The Amphibians of Java and Bali

LIPI-THE

FIELD GUIDE SERIES

Research and Development Centre for Bio-UPI

LIPI-THE FIELD G U I D E SERIES

THE AMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI with 52 coloured photos and 57 line drawings

THE AMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI THE AMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI with 52 coloured photos and 57 Iine drawings

Other titles available in the Series: Sulawesi Utara: Sebuah Panduan Sejarah Alam *:* Amfibi Jawa dan Bali Pengenalan Burung-Burung di Sumatera, Jawa, Bali dan Kalimantan *:* Mengenal Capung *:

*:*

by

Djoko T. Iskandar Series editor S.N. Kartikasari

Published by: Research and Development Centre for Biology-LIP1 Sponsored by GEF-Biodiversity Collections Project 1998

Published by: Research and Development Centre for Biology-LIP1 Sponsored by GEF-Biodiversity Collections Project 1998

dedicated to my parents, to Lilyana, Indra and Wishnu, and to my colleagues and students

THE AMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI Djoko T. Iskandar Copyright 0 1998 Research and Development Centre for Biology-LIP1 All rights reserved. Published by Research and Development Centre for Biology-LIP1 ISBN 979-579-0145 Typesetting and graphics: Serawima Production Distributor: The HAYATI Foundation Printed in Indonesia by SMT Grafika Desa Putera

Indonesia GEF-Biodiversity Collections Project Research and Development Centre for Biology-LIP1 GET-GRANT No. TF. 028657 The Global Environment Facility (Gm)-Biodivmsity Collections Project is a project of the Government of Indonesia in the field of Biodiversity Information Management.

The project is funded as a grant by the Global Environment Trust Fund through the World Bank as its trustee under Grant No. TE 028657. Significant contribution is also made by the Indonesian Government. The project is being implemented by the Research and.Development Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PPPB - LIPI), over five years (19942000). The Main Objectives of the Project are: a. To provide support for the overall project management and co-ordination, in order to foster both effective project implementation and long term institutional transformation; b. To restore and develop the collections and associated functions of the Herbarium and Zoological Museums; c. To design and establish a computerised specimens-based database for collection management, collection planning and development and external use; and d. To strengthen the capacity of PPPB to co-ordinate and foster collaborative biological research activities and client services.

PREFACE

As part of one of the biologically richest parts of the world, Java attracted the attention of 19th century biologists with the result that by the early part of the 20th century Java's fauna became quite well known. That statement applies to the amphibian fauna ofJava as well as the rest of its vertebrates. In 1923, P.N. van Kampen published The Amphiha of the ZndeAustralian Archipelago, which for many years was treated as the definitive review of the amphibians, in particular those of Java, a place that had had so much attention in the preceding 100 years. Between 1923 and 1998 almost no studies were carried out on the amphibians of Java. It was as though we already knew all that was essential or interesting about them. That was a mistaken notion. Although prior to 1923 much had been written about the adult stages of the frogs of Java, relatively little was known of the other half of the life cycle, the larval or tadpole stage of these species. Van Kampen listed 36 species of frogs and two Caecilians (that very poorly known group ofworm-like amphibians) from Java, but referred to the tadpoles of only 20, although without certainty in most cases. Knowledge of the larval stages of an assemblage of frog species is important because the tadpoles are often clues to the evolutionary relations of species, but also because the tadpoles provide ecological information essential to conservation of these animals. During the 50 years preceding van Kampen's monograph, much was written about the amphibians from adjacent rich areas-Sumatra, Borneo, continental Southeast Asia-and authors applied the names of Javan species to frogs they had obtained from Borneo, say, or the Malay Peninsula. One result of this tendency was that Java appeared to have very few endemic species, that is, species unique to Java. It is accurate to say that the author of the present volume, Dr. Djoko T. Iskandar, is the first biologist since van Kampen to study seriously the relations of Javan amphibians to those of adjacent territory. One of the results of his work is the recognition that the Javan fauna is more distinctive than we had thought, that many of the species thought to occur in Borneo and continental Southeast Asia are in fact limited to Java. That realization changes our ideas about the history of the fauna and adds urgency to the efforts to conserve the small remnants of natural areas in Java.

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AMFIBIJAWADAN BALI

Although this book has obvious value to specialists on amphibians,it is written primarily with the needs of the non-specialist in mind. As such, it is certain to stimulate teachers and students,' as well as persons with a keen interest in natural history and conservation.

Robert F. Inger Curator Emeritus, Amphibians and Reptiles Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, USA

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The publication of this book was made possible by the support of the Research and Development Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences in cooperation with the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Technology, Bandung. For this reason, the author wishes to acknowledge H. Ibkar-Kramadibrata MSc. (Biology, FMIPA ITB) for her constant support and encouragement, and Dr. A. Budiman (GEF, Head of the Research and Development Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences) who encouraged me to make the final effort to finish this book. My sincere thanks are also addressed here to Mr. Boeadi, G.G. Hambali MSc., M. Sancoyo (Bogor),Dr. R.F. Inger (USA), Prof. Dr. R. Seymour and D.Y. Setyanto MS (Bandung) who willingly supplied information, contributed to some of the figures, read and commented on the text before it was published and corrected several errors. I want to express my great appreciation for the line drawings, partly prepared by dr. T.M. Raharjo, of my numerous students for their company in the field, and of the late Dr. H.S. Hardjasasmita, and Dr. A. Rustama (Bandung) for their support and cooperation. Particular thanks go to Helen Taylor and Dr. Tony Whitten who edited the English version, and to Ani Kartikasari who co-ordinated the publication of both the English and Indonesian versions of this book. Finally I would like to express my gratitude to my family, colleagues, students, technicians and many people from Indonesia and other countries as well, who cannot all be mentioned here individually for their contribution towards the publication of this book.

FOREWORD

The need for practical books on Indonesian fauna has increased considerably during the last decade. They should be not only useful for students of biology, but also give a more specific understanding of species distribution. This need is tightly in concordance with the global threat of biodiversity loss, so that the decline of a given species can be documented and updated sources. The only complete as new information is gathered from vaI-10~~ book available for Indonesian amphibians is The Amphiha of the Indw Australian Archipelago by P.N. van Kampen, published in 1923, although there have been more recent taxonomic revisions of certain groups based largely on material from outside 1ndonesia.Van Kampen's book is now not only out of print, but seriously out of date. More than 60% of the names have now changed as knowledge has advanced. Whilst there are other references on Sabah, Sarawak, Malay Peninsula and Singapore, many Indonesian species do not feature in these. In order to fill the gap for Javanese and Balinese amphibians, I was asked by several authorities and encouraged by several leading scientists to write a book based on my twenty years of experience in this field. To serve the widest possible audience, I have prepared this book in a semi-scientific way. Of the fifty species that have been described as inhabiting Java, forty of them are considered valid and are presented here. Fifty two coloured photos of 35 species are included and 57 line drawings in black and white are provided to gve a better idea about the form of the genera. It is hoped that this book can be used by a diverse readership. In order to honour the finders of species, I have included the names of those who contributed in naming the genera and species. The name of the author and the publication date in some of the species description are presented in brackets to indicate that these species are initially described in different genera. Some information about other Indonesian (and to some extent Southeast Asian), amphibians is included to give a fuller picture. Most Javan species that were widespread in Southeast Asia were described from Java. However most of these species have no exact type locality. Unfortunately, information from many regions in Central and Eastern Java is still laclung and this is reflected in the very few localities mentioned in this book. It is hoped readers can help fill these gaps in knowledge by sending their records of amphibians to the author so that the book can be updated.

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TABLE O F C O N T E N T S

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi ... Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi11

Chapter 1. The Biolog of the Amphibians of Java and Bali . . . . . . . 1

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Chapter 2 Classification of Javan and Baliiese Amphibians . . . . . . 9 Chapter 3. Identification Key to Amphibian Families Using Adult Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Chapter 4 . Identification Key to Tadpoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Chapter 5. The Caecilians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Ichthyophis hypocyaneus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

. Chapter 7. Family Megophryidae. The Litter Frogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Chapter 6 Frogs and Toads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

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7.1 Lqbtobrachium hasseltii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 7.2 Megophrys montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Chapter 8. Family Bufonidae, The True Toads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 8.1 Lqbtophryne borbonica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 8.2 Lqbtophryne cruentata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 8.3 Bufo asper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 8.4 Bufo biporcatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 8.5 Bufo melanostictus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 8.6 Bufo parvus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Chapter 9 . Family Microhylidae. The Narrow Mouth Frogs . . . . . . 51 9.1 Kulophrynus mznusculus new species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 9.2 Kalophrynus pleurostip~u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 9.3 Kaloula Oakatcl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 9.4 Mirrohyln achatrna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 9.5 Microhyla palmipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 9.6 Orsophryn~monticoln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

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AMFIBIJAWAD A N BALI

LIST O F FIGURES

Chapter 10. Family Ranidae, The True Frogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 10.1 Huia masonii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 10.2 Rana (Hylarana) baramica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 10.3 Rana (Hylarana) chalconota . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 10.4 Rana (Hylarana) erythraea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 10.5 Rana (Hylarana) hosii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 10.6 Rana (Hylarana) nicobariensis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 10.7 Rana (Aquarana) catesbiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 1 0.8 Fqeruarya canniuora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. 1 10.9 Fejeruarya limnocharis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 10.10 Fqeruarya new species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 10.11 Limnonectes kuhlii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 10.12 Limnonectes macrodon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 10.13 Limnonectes microdiscus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 10.14 Occidozyga lima. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 10.15 Occidozyga sumatrana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Chapter 11. Family Rhacophoridae, The South Asian Tree Frogs. . 83 1 1 . 1 Nyctixalus margaritzfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 11.2 Philautus aurifasciatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 11.3 Philautus jacobsoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 11.4 Philautus pallidipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 11.5 Philautus uittiger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 1 1.6 Polypedates leucomystax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 . 1 1.7 Rhacophoms jauanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 1 1.8 Rhacophoms reinwardtii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1 Chapter 12. Family Pelodryadidae, The Austral*Papuan Tree Frogs . 9 5 Litoriajauana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Chapter 13. Family Pipidae, The African Clawed Toads . . . . . . . . . 99 13.1 Xenopus laeuis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 13.2 Hymenochirus sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Scientific Names Applied to the Amphibians of Java. . . . . . . . . . . 107 Institutional Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

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Figure 1. Important amphibian body features: a. dorselateral fold; b. tympanum;c. snout; d. nuptial pads; e. finger webbing~;f. subarticular tubercle; g. smooth tips; h. conical tips; i. flattened tips with circum-marginal groove; j. spatulated tips; k. clawed tips; 1. parotoid gland; m. supraorbital ridge; n. arciferal scapular girdle; o. firmisternal scapular girdle; p. parietal ridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 F i e 2. The body shapes of: A ) Bufo melanostictus, B ) Bufo asper, C ) Leptophryne borbonica, D) wtophryne mentata, E & F ) wtobrachium hasseltii, and G & H ) Megophrys montuna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Figure 3. The body shapes of: A & B ) Kaloula babata, C ) Kalophrynus pleurostigma, D) Kalophrynus minusculus, E) Microhyla achatina, F ) Microhyla palmipes G ) Rana catesbeiana, and H ) Xenopus b i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Figure 4. The body shapes of: A & B ) Huia masonii, C & D ) Rana (Hylarana), E) Fqeruarya limnocharis F ) Fqervarya canniuma, and G & H ) Limnonectes sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 F i e 5. The body shapes of: A & B ) Occidozyga lima, C & D ) Philautus sp., E & F ) Polypedates leucomystax, G ) Rhace p h m s sp., and H ) Rana (Hylarana) sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Figure 6. Tadpoles of A ) Bufo melanostictus, B ) B. asper, C ) Lqbtophryne mentata, D) L.qbtobrachium hasseltii, E) Megophrys montana, F ) Kaloula babata, G ) Kalophrynus sp., and H ) Microhyla achutina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 4 Figure 7. Tadpoles of A ) Huia masonii, B ) Limnonectes sp., C ) Rana sp., D ) Fqeruarya sp., E) Occidozyga sp., F ) Polypedates leucomystax, G ) Rhacophorus sp., and H ) Xenopus huis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

Table o f Content

L I S T O F PLATES Plate 15 (top) Rana hosii, Mt. Tengger, East Java. by G.G. Hambali. (bottom) R. hosii from Situ Gunung, West Java.

Plate l (top) Small stream, a common habitat where amphibianscan often be located. (bottom) Shingle stream, an ideal habitat to hunt for amphibians at night.

Plate 16 (top) Two other colour variants of Rana hosii. (bottom) The blue variant of R. hosii from Anai river, West Sumatra. by D.Y. Setyan to. plate 17 (top) Rana nicobariensis, Situ Umar, West Java. (bottom) F&varya cancrivora, Bandung, West Java. by D.Y. Setyanto.

Plate 2 (top) Ichthyophis elongatus, Anai valley, West Sumatra. (bottom) Leptobrachium montanum, Sabah, North Borneo. by R.E Inger.

Plate 18 (top) Fgervarya limnocharis, Cibodas, West Java. by G.G. Hambali. (bottom) Limnonectes kuhli, Cibodas, West. Java.

Plate 3 (top) Leptobrachium hasseltii, Cibodas. (bottom) Leptohachium sp., Sukabumi.

Plate 19 (top) Warty skin, characteristic of Limnonectes kuhlii. (bottom) Limnonectes macrodon. Garut, West Java. by G.G. Hambali.

Plate 4 (top) Megophrys montana, Cibodas, West Java, photographed in the forest to show camouflage. by G.G. Hambali. (bottom) Megophrys montana, Situ Gunung, West Java.

Plate 20 (top) Limnonectes microdiscus, Cibodas, West Java. (bottom) Occidozyga Lima, Bandung, West Java. by D.Y. Setyanto.

Plate 5 (top) Leptophryne borbonica, Anai Valley, West Sumatra. by D.Y. Setyanto. Leptophryne cruatata, a Javan endemic species, photographed from Selabintana, West Java. (bottom) The hourglass pattern of Leptophryne cruatata, shown here, distinguishes it from L. borbonica. Plate 6 (top) Bufo asper, Anai River, West Sumatra. by D.Y. Setyanto. (bottom) Bufo biporcatus, Denpasar, Bali. Plate 7 (top) Bufo melanostictus, Bandung, West Java. by D.Y. Setyanto. (bottom) Bufo parvus, Anai Valley, W. Sumatra.. Plate 8 (top) Another dorsal pattern of Kabphrynus phrostigma from Borneo. (bottom) Kabphrynus phrostigma, North Borneo. by R.F. Inger. Plate 9 (top) Kaloula baleata, Bandung. (bottom) Kaloula bakata showing the reddish inguinal spot. Plate 10 (top) Microhyla achatina, Cibodas, West Java. (bottom) Tadpoles of Microhyla aft achatina, Sancang, West Java. Plate 11 (top) Mimhyla palmipes, West Sumatra. (bottom) fieophryne sp. from Eastern Indonesia. Plate 12 c. Huia masonii, Cikapundung, West Java. d. Huia masonii from Situ Gunung, West Java. Plate 13 (top) Rana baramica. Sabah, N . Borneo. by R.F. Inger. (bottom) Rana chalconota, Bandung, West Java. Plate 14 (top) Rana er-ythraea, Garut, West Java. by D.Y. Setyanto. (bottom) Comparison between male and female R. er-ythraea to show size difference.

Plate 21 (top) Occidozyga sumutrana from Anai river, West Sumatra. by D.Y. Setyanto. (bottom) Nyctixalus pictus, Sabah, North. Borneo. by R.F. Inger. Plate 22 (top) Nyctixalus margaritifer, Situ Gunung, West Java. (bottom) Another view of Nyxtixalus margariti& from Situ Gunung, West Java. Plate 23 (top) Philautus aunyasciatus, Situ Gunung, West Java. (bottom) Two Philautus aunyasciatus from Situ Gunung. Plate 24 (top) Polypedates hcomystax (striped form) Anai River, West Sumatra. (bottom) Polypedates hcomystax, unstriped form during amplexus. by G.G. Hambali. Plate 25 (top) Rhacophorus javanus, Bogor, West Java. by A.J. Whitten (bottom) Rhacophorus reinwardtii, Bogor, W. Java. Plate 26 h o p u s lamis, normal form, reared in captivity.

xix

Chapter 1

The Biology of the Amphibians of Java and Bali

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There are three extant orders of amphibians. One of these, Caudata or salamanders has no representatives in Indonesia, or indeed across most of Southeast Asia. The closest areas to Indonesia where salamanders are still found are Northern Thailand and Northern Vietnam. The second and smallest order, Caecilian or Gyrnnophiona, are worm-like creatures with a distinct head and eyes. These are rarely encountered, and easily confused with earthworms. The majority of Indonesian amphibians belong to the third order, Anura or frogs and toads. The most primitive frogs among from Indonesia occurs in Borneo and belongs to the family Bombinatoridae (formerly put in Discoglossidae). Other groups of frogs which are considered as relatively primitive belong to the Megophryidae (formerly put in Pelobatidae) and there are two introduced members of the family Pipidae ( X a o p u s lamis and Hymenochirus sp.). All other frogs which . (Bufonidae) occur are of families considered as advanced f r ~ g sToads are likely to be lumped together with advance frogs.

Frogs are easy to recognize by their squat shape with four legs, no indication of a tail and no distinct neck. The hind limbs are usually long for jumping, but in some forms, such as the toads, the hind limbs are usually relatively short and slender, serving for hopping around searching for food. The eyes are unusually large, with either horizontal or vertical pupils. In some forms, the pupil is diamondshaped or rhomboidal, features which are characteristic for the respective group. The finger tips can be featureless, cylindrical, up to a form of flattened large disc or sometimes these have broad lateral fringes. In one group of frogs the finger tips are in the form of a conical disc. The hands bear four fingers, but the feet have five. Between the toes and sometimes between the fingers there may be a

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THEAMPHIBIANSOF JAVA A N D BALI

The Biology o f the Amphibians

membrane of webbing. This membrane varies from species to species. Some barely bear a web, but in other species, the web extends further to cover the finger or toe tips. In some specics, the webbing has a deep excision and in others, it is essentially straight. The skin varies from essentially smooth in some frogs to rough, covered with spines and/or pustules in toads. Along the sides of the body, some frogs have a fold known as a dorsc-lateral fold which begins behind the eyes and runs to the groin. Others have what is known as a supratympanic fold which starts behind the eyes, extending further above the tympanum (the I-ound patch of skin over the ear) and ends around the arm pit. Teeth might be present in the upper jaw, but are always absent from the lower jaw.. Instead, some genera have a pairs of fang-like process, especially in the males. In many species, the females are larger than the males, but this is reversed in some species. The size of Indonesian forms varies from little more than 10 mm and weighing only one or two grams up to the largest species which can reach 280 mm and weigh more than l500 grams.

Amphibians' lives are always associated with water. The name amphibious means living in two different worlds, water and land. However, amphibians occupy a very wide variety of habitats, ranging from below the ground to the highest tree canopies. The majority of species live in forested areas, because they need high humidity to protect them from desiccation. Some species live close to rivers and others never leave the water. Species which live for the most part outside the water body usually still need water for some period, at least for breeding and reproductive activities. With two exceptions, no species can stand salt or brackish water. One of the exceptions is Fqln,arya cancnvma, the marsh or ricefield frog, a species closely linked to human activities. As well as living in habitats such as paddy fields which have been greatly modified by people, this species is also known to be abundant in lowland areas with brackish water such as mangroves. This explains its wide distribution throughour Southeast Asia. This species is now also known from Irian Jaya as a result of at.cidental introductions. It is possible to broadly group the habitats usually frequented hy amphibians. The first group of habitats is always associated with human activities. Thcrc are eight spccics which arr found in these hdhitats, Bufo ~n~lnnorl~rtrr.\, Fqnziova spp. ( ~ h r e ef'
.

3

lima, Rana chalconota, R. eryfhren, Polypednles kuromyslax and probably f i l m h baleata. The second group of habitats are trees. This is the domain chiefly of the tree frog family, Rhacophoridae. In addition, some microhylids d o actually climb trees. With the one exception of Polypedafes leucorr~yslax,all tree frog species are rarely encountered, because they live in forest. Disturbed habitats are known tosupport two Mznohyh species, and also Rana bnromica and K. nicobanensis. Among the group of habitats along rivers, can be found Huia nrasonii which lives in clear, swift running water and Blrfo uper, Limnnonecfes kuhlii, L. manodon and Rona hosii. Primary as well as secondary forest habitats support Ichlhyophis hypocyanms, Bufo biporcatus, B. paruus, Kaloph.ryn,u,s minusnclus, l,$Jlobrachium hassell~i,Llrnnonectes mimdisncs, Megophtys monlana, and the two l,$Jtoph.ryne species, most Rhacophorus, Nyctixalus, the two P h i h u t u , ~and Occidozyga sumalrana, which replaced 0. l m u in the Greater Sunda Islands.

-

Except for the foul- Plr~lnutusspecies and (heophryne, all forms have free-living tadpoles. Phihutrrs and Oreophrsnf ha\,e large eggs with direct development; that is. aftel- ten days 01- so, a small froglet comes out of the egg sheath. Tadpoles have various strategies to avoid tight competition. A number of species lay eggs in tempo]-ary pools. This habitat is frequented by Orsidoiygn (three species). Kalorrh and sometimes by Minohyla. \4'atel:filled hollows in trees or leaf axils a]-e known as laying places for Kalophrynus and Ph.ilnu/us. In addition, there are several records of Knlophrynus laying eggs inside the pitchelplant. Two genera, Kaloph.rynus and Kalouln ha5.e specialized tadpoles, which have no need to feed. All e n e r q needcd for development and metamorphosing into a small froglet is already supplied by the yolk within the egg. Species that frequented permanent pools such as s most ponds are Occidozygo, Rann, Rhacophorlrs, P o l ~ j ~ r d n l cand Minohyln. Paddy fields are usually the home of all F+vnqn, some Rana and Occidozygn. species. The tadpoles of Amolops, Me+slopys and Huin, rermed by lnger (1966) as gastromyrophorus tadpoles. This term alludcs to a Southeast Asian fish C~strorr~yzon which lives in torrents. Its mouth is modified to attach to rocks and boulders. These are the only ones which live in swift-running water. For this reason, the belly is armed with a Ial-ge suctorial cup to enablc i r to hold on to stonrs or othcr suhstrates in

The Biology o f the Amphibians ...

water. Bufo asperalso has current-adapted tadpoles, but this species can only withstand slow to medium currents. In this species, the mouth is modified for holding on to a substrate in water. Although other species also lay their eggs in some rivers, they usually use sidepools, so are not directly affected by the water current. All other species not mentioned above belong to this category. Most rhacophorids and some ranids have colourless eggs, but other species usually have bicoloured eggs. Egg colouration is generally linked to the reproductive strategy. Colourless eggs are usually laid in a hidden place to avoid predators. Bicoloured eggs are usually laid in water where they are difficult to observe from above, because they are camouflaged against by the dark bottom, and also difficult to see from within the water, because the white parts provide camouflage against a cloudy sky. The number of eggs laid in a single clutch varies from little more than ten large eggs (of about 5 mm) in Phihutus, Oreophryne and Nyctixalus to several thousand, for example in most Bufo species. In general however, frogs lay several hundred eggs, either in strings as in some Bufo species or most frequently in a single cluster. The eggs usually vary in size from between 1.2 mm to 3 mm. The number of eggs laid is usually smaller, the larger the eggs. There is an interesting relationship between smaller frogs and the size of tadpoles. Larger frogs seem to have smaller tadpoles than medium or small frogs. The larger Bufo and Fqervarya frogs lay several hundred to thousands of eggs which usually develop into small tadpoles. In contrast, small Rana and Rhacophms frogs lay only about fifty to a little more than a hundred eggs and have much larger tadpoles. Some Bufo species lay eggs in strings, but other species always make a single cluster as a gelatinous mass. The genera Polypedates and Rhacophorus produce a frothy egg-mass made by the pairs during amplexus on plants overhanging the water. In most amphibians fertilization is external. The Papuan microhylids have large, tough eggs which develop directly into froglets and it is suspected that these species have internal fertilization. Recently it was found that a Limnonectes species from Sulawesi is larviparus (laying tadpoles instead of eggs), again suggesting internal fertilization. However, none of the Javan species has such an unusual mode of reproduction. The eggs usually need ten days to one month for the tadpoles to accomplish the larval stages before the small froglets can emerge from water.

