Studies on Mexican paleontology

STUDIES ON MEXICAN PALEONTOLOGY TOPICS IN GEOBIOLOGY For detailed information on our books and series please visit: w...

Author: Francisco J. Vega

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STUDIES ON MEXICAN PALEONTOLOGY

TOPICS IN GEOBIOLOGY For detailed information on our books and series please visit: www.springer.com

Series Editors: Neil H. Landman, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, [email protected] Douglas S. Jones, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, [email protected] Current volumes in this series Volume 24:

Studies on Mexican Paleontology Francisco J. Vega, Torrey G. Nyborg, María del Carmen Perrilliat, Marison MontellanoBallesteros, Sergio R.S. Cevallos-Ferriz and Sara A. Quiróz-Barroso Hardbound, ISBN, 1-4020-3882-8, December 2005

Volume 23:

Applied Stratigraphy Eduardo A. M. Koutsoukos Hardbound, ISBN, 1-4020-2632-3, January 2005

Volume 22:

The Geobiology and Ecology of Metasequoia Ben A. LePage, Christopher J. Williams and Hong Yang Hardbound, ISBN, 1-4020-2631-5, 2005

Volume 21:

High-Resolution Approaches in Stratigraphic Paleontology Peter J. Harries Hardbound, ISBN 1-4020-1443-0, September 2003

Volume 20:

Predator-Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record Patricia H. Kelley, Michal Kowalewski, Thor A. Hansen Hardbound, ISBN 0-306-47489-1, January 2003

Volume 19:

Fossils, Phylogeny, and Form Jonathan M. Adrain, Gregory D. Edgecombe, Bruce S. Lieberman Hardbound, ISBN 0-306-46721-6, January 2002

Volume 18:

Eocene Biodiversity Gregg F. Gunnell Hardbound, ISBN 0-306-46528-0, September 2001

Volume 17:

The History and Sedimentology of Ancient Reef Systems George D. Stanley Jr. Hardbound, ISBN 0-306-46467-5, November 2001

Volume 16:

Paleobiogeography Bruce S. Lieberman Hardbound, ISBN 0-306-46277-X, May 2000

Volume 15:

Environmental Micropaleontology Ronald E. Martin Hardbound, ISBN 0-306-46232-X, July 2000

Volume 14:

Neogene, Paleontology of the Manonga Valley, Tanzania Terry Harrison Hardbound, ISBN 0-306-45471-8, May 1997

Volume 13:

Ammonoid Paleobiology Neil H. Landman, Kazushige Tanabe, Richard Arnold Davis Hardbound, ISBN 0-306-45222-7, May 1996

Studies on Mexican Paleontology Edited by FRANCISCO J. VEGA Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico

TORREY G. NYBORG Department of Natural Sciences, Loma Linda University, CA, USA

MARÍA DEL CARMEN PERRILLIAT Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico

MARISOL MONTELLANO-BALLESTEROS Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico

SERGIO R.S. CEVALLOS-FERRIZ Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico

and SARA A. QUIROZ-BARROSO Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13

1-4020-3882-8 (HB) 978-1-4020-3882-2 (HB) 1-4020-3985-9 ( e-book) 978-1-4020-3985-0 (e-book)

Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com

Cover illustrations: Reconstruction of Lambeosaurus laticaudus with the skull of L. lambei. Campanian of Baja California (illustration by Rubén Rodríguez-de la Rosa). Late Cretaceous ophiuroid from Chihuahua (photograph by Leonora Martín-Medrano). Bauhcis moranii from the Oligocene of Puebla (photograph by Sergio R. S. Cevallos-Ferriz). Top cover illustrations: Tselfatia sp. from Turonian outcrops of Vallecillo, Nuevo León (photograph by Alberto Blanco-Piñón). Megaxantho zoque from Maastrichian outcrops of Ocozocoautla, Chiapas (photograph by Francisco Vega).

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.

Aims & Scope Topics in Geobiology Book Series

Topics in Geobiology series treats geobiology --- the broad discipline that covers the history of life on Earth. The series aims for high quality, scholarly volumes of original research as well as broad reviews. Recent volumes have showcased a variety of organisms including cephalopods, corals, and rodents. They discuss the biology of these organisms-their ecology, phylogeny, and mode of life --and in addition, their fossil record --- their distribution in time and space. Other volumes are more theme based such as predator-prey relationships, skeletal mineralization, paleobiogeography, and approaches to high resolution stratigraphy, that cover a broad range of organisms. One theme that is at the heart of the series is the interplay between the history of life and the changing environment. This is treated in skeletal mineralization and how such skeletons record environmental signals and animal-sediment relationships in the marine environment. The series editors also welcome any comments or suggestions for future volumes; Series Editors: Douglas S. Jones Neil H. Landman

[email protected] [email protected]

v

In Memoriam While this book was in press, our dear and respected colleague Shelton P. Applegate (1928-2005), unexpectedly passed away. For many of us, more than a fellow researcher and a friend, he was an enthusiastic and esteemed teacher. Evidence for this can be found in the chapter by Alvarado-Ortega et al., contained in this volume, where “Shelly” is considered the founder of “Mexican Paleoichtyology”. We feel extremely fortunate to have had him share his passion and controversial ideas on Paleontology and Earth Sciences. For all his contributions and genuine love for Mexico, we will sorely miss him. We, editors and authors, would like to dedicate this book to his memory.

vii

Foreword During the last few years, the number of contributions to the Paleontology of Mexico has increased considerably. Paleontological work in Mexico has been focused on providing important information for petroleum exploration and specific studies dealing with pollen, foraminifera, radiolaria, dinoflagellates, rudists, and ammonites. Often these reports were published only in local or regional journals and therefore not available to the scientific community at large. The purpose of this book is to offer an updated review of the fossil groups from Mexico, providing their significance to the stratigraphy, tectonics, sedimentology, evolution and paleontology of Mexico whose study has proved to be relevant in stratigraphy, tectonics, sedimentology, and evolution. The fossil record of Mexico ranges from Precambrian to Pleistocene. Almost every Mexican State has reported fossil localities with ongoing studies and potential for the discovery of new localities. Even those localities that have been studied since the eighteen-century, such as the early Cretaceous San Juan Raya, have recently reported new fossil groups. Unfortunately, much of the fossil reports from Mexico have been published in Spanish from local journals, which represent a language barrier to the international community. There is little doubt that the paleontological history of Mexico deserves to be known in other countries. By making this book available to the international scientific community we hope that interest in the fossil record of Mexico will grow. Important topics, such as the Cretaceous/Tertiary controversy, were not included in this book because the topic has received a lot of attention and many papers in English have already been published. The main value of this book is the compilation, updated information and critical review of research on the diverse taxonomic groups, which include plants, pollen, corals, rudists, bivalves, crustaceans, echinoids, ophiuroids, brachiopods, fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals, as well as a review of one of the most famous localities of Mexico: Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla. The first chapters deal with the study of plant macrofossils and pollen, with emphasis on paleoenvironmental interpretations, stratigraphic implications, and paleogeographic considerations. The invertebrate chapters include reviews of taxa, biostratigraphy, and paleobiogeographic implications. The vertebrate chapters emphasize the importance of taxa recently found in different locations of Mexico, including evolutionary implications and correlation with other localities around the world. Chapter authors present this work not in Spanish but in English and we are grateful to all of them for this. There are excellent books on diverse topics, dealing with fossils of Mexico, but this is the first book to be published that represents the most active research groups in the country including interpretative reviews of many taxa. This book will be useful for teaching, reference, research and for the enthusiast to the relicts of the past.

ix

Preface Mexico, as a world paradigm of diversity and prolonged natural history, could not leave aside a fundamental aspect of her cultural inheritance, namely, the nature and evolution of life, as contained in the fossil register of animals and plants left in rocks of all epochs in the Mexican territory. This book, because of its timeliness and precious content, undoubtly will remain for years to come as a classical work in the scientific literature related to the subject. Throughout its 13 chapters it can be found either treated for the first time, or otherwise aptly reviewed, the results of many decades of research on fundamental fossil groups that tell us about the geologic, paleogeographic, and paleobiologic evolution of the past 350 million years in this part of the planet. From the revision of the late Paleozoic fossil register of invertebrates (Chapter 8), represented in Mexico in formations that extend from Chiapas in the southeast, to Sonora and Baja California in the northwest, to the analysis of recent advances on the paleontology of the Tlayua Quarry in the State of Puebla (Chapter 13), a fossiliferous locality that is justly considered one of the most important paleontologic discoveries of the past century, this book also has the virtue to show the quality of life forms as a central element for the full understanding of how the Mexican territory was tectonically integrated, and also how these geologic changes of the earthly environment might have influenced the evolution of its inhabitants to the present time (Chapter 1). Particularly welcome is research material that deals with essential aspects of the plant fossil record (Chapter 2), Mammals (Chapter 12), or Dinosaurs (Chapter 11) that inhabited the Mesozoic or Cenozoic continental basins of Mexico, as well as others that bring to the attention of the international community animal groups for which the Mesoamerican and particularly the Mexican region was the theater of rapid changes and radiation, and yet little or nothing had been published before in Mexico (Chapters 5, 7, 9 and 10). Indeed, classical and internationally well known Mexican fossil groups such as Rudists (Chapter 4), Echinoids (Chapter 6), and Corals (Chapter 3), are more timely treated in the book to the benefit of readers interested in major episodes of natural history, as recorded in the Mexican geology and paleontology, and how this history integrated with the ever changing earth of those times. Considering the various aspects handled by both original research, as well as in revision chapters, one very important added value should be the rather extensive bibliography of almost 1000 references related to the central topic contained in the book, an invaluable information which by itself constitutes a tribute to the memory of pioneer contributions by researchers that have worked in Mexico for the past two centuries. Finally, as a student of the Mexican physical geology for several decades, and therefore may be as a relative outsider to the main subject of the book, I wish to congratulate sincerely the builders of this great work, and wish for it the best success it undoubtly deserves, and I am sure it will achieve. Fernando Ortega-Gutiérrez Instituto de Geología UNAM xi

Contributors Jesús Alvarado-Ortega Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, D. F., México, brujayneró[email protected] Shelton P. Applegate Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, D. F., México Mouloud Benammi Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, D. F., México Alberto Blanco-Piñón Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Km. 4.5 Carretera PachucaTulancingo, 42184 Pachuca, Hidalgo, México Sergio R. S. Cevallos-Ferriz Instituto de Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, México, D.F., [email protected] Luis Espinosa-Arrubarrena Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, D. F., México Harry F. Filkorn Department of Invertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007 USA, [email protected] Pedro García-Barrera Museo de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria 04510, Coyoacán, Mexico, D.F. [email protected] Katia A. González-Rodríguez Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Km. 4.5 carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, 42184 Pachuca, Hidalgo, México, [email protected] Enrique A. González-Torres Instituto de Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, México, D.F., [email protected] Eduardo Jiménez-Hidalgo Universidad del Mar - Campus Puerto Escondido, Km 3.5 Carretera Puerto Escondido-Oaxaca, Puerto Escondido, 71980 Oaxaca, México. [email protected]

xiii

xiv Leonora Martín-Medrano Museo de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria 04510, Coyoacán, México, D.F. Enrique Martínez-Hernández Instituto de Geología, UNAM. Departamento de Paleontología. Laboratorio de Palinología. Ciudad Universitaria 04510, Coyoacán, México, D.F. [email protected] Marisol Montellano-Ballesteros Instituto de Geología, UNAM. Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, DF, México. [email protected] Itzia Nieto-López Museo de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria 04510, Coyoacán, Mexico D.F. [email protected] Torrey G. Nyborg Department of Natural Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350 USA, [email protected] Jorge A. Ortíz-Mendieta Departamento de Paleontología, Museo del Desierto, A.P. 307, C.P. 25000, Saltillo, Coahuila, México Ernesto Ovalles-Damián Museo Eliseo Palacios Aguilera, Calz. de los Hombres Ilustres s/n Parque Madero, Colonia Centro, CP 29000, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México María del Carmen Perrilliat Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510 – México, D.F., [email protected] Sara A. Quiroz-Barroso Museo de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria 04510, Coyoacán, México, D. F. [email protected] Elia Ramírez-Arriaga Instituto de Geología, UNAM. Departamento de Paleontología. Laboratorio de Palinología. Ciudad Universitaria 04510, Coyoacán, México, D.F. Víctor Hugo Reynoso Instituto de Biología, UNAM. Circuito Exterior. Ciudad Universitaria 04510, Coyoacán, México, D.F. [email protected] Héctor E. Rivera-Sylva Departamento de Paleontología, Museo del Desierto, A.P. 307, C.P. 25000, Saltillo, Coahuila, México, [email protected]

xv Rubén Rodríguez de La Rosa Departamento de Paleontología, Museo del Desierto, A.P. 307, C.P. 25000, Saltillo, Coahuila, México Francisco Sour-Tovar Museo de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria 04510, Coyoacán, México, D. F. [email protected] Francisco J. Vega Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510 – México, D. F., [email protected]

Contents

Published titles in Topics in Geobiology Book Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Aims & Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v In Memoriam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ix Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Chapter 1 Ɣ Geological Setting and Phytodiversity in Mexico Sergio R. S. Cevallos-Ferriz and Enrique A. González-Torres 1. Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Organization of this Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Geological Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Outstanding Aspects of the Fossil Record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Integration of the Biodiversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 2 3 3 6 10 15 15

Chapter 2 Ɣ Tertiary Palynofloristic Correlations between Mexican Formations with Emphasis in Dating the Balsas Group Enrique Martínez-Hernández and Elia Ramírez-Arriaga 1. Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Geological Settings of the Balsas Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Paleopalynology, Environments and Chronostratigraphic Inference throughout Tertiary of Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Palynofloristic Affinities of the Balsas Group with other Tertiary Formations. . . . . . . . . 7. Historical Biogeographic Analysis between Mexican Tertiary Palynofloras. . . . . . . . . . . 8. General Climatic Trends during Tertiary Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix: List of Palynomorphs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

x v ii

20 20 21 23 23 31 35 37 39 39 42

xv iii

Contents

Chapter 3 Ɣ Mesozoic Corals of Mexico Harry F. Filkorn 1. Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Mesozoic Corals of Mexico: Recent Additions to the Cretaceous Faunas. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47 47 48 55 55 56

Chapter 4 Ɣ Rudists of Mexico: Historical Aspects and Selected Areas of Research Pedro García-Barrera 1. Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Paleogeography of Mexican Rudists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Rudists from Southern Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Rudists from Central Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Rudists from North Central Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Rudists from Chiapas, SE Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Final Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61 62 63 67 70 71 72 74 75

Chapter 5 Ɣ Mesozoic and Tertiary Decapod Crustacea from Mexico Francisco J. Vega, Torrey G. Nyborg and María del Carmen Perrilliat 1. Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Occurrence, Curation and Identification of Fossil Decapod Crustaceans of Mexico . . . . 4. Systematics, Stratigraphy and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Origin, Evolution and Extinction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Paleobiogeography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Paleoecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Cuticle Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79 80 80 81 93 95 95 96 96 96

Contents

x ix

Chapter 6 Ɣ Cretaceous Echinoids of Mexico Itzia Nieto-López and Pedro García-Barrera 1. Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Types of Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Result of Investigations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Types of Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Main Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Present Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

101 102 102 103 105 109 110 110 111

Chapter 7 Ɣ Fossil Ophiuroids of Mexico Leonora Martín-Medrano and Pedro García-Barrera 1. Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. The Fossil Record of Mexican Ophiuroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Present Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Other Fossil Echinoderms of Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

115 115 119 125 126 129 129

Chapter 8 Ɣ Fossil Record of Upper Paleozoic Marine Invertebrates from Mexico Sara A. Quiróz-Barroso and Francisco Sour-Tovar 1. Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 2. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3. Tectonic Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 4. Communities of the Upper Paleozoic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5. Groups of Marine Invertebrates Related to the Upper Paleozoic of Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 6. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

xx

Contents

Chapter 9 Ɣ Mesozoic Osteichthyans of Mexico Jesús Alvarado-Ortega, Katia A. González-Rodríguez, Alberto Blanco-Piñón, Luis Espinosa-Arrubarrena, and Ernesto Ovalles-Damián 1. Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 2. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 3. History of Mexican Paleoichthyology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4. Main Mesozoic Mexican Osteichthyan Localities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 5. Systematic Review of Mesozoic Osteichthyan Fishes of Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 6. Paleobiogeographical Implications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 7. Final Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Chapter 10 Ɣ Research on Fossil Amphibians and Reptiles in Mexico, from 1869 to Early 2004 (Including Marine Forms but Excluding Pterosaurs, Dinosaurs, and Obviously Birds) Víctor Hugo Reynoso 1. Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Taxa Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Amphibians and Reptiles in Time and Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. The Validity of Taxa Erected with Mexican Fossil Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Museums and Institutions Housed Types and Other Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Analysis of the Documents Produced Concerning with Amphibians and Reptiles in Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

209 210 211 212 216 221 222 223 224 226 226

Chapter 11 Ɣ A Review of the Dinosaurian Record from Mexico Héctor E. Rivera-Sylva, Rubén Rodríguez-de la Rosa and Jorge A. Ortiz-Mendieta 1. Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 2. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 3. Dinosaur Evidence of Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 4. Final Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 5. Appendix: Summary of the Dinosaur-Bearing Localities in Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Contents

xxi

Chapter 12 Ɣ Mexican Fossil Mammals, Who, Where and When? Marisol Montellano-Ballesteros and Eduardo Jiménez-Hidalgo 1. Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 2. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 3. What DoWe Know? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 4. Who, Where and When? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 5. Some Interesting Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 6. Final Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Chapter 13 Ɣ Revision of Recent Investigations in the Tlayúa Quarry Shelton P. Applegate, Luis Espinosa Arrubarrena, Jesús Alvarado-Ortega and Moloud Benammi 1. Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Geological Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Sedimentological and Taphonomical Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. The Paleobiota of Tlayúa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Paleoecological Models of Tlayúa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Final Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix: Faunal and Floral List of Tlayúa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

276 276 277 282 288 293 297 298 299 301 305

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F. Vega et al. (eds.), Studies on Mexican Paleontology, 19–45. © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.

