The Carnivorous Dinosaurs
LIFE OF THE PAST James O. Farlow, Editor
I l tn
I ITL
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Catnivorous Dinosaurs Edited by Kenneth Carpenter
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This uolume on theropods is dedicated to
\X/illiam Buckland, 1.784-1.8s6, first Professor of Geology at O xfor d U niu ersity, En gland. Buckland's careful attalysis of large bones from tbe lurassic near Oxford led him to describe and name the first theropod in 1824,
making him tbe first indiuidual to giue a scientifically ualid name to a taxon of dinosaur. He led the uay. . . .
Buckland, W. 1824. Notice on the Megalosaurus or great fossil lizard of Stonesfield. Tr ansa ctions o f the Geological Society of
London, ser.2, 1: 390-396.
CONTENTS
Contributors Acknowledgments Introduction
lx xiii xv
I. Theropods Old and New 1. Tibiae of Small Theropod Dinosaurs from Southern England: From the Middle Jurassic of Stonesfield near Oxford and the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of \7ight
Plrln M. GerroN AND RALPH E. Molxan 2. New Small Theropod from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of \Tyoming KnNNEru CenllNtrn, CrrrroRo MILES, Ar,-D Kanls Ct-owato 3. Redescription of the Small Maniraptoran Theropods Ornitholestes and Coelurus from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of \flyoming Mtrls, JoHx H. Osrnor't, ,lxo KenrN Clov,,q.nl Erectoptts superbus (Sauvage 1882) from the Theropod Dinosaur 4. The Enigmatic Lower Albian of Louppy-le-Chiteau (Meuse, France) ' RoNAN Allelx 5. Holotype Braincase of Nothronychus mckinlef i Kirkland and Wolfe 2001 (Theropoda; Therizinosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of Vest-Central New Mexico KENNp.ru C.ulExrr.R, Ct-tprono
Javls L KrnrLeNo, D,cvrD K. Slntttu, AND DoucLAS G. Volrl 6. Anatomy ol Harpymimus okladnikovi Barsbold and Perle 1984 (Dinosauria;
23
49 72
87
Theropoda) of Mongolia . YosHlrsuc;u KoBAYAsHI AND RINCHEN B.r.nssot.D 7. Theropod Teeth from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian), Big Bend
National Park, Texas Jur-re. T. Sexrly, BeneA.ne R. Sr,c.NouanDT, AND JuorrH A. Scutnnour 8. Last Patagonian Non-Avian Theropods o Rolorro A. Contl AND LF.oNARDo
3
97
727
SALCADo
153
II. Theropod Working Parts 9. Enamel Microstructure Variation within the Theropoda . KArHy Srorosr 10. Bite Me: Biomechanical Models of Theropod Mandibles and Implications for Feeding Behavior o FuN(;ors THEnRTEN, Doxar-r M. HrNorRsoN, AND CnntsropHen B. Rurr 11. Body and Tail Posture in Theropod Dinosaurs o GRpcoRv S. P.cur 12. Furcula of Tl,ysnrotourus rex . PETER LlnsoN AND J. KEtrH Rrc;nv Jn. 13. The Pectoral Girdle and the Forelimb of Heynannia (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) Juxcu.LNc Lu, Dosc Hu.l.xc, AND LICHENG QIU
163
f79 238
247 256
III. Theropods as Living Animals 14. Sexual Dimorphism in the Early Jurassic Theropod Dinosaur Dilopbosauras and a Comparison with Other Related Forms . Roernr G,\v 15. Sexual Selection and Sexual Dimorphism in Theropods ' R,rt.pt't E. Molx.cR
277 284
16. An Unusual Multi-Individual Tyrannosaurid Bonebed in the Two Medicine Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) of Montana (USA) Pnnrl J. CuRRtt, Davlt Tnlxr-ER, E\,.{ B. KollEr-uus, KEr-rv 'Wtcxs, AND NATE MunpHy 17. Evidence for Predator-Prey Relationships: Examples for Allosaurus and Stegosaurus
KrNxrru C,lRlExrr,R, Fnexr SlroeRS,
LoRRTE
A. McWHrNrn.Ey,
AND
Lowlu
Vool
313
325
18. Theropod Paleopathology: State-of-the-Art Review Bnucr RoruscHrlD AND DennnN H. T..,rxl
351
Index
367
viii .