5

DIETOF AMPHIBIANS All amphibians are entirely carnivorous. Their diet consists chiefly of arthropods, worms. In addition, larger species also feed on small animals such as small fish, crustaceans, molluscs, smaller or young frogs and even small lizards and small snakes. With few exceptions, most tadpoles are herbivorous. Kaloula and Kalophrynus tadpoles do not feed at all and rely solely on the yolk reserve. The tadpoles of Occidozyga feed chiefly on insect larvae and earth or freshwater worms. Tadpoles usually feed at the bottom, with two exceptions, Mimohyh achatina and Megophrys montana, which are surface feeders.

DEFENCE MECHANISMS

W

Amphibians have no physical weapons to defend themselves. Most members of the genus Limnonectes have a fang-like bone on the anterior part of the lower jaw, probably for use in defence. However, there are only four frog species which actually bite when handled, Asterophys turpicola from New Guinea, Ceratobatrachus penthen from the Solomon, and two other species of the genera Ceratqbhrys and Hemiphractzcs from South America. Most of them depend on their hindlimbs to jump and escape. On the other hand, megophryids and bufonids have relatively short legs, hence ineffective to be use as weapons. For this reason they rely on other mechanisms, poisonous in bufornids and camouflage in megophryids. The megophryids and rhacophorids usually camouflage themselves according to the habitat they frequent to avoid predators. There are a few reports that some male frog species butt each other during the mating season to acquire a gravid female. Another effective defence method is poisonous skin. While there is a common belief that most frogs are poisonous, this is not always true. However, all bufonids and a few other species do have really poisonous skin, which is especially toxic to small animals, but not potent enoLgh to kill a human being. The poison glands in bufonids are situated on the parotoid glands and other glands all over the skin and pustules. In other species glands present are less conspicuous. There is also a belief, which leads to a fear of touching tree frogs, that their urine can make one blind, but this need further investigation. Poisonous frogs can easily be identified by their pungent smell. It is also well-known that poisonous frogs are usually brightlycoloured, usually termed as aposematic colouration. Fortunately none of the

6

THEAMPHIBIANSOF JAVAAND BAI.I

Indonesian frogs have toxins potent against humans. Tadpoles of some bufonids and ranids have a pair of poison glands situated on the lower side of the body. Unfortunately nosresearch has been conducted on this particular subject in Indonesia. Some microhylids have very sticky skin, which makes predators avoid this species. If you hold such a frog of the genus Kalophrynus firmly in your palm, it will be very difficult to open your fist again.

As the majority of Indonesian citizens are Moslem, very few species are consumed. Only two species are usually sold in the market, and are popular with Chinese restaurants. These are Fqervarya cancrivora (Paddy Field Frog, Marsh Frog or Katak Hijau) and Limnonecks macrodon (Stone Creek Frog or Bangkong Batu). However, Indonesia is well-known as the largest exporter of frogs legs. They come from all over the country, but unfortunately nobody really knows which species are used. About 30 species are potentially collected and sold for their legs, but the systematic situation itself is still in a very chaotic state. In about 1973, the American Bullfrog &nu cakskiana began to be imported into Indonesia to be reared in captivity for human consumption. If somehow these have escaped from captivity, this may hold serious consequences for native species in the coming decades. However, at present the species is thought to be confined to just a number of cities in Java and Bali. Only very recently, frogs have started to enter pet shops. Some horned toads Cmatophrys from South America have been seen. Two other species, Xenopus laeuis and Hymnochirus sp. are known to be used in some laboratories. These might be a potential threat for local frogs, caused by the introduction of American Bullfrog &nu catesbeiana. A good example is the Sugarcane Toad Bufo man'nus which is already a pest in in Australia, New Guinea, and the Philippines. And now the recently introduced species Bufo melanostictus to Manokwari, Irian Jaya, is already considered a pest locally.

Chapter 2

Classification of Javan and Balinese Amphibians In total, Java has about 40 species, and Bali has 12 species. Only one Balinese species, the montane cricket frog Oreophryne monticola, does not occur on Java. At least 59 specific names have been applied to the amphibians of Java, but the total number of species is about forty plus two introduced species. In addition, a number of salamanders and other nonindigenous frogs have been brought into Java and possibly other places in Indonesia during the last twenty years or so, but the exact number of species and their identity remains unknown. Some species from eastern Indonesia such as L i t h a inji-afrenata and L. caerulea, among others, have been seen in large numbers in farms for export purposes, but not detected in the wild. The amphibians of Java and Bali belong to two orders, Gymnophiona and Anura. The first order consists of worm-like creatures, represented by the family Ichthyophiidae (formerly put in Caeciliidae). The Anura consists of five different families in Java: Bufonidae, Microhylidae, Megophryidae (formerly in Pelobatidae), Ranidae and Rhacophoridae. Javan amphibians are generally considered to include frogs and toads. However, the notion toad only applies to rough-looking species, currently placed in the genus Bufo or related genera of the family Bufonidae. One species of Pelodryadidae (or formerly Hylidae) Litona javana has been reported from Java, although the record is considered as doubtful and there was no exact type locality. The American Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana has been introduced to Java to be bred for consumption. Other species, Xenqus laeuis and Hymenochirus sp. (Pipidae) have been introduced as laboratory animals for research purposes. Although Java is considered as the most well-known area in Indonesia, the number of accepted Javan amphibian species is still rising. Very recently six new names have been added, and one species is here proposed as new to science.

10

THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI

In the Indonesian language, there is n o agreement between the term katak (frog) and kodok (toad) because the latter originated from Javanese language. In West Java frogs and toads are also known as bangkong. Bancet usually applies to small-sized frogs. In Central Java, small frogs are usually termed as percil (signifies a juvenile frog or toad). None of these terms are specific to any particular species. There are only a few species which d o have a common or local name. For this reason I have taken the liberty of inventing common names. Common names are not only important for standardising common usage, but also for transferring information, especially for people who are not accustomed to scientific names. A uniform common name accepted all over the country will facilitate the transfer of reliable information.

Chapter 3

Identification Key to Amphibian Families Using Adult Forms Body like a worm, without limbs. . . . . . . . . . . . .ICHTHYOPHIIDAE A single genus and species. . . . . . . . . . . . . Ichlhyophic hypocyaneus Body with four limbs, distinct head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Skin warty, covered with large tubercles. . . . . . . . . . . . BUFONIDAE Skin at most wrinkled, usually smooth.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Limbs relatively short.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Limbs relatively long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Head and eyes relatively large, fingers and toes without enlarged . tips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MFGOPHRYIDAE Body small to large and plump with truncated toe tips or without enlarged tips, head relatively small and pointed, mouth and eyes small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .h l l a O H ' i ' u ~ ~ ~ Body slender, finger tips usually dilated and flattened with a circum-marginal groove separating upper part from lower part of thedisc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Body plump, finger tips not dilated or if dilated not flattened and without circum-marginal groove. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Back colouration usually different from lateral, a pair of dorsolateral fold present or faintly present, finger and toes with enlarged flattened tips, eyes not very large, snout relatively pointed, usually not arboreal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . RANIDAE (Raninae) Body slender, eyes relatively large, snout short, toes and hands with wide and flattened finger tips, dorso-lateral fold absent; arboreal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9. Head usually not flattened, toes ending without claws, but might be enlarged but not flattened. . . . . . . . RANIDAE (Dicroglossinae) Head flattened, toes ended with black claws. . . . . . . . PIPIDAE(8) a large species, flattened, toes with black claws. . . . Xenopus l m i s a small species, body relatively normal. . . . . . . . Hymenochirus sp. Pectoral girdle firmisternal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RHACOPHORIDAE Pectoral girdle arciferal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PELODRYADIDAE a single doubtful species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liloria javana

14

THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVAAND BALI

Figure 1. Important amphibian body features: a. dorso-lateral fold; b. tympanum; c. snout; d. nuptial pads; e. finger webbings; f. subarticular tubercle; g. smooth tips; h. conical tips; i. flattened tips with circum-marginal groove; j. spatulated tips; k. clawed tips; I. parotoid gland; m. supraorbital ridge; n. arciferal scapular girdle; o. firmisternal scapular girdle; p. parietal ridge.

Identification Key to Adult Forms

15

Figure 2. The body shapes of: A) Bufo melanostictus, B) Bufo asper, C) Leptophryne borbonica, D) Leptophryne cruentata, E & F) Leptobrachium hasseltii, and C & H) Megophrys montana.

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Chapter 4

~dentificationKey to Tadpoles Except for Microhylidae, it is practically impossible to give an accurate key for species based on tadpole characteristics. For this reason, a single, general key to all families, genera and species, is given. Only 30 forms have known tadpoles. The tadpoles of Nyctixalus margantzfer and Rana (H.) baramica are at present not yet known. The two Philautus species and Oreophryne have direct development. In order to give some idea about the tadpoles of Nyctixalus margantijm, the characteristics of another species, N. pictus, is provided here. The tadpoles of Occidozyga sumatrana are also unknown, but it is presumed here to be very similar to 0. lamis. 1a

Spiracle median, tail with central filament o r not, eyes lateral, E when seen from below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M I C R O H ~ I D A(2)

Spiracle sinistral, eyes on the upper surface of the body.. . . . . . 5 Lower lips expanded for surface feeding, lips rounded, without lateral expansion, tail wide with central filament. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microhyla achatina (fig. 6H) 2b(la) Lips subterminal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3a(2b) Jaws and denticles absent.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3b(2b) Jaws and/or teeth present, spiracle covered with a flap of skin, tail very slender and pointed for the posterior half.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microhyla palmipes lb 2a(la)

4a(3a) 4b(3a) 5a(lb) 5b(lb) 6a(5a)

6b(lb) 7a(6b) 7b(6b)

Spiracle with a long tube, tadpoles not feeding.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kaloula bakata (fig. 6F) Spiracle without tube or flap, tail gradually pointed without central filament. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kalophrynus phrostzgma (fig. 6G) Lips rounded directing to the front or downwards. . . . . . . . . . . 6 Lips with lateral expansion, tail elongated and tip rounded.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Megophrys montana (fig. 6E) Belly with large suctorial disc, mouth directed downwards for bottom feeding denticle formula IVt44/1-1tV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Huia masonii (fig. 7A) Belly almost featureless, mouth directed to the front. . . . . . . . . 7 Tadpoles us~iallynot very small. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 small, black tadpole, even in advanced stagrs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

22

THEAMPHIBIANSOF JAVAAND BALI

Sa(7b)

Mouth cuplike, adapted for sticking against current, denticle formulae II/III, lips for bottom feeding, tadpoles completely black or dark brown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bufo asper (fig. 6B) Sb(7b) Mouth normal in form or size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 9a(8b) Papillae around the lower lip and corner of the mouths. . . . . 10 9b(8b) Papillae confined to the corner of the mouth, mouth not adapted for living in streams, tadpoles usually small, even in advanced stage with legs, tail usually not longer than double the length of head and body, denticle formulae I+1-l/III. . . Bufo melanostictus, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bufo btporcatus and Bufo parvus (fig. 6A), Denticle formulae II/III or I+1-l/III.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lOa(9a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptophryne cruatata (fig. 6C) lOb(9a) Denticle formulae 2-2/III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Leptophryne borbonica lla(7a) Mouth very small, at most with a single row of denticles.. . . . . . . ......................................O . cc~oz~c~(25) llb(7a) Mouth normal in size and form, with numerous rows of denticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 12a(l lb) Papillae around entire margin of oral disc Denticle formula I+55/44+I.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Leptobrachium hasseltii (fig. 6D) 12b(l lb) Papillae confined to lower lips and lateral quarters.. . . . . . . . . 13 13a(12b) Tadpoles not small, body blackish, elongated, tail more than twice (14) head and body length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RHACOPHORUS 13b(l2b)Tadpolesnot black, lower lip with three rows of denticles. . . . 15 14a(13a) Sides of lips with 3 4 rows of papillae denticle formulae I+5-5/III or II+44/III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhacophorus javanus 14b(13a) Sides of lips with 1-2 rows of papillaedenticle formulae I+5-5/III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhacophorus reinwardtii 15a(13b) Lips with more than three rows of denticles. . . . . . . . . RANA(22) 15b(13b) Lips with at most three rows of denticles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 16a(15b) Tadpoles relatively large, total length more thar. 15 mm. . . . . 17 16b(14b) Tadpoles relatively small, less than 15 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 17a(16a) Tail less than twice head and body length, body relatively plump, tail fins as high as body, denticle formulae I+33/III or I+33/1l+III, tail pointed for the last two thirds of its length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polypedates hcomystax (fig. 7F) 17b(16a) Tadpoles oval, almost circular, lower lip with 2 rows of papillae, tail about one and a half times head and body length, denticles formulae I+44/III or I+33/III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nyctixalus pictus ISa(16b) Tadpoles smaller, tail without numerous spots, denticle formula I+1-l/III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R~LRVARYA (19)

Identification Key t o Tadpoles

23

lsb(16b) Tadpoles moderate in size, tail usually one and a half to two times the head and body, with numerous spots, denticle formulae I/ 1(20) 1+II or I+1-1/1-1+II or II/l-1+II. . . . . . . . . . . . . LIMNONECTES 1ga(18a) Tail terminal half black coloured, last row of denticles usually shorter than the two others. . . . . . . . . . Fqervarya limnocha?is and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F.newspecies . lgb(18a) Size larger, tail terminal not darker, last row of denticles usually longer than the two others. . . . . . . Fqmarya cancrivora (fig. 7D) 20a(18b) Tail terminal not dark colaured.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 20b(18b) Tail terminal half black coloured, denticle formulae I+1-1/1-1+II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Limnonectes kuhlii (fig. 7B) 21a(20a) Tail more or lesswith black speckles or spots denticle formula I/11+II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Limnonectes macrodon 21b(20b) Back crest narrow, with black speckles denticle formulae I+1-l/l1+II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Limnonectes microdiscus 22a(15a) Lower lips with long papillae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 22b(15a) Lower lips without long papillae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 23a(22a) Denticle formulae I+33/III or I + 44/III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rana . chalconota (fig. 7C) . . . . . . . Rana nicobanasis 23b(22a) Denticle formulae l/l-1+I or I/1-l+II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rana erythraea 24a(22b) Denticle formulae I/1-1/11. 24b(22b) Denticle formulae I+44/1-l+III.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rana hosii 25a (1la)Tail fin higher than body, sometimes one row of denticles at the border of the lips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occidozyga lima (fig. 5A) 25b(lla) Tail fins at most as high as the body, no rows of denticles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occidozyga laevis

Chapter 5

The Caecilians These worm-like creatures, often confused with a short worm, are one of the rarest amphibians, as well as representing the smallest order of amphibians. The order, formerly known as Apoda, includes some 170 species of limbless, burrowing amphibians, commonly referred as Caecilians. Considered as rare and extremely difficult to detect in the wild, these exclusively tropical amphibians are best known and most widely represented in Africa and South America. Four to seven families are variously recognized, only one of which, Ichthyophiidae has been recorded from Southeast Asia.

FAMILY ICHTHYOPHIIDAE, THE CAECILIANS (SYN: EPICRIIDAE, CAECILIIDAE PART) Perhaps best known under the older name Caeciliidae, this family consists of two genera of Caecilians, Ichthyophis and Caudacaecilia. They are known from India, Indo-China, Malaysia, West Philippines and West Indonesia. It is represented in Java by the genus Ichthyophis and represented by three species, all of which are known only from their original descriptions. The family Uraetyphlidae, typified by a single genus Uraetyphlus and four species, is known only from India. It was previously thought to be included in the Caeciliidae, but in a different subfamily, however this Indian subfamily has recently been elevated from subfamilial rank to a family on its own. Constitution of the family Ichthyophiidae in Indonesia: GENERA

Caudacaecilia lchthyophis

SPECIES

2 11

D~STR~BUT~ON

Borneo, Sumatra Borneo, Java, Sumatra

GENUS ICHTHYOPHIS FITZINGER, 1826 Most of the 32 species described so far are known from fewer than ten specimens. There are only a sufficient number of specimens for a few

The Caecilians

species to assess intraspecific variations. In general there are only two colour morphs, one with yellow lateral stripe and the other without, which led to the recognition of only two species. Descriptions of the three species reported from Java, Ichthyqbhis hypocyaneus Boie, 1827, I. jauanims Taylor, 1960 and I. bernisi Salvador, 1975 are based o n a total of about five specimens. The oldest one, Ichthyophis hypocyaneus described by Boie in 1827 is known from three specimens a n d is recognized in this book as Java's only caecilian. The fact that n o subsequent collection of this o r any other caecilian has been reported from Java since the original descriptions might mean that these amphibians n o longer exist o n this particular island, but this should not discourage the search for these secretive, rare and curious amphibians since many parts of Java remain to be explored. Distribution: India, Indo-China, Palawan, Mindanao, Java, Sumatra and Borneo.

5.1 Zchthy@his hypocyaneus (Boie, 1827) (PI. 2) JAVAN CAECILIAN CACING BERKEPALA Etymology Derived from the bluish colouration of the body. locality: Ban ten (Bantam), West Java. Description: Worm-like creature with distinct head, large mouth and small but distinct eyes. Lower jaw with two series of denticles. A protrusible papilla, more oftenly termed as a tentacle, between the eyes and nostril probably serves as a smelling organ. Tail very short, cloaca transverse. Tail fin exists only in larval stage. Skin smooth and slippery, body with numerous rings. A collar between head and body, is the only part of the body that undulates as a sign of breathing. Size: 15-40 cm long. Skin texture: Slippery, smooth, without scales. Rings up to 300, but often not forming a complete ring. Colour: Dark brown to bluish black with a bright yellow band on the sides of the body. Papillae usually white, eyes black with lighter ring. Reproduction: Eggs are reported to be oval, large about 9 x 6 mm, and protected by the female. The larvae (never termed as tadpoles) are equally worm-like, only embryos have three pairs of external gills and tail fins. In the larvae, only a pair of spiracles and tail fins will distinguish this from the adults. The larvae live in small streams under stones or leaf debris. The larvae have no external gills, but a spiracle is

29

present behind the head and the posterior part is armed with a narrow fin bordering each sides of the body, which aids swimming. Habitat: Lives in damp places, marshes, under leaves, logs o r stones or in natural burrows near a water body. Specimens are usually found right after heavy rain when the burrows where they stays all the time are flooded. Mating behaviour is practically unknown, but the male has a sort of penis o r copulatory organ, which makes copulation as the only possible method of mating. Diet: Consists of worms or small blind snakes ( Typhlqbs). Known localities: At present, the species has only been recorded from Posata and Sudimanik, Banten. No other specimens have been found since the original description was done, about 175 years ago, except for the specimens noted below. Other known names: Caen'lia hypocyanea, Ichthyqbhis glutinosus (part). Distribution outside Java: Endemic to Java. Related species: The descriptions for I. b m i s i Salvador, 1975 and I. jauanicus Taylor, 1960 were both based on single specimens from Java for which there were n o exact localities, and which were probably collected long time ago. These two forms are provisonally put aside as of uncertain status. There are usually two colour morphs, one with a yellow stripe of about 2 mm wide at the lateral part of the body and the other form without such a stripe. Material examined: There is no specimen of this species in Indonesia. Records of the specimens are RMNH 2408, from Sudimanik, Banten (holotype of I. hypocyaneus); BMNH 80.5.7.3, 1 ex. (holotype of I. jauanicus); MNCN 1240, 1 ex. (holotype of I. benisz). Other records are &om wet marshes at Posata, and also from Banten, West Java.

Chapter 6

'Frogs and Toads This, the largest and most diverse order of amphibians comprises in total more than 4100 species of toads and frogs. The number of new taxa continues to increase, especially from hitherto unexplored regions of the tropics. Approximately 450 species have been recorded from Indonesia, which is the largest aggregation of individual taxa outside South America, representing about eleven percent of the total global anuran species. Of the 2430 anuran families currently recognized, ten families are represented in Indonesia, six of which have been recorded from Java. The families of anuran represented in Indonesia are: Bombinatoridae (formerly part of Discoglossidae), the most primitive k i l y in Indonesia, with only one representative from Borneo. Megophryidae (formerly part of Pelobatidae), with 15 species in four genera. Members of this family are present in West Indonesia as far east as Borneo and Kangean island. Bufonidae is widespread in Western Indonesia as far east as Lombok and Sulawesi. This family does not reached Maluku or New Guinea (Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea), except for one introduced species. In Indonesia, this family is represented by 35 species, in two subfamilies and a total of six genera. Lymuodynastidae, centered in Australia, with four representatives in New Guinea, in two genera. Myobatrachidae, centered in Australia, with four representatives in New Guinea, in three genera. Microhylidae (with four subfamilies), is the biggest family in Indonesia and has a total of about 150 representatives, in 22 genera. The largest number are concentrated in New Guinea. Pelodryadidae, often considered as a subfamily of the true tree frog (Hylidae), has about 80 species in the Papuan subregion including East Nusa Tenggara, in two genera. Ranidae, the well-known family of true frogs, widespread with about 100 species, in eight genera in Indonesia. Rhacophoridae, is represented by five genera and 40 species, and is distributed in West and Central Indonesia. Pipidae, with two introduced species in Java.