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/#46 0'<*'400&'<#0&4#/ 4'<#44+#)#

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)GPGTCN%NKOCVKE6TGPFUFWTKPI6GTVKCT[2GTKQF 6JGENKOCVKEVTGPFUKPVJG6GTVKCT[QH0QTVJ#OGTKECYGTGCPCN[\GFTGEGPVN[D[ )TCJCO CDCUGFOCKPN[QPKPVJGRCN[PQNQIKEUVWFKGUFQPGKPVJG7PKVGF5VCVGU +PVJKU/GZKECPUWTXG[ENKOCVKEEJCPIGUFGVGEVGFD[OGCPUQHUGXGTCNRCN[PQƀQTCU FQ EQTTGURQPFKPIGPGTCNYKVJENKOCVKEOQFGGUVCDNKUJGFD[)TCJCO C'ORJCUKU KURNCEGFKPVJG2CNGQIGPGDGECWUGFWTKPIVJKURGTKQFVJG$CNUCU)TQWRYCUFGRQUKVGF KPUQWVJGTP/GZKEQCPFVJGGPJCPEGOGPVQHENKOCVKE\QPCVKQPJCFDGICPVQGUVCDNKUJ KP0QTVJ#OGTKECUWDEQPVKPGPV &WTKPIVJG2CNGQEGPGVJG0QTVJ#OGTKECPRCNGQRJ[VQIGQITCRJ[KPFKECVGCENQUG TGNCVKQPUJKRYKVJ#UKCCPF'WTQRG6JKUKUFWGVQUKOKNCTENKOCVGTGIKOGUCPFƀQTC OKITCVKQPD[CNCPFEQPPGEVKQPDGVYGGPGCUVGTP#UKCCPFYGUVGTP0QTVJ#OGTKECCPF VJGENQUGRTQZKOKV[QH9GUVGTP'WTQRGYKVJGCUVGTP0QTVJ#OGTKEC $TKIIU #VVJGUCOGVKOGVJG/GZKECPVGTTKVQT[DGICPKVUFKHHGTGPVKCVKQPQHƀQTCN RTQXKPEGU DGVYGGPVJG2CEKſE %QCUV YJGTG VJG ő5KGTTC /CFTG 1EEKFGPVCN 2TQXKPEGŒ YCU UWDLGEV VQ EQPUVCPV CPF GZRNQUKXG XQNECPKUOU VJTQWIJQWV VJG 6GTVKCT[ CPF VJG 2TQXKPEG QH VJG)WNH%QCUVRNCKPUVJCVUWHHGTGFVJG.CTCOKFGQTQIGP[ /CTVÈPG\*GTP¶PFG\CPF 4COÈTG\#TTKCICD

6'46+#4;2#.;01(.14+56+%%144'.#6+105

+VKUYGNNMPQYPVJCVKPVJG2CNGQEGPGVJGTGYCUCYQTNFYKFGINQDCNYCTOKPI YKVJCJKIJRNWXKCNTGIKOGYJKEJCNNQYGFVJGGUVCDNKUJOGPVQHCVTQRKECNTCKPHQTGUV YKVJ CPIKQURGTO RTGFQOKPCPEG (TCMGU GV CN )TCJCO C +P /GZKEQ VJGTGCTGHGYTGRQTVUQH2CNGQEGPGCIG+PPQTVJGCUVGTP/GZKEQ4QUCNGU.QOGNÈGVCN

KPENWFGFIGPGTCVJCVDGNQPIVQVJG9KNEQZ(NQTCYKVJVTQRKECNCHſPKVKGU #V VJG UCOGVKOGKPPQTVJYGUVGTP/GZKEQVJGƀQTC KPFKECVGF C YCTO VGORGTCVG HQTGUV YKVJ RTGFQOKPCPEGQHYKPFRQNNKPCVGFRNCPVU %TQUUCPF/CTVÈPG\ &WTKPIVJG'CTN['QEGPGVJGVTQRKECNOQFGRGTUKUVGFYKVJJKIJVGORGTCVWTGUCPF JKIJ RTGEKRKVCVKQP 6JG TCKPHQTGUV EQPVKPWGF VQ KPJCDKV VJG NQY RNCKP GPXKTQPOGPVU *QYGXGT HTQO CDQWV VJG /KFFNG 'QEGPG VJGTG KU C FTCUVKE ENKOCVKE EJCPIG YKVJ C FGETGCUGKPRTGEKRKVCVKQPCPFNQYGTKPIVGORGTCVWTG )TCJCOC+PEQPUGSWGPEG VJTQWIJQWVVJG/KFFNG'QEGPGKPPQTVJGCUVGTP/GZKEQGZEGRVHQTVJGDQTGQVTQRKECN VCZC QH VJG 9KNEQZ ƀQTC $QODCECEGCG 5CRQVCEGCG /CTVÈPG\ GV CN EGTVCKP VGORGTCVGVCZCUWEJCU2KPWUCPF3WGTEWUDGICPVQJCXGRTGUGPEGYKVJKPVJKU)WNH %QCUV 2TQXKPEG +P EQPVTCUV CV VJG YGUVGTP NQECNKVKGU VJG 'QEGPG ƀQTCU YGTG CP CFOKZVWTGQHVGORGTCVGCPFYCTOVGORGTCVGƀQTCU YKVJ VJG RTGUGPEG QH EGTVCKP RNCPV HCOKNKGU%QORQUKVCGCPF'RJGFTCEGCG %TQUUCPF/CTVÈPG\YJKEJKPFKECVGF RGTKQFKECNFT[PGUUCPFCHGYVTQRKECNVCZC +PVJG1NKIQEGPGFTCOCVKERCNGQIGQITCRJKEEJCPIGUQEEWTTGFYJGPVJG6WTICK UVTCKVYCUENQUGFCPFVJGUWRGTEQPVKPGPV'WTQ#UKCVKEYCUHQTOGF#UCEQPUGSWGPEG RCVVGTPUKPQEGCPKEEWTTGPVUYQTNFYKFGVTKIIGTGFENKOCVKEEJCPIGUVQYCTFFT[PGUUCPF KPETGCUKPIUGCUQPCDNGPGUU 6JKU ENKOCVKE EJCPIG ECWUGF VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH C NQY DKQOCUUXGIGVCVKQP

.GQRQNFGVCN6JKUKUUWRRQTVGFD[RCN[PQNQIKECNGXKFGPEGHTQOVJG%WC[WEC (QTOCVKQP CPF 28( YJGTG VJGTG KU C FKXGTUG CPF CDWPFCPV )TCOKPKFKVGU ITCUUGU CUUGODNCIGHQTVJGſTUV VKOG KP 0QTVJ #OGTKEC /CTVÈPG\*GTP¶PFG\ CPF 4COÈTG\ #TTKCICD#FFKVKQPCNN[VJGENKOCVGEJCPIGKUUWRRQTVGFD[VJGRTGUGPEG QH'RJGFTKRKVGUURRCPFQVJGTVCZCHQWPFKPVJGVJQTPHQTGUVCPFEJCRCTTCNCNVJQWIJ YKVJKPVJGJKIJNCPFUITGYVJGENQWFHQTGUVCPFVJGEQPKHGTQWUHQTGUV#V5CP)TGIQTKQ (QTOCVKQP .CVG 1NKIQEGPG JKIJ HTGSWGPEKGU QH ITCUUGU CPF %JGPQRQFKCEGCG #OCTCPVJCEGCG FGPQVG VJG GZKUVGPEG QH C UCXCPPC YKVJ C JKIJ FGPUKV[ QH ITCUUGU

)TCOKPGCGWPKSWGVQ0QTVJ#OGTKEC&CVCVJCVEQPVTCUVUYKVJVJGUVCVWUSWQYJKEJ EQPUKFGTUVJGITCUUGEQU[UVGOUFQOKPCVGFKP0QTVJ#OGTKECWPVKNVJGOKF/KQEGPG

.GQRQNF GV CN FGURKVG VJG QRKPKQPU QH QVJGT CWVJQTU VJCV UVCVGF CP GCTN[ QEEWTTGPEGQHITCUUGUGEQU[UVGOKP0QTVJ#OGTKEC 4GVCNCEM 6JGRCN[PQNQIKEFCVCHTQOVJG'QEGPGVQVJG'CTN[/KQEGPGCTGEQPEGPVTCVGKPVJG UQWVJGCUVGTPTGIKQPQHVJG)WNH%QCUV2TQXKPEG6JGUWTXG[QHVJG'URGTGP\C)TQWR FQPGD[$KCIIK CPF6QOCUKPK1TVÈ\CPF/CTVÈPG\*GTP¶PFG\ ENGCTN[ UJQYVJCVUKPEGVJG.CVG'QEGPGVJGTGYGTGUGXGTCNRCN[PQƀQTCU VJCV TGRTGUGPVGF C OKZVWTGQHPGQVTQRKECNGNGOGPVUYJKEJYGTGRTQDCDN[TGNKEVUQHVJG0QTVJ#OGTKEC DQTGQVTQRKECNƀQTC UGPUW9QNHG UWEJCU4JK\QRJQTC2GNNKEGTKC$QODCECEGCG CPF(KEWUYJKEJITGYKPNQYRNCKPUYKVJQVJGTEQOOWPKVKGUVQYCTFJKIJGTCNVKVWFGU

/#46 0'<*'400&'<#0&4#/ 4'<#44+#)#

CUENQWFHQTGUVCPF3WGTEWUCPF2KPWUHQTGUV#VVJGUCOGVKOGVJGEQOOWPKVKGUVJCV ITGYVQYCTFVJGYGUV 28(%WC[WECCPF5CP)TGIQTKQKPFKECVGCENKOCVKETGIKOG EQNFGTCPFFT[GTYKVJƀQTC UKOKNCT VQ VJG 4QEM[ /QWPVCKPU YKVJ VJQTP HQTGUV EJCRCTTCN CVNQYGNGXCVKQPUCPF3WGTEWU2KPWUCPF2KEGCKPVJGTCPIGU #NUQKPVJG)WNH%QCUV2TQXKPEGYKVJKPVJG2KEJWECNEQTGIKQP PQTVJGTP%JKCRCU VJGRCN[PQNQIKECNURGEVTCQHOKFFNG/KQEGPGCIGFGOQPUVTCVGFVJGKPƀWGPEG QH C EQQN OQFGVJCVRTGXCKNKPVJG/KQEGPGYKVJVGORGTCVGVCZCUWEJCU2KEGC2KPWU#NPWU 3WGTEWUVQIGVJGTYKVJCITGCVFKXGTUKV[QHVCZCDGNQPIKPIVQVJGVTQRKECNTCKPHQTGUV VJCVKPJCDKVGFVJGRNCKPU 2CNCEKQUCPF4\GFQYUMK %QPVGORQTCPGQWUN[ VQ VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH VJG GXGTITGGP HQTGUV KP UQWVJGTP /GZKEQKPVJGUVCVGQH5QPQTC PQTVJGCUVGTP/GZKEQVJG/KFFNG/KQEGPG6WDWVCOC (QTOCVKQP QH 5QPQTC YJKEJ KU GPENQUGF KP VJG 5KGTTC /CFTG 1EEKFGPVCN 2TQXKPEG VJG RCN[PQNQIKE FCVC UJQY SWKVG FKHHGTGPV ENKOCVKE TGIKOG YKVJ RQNNGP CUUGODNCIGU FQOKPCVGF D[ %QORQUKVCG )TCOKPGCG %JGPQRQFKCEGCG Ō #OCTCPVJCEGCG 6JKU UWIIGUVUCPCTKFENKOCVGEJCTCEVGTK\GFD[UVTQPIUGCUQPCNFT[PGUUCPFVJGDGIKPPKPI QHFGUGTVKſECVKQP QH PQTVJYGUVGTP /ÃZKEQ /CTVÈPG\*GTP¶PFG\ CPF 6QOCUKPK CPFUWRRQTVKPIRTGXKQWUJ[RQVJGUKUQH#ZGNTQF

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6'46+#4;2#.;01(.14+56+%%144'.#6+105

EGPVTCNFGNCEWGPECFGNCNVQTÈQ$CNUCU'UVCFQUFG)WGTTGTQ[2WGDNC+P.KDTQ)WÈCFGNCGZEWTUKÎP IGQNÎIKECCNC2CTVG%GPVTCNFGNC%WGPEC5QE)GQN/GZR 'NUKM9%%JCTCEVGTKUVKE'QEGPGRCN[PQOQTRJUKPVJG)WNH%QCUV75#2CNCGQPV#DV$ 'NUKM95CPF&KNEJGT& .2CN[PQNQI[CPFCIGQHENC[UGZRQUGF.CYTGPEGENC[RKV*GPT[ %QWPV[6GPPGUUGG2CNCGQPV#DV$ 'URKPQUC1&#IWKNCT<%CPF'UECNCPVG'6'PFGOKUOQ¶TGCU[TGQTICPK\CEKÎPDKQIGQIT¶ſEC KP+PVTQFWEEKÎPCNC$KQIGQITCHÈCGP.CVKPQCOÃTKEC6GQTÈCUEQPEGRVQUOÃVQFQU[CRNKECEKQPGU

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+PVTQFWEVKQP 6JG/GUQ\QKETQEMUQH/GZKEQEQPVCKPCPKORQTVCPVRCTVQHVJGHQUUKNTGEQTFQH UENGTCEVKPKCPEQTCNU6JGXCUVOCLQTKV[QHVJG/GUQ\QKEEQTCNURGEKGUCPFQEEWTTGPEGU MPQYPHTQO/GZKEQJCXGDGGPTGRQTVGFHTQOVJG%TGVCEGQWU (KNMQTP*QYGXGT EQTCNUCNUQJCXGDGGPFGUETKDGFHTQOVJGQNFGT/GUQ\QKERGTKQFUKPENWFKPIUQOG HTQOVJG,WTCUUKECPFCFKXGTUG6TKCUUKEHCWPC

F. Vega et al. (eds.), Studies on Mexican Paleontology , 47–59. © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.

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(+.-140

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(+.-140

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(+.-140

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(+.-140

7RRGT 6TKCUUKE UVTCVC QH
%QPENWUKQPU 6Q UWOOCTK\G C VQVCN QH UENGTCEVKPKCP EQTCN URGEKGU JCXG DGGP FGUETKDGF HTQOVJG/GUQ\QKETQEMUQH/GZKEQVJGOCLQTKV[QHVJGO QTCDQWVRGTEGPV HTQOVJG%TGVCEGQWU UGG(KNMQTP6JGQNFGT/GUQ\QKETQEMUQH/GZKEQJCXG [KGNFGF QPN[ UENGTCEVKPKCP EQTCN URGEKGU HTQO VJG 7RRGT ,WTCUUKE UVTCVC KP 5QPQTC%JKJWCJWC&WTCPIQ5CP.WKU2QVQUÈCPF2WGDNCCPFHTQOVJG7RRGT 6TKCUUKE#PVKOQPKQ(QTOCVKQPQHPQTVJYGUVGTP5QPQTC

#EMPQYNGFIOGPVU 6JGCWVJQTVJCPMU(TCPEKUEQ,8GICHQTVJGKPXKVCVKQPVQEQPVTKDWVGVJKUU[PQRUKU VQVJGRTGUGPVXQNWOGQP/GZKECPRCNGQPVQNQI[&GD,.[QPU-GPV5VCVG7PKXGTUKV[ JGNRGF VJG CWVJQT VQ CESWKTG EQRKGU QT NQCPU QH OWEJ QH VJG NKVGTCVWTG EKVGF KP VJKU TGRQTVCPFJGTGHHQTVUCTGCRRTGEKCVGF

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GFU (QUUKN %PKFCTKC 2TQEGGFKPIU QH VJG (KHVJ +PVGTPCVKQPCN 5[ORQUKWO QP (QUUKN %PKFCTKC KPENWFKPI#TEJCGQE[CVJCCPF5RQPIKQOQTRJUJGNFKP$TKUDCPG3WGGPUNCPF#WUVTCNKC,WN[ $GCWXCKU.CPF6'5VWOR%QTCNUOQNNWUEUCPFRCNGQIGQITCRJ[QH.CVG,WTCUUKEUVTCVCQHVJG %GTTQ2Q\Q5GTPC5QPQTC/GZKEQ2CNCGQIGQI2CNCGQENKOCVQN2CNCGQGEQN $ÑUG'8GUVKIGUQHCPCPEKGPVEQPVKPGPVKPPQTVJGCUV/GZKEQ#OGT,5EK (KHVJ5GTKGU $WTEMJCTFV%C)ÃQNQIKGFGNC5KGTTCFG%QPEGREKÎPFGN1TQ)WKFGFGU'ZEWTUKQPUFW&KZKÂOG %QPITÂU)ÃQNQIKSWG+PVGTPCVKQPCN/GZKEQ::+8 'ZEWTUKQPUFW0QTFROCR $WTEMJCTFV%D)ÃQNQIKGFGNC5KGTTCFG/C\CRKNGV5CPVC4QUC)WKFGFGU'ZEWTUKQPUFW&KZKÂOG %QPITÂU)ÃQNQIKSWG+PVGTPCVKQPCN/GZKEQ::8+ 'ZEWTUKQPFW0QTFRVCDNGOCRU RTQſNGU UJGGV RNU $WTEMJCTFV%E.C(CWPG,WTCUUKSWGFG/C\CRKNCXGEWPCRRGPFKEGUWTNGU(QUUKNGUFW%TÃVCEKSWG +PHÃTKGWT$QN+PUV)GQN/ÃZKEQRRNU $WTEMJCTFV%'UVWFKQIGQNÎIKEQFGNCTGIKÎPFG5CP2GFTQFGN)CNNQ &WTCPIQ2CTGTIQPGUFGN +PUV)GQN/ÃZKEQ VCDNGRNU $WTEMJCTFV%(CWPGU,WTCUUKSWGUGV%TÃVCEKSWGUFG5CP2GFTQFGN)CNNQ$QN+PUV)GQN/ÃZKEQ RCPF#VNCURNU $WTEMJCTFV%'VWFGU[PVJÃVKSWGUWTNG/ÃUQ\QÊSWGOGZKECKP#DJ5EJYGK\2CNCGQPV)GU/ÃO 5QE2CNÃQPV5WKUUG CPF $WTEMJCTFV%CPF55ECNKC.CHCWPGOCTKPGFW6TKCU5WRÃTKGWTFG
(+.-140