Contents
Contributors
Ronan Allain, Laboratoire de Pal6ontologie, UMR 8569 du CNRS' Mus6um National d'Histoire Naturelle, 8 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
Rinchen Barsbold, Geological Institute, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaan Baatar 11, Mongolia. Kenneth Carpenter, Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Natural History, 2001 Colorado Blvd., Denver, CO 80205 USA. Karen Cloward, \Testern Paleontological giving Vay, Lehi, UT 84043 USA.
T
aboratortes,2929 Thanks-
Rodolfo A. Coria, CONICET-Direcci6n Provincial de CulturaMuseo Carmen Funes, Av. C5rdoba 55 (8318 ) Plaza Huincul, Neuqu6n, Argentina. Philip J. Currie, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontolog,v, Box 7500, Drumheller, Alberta TOJ 0Y0, Canada.
M. Galton,
College of Naturopathic Medicine, Universitl of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 05601 USA.
Peter
Robert Gay, Department of Geology, Northern Arizona University, 400 E. McConnell Dr. #11, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
Donald M. Henderson, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgarn Calgarn Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada. Dong Huang, Heyuan Museum of Guangdong Province, Heyuan 517000, China. James I. Kirkland, Utah Geological Survey P.O. Box 146100, Salt Lake City, UT 84114 USA. Yoshitsugu Kobayashi, Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum, 51-11 Muroko, Terao, Katsuyama, Fukui 911-8601, Japan. Eva B. Koppelhus, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Box 7500, Drumheller, Alberta TOJ 0Y0, Canada. Peter Larson, Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc., P.O. Box 643, Hill City, SD 57745 USA.
Junchang Lii, Department of Geological Sciences, Southern Methodist
Ljnir ersitr'. Dallas. TX 7 527 5.
Lorrie A. tr{cWhinney, Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Natural Histor1., 2001 Colorado Blvd., Denveq CO 80205 USA.
Clifford Miles,
rWestern Paleontological Laboratories, 2929 Thanks-
giving \Vay, Lehi, UT 84043 USA. Ralph E. Molnar, Museum of Northern Arizona. 3101 North Fort Valley Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
Nate Murphy, Philips County Museum, Highway 2 East, Malta, MT s9538 USA. John H. Ostrom, Vertebrate Paleontology, Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
Cregory S. Paul, 3109 N. Calvert St., Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Licheng Qiu, Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Guandong Province, Guangzhou 510075, China.
J. Keith Rigby Jr., Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Bruce Rothschild, Arthritis Center of Northeast Ohio, 5500 Market,
Youngstown, OH 44512. Christopher B. Ruff, Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins Universit,v, School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
MD 21205
Leonardo Salgado, CONICET-Museo de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, (8300) Neuqu6n, Argentina.
Frank Sanders, Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Natural Histor,l 2001 Colorado Blvd., Denver, CO 80205 USA. Julia T. Sankey, Department of Physics, Physical Sciences, and Geology, California State University, Stanislaus 801 'West Monte Vista Ave. Turlock, CA 95382 USA.
Judith A. Schiebout, Museum of Natural Science. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. David K. Smith, Earth Science Museum, Brigham Young University Provo. Utah 84602 USA.
Barbara R. Standhardt, Museum of Natural Science. Louisiana State University-, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA.
Kathy Stokosa, Museum of the Rockies, Montana State Universitv, 600 \7. Kagy Blvd. Bozeman, MT 59717 IJSA. Darren H. Tanke, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Box 7500, Drumheller, Alberta, TOJ 0Y0 Canada. Franqois Therrien, Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University, School of N{edicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
x .
Contributors
David Trexler, Timescale Adventures Research and Interpretive Center, Box 786, Bynum, MT 59419 USA.