32

THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVAA N D BALI

The constitution of families and genera of Indonesian amphibians including Papua New Guinea and North Borneo, not all of which are represented in Java, is given below with the estimated number of species in the whole region:

I 1 1

OF SPECIES

Bombinatoriidae Megophryidae

Barbourula Leptobrachella Leptobrachium Leptolalar Megophrys Bufonidae Bufo Ansonia Leptophryne Pedostibes Pelophryne Pseudobufo Pelodryadidae Litoria hJyctimystes Myobatrachidae Ranidella Mixophyes Upemleia Lymnodynastidae Lechrrodus Lyrnnodynastes Ranidae Huia Meristogenys Fejemarya lngerana Lirnnonectes Occidozyga Plalymantis Rana Rhacophoridae Nyctrxalus Ph ilautus Polypedates

7 5

13 11 2 4

:5 23

1

OF SPECIES

Micmhylidae

I 1

( 1

I1 I I

3 1 8 6 2 30 6 3 33 2 17 5

I

,

1

,

l

Pipidae

Rhacophorus Theloderrna Albericus Astemphrys Bary!?enys Callulops Hylophorbus Mantophryne Phemhapsis Xenobah-achus Xenorhina Calluella Choemphryne Cophixalus Copiula Genyophryne Oreophryne Sphenophryne Chaperina Gastrophrynoides Kaloula Kalophrynus Metaphrynella Micmhyla Micryletta Phrynella Xenopus Hyrnenochirus

20 2 3 3 7 14 1 3 1 17 6

5 1 19 5 1 22 14 1 1 3 9 2 11 1 1 1 1

$;$As' i i 9

*,

I.* %

,

I

4

Chapter 7

Family Megophryidae, The Litter Frogs Recently segregated in part from the widespread Pelobatidae on the basis of phylogenetic analysis and because of its restricted distribution ,in Southeast Asia (from India to Indonesia and northwards to South China). Generally concealed among leaf litter, these well-camouflaged frogs are usually encountered in forested areas from sea level up to nearly 1500 m elevation. Their relatively short legs make these frogs rather awkward movers, and they rely heavily on their camouflage for survival. The family is represented in Indonesia by four genera. One of these, Leptobrachella (seven species) is endemic to Borneo, and has some the smallest frogs in the world. The genus Leptolulax (four species) also known chiefly from Borneo, but is a more widespread genus with specimens known from the Malay Peninsula, Indo-China, and North India. Two genera, Megophrys (26 species) and Leptobrachium (12 species) are represented on Java by one species each. Megophrys has a very wide distribution and speciation in the South Asian subtropical regon as for the genera Ophryophryne and Scutiger, which are distributed in North India, Nepal, South China and North Indo-China. Leptobrachium has several species in the northern part of South Asia, but is better represented in the Malay Peninsula and the Greater Sunda Islands. Distribution: Megophrys and L.$tobrachium are also known fiom China, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines, with the latter genus extending into India. Note: A new species of wtobrachium had been discovered recently fiom West Java. The description has yet to be prepared. GENERA

Leptobrachella Leptololar Leptobrach ium Megophtys

SPECIES

7 4 5 5

DISTRIBUTION

Borneo Borneo Borneo, Java, Sumatra Borneo, Java, Sumatra

36

THEAMPHIBIANSOF JAVAAND BALI

Megophtyidae, The Litter Frogs

37

-Habitat: Usually confined to forested areas. The author has collected

la lb

Eyes with distinct pointed skin above, a fold separating the head from the body, a pair of dorso-later'al folds, colouration like dead leaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Megophrys montana Eyes without pointed skin, body blackish with indistinct large darker blotches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LRptobrachium hasseltii

them at sea level, but many specimens come from higher altitudes among forest litter. This species has never been caught in high numbers on a single night. &-ornosome number: 2N=26, although the record needs confirmation. Known localities: MZB 1080, Ujung Kulon; MZB 2150, Pangandaran, MZB 436, MZB 2391, Majalaya; MZB 436, Cibodas. Also recorded from Pasir Datar, Cianjur, Jampang Kulon, Pangalengan, Lake Patenggang, Mt. Sesuru, Jatinangor, Mt. Malabar, Pelabuhan Ratu, Nusa Karnbangan, Tengger Mts., Bali. Distribution outside Java: Now restricted only to Madura, Bali and some neighbouring islands of Java up to Kangean Island, the eastern-most distribution of the family. Other known names: Megalophrys hasseltzz. Related species: This species was previously thought to be widespread in the Sunda Shelf, but now several forms such as L. abbottz (Borneo), L. montanum (Borneo), L. pullum and L. hmdricksonz (Malaysia), are considered as distinct species. The Sumatran populations are yet to be determined.

I

GENUS LEPTOBRACHIUM TSCHUDI,1838 A genus of medium-sized frogs with moderately slender bodies, short legs and large eyes. Most species are very similar to each other in appearance and difficult to distinguish from the general morphology alone. Some of the key characteristics used for species identification are size, body colouration and iris colour. The sensitivity of tadpoles to minerals in the environment is noteworthy and warrants further study in relation to their use as biological indicators of water quality. Ostensibly in response to certain mineral deficiencies during their larval stage, the tadpoles fail to metamorphose and remain in the larval form throughout their life. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Sumatra. A number of species are concentrated in Indo-China and Southern China.

GENUS MEGOPHRYS KUHL& VAN HASSELT, 1822 (SYN:MEGALOPHRYS KUHL& VAN HASSELT, 1822 )

7.1 Leptobmchium hmseltii Tschudi, 1838 (fig. 2E, F; P1. 2) HASSELT'S L r r m ~FROG KATAK SERASAH Etymology: Named after Johann Coenraad van Hasselt (1797-1823), a Dutch naturalist who, for the whole of his career, worked inseparably with Heinrich Kuhl (1797-1821) mainly on Indonesian vertebrates. Both were buried in the same tomb at the Bogor Botanical Gardens. Type locality:Java, without exact locality. Types: RMNH 20142015. Description: Head broad, wider than the body, rounded. Eyes relatively large and bulging. Finger tips rounded, toes webbed at the base. Size: Males up to about 60 mm, females 70 mm. Skin texture: Smooth with a network of low ridges, a supratympanic fold to the axilla. Colour: Iris scarlet, back blackish with some ovoid or doublecircular darker blotches, belly surface whitish with black blotches. Juvenile specimens have been repoi-ted to be bluish. Reproduction: This form have vel-!. large tadpoles (up to 73 mm) that in some instances never undergo metarno1-phosis d u ? to the Lack of cel-tain minerals during certain larval stages (fig. (ill).

There are some 26 species in this genus of variable size up to 150 mm in length. Owing to their unique body colouration and appendages, these frogs are extremely difficult to spot among leaf litter where they normally reside. The tadpoles have a triangular cuplike lip that is directed upwards for surface feeding, and is totally devoid of any rows of teeth denticles. Distribution: Most of the species occur in Southern China, the IndoChina region and Northern India. In Indonesia this genus is found in Borneo, Java and Sumatra. 7.2 Megophrys rnontana Kuhl8c van Hasselt, 1822 (fig. 2G, H; P1. 4 ) KATAKBERTANDUK HORNED FROG L'

Etymology: Refers to the mountainous habitat of the species Description: A large frog, head and body stout, snout po~nted,wlth dlstinct 'horn1 over each eve Type locality: Java, without exact locality. Types: RMKH 2212 ( 4 ex.).

38

THEAMPHIBIANS

OF

JAVAAND BALI

Size: Females can reached about 90 mm, males are slightly smaller. Skin texture: Smooth, with only a few tubercles. A fold separating the head from body, a pair of dorso-lateral folds up to the groin. Colour: Young specimens might be brick red, but adults are usually brown, reddish brown to chocolate brown, and rarely yellowish brown. A darker triangular blotch can be found behind the eyes. Usually a pair of dark tubercles or spots is present on the back near the insertion of the arms. Lower parts mottled with brown and dirty cream. Reproduction: The eggs are colourless. Tadpoles have triangular funnel lips for feeding at the water surface. Males are known to emit a loud "kang" especially when there is a full moon (fig. 6E). Habitat: Usually confined to forest when it stays immobile and well camouflaged among leaf litter. The frog will not move unless it is touched or molested. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones. Known localities: Mountainous regions in Java such as MZB 080, Cibodas, Mts. Gede-Pangrango; MZB 237, Pasir Datar; MZB 252, Telaga Warna; MZB 257, Serayu river, Dieng Plateau; MZB 506, Situ Lembang, Mts. Burangrang-Tangkubanperahu; MZB 2394, Karnojang. Also recorded Mt. Salak, Gadok, Sukabumi, Cianjur, Jampang, Mt. Malabar, Mt. Papandayan, West Java; Mt. Ungaran, Central Java; and Nongkojajar, Tengger Mts., Dieng, Sarangan, Tosari, East Java. Distribution outside Java: Possibly from West Sumatra, but its identity is questionable. Other known names: Megalophrys monticolu, Megophrys nwnticolu. Related species: M. nasuta, (Sumatra, Borneo and Malaysia), M. longzpes, M. aceras (Malaysia), M. dringi, M. edwardinae (Borneo), M. ligayae (Palawan) and M. stqnegaa(the Philippines).

hapter 8

amily Bufonidae, The True Toads 1 t

;; ;c 1

Common and widespread throughout most parts of the world, except the Australo-Papuan region, this family is represented in Indonesia by six genera. All members of this family are rough or warty in appearance and in some species the body is covered with spinous tubercles. Varying in length from 40 mm to about 25 cm, the largest Indonesian toads are found in Sumatra and Borneo. Bufo, the most common and widespread of all the Bufonidae, is represented by five species, all but one of which are large bodied. Ansonia, a genus of small toads, has about the same number of species in Indonesia as in the genus Bufo, but is principally confined to Borneo and other parts of Southeast Asia from the Malay Peninsula to Indo-China. Pedostzbes, Pelophryne and Pseudobufo comprise a few species of small to large-sized toads known from Sumatra, Borneo and Southeast Asia. Only two genera, Bufo and Lqbtophryne are represented in Java. The genus Leptophryne, contains two species of forest-dwelling toads, both of which occur on Java, but are easily overlooked. Both are small, slender and quite attractive. Constitution of the family Bufonidae in Indonesia:

Bufo

13

Ansonia Leptophtyne Pedostibes Pelophtyne Pseudobufo

11 2 4 6 1

Borneo, Java, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Sumatra Borneo Borneo, Java, Sumatra Borneo, Sumatra Borneo, Sumatra Borneo, Sumatra

1a

Body relative large, u p to 120 mm, skin very wrinkled, usually a pair of parotoid glands.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Born (2)

lb

Body ~ ~ s u a l not l y larger than 50 m m , no distinct parotoid glands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L11?'0l'HIi )',\'I_ ( 5 )

42

Bufon~dae,The True Toads

THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVA A N D BALI Colour black or greyish black, covered with tubercles, parotoid small, body larger, up to 120 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bujo asper Colour greyish brown or reddish brown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Head with a pair of parietal ridges.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Head without a pair of parietal ridges, colour reddish, brownish and greyish with black tubercles, body about 50-80 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bujo melanostictus Body usually less than 40 mm, back uniform or with a pair of black blotches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bujo . parvus Body more than 40 rnm, but less than 60 mm, back usually mottled with black blotches.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bujo bzpurcatus Body brown with hourglass marking, webbings not reaching last subarticular tubercles of 3rd and 5th toes.. . Lptophryne borbonica Body black with red or yellow marbling, webbing reaches last subarticular of 3rd and 5th toes. . . . . . . . . . . . . L@tophryr~ementata

GENUS LEPTOPHRKVE FITZINGER,1843 (SYN: CACOPHRYNE DAVIES,1935) Comprising two species of small, slender-bodied toads, both of which occur on Java. This genus is distinguished by the large and ovoid first subarticular tubercle of the toes. These little toads are unique among bufonids in that the pectoral girdle is overlapping at the middle of the breast. The chromosomal number of this genus is still unknown. Distribution: Borneo, Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. 8.1 Leptophryne borbonica (Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1827) (fig.2C; P1. 5) HOUR-CLASS TOAD KODOK JAMPASIR Etymology: Probably originates from Latin (Dorbo~- muddy), in reference to the marshy habitat where it was found.

, lppe locality: Restricted to West Java. Types: RMNH 1739 (2 ex.). De&ption: A small toad, no distinct parotoid gland, sometimes with a triangular marking behind the eyes and always a black hour-glass e .p; black marking o; the back. webs not reaching the last subarticular tubercles L of the 3rd and 5th toes. S i z e :Adult males 20-30 mm, adult females 2540 mm. Skin texture: Wrinkled without distinct parotoid gland. Golour: Greyish brown w t h a black hour-glass marking on the back. A black triangular mark behind the eyes. Belly, throat and legs are brownish. Reptoduction: About 200-300 very small and completely black eggs (sue about 1.3 mm), are laid in a single cluster, tadpoles completely black, with lower lips and sides of upper lips with papillae. Habitat: Found abundant around wet areas or in clear, slow-moving Waters. Known localities: MZB 998, Cidaun, Ujung Kulon. Also recorded from Nusa Karnbangan and Tengger Mts. Distribution outside Java: Southern Thailand to Sumatra and Borneo. Other known names: Bufo bwbonzcus, B. jerboa, Caqbhryne borbonzca, Nectophryne borbonzca, N. sumatrana. Related species: The other congeneric species, L. mentata. Note: Some populahons outside Java suggest that there may be other species present.

'.

1

1 I

I

A subfamily of more o r less slender-bodied toads, except Psmdobufo. Size from very small (Pelqhryne) to moderately large (Pedostibes). Habits include being fully aquatic (Pseudobufo), terrestrial (Leptophryne), to living in streams or torrents (Ansonia) and some favour arboreal habitats (Pelqhrjne, Pedostibes) at least some of the time.

43

8.2 Leptophrpe cruentata (Tschudi, 1838) (fig. 2D; P1. 5) KODOK lMERAH BLEEDING TOAD,FIRETOAD Etymology: Derived from Latin (ouentus - bleeding), in reference to the red tinge very characteristic of this species. Type locality: Java, without exact locality. It is possible that this species was described based on specimens from Cibodas. Types: RMNH 2130 (2 ex.). Description: A small slender form, with a small with parotoid gland, sometimes indistinct, no bony ridges on the skull, tips of fingers and toes slightly swollen, 3rd and 5th toes webbed up to the last subarticular tubercles. Size: Adult males 20-30 mm, adult females 25-40 mm. Skin texture: Covered with small granu1a1-tubercles. Colour: Black with red or yellow spots. Two colour morphs are known. The first colour morph consists of individuals with a black hourglass

44

THEAMPHIBIANSOF JAVA A N D BALI

marking bordered with red and yellow in the middle of the back. The second colour morph consists of blackish individuals with yellow spots scattered all over the back. Lower parts reddish or yellowish. Reproduction: Tadpoles are found in small creeks. The eggs are small and black. The tadpoles resemble those of Bufo, but the lower lip is bordered by papillae (fig. 6C). Habitat: Usually abundant along small creeks or slow moving water. Often found along riverbanks in the mountains. Known localities: At present, this species is restricted to MZB 457, Cibeureum; MZB 1738, Lebak Saat; MZB 1740-1767, Rawa Denok; MZB 2443, Ciapus, all around Mts. Gede-Pangrango. Also recorded from Selabintana and Curug Luhur (south of Sukabumi). Distribution outside Java: Endemic to West Java. Other known names: Bufo cruentatus, Cacophlyne cruentata. Related species: The other congeneric species, L. borbonica. Note: This species is now declining. It was previously known to be abundant at Cibeureum waterfall, but now it is absent. Further studies are needed to assess its current status.

Consists of a single genus in Indonesia, the near-cosmopolitan genus Bufo or the common toad. They are plumpbodied species, usually terrestrial, but some are partially aquatic (B. asper; B. juxasper). Some lay eggs in strings in single or multiple rows, but others lay their eggs in a single cluster.

GENUS BUFO LAURENTI,1768 This genus includes more than 200 species of toads widespread throughout the world except for the Australo-Papuan and Maluku region which has only one introduced species. The body is usually plump, and skin texture very rough, covered with both large and small tubercles. The size varies from relative small (40 mm) to extremely large (more than 300 mm). The legs are not adapted for jumping. Instead they walk or hop. Although some species are nearly fully aquatic, most species spend the majority of their time on land or in burrows. Eggs are usually laid in strings, either in single or multiple rows. Some of the Indonesian species have only one row of eggs in the string, but the rest lay eggs in a single mass. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Bali and Lombok.

Bufonidae, The True Toads

45

8.3 B+ asper Gravenhorst, 1829 (fq.2B; P1.6) KODOKBUDUK SUNGAI, TOAD,ROUGH TOAD

Etymology: Derived from the very rough texture of the skin. '~ppebAity Described from Java without exact locality. Types probably RMNH 10681; 21 72 (2 ex.). ~ ~ ~ & p t i oBody n : large and stout, supraorbital ridge connected with parotoid gland by the supratympanic ridge. Parotoid gland ovoid. Hands and feet spinous. Toes fully webbed to tips. Size: Adult males 70-100 mm, adult females 95-120 mm. flrin texture: Very rough or warty, covered with spinous tubercles or warts. Colour: Dull dark brown, greyish or blackish, underside spotted with black. Males usually have a blackish throat skin. Reproduction: It is surprising that reproductive behaviour of this common species is still unknown. Males are known calling from riverbanks, especially during full moon. Tadpoles are black and flattened, the mouth is subterminal, adapted to stick on the bottom (fig. 6B). Habitat: Usually collected along the banks of streams. Very large specimens are often found submerged in the water during the day, hiding under stones, from where they come out at night. We collected some specimens using electric shock during the day. Chromosome number 2N= 22, consists of five large pairs and six smaller ones, all meta- or submetacentrics. Known localities: Known from many rivers including small ones fi-om lowland areas up to 1500 m from sea level at: and MZB 104, Pasir Datar; MZB 342, Bogor; MZB 493, Cikaso,Jampang Kulon; MZB 1029, Ujung Kulon; and MZB 2110, Ngantang, Malang. Also recorded from Bandung, Banten, Lebak, Jakarta, Mt. Salak, Cibodas, Cianjur, Sukabumi, Batu Raden, Semarang, Wonosobo, Yogyakarta, Pasuruan, Sewu Mts. Distribution outside Java: Indo-China up to Sumatra and Borneo. Other known names: Bufo obscurus. Related species: Bufo luxasper from Sumatra and Borneo is the largest species, previously confused by the very similar B. mper. Otherwise B. macrotzs is also closely related. Note: According to Inger (1986), the torrent-adapted tadpoles in Java assigned to B. asper, belong to a species of the genus Ansonza. However, as these tadpoles were collected from areas where B. asper is abundant, they are still allocated to B. asper. This will not preclude that the genus

I

Bufonidae, The True Toads Ansonia exists in Java, or that B. asper might be closer to Ansonia than to Bufo itself. There is also some suggestion that the Javan B. asper are different from the population outside 'Java, at least in the parotoid gland size.

47

F

closely related species, sometimes considered as subspecies of the Javan species. See the account of Bufo p a w .

8.5 Bufo melanoslim Schneider, 1799 (fig. 2.A; PI. 7) 8.4 Bufo bipormtus Gravenhorst, 1829 (PI. 6 ) CRFSTED TOAD KODOK PURUHUTAN

Etymology: Derived from the two elongated ridges between the eyes, characteristic of this species group. Type locality: Java without exact locality. Types stated to be in Breslau, probably now lost. Description: Body moderate and stout, a pair of supraparietal ridges between the eyes, and supratympanic ridge. A small but distinct p a r e toid gland. Toes approximately half webbed. Size: Adult males 5570 mm; adult females 60-80 mm. Skin texture: Wrinkled to warty, covered with spinous tubercles. Colour: Brown or reddish brown to greyish brown with slightly darker spots. Throat usually red in male specimens. Reproduction: Lay several hundred eggs in a string. This form species stagnant water. Males are known to call during full moon. Habitat: Primary and secondary forest. In Bali and Lombok, this form also frequent human habitation. Chromosome number: 2N=22, consists of five large pairs and six smaller ones, all meta- or submetacentrics. Known localities: In Java, this species is now more restricted to forested regions such as: MZB 113, Pasir Datar; MZB 121, Sukabumi; MZB 284, Mt. Pancar; MZB 386, Cengkareng; MZB 1549, Kuripan, W. Java; MZB 1581, Cileungsi; MZB 2051, Megamendung, Bogor; and MZB 393, Surabaya. Also recorded from Ujung Kulon, Sumedang, Serang, Jakarta, Cibodas, Mts. Gede-Pangrango, Cianjur, Sancang, Mt. Malabar, Pangandaran, Yogyakarta, Mt. Tengger, Baluran, Ngebel and Klakah, Situbondo, Denpasar, Bali. Distribution outside Java: Bali, Lombok and Lampung, Sumatra, Sulawesi (introduced). Other known names: Bufo cavator. Related species: Five species, B chviger (Sumatra), B. divergens (Borneo, Malay Peninsula), B. parrvus (Sumatra, Malay Peninsula), B. philippinicus (Palawan) and B. quadriporcatw (Borneo,.Malay Peninsula) are

ASW

TOAD

KODOK BLTDUK, KODOK PURU

Etymology Derived from the black tubercles spread all over the back. l)rpe locality: This species was described from India. Types are not known to exist. Description: Body moderate, supraorbital and supratympanic ridge continuous, no parietal ridge. Toes half webbed. Size: Adult males 55-80 mm; adult females 65-85 mm. Skin texture: Relatively wrinkled, with distinct tubercles or warts. Colour: Juveniles are usually reddish. Adults are dull brownish, blackish or reddish, tubercles or warts black or brown, head ridges usually dark brown or black. Throat usually red in male specimens. Reproduction: Several hundred to a thousand eggs are laid in a gelatinous string, usually in man-made ponds or stagnant water during full moon. Habitat Always , tightly - . related to human habitation or disturbed areas. It has never been found in primary rainforest. ~ m o s o m number: e 2N=22, consists of five large pairs and six smaller ones, all meta- or submetacentrics. Known localities: Widely distributed around big cities such as: MZB 132, Jakarta; MZB 388, Cengkareng; MZB 2139, Pangumbahan, Sukabumi; MZB 2138, Bogor; MZB 2372, Garut; MZB 1569, Rarahan, Cibodas; MZB 1589, Cileungsi; MZB 134, Compreng; MZB 129, Kediri. Also recorded from Serang, Depok, Cianjur, Cirebon, Cilacap, Pekalongan, Semarang, Ambarawa, Sarangan, Ngebel, Klakah, Yogyakarta, Jepara, Juana, Rembang, Pasuruan, Madura, Bali. Distribution outside Java: South China, India, IndeChina as far as Bali (introduced) and Sulawesi (introduced). Other known names: Bufo gymnauchen, Bufo chlmogasW Daudin, 1802 (=Bufofivlventer Daudin, 1802). Maybe a synonym of this species. Related species: Several Southeast Asian species, such as Bufo burmanus, B. camwtensis and B. nyptotympanun~are considered to be closely related. Note: B. chlorogaster is provisionally placed in this species.