'UVTCVKITCHÈCFGN/GUQ\QKEQ[6GEVÎPKECFGNUWTFGN'UVCFQFG2WGDNC2TGUCFG8CNUGSWKNNQ5KHÎPFG *WGZQVKVNCPCRC[2TQDNGOCU*KFTQNÎIKEQUFG2WGDNC%QPITGUQ)GQNÎIKEQ+PVGTPCEKQPCN8KIÃUKOC 5GUKÎP/ÃZKEQ'ZEWTUKÎP#Ō Caratini, C., and L. Beauvais. 1969. Les Polypiers du Kimmridgien inf Ã rieur de Chellala – Reibell (D Ãpartement de MÃdea Alg – Ãrie). Publications du Service GÃ ologique de Alg – Ãrie , 39:19-38. 'TDGP*- 'N,WT¶UKEQ/GFKQ[GN%CNNQXKCPQFG/ÃZKEQ%QPITGUQ)GQNÎIKEQ+PVGTPCEKQPCN 8KIÃUKOC5GUKÎP%KWFCFFG/ÃZKEQ%QPVTKDWEKÎPCN%QPITGUQFGN+PUVKVWVQFG)GQNQIÈCFG NC7PKXGTUKFCF0CEKQPCN#WVÎPQOCFG/ÃZKEQXKK RRNUOCRU 'TDGP*-0GYDKQUVTCVKITCRJKEEQTTGNCVKQPUKPVJG,WTCUUKEQHGCUVGTPCPFUQWVJEGPVTCN/GZKEQ %QPITGUQ )GQNÎIKEQ +PVGTPCEKQPCN 8KIÃUKOC 5GUKÎP %KWFCF FG /ÃZKEQ 5GEEKÎP 'N /GUQ\QKEQFGN*GOKUHGTKQ1EEKFGPVCN[5WU%QTTGNCEKÎPGU/WPFKCNGURRNU VCNNQP#VWFGURCNÃQPVQNQIKSWGUUWTNG*CWV,WTC4C[QPPÃUFW%QTCNNKGP/ÃO5QEOWN &ÃRCTV&QWDU5ÃTKG HQT (GNKZ,8GTUVGKPGTWPIGPCWUFGTOGZKECPKUEJGP,WTCWPF-TGKFG(QTOCVKQP2CNCGQPVQITCRJKEC RNU (GNKZ,7GDGTUKEJV×DGTFKG'PVYKEMNWPIFGTIGQNQIKUEJGP(QTOCVKQPGPKP/GZKEQPGDUVGKPGO #PJCPI×DGTFKG*ÑJNGPDKNFWPIGPFKGUGU.CPFGUR+P,(GNKZCPF*.GPM$GKVT¼IG\WT )GQNQIKGWPF2CN¼QPVQNQIKGFGT4GRWDNKM/GZKEQ6JGKN#TVJWT(GNKZ.GKR\KI (KNMQTP*(6JG%TGVCEGQWUEQTCNUQH/GZKEQQEEWTTGPEGUCPFJKUVQT[QHTGUGCTEJ4GX/GZ %KGP)GQN (KNMQTP * ( CPF , 2CPVQLC #NQT # PGY 'CTN[ %TGVCEGQWU EQTCN #PVJQ\QC 5ENGTCEVKPKC &GPFTQRJ[NNKKPCCPFKVUGXQNWVKQPCT[UKIPKſECPEG ,2CNGQPV (TCOG # CPF 9 % 9CTF .QYGTOQUV %TGVCEGQWU EQTCNTKEJ NKOGUVQPG KP 0WGXQ .GQP CPF %QCJWKNC /GZKEQ R +P , / $CTDCTÈP %CUVKNNQ *, )WTUM[ CPF 2 /GKDWTI GFU 'N %TGV¶EKEQFG/ÃZKEQ[#OÃTKEC%GPVTCN4GUÕOGPGU5KORQUKQ+PVGTPCEKQPCNFG0QXKGODTG FG.KPCTGU/ÃZKEQ#EVCUFGNC(CEWNVCFFG%KGPEKCUFGNC6KGTTCFGNC7PKXGTUKFCF#WVÎPQOC FG0WGXQ.GÎP.KPCTGU8QNWOG (TGEJ(&KG-QTCNNGPHCWPCFGT6TKCU2CNCGQPVQITCRJKEC RNUCPF RNU (TGWFGPDGTI9)GQNQIKGXQP/GZKMQ)GDT×FGT$QTPVTCGIGT$GTNKPRRNſIU )QNFHWUU)#2GVTGHCEVC)GTOCPKCGVCOGC3WCGKP/WUGQ7PKXGTUKVCVKU4GIKCG$QTWUUKECG (TKFGTKEKCG 9KNJGNOKCG 4JGPCPCG 5GTXCPVWT 3WCO #NKC 3WCGEWPSWG KP /WUGKU *QGPKPIJWUKCPQ /WGPUVGTKCPQ #NKKUSWG 'ZVCPV +EQPKDWU GV &GUETKRVKQPKDWU +NNWUVTCVC #DDKNFWPIGP WPF $GUEJTGKDWPIGPFGT2GVTGHCEVGP&GWVUEJNCPFUWPFFGTCPIT¼P\GPFGP.¼PFGTWPVGT/KVYKTMWPIFGU *GTTP)TCHGP)GQTI\W/×PUVGT'TUVGT6JGKN#TP\%QOR&×UUGNFQTHRRN )QQFYKP & * CPF ) & 5VCPNG[ ,T 0QTKCP URQPIG CPF EQTCN DKQUVTQOGU KP VJG #PVKOQPKQ (QTOCVKQPPQTVJYGUVGTP5QPQTC/GZKEQ4GX/GZ%KGPE)GQN *GKNRTKP#6JGIGQNQI[CPFRCNGQPVQNQI[QHVJG%TGVCEGQWUFGRQUKVUQH/GZKEQ2TQE#ECF0CV 5EK2JKNCFGNRJKCRNU *KEMG[,,5VTCVKITCRJ[CPFEQORQUKVKQPQHC,WTCŌ%TGVCEGQWUXQNECPKECTECRTQP2WPVC'WIGPKC $CLC%CNKHQTPKC5WT/GZKEQR+P8#(TK\\GNN,T GF)GQNQI[QHVJG$CLC%CNKHQTPKC 2GPKPUWNC6JG2CEKſE 5GEVKQPQHVJG5QEKGV[QH'EQPQOKE2CNGQPVQNQIKUVUCPF/KPGTCNQIKUVU .QU#PIGNGU%CNKHQTPKC +ONC[495VWFKGUQHVJG/GZKECP)GQU[PENKPG$WNN)GQN5QE#O RNU +ONC[49,WTCUUKEHQTOCVKQPUQH)WNH4GIKQP$WNN#O#UUQE2GV)GQN -GNNGT965VTCVKITCRJKUEJG$GQDCEJVWPIGPKP5QPQTC 0QTFYGUV/GZKEQ'EN)GQN*GNXGVKCG -GNNGT961DUGTXCEKQPGUGUVTCVKITCſECU GP 5QPQTC 0QTQGUVG FG /ÃZKEQ $QN#UQE/GZ)GÎN 2GVT -QD[(/QPQITCRJKGFGURQN[RKGTULWTCUUKSWGUFGNC5WKUUGEKPSWKÂOGRCTVKG #DJ5EJYGK\ 2CN¼QPVQN)GUGNN /ÃO5QE2CNÃQPV5WKUUGRNU .GUCWXCIG//ÃOQKTGUWTWPPQWXGCWIGPTGFG2QN[RKGTHQUUKNG/ÃO5QE*KUV0CVWT2CTKU RN

/'51<1+%%14#.51(/':+%1

/CRGU 8¶\SWG\ ' 5
(+.-140

2CNGQPV5QE/GO ,2CNGQPV 5WRRNRCTVQHR 5VCPNG[)&,TCPF%/)QP\¶NG\.GÎP2CNGQIGQITCRJKECPFVGEVQPKEKORNKECVKQPUQH6TKCUUKE HQUUKNU CPF UVTCVC HTQO VJG #PVKOQPKQ (QTOCVKQP PQTVJYGUVGTP 5QPQTC R +P % ,CESWGU #[CNC%/)QP\¶NG\.GÎPCPF,4QNF¶P3WKPVCPC 'FU5VWFKGUQPVJG/GUQ\QKEQH5QPQTCCPF #FLCEGPV#TGCU)GQN5QE#OGT5RGE2CR 5VCPNG[)&,TCPF%/)QP\¶NG\.GÎP GFUC5RGEKCNKUUWGFGFKECVGFVQVJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN 9QTMUJQRQPVJG)GQNQI[QH0QTVJYGUVGTP5QPQTC/GZKEQ4GX/GZ%KGP)GQN HQT KKKXKKK 5VCPNG[)&,TCPF%/)QP\¶NG\.GÎPD5RGEKCNKUUWGFGFKECVGFVQVJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN9QTMUJQR QPVJG)GQNQI[QH0QTVJYGUVGTP5QPQTC(QTGYQTF4GX/GZ%KGP)GQN KKKXKKK 5VCPNG[)&,TCPF%/)QP\¶NG\.GÎPE0GY.CVG6TKCUUKEUENGTCEVKPKCPEQTCNUHTQOVJG #PVKOQPKQ(QTOCVKQPPQTVJYGUVGTP5QPQTC/GZKEQ4GX/GZ%KGP)GQN 5VGYCTV,*4#OC[C/CTVÈPG\4)5VCOO$49CTFNCY)&5VCPNG[,TCPF%*5VGXGPU 5VTCVKITCRJ[ CPF TGIKQPCN UKIPKſECPEG QH /KUUKUUKRRKCP VQ ,WTCUUKE TQEMU KP 5KGTTC 5CPVC 6GTGUC5QPQTC/GZKEQ4GX/GZ%KGP)GQN 7TSWK\C/'ZRNQTCEKQPFGN&KUVTKVQFG%QCNEQOCP'UVCFQFG/KEJQCE¶P#PCNGUFGN/KPKUVGTKQ FG(QOGPVQ%QNQPK\CEKQP+PFWUVTKC[%QOGTEKQ/ÃZKEQRſIU OCR 9GNNU,9,WTCUUKEEQTCNUHTQOVJG5OCEMQXGT.KOGUVQPG#TMCPUCU,2CNGQPV RN 9GNNU,95QOG,WTCUUKECPF%TGVCEGQWUEQTCNUHTQOPQTVJGTP/GZKEQ,2CNGQPV RNU Winkler, G. G. 1861. Der Oberkeuper, nach Studien in den bayrischen Alpen. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 13:459-521, pls. 5-9.

%JCRVGT

4WFKUVUQH/GZKEQ*KUVQTKECN#URGEVUCPF5GNGEVGF#TGCU QH4GUGCTEJ 2'&41)#4% #$#44'4# /WUGQFG2CNGQPVQNQIÈC&GRCTVCOGPVQFG$KQNQIÈC'XQNWVKXC(CEWNVCFFG%KGPEKCU70#/ %KWFCF7PKXGTUKVCTKC%Q[QCE¶P/GZKEQ&(RID"JRHEKGPEKCUWPCOOZ #DUVTCEV +PVTQFWEVKQP 2CNGQIGQITCRJ[QH/GZKECP4WFKUVU 4WFKUVUHTQO5QWVJGTP/GZKEQ 4WFKUVUHTQO%GPVTCN/GZKEQ 4WFKUVUHTQO0QTVJ%GPVTCN/GZKEQ 4WFKUVUHTQO%JKCRCU5'/GZKEQ (KPCN%QOOGPVU 4GHGTGPEGU

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

F. Vega et al. (eds.), Studies on Mexican Paleontology , 61–78. © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.

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47&+5651(/':+%1

#P7RRGT,WTCUUKEVTCPUITGUUKQPCFXCPEGFHTQOVJGOCTIKPQHVJGDCUKPVJTQWIJ VJGYGUVPQTVJCPFUQWVJCPFITCFWCNN[EQXGTGFNCTIGCTGCUQHVJG/GZKECPVGTTKVQT[ 6TCPUITGUUKQPYCUEQPVTQNNGFD[CPEKGPVVQRQITCRJ[YJGTGCUVJGJKIJNCPFUUVQQFCU RGPKPUWNCUQTCUKUNCPFU +P .QYGT %TGVCEGQWU FWTKPI VJG $CTTGOKCP CPF #RVKCP O[ CIQ VJGTG YCUCOCTKPGVTCPUITGUUKQPYJKEJEQXGTGFCNNQHVJG/GZKECPVGTTKVQT[GZEGRVKPVJG YGUVYJGTGCYKFGHTKPIGGZVGPFKPIHTQOUQWVJGTPVQPQTVJYGUVGTP/GZKEQGZKUVGF

%UGTPC ;QWPI #P CPEKGPV DGNV QH JKIJ NCPFU EQORQUGF OCKPN[ QH 2CNGQ\QKE OGVCOQTRJKE CPF XQNECPKE TQEMU CNQPI )WGTTGTQ 1CZCEC CPF %JKCRCU 5VCVGUCNUQTGOCKPGFGZRQUGF .ÎRG\4COQU (KI+POCP[CTGCUDGECWUG QH HQNFKPI QH VJG UVTCVC UJCNNQY UGCU DGECOG OWEJ UJCNNQYGT 'OGTIGPEG QH XGT[ UJCNNQYUGCUYJKEJFGRQUKVGFVJKEMUGSWGPEGUQHGXCRQTKVGUCEEWOWNCVGFYJKEJCNUQ CNNQYGFTWFKUVUVQUGVVNGCPFHQTORCVEJGUCPFTGGHU;QWPI DGNKGXGFVJCV OQUVQHVJGGXCRQTKVGFGRQUKVUYGTGFGUVTQ[GFD[VGEVQPKECEVKXKV[KPVJGUWDFWEVKQP \QPGCNQPI/GZKEQ´UUQWVJYGUVGTPEQCUVCVVJGGPFQHVJG#RVKCP*QYGXGTKP,CNKUEQ %QNKOC/KEJQCE¶P)WGTTGTQCPF1CZCECVJGTGCTGNCTIGHQUUKNKHGTQWUFGRQUKVUYKVJ TWFKUVU 2CPVQLC#NQT)CTEÈC$CTTGTC &WTKPIVJG#NDKCPCPF%GPQOCPKCP O[CIQVJGUGCTGCEJGFKVUOCZKOWO GZVGPUKQPEQXGTKPICNOQUVEQORNGVGN[VJGYGUVGTPNCPFHTKPIGCPFVJGJKIJNCPFUQH UQWVJYGUVGTP/GZKEQ5QOGTGIKQPUDGECOGYKFGRNCVHQTOUCVVJKUVKOG

(+)74' /GZKEQ KP VJG .QYGT %TGVCEGQWU $CTTGOKCP#RVKCP O[ CIQ #HVGT #NGPE¶UVGT

)#4% #$#44'4#

5GRCTCVGF RNCVHQTOU GXGPVWCNN[ HQTOGF C OGICECTDQPCVGF RNCVHQTO YJKEJ UWTTQWPFGFVJG)WNHQH/GZKEQ 9KNUQP/KEJCWFCPF(QWTECFG6JG PCOGUQHVJGUGRNCVHQTOUCTG$CJCOCU(NQTKFC6GZCU%QCJWKNC8CNNGU5CP.WKU 2QVQUÈ %CTTKNNQ$TCXQ CPF %ÎTFQDC )QP\¶NG\#NXCTCFQ #PQVJGT NCTIGTGIKQPYKVJRNCVHQTOFGRQUKVUCPFTWFKUVDGCTKPIHTCOGYQTMUHTQOVJG#NDKCP %GPQOCPKCPYCUFGXGNQRGFHTQO,CNKUEQKPEGPVTCNYGUV/GZKEQVQUQWVJGTP/GZKEQ KPVJGTGIKQPQH%JKCRCU #NGPE¶UVGT (KI&WTKPIVJKUVKOGTWFKUVUTGCEJGF VJGKT OCZKOWO FKXGTUKV[ CDWPFCPEG CPF IGQITCRJKE FKUVTKDWVKQP KP /GZKEQ HTQO $CLC %CNKHQTPKC VQ ;WECV¶P .ÎRG\4COQU #NGPE¶UVGT 5RGEKGU QH %CRTKPKFCGYGTGVJGFQOKPCPVVCZC#UJGNNYCNNVJCVJCUECPCNUVJCVTWPCNQPIVJG UJGNNECNNGFRCNKCNECPCNUYJKEJECPDGUKPINGQTDKHWTECVGFQPEGQTVYKEGCPFOC[ DGEQOGRQN[IQPCNEJCTCEVGTK\GUVJG%CRTKPKFCGHCOKN[ 6JG ſTUV GPFGOKE TWFKUV IGPWU KP #OGTKEC #ORJKVTKUEQGNWU CRRGCTGF GKVJGT FWTKPIGCTN[#RVKCPVKOGU O[CIQQTKPWRRGT$CTTGOKCP &WTKPI #NDKCP CPF %GPQOCPKCP VJGTG YGTG QVJGT GPFGOKE IGPGTC UWEJ CU %QCNEQOCPC %CRTKPWNQKFGC ,CNRCPKC /GZKECRTKPC 6GZKECRTKPC -KODNGKC CPF QVJGTU VJCV CTG EQOOQP KP 6GZCU CNN /GZKECP VGTTKVQT[ CPF VJG %CTKDDGCP TGIKQP 6JGUGGPFGOKEIGPGTCYGTGFKUVTKDWVGFYKVJKPCJQOQIGPGQWUHCWPCNRTQXKPEGYJKEJ GZVGPFGF KVU DQWPFCTKGU HTQO UQWVJGTP 7PKVGF 5VCVGU KP VJG PQTVJ VQ VJG %CTKDDGCP TGIKQPTGCEJKPICUHCTUQWVJCU8GPG\WGNC&WGVQVJGRCNGQDKQIGQITCRJKEFKUVTKDWVKQP CPFCEEQTFKPIYKVJ#NGPE¶UVGTVJKUCTGCUJQWNFDGECNNGFVJG/GZKECP2TQXKPEG