Kelly Wicks, Timescale Adventures Research and Interpretive Center, Box 786, Bynum, MT 59419 USA. Douglas G. Wolfe, Mesa Southwest Museum, 53 N. MacDonald St. Mesa, AZ 85012 USA.
Lowell Wood, University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Livermore. CA 94551 USA.
Contributors
.
xi
Acknowledgments
This volume was made possible by the support of Jim Farlow and Bob Sloan, Indiana University Press. Thanks also to Jane Lyle, Managing Editor, and Carlotta Shearson, copyeditor. Finalli', thanks to all the authors for their contributions; I hope they are pleased'
xlll
Introduction
Theropod dinosaurs remain one of the most prolific areas of dinosaur research in part because of the theropod-bird 1ink. There is a growing body of evidence that "non-avian theropods" share many features that have traditionally been thought to be restricted to "avian theropods." This topic has been expiored in several recent works (e.g.' Dingus and Rowe 1997; Gauthier and Gal1 2001; Paul 2002\; this book is not one of them. Instead, this volume brings together eighteen papers on a diversity of topics organized into three sections. Part 1, "Theropods Old and New," presents morphological details for understanding theropod systematics. The individual chapters are arranged in geochronological order. One new theropod is named, and new information is presented for several others previously described. Part 2, "Theropod Vorking Parts," focuses on specific regions of theropod anatomy and biomechanics. Part 3, "Theropods as Living Animals," examines various lines of evidence that reveal information about theropods as once Iiving creatures. References Cited Dingus, L., and Rowe, T. 1997. The Mistaken Extinction: Dinosaur Euo'W. H. Freeman. lution and the Origin of Birds. New York: (eds.). on the Origin and New Perspectiues 2001. Gauthier, J., and L. Gall Early Euolution of Birds. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Peabody Museum Special Publications. Paul, G. S. 2002. Dinosaurs of tbe Air. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity Press.
Index
abelisaur, 11, 158 abelisaurid, 194, 798, 218, 229, 263 Abelisauridae, 76
andrewsi, 87,90 Angaturama,2S6 Anserimimus, 110, 111, 773,719,
abelisauroid, 7 Abelisaurus, 72,86
Antirrhctptts, 8, 10, 194, 204, 206,
121,
Acrocanthosauras, 8, 10, 15, 16, 81, 83, 155, 180, 194, 201,202, 204-206, 213, 21 8, 229, 286,
354,355 Adasdurus,209 Afrouenator, 286 agilis, 16,17,24-26, 50, 51
Agustinia,295 albertensis, 128, 168,
I94, 204, 206,
207,228 Albertosaurus, l3, 160, 165, 168, 169, t71-173, t7 5-177, 180, 191, 204, 206, 209, 2 17-21 4, 2r8, 220, 22 l, 223, 225, 226, 229, 247 , 248, 2s2-254, 286, 287 , 292, 3 1 8, 320, 323, 354, 355,359 AIe ctro saurus, 28 6,
35
4
t22,286
207,228 Antrodetnus,
17
9, 180, 191, 798,
200-204,217,228,229 aquilunguis, 8,70 Archaeopteryx, 250, 25 1, 256, 257 ,
260,262-268 Ar ch a eornith oides, 286 Arch aeornith omimus, 170,
1
13, 1 14,
179 Aristosuchus, 64
astdtictts,110, 113, 114, 120 atokensis, S, 10, 16, 180, 194,195,
200,201,204,229 dtopus, 129, 193, 194, 204, 228, 289
Aublysodon,286 Auiatt,rattnis, 73 Auitrtirnus, 8, 11, 15, 17, 257, 263, 286
Aliorantus, 285-2BB
