The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Xavier Palazzi
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Xavier Palazzi Sanofi-Aventis 3, Digue d’Alfortville 94140 Alfortville France
[email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4419-8371-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-8372-5 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8372-5 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922535 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To my wife Marion and our two children, Félix and Marilou, aged 4 and 2, respectively. Marion, your love, dedication … and computer skills just made it possible!
Preface
Beagle dogs are commonly used in preclinical research and neuroscience as the preferred canine model for safety studies. The central nervous system is often a target for pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and chemicals, and a deep knowledge of the gross and microscopic anatomy of the beagle brain is mandatory for anatomic pathologists and neuroscience researchers in order to assess the safety of innovative medicinal and industrial chemicals, or to investigate new mechanisms of action. Very little literature regarding the anatomy of the beagle brain was available to the scientific community in 2008, as most books were out of print or incomplete, and web-based resources only scant. Hence the decision to build an up-to-date reference atlas in this breed with modern tools and illustrations. The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates was written for neuroscientists, neuroanatomists, neuropathologists, neurosurgeons as well as students, and it provides a comprehensive guide for those – both researchers and undergraduates – who are interested in the dog brain and comparative anatomy. The nomenclature and atlas presentation were inspired from existing reference brain atlases in the dog and in other species.
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About the Author
Dr. Xavier Palazzi is a senior veterinary pathologist currently working at Sanofi-Aventis in France where he is in charge of evaluating the preclinical safety of drug candidates. He received his DVM from Lyon veterinary school in 1998 and his French certification in veterinary pathology in 2001. He then became a diplomate of the European College of Veterinary Pathology in 2003. Hired in 2004 by Pfizer Global R&D in Amboise (France), he was in charge of Investigative Pathology until 2007 and published an Atlas of the Marmoset Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates in 2008. He then moved to Biomatech NAMSA, a CRO based near Lyon where he was in charge of evaluating the safety and efficacy of medical devices until 2010. He was then hired by sanofi-aventis as head of pathology in Alfortville (France) and became diplomate of the American Board of Toxicology in 2010. Dr. Xavier Palazzi is the father of two young children and he likes to spend his free time jogging, bicycling, motorbike riding and bee keeping.
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About the Reviewers
Marion Palazzi-Clavel Marion Palazzi-Clavel is a public writer and the owner of a France–based company (Cabinet Clavel) that offers wide services in the field of writing. Her computing skills in handling and formatting the large amount of data enclosed in the atlas proved unvaluable. Marion contributed to the drawings, legends, lists of structures, and abbreviations.
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About the Reviewers
Dr. Catherine Botteron Dr. Catherine Botteron received her Dr. med vet degree from the University of Berne, Switzerland. She obtained a Ph.D. in pathology and microbiology at the North Carolina State University. After a three year post-doc research position and training in veterinary pathology at the University of Berne, she became diplomate of the European College of Veterinary Pathologists. For several years, she was responsible for diagnosis and research at the NeuroCenter of the VetSuisse Faculty in Berne, which also acts as the Swiss Reference Laboratory for spongiform diseases in animals. She spent two years as senior lecturer in pathology at the Veterinary Faculty of the University of Liverpool, before joining Ricerca Biosciences, a toxicology contract laboratory in France, where she continues to develop her expertise in neuropathology, immunohistochemistry, and general toxicological pathology. Dr. Catherine Botteron performed an in depth review of the plates from this atlas.
About the Reviewers
xiii xiii
Dr. Robert H. Garman, DVM Dr. Bob Garman has had over 40 years of experience in veterinary and comparative pathology. After receiving his DVM (Cornell University; 1966), he trained in pathology at the University of Rochester Medical Center where he remained on the faculty for a decade prior to joining a toxicology contract laboratory owned by Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, PA. After a decade at this lab, Bob started his own consulting company (Consultants in Veterinary Pathology, Inc.) where he has specialized in neuropathology for the past 20 years. Over his lengthy career, Bob has had a variety of academic affiliations and currently collaborates with a number of investigators studying brain injury at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Robert H. Garman performed an in depth review of the plates from this atlas.
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Acknowledgements
We express our deep appreciation to Dr. Catherine George, Mrs. Evelyne Joaquim, Dr. Annette Romeike, Dr. Jean-Pierre Boutrand, Dr. Frédéric Schorsch, Dr. Anna-Lena Frisk, Dr. Gundi Müller and Dr. Robert Switzer for their support in this project. We thank the technical teams from Biomatech-NAMSA and Bayer Cropscience for their help during necropsies and brain perfusions. We wish to thank Dr. Catherine Botteron, Dr. Robert H. Garman and Dr. Michael Pino for their help during the review process. We are greatly indebted to our sponsors, namely: • • • • • •
The French Society of Toxicologic Pathology (SFPT) The European Society of Toxicologic Pathology (ESTP) Biomatech-NAMSA Bayer Cropscience Ipsen Pharma Marshall Farms
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Contents
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates.................................................................. 1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 2. Surgery and Perfusion Fixation................................................................................. 3. Histology.................................................................................................................... 4. Data Capture, Optimization, and Selection of Sections............................................. 5. Reference Planes and Stereotaxic Accuracy.............................................................. 6. Nomenclature............................................................................................................. 7. List of Structures........................................................................................................ 8. List of Abbreviations................................................................................................. 9. Plates..........................................................................................................................
1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 8 13
Epilogue............................................................................................................................... 117 Bibliography........................................................................................................................ 119
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The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
1 Introduction
2 Surgery and Perfusion Fixation
An illustration is the only means by which one can hope to understand the organization of nerve tracts and the morphology of the nuclei that compose the central nervous system, and serial cross sections can help students imagine what the whole three-dimensional picture looks like. Yet a lack of readily available published data for the dog was underlined at the 2008 European Society of Toxicologic Pathology congress held in Edinburgh, as the most recognized book from Marcus Singer dated from 1962 and was out of print. The probable reason for the lack of such data is the difficulty in obtaining good histologic sections of large brain specimens and the expense of production, not only for histotechnology, but also for the lengthy research on structures and terminology. Considering that the beagle dog is routinely used in toxicology as a non rodent species and more broadly in the field of neuroscience research, the idea of building a new reference in the field arose, in the hope that an up-to-date and readily available atlas could decrease the need to use dogs as controls or for teaching purposes. Moreover, the work could serve as a guide to understand the comparative brain structure of other mammals, because although some important differences do exist, particularly in the nomenclature of the cortical sulci and gyri, the similarity of the arrangement of nuclei and tracts is striking. The present study is meant to provide a brain atlas in stereotaxic coordinates, to be made available to the scientists who work on CNS-related targets and to students of the brain. Of course, the interindividual variations observed in the size of the specimens make the stereotaxic approach more difficult in the dog than in any of the more standardized small laboratory animal species. Yet the measurements provided in this atlas will provide the histotechnologists and neuroanatomists with useful clues to find the areas of interest.
Seven control adult male animals were selected from toxicity studies in order to become familiar with and refine the surgical approach and fixation of the brains. Once the methodology was validated, one of the specimens (Beagle dog #5903777 from Marshall Farms, born on June 07, 2008 and 13.5 months of age at the time of sacrifice) was finally chosen to create the original set of plates depicted in this atlas. The material for the surgery was as follows (Fig. 1): The perfusion solution was prepared as recommended by NeuroScience Associates (Table 1). For 1,000 mL total: • Begin with 500 mL of dH20 and heat to 60–65° on a heater/magnetic stirrer. • Add the sucrose. • Create a deep vortex using a magnetic stir bar. Gradually sprinkle the finely powdered paraformaldehyde onto the vortex surface. The solution will have a milky appearance. • Allow to cool to room temperature. • Bring the total volume to 1,000 mL with 0.2 M Phosphate Buffer and verify the pH. • Filter the solution using a qualitative paper. The rinsing solution was also prepared as recommended by NeuroScience Associates period. Stock solutions: • Monobasic sodium phosphate: 0.2 M: 27.6 g/L of dH20 • Dibasic sodium phosphate (anhydrous): 0.2 M: 28.4 g/L of dH20 • Phosphate-Buffered Saline working solution, pH = 7.2, for 1,000 mL total • Monobasic sodium phosphate: 280 mL • Dibasic sodium phosphate: 720 mL
X. Palazzi, The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8372-5_1, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
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The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Fig. 1 Overview of the surgical instruments needed to perform perfusion fixation of the dog brain
Material for the surgery - Four plastic pouches (Infusor 5L, Alcyon, France). Two of them were prefilled with 4L of rinsing solution and the two other ones were filled with 4L of fixing solution - Two perfusion sets - One 2L-jar filled with fixation solution - A basic set of surgical instruments for vascular surgery - Silk thread (D 1 and 2) for carotid ligature - Four percutaneous introductors, angiographic–type, (9 Fr in diameter), Cordis™ - Four 14G catheters - A Medezine™ saw
Table 1 Reagents for perfusion solution (http://www.neurosci enceassociates.com/fix_method.htm) For 1,000 mL total Final (%) Paraformaldehyde
40 g
4
Sucrose
40 g
4
Phosphate buffer 0.2 M; pH 7.2
500 mL
–
Surgery • The dog was premedicated (Acepromazine, 0.7 mL IM and glycopyrrolate 0.01 mg/kg SC) • A deep anesthesia was obtained with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg IV route) • The cervical region was shaved bilaterally • The animal was placed in dorsal recumbency • The carotid arteries and jugular veins were exposed bilaterally • Both carotid arteries and jugular veins were catheterized using either the 9 Fr introductors (largest specimens) or the 14G catheters (smallest specimens)
• Heparin (50,000 IU) was injected IV • 5 min following heparination, the animal was euthanized by injecting concentrated sodium pentobarbital in the cephalic vein • Both jugular veins catheters were opened. • The rinsing solution was immediately perfused (4 L in each carotid) • Then the fixation solution was perfused (approximately 4 L in each carotid artery) • The skull was carefully dissected using Medezine™ saws, the brain exposed, removed from the skull and immersed in a jar containing 2 L of fixation solution (Figs. 2 and 3)
3 Histology Histology was performed at NeuroScience Associates, 10915 Lake Ridge Drive, Knoxville, TN 37934, USA. Upon receipt of the dog brain, it was infiltrated overnight with 20% glycerol and 2% dimethylsulfoxide
5 Reference Planes and Stereotaxic Accuracy
Fig. 2 Surgical field showing vascular catheterism of the carotid artery and jugular vein
3
and stained in 0.05% Thionine/0.08 M acetate buffer, pH 4.5. Following deionized water rinses, the slides were placed in 95% alcohol/acetic acid and dehydrated in a standard alcohol series, cleared in xylene and coverslipped. • Weil-myelin Iron Hematoxylin Stain - For Weilmyelin staining, sections from a container adjacent to those stained with thionine were mounted onto gelatinized (subbed) slides and air dried. They were then dehydrated in 95% ethanol, then rehydrated and stained in a Hematoxylin/Ferric Ammonium Sulfate solution heated to 55°C. Following water rinses they were placed in 2% Ferric Ammonium Sulfate, rinsed in deionized water rinses, and further differentiated in a Potassium Ferricyanide/Sodium Borate solution. Following deionized water rinses, the slides were dehydrated in an ascending series of alcohol, cleared in xylene and coverslipped.