(+)74' /GZKECP VGTTKVQT[ FWTKPI #NDKCP%GPQOCPKCP VKOGU O[ CIQ #HVGT #NGPE¶UVGT

47&+5651(/':+%1

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

QRGTEWNCT (TQO %QPKCEKCP VQ %CORCPKCP O[ CIQ VJGTG CTG PQ NQPIGT NCTIG TWFKUV DCPMUQTTGGHUVJGTGCTGQPN[KUQNCVGFRCVEJGUYKVJURCTUGKPFKXKFWCNU#VVJGGPFQHVJG %TGVCEGQWU %CORCPKCP/CCUVTKVEJKCPO[CIQVJGUGCQEEWRKGFCNQPIHTKPIG QHVJG/GZKECP)WNHYJKEJGZVGPFGFPQTVJVQVJG%QCJWKNCTGIKQPVQVJGUQWVJWRVQ PQTVJGCUV)WGTTGTQCPFVQVJGUQWVJGCUVVQVJG2GPKPUWNCQH;WECV¶P (KI

(+)74'/GZKECPVGTTKVQT[KPVJG6WTQPKCPUVCIG O[CIQ#HVGT#NGPE¶UVGT

)#4% #$#44'4#

6JG%¶TFGPCUNQECNKV[KP5CP.WKU2QVQUÈKUCUGRVGPVTKQPCNCTGCYKVJCPCDWPFCPV CPFYGNNRTGUGTXGFTWFKUVUHCWPC $ÑUG/[GTU6JG%¶TFGPCUNQECNKV[ KUVJGUGEQPFOQUVKORQTVCPV/CCUVTKEJVKCPNQECNKV[CHVGTVJG%GPVTCN%JKCRCUTGIKQP +PDGVYGGPVJGVYQCTGCUVJGTGCTGUQOGHQUUKNQWVETQRUEQPVCKPKPIEQOOQPURGEKGU QHTWFKUVUYJKEJKPFKECVGVJGEQPVKPWKV[QHVJGRNCVHQTOHTQO%¶TFGPCUVQ%JKCRCU RCUUKPIVJTQWIJUQWVJGTP5CP.WKU2QVQUÈ6COCWNKRCU 5VGRJGPUQPUQWVJGTP 8GTCETW\CPF6CDCUEQ ;QWPI (KI

4WFKUVUHTQO5QWVJGTP/GZKEQ 1PG QH VJG OQUV UVWFKGF CTGCU KP UQWVJGTP /GZKEQ KU VJG *WGVCOQ TGIKQP KP /KEJQCE¶PCPF)WGTTGTQ6JGCTGCUKVWCVGFVQVJGUQWVJYGUVGTPRCTVQH/GZKEQCPF VQ VJG UQWVJ QH VJG /GZKECP XQNECPKE DGNV KU EQPUKFGTGF VQ DG YKVJKP VJG )WGTTGTQ 6GTTCKP %CORCCPF%QPG[6JKUVGEVQPQUVTCVKITCRJKEWPKVKUEJCTCEVGTK\GFD[ OCIOCVKEXQNECPKENCUVKECPFUGFKOGPVCT[TQEMUV[RKECNQHKUNCPFCTEU6JG)WGTTGTQ 6GTTCKP YCU UWDFKXKFGF KPVQ VJG *WGVCOQ +ZVCRC
(+)74'/GZKEQCVVJGGPFQHVJG%TGVCEGQWUO[CIQ#HVGT#NGPE¶UVGT

47&+5651(/':+%1

5CP.WECU(QTOCVKQPEQPVCKPKPIUVTCVCHTQO*CWVGTKXKCPVQ#RVKCP/QTGNQU(QTOCVKQP QH#NDKCPCIGCPF/CN2CUQ(QTOCVKQPHTQO%GPQOCPKCPVQ6WTQPKCP0GXGTVJGNGUU OQTG TGEGPV UVWFKGU ECTTKGF QWV D[ 2CPVQLC#NQT QHHGTGF PGY FCVC CDQWV HQUUKN CUUGODNCIGU UWD FKXKUKQP QH VJG GZVCPV IGQNQIKE HQTOCVKQPU CPF FGUETKRVKQPQHPGYNKVJQNQIKECNWPKVUCPFHQTOCVKQPU2CNGQPVQNQIKECNUVWFKGUHQEWUGF QPOCTKPGKPXGTVGDTCVGUKPENWFKPITWFKUVUYGTGſTUV FQPG D[ #NGPE¶UVGT CPF 2CPVQLC #NQT CPF D[ )CTEÈC$CTTGTC 4GEGPV EQPVTKDWVKQPU QP RCNGQPVQIKECNCURGEVUQHTWFKUVUECPDGHQWPFKP2CPVQLC#NQT2CPVQLC#NQTCPF 5MGNVQP(KNMQTP #VRTGUGPVVJGUGSWGPEGQH/GUQ\QKETQEMUKP*WGVCOQTGIKQPJCUDGGPFKXKFGF D[2CPVQLC#NQT KPVQVYQCTGCUGCUV*WGVCOQCPFYGUV*WGVCOQ9KVJKPVJG 'CUVGTPTGIKQPVJGUVTCVKITCRJKEUGSWGPEGKPENWFGUVJG#PICQ(QTOCVKQP5CP.WECU (QTOCVKQP'N%CLÎP(QTOCVKQP/CN2CUQ(QTOCVKQPCPF%WV\COCNC(QTOCVKQP #VVJGDCUGVJG#PICQ(QTOCVKQPKUEQPUKFGTGFCƀ[UEJ VWTDKFKVKE FKUVCN UGSWGPEG %QPHQTOCDN[QXGTN[KPIVJG,WTCUUKEUGFKOGPVUCTGVJGUVTCVCQH5CP.WECUCPVKENKPG YJKEJKUCƀ[UEJ UGSWGPEG EQPVCKPKPI UJCNG UCPFUVQPG CPF EQPINQOGTCVG VWTDKFKVKE VJCVEQTTGURQPFUVQ5CP.WECU(QTOCVKQP 8CNCPIKPKCP$CTTGOKCP#RVKCP 6JG 5CP .WECU (QTOCVKQP YCU FKXKFGF KPVQ VYQ OGODGTU VJG NQYGT 6GTTGTQ 2TKGVQ OGODGT CPF VJG WRRGT .CU (TCIWCU OGODGT 6JG 6GTTGTQ 2TKGVQ OGODGT EQPUKUVUQHUJCNGECNECTGQWUUCPFUVQPGCPFEQPINQOGTCVGUYJKEJEQPVCKPTWFKUVUDCPMU CVVJGWRRGTRCTVQHVJGUGSWGPEGCPF7RRGT8CNCPIKPKCPCPF$CTTGOKCPCOOQPQKFU

)ÎOG\ .WPC GV CN CPF NQYGT $CTTGOKCP COOQPQKFU )QP\¶NG\#TTGQNC GV CN6JG.CU(TCIWCUOGODGTKUCNOQUVOGVGTUVJKEMEQPUKUVKPIQHUJCNG HGNFGURCVJKEECNECTGQWUUCPFUVQPGOWFUVQPGCPFCTIKNNKVG&QOKPCVKPIVJGUGSWGPEG VJGTG CTG XQNECPKENCUVKE UGFKOGPVU VJCV EQPVCKP CDWPFCPV CPF FKXGTUG DTCEJKQRQFU ICUVTQRQFUGEJKPQKFUCPFCOOQPQKFUQH#RVKCPCIG 5QWT6QXCTCPF)CTEÈC$CTTGTC 6JG NCVG #RVKCP 'N %CLÎP (QTOCVKQP EQPHQTOCDN[ QXGTNKGU VJG 5CP .WECU (QTOCVKQP 6JG 'N %CLÎP (QTOCVKQP EQPUKUVU QH C VJKEM NKOGUVQPG UVTCVC DKQIGPKE KPVGTDGFFGFYKVJEQSWKPCEQORQUGFQH1TDKVQNKPCCPFCTIKNNCEGQWUUGFKOGPVU6JG GZRQUGF TQEMU TGRTGUGPV NCIQQPCN HCEKGU QH C UJCNNQY RNCVHQTO FGXGNQRGF COQPI TWFKUVUDCPMUCPFQUVTGKFUKPCPKPVGTVKFCN\QPG 5VTCVCQHVJG/CN2CUQ(QTOCVKQPQXGTNC[YKVJCUNKIJVCPIWNCTWPEQPHQTOKV[ VJGUVTCVCQH'N%CLÎP(QTOCVKQP6JG'N%CLÎ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ÈC$CTTGTC

)#4% #$#44'4#

5VTCVCQHVJG/CN2CUQ(QTOCVKQPQXGTNC[YKVJCUNKIJVCPIWNCTWPEQPHQTOKV[VJG %WV\COCNC(QTOCVKQPRTQRQUGFD[%CORC 6JKUWPKVKUEQORQUGFD[CTIKNNKVG OWFUVQPGUCPFUVQPGCPFCDWPFCPVEQPINQOGTCVG6JG%WV\COCNC(QTOCVKQPTGRTGUGPVU FKUVCNFGNVCKEGPXKTQPOGPVUƀWXKCN EQPVKPGPVCN CPF CNNWXKCN FGRQUKVU 2QN[OKEVKE CPF QNKIQOKEVKEEQPINQOGTCVGUCTGEQORQUGFOCKPN[QHNKOGUVQPGHTCIOGPVUHTQOQNFGT /GUQ\QKEHQTOCVKQPU #V VJG YGUVGTP RQTVKQP QH VJG *WGVCOQ TGIKQP VJG UGSWGPEG FGUETKDGF D[ 2CPVQLC#NQTKPENWFGVJG

47&+5651(/':+%1

CPFFGGRYCVGTDCUKPFGRQUKVUQHVJGWRRGT,WTCUUKE#PICQ(QTOCVKQP 2CPVQLC#NQT 6JG %WODWTKPFKQ (QTOCVKQP YCU RTQRQUGF CNUQ D[ 2CPVQLC#NQT KP HQT C $CTTGOKCP!#RVKCP UWEEGUUKQP OQTG VJCP O VJKEM EQORQUGF QH UCPFUVQPG CTIKNNCEGQWUUKNVUVQPGCPFDKQUVTQOKETWFKUVNKOGUVQPG6JGUWEEGUUKQPRTQITGUUKXGN[ EJCPIGUVQFGNVCHCEKGUEQORQUGFQHTGFUJCNGUKNVUVQPGUCPFUVQPGEQPINQOGTCVGCPF XQNECPKEDTGEEKCYKVJKPVGTDGFFGFNCXCƀQYU CPF VWHH QH CPFGUKVKEFCEKVKE EQORQUKVKQP #EEQTFKPI VQ 2CPVQLC#NQT VJG %WODWTKPFKQ (QTOCVKQP ECP DG UWDFKXKFGF KPVQ VYQ OGODGTU C NQYGT ECNECTGQWUUCPF[ HGNFGURCVJKE OGODGT YJKEJ KU XGT[ HQUUKNKHGTQWUJCXKPICVNGCUVHQWTTWFKUVDKQUVTQOGUCPFCPWRRGTFGNVCKEXQNECPKENCUVKE CPFRTQITCFKPIOGODGTOCFGQHTGFDGFUYKVJENC[UVQPGUKNVUVQPGUCPFUVQPG EQPINQOGTCVG CPF KPVGTECNCVKQPU QH XQNECPKE ƀQYU DTGEEKC CPF VWHH QH CPFGUKVKE VQ TJ[QNKVKEEQORQUKVKQP6JGDCUGQHVJGNQYGTECNECTGQWUUCPF[HGNFGURCVJKEOGODGT QHVJG%WODWTKPFKQ(QTOCVKQPEQPUKUVUQHVQOQHſPG EQPINQOGTCVG OCTN CPF NKOGUVQPGYJKEJWPEQPHQTOCDN[QXGTNC[VJGXQNECPKENCUVKENCXCƀQYU ITGGP VWHH CPF TGFFKUJNKOGUVQPGQHVJG
4WFKUVUHTQO%GPVTCN/GZKEQ 9KVJKP EGPVTCN /GZKEQ VJG 'N #DTC (QTOCVKQP QH 3WGTÃVCTQ 5VCVG JCU CP GZVTCQTFKPCT[HQUUKNKHGTQWUNQECNKV[ECNNGF'N/CFTQÌQYJGTGGZEGNNGPVRTGUGTXCVKQP QHVJGKPXGTVGDTCVGHCWPCGZKUVUKPENWFKPITWFKUVURGEKGUGURGEKCNN[ECRTKPKFU -GNNWO $QPGV 6CDNG6JGQWVETQRUQH'N/CFTQÌQCTGNQECVGFQPDQVJ 6#$.'4WFKUVURGEKGUHQWPFCV'N/CFTQÌQ4GIKQP

)#4% #$#44'4#

UKFGUQHHGFGTCNTQCFDGVYGGP3WGTÃVCTQEKV[CPF:KNKVNC5CP.WKU2QVQUÈ )W\\[ 'N/CFTQÌQKUCNUQMPQYPCU.CIWPC%QNQTCFC 4GF.CIQQPKP'PINKUJ $CUGF WRQP VJG HQUUKN CUUGODNCIG QH HQTCOKPKHGTU CPF TWFKUVU VJG 'N #DTC (QTOCVKQPKUIGPGTCNN[EQPUKFGTGF/KFFNG#NDKCP%GPQOCPKCP 'PQU*QYGXGT RQTVKQPUQHVJG'N#DTC(QTOCVKQPCTGEQPUKFGTGF#NDKCP6WTQPKCP #IWC[Q CPF GXGP $CTTGOKCP%QPKCEKCP 5WVGT 5QOG CWVJQTU KPENWFG 'N /CFTQÌQ TGIKQPYKVJKPCUVTCVKITCRJKEWPKVECNNGF'N&QEVQT(QTOCVKQP 9KNUQPGVCN 6JGNKVJQNQI[CPFHCWPCNEQPVGPVQH'N#DTCCPF'N&QEVQTHQTOCVKQPUCTGXGT[UKOKNCT CPF UQOG TGUGCTEJGU CTG WUKPI DQVJ PCOGU DCUGF QP IGQITCRJKE RQUKVKQPKPI QH VJG HQTOCVKQPU#OQPIOQUVIGQNQIKUVUCPFRCNGQPVQNQIKUVUKVKUCEEGRVGFVJCVDQVJPCOGU TGRTGUGPVVJGUCOGWPKV'N&QEVQTUJQWNFDGUWRRTGUUGFCU'N#DTCKUVJGQNFGTPCOG

%CTTCUEQ'N#DTC(QTOCVKQPKPENWFGUVJG6CPKPWNHCEKGUCPF'N#DTCHCEKGU 6JGſTUV EQTTGURQPFU VQ VJG TGGHCN ECTDQPCVGF GPXKTQPOGPV FGXGNQRGF CV VJG OCTIKP QH VJGNCTIG8CNNGU5CP.WKU2QVQUÈ2NCVHQTOCPFVJGUGEQPFVQVJGNCIQQPCNQTDCEMTGGH GPXKTQPOGPV $QPGV#IWC[Q 6JGCIGQH'N/CFTQÌQFGRQUKVUYCUEQPUKFGTGFNCVG#NDKCPGCTN[%GPQOCPKCP

#NGPE¶UVGT CPF #IWKNCT2ÃTG\ DWV EQPUKFGTKPI VJG URGEKGU QH TWFKUVU CPF HQTCOKPKTGTU HQWPF VJGTGKP VJG CIG UJQWNF DG TGUVTKEVGF VQ NCVG #NDKCP #NGPE¶UVGT #NGPE¶UVGTCPF1XKGFQ)CTEÈC 4GEGPVRCNGQPVQNQIKECNRWDNKECVKQPU #IWKNCT2ÃTG\CPF2KEJCTFQ$CTTÎP 2KEJCTFQ$CTTÎP CPF #IWKNCT2ÃTG\ #NGPE¶UVGT CPF 2KEJCTFQ$CTTÎP JCXGEQPVTKDWVGFVQVJGTWFKUVUURGEKGUMPQYPHTQOVJG'N/CFTQÌQFGRQUKVU

4WFKUVUHTQO0QTVJ%GPVTCN/GZKEQ 6Q VJG PQTVJ /GZKEQ CNUQ JCU IQQF GZRQUWTGU QH 7RRGT %TGVCEGQWU TQEMU EQPVCKPKPI C FKXGTUG CPF XGT[ YGNN RTGUGTXGF KPXGTVGDTCVG OCTKPG HCWPC KPENWFKPI TWFKUVU#UCPGZCORNGYGYKNNVCMGCNQQMCVVJG%¶TFGPCU(QTOCVKQPCPFKVUTWFKUV HCWPC #NGPE¶UVGTGVCN5EJCHJCWUGTGVCN 6CDNG+PCFFKVKQPQVJGT 6#$.'4WFKUVURGEKGUHQWPFCV%¶TFGPCU4GIKQP (QTOCVKQP5RGEKGU %¶TFGPCU

%QTCNNKQEJCOCIDQGJOK$ÑUG *KRRWTKVGUOWGNNGTTKGFK 8GTOWPV *KRRWTKVGURGTMKPUK/[GTU *KRRWTKVGUEGKDCTWO/WGNNGTTKGF $KTCFKQNKVGUCIWKNGTCG$ÑUG $KTCFKQNKVGUECTFGPCUGPUKU$ÑUG 6CORUKCUR 6CORUKCƀQTKHQTOKU/[GTU 6CORUKCRQEWNKHQTOKU/[GTU &WTCPKCQLCPEJCNGPUKU/[GTU 2TCGDCTTGVVKCUR $KTCFKQNKVGUTWFKUUKOWU6TGEJOCPP