48

THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI

8.6 Bufo eruus Boulenger, 1887 (Pl. 7 ) LF~~E TOAD R

KODOKPURUKERDIL

Etymology Derived from Latin word p a m s meaning small or tiny. ljpe locality Described from Malacca, Malay Peninsula. Types: MSNG 29413 (lectotype); BMNH 1947.2.21.72-81 (10 ex.); MCZ 2208 (3 ex.). Description: Body small, supraorbital ridge present, a pair of parietal ridges. Parotoid not followed by warts. Snout short, toes half webbed. Size: Adult males 3@35mm; adult females 40-50 mm. Skin texture: Relatively wrinkled, with distinct tubercles or warts. Colour: Juveniles are brownish. Adults are dull brownish, blackish or reddish, with distinct black spots on the mid-back. Throat usually red in male specimens. Reproduction: Several hundred eggs are laid around stagnant or slowmoving waters, usually during full moon. Habitat: Always found not far away from forest, and can be found in gardens in unpolluted areas. Chromosome number: 2N=22, consists of five large pairs and six smaller ones, all meta- or submetacentrics. Known localities: In Java, it is only known from a single specimen in the ITB collection from Cipetir, West Java. Otherwise it has been reported from Besuki, East Java. Its occurrence needs confirmation. Distribution outside Java: Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. Related species: This species, although smaller, might be confused with the similar shaped Bufo chuiger, B. divergens and B. hip-catus. B. parnus differs principally from these in the absence of continuous tubercles behind the parotoid gland and by the presence of syrnetrical black spots on the back. Bufo chuiger is very similar to B. bipurcatw, but the interorbital ridge is distinctly enlarged behind the eyes. B. d i v e r p s is very similar to B. bipurcatus, but is slightly smaller and has distinctly sloping snout. B. quadriporcatus has a long, high and slender parotoid gland.

Chapter 9

Family Microhylidae, The Narrow Mouth Frogs Despite having only four members in Java, this is the largest family of toads and frogs in Indonesia, represented by four different s u b families. Subfamily Microhylinae has a worldwide distribution, (about 28 genera and 90 species) represented by eight genera in Southeast Aia, Only six genera are represented in Indonesia. This is the important subfamily in Java with five representatives. Subfamily Genyophryninae, with about 9 genera and 55 species and Asterophryinae, with five genera and 58 species are both confined to the Australo-Papuan subregion. Only one member is present in the region, Oreophlyne monticola, known from the mountains of Bali. Discophinae (probably polyphyletic) has a split distribution, in Madagascar (one genus, three species) and East Asia up to Sumatra and Borneo (one genus, six species). Only Microhylinae is relatively well represented on Java. The member of the first genus, Kalophlynus was discovered in Java in 1955. The second genus Kaloula has three species found in Indonesia. The last genus, Microhyla, widespread in Southeast Asia, consists of eleven species, two of which are represented in Java, usually encountered around suburban areas or close to forest boundaries. They are often overlooked because of their small body size and confusion in thinking they must be juveniles of larger forms. The first two genera are known from South China, Southeast Asia as far as Sulawesi and the Philip pines. The last genus has wider distribution reaching Japan and India. Constitution of the family Microhylidae in Indonesia (including East Malaysia, Brunei Darusalam and Papua New Guinea): SPECIES

SUBFAMILY GENERA Asterophryninae

Afbericus Astemphrys Barygenys Caffufops Hyfophorbus Mantophryne Pherohapsrs

3 3 7 13 1 3 1 51

DISTRIBUTION New Guinea New Guinea New Guinea Maluku, New Guinea New Guinea New Guinea New Guinea

Microhylidae, The Narrow Mouth Frogs

Xenobatrachus Xenorhina

17 6 5

Discophinae

Calluella

Genyophryninae

Choerophryne Cophixalus Copiula Genyophryne Oreophryne

1 19 5 1 22

Sphenophryne

14

Microhylinae

Chaperina Gastmphtynoides Kalophrynus Kaloula

Metaphrynella Micmhyla Micryletta Phrynella

New Guinea New Guinea Borneo, Sumatra New Guinea New Guinea New Guinea New Guinea Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea Maluku, New Guinea Borneo Borneo Borneo, Java, Sumatra Borneo, Java, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Sumatra Borneo Borneo, Java, Sumatra Sumatra Sumatra

KEY TO THE GENUS AND SPECIES OF MICROHYLIDAE

Body less than 30 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Body larger than 30 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 Body small to about 60 mm, no wide light band on the back, no (3) red inguinal spots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KAL.OPHKYNUS Body stout and large with short limbs, a plump species, with a pair of illdefined bands starting from behind the eyes and widening behind towards the groin and ending as orange or yellow inguinal spot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kaloula bakata Sides of body dark, a dorso-lateral stripe, back uniform brown, covered with white-tipped tubercles size 35-58 rnm.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kalophrynus phrostigma Back smooth, no lateral colouration, back with a pair of wide darker stripes and numerous finer parallel stripes, size 2435 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kalophrynus minusculus new species Fingers and toe-tips not dilated.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MICKOHYLA (5) Toes and fingers distinctly dilated; eggs about 3 mm, A single species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oreophryne monticola

I

5a(4a) 5b(4a)

53

Toes webbed only at the base, back with stripes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microhyla achatina Toes more or less two-thirds webbed, back with double arrowhead pattern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microhyla palmipes

GENUS AXOPHRI?VUS

TSCHUDI,

1838

A genus of small-sized frogs which consists of about fifteen species. All members of the genus have a very sticky skin. The tympanum is clearly visible, hence different from Microhyla, in which the tympanum is not visible. Distribution: Most species are known from West Malaysia, China and the Philippines. Borneo has the largest number of species.

9.1 kizlophrynus minusculus new species (fig. 3D) KATAK LEKAT S s u STICKY FROG Etymology: From the smaller size compared to K phrostigma with which it has been combined.

'If.pe locality: Cigeunteur, Ujung Kulon, West Java. Holotype: MZB 367. Description: A squat-looking frog, with a relatively rough appearance. A pair of black bands from between the eyes to the groin and with several more black stripes running parallel on the back. Gular region with a pair of illdefined stripes. No distinct spot at the sides of body near the groin. A pair of pectoral, nipple-like glands on the breast. Size: Males up to 25 mm (n=lO),females up to 35 mm ( n = l ) . Skin texture: Rough covered with a few, flat, granules or tubercles. Colour: Brownish black with darker bands and stripes. Reproduction: The clutch consists of about 30-50 eggs. The tadpoles apparently do not feed, have a rounded tail with terminal fin, and eyes at the sides of the body like other microhylids (fig. 6G). Habitat: Found only in forest at lower altitudes in West Java. Chromosome number: Unknown. Known localities: This form has been found on Peucang Island and on the mainland of Ujung Kulon National Park. Distribution outside Java: Has also occured on the southern tip of Sumatra (Larnpung). Other known names: Calophrynus pleurostipn, Kalophryntis p h r o s t i p a interlineatu,~.

54

THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI

Related species: Firstly described as K pleurostigma interlimatus from I n d e China and Malay Peninsula, so this Javan form is closely related to K interlineatus and also to the larger K $eurostigma from Sumatra and Borneo. K interlineatus has stripes on head and body. The stripes become spots at the posterior part of the body. It differs further from K pleurostigma by the relatively blunt snout, larger eyes, smoother skin texture, and lack of contrast between the back and lateral part of the head and body. Material examined: Holotype: MZB Amph. 367 a male, from Cigeunteur, Ujung Kulon, West Java, 15 July 1955, by A.M.R. Wegner. Paratypes: MZB Amph. 365, 366, 375, 376; 6 ex, from Nyewaan, Cikarang, Cidaun, all around the type locality and by the same collector. MZB 2924 from Cidaun, Ujung Kulon, by H. Kurniati. MZB 2339 from Gelugur, Wai Kramat, Wai Sekampung, Larnpung by D.T. Iskandar. ITB collection from Peucang Island. There are three other specimens in Senckenberg Museum, collected from the same area and by the same collector as for the holotype, but not examined.

9.2. Ka1ophrynu.s pleurostigma Tschudi, 1838 (fig. 3C; P1. 7 ) KATAK LEICAT SISIhlERAH

REDSIDEDSTICKY FROG

Etymology: Derived from the Greek (pleuron - side, stigma - hole) signifylng the skin pores which produce exudates gi.ving the skin a sticky feel. locality Described based on specimens from Sumatra without exact locality. Type: RMNH: 2278. Description: A medium-sized frog up to 60 mm, with narrow head and pointed snout, covered all over with small, white-tipped tubercles. A light line runs from tip of snout up to the groin. Has a black inguinal spot encircled with a light band. Sue: Adult males 3550 mm; adult females 40-60 mm. Skin texture: Wrinkled, especially in males, usually covered with small tiny tubercles. The skin is covered with glands which exudes some very sticky fluid. Colow: Reddish brown to nearly black with a light stripe from snout to groin, and a black eye-spot in front of the hind legs. Throat and chest reddish brown, abdomen lighter. Males usually have spinous skin. Reproduction: The tadpoles thrive exclusively on the yolk deposit so that they do not feed to complete their larval cycle (fig. 6G).

Microhylidae, The Narrow Mouth Frogs

55

Habitat: Nearly always found among litter in the forest. Chromosome number: 2N = 26. Known localities: At present there is only a single specimen MZB 504, hom Nusa Kambangan Island. Other known names: Kalophrynus acutirostris. Distribution outside Java: From Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines. Related species: K interlineatus is supposed to be closely related to this species. However the relationships between these forms needs confirmation because many new forms have been discovered recently which might be even more closely related than to K interlineatus, as described earlier in K minusculus.

GENUS KALOULA GRAY,1831 Comprising about a dozen species of small to medium-sized frogs, with toe-tips expanded into truncated disc. Indonesia has three representatives from the genus, however one of these (Kaloula Flchra) appears to have been introduced to Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi and Flores. All members are manifestly burrowing frogs. The tadpoles d o not seem to feed at all, a feature uncommon among amphibians. Distribution: India, IndeChina, South China, West Indonesia and the Philippines.

9.3 Kaloula bakata (Muller, 1836) (fig. 3A, B; P1. 9 ) POTTOAD,BROWN BULLFROG

BELENTUK

Etymology: Probably derived from the ball-like shape of the body when inflated. Description: Very plumplooking frog with very short hind limbs. The finger tips are spoon shaped, and the tympanum hidden under the skin. The toes are webbed at the base and the tips are blunt. Inner metatarsal tubercle shovel-like. Type locality: Karawang or Leuwi Gajah, Cimahi, West Java. Type: RMNH 2218. Size: Males to about 60 mm, females about 65 mm. Skin texture: Granular with several tubercles scattered all over the back. Colour: Usually dark brown to nearly black with an illdefined band from eyes to groin. The inguinal spot is usually brick-red, but some popu-

Microhylidae, The Narrow Mouth Frogs

lations outside Java have yellow inguinal spot. The tubercles on the back are white-tipped. Reproduction: This species is known for calling just before or after heavy rain. They are found in aggregates during such occasions. The tadpoles are very dark. They apparently do not feed, and will finish their larval cycle within two weeks. Habitat: Usually burrowing under ground. True to its name, this species can be sometimes found in flowerpots. Natural habitat includes primary and secondary forest, secondary clearings. The author has collected a specimen up in a tree. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones, all meta- or submetacentrics. Known localities: Widely distributed from lowland up to 1000 m: MZB 140, Jakarta; MZB 435, Bogor; MZB 1155, Bandung; MZB 048, Cirebon; MZB 146, Cilacap, MZB 2085, Sekip, Yogyakarta; MZB 396, Surabaya. Otherwise known from Karawang, Leuwi Gajah (types), Sukabumi, and Bali. Distribution outside Java: Southern Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi. Other known names: Bombinator baleatus. Related species: Kaloula kalingensis from Luzon is considered as a s u b species of this form. It is much smaller in size than X baleata. X pulchra is very similar to X baleata, but much larger in size and the light markings are reddish o r cream and more distinct.

GENUS MICRONIZA TSCHUDI, 1838 T h e 25 species assigned to this genus are all small frogs, rarely exceeding 25 mm in length with narrow head, small mouth, and tympanum hidden under the skin. Vocalisation: like a cricket. Distribution: India, Japan, China, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and the Philippines. Two species are known to occur in Java.

JAVAN

9.4 Microhyla achatina Tschudi, 1838 (fig. 3E; PI. 10) CHORUS FROG PERCILJAWA

Etymology: Probably derived from agate, a semi precious brown stone with darker stripes, alluding to the back colouration. Description: A tiny frog with narrow head and mouth, and small eyes. A pair of dark stripes is present on the back. Toes feebly webbed at the base.

57

Type locality: Java, without exact locality. Types: RMNH 1728 (5 ex.); WCAB (1 ex.); MRHN (1 ex.). Size: Adult males about 20 mm, females up to 25 mm. Skin texture: Smooth without any indication of tubercles. Golour: Yellowish brown with blackish stripes, darker sides and, sometimes a narrow light vertebral line. Reproduction: Lays about 20 eggs in permanent pools or marshy areas. Tadpoles are also found in temporary pools. The tadpoles have funnellike lips for surface feeding. The spiracle is situated under the body in the middle, and is covered with a sheet-like skin. The tail has some black bands and a central filament at the end (fig. 6H). Habitat: Primary and secondary forest; sometimes also found near human habitation. Diet: Consists of ants and termites. Chromosome number: Unknown, however other members of the genus have either 2N = 24 or 26. Known localities: This form is present from lowland up to 1600 m, MZB 039, Bogor; MZB 2072, Cibodas, MZB 044, Sukabumi, MZB 044, Wonosobo, otherwise known from Pangandaran, Bandung, Lembang, Sancang forest, Banten, Situ Gunung, Cianjur, Mt. Papandayan, Miramare, Garut, Tengger Mts. Distribution outside Java: Endemic to Java. Related species: M. hqrmnsz from Sumatra and Malaysia is the only form that has very similar tadpoles. Note: Tadpoles from Sancang, on the southern coast of WestJava indicate that there is a possibility that another as yet unknown species exists in Java. These tadpoles are very similar to M. achatzna but have a much narrower labial cup, and yellow and black tail fins, probably applicable to M. borneenszs. 9.5 Microhyh palmipes Boulenger, 1897 (fig. 3F; P1.ll) CHORUS FROG PERCIL BERSELAPUT

~'ALMATED

Etymology: Derived from the Latin words ( p a l m - palm, pes - foot), refers to the webbed toes. Description: A tiny species with small head and mouth. Fingers and toes with small dilated tips and circum-marginal grooves. Toes 2/3 to 3/4 webbed. Type locality: Pangalengan, West Java at about 1300 m. Type: BMNH: 96.12.3.40.

58

THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVAAND BALI

Size: Up to about 18 mm. Skin texture: Smooth, without any indication of tubercles although there is a small rounded tubercle on the post6rior half of the upper eyelid. Colour: Brownish with a darker double arrowhead pattern, sides blackish. Reproduction: Tadpoles are blackish with transparent fins on the tail. The tail is pointed but with no filament-like prolongation. The spiracle is situated in the middle of the underside and is skin covered with a sheet of skin. The eyes are situated at the sides of the body like other members of the family. Habitat: Around wet marshes at higher altitude up to 1500 m where they can be found abundantly among grass. Diet: Chiefly ants and termites. Chromosome number: Unknown, however other members of the genus have either 2N = 24 or 26. Known localities: From mountainous regions and less frequently lowland: MZB 359 Ujung Kulon, MZB 360, Peucang island; MZB 042, Bogor; MZB 479, Cibodas; MZB 463, Cibeureum; MZB 447, Dieng Mts. Also recorded from Situ Gunung, Lembang, Pangalengan, Mt. Patuha, Garut, Miramare and Bali. Distribution outside Java: Malaysia, Sumatra, Nias and Bali. Other known names: Sometimes confused with Microhyla annecbs.

GENUS OREOPHRHVE B O E ~ G E R 1895 , The 25 species assigned to this genus are all small frogs, rarely exceeding 25 m m in length with moderate limbs, dilatated toe-tips, and tympanum usually visible except for 0. monticola which has the tympanum hidden under the skin. Vocalisation: like a cricket. Distribution: South Philippines (2 species), Sulawesi (3 species), Maluku (2 species), Nusa Tenggara ( 3 species) and New Guinea (14 species) and New Britain (1 species). Only one species is known to occur in Lombok, but its range extends to Bali.

9.6 Oreophryne monticola (Boulenger, 1897) (Pl. 11) MONTANE CHORUS FROG PERCIL GUNUNC Etymology: Derived from the Latin montzcola, refers to the mountain habitat of the species. Description: A tiny species with moderate head, rounded snout and relatively large eyes. Fingers and toes have distinct dilated tips and circum-

I

Microhylidae, The Narrow Mouth Frogs

59

marginal grooves. Tympanum is hidden under the skin. Toes 2/3 to 3/4 webbed. Type locality: Mt. Rinjani, Lombok at 1300 m. Types: BM(NH) 1947.2.12.2632; MCZ 2897. Size: Up to about 27 mm. Skin texture: Relatively smooth, without few tubercles. A small rounded tubercle is present on the posterior half of the upper eyelid. Colour: Very variable, brownish, reddish, blackish or grey, uniform or with some marblings, underparts pinkish or cream, throat speckled with black. Reproduction: This species, like other members of the genus, has very large eggs of about 3 mm. These hatch as tiny frogs, without passing through a free larval stage. Some species even guard the clutch. until hatching. Habitat: Arboreal, or in bushes, at higher altitude up to 1500 m. Diet: Probably ants and termites. Chromosome number: Unknown. Known localities: Reported from around Bedugul, Central Bali. Distribution outside Java: Only known from Lombok (Mt. Rinjani) and Bali. Other known names: None. Related species: The species is presumed to be closely related to 0.jtffersoniana and 0. rookmaaka from Nusa Tenggara. Parker (1934) found that the scapular girdle does not differ from 0. celebensis.

Chapter 10

Family Ranidae, The True Frogs This wide-ranging family of frogs is represented in Indonesia by ten genera and about 100 or so species. Five genera and 15 species are known from Java. With one exception, all the species recorded from Java either belong to, or were at one time assigned to, the large, cosmopolitan genus Rana.Two subfamilies, separated from others on the basis of their toe morphology and the presence of dorso-lateral folds, are recognized here. Generic distribution of Ranidae in Indonesia: SUBFAMILY Raninae:

Dicroglossinae:

1a lb 2a(la)

2b(la)

3a(2b)

GENERA

Huiu Meristogenys Platymantis Rono Stourois Fejervotyo Hoplobotrachus Ingerono Limnonectes Occidozyga

SPECIES

3 8 3 33 3

6 1 2 30 5

DISTRIBUTION Borneo, Java, Sumatra Borneo lrian Jaya all Indonesian regions Borneo all Indonesian regions Borneo (introduced) Borneo all Indonesian regions West Indonesia, up to Sulawesi and Flores.

Toes with enlarged tips, a circum-marginal groove separating upper parts from under parts.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R~NINAE (2) Toes with o r without enlarged tips, but n o circum-marginal (7) groove. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DICROGI~OSSINAE No distinct dorselateral fold, a pair of gular pouches in males, legs very long and slender, back marbled with black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Huia masonii A pairs of dorso-lateral folds, gular vocal sacs, finger and toe tips with enlarged and flattened tips with circum-marginal groove. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RANA (HYLAKANA) 3 Colour green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

62

THEAMPHIBIANSOF JAVA A N D BALI

3b(2b) 4a(3a)

Ranidae, The True Frogs

Colour usually not green, but might have a green tinge.. . . . . . 5 A pair of cream-coloured dorso-lateral folds, sometimes bordered with black.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rana (H.)erythraea Sides of body usually darker, females up to 120 mm.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rana (H.) hosii 8

4b(3a) 5a(3b) 5b(3b) 6a(5b) 6b(5b)

7a(lb) 7b(lb) 8a(7a)

Bb(7a) 9a(8b)

9b(8b)

Skin with flattened tubercles up to the sides, body brownish with black marblings, size up to 65 mm. . . . . . . . . Rana (H.) baramica Skin usually smooth or at most covered with small tubercles scattered all over the back. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Limbs frequently reddish, back frequently with small black spots, size of females up to 80 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . Rana (H.) chalconota Lirnbs usually brown, sides black, back brown, upper arms with whitish gland in males, toes with 2-3 phalanges free from broad web, size up to 55 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rana (H.) nicobariasis Body small, not more than 65 mm, lower jaw without fang-like processes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Body exceeding 70 mm, with o r without a fang-like processes on thelowerjaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Males up to 35 mm, females up to 65 mm, an inverted V-shaped ridge between the shoulders, skin relatively smooth, colour reddish brown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limnonectes mtcrodiscus Body small, not exceeding 35 mm, gular with a pair of paralleloriented tubercles, toes fully webbed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Skin densely covered with small pearly white tubercles, underside of the limbs with a dark stripe running into the vertral region.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . Occidozyga lima Body small, n o distinct markings, dark brown, n o spotting on the chest o r belly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occidozyga sumatrana

lOa(7b) Skin smooth to wrinkled, toes with small, rounded enlarged tips, without circum-marginal groove, males with a fang-like processes on the anterior part of lower jaw. . . . . . . . . . . . LIMNO~CTES(1 1) lOb(7b) Skin covered with elongated tubercles, otherwise skin relatively smooth, toes without enlarged tips, a pair of folds at the gular region in males, no fang-like processes on the lower jaw. . . . . . . ........................................ & ~ R V A R Y A ( ~ ~ ) 1l a ( l 0 a ) Body stout, up to 80 mm, skin relatively wrinkled, tympanum not visible, although present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limnonectes kuhlii l l b ( l 0 a ) Body very large up to 150 mm, back sometimes with tubercles, usually reddish brown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limnonectes macrodo7~ 12a(10b) Body relatively large up to 80-100 mm, webbing usually reaching tip of fourth toe, metatarsal with two tubercles, greenish o r gr~yishwith dark spots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fqerval:ya canmr~ora

63

12b(10b) Body usually not more than 70 mm, webbing usually not reaching last phalange of the fourth toe, metatarsal with one tubercle, head narrower than preceeding species, gular marking usually confluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13a(12b) Body medium in size, males about 50 mm, females up to 60 mm, greenish with dark spots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fqervarya limnocharis 13b(12b) Body small, males up to"40 mm, females up to 50 mm, dull brownish or greenish with symetrical dark spots.. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fqervarya new species

Frogs in this subfamily are more or less slender, with a distinct pair of dorselateral folds. The toe- and finger-tips have enlarged and flattened tips. There are two genera in Java. The genus Huia (hitherto known as Amolops) consists of four species. The genus Rana in Indonesia is represented by the worldwide subgenus Hylarana. This s u b genus is thought to have polyphyletic origin and is further split by some into numerous subgenera or genera. However, as it is not yet widely accepted this thinking not followed here.