Alligator, 204, 217 , 229, 277 allosaurid, 1 98 allosauroid, 83, 201, 206, 218, 228, 229
Allosauroidea, 194, 200
Allosatrrtts,6-8, 10, 11, 15, 16,63,
75,78-81,83, 113, 120, 155, 180, 194, 200-205, 276-220, 223, 229, 238, 239, 243, 247, 251, 284, 286, 287, 289, 292294, 305, 306, 325-329, 331_ 335, 348, 351, 352, 354-360 altdorfensis, 8,9
altus, 102, 109-111, 120 Antargasaurus, 29 5 Anchtsdurtpus, L5 2
Bdgaradtan, S,10,15 batnbergi, 8,9
Barrtbirtptor, 217,250, 251, 267 Btrrt,ortlx,;8, 80, 180, 198, 286-288
batdar,289,301 bduri, 2---279, 192,
.10,+,
306
Beipeiiosdurus,24T bicentesintus,
2l
boruportei, 8,9 brachiosar-rr, 242 Brachiosattrus, 238
breedorttm," 278 , 702, 106, 1 17, 123, 124 bucklandi, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 16,73 bLtckldndii, 5, 8, 9, 16, 74, 80 bullattrs,8, f 02, 104, 770, 120-D"2 "
breuiPes, 97
367
oltrdosnt, /-6 /
Caiman,294
Deinonycbus, 8, 10, 15, 62, 63, 69, 1,21, 194, 204, 206-209 , 211 , 228, 263-26 5, 286, 354, 359 dentisLtlcatus, 7, 8, 797 Dilopbosaurus, 8, 9, 15, 16, 180, 188, 193-200, 204, 217 , 228, 229 ,
Calarnosaurus, 3, 14 Camptosaurus,2l, 50 caniculatus, 13 carcharodontosaur, 1.5 8
277, 278, 280-282,286-28 292,293,304, 3.54 dongi, 8,9, 16, 120,293,294 douglassi, 24,26, 50
carcharodontosaurid, 7, 1 1, 158
dromaeosaur, 16
Carcharodontosaundae, 76 Carcharodontosaurus, 8, 10, 16, 83,
dromaeosaurid, 1I, 17, 20 6-209, 226,
Byronosaurus, 54 Caenagr-rathidae, 257
Caenagnathus, 257
286,354 Carnosauria, 82, 83 Carncttaurus, I79, 1 93-19 5, 198, 204, 277, 228, 286, 287 , 289, 294 carolinii,180, 194, 200, 201, 204,229 cataphractus, 799 Caudiptervgidae, 257 Caudipteryx, 247, 257 , 266, 286, 29 5 ceratosaur, 7, 195 Ceratosauria, 17, 193, 194,294 Cerdtosaurus, 7-9, | 5 , 76, 79, 80, 180, 193-198, 203, 204, 217,
229, 286-288, 295, 354, 358 Ceratosuchus, 287 challengeri, 288 Chilantaisaurus, 9, 10, 286 Chirostenotes, 8, 10, 1.5, 91-93, 354
christopheri, 88
Citipati,93 cleuelandi, 24, 27, 29, 32, 14
8,
263,264 Dromaeosauridae, 206 dromaeosaurin e, 206-209 , 217 , 228 Dromaeosaurus, 128, 142,149, 155,
168, 17s, 176, r80,194,204, 206-209, 277 , 228, 229 , 286, 354
Dromiceiomimus, 106, 11 4, 119, 286 Dryptctsaurus, 8, 10, 1 7 edmontonicus,113,120 Edmontosaurus, 326 Elaphrosaurus, 8, 9, 13, 1.5, 24, 25, 50,.51
ellioti,288 Eoalulauis,266 Eoraptor, 285,293 Erectopus, 8, 9, 1,6, 72, 7 4, 7 5, 77 -83 Er lic o saurus, 87, 9 0-9 4, 286 Eubrontes,352 Eustreptospondylus, B, 9, 7 6, 79, 80,
Coelophvsidae,8,9
83
Coelophysis, 780, 277-280, 284, 286,
303,304,306-308 coelurosaur, 3, 4, 7, 11, 14-17 Coelurosauria, 5 1, 90 Coelurosaurida e, 26, 5 1 Coelurus, 8, 1 0, 1 1, 73, 1,6, 77, 24-
26, 40, 4t, 44, 45, 49-51, 53-60, 62-69, 203
floresi, 8,9 formosus, 8, 128, 165,767
foxi, 4
foxii,
67-69, I20,180, i94, 200,20r,
compsognathrd, 1 5 Compsognathus, 17, 54, 69, 180, 286
Conchoraptor, 286 Concornis, 263, 266 Confuciusornis, 257, 263, 266 constructus, 10 Cristatusaurus, 286, 287
crocodilus,294 Crocodylus, 196, 799, 294 Cry olop h osaurus, 28 5, 287, 288 curriei, 757 Daspletosaurus, 180, 194, 204, 209, 21,2-274, 217 , 21.8, 229, 243, 248, 2s 7, 2s 4, 286, 289, 292, 313, 315, 317-323, 352, 3 54 deinonychosaur, 265
368.
