of the Asteraceae family
is required. Always talk to your doctor
Dand elion l eaf i st raditiona l y r egard ed as oneof th e most important h erba l r em ed iesfor th e elimination of excess
as effecti ve as som e common ly pr escrib ed
separate doses by at least •
before commencing self-treatment •
f luid, r egard less of it s caus e. Alt hough
grapeseed may reduce iron absorption, so
Fluid retention is sometimes a symptom o heart problems or other serious health
•
With the exception of normal culinary quantities of cranberry, do not take the
affect blood sugar levels.
herbs on this page if you are pregnant or
Marsh mallow may interfere with the
breastfeeding, except under the advice of
absorption of other medication, and
a healthcare professional.
pharma ceuti ca ldiur eti cs. DO'> \(,E Infus e 1 to 2 t easpoons
of dri ed dand elion leaf in boiling wat er ; drink 3 cups p er da y.
Grapesred Vi tis vinifera Relieves premenstrual fluid retention
Hormona lf lu ct uation s during th e m enstrua l cycle can cau se troub lesom e f luid r et ention in som e wom en. Alt hough pr edominant ly con sid er ed a r em ed y for th eb lood vessels, grap es eed extra ct ha s a lso b een do cum ent ed to eff ecti vely i n and r ed uce pr em enstrua l f lu id r et ent o asso ciat ed s ymptom s, in clu ding w eight gainand abdomina l pain and sw elling. IJ()o.., \!;I Loo kfor grap es eed tab lets or cap su les that ar e standard iz ed o provid e 1 50 to 300 mg o lig om eri c proantho cyan di ins (OPCs) p er da y, and
ta ke th em during th e s econd ha lf of th e m enst rua l cycle. You ma y n eed to ta ke them for severa l months b efor e exp er ien cing th e fu ll b en efits . Cautions •
UTis are potentially senous consult
your doctor at the first s1gn of symptoms or 11 y our symptoms
worsen during treatment Always mvestigate UTis In children I mmediately.
There are hundreds of cultivars of the grape v1ne, grown for
fru1t Ifresh and dfled ) ·
as well as w1ne.
WOMEN'S HEALTH
lenopausc Til ere
c rc
natural herbal remeclie
you r b cl t11 rougl1 th
PI
LhaL wi ll lle l p
upport
clemancl or menopau e or Lhe change.
50 percent after just 4 weeks of therapy
H
with standardized black cohosh extract.
Actaea racemasa for hot flushes
When taken under medical supervision,
An e tract o the North American herb
some women who, for medical reasons,
P o
men
his extract may also be beneficial for black cohosh has been used to relieve
are unable to use menopause treatments
menopause symptoms for more than
that are estrogen -based, or who prefer to
50 years. As the subject of numerous
use natural alternatives.
clinical trials, black cohosh extract has
I H)"> \( .1 Take black cohosh
demonstrated significant improvements
tablets standardized for their content
1n symptoms such as hot flushes, night
of triterpene glycosides according to
sweats, insomnia, depression and anxiety.
the manufacturer's instructions, or as
Of these, it is probably most effective
prescribed by your doctor. You may need
against hot flushes, w hich many women
to take black cohosh for up to 3 months
consider the most troublesome aspect of
before your symptoms start to improve.
menopause. Some research indicates that hot flushes may be reduced by more than
Soy food arr a m jor dtet<�r source or phyte trogen . lllant comi)ound li�e
that ha\P mild
trog n
effects in the body. oy
pllytC' trogrn
can help
to reduce
menopausal ymptom and a1Jpear to have protecli>�•
·rr
ts again
t �omc or its
associated health problem
.
So) bran . oy nour. mi o. tofu and temp!'h can all he l p
to Lop up the small quanlilie or ph� Lr Lrogen you olJtam from other dietary source .. \lternalivel .
upplement
that contain con ·entrated ph}to • trogens (al o referred
t.o a·
Sl. John's \\OJ'l
i ·ofla1one ) are now 11idel
Hypericum perforatum
m·ailallle. and mo. t (but not all)
Relieves anxtety and depression
While black cohosh is very effective for the treatment of hot flushes, night sweats and insomnia, its effects against the anxiety and depression that sometimes come with menopause are less marked. Consequently, herbalists often prescribe it with St. John's wort for women whose menopausal symptoms include emotional upset. When the two herbs were taken together during
re rarch indicate. that thej are an effecti\e strategy for reducmg hol nu ·he· and night weaL . Con. uming so llh�Le Lrogen at 1�1el highrr than normal culinal'l intake may cau·e problems for 11 omen 11 i th
orne hralth condiuon
or 11 ho are taking crrtain t pe� of mrdication .
o ta l k
before t<�ling
to your doctor
·oy supplement.
a 2006 study, significant i mprovements were noted in both the psychological and physical symptoms. In other research, St. John's wort alone demonstrated a significant ability to reduce menopausal symptoms in women whose primary
Many sages flower for long periods and make an ornamental addition to the garden.
Trifolium protense Herbal phytestrogens
concerns were mood-related.
Red clover is an interesting example of an
I DOS \CL Buy supplements that are
herb whose modern application is larg�ly
standardized for their content of hypericin
different to its historical uses. While the
and hyperforin, which are considered to
flower heads have long been regarded as
be the main active constituents, and with
a detoxifying remedy for skin problems,
a daily dose of 900 mg per day of the
the r�latively recent discovery that th�
concentrated (6:1) extract, equivalent to 5 .4 g of the dried herb. Take supplements
leaves contain phytestrogens similar to those found in soybeans means that red
throughout the month.
clover is now predominantly thought of
WOMEtl'S'' HEALTH au se. Cli nic al as atr eat ment for m enop ect s of phy la eff e th ting a tig es tri al s inv ave yi el ded h er clov ed r from s n estrog e amb1guou s r esult s, so mor e r esearch i s
needed to cl arify th eir effect s, but th er e ar e so me in dic ation s th at th ey m ay h elp to pr ev ent th e declin e in c ar diov ascu lar an dbon e h ealth th at m any wom en exp en enc e aft er menop au se. IHI'>\(,(· T ake comm erc ially pr ep ar ed r edclo ver i sofl avon es i n do seso f 40 to 86 mg p er day , or
The old French name for sage was
route bonne,
meaning "all is well."
aspr escrib ed by your doctor.
\
dgt'
Salvia officina/is
Traditionally used to reduce hot flushes
pr el im in ary r esearch in dic at es th at
•
Ill h \I; I Infu se 1 to 2 t easpoon s of
fr esh aeri al p art s of l emon b alm in boiling
Sag e is not on yl a popu lar culin ary h erb , but also awi dely u sed tr adition al r em edy
w at er; drin k 1 cup 2 to
for the r el i ef of hot flu sh es. Th e pl ant
b efor e b ed.
with th e l ast cup
30
3
by at least
•
your doctor or pharmacis before takmg
•
1.
For the safe and appropriate use of St. John's wor , see Depress1on and anx1ety,
i snch in t annin s, g ivin g it astring ent
page 217.
prop ert ies an d supporting it s u se to
Cautions
r educ e exc essiv e bo dily secr etion s.
•
In
2 hours.
Lemon balm may interact w1th some pharmaceutical medications, so consult
tim es p er day ,
to 60 minut es
Sage may reduce the absorpt1on of mmerals such as calc1um and 1ron, so separate doses
it m ay h elp m emory an d conc entr at o i n.
addit oi n to hot flu sh es, th ese drying
•
Do not use the herbs on his page 1f you
Do not take any of the herbs listed on these
are pregnant or breas feeding, except under
pages 1f you have a history o hormone
the advice o a healthcare professional.
sensitive tumors, endometriosis or uterine
prop ert ies may b en efit oth er m enop au sal
fibro1ds, except under the superv1s1on of a
sy mpto ms such as night sw eat s an d
healthcare professional.
heavy p erio ds. Labor atory stu di es h ave demon str at ed th at som e compoun ds in
•
sag e po ssess estrog enic eff ect s, which may furth er h elp to exp lain it s tr adition al use 1n menop au se.
•
Do not take black cohosh 1f you are takmg any prescriptiOn medication, except under medical supervis1on. Do not take black cohosh except under med1cal superv1s1on 1f you have a history
IHI \1.1 Infu se 1 to 4 g of dri ed sag e1n boiling w at er ; drin k 3 cup s p er day .
of liver d1sease, as some authon ies believe that black cohosh may occas1onally cause severe liver damage. These ms ances are extremely rare, but potentially very senous
Lt•mon halrn
If you experience minor side effects, such
Melissa officina/is
as mild, revers1ble stomach upset and skm
Helps anxi ety, Insom n i a and col'lcentra t o n
medical advice.
A s atr adit oi n al r em edy for r estl essn ess an d anx iety, l emon b alm i s i deal for women who f n i d th em sel ves worry ing mor e or b eco ming mor e sen s1t1 ve to st r ess dunng an d aft er m enop ause . It sr el axing prop er 1 es c an al h so el p w ti h sl eep disturb anc es. Lemon b al h m elp s pro mot ef eeling s of c almn ess an d c an b e b en ef ci ial as a moo d lift er wh en you r' e f eelin g emot oi n ally fl at It h as al so b een u sed to pro mot e m ent al func tion , an d
problems, stop usmg the herb and seek
•
Do not confuse black cohosh w1th blue cohosh
( Coulophyllum tholictro1des),
wh1ch you should only take under medical superviSIOn.
•
Do not take red clover 1soflavones if you are tahng wartann or ant1coagulant med1canon, except under medical superVISIOn.
•
Due o 1ts astflngent nature, sage tea has sometimes been reported to cause dryness and �rntat1on of ne mouth. If th1s occurs, try reduc1ng the dose of sage relat1ve to the amount o water used, and make sure you dflnk plenty of water throughout the day
Popular'" dfled form for teas, lemon balm wa� called the "elixir of life" by Paracel sus (page 49)
WOMEN'S HEALTH
r rc onancy OniJ ll1c .'afrsl of llcrlwl medicine
arr r
for'' omen to u,'C' during prrgnanc
and brraslfrecling.
<Jingrr
ommrnclrcl
Reduces mornmg stckness
appear m the legs or around the genitals. Topical a pplications of witch hazel may help relieve the pam and itchiness of both
Many women are understandably
vancose vems and hemorrhotds, and can also stop hemorrhoids from bleedtng.
Zmgiber officinole
reluctant to take drugs to help deal wt h the nausea and vomiting of morntng
fl()'-, \1,1 Rub w itch hazel gel,
ointmen or tincture into the a ffected
stckness, so it's reassuring to know that
area once a day. It may ake up to 3 weeks
ginger, whtch has been used medtcmally
before you notice any tmprovements.
for thousands of years, is both safe and
Gather calendula flowers from early summer
effective to use. Gmger has been
onwards, then dry them in a cool, dark place.
compared to other drugs and placebos in a number of cltnical trials, with overwhelmingly positive results. It does
< ;d lt'rHiul;r Calendula officina/is Great all-round h aler
occastonally cause minor, self-limiting
Calendula has many uses during pregnancy.
side effects 1n some women, but the
If your gums become prone to bleeding,
Ro, ehip oil Rosa conino May help prevent stretch marks
results of these sctentific studies indicate
try a strong infusion of the flowers as an
Rosehip oil is growing in popularity as
that ginger doesn't have any negattve
antiseptic mouthwash. Calendula cream,
a remedy for the prevention of stretcl
effects on he baby's health.
ointment or infused oil are traditionally
marks - includtng those of pregnancv.
rubbed into aching or itchy hemorrhoids
The herb has a rich content of anti
IH h \1,1 Clinical tnals for morning
sickness have generally used doses of 1 to
and varicose veins, and bring relief to
inflammatory compounds, including
2 g of ginger in tablet or capsule form, in
cracked nipples. Occasionally, herbalists
vitamins A and C and essential fatty acids,
divided doses throughout the day. Ginger
and midwives even use the tincture to
all of which are important for skin health.
tea made from freshly chopped or
encourage the healtng of vaginal tears
So, although tts efficacy hasn't yet been
powdered g inger may also be effective,
or caesarean section scars after delivery.
scientifically confirmed, there may be
but different preparations of ginger have
I HI'-, \I, L For hemorrhoids, varicose
some substance to its reputation. IH 1:-. \I ,I Massage commercially
different chemtcal cha racteristics, so if
vetns and cracked nipples, apply calendula
your homemade ginger remedy doesn't
cream, ointment or infused oil to the
prepared rosehtp otl into the abdomen
work, try a commercial preparation.
affected area 3 times a day; the infused
twice daily.
\\itch hazel
you are breastfeeding, as it is safe for
oil is preferred for use on the nipples if
Hamamelis virginiono R It ve h morrhotds and vancose veins
your baby to consume in small quantities. For bleeding gums, prepare a strong infusion of dried calendula, and use it as a
Rasp her r� leaf Rubus idoeus Prepares the uterus for childbirth
Bowel habits can become less regular
Don't use calendula tincture on surgical
The traditional use of raspberry leaf to help the body prepare for labor is
dunng pregnancy - yet another effect
wounds or vaginal tears without talktng
supported by laboratory studies indicating
of the hormonal changes your body
to your doctor or midwife first, as it's vital
that the herb has a range of effects on
is going through. Aside from bemg
to ensure that the wound is clean and
the pregnant u terus. Although very little
uncomfortable, consttpation sometimes
free of infection before you start. Tissue
clinical research has been conducted, in
leads to hemorrhoids, or piles, which are
treated with calendula heals remarkably
one small study, researchers concluded
actually varicose veins in the blood vessels
quickly, so, it is important to check that
that raspberry leaf may help to shorten
supplying the anus and rectum Swollen,
no infection remains beneath the treated
itchy and painful varicose veins can also
wound.
labor time and decrease the likelihood of babies being born either prematurely or
mouthwash after brushing your teeth.
WOMEN'S H EALT H This study also a er their due date. raspbe rry leaf may takmg that d ggeste su s or help to reduce the risk of orcep
habit'S JIOSI! IOII ! h t · m � t ·l � t' S
II t hJ!
l ht'\ 'II t'\11 t ill' IHrih cc�nal hrtltl l1r t Thl'
lea or a placebo from the 32nd week of
trrrn
"hrt'l'l
h"
ts usl'd 111 rlt> cribt'
thn�P hahi!•s t h a t dlf' n ot 1 1 1 1 h 1s
pregna ncy. I n th1s tnal, the second stage
po'>l ! 1110. ,tnd 11 ho an•
of labor was about 10 m m u tes shorter 1 n those women who too
t ht' end ol prt'l.!Odllr\. mo. t
Tn\\ d l d
acuum del ivery, or caesarea n section. In a k secon d study, 1 92 women with low-ris rry raspbe e1ther took pregnancies
incn·
raspberry leaf,
t'i��
ldhlll l r IOU I
and fewer forceps delivene s were
at
hah�
IS brl't'Ch. � O U r
sw.!!!l'Sl
t h a t ht'
1 \rtl'nJI'ild 1 ulpans)
rnug11 0rt
near
t ilt' sk1n 111 thr samr place. \\ h i le t h i s wocr-. . . called rno\ILIU'> !Ion. rna� prru l t a r
ol rom pllra 1 1ons d u ring
doctor 11 t i l proh.tlll\
equired. At 1 .2 g of raspberry leaf twice
llwrdon•
and · t m u l laneou� l\ h u rn t hr herb
ir you
acupunct u re
eem
ha\rn't expenrnr rd
llf'rorr.
rr earch In both
\s 1a anti Eu rope s ugarst · t h a t i t is
qui lt'
die t l \ l' a1 rnrourag1nn brrech
h.tht '
to w r n . In ont· t rial conducted
DL i
daily, the dose used 1 n this study is only
or stw m a n u alil Jd1 ust thP l la h1 111 10
111 Japan.
10 percent of that recommend ed by
a lllOft' iljllll'fljlflil!l' jlOSI!IOO - d
11 ho. e mothers had a u pu n c t u re and
herbal authorities. so it's possible h a t
procc
111 0 \lbU'>! Ion :ub. e q u r n l l � rotated i n to
more remarkable results could be obtained
t11gtll\ etTt·cl l l t'
t ht' l�t•acHir, l pos 1 l ion. compared to
\ l tt'rll J I II PI� \OU CO U l d COINtfer
w1th higher doses.
t rad i t ion a l .hint'
( ll l<., \I , I Infuse 4 to 8 g dried
,.
lll l'dinne.
11 h i c h
raspberry leaf i n boding water; drink
has a good sucn•,s rcrortl ror 1 urn m g
llalill's.
prrcrn t or bc�btr,
\our acupu o r t u r 1st
3 cups per day from the 32nd week of
hrerch
pregnancy. Alternatively, take raspberry
1\ t l l usr a n arupu nnure
lea tablets or capsules accordmg to the
a ·lll'CJric pom t on \ o u r I 1 U ir lor
IH't'cllr
on
on I)
73. 7 Pt'l'
mnthrrs
llitl
t•nt or tho e 11 ho:.r
not . Ot her resrar her
hal<' mmlltored u n born babtrs' react ions to
lhts
procrdurr and
reported t ha t i t uor
not appear
tO CdUSt' dO} rorla l d i s t res
manu acturer's Instructions, at a dose equivalent to
4 to 8 g
of dned herb,
3 t1mes daily.
Cautions •
�If- rea ment w1th herbal med1cine 1s only appropnate for women whose pregnanc1es
•
about the heal h or wel l - be mg of your
anti-platelet med1ca ion, except under
baby. Always 1nform your doctor or m1dw1fe
profess1onal supervision. Women who are
of any herba medicines you are taking.
at risk ot hemorrhage should not take
Ginger occas1onally causes mmor, self
gmger m greater than culinary quant1t1es.
2
have been assessed as low-rts . Use of any
limiting symptoms, such as heartburn
herbal medicone dunng pregnancy and
and gastrointes 1nal discomfor
breas .eeding, 1ncludmg hose on th1s page,
occurs, stop tak1ng he herb, or try takmg
consul at10n w1 h your phySICian, a s1ngle
1S best earned out under profess1onal
1t '" a differ�nt form
dose can b� taken just pnor to surgery to
superv1sion. Seek 1mmed1ate profess1onal
•
•
If this
ef ec s, and should not be taken
dunng pregnancy, or 1f you are concerned
concurrently with ant1coagulan or
weeks
pnor to undergomg surgery However, 1 n
Gmger has documented blood-th1nn1ng
care or any but he most mmor problems
Gmger should no be taken or
reduce post-opera 1ve nausea
•
Top1cal applications of any herb can some !1mes cause react1ons. such as derma 1t1S or itching and burnmg sensat10ns, and Ideally a pa ch test should be perform�d a least
24 hours before use.
D1scontmue use 1f
a react1on develops. Take part1cular care wtth calendula 1f you are allerg1c to the Asteraceae family of plants Ifor example, da1s1es and ech1nacea).
•
l1k� gmg�r. raspb�rry Ieat has rad1t1onally be�n used as a treatment or mornmg SICkness. Howev�r. 1t 1s best avo1ded dur•flg the f�rst tnmester o pregnancy, as here 1s no r�search to conf1rm s satety at th1s 1 me.
•
Raspberry l�af may reduce tne absorption of minerals, sue� as calCium and lfOr, so separate doses by a leas
•
An Amencan advertrsem ent from the 1890s captures the beauty
-�f ·;he:�pberry
2
hours.
Do not use raspberry 1eaf f you are suffermg rom const1p at1on, pept1c ulcer, or any I n flammatory diSease of the diqes 1ve system
_
M E W S HEALT H
_
S )/ua l a n cl pro tat h a lth TilE' L ratl i l iona l u ' C or herb
Lo
lwa l l h L bci no increa i ng l
backed up b
upporl m a l e reproduc t ive m di al
ien c .
S c i \\ Ptl l nw t l o
doctors to predict the presence of
Serenoa repens
prostate cancer. I 10'- \I , I Most research has used a
Cli nically proven for prostate probl ms
special extract from saw palmetto berries
With p rostate problems affectmg about
fatty acids and other oily compounds,
half of all men aged
referred to as a liposterolic extract. Take
that is standardized for its content of free 50
and over, saw
pal me to is one of the world's most
1 60
popular herbs for male health. It's been
extract in capsule form, twice daily
mg of the concentrated liposterolic
the subject of numerous clinical studies,
with meals. You may need to take saw
the majority of which show it to be an
palmetto for
effective treatment for mild cases of
symptoms improve.
1
to 2 months before your Tht berries of tht saw palmttto wtrt ustd by both Native Americans and Europtan stttltrs.
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and specifically for symptoms such as reduced or hesitant urinary flow and the need to urinate overnight. It has been compared with several of the key pharmaceutical
el t l P roo I
bladder. In a study of over 2000 patients
Urtico dioico
taking a formula containing nettle root
Support for m t ld
and saw palmetto, improvements were noted in both symptoms and parholn,. ;:.
prostate conditions
treatments for the same condition and shown to have a similar level of efficacy,
Like saw palmetto, nettle root has been
changes - an indication that the her' a1
but with ewer side effects. Research also
clinically trial led for the relief of mild
combination helps treat the disease, rather
suggests that, unlike some pharmaceutical
BPH, and the two herbs are ohen taken
than simply suppresses the symptoms.
medications, saw palmetto does not
m combination. Nettle is documented
interfere with the measurement of a
to i mprove a range of BPH symptoms,
capsules that provide the equivalent
marker called prostate-specific ant1gen
including nighttime urination, frequent
of up to 6 g of dried nettle root per
(PSA) , the levels of which a re used by
urination and incomplete emptying of the
day, and take them according to the
I H IS \( , !·. Look for tablets or
manufacturer's instructions.
1\.ore a n gi n,' c n g Ponax ginseng Tom a to
- along \V i th other rrd- anti pink-colored fru i t and vegrtable .
u h as
gua\ a. w a termelon and pink grapefr u i t - conta i n a [ligmenL ca l l ed lye pent'. \v h ich ha' i m portant benefit for men· hea l t h . Population men whose diet are highest i n LOmatoe chan
r
t u d ie
have up lO 40 p rcrnl l<'
of developing pro tale cane r than tho e men \�ho ·e
tomato con u m pllon i
Ia\\. A a potent a n t ioxidant.
lycopene a l o su pports the heart and blood ves els and may help to reduce th
risk of cardiovascular disea e.
Par optim a l a b. orption. lycopene need to be con umed at the arne l i m e a
a
l i L L ie oi l .
o tomato-ba ed products uch
as ra ta
auce and tomalD pa te are
\·al uabl
mclu ions
111
you r d 1e1 .
ugge t t hat
Potent male tonic
In traditional Chinese medicine, Korean g inseng is regarded as the most important herbal medicine for men, and g inseng roots with a shape resembling a man's body are highly prized. Its traditional indications include replenishing vital energy (referred to in Chinese as qi), helping the body and mind to cope with stress, and as a tonic to promote general health and longevity. Ginseng is also widely used to enhance men's sexual performance, and has been shown in a few clinical trials to have a beneficial
MEN ' S HEALTH tion. R esult s eff ect on er ectil e dy sfunc anim al studi es, as l l e of th ese tn al s, as w sexu al on s ct e f ef sugg est th at th e t ed to ttribu a e b nnot a c e nc p er fo rm a
Cautions •
The symptoms of S P H and prostate cancer can be very s1milar, so It's 1mportant to see your doctor for a d1agnosis before commenctng self-treatment. Only mild
pur ely hormo n al eff ect , but m ay b e c au sed at l east in p art by th e h erb 's a
cases of BPH are su1table for self treatment All men over
50 years of age
imp act on th e c entr al n er vou s sy st em and on th e blood supply to th e p eni s.
prostate cancer, which can easily go
1 fl( ):-, \CE T ake Kor ean gin seng
undetected without testing.
t abl et s up to a m aximum o f 1000 mg of
should cons1der regular screening for
•
for BPH or prostate cancer, except on
m anuf actur er' s in struction s. (High er do ses may
professional advice.
so m etim es b e appropri at e und er
pro fession al sup er vi sion.) Look fo r product s
•
Saw palmetto occasiOnally causes mild adverse effects, such as digestive upsets
th at ar e st and ardiz ed for th eir cont ent o f
and headaches. Nettle root infrequently
gin seno sid es. Tr adition ally, Kor ean gin seng
causes mild adverse effects; if thiS occurs,
i s t aken fo r 8 to 12 w eek s, follow ed by abr eakof sever al w eek s. Thi s h erb i s not
Oo not take saw palmetto or nettle root if you are taking pharmaceutical medication
th edri ed root p er d ay, according to th e
stop taking the herb. •
Nettle plants cause urticaria, or hives,
if they
touch the skin, so 1f you choose to harvest
appropri at efor fr ail or anxiou s p eopl e.
nettle root, take appropriate precautions. Oo not take nettle root if you have had
G inkgo Ginkgo bilobo
an allergic reaction to the nettle plant. •
Oo not take Korean gmseng if you have
Stimulates circulation
diabetes, cardiovascular disease (including
With it sdocum ent ed ability to impro ve
anxiety, hyperactivity, mental illness
high and low blood pressure). depression,
circul ation , ginkgo c an b e a u sefu l r em edy
(including bipolar disorder and similar conditions), insomnia, blood clots or
fo r c ases of m al e sexu al dy sfu nction th at ar e known or su sp ect ed to b e du e to
bleeding disorders, except under the
r educ ed blood flow to th e p eni s.
advice of a healthcare professional.
Probl em s with both libido and sexu al
•
pharmaceutical medications (includmg
eff ect so f som e group s o f ph arm ac eutic al m edicm es, and th er e i s a sm all amount ev1 d enc e th at tr eatm ent with g i n kgo c an h elp to r esol ve th ese i ssu es in som e •
I I >OS \I : 1·, Look for suppl em ent s
bilob alid es, with a d aily do se of 1 20 mg of aconc entr at ed (50: 1 ) extr act , pro viding th e equi val ent of 6 g of th e dri ed h erb. Gin kgo t akes a month or two to r each It s m ax1mum eff ect. so u se it for 6 to 12 w eek s b efo r e assessing wh eth er or not it h as h elp ed you. I f you su sp ect you ar e exp eri encing any ad ver se eff ect of s
vour pr escrib ed m edic ation , t alk to your doctor b efo r e t aking ginkg o , and r efe r al so to th eCaution s section th follow at s.
•
antidepressants, anti psychotics, digoxin,
of
st and ardiz ed fo r th ei r cont ent of th e import ant acti ve con stitu ent s gin kgo fl avon eglyco sid es. ginkgol id es and
World War
I, German
soldiers wore un iforms
or suspected to interact w1th many
p erform anc e ar e f airly common sid e
p ati ent s wh en t aken und er th e sup er vi sion of apro fession al .
Korean gmseng and gmkgo are known
In
of nettle fabric, made from the plant's stalks.
•
anticoagulants, ant1convulsants, insulin
diwness. gastrOintestinal upset, head
and hormonal therapy), so consult
ache and allerg1c sktn react1ons. More
your phys1cian or pharmacist before
severe reactions have occas1onally been
taking them.
recorded, and have 1ncluded bleedmg
Oo not take Korean gmseng at the same
problems and seizures.
time as stimulants such as caffe1ne.
occur, stop takmg the herb and seek
Korean gmseng IS traditionally contraindicated in people suffenng from acute infections.
•
medical adv1ce. •
Do not use any of he herbs on this page 1f you are pregnant or breast feedmg, except under the adv1ce of
Alzheimer's disease or any other form
a healthcare professional.
of dementia, do not take gmkgo Without Stop taking gmkgo at least 2 weeks before undergomg surgery, and do not take 1t 1f you have a bleed1ng d1sorder. •
If symptoms
If you have been diagnosed with
f�rst talktng to your doctor. •
Gmkgo somet1mes causes mild adverse reactions, which may include
Always use commercially prepared gmkgo products from a reputable company Oo not consume unprocessed gm go leaves as they may cause adverse react1ons. Do not eat large quant1t1es of the seeds or allow children to do so.
L ' i ng a ro m a l i e h e rb, a n d Cu e n ti a I o i l t o m a ke yo u r O\\·n n a t u ra l bocl -ca re a n d bcd U tJ- t rea l m e n Ls b r i ng, ma n . rrwa rd . The c
a y a n c l i n cx p e n i e rec i pe s '' i l l
c l a n e . d c to\ i f
.
oo t lw a nc l e n e rg i ze .
H r b s fo r beauty an d wel l - b i n g 1 o u r i s ll
our b d
w i l ll n a l u m l l1o m e m ade herbal pr pa rat ion
that
\\ i l l c , fo l i a l . · l e a n - . L o n e . con d i Li o n . Ilea l a n d soothe.
\\ e dnnk herbal tea. a d d fresh herbs
oils, scrubs, soaps and masks, plus special
extra-virgin olive oil and flaxseed; and
treatments to solve specific problems such
antioxidant-rich herbs and spices, such as
take medicinal herbs to ward off colds
as acne. Some recipes have been inspired
green tea, ginger and cumin. To keep skin
and other common ailments. So it makes
by centuries-old texts from Western
hydrated, it's also smart to drink a
sense to use herbs in skin and hair-care
herbalism and Ayurveda, India's traditional
minimum of eight glasses of water a day.
products. Effective for fighting the signs
medical system. Others are tried-and-true
of aging, such as wrinkles and dark spots,
remedies handed down by generations of
hydrogenated oils, trans fats and
to recipes for extra flavor and
It's important, too, to avoid partially
herbs also cleanse, tone, moisturize and
European "herb-wifes" who knew the
polyunsaturated vegetable oils, which
exfoliate your skin and add condition and
healing secrets of wild plants. The rest
are all pro-inflammatory. Also, steer clear
color to your hair.
are recommendations from natural health
of foods that cause a rapid rise in blood
practitioners who continue to use herbs
sugar and insulin - such as sugary or
as a primary healing method.
starchy processed foods - and trigger
\ u l l ' i <'n l s fo r s J.. i n
called glycation: sugar binds to collagen
substances as biocompatible and absorb
What you eat affects how you look and
fibers in the skin, which makes it stiff
them more readily than mineral oils or
how your skin ages. That's why it's smart
and inflexible and can lead to wrinkles.
petrochemicals. Herbs can mitigate a vast
to consume an anti-inflammatory diet
Premature aging of the skin is also caused
Herbs contain thousands of active biochemicals and, thanks to the principle of synergy, they provide various benefits: your skin and hair recognize these
inflammation. This occurs in a process
array of skin and hair problems, ranging
that includes whole grains; fruits and
by sun damage, stress, pollution
from facial l ines to dandruff.
vegetables of different hues; omega-3
and lack of exercise, so be sure to avord
fatty acids from cold-water fish; walnuts;
these factors, too, where possible.
These hea l i ng botanicals, which contain m inerals that calm and fatty acids that soothe, are among the most effective of cosmetic and personal care ingredients. Herbs a lso enhance each other. The right combination - such as antiseptic pine and cooling sage - makes a homemade recipe even more effective.
\ l a ke � o u r o \\ n p rod u c L Making your own herbal skin and hair care products is easy and rewarding. It's also a very practical way of avoiding exposure to undesirable and potentially harmful solvents, surfactants, silicone, a rtificial fragrances and other synthetic additives found in conventional products. And it's a means of contributing to a healthier environment and saving some
A good mull ivitamin and miner·al
radicals (damaging metabolic by
supplement help to provide your
products that accelerate aging).
complexion with all the nutrient it needs. Extra amount or certain vitamin
•
may be indicated in particular
It i helpful for gum health.
conditions: notably A (which rebuilds ti sue and balances sebum production). C (which your body u e
•
and eico a pentaenolc acid (EPA).
skin firm) and E (which reduces
which plump skin. keeping It supple.
wrinkle formation. protect skin cells and prevents UV-Iight damage). The e
•
that strengthen blood ve
proce s becau e they are antioxidan t
lpha l i poic acid is
a
powerful
(OPC
els and
low sign or aging.
o r natural anti-innammatory agents. •
Grapeseed contains antioxidant oligomeric proanth ocyanin s
rive supplement combat the aging
money at the same time. On the following pages, there are
Ft h oU contains es entiat ratty acids doco ahexaenoic acid (DHA)
to produce
collage n . the connective tis ue that ke p
Coenzyme 0 1 0 i an antioxidant with anli-innammatory properties.
•
Zinc balances oil-gland function.
dozens of simple, effective step-by-step
a n tioxidant that helps defend
encou rage \vound healing and
recipes for herbal moisturizing lotions and
against damage caused by free
regenerates kin cells.
creams, toners and astringents, powders,
)
E
enlial oil
The e five e
sta rter k i l
e n l ial oil
will form a
u eful foundation for your collection. GER'\ thi
1m1 A tringent and refre h 111g.
oil ha a balancing effe t on t he
skin d i Oi'Ciers. and preve n t s scai'ring. I t ' a l o a great in ect repe l lrnl. PEPPER M I NT St i m u la t ing. d ige live and a n t i-inflammator�. U.e m an
• Do not take es ential oils
internally. E.\cert for la1 ender oil. t he) should not lJc a p p l ied neat to t he . kin.
skin. making iL a great choice for
inhala tion to relie1e nausea and
homemade rna
respira tory probl m . or in a bath
110men ·hould aroid rs,·enllal
Invaluable for female reproductive
to oothe m u cle aches.
oils. unle�s on the ad\ ire of a
health. i l helps overcome irriLabihl�
RO E M A RY
and bloaling caused by premen trunl
headaches. colds and flu.
syndrom
age oil
and foot baths.
( PMS).
P r mental fatigue.
TEA-TREE Renowned a
an a n t i fungal
and anti eplic. thl oil can be used for
headaches. nervous di order
clearmg yea t i n fection . a t h lete· root
msomnia. Healing and antiseptic .
and acn . and al o a
thi: oil help heal burns and other
m i nor ll ounds.
qualified aromathrrapisl.
• Certain
LAVEND ER l lelpful for cramp . and
• Pregnant and llreastreeding
fir t aid ror
essrnllal oils. surh as
hiller orange and erapefr u i l . c a n cause s k i n pliutose n s i t JI i i J . Somr o i l s . s u c h as lrmongrass. can also liTitatc scn s i l il't' skin.
\ ro m a L IH ra p� Essential oils are very versatile and add a wide variety of benefits to homemade skin and hair-care products. They offer potent protection against a range of common ail ments and help improve skin and hair health. Their small molecular size means that they can penetrate deep into the dermis to provide a profound healing effect. Their wonderful scents also help balance your emotions. Depending on the essential oil you select, you can add antiseptic, rejuvenating, tonic or relaxing properties to a cleanser, moisturizer, ointment or body splash. Different oils can help prevent or clear skin problems; stimulate the generation of new cells; i mprove muscle tone; stimulate circulation of blood and lymph; eliminate waste; counter inflammation; balance sebum (oil) production; and reduce stress.
r t \ d ro l h e ra p ) a l h o m e Considered the life-giver in just about every culture, water is included in all manner of spiritual and religious ceremonies to cleanse the skin and replenish the mind. The ba ic tool herbal
for making �our own
kin and hair-care product
are very
impl . It i
keep them
epa rate fr·om the one
- pia lie and \\ OOd ab orb rla\or me l l
poon
: metal lic bowl
can oxidrze ( reac t ) w i t h frui
and \ egetabl uch a
and
j u ic s: and
ub tance
\ egetable wax and bee wax
ar<' dirricult to c l an thoroughly from
urfa
. II
re· what
•
funnel . in dirre rent size
• gla •
mea u r r ng cup
•
kitch n
non-a l u m i n i u m
dropper
wood n
aucepans.
sauna and then a cold shower all get your systems flowing and working in harmony, afterwards. You can easily replicate this effect with some herbal hydrotherapy
poons
•
pa tula . in di fferent
ize
chopping boards
Herbal hydrotherapy Start by massaging your body with a
•
a i rtight gla
jars and boules with caps: pump. squ ezc
and spray bo l l l
• food proce
including a double boiler
followed by a dunk in a cool pool, a hot
treatments at home. •
and spoon
cal
Spa-goers can enlist the benefits of hydrotherapy: a dip in a hot jacuzzi,
and your body works more efficiently
non-m Lal l i
•
trainer - for
quare a n d corree-rilter paper
you n ed.
•
non-meta l l i
example. ch e ecloth or m u l i n
a good idea to
you u e for veryday cooking. though
and
•
s
or
• handh ld mixer • kitch n thermometers
homemade scrub, such as Orange body polish (see page 279). Take a hot shower for about 5 minutes, then turn the water temperature down (as cold as your body can tolerate) for 1 to 2 minutes. Repeat 2 to 3 times, depending on the amount of time you have. When you step out of the shower and pat yourself dry, follow
•
heat-re i tant. non-meta l l ic mixing bowl . su h a
Pyr x
•
lectric coff e grinder or mortar and pe tie
with an all-over spritz of Citrus zinger (see page 279). This will give your skin an instant refresh.
Wash your brush r egularly in warm wa ter and mild soa p . R ms e and l eav e to air-dry.
l ' l ' l l l l'l \ 1 1 11
ldl l
You will find th e majori ty of th e ingr edi en ts us ed in th es e r ecip es a t
Hyg r ne Adop ting a comm ons ens e approa ch to hyg i en e wh en pr eparing h erbal skin a nd half-ca r e produc ts will k eep th em as saf e and pur e as possibl e. B efor e com m encing, t1 e your hair back, w ea r a n apron a nd wash your hands thoroug hly. S teril zi eg l ass or plas tic bo ttl es and
your local pharmacy, sup ermark et or h eal th food s to r e, ev en in your ki tc h en
jars for s to ring your produc ts by placing
cupboard. O th ers, such as cosm etic clays
th em in boiling wa ter for
15
m i n u tes,
and soap moulds, a r e ava1labl e from
th en allowing th em to a � r-dry, upsid e
sp ec ai l ty d si tribu tors or craf t shops and
down, on a rack . Ensu r e a l l u tensils a r e
w ebs1 tes. Wh en a r ecip e calls for frui t,
cl ean and dry wh en you finish.
v eg eta bl es, fr esh h erbs or eggs, wh er ev er The esstnt1al oils used '" arom atherapy have profound healmg effects.
massage
t strng
possibl e op t for organic to avoid exposur e
Pa
to p es tic 1d es.
Finally, a lways pa tch- tes t produc ts and 1ngr ed1 en ts firs t, esp ec1ally if you hav e
If a v eg etabl e oil is r equlf ed (for
r
exampl e, ol vi e, almond or avocado). mak e
s ensi tiv e skin or a his to ry of all erg ies .
sur e tha t you choos e an unr efin ed, cold
Na tural produc ts a r e l ess lik ely to caus e
Sk1n ·s th e body s' larg es t d etoxifica tio n organ . Sluggish eli m in a ion via th e skin
pr ess ed vari ety th a t has no t und ergon e
an all ergic r eac tion, bu t i t can happ en.
h ea t or ch em1cal ex trac tion. In b etw een
To tes t, plac e a small amou n t of on e
plac es a gr ea ter load on o th er organs,
us es, s to r e th es e oils in th e r efrig era tor.
of th e in g r edi en ts - for exa mpl e, 2 drops
o l\ h r u II i t.
esp ec ai lly h e liv er . To boos t c ir cula tiO n
Us e fil ter ed or d si ti ll ed wa ter wh er ev er
of ess en tia l oil d il u ted in 112 teaspoon of
and s . mulat e h e lympha tic sys tem to
wa ter si lis ted as an mgr ed1 en t; failing
v eg eta bl e oil - on a co tto n-wool ball and
r el eas e oxins, na turopa ths and h erbalis ts
this, cool ed, boi l ed wa ter 1s acc ep ta bl e.
a so body brush or a loofah. Body brushmg also 1mprov es muscl e oneand r educ es puffi n ess and c ellul ite.
v
or sor e, do no t us e th1s i ng r ed ien t 10 your
r
Hom emad e h erbal skin and half-ca r e th1ck en ers and colorings found i n
por es and encourag es c ellular r en ewal,
conv en tional on es. A s a r esul t, th ey may
g•v1ng your sk in a you hful glow. H er e's
no t look lik e th e cr eams and lo t1ons you'r e
•
•
•
us ed o buymg 1n th e shops. You will also n eed to mak e allowanc es for diff er enc es 10 th e te tur e and qual ity of som e raw ma terials - for exampl e, oa tm eal, o ils,
handl e, so you can g et a t hard- to r each spa s. Do your dry brushmg on al terna te
fr ee to adjus t th e quan ti 1 es.
days, irs th ing 1n th e mornmg b efor eshow e11ng Always brush to wards your h ear t, usmg
Addmg a small amoun t of v1 ta min E oil ,
wax es and th e h erbs th ems elv es . F eel
Storage
prng propert1es
ci trus s eed ex trac t or b enzom (from
g en l e, circular mov em en ts. S a r t wi h h e sol es of your f eet and work your
pharmac1 es) to your produc ts will ex tend
way up your l egs, th en hands and ar ms . R each ov er and brush your back fro m h e bu ocks up h e back and
As a g en eral rul e, h e h erbal cr eams,
aroun d o h e s omac h. Brush your s o mach in an an i-clock wis e dir ec tiOn flvo1d tend er ar eas, such as th e nippl es, or wh er ev er your sk1n is h1n, 1rr1 a te d or da mag ed
b ea u ty produc ts.
produc ts ar e fr ee from th e emulsifi ers,
I sloughs off h e d ead sk in c ells tha t clog
wha t you n eed to do . Buy a na tural [no t syn th etic) brush w1 th a firm bris tl e. Sof t bris tl es won' t do h eJOb. Mak e sur e 1 t has a long
ta p e 1 t to th e insid e of your elbow; l eav e i t for 24 hours . If th e a r ea b ecom es r ed
r eco mm end dry body brush in g wi th ei th er
th eir lif e and r educ e th e nsk of rancidi ty. o lis and balms d escrib ed h er e will las t up o 1 2 w eeks 1n h e r efr gi era to r; dry scrubs and powd er mix es will las t up to 6 months 1n h e r e r ig era or; infusions
mad e w1 th fr esh h erbs and masks or pas es mad e wi h fru1 t should b e r efng era ted and us ed w1 h1n 2 days.
Tur
your bathroo m mto a haven where you can expeflence your own salon-style trea ments.
) I tn a l s l in "< o r m a l s k i n i
oft . e\ c n ly L e \L u red
\\ i l ll m ed i u m - izecl pore
a n c l not
too o i l� o r clr� . \\'a 11 \\ i t ll a ge n t ! c l e a n cr a n d fo l iO\\ w i t h a t o n e r con t a i n i ng ba l a n c i ng h r b a
uch
1
This herbal blend is healing and mildly
exceptionally smooth and soft, this will
astringent. Vinegar restores the skin's
brighten and refine all skin types. Almond
pH balance, the antioxidant-rich green tea
meal soothes the skm while sugar buffs
is calming and hydrating, and the fennel
away dead skin cells. The cinnamon has
adds a light licorice-like scent. Elderflower
a mildly antibacterial effect.
e lde rflower or c h a m o m i l e .
C'r e 1 •ea ton
A gentle scrub that leaves your skin
is mild enough to suit the most sensitive skin and helps to reduce redness and
\ l o i t u r i ze \\ i l 11 a l igh twe i g h t face
2 tablespoons fine-ground a l mond meal
se r u m or a c re a m moi t u rizer
1
m ade \\ i l h \·i ta m i n
2 teaspoons caster sugar
1
tablespoon green tea
1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1
teaspoon crushed fennel seeds
plain yogurt
1 teaspoon dried elderflower
a n cl plant o i l
Exfo l i a te reg u l a rly w i t h a n a t u r a l fru i t p e e l o r m a k. T r a t y o u r w i t h t h e r e peel i t cle e rve it will
ta:,. look i n g i ts be t .
kin
a n cl
tablespoon rice flour
Combine almond meal , rice flour, sugar and cinnamon in a bowl. Add enough yogurt to form a gritty paste. 2 To use, gently massage the scrub into
inflammation.