4 Data Capture, Optimization, and Selection of Sections
Fig. 3 Lateral view of the brain following perfusion and removal from the skull
to prevent freeze-artifacts and embedded in a gelatin matrix using MultiBrain® Technology (NeuroScience Associates, Knoxville, TN). The brain was positioned for coronal sectioning. The horizontal plane was established by aligning the brain such that the ventral surface of the temporal lobe (T) and the ventral surface of the cerebellum (C) just adjacent to the brain stem were coplanar (see Figs. 4 and 5). After curing, the entire brain was rapidly frozen by immersion in isopentane chilled to −70°C with crushed dry ice and mounted on a freezing stage of an AO 860 sliding microtome. The block was sectioned coronally at 20 m. All sections cut were collected (none were discarded) sequentially into a 4 × 6 array of containers filled with Antigen Preserve solution (50% PBS pH 7.0, 50% Ethylene glycol, 1% Polyvinyl c. Sections not stained immediately were stored at −20°C Staining was performed as follows: • Nissl (thionine) Stain - For Nissl staining, one of every 24th serial set of sections were mounted onto gelatinized slides and air dried. They were then dehydrated through an ascending series of alcohols prior to being placed in a chloroform/ether/alcohol solution for removal of lipids, and then rehydrated
Whole histology slides were digitally scanned at 3,200 and 4,800 dpi. The resulting virtual slides were then exported to Adobe Photoshop™ CS3 for further optimization. All files were processed in .tiff format. The plates to be presented in the atlas were selected by the author in order to show enough details, especially in the thalamic area. The spacing was chosen to permit visualization of all major structures. Labelling was performed on all Weil-myelin Iron Hematoxylin stained specimens and on a selection of Nissl (thionine) stained specimens. A 10 mm-bar was embedded in every plate and a grid was superimposed over the coronal sections (5 mm step). Altogether, 103 coronal plates are presented in this atlas.
5 Reference Planes and Stereotaxic Accuracy As stated earlier, the horizontal plane was established by aligning the brain such that the ventral surface of the temporal lobe and the ventral surface of the cerebellum just adjacent to the brain stem were coplanar. Midline was also used as a reference to build the three-dimensional stereotaxic system, and position the grid. “x” was set to zero on the very first rostral section obtained from the olfactory bulb. The anteroposterior distance from this first rostral section obtained from the olfactory bulb is written on each plate.
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The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Fig. 4 Definition of horizontal and coronal planes of section
Coronal plane of sectioning
Points of contact to establish horizontal plane
T C
measurements were repeated following histotechnique for comparison. The overall variability was found to be less than 3%, so it was decided not to perform any mathematic adjustment of stereotaxic coordinates. As stated earlier, these stereotaxic data will depend on the age and size of the Beagle dog and need to be used cautiously.
6 Nomenclature
Fig. 5 Brain embedded in Gelatin matrix with marker cylinders in place
One lateral and one ventral schematic brain diagram were added in order to illustrate the level and plane of section. The stereotaxic reference grid shows 5 mm intervals. In order to check for technical artifacts, fresh brains were measured rostrocaudally and mediolaterally. These
English nomenclature was preferred to Latin terms, except for certain instances where there was no equivalent. For consistency between species and stable neuroanatomical nomenclature, our nomenclature was compared to the excellent reference atlases from Paxinos, Singer, and Adrianov (refer to “Bibliography” section at the end of the book). Similar terms were used as often as possible. A list of abbreviations and a list of structures were created in order to facilitate the use of this document.
7 List of Structures
5
7 List of Structures
Central lobe
Clo
Central medial thalamic nucleus
NCM
Structure
Abbreviation
Central tegmental tract
ctt
Abducens nucleus
AbN
Cerebello rubro thalamic tract
crtt
Accessory cuneate nucleus
ACuN
Cerebral peduncle
cp
Accumbens nucleus
Acb
Cerebro bulbar tract
cbt
Acoustic radiations
AR
Cerebro spinal tract
cst
Acoustic stria
AS
Choroid fissure of the lateral ventricle
cfLV
Acoustic tubercle
AT
Choroid plexus
chp
Alveus
Alv
Cingulate gyrus
CG
Ambiguous nucleus
AmbN
Ansa lenticularis
Al
Cingulum
Ci
Ansate sulcus
AnS
Claustrum
Cl
Ansiform lobe
ans
Cochlear nerve
8n
Anterior commissure
Ac
Cochlear nucleus
CoN
Anterior commissure nucleus
acN
Commissural nucleus
CN
Anterior commissure, anterior part
aca
Commissure of superior colliculus
SCCo
Anterior commissure, posterior part
acp
Corona radiata
cr
Anterior ectosylvian gyrus
AEG
Coronal gyrus
Cg
Anterior ectosylvian sulcus
AES
Coronal sulcus
Cs
Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
AHN
Corpus callosum
cc
Anterior lateral thalamic nucleus
ALTN
Cortical amygdaloid nucleus
NCo
Anterior medial nucleus
AMN
Corticospinal fibers
csf
Anterior nucleus
AnN
Cruciate sulcus
CS
Anterior olfactory nucleus
AO
Crus olfactorium
CrO
Anterior paraventricular nucleus
APN
Culmen
Cu
Anterior sigmoid gyrus
ASg
Cuneate fascicle
Cuf
Anterior suprasylvian gyrus
ASG
Cuneate nucleus
CuN
Anterior suprasylvian sulcus
ASS
Deep gray layer of the superior colliculus
DpG
Anterior ventral nucleus
AVN
Deep white layer of the superior colliculus
DpWh
Anterior ventral thalamic nucleus
AVTN
Dentate gyrus
DG
Anterodorsal nucleus
AoDN
Dentate nucleus
DN
Anteroventral nucleus
AoVN
Descending vestibular nucleus
DVeN
Aqueduct
Aq
Dorsal acoustic stria
DAS
Arcuate fibers
Arcf
Dorsal central thalamic nucleus
DCN
Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus
Arc
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
dlf
Arcuate periventricular nucleus
ArN
Dorsal medial hypothalamic nucleus
DMHN
Area septalis
ASe
Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus
DMN
Basal amygdaloid nucleus
NB
Dorsal raphe nucleus
DRaN
Bigeminate nucleus
BN
Dorsal tegmental nucleus
DtegN
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
bic
Dorso lateral geniculate nucleus
DLGe
Brachium of the superior colliculus
bsc
Dorso lateral thalamic peduncle
DLTP
Caudal pontine reticular nucleus
CPRN
Dorso medial hypothalamic nucleus
HDMN
Caudate nucleus
Cd
Ectolateral sulcus
ELS
Central amygdaloid nucleus
Ce
Entopeduncular nucleus
EP
Central canal
CeC
External capsule
ec
Central gray matter
Cgm
External medullary lamina
eml (continued)
6
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
(continued)
Interthalamic adhesion
ITA
Lateral amygdaloid nucleus
NL
Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus
NBp
Lateral central nucleus
LCN
Lateral geniculate nucleus
LGe
Lateral gyrus
LG
Lateral habenular nucleus
LHaN
Lateral habenulo interpeduncular nucleus
LHIN
Lateral hypothalamic nucleus
LHN
Lateral lemnicus
ll
Lateral lemniscus dorsal nucleus
llDN
Lateral lemniscus dorsolateral nucleus
llDLN
Lateral lemniscus ventrocaudal nucleus
llVCN
Lateral mamillary nucleus
LMN
Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus
LPN
Lateral preoptic nucleus
LPO
Lateral reticular nucleus
LRtN
Lateral septal nucleus
SeNL
Lateral stria olfactoria
SOl
Lateral sulcus
LS
Lateral ventricle
LV
Lateral vestibular nucleus
LVeN
Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
LDTN
Lenticular fasciculus
lenf
Limitans nucleus
LN
Limitans sulcus
LIS
Lingual gyrus
LIG
Lingula
Li
Locus coeruleus
LC
icpb
Longitudinal fissure
lof
IC
Mamillary peduncle
Mp
Inferior colliculus commissure
ICC
Mamillary tegmental tract
Mtegt
Inferior colliculus nucleus
ICN
Mamillo tegmental fasciculus
mtef
Inferior gray layer of the superior colliculus
InG
Mamillo thalamic tract
mtt
Inferior olivary nucleus
ION
Medial accessory nucleus
MAN
Inferior vestibular nucleus
IVeN
Medial amygdaloid nucleus
Me
Inferior white layer of the superior colliculus
InWh
Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus
NBm
Medial central nucleus
MCN
Intercalated nucleus
INN
Medial cerebellar peduncle
mcbp
Intermediate lateral thalamus nucleus
ILTN
Medial ectosylvian gyrus
MEG
Intermediate stria olfactoria
SOi
Medial ectosylvian sulcus
MES
Internal capsule
ic
Medial geniculate nucleus
MGe
Internal medullary lamina
iml
Medial habenular nucleus
MHaN
Internal plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb IPl
Medial habenulo interpeduncular nucleus
MHIN
Interpeduncular nucleus
IPN
Medial lemniscus
ml
Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum
INcb
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
mlf
Interstitial nucleus
IN
Medial mamillary nucleus
MMN
Structure
Abbreviation
External plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb
EPl
Extreme capsule
ex
Facial nerve
7n
Facial nucleus
7N
Fascicularis gyrus
FaG
Fastigial nucleus
FN
Fimbria
fi
Floccular peduncle
FLp
Flocculus
FL
Fornix
f
Fourth ventricle
4V
Frontal gyrus
FG
Fronto pontine tract
fpt
Globus pallidus
GPa
Glomerular layer
Gl
Glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb
GP
Glosso pharyngeal nerve
9n
Glossopharyngeal nucleus
9N
Gracile nucleus
GN
Granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb
GrO
Gyrus rectus
Gr
Habenular commissure
HaC
Habenulo interpeduncular tract
HaIPt
Habenulo interpeduncular tract
hit
Hippocampus
CA
Indusium griseum
IGr
Inferior cerebellar peduncle Inferior colliculus
7 List of Structures
7
(continued)
Pineal gland
Pi
Structure
Abbreviation
Pons (pontine nuclei)
Pn
Medial preoptic nucleus
MPO
Pontine decussation
Pdec
Medial profund nucleus
MPN
Ponto cerebellar tract
pct
Medial septal nucleus
SeNM
Postcruciate gyrus
PCG
Medial stria olfactoria
SOm
Posterior commissural nucleus
PCoN
Medial suprasylvian gyrus
MSG
Posterior commissure
PCo
Medial suprasylvian sulcus
MSS
Posterior ectosylvian gyrus
PEG
Medial vestibular nucleus
MVeN
Posterior ectosylvian sulcus
PESS
Median sulcus
MEDS
Posterior hypothalamic nucleus
PoHN
Medullar body (cerebellar white matter)
MB
Posterior median nucleus
pmS
Medullary lamina of the external pallidus
LMEx
Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus
PPN
Medullary lamina of the internal pallidus
IPlm
Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus
PPTN
Mesencephalic nucleus of V
MN-V
Posterior sigmoid gyrus
PSG
Mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb
Ml
Posterior suprasylvian gyrus
PSSG
Nodulus
No
Posterior suprasylvian sulcus
PSSS
Nucleus of the solitary tract
SotN
Posterior thalamic nucleus
PoTN
Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve
5-stN
Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus
PLVN
Nucleus prepositus
NP
Posteromedial ventral thalamic nucleus
PMVN
Nucleus profundus mesencephali
NPM
Postlateral gyrus
PLG
Nucleus reuniens
NRu
Postlateral sulcus
PLS
Oculomotor nerve
3n
Precuneus
PCu
Oculomotor nucleus
ON
Preolivary nucleus
PrON
Olfactory bulb
OB
Presylvian sulcus
Ps
Olfactory tract
Ol
Pretectal area
PTA
Olfactory tubercle
Tu
Proreus gyrus
PG
Olivocerebellar tract
oct
Pulvinar thalamic nucleus
PTN
Optic chiasm
ox
Putamen
Pu
Optic layer of the superior colliculus
Op
Pyramidal tract
py
Optic nerve
2n
Pyriform lobe
LPy
Optic radiations
OR
Pyriform lobe
Pyr
Optic tract
opt
Raphe nucleus
RaN
Oral pontine reticular nucleus
OPRN
Red nucleus
RN
Paracentral thalamic nucleus
PCN
Reticular gigantocellular nucleus
RGN
Parafascicular thalamic nucleus
PaFN
Reticular nucleus
RtN
Paraflocculus
PFl
Reticular parvicellular nucleus
RPN
Paraolfactory gyrus
PaG
Reticular tegmental nucleus
RtegN
Parapeduncular nucleus
PPedN
Rhinal fissure
Rhf
Rhomboid nucleus
RhN
Parataenialis nucleus
PtN
Rostral thalamic peduncle
RTP
Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
PaHN
Rubrospinal tract
rst
Paraventricular thalamic nucleus
PV
Solitary tract
Sot
Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract
potpt
Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve
5-st
Perifornical nucleus
PFN
Spinocerebellar tract
sct
Periventricular gray matter
PVG
Spinotectal tract
stect
Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus
PHN
Spinothalamic tract
stt
Periventricular preoptic nucleus
PPO
(continued)
8 (continued) Structure
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Abbreviation
Splenialis gyrus
SpG
Splenialis sulcus
SpS
Stria medullaris of the thalamus
sm
Stria terminalis
st
Subcallosal bundle
suB
Subcallosal gyrus
SuG
Subcommissural organ
SCO
Subiculum
Sub
Subparafascicular thalamic nucleus
SuPTH
Substantia nigra
SN
Subthalamic nucleus
STh
Subthalamic nucleus
SuTN
Subthalamic tegmental tract
sttt
Sulcus limitans
SL
Sulcus olfactorius
So
Superior central nucleus
SCN
Superior cerebellar peduncle
scbp
Superior cerebellar peduncle decussation
SCPdec
Superior colliculus
SC
Superior gray layer of the superior colliculus Sug
Ventral commissural nucleus
VCN
Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus
VLTN
Ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus
VMN
Ventral medial thalamic nucleus
VMTN
Ventral reticular nucleus
VRtN
Ventral spinocerebellar tract
vsct
Ventral tegmental area
VTA
Ventral thalamic peduncle
VTPo
Ventrolateral geniculate nucleus
VLGe
Vestibular nuclei
VeN
Vestibulo cerebellar tract
Vect
Vestibulo spinal tract
vst
Zona incerta
ZI
Zonal layer of the superior colliculus
Zo
8 List of Abbreviations Abbreviations are given in alphabetical order followed by their full meaning and the plate numbers where these are mentioned. They were built so as to give an intuitive idea of the structure they represent.
