The Civil War: A History

For Carl Sandburg New American Library Published by New American Library, a division of Penguin Putnam Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A. Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL, England Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2 Penguin Books (N.Z.) Ltd, 182-190 Wairau Road, Auckland 10, New Zealand

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Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England Published by New American Library, a division of Penguin Putnam Inc. Previously published in a Mentor edition.

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First New American Library Trade Printing, December 2001 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Copyright © 1961 Harry Hansen Copyright © New American Library, a division of Penguin Putnam Inc., I991 Introduction copyright © Gary Gallagher, 2001 All rights reserved The maps on pages 515 and 535 are adapted with the permission of the publisher from maps drawn by Samuel H. Bryant for Lee's Last Campaign, by Clifford Dowdey, published by Little, Brown and Company.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hansen, Harry, 1884The Civil War : a history I Harry Hansen ; with a new foreword by Gary Gallagher ; introduction by Richard S. Wheeler. p. em. Includes index. ISBN 0-451-20503-0 (alk. paper) 1. United States-History-Civil War, 1861-1865. I. Title. E468.H3 2001 973.7--dc21

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List of Maps vii Introduction 1 Foreword 3 The Historic Backgrounds of the Issues of Secession and Slavery 9 The Political Crises: From the Dred Scott Decision to Secession 23 The Fall of Fort Sumter, April 14, 1861 37 The Issues in Washington and Richmond in 1861 47 Robert E_ Lee and the Offer of the United States Command 63 The First Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas 69 Mason and Slidell: Confederate Diplomacy Abroad 83 Du Pont's Squadron at Port Royal 91 The Battle for Missouri 93 The Capture of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson 103 The Battle of Shiloh 125 The Monitor and the Merrimack 141 Capture of the Mississippi River Forts and New Orleans 157 George McClellan and the Army of the Potomac 169 General Pope and Second Bull Run (Manassas) 210 McClellan Halts Lee at Antietam 227 Jeb Stuart's Chambersburg Raid 263 The Road to Emancipation 266 Burnside and the Battle of Fredericksburg 278 Chancellorsville 293 The Vicksburg Campaign 326