1/, cup ( 1 25 ml) boiling water
2 tablespoons apple cider vinegar 1
teaspoon vegetable glycerine
Place herbs in a bowl and cover with the boiling water. Cover bowl and leave herbs to steep until water cools. Strain. Combine herbal water, vinegar and glycerine in a bottle. 2 To use, shake well. Saturate a cotton
ball with the liquid and wipe over skin after cleansing. Store toner in the refrigerator. Use within 10 days.
Floral m i l k ner, conta ins Milk, nature's own skin softe gent ly lifts liant exfo mild lactic acid. This Milk's fat skin. your s tone and dead cells and soothes urizer moist a as acts t conten . tion irrita any 2 tablespoons dried rose petals 1 tablespoon dried laven der
. even tr s . allergen s and other cn1 iron mental ract.or traLegies. these with skin your normal skin can change temporarily. Support
When ra ed \\> i t h
• l\la •
1 tablespoon dried chamo mile
20 drop or an ess ntial oil - uch a lavender.
1 tablespoon vegetable glyceri ne
2 To use, shake bottle well and upend
onto a cotton ball. Wipe gently over skin 2 to 3 times, then rinse. Store oral milk in the refrigerator. Use within 1 week.
F'ollow a Jeep rou l i n or 8 hour. each nigh t . 'lb c a l m o1 e rstimu lated adrenal gland . take 200 mg Pana1 gin eng dai ly. 'lb ease ten ion. add 10 to
•13 cup (90 ml) whole mi l k
Place herbs in a glass jar. Add milk and glycerine and seal securely. Chill overnight in the refrigerator. Strain and pour into an airtight bottle.
sage your· face rortnightl) to i m prove circulatio n and create a glow.
age - to a bat h .
lemon verbena or clar •
Insta l l 11 ater filter · in your r n k and shower and place air purifiers in room
that are used
frequently. Take a skin-clearing herb nettle (right) in tincture rorm. Drin� tea dail
uch a
2 c u p or green
to cavenge free radicals and keep
kin vibrant.
• Use a h u m i d i fier i n your brdroom to help your s�in
ta� hydrated at nigh t . Clean t he filter regularly: add e
entia I oil
uch a
ja m i ne to help you r·clax.
Three roses moistu rizer Rosehip oil is used in this lovely, light textured cream for its anti-inflammatory
spooning into a shallow ub or jar.
Pa w p a w mask
and anti-allergenic properties. Completing
To use, massage a small a mount into
This mask exfoliates and stimulates
the rose trio, rose geranium oil is used to
skin. Store in a cool place.
micro-circulation to the skin's surface, resulting in a warm, rosy glow. Pawpaw
tone while rose oil is used to soothe, heal and slow the aging process. 2 tablespoons jojoba oil 2 tablespoons rosehip oil 1 tablespoon grated beeswax
Cucu m be r a n d c h a m o m i l e steam
dissolve dead skin cells. Honey helps skin
Cucumber has a cooling, mildly astringent
to retain moisture. Yogurt is a source of
effect, while chamomile softens skin.
1000-mg evening primrose oil capsule
2 chamomile teabags
250-IU vitamin E capsule
boiling water
1
2 or 3 drops chamomile essential oil
tablespoon Rescue Remedy (from health food stores)
2 tablespoons rosewater 5 drops rose geranium essential oil 5 drops rose essential oil
Place jojoba oil, rose hip oil, beeswax and the contents of both capsules in he top of a double boiler, set over simmermg water. Stir until melted. Warm Rescue Remedy and rosewater together in a separate sauce pan. 2 Remove oil mixture from hea and add warmed Rescue Remed y mixtur e, beating vigorously with a small whisk or electric mixer set on low speed until cream thickens. Add essen tial oils and mix again. Allow to cool slightl y before
contains papain, an enzyme that helps
1 small cucumber, thinly sliced almond or apricot kernel oil, or moisturizer
Place teabags in a sink or bowl and cover with boiling water. Add essential oil and cucumber. 2 Drape a towel over your head and
shoulders to create a tent and lean over the steaming bowl, keeping your face about 4 in. ( 1 0 em) above the water. Close your eyes and stay leaning over the bowl for 5 to 10 mmutes. 3 Splash your face and neck wi h cool
water; pat dry. Using a small amount of the nut oil or another mo1sturrzer, finish with a soothing massage.
lactic acid, which helps to dissolve dead skin cells, while lemon juice has a mild bleaching effect, reducing discoloration and evening out skin tone. 112 cup (90 g) ripe pawpaw, diced 1 tablespoon plain yogurt
2 teaspoons honey 2 drops orange essential oil 1 teaspoon lemon juice rice flour
Mash pawpaw in a bowl. Add yogurt, honey, oil and j uice; mix un il smoo h. Add sufficient rice flour to form a paste. Cover; chill 1n the refrrgerator for 30 minute s 2 Ugh ly remix and apply a thick layer to
clean, dry skm, coverrng he face and neck but avo1ding the eye area. L1e still for 1 5 minutes. Rmse o f and pat dry Apply a light moistu rizer.
I) ry 1 i n l
S k i n t i l l t e n ds to be d r feel
not
nl
ro ugh . t ight a n c l i t chy. b u t
a l ·o l'c flccLs l ig h t poorly. rr u l t i ng i n a ( I U I I - Ioo� i ng complexion . T h i s prob l e m i
WOI'SC i n w i n te r Ol' i [
o u l i \ E' o r ,,·or·k i n a d e h yd rated e n i ro n m e n t .
con d i t ioned office. k i n ca n I ad lo
ol u Uo n i
kin·
moisture
wirl or oothing and
hea l i ng honey.
ever·e c h a p 1 i ng
half a ripe avocado, peeled
u re
and stoned 1 tablespoon thick fresh cream 1
k i n-ca re prod u c t
tablespoon honey
1 000-mg evening primrose oil capsule
m a r h m a l lo\.V . w h i c h
l u bri a te a n d m o i L u rize the
rehydraLing
ma k. The reci11e con t a i n " cooling
a n d to u ·e h rba l h d r a L i ng age n ts uch a
u n . 11 ind and air-
ondilioning " i t h t ll i
to avoid h a rs h
clet rge n t -ba ed
or t he
t h e effect
levels. and a
n t re a t e d . clry
, ncl c racki ng. or even fi Tile
IIJourish dr� skin anll proLe t i t from
crea m . to restore
a n a i r
uc l1 a
\\ ocado-c n · u rn m a � l..:
5 drops sandalwood essential oil kin.
rice flour, sufficient to form a paste �lash avocado in a
Softe n r n g rrce b r a n scr u b Finely ground oats a n d powdered rice
cap ule and the e
bran are gentle exfoliants that are suitable
dd
enUal o i l .
1 ix
u n t i l smooth.
to use on dry skin, providing moisture as well as safely sloughing off any dead skin
bowl .
cr'am. honey. the coment or t he
2
dd enough rice flour to form a
cells. Green tea provides additional
pa te. Corer and r frigeratc for
antioxidant protection while gently
30 m i n u te .
tightening the pores. 1
tablespoon green tea
1 tablespoon dried calendula
'{ Lightl r mix and apply a t h ick layer
to lean . d r'y k.in over race
and neck. a1oiding e e area. Lie
1 tablespoon dried rose petals
s L i l l for
'I• cup (35 g) finely ground oats
with l u krwarm wat r an d pa t dry.
1/• cup (35 g) powdered rice bran
Apply
1 5 m i nutes. Rins
kin
a light moi ' t u rizer.
'I• cup (25 g) almond meal cream or almond oil
Grind green tea, calendula and rose petals to a fine powder.
Mot h e r
2 Combine the powder with oats,
rice bran a nd almond meal, and mix thoroughly. Store the mixture in an a i rtight jar. 3 To use, mix
1 to 2 tablespoons of scrub
with sufficient cream or a l mond oil to make a paste. 4 Let it thicken for 1 to 2 minutes, then
massage i t into damp skin with your fingertips; rinse off.
! lone
a t u re's moi t u rizer
is a t i me-honored trrat for dry skin.
texture hold con t e n t make
the key to it
I t unique
many benefit . The high sugar
i t a natura l humecLanl, meaning it pull
mois t u re from l h
a i r i n to the kin. helping 10 keep
hydrated and p l u m p. and becau e It' occl u ivc. which mean
It
o t h ick. it''
it locks moi t u re i n . I n addition,
it' a n tioxida n t propertie.
rigbt free radical from the
un and polluUon t hat age
kin. It
lo\\ pH mak
acidic and pro Ide a mild an tibact rial effect.
It
'
I
VoY ad rlon/1Y 8-oz. • Do drink at least etghl
12-o- mll
glas�e. of watr r a da
tiH' 10 prm ide �our :kin \ H lh
from \\ l l h m .
m01•1u rc 1t necd •
Do
u
e luke,, arm
\\ 3 tt•r. I t 's less
km or mm�tu re
likel� 10 �tnp
. age and dry
l r rna • Do u e regu a l..m bru hing umutale
(
l'P
pJf?l' 245) to
ebum (Oil) product ion
and circulati on.
L e li gh l . genlie
pressure to a1 01d irrllalion . a Don't use soap on \our .- � n .
Ma rsh mal low cleanser Th� h erb smar sh ma llow and soapwort grow m swamp y, wat er y ar ea s, wh er e th�1r root s soak up moi stur e to cr eat e a slipp er y sap that can both clean se and r� il ev edr y skin. Th e g lycer in e i n thi ssoothing formu la bind s wat er to
Flower b a l m
th ri st y skin.
Thi s ultra-mi ld h erba l b lend h elp s k eep
1
tablespoon chopped dried marsh mallow
1
tablespoon chopped dried soapwort
•{, cup (60 ml) water '{, cup (60 ml) rosewater 11• cup (60 ml) vegetable glycerine 1 tablespoon sunflower seed oil 1
tablespoon aloe vera gel
5 drops chamomile essential oil
P la ce h erb sand wat er in a sma ll sa u cepan; bring to bo1 l. R edu ce h eat, cov er and sim m er 1 5 minut es. Coo l and s ram, pr essmg down on h erb s o �xtra ct a s mu ch liqu1d a s po ssib le. 2 Combin e h erba l liqUid w1th ro sewat er,
g lycerin e, sunflow er seed oil and a o l e v�ra g el m a bott le. Add chamomi le oi l.
3 To u se, damp en skm w1th warm wa er
and ma ssag e a li ti e clean ser i n o sk1n; nn se off Stor e in th e r efrig erator but u se 1t withm 10 da ys. Fo llo w w1th a mi dl ton er. su ch a s F lo w er ba lm ( see ngh t ), h en mo1 sturiz e.
moi stur e clo se to th e por es of dr y skm. E ld erf o l w er ea ses irritation, f enn el
R 1 c h ·e p a 1 r e l l 1 r
r estor es skin pH lev els, whi le comfr ey
Thi s h ydrat in g serum i s esp ecia lly
produ ces soothing m u ci la g e with
d esig n ed for h e n eed s of dr y or
ex cell ent h ydra ing prop erti es.
sen sitiv e sk1n. Sanda lw ood and ca lendu la essentia l oi ls a r e antl
1 tablespoon chopped dried
lnf la mma or y a nd r eg en erat1v e,
comfrey root
w h i le th e ro sehip and ma cadamia
1 tablespoon dried fennel 1 tablespoon dried elderflower >f, cup ( 1 80 ml) rosewater
nut oi ls ar e ri ch m ski n -supportiv e essen 1al
fa ty
a cid s.
•(, cup (60 ml) witch hazel
2 tablespoons jojoba oil
1 teaspoon vegetable glycerine
2 tablespoons rosehip oil 1 tablespoon apricot kernel oil
5 drops rose essential oil
P la ce h erb s m a dark g la ss jar with a t1gh -fit 1ng cap . Add ro sewa er and w1t ch haz el. St eep mixtur e 1n a dark p al cefor 2 w eek s, g ent ly shakmg on ce a da y. Stra1n 2 Add g lycen n e and ro se oi l o h erbal
m1xtur e. Pour in o a pump- spra y bot le. 3 To u se, mi s onto cl ean s m b efor e
app lying moi sturiz er. Stor e 1n h e r e rig era or Use w1 hm
10
da ys.
1 teaspoon macadamia n u t oil 1 teaspoon carrot seed oil
4 drops palmarosa essential
oil
3 drops calendula essent1al oil 3 drops sandalwood essential oil
Comb1n e h e fir s f1v e oi ls n a sma ll dark- co ol r ed g la ss bot le. Add essen 1a l oi ls. 2 To u se, shak e w ell and ma ssag e a ew drop s of eli x1r IntO damp skin.
() i ly kin -\ I I ' k i n needs somr o i l - i n
Lemony w h p c l e� mst r
M i n t astringent
moderati o n . B u t t o o m u c l1 o i l .
This quick and easy cleanser removes
Barley water is a good source of zinc and
makeup and grime, and has powerful
sulphur, two minerals that help balance
skin-balancing properties. Yog urt tones skin, honey is naturally antiseptic, while
oil production. Peppermint is a refreshing, stimulating and cooling herb, which also
pore . a te ndency to d velop
lemon j uice controls oiliness and tightens
calms inflammation.
pimpiP
the pores.
t h e r e u l t or O\ pracl i\P
ebacPous
gland . c a n con t r i b u t e to c l ogged
a n ti blac khead . a n d an
u n \\ c lcome
h i n e . To cont rol o i l .
2 tablespoons plain low-fat yogurt
1 tablespoon fresh pepperm int leaves
1 tablespoon fresh lemon
o p t for a ton i ng clean e r : a h a rci
1 teaspoon honey, warmed
\\ Orking
juice of half a lemon
1
2 drops lemon essential oil
112 cup ( 1 2 5 ml) witch hazel
c r u b : a n o i l -ab orbi ng
ma k '' i t h
oo t h i ng m i n e ra l :
a n d a l igh t lot ion or a ro m a t h e ra py o i l ence
e
erum with
a n cl h e rbal
t h a t remO\ e o i l '' i L ho u L
d r� ing t h e
kin.
Place yogurt, honey and j uice in a bowl and m i x well. Add the lemon essential oil and mix again. 2 To use, massage mixture into face and
throat, avoiding eye area. Rinse off.
balm leaves tablespoon fresh ros�mary leaves
1 tablespoon vodka
1 tablespoon pearl barley 1/2 cup ( 1 2 5 ml) water
5 drops peppermint essential oil
Crush herbs with a mortar and pestle. Transfer to a jar with a tight-fitting lid. 2 Add witch hazel and vodka and steep
for 10 days. Strain.
F I'U i t \ sc r u b Thi
crub i
on t he
3 Place barley in a saucepan with water.
great for problem area
houlder . chest and back.
Papa i n . an enzyme found in na11 pa\\ .
011 e dead cells: t he oat and
di
a l mond i
buff
kin: w h i te w i i iOI\' bark
a n ti-inflammatory: ami the cia
ab orb exce oil add
oil. Lemon essential
Bring to the boil then simmer, covered, for 1 5 minutes. Cool, then strain. 4 Combine barley water and herbal liquid
i n a bottle. Add oil. 5 Shake well before use. Store in the
refrigerator, but make sure you use it within 2 weeks.
a fre h. zing) fragrance and
a ! o help
to tone and refine the
kin.
quart�r of a sma l l pawpaw 1/• cup (25 g) al mond meal 'I• cup (35 g) coarse-ground oats 1
tablespoon white cosmetic clay
1 white wil low bark tablet, crushed 2 drops lemon ess�ntial oil
Pepperm int ( Mentha x piperita) is a \'ersatile herb. I t ha
been u ed for
everything from easing indige lion and clearing headache
inu e
w relie\ ing
and improving memor�. main componen t i
Peel, eed and chop pawpa11 . �lash
Peppermi nt'
to form appro>.imatel� lh cup pulp.
menthol. When applied to the
'J Acid almond meal. ground oats. cia . '' h i l e ll'i iiOI\ powd r and o i l .
Mi.x \\ e l l . , Apply to clean s�ln u i n g firm . c i r u l a r mo1 e rn P n t . Rinse orr.
kin.
menthol rapidly produces a cooling en a lion.
11 hich
the bod� react w
by increasin g blood now to the area. Th1' in turn re u l t , i n Improved oxygena tion or kin li removal of toxin
ue.
peedier
and a plea ant
tingling e n ation.
Aro 'nat h erap y s k m
pnt z
to remove Use his mstant refresher s perspira 10n exces and e residu er cleans weat her. g hot dunn ally espw od, and le Grape ru1t and lemo n have gent
r as nngent and bleac hing prope 1es, ces ar balan while apple cider v1neg the sk,n's pH. ''' cup ( 1 2 5 m i l carbonated mineral water ''' cup ( 1 2 5 ml) witch hazel 1
tablespoon apple cider vinegar
5
drops lavender essential oil
5 drops grapefruit essential oil J
drops lemon essential oil
Place water, w1tch hazel and v1negar a pump-spray bo tie with a fine m st head Add oils. 2 To use, sha e and lightly spritz over
E a t h e r l >. f ro m t h e sea If
l OU r
�ill prodUrt'' t'\l"l"" O i l .
t' \lt'l" l.illl I l l 1 11 1 ' f.lrt'\ T-10111' i lt!rt'
ht•dd. llnsl' d n t l r h 1 11 1 i h t''t' tit'l1nnu. Wdll l'Pth ran lllil�t· a tll ilt'rt'IIU' h1
11 111 �111g frnm ll i l h m . 1\l'l)l i l.dm/1/dfhl sp
1 l la m 1 n � C 11 h i lt•
1
Th1s '�HIITt' o\
drHI \ 1 ' d hluotl punfwr.
11s na tu ra l i t l t l i n t '
normahst•s lht•
n ll t t ' n t
1\ m p h S\ s11•m.
1\nmbu 1 1. . 't'lclw/11)
\lso �no\\ n
.1. horse t dl l �elp. �nmhu I ' a
tapll'
\ramc i /;'"'•ma ln n c/1'1
l l igh i n
mgrrthen l 1 0 Japant''>l' tuo� I Og lhJt
protl'm ,u1d 1od1nt·. araml' con t a i n '
k m - ha lan n n g
m l llt'rdh
flllli \Hlllnth t hdt ht• l p to dt'to\lfl t h e
· \I t'll
I lOti\. i m prm !' mt•iahoh m d n d tune
,., nch 1 0 such a
'I lied dnd zmr d
as t lw
h('a\ing trare Plt·mt·nt llt'lnldll i U m
t ilt'
�ln.
face and neck, avoiding eyes. Store m
the refngerator or up to 1 month.
H e rb a l s e r u m
1
small cinnamon stick
Even oily s 10 needs a l i g h t moistunzer
3
tablespoons jojoba oil
o pu a bamer between your skin and
2 drops tea-tree essential oil
B•ewer"s eas absorbs excess oil from the
enwonmental pollutants. Jojoba oil is
2 drops cypress essential oil
sk.n's sur ace and stimulates a slugg1sh
compat,ble w1th skin and leaves l1 le
2 drops grapefruit essential oil
comp<exion. Egg wh1 e shrinks pores,
residue, he cmnamon and essential oils
wh 1e sp,rul,na
counteract he bac eria and oxins on
L1ghtly crush c1nnamon and place 1 n a
the skm's surface.
small con a mer with a lid. Add JOJOba
B•e er's ) edJ
IS
1sk
an aquat1c herb that
's full o skin-supportive nutr�ents such as .,,tamm A and race mmerals. 1
tablespoon powdered brewer's yeast
1
teaspoon powdered spirulina
1
tablespoon plain yogurt
1 egg white cornflour
Place yeast, sp�rulma and yogur 1n a bowl. Mix well. In a separa e bowl, bea egg wh,;e w1 h a whisk until foamy. Add to yeast m1xtur e and stir to comb,ne. Add a l1t le cornf lour o rna e a work able pas e.
3 To use, apply to clean , slight ly
damp skin, avoidmg eyes and I PS Leave for 15 m1nu es, hen r1nse o f Follow w1th a l'gh; mo,stu rizer.
oil and steep or 10 days. Stra,n. Add essent1al oils. Pou r serum i to a small bo le w1th a dropper openmg. To use, warm a ew drops be ween your ingert,ps and lightly massage 1n o clean, sligh \y damp sktn.
Sen i li
l in
S!'n�ililt' s�in is clwractrrizecl l l � a t h in rpiclrrm i s ancl small :urfacr \Ctns. It can I)(' casil� irritatec!IJ) artificial i ngrrcl ients ancl C'IC'n hot llcJtc·r. To ,·ootlw st•ns i t i l t' ·kin. avo id harsh C'\foliant containing alcoho l .
L
·
ancl tonNs
:e g nllr. non-irritaling skincare procluct s
formulated " ith natural!
calming hrrbal exll' cts ancl c s rnlial oils.
h
Cal nd Jla c. eam
Use th1s light cleanser whenever your skin feels tight and d ry. The g lycerine draws
Calendula is excellent for i rritated skin, and it is i ncluded in many baby products
moisture from the air to the skin.
for just this reason. This moisturizer soothes sensitive skin and helps 1t
1/2 cup ( 1 25 ml) rosewater •I• cup (60 m l) vegetable glycerine
to manage environmental stress.
Thcrr· a good rea�on "h herbali�t ha1 llulJI)('d hamomile ·nature· 011 n corti one·: accordmg to a tud� in th European Journal or
\ll'dical RP ·earch. chamomile crram 11-orked b ttcr than
O.:i percent h�dror rti-;one in
10 drops rose essential oil
4 tablespoons jojoba oil
treating the innammation and
5 drops chamomile essential oil
4 teaspoons rosehip oil
irntalion a
1 Combine all the ingredients i n a bottle. 2 To use, shake well. Massage a small
amount into damp skin, then rinse. Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
4 tablespoons rosewater 2 50-IU vitamin E capsule 1 000-mg evening primrose oil capsule 7 drops calendula essential oil 3 drops chamomile essential oil
Tonmg mtst
Chamomile and elderflower eliminate
Place jojoba oil, rosehip oil a nd
redness and blotchiness, marsh mallow
beeswax i n a double boiler. Place
and aloe vera are hydrating, and the
over a low heat and allow to melt.
vinegar restores the skin's pH balance.
Warm rosewater in another saucepan. 2 Remove pans from heat. When the
1 teaspoon dried chamomile
contents of both are lukewarm. whisk
1 teaspoon dried elderflowers
rosewater into oil mixture. Using a n
1 teaspoon dried marsh mallow
electric mixer set o n low, beat for
root, chopped
2 to 3 minutes.
'/• cup (60 ml) water
3 Add contents of capsules and the
•I• cup (60 ml) rosewater 1 teaspoon aloe vera gel 1 teaspoon apple cider vinegar
emollient, while the cream is rich w1th skin-nutritive fats. 1 tablespoon peeled and grated pear 1 tablespoon fresh heavy cream 5 drops rose essential oil 2 drops sandalwood essential oil rice flour
Combine pear, cream and oils in a bowl. Mix in sufficient rice flour to thicken into a paste. 2 Smooth mask over face and neck, and leave for 10 minutes. Rinse off.
palms, then massage into skin.
Bring to the boil, remove from heat, 2 Pour l iquid into a pump-spray bottle.
Add rosewater, a loe vera and vinegar. To use, shake well and mist face before applying moisturizer.
�WerY j/�P/ � Jhilv. �yowtlv o{ new,
skin, the pear in this mask is cooling and
mixture into a smal l. wide-mouthed jar.
cover a nd steep for 15 minutes. Strain.
Cafuuluk
Pear hydrating mask
A luscious treat for sensitive or reactive
essential oils; whisk until cool. Spoon To use, warm a little cream in your
Place herbs and water in a saucepan.
ociated \11th eczema.
3 teaspoons grated beeswax
�I a tu r surfan· rc·Jis clon·l s l ough off effi · irn l l y . A )Oil get older. your skin's rlearl clull. Rc•gular usc of a nalul'al s�in 11hicll can make your compiC'\ion Joo� peel 11 ill keep cellturnO\rr high
nrl ma�e
our skin giO\v. In acid ilion.
mature s�in 11 ill benefil grrally from rich moisturizing lrc'almcnls all(J reju1enaling c
entia! oils.
impressive anti-agmg properties, w h i l e carrot seed a n d roseh1 p oils p l u m p up t h e epiderm is, s o s k i n looks more youthful.
1 1/2 tablespoons jojoba oil
Strawberry sktn peel
Green -teJ
Strawbernes boast high levels of skin
Refine the skin 's surface and boost its
1r pol1sh
bnghtening alpha-hydroxy acids, while
radiance with regular exfoliation. As a
white willow bark contains salicylic acid,
bonus, slough1ng off dead cells primes
which removes dead surface cells and
skin for a rich moisturizmg treatment.
cleans pores.
l m m o rte l l e nourr sh1ng 011 The i mmortelle (everlast i ng) flower has
1 teaspoon carrot seed oil 1 teaspoon roseh i p oil 500-IU vitamin E capsule 10 drops i m mortelle essential oil 5 drops rose essential oil
1 tablespoon ground adzuki beans
3 drops frankincense essential oil
4 large fresh strawberries
1 teaspoon white cosmetic clay
2 drops palmarosa essential oil
1 white willow bark tablet
1 tablespoon almond meal
1 egg yolk
1 teaspoon green tea
1 teaspoon honey
1 teaspoon lemon juice
2 drops frankincense essential oil
1 teaspoon honey
cornflour
about 2 tablespoons mashed
Mash strawberries i n a bowl. Gnnd table
o a powder and add to bowl.
Place a l l the i n gredients i n a bo tie. To use, massage a sma l l a mount into face and neck.
fresh pineapple
Age spot l1g htener Licorice blocks tyrosine, a n enzyme t h a t
Combine ground beans, clay, a l mond
controls mela n i n (pigment t h a t colors
Add egg yolk, honey and oil and
meal and tea i n a bowl. Add juice,
skin) production. Here, it's pai red wi t h
m1x to combine. Mix i n sufficient
honey and enough pmeapple to make
f rui t aci d f ro m appl es and v1ta m i n C ,
a g ri tty paste.
a mild bleach.
cornflour to thicken.
2 Smooth mask onto damp skin and leave for 10 mmutes. Rinse off.
2 To use, massage mixture into damp skm. Rinse off.
1 tablespoon dried licorice root 'I• cup (60 ml) boiling water 1 000-mg vitamin C tablet 1 tablespoon apple pulp 5 drops lemon essential oil rice flour Place dned licorice root 10 a bowl with boiling water. Cover bowl a n d leave licorice o steep for
15
m i n u tes. Strain
into a clean bowl.
2 Grind tablet to a powder. Add powder, pulp and oil to herbal liquid; thicken with suffic1ent flour to make a paste
3 To use. paint paste over spots and leave to dry. R 1nse off Store remai n i n g paste, covered, i n t h e refrigerator. Repeat daily for 2 weeks.
'Ra� od UJfeJv.y clrff �il'v, fadetY uarr�and � �cl�
Jj lc m i I cl sl in L'
e thc:\'r natural topical t reat men t s to t ac�le
and cleansing hrrilal tonic Herbal rrmecl ies ar
les
cne
ncl pimple .
to clcto i fy you r y tem from \\'i thin.
l i ke l y t o cau e en i l iv i t
and il'rital ion
than com en t iona I rn tlica l ion .
Herbal antiseptic l otion
Thyme is antibacterial and antimicrobial while witch hazel 1s a natural astringent. Yarrow and comfrey are both superb skin healers.
II a
rL
2 teaspoons dried thyme
g
Steam opens the pores while adding
This deep-cleansing mask helps remove
herbs and essential oils enhances the
impurities and heal blemishes. The clay
1 teaspoon dried yarrow
1
teaspoon dried comfrey
'h cup ( 1 00 ml) boiling water
detoxifying effect: lemon tones skin;
absorbs excess oil, tea tree is antibacterial
lemongrass is healing; and rosemary
and parsley is a skin-clarifying herb. Oat
sti m ulates circulation.
flou r helps bind the mixture and also has
Put herbs in a bowl and cover with
a softening effect on skin.
boiling water. Cover bowl and steep
1 lemon, sl iced 6 fresh rosemary sprigs
1 tablespoon green cosmetic clay
5 drops lemongrass essential oil
1 tablespoon chopped fresh parsley
1 teaspoon oat flour
Fill a bowl with boiling water. Add
2 tablespoons aloe vera gel
lemon, rosemary and oil.
5 drops tea-tree essential oil
2 Drape a towel over you r head and
shoulders to create a tent and lean
Combine clay, parsley, flour and gel
over bowl, keeping you r face about
in a bowl. Add oil and mix to a paste. 2 Spread paste over face, avoiding eye
4 in. (10 em) above the water. Steam your face for 10 minutes. Splash with
and lip areas. Leave for 10 minutes.
water; pat d ry.
Rinse off.
'I• cup (60 ml) witch hazel
for 1 5 minutes. Strain. 2 Pour liquid i nto a bottle. Add the
wi ch hazel. 3 To use, shake bottle well and upend
onto a cotton ball. Wipe gently over skin. Store in the refrigerator. Use within 10 days. Detox tea
The humble dandelion is a powerful detoxification agent, helping rid he body of waste. Red clover and alfalfa are traditional digestive and kidney tonics.
kin
Lemongra
1 teaspoon dried red clover
In an Indian study, re earcher lemongra
es entia! oil wa
in di couraging
2 teaspoons dried dandelion
aver
22
found
1 teaspoon dried alfalfa
effective
1 teaspoon lemon zest
types of bacteria
2 cups (500 ml) boiling water
tha t can cau e kin infection . It i a l so high in tannin , natural va con trictor ve
Place herbs in a teapot and pour on boiling water. Cover pot and steep for
a
(con trlctor of bl ood
1 5 minutes. Strain. Drink 2 to 3 cups daily.
el ). which reduce innamma lion.
Add a couple of drops to a homemade toner,
or
prlnkle 5 drops in boiling
'
water for a clarifying team treatment.
d;ver 6e.tJ¥ to �of fr-er6y that ;;-ur'ff � 6f.oocl. 12r- �of red chver, 6otlv wadv ruul few, 6� 72ecl
a41 tV
tV
tU
�
sun l1 u r n an ct i, \\hile ·ome un e\pO, ure health�. helping to trength n
. bone and balancE' hormone· kin. Ol.J er\' 100 much damage common u11-c nse. ami wear un.creen and protective clothing from I 0 \ ' ' to 2 l'\1. \\'he ne' er sunburn doe occur. the e herbal remedie, "ill ea e the pain and peed he ling.
Co . mg
alend J l a bath
R•ce bran is an effective remedy for heat
G ·ee n
rash and sunburn. Antiseptic calendula is
that protect skin and slow i n l a m mation
an all-around healer. while milk soothes.
triggered by sun exposure. Feverfew
'/• cup (35 g) dried calendula flowers
reduces redness and lavender is healing.
•f, cup (35 g) rice bran
4 teaspoons green tea
10-in. (25-cm) square piece of muslin
2 teaspoons dried feverfew
string Pde all the .ngredients tn the middle of the muslin square. Gather up sides an d 1 e securely wi h string to make a bag.
2 Toss into the bath as it is fi l ling. To use,
J1atwe-- Atner�
ea body s pr<'y
Green tea contains powerful polyphenols
1/2 cup ( 125 ml) boiling water 'I• cup (60 ml) rosewater 1 0 drops lavender essential oil
catted aloe-- verw
"�wand of �en/ Ml£1 UMYf if to h&d
cleMrt JM.I1i;urn�v and treat J,C()�IV bit�
Place tea and feverfew i n a pot and pour on boiling wa er. Cover the po
squeeze herbal l i qu id over sktn and use
and steep for
bag as a compress on sore spots.
and refrigerate.
15
m i n u tes, then strain
2 Stir i n rosewater and oil. Pour into a spray bottle.
Kitchen •
unbur'n cure
Dab '' ith cold. 11et tea bags.
3 To use, shake and l 1 ghtly mist over skin. Store i n the refrigerator. Use the spray
•
nip oprn
2 lO 3 1 itamm E
500-IL capsule and rna
within 10 days.
a�e
the oil mto kill. •
11ir·J
I cup apple cider Iinegar
or llaking oda 1nto Juke 11arm bath 11ater and oak • Taking antio\ldam nutrienb rna)
offer �orne
limllrd protection
\ \lunich L 1111 ersit} stud) round that
agarnst sun damage
people '' ho upplemented 11rth
I 000 IL
1 itamin
� and :woo m
1 rtamm C dail demonstrated
3-1 percem greater resi lance to sunburn
ancJ lip Til
:�i n around t he c�cs i: H'r�
Gifl or Lhe
scns i ll\c. the l' i r�t pan of o u r fa
('
to ·hm1 1h r strain u l s t re .
lagi
Fran�incrn ·e is an aromatic gum r s1n obtameu from trers or the
and llrf'dncss. L i ps arc also 1rrJ
genus Bo \\Cilia. primarily 8. sacra.
·u:ce p t i iliP to c l r� i n g o u tiJecau ·c
The bark or the tree i
tht>� arc ·irnpl� a t h in laJer o l
inn eel and
a mi l �} rc inous liqu1d ooz
:�in 111at is constantly expo ed
out.
hardening to droplet . or 'tear .'
to t hr e l emen t . .
Chamomile-mil k �oother
ancl Bah} lonians. fran kin en
Chamomile contains anti-inflammatory
i
ram1liar to many \\'e tcrncr. through
azulene, which reduces redness, while
the Christian star of the t.tagi. 11 ho
milk fats calm irritated skin. Using very cold milk constricts the blood vessels, reducing puffiness.
The three Magi presented the baby J�us with gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh.
brought girt of go l d . franldnrense
treat painful
and m}rrh to the hab} Je u
ailment . Steam di !illation of the
nam
come
.
The
welling.
nd other
dry re in producr an es, entiat oil
from the Old French
2 chamomile teabags
franc encen
1/• cup (60 ml) i ce-cold milk
11a . and rr;nain . one of 11s rrincipt
tr at wounds. scar
uses. In China. tanhun1iang.
ba lerial and fungal infection . The
Soak teabags in milk for 5 minutes.
.
or ·pure incen e': that
o
it is
knov. n. i categori eu a an herb for
Squeeze out excess liquid.
\ltali ing the blood. and is usrd to
2 Place teabags over eyes. Rest for
\alued m modern aromath rapy to
oil
1
.
a n and
al o an mgrrd1ent in cosmetiC'.
oap, and perfume .
10 minutes. Eyebright compress
Herbal eye oil
This recipe refreshes eyes that are tired
This fine-textured eye oil uses vitamin
E
Honey ltp balm Conventional lip balms generally contain
and aggravated by dust, allergies or
to moisturize lashes and jojoba to reduce
petroleum derivatives, fake fragrances and
computer use. The tannins in the herbs
the a ppearance of fine lines. As a bonus,
tighten tissue and stimulate lymphatic
vitamin
potential carcinogens, and are best avoided. Try this plant-derived balm.
drainage around the eyes.
aging process.
E
also helps to slow down the
1 tablespoon grated beeswax
1 tablespoon dried eyebright
11/2 tablespoons jojoba oil
2 tablespoons almond oil
1 teaspoon crushed fennel seeds
3 drops rose essential oil
2 tablespoons castor oil
1 teaspoon dried elderflower
2 drops franki ncense essential oil
1
1 cup (250 ml) boi l i ng water
500-IU vitamin E capsule
1 teaspoon honey
Place herbs in a bowl and cover with
Combine oil, essential oils and the
boiling water. Cover and refrigerate
contents of the capsule in a dark
until cold.
glass bottle.
2 Strain through muslin or a coffee filter.
2 To use, u pend bottle onto your ring
3 Dip a clean cloth into the liquid and
place over eyes. Rest for 10 minutes.
{)jb alnwrul od a
finger. Pat a small amount of the oil around your eyes.
tablespoon cocoa butter
500-IU vitamin E capsule 10 drops rose essential oil
Place beeswax, almond and castor oils, butter and honey in the top of a double boiler. Melt over low heat, whisking constantly. 2 Remove from heat. Add contents of
��
f;r th-e- clek:.at-1:/ �
are4/.
the capsule and rose oil. Place pan m a shallow ice-water bath and whisk until mixture becomes creamy. 3 Spoon mixture into small jars. Store in a cool place for up to 6 months.
Teeth a nd gums Csing herbal toothpa t
Place herbs i n a bowl a nd cover wi t h
and
mouthwa he heal gum . fre h n breath and even whiten
teeth.
�raid conventional toolhpa te that may contain chemical a
uch
b o i l i ng water. Cover b o wl a nd steep
Herbal bl'eath fre hener Try the
natural allernatives
for 30 m i n u tes. Strain.
to
artificially colored and flavored br ath mints.
detergent). a well a
alcohol
'h tea poon fennel seeds
swa llow. Store i n a cool place. Use within 1 week.
breath melling of licorice.
color and flavor . •
This inexpensive recipe polishes and
\\'
or ani eed. which will lem·e your
(which can be dr) in g) and artificial
Cinnamon tooth powder
Ch
well. Store in a dark g lass container.
3 Shake well, then swish 1 to 2 table spoons around your mouth. Do not
odium laur I ulphate (a harsh •
2 Add aloe vera and essential oils. M ix
ibb l e on rre h par ley. It fight bacteria and plaque.
• Gargle a
olulion or liquid
Mouthwash for b l e ed i ng g u ms Black tea and witch hazel are rich i n tannins, which have a tightening effect. Green tea is an a n tioxidant, and
whitens teeth, leaving your mouth feel ing
chlorophyll and water to fight
goldenseal is a nat ural antibiotic. Myrrh
super-clean. Cinnamon has antibacterial
odor-cau ing bacteria. Dilute
has antiseptic and astringent properties.
properties, while clove is both an tiseptic
I tea poon chlorophyll in a
and healing.
mall gla
or water.
1 tabl�spoon black tea 1 tablespoon green tea 3/• cup ( 1 80 ml) boiling water
2 tabl�spoons baking soda 1 t�aspoon fin� sea salt
1 tablespoon witch hazel
1/2 teaspoon powd�red cinnamon
1/2 teaspoon powdered goldenseal
5 drops c.love �ssential oil 3 drops peppermint essential oil S1ft soda, salt and cinnamon together
Dou bl e-m i nt m outhwash Cooling peppermint and spea r m i n t a r e effective i n banishing o d o r and m a k i n g y o u r m o u t h sweet and fresh. Tea-tree
(from capsul�s) 5 drops myrrh tincture 3 drops lemon ess�ntial oil
to remove lumps. Add essential oils,
essential oil fights g u m disease and aloe
Place black and green teas i n a bowl
then sift again. Store powder in a n
vera soothes ora l tissue.
and cover with boi l i n g water. Cover
airtight container.
2 To use, dampen your toothbrush and then dip it in the powder.
1 tablespoon dri�d spearmint 1 tablespoon dried peppermint 3/• cup ( 1 80 ml) boiling water 1 tablespoon aloe vera juic� 5 drops tea-tree ess�ntial oil 3 drops peppermint essential oil
bowl and steep for 30 m i n u tes. Stra i n
2 Add other i ng redien ts. M i x well. Store i n a dark g l ass bottle.
3 To use, shake well and swish 1 to 2 tablespoons around mouth. Do not swa l low. Store i n a cool place. Use within
1
week.
Strawbe rry tooth w h itener For a brilliant polish t h a t w i l l g i v e your teeth a silky feel, mash a ripe strawberry and di p a toothbrush in it to clean you r teeth. R i nse thorough ly, as strawberries
,,,
•
are very acidic. Use every 1 to 2 months .
..
-
Iland s and nails \\c \\Orf-. our hand. hard. soak th m in detergent and
pose t hem to, un. wind.
olcl and heal. I l and
rcH'a l o u r health ami ch aracter and. more than an fea t u r gland .
.
IJ Lra
oLhrr
our age. Th y conta in only a few oi l-producing
o t hey a re ver
p rone to dryne, . Give
manicu re to prevent problem
such a
Pe� 'lermmt hand gel
our elf a wf'ekl
p l it na iL and chapp cl skin. 2 Let mixture cool slightly, then pour into
This scented formula has a restorative
a clean glass jar with a non-aluminium
effect on d ry, work-roughened hands.
lid. To apply, massage a small amount into your hands.
1 teaspoon honey 2 tablespoons glycerine 2 tablespoons powdered arrowroot 'I• cup (60 ml) cooled, strained peppermint tea 5 drops pepperm int essential oil
Ant1-aging hand mask
Melt honey
Masks aren't just for your face. This
over low heat.
softening and moisturizing recipe also
bowl, combine the aloe vera gel
helps to even out skin tone and fade
with the honey and lemon JUice. Add the essential oil and mix thoroughly.
age spots.
5 drops frankincense essential oil
1 tablespoon honey
Place honey and g lycerine in a small
3 tablespoons aloe vera gel
saucepan over low heat and slowly
(see below)
In
a small
2 Add sufficient almond meal to make
a soft, workable paste; it should not be too sloppy. Smooth mask over clean
warm through, stirring constantly.
1 teaspoon lemon juice
hands, paying particular attention to
Add a rrowroot powder and whisk
10 drops lemon essential oil
the backs of hands and knuckles. Leave
together. Remove from heat and
almond meal. sufficient
stir in tea a nd oils.
to make a paste
Ilanrsting aloe \era g I At their center. ala a t hick. calorie
vera leaves contain
gel. Thi
i u erul for treating burn condition s.
se it rre h. a
oothing gel and dry kin oon a
have harve ted it. becausr ill and quickly Ia e
ou
un table
it· con i tency. Do not
u e any gel that has a gr en tinge. The g 1 i available rrom health rood
torrs.
Cut orr a healthy large lear clo. e to it
base.
2 S l ice careru lly along the cent r or the lear. along Its
ntire I ngth.
Gen t ly pee l back the two cut edge
lJ
a blun t-edged knire to crape
t he clrar gel rrom the crnter or t h Ira[. then place I t I n a bo\11.
.
for 20 minutes. Rinse off with warm water and apply moisturizer.
Aroma herapy cu tel
oil
n this fine- textu red The essen tial oils t ter crack ed and ragge d coun to help blend
tial cuticles. Calen dula and myrrh essen to rties oils both have antise ptic prope ions, help prevent comm on nail infect matory nflam anti-i is er while lavend and healing.
I lone� and almond halm ro·ehip essenlial oil mto them. using small. circular 11101ement . Then mas age our hand· 11 ilh this balm. 11 hicll is ideal for o thmg rough hanrl� and is also a good all-purpo
1 tablespoon jojoba oil 1 tablespoon avocado oil 5 drops myrrh essentia l oil 5 drops lavender essential oil 10 drops calendula essential oil
<' l.m
·aivr for minor cot, and abraoion..
2 x 1 000-mg lecithin capsules 1 tablespoon rosewater 1 teaspoon honey 1/J cup (90 ml) almond oil
Pour the jojoba and avocado oils into
1 tablespoon cocoa butter
a small, dark-colored glass bottle,
2 teaspoons beeswax granules
which will help preserve the oil.
10 drops lavender essential oil
2 Add essential oils. screw on cap and shake to combine.
3 Before usmg the cuticle oil, shake the bottle well, then massage a few drops into your nails and cuticles daily to soften your cuticles and prevent them from splitting.
a
To moL tut·izt' your nail . ruh a ltltle
10 drops rose essential oil Pierce lecithin capsules and combine cont nts with rosewater. Set aside. Combine almond otl. cocoa butter and bee 'Wax granules in the top or a doublr boiler over stmmering water.
:! Ileal. stirring with a small 11 hisk until the beeswax has melted. Whisk in lecithin and rosewater • \la\lmizc nail health 11 ilh
herhal product . Tea-tree oil. for m lance. can clear up
mixture and rrmove from heaL. Stir in e sential oils.
'l L l mixture cool slighlly before
rungal mf cuon or th nail .
pourtng into a clean glas
jar
11 hile a dail) applicalion of
with a non-alummiurn lid.