Superior olivary nucleus
SON
Suprafascicular thalamic nucleus
STN
Suprageniculate thalamic nucleus
SGe
Abbreviation
Structure
Supramamillary nucleus
SMN
10N
Vagus nucleus
Supraoptic nucleus
SoN
10n
Vagus nerve
Supraspenialis gyrus
SSpG
12N
Hypoglossus nucleus
Supraspenialis sulcus
SSpS
2n
Optic nerve
Suprasylvian gyrus
SSG
3n
Oculomotor nerve
Sylvian gyrus
SG
3V
Third ventricle
Sylvian sulcus
SS
4N
Trochlear nucleus
Tectospinal tract
tst
4n
Trochlear nerve
Tegmental area
Teg
4V
Fourth ventricle
Third ventricle
3V
5N
Trigeminal nucleus
Trapezoid body
TB
5n
Trigeminal nerve
Trapezoid nucleus
TpN
5-st
Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve
Trapezoidal decussation
Tdec
5-stN
Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal nerve
5n
7n
Facial nerve
Trigeminal nucleus
5N
7N
Facial nucleus
Trochlear decussation
TNdec
8n
Cochlear nerve
Trochlear nerve
4n
9n
Glosso pharyngeal nerve
Trochlear nucleus
4N
9N
Glossopharyngeal nucleus
Uncinate fasciculus
unf
AbN
Abducens nucleus
Uvula
Uv
Ac
Anterior commissure
Vagus nerve
10n
aca
Anterior commissure, anterior part
10N
Acb
Accumbens nucleus
Vagus nucleus
8 List of Abbreviations (continued)
9 Ci
Cingulum
Abbreviation
Structure
Cl
Claustrum
acN
Anterior commissure nucleus
Clo
Central lobe
acp
Anterior commissure, posterior part
CN
Commissural nucleus
ACuN
Accessory cuneate nucleus
CoN
Cochlear nucleus
AEG
Anterior ectosylvian gyrus
cp
Cerebral peduncle
AES
Anterior ectosylvian sulcus
CPRN
Caudal pontine reticular nucleus
AHN
Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
cr
Corona radiata
Al
Ansa lenticularis
CrO
Crus olfactorium
ALTN
Anterior lateral thalamic nucleus
crtt
Cerebello rubro thalamic tract
Alv
Alveus
Cs
Coronal sulcus
AmbN
Ambiguous nucleus
CS
Cruciate sulcus
AMN
Anterior medial nucleus
csf
Corticospinal fibers
AnN
Anterior nucleus
cst
Cerebro spinal tract
AnS
Ansate sulcus
ctt
Central tegmental tract
ans
Ansiform lobe
Cu
Culmen
AO
Anterior olfactory nucleus
Cuf
Cuneate fascicle
AoDN
Anterodorsal nucleus
CuN
Cuneate nucleus
AoVN
Anteroventral nucleus
DAS
Dorsal acoustic stria
APN
Anterior paraventricular nucleus
DCN
Dorsal central thalamic nucleus
Aq
Aqueduct
DG
Dentate gyrus
AR
Acoustic radiations
dlf
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Arc
Arcuate hypotalamic nucleus
DLGe
Dorso lateral geniculate nucleus
Arcf
Arcuate fibers
DLTP
Dorso lateral thalamic peduncle
ArN
Arcuate periventricular nucleus
DMHN
Dorsal medial hypothalamic nucleus
AS
Acoustic stria
DMN
Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus
ASe
Area septalis
DN
Dentate nucleus
ASg
Anterior sigmoid gyrus
DpG
Deep gray layer of the superior colliculus
ASG
Anterior suprasylvian gyrus
DpWh
Deep white layer of the superior colliculus
ASS
Anterior suprasylvian sulcus
DRaN
Dorsal raphe nucleus
AT
Acoustic tubercle
DtegN
Dorsal tegmental nucleus
AVN
Anterior ventral nucleus
DVeN
Descending vestibular nucleus
AVTN
Anterior ventral thalamic nucleus
ec
External capsule
bic
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
ELS
Ectolateral sulcus
BN
Bigeminate nucleus
eml
External medullary lamina
bsc
Brachium of the superior colliculus
EP
Entopedoncular nucleus
CA
Hippocampus
EPl
cbt
Cerebro bulbar tract
ex
External plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb Extreme capsule
cc
Corpus callosum
f
Fornix
Cd
Caudate nucleus
FaG
Fascicularis gyrus
Ce
Central amygdaloid nucleus
FG
Frontal gyrus
CeC
Central canal
fi
Fimbria
cfLV
Choroid fissure of the lateral ventricle
FL
Flocculus
CG
Cingulate gyrus
FLp
Floccular peduncle
Cg
Coronal gyrus
FN
Fastigial nucleus
Cgm
Central gray matter
fpt
Fronto pontine tract
chp
Choroid plexus
Gl
Glomerular layer (continued)
10 (continued) Abbreviation
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Structure
LN
Limitans nucleus
lof
Longitudinal fissure
LPN
Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus
LPO
Lateral preoptic nucleus
LPy
Pyriform lobe
LRtN
Lateral reticular nucleus
LS
Lateral sulcus
LV
Lateral ventricle
LVeN
Lateral vestibular nucleus
MAN
Medial accessory nucleus
MB
Medullar body (cerebellar white matter)
mcbp
Medial cerebellar peduncle
MCN
Medial central nucleus
Me
Medial amygdaloid nucleus
MEDS
Median sulcus
MEG
Medial ectosylvian gyrus
MES
Medial ectosylvian sulcus
MGe
Medial geniculate nucleus
MHaN
Medial habenular nucleus
MHIN
Medial habenulo interpeduncular nucleus
Ml
Mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb
ml
Medial lemniscus
mlf
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
MMN
Medial mamillary nucleus
MN-V
Mesencephalic nucleus of V
Mp
Mamillary peduncle
MPN
Medial profund nucleus
MPO
Medial preoptic nucleus
MSG
Medial suprasylvian gyrus
MSS
Medial suprasylvian sulcus
mtef
Mamillo tegmental fasciculus
GN
Gracile nucleus
GP
Glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb
GPa
Globus pallidus
Gr
Gyrus rectus
GrO
Granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb
HaC
Habenular commissure
HaIPt
Habenulo interpeduncular tract
HDMN
Dorso medial hypothalamic nucleus
hit
Habenulo interpeduncular tract
ic
Internal capsule
IC
Inferior colliculus
ICC
Inferior colliculus commissure
ICN
Inferior colliculus nucleus
icpb
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
IGr
Indusium griseum
ILTN
Intermediate lateral thalamus nucleus
iml
Internal medullary lamina
IN
Interstitial nucleus
INcb
Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum
InG
Inferior gray layer of the superior colliculus
INN
Intercalated nucleus
InWh
Inferior white layer of the superior colliculus
ION
Inferior olivary nucleus
IPl
Internal plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb
IPlm
Medullary lamina of the internal pallidus
IPN
Interpeduncular nucleus
ITA
Interthalamic adhesion
IVeN
Inferior vestibular nucleus
LC
Locus coerulus
LCN
Lateral central nucleus
LDTN
Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
Mtegt
Mamillary tegmental tract
lenf
Lenticular fasciculus
mtt
Mamillo thalamic tract
LG
Lateral gyrus
MVeN
Medial vestibular nucleus
LGe
Lateral geniculate nucleus
NB
Basal amygdaloid nucleus
LHaN
Lateral habenular nucleus
NBm
Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus
LHIN
Lateral habenulo interpeduncular nucleus
NBp
Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus
LHN
Lateral hypothalamic nucleus
NCM
Central medial thalamic nucleus
Li
Lingula
NCo
Cortical amygdaloid nucleus
LIG
Lingual gyrus
NL
Lateral amygdaloid nucleus
LIS
Limitans sulcus
No
Nodulus
ll
Lateral lemnicus
NP
Nucleus prepositus
llDLN
Lateral lemniscus dorsolateral nucleus
NPM
Nucleus profundus mesencephali
llDN
Lateral lemniscus dorsal nucleus
NRu
Nucleus reuniens
llVCN
Lateral lemniscus ventrocaudal nucleus
OB
Olfactory bulb
LMEx
Medullary lamina of the external pallidus
oct
Olivocerebellar tract
LMN
Lateral mamillary nucleus
Ol
Olfactory tract
8 List of Abbreviations (continued) Abbreviation
Structure
ON
Oculomotor nucleus
Op
Optic layer of the superior colliculus
OPRN
Oral pontine reticular nucleus
opt
Optic tract
OR
Optic radiations
ox
Optic chiasm
PaFN
Parafascicular thalamic nucleus
PaG
Paraolfactory gyrus
PaHN
Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
PCG
Postcruciate gyrus
PCN
Paracentral thalamic nucleus
PCo
Posterior commissure
PCoN
Posterior commissural nucleus
pct
Ponto cerebellar tract
PCu
Precuneus
Pdec
Pontine decussation
PEG
Posterior ectosylvian gyrus
PESS
Posterior ectosylvian sulcus
PFl
Paraflocculus
PFN
Perifornical nucleus
PG
Proreus gyrus
PHN
Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus
Pi
Pineal gland
PLG
Postlateral gyrus
PLS
Postlateral sulcus
PLVN
Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus
pmS
Posterior median nucleus
PMVN
Posteromedial ventral thalamic nucleus
Pn
Pons (pontine nuclei)
PoHN
Posterior hypothalamic nucleus
PoTN
Posterior thalamic nucleus
potpt
Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract
PPedN
Parapeduncular nucleus
PPN
Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus
PPO
Periventricular preoptic nucleus
PPTN
Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus
PrON
Preolivary nucleus
Ps
Presylvian sulcus
PSG
Posterior sigmoid gyrus
PSSG
Posterior suprasylvian gyrus
PSSS
Posterior suprasylvian sulcus
PTA
Pretectal area
PtN
Parataenialis nucleus
PTN
Pulvinar thalamic nucleus
Pu
Putamen
PV
Paraventricular thalamic nucleus
11 PVG
Periventricular gray matter
py
Pyramidal tract
Pyr
Pyriform lobe
RaN
Raphe nucleus
RGN
Reticular gigantocellular nucleus
Rhf
Rhinal fissure
RhN
Rhomboid nucleus
RN
Red nucleus
RPN
Reticular parvicellular nucleus
rst
Rubrospinal tract
RtegN
Reticular tegmental nucleus
RtN
Reticular nucleus
RTP
Rostral thalamic peduncle
SC
Superior colliculus
scbp
Superior cerebellar peduncle
SCCo
Commissure of superior colliculus
SCN
Superior central nucleus
SCO
Subcommissural organ
SCPdec
Superior cerebellar peduncle decussation
sct
Spinocerebellar tract
SeNL
Lateral septal nucleus
SeNM
Medial septal nucleus
SG
Sylvian gyrus
SGe
Suprageniculate thalamic nucleus
SL
Sulcus limitans
sm
Stria medullaris of the thalamus
SMN
Supramamillary nucleus
SN
Substantia nigra
So
Sulcus olfactorius
SOi
Intermediate stria olfactoria
SOl
Lateral stria olfactoria
SOm
Medial stria olfactoria
SoN
Supraoptic nucleus
SON
Superior olivary nucleus
Sot
Solitary tract
SotN
Nucleus of the solitary tract
SpG
Splenialis gyrus
SpS
Splenialis sulcus
SS
Sylvian sulcus
SSG
Suprasylvian gyrus
SSpG
Supraspenialis gyrus
SSpS
Supraspenialis sulcus
st
Stria terminalis
stect
Spinotectal tract
STh
Subthalamic nucleus
STN
Suprafascicular thalamic nucleus
stt
Spinothalamic tract (continued)
12 (continued) Abbreviation
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Structure
sttt
Subthalamic tegmental tract
suB
Subcallosal bundle
Sub
Subiculum
SuG
Subcallosal gyrus
Sug
Superior gray layer of the superior colliculus
unf
Uncinate fasciculus
Uv
Uvula
VCN
Ventral commissural nucleus
Vect
Vestibulo cerebellar tract
VeN
Vestibular nuclei
VLGe
Ventrolateral geniculate nucleus
VLTN
Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus Ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus
SuPTH
Subparafascicular thalamic nucleus
VMN
SuTN
Subthalamic nucleus
VMTN
Ventral medial thalamic nucleus
TB
Trapezoid body
VRtN
Ventral reticular nucleus
Tdec
Trapezoidal decussation
vsct
Ventral spinocerebellar tract
Teg
Tegmental area
vst
Vestibulo spinal tract
TNdec
Trochlear decussation
VTA
Ventral tegmental area
TpN
Trapezoid nucleus
VTPo
Ventral thalamic peduncle
tst
Tectospinal tract
ZI
Zona incerta
Olfactory tubercle
Zo
Zonal layer of the superior colliculus
Tu
9 Plates
13
9 Plates
Plate 10 + 5 mm
AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus lof: Longitudinal fissure PVG: Periventricular gray matter Rhf: Rhinal fissure
14
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 12 + 6 mm
9 Plates
15
Plate 14 + 7 mm
AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus lof: Longitudinal fissure PVG: Periventricular gray matter Rhf: Rhinal fissure So: Sulcus olfactorius
16
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 16 + 8 mm
9 Plates
17
Plate 18 + 9 mm
AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus lof: Longitudinal fissure PVG: Periventricular gray matter Rhf: Rhinal fissure So: Sulcus olfactorius
18
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 20 + 10 mm
9 Plates
19
Plate 22 + 11 mm
AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus lof: Longitudinal fissure Ol: Olfactory tract PVG: Periventricular gray matter Rhf: Rhinal fissure So: Sulcus olfactorius
20
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 24 + 12 mm
9 Plates
21
Plate 26 + 13 mm
AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus Cg: Coronal gyrus CrO: Crus olfactorium Cs: Coronal sulcus EPl: External plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb FG: Frontal gyrus Gl: Glomerular layer of the olfactor bulb Gr: Gyrus rectus GrO: Granulle cell layer of the olfactory bulb IPl: Internal plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb lof: Longitudinal fissure Ml: Mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb OB: Olfactory bulb Ol: Olfactory tract PG: Proreus gyrus