.QECNKV[ #TTQ[Q#VCTLGC

47&+5651(/':+%1

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5KGTTC/CFTG

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1EQ\QEQCWVNC %KPVCNCRC

#PIQUVWTC

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6WZVNC$GTTKQ\CDCN 1EQ\QEQCWVNC

47&+5651(/':+%1

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5[UVGOCVKEU5VTCVKITCRJ[CPF&KUVTKDWVKQP 9G QHHGT C NKUV QH URGEKGU HQTOCNN[ TGRQTVGF HTQO /GZKEQ CPF HQUUKN FGECRQF ETWUVCEGCPUEWTTGPVN[WPFGTUVWF[QTKPVJGRTQEGUUQHDGKPIRWDNKUJGF+PCFFKVKQP HQUUKNQEEWTTGPEGUQHVJGQTFGTU6CPCKFCEGCCPF+UQRQFCCTGKPENWFGF

5[UVGOCVKE2CNGQPVQNQI[ 1TFGT6CPCKFCEGC*CPUGP 1RJVJCNOCRUGWFGUUR (KIWTG

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(+)74' &CMQVKECPEGTCWUVTCNKU4CVJDWP LWXGPKNGURGEKOGP5KGTTC'N#PVTKUEQ0WGXQ .GÎP 2QVTGTKNNQU (QTOCVKQP /CCUVTKEJVKCP .QRJQTCPKPC RTGEQEKQWU (GNFOCPP 8GIC )CTEÈC$CTTGTC6WEMGTCPF#XGPFCÌQ6WZVNC)WVKÃTTG\%JKCRCU1EQ\QEQCWVNC(QTOCVKQP /CCUVTKEJVKCP . ETKUVCURKPC 8GIC %QUOC %QWVKÌQ (GNFOCPP 5EJYGKV\GT 0[DQTI CPF 9CWIJ'N,QDQ%JKCRCU5CP,WCP(QTOCVKQP/KFFNG'QEGPG%CTEKPGTGVGURNCPGVCTKWU 8GIC (GNFOCPP 1ECORQ CPF 2QRG 1EQ\QEQCWVNC %JKCRCU 1EQ\QEQCWVNC (QTOCVKQP /CCUVTKEJVKCP1RJVJCNOQRNCZFKHWPVCGPUKU 8GICCPF(GNFOCPP5KGTTC'N#PVTKUEQ0WGXQ .GÎP 2QVTGTKNNQU (QTOCVKQP /CCUVTKEJVKCP +ETKQECTEKPWU ZGUVQU $KUJQR $CLC %CNKHQTPKC 4QUCTKQ(QTOCVKQP/CCUVTKEJVKCP5ECNGDCTUEO

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0GETQPGEVGUPQFQUC5EJYGKV\GT(GNFOCPP)QP\¶NG\$CTDCCPF8GIC .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP$CLC%CNKHQTPKC5WT5CP,WCPFGNC%QUVC'N%KGP(QTOCVKQP #IG1NKIQEGPG&KUEWUUKQP/CTKPGRNCVHQTO4GHGTGPEG5EJYGKV\GTGVCN 0GETQPGEVGUVCLKPGPUKU8GIC(GNFOCPP8KNNCNQDQU*KTKCTVCPF)ÈQ#TI¶G\ .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP8GTCETW\5CP2CDNQ6WZRCP(QTOCVKQP#IG/KQEGPG &KUEWUUKQP5JCNNQYOCTKPGFGRQUKVU4GHGTGPEG8GICGVCN 5E[NNCEQUVCVC4CVJDWP .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP7PMPQYPNQECNKV[#IG1NKIQEGPG4GHGTGPEG4CVJDWP 2QFQRJVJCNOWU !UR .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP6COCWNKRCU8KNNCIT¶P#IG7RRGT%TGVCEGQWU4GHGTGPEG 4CVJDWP (COKN[:CPVJKFCG/CE.GC[ #O[FTQECTEKPWUFCPVGK5EJYGKV\GT(GNFOCPP)QP\¶NG\$CTDCCPF8GIC .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP$CLC%CNKHQTPKC5WT$CVGSWG(QTOCVKQP#IG'QEGPG &KUEWUUKQP/CTKPGRNCVHQTO4GHGTGPEG5EJYGKV\GTGVCN 8GTTWEQKFGUUVGPQJGFTC8GIC%QUOC%QWVKÌQ(GNFOCPP0[DQTI5EJYGKV\GTCPF 9CWIJ (KIWTG .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP%JKCRCU8GKPVGFG0QXKGODTG'N$QUSWG(QTOCVKQP#IG .QYGT'QEGPG&KUEWUUKQP/CTKPGRNCVHQTO4GHGTGPEG8GICGVCND :CPVJQUKCCOGTKECPC4CVJDWP .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP$CLC%CNKHQTPKC6GRGVCVG#IG1NKIQEGPG&KUEWUUKQP/CTKPG RNCVHQTO4GHGTGPEG4CVJDWP /GICZCPVJQ\QSWG8GIC(GNFOCPP)CTEÈC$CTTGTC(KNMQTP2KOGPVGNCPF #XGPFCÌQ (KIWTG .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP%JKCRCU1EQ\QEQCWVNC1EQ\QEQCWVNC(QTOCVKQP#IG /CCUVTKEJVKCP&KUEWUUKQP.CIQQPFGRQUKVU4GHGTGPEG8GICGVCNC 2CTC\CPVJQRUKUOG[CRCSWGPUKU8GIC(GNFOCPP)CTEÈC$CTTGTC(KNMQTP2KOGPVGN CPF#XGPFCÌQ (KIWTG .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP%JKCRCU1EQ\QEQCWVNC1EQ\QEQCWVNC(QTOCVKQP#IG /CCUVTKEJVKCP.CIQQPFGRQUKVU4GHGTGPEG8GICGVCNC

8')#0;$14)#0&2'44+..+#6

.QDQPQVWUOGZKECPWU4CVJDWP .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP$CLC%CNKHQTPKC5WT#TTQ[Q%QNQTCFQ6GRGVCVG(QTOCVKQP #IG7RRGT'QEGPG&KUEWUUKQP/CTKPGRNCVHQTO4GHGTGPEG4CVJDWP 5EJYGKV\GTGVCN *CTRCEVQECTEKPWUCOGTKECPWU4CVJDWP .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP6COCWNKRCU#IG'QEGPG&KUEWUUKQP/CTKPGRNCVHQTO 4GHGTGPEG4CVJDWP :CPFCTQUUVGTPDGTIK 4CVJDWP .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP$CLC%CNKHQTPKC4QUCTKQ(QTOCVKQP#IG/CCUVTKEJVKCP &KUEWUUKQP/CTKPGRNCVHQTO4GHGTGPEG4CVJDWP$KUJQR5EJYGKV\GT GVCN (COKN[)QPGRNCEKFCG/CE.GC[ 5VQCRNCZPCPFCEJCTG8GIC%QUOC%QWVKÌQ(GNFOCPP0[DQTI5EJYGKV\GTCPF 9CWIJ .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP%JKCRCU8GKPVGFG0QXKGODTG'N$QUSWG(QTOCVKQP#IG .QYGT'QEGPG&KUEWUUKQP5JCNNQYOCTKPGFGRQUKVU4GHGTGPEG8GICGVCND (COKN[2KPPQVJGTKFCGFG*CCP 8KCRKPPKZCCNXCTG\K8GIC%QUOC%QWVKÌQ(GNFOCPP0[DQTI5EJYGKV\GTCPF 9CWIJ (KIWTG .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP%JKCRCU8GKPVGFG0QXKGODTG'N$QUSWG(QTOCVKQP#IG .QYGT'QEGPG&KUEWUUKQP5JCNNQYOCTKPGFGRQUKVU4GHGTGPEG8GICGVCND (COKN[4GVTQRNWOKFCG)KNN #TEJCGQRWUOGZKECPWU5EJYGKV\GT(GNFOCPP)QP\¶NG\$CTDCCPF8GIC .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP$CLC%CNKHQTPKC5CN5KRWGFGU4QUCTKQ(QTOCVKQP#IG /CCUVTKEJVKCP&KUEWUUKQP/CTKPGRNCVHQTO4GHGTGPEG5EJYGKV\GTGVCN %QUVCEQRNWOCOGZKECPC8GICCPF2GTTKNNKCV (KIWTG .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP0WGXQ.GÎP'N#PVTKUEQ%QCJWKNC)GPGTCN%GRGFC#IG /CCUVTKEJVKCP&KUEWUUKQP*WPFTGFUQHURGEKOGPURTGUGTXGFKPFKHHGTGPVUV[NGU &GNVCKERNCVHQTO4GHGTGPEG8GICCPF2GTTKNNKCV %QUVCEQRNWOCDKUJQRK8GICCPF(GNFOCPP (KIWTG .QECNKV[(QTOCVKQP)WGTTGTQ6GOCNCE/GZECNC(QTOCVKQP#IG6WTQPKCP &KUEWUUKQP5OCNNURGEKOGPUYKFVJQHECTCRCEGNGUUVJCPOO&GNVCKERNCVHQTO

/'51<1+%#0&6'46+#4;&'%#21&%4756#%'#

(+)74' 8GTTWEQKFGUUVGPQJGFTC8GIC%QUOC%QWVKÌQ(GNFOCPP0[DQTI5EJYGKV\GT CPF9CWIJ8GKPVGFG0QXKGODTG%JKCRCU'N$QUSWG(QTOCVKQP.QYGT'QEGPG/GICZCPVJQ \QSWG 8GIC (GNFOCPP )CTEÈC$CTTGTC (KNMQTP 2KOGPVGN CPF #XGPFCÌQ 1EQ\QEQCWVNC %JKCRCU 1EQ\QEQCWVNC (QTOCVKQP /CCUVTKEJVKCP 2CTC\CPVJQRUKU OG[CRCSWGPUKU 8GIC (GNFOCPP )CTEÈC$CTTGTC (KNMQTP 2KOGPVGN CPF #XGPFCÌQ 1EQ\QEQCWVNC %JKCRCU 1EQ\QEQ\WVNC (QTOCVKQP /CCUVTKEJVKCP 8KCRKPPKZC CNXCTG\K 8GIC %QUOC %QWVKÌQ (GNFOCPP 0[DQTI 5EJYGKV\GT CPF 9CWIJ 8GKPVG FG 0QXKGODTG %JKCRCU 'N $QUSWG (QTOCVKQP.QYGT'QEGPG%QUVCEQRNWOCOGZKECPC8GICCPF2GTTKNNKCV5KGTTC'N#PVTKUEQ 0WGXQ.GÎP2QVTGTKNNQU(QTOCVKQP/CCUVTKEJVKCP%DKUJQRK8GICCPF(GNFOCPP6GOCNCE )WGTTGTQ/GZECNC(QTOCVKQP%QPKCEKCP!5ECNGDCTUEO

8')#0;$14)#0&2'44+..+#6

4GHGTGPEG8GICCPF(GNFOCPP%DKUJQRKHTQOVJG%¶TFGPCU(QTOCVKQPKU %OGZKECPC4GHGTGPEG8GICGVCN

1TKIKP'XQNWVKQPCPF'ZVKPEVKQP (QUUKNFGECRQFETWUVCEGCPUſTUV CRRGCT KP VJG HQUUKN TGEQTF CV VJG GPF QH VJG ,WTCUUKE 2GTKQF 5KPEG VJG ,WTCUUKE FGECRQF ETWUVCEGCPU JCXG JCF CV NGCUV VYQ GRKUQFGU QH TCFKCVKQP6JGſ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ſE TGIKQP 6WEMGT .QRJQTCPKPC RQUUGUUGUCUGTKGUQHFQTUCNVTCPUXGTUGVGTTCEGUYKVJURKPGUCPFHTQPVCNURKPGUVJCVCTG FKTGEVGFHQTYCTF+VJCUDGGPUWIIGUVGFVJCVVJGURKPGUQHVJGVTCPUXGTUGVGTTCEGUUGTXG VQCPEJQT.QRJQTCPKPCVQCNICNOCVUHQTOKOGVKUOQTCUCDWTKCNCPEJQT 5CXC\\K 6JG QNFGUV MPQYP URGEKGU KU HTQO /CCUVTKEJVKCP TQEMU QH %JKCRCU 6GTTCEG RCVVGTPQHVJG%JKCRCU.QRJQTCPKPCKUUKORNKUVKEYJGPEQORCTGFVQ6GTVKCT[URGEKGU

(GNFOCPPGVCN8GICGVCN+VKUCNUQKORQTVCPVVQPQVGVJCVVJGOGCP UK\G QH .QRJQTCPKPC RTCGEQEKQWU HTQO VJG /CCUVTKEJVKCP QH %JKCRCU KU UNKIJVN[ NCTIGT VJCP VJCV QH VJG URGEKGU VJCV HQNNQYGF #PVGTKQT UWTHCEG QH VJG .QRJQTCPKPC RTCGEQEKQWUECTCRCEGNCEMUCP[VGTTCEGUCPFVJGRQUVGTKQTVYQVJKTFUCTGQTPCOGPVGF QPN[YKVJCHGYRCTCNNGNVGTTCEGU+PCFFKVKQPCPVGTQNCVGTCNURKPGUVGPFVQDGEQOGOQTG DTCPEJGFCPFEQORNGZKP6GTVKCT[URGEKOGPU8KC UWIIGUVGFVJGRQUUKDKNKV[QH UGZWCNFKOQTRJKUOKPHGTTGFHTQOVJGFKHHGTGPVDTCPEJKPIRCVVGTPQHCUCOGURGEKGU QH .QRJQTCPKPC HTQO VJG 'QEGPG QH 5RCKP +PVGTGUVKPIN[ .QRJQTCPKPC DKUJQRK KU HQWPFHTQOVJG/KFFNG'QEGPG$CVGSWG(QTOCVKQPQH$CLC%CNKHQTPKC5WT+PCFFKVKQP VJG QNFGUV TGEQTF QH VJG IGPWU 4CPKPC CNUQ QEEWTU CV VJG $CVGSWG (QTOCVKQP +V KU DGNKGXGFD[VJGCWVJQTUVJCVVJTQWIJVKOG.QRJQTCPKPCURRNQUVKVUVGTTCEGUCPFVJG FQTUCNECTCRCEGDGECOGUECDTQWU URKP[OQUVNKMGN[TGƀGEVKPI C JCDKVCV EJCPIG HTQO ECTDQPCVG TKEJ TGGH EQORNGZGU VQ OQTG UCPF[ GPXKTQPOGPVU 6QFC[ VJG QPN[ NKXKPI

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URGEKGUQHVJKUIGPWU4CPKPCTCPKPCKUHQWPFGZENWUKXGN[QPUCPF[UWDUVTCVGUQHVJG +PFQRCEKſE TGIKQP (COKN[ &CMQVKECPETKFCG 6JG .CVG %TGVCEGQWU HCOKN[ &CMQVKECPETKFCG JCU DGGP TGRQTVGF HTQO TQEMU GZVGPFKPI HTQO 5QWVJ &CMQVC 75# VQ 5CP .WKU 2QVQUÈ /GZKEQ 5RGEKGU QH VJKU HCOKN[ RQUUGUU C EJCTCEVGTKUVKE TQDWUV ECTCRCEG 6JG &CMQVKECPETKFCGYGTGXGT[CDWPFCPVCUVJQWUCPFUQHURGEKOGPUJCXGDGGPTGRQTVGF HTQO VJG %CORCPKCP/CCUVTKEJVKCP QH UQWVJGCUVGTP 7PKVGF 5VCVGU $KUJQR 6GVTCECTEKPWU &CMQVKECPEGT 5GQTUWU CPF #XKVJGNOGUUWU CTG VJG TGRTGUGPVCVKXG IGPGTCQHVJKUHCOKN[6JKUHCOKN[FKUCRRGCTGFCVVJGGPFQHVJG%TGVCEGQWU2GTKQF

$KUJQRGVCN1PGRQUUKDNGGZRNCPCVKQPHQTVJGFKUCRRGCTCPEGQHVJKUHCOKN[KU TGNCVGFVQKVUTGUVTKEVGFRCNGQDKQIGQITCRJKEFKUVTKDWVKQPPQTVJQHVJG%JKEZWNWDKORCEV UKVG#EEQTFKPIVQOQFGNUHTQOVJGKORCEVVTCLGEVQT[KPƀWGPEG QH UGEQPFCT[ GHHGEVU UJQWNFJCFDGGPYQTUVPQTVJYGUVQHVJGKORCEVUKVG 5JCTRVQPGVCN#NQPIYKVJ VJGGZVKPEVKQPQHVJG(COKN[%CTEKPGTGVKFCGCNUQFKUVTKDWVGFTGNCVKXGN[PGCTVJGKORCEV UKVGVJG&CMQVKECPETKFCGUGGOUVQJCXGDGGPCPQVJGTXKEVKOQHVJGOCUUGZVKPEVKQP VJCVQEEWTTGFOKNNKQP[GCTUCIQ (COKN[%CTEKPGTGVKFCG4GICTFNGUUVJCVVJGTGKUQPIQKPIFGDCVGQPVJGIGPGTC VJCVOCMGWRVJKUHCOKN[OQUVCWVJQTUCITGGVJCVVJKUITQWRFKUCRRGCTGFCVVJGGPFQH VJG%TGVCEGQWU5QOGCWVJQTUJCXGTGRQTVGFVJGRTGUGPEGQHOGODGTUQHVJKUHCOKN[ KP'WTQRGYKVJKP/CCUVTKEJVKCPTQEMU (TCC[Ã*QYGXGTVJGOQUVKORQTVCPV FKCIPQUVKE HGCVWTGU VJG RTGUGPEG QH ſHVJ ƀCVVGPGF RGTGKQRQFU C TQDWUV CPF URKP[ EJGNCG CPF C ECTCRCEG YKVJ UJCTR VTCPUXGTUG TKFIGU CTG VQ DG HQWPF QPN[ KP VJTGG IGPGTC%CTEKPGTGVGU1RJVJCNOQRNCZCPF$TCPEJKQECTEKPWU%CTEKPGTGVGUJCUDGGP TGRQTVGFHTQO/CCUVTKEJVKCPTQEMUQH,COCKEC$GNK\GCPF%JKCRCU 9JKVVGTU /QTTKU8GICGVCN8GICGVCNC1RJVJCNOQRNCZJCUDGGPTGRQTVGF HTQO /CCUVTKEJVKCP NQECNKVKGU QH UQWVJGCUVGTP 7PKVGF 5VCVGU PQTVJGCUVGTP /GZKEQ