Index
73
fragilis, 6, 8, 10, 77, 76, 24, 44, 4951, 54-56, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 204,
21,
6,
2 1 8-220,
227, 289,
292,293,305,306 Gallimimus, S, 15, 98, 102, 109,770, 179, 1,21, 122, 262, 263, 286 Garudimimus, 97 , 1.02, 106, 1I7 , 119,
723,124,286 Gasosaurus, 70 Giganotosaurus, 83, 155, 157, 180, 194, 200-202, 204-206, 2t3,
218,229,286 gilmorei, 127 , L42, 141 748, 165, 773,1.77
gonzalezi,266 C
orgosaurus, 6, 100, 194, 204, 209, 211-214, 2r7, 218, 220, 221, 22s , 226, 247 , 248, 250, 25 1,
25
4, 286, 292_294, 320, 323,
Maniraptora, 26,142
352,354,355 gracilis,24, 50
n.raniraptoran, 17
Harpyrnimidae, 98 Harpymimus,97, 98, 100-104, 106111, 113-115, 177_124 hermdnni, 23,24,27,29, 40, 49-53. 55, 56, 59, 60,63,65,68,69
tnckertrt,ti, )66
maniraptorifornt, T \ILtr sh o srt ru s. 1.1. 2.+, 44
herrerasaurid, 293 Herrerasauridae, 9 Herrerasaurus, 7, 1 5 5, 264, 286. 35+ Hesperornis, 718 H eyuannia, 2 5 6-260, 262. 261 -2 6 8
hoya5i,265
ntcklttlett. S-. 90. 91 -\1eg,r/o-..lrr-rr,.. +. -i. S. 9. 11. l-1. 16.
-t--5. i,j+
.\ Iia
rDr,lp i\,'. _ejFj. _6
,il-<-
lill.
I1t,-l
)9-
1S. ll9.
l0+, 1tt6. 29-. 109. 228, 263. t8-. 188, 298 \[onol op h osaurzs, 286-288, 3.i.1 Jlononykus, 69,262 11longolteltsis, 19+.