To
1 tt.amtn o\-nch cod li1cr oil
use. ma sage a mall amount
rubtwd mto nails and cuticle.
into your nails and culicl s every
hel� strength n them.
night before bed. Store in a cool.
• Eat a health). raried diet rich
tn 11holr foods and es. enlial fatty
dry place awa
J't•om direct
�unlighl for up to
6 month .
acid JEFJ\s). and make ure )OU
If you do not haw a doubi<' butler. use
get adrquatr h)dt•atton- a
a pan that sits in the lop or another
much better tn wancr policy
saucepan. The hasc of the upprr JWn
for nail health than usmg
should be 11rll rlrar or th<' simmering
commercial nail potions that
11ellrr in thr basr or the 1011 rr pan
pt·omi ·r tu increase nat I gro11 th
anti strength. •
\\eat· ruhller gl01rs \OUr hand
to protect
11 henc1rr ou arc
\lashing the dish<'. or us tng cleanmg pro duw,.
!feary ay;, J� wo� wlw �Yzd t/uwwdlv f� wafer UMd wert!/ catted
� rice,-
{or r� "ri.cb 6ra�V 6e
1\)ot
care
G i \ r you r se l f a reg u l a r peclicure
">, 1 p rr1rn
and Cere ror � o u r' fret \\ ilh soo t h
Peppermint cools and deodorises the skin
ing nat u ral p ro cl u ns . L rt yo u r reel
brrat h e ancl l'\t'r'cise naLurally b walking barefoot whenever
ou
can. Bei n g \ igilant abouL root care
foot scrub
feet will feel soft and refreshed with this easy and effective scrub. 1 tablespoon coarse-ground oatmeal
1 tablespoon polenta (cornmeal )
l1elps Pf'E'\ent problems. ucl1 as
1 tablespoon sugar
corns and kerps you r reel feel i ng
2 teaspoons dried pepperm int leaves
srnooLh ancl sort.
1 tablespoon natural yogurt
j u ice of 1
Combine oatmeal, polenta, sugar and peppermint in a bowl. than any other part or your body. but they·re u uatty trapped inside hoes for most of the day. Here are way to keep them odor-free. \Va h feet daily with Tea-tree anti eplic oap l ee page
273).
Tea-tree oil is excellent for inhibiting bacterial growth and odor. Dry reel thoroughly.
•
pply an a
tringent herbal fooL
spray. Make trong age tea by teeping
2
tablespoon dried age
in �cup (I 00 mt) boiling water: allow to
cool.
Add X cup (50 mt)
witch hazel and I 0 drops lavender essential oil. Pour into a pump bottle. Refrigerate. Shake welt before u e. U e within I 0 day .
• Wear cotton ocks. which absorb moi ture better than synthetic ones. and rotate your hoe . Dust the inside of shoes with baking soda.
kertdilv-;;rorl� ��
wluclv
jfr���
lemon
5 drops peppermint essential oil
Your fret have more weat gland
confa�Av
and sugar buffs away dead skin cells. Your
2 Add yogurt, lemon juice and oil; mix
to form a gritty paste. 3 To use, sit on the edge of the bathtub
Fragrant foot soak
The herbs and essential oils in this aromatic blend are astringent and antibacterial, helping to reduce sweatiness, fight odor and leave
and massage mixture into feet, paying
feet fresh and clean. Both rosemary and ginger are warming herbs and
particular attention to heels and soles.
stimulate circulation of blood; their
Rinse and dry thoroughly and follow
uplifting scents raise the spirits.
with a rich moisturizer, such as Rose geranium foot balm (see below). Rose gera n r u m foot b a l m
This fragrant bal m i s perfect for softening leathery or dry feet. For best results, leave it on overnight, wearing socks to seal i n moisture a n d protect the sheets.
2 tablespoons fresh rosemary
2 tablespoons fresh sage 1 tablespoon fresh ginger root, finely grated
4 cups (1 l iter) water 1 tablespoon baking soda 1 tablespoon Epsom salts 10 drops eucalyptus oil
2 tablespoons cocoa butter
1 0 drops lavender essential oil
2 tablespoons apricot kernel oi l
extra water
1 tablespoon beeswax granules
small ice cubes or crushed ice
1 tablespoon vegetable glycerine 1 teaspoon honey 10 drops rose geranium essential oil 1 0 drops lemon essential oil
Put the cocoa butter, apricot kernel oil and beeswax in the top of a double boiler over low heat, and stir until melted together.
Place rosemary, sage and ginger root i n a large saucepan with water. (If you have no fresh herbs to hand, use 1 tablespoon of each herb in d ried form instead.) Bring to the boil Remove from heat, cover bowl and steep for 10 minutes. Strain. 2 Add baking soda, Epsom salts and
glycerine and honey. Add essential
essential oils. Mix welt. Pour into a f! spa or shallow dish big enough for
oils and stir. 3 Pour into a glass jar and cool before
both feet. Top up with extra water a1 add ice.
2 Remove from heat and whisk in
sealing. The finished formula has a waxy consistency that softens when applied to skin.
3 Soak feet for 15 minutes; pat dry.
Finish with a light dusting of Orange blossom powder (see page 274).
Sup e r-soft pow der
add a silken Cornfl our and arrowroot bs more absor texture while the clay i n moist ure. than 200 times its weigh t oils el im i n a te ial essent the In addition, odor- causing bacter ia. To boost this powder's ability to stop sweati ness,
Trc at 'ou I' feel Thi� therap ulir and rela\ing horn(' peliiClll'l' a10id�
llll' IOXIl' pOIIShf'S
and potenliall) dangerous fungal infrruons dssoriatrd '' llh nail salons.
try adding 1 tablespoon zinc oxide
L se an acrtone-frl'e product
powder (available from your chemist).
rrrnt11e old nail poli-IL Remo1r
1/, cup (60 g) baking soda '"cup (60 g) cornflour 2 tablespoons powdered arrowroot 2 tablespoons white cosmetic clay 15 drops lemon essential oil 15 drops neroli essential oil 10 drops lemongrass essential oil Sift baking soda, cornflour and arrowroot to remove lum ps. Add clay and mix well. Add the oils and sift again.
2 Swre powder in an airtight, lidded container in a cool, dark place.
3 To use, dip a powder puff into the mixture and apply after bathing, or decant mixture into a sm all shaker.
to
swins b) ruhb111g na1ls '' llh a
[('\\ tii'Oil. of lemon f'Ssf'nliaJ oil. Burr'' llh a fine emrr hoa rd . Pill a Jargr flal-bollonwd
ll0\1 I
'' ilh 1\al'lll 11a1r1' and add I cup (230 ml) apple rifler 1 ine g ar a nd I cup (230 ml) SII'Ong l a\f'n dr r lea (steer
.J teaspoons tlr1rd lavender
in I cup
(250 ml) boi l ing 11al r for
I 0 minutes: strain). The acetic acid 1 11 Lhe 'mrgar sof t ens lhe kin." hilr lm endt'r heal any
m111or
Ill feet ion..
1 \\ hlle 'kin 1s .lill damp . ma sage "llh Pe rrcrmmt roo t scrub (oppo 1tc) or make a simple root
scrub "1th equal pans sra sail and
R1n t' orr r e�i due and pat dry.
Cut nails strai g h l acrose "1th na1l rlippers. Smooth'' ilh an
rmcr� hoard. remembering lO always file 111 onr direction. Gently push l>ack culicles w1Lh a cuticlf:' �lick.
e1er cui cuticle·. a, I hey
protect nail. from ba Leria.
l \Ia ·sage �our rrrt "ilh Ro e geranium foot balm (Opposite).
Caslllc oap (m·a1lable from health
\\ ipe 01r1 na11� "ith acewne-rrer
rood store ) . Burr he e l · and sol ·s
rem01er. Lhrn paint 11ilh a toluen�
wiLh a purn1·e tone or loofah.
rret' polish.
11 a i r
cH rn a I
Rlu\\-dr�ing. :tratglllcning. cut'ling ancl u. ing 11arsll sllamroo, all take
of shampoo should be sufficient;
a loll on your lwir. So clo a poor diet and other lift ·tyle factor . such
too much strips the scalp's naturally
as Slt' ss. illness. hormonal fluctuations. alcohol and smoking. and inmi<'qucllc' t'\l'rcisr or , lrcr. Coa\ yOur !lair into llraiLilier .llapr '' illl
protective sebum (oil). •
a nutrient-rich dirt and !lair-care products that arc ba cd on 11 rb. antic sential oils specific lo �our !lair t�pr.
utr i ·nt
ln1
II
B10t1n
Boost your Intake of the following and
sources: eggs, organ meats, dried fruit
start seeing results in weeks.
and molasses.
Protem
fortifies hair a nd promotes
Zinc
and for balancing hormones. Food sources:
products, eggs, fish, meat and poultry.
meat, eggs, poultry, crab, oysters, brazil nuts and soybeans.
oxygenates blood and boosts
o sue· e�
dried fruit, egg yolks, legumes. meat,
S+pp
leafy g reens and whole grains.
• Wash hair gently with a mild shampoo. Vigorous scrubbing can damage hair
(essential fatty acids) prevent
and cause the sebaceous glands to
dryness a nd add moisture. Food sources: flax seeds, sardines. soybeans, walnuts and wild salmon.
•
Silica strengthens the hair cuticle, boosting strands' elasticity. Food sources: cabbage, celery and oats. Vitamin
A supports the health of
the scalp. Food sources: leafy greens, pumpkins, carrots, capsicums and sweet potatoes.
Do-it-. our:clf C"llp rna: 'age A regular calp rna sage encourages rre h blood
uppl1c
to no1\
to
the
calp and reed thr hair follicle .. Tip your head ror\\arrl and. u. ing m a l l . circular mo\rment . rna
age your
calp gently 1•ith :your nn erlip for 3
to
5 m i n utes. Pay particula r
a t tent ion to the
cro11 n
and hair line
J[ h
page 263) onto your fmger nr�t.
If you use a hair dryer, turn down the heat setting. Ideally, let your hair air dry naturally. Wear a hat to protect hair from drying and color-fading sunlight (especially if you have color-treated hair). Always remember to wear a cap when you
•
swim in chlorinated pools. Stress and depressed spirits can cause dull, lifeless hair and, sometimes, hair loss. Learn to meditate, or take up yoga
circulation in the scalp. Food sources:
Omega-3s
•
is essent1al for skin and hair health
growth. Food sources: beans, dairy Iron
and conditioner with cool water. •
(vitamin B 7 ) maintains hair growth and may be beneficial for hair loss. Food
To stimulate your circulation and enhance shine, nnse out shampoo
produce too much oil. Unless you use a lot of hairspray, one lathering with a small amount
or another calming pursuit.
La encl
'
r
r00
anced sham poo ThiS mr ld, 1ghtly fragr s. Lave nder type ha1r all .; su,tab•e or and rose mary scalp the s tone calms and bo osts sh me
If )llur
hJII' '' no rm al . wu'll 11antto
�t'I'P 11 lh
1
llil). Lsr a gl'nllt• SI.S
I sodium Iaury!
nder 2 tablfspoons drifd lave mary rose drifd n 1 tablfspoo 1 tfaspoon orange zest
SI.S is I ll<'
�ulphD!f•)-frer h ampoo .
detergent ingrl'dientiO most
shampoo· anu d1shwash10g l iq u id s and 11 Cdn IITitalr th<' scalp. Reduee
1 cup (250 ml) water •12 cup ( 1 2 5 ml) Castile shampoo
tallr
11nh a fragrant herllal nnsc and kt't'!l ha1r managt'abiP and smooth 11 ith
20 drops lavfnder essential oil
\romaliH•rapl dl'lang l ing
10 drops orange essential oil
s pray for l ow ) .
Place oned herbs, zest and water in a saucepa n. Bring to the boil, then reduce heat and simmer until liqu1d
• 5 reduced to 'I• cup (60 m l ) . Strain.
2 Combme herballiqu 1d and sham poo. Add essent1al oils. Store in a plastic
Add o1ls to water and pou r into a
Place herbs, oils and water in a bowl.
pump-spray bottle. Store in a cool,
Cover and steep till cool. Strain. Stir in vinegar.
dark place.
2 To use, shake well and mist hair 2 to 3 t1 mes, then use a comb or fingers
squeeze-bottle.
3 To use. shake well and massage a
Color boost
ablespoonful into he scalp. Leave
ra
rinse after shampooing.
to style.
1.1
for 2 to 3 monutes before rinsing.
Aroma •e a1 y rl
2 To use, pour through hair as a final
1r:> '
1'5
Herbal hair rinses accentuate your h a i r's
Nettle is restorative, horsetail is a rich
natural color and make any h i g h l i g h ts
natural source of silica, a nd sa ndalwood
appear brighter. If your hair is permed,
Th•s detangling spray keeps hair shony
and clary sage add a lingering fragrance.
chemically colored or very d ry, patch-test
and manageable during cold, dry weather
Apple cider vinegar restores the scalp's
a small a mount of hair first.
or h1gh humidity. The oils s i m u late
natural pH balance.
corculation to the scalp and balance sebum productiOn.
10 drops rosfmary fssential
For blond hair
1 tablespoon dried burdock
1 cup (250 ml) water
1 tablespoon dried nettle
4 tablespoons dried chamomile
1 tablespoon dried horsetail
1 tablespoon lemon zest
10 drops chamomile essential oil
10 drops sandalwood essential oil
2 tablespoons lemon juice
10 drops ylang ylang essential oil
5 drops clary sage essential oil
1
11/2 cups (375 ml) boiling water
oil
tfaspoon jojoba oi I
'h cup (1 25 ml) water
1/2 cup ( 1 25 ml) apple cider vinegar
For red hair 1 cup (250 ml) water 3 tablespoons dried calendula 1 tablespoon dried hibiscus 2 tablespoons red wine
a'vc the \\ ha lr
For dark hair
Jo1oba i. a · hrub that's nat11e to pans
1 cup ( 2 50 ml) water
of Cdliforni a. �mona and \lt•wo
3 tablespoons dried sage
�fter lhP hann10 g of of 11hair' 011 into
the 101[1Urtdl1011
thr L nHI·d S ta ll's 10
thr 1070 . !UjoiJa oilta liquid lid\ !rom the e�u· or the plant) 11a discoll'n·d a a rr pl acemr nl .
\ a n•sult of ns I I) flO te\tufl' diHI '>�In Ollllll'fllS. it application 10 ,kin ani! ha1r-ca rr
pru<Ju l II d'l UIJ�t'QIIPfll l) !'On'llll'ri'IJ \UJ>eriur to that of 11hdh' 011.
1 tablespoon dried rosemary 2 tablespoons apple cider vinegar Place water and dned herbs of your choice in a saucepan. Bnng to the boil; remove from heat. Cover and steep for
1
hour. S rain. Add JUICe, wine or
v1negar Pour on o a plastiC spray bo :e.
2 To use, spray hrough haor after shampoo1ng. Comb through, squeeze out excess, but do no rinse
() i I
'
11 a i r
Clean e o i l � h a ir '' i t h a rrfre h i ng. herba l - c e n t c d e" e n t i a ! oil
0011
to t h e
<
B
h a m poo a n d u e
to e ncourage blood ca l p .
a t ural
b u ine s
\lelt. •a. the botanical name for lemon
1 i n egar
bal m . come honey
r i n e. '' i l l 11 e l p to reduce o i l i n e
bee.
from the Greek word for Lemon balm wa once
iJidn ted around htve to help guide
e pec i a l l � i f t he) a r e com bined
her
'' i t h a s t r i n ge n t h rb .
back home: ·
. . . w hen they are
�t rayed awa�. t ile� do ftnd thetr way home by i t. ' ob.erlt>d Pliny. a Roman
Cleansmg clay s h a m poo
\Hiler on natural ht to!).
Clay is useful for deep-cleans1ng the scalp, absorbing excess oil and removing dead skin. Peppermint produces a tingling effect, while the citrus oils and zest
Aromathera py d ry s h a m poo
Scarborough Fa i r ri nse
counter oiliness and stimulate circulation.
Banish that greasy look in just a few
This refreshing rinse tones an oily
1 tablespoon dried lemon ba l m 1 tablespoon dried pepperm int 1 teaspoon lemon zest 1 cup water
seconds. Neem and sandalwood have
scalp and s imulates hair growth.
a tonic effect on hair fol licles, and orris
The four herbs in the classic folk
root absorbs oil and impurities and also
song "Scarborough Fair" are perfect
leaves behind a light floral scent.
for correcting the pH balance of the
112 cup ( 1 2 5 m l ) Castile sham poo
1 1/2 tablespoons powdered orris root
3 teaspoons green cosmetic clay
1 tablespoon semolina
1 tablespoon fresh parsley
10 drops lemon essential oil
10 drops lavender essential oil
1 tablespoon fresh sage
10 drops orange essential oil
10 drops sandalwood essential oil
1 tablespoon fresh rosemary
10 drops peppermint essential oil
5 drops neem oil
1 tablespoon fresh thyme
Place herbs, zest and water in a
Place orris root and semolina in a
saucepan. Bring to the boil, then
bowl and mix wel l ; sift to remove
j uice of 1
reduce heat and simmer until liquid has reduced to 1f• cup (60 ml). Strain.
l ightly massage small pinches of the mixture into scal p and hair, moving forwards from the neck. Throw head
tablespoonful into the scalp. leave for 2 to 3 minutes before rinsing.
ywf!/ hair �er ruul /udfv reduct'/ o� 6� culrlil'lf � rlrO# of ro�� �itd od to 'jOur luur6rudv 6efrf!/ br� w
back and brush hair l ightly to distribute mixture.
lemon
Place herbs in a bowl and pour boiling
l u m ps. Add oils a nd mix thoroughly.
Add clay and oils. Store in a plastic 3 To use. shake well and massage a
1 1/2 cups ( 3 7 5 ml ) boiling water
water over. Cover and steep until cool.
2 To use. hang head upside down and
2 Combine herbal liquid and shampoo.
squeeze-bottle in the refrigerator.
hair and scalp, and they boost shine.
Strain. Stir in lemon juice. 2 To use, pour through hair as a final
rinse after shampooing.
/ �
�
D ry h a i r \lan� culprit con · p i re to damage t h
hair ·hart a n d t u r n h a i r cl u l l
and dr) a � t ra'' : · u n . · u rf. c h l o r i n . O\ crzea lous
ai r-condit ion i ng. To repa i r h a i r a n d re torr
t l i ng a n d C \ e n
hee n . t r
t h e e rec ipes.
Rose mary hot oil I nten sive
Leave- i n con d i t i o n e r
The molecula r structur e of apricot kernel oil 1s small enough to penetra te the hair
This treatment coats and protects hair
shaft. where 1t nourishes, strengthe ns,
helps to seal the hair cuticle, which causes
even after blow-drying and styling. It also
oro ects and repai rs, and also brings a
light to reflect off the hair's surface. This
sheen to dull or damage d hair.
conditioner makes a n excellent styli ng wax, especially for curl y or unruly hai r.
"' cup ( 1 25 ml) apricot kernel oil 20 drops rosemary essential oil
1 tablespoon beeswax
Combine oils an d mix wel l . Drape a towel around your shoulders.
towards your scalp. Continue until all your ha1r is coated i n oil. Cover with a shower cap. Warm another towel, then wrap it around and over
11 h 1ch undergoe
\ -damaged
h a i r cannot spontaneou ly rcpa1r I tself. Too much U\ !'\PO urr
t he h a 1 r' kera l in ( prote i n )
11 eaken
a n d a l s o cau sC' • di colora t ion. 1
a s d rvness.
·sinrss as well
e a sun hal or a
nou r i � h i ng h a i r pomade such a s
Lrm r-m
2 tablespoons cocoa butter
thr
1 tablespoon almond oil
to protect 10ur hair.
co nc l i l i on P r
f src lert )
2 tablespoons rosewater 10 drops lime essential oil 1 0 drops lavender essential oil Combine beeswax, cocoa butter, almond and wheatgerm oils with honey in the
the cap. Leave unti l cool.
3 Wash out, using a small amount of shampoo. Fmish by adding 1/2 cup sink
of tepid water and du nking your ha�r o 1t. Le hair dry natural ly.
thr k i n .
1 teaspoon honey
startmg at the ends and working
1n
L n l i kt'
con t i n uous renewa l .
1 tablespoon wheatgerm oil
2 Massage oil into hair and scalp,
(125 ml) apple cider vinegar to a
Too � .uuv?
top of a double boiler over low heat, until melted. Remove from heat.
2 Gent! heat rosewater. When both oil m ixture and rosewater are l u kewarm, whisk together. Using a m1xer set on low speed, add the essential oils and cont1nue to beat until creamy. Spoon mto a wide-mouthed Jar and store i n a cool, dark place. To use, take a s m al l pinch and warm between pal ms, t hen wo rk through dry o r freshly washed ha1r.
O:l
1l ha
ma
Eggs have a high protein content that helps i mprove hair's resilience and luster. Banana
IS
hydrating and moisturizing, and
avocado is a rich source of nat ural oils that help soften and condit1on dry ha ir.
1 egg yolk 1 small banana 1 large avocado, peeled and stoned 1 tablespoon mayonnaise 1 tablespoon rum Combine a l l mgredients i n a bowl; mash to form a creamy paste.
2 Massage he m i x ure through dry hair and wrap h a 1 r 1 n a hot. mo,st owe!. Leave for
10
m i n u tes. R mse out
m1xture, then sha m poo as usual.
l) c n d r u t f Dandruff can he triggered I >� a poor d i r l . c•mol ional st n•ss. fungal inlrc l ion or con\ l'n l ional ha ir products that arr too alka l i ne . \ m iltl
Ill'r l>a I slt i.l mpoo
and
aromd l lwrap� �calp trealmcnt.· can rt' l it'\ C i l cll incss ancl nakiness ancl n·store �our hai l's pll l)alance.
r c U nlike conventional shampoos, Castile soap is free from potentially irritating
Clean
up � o u r
clil't
h�
l 1 1 n l li n g � uga r a n d rl' f i nr< l
car l loh)dra tr . \\ Old derp
frwd foucls. t'\Ct'S� a lcohol. l'!'d ml'at ancl c l10co l a t r . liat morr fr •sh fru i t and \ t'grtahlc,.
l ln n l- R g l a
Sl's
Eli minale al ll'rgt'ns 1 f \!HI
of \\ d l rr dad\.
�USIH'CI !Oll. l'f' 'il'll s l l i � P to da1r� or \\ h ea t . Try
r l 1 m i n a t i ng t h e m for a mon t h to sc•r 1f you1· dandruff clears.
Ta"e out n u t r i t ional msurancr. The B-gro u p \ 1 t a m i ns . ' i tam i n \. zinc and
seleniU ill
are all I m porta n t for h,lir a n d scalp ht•a l t h .
• C a t c h sn m P ra� s . \ \ h l l e t o o m u ch s u n sh 1 1W damagr · ha u ·. o m !' e\po urr 1s brnrfic1al ror
sodium Iaury! sulphate. It will keep hair
�ca l �
"kin roncl11ion . Spl'nd 30 m m u trs outdoor e\('1'� da�.
clean a nd soft and is also completely biodegradable. Tea-tree essential oil is a powerful antifungal and a ntiseptic. J/• cup (1 80 ml) liquid Castile soap 25 drops tea-tree essential oil 20 drops rosemary essential oil 1 5 drops cedarwood essential oil
H 1b.:JI v t n J ,
r ns
Apple cider vinegar normalises the scalp's delicate pH balance and aids in toning the scalp. It also successfu lly removes
scalp. It also gives hair lustre and body.
oil and shampoo residue from the hair.
Warming the oil increases absorption
Nettle is a traditional hair tonic, used for
and promotes circulation to the scalp.
Place all the ingredients i n a bowl
its stim ulating effect on the scalp. It also
and stir to combine. Pour into a
has anti-allergenic properties, making
plastic squeeze-bottle. 2 To use, massage shampoo into wet hair, then rinse several times, fin ishing with the Herbal vinegar rinse ( see the next recipe) .
it useful for itchy scalp conditions.
1 tablespoon dried rosemary
5 drops tea-tree essential oil
1 tablespoon dried sage
5 drops eucalyptus oil
rd
Place herbs in a saucepan with water
wee Roman t i m r to treat eli order . hirch
leave, arr a rich source of al ic� late. \\ h ich is u ed in ma ny
and vinegar, and bring to a simmer. Remove from heat, cover bowl and steep overnig ht. 2 Strain liquid and add oil; stir. To use,
conventional dandruff treat ments to
pour through freshly washed hair; do
l i ft and breal- dO\\ n d ad
not rinse out.
kin cells.
encou rage Of'\\ one. and ke 'P hair follicle h ea l t h y.
10 drops rosemary essential oil 1 0 drops birch essential oil 5 drops cedarwood essential oil
1/• cup (60 ml) apple cider vinegar
hair and calp
4 tablespoons jojoba oil
4 tablespoons dried nettle
1 cup (250 ml) boi ling water
Reach ror b i rc h
WJrrr o I treatment With its slightly medicinal scent, this treatment eases a flaky, dry, irritated
Place i ngredients in a saucepan and warm gently over a low heat. 2 Massage mixture into clean, damp ha1r, paying particular attention to scalp anc hair roots. Cover with an old shower cap, then wrap head in a warm towel. leave for 1 hour. 3 Rinse, then shampoo. Finish
with Herbal vinegar rinse ( see left).
Hai r loss allou t I 00 hairs u·s norm al to lo, e losin g more . rc · u o � f t 3 d
I lair los,'
doctor .
chcr� 11 it h � ou r
I l a i r' sca re T h m n mg haJr is l ikP I ) to mak� you
ry that is 11ot l i n ked t o h e rrdita
panic. hut you should �Lay cal m and
condit ions can he tluC' to hormo nal
help m t n l m tze t he loss.
imbala ncE'. the con t racc p t i l e pill and ot her drugs. � t r
'
. illne, s and
nutrie nt defim ncie: .
F •eel your follicle . llair that breab ea�ily or look
dull may
nerd ntlll'lents. For e\ample. insuFFicient 1 i la m i n
A lea1c� ha1r
!lry: B 1 n a m i n � · t rengthen the
s� 'T'! J i a Rosemary oil increases peripheral :1rculation and brings nutrients and )xygen to the tiny blood vessels where ,a,r follicles are located.
h a 1 r �haft and he l p your body handle
t ress. 11 hi h can cau�e
or 11 0r�en hair lo , . Zinc is nt'edrd
Eat
for �trung hair and normal
causing hatr los .. eat �ea 1 egetable'
ro11 t h :
u h i . If an iodinr deFi ienc
i
1ron deFiciency cause h a i r l o· .
such a � kelr and dul r. 11 hich are
1 ''' tablespoons sesame oil
lla1r also requires guod-qual ily
nat urally high i n IOdine.
15 drops rosemary essenti al oil
protein tu gro11 . Good source.
10 drops cedarwood essential oil
mcludr cold-11 a ter fL h . free-range
5 drops cl ary sage essential oil
and organic eggs and c h icken. anrl
Comb,ne all mgred1ents 1n a small bottle. Store
m
a cool, dark place.
2 To use. pour a teaspoonful in o your
oy foods such a
tofu.
-\del fla\seed oil. 11 h ich pr01 1de
Get herllal heln. Grape eed t'\tract
contain, i JOII erfu l a n t io\ldan t s t h a t t l m u late h 1 r gro11 th. I I or e t a i l . a l falfa and oats a r e a l l r t c h i n
11ica.
11 hich h e l p s t h i n nmg h a i r a n ( l h a t r
,1011 1 0
alpha linol • n ic acid. an omega-3
that
palm and rub hands together briskly
fat t h a t makes hatr shm� and
gro11 . G m k�o. cayenne (from ch i l l lt'
be o re massaging mto the scalp, using
<; l rong. Takr I tallleo;poon tlatly.
anti g1ngC'r he l p micro-circulation.
plits easi l � and ts
l
smal l Circular movements. Th1s trea men
IS
best done jus before
bedtime, because most h a l f growth occurs w h i l e you are asleep. Shampoo in the morn1ng.
Neem oil has long been used in Ayurveda, India's centunes-old hea l 1 n g tradition, to treat half thmning and scalp problems. Aloe vera relieves dryness and has a m ildly a n t 1 fungal effect. It IS also useful for any scalp conditions that req u 1 re soothmg and astnngency.
1/. cup (60 ml ) witch hazel 1 tablespoon aloe vera gel 1 tablespoon vodka 1 tablespoon orange flower water 30 drops neem oil 1 5 drops rosemary essential oil 1 5 drops lemongrass essential oil Comb•ne a l l 1ngred1ents 1 n a small bot le. Store m a cool. dark place
2 To use, massage a small amount vigorously into scalp once a day.
Her6.Y;u--went- luur fo.Y.V 6Jf 6� hornw� ilv
WOI'iUU'V
J I 1 b a l a n cl a ro rn a th e 1 a p ba th De pending on \\ l1i 'll hcril. o r es ·entia I oils ) O U usc . a bath can soo l l l ' )our llt' l'\ r s . rase aching liml)
.
•
ort en your , k i n . lull you to
lrep o r
.timulate �ou into aCLion. l�njoy one o f the'e . p a - . Lyle o a k at hom
1 b t� bcas
r
J
Oats ease itchy skin and the fat i n whole
3 To use, run a bath and drop a bath
bag 1n the water. Allow to steep for
Grind sunflower seeds in a food processor to a fine meal. Place Epsom salts, sunflower meal, rosemary, orang' rind and powdered ginger in a bowl; mix well. Add essential oils, several drops at a time, mixing well after each addition.
m i l k powder mo1stunzes as its lactic acid
5 to 10 m i nutes before getting into
gently exfoliates. Green tea soothes skin,
the tub. Use the wet bath bag as a
while spearmint and peppermint add a
soothing compress for skin, squeezing
gather up the sides and secure with
refreshing scent and tingly sensation.
it to release the milky oat essence.
ribbon or twine. Store bath bags in
Soak for 1 5 min utes.
an airtight container until ready to
1h cup (70 g) fine-ground oats
the center of a muslin square, then
use. Use as for Rose petal bath bags
1/2 cup (50 g) whole-milk powder
St1 m u latmg g i n g e r bath bags
6 teaspoons dried gr�en tea
(see below).
Ginger is the perfect pick-me-up. The
6 teaspoons dried spearmint 20 drops peppermint essential oil 6 x 6-in. ( 1 5-cm) square pieces of musl in or fine cotton
Place oats, milk powder and dried herbs in a bowl; mix well. Add essential oil,
warming, spicy blend in this bath bag
Rose peta l bath bags
helps relieve lethargy, settle the nerves
This sensuous blend transforms an
and ease muscle aches and soreness.
ordinary bath into a n indulgence.
1h cup (60 g) sunflower seeds 1/2 cup (70 g) Epsom salts 6 teaspoons dried rosemary
after each addition.
6 teaspoons dried chopped orange rind
2 spoonfuls of oat mixture
the emotions and soothe the psyche.
1 tablespoon powdered dried ginger
i n the center of a muslin square, then
10 drops sandalwood essential oil
gather up the sides and secure with
1 0 drops orange essential oil
ribbon or twine. Store bath bags i n an
6 x 6-in. ( 1 5-cm) square pieces of
airtight container until ready to use.
Marsh mallow root and chamomile both soften the skin, while the delicate fragrances of lavender and rose balance
several drops at a time. mixing well 2 Place 1 to
2 Place 1 to 2 spoonfuls of mixture in
1 cup ( 1 50 g) fin�-ground oats
4 teaspoons dri�d chamomil� 4 teaspoons dried rose p�tals
muslin or fine cotton
4 teaspoons dried l avender 1 tablespoon powd�red dried marsh mallow root 1 0 drops ros� essential oil 5 drops frankincense essential oil 5 drops ylang ylang ess�ntial oil 6 x 6-in. ( 1 5-cm) square pi�ces of
Thi
treatment 11 i ll
immun
•
muslin or fin� cotton
tr ngthen your
and I m phalic ystems.
Place oats, dried herbs and powdered marsh mallow root in a bowl; mix wei Add essential oils, several drops at a
p r i n k le a r \\ drop or lal·ender and ro emary e the bri t ie
e n lial oil
onto
time, mixing well after each addition.
or a long-ha ndled body
bru h. Starling \\ ith th
ole
2 Place 1 to 2 spoonfuls of mixture in
or
your reeL and working up\\ ard . br1 kly bru h
our bod . u ing
firm. circular mO\rment .
• Add a fe\\ extra drop or each oil o n to the ho1• r noor and run th \\ ater a for
2
hot a
m i n u te .
�ou can tolerate i t
• Turn orr the hot \later and
tan d
under the cold water for a few cond pore .
I t will cto.e Jour
kin'
limu late the clrcutalion and
mooth ha1r fol l icle .. leaving kin glo\\ing and hair
hin .
the center of a muslin square, then gather up the sides and secure with ribbon or twine. Store bath bags in ar airtight container until ready to use 3 To use, hang bag from the hot water tap so the water runs through it as you fill the bath. Then untie the bag and let it float in the water. Soak for 1 5 minutes.
gs l ter iJ-fi l ied ha l ll ba For a bath bag that's a
little more speci al
ed in musli n, embro ider than herbs wrapp a bag. organz a ready- made
This bag is 6 in. ( 1 5 em) high . t- purchased ready-m ade 6-in. ( 1 5-cm) high organza draws tring gift bags (from craft stores) L
fine lead pencil Anchor Stranded Embroidery Cotton. Rosemary: 855 Ultra V. light Tan, 858 V. Light Fern Green, 861 Dark Avocado Green, 939 Baby Blue. Lavender: 101 Very Dark Violet, 1 03 0 Dark Blue-Violet. 8 6 0 Fern Green. Chamomile: 291 Dark Lemon, White
r
crewel embroidery needle 4 small yellow buttons (for Chamomile bag) herbs and spices for filling (the Lavender bag is filled with a mixture of lavender, rolled oats, dried orange peel and bay leaves; the Chamomile bag is filled with a mixture of dried chamomile, bay leaves and rose petals; the Rosemary bag i s filled with a mixture o f dried rosemary, lavender, sage and bay leaves) Draw the motif or our ch01ce
{ ee the
Rosemary motif at right). F'or both the Ro emary and Lavender. ) O u only need
to dra11 the La lk po I l ion .
for any great d1.Lance. a the back i
the work on
1 i ible on the front. Vmg
2 r ra n d of 939. work random mall flowers among t h e lem e . 110rkmg 3
t raighr
stitches per fl011 er.
To embroider Lavender. u ' i ng
ba and very lighll� trace over the stalk . u ing a fine lead pencil.
( 3 strand in all). embr01d r
the stalk. by working se1era l long traight slltche along the traced
traced lin
for racll
7 Loose!� fi l l the bag 11 ith the herb combination of �our choice a n d pull the d ra11 rring.
talk. taking a tiny
bac" stitch to anchor each
t ralght
of each color
( 6 tram!
110rk the fi011 er
in
2 strand�
10 tota l ) and
mall straight
titche on each side of the slalk . u ing your diagram as a guide.
i To e m llroider the Chamomile bag. hag i n a plea mg arrangement and
To work the leave . thread the needle
mark l he t r position� llgh l l� 11 1 1 11 a
2 trands or 858 and � rrands or 861 (6 trand In total ) a n d 11-ork
1\ h i te. work lazy dai�ie. around the
With
titche on a n
ide or each
2 or 3 r ra n d of 29 1 _
2 . rrand'
line for each talk. taking a uny back stitch to anchor each traight lilch.
angle down each
nowe1'. u ing
of 860. emllroider I he ·talks b� working
lit elL Thread the needle 11 ith
l To embroider Ro emary. u ing 1 trand or each of 855. 858 and 86 1 i n th
a erie of traighl
IJ Stitch a buuon to the center or each
2 or 3 long straight t i lchc • along the
2 Slip the traced motif in ide the organza
needle
\\'ork nra l l� a n d do not drag the t h read
talk.
place the buuon:; on thr fronl of the
pencilled cross.
L'. 1ng 2 strands of
pencilled cro �e . Iea1 mg room ror the bu tton c e n ters.
Rosemary motif
13 a t h sa l ts a n d o i l s \\ a t er� from n a t u ra l h o t s p r i ng, and l lw , ra ha\ e long been c rcc l i t rd '' i l h i m pn'�S i \ c lwd l i ng PO\\ CI's. Thr m i n r r a l sa l t
a n c t ll'ace e l e m e n ts
t h e� co n t a i n l w l p t o s l i m u l a l t t h e body ' O\\ n n a t u ra l detoxifi ca t ion procrss. rela\ mu c l s a ncl
oft e n
k i n . t\tl c t i n g
o i l s a nd o t h r n a t u ra l a c t i\ c i n g recl i r n t
all . moi t u r i z i n g
uch a
ea\\ eecl to a ha t h '' i l l re tore t he , k i n ·,· n a t u r
m i l k . v i negar or rven
I
pi I balance. i m p rO\ e
c i rc u la t ion ancl h e l p a \\' ide range of a i l m e n t . from cold
to a rt h r' i l i · .
Lav ndo bath Sdlts
Place sea salt and baking soda in a
Epsom salts are rich in magnesium, which
bowl; mix well. Add essential oils,
eases muscle aches and tension. Borax
several drops at a time, mixing well
and baking soda leave skin silky smooth,
after each addition.
while lavender's relaxing a roma will lull you to sleep. 1 cup ( 1 40 g) Epsom salts 1/• cup (30 g) baking soda 1/• cup (30 g) borax
20 drops lavender essential oil 1 0 drops clary sage essential oil 1 0 drops chamomile essential oil
2 Store mixture in an airtight jar in a
cool, dark place. 3 To use, sprinkle 2 to 3 tablespoons of
the mixture and 1 tablespoon of kelp powder (available from health food stores) into warm bath water; swish with your hands to disperse evenly. Drop the wakame strips (available from health food stores or Asian
Place dry ingredients i n a bow l ; mix
supermarkets) into the water, and
well. Add essential oils, several drops at
swish again. Soak for 15 minutes.
Do-it-yourself home beauty treatments are inexpensive and easy to make.
Slit beans lengthwise and scrape out seed paste. Snip pods into short
a time, mixing well after each addition. Rich va n i l l a bath o i l
lengths. Place paste and pods in a
cool, dark place.
This bath o i l is a luxurious blend with
g lass jar or bottle and add oils,
To use, sprinkle 2 to 3 tablespoons of
a warm, sensual aroma that lingers on
essential oils and contents of
mixture into warm bath water. Swish
the ski n ; it is also ideal for massage.
capsules. Seal securely; set aside
water with your hands to disperse
The cold-pressed nut and seed oils are
evenly. Soak for 10 to 1 5 minutes.
rich in essential fatty acids that nourish and moisturize your skin. Take care when
2 Store mixture in an a i rtight jar in a 3
M e r m a i d bath
stepping in and out of the tub, as the
Sea salt a nd seaweed help ease irritating
oils will make the bath slippery.
skin disorders such as psoriasis, while iodine-rich kel p is a natural antiseptic and tonic. Calendula oil is an excellent calming remedy for red or inflamed skin. Do not use this if skin is broken or very inflamed.
4 vanilla beans 1 tablespoon jojoba oil
lf• cup (60 ml) avocado oil
1 cup ( 1 30 g) sea salt
1 5 drops rose essential oil 5 drops ylang ylang
10 drops pine essential oil 1 tablespoon kelp powder 2 to 3 strips wakame (dried culi nary seaweed)
strain again through a coffee filter to remove residue. Pour into a glass bottJ, 3
To use, add 1 to 2 tablespoons to bath water; swish to disperse evenly. Soak for 10 to 1 5 minutes.
1/2 cup ( 1 2 5 ml) almond oil 1/• cup (60 ml) macadamia oil
112 cup (60 g) baking soda
20 drops calendula essential oil
in a cool, dark place for 1 month. 2 Strain oil through a fine-mesh sieve;
essential oil
5 drops sandalwood essential oil
2 x 500-IU natural vitamin E capsules
Cluuw;nu:/e, �iat (JI C{)n./tli./'v.Y
J..trotzt anlir
�r/0 �edienll thai
rerl(,t,U/ �
aciuu- and�
batr Her be l' vine g r
natur al pH balan ce has been If your skin's thro ugh the use of disrupted, perh aps
soaps, you may have dry, harsh deodorant cider vinega r helps apple itchy .n. The
alkal ine ratio ; 1t restore the correct acid/ sunb urn. of sting the es also reliev
C i t ru s ha t h hom hs Thcsf' IJ�ih
homlls h.llt' a n ngy.
upl 1fl mg qcrnt ! ha t rf'll't'slws l hr sen se' and rlear·s l hr n 1 1 n c l . r>; r roll
noel
lemon crPatc a n rnr•rgizlng
and surnula1 1ng < l l rnosphrn•. 11- h i iC
2 cups (500 ml) apple cider vineg ar •/2 cu p (SO g) dried chamomile flowers
To prn e n t
•/• cup (30 g) dried comfrey root powder •/• cup (60 ml) aloe vera juice
cun l a inrr in a dry. da r � placr: l ht•y
Place apple cider vinega r an d
grapefr u i t has a drto\if�mg
c·fl\•cf.
1 Ill' srrnl fntling 1ou fast.
store lh� ha t h homiJ
11 i l l keep for
:l w G
i n a n a i rl ight
mon t h, .
chamomile in a non-a l u m m i u m
1 cup ( 1 25 g) baking soda
saucepan over medium heat. When
1/2 cup (60 g) citric acid
mixture comes to a simmer, remove
1/2 cup (60 g) cornflour
from heat. Cover; let stand 3 hou rs,
2 1/, tablespoons almond oil
or overn ight.
1 tablespoon water
2 Strain off herbs. Add powder and j u ice
10 drops neroli essential oil
to vinegar, stirring well. Pour into a
10 drops lemon essential oil
glass bottle with a non-metallic cap.
1 0 drops grapefruit essential oil
Store in a cool, dark place.
1 teaspoon borax
3 To use, shake well and add 1/2 cu p
spray bottle filled with witch hazel
(125 ml) to bath wh1le tap is running.
Place baking soda.
Soak for 10 to 15 m i nutes.
l i ne
acid and
corn fl ou r i n a how l : m i x 11 e l l .
another
b011 I .
In
�nmhinr almond
oi l .
wa t e r. c. ,e n t ia I oi l s a n d IJora\.
Drizzle 11 cL l ngre t l i r n L
1 n t o flr•y
i ngred ien t . pouring w i l h one hand Each mineral salt possesses specific
ancl squishing rn i \ l u rr' Logcthl'r'
hPalth properties. These useful tools
11 i L h the ol her.
can
be harnessed
in many natural
beauty treatments.
.!.
Pack fi rm l y i n f o soap mold' or flexible · i l iconr m u ffin pans:
• S u lphu r stimulates thr mucou�
membranes and he l iJS re l ir vr thr yrnptoms of colds and othrr re pi ra tory problem : i f may also benefit acne a nd ecze ma .
!Cal ' OI C I'Iligll l . To remove. flip ov r•r a n d Ia!> out onto hakmg papt'r. the
I omh 11'1111
forms a
l , igh l l �
mist
11 itch hazl'l: this
r·u 1. to rrtluce cracking.
• Cal c i um a n d potassi um
may improve the symptom s
of arthriti s
as wrll as some
d1 order of
nervous • Magn
the centra l
yste m. i u m is cssrnl i�l for
strong bones and a health y heart.
I t also pro motr s
t he
proper functio n i ng of t hr nerves and musc l es.