%QCJWKNC0WGXQ.GÎPCPF%QNQODKC 4CVJDWP8GICCPF(GNFOCPP (GNFOCPPGVCN(GNFOCPPCPF8KNNCOKN$TCPEJKQECTEKPWUYCUHQWPF HTQO VJG %¶TFGPCU (QTOCVKQP /CCUVTKEJVKCP QH 5CP .WKU 2QVQUÈ +H YG EQPUKFGT QPN[ VJGUG VJTGG IGPGTC CU RCTV QH VJG %CTEKPGTGVKFCG VJGP KVU RCNGQDKQIGQITCRJKE FKUVTKDWVKQPYCUTGUVTKEVGFVQVJG)WNHQH/GZKEQCPF%CTKDDGCPTGIKQP9KVJKPVJG EGPVGT QH VJKU FKUVTKDWVKQP YG ſPF VJG KORCEV UKVG QH VJG %JKEZWNWD GXGPV CPF VJKU OC[DGVJGUGEQPFHCOKN[QHFGECRQFETWUVCEGCPUVQDGEQOGGZVKPEVCVVJGGPFQHVJG %TGVCEGQWU2GTKQF 8GICGVCN %QUVCEQRNWOC 6JG IGPWU %QUVCEQRNWOC JCU DGGP TGRQTVGF HTQO VJG 7RRGT %TGVCEGQWUQH0KIGTKC+PFKC)TGGPNCPFCPF/GZKEQ 0WGXQ.GÎP%QCJWKNC)WGTTGTQ

%QNNKPUCPF/QTTKU)CGVCPKGVCN%QNNKPUCPF4CUOWUUGP8GIC CPF 2GTTKNNKCV 8GIC CPF (GNFOCPP 8GIC GV CN #NUQ VJG IGPWU JCUDGGPTGRQTVGFHTQO2CNGQEGPGTQEMUQH5GPGICN#TIGPVKPC$TC\KNCPF8GPG\WGNC

4ÃO[(GNFOCPPGVCNC(GNFOCPPCPF/CTVKPU0GVQ%QNNKPUGV CN +P CFFKVKQP VJGTG KU C TGEGPV TGRQTV QH VJKU IGPWU HTQO 2CNGQEGPG TQEMU %CNKHQTPKC75# 0[DQTIGVCN6JGFKUVTKDWVKQPRCVVGTPQH%QUVCEQRNWOCKU

8')#0;$14)#0&2'44+..+#6

FKUVKPEVN[FKHHGTGPVHTQOVJG%TGVCEGQWUVQVJG2CNGQEGPG6JKUFKHHGTGPEGOC[TGRTGUGPV VJGGZVKPEVKQPF[PCOKEUVJCVQEEWTTGFCVVJGGPFQHVJG%TGVCEGQWU2GTKQF6QFCVG VJGQNFGUVTGEQTFQH%QUVCEQRNWOC%QUVCEQRNWOCDKUJQRKKUHTQOVJG%QPKCEKCPQH )WGTTGTQ/GZKEQ 8GICCPF(GNFOCPPUWIIGUVKPICP#OGTKECPQTKIKPHQTC ITQWRQPN[HQWPFVQFC[KPVJG+PFQRCEKſE TGIKQP +PFKHHGTGPEGVQQVJGTETWUVCEGCPITQWRUTGVTQRNWOKFETCDUUGGOVQJCXGDGGP FGRQUKV HGGFGTU 4GEGPV TGVTQRNWOKFU NKXG QP VJG +PFQRCEKſE 1EGCP DQVVQO OQTG VJCPOFGGRHGGFKPIQPQTICPKEOCVVGTVJCVKUCNYC[UCXCKNCDNG 5CKPV.CWTGPV

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ſPKVKGU VQ 'WTQRGCP OGEQEJKTKF URGEKGU 7RRGT %TGVCEGQWU ETWUVCEGCPU HTQO %JKCRCU CTG TGNCVGF VQ ETWUVCEGCPU QH VJG %CTKDDGCP TGIKQPYJKNG/CCUVTKEJVKCPETWUVCEGCPUHTQOPQTVJGCUVGTP/GZKEQCTGTGNCVGFVQVJG /KUUKUUKRK'ODC[OGPVCPF#VNCPVKE%QCUVCN2NCKPETWUVCEGCPU'QEGPGURGEKGUHTQO $CLC%CNKHQTPKC5WTCPF%JKCRCUJCXGTGNCVKQPUJKRUYKVJ0QTVJ#OGTKECYGUVEQCUV ETWUVCEGCPUDWVCNUQUJQYUQOG6GVJ[CPKPƀWGPEG 6JG /KQEGPG URGEKGU QH 8GTCETW\ CPF%JKCRCUCTGTGNCVGFVQ%GPVTCN#OGTKECCPF8GPG\WGNCETWUVCEGCPU

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(155+.12*+741+&51(/':+%1

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#DUVTCEV 7RRGT 2CNGQ\QKE HQUUKN KPXGTVGDTCVGU QH /GZKEQ TGRTGUGPV EQOOWPKVKGU QH OCTKPG GPXKTQPOGPVUCUUQEKCVGFYKVJEQPVKPGPVCNOCTIKPU#JKIJRGTEGPVCIGQHXGT[FKXGTUG DTCEJKQRQFU CPF OQNNWUMU CEEQORCPKGF D[ QVJGT NGUUGT FKXGTUG ITQWRU UWEJ CU GEJKPQFGTOUCTVJTQRQFUDT[Q\QCPUCPFEQTCNUQEEWTVJTQWIJQWVVJG7RRGT2CNGQ\QKE UGSWGPEG QH /GZKEQ 1WVETQRU QH %CTDQPKHGTQWU CPF 2GTOKCP TQEMU CTG GURGEKCNN[ CDWPFCPVCPF/GZKECPHQUUKNHCWPCUHTQOVJQUGU[UVGOUGZJKDKVCPCHſPKV[ VQ UKOKNCT CIGHQUUKNHCWPCUHTQOVJGTGUVQH0QTVJ#OGTKECVJKUKUGURGEKCNN[VTWGKPVJG[QWPIGUV HCWPCU6JKUUKOKNCTKV[OC[DGGZRNCKPGFD[VJGEQPſIWTCVKQP CPF IGQITCRJKE RQUKVKQP QHVJG.CVG2CNGQ\QKEETWUVCNRQTVKQPUVJCVHQTOOQFGTPFC[/GZKEQ&WTKPIVJG.CVG 2CNGQ\QKE2CPIGCYCUHQTOKPICPFVJGQEGCPVJCVGZKUVGFDGVYGGP)QPFYCPCCPFVJG PQTVJGTPEQPVKPGPVUYCUPCTTQYKPIFWTKPIVJGGPVKTG%CTDQPKHGTQWUCPF'CTN[/KFFNG 2GTOKCPVJCVQEGCPEQXGTGFNCTIGTGIKQPUQH0QTVJ#OGTKECCPFGZVGPFGFQXGTVJG OCLQTKV[QHYJCVEQPUVKVWVGURTGUGPVFC[/GZKEQ

F. Vega et al. (eds.), Studies on Mexican Paleontology, 133–167. © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.

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9QNHECORKCP'N#PVKOQPKQ/QPQU(QTOCVKQP2GTOKCP0QTVJQH%CPCPGC %QNKPC .KOGUVQPG2GTOKCP 9QNHECORKCP.GQPCTFKCP6COCWNKRCU2GTGITKPC%CP[QPPQTVJQH %KWFCF8KEVQTKC8KEGPVG)WGTTGTQ(QTOCVKQP.QYGT/KUUKUUKRRKCP

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

%QOOWPKVKGUQHVJG7RRGT2CNGQ\QKE 6JG 7RRGT 2CNGQ\QKE OCTKPG HCWPCU QH /GZKEQ TGRTGUGPV UJCNNQY YCVGT EQOOWPKVKGU+VKUCNUQRQUUKDNGVJCVVWTDKFKV[EWTTGPVUVQFGGRGT\QPGUQHVJGOCTKPG GPXKTQPOGPVEQWNFJCXGVTCPURQTVGFUQOGQHVJGOUWEJJCUDGGPVJGKPVGTRTGVCVKQP IKXGP TGEGPVN[ VQ VJG 2GPPU[NXCPKCP HCWPC HTQO VJG +ZVCNVGRGE (QTOCVKQP YKVJKP VJG/GZKECPUVCVGQH1CZCEC $WKVTÎPGVCNCPFVJG2GTOKCPHCWPCHTQOVJG 6W\CPEQCYKVJKPVJG/GZKECPUVCVGQH*KFCNIQ 5QWTGVCND4QUCNGU.CICTFG GV CN KP RTGUU %QORCTKPI VJG HQUUKN CUUQEKCVKQPU KP YJKEJ VJGUG HCWPCU CTG HQWPF YKVJ VJQUG VJCV JCXG DGGP FGUETKDGF HQT VJG .QYGT 2CNGQ\QKE %QQRGT GV CN 4QDKUQP CPF 2CPVQLC 5QWT6QXCT KV KU PQVCDNG VJCV VJG RCVVGTPU VJCV ECP DG QDUGTXGF KP VJG HCWPCU HTQO /GZKEQ EQTTGURQPF VQ VJQUG FKUEQXGTGF KP VJG TGUVQHVJGYQTNF6JGEQORCTKUQPUTGƀGEV VJG GZKUVGPEG QH KORQTVCPV EJCPIGU YKVJKP VJGDKQNQIKECNITQWRUCUUQEKCVGFYKVJGRKEQPVKPGPVCNUGCƀQQTU 6JG IGQNQIKECN TGEQTF QH VJG 2CNGQ\QKE QH /GZKEQ CNVJQWIJ UECTEG CPF KPVGTOKVVGPV CNUQ ENGCTN[ TGƀGEVU KORQTVCPVEJCPIGUKPVJGDKQNQIKECNITQWRUCUUQEKCVGFYKVJGRKEQPVKPGPVCNUGCƀ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ſECVKQP CURCTVQHVJGGRKHCWPCVJGETKPQKFUVJCVRQUUGUUGFCUVGOCPFYJQUGOQDKNGCTOU YQWNFRTQFWEGEWTTGPVUQHYCVGTVJCVRGTOKVVGFVJGOVQVTCRRCTVKENGUQHHQQFYGTGVJG FQOKPCPVQTICPKUOUCDQXGVJGUGCDGFCURCTVQHVJGKPHCWPCVJGDKXCNXGURTGUGPVGFC ITGCVFKXGTUKV[CPFUQOGQHVJGOUWEJCUUQOG2JQNCFQO[QKFCEQWNFJCXGDWTTQYGF VQITGCVGTFGRVJUKPVQVJGUWDUVTCVWO

)TQWRUQH/CTKPG+PXGTVGDTCVGU4GNCVGFVQVJG7RRGT2CNGQ\QKE QH/GZKEQ 6CDNGURTGUGPVCU[PVJGUKUQH7RRGT2CNGQ\QKENQECNKVKGUQH/GZKEQCPFVJG VCZC QH KPXGTVGDTCVGU VJCV JCXG DGGP TGRQTVGF HTQO VJGO 1VJGT %CTDQPKHGTQWU CPF 2GTOKCPNQECNKVKGUYGTGPQVKPENWFGFKPVJGVCDNGUFWGVQVJGHCEVVJCVVJG[CTGPQV HQUUKNKHGTQWU VJG[ CTG QH EQPVKPGPVCN QTKIKP QT QPN[ EQPQFQPVU HWUKNKPKFU QT QVJGT QTICPKUOUPQVEQPUKFGTGFKPVJKUUVWF[YGTGEQNNGEVGFHTQOVJGO6JGNQECNKVKGUCTG NKUVGF CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG PCOG QH VJG /GZKECP 5VCVG KP YJKEJ VJG[ CTG GPEQWPVGTGF

(KIWTG#NUQYKVJKPVJGNQECNKV[NKUVKPIUVJGURGEKGUCTGQTFGTGFU[UVGOCVKECNN[ HQNNQYKPIVJGCTTCPIGOGPVGUVCDNKUJGFKPVJGOQUVTGEGPVXQNWOGUQHVJG6TGCVKUGQP +PXGTVGDTCVG2CNGQPVQNQI[

37+41<$#44151#0&5174618#4

$CLC%CNKHQTPKC 0GCT5CP(GNKRG$CLC%CNKHQTPKCVJGTGKUCEQPINQOGTCVGQH/KQEGPGQTGCTNKGT 6GTVKCT[ CIG YKVJ ENCUVU EQPVCKPKPI HGECN RGNNGVU ICUVTQRQFU DT[Q\QCPU ETKPQKFU DNWGITGGPCNICGCPF2GTOKCPHWUWNKPKFUQHGCTN[.GQPCTFKCPCIG )CUVKNGVCN 2TQDCDNG%CTDQPKHGTQWUETKPQKFUUQNKVCT[EQTCNUCPFDTCEJKQRQFUJCXGDGGPFKUEQXGTGF KPVJG0QTVJGTP5KGTTC2KPVCLWUVUQWVJQH.CIWPC5CNCFC /E'NFQYPG[ 6#$.' %TKPQKFU HTQO

%TKPQKFU #RNGVQCPVGTKUDCLCGPUKU 9GDUVGTCPF&GNCVVTG

1TFGT

(COKN[

7PEGTVCKP

7PEGTVCKP

%JKCRCU 6#$.' 2GPPU[NXCPKKCP HQUUKNU HTQO 5CPVC 4QUC +PHGTKQT (QTOCVKQP #IWCECVG 4KXGT PQTVJYGUVGTP %JKEQOWUGNQ %TKPQKFU CTG EJCTCEVGTKUVKE QH VJG 2GPPU[NXCPKCP HTQO 6GZCU CPF-CPUCU+PVJGUCOGNQECNKV[DKXCNXGUCPFPQVHQTOCNN[FGUETKDGFEQTCNUDT[Q\QCPUCPF COOQPKVGUJCXGCNUQDGGPHQWPF $WKVTÎPD 5RGEKGU

$KXCNXGU #XKEWNQRGEVGPUR 2CNCGQNKOCUR %TKPQKFU %[NKPFTQECWNKUEWUſUMK! /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU .CORTQUVGTKIOCOKTKſEWO /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU

1TFGT

(COKN[

2VGTKQKFC 2VGTKQKFC

#XKEWNQRGEVKPKFCG .KOKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

(NQTKE[ENKFCG

6#$.')CUVTQRQFHTQO2CUQ*QPFQ(QTOCVKQP/KFFNG2GTOKCPPGCT%QOCNCRC4KXGT UQWVJGCUVGTP%JKEQOWUGNQ%JKCRCU $WKVTÎPC 5RGEKGU

)CUVTQRQFU $GNNGTQRJQP $GNNGTQRJQP ETCUUWU/GGMCPF9QTVJGP

1TFGT

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

(COKN[ $GNNGTQRJQPVKFCG

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

6#$.' (QUUKNU HTQO )TWRGTC (QTOCVKQP .QYGT 2GTOKCP /QPVG 4GFQPFQ)WCFCNWRG 8KEVQTKCCTGC%JKCRCU 4G[GTQUFG%CUVKNNQ 5RGEKGU

%QTCNU .QRJQRJ[NNKFKWOMC[UGTK OCLQT *WCPI .QRJQRJ[NNKFKWO \CRJTGPVQKFGC *WCPI

1TFGT

(COKN[

4WIQUC

.QRJQRJ[NNKFKKFCG

4WIQUC

.QRJQRJ[NNKFKKFCG

6#$.'6JGUGHQUUKNUCTGRCTVQHCNKUVRTGUGPVGFKPVJGYQTMQH#IWKNGTC /KFFNG 2GTOKCPHTQO%JKEQOWUGNQCTGC%JKCRCU .QECNKVGUCPFHQTOCVKQPCTGPQVEGTVCKP 5RGEKGU

$T[Q\QCPU (GPGUVGNNC!UR $TCEJKQRQFU 2TQFWEVWUUGOKTGVKEWNCVWU/CTVKP )CUVTQRQFU 2NGWTQVQOCTKC!UR

1TFGT

(COKN[

%T[RVQUVQOCVC

(GPGUVGNNKFCG

2TQFWEVKFC

2TQFWEVKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

2NGWTQVQOCTKKFCG

6#$.'.KUVQHHQUUKNURTGUGPVGFD[$QUÅ /KFFNG2GTOKCPHTQO%JKEQOWUGNQCTGC %JKCRCU7PFGVGTOKPCVGFDKXCNXGUCPFETKPQKFUJCXGCNUQDGGPEQNNGEVGF .QECNKVGUCPFHQTOC VKQPCTGPQVEGTVCKP 5RGEKGU

$TCEJKQRQFU 2TQFWEVWUUGOKTGVKEWNCVWU/CTVKP 2TQFWEVWUUR &KGNCUOCUR $T[Q\QCPU (GPGUVGNNCUR )CUVTQRQF 2NGWTQVQOCTKCUR

1TFGT

(COKN[

2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 6GTGDTCVWNNKFC

2TQFWEVKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG &KGNCUOCVKFCG

%T[RVQUVQOCVC

(GPGUVGNNKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

2NGWTQVQOCTKKFCG

6#$.' /KFFNG 2GTOKCP (QUUKNU HTQO %JKEQOWUGNQ CTGC %JKCRCU CPF RTQDCDNG CFLCEGPV RQTVKQPUQH)WCVGOCNC.KUVHTQO#IWKNGTC /×NNGTTKGFGVCN 5RGEKGU