Ps: Presylvian sulcus PVG: Periventricular gray matter Rhf: Rhinal fissure So: Sulcus olfactorius SOi: Intermediate stria olfactoria SOl: Lateral stria olfactoria SSG: Suprasylvian gyrus
22
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 28 + 14 mm
9 Plates
23
Plate 30 + 15 mm
AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus Cg: Coronal gyrus CrO: Crus olfactorium Cs: Coronal sulcus FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus lof: Longitudinal fissure Ol: Olfactory tract Ps: Presylvian sulcus PVG: Periventricular gray matter Rhf: Rhinal fissure So: Sulcus olfactorius SOi: Intermediate stria olfactoria SOl: Lateral stria olfactoria SSG: Suprasylvian gyrus
24
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 31 + 15.5 mm
9 Plates
25
Plate 32 + 16 mm
AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus Cd: Codate nucleus Cg: Coronal gyrus Cl: Claustrum CrO: Crus olfactorium Cs: Coronal sulcus ex: Extreme capsule FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus lof: Longitudinal fissure PG: Proreus gyrus Ps: Presylvian sulcus Rhf: Rhinal fissure SOi: Intermediate stria olfactoria SOl: Lateral stria olfactoria SSG: Suprasylvian gyrus
26
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 33 + 16.5 mm
9 Plates
27
Plate 34 + 17 mm
AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus Cd: Caudate nucleus Cg: Coronal gyrus Cl: Claustrum CrO: Crus olfactorium Cs: Coronal sulcus CS: Cruciate sulcus ex: Extreme capsule FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus ic: Inferior colliculus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle PG: Proreus gyrus Ps: Presylvian sulcus Rhf: Rhinal fissure SOi: Intermediate stria olfactoria SOl: Lateral stria olfactoria SSG: Suprasylvian gyrus
28
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 35 + 17.5 mm
9 Plates
29
Plate 36 + 18 mm
AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus Cd: Caudate nucleus Cl: Claustrum CrO: Crus olfactorium Cs: Coronal sulcus CS: Cruciate sulcus ex: Extreme capsule FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus ic: Inferior colliculus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle PaG: Paraolfactory gyrus PG: Proreus gyrus Ps: Presylvian sulcus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus Rhf: Rhinal fissure SOi: Intermediate stria olfactoria SOl: Lateral stria olfactoria SSG: Suprasylvian gyrus
SuB: Subcallosal bundle Tu: Olfactory tubercle
30
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 37 + 18.5 mm
9 Plates
31
Plate 38 + 19 mm
AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Cl: Claustrum Cs: Coronal sulcus CS: Cruciate sulcus ex: Extreme capsule FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus ic: Inferior colliculus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle Ol: Olfactory tract PaG: Paraolfactory gyrus PG: Proreus gyrus Ps: Presylvian sulcus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus Rhf: Rhinal fissure SOi: Intermediate stria olfactoria SSG: Suprasylvian gyrus
suB: Subcallosal bundle Tu: Olfactory tubercle
32
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 39 + 19.5 mm
9 Plates
33
Plate 40 + 20 mm
aca: Anterior commissure, anterior part AO: Anterior olfactory nucleus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Cl: Claustrum Cs: Coronal sulcus CS: Cruciate sulcus ex: Extreme capsule FG: Frontal gyrus ic: Inferior colliculus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle Ol: Olfactory tract PG: Proreus gyrus Ps: Presylvian sulcus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus Rhf: Rhinal fissure SSG: Suprasylvian gyrus suB: Subcallosal bundle
SuG: Subcallosal gyrus Tu: Olfactory tubercle
34
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 41 + 20.5 mm
9 Plates
35
Plate 42 + 21 mm
aca: Anterior commissure, anterior part ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Cl: Claustrum CS: Cruciate sulcus Cs: Coronal sulcus ex: Extreme capsule FG: Frontal gyrus Gr: Gyrus rectus ic: Inferior colliculus IGr: Indusium griseum lof: Longitudinal fissure LPy: Pyriform lobe LV: Lateral ventricle Ol: Olfactory tract PCu: Precuneus PG: Proreus gyrus Ps: Presylvian sulcus
PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus Rhf: Rhinal fissure suB: Subcallosal bundle SuG: Subcallosal gyrus Tu: Olfactory tubercle
36
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 43 + 21.5 mm
9 Plates
37
Plate 44 + 22 mm
aca: Anterior commissure, anterior part Acb: Accumbens nucleus AEG: Anterior ectosylvian gyrus AES: Anterior ectosylvian sulcus ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus ASS: Anterior suprasylvian sulcus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata Cs: Coronal sulcus CS: Cruciate sulcus ec: External capsule ex: Extreme capsule Gr: Gyrus rectus ic: Inferior colliculus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle
Ol: Olfactory tract PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus Pu: Putamen Rhf: Rhinal fissure SeNL: Lateral septal nucleus SeNM: Medial septal nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus suB: Subcallosal bundle Tu: Olfactory tubercle
38
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 45 + 22.5 mm
9 Plates
39
Plate 46 + 23 mm
2n: Optic nerve aca: Anterior commissure, anterior part Acb: Accumbens nucleus AEG: Anterior ectosylvian gyrus AES: Anterior ectosylvian sulcus ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus ASS: Anterior suprasylvian sulcus CA: Hippocampus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata
Cs: Coronal sulcus CS: Cruciate sulcus ec: External capsule ex: Extreme capsule GPa: Globus pallidus ic: Inferior colliculus lof: Longitudinal fissure LPy: Pyriform lobe LV: Lateral ventricle Ol: Olfactory tract PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus Pu: Putamen Rhf: Rhinal fissure SeNL: Lateral septal nucleus
SeNM: Medial septal nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus suB: Subcallosal bundle Tu: Olfactory tubercle
40
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 47 + 23.5 mm
9 Plates
41
Plate 48 + 24 mm
2n: Optic nerve aca: Anterior commissure, anterior part Acb: Accumbens nucleus AEG: Anterior ectosylvian gyrus AES: Anterior ectosylvian sulcus AnS: Ansate nucleus ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus ASS: Anterior suprasylvian sulcus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata ec: External capsule EP: Entopedoncular nucleus ex: Extreme capsule GPa: Globus pallidus ic: Inferior colliculus lof: Longitudinal fissure
LPy: Pyriform lobe LV: Lateral ventricle Ol: Olfactory tract PCG: Postcruciate gyrus PCu: Precuneus Pu: Putamen Rhf: Rhinal fissure SeNL: Lateral septal nucleus SeNM: Medial septal nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus suB: Subcallosal bundle Tu: Olfactory tubercle
42
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 49 + 24.5 mm
9 Plates
43
Plate 50 + 25 mm
2n: Optic nerve aca: Anterior commissure, anterior part Acb: Accumbens nucleus AEG: Anterior ectosylvian gyrus AES: Anterior ectosylvian sulcus AnS: Ansate nucleus ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus ASS: Anterior suprasylvian sulcus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata ec: External capsule ex: Extreme capsule GPa: Globus pallidus ic: Internal capsule lof: Longitudinal fissure LPy: Pyriform lobe
LV: Lateral ventricle Ol: Olfactory tract PCG: Postcruciate gyrus PCu: Precuneus Pu: Putamen Rhf: Rhinal fissure SeNL: Lateral septal nucleus SeNM: Medial septal nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus suB: Subcallosal bundle Tu: Olfactory tubercle
44
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 51 + 25.5 mm
9 Plates
45
Plate 52 + 26 mm
aca: Anterior commissure, anterior part acp: Anterior commissure, posterior part AEG: Anterior ectosylvian gyrus AES: Anterior ectosylvian sulcus AnS: Ansate nucleus ASe: Area septalis ASG: Anterior suprasylvian gyrus ASS: Anterior suprasylvian sulcus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata ec: External capsule ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix GPa: Globus pallidus ic: Internal capsule lof: Longitudinal fissure
LPO: Lateral preoptic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle Ol: Olfactory tract ox: Optic chiasm PCG: Postcruciate gyrus PCu: Precuneus PPO: Periventricular preoptic nucleus Pu: Putamen Rhf: Rhinal fissure SG: Sylvian gyrus suB: Subcallosal bundle
46
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 53 + 26.5 mm
9 Plates
47
Plate 54 + 27 mm
3V: Third ventricle Ac: Anterior commissure acN: Anterior commissure nucleus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata ec: External capsule ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix GPa: Globus pallidus ic: Internal capsule
LG: Lateral gyrus LMEx: Medullary lamina of the external pallidus lof: Longitudinal fissure LPO: Lateral preoptic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MPO: Medial preoptic nucleus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus ox: Optic chiasm PPO: Periventricular preoptic nucleus Pu: Putamen
Rhf: Rhinal fissure SG: Sylvian gyrus st: Stria terminalis suB: Subcallosal bundle
48
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 55 + 27.5 mm
9 Plates
49
Plate 56 + 28 mm
3V: Third ventricle AMN: Anterior medial nucleus AVN: Anterior ventral nucleus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata ec: External capsule EP: Entopedoncular nucleus ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix GPa: Globus pallidus in: Internal capsule LG: Lateral gyrus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle
NBm: Basal amygdaloid nucleus Me: Medial amygdaloid nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens opt: Optic tract ox: Optic chiasm PaHN: Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus PFN: Perifornical nucleus PtN: Parataenialis nucleus Pu: Putamen RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SoN: Supraoptic nucleus SS: Sylvian sulcus
st: Stria terminalis suB: Subcallosal bundle
50
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 57 + 28.5 mm
9 Plates
51
Plate 58 + 29 mm
3V: Third ventricle AHN: Anterior hypothalamic nucleus AMN: Anterior medial nucleus AnN: Anterior nucleus APN: Anterior paraventricular nucleus AVN: Anterior ventral nucleus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata ec: External capsule ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix GPa: Globus pallidus ic: Internal capsule LG: Lateral gyrus lof: Longitudinal fissure
LV: Lateral ventricle NBm: Basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus Me: Medial amygdaloid nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus NRu: Nucleus reuniens opt: Optic tract PtN: Parataenialis nucleus Pu: Putamen PV: Paraventricular thalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus RTP: Rostral thalamic peduncle SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SS: Sylvian sulcus st: Stria terminalis Sub: Subcallosal bundle
VMN: Ventral medial nucleus
52
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 59 + 29.5 mm
3V: Third ventricle AHN: Anterior hypothalamic nucleus AMN: Anterior medial nucleus AnN: Anterior nucleus AVN: Anterior ventral nucleus Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus Cl: Claustrum GPa: Globus pallidus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle Me: Medial amygdaloid nucleus NB: Basal amygdaloid nucleus NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PtN: Parataenialis nucleus Pu: Putamen
PV: Paraventricular thalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus SoN: Supraoptic nucleus VMN: Ventral medial nucleus