After 6tdfunt, alnwnd ot! tea11eJ/ aF� otv the- Ji<m, � to «ftJd
tJV
!iUJL!Jiure
II
rap
soap s and g I
\II
"oa p 11 i l l �et you c i Pa n . ! J u t
a
h r r l la l C'\ t ra c t � a n d esse n t i a l o i l s
l lO\\ Ci er. e1 c'n
t ile m i ldc . t
11 i l l
lrm c
our
" i n fre l i ng
uch i l kicr.
oap i s , t rongl� a l ka l i n e . 11 h i c h mra n . t ha t
i t t c m pora r i l � r l i s r u r t : t h e , k i n 's d e l i c a t e p l i l )a l a n ce a n d n a t u ra l o i l To p r 1 cn t c l r� ness and i rr i ta t ion. u s
a l l soa p
The
oap h e r b
The ancien t Egyptian. \\ ere the fir t to make �oap. u ing oapwort. Thi herb 1 distingu i hed b� It
pa r'i ngly a n d 11 a h
unu�uat
11 i t h 11 a r m . not h o t . 11·a t r r.
abi lity to roam m 11 ater. Soapwon
Pe p1 ·m , .. shower o p
the more
till u ed a
An aromatic, pick-me-up cleanser for
2 Measure ''• cup
(60 ml) comfrey
mixture and add to soap. Add
the entire body, this contains calendula
glycerine and essential oils. Stir
essent1al oil to soothe the skm, pepper
thoroughly to combine.
mint to provide a cooling, refreshing
3 Pour into a plastic pump dispenser.
effect and comfrey to heal skin problems.
To use, apply 1 to 2 teaspoons and
Glycerine is an excellent moisturizer often
work into a gentle lather. Rinse off.
recommended for delicate skin. about 1/• cup (60 ml) boiling water 2 tablespoons chopped dried comfrey root 1/2 cup ( 1 2 5 ml) liquid Castile soap
1 tablespoon vegetable glycerine 1 5 drops peppermint essential oil 10 drops calendula essential oil 10 drops lemon balm essential oil
the ba i of orne of
\pensile 1 egetable oap .
Pat skin dry with a soft towel and apply a body lotion or oil. Gra pefr u i t and wh rte clay soap Perfect for washing oily skin, this soap uses white clay and orange zest to exfoliate and extract surface dirt from pores. Pink g rapefruit essential oil is refreshing, while orange essential oil is toning and invigorating. The finely milled
Pour boiling water over comfrey root.
oatmeal increases the soap's scrubbing
Steep for 1 5 minutes. Strain off
power and also helps to smooth and
through muslin.
soften your skin.
5'1• oz. ( 1 50 g) vegetable glycerine soap 1 tablespoon fine-ground oats 1 teaspoon white cosmetic clay
1 tablespoon almond oil 1 teaspoon finely grated orange zest 1 0 drops pink grapefruit essential oil
1 0 drops orange essential oil
Lightly grease soap molds, as for '\II oap are derived from t 1� o b a ic ingredient : a f a t (animal o r vegetabl ) and an alka l i ( u ually l�e or odium hydroxide). Soap
Rosehip soap balls (see oppositd. Chop or grate soap and place in the top of a double boiler over simmering water. Stir until melted. 2 Remove the liq uefied soap from the
called
aponification.
attract both water and the dirt or oil
on lhe u r fac
Some conventional with
taltO\\
of your oap
kin.
are mad
(animal fat) , \\ hile
other a re made primar1ty from glycerine. a by-product or oap produclion that h e l p
mo1 turlze.
heat and add oats, clay (available in pharmacies, or online), almond oil, zest and essenttal oils. Stir the mixture to thoroughly combine. 3 Pour soap mixture into greased
molds and leave in a cool, dark place to harden for 1 week. 4 To remove soaps from molds, run the tip of a sharp knife around the edge. Wrap soaps in tissue paper.
Wirlelt,l vakdf;r iiY ad"iM!(Jfw � ;ro;;-ertw.v, tem-trU/ o d r�� Fr �r Jkiw +tiiJ�, bitelY aM Jf� w
Ca tile soap i thought to have originated in the Ca tile reg1on or pam. Ori inaII madr from olive
011. 1t 1 no11 made 11-1th olive . hemp. cocon ut and palm oil .
w
Lnlike con1 enlion al oap. wh1ch I' made from tallo��o (from beef
Rost h i p �o<1p hal l ,
rat) or glycerine (a by-product of soap production) and a sma l l mount o f coconut or palm kernel ail. Ca lil
likely to
is le
tnp l.he skin or it natural ail . To meet go1ernment tandard . organic Ca tile soap mu t uppart u tainable rarmmg
Ol ive oil oap· rich lather help calm irritated
2 Remo1 e liquefied oap from heat
kln. while the natural ro ehip
and tir through aloe 1·era gel.
oil impart a weet but ubtle cent.
hone . ro ehip oil and e
Aloe vera and honey a re added to
oil . and the content of vitamin E:
maximize moi ture. 11- hile andalwood
cap uie.
and vitamin E: both have anti-aging
mixture into mold . ( Decorative oap
propertie . Bu
mold are available from craft
olire oil
oap and aloe
vera gel at health rood tare or online.
ecolog1cal processing method . •
Ca tile i the only oap that
1 teaspoon rosehip oil
becau
e
it has no impact
on the environment.
•
10 drops patchouli ess�ntial oil 1
x
500-IU vitamin E capsul�
Lightly grease
mall
ilicone soap
molds with canola or peanut oil. Chop or grate soap and place i n a double boiler over immering water. Sti r until mel ted.
Tea-tree a nttsept c soap Th1s InVIgorati ng body wash for oily skin is also an effective antibac terial hand soap.
'h cup (125 ml) unsc�nt�d liquid Casti le soap 1 t�aspoon jojoba oi 1 10 drops t�a-tr�� �ss�ntial oil 10 drops lav�nd�r �ss�n tial oil 10 drops sag� �s� ntial oil Place ali ingre dient s i n a bowl and Stir well to com bine .
2 Pour into a plas tic or glas s pum p
dispen ser. To use, apply abou t 1 to 2 teaspoons and work mto a gent le lather. Rinse off.
out the oap.)
1 tablespoon hon�y 1 0 drops sandalwood �ss�ntial oil
.
meta l . becau e it" too difficult to pop
1 tabl�spoon aloe v�ra g�l
for u e in the wilderne
lternatively. u e silicone
mini muffin or friand tin . Do not u e
5'h oz. ( 1 50 g) soft oliv� oil soap
camping authorltie approve
l ix thorough! . Pour oap
upplier .
method . farm worker health and
entia!
Leare in a cool. dark place to harden for I week.
1 To remo1e oap from mold . run the tip of a harp knife around the edge. \\"rap oap in tissue paper. that thi light!�
ote
t� pe of oap will remain oft.
D eo d o ra n t s Th se na t u ra l deodorants conta in lwrbs and cs�en l ia l o i l ou fee l i ng dr by cont ro l l i ng grow l 11 - l h
and
that keep
m e l l ing fresh
u rface bacte r i a l m a i n trigger fo r
undera rm oclor - with o u t the add i t ion of wo r r i so m e c h e m i ca l s .
\ ro m a t h e ra py bod� PO\\ r l e r Ab orbent bak.ing soda. co;· nnour and arrowroot protect again L w tness. while sage and thyme Fight the bacteria that cau e body
odor. Lavender is strongly anti ·eplic and al o provide a fresh scent.
1/2 cup (60 g) cornflour
Ora nge blossom powder
2 tablespoons baking soda
This silky, fine powder is gentle enough
2 tablespoons arrowroot
to use on the most delicate parts of the
1 tablespoon powdered thyme
body. The three citrus-derived essential
1 tablespoon powdered sage
oils (neroli comes from orange blossoms,
20 drops lavender essential oil
petit grain from the leaves and sweet
1 0 drops rosemary essential oil
orange from the peel) a re uplifting.
1 0 drops patchouli essential oil
3 tablespoons white cosmetic clay
Sift dry ingredient into a bowl
1/• cup (30 g) baking soda
to remove any lumps and grit.
1/• cup (30 g) cornflour
20 drops neroli essential oil
2 Stir in essen tial oils. Sift again.
10 drops petit grain essential oil
3 Store in an a irtight jar or lin.
1 0 drops sweet orange essential oil
Apply with a powder purr. or
Sift dry ingredients to remove lumps.
sprinkle on with your Fingers.
Place in a bowl. Add essential oils a nd stir. Sift again. 2 Store i n a n airtight tin or jar. Apply
with a powder puff or fingers. Laven d e r fresh deodorant
Rose m a ry and thyme deodorant
Place dried herbs in a glass jar; add
This lightly scented deodorant spray
Coriander and hempseed essential oils
uses lavender, patchouli and clary sage
both neutralize odor-causing bacteria,
witch hazel and vinegar. Seal securely. Store in a cool, dark place for 2 weeks. shaking daily.
to control odor, and antibacterial citrus
while sage, rosemary and thyme essential
seed extract and aloe vera to soothe skin
oils are high in chlorophyll and have
that may be irritated by shaving.
strong, clean fragrances that effectively
spray bottle. Add oils. Shake well
mask odors.
before using.
3/• cup ( 1 80 ml) witch hazel
1 tablespoon vodka
2 tablespoons dried rosemary
2 teaspoons aloe vera juice
2 tablespoons dried thyme
1 5 drops patchouli essential oil
2 tablespoons dried sage
1 5 drops citrus seed extract
3/• cup (1 80 ml) witch hazel
10 drops lavender essential oil
1/• cup (60 m l) apple cider vinegar
1 0 drops clary sage essential oil
1 tablespoon hempseed
5 drops bergamot essential oil
essential oil
Place all ingredients i n a glass spray
1 5 drops coriander essential oil
bottle. Store in a cool, dry place.
1 5 drops citrus seed extract
2 Shake well before using.
10 drops lavender essential oil
2 Strain liquid and pour into a glass
()nlik(9 COfWWionat ad-ifU'JfW"an/y, natural tle()cloran/Y rlon/f /:;l.r;clc weal
-
t/uur � �j{)r6 il.
�l en ·s g ro o m i n g you rl1 oo ·r to place hCli\ C'Cn your · � i n a n d a pil'ce Tclk<' carl' 11 h t1 L rcl. The a1 eragr man sha1 es 2 1 .900 l i m e s in h i s I i i'< ' . or �ha rpc nrd st s h a 1 ing tTf'am a n d c a l m i ng al'l< 'rSh8 \ r bal m i. a , 0 nnding a �oo t h ing nw �L. \ncl ror an ea ' i t'r · 1m e. sha'r rig h t after (or during) a steam
,h011 er. Thi: remo1 e.
\CP' · o i l , oprns porrs ami
ort e n s your heart!.
Br� rr
�
Try l a l h('ring 11 i L h a sh
l lll{l hrush.
1l l1 1ch l 1 ft s t h e h a 1 r awa from your face morr r ff('Cl i l ely t han your fmgrrs. Btll
kimp on cost h�
Orearr s'lav tng crea m
H erba l b a l m
huymg a syn t h e t iC modrl. A hrush
Th1s su per-shave solution softens bristles
Comfrey IS a natural soother that helps
rnadr from lladge1· hair
and keeps your skin smooth and n ick-free. Olive, jojoba and grapeseed oils are all
to regenerate the t hi n layer of skin that
na t u ra l h r 1 sl l r
has JUSt been removed with shaving.
cream and water· morr l'fftrirnt l�.
emollient and replenish moisture; glycerine
Chamomi l e contains azulene. a powerful
facilitates blade glide over your skin ; w i tch
a nt i - i n fl am m a tory, while vitam i n E
hazel
IS
useful for mflamed an d tender
skm; and comfortmg aloe vera moisturizes and heals. Try to avoid conventional ahmhaves based on alcohol: not only can they burn and dry out skin, they can al so Stimulate oil production and upset the s
n's aCid balance. 6
tablespoons coconut oil
2 tablespoons witch hazel 1 tablespoon olive oil 1 tablespoon jojoba oil 1 tablespoon grapeseed oil 2 tablespoons aloe vera juice 10 drops sandalwood essential oil 10 drops lavender essential oil
softens a n d heals.
2 tablespoons dried comfrey
2 tablespoons dried chamomile 2 tablespoons dried calendula 3/• cup ( 1 80 ml) witch hazel 1 tablespoon vegetable glycerine 1 000-IU vitamin E capsule Place dried herbs i n a j a r ; add witch hazel. Seal securely. Store i n a cool, dry place for
grapeseed oils.
3 Add aloe vera JUice and the essenti al Otis. Us1ng an electric mixer, beat on low speed for 2 to 3 mi n u tes. Spoon ,nto a wide -mou thed jar
4 To use, scoop up about 1 tables poon
of he shavin g cream , warm tt betwe en your palms, then smoo h tt over your face and neck. After shavi ng, remove any traces of shavi ng cream with a war m. damp face flannel.
weeks, shaking d a ily.
glycerine a n d contents of capsule. To use. shake well a nd pat onto skin after shaving.
S a n d a lwood aftershave Sa nda l wood is antiseptic and a lso provides a c a l m ing, earthy, m a sculine scent. Tea tree fights infla m mation, spea rmint is cool i ng a nd rosemary stim u l a tes circulation.
3/• cup ( 1 80 ml) witch hazel 1 tablespoon apple cider vinegar 10 drops sandalwood essential oil
5 drops spearmint essential oil 3 drops rosemary essential oil 2 drops tea-tree essential oil Place a l l mgredients i n a bottle. To use, shake well and pat onto skin
Place coconut oil in a double boiler
hazel and a lso the ol ive, jojoba and
2
2 Strain l i q u i d ; pou r into a bottle. Add
after shaving.
over low heat and liquefy.
2 Remove from heat and stir in witch
or another
i� softer and ahsorlJs
/
_j
Bod
l o ti o n s a n d m o i s tu r i ze r s
Bod� cr a m
ancl l o l i o n , h e l p t o i m prO\ e t h e
I.- i n ' barrier fu nct ion by
pot l i gh L on
locking i n moi ' L ure ancl fll'e\ e n l ing cle hyclra t ion . F'or ma:-.i m u m i m pa c t. a p p l y a moi. lurizer '' hen your 'I.-in i . s t i l l '' i l l h e l p t o
cal i n t he moi l ure. U s i n g long
pro d u c t . ge n tly rna
S
LY boo
r
age your a r m
hea
l igll l l · dam p from ba t h i ng: L h i l l'okes t o wor l-- i n t h e
a n d leg,.
I
Rich body butter
This is a sil ky, exotical ly scented oil that
For winter-worn cracked, scaly skin, this
provides luxu rious, long-lasting moisture.
luscious body butter delivers peerless
Vitamin E revives you r skin and fights
relief. Rose, calendula and chamomile
free radicals, while manuka honey helps
are all naturally soothing, while the plant
to heal any minor skin abrasions. The
fats in avocado oil and shea butter sink
fragrance of sandalwood and orange
in q uickly to keep skin soft and elastic.
calms the senses.
'i• cup (60 g) grated shea butter
3'1. fl. oz. ( 1 00 m l ) gra peseed oil
1 tablespoon grated beeswax
1 tablespoon manuka honey
112 cup ( 1 2 5 ml) avocado oil
'i• cup (60 ml) jojoba oil
2 tablespoons coconut oil
2 x 500-IU vitamin E capsules
3 tablespoons vegetable glycerine
1 0 drops sandalwood essential oil
10 drops rose essential oil
1 0 drops sweet orange essential oil
10 drops calendula essential oil
1 0 drops franki ncense essential oil
10 drops chamomile essential oil
Place grapeseed oil and honey i n a
S hea nut buller 1
made from the
fruit of the shea (or karite) tree
{ Burrro permum parkil) . indigenou It i
11
bich i
LD We t Central Africa.
rich in antioxidants uch a
vitamm A and E. plu
counties
nutrient
that combine w prO\ ide
Place shea butter, beeswax and
your skin
I\ ith
small saucepan over low heat. Warm
avocado and coconut oils in the top
effects. A 1·er a tile product. it ha
gently until honey has liquefied.
of a double boiler over simmering
been u ed ror centuries for culinar).
Remove from heat.
water. Heat gently until beeswax
medicinal and co metic purpose .
and shea butter have liquefied.
Traditionally. it ha been regarded
Remove from heat and cool slightly.
a
2 Stir in jojoba oil and the contents of
the vitamin E capsules. Add essential oils, several d rops at a time, mixing
2 Whisk in vegetable glycerine, then add
deeply hydrating
sacred to women. In Africa. onl)
1 i llage women may harve t the nut
well after each addition. Pou r i nto
essential oils, several drops at a time,
and extract the bu tter. and profit
a dark-colored glass bottle. To use,
whisking after each addition. Pour into
from the enterpri e are returned
massage a small amount into the
an airtight, wide-mouthed glass jar,
to them. Shea tree are an important
skin and rub in well.
and store in a cool, dark place.
re ource for \\e t Africa. ��
The ro e i ymbol of and it
e
the m) tical
lovr
and romance
the pNal s of dama k roses. i
& wort/ w roJ,e/. tV
ential oil. made from thought
LO be an a p h rodi lac. Orten included in beauty preparation s for its refreshing and m i l d tonic effect. ro e e sential oil is particularl y recommen d d for en ili1 e k in .
5� il uul� if
fo �ur {riefUiy. Perstao prowrb
mint body lot1on R sem ary and blen d, this lighter-textured
IS
a very
A zer that help s hea l effecti ve moistun in. I t is scented s and nourish dry of rose mary blend ng shi With a refre oils. tial essen rmint and peppe
1 tablespoon grated beeswax '/• cup (60 ml ) almon d oil
Ora n g e flower body cream Use this cream o n rough spots such as elbows, knees and heels. I t i s very effective on mature skm. The cocoa butter and carrot seed oil are both ultra-hydrating, w h i le the neroli provides a light, citrus fragrance.
S a n d a l\\. oo d . L ll e rf\' C u e r andalwo d ( , anwlum album) grows in I ndia. and the best quality is rou n d In the provmce or \1} orr. The ctr1ed bark and
2 tablespoons cocoa butter
e :en t ia ! oil ha1 r been u ed for
•I• cup (60 ml ) grapeseed oil If, cup (60 ml ) rosewater
'i• cup (60 ml ) apricot kernel oil
crnturies. both in traditional
•J, cup (60 m l ) soybean oil
A� u n edic herbal medicine and
1{, cup (60 ml ) vegetable glycerine
1 tablespoon vegetable glycerine
a. a perfume and lncen e.
•h teaspoon borax
1 teaspoon carrot seed oil
10 drops rosemary essential oil
1 0 drops neroli essential oil
10 drops peppNmint essential oil
1 0 drops lemon essential oil
10 drops lavender essential oil
10 drops j asmine essential oil
Place beeswax, almond oil and
Place cocoa butter and apricot kernel
mature or weather-beat.en
grapeseed oil in the top of a double
and soybean oils i n the top of a double
It 1, u
boiler over simmering water. Heat
boiler over sim mering water. Heat
n•plrni h moi l u re . help reduce
gent! until beeswax has liquefied.
gently u n t i l cocoa butter has melted.
purnne s . and s t i m u late the
Remove from heat.
Remove from heat.
body · l�mphatic ,y t m
2 Meanwhile, place rosewater, glycerine
2 Add vegetable glycerine and carrot
and borax in another small saucepan
seed o i l ; mix well. Add essent1al oils,
and heat gently until borax has
several drops at a t1me; m i x well after
dissolved. When both l i q uids are
each addition. Pou r into a n a i rtight,
lukewarm, st1r rosewater mixture
wide-mouthed jar.
1nto oil m1xture; whisk to combine.
3 Add essential oils, several drops a t a time, and whisk again until cool, using either a small wire whisk or a blender se on low. Pour into a n airtight jar or bottle. Shake well before using.
ooth lng. relaxmg and ton i ng. anda lwood e renowned ror
e n l ia l oil Is
It rejul' n a ling
effects. especially for dry. kin.
d to often \Hinkle .
to
peed the remo1·aJ Of IOXin . it.
u l t f) . en uou aroma
is soo t h mg and harmon izing. helping to promote re tful
Jeep.
Bod
ru l) a n ci p l a h 1
\
Bod� scrubs a n d po l i s h e s \\ OI'k \\ OIHicrs on rougll. r l r ll y d ra tcd s ki n . S ! ' l'u i li l i ng \\ l l isks c leac l . d u l l c e l l s Cl\\'ay. res u l t i ng i n l l r ig ll l l ' !'. mu r<' rad i a n t s k i n . I t c1 i so i m p rm rs t il < ' . k i n 's a i lsOI'pl ion of o l lw r proc l u c t s. s u c l l c1s moi s t u r i ze rs a n d o i l s . so t l l a t l i l l 'Y can produce more n o l iccahlc re : u l t s .
ian� com c n l i o n a l prod u c t
llarhor a r l i ri c i a l a nt! u n a p pea l i ng
i ngl'<'d i e n t · : fort u na t e ! � . n a t u ra l fo r m u las con t a i n i ng llerbal c r u shed n u t s . s ugar and C\ Cil
colTer
grou n c l ' w o r k j u t a .
<'
Bod� s r l a s h rs are ligh t !
cc•n tP!l
tonrrs t h a t llt' l p hy
! he �kin.
llalance the pll l r 1 r l and remo1 1' r\ce's p<'f'JHrallon ilnd
'S<'nccs.
011 .
LJrprn!ling on Lhe r. senlial uil ·
\\ C I I .
and hrrh� �ou u e. hOdj sptasht• ha1 e Lhe po11 er to hral skin and
Cleanse your body as usual before
Lo r nergizt' jOu or
scrubbing, but hold off on shaving
Tu u r.
praj
layer of the skin) sheds millions of dead
until another time, as scrubs may
bat h i ng:
lrl
cells. The rate at which your body renews
aggravate newly shaved skin.
t hr rl'frioc•rator bPtll t't' n u>r..,
( J
•
Every day the epidermis (the outermost
its skin slows as you get older, however,
L1nger i n the bath or shower to soften
so exfoliation (scrubbing) becomes
your skin before attacking tough spots
increasingly important for maintaining
with your scrub. Use more scrub on
healthy, youthful skin. Scrubbing a lso
your knees, heels and elbows.
•
st.. m a i r-dl'\.
Storr in
If you have delicate or acne-prone sk1
Massage scrub into damp skin with
use scrubs w1th caution, as scrubbing
circulation a nd lift away dirt and sebum
circular motions, working your way
can actually spread breakouts and
without the use of potentially d rying
up from your feet to your heart;
irritate sensitive skin. Start with
soaps. Get the most benefit out of your
avoid your genitals and nipples.
gentle pressure, avoid scrubbing 1f
These scrub recipes contain essential
you experience any discomfort, and
helps loosen ingrown hairs, stimulate
homemade herbal body scrub or polish by following these steps.
•
•
exfoliate just once a week.
oils, each with a different purpose and scent: chamomile, for instance, calms
•
These recipes contain oil, so they can
sensitive skin. Leave scrub on your skin
make the floor of the shower slippery,
for 2 to 3 minutes to let oils penetrate.
so always stand on a rubber mat.
( Jb Sp1 CV bod y TM skin- softe ning
.
blend comb mes coffee,
tomng and stim ulati ng know n for 1ts the sweet, uplift ing scent w1th tieS, proper
e grou nds exfol iate of cinnamon. The coffe from the pean ut butte r skin, while the oil mo1 sturizes it.
,'\\'a l h ·ndrr ra m i l l . I n \ ictnrian England. t here wa · a craze for 11 !'a r i ng Arngali rtl'>hmrrr s ha11 Is
1 tablespoon used coffee groun ds 3 tablespoons crunchy peanut butter
that
Ill' I'(' parked 111
h'a1 r
rhr,ts 11 1th 1>a trhouli
to deter moth, Thr rmr hou l i - . cemed . hawl
ewntuall� created a clrmand ror
1 teaspoon wheatgerm oil
tht' r rrume 1t elf.
•11 teaspoon powdered cinna mon "• teaspoon powdered nutme g �. teaspoon powdered ginger 5 drops cedarwood essentia l oil
a l n u t "C ub
Citrus z i n g e r
Rich i n skin -softening essent i al fatty
A refreshing, clean blend t h a t i s wonderful
Place all mgredien ts in a bow l ; m ix
acids, w a l n u t is an extra-gentle exfoliant,
to use chilled i n the warmer months.
to form a gritty paste.
w h i l e oats contain beta-glucan, a soluble
2 To use, stand 1n the shower an d massage handfuls of paste into we skin. Rinse off and pat d ry.
Or am
od (
o s�
The ru1t ac1ds in the orange juice and the lactic ac1d 1n the yog urt remove dead cells. These acids gradually stimulate
growth of collagen and possibly elastin (protems and f1bers in the skm that tend o break down over time). Sea salt IS
fiber that creates a moisture- reta i n ing fil m on the skin's su rface.
juice of 112 lemon, strained
1/2 cup ( 1 2 5 ml) witch hazel 1/2 cup ( 1 2 5 ml) distilled water
1/2 cup (60 g) shelled walnut pieces
10 drops neroli essential oil
2 tablespoons rolled oats
5 drops lemon essential oil
1 small avocado, stoned, peeled
5 drops grapefruit essential oil
and chopped
1 teaspoon avocado oil 2 tablespoons honey 5 drops geranium essential oil 5 drops chamomile essential oil
Combine a l l ingredients 1 n glass spntzer bottle. Shake well before use.
Softly, softly splash T h e sooth ing, relaxing a r o m a and the softening properties of aloe vera and
healing to the s m when used with care,
Place walnuts and oats i n the bowl of
but t can sting and irritate sensitive, fai r,
a food processor: blend at slow speed
marsh m a llow make this perfect for
ma ure or sunburned sk1n. If you have
to create a me- extured powder.
skin that tends to be d ry.
any concerns, substitute raw sugar for he sea salt.
process again briefly to form a work able paste. Add the essentia l oi ls, and
1 orange
m ix well.
2 tablespoons fine sea salt 3 tablespoons plain yogurt
3 To use, stand i n the shower and gently massage the m 1 xture i n to skin. R i nse
1 teaspoon almond oil drops lemon essenti al oil rice flour, sufficient to make
off and pat d ry.
5
a
paste
Cut he orange in half; jUice one hal , and se he o her aside .
2 Comb1ne orange JUice, salt, yogurt oil , and essen ial oil; mix well. Add a little rice our to thicke n and form a worKable paste.
3 To apply treatment, firs rub the
exposed side of the cu half of the orang e over knees, elbow s, heels and other rough spo s. Then mass age 1n he salt mixt ure to remove dead skm. R1n se off and pat dry
2 Add avocado, avocado oil and honey;
1 tablespoon dried marsh mallow root •/, cup (60 ml) apple cider vinegar 1/2 cup ( 1 2 5 ml) distilled water 2 tablespoons aloe vera juice 1 tablespoon vegetable glycerine 10 drops rose essential oil 5 drops sandalwood essential oil 5 drops patchouli essential oil Chop marsh m al low root and place i n a glass Jar with vmeg a r ; s eal securely. Steep for
10 days.
2 Stram liqu1d through m uslin in o a g lass spritzer bottle
3 Add water, aloe vera JUICe, glycenne and the essent1al 01ls. Shake well before use.
The pelargonium
produces an �ss�nt1al oil productiOn m he sk1n.
that helps balance oil
( il �Ia
age i
It relaxe
one or the gt·ea t plea u re tight mu c l e .
ti m u la L
in l i f - a nd it' good for you.
blood a n d lymph nov . a n d
the el i m i nation of tox i n . I L a l o c a l m t h e n e rvou hormone . a l leviate E ffec l i\ e m a ma
age .
age
uch a
d e prc
ion. boo l
don't h a v
al home between friend
lre
i m m u n ity ancl d i m i n i he
Lo be given b y ma
the I n tanl en ergizer
S 1'l I � n1 m a c; a g e 01 This invigorating, skin-conditioning oil
pe d
pa i n .
age Lherapi L . S i m ple
llown here. can be exc hang d
a n d fa m i l�. or c a n even be
e l F-a d m i n istere d .
blend is an effective pick-me-up for when your energy levels are sagging. Eucalyptus and peppermint have a warming, head clearing effect, making this recipe ideal for anyone with respiratory congestion. 1/, cup ( 1 2 5 ml) almond oil 2 tablespoons grapeseed oil 10 drops eucalyptus oil
I n tant
n rgi zer
houlder . Repeat thi
\\'hether they're tapping a t a ke}board. cleaning. lifting or driving. your arm . houlder
equence
5 time . then do the . arne again on
our left arm.
5 drops lemon essential oil 5 drops basil essential oil
and hands work hard. Look
Combine all ingredients in a dark colored glass bottle and seal securely.
after th m by taking regular break from repetitive work and trying thi e l f-rna
age
•
2 Store in a cool place away from direct
equence. u ing the
S t i m u lating rna
sunlight. Shake well before using.
age oil (see righ t).
u p port your left elbow with your
Creamy massage blend
right hand. Make a loose fist of
An exceptionally rich and nourishing
your left hand and gently pound aero
your right
houlder. U ing
your thumb and fingertip . make m a l l circular movements to work m u c le s . moving From the back or your neck down your right
houlder.
Repeat. using your right hand on the left-hand
ide of your body.
10 drops peppermint essential oil 1 0 drops rosemary essential oil
oil, this is an excellent restorative for • Use your left thumb to work your
d ry, mature, sensitive, inflamed or
right hand. gently mas ag) ng the
weather-beaten skin. Use this blend
pal m . then the mound a t the ba e
to soothe period pain or ease cramps.
of the thumb. pre
ing deep with
your knuckles to relea e tension. Search out ore
pot
and pre
with the thumb. holding for a count of 5 . Squeeze and rna
age the
joint of each finger. u iog your index finger and thumb. Pull out the fingers and bri fingertip ten ion i n
kly rub your
to release stre
and
our hand . Repeat
on the left hand.
1 tablespoon shea butter 11, cup ( 1 2 5 ml) macadamia nut oil 1 tablespoon soybean oil 2 x 500-IU vitamin E capsules 10 drops geranium essential oil 10 drops sweet orange essential oil 1 0 drops chamomile essential oil 5 drops rose essential oil 5 drops clary sage essential oil
Place shea butter, macadamia nut oil and soybean oil in a small saucepan over low heat; stir until melted and well combined.
• Straighten your right arm. open your pa l m and tap down the inside from the
boulder to the open h a n d
w i t h your I ft h a n d . Turn y o u r a r m over and t a p u p t h e back of your arm. from the band to the
2 Remove from heat and stir through
contents of vitamin E capsules and essential oils. Pour into a wide mouthed, dark-colored glass jar and seal securely. 3 This blend will thicken in cool weather.
To liquefy, simply place the jar in a pan of hot water for 5 to 10 minutes.
F '1
a ag
re and sens uous, W i t h ItS fine, silky textu th1s is the perfect a, arom a vanill OUS luSCI ng partn er choice for a loving and relaxi ically quite massage. Jojoba oil 1s chem i t is more simila r to huma n sebum , so oils. r othe than readily absorbed
4 vanilla pods 'iz cup ( 1 2 5 ml) jojoba oil 2 tablrspoons g rapeseed oil 10 drops ylang ylang rssen tial oil
10 drops rosr rssenti al oil
There arr e1cral different types of massag
mov m r n 1 . and each h a s
a spec1flc effecl on l h e body.
G L I D I G This i n 1 oi l e s t h r usr of the 11 hule hand 111 lon •.
1011. smooth.
broad 11101 emcn t s . The fir t a n d Ia L u ·o�e
of a ma ·sage usual I) con isl
of g l i d i ng , Lro�e ·.
C I R ' L i i\ G II l l h c i rc l i ng. Lhe hand' mo1 c o 1 e r l a rge areas 1 11 a cir u la r
10 drops lavrnder essrntial oil
m o t i o n . typical l ) a long or ac1·oss t hr
5 drops geranium essential oil
lenoth of musc le· fibers i n the back.
5 drops jasmine essrntial oil
houldrr . legs or arm . Thi
helps
I RE SuRE Deeper massage usmg your t h u m b . knuckle
h ee l
invo11·es
r thr
Spli pods in ha lf lengthwise; scrape
to release tensiOn before llreper
nat
out he seeds. Chop pods into small
st rokes are used.
focu ed pres o re on a pa rticular
pieces and place in a g lass jar with
Ki\E.\ D I \ G
fte1· IIH' reciplelll ha
of
o u r· hand to apply strong.
troullle c pol.
seeds, JOjoba oil and g rapeseed oil.
been rcla:-.cd b) t he strad\ gildmg
PERCL
Seal securely.
mo1 ements. �ncading {Or petri sage )
tapotemen t . the. e percu
i1 e
h e l p s to l ou en an) cramped muscles
are performed qu�rk l y to
t i m ulate t he
Strain off oil, then strain again through
a n d knot�. The e mo1 e m c n ts 1111 0 I I c
mculal lon under t hr
muslin to remove fine vanilla particles.
a firm. squeezmg action to encou rage
t hr as ocialed m u
2 Store m a dark place for 1 month.
Pour oil into a dark-colored glass bottle. Add essential oils and seal securely. Shake before use.
'Tl '1g r, .. s Mustard is he secret ingredient i n this recipe. I ts pronounced warming and reviving effect helps to relax tight, cramped muscles. Ginger is also a highly effective ingredien because 1t st1mulates circulation, helping blood flow to the skin's su rface, making this rec1pe ideal for people with arthritis.
'/, cup ( 1 2 5 ml) olive oil 2 tablespoons avocado oil 10 drops wintergrrrn rssrnt ial oil
10 drops rosemary rssent ial oil 10 drops ginger essent ial oil 5 drops sandalwood rssrnti al oil 5 drops frankin cense essenti al oil good pinch of dry mustard Combm e all ingredi ents 1 n a dark colored glass bottle; seal secur ely. 2 Store in a cool place away from d irect sunli ght. Shak e well befo usin re g.
' I O f'< \I so knOll n a s t roke
k 1 n ancl to tone
ric . An r\ample
the e l i m ma l lon of waste maucr· and
is hackmg. 11 he reb\ thr sides of 1 he
to a l l o11 thr frcr fl011 of fre h.
fingers a n• u ed to tap rh� t h m icall�
O\ygenated blood.
up and do1> n .
..
1
H r \ home t h a t t h e re'
( t
m e l Is c l r a n a n d frr, 1 1 is a plea a n t place to be. b u t
no need to reach 1'01' a com m e rc i a l a i r rr·r s h e n e r w h e n o u
'' a n t t o
\\ e e t e n � o u r s u rrou n c l i ng
. I l o m emade h e rba l sol u t io n s
a re n o t o n l ) m u c h chPa flel' t h a n t he i l' a r t ificial cou n te rpart . t h ey al o · m e l ! bca u l i f u l .
clo
not rely on an ar e n a l or po
ibl
harmfu l
c h t> m ica l . a n d d o t h e i r job ra t h e r be l t r. wo rking t o n e u t ra l ize u n pleasa n t oclor
ra t h r t h a n · i m p l j ma kino t 11 e m .
n I. 1 ndt> tpour 1 1his is a classic potpourri recipe -
fragrant, spiced and pretty to look at. 1 cup ( 1 0 g) dried rosebuds and/or petals
1 cup (30 g) dried lavender flowers 1 cup ( 1 0 g) dried rose geranium leaves peel of 1 orange, cut into thin strips before drying
The dry potpourri mixtures on these A s far back as t h e 1 2th century, sweetly
pages still have a heavenly scent but they
perfumed herbs and flowers were salted
are somewhat easier to prepare. They also
and left to ferment or rot into potently
have the advantage of looking much more
perfumed mixtures, which were then
attractive than their mediaeval counter
used to disguise household odors a nd,
parts. Display them in decorative bowls
i t was believed, help prevent the spread
and stir them gently once in a while to
of disease.
release their scent.
2 tablespoons whole cloves, lightly crushed
1 tablespoon whole a llspice (pimento], lightly crushed
5 cinnamon sticks, broken into pieces 2 tablespoons orris root powder
6 to 10 drops lavender essential oil 112 teaspoon rose geranium essential oil
Combine all the ingredients and mix well. Put in a sealed container and leave for a few weeks to mature. 2 To use. transfer to open bowls and stir gently to release the scent. 1on-scc 1ted potpour i
If you like a citrus scent, you'll love the fresh perfume of this colorful mixture. If you have other lemon-scented leaves, such as lemon -scented geranium, lemon· scented tea-tree or lemon-scented gum, feel free to add them. 1 cup ( 1 5 g ) dried calendula flowers 1 cup (20 g) dried chamomile flowers '12 cup ( 1 0 g) dried lemon balm '12 cup (10 g ) dried lemon verbena 112 cup ( 1 5 g) dried lemon thyme 112 cup ( 1 0 g) dried basil 112 cup (80 g ) finely diced dried lemon peel
2 tablespoons orris root powder •/, teaspoon lemon verbena essential oil
6 drops chamomile essential oil
Mix and use as for Rose and lavender potpourri. This mixture makes a lovely, scented filler for placing inside cushions on chairs and sofas.
A t r fr
h
ner
pray
L1ghtly m i s t his delicious -smelling a i r freshener i n a room w h enever y o u feel ctt'nd l \II\ a re11 drop.· or anuha es>t'n lial oil (:uch as
the need.
1,1\t'nder.
1 . 5 oz. (50 ml) vodka
tJ tea-tree. ro. emar� or peppe r m m
•/, teaspoon bergamot essential oil
1 n t o �orne bakmg soda. Pack t h e
8 drops clove essential oil
mi\tur e mto a sock or stockm g.
5 drops lemon essential oil
and IUf[ 1 t 1 0 to your sneake r,.
6 fl. oz. (200 ml) distilled water
Lea1e 1n 01ernig ht to deodorize them.
II hen re-u mg
Put the vodka and oils 1 n a spray bottle and shake to d1sperse the
the rni\ture. add e\tra oil
oils. Add distilled water and shake aga1n to thoroughly combme.
2 Leave for a few days to m at ure.
R os( ·1ary � o po rr• This combina ion of fresh peppermint and aromatic rosemary is a good mi x for bathrooms or sick rooms.
pf, cups ( 1 00 g) dried rosemary leaves '/• cup (5 g) dried peppermint leaves •J, cup (30 g) whole cloves, lightly crushed •J, cup (20 g) crumbled cinnamon sticks •J, cup (60 g) orris root powder
''• teaspoon rosemary essential oil
2 Sim mer he spices 1n a small saucepan
Spray briefly to refresh a room.
of water on the stove, toppmg up the water as needed. Alternatively, place
2
tablespoons of
the potpourri mixture in a heatproof
Room frrs h e n cr,
container, cover with boiling water and
It \'\G sachets or aromatic
leave i n the room that needs deodorizing
potpourri rrom door handle
until the spicy fragrance released by the
or sunn) wmd011 s.
steaming potpourri replaces the
Pl
u n pleasant smelL
M1x the mgredients ogether and use
I I herb or spice arhet d011 n
t hr 'Ide
and backs or lounge
c u h1on
or in. ide cushion co1 ers.
as for Rose and lavender potpourri.
PL . -\CE a conta1ner or potpourri
Simmerr n g or stea m t n g IOtpClurrt deodomer
II hene1er you pend tim i n t h i
As its name suggests, a simmering
potpourri.
i n thr lounge room or bedroom.
room. remo1c the l i d a n d
potpourri is simmered gently on the stove
J--E EP a mall porou potter)
in order to release a sweet fragrance
hattie fi l l rd 11 llh a fa1orite e senlial
that will pervade the whole house. Vary
011 near a s u n n�
the sp1ces to suit your aste. Simply keep
II 10d011 SQ that the hrat II i l l
topping up the water until the fragrance
ca u . e the o1ls to e 1 a pora tr .
has disappeared, or allow the sp1ces to dry ou on a tray between uses.
D \B a l i t tlr e ·scnual oil on a light llulh before lllrning it on.
'I• cup (40 g) dried or fresh lemon peel 'h cup (80 g) dried or fresh orange peel
PL T a couple of drops ol
1 cup ( 1 20 g) whole cloves, lightly crushed
spic} esse n t ia l oil on a
1 cup ( 1 00 g) whole al lspice (pimento) 1 cup (75 g) coriander seeds, crushed handful of dried or fresh bay leaves, roughly crushed (optional)
5 cinnamon sticks, roughly broken 1 cup (250 ml) boiling water Mix all he ingredients together i n a bowl and store in an airtight container until needed.
Ur t he
pvf;;4urr
� worrl
Wer4 �J,
"roffe�V;;vt
·
-
an,
�aclwl!/ na.J'n.e w
fr
weet �Jt-a;u;e
cotton ball: 11 1pr t h 1 s o 1 e r 1our h e a t e r 10 11 interlimt' ror a romrorlin� fragrance
l il
cr c
lo t I I .
I I \ IHJ i lcliel t ' tlw l lld l'l\t•tJng 11\ J H' . \ our laundr\ i
tht> lorum for a 1 i c iou ...
i la t l l t • I H ' l l\ l 't'n d J r't ancl tlw a rst•nal ol l o \ i c 11 r ·apons that are c l t ·arl::, n•qu r rr•d t o s l op I t I ll it · track·. Hut do you ,., ,, , grt l ill' freling that yOll m ight i ll ' d i m ing " lllcll' llinc gun el l c1n ant� )ou llougllt a pOI\ P r gel 11 itil optical l l r igll l <' lll'f's. o\� tll'tion and i lllpi'O\ r'cl gn·as<' cu t t i ng - hut. 111·�. \ o u on I� 11 o n • t ile T-. h i rt once. Go hac� to some ba 'iC p rinciplcs. Soap and 11 c1te r
fn•sil Tt'nt and non- tO\iC disinft'l tant (jUcl i ities Of
implt' ill ' l' l lS .
Ammonia IS a strong cleaning agent with fumes that can irntate, but 1t quickly breaks down in the environment and is safer than many commercial products. 112 cup ( 1 2 5 ml) water 1/2 cup ( 1 2 5 ml) phosphate-free laundry or dishwashing detergent 1/2 cup ( 1 2 5 ml) cloudy ammonia 1 0 drops lavender or lemon essential oil or eucalyptus oil
Combine a l l the liqu1ds in a spray bottle, then shake. Spray onto sta1ns before washing, then wash I mmediately. (Do not leave clothes that have been sprayed with
3 Add the essential oil and, wearing
this solution unwashed because it can
Borax IS a mildly toxic disinfectant, stain
have a bleaching effect) Do not use it
remover, deodorizer and water sohener
with chlorine bleach.
that is considered environmentally safe.
rubber gloves, distribute it through th1 powder. Store in an a1rtight box or jar. 4 Use 1 tablespoon for a small load,
Both borax and washing soda can irritate
l 1/2 tablespoons for a medium load
sensitive skin, so wear rubber gloves
and 2 tablespoons or a large load.
whenever you use this powder to hand
Dissolve 1n a jug of hot water before
wash garments.
adding to a top-loading machme. For
112 cup ( 1 2 5 g ) washing soda 1 cup (200 g) finely grated pure soap •h cup ( 1 20 g) salt
a front -loader, dissolve powder in a small amount of hot water and add to the dispenser.
1/2 cup ( 1 20 g) borax •J, cup ( 1 2 5 g) baking soda 1/• teaspoon or more lemon, lavender or peppermint essential oil or eucalyptus oil
Put the washing soda crystals in a clean plast1c bag and crush them finely with a rolling pm. 2 Mix the crushed washing soda with
the rest of the dry ingredients.
To wMteiV �� a,r/r/ 3 ta6�ontY of tenwlt/� to
�
wadtinf �� the�V rlr;r th.env � ik
j«
Bring the water to the boil a nd stir
This simple liquid soap is gentle on both For generations this recipe has been
in the soap flakes. Remove he pan
Costing much less than commercial
used to wash woolen garments. I t's ideal
from the heat and contmue to stir
laundry detergent, it leaves clothes
for blankets, q u ilts and pillows,
until the soap has d 1ssolved and the
smelling wonderful and feeling soft.
too. The eucalyptus helps to keep the
mixture is smooth.
wool soft and repels moths. There IS
Add the me hylated spirits and
septic systems and the environment.