%QTCNU

1TFGT

(COKN[

4WIQUC

2TQFWEVKFC

2TQFWEVKFCG

37+41<$#44151#0&5174618#4

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

2TQFWEVWUUGOKTGVKEWNCVWU/CTVKP 2TQFWEVWUUECDTKEWNWU/CTVKP 2TQFWEWUPQFQUWU0GYDGTT[ 2TQFWEVWUQEEKFGPVCNKU0GYDGTT[ 2TQFWEVWUOGZKECPWU5JWOCTF /CTVKPKCNKPGCVC5QYGTD[ 5RKTKHGTECOGTCVWU/QTVQP 5RKTKIGTC #VJ[TKUUWDVKNKVC*CNN

(COKN[ 2TQFWEVKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG +PIGNCTGNNKFCG 6TKIQPQVTGVKFCG #VJ[T[FKFCG

2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC #VJ[TKFKFC

6#$.'(QUUKNUHTQO6QFQU5CPVQUCNQPI%WKNEQ4KXGT%JKCRCU.KUVHTQO/×NNGTTKGF 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

5RQPIG 5VTQOCVKFKWOEH5V[RKECNG)KTV[ $T[Q\QCP (GPGUVGNNCEH(ECRKVCPGPUKU)KTV[ $TCEJKQRQFU &KEV[QENQUVWUCHH& UGOKTGVKEWNCVWUECRKVCPGPUKU )KTV[ )CUVTQRQFU 2NGWTQVQOCTKC!EH2! ECTKPKHGTC)KTV[ 2NGWTQVQOCTKCEH2 PGINGEVC)KTV[

(COKN[

.KVJKUVKFC

7PEGTVCKP

%T[RVQUVQOCVC

(GPGUVGNNKFCG

2TQFWEVKFC

2TQFWEVKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

2NGWTQVQOCTKKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

2NGWTQVQOCTKKFCG

6#$.'#OOQPQKFUHTQO2CUQ*QPFQ(QTOCVKQP2GTOKCP .GQPCTFKCP0QTVJPQTVJGCUV QH%CUJÕTQCFVQ5CP,QUÃ/QPVGPGITQ%JKCRCU /×NNGTTKGFGVCN)WVKGTTG\)KN 6JQORUQP 5RGEKGU

%GRJCNQRQFU 2GTTKPKVGUJKNNK 5OKVJ 2GTKVTQEJKCOWNNGTTKGFK /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ

1TFGT #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

(COKN[ 2GTTKPKVKFCG 2QRCPQEGTCVKFCG

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

%JKJWCJWC 6#$.' (CWPC HTQO /KPC 2NQOQUCU2NCEGT FG )WCFCNWRG #TGC %JKJWCJWC /QPKNNCU (QTOCVKQP 7RRGT /GODGT 7RRGT /KUUKUUKRRKCP VQ .QYGT 2GPPU[NXCPKCP 7PFGUETKDGF EQPWNCTKKFUJCXGCNUQDGGPHQWPFCVVJKUNQECNKV[ $TKFIGU 5RGEKGU

$TCEJKQRQFU $WZVQPKCUR %JQPGVGUUR 1XGTVQPKCUR .KPQRTQFWEVWUUR .GKQTJ[PEJWUUR %TWTKVJ[TKUUR 2WPEVQURKTKHGTUR

1TFGT

(COKN[ 2TQFWEVKFCG %JQPGVKFCG .KPQRTQFWEVKFCG .KPQRTQFWEVKFCG .GKQTJ[PEJKFCG #ODQEQGNKKFCG 2WPEVQURKTKHGTKFCG

2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC

6#$.'(CWPCHTQO2CUVQT.KOGUVQPG.QYGT2GPPU[NXCPKCPVQ.QYGT2GTOKCP 7RRGT 9QNHECORKCP CIG &GUOQKPGUKCP /KUUQWTKCP 8KTIKNKCP CPF 9QNHECORKCP HWUWNKPKFU JCXG DGGPKFGPVKſGF $TKFIGU 5RGEKGU

%QTCNU +XCPQXKC!5R %JCGVGVGUUR $TCEJKQRQFU #PVKSWCVQPKCUR 5EJWEJGTVGNNCQT>D[KCUR %NGKQVJ[TKFKPCUR *WGUVGFKCUR ő5RKTKHGTŒVGZCPWU

1TFGT

(COKN[

4WIQUC 6CDWNCVC

.QPUFCNGKKFCG %JCGVGVKFCG

2TQFWEVKFC 1TVJQVGVKFC #VJ[TKFKFC #VJ[TKFKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC

2TQFWEVKFCG 5EJWEJGTVGNNKFCG #VJ[TKFKFCG 0GQTGV\KKFCG 6TKIQPQVTGVKFCG

6#$.' +PXGTVGDTCVGU HTQO 2NQOQUCU (QTOCVKQP CIG WPEGTVCKP #IG EQWNF TCPIG HTQO 9QNHECORKCPKPVQVJG6TKCUUKE2GTOKCPUJCTM*GNKEQRTKQPJCUDGGPHQWPFKPVJGUCOGNQECNKV[

$TKFIGU 5RGEKGU

$TCEJKQRQFU .GKQTJ[PEJQKFGCEH.DKUWNECVC %QORQUKVCUR )CUVTQRQFU $CD[NQPKVGUEH$CEWVWU &KUEQVTQRKU!UR $C[NGCUR

1TFGT

(COKN[

4J[PEJQPGNNKFC #VJ[TKFKFC

2GVCUOCTKKFCG #VJ[TKFKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

1ORJCNQVTQEJKFCG 1ORJCNQVTQEJKFCG 4CRJKUVQOCVKFCG

37+41<$#44151#0&5174618#4

6#$.'5RQPIGUHTQO2NQOQUCU(QTOCVKQP .QYGT2GTOKCP6JGURGEKOGPUCTGYKVJKPC TGGHCNNKOGUVQPGEJCTCEVGTK\GFD[VJGRTGUGPEGQH6WDKRJ[VGU $TKFIGU 5RGEKGU

5RQPIGU #EVKPQEQGNKCEH#OCNCPFTKPC )KTV[QEQGNKCFWPDCTK )WCFCNWRKCCHH)E[NKPFTKECN *GNKQURQPIKCXQMGUK

1TFGT

(COKN[ ! %GN[RJKKFCG ! %[NKPFTQRJ[OCVKFCG

6JCNCOKFC 6JCNCOKFC 6JCNCOKFC .KVJKUVJKFC

%QCJWKNC 6#$.'.QYGT2GTOKCP .GQPCTFKCPKPXGTVGDTCVGHQUUKNUHTQO.CU5CTFKPCU(QTOCVKQP .CU&GNKEKCU8CNNG[%QCJWKNC/GZKEQ %NQWF9CTFNCYGVCN 5RGEKGU

$TCEJKQRQFU 'NNKQVGNNCUR %QORTGUUQRTQFWEVWUUR %QUEKPQRJQTCUR >D[KCUR .GKQT[JPEJQKFGCUR %TWTKVJ[TKUUR 0GQURKTKHGTUR 0GQRJTKECFQVJ[TKUUR 5RKTKHGTGNNKPCUR %GRJCNQRQFU 2GTTKPKVGUXKFTKGPUKU$ÑUG /GFNKEQVVKCEQUVGNNKHGTC /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ 'WOGFNKEQVVKCYJKVPG[K $ÑUG

1TFGT

(COKN[

2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 1TVJQVGVKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC

2TQFWEVGNNKFCG /QPVKEWNKHGTKFCG .[VVQPKKFCG >D[KKFCG 2GVCUOCTKKFCG #ODQEQGNKKFCG 6TKIQPQVTGVKFCG 'N[VJKFCG %TGPKURKTKHGTKFCG

#OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

2GTTKPKVKFCG /GFNKEQVVKFCG

#OOQPQKFGC

/GFNKEQVVKFCG

6#$.' 7RRGT 2GTOKCP 9QTFKCP %CRKVCPKCP #OGTCTCUUKCP KPXGTVGDTCVG HQUUKNU HTQO 2CNQ3WGOCFQ.C&KHWPVCCPF.C%QNQTCFCHQTOCVKQPU.CU&GNKEKCU8CNNG[%QCJWKNC/GZKEQ

%NQWF9CTFNCYGVCN 5RGEKGU

$TCEJKQRQFU 1TDKEWNQKFGCQXCNKU%NQWF %JQPGVGUFGNKEKCUGPUKU-KPI &[QTQUEH&GZVGPUWU %QQRGTCPF)TCPV #XQPKCEQUVCVC-KPI #XQPKCUWDSWCFTCVC%NQWF 'EJKPCWTKUUR

1TFGT

(COKN[

.KPIWNKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC

&KUEKPKFCG %JQPGVKFCG 4WIQUQEJQPGVKFCG

2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC

2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

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ſPKU )KTV[ *WUVGFKCEH*OGGMCPC

5JWOCTF *WUVGFKCOGZKECPC *CCEM %TWTKVJ[TKUCVGPWCVC%NQWF #VVGPWCVGNNCCVGPWCVC %NQWF /CTVKPKCUR ő5RKTKHGTKPKFCŒNCZC)KTV[ *GVGTGNCUOCUJWOCTFKWO)KTV[ &KGNCUOKPCIWCFCNWRGPUKU)KTV[ &KGNCUOCUR %GRJCNQRQFU $KVCWPKQEGTCUEQCJWKNGPUG/KNNGT 5VGCTQEGTCUUR 6KVCPQEGTCUUR .KTQEGTCU!UR $CEVTKVGUOGZKECPWU/KNNGT #ICVJKEGTCUIKTV[K$ÑUG #ICVJKEGTCUUWGUUK)GOOGNNCTQ

(COKN[

2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC

2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG 'EJKPQEQPEJKFCG .KPQRTQFWEVKFCG #WNQUVGIKFCG #WNQUVGIKFCG 4KEJVJQHGPKKFCG 4KEJVJQHGPKKFCG

2TQFWEVKFC 1TVJQVGVKFC 1TVJQVGVKFC

4KEJVJQHGPKKFCG /GGMGNNKFCG 5EJWEJGTVGNNKFCG

1TVJKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC #VJ[TKFKFC

'PVGNGVKFCG 2GVCUOCTKKFCG 2GVCUOCTKKFCG 2GVCUOCTKKFCG 2CTCPQTGNNKFCG 5VGPQEKUOCVKFCG 4J[PEJQRQTKFCG 2GVCUOCVJGTKFCG #VJ[TKFKFCG

#VJ[TKFKFC

0GQTGV\KKFCG

#VJ[TKFKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC

0GQTGV\KKFCG #ODQEQGNKKFCG #ODQEQGNKKFCG +PIGNCTGNNKFCG 5RKTKHGTKPKFCG! &KGNCUOCVKFCG &KGNCUOCVKFCG &KGNCUOCVKFCG

0CWVKNQKFGC 0CWVKNQKFGC 0CWVKNQKFGC 0CWVKNQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

1TVJQEGTCVKFCG )T[RQEGTCVKFCG )T[RQEGTCVKFCG .KTQEGTCVKFCG $CEVTKFCG #ICVJKEGTCVKFCG #ICVJKEGTCVKFCG

37+41<$#44151#0&5174618#4 6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

2GTTKPKVGUJKNNK 5OKVJ 2QRCPQEGTCUDQYOCPK $ÑUG 5VCEJGQEGTCUVQWOCPUM[CG /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ 5VCEJGQEGTCUIGOOGNNCTQK/KNNGT 9CCIGPQEGTCUIWCFCNWRGPUG)KTV[ 9CCIGPQEGTCUFKGPGTK$ÑUG 9CCIGPQEGTCUMCTRKPUM[K/KNNGT 9CCIGPQEGTCUIKTV[K /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ 6KOQTKVGUUEJWEJGTVK /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ 2UGWFQICUVTKQEGTCUTQCFGPUG

$ÑUG 2UGWFQICUVTKQEGTCUJCCEMK/KNNGT #NVWFQEGTCUUR 5VTKIQIQPKCVKVGUMKPIK/KNNGT #FTKCPKVGUFWPDCTK /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ #FTKCPKVGUPGYGNNK /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ #FTKCPKVGURNWOOGTK/KNNGT &QT[EGTCUFKHWPVGPUG /KNNGT 2UGWFCICVJKEGTCUURKPQUWO/KNNGT 'RKVJCNCUUQEGTCUTW\GPEGXK /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ /GFNKEQVVKCDWTEMJCTFVK$ÑUG /GFNKEQVVKCYJKVPG[K$ÑUG /GFNKEQVVKCIKTV[K /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ /GFNKEQVVKCUR 2TQRKPCEQEGTCUDG[TKEJK )GOOOGNNCTQ 2TQRKPCEQEGTCUUR 'RKUCIGEGTCUPQFQUWO9CPPGT 'RKUCIGEGTCUUR 2CTCEGNVKVGUQTPCVWU /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ 2CTCEGNVKVGUCNVWFGPUKU $ÑUG 2CTCEGNVKVGUJQGHGTK)GOOOGNNCTQ 2CTCEGNVKVGUTGEVCPIWNCTKU/KNNGT -KPIQEGTCUMKPIK/KNNGT :GPQFKUEKVGUYCCIGPK /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ %KDQNKVGUOQLUKUQXKEUK/KNNGT

(COKN[

#OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

2GTTKPKVKFCG 2QRCPQEGTCVKFCG 2QRCPQEGTCVKFCG

#OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

2QRCPQEGTCVKFCG %[ENQNQDKFCG %[ENQNQDKFCG %[ENQNQDKFCG %[ENQNQDKFCG

#OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

%[ENQNQDKFCG )CUVTKQEGTCVKFCG 0GQKEQEGTCVKFCG

#OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

0GQKEQEGTCVKFCG 0GQKEQEGTCVKFCG 0GQKEQEGTCVKFCG #FTKCPKVKFCG

#OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

#FTKCPKVKFCG #FTKCPKVKFCG #FTKCPKVKFCG #FTKCPKVKFCG 6JCNCUUQEGTCVKFCG

#OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

/GFNKEQVVKFCG /GFNKEQVVKKFCG /GFNKEQVVKFCG

#OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

/GFNKEQVVKKFCG /GFNKEQVVKKFCG

#OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

/GFNKEQVVKKFCG /GFNKEQVVKKFCG /GFNKEQVVKKFCG 2CTCEGNVKVKFCG

#OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

2CTCEGNVKVKFCG 2CTCEGNVKVKFCG 2CTCEGNVKVKFCG 2CTCEGNVKVKFCG :GPQFKUEKFCG :GPQFKUEKFCG

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

%KDQNKVGUYCCIGPK

/KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ 5[TFGPKVGUUR 'QCTCZQEGTCUTW\JGPEGXK 5RKPQ\C(WTPKUJCPF)NGPKUVGT 5VTCEJGQEGTCUIGOOGNNCTQK/KNNGT 'RKDCNCUUQEGTCUTW\JGPEGXK /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ /GZKEQEGTCUIWCFCNWRGPUG )KTV[ 0GQIGQEGTCUI[TV[K

/KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ

(COKN[

#OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

:GPQFKUEKFCG !

#OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

! !

#OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

! !

6#$.'%TKPQKFHTQO2GTOKCPTQEMUQH8CNNGFG.CU&GNKEKCU%QCJWKNC 5VTKORNG 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

%TKPQKFU 2CTURCPKQETKPWUDGKPGTVK5VTKORNG

(COKN[ 5RCPKQETKPKFCG

%NCFKFC

)WGTTGTQ 6#$.' $TCEJKQRQFU CPF ETKPQKFU 'USWKXGN/CEÈCU .ÎRG\.ÎRG\ CPF VTKNQDKVGU )CTKDC[4QOGTQ GV CN HTQO .QU #TEQU1NKPCN¶ (QTOCVKQP 2GTOKCP QH 1NKPCN¶)WGTTGTQ 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

$TCEJKQRQFU 2CTCOCTIKPKHGTC!UR &KEV[QENQUVWUFGRTGUUWU%QQRGT .KPQRTQFWEVWUUR %CPETKPGNNCTWIQUC%NQWF 2CTCPQTGNNCKORGTKCNKU%NQWF 9GNNGTGNNCNGOCUKOKPQT%QQRGT /CTVKPKCUR &KGNCUOCCHH&URCVWNCVWO)KTV[ %TKPQKFU 2GPVCTKFKECRGPVCIQPCNKU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU 6TKNQDKVGU #PKUQR[IGRGTCPPWNCVC 5JWOCTF

(COKN[

2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFCG 5RKTKHGTKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC

/CTIKPKHGTKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG .KPQRTQFWEVKFCG .KPQRTQFWEVKFCG %COCTQVQGEJKKFCG 9GNNGTGNNKFCG /CTVKPKFCG &KGNCUOCVKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

2GPVCECWNKUEKFCG

2V[EJQRCTKKFC

2JKNNKRUKFCG

37+41<$#44151#0&5174618#4

6#$.'$TCEJKQRQFUCPFEGRJCNQRQFUHTQO.QU#TEQU1NKPCN¶(QTOCVKQP7PKV/KFFNG 2GTOKCP1NKPCN¶)WGTTGTQ )QP\¶NG\#TTGQNCGVCN 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

$TCEJKQRQFU 1TDKEWNQKFGCUR -TQVQXKCUR %CPETKPGNNCUR .GKQTJ[PEJQKFGCUEJWEJGTVK %NQWF 6QOKQRUKUUR %GRJCNQRQFU $KVCWPKQEGTCUEQCJWKNGPUKU/KNNGT 5VCEJGQEGTCUVQWOCPUM[CG /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ 2UGWFQICUVTKQEGTCUTQCFGPUG

$ÑUG

(COKN[

.KPIWNKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC

&KUEKPKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG .KPQRTQFWEVKFCG 2GVCUOCTKKFCG