9 Plates
53
Plate 60 + 30 mm
3V: Third ventricle AMN: Anterior medial nucleus AoDN: Anterodorsal nucleus APN: Anterior paraventricular nucleus AVN: Anterior ventral nucleus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus Cg: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata cst: Cerebro spinal tract DLTP: Dorsolateral thalamic pedicle DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus eml: External medullary lamina EP: Entopedoncular nucleus ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix
fpt: Fronto pontine tract GPa: Globus pallidus ic: Internal capsule iml: Internal medullary lamina ITA: Interthalamic adhesion lenf: Lenticular fasciculus LG: Lateral gyrus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure Me: Medial amygdaloid nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus mtt: Mamillo thalamic tract NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens opt: Optic tract PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PtN: Parataenialis nucleus
Pu: Putamen PV: Paraventricular thalamic nucleus RhN: Rhomboid nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SoN: Supraoptic nucleus st: Stria terminalis suB: Subcallosal bundle Teg: Tegmental area VMN: Ventral medial nucleus ZI: Zona incerta
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The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 61 + 30.5 mm
3V: Third ventricle AHN: Anterior hypothalamic nucleus AnN: Anterior nucleus AVN: Anterior ventral nucleus Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus Cl: Claustrum DMHN: Dorsal medial hypothalamic nucleus DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus EP: Entopeduncular nucleus GPa: Globus pallidus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle Me: Medial amygdaloid nucleus NBm: Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus
PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PtN: Parataenialis nucleus Pu: Putamen RtN: Reticular nucleus SoN: Supraoptic nucleus VMN: Ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus VMTN: Ventral medial thalamic nucleus
9 Plates
55
Plate 62 + 31 mm
3V: Third ventricle APN: Anterior paraventricular nucleus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus chp: Choroid plexus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata crtt: Cerebello rubro thalamic tract cst: Cerebro spinal tract DLTP: Dorsolateral thalamic pedicle DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus ec: External capsule eml: External medullary lamina ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix fpt: Fronto pontine tract GPa: Globus pallidus iml: Internal medullary lamina
IPlm: Medullary lamina of the internal pallidus ITA: Interthalamic adhesion LCN: Lateral central nucleus lenf: Lenticular fasciculus LG: Lateral gyrus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle Me: Medial amygdaloid nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus mtt: Mamillo thalamic tract NBm: Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens opt: Optic tract
PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PFN: Perifornical nucleus PtN: Parataenialis nucleus Pu: Putamen PV: Paraventricular thalamic nucleus RhN: Rhomboid nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SoN: Supraoptic nucleus SS: Sylvian sulcus st: Stria terminalis suB: Subcallosal bundle Teg: Tegmental area VLTN: Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus VMN: Ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus VMTN: Ventral medial thalamic nucleus VTPo: Ventral thalamic peduncle ZI: Zona incerta
56
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 63 + 31.5 mm
3V: Third ventricle AHN: Anterior hypothalamic nucleus ALTN: Anterior lateral thalamic nucleus CA: Hippocampus Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus Cl: Claustrum DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus EP: Entopeduncular nucleus GPa: Globus pallidus HDMN: Dorso medial hypothalamic nucleus ITA: Interthalamic adhesion LCN: Lateral central nucleus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle NBm: Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens
PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PtN: Parataenialis nucleus Pu: Putamen PV: Paraventricular thalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus SoN: Supraoptic nucleus VLTN: Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus VMN: Ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus VMTN: Ventral medial thalamic nucleus
9 Plates
57
Plate 64 + 32 mm
3V: Third ventricle APN: Anterior paraventricular nucleus Arc: Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus AVTN: Anterior ventral thalamic nucleus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cp: Cerebral peduncle cr: Corona radiata cst: Cerebro spinal tract DLTP: Dorsolateral thalamic pedicle DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus ec: External capsule eml: External medullary lamina EP: Entopedoncular nucleus ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix
GPa: Globus pallidus HDMN: Dorso medial hypothalamic nucleus ic: Internal capsule iml: Internal medullary lamina IPlm: Medullary lamina of the internal pallidus ITA: Interthalamic adhesion LCN: Lateral central nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle NBm: Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus Me: Medial amygdaloid nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus mtt: Mamillo thalamic tract NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus
NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens opt: Optic tract PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PTN: Pulvinar thalamic nucleus PV: Paraventricular thalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SoN: Supraoptic nucleus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SS: Sylvian sulcus st: Stria terminalis STN: Suprafascicular thalamic nucleus suB: Subcallosal bundle Teg: Tegmental area VLTN: Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus VMN: Ventral medial nucleus VMTN: Ventral medial thalamic nucleus ZI: Zona incerta
58
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 65 + 32.5 mm
3V: Third ventricle APN: Anterior paraventricular nucleus ArN: Arcuate periventricular nucleus AVTN: Anterior ventral thalamic nucleus CA: Hippocampus Cd: Caudate nucleus Ce: Central amygdaloid nucleus DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus EP: Entopedoncular nucleus f: Fornix ITA: Interthalamic adhesion LCN: Lateral central nucleus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle NBm: Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus
PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PMVN: Posteromedial ventral thalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus VLTN: Ventral lateral thalamic nucleus VMN: Ventral medial nucleus
9 Plates
59
Plate 66 + 33 mm
3V: Third ventricle Al: Ansa lenticularis ALTN: Anterior lateral thalamic nucleus Alv: Alveus APN: Anterior paraventricular nucleus ArN: Arcuate periventricular nucleus CA: Hippocampus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Codate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cp: Cerebral peduncle cr: Corona radiata crtt: Cerebello rubro thalamic tract DG: Dentate gyrus DLTP: Dorsolateral thalamic pedicle DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus ec: External capsule eml: External medullary lamina ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix fi: Fimbria
HDMN: Dorso medial hypothalamic nucleus ILTN: Intermediate lateral thalamus nucleus iml: Internal medullary lamina ITA: Interthalamic adhesion lenf: Lenticular fasciculus LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LV: Lateral ventricle MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus mtef: Mamillo tegmental fasciculus mtt: Mamillo thalamic tract NBm: Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens
opt: Optic tract OR: Optic radiations PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PHN: Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PMVN: Posteromedial ventrothalamic nucleus Pu: Putamen RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SS: Sylvian sulcus SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus st: Stria terminalis suB: Subcallosal bundle Teg: Tegmental area VCN: Ventral commissural nucleus VMN: Ventral medial nucleus ZI: Zona incerta
60
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 67 + 33.5 mm
3V: Third ventricle ALTN: Anterior lateral thalamic nucleus APN: Anterior paraventricular nucleus ArN: Arcuate periventricular nucleus Cd: Codate nucleus DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus HDMN: Dorso medial hypothalamic nucleus ILTN: Intermediate lateral thalamus nucleus ITA: Interthalamic adhesion LHN: Lateral hypothalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle NBm: Medial basal amygdaloid nucleus NBp: Lateral basal amygdaloid nucleus NCM: Central medial thalamic nucleus NCo: Cortical amygdaloid nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus NRu: Nucleus reuniens PCN: Paracentral thalamic nucleus PHN: Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus
PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PMVN: Posteromedial ventrothalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus STh: Subthalamic nucleus VMN: Ventral medial nucleus
9 Plates
61
Plate 68 + 34 mm
3V: Third ventricle Alv: Alveus CA: Hippocampus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cr: Corona radiata crtt: Cerebello rubro thalamic tract cst: Cerebro spinal tract DLTP: Dorsolateral thalamic pedicle DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus eml: External medullary lamina ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix fi: Fimbria fpt: Fronto pontine tract ic: Internal capsule iml: Internal medullary lamina ITA: Interthalamic adhesion LHaN: Lateral habenular nucleus
LHIN: Lateral habenulo interpeduncular nucleus LMN: Lateral mamillary nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LPN: Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle MCN: Medial central nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MHaN: Medial habenular nucleus MMN: Medial mamillary nucleus Mp: Mamillary peduncle MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus Mtegt: Mamillary tegmental tract NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus opt: Optic tract OR: Optic radiations PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PMVN: Posteromedial ventrothalamic nucleus PoHN: Posterior hypothalamic nucleus
PPN: Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalami nucleus PTN: Pulvinar thalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SMN: Supramamillary nucleus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SS: Sylvian sulcus SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus STN: Suprafascicular thalamic nucleus suB: Subcallosal bundle SuTN: Subthalamic nucleus Teg: Tegmental area VCN: Ventral commissural nucleus ZI: Zona incerta
62
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 69 + 34.5 mm
3V: Third ventricle CA: Hippocampus DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus LHaN: Lateral habenular nucleus LHIN: Lateral habenulo interpeduncular nucleus LMN: Lateral mamillary nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle MCN: Medial central nucleus MHaN: Medial habenular nucleus MMN: Medial mamillary nucleus NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PMVN: Posteromedial ventrothalamic nucleus PoHN: Posterior hypothalamic nucleus PPN: Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus PTN: Pulvinar thalamic nucleus SMN: Supramamillary nucleus
STN: Suprafascicular thalamic nucleus SuTN: Subthalamic nucleus VCN: Ventral commissural nucleus
9 Plates
63
Plate 70 +35.5 mm