'i> cup ( 1 25 ml) liquid Castile soap 1/2 cup ( 1 2 5 g) washing soda 1/2 cup ( 1 20 g) borax
no need to rinse it out u nless you are
the eucalyptus oil a nd mix well.
washing white items, 1n wh1ch case
Spoon the mixture into a Wide
rinsing will prevent yellowmg.
2 to 3 teaspoons lavender or lemon verbena essential oil
2 cups (500 ml) water
mouthed jar, where it will set fairly solid. To use the wool wash, dissolve
7.5 qt. (7 Is) hot water
2 cups (200 g) pure soap flakes
1 to 2 tablespoons in a bucke
Mix all the ing redients in a 9.5-qt.
1/2 cup ( 1 25 ml) methylated spirits
of warm water. Keep the u n used
(9-1) bucket and stir well until soda
2 1/, teaspoons eucalyptus oil
mixture tightly sealed.
crystals and borax are dissolved.
2 Decant into clean plastic detergent containers (recycle your old ones).
3 Shake the mixture before using. Use about 1/• cup (60 ml) per load.
This simple treatment will leave fabrics soft and fluffy without the cloying scent of artificial perfumes.
1 cup (250 ml) white distilled vinegar 1 cup (250 g) baking soda 2 cups (500 ml) water 10 drops rose geranium, lavender or lemon essential oil or eucalyptus oil (or a combination of your favorite oils) Combine ingredien s slowly and carefully over the sink, because the m1xture will fizz. Pour into a plastic bottle and replace the lid.
2 Add 'I• cup
(60 ml) to the fi nal
rinse or
place it in the fabric softener dispenser of your washing machine.
Eas� be i ng gre e n Add your favorllr SCI'nl frr•t.
f'l1VIrn mMut all
to
perfum c
frirnrl ly
laundry powder f from organ ic or
h1·a l l h roorl shop s)
Jus1
arid a fr11 drops of hrriJ< ll P-ssr nual oi l to lhf' powder as YOU IJUl l l lnlO LhC' machi ne.
0
If you've taken the trouble to wash, iron
" sa h e Take advantage o f the natural moth
and fold your clothes and household
repellent qualities of many common
linen, you want them to remain i n
herbs and spices and tuck these sad·
pristine condition after you p u t them
into drawers or hang them from coa
away. There's nothing more disappointing
hangers in your closet. To make
spray i m parts a beautiful fresh lavender
than pulling out a favorite shirt or
moth-repellent sachets, see page 30;
scent when used to dampen clothes and
sheet set to discover that it's ful l of
linen before ironing. I t can also be used
tiny moth holes.
Known in France as eau de linge, this
directly in some steam irons, if the manufacturer says it is safe to do so. 1/• teaspoon lavender essential oil 1 .5 fl. oz. (40 ml) vodka 2 cups (500 ml) demineral ised
Banish clothes moths and keep your closet smelling fresh and sweet with the following easy herb projects. Few everyday pleasu res are more delightful than sleeping in herb-scented sheets.
water (from the laundry section of superma rkets)
Queul/ V2doria
Combine the lavender essential oil
luul aLt the- roo�
and vodka in a clean, d ry glass bottle. Replace the lid a nd leave for 24 hours.
of w reMd�
2 Add the water, shake to combine and
� w�
cap tightly. Transfer to a spray bottle when ironi ng and use as required.
!twender.
Fragra n t c l o t h e d ryi n g P u t everal drops o r ·our favorite e
entia! oil - a combination of
lavender. ro emary. lemon a n d pln i
lovely - on a damp wash cloth
and th row iL into the tumble dryer with a load or d a m p c l othe
.
Combine equal amount a
of lavender. ro emary. clove and lemon es enllal oil il
mall boule. Take everything o u t or your cu pboard
helves with a damp cloth that· b en You can a l so
and wipe the interior and
prinkled with a few drop of the oil bien
prinkle it onto cotton ball . then place them in the clo e t when yc
replace the clothing.
Po m a n d r r s
Pomanders are smal l balls of perfu mes the 1 4th and fragrant spices which, from to mask used were es, centun 7th 1 the to e unpleasa nt odors and ward off diseas in r1mes of pestilence. They could be hung in rooms or worn on chains, rings or g i rdles. The name comes from the French pomme d'ambre, or ·apple of amber,' and refers to both the round shape and ambergr is, one of the ingredients. The term also refers to the small filigree metal, ivory or china
container that housed the ball. In the late M1ddle Ages, these were often lavishly embellished with gems and enamels and carried as fashion accessories.
C 1 medium to large thin-skinned orange r 1 oz. (25 to 30 g) whole cloves [" 1 teaspoon orris root powder (from
health food shops and craft stores) ! 1 teaspoon each ground cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves
Combine the orri
root and SIJiccs i n
r enough ribbon to tie twice around the orange, and to make a hanging loop, if desired
a small howl or paper bag. � o i l t h e
C tape of the same diameter as the ribbon
thi
r pins
mold from forming.)
0 toothpicks or cocktai l sticks
ha dried. the tape w111 be re!)lac d
nbbon.)
Insert the clo1es a t mt�rvals of
X
in.
13 to 6
li to
mm). If you have difficulty
pushmg them in. use a rock1a11 s l ick. tDothpick or darning needle to make a small hole before you insert ea 11 ciOIP. You can placr the cloves randomly or in a patter n. As the pomande r drie . it 11 ill shnnk
w
the ·paces between lhe clo1e
.
fill up
' Carr fully remo1e the tape w hen all t he se�ments are covered m doves.
tu1·e.
stage 11 i l h i n
2�
Leave t h e pomander in
u n t i l dr
and hard.
2
.
pi e IJa l.h
to
4
I H'eks.
pice .
The pomanclcr 11 1 1 1 be reacly 11 hen i t feel
light i n wright a n d o u n d
hollow
lv he n tapped.
7 the
Turn t he pomunder daily and make sure I t is e 1 e n l� coated with
thorough l y
hours to prr,ent
i n a 11 a rm. 1 1 ry place ror
mto quarter . (Once the pomander
:!
pic · rn i
coaling it. (ComplelC' each pomander to
:i
Lse the tape to mark t he orange
��< 1 th
orange i n the
h
\\ hen ·urecl. �11akr or bru, h orr any spice powdn Wrap l'ibhon around the pomaiHier m the tape u ·acf..s . F'i n i h 11 i l h a hanging loop.
I These drawer liners, lightly filled with lavender or a mixture of moth-repellent herbs, can also be placed between layers
((
r ( Pr
t he
Padded coat hangers keep your clothes and shirts 1n better shape than the
of bed or table linen. Unryush1 paper is a
w1re variety, and these ones have the added advantage of both smell1ng nice
strong and fibrous but porous Japanese
and keeping moths at bay.
paper, available from paper specialists and g1ft stores.
wooden coat hanger with screw-in hook sheets of unryushi paper sewing thread dried herbs and spices for filling
C u t 2 . heets of u n ryu h1 paper a bit malle r than the
izr of the drawer
Machme stitch Lh
1ze.
2 p1ecc together
abo u t Y. m . ( I em) from the cdg , leaving an opening for the fi l l ing _
.
P i l l the \mer With dried herbs and spices and s l i l ch t h e 01
bal l
wooden hanger. If you want to cover the hook. make a na rro��< bms LUbe.
bias binding or ribbon, for covering hook (optional)
or wmd r1hbon or bms bind1ng lightly
quilt wadding
around 1t. Secure Lhr end b tai,Jng a utch or two around the hangrr to
craft glue two 6 x 1 8-in. (45 rectangles fabric
bottom. or !U ·t u t 1 -ft. (30-c m ) squ a rrs. a good workable
e a 'mall cloth or rouon
t o rub a lillie e. sen l ia l oil Oll:'r th
herbal essential oil of your choice, such as lavender
hold it in placr. x
1 6-cm) !. Cut 2-in. (5-cm)
w
1dr slnps of QUill
wadding and glue them l:'nd to end.
sewing thread
if ncce sa ry. to make one long st np.
dried lavender (or other herbs/spices)
(The length w i ll drprnd on ho11- light!
50 em decorative braid (optional)
padded you il�e your hanger. ) t;\ue
.
a couplr of · ma l l Jllt'l't'S of w adding o�er thr rnds of thr hanger. thl'n
n i ng closl:'d.
L
e n d P I \Va n I
Place these charming 'wands' among your clothes and linen. When the scent begins to fade, add a few drops of lavender essential oil to refresh them.
7 or 9 long stems of young lavender (it must be an odd number and the stems must be as pliable as possible) sewing thread
2 Gently bend the terns ba c li: over the nower head U> en lo.
'h-in. (5-mm) wide ribbon
them in a , o
Rr.move all Lhe lea e and arrange the
.
stem around a 20- to 2 4- in (50- to
60-cm) 1 nglh r ribbon
Lh ri bbon
exl.('nd about 6 in. ( 1 5 em) abo\e thl:'
no-wrrs and Lh rc L of Lhl:' ribbon hang dOwn -wllh Lhe tern
. Wind a piece or
cotton around the tern just belo-w l.he nowcr head and lie ofT secure\ .
I Take th long r lrnglh or ribbon (w h1 I 1 n ow at the LOp. ext nding be ·ond nowrr hrads) and \\rave IL alt.erna over and under thr 'trm . wor"kinl: aroun d thr no\\ r h ra d ·. Conunue
weavi ng in L h l� m nnrr. JlU. hing t'J
1·wnl\ ll tml thr lung ·tnp a ro u n d t ht•
l'n'" u ru it ' r liH'
hanger lrom rnd tn t•ntl u n t t l t t is
hl\\ l' l' rrlgr Flt l ht• rmt'l' m t•r
t'l rnh pddtlt•ti Srrure t he end'> t n
<J n d
plan• 11 tlh a dab uf glut• or a 1 1 tch
� Center the hangrr on tht' 11 rong ulr or the rahnc rrctanl!lt">
amt t raet· around
t all t>tlgt•s nn
lht' 1 hr hnol.
n n l o l h t• patldt•tl lwngtT 'I)Jpst llrll
l h r· pn•s l'fl t•tlgt•s l l ll!t'lhr•r. lt•a\ t n l!
l·'tll \l t l h a rnupll' or handfuls or dnc!l
the top to gilt' )OU the r u n t1 o u t l t nt•
hr•rh. lhl'n l i l t h l h t• IIJll'll lnl! dnst•tl
\1 o mar� tht· n· n t r r tXHnt or the hno�
Slilr h a [lll'l'f' ol dt•r·nra lll t' h r;wl illnng ilw hot tom t·ll�t'. 1 f dt''ll t'li
' . lit�'h around tht' strlt• · ancl top or t ht• rolt'r teallllJ! a t t ny oprnme 111 t h e
crntrr t.op t'dgr for t he h•�tk Tnm t hr seam allo11ancr. c l tp the c u n t·�
and turn tht• rowr rtght sidr out.
ru11 or
nhho n u p close
to t he pre1 iou
1'011 \\ hen �f!U grt tO tht• bottom O[ the Oo11rr head · ha1 tng rnrlo. rd
complt•telv tn
a 11 01 rn rage.
them
\OU 11 til
meet the pwrr of rtbhun that
\OU lt'ft
e\t ndrd at t hr begmntng. \\ rap
thr
11 ea11ng end firmly around Lhr strms a
couplr
or lime . t h n l it' the t11 o ••nels
nf nbhon tnlo a nrat bo11 Jncl l r i m
r tn
J
Tht• IH'd U I \ of ll l lmrrnadt' lwrhal clt•ctning products
1:
th
composed o f i U '-' 1 t l ll t ' main sullstanct ' - the cleaning agrnt - \\ hich means that �ou·n· not paying for l l u l �ing adcliti\ cs. artificial colors or
l l< m t o usc h e r b \ i n cga r : p ra� 1\eep � o u r d i hll a�ht•r clran and
I H'rfumrs. \ o u can also chmu l lw t�IH' ami strength of the scent you
rresh: -\dd 1h cup 1 1 25 m l ) llerb
'' a n t : fresh herbs or essential oils a lmost im arialll led\ <' a delightfull�
1 mcgar to the rin.r C}c l e.
fresh. c lean smrll. So. \\ llC'thcr you ' re alreacly committed to a greener \\ Clj of clea ning or you j ust \\ ant to san• money ancl 'implif:> your lifr
•
ut grea�c and m a ke glas�e. spc1rkle: \dd 3 tablespoon
a litt i t • . h e t·hal cleaning makes a lot of sense.
l l erb 11ncgar to J h r sink
11 i t h
the d i h w a hmg drtergrnt.
balm or lavender), or place 5 to This all-purpose, environmentally friendly, non-toxic spray is great to have on hand for wiping, clea n i ng a nd deodorizing
10 tea bags in the bottom of a
•
Di. sohc m i neral build-up on r l uggrd shower heads: Soak
wide-mouthed glass jar.
0\ Crnigh t m dt lutrd llerb 1 m gar.
2 Add vinegar to fill the jar. Replace
• Clean oap scum rrom a gla
a lmost every surface (except marble).
the lid, leave for a few days to infuse,
If you don't have any fresh herbs, add
then strain out the herbs. (If you are
s howe r crrrn: \It\ 2 par t
drops of essential oil instead.
using tea bags, you can gently warm
11 ilh I pa rt llerb vim>gar. R u b
the vinegar before pouring to ensure
onto t h
maximum diffusion.)
nne
fresh or dried herbs (you can also use herbal tea bags) distilled white vinegar
3 Pour 1nto a plastic spray bottle.
This spray is perfectly safe and very
Roughly chop 1 to 2 large handfuls
effective to use at full -strength, but
of fresh or d ried herbs (such as lemon
it can also be diluted half-and-half
verbena, peppermint, rosemary, lemon
with water for lighter JObs.
•
'
r re e n
all
11 1 th a cloth
or
teet \\ OOI. Rm e anu dr1.
top mold: Mix 2 tea poo n bora\ and I cup t 2 :JO m i l H rl.l 1 i n ega r. \ppl� 11- i l h
a
cloth.
IPa1r
ror 30 mmute' then \lipe orr. Clean t h e refrigerator: \\'ipe ouL the [ridge 111th Herb 1 megar. then rub 01er 11 ilh a
ponge
dipped m va n i ll a e ·rnce. •
Remove mold rrom refrigerator door eat
:
Scrul.l the mold rrom
t he rold w1th an o ld t othbru. h di pped in Herb rmegar.
• 1\cep k1! hrn cloth rre h: Soak 01 rn igh t m a �o l u lion of boiho Mtrr '' ith a goou clo h or Herb \ 1negar a n d
a fl'\\ drop of
eucalypt u. 011. Rin e 11 el l . • ' te a m - l e a n t h e micmwaYe: Place t cu p (250 m l ) 11 a 1e r and 1f1 cup rGO m)) I lrrb \megar in a boll I in tht' m lcto\\a\l' and l.JP
o
a l i l l ie. usr ll to ll ipt' Jhr 11 at1 ·
n
the m en 11 ith a damp cloth
r All- p urpo se non -vin ega 1ser a l cle ba her
ar i n your If you don't want to use vineg
se you herbal cleanser - perha ps becau acid i n the that rtops have marble counte
sti l l make vinegar can damag e - you can water and a th i w spray pose all-pur an little extra cleanin g power from borax.
frrsh or drird hrrbs
hands clean while cookmg, and the rosemary essential oil 1s antibacterial.
'i• to 1/2 cup (50 to 100 g) pure soap flakes
2 cups (500 ml) very hot water 'i• cup (60
ml) glycerine
1/2 teaspoon rosemary essential oil (or the herbal essential oil of
(or hrrbal tra bags)
2 tablrspoons borax hrrbal mrntial oil (optional)
d
0
This foamy gel 1s ideal for keeping your
your choice) Put the soap flakes and the water in
Prepare the herbs as for the All-purpose
a bowl and whisk vigorously until the
herb vinegar spray (opposite).
flakes have d issolved and you have a
2 Pour over hot water to cover and allow to steep for a few days. Strain, then add the borax and a few drops of essential oil, if using.
3 Shake to mix well and decant mto
solid, but if you have whi sked enough,
foam that IS rather like whi pped egg
it should remain foa my. If 1t is too th1ck
wh i te. Cool to lukewarm.
for a pum p bottle, beat i n more water.
2 Stir i n the g lycerine and the essential oil, whisk again and leave to cool. As
3 To use, squirt a
little i n to
he palms of
your hands, lather and rinse off.
the mixture cools, 1t becomes more
spray bottles.
Lemon-g ra pefru i t dishwashmg l i q u i d When washing dishes use a tablespoonful of this dishwashmg liqu1d i n hot water. You could a lso use lavender or rosemary essential oil: both are good at cutt1ng
B
\I\ I 'liG
S OD
a lka linr.
\
Groth'.
n w d rrate l �
non-LO\ir abra�lll': c u r s
t h rough grra\C
ancl m l :
a l isorh. odors.
grease. fl.s this is a soap, it does not
BOR
produce as many suds as detergent,
drudoming.
but 1t is still very effective.
alkaline sail t ha t hreaks I Iilii n rasil\
3 tablespoons liquid Castile soap 2 cups (500 ml) warm water 2 teaspoons vegetable glycerine 2 tablrspoons distilled white vinegar 10 drops lemon essential oil
\\
l l 1SIIlf£'rling. s t a i n - rcrnOI ing.
rn o l ! l - i n h i i H L ! n g.
st rungll
111 t ill' l'lll i ro n m t' ll l : sollrns 11 ,111'1' dll!l kill d n ts
and
DISTILLED
\lodt•raLPI}
n>rki'Oill'h t ' .
\1
I I ITt·: \ 1 \ EC
st rnng a r i d t h a t ''
gr£'ase-ru t t ing. molil- i n h ll l i l l llg. tlt•oilorizing a n d a d i s i o l t •C i a n l .
M1x all mgredie nts i n a jar, cover and squeeze bottle.
I I E R B \ L I•:SSI•:\'1'1 \ I . O I LS \1.111) t l l l s a r c c l l ,nllcCLal1 ' 1 . a n t i l lactt•n;il dl1d < l l l t l
r u n ga l as ll t·ll a s sll t't't-sHII'II!IIg: ust• I ()() fll'\'(1'111 f lllll' ('SS!'Il l i < l l O i l s. Lfo: \ 1 0 \
,JI ICE
\lold- i n h i l ll l or.
di'OdllliZl'l'. ..,ld\11 1'{'111011'1 dlld lll i h l
h1cuz;t kerb.Y are
antibacterial, �� f� ;wJ-urtd
rl��
hll'dl'h.
l 'l R E SO \ 1 ' F l . \1\ES O R I . I Q l l f ) C \ST I L E S O \ 1 '
I00
Pt'[('(' 1 1 l llln-dt•gl .rdc�llit'.
111 11 - 1 1 1\ 1 1 . phnsph. l l l'-llt't'
h
a 1 a i lalllc rrorn ht•a l t h
rooil o r orga n1r storr · . l'o1
morr
l n fornla l iOII ahollt t h is produrl. Ca s l \ l t • soap fan.-. S \ LT \ I IIII
�<'I'
Jlcl�c Ji3.
a l lra s i l t'
\ EC Jo:T \ BLE
a n d d l \ i lllrr!ant
G L\ C E R I \ E \ on - l o \ 1 1' .
11 ·eful rh•a n 1 ng prnt111rt t h a t IH'II" 1111\ Oil
\R
10 drops grapefruit essential oil
shake well to blend. Store in a plastic
Cd · t i lt· �uap
ll l ! fl 11 <111'1
d lllf l l l SS(lfi('S lliC\111
fllllllS I ll I f i l l
\1
\Si l l \C SOi l \ \ l odt'l
l'r\'iliih:
c�lkal inc
Sllf i L ' l l S 11 .1 1 1' 1 . f U \ S glt'd'>t'
i\11tf 1' 1 ' 1 11 ! 1 1 ('\
Sid I llS.
Spray this disinfectan t 1n the kitchen or
Regular wiping w1th this cleaner will
bathroom, or into a smelly garbage bin.
remove g rubby fingermarks and leave
I ncrease its cleaning properties by add1ng
the su rfaces of freezers, refrigerators
1 teaspoon l 1quid Castile soap to the
and washing machines looking like
solut1on. For extra disinfectant power,
new without scratching them.
choose vinegar rather than water. 3 '/, fl. oz. (50 ml) vodka or methylated spirits '/• teaspoon tea-tree oil
2 tablespoons phosphate-free dishwashing liquid 1 tablespoon cornflour 1 cup (250 ml) water
11• teaspoon lemon essential oil
1 cup (250 ml) distilled white vinegar
•/, teaspoon g rapefru it essential oil
a few drops of herbal essential oil
1 cup (250 ml) water or white distil led vinegar
Pour the vodka or methylated spints and essential oils into a spray bottle
of your choice
Put the ingredients in a plastic spray bottle and shake gently to combine. ., Spray a fine film of the mixture over
L
o
c (
c
and shake to combine.
the grubby surface and wipe clean with
This slightly abrasive cleaner is great for
Add the water or vinegar and shake for
a soft cloth.
cleaning baths, basins and stainless steel
several minutes.
appliances, sinks and countertops, but do not use it on fiberglass bathroom fixtures. You can substitute a different essential oil if you prefer. 1/2 cup ( 1 2 5 g) baking soda 5 to 6 teaspoons l iquid Castile soap or phosphate-free liquid detergent 1/2 teaspoon lemon essential oil 1 teaspoon glycerine
Combine all the ingredients and mix well. Store in a sealed glass jar. 2 To use, scoop the mixture onto a cloth
or sponge, rub over the surface, then wipe off with a rinsed cloth. Otsi '1fel a nt scourmg powdPr Use this simple cleaner as you would a commerc ial powdered cleanser. To use it in a toilet, sprinkle the powder into the bowl, then spritz with All-purpose herb vinegar spray (see page 292) and allow it to fizz before brushing the toilet bowl and flushing . 1 cup (250 g) baking soda 10 drops each of grapefruit, cinnamon,
P u re a m i R i m p l e < l i s h \\ a R h i n g l i q u i d
thyme and rosemary essential oil
buy an I f � o u don · t 11 a n t to m d ke your 011 11 cJ i s h 11 a sh 1 ng l i q u id from scratch.
Blend the ing redients well and store
local hea l t h food or unscl'nLed . u ntlyecJ. pllo, pha te-frrr drtcrgent from your sprig of m a tc h i ng of e l p cou organ ic s tore. >\del your own essp n l i a l o i l p l u a
in a sealed glass jar. Leave for a couple of days before using.
wa h i ng up! herb. urcanl mLn a prrll� llo l l l r and en joy your
2 Apply the powder with a damp cloth
and rinse well.
{ Use this fresh -smell i ng foam as a stain remover for both carpets and upholstery. For extra-tough stains, add 1/• cup was hi ng soda to the ho t wat er and Eucalyptus wool wash, and whisk until the crystals have completely dissolved.
3 tablespoons Eucalyptus wool wash (see page 287) 1 qt. (1 I) hot water Vigorously whisk the Eucalyptus wool wash i n the hot water until suds form.
T a-t ·ee ant1-m old
)ra
�
I L�
J
1
do
Tea-tree, cloves a n d borax are powerfu l
Banish pet smells a n d other stale odors
mold inhibitors. Keep this spray in the
from your carpet with this sweet-smelling
2 Rub just the foa m over the carpet stain and leave for 10 m i nutes.
3 Wipe the foam away with a d a m p
bathroom to use on the shower recess
mixture. Before measuring the dried herbs,
sponge dipped i n distilled white
or for wiping the shower curta1n.
you need to g r i nd them very fi nely in a
vinegar (this neutralizes the a l ka l i n i ty).
spice or coffee gri nder.
2 teaspoons borax 1 cup (250 ml) warm water
2 cups (500 g) baking soda
10 drops clove essential oil
4 tablespoons borax
1
4 teaspoons ground cloves
tablespoon tea-tree oil
In a spray bottle, dissolve the borax in the warm water. Add the clove and tea-tree oils an d shake well.
3 To use, spray onto areas susceptible to mold and mildew, then leave to dry.
4 teaspoons ground cinnamon 4 tablespoons each of finely ground dried mint , rosemary, lavender and thyme Combine all the i ng redients i n a bowl and mix thorough ly.
2 To use, sprinkle the powder over the
Peppermmt-lemon
carpet and leave for a n hour or more (even overnight) before vacu uming
Th1s fresh-smel lmg cleaner leaves g lass sparkling clean. When used on wi ndows, it will also help to deter flies.
the carpet thoroughly.
4 Blot thoroughly with a clea n pad.
This simple solution can be used on both timber and lino floors. When washing a timber floor, remember not to saturate 1t. Your mop should be d a m p, not dripping wet, and the floor should be well-swept or vacuumed before mopping.
1 teaspoon eucalyptus oil 2 tablespoons methylated spirits 5'/, qt. (5 I) hot water (about half a
bucket) Combine all the i ng redients in a bucket.
2 Wring out a mop i n the solution and us e it t o dam p mop the floor. Leave to dry; you don't need to rinse.
juice of 1 lemon 2 cups (500 ml) club soda 'I> teaspoon peppermint essential oil 1 teaspoon cornflour
tiled floors. I f you use it on tiled areas
Combme all ingredie nts i n a bowl and Stir unti l blended. Pour into a plastic spray bottle. Shake well before using.
outdoors, 1 t wi l l help to keep flies away.
1 cup (250 ml) distilled white vinegar 1 cup (250 ml) methylated spirits 1 cup (250 ml) strong peppermint tea
�"4 od fo � k.Y aM Jtick!f � yonv rdt f� o luu-r/ or f j4 /)Je;
renu;ve.-
This is a great fresh-smelling rinse for
111Ar
(from tea bags or leaves) 5 to 10 drops peppermint essential oil 5 drops dishwashing liquid Combine a l l the i ng redients 1 n a large plast1c bottle, shake horoughly and then decant into a spray bottle. Spray onto the floor and damp mop.
Rose m a ry beeswax fu r n 1 t u r
pohsh
Th is I S a th1ck liquid polish. I f you like more of a paste, mcrease the amount of beeswax and decrease the turpentine to about half-and-half. Gum turpentine is h1ghly flammable, so take care when making th1s. 2 oz. (60 g) pure beeswax pellets (or grated beeswax) 1 cup (250 ml) pure gum turpentine 1 112 teaspoons rosemary essential oil
Put the beeswax a nd turpentme mto a heatproo bowl. 2 Carefu lly s1t the bowl over a saucepan
of barely simmermg water and stir until the beeswax melts and the solution is smooth. Take g reat care not to spil l the liquid as you stir. Alternatively, to avo1d exposmg the mixture to a naked flame, sit the bowl in an electric frymg pan on a low heat. Remove from the heat a nd a l low to cool before adding the rosemary oil. Store i n a sealable glass bottle. To use, pour a little onto a soft cloth a nd apply to wooden surfaces. Polish off with a second cloth until the surface shines.
Q Make up this polish in small quantities,
Keep this lightly scented cloth for general
as you need 1 The v1negar cleans, the oil nourishes and the lavender dismfects,
dustmg. Being slightly oily, it works much better than a plain cloth and will hold the
leaving that mcomparable scent.
dust as you pick it up.
1/2 cup (1 25 ml) distilled white vinegar
1 cup (250 ml) hot water
(or better sti l l , Herb vinegar on
2 tablespoons olive oil
page 292 made with lavender)
1 0 drops lavender essential oil
2 teaspoons ol ive oil 5 to 10 drops lavender essential oil
Combine all the mgredients 1n a Jar or bottle. 2 To use, pour a little onto a soft cloth a nd rub the surface until you achieve a soft shine
Whisk all the ingredients in a bowl. 2 Dip clean soft rags into the solution,
wring them out and hang them to dry. Store them 1n a sealed conta1ner and use them for dusting as required. 3 When the cloth is grubby, simply wash
and re-dip 1t.
H erba l p t c a r Ju t a, you
an u e h rlls to t re a t
u e n huma n a i l me n t s. � o u c a a l o or them effrc l i \ e l y for t h o, c m i n ailmen t
thai
o m c l i m e s t roubl e
your cal or dog. B u t reme m l1er. if an�
y mptom
pe r i s t . you
mu t �eek > eter i n a r
help.
ou
can al o u e herb, to keep you r
pel' hrdcling or·
I eping quarter
clean a n d fre h- mel l i ng.
ca l d . s u n b u rn or hol 'pol sal\ e �toe 1 era
g I take· the sling out
of cald and �unburn and ·oothe a n Itch 'h it h it
moi. t u rizing
properlie . Cut a n nlo
1·era
leaf and appl_ the gel dirrcll� onto calli .. sunburn or hot pots cau rd by !'\Ce \lake
i1e
crat h ing.
ure you a !11 a ) ' brea� orr
the more mature lean�s from the aloe 1 era pla n t .
F i g h t-the-fleas spray
Relieve the discomfort and s t mg of
and the incessant scratch ing can make
sunburn by spraying the affected a rea
owners pretty edgy, too. To keep fleas at
with cool water mixed with witch hazel.
bay, spray t hi s mixture o nt o yo ur pet's
I t has a numbing effect. Be sure to keep
bedding and di rectly onto your pet.
i t away from your pet's eyes.
1 cup ( 2 50 ml) water
4 to 6 drops tea-tree oil 4 to 6 drops lavender essential oil
Arthntis nfus10n
Su n b u rr1 soother
Fleas can drive cats and dogs quite crazy,
Wr n ter P3W mors
Lr
I n cold weather, your dog's paws can become d ry, particularly i f they spend a
Mi x i ng redients together and pour into
lot of trme out m the snow. Rub a daily
a spray bottle.
smear of calendula ointment over the
2 Keep spray by the door and spritz your
The pain and debilitating effects of
dog or cat each time it goes outside,
arthr1t1s can affect elderly cats or dogs
taking care to avoid the eyes.
affected areas.
p
It'
as well as particular breeds. Try these
Keep your dog's sleepmg quarters flea
two herbal remedies.
free and smelling fresh wrth th1s easy
•
Add a little chopped fresh parsley or grated gmger to your pet's diet.
•
Pour 1 cup (250 ml) borling water over
1
teaspoon fresh rosema ry
'eaves. St1r and cover for 1 5 m i nutes. Stram and store i n he refnger ator
herbal spray.
2 cups (500 ml) boi ling water 2 to 3 peppermi n t (or spearmint) tea bags
'/• teaspoon clove essential oil
for up o 3 days. Over severa l weeks,
Make a s rong tea with the water
m1x
and tea bags.
a
lit le mto your pet's food.
2 Allow o cool and add the essen tral
To
cleter �� Jedifer ririe
6�Jv 6edcl�
011. Transfer to a spray bo tie.
3 To use, spray onto the nsrde surface• o the kennel and wrpe clean Spray agam and allow o dry on the walls without rrnsrng. Be sure o wash t e beddrng regu lady, too.
E mbroid r p h o t ogra p h favo r i t
flowe r pre
'.
.
i n a a n d a r ra ngi ng,
\\ OOdwo r k i n
- wh a l e\ r
c r a fl o r h o b b . h rb
C hoo c from L h e e e a
.
ou r
h ave a pa r l to p i a .
t l i h p ro j e c L t ha L
fea t u re bo l h fre ' h a n d d r ied h r b .
I-I e rb a l s l e e p p i l l o w s 1-( c s l yo u r lwa d o n a p i l l m\ fi l l ed " i l l1 a ro rn a l i c h r r b qu id.l
F
a n d ou · l l fi n d y o u J'.' c l r r l c 1 \ i ng a n d c l r i fl i ng i n t o a n u n l ro u b l e c l leep.
ill your sleep pillow w1 h a smgle herb or with a combmat1on of herbs. Take
w
care to choose ones that will help to ease you r mental and phys1ca fatigue and also complement each other. Herbs known for
1 2 in. (30 em) square contrast cotton print
The pil lows vary in size from about 1 0 in. (25 em) square to 9'h to 1 2 'h in. (32 x 24 em). These instructions are for a 1 0-in. (2 5-cm) square pillow.
0 4 '/, ft. ( 1 .3 m) ric-rac or bobbl� braid
C 1 2 x 20 in. (30 x 50 em) cotton print
0 dried herbs of your choice, for filling
Po r p i l l o 11 fronl. c u t om' I 0!1-in.
( 3 em). Stitch hem in place . ( Back n0\1
B From calico. ut and . l i t h a n mner
( 2 7-cm l quarr l[ini�hrd
mea ·urt"i I 0
hw calm1ng propert1es mclude lavender and roses. Avo1d herbs such as eucalyptus and Cinnamon. as the1r more msistent a romas tend to energize rather han relax.
0 matching sewing thread 0 1 x 2 ft. (30 fine material
x
60 em) calico, or othtr
To m a kr \ o u r p i l l m\
mea u r e m r nt
+
''-in./1 -rm 'ieam
()
allo11 a net' on a l l .' ide ). From t he
6 111. ( 2 7
x
+
a i i011 a n re
hem med ertgr of thr bac� a l i gn 11 i t h
the con t rast fahric. rut onr Bark.
the � am 11nr of thr Flap.
eam a l lo11 ann'
+
+
Ides
the p i ll o\1 fro n t . rrm ·mlwring to a l l 011 for e, , arouncl t h e corners. Pres
u n der and · tilch a Y-111.
Fold thr flap ha k. over the bilCk..
( 1 -c rn ) do u b l e hem ( I i n ./2 em i n
so that t hr r igh t Sitlr of the flap is
a l l ) on one long edgl' of t h(' flap.
aga i n t t he 11 rong s1dt:' of t il · back..
\\ ith r igh t sidt' together a nd a iiOII \Og
7
\IIOII I!lg !l-m. ( 1 -cm) seam .
. •
utch
a X-i n . ( 1 -rml scam. <.; l \ tch flap to one
a round the three rclge.' . t h rough all
·1df' ol thr pillo\1 alon� the I 0/-m.
1c1�er.. (If ou hmr u�ed a 1 IJ bulk�
( 2 7-cm) eclg('. I ress st'dlll opPn.
:i Pre s u n de r '/ m. ( I em) on one Side or Bacf.... Pre
s
for fi l l i ng a n d t u r n mg.
!) 1\1rn the caliCO pillow to t he nght side o u t . and u e a grra e rroof paper cone to loo. rl:, fill it with
1
ed. t h!'n in ert the
P lap to ho l d 1l lll place.
toget her. haste ric-rac to edgr of
'{
( i ll th1 ca r. 10 m./25 em quare). 'ou 11 ill need to leavr dO opening
l.liii0\1 inw th e r01 er. u mg the
Sta r l i n g a n < l fini hmg in the center
of one , ide and 11 1 t h ngh t
fin ished cover measurement
opt'ning
/.
2-in./4-cm h e m ) .
2
p i l lo�,�o the amt' finished size a the
the hnb of our hoic . Stitch
30 em) ( samr
height as front ' finished 11 idth in./1 -cm
ide d011 n . so that ra\1
e
1 -i n ./2- m hrm ) . From
1 0:1 ' I I Yo i n . ( 2 7
pil l011 fron t . r ig h t sid<' up.
top. l'l"hl
�-in./ 1 -crn seam +
' 27 em. l
nap extrndell. Place the back on
1 5 ern ) . for t h e Flap
( amr height as fro n t ' -l�- i n ./ 1 2cm flap
I 0� in./2
on your work ·u rface. \\ ith t he
same fabric. c u t one rrc tang l t • . I 0/. \
Plac
x
u n cl e r aunllwr I Y in.
lll'ald. yO\\ might need to u�c a zipprl'
foot . ) '!Tim corner . fold flap liack. mt'r and turn t he COl t'!' r igh t s1dl' o u t.
l o th - re pe l l e n t s a c h e t Kee p yo u r
loL h i ng i n go d cond i t io n w i L h p re t ty sac hets
fi l l d w i L h h e rb
H
Lhat deLer wo u l d -b
erbs with properties that repel insects a re generally very a roma ic.
m a ra u d i ng in ect .
To m a ke \ ou r · a c h e l
Wormwood, whole cloves, bay leaves,
ing an appropriate!
eucalyptus, lavender, chamomile, crushed
saucer. lightly trac
cinnamon sticks, peppermint and feverfew
diameter c i r c l
are useful weapons in the fight against moths and other insects that can damage fabrics such as wool, mohair and other a n i m a l fibers. These herbs also help purify stale a i r, while rue is useful for keeping
2
in t h
lzed c u p or
i Stitch opening clo ed. trying to
a 4-in. ( I 0-c m )
be a accurate a po sible. If you want to add a hanging loop,
c n t r or one
square. I f using embroidered
insert the
orga nza or brocad . try to center
the opening and secure them in
molif or embroider
th
Plac
in the circle.
cond ·quare b neath
nd or the ribbon into
earn. Tie orr thread end
_
h To add a felt flower. u e the
pesky flies a t bay. For the best effect, give
Lh
the sachets an occasional quick squeeze
Carefully machine-stitch around
and c u t a Small flower and a Large
traced line. leaving an opening )
flower from two diff rem-colored
or shake to release more scent
first. wrong
ides tog ther.
t mplat.e
or about 2 i n . (4 em ror t he fi l l ing .
Not only are insects keen to make a meal of particular fabrics, they will also
Tie orr t h read
target ones stained with perspiration or
( remember you·re working on
food. Be sure to launder your household
the right
neatly on t h e back
ide of the fabric).
l i nen and clothes before you store them.
( ee opposite) to trace
era ps or felt.
7
Place the Small flower on top of th
La rge on
and center
a
button
on top. Place the flower unit in the center of the achet and stitch it in place through all th
layer with
two or three trand or embroidery cotton in
a
complementary color.
Tie off the thread ecurely at the
Each finished sachet measures 5 in. ( 1 3 em) approximately in diameter.
back or the acheL
0 2 x 6-in. ( 1 5-cm) squares plain or embroidered organza, lawn or pretty brocade CJ sharp pencil 0 machine thread 0 dried moth-repellent herbs and spices (use a mixture of any, or all, of the herbs mentioned above) 0 pinking shears 0 length of ribbon, for the hanging loop
Trim around
0 small or decorative button (optional) ::::J scraps of felt in two toning colors (optional) 0 stranded embroidery cotton (optional)
dge of cir le with
p i n k i ng shears. c u L l i ng about
:X in.( 1 . 5 em) fr m s l i tc h d l i ne. 4
Carefully fill t he sach t. with moth rep llent herbs. using a runnel or cone or paper. Don't fill too tight ly.
i{J.e J..W :rat � & Jlron;,er the
yayai'U:h
tlu7
ywe.r
�;;rotec:twn, � rlediructwer u�
ftlt flowtr t�mplat�
L a ve n d r h e a r t
achet
Tu c k o n e o f L h t>sc s a c h e t s u n c l e r a p i l e o f l i n e n O l ' c lo t h i ng. a n d L lw ge n t l e . a ro m a t i c fragra n c e w i l l p e r mea t e L 11 c fa b r i c .
L
avender has a fresh scent associated with cleanliness, which isn't surprising
when you consider that the name is derived from the Latin word for "to wash." The sachets work best in small, enclosed areas and their fragrance should last for about three months. After this time, they can be opened and refilled with some newly dried lavender. Alternatively, you could try a filling of cotton lavender. A moth-deterrent, it also has a fresh, aromatic scent.
Finished sachets are approximately 5 x 5 in. ( 1 2 x 1 2 em). 0 thin cardboard or template plastic 0 2 x 8-in. (20-cm) squares cotton print (or 1 square print and 1 square embroidery linen) 0 fine lead pencil 0 matching machine thread 0 narrow ribbon, for hanging (optional) 0 dried lavender 0 small button [optional) 0 Anchor Stranded Cotton: 101 Very Dark Violet; 1030 Dark Blue Violet; 860 Fern Green [optional) o crewel embroidery needle (optional)
yow � tnakf/ otw � � 6r CIUl/
r/raAAJii'tf ;rur
OWfl/
canl6oarrl f�&.Y.
To ma �c } O U r sac het Trace heart outline o n to thin cardboard
:l Making ur the ba k eam is
the point. clip the curves and turn the
or template pia lie and cut out. (U ing
centered. trace around the h art
sachet right side out through the center
template pia tic make it asier to
templat onto the wrong side or the
back earn.
center the embroidered de ign and
joined fabric quare. but do not cut out.
the center back earn on the fabric.)
achet with lavender and sl ipstitch
2 To make lhe couon print achet. cut
the opening closed.
one fabric quare in half. then ti tch lhe halv
3 Using a paper runnel. loosely fill the
6 Stitch a mall bu tton to the center or
back together again. allow
the h art. through all layers. using a
ing a 1/4-in. (6-mm) earn and leaving a .mall opening in the center or the earn
double strand or machine thread or embroidery cotton. Tie orr securely
for turning and filling. (Thi will be the remer back earn.) Pres earn open.
at the back.
7 To make the embroidered sachet. construct the back from a cotton print fabric. as de cribed above. F'or the embroidered front. trace the stalk position on the diagram
-t Place the two fabric squares right sides
very lightly onto the center or the
together. If you are using a hanging
embroidery linen. (You don't need
loop. in ert the ends into the seam at
to trace the flowers.)
the dip in the top or the heart shape. Stitch around the traced outline. taking care not to catch the ribbon loop in the seam. Trim away exce s fabric about X in. (6 mm) out ide the til ching. Trim
8 U ing two strands or 860. embroider the stalk by working two or three long straight stitches along the traced line for each stalk. making a tiny back stitch to anchor each straight titch. Thread the needle with two strands or each color (six strands in total ) and work flowers in small stra1ght stitch s on each side or the stalk . using the diagram as a guide.
H Making sure the embroidered motif is cent red on the heart shape. trace around the template on the wrong side.
10 Join the back and front together. titching around the traced outline and mak1ng sure the back seam 1s centered. F' ini h as for the cotton print sachet. ab01e (step 6). but omit th button.
Use this heart-shaped template to trace the sachet outline.
l l a n g i n g h e rb b a l l �·o r m a n d fu n c l ion go h n c l i n h a ncl i n t h i lh
con l c n l
\\ i l ll L h c
raeo n
'\ I "hen you choose your herbs, think V \ about their leaf shapes, colors and
m i n i h a n g i ng ga rd e n . C h a nge
a nc l pop in a fe\\ flO\: c r
for added color.
parsley, chives and Vietnamese mint for
•
their versatile culinary value.
g rowmg habit. We selected wild creepmg thyme as a g roundcover and oregano to
To ca re for you r ba l l
cascade over the sides, then contrasted
•
morning sun for one to two weeks. Herbs love the sun, so move it to a sunny spot, away from drying winds.
Select a secure position to hang the
the broad-leafed herb comfrey with the
finished herb ball, as it is heavy when
feathery foliage of the curry plant. Then
watered. Choose hooks and brackets
we selected lime-scented geranium for
that are designed to withstand the
its delicious fragrance, yellow-flowered
weight. Never attach brackets to
m angolds for a color burst, and basil,
crumbling brickwork or rotting wood.
Until the roots are established, hang the ball in a position that receives only
•
•
•
Feed the ball fortnightly with water soluble fertilizer. Water daily through the holes on top. Use a spray bottle to water the foliage so the herb ball gets a good drink.
lh IIWKI' \ o u r lu·rh ha l l S u pport IJil(' or lhP \\ trr hi:t'ikt' I S Oil a s u i t.thlf• stanrl (1\ t ' ll't'd a sm<JII ruhhhh b t n l 11 tth tht• h.Jskt't Iuter t n place Dr·rltlt' 11 hirh ha s kr l ts to llr lh•' upper ont• Thnro11gh l� \\ (' l t h r l inPr s o l l t'\pands. makmg t t f:'dSIN IO frt'J t(' tnst'rl tnn poi n t s . Crf:'att' a
t'rt{'S or holrs Ill l ht' hn!'r
so �ou can plant l ht• he rbs (11r usrd
11 tlh \Our
fingrrs). Prolrrt mdil ttlual
hPrb�
1� 1 l h ttlaslic lli'dll. Carl'fu l ly push them mtn hulrs i n prrparrd l t ner. Rrprat lor srrond haskt•t.