GENUS HUH YANG,1991 A genus of small to medium-sized slender frogs with very long legs and vocal pouches at the sides of the mouth (in males). These frogs have a peculiar kind of tadpole, adapted to live in torrents. They were previously considered as belonging to the genus AmoEops, which is now in three different genera or subgenera, Amolops, Huia and Meristogenys. In addition, the species A. larutens~sfrom the Malay Peninsula is now proposed to represent yet another separate subgenus, Amo. The differences between these three or four genera are slight and confusing, although tadpoles of Mm'stogenys have a different kind of beak and Meritogenysand Huia have distinct dorso-lateral folds. Distribution: This genus consists of four species. Java, Sumatra, Borneo and Thailand each have one species. 10.1 H u h masunii (Boulenger, 1884) (fig. 4.4, B; P1.12) JAVAN TORRENT FROG KONGKANG JERAM Etymology: Named after G.E. Mason, an English naturalist.

Ranidae, The True Frogs

Description: A medium-sized of frog, with small tympanum, legs which are very slim and very long compared to other fi-ogs, fingers and toes with very large discs, and circum-marginal groove. Type locality: Batavia, now Jakarta. Types: BMNH ? Size: Males about 30 mm, females up to 50 mm. Skin texture: Smooth with only few tubercles, dorso-lateral fold narrow, and indistinct. Colour: Back brown with very distinct black marbling but some specimens mainly uniform dark brown, sides of head essentially black around tympanum. Reproduction: Tadpoles have a large belly sucker and a long and strong, muscled tail with narrow fins. Denticle formula N+4+4/1-1tV rows. The body and tail are speckled with black (fig. 7A). Habitat: Always close to rivers with fast-running currents, although tadpoles have been located in rivers with moderate current. They need clear water and a boulder-strewn or rocky river-bed. During full moon, males can be located among grass not far from the riverbanks, but females are difficult to find. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of six large pairs and seven smaller ones. Known localities: MZB 094, Pasir Datar; MZB 2400, Cipelak, Perbawati Mt. Cede; MZB 2440, Ciapus, Bogor; MZB 318, Jampang. Also recorded from Bandung, Maribaya, Lembang, Cibodas, Mt. Halimun, Kamojang, Batu Raden, Situ Gunung, Bogor, Citalahab, Mt. Ungaran, Tengger Mts. The type specimen is from Jakarta, an area where it is now unlikely to be encountered. Distribution outside Java: Endemic to Java. Other known names: Amolops jerboa, Huia jauana, Ranalerboa, R masonii. Related species: This species is previously known under Amolops or Rana jerboa, but that species is now split into more than seven forms and placed in the genus Merystogmys. Based on the characteristics of the tadpoles, this species is closely related to H. sumatrana and H. cauitympanum. Yang (1991) described H. jauana as a new species from Cibodas. However, as he did not compare it to Rana masonii, and as only one kind of frog occurs in Java with these characteristics, the species is referred here under its older existing name, H. masonii.

GENUS W

A LINNAEUS,1758

A very large genus with worldwide distribution. obviously polyphyletic. Some believc this genus should bc split to a considerable degree, hut.

65

this thinking is not yet widely accepted. The type species have enlarged toe-tips and a dorso-lateral fold, and so are very closely related to Amolops. About 300 species are currently placed in this genus, but the exact number of described species is still increasing.

SUBGENUS HYLARANA TSCHUDI, 1838 All Indonesian species belong to this polyphyletic subgenus. They are all slender-looking, with long legs, distinctly webbed toes, enlarged toe-tips with circum-marginal grooves, and a pair of dorso-lateral folds, separating the back from the lateral side. Indonesia has about 30 described species, distributed from Sumatra to Irian Jaya. The largest form can reach 200 mm or so ( R a n a arfaki from Irian Jaya), but the majority measure less than 100 mm. Distribution: This subgenus is known worldwide.

10.2 Rana (Hylarana) bararnica Boettger, 1901 (PI. 13) BARAM'S FROG KONGKANG BARAM Etymology: Derived fi-om the type locality of this species, Baram river, Sarawak. Description: A medium-sized fi-og with glandular skin, broad head, and prominent eyes. Tips of fingers and toes have very small discs. Toes are only about one third webbed, with three phalanges of the fourth toe free from webbing. Type locality: Bararn river, Sarawak, North Borneo. Types: SMF 4331 and MCZ. Size: Males 40-45 mm; adult females 45-65 mm. Skin texture: Wrinkled, glandular, covered with relatively large, but flattened pustules or tubercles; sides of the body also covered with tubercles. Lowerparts covered with granular skin. Colour: Brown with blackish, reddish or greenish hue with darker spots which gives the impresion of mot~lings,especially at the sides. Lowerparts dirty yellowish-brown, sometimes with indistinct blotches. Reproduction: Eggs are white without pigment. Unfortunately the tadpoles are at present unknown. Habitat: Always found in lowland areas, usually in primary rainforest. Chromosome number: Unknown. Known localities: MZB 2927, Cilebut, Sawangan. Bogor near suburbs of Jakarta, this specimen represents the first record of thc species in Java.

66

THEAMPHIBIANSOF JAVA AND BALI

Distribution outside Java: Singapore, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Bangka and Borneo. Other known names: Rana laten'maculata. Related species: This species is closely related to the larger R glan,dulosa from Sumatra, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. 10.3 Rana (Hylarann) chalconotu (Schlegel, 1837) (fig. 4D; P1. 13) WHITE-LIPPED FROG,COPPER-CHEEKED FROG KONGKATVG KOLAM

Etymology: Derived from the Greek word chalconota which means chattering. Description: Small to medium-sized frog with dark brown tympanum and long and slender legs. Toes and fingers fully webbed to the distinct expanded tips. Skin coarsely granular (although preserved speciments are less so). Males always covered with small tubercles. Type locality: Java, without exact locality. Types: RMNH 5364; 4264 (4 ex.). Size: Males 3040 mm; females 45-65 mm. Skin texture: Covered all over with very fine spines that give the impression of sand-paper. Colour: Usually dirty greenish grey to yellowish brown. Black spots can be found in most specimens, scattered all over the back. The gular region is usually covered with illdefined longitudinal stnpes. These stripes are often broken into spots. Reproduction: Eggs have distinct black and white poles, laid in a single gelatinous clutch in stagnant water. The tadpoles are greenish, yellowish or sometimes orange, and always have three stripes radiating from the eyes (fig. 7C). Habitat: This species occurs from lowland up to above 1200 m, sometimes frequents human habitation where water exists, but usually prefers stagnant waters such as fish ponds. They often stay on vegetation around or in the water such as lotus or water hyacinth. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones. Known localities: A very conlmon species from lowland to higher altitudes in Java: MZB 1.529, Cibunar, Ujung Kulon; MZB 285, Pasir Data-; MZB 095, Cibodas, Mts. Gede-Pangrango; MZB 2198, Pelabuhan Ratu; MZB 2390, MZB 2393, Situ Bagendit, Garut; MZB 2399, Kamojang, Majalaya; MZB 2198, 'Telaga Ngebel, Ponorogo; MZB 420, Blawan, Mt.

Ranidae, The True Frogs

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Ijen, Bagelen, MZB 310, Wonosobo, Tengger Mts.; MZB 392, Surabaya. Also recorded from Bogor, Bandung, Lembang, Mt. Tangkubanperahu, Mt. Sesuru, Citalahab, Mt. Patuha, Sukabumi, Cianjur, Jampang Tengah, Mt. Malabar, and Bali. Distribution outside Java: Larnpung, South Sumatra and Bali. Other known names: Polypedates junghuhni, Rana t y t h . Related species: This form is very similar to R chalconota raniceps which ranges from Sumatra up to Sulawesi and to R everetti from Sulawesi and the Philippines. 10.4 R u m (Hylarana) erythmea (Schlegel, 1837) (Pl. 14) KONGKANG GADMG GREEN PADDY FROG,COMMON GREENBACK

Etymology: Derived from the Greek word erythroa which means red. Description: A medium-sized green frog with distinct wide ivory-coloured dorsulateral fold, which is sometimes ~ O I - d e r ewith d black. Toes and fingers have distinct flattened discs, and webs are nearly full, excluding the outer toe. Males are ~ n u c hsmaller than females. 'Ifrpe locality: Java, without exact locality. Types: RMNH 1744 (4 ex.); 1746 (9 ex.); 1749 (1 ex.) Size: Males 3045 mm; females 50-75 mm. Skin texture: Smooth, a distinctly raised, broad dorselateral fold, supratympanic fold weak, lower surface smooth. Colour: Usually olive green with wide, yellow or ivory dorsulateral region which might be bordered with black in some specimens. Young specimens might be yellowish green. Legs with illdefined stripes. Reproduction: Lays a single clutch of pigmented eggs in stagnant water. Habitat: Usually found in stagnant water in lakes, ponds, or rice-fields at lower altitude (generally less than 250 m), but can reach as high as 1100 m. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones. Known localities: Lowland areas up to about 400 m. MZB 385, Cengkareng; Jakarta, MZB 892, Depok; MZB 1567-1568, Bogor, MZB 1580, Cileungsi, Bogor; MZB 1834, Mt. Haur, Banten; MZB 2377, Situ Bagendit, Garut. Also recorded from Lebak, Cityam, Sukabumi, Citalahab, Situ Gede. Distribution outside Java: InduChina, the Philippines, and probably introduced to Sulawesi.

Ranidae, The True Frogs

Related species: R taipehensis is very similar to this species.

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genetics of enzymes and proteins are very variable. It is possible that this is a complex of species.

10.5 Ram (Hylaram) hosii Boulenger, 1891 (Pl. 15, 16) POISONOUS ROCKFROG KONGKANG RACUN

10.6 Ram (Hylarana) nicobariasis (Stoliczka, 1870) (Pl. 17) KONGKANG JANGKRIK

CRICKET FROG

Etymology: Named after Charles Hose, an English naturalist. Description: A medium to very large, slender frog, with long and slender hindlimbs. Toes and fingers have distinct enlarged flattened discs and toes are webbed to the base. Skin has poison glands which give off a pungent smell. Types: Mt. Dulit, Sarawak, North Borneo. Types: BMNH, not traced. Size: Adult males 4565 mm; adult females 85-100 mm. Skin texture: Finely granulated without any indication of raised tubercles. Dorso-lateral fold feeble but distinct. Toes fully webbed to disc and toes and fingers with distinct enlarged tips. No supratympanic fold. Colour: Uniformly dark olive to brownish green. The sides are usually darker up to black, extending from the lores to the groin. Limbs have distinct cross-barring. Some specimens are rather greyish instead of green, and a bluish specimen has also been seen. The Javan specimens are usually uniform and even the sides are as green as the back. Reproduction: Eggs are creamcoloured without darker hemisphere. Tadpoles are practically unknown. Habitat: Always related to streams or rivers in primary and secondary forest. Usually found perching on boulders or vegetation along the river and rarely on the forest floor. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones. Known localities: MZB 2411, Ciapus, Bogor, West Java; MZB 2710, Kaliurang, Yogyakarta, Central Java; MZB 2389, Klakah River, Tengger Mts., East Java. Also recorded from Perbawati, Mt. Gede and Jampang Kulon. Distribution outside Java: Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo. Other known names: Rana hosei. Related species: R chalconota is presumed to be closely related to this species. Note: This is a very variable species. The colouration varies from brownish to bluish green. In most specimens, the sides are darker than the back, but others are completely uniform. In some specimens the back has large and dark blotches. Inger and Voris note that the I

Etymology: Named after the type locality of the species, Nicobar Islands. Description: A small-sized frog, slender appearance, legs also long and slender, toes half webbed. Type locality: Nicobar Islands, India. Type: BMNH, not traced. Sue: Adult males 35-45 mm; adult females 45-50 mm Skin texture: Granular but smooth without any indications of tubercles; a fine dorso-lateral fold. Colour: Back and legs are usually light to dark brown with more or less darker marblings, especially around the groin, sometimes in form of two ill-defined paravertebral stripes parallel to the prolongation of the last vertebra. The sides are usually darker or black from the lores to the groin. Reproduction: Eggs have a darker central hemisphere, laid in gelatinous clutch. Denticle formula Itl-1/II. The last row is very short. The lower lip is bordered with two rows of papillae, one series is very long (fig. 7C). Habitat: Usually found on the forest edge in disturbed areas around slowmoving or stagnant waters. In Java, it is more confined to higher altitude up to 1500 m, but can be found near sea level. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones. Known localities: Usually more abundant at more than 800 m above sea level, from MZB 357, Peucang Is.; MZB 362, Ujung Kulon; MZB 363, Cikarang, Ujung Kulon; MZB 2159, Cibodas, Mts. Gede-Pangrango, MZB 902-903, Lake Patenggang, Mt. Patuha; MZB 2057, Ciapus, Bogor; MZB 2375. Pangkalan, Kamojang. Also recorded from Jarnpang Tengah, Jakarta, Mt. Salak, Situ Gunung, Mt. Malabar, Cisurupan, Mt. Tangkubanperahu, Mt. Burangrang, Situ Umar, Lembang, Bali. Distribution outside Java: Thailand, Nicobar lslands up to Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Palawan and Bali. Other known names: Rana n~aculanala7,anzca; R nzcnba~zmszslauanzca. Related species: The tadpoles of this species show certain similarities to R chalronota, but the colour of the adult specimen is also very similar to the larger R nzgrouzttata and to R rc/ebms/sand R. papua.

Ranidae, The True Frogs

SUBGENUS AQUARANA DUBOIS, 1992 10.7. Rana (Aquamna) catesbeiand Shaw, 1802 (fig. 2D) AMERICAN BULLFROG KATAK LEMBU Etymology: Named after Mark Catesby, an English naturalist who toured parts of what is now southeastern USA as well as other areas. Description: A robust frog with very large tympanum, easily distingushed from other ranids, skin wrinkled, size very large. 7)pe locality: Charlestown, South Carolina, USA. Types: not known to exist. Sue: Adult males 100-150 mm; adult females 150-200 mm. Skin texture: Wrinkled, many tubercles and folds. Colour: Back and legs are usually light to dark green with more or less darker marbling. Reproduction: The eggs have darker central hemisphere, and are laid in gelatinous clutch. Denticle formula I-III/II-111. Chromosome number: 2N=26. Known localities: Introduced to Bogor in 1970, and now found in many cities in Java such as Bogor, Sukabumi, Cianjur, Yogyakarta, Surabaya. Distribution outside Java: Originates from Texas and Florida, now intre duced to the western United States and to Japan, Taiwan and other countries. Also introduced to Bali. Related species: Many American forms such as Rana clamitans, R gryllzo, R hckscheri, R okaloosae, R septentnonalis and R uirgatipes are considered as closely related. Note: This species is now raised in captivity in Indonesia for human consumption. Although Indonesia has about 30 large species, this is still easier to keep in captivity, because it will accept dead food, such as rat or snail meat. Most of the large Indonesian species are adapted to live in clear and flowing waters in the forest, and are therefore difficult to keep in captivity.

SUBFAMILY DICROGLOSSINAE These frogs are plump-bodied, without dorso-lateral folds. If present, the folds are usually very narrow and only present at the anterior part of the body. Fingers and toes are not dilated or if dilated, it is not in the form of a flattened disc. On Java, this subfamilv is also well repre-

I

jI

i

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sented by nearly half of all known Javan ranid species. Several genera, such as Limnonectes and Fejer.rlarya are elevated to generic status from the synonym of the very large and widespread genus Rana. The genera Limnonectes and Fejervarya have a wider distribution up to India, South Japan, the Philippines and New Guinea.

GENUS FEJERVARYA BOLKAY, 19 15 A genus of relative small (30 mm) to moderately large (120 mm) robust-bodied frogs. The skin texture is relatively smooth, but covered with longitudinal-oriented skin glands in the form of folds. The toeand finger-tips are featureless, without any enlargements or disc. Actually this genus is placed as a subgenus of Limnonectes. It was recently shown that placing the members of this subgenus into Limnonectes is not supported by morphological and molecular analysis (Emerson and Berrigan, 1993). For this reason, this subgenus is elevated recently as a genus of its own. Distribution: Mainly centered in the Indian subcontinent. In Indonesia: Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi. Timor and Wetar islands have one endemic species. New Guinea has one introduced species.

10.8 Fgervarya oancriuora Gravenhorst, 1829 (Pl. 17) KATAK SAWAH, KATAK HIJAU

MARSH FROG,RICEFIELDFROG, CRAB-EATING FROG

Etymology: Named after the peculiar finding that this species actually eats freshwater crab. Description: A large-sized frog with longitudinal (paralel to body axis) oriented folds or tubercle. Only one, inner metatarsal tubercle, webbing always exceeds the last subarticular tubercles of the 3rd and 5th toes. Type locality: Java, without exact locality. Type: stated as being in the Breslau Museum, probably lost. Sue: Up to 120 mm, usuallyjust to about 100 mm. Skin texture: Wrinkled, covered with sparsely disposed elongated tubercles or folds.

Ranidae, The True Frogs

Colour: Dirty mud-like colour with indistinct, but symetrical darker blotches. Some large specimens have more bright green colour, also with some form of blotches. Frequently with a wide dorso-lateral stripe. Reproduction: About 500 to a little more than a thousand eggs are laid, usually on dark night in stagnant waters such as paddy fields. Habitat: Very well known at rice fields. This species is rarely found along rivers, but nearby. It is numerous around marshes and even in brackish water areas such as shrimp ponds or mangroves. Tadpoles are usually relatively small (fig. 7D). Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones. Known localities: Lowland areas up to 1200m: MZB 1032, Taman Jaya, Ujung Kulon; MZB 239, Jakarta; MZB 494, Majalengka; MZB 440, Cimahi; MZB 1922, Muara, Bogor; MZB 2044, Depok; MZB 2070, Bogor; MZB 2045, MZB 2158, Pangumbahan, Sukabumi; MZB 2173, Cipanas, Ga-ut; MZB 2468, Sancang, Cibalieur; Sirnagalih; MZB 303, Pakis; MZB 240, Marengan, Sumenep, Madura. Also recorded from Serang, Lebak, Karawang, Gadok, Cisarua, Sindanglaya, Sukabumi, Cianjur, Bandung, Situ Bagendit, Garut, Indramayu, Cirebon, Semarang, Ambarawa, Wonosobo, Yogyakarta,Jepara, Kediri, Pasuruan and Bali. Distribution outside Java: Widely distributed in Indo-China, Hainan up to the Philippines, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara and Irian Jaya (introduced). Other known names: Rana ca~lnizjora. Related species: Closely related to F limnochans, E: vittigera and to E: uerrttculosa (Wetar and Timor). I? mja from Thailand was described based on an extra large specimen of E cancriuora. 10.9 Fejervarya limnocharis Boie, 1835 (fig. 4E; PI. 18) GRASSFROG KATAK TEGALAN Etymology: Named after the habitat preferences of this species for wet areas such as marshes or ricefields. Description: A small species, pointed head, narrower than long, toes webbed, as Far as the last phalanges. A pair of metatarsal tubercles. This form is essentially identical to Fcjeruar;ya new species, except the skin has distinctly elongated tubercles, anti the size is ;I little bit larger. Type locality: Java, without exacl locality. Type: stated as being in the R~-r>slau Museum, protxibly lost. Size: Malcx up to 50 nun; feinalcs LIPto (iO mm.

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Skin texture: Wrinkled, covered with sparsely distributed elongated tubercles which generally dispose longitudinally, parallel to the body axis. Colour: Dirty mud-like colour with indistinct, but symetrical darker blotches, sometimes with a greenish colouration and a reddish tinge. Reproduction: Several hundred eggs are laid, usually on dark nights in stagnant waters such as paddy fields. Tadpoles are very similar to those of E: cancriuolzz (fig. 7B). Habitat: This species frequents paddy fields and grassland at low altitude, rarely up to about 700 m, occasionally a little higher where rice fields exist. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones. Known localities: Lowland areas where there are rice fields: MZB 377, Cikarang, Ujung Kulon; MZB 1835-1840, Mt. Haur, Banten; MZB 289, Cengkareng, Jakarta, MZB 057, Bogor; MZB 067, Mt. Pancar, Bogor; MZB 1592-1597,Klapa Nunggal, Cileungsi; MZB 1881-1907,Cibalagung, Bogor; MZB 2047-2050, Sirnagalih, Megamendurlg; MZB 2392, Situ Bagendit, Garut; MZB 2392, Sukabumi; MZB 2097, Bantarhuni, Indramayu; MZB 281, Rawa Pening, Salatiga; MZB 314, Wonosobo; MZB 391, Surabaya. Also recorded from Karawang, Sukabumi, Cibodas, Mt. Malabar, Cilacap, Babakan, Yogyakarta, Pasuruan, Nongkojajar, Situbondo, and Bali. Distribution outside Java: Widely distributed from Japan to India, and in Indonesia as far east as Flores. Other known names: Rana limnochar~s. Related species: Closely related to Fejervarya sp. (new species), F canctivora, E: uittlgera and to E: uerru,culosa (Timor, Wetar, Babar) . 10.10 Fg'eruarya new species KATAKTEGALAN GUNUNG MONTANE GRASS FROG Etymology: (Unnamed form, currently not separated from E: lirnnochans) . Description: This form is essentially identical to F limnocha7-Ls,but seems to be smaller and slightly more smooth skinned. A small species, pointed head, narrower than long, toes webbed just as far as the last phalanges. A pair of metatarsal tubercles on the lower part of the heels. Type locality: West Java. Types: MNHN. Size: Males up to 40 mm, females up to 50 mm. Skin texture: Wrinkled, covered ulth sparsely distributed elongated tubercles. These tubercles are usually disposed longitudinally, parallel to the body axis.

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Ranidae, The True Frogs

THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI

Colour: Dirty greenish-brown colour with indistinct, but symmetrical darker blotches. Frequently with a narrow dorso-lateral fold, but sometimes with a wider one. Reproduction: Several hundred eggs are laid, usually on dark nights in stagnant waters such as paddy fields. Habitat: This species is restricted to paddy fields at altitudes of about 700 to 1200 m. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones. Known localities: At present, this species has only been found at higher altitudes around rice fields in Banjaran area, Bandung. Distribution outside Java: Endemic to Java. Other known names: Rana lzmnocharis. Related species: This form is split from the widespread species E: limn6 charis based on biochemical evidences (protein, enzymes). The morphological characteristics show very few differences compared to the nominal species. This species is currently being described by Ohler & Veith (1998).