3V: Third ventricle Alv: Alveus CA: Hippocampus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cp: Cerebral peduncle crtt: Cerebello rubro thalamic tract DG: Dentate gyrus DLTP: Dorsolateral thalamic pedicle DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus eml: External medullary lamina ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix fi: Fimbria ic: Internal capsule iml: Internal medullary lamina ITA: Interthalamic adhesion LHaN: Lateral habenular nucleus LHIN: Lateral habenulo
interpeduncular nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LPN: Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle MCN: Medial central nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MHaN: Medial habenular nucleus MMN: Medial mamillary nucleus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus Mtegt: Mamillary tegmental tract mtt: Mamillo thalamic tract opt: Optic tract OR: Optic radiations PaFN: Parafascicular thalamic nucleus PESS: Posterior ectosylvian sulcus PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PMVN: Posteromedial ventrothalamic nucleus PoHN: Posterior hypothalamic nucleus
PPN: Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus PSSS: Posterior suprasylvian sulcus PTN: Pulivnar thalamic nucleus Rhf: Rhinal fissure RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SMN: Supramamillary nucleus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus st: Stria terminalis suB: Subcallosal bundle SuPTH: Subparafascicular thalamic nucleus Teg: Tegmental area ZI: Zona incerta
64
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 71 +35.5 mm
3V: Third ventricle CA: Hippocampus Cd: Caudate nucleus DCN:: dorsal central thalamic nucleus DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus LHaN: Lateral habenular nucleus LHIN: Lateral habenulo interpeduncular nucleus LPN: Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle MHaN: Medial habenular nucleus NL: lateral amygdaloid nucleus PaFN: Parafascicular thalamic nucleus PLVN: Posterolateral ventral thalamic nucleus PMVN: Posteromedial ventrothalamic nucleus PoHN: Posterior hypothalamic nucleus PPN: Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus
PTN: Pulivnar thalamic nucleus RtN: Reticular nucleus SMN: Supramamillary nucleus SuPTH: Subparafascicular thalamic nucleus SuTN: subthalamic nucleus
9 Plates
65
Plate 72 +36 mm
3V: Third ventricle Alv: Alveus AR: Acoustic radiations CA: Hippocampus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cp: Cerebral peduncle Crtt: Cerebello rubro thalamic tract cst: Cerebro spinal tract DCN: Dorsal thalamic nucleus DG: Dentate gyrus DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus eml: External medullary lamina ex: Extreme capsule f: Fornix FaG: Fascicularis gyrus fi: Fimbria fpt: Fronto pontine tract hit: Habenulo interpeduncular tract IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus
LG: Lateral gyrus LGe: Lateral geniculate nucleus LHaN: Lateral habenular nucleus LHIN: Lateral habenulo interpeduncular nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LPN: Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MHaN: Medial habenular nucleus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus Mtegt: Mamillary tegmental tract mtt: Mamillo thalamic tract NL: Lateral amygdaloid nucleus opt: Optic tract PaFN: Parafascicular thalamic nucleus PESS: Posterior ectosylvian sulcus PoHN: Posterior hypothalamic nucleus PPN: Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic
nucleus PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus PSSS: Posterior suprasylvian sulcus PTN: Pulvinar thalamic nucleus Pyr: Pyriform lobe Rhf: Rhinal fissure RtN: Reticular nucleus SG: Sylvian gyrus SGe: Suprageniculate thalamic nucleus sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus SMN: Supramamillary nucleus SN: Substantia nigra SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus suB: Subcallosal bundle SuPTH: Subparafascicular thalamic nucleus Teg: Tegmental area ZI: Zona incerta
66
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 73 +36.5 mm
3V: Third ventricle DMN: Dorsal medial thalamic nucleus IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LGe: Lateral geniculate nucleus LHaN: Lateral habenular nucleus LPN: Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus LV: Lateral ventricle MHaN: Medial habenular nucleus PaFN: Parafascicular thalamic nucleus PoHN: Posterior hypothalamic nucleus PPN: Posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus PTN: Pulvinar thalamic nucleus SGe: Suprageniculate thalamic nucleus SN: Substantia nigra SuTN: Subthalamic nucleus LMN: Lateral mamillary nucleus
9 Plates
67
Plate 74 + 37 mm
3V: Third ventricle Alv: Alveus Aq: Aqueduct AR: Acoustic radiations CA: Hippocampus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum Cl: Claustrum cp: Cerebral peduncle crtt: Cerebello rubro thalamic tract cst: Cerebro spinal tract DG: Dentate gyrus DLGe: Dorsolateral geniculate nucleus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus FaG: Fascicularis gyrus fi: Fimbria fpt: Fronto pontine tract IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus LGe: Lateral geniculate nucleus
LN: Limitans nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LPN: Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle MAN: Medial accessory nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MGe: Medial geniculate nucleus Mp: Mamillary peduncle MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus mtt: Mamillo thalamic tract opt: Optic tract OR: Optic radiations PCo: Posterior commissure PCoN: Posterior commissural nucleus PESS: Posterior ectosylvian sulcus PMVN: Posteromedial ventrothalamic nucleus PoTN: Posterior thalamic nucleus potpt: Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract
PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus PSSS: Posterior suprasylvian sulcus Pyr: Pyriform lobe Rhf: Rhinal fissure SCCo: Commissure of the superior colliculus SCO: Subcommisural organ SG: Sylvian gyrus SGe: Suprageniculate thalamic nucleus SN: Substantia nigra SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract sttt: Subthalamic tegmental tract suB: Subcallosal bundle Teg: Tegmental area VLGe: Ventrolateral geniculate nucleus ZI: Zona incerta
68
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 75 + 37.5 mm
9 Plates
69
Plate 76 + 38 mm
3n: Occulomotor nerve 3V: Third ventricle Alv: Alveus Aq: Aqueduct CA: Hippocampus cc: Corpus callosum Cd: Caudate nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus Ci: Cingulum cp: Cerebral peduncle ctt: Central tegmental tract DG: Dentate gyrus dlf: Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus DLGe: Dorsolateral geniculate nucleus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus FaG: Fascicularis gyrus fi: Fimbria IN: Interstitial nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus LG: Lateral gyrus LN: Limitans nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure
LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle MAN: Medial accessory nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MGe: Medial geniculate nucleus ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus Mp: Mamillary peduncle MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus ON: Occulomotor nucleus opt: Optic tract OR: Optic radiations PCo: Posterior commissure PCoN: Posterior commissural nucleus PESS: Posterior ectosylvian sulcus Pi: Pineal gland PoTN: Posterior thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus
PSSS: Posterior suprasylvian sulcus PTA: Pretectal area Pyr: Pyriform lobe Rhf: Rhinal fissure RN: Red nucleus SCCo: Commissure of the superior colliculus SCO: Subcommisural organ SG: Sylvian gyrus SN: Substantia nigra SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract suB: Subcallosal bundle Teg: Tegmental area VLGe: Ventrolateral geniculate nucleus
70
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 77 + 38.5 mm
9 Plates
71
Plate 78 + 39 mm
3V: Third ventricle Aq: Aqueduct bsc: Brachium of the superior colliculus CA: Hippocampus cc: Corpus callosum cfLV: Chorioid fissure of the lateral ventricle CG: Cingulate gyrus Cgm: Central gray matter Ci: Cingulum cp: Cerebral peduncle ctt: Central tegmental tract DG: Dentate gyrus DLGe: Dorsolateral geniculate nucleus FaG: Fascicolaris gyrus fi: Fimbria HaIPt: Habenulo interpeduncular tract IN: Interstitial nucleus IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus LN: Limitans nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure
LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle MAN: Medial accessory nucleus MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MGe: Medial geniculate nucleus ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus Mp: Mamillary peduncle MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus ON: Occulomotor nucleus opt: Optic tract OR: Optic radiations PCo: Posterior commissure PCoN: Posterior commissural nucleus PoTN: Posterior thalamic nucleus PPTN: Posterior pulvinar thalamic nucleus PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus Pyr: Pyriform lobe Rhf: Rhinal fissure RN: Red nucleus
SC: Superior colliculus SG: Sylvian gyrus SN: Substantia nigra SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stect: Spinotectal tract stt: Spinothalamic tract suB: Subcallosal bundle VLGe: Ventrolateral geniculate nucleus
72
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 79 + 39.5 mm
9 Plates
73
Plate 80 + 40 mm
3V: Third ventricle Alv: Alveus Aq: Aqueduct bic: Brachium of the inferior colliculus bsc: Brachium of the superior colliculus CA: Hippocampus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract cc: Corpus callosum CG: Cingulate gyrus Cgm: Central gray matter Ci: Cingulum cp: Cerebral peduncle cst: Cerebro spinal tract ctt: Central tegmental tract DG: Dentate gyrus dlf: Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus DpG: Deep gray layer of the superior colliculus DpWh: Deep white layer of the superior colliculus fpt: Fronto pontine tract iml: Internal medullary lamina
InG: Inferior gray layer of the superior colliculus InWh: Inferior white layer of the superior colliculus IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus LGe: Lateral geniculate nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus MGe: Medial geniculate nucleus MN-V: Mesencephalic nucleus of the V MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus NPM: Nucleus profundus mesencephali NRu: Nucleus reuniens ON: Occulomotor nucleus Op: Optic layer of the superior colliculus opt: Optic tract
OR: Optic radiations PCo: Posterior commissure Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) potpt: Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus Pyr: Pyriform lobe Rhf: Rhinal fissure rst: Rubrospinal tract SC: Superior colliculus SG: Sylvian gyrus SN: Substantia nigra SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stect: Spinotectal tract stt: Spinothalamic tract suB: Subcallosal bundle SuG: Subcallosal gyrus Zo: Zonal layer of the superior colliculus
74
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 81 + 40.5 mm
9 Plates
75
Plate 82 + 41 mm
4N: Trochlear nucleus Alv: Alveus Aq: Aqueduct CA: Hippocampus cc: Corpus callosum Cg: Coronal gyrus Cgm: Central gray matter Ci: Cingulum cp: Cerebral peduncle ctt: Central tegmental tract dlf: Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus DpG: Deep gray layer of the superior colliculus DpWh: Deep white layer of the superior colliculus IC: Inferior colliculus InG: Inferior gray layer of the superior colliculus InWh: Inferior white layer of the superior colliculus IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus
lof: Longitudinal fissure LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle MEG: Medial ectosylvian gyrus MES: Medial ectosylvian sulcus ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MN-V: Mesencephalic nucleus of the V MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus NRu: Nucleus reuniens ON: Occulomotor nucleus Op: Optic layer of the superior colliculus opt: Optic tract PCo: Posterior commissure Pdec: Pontine decussation Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus Pyr: Pyriform lobe