2 Vor a ltght11 rtghl gro\\ in� mrll t u m . lllt•nd pol l mg mi\ " it h pr rlitt· a n d
ll'rmiruhte rmx a n d partially fi l l Always wear garden gloves to protect your fingm from the sharp edges of cut wire.
ltaskt'l:>. Gt•nllr pr('ss potting m tx m to place to ensure a l l thr a i r rockrts <1 r r fil ll'tl around t h e roots. plan ling rom rn•y t h rough thr hol lom or the U pprr bt�skr l . Once you hcl\'l' pul LIH'
� 2 metal hanging baskets
0 2 coconut fiber basket l i ners (or bark liner or sphagnum moss)
C u t o u t a mrlr or corrugal<•d rarclboard to ro1er t he top or t ht•
containing both a slow-release fertilizer and a wetting agent
0 plastic wrap '1 wire corrugated cardboard selection of herbs (see opposite)
'J wire-cutting pliers 0 scissors n
lOp or t h e upper llaske l .
small bag of perlite and vermiculite mix
C' good-quality potting mix
�
ha l l togr l hrr. the
comrre1 11< i l l be growing out of t hr
garden gloves florist's watering can spray bottle
0 water-sol uble ferti lizer
(see To care for your ball opposi te)
upper IJa ·kcl. !'terre wtth ho l es to a l low \\ atrr 111 rlra t n t h rough \\ u c
11110 place. '\ l ign t he bask!'ts tn crratr tile ha l l .
\\ t rt' togethrr (wr u erl " trr
fennnl! c l i ps. llut
1 11 1 terl " i rr " ti l
do t hr samr tOll). Jlor rna\imum srcu rit . a t tach l ht' hangmg chams on t ht• \\ trr has�e t � to thl' r t m or both haskt•ls. I I' you l t kr cooktng a range or sptr'
\st,lll ilisltrs. plall t
Ill' s t rongly fla\lll'l'tl
ht•rhs. such as rortailllt'r. pl'rt l l a . Tltat hast! and r h i l tcs. Or. t f \ou 'rr fund ol \1rdt l l ' t'l'ancan reript•s. pla n t un•giino. sagt·. thyme l h l'i\t'
a 11d sa�
Ill I IH' Sd!OI' condtl ltliiS.
I-I r b a n cl fl owe r w r e a t h L ,c \Hea t h
t o clccora t
o u r hom . j u t a
o r fl O\: c r . Q u i k. a nd eas .
Lo c r a t . the
o u wo u l d po l l ee! p l a n L mak
a d l igll l fu l wc lcom
w rea h can be nch 1 n meaning. The
Romans a lso crowned their successful
what's 1n season in your garden - for
circular shape
m i l itary commanders with wreaths.
example, in autumn, berries and rose
IS
a symbol of 1 nfinity,
without beg m ning or end. It represents
Today, a wreath can be either purely
u n i ty, perfection and the cycles o both
decorative or s1gn1ficant in some way.
natu re and t1me. A l a u rel wreath was used
You can choose flowers a nd herbs that
hips can look stunning. Obviously, an herb and flower wreath is not designed to last, but most frames can
as a symbol of excellence by the a ncient
symbolise a relig1ous fest1val or a personal
Greeks, who a wa rded 1t to g reat scholars,
event, such as a birthday or wedding. Or
be reused many times and each one is simple to make. Once one wreath begins
a rt1sts, sold1ers and athletes. The ancient
you can sim ply make wreaths that feature
to fade, start planning the next one.
Fra m es
y-made fram es mad e You can buy r�ad wire, dried grasses of raffia. styrofoam, e t1mber. You can or some form of pliabl
Von/t over- �
from wisteria also make a timber frame will need to you ( s branche twigS or olive
;rur wreatlv-
ant thing stnp them of leaves) . The import r you use, the whateve that is er rememb to
if
material must bend smooth ly into a circle
A
but be sufficie ntly sturdy to hold the flowers and fol iage Without pulling out of shape. Finally, it should be easy to attach foliage and flowers to your frame.
Decorating the fra me How you decorate your frame is a matter
Evergreen wreaths can be just as attractive as floral ones. Try different combinations of leaf shapes and colors. We used bay and olive.
of mdividual taste. You can keep things simple, as we have here. or build up more layers with some supplementary flowers and herbs. Try using a combination of
To rna"'e \ O u r '' rea t ll
fresh and dried herbs and flowers, bearing
If you are u i ng a ribbon. Lie t h i
1n mind hat. once cut, some will have a
the ba e first. a, it i
onto
dirricult lo add it
shorter lifespan than others. With the
later 11 ithou1
flowers, experiment with a single color,
fo l iagr . Attach a leng t h of florist wire
several tones of one color or several contrasting colors.
Plant meanings Olive branches Peace, fruitfulness, punficat1on, strength, victory and reward.
Bay leaves Victory and excellence. Bay is an aromatic, broad-leafed evergreen.
Evergreens Eternal life and resurrection . Violets Faithful ness.
qua h mg or hiding th r
to make a loop for ha nging. A t the end of each ·tep. p l ace th
wreath i n an
upright posilion to check the co1 e rage and ha l a ncc. I l l
hard to 1 udge if
someth i ng
IS lopsided or 01 erworked
when it i s
I ing flat on a bc•nch.
La� the frame on a work
urface.
', mg t he 11 irr. attach ·hort l engt h s
or o l i l e branch to t he w h o l e Circle. a l lowing thrm to Ol'er l a p .
2 Add �hort lrngths of ha� spngs. t�mg th m on securely
C wreath frame (the one used here is 1 ft. (30 em) in diameter and made of wisteria), from florist supply shops and craft shops green florist's wire ( 1 8 or 22 gauge), cut into short lengths
11 i l h l h r
11 1 r e . Keep t hem sma l l : I he result should not
ur too bush).
Add small bunches of 1 1olets
Ol'
olher fl011 r r . ·uch as la11·nder. rose: ( I rimmed of t hm·n s ) . clove p i n b ol' ja. mmc. I f your cho. en
0 clippers
flower ha:, parlicularl� atlracl lll'
0 ribbon for hang ing or for decoration (optio nal)
inrl uclt· them. too. l i en•.
- olive branches
lt•a1 cs or the 1 ioh•ts rontrasl 11 i l h
�
bay sprigs violets
lt',II!'S th a i arc IIOfLII ft•al u nng.
l h r narr011 ollll' a n d
Llw hroall
lla� 1!•a1 1'S
6r �iltf
too ned r.uul tid:r
r� natural- look nwrf!/
u-far
�
Ta b l
.
c n t r p 1 cce
R 'l l a n c c l lw co l o r s . · l l a pc s a n < l L C \ L u rc · o f yo u r e ll a e n fl o\\ c r s a n cl l w r l ls L o g i v e
o u r ce n t e r p i ece a u n i q u e look.
xploit he natural charactens ics
durin g the life of the centerpiece, or exper iment with other sturdier herbs,
of each plant: floppier, softer plants good gently overhanging the sides of a con ai ner, wh1le stiffer, bolder ones
such as rosema ry and lavender. Sea hol l y Eryngium planum, E. alpinum and E. maritimum These plants bear thistle- like flowers in various shades
act as focal points and accents as well as prov1de support for the softer plants. Also work out how the flowers a re best viewed. For exa m ple, the hellebore flowers that we used do not look their best 1f seen from a bove; ensure that such flowers a re
Pieris, sweet peas, flat-leaf parsley, sea holly and hel lebores.
cupped by other foliage so that their faces
of blue or green, and have a metallic sheen. They are surrounded by spiky white, silver, blue, green or violet bracts. The flowers dry well and are attractive i n d ried arrangeme nts. In the 1 7th and
can be seen. Sweet peas, in contrast, have
many colors, from white to pink, mauve
1 8th centuries, the candied roots were
stiff stems and a ruffled profile, so feature
and red through to velvety purple-black.
considered an aphrodisiac.
them in the center of the arrangement.
The seeds are poisonous ( they contain a
Hel lebores Helleborus niger, H. orientali�
Choose plants w1th a gentle perfume
neurotoxin ) and should not be eaten.
If you pick these beautiful cup-shaped
and make you r centerpiece a reasonable
Flat-leaf parsley Petrose/inum crispum
flowers when they're mature, they will
height so that guests can easily see one
The bright green, serrated leaves of this
last for weeks as they slowly fade and
a nother across the table.
herb act as both a filler and a background
change color. They are lovely in float
for showier flowers. Parsley is the least
bowls. All parts of the plant are toxic.
Suggested p l a nts
hardy of all the plants used here, so
Use gloves when using this plant, as
Pieris Pieris japonica, P. formosa and
replace it with fresh cuttings as needed
bruised foliage can cause skin i rritation.
P. floribundo Pieris is a l so known as lily
of the valley shrub, andromeda or pearl bush. The small bell-like flowers form eleg a n t sprays, and range in color from
To m a k e � o u r cente rpiece
ivory white to a deep pinky red. The
Tri m the no\\ rr
leathery, oval leaves g row in attractive
appropriate height and remo\(,
spiral w horls. You ng spring leaves are
peot bloom
a n d herb
to an
or yello\\ ing lra1 es.
sometimes bright pink or red. Sweet peas Lathyrus odoratus These
old
2
Before you
oak thr . tern
in
water for at Ira t an hour.
�l
If you arc u. i ng flori:t's roa m . c u t i t to t h e m a k i ng
hap
half fi ll the container \\ ilh pebbl or marble . then add \\ater.
3 S ta r t i ng from the out 1dr ln. poke
tart making the
cen t ·rpiece.
fashioned, sweetly scented flowers come i n
container. If you are not u ·ing roam.
of t he contain r.
ure it sits about I i n .
the
t m, of the no11 N or herb.
i n to tbe roam . pe bbl e or ma rble
w hold th m i n place. 6 Turn the contai ner around a you ce \\iOrk . chec king for vi. uai !Jalan patche ·
0 container (we used a low, rectangu lar meta llic container)
( 2 e m ) below t h r top. othefll'i e i t
and fil l i ng in an
wi l l be visible on e the arrangement
Whr re nee
0 clippers
is fin i hed.
• more pieces of fol iage to pro\ ld t mi ling gh i l a with , h t. up por Fini
0 florist's foam (optional)
4 Soak the foam i n a bu ket or '' a ter.
·
spar
e
e ·ar}. Inter twin e som
or watrr from a
pra
bollle to
0 large pebbles or glass marbles, to anchor the flowers
a l lowing i t to ·i nk naturally. Tile foam ,hould b
complrtely sodden
���e them rrrre h 1he no\\ er and
0 flowers and herbs of your choice
b fore you u
i t . Plac
a dr11)
e
it in thr
loo".
Tu The '
1 e- m u .
pre l l
com b i n
T
IiLLI
f l owe r
l
bo u q u e t nd herb
ar
a no talgic w a
to
w i t h a p r on l i z d me
age .
usste-m usstes a re small posies of
to express h is feelings for his intended
flowers and a romatic herbs. They
with a tussie-mussie, known as a "word
were used 1n medieval and Elizabethan
were those relating to love and fidelity,
posy." There were risks attached to this
times to mask u npleasan t odors and
method of courtship, however: a slight
making tussie-mussies most suitable for wedding bouquets. Some appropriate
Among the most common meanings
a lso because their scent was believed
mistake in shade or pattern could
to protect the holder from diseases.
plants for such a bouquet might include
significantly alter the intended meaning.
bluebell (constancy), chervi l (sincerity),
such as the plague, that were though t
Also, some flowers have a mbiguous or
forget-me-not (true love), holly (domestic
t o b e spread by "bad a i r." This use led t o
contradictory meanings: for exam ple,
happiness). honeysuckle or violet (fidelity),
their other name. "nosegays." They were
hydrangeas can signify both "thank you
ivy or lime blossom (wedded love) and
a lso credited with refreshing the mind
for understa nding" and "heartlessness."
mint (warmth of feeling).
and sharpe n i ng the memory. T ussie-mussies reached the peak of their popularity with floriography, or the a rt of sending messages by flowers,
To m a l-..e � o u r L u, s i c - rn ussie
in the Victorian era. Va rious plants were
Soak th
considered to represent certain qualities or emotions. Some mean ings were adapted from classical mythology, others Young ladies and their suitors were
in water for at lea t
2 \ hen read to begin, remove from the water and wipe th
from ancient lore and religious symbolism. well-versed i n the meanings of various
tern
an hour. or overnight if possible.
'
C u t the
t m
tern
d r}.
on the d iagonal to
about 5 in. ( 1 2 e m ).
flowers and herbs. At the start of a courtshi p. it was common for a man
-1 Strip any thorn and all the lower leave
from the
terns.
3 If u in one central flower. hold it in one hand and u e the other to
Use a thorn remover (right, available from florist suppliers) to strip thorns from stems.
surround it with the first ring of
0 prominent flower(s) for the center (traditional tussie mussies had a single central flower. generally a rose, but ours uses several roses)
mailer flower
replicating the pictured tu mu
tart with a small handful
e
and filler flower around
thi . Rotate the po y a ensure a balanced
0 a variety of herbs and leaves
wrap the
0 wax florist's tape
flori t's tape. pre
0 about five large. broad l eaves to frame the bouquet (optional) 0 ribbon or strips of leftover wedd ing-d ress fabric 0 pearl pins 0 gift card
ie-
o f greenery a n d build a circle of ro
0 1 or 2 types of smaller complementary flowers
ie.
7 \ rap thr tern tightly from top
and herb . I f
tern
you go to
hape. Tightl
o f each layer with ing so th
will adhere to itself ( th di guise any u n tidine
ta p
ribbon will
u n til
all
the f1011 e r
with la rge lea es.
and herb
H Wrap the tem with ribbon or fabric. pin
ecuring it 11 ith pear l
tn erted into the tern
(at the top) and up the
are
the bouquet
tern
( a t the bottom).
q Tie matching or contra ling nbbon near the top of the the end
).
h Continur adding concentric layer u ed. Lastly. fram
to boLLom with flori t' tape.
f ( l If your tu
tern
·
lea1 ing
to trail decorative! ie-mu
·
ie i a gift.
include a ·mall card on \\ hiCh you ha1e \Hitten the name of the plant and their meaning
·
•
•
Th� posy pictured us�s white roses (innocence and purity), sweet peas (tender memory). lily of the valley (purity of heart, sweetness), rosemary (r�membranc�) and parsl�y (festivity). For a bouquet of condol�nce, you could choose from r�d popp1es (consolatiOn), ros�mary (remembrance), wormwood (grieO, weepmg willow (sorrow). lemon balm (sympathy), fennel (str�ngth) and borage (courage).
To wish someone luck for an exam or Job interview, consider basil (good Wishes), four-leaf clover (happmess). juniper (protection). buttercup (prom1se of riches), hawthorn or snowdrop (hope), lavender (luck). sage (wisdom) or dandelion (wishes come true). It's not only traditional occasions that can be enhanced by a little floriography. For a racier message, ry your luck with gardenia (ecstasy), tuberose
(dangerous pleasure or voluptuousness), conander (lust), forsythia (anticipation), chickweed (rendezvous) or red camellia (you're a flame in my heart) I
H e rb p o t t r i o C u to m i z d po t l a be l i ng
a re a p re L L
o u r h e r b . C h os
a n d pra t i ca l wa
of d i playi ng a n d
from b l a c kboa rd pa i n L ,
Len i l
S tc n c i l l e c l h e r b p o L
Wa h the pot in warm soapy water. then rin e. Wipe over with vinegar or
This simple and bold treatment uses a
methylat ed
stencil of the herb's i nitial letter. It can
0 ga lvan ized metal flower pot
be a pplied to a plain galvan ized metal pot. or one that has been painted a
0 vinegar or methylated spirits (denatured alcohol)
contrast color fi rst. This style of pot
0 commercial stencil (optional)
is useful if you a lways have a crop of the sa me herb on the go. We used a laser printer to create the stencil, but you can use hand lettering if pick a style of lettering that is not too
0 spray paint (or paint of your choice and a stencil brush)
thin areas, as these will weaken the stencil a nd a re less likely to transfer well. Plain, rather blocky lettering will give the most reliable results. Use spray paint in a well
ca rdboard or ou1 the
to
urface. U e spray adhe ive
tick the
tencil to the su rface of
your nower pot.
..J Spray the new paper until the pray is fine and even. then pray lightly and evenly over lhe cutout area of
0 cotton buds
the tencil. To avoid eepage and
0 mineral turpentine
drips.
0 newspaper or other waste paper
coat rather than one thick one.
pray two or three very thin
Allow the paint to become touch-dry between coat . then peel off the l neil.
0 terra-cotta pots
If you change your herb plantings frequently, try this g reat option.
0 small can of blackboard paint
When one herb is finished, you can w i pe off its name with a damp cloth,
0 chalk
wait for it to dry, then write the new name on with chalk.
tencil film. and cut
tencil ll1th a fine craft knife.
the work
ventilated area, preferably outdoors.
Po t wi th b l a c kboa rd pa i n t
and al low to dry.
3 Lay down some new paper to protect
0 fine craft knife and cutting mat
0 spray adhesive
pirit
2 Trace your cho, en letter onto thin
0 thin cardboard or stencil film (from craft stores)
you prefer. Whichever method you choose, complicated and that does not have very
a n d fe l t .
0 straight-edged paintbrush
Clean the surface of the pot as di rected on the paint can (the paint w i l l not adhere properly to a greasy or du ty surface). Al low the pot to dry thorough ly.
2 Car fu lly pa i n t the rim of the pot with the blackboard paint. Allow it to dry. then plant with herbs.
:{ u e c ha l k to write the name of the herb on the pot. !"or fun . use both the common and Latin or botanical names: iF you bought the herb
at
a n u r e ry. both names bould be given on the label.
e 5 Remo e any overspray or eepag
In turp entine with a cotto n bud dipped
led ide 6 Allow to dry omp letely . pal.n runn in u p . to prev ent the pain t from Plant wiLh herb .
·
F c l t po t
)
'
LJ\
t he pot on the papt•r. pms do11 n .
\ l a r� l h is poinl. ll hich
This unusual pot stands about 5 tn. ( 1 3
em)
11 iil l>t'
slo11 11
tht'
h1 gn . Fill t t wtth herbs and etther leave it
pms.
paper. tracing along l>olh top and
he herbs' roots will eventually grow right
roll
pot aero · · the
bottom edgt's as )llU go Stop
th roug h the fabric.
:I
l ine' at each end of the temp late t o
2 pms or toothpicks sticky tape pencil paper scissors
of thl'
llw lt'ITi pla l t', tap!' d pin Oi
tilt'
top .tn
t•
pol. alJonmg tht·m. and tl'tting
lht·m protru ilt• a l i ttle [H·I urul iht· t•dgt•;
tlit·st•
11 t i l an as ma rll' rs
IOJ
hd't'
o r t h e pot
C u t out lht• papl'r p i ece s along the marked l i n e s . \oli' t ha i
brown paper or newspap er
IOfliiJiliCk to
c u r� rtl lint•s. This forms
1Jra11 aroun!l t h e
:i
terra-cotta, galvanized iron or plastic flower pot to use as a template
To ffidkP
lll tJ
the l l' m p la l t' for the boil\ or l ht' pot.
1 2 x 1 6 in. (30 x 40 em) industrial felt, 3 to 4 mm thick
�
the
tlw start
dnil lnll h po in t ol t he tt· m p l a tt•.
\Uti
flo not
Pin the paper plt'crs to the frll and c u t rare l u l l\
7
Rrm01e l hl' pol. thrn dra11 ll'rlical
1010
h
11 hen
)OU reach tht' ptns dgam
stranded embroidery cotton
hme l tn ishetl. }OU should ha1e nne pot piece anti one base fllecr
l'dge or I he template Starting a1 the
aoove ground or plant it m the garden -
sewing thread and needle
nred a
the left
B u t t I he straighl l'dges of the pot and
o�t•rsl'll
tht•m together 11 i l h a sl'\\ ing
t h read in a matrhing color. \\ ilh st randrd emhroider) c o t t o n . 11 ork a l in t• of rross stitch along tht• st• a m . from sidt• to -;iflt' This tlt•cora t i i P s l i lch
.
t re ngt hens the l tll l l.
l �ing
se11 mg l h rrail. ti\erst'll the nrc u l a r hasc IIllo I hi' holtom oi l he
pot.
D i i ta l p r i n t t r a n fe r s Th
d ig i La l
pin
T
a m r a a n d P l' i n L
n c ra ft.
o b i n g c rea L i v
his is he simplest of projects, requiring no more than a photograph or other
l1 o p p u l a con tem pora ry ha
n v r bee n
Because the i mage will be printed facedown, it w i l l be a mirror image
Prepari n g the fabric Choose the article on which you want the
i m age, a hand towel or napkin to apply i t
of the original photo. This means that
print. We used hand towels and napkins,
to, and a trip t o t h e nearest digital print
you may need to ask the print shop to
but other options are T-shirts or
shop. Many craft projects require weeks
flip the i mage if you want it to be facing
tablecloths. For the clearest print, choose
of work, but if patience isn't your strong
a particular way.
a smooth. closely woven fabric in a
point, this is the project for you. Whether you rna e it for your home, or as a gift for someone else, the results are impressive. Choosi n g a n i m a g e You'll g e t t h e best results from an image that has a simple shape and not too many complicated a reas, such as the bay sprigs used on the napkins here (see opposite). Avoid using dark i mages, as they tend to become darker d u ring the transfer process. Images with a good contrast between light and dark w i l l work best. If photog raphing you r own i mage, place your chosen herb on a w hite background and shoot from straight overhead. If using a digital camera, set it to the hig hest resolution you ca n. This will ensure a crisp, clear i mage. Remember t h a t w hite does not print; the fabric w i l l show t h rough a ny parts of the design that a re w hite, so you will not, for exam ple, be a ble to print white flowers onto a colored fabric. I mages will show up best on w h i te, cream or pastel fabrics; dark colors and busy prints, on the other hand, a re both unsuitable.
0 a good-q ual ity i mage (see right) 0 fabric item such as a hand towel to which to transfer the image 0 small, sharp scissors 0 masking tape
At the digital print shop, a transfer print is made from the image on your disk.
on the fabric.
such as cotton natural fiber, nit fabrics work well, too, ine-k F or linen.
s, such as towe ling or but textured fabric in an unclea r result will , weave waffle may melt Imag e, while synthetiC fibers for the under the high heat that IS needed ring are ransfer you f transfer process. I ng, put a the 1mage to an item of clothi the garment inside paper brown of piece so that the transfer does not g o through to both the front and the back. Next, wash the fabric to e l i m inate the possibility of shrinkage, which can cause the transferred image to crack, then iron the fabric smooth.
1 you want the image centered but don't rust yourself to do this by eye, mark a crease by foldmg the fabric item n half in both di rections. Using cotton thread and long stitches, baste along this crease. The point at which the stitches intersect is the center. On the back of the transfer, draw horizontal and vertical l ines through the center of the design, then match these with the basting stitches. Once the image has been transferred and allowed to cool, remove the basting stitches.
Creating the transfer Take the photograph or an image on disk to a digital print shop. If your image needs touching up or cropping, the print shop will be able to do this for you. They can also digitally manipulate your image and, if 1t is small enough, repeat it so that you
Allow the item to cool for a ew min utes, then remove the backing from the transfer
get some spare images on the transfer
paper. Embellish the item with ribbon, beads
sheet, thus saving money (transfer paper
or embroidery, if desired.
1s expensive). Ask for the image to be photoc opied on o transfer paper at a size that fits your chosen item. Avoid handli ng the transf er paper while the ink is dryin g. Carefully cut out the 1 mage around the outlin e (do this at home i n an u n h u rried manne r, then bnng the proje ct back to the pnnt shop for the next step ). Usm g maskmg tape, position the transfe r pnnt
onto the fabric, faced own, ensu ring it is in the desired pos1t ion. Then get the prin t shop to transfer the imag e (they will use a high -pressure heat press).
Lau nd e r i n g Using m i l d detergent, wash a n d d r y the finished item o n a cool setting o nly. Do not use bleach. Don't 1ron the 1mage, as this can cause the ransfer o move.
A note on copyright If you take your o w n photog raph, you own the copyright to it and can use it as you wish. However, 1f you use someone else's i mage, you may risk inf11ng1ng the1r copynght; you cannot copy such a n 1mage for art1cles that you will sell.
M a k e sure y o u photograph y o u r h e r b or flower on a white background
Ki tc h e n p r i n t t r i p tyc h Ta ke yo u r fa or � i L c 11 rb photogra p ll clecora l
M
o u r wa l l
fro m c a m e ra L
\V i t il b a u t i fu l l m a g
c a n va
a n cl
t 11 a t won ' L co L a fo r t u n e .
a king your own masterpiece has never been eas1er. Many home
stores, photographic shops and online d igital photography com pa nies now offer a service that enables you to transfer your photographs onto canvas, to a size and format that suits you r setting.
0 3 good-quality i mages of herbs (we used flowering rosemary, hea rtsease and flowering sage) 0 d i mensions of finished print (idea lly, discuss this first with your chosen supplier; see step 1 )
To m a ke � o u r L ri p t � r h C h c k ou t
uppl ier of photographic
pri n ts on canva s . and fine! out what ize are ava ilabl suppl
and how be t to
your i mage.
2 T h i n k a bo u t where ou want to hang you r pri n t . Bear in m ind t h a t pri n t s a re made w i t h pigmen t i n k . wh ich i s extremely fade-resista n t . However. they
h o u l d not be expo eel to d i rect
s u n l igh t for long period or t i me.
�� Con icl r whether to have o u r pri n t l a m i n a ted. U n l a m i nated pri n t
at 11 h ich you are photog1·a phing
\\ h i l r placing th
object directly in
thr cen t er or t h e frame ma) 11 0r� a t
clea necl by d u s t ing t hem l ig h t ly w i t h a
a ngl
sort c l o t h . w h i l e l a m i n a t e d p t' i n t s can
l h r r la n t . taking t i mr to mrntally
l i me . zooming in a l i L L ie o r !lifting
arrange t h e hot b<'fore you take i t .
you r angle an t u rn an ordmar) image
be wiped down very gen t ! d a m p cloth Remember. t h
with a image i s
' a ter-resi tan t . not wa terproof.
-1
t h i n k abo u t your viewpomt and t he
can be
Tak
your photographs. Today. many or
even t h e most ba i
digital camera do
m uch of t h e hard technical WOI'k for you . What
ou need to c nccnt rate on i
crea t i ng a good rom po. i l ion. T rio this.
:i
De c id e if you 11 a n t to have t h e whole image 111 focu� or �,� hether you wa n t LO conce n t ra t r on j u s t one pa rt icular a rea,
u c h as t h r fiOII·eL. E\p r1ment
\l' i l h scale.
m a l l fiOI\ f r such a
hea rLsrasr t a ke. on a dramatic look when it occupies t he r n u re fr me.
i n to sorn e t h i n
dynamic.
D1gita l phowg raphy gi,·e" you immediate
11 a) cont rol orer 1rhat you are doing in a not. doe> raplly photog t lta l cunvr n l iooal delete If you Llon't l i ke the Jli'CI·ie ll ima!le. til n u imcnt Kxprr 11 and shoot anot her.
w1th. y o u g e t t he pic t u re y o u 11 a n t to lile
H erb c a n d l e h o l de rs a s pec i a l a u r a tha t's both roma n ti c
cand leligh t g n ra te and []a lteri ng. Th i
i m p l e p ro j e c t a d d
reating a relaxed atmosphere i s easy
C with candles, particularly if they are
a d cora t ive tou c h .
imp/e. bold leaves (bay): or fea thery foliage (fennel). Arrange the herbs on the copy plate or a photocopier
scented with herbs, such as roses, lemon verbena or lavender. With a few herbs,
and print a n image onto ordinary
some vellum paper and a photocopier.
paper u n t i l you are happy with the
you can customize your candles to suit
a r rangement. Then i n
your decor. setting and the fragrance
into the paper tray and print your
of your candles. Vellum paper (from the
design onto it.
French velin for calfskin) was originally
:i Wrap the printed vellum around the
used for scrolls and handwritten
gla s. then fix the edg
manuscripts bound into books. Today·s
each glas .
wide range of colors and is suitable for many papercrafts. It is available from specialist stationery suppliers.
To make you r ca ndle holder 1\'ork out tile size or vellum you will need to ll'rap around your glas . remembering to add a small overlap. Cut out a many pieces as you need.
2 Lay a Fe11 appropriate/ sized herb prig or lea�es on the paper to get
an idea or the arrangement you l i ke be L Try piky leave (ro emary):
These can be made to fit a glass of any size.
0 fresh herb leaves or sprigs. such as bay, fennel or rosemary
col
or photocopier
0 pale green translucent vellum pape r
0 straight-sided high-b all glass 0 double-sided tape 0 tea light or smal l herb-scented cand le �
together with
double- icl d tape. Place a candle in
vellum is made from cotton, comes in a
0
rL the vellum
j
Experiment with sprigs and leaves to get the effect you want.
H r b c a rd a n d tag pe r o n a l i pr
I
d h a n d rn a d
c a rd i
orn e t h i ng t o t r a u re , a n d
ed a n d d r i ed fl ow r a n d h e r b
f you w a n t t h e cards t o last a long time, use acid-free paper, cardboard
La
a t'e pe rfe c t for d cora t i ng t h e m .
nd r ca rd
Score th purple cards tock in half cross wi e. then fold i t in half to form
and cardstock. There is a vast range of
a
ingl -fold card.
beautifu l papers and cardstocks available, 2 Secure the maul'e decorative pa pe r to
and many of them a re handmade. For example, un ryushi paper, handmade i n Thailand, is semi-transparent and con tains short and long fibers. M u l berry paper comes in a range of textures and thicknesses. It is meant to be torn, not cut, producing a pretty frayed edge. We have given finished measurements but you can adapt them to a ny size you wish.
t h e center or the crapbook paper with
This card measures 4'/, x 6 i n . ( 1 5 x 1 1 em). 0 6 x 9 in. (22 x 1 5 em) purple cardstock
j u s t a dab of glue.
:l
a
0 4 x 5'/, in. (9.5 x 1 3.5 em) purple spot scrapbook paper
decorative paper to hold it in place.
0 3 x 4'/, in. (8 x 1 2 em) textured mauve decorative paper
width and tension on crap or paper
0 purple sewing thread
( I t's a good idea to te t your stitch
before you start.)
-t G lue the titched unit to the center
0 sewing machine
or the card tock card.
0 dried lavender sprigs and leaves The traditional method of pressing flowers is to place them between layers of absorbent materials in a book or flower press. While this is an enjoyable way to go about things, it is quite time-consuming. You can now buy flower presses that enable you to press and dry flowers in the microwave in a process that takes only a few minutes or less. Presses are available from craft shops and via the Internet. For best results, pick flowers and leaves in the morning when they are fresh but free of moisture. Give some thought to how they'll look once they are flattened: heartsease will flatten much better than a rose, for instance.
ing purple machine thread. work
l i ne or zigzag around the edge of the
:> Carefully glue lavender sprig and
0 tacky craft glue
leaves i n place on the front.
P re d flo\ve r \v re a t h ca rd !A.Jiuu'- �w need This card measures 5 in. (1 2 em) square. 0 5 x 10 i n. ( 1 2 cardstock
x
24 em) pale green
0 5 in. (1 2 em) square pale green unryushi or m u l berry paper 0 spray adhesive
U ing deckle-edge sci sor . trim the quare of unryu hi paper to 4X in.
0 deckle-edge scissors
( I I em).
0 dried herbs and flowers (we used chervil, heartsease and chamomile)
0 F'I/A glue
2
,! u e pray adhesive to glue the unryu hi
quare to the center or
the card.
half crosswi e a n d fold i t i n half to
rrang dried herbs and Oo\\e rs ull) i n to a \\ reath hape and caref
make a si ngle-fold c a rd .
glue each piece in place .
Score the pale green cardstock in
en fIn e card in front Orange blossom weddin g card, Scented va 1 d· fl d ower wreath car (instruc tions overleaf), Lavender card and Presse
l) C e n t l
ct \ l e n t i n ) ca t d
l i�ht ly ari'Os� the openmg - ll nrrds . omr
g1vr to con t a 1 n t he lwrbs.
t Place a s m a l l a m o u n t or dried la"rndcr and rose llr t a l
on t he Ol'gi:lnza. a n d
ust' tack craft gl u r to
curf" t h e
C8 1'd flap. C I I C I O ln!l t h e herbs.
This card measures 4 x 5'h in. ( 1 0.5 x 1 4 em). purchased trifold card with heart cutout (or make your own) gingham-pat terned scrapbook paper fine craft knife and cutting mat spray adhesive small amount organza or other sheer fabric tacky craft glue
O r a n gc b l o \\ cJ d i n c a rd What �w need
This card measures 5'h in. ( 1 3.5 em) square.
,..., 5'h x 1 1 in. ( 1 3.5 x 27 em) cream cardstock '-' 3'/, in. (9 em) square firm cardboard
dried rose petals and lavender
...J
C u t a rectangle of cra pbook paper
X in. (5 m m ) m a i ler all rou n d t h a n t he size of t h e c a r d front. i n g t h e card a
a tem plate. trace
t he heart o u l l i ne onto the wrong side of the paper rectangl .
ow add 3 to
5 mm a l l rou n d t h e tra ed outline a n d c u t o u t carefully w i th a craft knife. s i ng
pray adhe ive. g l u
th
paper
rectangle to the fron t of the card. taking care to po ilion i t accurately.
-1 G l ue a m a l l piece of organza beh i n d the heart-sha ped o pe n i ng by r u n n ing a thin lin
of glue a ro u n d the edge of
the heart. Don ' t
m
tretch the fabric too
4'/, in. ( 1 1 em) square pale green silk dupion
To make the orange blo a' man
cards tock With a
mall dai y punch . Ligh tly scor e ea h peta l from the edge or the cente r to the lip. (This 'Mil make th peta ls c u rv sligh tly, givmg them a t h ree-di mcn ional appea rance. )
) u ing ali ix trands or yellow e mbroi dery thread in a large needle , pu h thr ne die through the center of a dai y from the fron t . Bring the needle back to the front. clo original entry point (a
tail or thread on the front (abo�e). I n ert i t again i nto the fir t hole. then back to the front aga in.
nthread the
needle and trim the loops and end of thread to about � in. ( I e m ) long. creating a set of tamcn . (The will
blo
0 tacky craft glue
to the
though you
were ewing on a button). leaving a
b
0 spray adhesive
om . punch as you desir e from whit
held in place when you glu the om to the background.)
C 4 in. (10 em) square olive green cardstock 0 small amount white cardstock 0 daisy punch (from craft and scrapbooking stores) 0 yellow stranded embroidery cotton 0 large embroidery needle 0 small pressed leaf sprays (we used new shoots from murraya) 0 craft g lue 0 orange essential oil (optional) 0 cotton bud (optional) Scor
the c r am card tock in half
crosswi a
a n d fold in half to mak
ingle-fold
ard.
2 Lightly p1·ay the front of the 3�-in. (9-cm) cardboard quare with spray adhe ive and plac
it facedown in the
center of the wrong side of the silk d u pion quare. Pold the edge of ilk to
li Pold up the edge of the petal around . the center and along the core line
7 Arran ge and glue th dried I ar pray· ired on the silk background in the de palle rn. (Th i can be quite fiddiy pray ou m ight find it easie r w u e om adhe ive.) dd the orange blo
the back. folding the corners neatly. and
to and glue in place with craft glue
secure in place with tacky craft glue.
hold them secure ly.
:� G l ue th
i l k-covei'Cd
quare to t h e
center of t h e olive green cardstock square. G lue t h i s u n 1 t to t hr front or the cream card.
B If you wish to add fragran cent er and
tamen
c.
dab the
or each bio, om
orange with a cotton ball dipped in ce. choi e enU al oil or one of your
H rh t ags In Gre�k mythology. the bay tr�e was constd�red sacred to Apollo. the sun god. and lat�r to his son Aesculapius, the god of medicine. Apollo b�cam� infatuated with a lovely nymph called Daphne. Sh� spurned htm and b�gg�d th� gods to rescu� h�r. Thetr solutton was to turn her mto a bay tre�.
This card m�asur�s 3'/, i n . ( 9 em) squar�. 2 x 2'1. in. (5.5 x 7 em) fine corrugated board
3 /, in. (9 em] squar� cardstock 2 /.
x
2'1. in. (6
x
Whil� vtctors at the first Olympic games w�re crowned wtth olive leaves, later they were replaced wtth bay and dedicated lo Apollo. The traditton tS still retamed in terms such as "poet laureate" and th� tmportant French secondary school examtnation, the "baccalaureate ·
7 em) plain calico
tacky craft glue herb sprigs (we used chervil, rosemary, parsley and sage) hole punch natural string c:tut· lht• C"Cli"I UI-!d l r•tl hoa nl lo till'
r�rtlhoarrl " l lltlft' 011 an ;mglc•.
.! i'rd\
lht•
c·tlQ!'
l l1t·11 gl w·
rl 111
of l ht • 1 .rlrr n lht• rl'lllt'l of
.r l r l l lc· .
1 111'
'ornr�atc ·d ho;m l. off-sc•11 r11g 1 1 a a r r r g
1 : 1 r w .r sprrg r.rlwo
ol
t l r wtl lll" r h I t t l i lt"
hac �grmrrul
l 'u11rh ,, holt• r r r c r ru· .Ctltl i1 S ( l " l lll: i ll'.
ror rrn
.rrr t l
H
I
r o t ri n cl 0\\1 bo
C reCH e a ga rden o n J o u r \\ i n c l c m s i l l . o u t doors o r i n . a n c l C' n j o a n d c o l o r of ll n l l s t il ro ugh l lw :c a s o n s O n I .
to
creaff!/ aJV
to Ji"�
l la s i c c a r pc n t r
t h e fragra n C ' . la: t c s k i l l , a rc rcq u i r 'Cl .
Wu-ed"inf;uunt �� � w JfO� w C()nfra&tinf C()tor oftloJ�y acrF
Of//
iatur e porta ble wmdow box is a m m s1t it on a you ther Whe garden. attach it to brac kets to w1ndowsi ll or ide wall , this simp le outs an cheer up decorative and practi cal. both IS tner corta moda tes three The design neatly accom such as pots of herbs. Trailin g herbs,
1 1 J l l l d "l' \ O ll l' \\ t l l d l l\ h I
Wit .r 'ww nePd t1
Finished box is 1 9'/, x 9 x 6'/, i n. (488 x 228 x 1 70 m m).
iums look e1em ng primrose or nasturt upright ones, th 1 w ed contrast good when
40 x 2-mm galvanized twist nails
ing herbs such as ch1ves or dill. Try group exa mple, for s texture t differen w1th
35'/, X 7'/, X '/, in. (900 19 mm) radiata pine
pos1t1o n velvety, furry sage alongsid e
82 X 1 '/, X 1/• i n. (2 1 00 1 9 m m ) radiata pine
shmy basil and t1ghtly curled pa rsley. Customize your wmdow box to SUit
your culinary reqweme nts, teaming spicy Vietnamese mmt w1th Citrus-flav ored emon balm and pungent. peppery thyme. Color can play a part, too. Purplish- red
drill and '/.,-in. ( 1 .5-mm) twist bit 1 90
X
42
X
external gloss acry l i c paint for top coat sandpaper, handsaw pencil, tape/square measure
mmt and bnght red chilies a l l make a
small paintbrush
v1sually strikmg splash.
hammer, p u tty
ou doors, it will be constantly exposed o he vagaries of the weather, so make sure you choose quality materials. If you
X
external undercoat paint
perilla, cream-and-gree n variegated apple
If you pos1t1on your window box
X
C u t a 111 ·rr of 7
1 l:iO
m.
'
l !l llliO) Jllllt' l n lO d
1 1 !lO '
I \ 1 71
m m ) lt·nglh for t h t •
ln.
ha�r
and
IIH' Jnps or I he ends. D r i l l 2 hole� a t e a c h end ul t h r .,. Jcnglh . . 1 J a m m r r i n
dec1de o hang 1t on brackets, check that
llil l ls. ��·pt•at o n I h e o t h e r ·1de.
hey are strong enough to support the we,ght of the pots and that the surface on which you place them and the box 1s not cracked or crumbling.
i'O'> I l ion remaimng
2
i lHH-nHn )
lt•ng l h s
IX
hi' /011 l hl'
lop r u n g and rrpec�l lil' l l l l n g
and
As for your chosen herbs, keep a n eye on the mo1sture content of he soil 1n the
\ 1 9/.-l n . tn
(:lO
mm)
hillllllll'rtng.
Sand l lrnhr•J a l l mer l ' u n r h nat/ hl'ads
pots. Wind and sun can q u 1ckly dry 1t out.
dlld pu l l � lll l'r I hem. St"
r/HN'n
\ 1 /011 t'
lll'illl'l'
color sand mg.
Sandmg l ilt' rmal roal 11 1 1 1 g i l t' • Try color
theming your window box With flowering herbs. A mauve and purple theme could include herbs that enjoy a sunny position, such as sage, hyssop and lavende r.
•
•
Or plant a variety of the same herb. Try common mmt, peppermmt and spearmin t, or sweet basil, Thai basil, holy basil and 'Red Rubin: Choose a color theme that will complemen t your house's exterior paint scheme. For exampl e, white flowering herbs such as valeria n and Roman chamom ile look fresh Wtth a blue color scheme.
2 ' nv.
m
f 1 70
t'lllh. C u i t i l l '
/,
\
Ill.
m rn ) /cng l il '> for l il t •
�1 \
I U 111111 p i n t • m l o
I I \ IB H 111 111 1
l t'lll!l h'.
S,uHI JJI t • t lgn Jlltl !'lllllt'l''> l ll'lll
i l1ob l ll
hollulll 11111 / rom
t' dt h of l ilt• t•ntl
Ill ({0 1 1 1 111 1 u p / 1 1 11n 1 111'
)lll'll''> I
ho l t' '
l'ilCh 'lilt'
Ill
1 10
1111 1 1 1 1 1 1
and l llll' 1 1 1 J ilt·
Cl'fl/1'1' \ , I I / I ill' l'lhh lo J ill' h,N· IIIli'
t'llti .11
.I l l lllt'
/!1
1'11 1 1 11111
.t
on t•.tdl
'>lilt•
•-Ill I
ol J i ll'
/IIB-11 1 1 1 1 ) lt ' ngl il
""'·
It'\,., 11 1 1 11
d I'US/11'.
C / i s i i'('SSt' t/ 11111�
J ill' IKJ\
Cui in
a ro u n d t h
wor l c l d e rive m u c h of Lh e i r'
d i t i nc t i e c h a ra t c r fro m L h e a d cl i L io n o f h rb and
pic
. G o o J o be t ro t l i ng wi t h Lh i , co i l c L i o n
of e c i pe . fro m pa L a a n d p i c k !
L o m e a t a n cl
fi h . fmm o i l
a n d cl r i n k ' .
a n d b read
to c a ke
c
I 'I'll<' C \ l i'C:lO I'C l i l l c l i'J l'i: l llg< • o l' l l cr l l.' a n < l ,' p i C< ' S Cl \ Cl i l a l l i C ' LO us l oda� co n l i n u < · s t o < ' \ PC l l H I . d r i \ < ' n IJ
\ m u l l i l u dt•
oI
I I ( 1\ o ''-
consumer clcmaml.