GENUS LIMNONECTES FITZINGER, 1343 A genus with small to giant frogs, consisting of more than 50 described species. T h e genus has many as yet unrecognised forms so that the number of species will increase to around double the present number in the near future. The skin is smooth to wrinkled, few species are warty. Nearly all species have a welldeveloped odontoid processes on at the lower jaw of the male specimens. The largest species is currently unnamed, known from Sumatra. It measures to about 30 cm, weighs more than 1500 gram and is the second largest frog in the world after Conraua goliath. Distribution: the Philippines up to China and South Japan. This genus is centered in Indonesia and New Guinea. 10.1 1 Limnonectes kuhlii (Tschudi, 1838) (fig. 4G, H; P1.18) KUHL'SCREEKFROG BANGKONG TUL~ Etymology: Named after the Dutch naturalist, Heinrich Kuhl (1797-1821) who worked inseparably with Johann Coenraad van Hasselt (1797-1823) in Indonesia, mainly on vertebrate fauna, in the early 19th century.

I

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Description: A robust frog, tympanic rings undistinct, wide head, temporal region muscled, especially in adult male specimens, toes fully webbed up to the tips. Limbs very short and muscled. Tjpe locality: Java, without exact locality. Type: MNHN 4469; RMNH (2 ex.). Size: Adult males up to 80 mm, adult females up to 70 mm. Skin texture: Very wrinkled, covered densely with star-shaped tubercles, scattered all over the body, supratympanic fold very distinct. Tibia usually covered with tubercles, area around cloaca also covered with tubercles. Colour: Marbled black to nearly completely black all over the back. Reproduction: Tadpoles are numerous in slow-moving streams. The tadpoles are very similar in all Lzmnonectes species. These are very similar to the tadpoles of L. mzcrodzscus except the tail is said to be half black. Habitat: This species is always related to slow o r moderately moving water. They usually stay near the banks in very shallow water. Some have been seen in water crab holes. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones, all are meta- or submetacentrics, except pair no 8 which are subtelocentric. Known localities: Usually abundant at higher altitude: MZB 245, Nirmala, MZB 124, Pangalengan; MZB 512, Cibodas; MZB 606607, Cibeureum, Mts. Gede-Pangrango; MZB 2442, Ciapus, Bogor; MZB 431, Blawan ljen. Also recorded from Pasir Datar, Sukabumi, Mt. Tangkubanperahu, Burangang, Mt. Malabar, Jatinangor, Mt. Tengger. Distribution outside Java: Endemic to mountainous regions of Java. Other known names: Rana kuhlzz. Related species: Formerly known as widely distributed in Southeast Asia up to China and India, but will be split into more than a dozen species. The nominal form is now restricted to Java. 10.12 Limnonectes macrodon (Dumeril & Bibron, 1841) (Pl. 19) STONECREEKFROG, BANGKONG BATU,BANGKONG GIANT JAVAN FROG RAKSASA, SAKLON Etymology: Derived from the Latin (macro- large, don - tooth) to refer to the enlarged fang-like bony processes in front of the jaws (odontoid processes).

76

THEAMPHIBIANSOF JAVA AND BALI

Description: A very large frog with very wide head, especially in male specimens. Skin smooth with only occasionally some small tubercles, posterior part of the eyelids with tubercles, and toes webbed to the tips. Type locality:Java, without exact locality. Type: MNHN 4465 is chosen as lectotype. Size: Adult specimens vary from 100 to 150 mm. Skin texture: Essentially smooth with only a very few scattered tubercles. Colour: Uniformly reddish brown to blackish brown. Reproduction: A total of about 1000 eggs can be laid in a single gelatinous clutch in the sidepools of a river, usually o n dark nights. Males can be seen on river banks. The tadpoles are brownish, the tail lighter with short crossbars at the muscled part. There is some confusion over the identity of this form, and most reports outside Java belong to other species. Habitat: This species is reported to be present along rivers or clear streams. The adults are found along river banks, and readily jump when disturbed. Chromosome number: 2N=24, consists of' six large and six smaller pairs, all meta- and few submetacentric. Known localities: MNHN 4465, 4466, and RMNH 2011, 2013 from Java, no exact localities, MZB 426, Cigeunteur, Ujung Kulon; MZB 1009, Cidaun, Ujung Kulon; MZB 427, Bogor; MZB 2292, Cisarakan, Pelabuhan Ratu; MZB 213, Pasir Datar; MZB 424, Jasinga; MZB 1841, Mt. Tangkubanperahu, Lembang; MZB 2448, Sagaranten, Curug Luhur. Sukabumi, Garut, Bogor, Pasir Datar, Mt. Salak, Babakan, Jatinangor. Distribution outside Java: Considered as endemic to Java, but also occurs in Lampung, South Sumatra. Other known names: Rana macrodon, Rana. blythii and Limnonectes kadarsani. Related species: This species was previously thought to be widespread in Southeast Asia, but is now split into about a dozen distinct species, which include L. blythii, L. mabianus, L. leporinus, L. ingm',L. kadarsaai. Descriptions of several new species are now in preparation from Sumatra and mainland Asia, split from the supposcdly widely distrib uted form in Southeast Asia. This unnamed giant form can reach a size of' 30 cm, making it the second largest frog in the world after Conraun goliath from Central Africa.

Ranidae, The True Frogs

77

10.13 Limnonectes microdiscus (Boettger, 1892) (PI. 20) BANGKONG KEXDIL

~ G M CREEK Y FROG

I

I I

I

I

I

Etymology: Derived from the Latin (mzcro- small, disnls - disc) to specify the small toediscs. Description: A small species with distinct inverted 'V' markings between the shoulders, odontoid processes absent in male specimens. Limbs relatively long and slender. The females can reach roughly twice the length of the males. Toes have two phalanges free from webbing. Type locality: Tengger Mts., East Java at 1200 m. Type: SMF 5418. Size: Males can reach about 35 mm, females about twice the male size. Skin texture: Essentially smooth without any tubercles except for the inverted V-shaped scapular markings. Colow: Reddish brown with distinct black inverted V markings between the shoulders Reproduction: A number of less than 50 eggs have been found in the reproductive cavity. The eggs are large, up to 3 mm, with a distinct darker central pole. Habitat: Restricted to forested regions from lowland to about 1400 m. Chromosome number: 2N=36, all are small acrocentric chromosomes, except for the smallest pair which are mctacentric. Known localities: MZB 1082-1093, Nyewaan, Ujung Kulon; MZB 1601, Pangandaran; MZB 516, Cibodas; MZB 1668, Pasarean, Cibodas, Mts. Gede-Pangrango. Also recorded from Tengger Mts., Songgoriti, East Java. Distribution outside Java: Extra-limital distribution in Lampung, South Sumatra. Other known names: Rana microdisca, formerly also confused with Rana huschana. Related species: Previously considcred as a widely spread species in Indonesia from Mentawai, Sumatra up to Borneo, Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi with numerous subspecies, but now is split up into about 15 distinct species. It seems that the main unifjlng characters are the half webbed toes and an inverted V-shaped scapular tubercle. Smith (1927) recorded Rana do-rim based on specimens from Songgoriti. The identity of these specimcns needs reconfirmation, because it is similar to males of L. microdzscus, especially in the absence of odontoid processes.

Ranidae, The True Frogs

GENUS OCCIDOZYGA KUHL& VAN HASSELT, 1822

Distribution outside Java: India, Southern China, Hainan, Indo-China, Sumatra and Bali. Other known names: Houlema obmra, ohyglossus Izma, Ooadoryga lzma, Ohydozyga lzma and Rana lzma. Related species: 0. cekbenszs replaces 0 . lzma in ricefields of southwest Sulawesi 0. l m z s is now restricted to the Philippines.

This genus consists of small species with narrow mouth, relatively smooth skin (except for one species), smooth jaw, back oriented eyes, and by the presence of dorso-lateral folds below the jaw, under the hips, inguinal region and sides of the body. There are less than a dozen species in the genus and all the members are thoroughly aquatic. Many other generic names have been proposed, including Houlema, Microdiscopus, Ooeidozyga, Oxyglossus, Oxydozyga and Phrynoglossus. Distribution: Southeast Asia to the Philippines, Sulawesi and Flores.

10.15 Occidozyga sumatrana (Peters, 1877) (fig. 7E;P1. 21) BANCET RAWASUMATERA

SUMATRAN PUDDLEFROG

10.14 Ocn'dozyga lima (Gravenhorst, 1829) (fig. 7E;P1. 21) GREENPUDDLE FROG BANCET HIJAU

Etymology: Refers to the texture of the skin which is like the surface of a lime. Description: A small squat-bodied species with pearly tubercles, all over the body. Eyes are distinctly bulging and situated back. Toes are fully webbed to the tips. Lateral line still visible in adult specimens. l)pe locality Java, without exact locality. Types: probably deposi~edin Breslau Museum, now lost. Size: Up to about 40 mm. Skin texture: Covered all over with pearly tubercles including underside. Colour: Greenish, lowerparts with a pair of L-shaped darker stripes on the lower part of the hips, gular with a pair of dark stripes. Reproduction: Lay about 50 eggs. Tadpoles have a very wide back fin, but a very small tube-like mouth (fig. 7E). Habitat: This species is abundant in rice-fields, always floating with the eyes above the water surface. The males call day and night. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones, all of the type meta- or submetacentrics. Known localities: MZB 212, Ciliwung, Bogor; MZB 217, Sukabumi; MZB 934,Jakarta; MZB 1598, Kelapa Nunggal, Cileungsi; MZB 2068, Gadog, Bogor; MZB 2099, Bantarhuni, Indramayu; MZB 2163, Telun, Garut; MZB 2215, Pelabuhan Ratu; MZB 2450, Situ Baru, Sukmajaya; MZB 2378, Situ Cangkuang, Garut; MZB 2532, Arnbarawa. Also recorded from Bandung, Tambun, Banten, Jakarta, k a w a n g , Gadok, Sukabumi, Jampang, Citalahab, Situ Bagendit, Kediri, Pasuruan and Bali.

79

I

I

.

I

I !

,

Etymology: Refers to Sumatra, the type locality. Diagnosis: A small Occidozyga, different from 0.lam's in its smaller size, its skin texture with tubercles and by its larger toe tips. ' I & locality: Sumatra, Types: ZMB 6292. Description: A small species with small head. Toes fully webbed to disc with distinct enlarged digital disc devoid of circum-marginal groove. Lower jaw smooth without any indication of enlarged tooth-like processes. Skin with few tubercles, but without any indication of folds except for the supratympanic fold. Tympanum hidden. Size: Adult males 2@30 mm; adult females 3545 mm. Skin texture: Few tubercles on the back, smooth all over including the legs and belly, supratympanic fold distinct. Colour: Uniformly brownish to greyish upper and underside. Gular region usually blackish, especially in male specimens. Reproduction: Tadpoles are very similar to those of Occidozyga l m i s , in having very small, tube-like mouth. The limbs erupt and grow very fast, so that most tadpoles, even when still very small, already have complete hind-limbs. The adults and tadpoles are carnivorous and eat principally worms or insect larvae. Habitat: Usually found in puddles among habitation in the forest or secondary clearings. This species has never been found in high numbers, although it is not rare. Chromosome number: 2N=26. Known localities: MZB 370, Cigeunteur, IJjung Kulon, MZB 1010-1015, Cidaun, Ujung Kulon; MZB 2161, Ngantang, Selorejo, ITB, Sancang. Also recorded from Jati Nangor, Sumedang. Distribution outside Java: Sumatra, Bali, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, perhaps up to Indo-China. Other known names: Described as Mzcronisc;op~~~ sumatranus, but most literature refers to it as Oqglossus lamis, Oxydozygn laevis, Oondozyga laerizs

.

or Phrynoglossw lueut.i. As the typical Occidozyga h i s is much larger and essentially smooth, all other non-Philippine populations have been regarded by this author as 0 . sumatrana. ' Related species: This form is very similar to 0. h i s , described from the Philippines, and previously confused. It is also very similar to the smaller 0 . celebensis. Comparison: Compared to 0 . h i s this form is specific because of its smaller body, larger toe tips, tuberculated skin (completely smooth or with few, very small tubercules in 0 . lamis), and weak line lateralis (which are clearly visible in 0. .!amis). Its relatively smooth skin texture with few tubercles differentiates it from 0 . lima which has skin with tightly-packed pearly tubercles; compared to 0. celebenszi (Sulawesi) it is larger, with larger toe-tips, and no darker marblings. In addition 0. celebensis has a smoother skin.

Chapter 1 1

Family Rhacophoridae, The South Asian Tree Frogs Members of this tree frog family are restricted to South Asia and Africa where they replace the true tree frog family, Hylidae, that has a worldwide distribution. They are sometime refered to as false tree frogs. In Eastern Indonesia and Australia, they are replaced by the Pelodryadidae family. About ten genel-a are known, but only four genera occur in Java. This family has a peculiar way of laying eggs. Members of the genus Polypedates and Rhacophorus lay eggs in a frothy mass prepared by both parents during egg laying. However, the tadpoles complete their life-cycle in slow-moving or stagnant waters. The genus Philautus has a different mode of reproductive strategy with direct development eggs. The eggs are large and laid on the ground or in a crevices in a tree trunk. The tadpoles develop inside the eggs. As soon as the develop ment process is finished, a small froglet with four legs and a tail will hatch through the egg sheet. Frogs of this family are characterized by a short snout, large bulgng eyes, and large finger- and toe-tips. Distribution of Rhacophoridae in Indonesia: GENERA

SPECIES

Nyctixalus Ph ilautus Polypedates

2 17

Rhacophorus Theloderma

20 2

la

Ib 2a(la) 2b( 1a)

5

DISTRIBUTION

Borneo, Java, Sumatra Borneo, Java, Sumatra All Indonesian regions except Maluku and lrian Jaya Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra Borneo. Sumatra

Size less than 50 rnm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Size more than 50 mrn.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Body flattened, reddish brown with whitish or yellowish spots all over the body.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nyctixalus margant2fer Body plump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PHIIAITI.CIP (3)

84

THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVA AND BALI Body greenish, spotted, marbled with yellow stripes or with a narrow white stripe.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philautus auni/asciatus Body brownish without stripe. . . . .' . . . . . . . . . Philautus jacobsoni

Body spotted with black, palms yellow, body brownish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philautus uittiger Body vlolet with a pair of black stripes. . . . . . . Philautuspallidipes Colour usually dull, size up to 85 mm, back yellowish brown with small spots or four to six black stripes. . . . Polypedates leucomystax Colour usually bright, size up to 80 mm.. . . . . . RHACOPHORUS (5) Body brownish or reddish with darker spots. . . . . . . . . R. javanus Body green, footweb black, limbs orange. . . . . . . . . R ra'nwardtii

GENUS NYCTLYALUS BOULENGER, 1882 A small genus with only three forms. Nyctixalus spinosus is known from Mindanao, and N. pictus from Sumatra and Borneo, sometimes considered as only subspecifically distinct from the Javan form. They consist of medium-sized frogs intermediate between Xhacophorus and Philautus, a n d are sometimes considered as members of the genus ~ h i l a u t u s as , both genera lack vomerine teeth. The skin of Nyctixalus covered with small tubercles, and the head skin is co-ossified with the skull. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, and Palawan. 11.1 Nyctixalus margaritifm (Boulenger, 1882) (Pl. 22) TREE FROG PEARLY UTAK POHON MUT~ARA

Etymology: Derived from Latin in reference to the pearly white spots characteristic of this species. Description: A small flat frog with distinct dorso-lateral fold. Skin of head co-ossified with the skull. Toes and fingers have distinct large and flattened tips. Toes nearly fully webbed to discs. Vomerine teeth absent, tubercles scattered on back stirrace including snout, upper eyelids and on the hands and fingers. Type locality: East lndies, probably Java. Type: The holotype, previously deposited in Bruxelles Museum is lost. BMNH 1885. 12.31.35is chosen as neotype. Size: Adult males 30-33 mm; adult females about 31-35 mm.

Rhacophoridae, The South Asian Tree Frogs

85

Skin texture: Roughly granular even on limbs, pre-anal and infra-femoral region covered with tubercles; belly coarsely granular. Colour: Orange to dark brown with yellow spots on the eyelids and shoulders. Smaller yellow spots scattered all over the body, hands and legs. Belly sometimes has white streaks. Reproduction: Females lay up to 15 eggs covered with a gelatinous mass just above water-containing tree-holes. Habitat: Usually found in forest from the lowlands up to about 1200 m. Chromosome number: Unknown. Known localities: At present, this species is only known around Mts. GedePangrango, Situ Gunung (ITB collection) and Mt. Willis, based on specimens in London, Chicago, Leiden and Amsterdam Museums. Distribution outside Java: Endemic to Java. Other known names: Philuutus anodon, P flauosignatus, Ixalus anodon, Edwardtayha pcta. Related species: N. margantzfer is sometimes considered as a subspecies of N. pictus.

GENUS PHILAUTUS GISTEL,1848 A large genus with at present 70 valid species, but nearly the same number of names are considered as synonymous. This genus badly needs revision. All members are small up to about 40 mm, but usually not more than 30 mm. Another specific characteristic of the genus is the absence of vomerine teeth. The genus has a distinctive reproduction strategy, with direct development of eggs, although a small number of species is known to have non-feeding tadpoles. The eggs are usually very large, up to 5 mm and development takes about five days to two weeks. Frogs of this genus are generally found above 600 m. Distribution: Borneo, Java and Sumatra. The majority of the species are found in the Philippines and mainland Southeast Asia up to South China. 11.2 Philautus aurifmciatus (Schlegel, 1837) (fig. 5C, D; P1. 23) GOLDSTRIPEDTREEFROG UTAK POHON EMAS

Etymology: Derived from Latin (aurum - gold, fasciatus - stripes) to denote the presence of golden stripes along the body. Description: Small sized frog. Young specimens appeared to be wrinkled, but adults are essentially smooth. The head is usually broad, the snout

86

THEAMPHIBIANSOF JAVA AND BALI

is short and pointed. Fingers and toes have large flattened discs, toes are half webbed, fingers webbed at the base. Type locality: Java, without exact locality. Types: RMNH 4266; 5064 (6 ex.). Size: Adult males 15-25 mm; adult females 25-33 mm. Skin texture: Smooth, with few tubercles. Belly surface covered with granular tubercles. Colour: Greenish to brownish or sometimes blackish violet, Sometimes back blackish with constriction in the middle, forming an hour-glass marking. Usually has a darker 'H' or 'X' shape formed by stripes on the back, bordered with yellow. Additional stripes might be present. Tadpoles: No tadpoles due to direct development. Each time the female lays about a dozen pigmentless eggs in a tree cavity, each measuring about 5 mm in diameter. The froglets will hatch in less than ten days. Habitat: Young specimens are usually confined to shrubs. Adults are more often found on tree-trunks not far from the water body. Chromosome number: Unknown. Known localities: MZB 2461, Cibodas, Mts. Gede-Pangrango, MZB 1648, Rawa Denok; MZB 208, Bogor, ITB collection. Situ Gunung, Mt. Tangkubanperahu, Mt. Burangrang. Also recorded from Tengger Mts. The record from Mt. Ungaran might apply to the next form. Distribution outside Java: Thailand, IndeChina up to Sumatra and Borneo. Other known names: Ixalus acutirostns, I. petmsi, I. rnyobergi and Nyctixalus rohnsoni. Related species: Philautus vermiculatz~sfrom Malay Peninsula is probably synonymous with this form.

11.3 Phihutus jacobsoni (van Kampen, 1912) (fig. 5C, D) JACOBSON'S TREEFROG KATAK POHON UNGAR~ Etymology: Named in honour of Edward Jacobson, a very active collector of animals in Sumatra and Java just before the First World War. Description: Very similar to l? aunfasciatus which differs only by its larger tympanum, longer limbs, shorter snout, slightly more extensively webbed toes, and relatively smoother skin. Type locality: Mt. Ungaran, Central Java. Types: ZMA 5709. Size: About 25-30 mm. Skin texture: Smooth with several tubercles on the upper side of the head. Throat and underparts granular.

Rhacophoridae, The South Asian Tree Frogs

87

Colour: Back violet brown, belly dark, posterior parts and the thighs are creamy white. Reproduction: Unknown, but probably similar to l? aunfasciatus. Habitat: At present this species has only been found among vegetation in secondary forest, but it must have previously been (and possibly is still present) in primary forest. Chromosome number: Unknown. Known localities: At present, this species is only known from around Mt. Ungaran, Ambarawa. This species has not been collected since being described and awaits rediscovery. Distribution outside Java: Endemic to Java. Other known names: Ixalus jacobsoni. Related species: A number of Phzlautus species are grouped together, however relationships with other species are still uncertain. 11.4 Phihutus pallidipes (Barbour, 1908) KATAK POHON KAKIFWIH PALEFOOTED TREEFROG Etymolow Derived from Latin (pallidus - pale, and pes - foot) in reference to the pale colour of the sole of the foot which is characteristic of this species. Description: Very small tree frog, similar to l? aunfasn'atus. This species differs by having soles and palms yellowish, upperside brownish, reddish or greyish, and underside yellow, speckled with brown. Throat is dark brown, closely barred with brown. Type locality: Mt. Pangrango, West Java at 1200 m. Type: MCZ 2442. Size: About 25-30 mm. Skin texture: Smooth with several tubercles on the upper side of the head. Throat and lower surface granular. Colour: Greenish with a blackish stripe on the body [ ) ( 1, a cross-bar between the eyes, limbs with cross-barring, forearms and tibia spotted with black, underside white. Reproduction: Unknown, but probably similar to l? aunfasciatus. Habitat: At present this species has only been found among vegetation in humid and shrubby areas. Chromosome number: Unknown. Known localities: Known from Mt. Pangrango. Distribution outside Java: Endemic to Java. Other known names: Ixalus pallidipes.

88

THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVAAND BALI

Related species: A number of Philautus species are grouped together, however its relationships with other species are still uncertain.

1 1.5. Philautus vittiger (Boulenger, 1897) WINE-COLOURED TREEFROG UTAK POHON UNGU Etymology: Probably derived from the Latin ultis (wine) in reference to wine-coloured back characteristic of this species. Description:Very small tree frog, similar to P aunfasn'atus which differs in having a pair of dark stripes running from the eye to the groin, and meeting around the middle of the body. Type locality: Pangalengm, West Java at 1200 m. Sue: About 2530 mm. Skin texture: Smooth with several tubercles on the upper side of the head. Throat and underparts surface granular. Colour: Greenish with a blackish stripe on the body (> <), and a crossbar between the eyes. Limbs barred, forearm and tibia spotted with black, underside white. Reproduction: Unknown, but probably similar to fl aunifasciatus. Habitat: At present this species has only been found among vegetation in humid shrubby areas. Chromosome number: Unknown. Known localities: Known from Pangalengan, West Java, Situ Lembang, Mt. Burangrang. Distribution outside Java: Endemic to Java. Other known names: Ixalus wittiger. Related species: A number of Philautus species are grouped together, however relationships with other species are still uncertain.