Hl,psilr,tphodon, 73
icdeorhinus, 199, 200 Iliosuchus, 4, 12, 13 incognitus, 4, 72 lndosaurus, 286 inflatus,262 Ingenia, 247, 250, 263, 266, 286 intermedius, 199, ).00 Irritator, 286, 287, 289 ischigualastensis, S isosceles, 123, 130, 142, 748 Itemerus, 92
N dn oh,r annus, 218, 226, 28 6 Nansbiungosaurus, 238 nasicornis, 8, 9, 16, 1 80, 193-195,
197,204,228,288 Nedcolbertia, 75, 66 Neouenator, 8, 9, 15, 76, 81, B3, 28d, 3 5.+
nethercombensis, 8,9 Neuquenornis, 266 nilotictrs, 17 9, 1 87, 1,87, 189-1 93,
196,214,228,229,294 Noguerornis,266 Noth r ony
jaffe, s4 .leholornis,266
Khaan,265,266 komodoensis, 1,79-181, 186, f 87, 1 89-1 93, 19 5, 197 , 202-204, 207 , 216, 217 , 227-229
Koparion, 13,24,26, 50 Labocania,286 lacustris, 714, 17 1, 266 Lambeosaurinae, 3 1 5 lancensis, 218,226 langstoni, 127, 740-112, 148, 194,
204,206,207,228 libratus, 6, 180, 194, 204, 209, 212,
it h o grap h i ca, 2 5 0,
89
-9 4 10
6-
111,113-115,117_124
kayentakatae, 304,306
21 8, 220, 221
us, 87,
okladnikoui. c)7, 9 8, 100- 104,
jiangi,288
Iinsteri,250
ch
,
225 , 29 3, 294
Ornitholestes, 13, 23, 24, 27, 29, 40, 44, 4 5, 49-5 6, 5 8_60, 62,_69,
203,286 ornithomimid, 74, | 5, 121, 263 Ornithomin-rida e, 70,
97
2s7,354
, 98, 121,
ornithomimoid, 17 ornithomimosaur, 6, 15, 16, 97, 98, 102, 109-111, 113_775, 117_ 719, 123, r24,244 Ornithomimosauria, 98, 119, 257 Ornithomitnus, 100, 106, 108, 113,
114,719,121-123 Ornithothoraces, 262 ostromi, 8,70 O uiraptor, 217, 260, 263, 261, 266,
267,286_288,298 260
magnicornis, 8,9,197
oviraptorid, 251, 266 Oviraptoridae, 10,354 ovlraptorosaur, 1 5 , 93, 257 , 253, 264 Oviraptorosauria, 256
Magnosaurus, T, 8,
oxoniensis,8,9
I
Lourinhanosaurus, 83
9
rndgnutn,288 Majungatholus, 797
17 9, 193, 19 4, 79 5, , 198, 203, 204, 218, 228,
286,287,289 Maleeuosaurus, .51, 286
P
dronycb odott, 127, 744, 145, 148,
153, t74-177 Pelecanimimus, 97, 98, 101, 102, 1 13, 1 18, 119, 121,123
Index .
369
pergracilis,8,70 264, 288 Phororhacos,262 Piatnitzkysattrtrs, S,9,.1 3, 15, 155 planinychus, 1 10, 1 11, 173, 120-122 P oekilopleuron, 5, 7 -9, 77, 16, 7 4, 7 6, 79, 80, 83, 351, 354, 359 pctll'odon, 97, 98, 107, 113, 1 i8, 1 19, p b
ilo c er atop s,
12t,
1,23
porosus,291 portentosus, 8,10 priscus,287
111,119,262,286 Sucbomimus, 8, 9, 180, 794, 198-200, 204, 277, 229, 286-288 superbus, 8, 16, 72-7 5, 77, 78, 8 1-83 Syntarsus, 277, 284, 286, 29 6, 298, 303-306, 308, 354 Szechuanosaurus, 8,9
Rahonauis, 77
remotus,288 rex, 764, 165, 170, 171,, 177, 180, 194, 204, 209, 21 1, 212, 21 6278, 220, 227, 226, 247, 250,
r-
304,306 rhodesiensis, 277-279, ?.96, 298, 299, 304, 306 Rich ardoestesia, 127, 130, 142-144, 148, 163-165, t7 3, 17 5-177 saharicus, S, 10, 16
salerii,8,9,83 Saltopus,286 sarcol)hdgus, 1 80, 1 94, 201, 209, 212, 21,8, 220, 221, 223 , 3 18 sastrei, 179, 1 93-l 95, 204, 228, 289 Sduroidicbnites, 3 52
Saurophaganax,203 Sdurornithoides,236 Saurornitholestes, 727, 130, 132, 137112, 1 18, 1, 19, 1 91, 204, 206,
207,209,228,354,358 7
5
199,200 Segnosaurus, 13,94 Sebecus,
shangl'uensis, 9 Shanshanosattrus, 286 ShenThouraptor,266
Shuuosaurus,286 Shuuuuia, 5,+,
286
Siamotyranttus, I3 sinensis,277 Sinorrtithonimus, 286 Sinornithoides,2S6 Sinornithosaurus, 779 , 249 , 263, 286, 289
Sinosauropterl,r, .58, 1 80, 286, 291,
294,305
370 .