·
Can you t magine pasta sauces wtth no basil, Japanese food without wasabt or Mextcan food m m us the chdies7 Creatmg
1
a uthenttc dtshes from around the world has never been easier.
hi '
I
I
t
Astan herbs, 1n parttcular, have enjoyed a h uge surge 1n populanty 1n recent years, and That basil, conander, Vietnamese m mt, perilla, kaffir ltme leaves, lemongrass and
herbs IS that you'll find you can cut back on the a mount of salt you add to your food. The herbs will be flavor enough I
turmeric a re becoming easier to sou rce.
one flavor to dommate the others. Herb
One golden rule ts to avotd allowtng
Also, the season1ngs used in Africa. the
and spice mtxes such as garam masala
Mtddle East, the Caribbean tslands a nd
and ras el hanout a re a delicate exercise
Bouquet garni, an herb mix used in class1c French cuisine, t ncludes parsley, bay and thyme
As a general rule, when cooktng w1th herbs, the soft-leafed ones, such as conander, are best added Ia e tn he
Latin Amenca are more readily available,
in balancing a wide range of flavors. Even
and 1 n Australia, native plants such as
if you l i ke a bit of hea , too much fresh
cooking process to preserve thetr flavor
lemon myrtle and other "bush" herbs are
chili can overwhelm the more subtle herbs
The coarser ones, such as rosemary, are
betng added to the cook's repertoire.
and spices accompanying it. Similarly, very
tdeal for dishes hat require long, slow
pungent herbs, such as fresh coriander,
cooktng. Dried herbs are usually more
used 1n rectpes: flowers, seeds, stems and
a re not to everyone's taste, so a light
concentrated in flavor than fresh ones, so
roots are also often included.
hand is recommended.
you will need less of them.
And tt's not just the leaves that are
Ba l a n c i n g a c t
You can always add more fresh herbs at the table. In Iranian and Vietnamese
Fresh h e rbs
The recipes i n this book g1ve measures
cooking, a bowl of fresh herbs is a standard
Select vibrant, aromatic leaves w1th
for the amount of herbs and sptces to
appetiser or accompaniment. Similarly, the
use, but you can vary them to suit you r
Lebanese offer a platter of fresh herbs and
taste. One of t h e g reat bonuses o f using
vegetables as part of a meue table.
no signs of wiltmg or yellowing. Ideally, buy fresh herbs as and when you need them. However well you store them, they qUickly deteriorate in flavor and appearance, particularly the soft-leafed varieties such as flat
Chop ht>ril�
11 1 1 h
moolhha ped
d
m e ua l u n a t ha l f
l ll <� t i < ' l .
,1 sh.Jrp
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or snssors. \ou (\Ill ust• a food proeo•ssor lo1 lil l'g<' l J U I I ( hes. I H I I don ' t ol <' r-pron•,, l ht'lll. Finr ft•aled l ! t·r l l s
l l � lla n d . as
c.Jn dho lw �hretltlt·tl
lnll l'Odl'�l' l ll'l'il�. such
rn'><'ITidl'� . n<'t'ti nne c h o p p i ng
u n ll'ss 11 l l o l l ' s p r ig l U I I IH'
a n · appl'o pr i d l l'
n•ri pl'. l l t•riJs '> ll< h d'> h
COI'I<J iltil'l' d l l d sag!' dN'Ofor i f I IH'I
cl rt ' rhoppPcl ltiO <'dl'l\ i l!'lon· usr
leaf parsley, coriander and lovage. The coarser herbs, such as thyme and rosemary, are a little hardier. Store fresh herbs for no more han 3 or 4 days. Loosely wrap unwashed bunche s in damp paper rowels and s ore 1n an airtigh t contai ner or sealed plastiC bag in a cool place. Altern atively, stand the stems in a jug the with a ltttle water and loosely cover the tn Store bag. c plasti a leaves with refrigerator, chan ging the water daily. and Or store the herbs tn plastic bags of et crisp table vege the place them 1n
the refrigera tor.
•
ic boxes or Buy herbs sold in plast keep well they bags celloph ane refrrgerator. 11 stor ed in the fresh herb s by ped chop ve r Prese
Thi: �election of hrrlis and sptcrs
r freezrng them 1n a l1ttle wate i n
lila! }Oll can gro11 )Our�elf or bu) is
ice-cube trays.
a u�l'ful culinar starting pornt. ( I f
for more detailed informa tion, see Harvesting, preserving and storing ,
clwrnurntiL'. d�tHieilon
pages 172-5. Delicate herbs such as
1 c rl1rn a . )
\Oll ' n iOY makmg herbal tras.
add
Ba�tl. hd). h t lics. chi\C'..
basil do not dry well, but more robust herbs such as thyme and rosema ry
conand�r. dill. garlic. gingt·r.
retain their fla or well and are a
lcmungrass. lt'mnn t ree ( t t '. an hrrh.
convenient alternativ e to fresh.
tool. liJ\agc. matwram or oregano.
When you are ready to use them, wash
mint. pat·sley. t•o,emat'). sage.
herbs in a bowl of cold water rather
tarTaoon. lll) me and \irtnamr�e m i n t .
than running water, which can bruise them. Pat them dry with paper towels.
Dried h e r bs
and s p i c e s
While you may prefer the taste of herbs ptcked fresh from the garden, there is
B u y d r i e d herbs a n d spices i n small
Whole spices, such as coriander and
quantitieS to avoid waste, and store 1n
cumin seeds. retain their flavor a n d
a i rtight containers r n a cool, dark place.
a r o m a longer than ground. Grind them
Ignore the use-by date on commercial
in a spice grinder, or i n a coffee-grinder
products, as the dried herb or spice may
kept specifically for the purpose, or use
cooKrng, for example, dried oregano
deteriorate long before the given date.
a mortar and pestle.
(rrgani) IS used extensively in preference
The best way to check for freshness is
Spices add color as well a s flavor.
to fresh, while paprika, rather than fresh
by smell, taste and appearance - for
Paprika adds a glorious red color, while
chilies, is an important ingredient i n
example, color fading is a good
saffron and turmeric transform
Hungarian food.
indicator of flavor loss.
a dish 1nto a golden yellow.
always a place for dried or frozen ones as well as for dried spices. I n Greek
•
LOm
NG
329
I
)
Q u a l i ty i ngred i e n ts m a ke grea t-ta s t i ng o i l s that e n h a n c e d i p . m a r i n ad e s .
l
·1 <
a u c e s a n d d re s i ngs. C h a nge h e rbs w i th the seaso n .
il
Cook� fi(P
3 tablespoons fresh basil leaves
1'o terilize jars. wash jars and lids thoroughly in warm. soapy water. using a botlle brush. Rinse well in cold water to remove all traces of soap. Stand jars on baking tray and place in oven.
1 cup (2 50 m l ) boi l ing water 2 cups (500 ml) olive oi l
Heat oven to 2oo•F ( 1 oo•c). Leave oven on for 45 minutes; turn orr. Remove jars when cool enough to handle. Or. wash jars and lids in dishwasher on the hottest cycle. Cool before handllng.
1 Place basil leaves in medium bowl and cover with boiling
water. Sta nd 2 minutes. Dra i n ; pat leaves d ry. Process basil and oil in food processor until combined. Alternatively, finely chop basil leaves, add 2 tablespoons oil and mash basil into oil with a fork. Add remaining oil. 2 Leave 2 to 3 days to allow flavors to develop. Strain oil
through musl i n ; pour into clean 17 fl. oz. (500 m l ) bottle. Store
Lc m ongrass o i l
in a cool, dark place. Use with tomatoes and salad greens.
2 to 3 fresh lime l eaves
MAKES 2 CUPS (500 m l )
2 cloves garlic
Preparation 1 5 minutes p l u s 2 t o 3 days for infusing
3
1 stalk fresh lemongrass
x
'!.-in. (5-mm) slices fresh ginger
2 cups ( 500 ml) peanut oil
Ro.. e m a ry o i l
Lightly bruise lime leaves, lemongrass, garlic and ginger by hitting them with the flat of a knife. Place herbs in
2 or 3 large sprigs fresh rosemary
clean 1 7 fl. oz. (500 ml ) bottle; pour in peanut oil.
3 cloves garlic
2 Leave 3 to 4 days to a llow flavors to develop. Store in a
3 fresh bay leaves
cool, da rk place. Use with fish and seafood.
2 cups (500 ml) olive o i l
Lig htly bruise rosema ry, g a rlic and bay leaves by hitting them with the flat of a knife. Place herbs in clean 17 fl. oz.
MAKES 2 CUPS (500 ml) Preparation 10 minutes pl us 3 to 4 days for i nfusing
(500 ml ) bottle; pour in olive oil. 2 Leave for 2 to 3 days to a l low flavors to develop. Store
in a cool, dark place. Use with pork and lamb.
-- - - - - ------ ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Her6 ��V
. .
wtth The more robust the herb, the better the finished oil. Expeflment or mint marjoram or oregano, chilies, garlic, chervil, coriander, chives pestiCides Clean the leaves very carefully to remove all traces af dirt or
MAKES 2 CUPS (500 m l ) Preparation 1 0 minutes plus 2 t o 3 days for infusing
- - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - -· - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Too� of � trari�V
.
.
Muslin is a type of very finely woven cotton fabr1c. It JS used i n the same way as a sieve. allowing liquid to pass through while retaining any unwanted sediment. Look for i t in kitchen
supply or fabric shops.
Basil oil Rosemary oil, lemongrass oil and
J
c r l1
t\ · \\ i l h o i l t h e l )e t
.
\\ i n e v i n e ga r
ar
grea l ly i n p r i c
a n d q u a l i ty.
o u c a n a ffo rc l . 1;�, p e r i m e n t w i t h d i ff re n t L y p
'I a r rago n mHI r C ' < l
\\ i n l \ i n ega l'
F ( ' ll iH
o buy
of v i n egar.
l
a n fl sa ffro n v i n ega r
1 5 fresh tarragon leaves
4 sprigs fresh fennel leaves
1 0 j u n i per berries
2 to 3 whole dried chilies
2 cups (500 ml) red wine vinegar
2 cloves garlic
Lightly bruise leaves and berries by hitting them with the flat of a knife. Place bruised leaves and berries in
'I• teaspoon fennel seeds
pinch of saffron 2 cups (500 ml) white wine vinegar
clean 17 fl. oz. (500 ml) bottl e ; pour in vinegar. Place fennel leaves, chilies, garlic, fennel seeds and
2 Leave 3 to 4 days to a llow flavors to develop.
saffron in clean 1 7 fl. oz. (500 ml) bottle ; pour in vinegar.
MAKES 2 CUPS (500 ml)
2 Leave 3 to 4 days to allow flavors to develop.
Preparation 1 0 minutes plus 3 to 4 days for infusing
MAKES 2 CUPS (500 ml)
R i ce
\ i n ega r \\ i l h
Preparation 10 minutes plus 3 to 4 days for infusing
co r i a n d e r
lr:t � too . . .
3 fresh l i me leaves
4 x '/.-in. (5-mm) slices galangal 2 cloves garlic
Red ch i l i vinegar
1 5 to 20 fresh coriander leaves
Cut 1 long red chili i n half lengthwise and place in clean
1 cup (250 ml) rice w i ne vinegar
25 fl. oz. (750 ml) bottle with 2 whole long red chilies. Pour in Lightly bruise lime leaves, galangal and garlic by hitting them with the flat of a kn ife. Place herbs, including coriander leaves, in clean 8 fl. oz. (250 ml) bottle; pour in vinegar.
3 cups (750 ml) white wine vinegar. Seal and store. Berry vinegar
Combine 1 lb. ( 500 g) berries (such as a mixture of raspberries,
2 Leave 3 to 4 days to allow flavors to develop.
strawberries and blueberries) and 3 cups (750 ml) white wine vinegar in a large ceramic or g lass bowl and stir well to lightly
MAKES 1 CUP (250 ml)
bru ise fruit. Cover mixture and leave in a cool place for a few
Preparation 10 minutes plus 3 to 4 days for infusing
days to infuse. Pour mixture into saucepan, bring to the boil and remove from heat. Allow to cool. Strain mixture through a double layer of muslin into clean jars. Seal and store. Makes - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CookJ, f�
The seeds o f herbs, such os dill, fennel, celery and coriander, con
3 cups (750 ml).
be
used to make seed vinegars. Prepare in the some way as herb vinegars. To retain their flavor, store herb vinegars and oils in a cool, dark place.
and rtd Rice vinegar with coriander, Tarragon vinegar on saffr wine vinegar, and Fennel and
H erb a n d p i c e p i c kl e !any pickle
rely o n s p i ce s for t h e i r a se rtive flavor. The fre h e r
the spice. t h e better t h e res u l t. o i t' b e s t to b u y l i tt l e a n d often .
Chili jam 1 th cups (250 g) char-grill�d capsicums, s��d�d and skin r�mov�d 2 long r�d chili�. roughly chopp�d 1 small r�d chili, roughly chopp�d
'I• cup (60 ml) oliv� oil 1 small brown onion, fin�ly chopp�d 2 clov�s garlic. fin�ly chopp�d 1 tabl�spoon palm sugar
Heat oil in medium saucepan over medium heat. Add chili, garlic, ginger, turmeric and mustard seeds; cook, stirring, 1 minute. 2 Add eggplant, salt, vinegar, sugar and water. Cook 10 to 1 2 minutes over low heat, addi ng extra tablespoons of
water if mixture gets dry. 3 Remove from heat, stir through coriander. Refrigerate
until required. Serve with eggs, chicken or fish.
1 tablrspoon fish sau� 2 traspoons tamarind pask 1 tablrspoon fin�ly chopp�d fresh coriand�r l�av�s 1 tablrspoon fin�ly chopp�d frrsh mint l�av�s
Process capsicums and chilies in food processor until smooth. 2 Heat oil in small saucepan over medium heat. Cook onion 1 to 2 minutes, until softened. Add garlic; cook 30 seconds. 3 Add capsicum mixture, sugar, fish sauce and tamarind ; cook 10 minutes on low heat, stirring occasionally. Stir through
herbs; bottle until needed. Serve with barbecued food. MAkES APPROXIMATELY 1 CUP (250 ML) Preparation 5 minutes Cooking 1 5 minutrs
MAKES APPROXIMATELY 2 CUPS (500 ML) Pr�paration 5 minutes Cooking 12 minut�
Dat
.
lim
and mint chulne
1 tablespoon v�getabl� oil 2 t�aspoons fin�ly grated fr�sh ging�r
'I• t�aspoon ground clov�s 'h t�aspoon ground cinnamon 112 t�aspoon ground cumin 'h t�aspoon chili flak�s 2 cups (350 g) roughly chopp�d pitt�d datrs 1 cup ( 1 25 g) raisins 1 tabl�spoon sugar
'I• cup (60 ml) whit� winr vinrgar
p i cy eggp l a n t re l i , ' h
'h cup ( 1 25 ml) fr�sh lim� juic� zest of 1 lim� 1 cup (250 ml) wat�r
2 tablrspoons vrg�tabl� oil
2 tabl�spoons finrly chopp�d fr�sh mint leav�s
1 large r�d chili, fin�ly chopp�d 1 clovr garlic, fin�ly chopp�d
Heat oil in small saucepan over medium heat. Add ginger,
1 tablrspoon fin�ly grated fr�h ging�r
cloves, cinnamon, cumin and chili flakes; cook, stirring,
1 traspoon turm�ric powdrr 1 traspoon mustard sr�ds
1 minute.
1 mrdium �ggplant, cut into '1.-in. ( 1 -cm) cubes 1 traspoon salt 'I• cup (60 ml) whit� win� vin�gar 1 tablrspoon sugar
'h cup ( 1 2 5 ml) wat�r 3 tabl�spoons roughly chopp�d fr�sh coriand�r l�aves Date, lime and mint chutney; Chili jam and Sp icy rggplant rrlish
2 Add dates, raisins, sugar, vinegar, l i me juice, zest and water;
cook over low heat, stirring regularly, until fruit is soft. 3 Remove from heat, stir through mint. Refrigerate until
required. Serve with meat or cheese. MAKES APPROXI MATELY 2 CUPS (500 ML) Preparation 5 minutes Cooking 1 2 mmutes
lc 1 b b
Jtt r
S p rca c l t h c, c !'l m O I'- packrcl b u t t e r
on crust
u sc t h e m to ei re, s u p cook cl vege t a b l e
C 01 i a n ct e r a n d c h i l i
b read. o r
a n d ba rbecu d m ea t .
l> u l l < ' l'
S a ge b u t t e r
'/• cup (40 g) macadamia nuts, roughly chopped
2'1• sticks (250 g) butter, softened
2'/. sticks (250 g) butter, softened
1 tablespoon finely chopped fresh sage leaves
3 tablespoons roughly chopped fresh coriander leaves
3 tablespoons finely chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley leaves
2 fresh l i me leaves. finely chopped
1 0 pitted medium g reen olives (1/• cup/30 g), roughly chopped
1 large red chili, finely diced
2 anchovy fil lets, finely chopped
1 tablespoon l i me j uice
Place softened butter in medium bowl. Add remaining Toast chopped macadamia nuts in d ry frying pa n on medium heat, tossing until smal lest pieces a re just golden. Transfer to small bow l ; cool before use.
ingredients; mix until well combined. 2 Place butter mixture on a piece of plastic wrap about
8 in. (20 em) long. Roll mixture into a log about 2 in. (5 em)
2 Place softened butter in med i u m bowl. Add toasted
in diameter; wrap tightly. Chill until required.
n u ts and rema i n i ng ingredients; mix until well combined. Preparation 10 minutes 3 Place m ixture on a piece of plastic wrap about
8 in. (20 em)
long. Roll m i xture into a log about 2 in. (5 em) i n diameter; wrap tightly. Chill until requ i red. Preparation 10 min utes Cooking 2 minutes
Parsley and lemon butter
Combine 2 '/, sticks (250 g) softened butter, 3 tablespoons finely chopped fresh parsley, 2 teaspoons grated lemon zest, 3 teaspoons lemon j uice, and salt and freshly ground black pepper. Blue cheese and herb butter
Combine 2'/. sticks (250 g) softened butter and 4.5 oz. ( 1 25 g) blue vein cheese, chopped. Add 1 tablespoon each chopped
Cookj_, f� All herb butter are prepared in the same way and are very versatile. Fre h or dried herb . ground spice . sun-dried tomatoe . c hopped nuts. mu Lard . wine. I mon or lime ju ice and man other ingredient can be incorporated. Formed into a log and wrapped in pia lie wrap, butters will keep for up to 1 month in the freezer and up to 5 day in the refrigerawr.
fresh chives, mint and dill. Add 1 tablespoon white wine. Horseradish and mustard butter
Combine 2 '/. sticks (250 g) softened butter, 2 tablespoons horseradish cream, 1 tablespoon Dijon mustard and 2 tablespoons finely chopped fresh parsley.
Ginger and spice butter
Al low to soften slightly at room temperature before slicing into
Combine 2 '1• sticks (250 g) softened butter, 2 teaspoons
rounds. You can ha lve the quantities given here. if prefrrred.
finely g rated fresh g inger, 1 teaspoon mild chili powder and 1 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce.
Sage butte Cor iande r and chili butte r and
r
I
t I Jc ) a uc .
11
Pea t u r d i n m a n dip ,
l iar
c u 1 1 n e , the e de l i c io u s
e rved o n t h e
i�
a uc e s c a n be u sed a s
i d e O l' i n c o r po r a tecl i n to a w ide va r i e ty of d i s hes.
Fra n k fu r t g re e n Ha u c
c
8 dried chilies
'/, oz. ( 1 5 g) each fresh borage, salad burnet, parsley and sorrel
2 cloves garlic, peeled
't.
oz. (20 g) each fresh chives and cress or watercress
112 teaspoon salt
•t.
oz. ( 1 0 g) each fresh tarragon and chervil
2 tablespoons olive oil
'1. cup ( 1 2 5 g) mayonnaise
1 teaspoon ground caraway seeds
1 teaspoon German mustard
1 teaspoon ground coriander
2 hard-boiled eggs, chopped
112 teaspoon ground cumin
1 small pickled gherkin, with dill, chopped 1 small onion or shal lot, chopped
Soak d ried chil ies in very hot water 30 minutes. Drain.
1 clove garlic, chopped
Remove stems and seeds. Place chil ies, garlic, sa lt and
salt and pepper
ol ive oil i n a food processor; blend to a paste.
grated rind and juice of 1 lemon
2 Add the remaining spices and blend. Pack into an a i rtight
container a nd top with a thin layer of olive oil. Keeps for a month in the refrigerator. Thin with a l ittle oil and lemon j uice or hot stock before use. Use as a condiment with eggs and couscous-based dishes. This fiercely fiery, chili-based sauce is a feature of North African cooking. If using fresh chilies, omit the soaking step.
2 tablespoons sour cream or yogurt (optional) 1 egg yolk 1 Chop all the herbs finely. 2 Add ingredients in given order, seasoning to taste and
beating in egg yolk last of all. Serves 4. You can vary the herbs used in this German sauce, but be sure to a lways use 7 or 8 different ones. Serve with fried or poached fish or cold fish with hard-boiled eggs, cold meat,
r
au
or use as a sandwich filler.
7 oz. (200 g) sorrel leaves, chopped
1 '/• cups (3 1 0 ml) fish or chicken stock 1 '1. tablespoons (20 g) unsalted butter
u )f
ham
1 tablespoon plain flour
2 (or more, to taste) small red chil ies, seeds removed
4 tablespoons cream
2 cloves garlic
salt and freshly ground black pepper
1 teaspoon sugar 2 l imes, peeled and chopped
Simmer leaves in stock 5 minutes. Allow to cool slightly. Puree in blender or food processor. 2 Melt butter in saucepan, add flour a nd stir over gentle
heat u ntil blended. Add p u ree to the pan ; simmer about 4 m i n u tes, stirring. 3 Add cream and season to taste. Serve with poached w hite
fish or salmon. It a lso goes well w ith pasta. Serves 4. A classic in French cuisine, fresh sorrel gives this sauce a sharp, lemony taste. When preparing sorrel, cut out the central stalk, which can be rather tough.
1 tablespoon hot water 1 tablespoon vinegar 5 tablespoons fish sauce 1 Pou nd chilies and garlic to a fine paste. Add sugar and
limes; pound to a pulp. 2 Add water, vinegar and fish sauce. Serves 2.
An indispensable seasoning in Vietnamese cooking, this spicy mixture can be served with mixed salad greens and herbs or used as a dipping sauce or marinade.
t r c rl> a n d � og u l'l ��t u c <· 4
Place bowl over saucepan of s1mmering water. ensunng water doesn't touch bowl. Keep stirring until the butter has melted.
tab lespoons fr�sh chopp�d mix�d h�rbs such as chi�s. coriand �r. dill, l�mon ba lm or parsley
5 Repeat with remaining butter. adding small amounts at
1 clov� garlic. crush�d � 2 tabl�spoons lemon juic
a time; stir after each addition until melted. Remove sauce from heat. stir through extran herbs and
cup (250 g) yogurt salt and freshly ground black pepper 1
serve. Serves 6.
pinch of paprika
Tarragon is synonymous with this French classic. a relation of hollandaise sauce, which uses a reduction of lemon juice.
1 Combine herbs. garlic. lemon juice and yogurt.
One of the most versatile of sauces. it goes well with meat.
2 Season to taste with salt, pepper and paprika.
chicken or fish.
A light alternative to egg-based or creamy sauces, this recipe
can be varied according to what herbs you have to hand. but use at least three types. Serve with salads, curries or as a dip.
Bra r'naise
sa u c e
'/• cup (60 ml) whit� wine vinegar 6 black pepp�rcorns 1 fr�sh bay l�af 1 spring onion. roughly chopped 1 tablespoon each fin�ly chopped fresh
tarragon and ch�rvil leaves 2 �gg yolks pinch �ach salt and white p�pper 'f,
cup ( 1 1 0 g) unsalted butter, softened
1 t�aspoon �ach fin�ly chopped fresh tarragon
and ch�rvil leav�s. �xtra
Combine vinegar. peppercorns, bay leaf, spring on10n, tarragon and chervil in small saucepan. 2 Bring to the boil, then leave to boil.
uncovered, until liquid is reduced to about 1 tablespoon. Remove from heat; set aside. 3 Place egg yolks in medium
heatproof bowl ; add salt, pepper and l 't, tablespoons (20 g) softened butter. Strain
reduced vinegar mixture into same bowl. •
. ...
•
1 \ ,' t o i .' a , ho\\ ca,·r fOI' rrr:l1 ba,' i l . P i s l o u . t h e F re n c h \ at' iR l i o n or L 11 i s l lc I i a n
a u c r . i ,' m a c l
2 1/2 cups [3 1 0 g ) plain flour 3 teaspoons baking powder 1 large egg 1 1/2 cups ( 3 7 5 m l ) butterm ilk
w i L hou L pine n u L
Preheat oven to 400°F (200°C). Sift flour and baking powder into large bowl. Add egg, buttermilk and basil pesto; mix until well combined.
5 tablespoons basil pesto
Line a 4in. x 8 in. ( 1 0.5 em x 21 em) loaf tin with baking paper. Spoon loaf mixture into tin. Swirl tomato pesto through top of loaf; sprinkle with sun
4 tablespoons sun-dried tomato pesto
dried tomatoes and parmesan.
'I• cup (40 g ) chopped sun-dried tomatoes
packed in oil 'I• cup (30 g ) freshly grated parmesan
extra basil pesto, to serve
Bake 40 to 45 minutes, or until cooked. Turn out onto a rack to cool. Serve warm, spread with extra basil pesto. MAKES
1
LOAF
Preparation
15 minutes
Cooking 45 minutes
lr:t �' foo . . . Sweet basil has a spicy aroma with a mild aniseed flavor. Bosil 1s synonymous w1th pesto, but other soft-leaf herbs such as fresh coriander or rocket con also be used. For another variation, try a mixture of equal quan tities of a strong-tastmg herb such as purple (opal} basil or lemon basil and a milder one, such as flat-leaf parsley or mint.
:\ l a k i n g pe to Use 2 fat cloves garlic, peeled, 1 oz. (30 g) pine n u ts, '/4 c u p (30 g) freshly g rated parmesan or pecorino cheese, 4 heaped tablespoo ns fresh basil leaves (tough stalks removed ) and 3 tablespoo ns good-q uality olive oil. Process d ry ingredie nts roughly. Add oil i n a steady stream ; mixture should be slightly g rainy. Add more oil, if needed. Pack i n a jar; top with a fi l m of olive oil. Sea l ; refrige rate. Use within 2 weeks.
rn c t
fo( a c c i a
T lw d o u o h fO I' l h i � I t a l i a n fl cH b i'ca c l i
c n r i c h e c l w i th o l ive o i l .
li r u : h \\ i l h o l i \(' o i l a nc l l o p \\ i t l1 h e rb ' . o l i ve s or
a l t before b a k i ng.
7 g (1 packet) dried yeast
pinch of sugar 5 fl. oz. ( 1 50 ml) lukewarm water 1 '12 cups ( 1 85 g) plain flour 112 teaspoon salt
3 tablespoons olive oil 1 tablespoon finely chopped fresh
rosemary leaves 1 tablespoon olive oil, extra 1 tablespoon finely chopped fresh rosemary
leaves, extra 1 teaspoon sea salt
Mix yeast and sugar with 2 tablespoons l u kewarm water. Stir in remaining water; stand 10 minutes. 2 In large bowl, mix flour, salt, olive oil,
rosemary and yeast until well combined. 3 Turn out dough onto lightly floured
surface; knead lightly, about 5 minutes. 4 Replace dough into lightly g reased bowl.
Cover with clean tea towel and leave to rise in warm place about 45 minutes, or until doubled in size. 5 Preheat oven to 400"F
(200°C). Turn out
dough onto lightly floured surface; knead lightly a further 2 minutes. Shape dough into a ball; lightly press down to make disk about 1 in. (2 em ) thick. 6 Place disk on oven tray; brush with extra
oil and sprinkle with extra rosemary and sea salt. Bake about 20 minutes, or until well risen and golden. MAKES 1 LOAF
Preparation 15 minutes plus
Tr� tlu:Y� too . . .
55 minutes standrng Cooking 20 minutes
Sill i t tl c�nd roa. t or· grr ll i t for s;urd11 ichrs. For a quic� or· lwriH'ruru ' ''grtaiJies anti pizza. pan-fry on the c u t sidr. t ht'n top " i t l l h o t roastrd Eat fo ·a cia j u t a
r t r ·. o r
III L il fre grated chedddr or· par·me. a n . ur t h i n sltet's of mozz
h llasrl.
sao a n d p 1 0 C i U L LO cJ a m p r b
Trad i t iona l ! . l h i fire in outback 2
oz.
i
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u l ra l i . O u r mod rn
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.
(50 g) prosciutto. roughly chopped
2 cups (250 g) self-raising
flour
2 teaspoons baking powder 1 teaspoon salt 2 oz. (50 g) fetta, crumbled 1 tablespoon finely chopped fresh sage leaves 1 cup (250
ml) milk
1 tablespoon milk, extra
Preheat oven to 425°F (220"C). Cook prosctutto in dry frying pan on medium heat, stirring until browned and slightly cnsp. Drain on paper towel: cool. 2 Sift flour, ba ing powder and salt into
large bowl. Add cooked prosciutto and remaimng ingredients: mix together until well combtned. J Turn out dough onto lightly floured
surface: knead lightly about 1 minute. Shape dough into ball and flatten slightly. Usmg sharp knife, cut a cross on surface of dough, about 1 in. (2 em) deep. Place dough on oven tray: brush with extra milk. Bake 25 to 30 minutes, or unttl golden. MAKES 1 LOAF Preparation 15 m•nutes Cooking 30 minutes
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hacon m u ll r n s
5 oz. ( 1 50 g ) bacon, finely chopped
'l�t r· r agon
mH I p u m p k i n s< o n < 's
2 cups (250 g) self-raising flour
H• cups (2 1 5 g) plain flour
'h teaspoon salt
2 teaspoons baking powder
3 tablespoons (40 g) chilled butter
'h teaspoon salt
1 cup (250 g) mashed cooked pumpkin, cold
2 tablespoons chopped fresh chives
2 tablespoons finely chopped fresh tarragon leaves
2 tablespoons freshly grated parmesan
'h cup (60 g) freshly grated parmesan
1 large egg
1 large egg
'/, cup ( 1 85 ml) butterm ilk
2 tablespoons milk
'f, cup (60 g) bu tter, melted
Preheat oven to 400°F (200°C). Sift flour and salt into Preheat oven to 356°F ( 1 80"C). Cook bacon in dry frying pan
medium bow l ; using fingertips, rub butter into flour until
on medium heat, stirring until crisp. Drain on paper towel ; cool.
mixture resembles breadcrumbs.
2 Sift flou r, baking powder and sa l t into la rge bowl . Add
bacon and rem a i n i ng ingredients; mix until well combined. Spoon i nto l ig htly oiled m u ffin pan. Bake 1 2 to 1 5 m i nutes, or until cooked. Turn out onto w i re rack to cool.
'2 Using a plastic spatula or wooden spoon, fold in remaining
ingredients until combined. Turn out dough onto lightly floured surface; knead lightly until smooth. J Press or roll out dough evenly to about 1 -in. (2-cm) thickness.
Cut out scones, using 2-in. (5-cm) round cutter. MAKES 1 0 Preparation 1 0 minutes Cooking 1 5 minutes
4 Place scones on tray lined with baking paper. Bake
18 to
20 minutes, or until scones look evenly browned and sound hollow when tapped. Turn scones onto wire rack to cool. MAKES 1 2 Preparation 1 5 minutes Cooking 20 minutes
lin nw a n d goa t 2
llwese
mul I ins
cups (250 g) plain flour
Preheat oven to 400°F (200°C). Sift flour, baking powder,
1 'h teaspoons baking powder
sugar and bakmg soda into large bowl. Add remaining
1 tablespoon sugar
ingredients; m1x until well combined.
teaspoon baking soda 1 tablespoon finely chopped fresh thyme leaves 3 tablespoons finely chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley leaves
Spoon mixture into lightly oiled muffin pan. Bake 1 5 to
'1.
3'/, oz. (100 g ) goat cheese, crumbled 1 large egg
18 minutes, or until muffins are cooked. Turn out onto
wire rack to cool.
1 1• cups (310 ml) buttermilk
MAKES 1 2 Preparation 10 minutes
3 tablespoons (50 g) butter, melted
Cooking 18 mmutes
t
I
) LJ (
R i c l1 i n a n l io \ i t l a n L ' . p e p pe ry wa te rc re s i n u L ri l io u ' of
one or the mo t
a l ae! gree n s . Coo k on l y b r i - fly L o prese rve i t
v i ta m i n s . 1 tablespoon olive oil 6 spring onions, thinly sliced
25 oz. (700 g) washed potatoes, peeled and diced 6 cups ( 1 112 I) chicken stock
2 bunches fresh watercress (about 7 oz./200 g in tota l), tough stalks removed 2 teaspoons bottled horseradish sauce 1/2 cup (1 25 g) creme fraiche or sour cream
2 tablespoons fresh chives, cut into 1 -in. (2-cm) lengths
Heat oil in large saucepa n ; saute spring onions until softened. Add potatoes and stock. Bring to the boil. Reduce heat; simmer 1 5 to 20 minutes, or until potatoes are tender. 2 Add watercress and horseradish sauce.
Add creme fraiche, reserving a little. Stir u ntil watercress wilts. Do not overcook. 3
Using food processor or handheld blender, process soup until smooth. Divide among 6 serving bowls, add a swirl of the remaining creme fraiche and sprinkle with chives. SERVES 6
Preparation 10 minutes Cooking 30 minutes
lr:r t�, too . . . Spicy-style watercress soup
In place of horseradish sauce, stir in 2 teaspoons very finely chopped fresh g inger. Omit creme fraiche. Sprinkle with chopped fresh Thai basil and coriander leaves. Serve with lime wedges. Summer chil led soup
Use a mixture of half potatoes and half leeks. Season cooked soup with salt to taste. Refrigerate 3 to 4 hours before serving. Sprinkle with chopped fresh dill.
Sea food coco n u t o u p Tang kaffi r l i me lea e Tha i cook i ng .
a re a t ra d i L i o n a l rlavo r i ng i n
h red lea e
n
d l - L h i n for L h i
r
ip
J'h oL (100 g) flat rice noodles o r noodles of your choice 1 tablespoon pean ut oil 3 stalks fresh lemon grass, inner white part finely sliced (about 3 tablespoons) 2-in. (5-cm) piece galangal, cut into thin slices 1 tablespoon chili paste 4 cups (1 I ) chicken stock 2 cups (500 ml) coconut milk 2 tablespoons shredded fresh kaffir l i me leaves 1 tablespoon palm sugar, finely chopped 'I• cup (60 ml) fish sauce 14 oz. (400 g) firm white fish fillets, cut into 1-in. (2-cm) cubes 8
large shrimp, shelled and deveined, leaving tails intact
2 tablespoons fresh lime juice 1 tablespoon roughly chopped fresh coriander leaves, to serve 1 tablespoon roughly chopped fresh Thai basil leaves, to serve lime wedges, to serve
Place noodles in heatproof medium bowl and cover with boiling water. Stand 10 to 1 5 minutes, or until soft; drain and set aside. '- Hea 011 in large saucepan. Add lemon grass, galangal and chili paste; cook, stirring, 1 minute. Add stock and coconut milk. Bring to the boil. Reduce heat; simmer 5 minu es. Add kaffir lime leaves. palm sugar, fish sauce and noodles; s1mmer a further 3 minutes. Add fish; cook 2 minutes. Add shrimp; cook 1 minute, or until shrimp turn pink. Remove from heat Stir through lime juice, conander and basil. Place noodles 1n servmg bowl. Add soup and serve with lime wedges. SERVES 6 Preparation 20 mmu es Cook ing 1 2 minutes
Inyeclient F{!/ Palm sugar 1� a drnst·. I I 1s sold
nldplr
10
�llr�1
s.rup and sufl
!J rU\1 1 1
pJilll) l d, or ,ugur pdlm Ulldlalidhlt·. 11 ,, , PquJI l 'dlh
su�ar madt· lrom '"" lrom l lu·
rounded <"<•kt•s n l m rlers hlorb "" jars I I wgM
S )u p
\\
i ttl l1 ( I l) ci u m p l i ngs
l i e rb l u rn p l i ngs t u rn a , o u p i n t o a s u l ) , La n l i a l m ea l . F o r a bo l e ! C IC' r
rl \ o r. u
leave s o f fre h lo ag
i n plac
of p r le .
3 5 oz. ( 1 kg) roma tomatoes, halved
Preheat oven to 3so·F ( 1 Bo•c). Place tomatoes (cut -side up). garlic and onion
4 cloves garlic, u n peeled
on ba king tray, sprinkle with salt and drizzle with 1 tablespoon oil.
1 red onion, peeled and quartered 1 teaspoon sea sa It
Roast vegetables 30 m i n utes. Remove from oven, cool slightly; roughly peel
2 tablespoons o l ive oil
tomatoes a n d peel ga r lic.
1 8 oz. (500 g) blade beef steak, cut into 1 -in. (2-cm) cubes
4 cups (1 I) vegetable stock
Herb dumplings 6'/, oz. ( 1 90 g) self-raising flour 'f, cup (60 g ) butter, chil led and cut into cubes
Using food processor or handheld blender, process vegetables 1n medium bowl until smooth. Heat remaining 1 tablespoon oil in large saucepa n ; brown meat i n batches. Return meat to saucepan with tomato mixture and stock; simmer 45 minutes before adding d u mplings.
2 tablespoons grated parmesan
To make d u m pli ngs, place flour in medium bowl. Using fingertips, rub butter
1 tablespoon finely chopped fresh ch ives
into flour until mixture resembles breadcrumbs. Using a wooden spoon or
1 tablespoon finely chopped fresh parsley
plastic spatula, fold in parmesan and herbs. Add m ilk, using flat-bladed knife;
1l2 cup ( 1 2 5 m l ) m i l k
m ix until just combined. Knead briefly.
Her6 ��
Using a teaspoon, scoop dough roughly into balls. Shape with floured hands.
In France, lovage is called celeri batard, or false
Drop balls i n to soup, and sim mer, covered, 1 5 min utes. Divide soup among serving bowls.
celery It has a much s tronger flavor than parsley when used raw but its pungency diminishes in cookmg. Try the leaves and stems m salads.
SERVES 6 Preparation 20 minutes Cooking 1 hour 30 minutes
Prepa ri ng t he d u m p l i ngs
R u b butter a n d flou r togeth er until m ixture resemb les breadc rumbs.
Use a wooden spoon to fold in parme san and herbs. Add milk to form dough .
Shape Scoop mixt ure roug hly into balls. . hands d floure with q uickly
ta Thi root
crun h
an
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c
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can be g ra L r c l a n d froze n . G ra t i n g r e l e a
e
rad i s h
th i r p u ngen t vola t i l e o i l .
3 5 oz. ( 1 kg) small kipfler or baby potatoes, halved 2 small heads of ch icory 112 cup (20 g) chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley leaves
2 tablespoons roughly chopped fresh tarragon leaves 112 cup (60 g) roughly chopped walnuts j u ice of 1 lemon 1 tablespoon grated fresh horseradish root
7 oz. (200 g) creme fraiche or sour cream pinch of sea salt
Cook potatoes in large saucepan of boiling water until tender. Drain; cool briefly. 2 Place potatoes in large bowl. Add
chicory leaves, parsley, tarragon and walnuts; toss to combine. 3 Combine lemon juice, horseradish
a nd creme fraiche in a small bowl; season with sea salt. Pour dressing over potatoes; toss to combine. SERVES 6 Preparation 15 minutes Cooking 10 minutes
Cook J, fi(-v becau e Lhey
ed warm in this salad will better absorb the
flavor of L h
dre
added to cold
p
Potatoes a r
u
ing.
dre 'ing
wtoes tend
Lbem ralber Lhan soak in.
LO coat
F a t to us h , u ma c i a d a r k p u r p l i , h - rcd grou n d ' P i e w i th a le mon La ' le . I t '. u c I i n Leba m' e d i ' h ,
u h a
l igh ll
o u r.
t h i s brcacl
alad.
4 pita brrad s 1 tablespoon olive oil 1 tablespoon suma c oz. (500 g) small roma tomatoes, halved
18
2 Lebanese cucumbers, quartered and cut into l -in. (2-cm) lengths 1
red onion, halved and finely sliced
5
tablespoons finely chopped fresh coriander leaves
5 tablespoons finely chopped fresh mint leaves 5
tablespoons finely chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley leaves
12 butter lettuce leaves, torn in half 5 oz. ( 1 50 g) fetta, crumbled n
oz. (75 g) kalamata olives
Sumac dressing 1 clove garlic, crushed '/, cup (60 ml) lemon juice '!, cup 'I•
( 1 2 5 ml) olive oil
teaspoon sumac
pinch of sea salt
Preheat oven to 350"F ( 1 80"C). Cut each p1ta into quarters; lightly brush with oil and sprinkle wtth sumac. Place pita on oven tray; bake 10 to 15 minutes, or until golden and crisp. I Combine remaintng salad ingredien s in
large bowl. Tear ptta quarters into smal l pteces; add to salad. To make dressing, whisk all ingredien ts tn small bowl. Pour over salad; toss gently and serve. SERVES 4 TO 6 Preparation 1 5 m1nu tes
Cooking 15 minutes
!r� flu:
lnsll'drl of h.J�IIll!. I I) lr�mg p ii,J hrt'ilil tn J Ill ! It• nhlt' utl unttl t'f'l\p. Til t s s.JI.Hl one ol man1 such !rugal pt'JSillll l11\ht•s nrnund tht· 11 nrltl thal u t' hn•arl (oltt'n
I>
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\ I i d d l c I� a L c r n , a l a d . a n d i n o t h e r ga rn L' h e ,' 4 large pita breads, halved
I H I h e rb m ixe
To make tabbouleh, soak burghul i n hot water 1 5 minutes. Drain; squeeze
8 thin slices rare roast beef 4 sl ices (90 g) Swiss-style cheese, ha lved
out excess water. Combine with remaining ingredients in medium bowl. and season to taste.
8 cherry tomatoes, q uartered
1
' Fill pita bread halves with tabbouleh, beef, cheese, tomato, avocado
med i u m avocado, peeled and sliced
2 tablespoons h u m m u s
and h u mmus.
Tabbou leh
SERVES 4
7 oz. (200 g) burg h u l o r cracked wheat
Preparation 10 minutes plus 1 5 minutes soaking
2 medium tomatoes, peeled, seeded and finely chopped 1 Lebanese or small cucumber. finely diced 5 tablespoons finely chopped fresh m i nt leaves
Persi l lade
lf• cup (30 g) finely chopped fresh flat leaf parsley leaves
This combination of chopped fresh parsley and garlic gives a great flavor boost
2 spring onions, finely chopped
to a dish if it is added just at the very end of the cooking process. It can also be
2 tablespoons olive oil
used as a garnish. Vary it with the addition of lemon zest or anchovies. Tarragon
ju ice of 1 lemon
or thyme can be used in place of pa rsley. Use 1/2 cup parsley to 2 cloves garlic. Chermoula
A Moroccan herb and spice mixture, chermoula is used as a marinade for meat,
Her6
poultry and fish. It can also be a ppl ied as a paste, w hich forms a crust during
�f!/
When eaten in portions of at least
cooki ng. Chermoula traditiona lly includes a mixture of fresh coriander and pa rsley but the combination of spices can vary. For this version, combine 1 oz. (30 g), fr�sh
parsley can tams useful amounts of VItamin iran and calcium.
Tabbouleh
C,
112
cup
each fi nely chopped fresh coriander and parsley with 1 small finely chopped red onion, 2 cloves crushed g a rlic, 1 teaspoon each ground cumin, paprika, turmeric and chili powder, 112 cup [ 1 25 ml) olive oil and 2 tablespoons lemon juice.
Persil lade
Chermoula
t
I I
T h i ' L a l ig h t . h ea l l h ro l l
.
1 r i ng r l l
.
a l lc r n a l i
to d c p- f r i d
Yo u c a n a d d , h r i m p o r c h i c ke n to t h i
pring
ba i
1 1/, oz. (50 g) verm i ce l l i
Place vermicelli in heatproof med ium bowl a nd cover with boiling water.