GENUS POLMJEDATES TSCHUDI, 1838 A genus frequently considered as synonymous with Rhacqbhorus, but has distinct tadpoles (not black, ovoid body, with wide and short tail). Adults are usually dull-coloured. They belong to a genus of tree frogs which are slender-bodied and dull-coloured, except in one species. There are 13 species in the genus, only four of which occur in Indonesia. T h e common Javan species, P leu~comystaxis widely distributed and also recorded from Irian Jaya as a result of human activities.

Rhacophoridae, The South Asian Tree Frogs

89

Distribution: Borneo, Java, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Sumatra. New Guinea has one introduced species. Outside Indonesia it is widely distributed from Japan, South China, Indo-China, India and Sri Lanka. 11.6 PoZypedates hcomystax (Gravenhorst, 1829) (fig. 5E, F; P1. 24) KATAK POHON BERGANS STR~PED TREEFROG Etymology: Named after a mysterious whitish spot. Description: A medium-sized yellowish-brown tree frog, which can be uniform, speckled with black, or have six distinct longitudinal stripes from the head to the end of body. Fingers and toes have enlarged flat tips. Skin of head is coasified with the skull. Fingers half webbed, toes nearly fully webbed. m e locality: Java, without exact locality. Types: formerly in the Breslau Museum, now probably lost. Sue: Adult males up to 50 mm; adult females up to 80 mm. Skin texture: Entirely smooth without any indication of tubercles or folds. Underparts distinctly granular. Head skin cwssified with the skull. Colour: Usually greyish brown. There are two colour morphs sometimes thought to represent two closely related species. However, both colour morphs can be found in a single clutch and amplexing pairs are often from different colour morphs. The first colour morph consists of dull brownish or yellowish individuals with four to six darker stripes extending from the head to the groin. The second colour morph is usually dull greyish to greenish brown with darker spots scttered all over the body. Reproduction: A foamy nest is made by the couple on vegetation overhanging the water. After hatching, the tadpoles wriggle about, so disolving the foam and the outer nest which had dried, allowing a passage to the water below. More than 100 eggs are laid in a single clutch. Denticle formula is I t 3 3 / 1-1+II (fig. 7F). Habitat: Frequently found among low vegetation or around marshes and secondary clearings. This species often approaches human habitation. attracted by insects around the lamps. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of six large pairs and seven smaller ones, all of the type meta- and submetacentrics. Known localities: Widespread from lowland up to 1200 m: MZB 291, Pelabuhan Ratu; MZB 322, Bogor; MZB 195, Cimphi; MZB 383, Cengkareng; MZB 253, Cibodas, Mts. Gede-Pangrango; MZB 275, Jakarta; MZB 353, Peucang Island; MZB 1833, Mt Haur, Banten; MZB

90

T H EAMPHIBIANS OF JAVAAND BALI

Rhocophoridoe, The South Asion Tree Frogs

91

875-881, Depok; MZB 1499-1500, Surabaya; MZB 2126, Selorejo. Also recorded from Serang, Lebak, Karawang, Mt. Salak, Gadok, Cipanas, Perbawati, Sukabumi, Cianjur, Jampang Tengah, Mt. Sesuru, Citalahab, Babakan, Ambarawa, Wonosobo, Yogyakarta, Tengger Mts., and Bali. Distribution outside Java: India, Southern China, Indo-China, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara and Irian Jaya (introduced). Other known names: Rhacophorus leucomystax, R 1. quadrilineatus; R 1. sexvirgatus. Related species: This form is similar to l? mgacephalus and l? mcrotis, previously considered as synonymous or only subspecifically distinct. Another form has recently been found in the Malay Peninsula.

Colour: Mahogany or reddish brown through to violet with irregular spots. Reproduction:Tadpoles are greyish. Tail has large blotches, and lips have four rows of papillae. Denticle formula 1+44/III (fig. 7G). Habitat: Usually confined to primary forest at higher altitudes from 250 to about 1500 m. Chromosome number: 2N=26, N=13, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones. Known localities: MZB 513, Cibodas, Mts. Gede-Pangrango; MZB 344, Bogor; MZB 204, Mt. Malabar; MZB 1226, Cibatu Lawang. Also recorded from Ngerong cave, East Java. Distribution outside Java: Endemic to Java. Other known names: Rhacophoms schlegelii margaritzfer, Rhacophms bar-

GENUS RHACOPHORUS KUHL& VAN HASSELT, 1822

Related species: Previously considered as a subspecies of R schlegelii, R javanus appears to be very similar to R rufpes from Borneo.

boun.

A genus of frogs with large bulging eyes, short snout and usually bright colouration. About 60 species are considered valid. They consist of small to medium-sized frogs, with large finger and toe discs. Toes and fingers are often webbed to discs, at least partially for the fingers. The clutch size usually does not exceed 100 eggs, which are either cream, or blackish, but without darker hemisphere. The eggs are laid in frothy nest, sometimes covered with leaves. The tadpoles are usually slender, long tailed and the body is usually completely black. Distribution: Widely distributed from India to South Japan. In Indonesia it is known from Java, Sumatra (8 species), Borneo (12 species) and Sulawesi (4 species).

JAVAN

11.7 Rhacophonts javanus Boettger, 1893 (fig. 5G; P1. 25) UTAK POHON JAWA llw FROG

Etymology: Named after the island of Java, where this species is found. Description: A small to medium-sized tree frog, relatively plump, with fingers about half to two thirds webbed, and toes webbed to discs on all toes except the fourth. Heels have a flap of skin, and ridges run along outer edges of arms, tarsus and up to the outer fingers. Type locality: Cisurupan Volcano, West Java. Type: SMF 6982. Size: Adult males up to 50 mm; adult females up to 60 mm. Skin texture: Back surface smooth, belly including the lower parts of the legs coarsely granular.

11.8 Rhacophorus reinwardtii (Schlegel, 1840) (fig. 5G; P1. 25) GREEN FLYING-FROG UTAK POHON HIJAU

Etymology: Named after the Dutch naturalist C.G. Reindwardt, one of the founders of the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense. Description: A small to medium-sized frog, green with yellow to orange sides, hands and fingers. Fingers and toes fully webbed to the discs, black coloured. A skin fold above the heel and the vent, and similar one along the arms. Type locality: Java, without exact locality. Types: RMNH 1870 (2 ex.); 6517 (2 ex.); 3899 (1 ex.). Size: Males 45-52 mm; adult females 5575 mm. Skin texture: Smooth above, belly, sides of the body and lower parts of the legs coarsely granular. Colour: Light green with yellow or orange legs. Foot- and hand-webs are black. Subadult specimens are greyish green, scattered with small dark dots. Reproduction: The tadpoles are greyish black with colourless tail-fin. Habitat: Usually found in primary to secondary forest, more common at higher altitudes, ranging between 250 m and 1200 m. Chromosome number: 2N=26, consists of five large pairs and eight smaller ones, all of the type meta- and submetacentrics.

C h a p t e r 12

Family Pelodryadidae, The Australo-Papuan Tree Frogs

I II

A family of tree frogs restricted to the Australo-Papuan regon with extralimital distribution in the Wallacean region, especially Maluku and East Nusa Tenggara. Just over 200 species are considered as valid. Indonesia and Papua New Guinea have about 80 species and the rest are found in Australia. This family has three genera, Cyclorana, Litoria and Nyctimystes. The first genus, Cyclorana, which consists of about 15 species of non-arboreal tree frogs, believed to replace the ranids in Australia. The second genus, Nyctimystes is characterized by the palpebra1 venation of the lower eyelids. This genus consists of about 30 species with five forms in Australia. The largest genus, Litoria has about 180 species, is nearly equally divided between Australia and the Papuan subregion including one species from Nusa Tenggara. Only two species have been reported from outside the region (Java and Negros), but the validity of these species is questionable. Distribution of Pelodryadidae in Indonesia: GENERA

SPECIES

Litoria

56

h!yctimystes

23

DISTRIBUTION Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, New Guinea Maluku, New Guinea

GENUS LITORL4 TSCHUDI, 1834 A large genus of tree frogs with about 90 species, ranging from small (30 mm) to medium/large (100 mm), characterized by the arciferal pectoral girdle, and toes and fingers with large discs. Distribution: Mainly in Australia and New Guinea. A few species reach Maluku and one other species occurs in Nusa Tenggara.

Chapter 13

Family Pipidae, The African Clawed Toads I

I

I

An African and South American family of aquatic toad, occurring in many rivers and lakes south of the Sahara and with several species in South America, east of the Andes and in Panama. The American genus Pzpa has six species. The genus Pseudohymenochzrus(one species), Hymenochzrus (four species), and Xen@us (with 14 species) occur in Africa. The last genus has had a higher number of species, because of many polyploid cryptic species (i.e. those which differ chiefly in the chromosomal number which varies from 20 to 108), including the species with the largest chromosomal number (X. ruwenzonenszs) among all living frogs.

GENUS XENOPUS WAGLER, 1827 A genus of aquatic frogs of at least 14 species which have curious claws on their toes. The bodies are relatively large ( u p to 100 mm) and flattened, with linea lateralis persistent at the sides, head, and leg joints. This genus consists of many polyploid species, some of which are presumed to have a hybrid origin. Distribution: Known from the equatorial region of Africa.

13.1.Xenopus la& CLAWEDTOAD

Daudin, 1802 (fig. 7H;PI. 26) KATAKBERCAKAR

Etymology: Derived from Latin (lame - smooth) in reference to the smoothness of the back which is characteristic of this species. Description: A moderately plump frog with smooth skin, short snout, relatively wide and flat head. Toes fully webbed to tips. Toe-tips with black claws. Type locality: Africa, without exact locality. Types: not known to exist. Size: Males 65 mm; adult females up to 90 mm. Albino specimens are about 15-20 mm smaller than the normal phenotype.

100 THEAMPHIBIANSOF JAVA AND BALI

Skin texture: Smooth with sides of body, the groin and lower parts of the limbs having short light stripes, with the appearance of stitching. These stripes are in fact regions of nerve endings which detect the water current and its chemical composition. Colour: Greyish with darker spots or blotches. Throat and belly greyish, limbs without cross-barring. The albinos are completely white. Reproduction: A female can lay about 1000 eggs. The tadpoles are transparent with a silvery belly. The eyes are situated at the sides of the head. The tail gradually tapers to a fine tip (fig. 7H). Mating can be induced with human gonadotropin. Habitat: Usually lives in natural lakes but in Java it is reared in ponds. Chromosome number: 36, sex determination XY. Known localities: Now only restricted to laboratory conditions in Bandung. Distribution outsideJava: Originally occured in Central and South Africa, but now widely distributed in many laboratories all over the world.

GENUS Hk7MENOCHIRUS WAGLER, 1827 A genus of aquatic frog with at least 30 species having curious claws on the toes. Body relatively small, less than 40 mm, and flattened. Linea lateralis persistent along the sides, head, and leg joints. Distribution: Known from equatorial region of Africa.

13.2 Hymenochirus sp. The author recently learned that Hymenochirus sp. has been reared in Java for several years. Although this species has not entered Indonesian market for meat or labs yet, its existence might be detected in the future. Known Iocalities: Only reared in Jakarta for export purposes. Distribution outside Java: Originally occured in Central and South Africa, but now widely distributed in laboratories all over the world.

Bibliography Only the key literature for the region are listed here. AMAN, M.D. 1973. Larva-larva Amphiina dari beberapa tempat di Jawa Barat. MSc. Thesis. Departemen Biologi, Institut Teknologi Bandung (in Indonesian). ATMOWIDJOJO, A.H, and BOEADI, 1988. Food prey in the stomach contents of frogs. Proc. Symp. Pest Ecology and Pest Management. Bogor, 9-1 1 April 1985. Biotrq Special Publ. 32: 77-82. BERRY, P.Y., 1972. Undescribed and little-known tadpoles from West Malaysia. Herpetologica 28 (4): 338346. BERRY, P.Y., 1975. The Amphitnun Fauna ofPeninsular Malaysia. Tropical Press, Kuala Lumpur 130 pp + 92 figs. EMERSON, S.B. and D. BERRIGAN. 1993. Systematics of Southeast Asian Ranids: Multiple origins of voicelessness in the subgenus Limnonectes (Fitzinger). Herpetologica 49: 22-31. FORD, L.S., D.C. CANNATELLA. 1993. The major clades of frogs. Herpetolopca Monographs 7: 9 4 1 17. FROST, D.R., 1985. (Ed.) Amphiinan Species of t h World. A Taxonomic and Geopphical Reference. 1st. ed. Society of Zoological Collection and Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. [i-iv] + i-v + 1-732. INGER, R.F., 1954. Systematics and zoogeography of Philippine Arnphibia. Fieldiana (Zool.) 33 ( 4 ) :183-531. , 1966. The systematics and zoogeography of the Amphibia of Borneo. Fieldiana (Zool.) 52: 1402.

, 1985. Tadpoles of the forested regions of Borneo. Fieldiana (Zool.) n.s. 26 (1362): 1-89. , 1996. Chapter 4. Distribution of Amphibians in Southern Asia and Adjacent Islands. University of Kansas Natural No. 9, 1-36. History Museum, M~no~graph

INGER, R.F and R.B. STUEBING, 1989. Frogs of Sabah. Sabah Park Publication, Kota Kinabalu, No 10. 132 pp + 67 figs.

OF JAVA A N D BALI 102 THEAMPHIBIANS

ISKANDAR, D.T., 1996. The Biodiversity of the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago: Assessment for future study and conservation. In Turner, Diong, Liern and Ng (eds.) Biodiversity and Dynamics of Ecosystems. DIWPA Series Vol. 1: 353-365. KIEW, B.H., 1978. The nomenclature and identity of the Javanese Frog, Rana macrodon Dumeril & Bibron. Mal. Nat. J. 31: 219-229. LIEM, D.S.S. 1971. The frogs and toads of Tjibodas National Park, Mt. Gede, Java, Indonesia. Phi1.J. Sci. 100 (4): 131-160. LIM, KKP. and LIM, F.L.K, 1992. A Guide to The Amphibzans and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore. 160 pp t143 figs. MANTHEY, U. & GROSSMANN, 1998. Amphibzen und Reptilien Sudost A s i a . Munster, Natur und Tier - Verlag. 512 pp. MATSUI, M., CHAN-ARD, T., and NABHITABHATA, J. 1996. Distinct specific status of Kalophrynus pleurostigrna interlineatus (Anura, Microhylidae). Copein 1996: 440-445. MERTENS, R. 1934. Amphibien u n d Reptilien der Deutschen Limnologschen Sunda-Expedition. Arch. Hyrobzol. Suppl. 14: 677701.

. 1957. Zur Herpetofauna von Ostjava und Bali. Senck. Biol. 38: 2331. RUSTAMA, A. and B.J. WENNO. 1975. Morfologi, makanan serta habitat dari Rana chal~onotadan Rana nicobanensis di cagar alam Telaga Patengan. Proceedings TTB 9: 91-103 (in Indonesian). SCHIJFSMA, K 1932. Notes on some tadpoles, toads and frogs from Java. Trmbia 14 (1): 43-72. SMITH, M.A. 1927. 13. Contribution to the Herpetology of the IndoAustralian Region. Proc. 2001.SOC.Lond. 199- 225, 2 pls. TYLER, M.J. 1968. The Papuan hylid frogs of the genus Hyla. 2001. Verhand. 89: 1-209 t 4 pls. VAN KAMPEN, P.N., 1923. The Amphibia of the Indo-A,ustmlzan A.rchipelago. E.J. Brill, Leiden, 304 pp. t29 textfig. WHITTEN, A.J. and C. MCCARTHY 1993. List of amphibians and reptiles of Jawa and Bali. Trap. Bzodi~~ 1: 169-177.

Bibliography

103

WHITTEN, A.J. SOERIAATMADJA, R.E., and AF'FIF, S.A. 1996. The Ecology of Java and Bali. Periplus, Jakarta. WILKINSON, M., and R.A. NUSSBAUM. 1996. On the phyllogenetic position of the Uraetyphlidae (Amphibia, Gyrnnophiona). Copein 1996: 550-562. YANG, D.T., 1991. Phyllogenetic systematics of the Amolops group of Ranid frogs of Southeastern Asia and the Greater Sunda Islands. Fieldiana (Zool.) n.s. 63 (1423): 142.

Glossary

Glossary acrocentric: rod-shaped chromosomes which have practically only one pair of arms. amplexus: the clasping of the female by the male as part of mating process. arciferal: a condition where the pectoral girdle is overlapping at the middle of the breast. arcifero-fimisternak partly overlapping and partly fused (see firmisternal) . Australo-Papuan: refers to the region east of Indonesia, comprising New Guinea and Australia, but sometimes including some islands in the surroundings and also several islands in Maluku and East Nusa Tenggara. axilae: arm pit. caecilian: a worm-like amphibian. choanae: a pair of holes at the anterior par: of the mouth roof, which connects the nostril with the buccal cavity. circum-marginalgrove: a groove that separates the enlarged and flattened finger- and toe-tips into an upper and lower part. c ~ s s i f i e d hardened, : become rigid together with. cloaca: the terminal part of the gut into which the urinary and reproductive duck open forming a single posterior opening. denticles: small teeth-like structures on the lips of tadpoles. denticle formulae: number of rows of denticles which can be seen as black lines on the upper and lower lips of tadpoles. A roman number designates number of entire rows of denticles, an Arabic number designates the number of denticle rows divided in the middle. The slash (/) separates the upper lip from the lower lip. A plus (t) indicates additional number, a hyphen (-) indicates that the number of row(s) have a gap in the middle. dorso-lateral fold: A fold extending from behind the head to the groin separating the back side from the lateral side. etymology: original intended meaning of the name. fiimisternal: a condition where the pectoral girdle is not overlapping but united at the middle of the breast; shoulder gridle in which to halves are fused in the midle. gravid: pregnant. gular: the region of the throat.

105

gular sacs: Vocal sacs in the region of the lower part of the gular, used to make the resonating calls emmited by the animal. Indo-China: Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. infra-femoral: below the thigh. inguinal spot: A large spot usually present at the sides of body near the groin. This spot is usually very contrasting in colour (black, orange or red) and might have mimicking properties. interorbital ridge: a bony ridge found between the eyes. Irian Jaya: the Indonesian part of New Guinea. Kalimantan: the Indonesian part of Borneo. linea lateralis: a series of tubercles ending with a small hole; these structure serve for detecting the current and chemical content of water. In fish it is situated at the sides, but in frogs, it might be present at the gular region, top of the head, sides and around the knee and groin. Maluku: islands between Sulawesi and New Guinea, known as Moluccas. maxillary teeth: denticles found along the upper jaws. maxillae (of tadpoles): chitinous jaws or beak usually present inside the mouth of anuran tadpole, usually black coloured in a form similar to a parrot beak. metacentric:a chromosome form which the arms are nearly equally long. Metatarsal: that part of the foot, between the flat of the foot and the toes. metatarsal tubercle: a shovel-like tubercle present on the inner-side and sometimes on the outer-side of the metatarsal. Nusa Tenggara: Lesser Sunda islands. odontoid process: a fang-like bone present at the anterior part of the lowerjaws. This structure is present in several genera of frogs and especially enlarged in adult males. At present, the function of this stucture is believed to facilitate the catching of prey. Probably it is also used by the males during the mating season to protect their territory. palpebral venation: the arrangement of blood vessels in eyelids. papillae: elongated tube-like prolongation of tissue around the mouth or sometimes confined to the corner of the mouth of tadpoles. parietal ridge: a bony ridge between the eyes, sometimes connecting the supraorbital ridge with the parotoid gland. parotoid: a glandular skin with disticnt form at the sides of head of toads. parotoid gland: an enlarged poison gland on the dorso-lateral sides of the head, above the tympanum, usually present in Bufonids. pectoral girdle: bones that construct the breast. penultimate phalange: last phalange before the finger tip. phalange: a bone of a digit/part of finger or toe corresponding to it.

A N D BALI 106 THEAMPHIBIANSOF JAVA

phenotype: group of individuals with same observable characteristics. polyphyletic: with presumed evolutionary descent from a number of differen t origins. scapular: of the shoulder blade or shoulder. spiracle: a tube or analogous structure which circulates water from the gills to the outer part of the body. spinous: like a thorn or spine in appearance. subarticular tubercle: a tubercle present under the joints of fingers or toes. submetacentric: chromosome form where the length one pair of arms are about twice of the other arm. subtelocentric: chromosome form which have one pair of long arms and another pair of very short arms. suctorial disc: A disc of muscle on the lower side of body of tadpoles, serving to stick to surface of substrate. supernumerary tubercles: additional tubercles present under the fingers, toes or palms but not exactly under the joints. supra-orbital ridge: a bony ridge found around the eyes. supratympanic ridge: a ridge connecting the parotoid glands with supraorbital ridge. supratympanic fold: a fold of skin usually starting from behind the eye above the tympanic drum and running down to the axilla. telocentric: see acrocentric chromosome. tibia: part of the hindlimb between the femur and sole. tympanum: vibratory membrane like an eardrum. vent: anus. vomerine teeth: a pair of denticles found at the vomerine bone at the upper surface of the mouth roof, between the choanae.