RaN: Raphe nucleus Rhf: Rhinal fissure rst: Rubrospinal tract SN: Substantia nigra SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract suB: Subcallosal bundle SuG: Subcallosal gyrus tst: Tectospinal tract Zo: Zonal layer of the superior colliculus
76
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 83 + 41.5 mm
9 Plates
77
Plate 84 + 42 mm
4N: Trochlear nucleus Alv: Alveus Aq: Aqueduct bic: Brachium of the inferior colliculus BN: Bigeminate nucleus CA: Hippocampus CG: Cingulate gyrus Cgm: Central gray matter Ci: Cingulum cp: Cerebral peduncle ctt: Central tegmental tract dlf: Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus DpG: Deep gray layer of the superior colliculus DpWh: Deep white layer of the superior colliculus DRaN: Dorsal raphe nucleus IC: Inferior colliculus InG: Inferior gray layer of the superior colliculus
InWh: Inferior white layer of the superior colliculus IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus lof: Longitudinal fissure LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MN-V: Mesencephalic nucleus of the V MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus NPM: Nucleus profundus mesencephali Op: Optic layer of the superior colliculus PCo: Posterior commissure Pdec: Pontine decussation PEG: Posterior ectosylvian gyrus
Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus Pyr: Pyriform lobe RaN: Raphe nucleus Rhf: Rhinal fissure rst: Rubrospinal tract SC: Superior colliculus SCPdec: Superior cerebellar peduncle decussation SN: Substantia nigra SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus SuG: Subcallosal gyrus tst: Tectospinal tract Zo: Zonal layer of the superior colliculus
78
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 85 + 42.5 mm
9 Plates
79
Plate 86 + 43 mm
Alv: Alveus Aq: Aqueduct bic: Brachium of the inferior colliculus BN: Bigeminate nucleus CA: Hippocampus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract CG: Cingulate gyrus Cgm: Central gray matter Ci: Cingulum csf: Corticospinal fibers ctt: Central tegmental tract DRaN: Dorsal raphe nucleus fpt: Fronto pontine tract ICN: Inferior colliculus nucleus IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus ll: Lateral lemniscus lof: Longitudinal fissure LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus
mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MN-V: Mesencephalic nucleus of the V MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus OPRN: Oral pontine reticular nucleus OR: Optic radiations Pdec: Pontine decussation PEG: Posterior ectosylvian gyrus Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) potpt: Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract PSSG: Posterior suprasylvian gyrus Pyr: Pyriform lobe RaN: Raphe nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SCPdec: Superior cerebellar peduncle decussation SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract
tst: Tectospinal tract VTA: Ventral tegmental area
80
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 87 + 43.5 mm
9 Plates
81
Plate 88 + 44 mm
Alv: Alveus Aq: Aqueduct bic: Brachium of the inferior colliculus CA: Hippocampus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract CG: Cingulate gyrus Cgm: Central gray matter Ci: Cingulum csf: Corticospinal fibers ctt: Central tegmental tract DRaN: Dorsal raphe nucleus fpt: Fronto pontine tract ICC: Inferior colliculus commissure ICN: Inferior colliculus nucleus IPN: Interpeduncular nucleus LDTN: Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus LIG: Lingual gyrus ll: Lateral lemniscus llDN: Lateral lemniscus dorsal nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure
LS: Lateral sulcus LV: Lateral ventricle mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MN-V: Mesencephalic nucleus of the V MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus OPRN: Oral pontine reticular nucleus OR: Optic radiations pct: Ponto cerebellar tract Pdec: Pontine decussation PEG: Posterior ectosylvian gyrus Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) potpt: Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract rst: Rubrospinal tract scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus
stt: Spinothalamic tract tst: Tectospinal tract VTA: Ventral tegmental area
82
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 89 + 44.5 mm
9 Plates
83
Plate 90 + 45 mm
Aq: Aqueduct bic: Brachium of the inferior colliculus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract CG: Cingulate gyrus Cgm: Central gray matter cst: Cerebro spinal tract Cu: Culmen DRaN: Dorsal raphe nucleus fpt: Fronto pontine tract ICC: Inferior colliculus commissure ICN: Inferior colliculus nucleus LG: Lateral gyrus LIG: Lingual gyrus ll: Lateral lemniscus llDLN: Lateral lemniscus dorsolateral nucleus llVCN: Lateral lemniscus ventrocaudal nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LS: Lateral sulcus mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus
mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MN-V: Mesencephalic nucleus of the V MPN: Medial profund nucleus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MSS: Medial syprasylvian sulcus OPRN: Oral pontine reticular nucleus pct: Ponto cerebellar tract Pdec: Pontine decussation PEG: Posterior ectosylvian gyrus Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) potpt: Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RtegN: Reticular tegmental nucleus scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SCN: Superior central nucleus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract tst: Tectospinal tract
84
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 91 + 45.5 mm
9 Plates
85
Plate 92 + 46 mm
5N: Trigeminal nucleus bic: Brachium of the inferior colliculus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract CG: Cingulate gyrus cst: Cerebro spinal tract Cu: Culmen DRaN: Dorsal raphe nucleus DtegN: Dorsal tegmental nucleus ICN: Inferior colliculus nucleus LC: Locus coerulus LG: Lateral gyrus LIG: Lingual gyrus ll: Lateral lemniscus llDLN: Lateral lemniscus dorsolateral nucleus llVCN: Lateral lemniscus ventrocaudal nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LS: Lateral sulcus mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus
MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus OPRN: Oral pontine reticular nucleus pct: Ponto cerebellar tract Pdec: Pontine decussation Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) potpt: Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract RaN: Raphe nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract RtegN: Reticular tegmental nucleus scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SCN: Superior central nucleus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract TNdec: Trochlear decussation tst: Tectospinal tract
86
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 93 + 46.5 mm
9 Plates
87
Plate 94 + 47 mm
4n: Trochlear nerve 4V: Fourth ventricle 5N: Trigeminal nucleus bic: Brachium of the inferior colliculus cbt: Cerebro bulbar tract CG: Cingulate gyrus CPRN: Caudal pontine reticular nucleus cst: Cerebro spinal tract Cu: Culmen DRaN: Dorsal raphe nucleus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus ICN: Inferior colliculus nucleus LC: Locus coerulus LG: Lateral gyrus lof: Longitudinal fissure LS: Lateral sulcus mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus pct: Ponto cerebellar tract Pdec: Pontine decussation
PEG: Posterior ectosylvian gyrus potpt: Parieto occipito temporo pontine tract PPedN: Parapeduncular nucleus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus rst: Rubrospinal tract RtegN: Reticular tegmental nucleus scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract tst: Tectospinal tract vsct: Ventral spinocerebellar tract
88
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 95 + 47.5 mm
9 Plates
89
Plate 96 + 48 mm
4V: Fourth ventricle 5n: Trigeminal nerve 5N: Trigeminal nucleus CG: Cingulate gyrus CPRN: Caudal pontine reticular nucleus cst: Cerebro spinal tract Cu: Culmen DtegN: Dorsan tegmental nucleus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus ICN: Inferior colliculus nucleus LC: Locus coerulus LG: Lateral gyrus LIG: Lingual gyrus ll: Lateral lemniscus lof: Longitudinal fissure mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus PFl: Paraflocculus PLS: Postlateral sulcus Pn: Pons (pontine nuclei) PPedN: Parapeduncular nucleus
PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus Py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SON: Supraolivary nucleus SpS: Splenialis sulcus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract TB: Trapezoid body tst: Tectospinal tract VeN: Vestibular nuclei vsct: Ventral spinocerebellar tract
90
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 97 + 48.5 mm
9 Plates
91
Plate 98 + 49 mm
4V: Fourth ventricle 5n: Trigeminal nerve 5N: Trigeminal nucleus 7n: Facial nerve ans: Ansiform lobe Clo: Central lobe CPRN: Caudal pontine reticular nucleus cst: Cerebro spinal tract Cu: Culmen ELS: Ectolateral sulcus LG: Lateral gyrus Li: Lingula ll: Lateral lemniscus lof: Longitudinal fissure mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus PFl: Paraflocculus PLS: Postlateral sulcus PrON: Preolivary nucleus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus
py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SON: Superior olivary nucleus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract TB: Trapezoid body Tdec: Trapezoidal decussation TpN: Trapezoid nucleus VeN: Vestibular nuclei vsct: Ventral spinocerebellar tract
92
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 99 + 49.5 mm
9 Plates
93
Plate 100 + 50 mm
4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 7n: Facial nerve 8n: Cochlear nerve AbN: Abduceus nucleus ans: Ansiform lobe CoN: Cochlear nucleus CPRN: Caudal pontine reticular nucleus Cu: Culmen ELS: Ectolateral sulcus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle LG: Lateral gyrus lof: Longitudinal fissure ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus PFl: Paraflocculus PLS: Postlateral sulcus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus
rst: Rubrospinal tract scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SON: Supraolivary nucleus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract TB: Trapezoid body Tdec: Trapezoidal decussation VeN: Vestibular nuclei vst: Vestibulo spinal tract
94
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 101 + 50.5 mm
9 Plates
95
Plate 102 + 51 mm
4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 7n: Facial nerve 8n: Cochlear nerve AbN: Abduceus nucleus ans: Ansiform lobe AT: Acoustic tubercle CoN: Cochlear nucleus ctt: Central tegmental tract Cu: Culmen DAS: Dorsal acoustic stria dlf: Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus FL: Flocculus LG: Lateral gyrus Li: Lingula lof: Longitudinal fissure MB: Medullar body ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus
PLS: Postlateral sulcus PrON: Preolivary nucleus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SON: Supraolivary nucleus SpG: Splenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus TB: Trapezoid body Tdec: Trapezoidal decussation tst: Tectospinal tract unf: Uncinate fasciculus Vect: Vestibulo cerebellar tract VeN: Vestibular nuclei vsct: Ventral spinocerebellar tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract
96
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 103 + 51.5 mm
9 Plates
97
Plate 104 + 52 mm