1 2 m e d i u m round rice paper wrappers
Stand 10 to 1 5 minutes, or until soft; drain and set aside.
2 Lebanese or small cucumbers, seeded and cut into thin strips
2 Place rice paper rounds in medium bowl of warm water until just soften ed
4 spring on ions
(about 30 seconds). Carefully lay out each one flat on work surface or cuttmg
1 red pepper, cut into strips
board and gently pat dry with paper towel.
1 2 snow peas, cut into strips
Divide vermicelli, vegetables a nd herbs a mong rounds, placing them in
1 carrot. cut into strips
the center of each one. Fold in one edge of the round to partly enclose
1 2 fresh m i n t leaves
vegetables, then fold i n the two opposing sides. Fold in remaining side,
1 2 fresh coriander leaves
then roll i nto cigar shape to completely enclose filling.
1 2 fresh basil leaves
Dipping
saucr
4 To make dipping sauce, combine a l l ingredients in medium bowl ; stir to
dissolve sugar. Serve i n a small bowl with rolls.
2 tablespoons l i m e juice 1 tablespoon fish sauce
SERVES 4
1 teaspoon sugar
Preparation 30 minutes
1 small red chili, seeded and finely sliced
Place vegetable mixtur e in center of rice paper wra pper.
Fold in one side of the round and then t wo o pposing sides.
e to Roll into a com pact cigar shap enclose fi lling
[
1 L I ( a a n (i re t ta q u i c h e
F o r a t o u c ll o f lwa t . t rJ a c l c l i n g a l i t t i C' fi n e !
c l l o p p d reel c h i l i t o t h
m i \ t u rc . U , c c l c o m b i n a t i o n o r h a l f c re a m a n d lla l f m i l k. i f prefe r re d .
4 large eggs 1 '/, cups (300 ml) cream
'h teaspoon salt 3 tablespo ons roughly chopped fresh chervil 1 tablespoo n finely chopped fresh chives
1 to 2 sheets ready-made shortcrust pastry 1 cup ( 1 55 g) fresh shelled peas 4 oz. ( 1 20 g) soft fetta, crumbled 'h cup (60 g) grated cheddar
Preheat oven to 350°F ( 1 80°C). In medium bowl , whisk together eggs and crea m ; season with salt and stir through herbs. 2 Lig htly oil 5-in. x 1 3-in. (35 em x 1 2 em)
rectangular or 9-in. (23-cm) round tin. Gently place pastry into tin, using 2 sheets if required ; mould pastry into sides and trim a ny excess . .J Sprinkle top of pastry with peas and
fetta. Pou r over egg and herb mixture; sprin kle with cheddar. Place quiche on bottom shelf in oven; cook 30 to 3 5 minutes, or until quiche is set. Serve with salad. SERVES 4 Preparation 20 m1nutes Cooking 35 minutes
rdf!/
----- - - - - - - - - - - - -
Her6
is Chervil belongs to the parsley family, bur of the One y. parsle than tic aroma more much is used With staples of classic French cooking, it ng seasom tarragon, chives and parsley in the blend fines herbes. -
------- --- - - - -
-
Lo vage a n cJ r n n l om c l t tt s -\n o m e l e t te i
l'a ' L food a t i t
be t .
r>i
i c t n a rn 'Se m i n t .
peri l l a o r Thai ba i l i n plac o f l h e e l ry-fla \ orccl I
age .
8 larg� �ggs ''' ctJP (80 ml) milk 1 t�aspoon salt 'h cup (25 g) roughly chopped fresh chives, sliced into 2-cm lengths
3 tabl�spoons roughly chopped fresh lovage 2
tablespoons roughly chopped fresh
1
tablespoon butter
f�nn�l l�aves •12 cup (60 g) grat�d full-flavored ch�ese such as g ruyer�
Wh1sk eggs and milk tn a large bowl. Season with salt; stir 1n herbs. Melt butter in small non-stick frying pan over high heat. Pour one quar er of egg mixture into pan. Cook about 1 minute, sttrnng gently. Egg will begin to set around edge of pan almost i m mediately. Using for or wooden spoon, gently pull back cooked egg from edge of pan, allowing any u ncooked egg mixture to run undernea h. Cook a further 45 seconds to 1 minute, or until egg is just set. Sprinkle over cheese. Fold over one half of omelette and slide onto serving plate. Cover with aluminium foil to keep warm. Continue with rematning mixture. Serve a t once w1th a crisp m1xed salad. SERVES 4 Pr�paration 10 m1nutes Cooking 10 m1nutes
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l n l l i v i c l u a l s o u rrl r R n ever f'a i l l o i m p re , . T h e fru i t c h u t n ey ba e i ,· a ' u r p r i e C \ l 1'8 L h a L co m r lic m c n t. s t h e flavors of L h
herbs.
'/. cup (60 g ) butter
Preheat oven to 400°F (200°C). Lightly oil 4 x 1 -cup (250-ml) ramekins. Melt
2 tablespoons plain flour
butter in small saucepan over low heat. Using wooden spoon, fold in flour;
1 11J cups (330 ml) m i l k
stir mixture continuously, about 1 min ute. Remove from heat.
1 c u p ( 1 00 g) grated strong cheddar 1/• teaspoon cayenne pepper
4 large eggs, separated 2 teaspoons fi nely chopped fresh thyme leaves 2 teaspoons finely chopped fresh oregano leaves 2 tablespoons finely chopped fresh parsley leaves
2 Gradually add milk to mixture, stirring until smooth. Return pan to medium
heat, stirring until mixture thickens and thickly coats back of spoon. Fold in cheese and cayenne pepper. Tra nsfer mixture to large bowl, cover with plastic wra p ; cool. When mixture is cool, stir through egg yolks and herbs. 3 In clean, small bowl, beat egg w hites until soft peaks form. Lightly fold
egg white into souffle mixture, j ust until white streaks are not visible.
2 tablespoons fruit chutney
Do not overmix. 4 Place 112 tablespoon chutney in each ramekin. Divide souffle mixture among
ra mekins, taking care not to mix in chutney. Run small spatula around rim to shape the top of souffles. Place ramekins on oven tray. 5 Bake souffles 20 min utes, or until risen and golden. Serve at once. SERVES 4 Preparation 30 minutes Cooking 20 minutes
1 a ki ng th
oume
Carefu l ly fold egg w h ites i n to souffle m ixture. Do not overm ix.
Place fruit ch utney in the bottom of each ramekin .
ekin to R u n spa tula a rou nd rim of ram shap e top of souffles.
) u m p t i n 1 a n c a lTe s w i th sag e T h e \\ a r m . m u s k . ' p ic B r u i .' e sage ! rave
l igh l l
t a s t e o r age Lea m
we l l w i L h p u m p k i n .
w i l ll a ro l l i n g p i n LO m a x i m ize the flavor.
1 '12 cups (3 1 0 g) plain flour
Combine flour, salt and pepper, eggs, oil and water in large bowl. Whisk until smooth ; mixtu re should be consistency of single cream. Stand 30 minutes before cooking.
pinch each of salt and pepper
2 large eggs 2 teaspoons o l ive oil
2 Heat lightly oiled non-stick frying pan ; pour 1/4 cup batter into pan, tilting
2 cups (500 ml) chil led water 4'/, lb. (2 kg) pu mpkin, peeled, seeded and coarsely chopped
pan to coat base with batter. Cook 1 minute, or until underside is golden. Using plastic spatula, loosen pancake ; turn and cook other side for a further 30 seconds. Repeat with remai ni ng batter to make 6 pancakes.
2 tablespoons o l ive oil, extra 7 oz. (200 g) fresh ricotta
3 Meanwhi le, preheat oven to 3 50°F ( 1 80°C). Toss pumpkin and extra oil in
1 /, cups (1 80 g) grated parmesan '
roasting d ish ; bake 30 min utes, or until pumpkin is cooked and golden.
half a small red chili, finely chopped 4 Combine cooked pumpkin, ricotta, parmesan, chili, mustard, chives, parsley
1 teaspoon dijon m ustard 1 tablespoon finely chopped fresh ch ives 1 tablespoon fi nely chopped fresh parsley leaves
1 clove garlic, finely chopped
and garlic in large bow l ; mash mixture with fork, then cool. 5 Preheat oven to 350°F ( 1 80°C). Lightly oil B-in. (20-cm) springform tin. Place
one pancake flat on bottom of tin, then top with some pumpkin mixture;
'/, cup (60 g) grated parmesan, extra
repeat layers, finishing with pancake. Press down lightly and sprinkle with
Bu rned butter and sage sauce
extra parmesan. Bake 1 5 min utes, or until golden.
2 '/, sticks ( 2 50 g) salted butter
6 To make sauce, melt butter in sma ll saucepan over medium heat until butter
20 fresh sage leaves
foams and turns dark golden brown. Remove from heat; add sage leaves. 7 Carefully remove pancake stack from tin onto cutting board; cut into wedges.
Serve d rizzled with burned butter. SERVES 6 Preparation 40 minutes Cooking 40 minutes
Cook� fi(v The term "burned lJul tt'l'" or
is
m i s leading. The
u n t i l it i
It
I\
ill
a rich golden uro11 n. not black.
1astr n u tty and
or richne
"h urrr noir"
huller slwuld be hralecl sweet
11 ilh H h i n t
. "eep a ll atchrul l'ye on it
11 h i l l' i l i� cooking.
ta gn occ h i
( I fe\\ c h p ped fre h ba s i l o r
Tr
fon L i n a c h
e i n pia
ag
or b l u
ca n be add d Lo t he c h i e . ch
. IL ha
a b u t te ry. n u L Ly ta te.
2 6 oz. ( 7 50 g) fresh ricotta
Preheat oven to 350°F ( 1 80°C). Place ricotta, parmesan, eggs, flour and chives in
lf4 cup ( 1 8 5 g) grated parmesan
mediu m bowl; season to taste. Using wooden spoon, mix until well combined.
2 small eggs '1.
cup ( 1 1 5 g) plain flour
1 cup (60 g) finely chopped fresh chives 1 tablespoon butter, melted
l. Bring large saucepan of water to the boil then reduce heat to simmer. Using
two spoons, shape spoonfuls of mixture into ovals and drop into simmering water; cook 4 to 5 m i nutes, or until gnocchi float to surface. Remove gnocchi ;
1 cup (250 ml) cream
place on absorbent paper. Repeat w i t h remaining mixture,
3'h oz. ( 1 00 g ) blue cheese, crumbled
in batches, avoiding overfilling saucepan.
6 slices prosciutto (about 60 g), torn into strips
3 tablespoons chopped fresh chives
3 Lightly grease shallow ovenproof dish with melted butter; place gnocchi
in d ish. 4 Combine cream, blue cheese and prosciutto in medium bowl. Pour over
gnocchi, then bake 10 to 1 2 minutes, or until gnocchi is lightly browned. Serve gnocchi warm, with green salad. SERVES 6 Preparation 30 minutes Cooking 30 min utes
d Scoo p g n occh i from pan with a slotte spoo n ; d ra i n on paper towe ls.
Com bine crea m, blue cheese and . cch l. pros ciut to and pou r over gno
u b a n cJ n1 a r i n a cl e l l o rn c rn a c l c r u bs a n c l rn a r i n a c l c ' c n 1'i h t h e fl a or a n d a ro m a of meat , c h i c ke n . fi ,' h o r vege t a b l e . 1 a r t i c u l a r ! h e n ba rbec u i ng or roa t i ng
.
Caiu n
f' u l >
S p i c� ba rbec u e r u b
2 tablespoons paprika
2 tablespoons salt
1 tablespoon chilli flakes
2 tabl espoons brown sugar
1 tablespoon celery salt
2 tablespoons ground cumin
1 teaspoon allspice
2 tablespoons chilli powder
2 cloves garlic
2 tablespoons freshly ground black pepper
2 tablespoons dried onion flakes
1 tablespoon cayenne pepper
2 tablespoons dried oregano
3 tablespoons paprika
2 tablespoons dried thyme 1 teaspoon peppercorns
Combine all i ng redients. Use on a large piece of beef, chicken,
Using a pestle, pound the ingredients in a mortar until
airtight container in the refrigerator up to 1 month.
lamb or pork when barbecuing or spit-roasting. Store in an fine and well combined. Store in an airtight container i n the refrigerator for u p to 1 month.
l o rocc a n r u b Jamaican
jer�
s e a so n i n g
1 teaspoon saffron 1 teaspoon harissa (see page 338)
112 cup (about 50 g) ground a l lspice berries
1 teaspoon ground cardamom
1 cup (1 5 5 g) brown sugar
4 cloves
6 cloves garlic
1 teaspoon cumin seeds
4 Scotch bonnet chil lies (a variety of habanera and very hot)
2 cloves garlic
1 tablespoon dried thyme or 2 tablespoons fresh thyme leaves
3 tablespoons fresh mint leaves
8 spring onions, chopped
3 tablespoons fresh coriander leaves
1 teaspoon cinnamon
Pound ingredients in a mortar until fine and well combined.
112 teaspoon ground nutmeg
Store in a i rtight container in refrigerator up to 1 month.
salt and pepper, to taste 2 tablespoons soy sauce
Place a l l the ingredients in a food processor a n d blend to a paste. Store in an a irtigh t container in the refrigerator u p t o 1 month.
� J ed i t e r r a n e a n r u b 1 tablespoon dried oregano
1 tablespoon dried marjoram 1 tablespoon dried parsley 1 tablespoon dried basil
Inyedieni-�(!/
·Jerk" i s the t.erm given w the proc
1 teaspoon sea salt '12 teaspoon black peppercorns of spicing and grilling
meat . It is al o u ed a a noun to de cribe Lhe dry or wet ea oning mix used to jerk particular food . I n Caribbean cooking. pork and c h icken are Lhe mo L popular. Road ide jerk shacks are part of the lo a l fast-food industry In Jama1ca.
2 cloves garlic, roughly chopped 1 tablespoon lemon zest
� �
Using a pestle, pound a l l the ingredients in a mor ar u til fine and well combined. Store in an airtight contamer In the refrigerator up to 1 month.
Lt n o n
a n d ma riot a m
baste
·
Cl ; ss c I H• t• h ll HII' i tw tle
1 tablespoon freshly squeezed lemon juice
'I>
cup ( 1 2 5 m l ) balsamic vinegar
1 teaspoon finely chopped fresh marjoram
'I>
cup ( 1 2 5 ml) olive oil
2 teaspoons olive oil
3 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley or fresh coriander
Com bme all the ingredients. Use as a baste for barbecued ch1cken kebabs 1n the last few m.nutes of cooking.
2 tablespoons finely chopped fresh dill
1 tablespoon sugar (optional) 1/2 teaspoon salt pinch of freshly ground black pepper
Place all ingredients in screw-top Jar and shake well to combine. Use to marinate raw or briefly blanched 2 dried chillies tablespoons coriander seeds
4
2 tablespoons cumin seeds 1 teaspoon mustard seeds 1 tablespoon black peppercorns 6 curry leaves 1 teaspoon ground g inger 1 teaspoon turmeric
Dry roas chillies, coriander, cum1n, mustard and pepper m a frying pan until a romatic. Leave to cool. Dry curry leaves briefly in pan and
add o spices. Grind to a powder, s1eve and stir 1n ginger and turmeric. Store in airtight conta1ner in the refrigerator for up to 2 months.
vegetables such as yellow squash or zucchini a nd carrot. Serve as a side salad. Make marinade on day of using.
�
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.
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l
1 I
L tea m .c l w i t h h rb I o tr
an
t h a t pa k a p u n c h , a
I li t ll i
I ll trio
a com b i n a l i o n o f o r ga n o , L h m e a n d m i n t or cor i a n d r.
4'/, lb. (2 kg ) leg of lamb
To make rub, mix herbs, garl ic, sa lt and pepper in med1um bowl. Pour in
1 lemon, halved and seeded
the oil and mix until well combined.
Herb and garlic rub
Using a sharp knife, make several slits about '/, in. (5 mm) long all over lamb.
3 tablespoons finely chopped fresh thyme
R u b herb mixture a l l over meat, pushing it mto slits; leave lamb 1 hour
2 tablespoons finely chopped fresh rosemary
at room temperature to marinate.
2 tablespoons finely chopped fresh parsley 8 cloves garlic, finely chopped 1 tablespoon sea salt flakes
Preheat oven to 350"F ( 1 80"C). Place lamb on baking tray, fat side up, and cook about 2 hours (30 minutes per 1 1b./500 g). Cover with aluminium foil after 1 hour.
112 teaspoon ground black pepper
Transfer lamb to cutting board. Squeeze lemon j u ice over lamb; rest 10 to
1/• cup (60 m l ) olive oil
1 5 minutes before cutting and serving. Serve with roasted vegetables. SERVES 6
Preparation 20 mmutes plus 1 hour marinatmg Cooking 2 hours It'
1mport.ant to re 'l a 101nl of meal for
at lea t I 0 m inutes before carving and ervmg. Wh n re t�d. the mt mal and external t mp ra l u res even out and the j u i es are r di tribut�d. making the meal more
ucculent and easirr to carve.
th
rub
Comb ine herbs, garlic a n d seaso ning. Pour i n o live oil and mix well.
Make slits in the meat R u b mixture all over it, pushin g it into the slits.
herb Wh en coo ked, the flav ors of the meat the d eate perm fully e hav rub will
() ro c a n l a m b wi th c o u s c o u Ras e l l1 a n o u t i s a � l o rocc a n m i \ t u r r o r 20 o r m o re p i c e s a n d h rb L h a L t � p i c a I I � i n c l u d e s c i n n a m o n . c l o \ C\ ' . l a v e n de r. orri roo L . c lo\·e a n d L u r m r i c . 1/J cup (40 g) almond sl ivers
3 tablespoons (40 g) butter 2 cloves garlic, finely chopped 2 cups (500 ml) chicken stock pinch of saffron threads
2 cups (370 g) qu ick-cook couscous 2 tablespoons ras el hanout 1 tablespoon olive oil
2 lb. (1 kg) lamb backstraps or fil lets 2 red peppers, cut into strips 3 zucchini. cut into long ribbons 14 oz. (400 g) can chickpeas, drained 4 tablespoons roughly chopped fresh mint leaves 4 tablespoons fresh coriander leaves
Toast almond slivers in dry frying pan on medium heat, tossing until just golden. Transfer to sma ll bowl; cool before use. 2 Melt butter i n large saucepa n ; saute
garlic until softened. Add stock and saffron ; bring to the boil. J Stir couscous through boiling stock.
Remove saucepan from heat; cover and stand 5 min utes, or until couscous has absorbed stock. Using a fork, separate couscous grains. Meanwhile, preheat grill to medium. Rub seasoning and oil into lamb; grill 3 to 4 minutes each side, or until cooked to you r liking. Remove lamb from grill; set as1de to rest, keeping meat warm u ntil requi red. 5 Cook red peppers and zucchini on grill
2 to 3 minutes each side. 6 Toss red peppers, zucchini, chickpeas and
:�:=.t::""'
herbs through warm couscous; top with sliced lamb a n d sprmkle with a lmonds.
'""'""'· "'""'"' " "'" .,_""""" ' ""
couscous 1s umc-consu mmg. made i n to 1 1 11� balls and rre-cookl'd. Pn'l>anng traditional e\cellent resu ll an produce ies t VJIJr mstant) but good-oual ity. q uick-cook (or
SERVES 6 Preparation 20 minutes Cooking 30 minutes
Ta n doo r i
11 j
p t zz
The lemon-a nd-gi nger fla\or of fresh cori a n d n i s a goo
for "pic� tandoori p a l c . Fre.h ort·ga n o ca n l w u :c c l a a n a l l c rn a l i \ C .
7 9 ( 1 packd) dri�d y�ast pinch of sugar arm wat�r 'I cup ( 1 50 ml) luk�w 1 '/, cups (220 g) plain flour t�aspoon salt 'f,
cup (GO ml) oliv� oil
2
x
h lb. (250 g )skinl�ss chicken br�asts, slic�d
into 'h-ln. (2-cm) slic�s 3 tabl�spoons tandoori past� 2
tabl�spoons plain yogurt
•11 cup (75 g) roughly chopp�d cashew nuts 1 cup (250 ml) Italian tomato sauc� 4 spnng onions, thinly slic�d 2 tabl�spoons fin�ly chopp�d fr�sh coriand�r 'h cup ( 1 25 g) plain yogurt, �xtra 2 tabl�spoons fin�ly chopp�d fr�sh mint l�av�s lim� w�dg�s. to s�rv�
M1x yeast and sugar with 2 a blespoons ukewarm water. S
If
•n remaming water;
s and 10 mmutes. 2 M1x flour, salt, oil and yeast m 1 xture 1 n a
large bowl until well combined. 3 Turn out dough onto lightly loured
sur ace; nead igh ly, about 5 m mutes. 4 Return dough o lightly oiled bowl. Cover
w1th clean tea towel and leave to rise rn warm place for about 45 m mutes, or until dough has doubled 1n size. 5 Turn dough onto lightly floured surface;
knead lightly 2 m1nutes. D1vide dough in half; shape into two balls. Roll out each ball
Spread tomato sauce evenly on each p•zza , top w1th chicken slices, spring onions, coriander and cashews. Bake 5 minutes
Cook J,
1nto Ci rcle 10 in. (25 em) 1n diameter. Place on pizza tray; se aside until reqUired.
near bottom of oven. Reduce heat to 40Q•F (200°C); cooK further 1 5 mmutes.
nll\lllg ur knt•.Jdinc dough
6 Combine ch1cken, andoori pas e and
yogurt i n large bowl; refngerate 1 to 2 hours o allow flavors to develop. 7
Preheat oven to 450•F (230•cJ. Toast cashew nu s in dry frying pan on med1um heat, tossmg until just golden. Transfer to small bowl; cool be ore use.
Comb1ne extra yogurt and mmt m sma1 bowl. Drizzle over each p1zza Serve w•th l ime wedges. SERVES 4 Pr�paratton 0 mtru for mar•nat•ng Cookmg 2 m,nutes
!.1gh11\ O i l �our
plus
1 ·�
2 hours
h,tnth
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tn tltt·m
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rs
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l1 i k
3 11 r roz
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m at.
(gr e n r i c ) i
ga r n i s h o f
v
i th g r
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d e l i c io u
w i th gri l l ed o r ba rbec u d po u i Lr or l i e d avoc ado co m p l m n L t h e robu L fl avor or t ile d i h .
4 cloves garlic, finely chopped 2 teaspoons finely chopped fresh oregano leaves 112 teaspoon ground cinnamon 1l2 sma l l red chilli, finely d i ced
1 teaspoon ground cumin 112 teaspoon ground coriander 1l2 teaspoon ground a l lspice 1l2 cup ( 1 2 5 m l ) red wine
4 x 2 50 g skin less chicken breasts Grttn ritt
2 cups (400 g ) long-grain rice 5 oz. ( 1 50 g ) Engl ish spinach or baby spinach 5 tablespoons roughly chopped fresh flat leaf parsley
5 tablespoons roughly chopped fresh coriander 2 spring onions, roughly chopped 1 clove garlic, finely chopped 1l2 cup ( 1 2 5 m l ) water 'I• cup (60 m l ) peanut or safflower oil
3 cups ( 7 50 m l ) chicken stock 'I• teaspoon salt 2 long green chill ies, finely sliced
Using a food processor or handheld blender, process garl ic, oregano, cinnamon, chilli, cumin, coriander, a llspice a n d wine. Coat chicken breasts with mixture; refrigerate 30 minutes. Preheat oiled grill plate or frying pan to med i u m heat. Cook chicken 10 minutes, turning once, or until cooked through. Pour boiling water over rice i n heatproof med i u m bowl. Soak 10 minutes; d rain. R i n se spinach. Cook u nd ra ined, i n small saucepan u ncovered on med i u m heat, 1 to 2 minutes or until j ust wilted. Process spinach, parsley, coriander, spring onions, garlic a n d water until smooth. Heat oil in larg e saucepan. Add rice, stir u ncovered on med i u m heat, u ntil golden.
1 Add stock and spinach puree; cook,
stirring occasionally, until rice is tender
Cook� tifY
(about 1 5 minutes). Stir through chilli.
Keep fresh garlic in a dry. dark, cool
Serve chicken on a bed of green rice.
place. It will last longer and retam
SERVES 4
pat made especially for rhe purpose,
1ts flavor. Stare it m a terra-cotta
Preparation 10 mmutes plus
or in somerhing as s1mple as a brawn
30 minutes refngeration
paper bag. Never stare garl1c m the
Cooking
25
mmutes
rdngerator because 1t IS likely to sprout and became bitter.
Ta r rag o n c h i c ke n Th i
i a ti me- avi ng ver i o n of a F re n c h d i h t h a t trad i ti o n a l l
u e
a v hole ch i c k n . w i th ta rragon b u tt r i n
cup (60 g) unsalted butter 1 tablespoon olive oil 4 x 'h lb. (250 g) skinless chicken breasts 'I•
2 spring onions, finely choppe d 1 dove garlic, finely chopped 'I•
cup (60 ml) dry white wine
'h cup ( 1 2 5 ml) cream 1 tablespoon roughly chopped fresh tarragon
Melt butter and oil in large frying pan on medium heat. Add chicken; cook, turning occasionally, until browned and cooked through. 2 Add spring onion and garlic; cook until
garlic softens. Add wine, cream and tarragon ; cook a further 2 minutes, stirring to coat chicken. 3 Serve chicken with steamed vegetables. SERVES 4 Preparation 10 minutes Cooking 1 5 minutes
Her6 �f?/
A bouquet gorm compnsing fresh tarragon, parsley, boy and bru1sed lemongross odds o beout1ful flavor to slow-cooked poultry dishes. The slightly on1seed, spicy taste of tarragon con overwhelm the flavor of other herbs, so use 11 With a light hand.
-
--
- -
--
---
- --
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
rted und r the
ki n .
f �� S\\ o r< l li : l l
OJ l <' cl � ·
dn'
(} [j I
pc r i< T l for t il e l w ri Jc c u < ' . a nc l
oo k i n g L h c m o n l l c l � cl n < l m sc m m� · �('\\ < ' I'S i n l'u 'w s l iH' meaL \\ i l l l a
3 swordfish steaks (about 2 1 oz./600 g in tota l), cut into 1 -in. (3-cm) pieces 2 tablespoons lemon ju ice 1 tablespoon finely chopped fresh oregano 2 bay leaves (preferably fresh), shredded 1 clove garlic 2 tablespoons olive oil
4 fresh rosemary sprigs 4 large fresh bay sprigs 4 large flour tortillas 3'1. oz. ( 1 00 g) baby spinach leaves 2 small tomatoes, halved and thinly sl iced 1 Lebanese cucumber, thinly sl iced diagonally
4 tablespoons baba ganoush (eggplant dip)
Strip all but the top leaves from rosemary and bay sprcgs to make skewers. Combine swordfish in large bowl w1th lemon ju1ce, oregano, shredded bay leaves, garlic and oil; marinate 30 m1nutes. Preheat barbecue grill on medium. Thread swordfish pieces onto skewers. 4 Cook skewers 2 minutes each side, or
u ntil cooked to your lik1ng. 5 Place tortillas on a work su rface or
cutting board; top with baby spcnach, tomato, cucumber and skewers. Remove fish from skewers. Roll up tortillas, cut crosswise to serve. Serve baba ganoush on the side. SERVES 4 Preparation 10 mmutes plus 30 mtnutes marinatmg Cooking 4 mmutes
Tr� fiu:
too . .
.
I J lr • SO[[ nat brt','Hf tO nlilk!' lllt'SI' S(' any typr of il Jal
. . II r
. . Slit h
. \ltt·rn<�l iHI). ' at suprnna r kt•Ls. mou n tam hrrau. l
Pa d Th a i The Thai word · pa d ' i Tamarind pa t
give
u ed Lo d e c ri be L ll i
d i 11 a fru i t .
l i r-fricd food. wee L -a ncl- ' O u r flavor.
6'/, oz. (1 80 g) dri�d flat Thai rice noodl�s 'h cup {80 ml) p�anut oil 2 spring onions, finely chopped 2 cloves garlic, finely chopped 2 large eggs, beaten 2 tablespoons fish sauce 2 tablespoons tamarind paste 2 teaspoons sugar 2 tablespoons fresh lime juice 2 tablespoons tomato sauc� 16 large shrimp, shelled and deveined, leaving tails intact 'I• cup (40 g) roughly chopped roasted peanuts 3'!. oz. ( 1 00 g) bean sprouts 3 tablespoons fresh coriander leav�s 3 tabl�spoons fr�sh Thai basil l�av�s lim� w�dg�s. to serve
Place noodles in heatproof med1um bowl and cover with boiling water. Stand 1 0 to 15 minutes, or until soft; dra 1 n. 2 Heat peanut oil in wok or large frying
pan. Cook spring onion 1 minute until softened. Add garlic; cook 30 seconds. Add eggs, stirring, until lightly cooked. Add fish sauce, tamarind paste, sugar, lime juice and tomato sauce; mix until well combined. J Toss drained noodles through sauce.
Add shrimp; cook 2 to 3 minutes, or until shrimp turn pink. Remove from heat; add peanuts, sprouts, coriander and basil. Serve with lime wedges. SERVES 4 Pr�paration 15 mmut�s Cooking 10 m1nut�s
InyedU!A1t- �£?/ Kiet' noodlt''
Jrt' ,11.11L1hlt•
drwd frnZ1'11
ll'rnllrl'lh (II ·hl'l'ls ol dnu�h
l-!11 1'
10 11 1dlh lrOIII I tT lull' rommon lll�il'llit'lll in 1·;,1 1 .tllll ,111d h.lit' ,, :;:l'l.tllllnlls. lu·11 \ 14'\llll'<'
Jll
nonclh·, a 1 r ,1
Southe,l'l \s1,1n nmk1111: Till'\ .m I r,lllsp,l l t'nt
c� o 1 i a n cl e t Co k i ng d l i a L 1 O J'
ba k i no pa
r i
a l m o n l)a rce l
fla o red fi h
uch a
a l mo n i n a l u m i n i u m fo i l
a n i dee I way to reta i n i L
fl avor and n u t r i e n t .
5 oz. ( 1 50 g) baby spinach leaves
Preheat oven to 350"F ( 1 80"C). Lay 4 x 1 2-in. (30-cm) squares of aluminium
4 x 7 oz. (200 g) sa l mon fi l l ets
foil on a work surface. Divide spinach among foil squares. Place salmon fillet
2 l i mes, cut i nto 'h-in. ( 1 -cm) rounds
i n center of each square; top each fillet with lime rounds, lime leaves, chilli,
4 fresh kaffir l i me leaves, cut into slivers
coriander, basil and spring onion.
1 large red chilli, finely sliced (optional) 5 tablespoons fresh coriander leaves 5 tablespoons fresh Thai basil leaves
2 Combine coconut m il k, fish sauce and oil i n a small bowl. 3 Fold i n two opposite sides of foil square, forming seam down middle. Fold
2 spring onions, finely sliced
over bottom end several times to secure. At open end of each parcel, pour
112 cup coconut m i l k
in 2 tablespoons coconut milk mixture; fold a n d secure top ends.
1 tablespoon fish sauce 1 teaspoon sesame oil 112 cup (70 g) roughly chopped cashew nuts, toasted
4 Place fish parcels on oven tray. Cook i n oven about 1 2 minutes (for medium
rare sal mon), or until cooked to your l i king. Serve fish in the parcels, with steamed vegetables a nd rice. Garnish with cashew nuts, if desired. SERVES 4
Her6
�e-
Preparation 20 minutes Cooking 12 minutes
Thai basil has a warm, peppery taste and a lingenng aniseed flavor. Fennel fronds hove an aniseed taste and con be used instead. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
s
e m b l i ng t h e p a r c l
Wrap and seal the fish at one end. Pour in coconu t milk mixture.
Comp letely seal the parce l, ready for cooking in the oven.
For a
pcc i a l c c l r l mH i o n . l l l i
·
p re l l y ( i c s s c r t i s a \\·i n n e r. O t h e r ed i b le
flo\\'el' pe t a l s l lw l cou k l be u se c l i n c l u c l c i lora gc ancl
cen Lecl ge ra n i u m
4 gelatin leaves (or 2 heaped teaspoons gelatin crystals)
2 cups (500 ml) sparkling wine 2 1J cup ( 1 45 g) caster sugar
1 tablespoon rosewater 1 8 small rose petals, carefu lly washed raspberries and cream, to serve 1 Soak gelatin leaves in cold water
to soften (about 2 to 3 minutes). 2 Heat l/2 cup sparkling wine and sugar
in large saucepan over medium heat, stirring until sugar dissolves. 3 Add gelatin leaves to sugar mixture,
stirring to melt gelatin. Remove from heat to cool. Stir through remaining sparkling wine, rosewater and rose petals. 4 Pour m ixture into individual glasses or
lightly oiled mold ; refrigerate at least 8 hou rs, or until set. Serve jelly with raspberries and cream. SERVES 2 Preparation 20 mmutes Cooking 5 minutes
Her6 �eThere are many varieties of scented geranium, ranging in aroma from apple to nutmeg and mint to pine. Rose- and lemon-scented plants are the best for cooking. -- -- ------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -
B a i l o rb t a n cl rn i n t d m e l o n orbeL and h e l'b ra pberrie
mak
a r fre h i n g d
and al p in
trawb rri
e t' L . Tr
m a ngo o f' a m i L U re o f
in Lead o f L he hon ydew o l' mckme lon .
l 'h cups {375 ml) water 'I• cup { 1 70 g) sugar 'h cup ( 1 2 5 ml) fresh lime juice 20 fresh basil leaves, roughly chopped 1 honeydew melon or rockmelon 2 tablespoons roughly chopped fresh mint leaves 2 tablespoons lime juice, extra 1 tablespoon sugar, extra
Combine water and sugar in med i u m saucepan, stirring until sugar is dissolved. Bnng to the boil then reduce heat; simmer a further 5 minutes. Remove from heat to cool. 2 Using food processor or handheld
blender, process suga r syrup, lime j uice and basil leaves until well combined. 3 Pour mixture into shallow dish. Freeze
for at least 3 hours, or until firm. Process mixture again; return to dish and freeze several hours. 4 Meanwhile, peel melon and remove
seeds. Slice thickly. Combine mint leaves, extra lime juice and extra sugar in small bowl. Pour over prepared melon. Chill until required. Serve chilled melon topped with sorbet SERVES 6 Prepa ration 20 minutes plus 6 hours freezing Cooking
7
minutes .
_,
�
., .. . . . ., ... ,.. , . . . .. . __ _
Trr �� too . . . Mixe d herb sorbe t
Bn ng '/2 cup ( 1 1 5 g) caster sugar and cup 1 ( 250 ml) water to a boil, stirring until sugar d•ssolves. Add 4 tablespoons finely chop ped mixed fresh herbs, such as a combi nation of
apple m1nt leaves, lemon balm and scented geranium or rosemary. Cover, remove from heat; let m•xture infuse about 20 to 30 mmutes. Test for flavor, add more herbs, if preferred. Stra m ;
add juice o f 1 lemon. Po u r mixture in o shallow dish and freeze at least 3 hours. or until firm. Process in food processor or use handheld blender. Freeze aga1n or several hours.
n Pa n n a co LLa i s a wo bbl F' l a vor w i l h a I i LL I
I nn ILa l ia n d e
co ta
c r t L ll a L L ra n l a te
g m u n d c i n n a m o n or
a
'cook d c rea m · .
a rd a m o m . i n p l a ce o f t h
va n i l l a .
't, oz. ( 1 0 g) gelatin leaves
2 cups (500 ml) fu l l-cream milk 1 vanilla bean, split lengthwise, seeds scraped out
2 '/, oz . ( 70 g) caster sugar .
2 fresh bay leaves 1 '/, cups (350 ml) creme fraiche 2 cups fresh berries 1 teaspoon sugar
2 teaspoons chopped fresh mint leaves j u ice of half a l i me
Soak gelatin leaves in cold water to soften (about 2 to 3 minutes). 2 Heat m ilk, vanilla, sugar and bruised bay
leaves i n large saucepan, stirring until sugar dissolves. Add gelatin leaves, stirring to melt gelati n ; remove from heat to cool slightly. Add creme fraiche, stirring until well combined. 3 Remove bay leaves and vanilla. Pour
mixture into 4 lightly oiled 5-oz. ( 1 50-ml) molds; refrigerate at least 4 hours, or u ntil set. 4 In medium bowl, toss berries with sugar,
mint and l ime j uice; stand 5 minutes. 5 To remove panna cotta from molds,
carefully slide thin knife around the circumference and invert onto serving plates. Serve with berries. MAKES 8 Preparation 20 mmutes Ch i l l ing 4 hours
CookJ-- f� ful re ult. ert out of mold can be a l i ttle traumatic . F'or a succes I nstead or oil. almond or lightly oat the mold with an oil. uch a peanut
Tu rning de alway
into a bowl of hot water. r u n n i ng a knife around the edge. dip the mold very briefly
C l1 o o l a t t rn i n t c a k Tlli cake
l ig11 Ll
ink
pro' id ing a perf c l
i n L h e c n L r d u ri ng
pac
oo l i ng,
for a Lopp i ng of oft fru i L .
9 tablespoons ( 1 2 5 g ) unsalted butter S'h
oz. ( 1 50 g) dark chocolate [at least 70
percent cocoa), broken into pieces handful finely chopped fresh mint or chocolate mint leaves [or 1 teaspoon peppermint extract) 6 large eggs, separated pinch of salt ''' cup (BO g) caster sugar 1 '1> cups ( 1 50 g) ground almonds 1 lb. (450 g) soft berries (strawberries, blackberries, blueberries or raspberries] confectioner's sugar, for dusting whipped cream, to serve
Preheat oven to 34Q•F ( 1 7Q•C). Grease 8m.
[20-cm) spring form cake tin ; line base
with baking paper. 2 Melt butter and chocolate in heatproof
medium bowl over saucepan of just simmering water, stirring occasionally. Remove from heat; cool slightly. Stir through mint leaves. 3 In medium bowl, whisk egg whites
with pmch of salt until soft peaks form. Gradually add sugar, whisking well after each addit1on until just dissolved. 4 Beat egg yolks
m
large bowl, and stir
through ground almonds. Pour in cooled chocolate mixture; mix well. Using metal spoon, fold in 2 large spoonfuls of egg white o lighten mixture, then carefully and quickly fold i n the remainder. Do not overwork. Pou r mixture into prepared tin. Bake 35 to 40 minutes until cake is well risen and jus firm to he touch . Cool 1n m 1 5 minutes before turn1ng out onto wire rack. Cake will sink slight ly 1n he center.
Decorate cooled cake w1th fresh bemes; dust w 1 th sifted confectioner's sugar. Serve with
Her6
�f!/
Chocolate m1nt has the taste and aroma
whipped cream.
of an after-dinner chocolate m1nt Use m
SERVES B Preparation 25 mmutes
cream W1th 1ts dark green to purple lea,es,
chocolate desserts such as mousse and 1ce
Cooking 35 minutes
1t also makes an arrroct"e garn1sh
\\ i th Cr
c r ' La l l i z - d flow r
i l a b l e from I t rnat iv I
.
il'
·
L
m a ke
hop
that
I I ca ke-de o ra t i ng
o u r 0\: n .
1 /2 lb. (225 g) butter. softened
Preheat oven to 35Cl"F ( 1 8Cl"C). I n a large bowl and using a n electric mixer,
1 cup (230 g) sugar
beat butter and sugar until thoroughly combined and light and creamy.
1 teaspoon vani l l a extract 4 large eggs
2 cups (235 g) self-rising flour 1 tablespoon m i l k 1 2 t o 2 4 crystall ized flowers (see below)
Icing 9 tablespoons ( 1 2 5 g) butter, softened
2 cups (230 g) confectioner's sugar 2 tablespoons m i l k food coloring
2 Add van i l la and eggs, one at a time, mixing after each addition until
well combined. 3 Sift flour into mixture. Using a plastic spatula or wooden spoon, fold in
flour and milk until combined. 4 Divide m ixture to make 12 cupcakes, fi lling each until two-thirds ful l ; bake 1 5
minutes, o r until golden. Turn out onto a wire rack to cool. 5 To make icing, mix butter and confectioner's sugar until creamy (about 2
min utes), using electric mixer. Add milk and food coloring, mixing until combined. 6 Ice cooled cakes and decorate with crystallized flowers.
MAKES 1 2 Preparation 30 mmutes plus 1 to 3 days for flowers (if makmg your own) Cooking 15 mmutes
C r� s ta l l i zed fl O\\ C J'S 1 2 to 2 4 rose or violet petals, or other edible flower petals 1 egg white, at room temperature few drops of water
1 cup (230 g) sugar
Combine egg w hite with water; using a fork, beat lightly until white just shows bubbles. Place sugar in shal low d ish. 2 Hold flower or petal in one hand; with other hand, dip a small paintbrush
i nto egg w hite and gently paint flower or petal, covering flower or petal completely but not excessively. Gently spri nkle sugar over flower or petal. 3 Place flower or petal on wire rack covered with baking paper to dry. Repeat
with remaining flowers or petals. use (about 1 2 to 36 hours, 4 Allow flowers or petals to d ry comple tely before s or petals in airtigh t depen ding on humid ity). Store crysta llized flower
containe r until req u i red.
D r i n ks
wi th h e rb
of l o ng, hot Ta ke the h eat o u t
ummer
w i t h refre h i ng d r i n ks
i ly w i th fre h h e l'bs a n d fru i t . ma de s imply a n d ea
Cori a n de r a n d 4
l i m e j u ic '
tablespoons fresh coriander leaves
2 stalks celery 1 lime, peeled
Tr;r �,
too . . .
lassi
For a traditional Indian drink, place 112 cup ( 1 25 ml) plain
ed 2 medium green apples, cored and quarter rry juice cran� mil (250 cup 1
ice cu�
yogurt, 1 1/4 cups (310 ml) cold water, 1/2 teaspoon d ry-roasted cumin seeds, 1/4 teaspoon salt and 1 teaspoon chopped fresh mint leaves in a blender. Process to combine. Serve chilled, garnished with mint sprigs.
1 Put coriander, celery, lime and apples through juicer.
Pour juice into large jug ; add cranberry j uice a nd ice.
M u l led wine
Serve chilled.
To beat the winter chills, place 3 cups (750 ml) dry red wine,
MAKES APPROXIMATELY 3 CUPS (750 ml)
( 1 25 ml) water, 2 thinly sliced oranges and 1 thinly sliced
1
Preparation 5 minutes
cup (225 g) white sugar, 1/2 cup ( 1 25 ml) brandy, 112 cup
lemon, 2 sma ll lightly crushed cinnamon sticks,
9
whole cloves
and a pinch of grated nutmeg in a large saucepan over low
L m o n a d e wi t h
minl
heat. Bring to simmering point. Simmer, stirring occasionally, 5 to 10 minutes, or until sugar has dissolved and mixture is
1 cup (230 g) sugar
aromatic. Remove from heat. Strain into a large jug. Serve
1 cup (250 ml) water
while still warm.
1
cup (250 ml) lemon juice
4 cups
(1 I) soda or mineral water
1h cup fresh mint leaves lemon slices, to serve
1 Place sugar and water i n smal l saucepan. Bring to the boil
over a high heat, stirring until sugar is dissolved; cool. 2 Mix sugar syrup with lemon juice, soda or m ineral water
and mint leaves. Serve with lemon slices a nd ice. MAKES APPROXIMATELY 6 CUPS ( 1 .5 L) Preparation 1 5 minutes
Hea rtsease fiowers are ed1ble and can be scattered through salads or crystallized for cake decoration.
�monade with
Freeze them 1n water in 1ce-cube trays and then pop . mint · and Conande r and lime j u i ce
a few cubes into a jug of lemonade