Scientific Names Applied to the Amphibians of Java

I

I

A. G Y M N O P H I O N A EPICRIIDAE 1. Ichthyophis hypoqaneus (Ichthyophis glutinosus) 2. Ichthyophis b m i s i 3. Ichthyophis jauaniclls

B. A N U R A BUFONIDAE 4. Bufo asper 5. Bufo hporcatus 6. Bufo melanostzctus (Bufo chlorogasted 7. Bufo paruus 8. Leptophryne rruentata 9 . Leptophryne borbonzca

1

I

I

10. Kalophrynus minusculus

new specles Kalophrynus pleurottzgrna Kalm~labaleata Mznohyla achatzna Mzcrohyla palmzpes (Mzcrohyln arlnectens) (Microhyla borneensisj 15. Oreophryne monticola

11. 12. 13. 14

RANIDAE

18. 19. 20. 21

I

Fqervnrjn new jpecie? Fejt~rvrrr)crcnntnuortr Fejurvt~r)olz~nr~otl~orz\ I-luin rricrtoncr (Iflrztrjnr~crncr,.I rnolo~\ rbotr, /?(It l f l /fr/)Otl)

22. Limnonectes kuhlii 23. Limnonectes macrodon (Limnonectes bbthii) 24. Limnonectes microdiscus (Rana hascheana) (Rana doriae) 25. Occidozyga suma,trana (Occidozyga lamis) 26. Occidozyza lima 27. Rana baramica 28. Rana catesbeiana 29. Rana chalconota (Rana labialis) 30. Rana erythraxa 31. Rana hosii 32. Rana nicobariensis 2-

RHACOPHORIDAE 33. Nyctzxalus margantfer (Rhacophorus anodon) 34. Phzlautus aunfasc~atus (Phzlautusflnvoszgnatus) (Njctzxalus rohnsonz) 35 Phzlautuslacobsonz 36 Phzlautus pnllzdzpes (Ixalus pallzdzpes) 37. Phzlautus uzttzger (Ixalus uzttzged 38. Poljpedates hcomystax 39. Rhacophorus~avanut (Rhacophorus barboun) 40. Rhacnphorus re~nwardtu (Rl~acophorusmotchatus) ( Rhacnphorur deprestus)

PELODRYADIDAE

Institutional Abbreviations

Index to Scientific Names

(only museums which hold substantial number of Indonesian specimens are listed)

abbotti, Leptobrachium - 37 aceras, Megophrys - 38 achatina, Microhyla - 5, 16, 2 1, 22, 53,

AMNH: American Museum of Natural history, New York, USA BMNH: British Museum of Natural History, London, United Kingdom BPBM: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Hawaii, USA CAS: California Academy of Natural Sciences, San Fransisco, USA FMNH: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA FSM: Florida State Museum, Gainesville, USA ITB:Institute Technology of Bandung, Indonesia MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Havard, USA MNHNP: Museum National d'Hisoire Naturelle, Paris, France MSNG: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Genova, Italia MNCN: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid MZB: Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia NHMB: Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland. OMNH: Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, Japan RM: Zoological Reference Collection, Singapore RMNH: Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, the Netherlands S W South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia SME Senkenberg Naturhistorische Museum, Frankfurt, Germany SMK: Sarawak Museum, Kuching, Malaysia WAM: Western Australia Museum, Perth, Australia USNM: National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., USA ZIL:Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia ZMA: Zoologische Museum Amsterdam, Amsterdam the Netherlands

56 acutirostris, Zxalus - 86 acutirostris, Kaluphrynus - 55

Adenominae - 40 Amo - 63 Amolops, - 3,63, 64,65 jmboa, - 65 larutensis - 63 annectm, Microhyla - 58 anodon, Zxalus - 85 Philautus - 85 Ansonia - 32, 41, 40, 45

Anura - l , 9 Apoda - 9,27 Aquarana - 70 arfaki, Rnna - 65 asper; Bufo - 3, 4, 15, 20, 22, 40, 44,

45, 45 Asterophryinae - 49 Asterophrys turpicola - 5 aurifasciatus, Philautus - 84, 85, 86, 88 baleata K a h l a - 3, 16, 21, 22, 52, 55 baleatus, Bombznator - 56 baramica, Rana - 3, 2 1, 62, 65 b a i s i , Zchthyophis -,29 biporcatus, Bufo - 3, 20, 40, 46, 48 bumanus, Bufo - 47 blythii, Lxmnmctes - 76 Rana- 76 Bombinatoridae - 1, 31, 30 Bornbinator baleatus - 56 borbonica, Cacophryne - 42 L4tophryne - 15, 20,41,42,44

Nectophyne - 43 bwbonicus, Bufo - 43 boneasis, Microhyla - 57 Bufo - 4, 9, 30, 41, 44, 45, 45 asper- 3,4, 15, 20, 22, 40, 44, 45,

45 borbonicus - 43 bipmcatus - 3, 20, 42,46, 48 bumanus - 47 camortensis - 47 cavatm - 46 chlmogaster - 47 clauiger - 46, 48 m a t a t u s - 44 rryptolympanum - 47 divergas - 46,48 jauivater - 47 gymnaucha - 47 j e h u - 43 juxasper - 44,45 macrotis - 45 marinus - 6 mlanostictus - 2, 6 , 15, 20, 22, 42,

47,47 obscurus - 45 paruus - 3,20,42, 46,48,48 philippinicus - 46 quadriporcatus - 46,48 Bufonidae - 5, 6, 9, 13, 31, 32, 41, 42 Bufoninae - 44 Cacophryne - 42 borbonica - 43 cruatana - 44 Caeciliidae - 9, 27 Caecilia hypoqanea ' 29 caerulea, Litona - 9 Culophrynus pleurosttgma - 53 cannvora. Rana - 72

Indexes

cancrivura, Fgervarya - 2, 6, 17, 21, 62, 71, 72, 73 carnortensis, Bufo - 47 catesbaana, e a n a - 6, 9, 16, 70 Caudacaecilia - 27 Caudata - 1 cavator, Bufo - 46 cavztympanum. Huia - 65 cekbenszs, Ocndozyga - 79, 80 Oreophryne - 59 Rana - 69 Ceratobatrachus guanthen - 5 Ceratqbhrys - 6 chalconota, Rana - 3, 21, 62, 66, 68, 69 chlurogasto; Bufo - 47 clamitans, Rana - 70 clavigo; Bufo - 46, 48 G n r a u a goliath - 74, 77 ouatana, Cacophryne - 44 Leptophryne- 15, 20, 22, 42, 43 o u a t a t u s , Bufo - 44 cryptotympanum, Bufo - 47 Cy clarana - 95

raja - 72 verruculosa - 72, 73 vittigera - 72, 73 flavosignatus, Phtlautus - 8 5 flavtvento; Bufo - 47

Genyophryninae - 51, 52 glandulosa, Rana - 66 glutinosus, Ichthyophis - 29 goltath, Conraua - 74, 77 gryllio, Rana - 70 guantheri, Ceratobatrachus - 5 gymnauchen, Bufo - 47 Gymnophiona - 1,9, 27

edwardtnae, Megophvs - 38 Edzflardtaylona plcta - 85 Ep~crndae- 27 erqthraea, Rana - 3, 21, 62, 67 werettt, Rana - 67

hascheana, Rana - 77 hasseltii, Lepbbrachiurn - 3, 15, 20, 22, 36 Megalophrys - 37 hecksheri, Rana - 70 Haiphractus - 5 hendricRtoni, Lqbtobrachizcrn - 37 hqvmonsi, Microhyla - 57 hosei, Rana - 68 hosii, R a n a - 3, 21, 62, 68 H o u h - 78 H o u h obscura - 79 Huia - 3, 32, 61; 63, 64 cavttyrnpanum - 64 javana - 64 rnasonii - 3, 5, 17, 21, 23, 61, 63 surnatrana - 64 Hylarana - 17, 18, 21, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 Hylidae - 9, 31, 83 hypocyanea, Caectlia - 29 hypoqaneus, Ichthyophts - 3, 13, 28, 29 H?maochzrus, sp. -1, 6 , 9, 13, 3'2, 99, 100

Fgervarqa - 2, 3, 4, 21, 23, 32, 61, 62, 63, 71 rnncnrjota - 2, 6, 17, 21, 62, 71, 72, 7'1 hn~norttan~ - 17, 21, by, 72, 7'1, 74 nev, species - 21, 63 52, 53

Ichthyophiidae - 9, 13, 27 Ichthyophzs - 27 bernz~z- 29, 29 glutlnosur - 29 hy$ocyanms - 3. 13, 28, 29 ]NUfl?I?CllJ - 29. 20

depesszcs, Rhacophms - 92 Dicroglossinae - 13, 70, 61 Discoglossidae - 1, 3 1 Discophinae - 51, 52 divergens, Bufo - 46, 48 donae, Rana - 77 drinp, Megophrys - 38

I

I

infrafrenata, Litwia - 9 , 9 6 ingeri, Limnonectes - 76 interlineatus, Kalophrynus - 53 interlineatus, Phrostigma - 53 Ixalus, acutirostris - 86 anodon - 85 jacobsoni - 86 r n y o b q - 86 , pallidipes - 88 petersi - 86 vittiger - 88 jacobsoni, Ixalus - 87 Philautus - 84, 86 jauanicus, Ichthy ophis - 29 lauana, Huia - 64 Dtmia - 9,13,96 jauanus, Rhacophorus - 20, 84, 90 jeffersoniana, Oreophryne - 59 jerboa, Arnolops - 64 Bufo - 43 Rana - 64 lunghuhni, Poplypedates - 67 juxaspo; Bufo - 44, 45 kadaisani, Limnonectes - 76 Kalophrynus - 3, 5, 6, 22, 32, 51, 52, 53 acutirostris - 55 interlineatus - 53, 55 rninusculus - 3, 16, 52, 55 phrostigma - 16, 21, 52, 52, 54 phrostigma interlineatus - 53 Kaloula - 3, 5 baleata - 3, 16, 21, 22, 52, 55 kahngensis - 56 pulchra - 55, 56 kalingensis, Kalmcla - 56 kuhlit, Limnonectes - 3, 21, 62, 74 kuhht, Rana - 75

11 1

Ooeidozyga - 80 Oxydozyga - 80 Oxyglossus - 80 Xenopus - 1, 6,9, 13, 16, 23, 99 larutensis, Amolops - 63 laterimaculata, Rana - 66 leporinus, Limnonectes - 76 Lqbtobrachella - 32, 35 Lqbtobrachium - 32, 35, 36 abbotti - 37 hasseltii - 3, 15, 20, 22, 36 hendricksoni - 37 montanum - 37 pullurn - 37 Lqbtolalax - 32, 35 Lqbtophryne - 3,32,41, 42 nuentata - 15., 20., 22.. 42. 43 borbonica - 15, 20, 42 hcornystax, Polypedates - 3, 18, 20, 23, 84, 88 Rhacophurus - 90 ligayae, Megophrys - 38 lima, Occidozyga- 3, 18, 21, 62, 78, 79, Ooeidozyga - 79 Oxydozyga - 79 Oxyglosus - 79 Rana - 79 limnocharis, Ftjervarya- 17, 21, 63, 72, 73, 74 Rana - 73,74 Limnonectes - 4, 5, 17, 21, 23, 32, 61, 62, 71, 74, 75 blythii - 76 ingeri - 76 kadarsani - 76 kuhltt - 3, 21, 62, 74 lepminus - 76 macrodon - 3, 6, 21, 62, 75 maksianus - 76 microdiscus - 3, 21, 62, 75, 77 Lztona, camlea - 9 infrafrenata - 9 , 96 javana- 9, 13.96

Indexes

112 THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVAAND BALI

longpes, Megophrys - 38 Lymnodynastidae - 29, 31 macularia javanica, Rana - 69 macrodon, Limnonectes - 3, 6 , 21, 62, 75 Rana - 76 macrotz.5, Bufo - 45 Polypedata - 90 malesianus, Limnonectes - 76 margaritifq Nyctixalus - 21, 83, 85 Rhacophorus schlegelii - 9 1 marinus, Bufo - 6 masonit, Huia- 3, 17, 21, 23, 61, 63 Rana - 64 Megophryidae - 1 , 5 , 9 , 1313,31,32, 35 Megophrys - 32,35, 37 aceras - 38 drinp - 38 edwardinae- 38 ligayae - 38 lonppes - 38 montana - 3, 5, 15, 21, 22, 36, 37 monticola - 38 nasuta - 38 stqmega' - 38 mgacephalus, Polypedates - 90 Megalophrys - 37 haseltii - 37 monticola - 38 melanostictus, Bufo - 2, 6 , 15, 20, 22, 42, 47, 47 Menitogenys - 3, 32, 61, 63, 64 microdisca, Rana - 77 mzcrodiscus, Limnonectes - 3, 21, 62, 75, 77 Microdiscopus, sumatranus - 80 Mio-ohyla - 3, 32, 51, 52, 52, 56 achattna - 5, 16, 21, 22, 53, 56 annectens - 58 borneenszs - 57

htymomi - 57 palmipes - 16, 21, 53, 57 Microhylidae - 3, 4, 6 , 9, 13, 21, 31, 32, 51, 52 Microhylinae - 51, 52 mznusculus, Kalophrynus - 3, 16, 52, 55 mschatus. Rhacobhorus - 92 mntana, Megophrys - 3, 5, 15, 21, 22, 36, 37 mntnnum, Leptobrachzum - 37 mnticola, Megalophrys - 37 Megophrys - 37 Oreophryne-9,51,52, 58 mschatus, Rhacophorus - 92 Myobatrachidae - 31, 32 myobmg, Ixalus - 86 nasuta, Megophrys - 38 Nectophryne, borbonica - 43 sumatrana - 43 new species, Fejmuarya - 21, 63, 72, nicobariensis, Rana - 3, 21, 62, 69 nicobnriensts jauanica, Rana - 69 n i p i t t a t a , Rana - 69 Nyctimystes - 95 Nyctixalus - 3, 4 , 32, 83, 84 margaritifm- 21,83,85 pictus - 21, 21, 84, 85 robinsoni - 86 spinosus - 84 obscura, H o u h a - 79 obscurus, Bufo - 45 Occidozyga - 3, 5, 20, 23, 32, 61, 78, 79 celebensis - 79, 80 lan~zs-3, 21, 21, 79, 80 lima - 2, 18, 21, 62, 78,79, 80 sumatrana - 3 , 21, 62, 79, 80 okaloosa, Rana - 70 Ooeidozyga - 7 8 laer~is- 80 lima - 79 Ophrrophrynr - 35

113

Oreophryne- 3, 4, 21, 32, 52, 58 celebensis - 59 jeffersoniana - 59 monticola - 9 , 51, 52, 58 rookmaaka - 59 Oxydozyga - 78 lima - 79 laeuis - 80 Oxyglosus - 7 8 lima - 79 laevis - 80 rana - 79

junghuhni - 67 leucomystax- 3, 18, 20, 23, 84,88 macrotis - 90 mgacephalus - 90 Pseudobufo - 32, 41, 40 Pseudohymnochirus - 99 pulchra, Kaloula - 55,56 pullum, Leptobrachium - 37

pallidipes - 87 Ixalus - 87 palmipes, Mzcrohyla - 16, 21, 52, 57 papua, Rana - 69 parvus, Bufo - 3, 20, 40, 46, 48, 48 Pedostibes - 32, 41, 40 Pelobatidae - 1, 9 , 3 1, 35 Pelodryadidae- 9 , 13, 31, 32, 83, 95 Pelophryne- 32, 41, 40 petmi, Ixalus - 86 philiflinicus, Bufo - 46 Philautus - 3, 4, 18, 2 1, 32, 83, 83, 85, 88 anodon - 85 aunJatciatus - 84, , 86, 88,88 flauosignatus - 85 jacobsoni - 84, 86 uermiculatus -86 uittigm - 88 Phrynoglossus - 7 8 laevis - 80 picta, Edwardtaylona - 85 Pipa - 99 pictus, Nyctixalus - 2 1, 2 1, 84, 85 Pipidae - 1, 9 , 13, 31, 32, 99 pleurosttgma, Calophrynus - 53 pleurostip, Kalophrynus - 16, 21, 52, 53 phrosttgma zntmlinatus, Kalophrynus .5 3 plmcrostzgma lntmlinatus - 53, 53 Polvp~dat~s. - 2, 83

raja, Ftjemarya - 72 Rana - 3, 4, 20, 23, 32, 61, 63, 65, 71 arfaki - 65 (Aquarana) - 70 baramica - 3, 21, 62, 65 blythii - 76 cancriuora- 72 cateskana - 6 , 9 , 1 6 , 7 0 celebensis - 69 chalcmota - 3 , 21, 62, 66, 68, 69 clamitans - 70 dmiae - 77 erythraea - 3, 21, 62,67 everetti - 67 glandulosa - 66 gryllio - 70 hatcheana - 77 hehcheri - 70 hosei - 68 hosii - 3, 21, 62, 68 (Hylarana) - 17, 18, 21, 62, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 jerboa - 65 kuhlii - 75 laterimaculata - 66 lima - 79 limnocharis - 73, 74 macrodon - 76 macularia javanica - 69 masonii - 65 mirrodisca - 77 nicobariensis - 3, 21, 62, 69 nzcobanensts javantca - 69

quadn'lineatus sexuirgatus, Rhacophms 90 quadriporcatus, Bufo - 46, 48

114 THEAMPHIBIANS OF JAVAA N D BALI nigrovittata - 69 okaloosae - 70 olryglosus - 79 papua - 69 runic+ - 67 rufipes - 9 1 schlegeli - 9 1 septentn'onalis - 70 taipehensis - 68 tytleri - 67 vlrgatipes - 70 raniceps, Rana - 67 Ranidae - 4, 6, 9, 31, 32, 61, 65, 95 reinwardtii, Rhacophorus - 20, 84, 91 Rhacophoridae - 4, 5, 9, 13, 31, 32, 83 Rhacophorus - 3, 4, 18, 20, 23, 32, 83, 84,88 barboun - 9 1 depressus - 92 javanus - 20, 84, 90 hcomystax - 90 hcomystax quadrillneatus - 90 hcomystax sexuirgatus - 90 moschatus - 92 reinwardtii - 20,84, 9 1 rufpes - 91 schlegelti - 9 1 schlegelii margantifer - 9 1 rook~naakeri,Oreophryne - 59 rufpes, Hana - 9 1 n4fipes, Rhacophonw - 9 1 ruwenzoriensis, Xenopus - 99

robinsoni, Nyctixalus - 86 schlegelii, Rana - 9 1 sch&elii, Rhacophorus - 9 1 Scutiger - 35 septentn'onalis , Rana - 70 sumutrana, Huia - 65 sumutrana, Occidozyga - 3, 2 1, 62, 79 su~natran,a,Nectophryne - 43 su7natrarrus, Microdiscopus -80 spinosus, Nyctixalus - 84 steynzgeri, Megophrys - 38 tnipehensis, Rana - 68 Thelodoma - 32,83 turpicola, Asterophrys - 5 Typhlops - 29 tytleri, Rana - 67

Uraetyphlidae - 27 Urwtyphlus - 27 vmiculatus, Philautus - 86 venuculosa, Fqiervarya - 72, 73 virgatipes, Rana - 70 Sttiger; Ixalus - 88 Philautus - 88 vzttigera, ~ q i e r v a r ~- a72, 73 Xenopus - 99 laeuzs - 1, 6, 9, 13, 16, 23, 99 ruruenzorzmsrs - 99

Index to Indonesian Names

Bancet - 9 hljau - 78 rawa Sumatera - 79 Bangkong - 74 Belentuk - 55 Bangkong - 10 bercakar Afrika - 99 batu - 75 kerdil - 77 raksasa - 75 tuli - 74 Cacing berkepala - 28 Katak - 10, 36 bercakar - 99 bertanduk - 37 hijau - 6.71 lekat - 53 lekat sisi merah - 54 lembu - 10,71 mulut sempit - 49 pohon, Asia Selatan - 83 Australopapua - 95 bergaris - 89 emas - 85 hijau - 92 Jawa - 90 kaki putih - 87 lumut -95 mutiara - 84 Ungaran - 87

ungu - 88 sawah - 6,71 sejati - 6 1 serasah - 36 tegaian - 72 tegalan gunung - 73 Kodok - 10,42 buduk - 47 sungai - 45 jam pasir - 42 jangkrik gunung - 7 merah - 43 puru - 47 besar - 45 hutan - 46 kerdil - 48 tebu - 7 sejati - 39 Kongkang Baram - 65 gading - 67 jangkrik - 69 jeram - 63 kolam - 66 racun - 68 Percil - 10, 56 berselaput - 57 gunung - 58 Jawa - 56 Saklon - 75 Salamander - I , 100

Indexes

Index to English Names American Bullfrog - 6, 70 Asian Toad - 47 Baram's Frog - 65 Bleeding Toad - 43 Bullfrog, American - 6,70 Brown - 55 Clawed Toad - 99 Common Greenback - 67 Copper-Cheeked Frog - 66 Crab-Eating Frog - 71 Crested Toad - 46 Cricket Frog - 69 Fire Toad - 43 Flower Pot Toad - 55 Frog, Copper-Cheeked - 66 Crab-Eating - 71 Cricket - 69 Giant Javan - 75 Grass - 72 Green Paddy - 67 Green Puddle - 78 Green Flying - 92 Hasselt's Litter - 36 Horned - 37 Javan Chorus - 56 Javan Torrent - 63 Kuhl's Creek - 74 Marsh - 71 Montane Chorus - 58 Montane Grass - 73 Palmated Chorus - 57 Poisonous Rock - 68 Pygmy Creek - 77 Red Sided Sticky - 54 Ricefield - 71 Small Sticky - 53

Stone Creek - 75 Sumatran Puddle - 79 White-Lipped - 66 GiantJavan Frog - 75 Gold-Striped Tree Frog - 85 Grass Frog - 72 Green Paddy Frog - 67 Puddle Frog - 78 Flying-Frog - 92 Greenback, Common - 67 Hasselt's Litter Frog - 36 Horned Frog - 37 Hourglass Toad - 42 Jacobson's Tree Frog - 86 JavanCaecilian - 28 Chorus Frog - 56 Mossy Tree Frog - 95 Torrent Frog - 63 Tree Frog - 91 Kuhl's Creek Frog - 74 Lesser Toad - 48 Marsh Frog - 72 Montane Chorus Frog - 58 Montane Grass Frog - 73 Palefooted Tree Frog - 87 Palmated Chorus Frog - 57 Pearly Tree Frog - 84 Poisonous Rock Frog - 68 Pygmy Creek Frog - 77 Red Sided Sticky Frog - 54 Ricefield Frog - 71 River Toad - 45 Rough Toad - 45

Saklon - 75 Salientia - 9 Small Sticky Frog - 53 Striped Tree Frog - 89 Stone Creek Frog - 75 Sumatran Puddle Frog - 79 Toad, Asian - 47 Bleeding - 43 Clawed - 99 Crested - 46 Fire - 43 Flower Pot - 55 Hourglass - 42 Lesser - 48

River - 45 Rough - 45 Tree Frog, Jacobson's - 86 GoldStriped - 85 Javan Mossy - 96 Javan - 90 Palefooted - 87 Pearly - 84 Striped - 89 Wine-Coloured - 88 White-Lipped Frog - 66 Wine-Coloured Tree Frog - 88

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About the Author Djoko T. Iskandar, is a lecturer at the Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia. H e started working on amphibians and reptiles in 1974 and has published a number of articles concerning amphibians, lizards and snakes. His main interest is in the evolutionary relationships of amphibians, reptiles and small mammals. H e is currently involved in the study of amphibians and reptiles of Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi and Irian Jaya, but has also worked on some species representatives from Borneo, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, Irian Jaya and from Malaysia, Indo-China as a whole and the Philippines. His study is based on morphological characteristics as well as karyotypic aspects, and electrophoresis of protein. H e is also involved in immunology and molecular genetic analysis. He is currently working with the genus Limnonectes, and currently involved in the revision of the whole genus with several amphibian systematicians. This is the first book based on his experiences and he is currently handling a monograph o n the systematics and biogeography of amphibians of the Wallacean region.

LISTOF CONTRIBUTORS FOR PLATES AND FIGURES A.J. Whitten (Plate 25 top) D.Y. Setyanto (Plates 6 top, 7 top, 11 top, 14 bottom, 16 bottom, 17 bottom, 20 bottom, 21 top) C.C. Hambali (Plates 4 top, 15 top, 18 top, 19 bottom, 24 bottom) R.F. Inger (Plates 2 bottom, 8 bottom, 13 top, 21 bottom) Th. M. Raharjo (Figures 1-7)