Index
Spinosaurus,35l Stegosatrrus, 24, 50, 63, 325-327, 329 -3 40, 343-345, 3 47 -349 Stokesosaurus, 13, 24, 29, 32, 44 Struthiontimus, 98, 100, 102, 109-
Qttilnte saunt s, 1 55, 1 57-1 59
sauuagei, 9,
354,3s8 spinosaur,7,294 spinosaurid, 200, 21 4, 228, 229 Spinosauridae, 794, 198
Streptospondylus, 8, 9, 74, 78, 80, 83
Proceratosdurus, 53, 286, 287 P roc omp sogndthus, 286, 3 5 5 P r ot c; ar c h a e oyt t e ry x, 247 Protoceratops, 180, 208, 326
253, 28,+, 292-29 6, 299, 30
Sinouenator,26T Sinrdptor, 8, 9, 14, 16,76-78, 80, 81, 83, 1s5, 757, 286, 293, 294,
tdnneri,8, 9,
16
3447,43-46,50, 57, 58, 62-64,66
Tanycoldgreus, 13, 23-27 , 29-32,
Tarbosaurus, 286, 289, 301, 354 tdshuikouensis, 9 tenerensis, 8, 9, 1 80, 194, 198, 199,
204,288 Tetanurae, 17, I58,194 tetanuran, 3, 7 Tetraceratops,2ST therizinosaur, 242, 24 5 therizinosaurid, 87, 88, 90, 93
Therizinosauridae, 90 Theropoda, 121, 153, 163,177 topwilsoni, 23-25 , 27 , 29 , 30, 32, 34-
10,43,44,46, 50 torosus, 194, 204, 209, 212, 289, 313, 319 Toruosaurus, 7, 8, 9, 1 6, 7 6, 80, 81,
203,286 Triceratops,
21,
5, 238, 292
Troodon,8, 10, 91, 92.,128,148, 149, 1 55, 163-165, 767, 17 5-177, 3s4 troodontid, l l, 1 5, 1 7, 26, 263 tyrannosaur, 76, 17 6, 218, 30 5, 322,
i/1
1\/
t1'rannosaurid, 1.5, 133-137, 157, 172, 1 75, 180, \87, 21,2-219, 22.1, 227, 229, 230, 247, 248, 254, 263, 291, 294, 29 6, 3 1 6, 320, 321,353, 3s7-361 Tyrannosauridae, B, 10, 136,1,63, 777, 206, 209 Tyrannosauroi dea, 191 Tyrannosaurus, 1 3, 50, 1,63-1 65, 170772, 1,7 5-1,77 , 780, 794, 204, 209, 277-21 5, 277, 278, 220,
221,223,225,229,238,243,
velociraprorine, 180, 206, 207,209,
247,250,257,253,254,281, 217,2.28,229 286, 287 , 292, 294-296, 299, L,olans, 266 301-303, 305, 306, 308, 323,
326,354-350 Unenlagid,265
Valdosdurus, 13 ualens, L7 9, 19 4, 200, 201, 204, 228
ualesdunensis,76,79,83 Varanus,I79,1,8l,187, 189, 193,
u'alkeri. 1 98. 18u,etherilli. S.9. 16. 180. 193-19i,20,+. 2lS. l-S. lstl. l.s 1. lS8. 30-+ Xellol,lr-
r. :
\',utgcl:rr,trt,ts,iui'ri-..9. r'.rr,s/.'rii. l-it)
1tt'-l\S.
19-1
204,214,217,227,229
201,206-209, 247,251,260,262,263,26.,
Velociraptor, 180, 194,
286,326,354
:rgorger-sl-s, 8, 9 Zuntcertrtops,SS
Zupat'saurus,286,287
Index .
371
PDF Created By: Paleo_Library December 25th, 2007