4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 7n: Facial nerve 7N: Facial nucleus 8n: Cochlear nerve AbN: Abduceus nucleus ans: Ansiform lobe AS: Acoustic stria CoN: Cochlear nucleus Cu: Culmen dlf: Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus DN: Dentate nucleus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus FL: Flocculus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INcb: Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum LG: Lateral gyrus Li: Lingula lof: Longitudinal fissure
MB: Medullar body ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus PFl: Paraflocculus PLS: Postlateral sulcus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract scbp: Superior cerebellar peduncle SpG: Splenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract tst: Tectospinal tract unf: Uncinate fasciculus VeN: Vestibular nuclei vsct: Ventral spinocerebellar tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract
98
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 105 + 52.5 mm
9 Plates
99
Plate 106 + 53 mm
4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 7n: Facial nerve 7N: Facial nucleus AbN: Abduceus nucleus ans: Ansiform lobe CoN: Cochlear nucleus CPRN: Caudal pontine reticular nucleus cst: Cerebro spinal tract Cu: Culmen DAS: Dorsal acoustic stria DN: Dentate nucleus FL: Flocculus FLp: Floccular peduncle FN: Fastigial nucleus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INcb: Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum Li: Lingula ll: Lateral lemniscus
lof: Longitudinal fissure LVeN: Lateral vestibular nucleus MB: Medullar body mcbp: Medial cerebellar peduncle ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MVeN: Medial vestibular nucleus PFl: Paraflocculus PLG: Postlateral gyrus PLS: Posterolateral sulcus pmS: Posterior median sulcus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract SL: Sulcus limitans SpG: Splenialis gyrus SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract
TB: Trapezoid body Tdec: Trapezoidal decussation tst: Tectospinal tract unf: Uncinate fasciculus Vect: Vestibulo cerebellar tract VeN: Vestibular nuclei vsct: Ventral spinocerebellar tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract
100
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 107 + 53.5 mm
9 Plates
101
Plate 108 + 54 mm
4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 7n: Facial nerve 7N: Facial nucleus 9n: Glosso pharyngeal nerve ans: Ansiform lobe AT: Acoustic tubercle CoN: Cochlear nucleus ctt: Central tegmental tract Cu: Culmen DN: Dentate nucleus DVeN: Descending vestibular nucleus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus FL: Flocculus FLp: Floccular peduncle FN: Fastigial nucleus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INcb: Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum lof: Longitudinal fissure
LVeN: Lateral vestibular nucleus MB: Medullar body MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MVeN: Medial vestibular nucleus NP: Nucleus prepositus PFl: Paraflocculus PLG: Postlateral gyrus PLS: Postlateral sulcus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract Sot: Solitary tract SpG: Splenialis gyrus SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus tst: Tectospinal tract unf: Uncinate fasciculus Vect: Vestibulo cerebellar tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract
102
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 109 + 54.5 mm
9 Plates
103
Plate 110 + 55 mm
4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 9n: Glosso pharyngeal nerve ans: Ansiform lobe cst: Cerebro spinal tract ctt: Central tegmental tract Cu: Culmen DN: Dentate nucleus ELS: Ectolateral sulcus FN: Fastigial nucleus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INcb: Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum ION: Inferior olivary nucleus IVeN: Inferior vestibular nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LVeN: Lateral vestibular nucleus MB: Medullar body ml: Medial lemniscus
mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus NP: Nucleus prepositus PFl: Paraflocculus PLG: Postlateral gyrus PLS: Postlateral sulcus PSG: Posterior sigmoid gyrus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus Sot: Solitary tract SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract
104
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 111 + 55.5 mm
9 Plates
105
Plate 112 + 56 mm
10N: Vagus nucleus 4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve AmbN: Ambiguous nucleus ans: Ansiform lobe cst: Cerebro spinal tract ctt: Central tegmental tract DN: Dentate nucleus FN: Fastigial nucleus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INcb: Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum ION: Inferior olivary nucleus IVeN: Inferior vestibular nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure MB: Medullar body ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus NP: Nucleus prepositus
PFl: Paraflocculus PLG: Postlateral gyrus PLS: Postlateral sulcus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract Sot: Solitary tract SotN: Nucleus of the solitary tract SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract
106
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 113 + 56.5 mm
9 Plates
107
Plate 114 + 57 mm
10N: Vagus nucleus 12N: Hypoglossus nucleus 4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve ACuN: Accessory cuneate nucleus AmbN: Ambiguous nucleus cst: Cerebro spinal tract DN: Dentate nucleus FN: Fastigial nucleus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INcb: Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum ION: Inferior olivary nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LVeN: Lateral vestibular nucleus MB: Medullar body ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus MSG: Medial suprasylvian gyrus MVeN: Medial vestibular nucleus
No: Nodulus PLG: Postlateral gyrus PLS: Postlateral sulcus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract sct: Spinocerebellar tract sm: Stria medullaris of the thalamus Sot: Solitary tract SotN: Nucleus of the solitary tract SSpG: Supraspenialis gyrus SSpS: Supraspenialis sulcus stt: Spinothalamic tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract
108
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 115 + 57.5 mm
9 Plates
109
Plate 116 + 58 mm
10n: Vagus nerve 10N: Vagus nucleus 12N: Hypoglossus nucleus 4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve ACuN: Accessory cuneate nucleus AmbN: Ambiguous nucleus Arcf: Arcuate fibers cst: Cerebro spinal tract ctt: Central tegmental tract CuN: Cuneate nucleus FL: Flocculus FN: Fastigial nucleus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INcb: Interposed nucleus of the cerebellum INN: Intercalated nucleus ION: Inferior olivary nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LRtN: Lateral reticular nucleus
MB: Medullar body ml: Medial lemniscus No: Nodulus PFl: Paraflocculus PLG: Postlateral gyrus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract Sot: Solitary tract SotN: Nucleus of the solitary tract stt: Spinothalamic tract tst: Tectospinal tract vst: Vestibulo spinal tract
110
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 117 + 58.5 mm
9 Plates
111
Plate 118 + 59 mm
10N: Vagus nucleus 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve ACuN: Accessory cuneate nucleus AmbN: Ambiguous nucleus Arcf: Arcuate fibers cst: Cerebro spinal tract ctt: Central tegmental tract CuN: Cuneate nucleus icbp: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INN: Intercalated nucleus ION: Inferior olivary nucleus lof: Longitudinal fissure LRtN: Lateral reticular nucleus ml: Medial lemniscus No: Nodulus oct: Olivocerebellar tract py: Pyramidal tract RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract
Sot: Solitary tract SotN: Nucleus of the solitary tract stt: Spinothalamic tract tst: Tectospinal tract Uv: Uvula vst: Vestibulo spinal tract
112
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 119 + 59.5 mm
9 Plates
113
Plate 120 + 60 mm
10N: Vagus nucleus 12n: Hypoglossus nerve 12N: Hypoglossus nucleus 4V: Fourth ventricle 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve ACuN: Accessory cuneate nucleus AmbN: Ambiguous nucleus Arcf: Arcuate fibers cst: Cerebro spinal tract icpb: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INN: Intercalated nucleus ION: Inferior olivary nucleus LIS: Limitans sulcus lof: Longitudinal fissure LRtN: Lateral reticular nucleus MEDS: Median sulcus ml: Medial lemniscus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus oct: Olivocerebellar tract py: Pyramidal tract
RaN: Raphe nucleus RGN: Reticular gigantocellular nucleus RPN: Reticular parvicellular nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract sct: Spinocerebellar tract Sot: Solitary tract SotN: Nucleus of the solitary tract stt: Spinothalamic tract VRtN: Ventral reticular nucleus vst: Vestibulo spinal tract
114
The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Plate 122 + 61 mm
9 Plates
115
Plate 124 + 62 mm
10N: Vagus nucleus 12N: Hypoglossus nucleus 5-st: Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 5-stN: Nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve ACuN: Accessory cuneate nucleus AmbN: Ambiguous nucleus Arcf: Arcuate fibers CeC: Central canal CN: Commissural nucleus cst: Cerebro spinal tract CuN: Cuneate nucleus GN: Gracile nucleus icpb: Inferior cerebellar peduncle INN: Intercalated nucleus ION: Inferior olivary nucleus LRtN: Lateral reticular nucleus MEDS: Median sulcus mlf: Medial longitudinal fasciculus py: Pyramidal tract RaN: Raphe nucleus rst: Rubrospinal tract
sct: Spinocerebellar tract Sot: Solitary tract SotN: Nucleus of the solitary tract stt: Spinothalamic tract tst: Tectospinal tract VRtN: Ventral reticular nucleus vst: Vestibulo spinal tract
Epilogue
It is now 2.5 years since this project was initiated, and it has been a fantastic trip in the world of neuroanatomy that was made possible by the confidence of my Editor and the major financial help from two professional societies (namely SFPT and ESTP) that believed in the value of such a publication. I was fortunate to benefit by an experienced neurohistology laboratory and to obtain
access to old copies of the reference textbooks without which extensive labelling would never have been possible. I am now looking forward to receiving comments and feed-back from the readers in order to keep improving this document, as descriptive neuroanatomy is never definitive.
X. Palazzi, The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8372-5, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
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Bibliography
Adrianov O.S., Domino K.E., Domino E.F. (2010). Atlas of the Canine Brain. Npp Books Eidelberg E., Saldias CA. (1960) A stereotaxic atlas for Cebus monkeys. J Comp neurol. 115:103–23 Lim R.K.S, Liu CN, Moffitt R.L. (1960). A stereotaxic atlas of the dog’s brain. Thomas. Mai JK., Asshewer J., Paxinos G. (2004). Atlas of the human brain. 2nd ed. Academic Press. Palazzi X., Bordier N. (2008). The marmoset brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Springer Paxinos G. (1995). The rat nervous system. 2nd ed. Academic Press.
Paxinos G., Watson C. (2007). The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 6th ed. Academic Press. Paxinos G., Huang XF. (2009). The Rhesus monkey brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 2nd ed Academic Press. Saavedra JP., Mazzuchelli AL. (1968). A stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the marmoset (hapale jacchus). J. Hinforsch, 11(1):105–22 Singer, M. (1962). The Brain of the Dog in Section. Saunders. Stephan H., Baron G., Schwerdtfeger WK. (1980). The brain of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): a stereotaxic atlas. Springer-Verlag.
X. Palazzi, The Beagle Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8372-5, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
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