5RKTKHGTKFC

+PIGNCTGNNKFCG

1TVJQEGTKFC #OOQPQKFGC

1TVJQEGTCVKFCG 2QRCPQEGTCVKFCG

#OOQPQKFGC

0GQKEQEGTCVKFCG

6#$.'%QPWNCTKKFUDTCEJKQRQFUICUVTQRQFUDKXCNXGUCPFEGRJCNQRQFUHTQO.QU#TEQU 1NKPCN¶(QTOCVKQP7PKV/KFFNG2GTOKCP1NKPCN¶)WGTTGTQ )QP\¶NG\#TTGQNCGVCN

5RGEKGU

%QPWNCTKKFU 2CTCEQPWNCTKCUR $TCEJKQRQFU 1TDKEWNQKFGCQXCNKU%NQWF 6JCOPQUKCFGRTGUUC %QQRGT %CPETKPGNNCTWIQUC%NQWF )CUVTQRQFU $CD[NQPKVGUECTKPCVWU;QEJGNUQP $KXCNXGU 2QUKFQPKGNNCUR %GRJCNQRQFU 5VCEJGQEGTCUVQWOCPUM[CG /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ 9CCIGPQEGTCUFKGPGTK$ÑUG 2CTCEGNVKVGUGNGICPU)KTV[

1TFGT

(COKN[

%QPWNCTKKFC

%QPWNCTKKFC

.KPIWNKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC

&KUEKPKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG .KPQRTQFWEVKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

1ORJCNQVTQEJKFCG

2VGTKQKFC

/[CNKPKFCG

#OOQPQKFGC

2QRCPQEGTCVKFCG

#OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

%[ENQNQDKFCG 2CTCEGNVKVKFCG

6#$.' %GRJCNQRQF CPF ETKPQKF HTQO .QU #TEQU1NKPCN¶ (QTOCVKQP 7PKV /KFFNG 2GTOKCP1NKPCN¶)WGTTGTQ )QP\¶NG\#TTGQNCGVCN 5RGEKGU

%GRJCNQRQFU 2CTCEGNVKVGUGNGICPU)KTV[

1TFGT #OOQPQKFGC

(COKN[ 2CTCEGNVKVKFCG

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

%TKPQKFU 2TGRVQRTGOPWO TWIQUWO /QQTG CPF,GHHQTFU

(COKN[ .GRVQECTRJKKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

6#$.' $TCEJKQRQFU ICUVTQRQFU CPF EGRJCNQRQFU HTQO .QU #TEQU1NKPCN¶ (QTOCVKQP 7PKV/KFFNG2GTOKCP1NKPCN¶)WGTTGTQ CEEQTFKPIVQ)QP\¶NG\#TTGQNCGVCN 5RGEKGU

$TCEJKQRQFU 6JCOPQUKCFGRTGUUC %QQRGT 9GNNGTGNNCUR %QORQUKVCUR *WUVGFKCUR 5RKTKHGTGNNKPCETKUVCVC

8QP5EJNQVJGKO )CUVTQRQFU $CD[NQPKVGUECTKPCVWU;QEJGNUQP %GRJCNQRQFU /GVCEQEGTCUUR 5VCEJGQEGTCUVQWOCPUM[CG /KNNGTCPF(WTPKUJ

1TFGT

(COKN[

2TQFWEVKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC #VJ[TKFKFC #VJ[TKFKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC

2TQFWEVKFCG 9GNNGTGNNKFCG #VJ[TKFKFCG 0GQTGV\KKFCG %TGPKURKTKHGTKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

1ORJCNQVTQEJKFCG

0CWVKNKFC #OOQPQKFGC

6CKPQEGTCVKFCG 2QRCPQEGTCVKFCG

*KFCNIQ 6#$.' $TCEJKQRQFU CPF VTKNQDKVGU HTQO 6W\CPEQC (QTOCVKQP .QYGT 2GTOKCP 1VNCOCNCECVNC*KFCNIQ+PVJGUCOGNQECNKV[HWUWNKPKFUTWIQUGEQTCNUDT[Q\QCPUDKXCNXGUCPF ETKPQKFUJCXGCNUQDGGPEQNNGEVGF 5QWT6QXCTGVCND 5RGEKGU

$TCEJKQRQFU -TQVQXKCUR &CU[UCTKCUR >D[QKFGUEHFWPDCTK %QQRGTCPF)TCPV 0GQURKTKHGTEH0CORJKI[WU %QQRGTCPF)TCPV 0GQURKTKHGTUR 5RKTKHGTGNNKPCVTKEQUC %QQRGTCPF)TCPV *QNQUKC!UR 6TKNQDKVGU #PKUQR[IGYJKVGK 2CDKCPCPF(CIGTUVTQO

1TFGT

(COKN[

2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 1TVJQVGVKFC

2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG 1TVJQVGVKFCG

5RKTKHGTKFC

6TKIQPQVTGVKFCG

5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC

6TKIQPQVTGVKFCG %TGPKURKTKHGTKFCG

4J[PEJQPGNNKFCG

9GNNGTGNNKFCG

2V[EJQRCTKKFC

2JKNNKRUKFCG

37+41<$#44151#0&5174618#4

6#$.' %TKPQKFU HTQO 6W\CPEQC (QTOCVKQP 2GTOKCP WRRGT 9QNHECORKCPNQYGT .GQPCTFKCP 2GOWZEQ /KOKCIWCEQ *KFCNIQ #TGNNCPQ)KN GV CN 6JGUG DGFU YGTG EQPUKFGTGFCURCTVQH)WCECOC[C(QTOCVKQPVJCVETQRUQWVKP6COCWNKRCU5VCVG 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

%TKPQKFU %[ENQECWFGZRNGPWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU %[ENQECWFGZLWEWPFWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU /QQTGCPVGTKURGTHQTCVWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU %[ENQETKUVCEJGPG[K /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU 2TGRVQRTGOPWOTWIQUWO /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU

(COKN[

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKCFG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

.GRVQECTRJKKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

.GRVQECTRJKKFCG

6#$.'$TCEJKQRQFUHTQO8KEGPVG)WGTTGTQ(QTOCVKQP/KUUKUUKRRKCP%CNPCNK*KFCNIQ

/QTGPQ%CPQCPF2CVKÌQ4WK\ 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

$TCEJKQRQFU 1XGTVQPKCUR #NNQTJ[PEJWUEH#JGVGTQRUKU 5GRVQU[TKPIQVJ[TKUEH5FGOCPVGK

(COKN[ 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG #NNQTJ[PEJKFCG 5[TKPIQVJTKFKFCG

2TQFWEVKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC

6#$.'$TCEJKQRQFU /QTGPQ%CPQCPF2CVKÌQ4WK\CPFETKPQKFU $WKVTÎPGVCN HTQO&GN/QPVG(QTOCVKQP2GPPU[NXCPKCP%CNPCNK*KFCNIQ 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

$TCEJKQRQFU 0GQURKTKHGTUREHHCUEKOIGT %TKPQKF %[NKPFTQECWNKUEWUſUMK /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU $CT[UEJ[TCPQUWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU %[ENQECWFGZLWEWPFWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU %[ENQECWFGZKPUCVWTCVWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU %[ENQECWFGZEH%EQUVCVWU/QQTG CPF,GHHQTFU /QQTGCPVGTKUYC[NCPFGPUKU/KNNGT 2NWOOGTCPVGTKUUCPUCDC /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU

(COKN[

5RKTKHGTKFC

6TKIQPQVTGVKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG (NQTKE[ENKFCG

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

.GRVQECTRJKKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

*GVGTQUVGNGEJWUMGKVJK/KNNGT

(COKN[

1CZCEC 6#$.'$TCEJKQRQFU 0CXCTTQ5CPVKNN¶PGVCNCPFTQUVTQEQPEJU 3WKTQ\$CTTQUQ GV CN HTQO 5CPVKCIQ (QTOCVKQP .QYGT /KUUKUUKRRKCP 1UCIGCP 0QEJKZVN¶P TGIKQP 1CZCEC6JGUGQTICPKUOUHQTOGFRCTVQHCEQOOWPKV[YKVJCDWPFCPVURQPIGUVCDWNCVGEQTCNU DT[Q\QCPUOQNNWUMUCPFETKPQKFU 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

$TCEJKQRQFU #EVKPQEJQPEJWUNCOGNNQUUWU

.ÃXGKNNÃ 6QT[PKHGTRUGWFQNKPGCVWU *CNN EH5[TKPIQVJ[TKUUR 2WPEVQURKTKHGTIKICU 5QWT6QXCTCPF0CXCTTQ 4QUVTQEQPEJU 2UGWFQOWNEGQFGPUECPEGNNCVWU

*[FG

(COKN[

#VJ[TKFKFC

#VJ[TKFKFCG

5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC

'N[VJKFCG 5[TKPIQVJ[TKFKFCG 2WPEVQURKTKHGTKFCG

%QPQECTFKQKFC

%QPQECTFKKFCG

6#$.' %QPWNCTKKFU DTCEJKQRQFU CPF ICUVTQRQFU HTQO +ZVCNVGRGE (QTOCVKQP .QYGT /KFFNG2GPPU[NXCPKCP0QEJKZVN¶PTGIKQP1CZCEC%QPWNCTKKFUCPFICUVTQRQFUHTQO$WKVTÎPGV CN $TCEJKQRQFUHTQO5QWT6QXCT 5QWT6QXCTCPF3WKTQ\$CTTQUQ CPF 5QWT6QXCTCPF/CTVÈPG\%JCEÎP 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

%QPWNCTKKFU 2CTCEQPWNCTKCUR $TCEJKQRQFU 1TDKEWNQKFGCOKUUQWTKGPUKU

5JWOCTF 6QTPSWKUVKCUR 0GQEJQPGVGU 0ITCPWNKHGT

1YGP 0GQEJQPGVGU 0OKZVGEQ 5QWT 6QXCTCPF/CTVÈPG\%JCEÎP 4GVKEWNCVKCJWGEQGPUKU -KPI 'EJKPCTKCUGOKRWPEVCVC 5JGRCTF .KPQRTQFWEVWURNCPKXGPVTCNKUXCT KZVCNVGRGPUKU 5QWTCPF3WKTQ\ .KPQRTQFWEVWUGEJKPCVWU*QCTG

(COKN[

%QPWNCTKKFC

%QPWNCTKKFCG

.KPIWNKFC

&KUEKPKFCG

2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC

#PQRNKKFCG 4WIQUQEJQPGVKFCG

2TQFWEVKFC

4WIQUQEJQPGVKFCG

2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC

2TQFWEVKFCG 'EJKPQEQPEJKFCG .KPQRTQFWEVKFCG

2TQFWEVKFC

.KPQRTQFWEVKFCG

37+41<$#44151#0&5174618#4

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

1TVJQVGVGUOKZVGEC 5QWTCPF3WKTQ\ >D[KCETCUUC

/GGMCPF*C[FGP )CUVTQRQFU #PQORJCNWUUR

(COKN[

1TVJQVGVKFC

1TVJQVGVKFCG

1TVJQVGVKFC

>D[KKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

#PQORJCNKFCG

6#$.'$KXCNXGU 3WKTQ\$CTTQUQCPF2GTTKNNKCVVTKNQDKVGU /QTÎP4ÈQUCPF 2GTTKNNKCVCPFETKPQKFU $WKVTÎPGVCNHTQO+ZVCNVGRGE(QTOCVKQP.QYGT/KFFNG 2GPPU[NXCPKCP5CPVKCIQ+ZVCNVGRGE1CZCEC1PGURGEKOGPQHWPFGUETKDGFQRJKWTQKFJCUDGGP HQWPFCVVJKUNQECNKV[ 3WKTQ\$CTTQUQCPF5QWT6QXCT 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

$KXCNXGU 0WEWNQRUKUUR 2CNCGQPGKNQUKPWQUWU 3WKTQ\CPF2GTTKNNKCV 2CNG[QNFKCUR 2JGUVKCDGNNKUVTKCVC 5VGXGPU 2JGUVKCUR 2CTCNNGNQFQPVGPWKUVTKCVWU /GGMCPF9QTVJGP /[CNKPGNNCOGGMK &WPDCT 5GRVKO[CNKPCUR .GRVQFGUOC .GRVQFGUOCUR 2VGTKPQRGEVKPGNNCUR #XKEWNQRGEVGP EH # DCUKNKEWU 0GYGNN #XKEWNQRGEVGPUR# #XKEWNQRGEVGPUR$ #XKEWNQRGEVGPUR% #XKEWNQRGEVGPUR& .KOKRGEVGPEH.VGZCPWU)KTV[ 5VTGDNQRVGTKCUR 'WEJQPFTKCEH'NGXKEWNC0GYGNN 'WEJQPFTKCUR 5EJK\QFWUEH5WNTKEJK9QTVJGP 2GTOQRJQTWUURKPWNQUC

/QTPKPIUVCT 2GTOQRJQTWUEH2QDNQPIWU

/GGM #UVCTVGNNCEQPEGPVTKEC %QPTCF

(COKN[

0WEWNQKFC 0WEWNQKFC

0WEWNKFCG /CNNGVKKFCG

0WEWNQKFC 0WEWNQKFC 0WEWNQKFC #TEQKFC

0WEWNCPKFCG 0WEWNCPKFCG 0WEWNCPKFCG 2CTCNNGNQFQPVKFCG

2VGTKQKFC 2VGTKQKFC 2VGTKQKFC 2VGTKQKFC 2VGTKQKFC

/[CNKPKFCG /[CNKPKFCG 2VGTKPGKFCG 2VGTKPQRGEVKPKFCG #XKEWNQRGEVKPKFCG

2VGTKQKFC 2VGTKQKFC 2VGTKQKFC 2VGTKQKFC 2VGTKQKFC 2VGTKQKFC 2VGTKQKFC 2VGTKQKFC 6TKIQPKQKFC 8GPGTQKFC

#XKEWNQRGEVKPKFCG #XKEWNQRGEVKPKFCG #XKEWNQRGEVKPKFCG #XKEWNQRGEVKPKFCG #XKEWNQRGEVKPKFCG #XKEWNQRGEVKPKFCG #XKEWNQRGEVKPKFCG #XKEWNQRGEVKPKFCG /[QRJQTKKFCG 2GTOQRJQTKFCG

8GPGTQKFC

2GTOQRJQTKFCG

8GPGTQKFC

#UVCTVKFCG

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

'FOQPFKCQXCVC /GGMCPF9QTVJGP 'EVQITCOO[UKCRTQNCVC*QCTG 6TKNQDKVGU )TKHſVJKFGU KZVCNVGRGEGPUKU /QTÎPCPF2GTTKNNKCV %TKPQKFU %[NKPFTQECWNKUEWUſUMK /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU %[ENQECWFGZKPUCVWTCVWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU

1TFGT

(COKN[

2JQNCFQO[QKFC

'FOQPFKKFCG

2JQNCFQO[QKFC

)TCOO[UKKFCG

2V[EJQRCTKKFC

2JKNNKRUKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

6#$.'+PXGTVGDTCVGUHTQOVJG.QYGT/KUUKUUKRRKCPQH2CVNCPQC[C(QTOCVKQP5CP5CNXCFQT 2CVNCPQC[C2WGDNC 8KNNCUGÌQT/CTVÈPG\GVCN 5RGEKGU

%QTCNU 0GQ\CRJTGPVKUUR $TCEJKQRQFU 1TDKEWNQKFGCUR $CTTQKUGNNCUR %JQPGVGUUR 4WICWTKUUR 4J[VKQRQTCEHDNCKTK /KNNGT 5KPWCVGNNCUKPWCVC FG-QPKPEM #EVKPQEQPEJWUUSWCOQUWU

2JKNNKRU #EVKPQEQPEJWURNCPQUWNECVWU

2JKNNKRU /CTVKPQVJ[TKUNKPGCVWU 5QYGTD[ 5RKTKHGTITGIGTK 9GNNGT 2TQURKTCUR 7PKURKTKHGTUR #U[TKPZKCNCVC/E%Q[ 2WPEVQURKTKHGTUR %TKPQKFU .QOCNGIPWOJQTOKFKWO /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU %[ENQUVGNGEJWUVWTTKVWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU 2GPVCIQPQOKUEJWUUR

1TFGT

(COKN[

4WIQUC

*CRUKRJ[NNKFCG

.KPIWNKFC .KPIWNKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC #VJ[TKFKFC

&KUEKPKFCG .KPIWNKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2CWNQUVGIKFCG #VJ[TKFKFCG

#VJ[TKFKFC

#VJ[TKFKFCG

5RKTKHGTKFC! 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC

! 5RKTKHGTKFCG 5RKTKHGTKFCG 5RKTKHGTKFCG 5[TKPIQVJT[FKFCG 2WPEVQURKTKHGTKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

'ZCGUKQFKUEKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

37+41<$#44151#0&5174618#4

6#$.' +PXGTVGDTCVGU HTQO VJG /KFFNG 2GPPU[NXCPKCP QH 2CVNCPQC[C (QTOCVKQP 5CP 5CNXCFQT2CVNCPQC[C2WGDNC 8KNNCUGÌQT/CTVÈPG\GVCN 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

%QTCNU .QRJQRJ[NNKFKWOUR $TCEJKQRQFU 2TQFWEVWUUR -QUNQYUMKCUR #PVKSWCVQPKCUR 4GVKEWNCVKCUR .KPQRTQFWEVWUUR

(COKN[

4WIQUC

.QRJQRJ[NNKFKKFCG

2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC

2TQFWEVKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG .KPQRTQFWEVKFCG

6#$.' +PXGTVGDTCVGU HTQO VJG 7RRGT 2GPPU[NXCPKCP QH 2CVNCPQC[C (QTOCVKQP 5CP 5CNXCFQT2CVNCPQC[C2WGDNC 8KNNCUGÌQT/CTVÈPG\GVCN 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

$TCEJKQRQFU 2TQFWEVWUUR %JCQKGNNCITWGPGYCNFVK -TQVQX 'EJKPCTKCUR 5RKTKHGTGNNCUR %TGPKURKTKHGTUR )CUVTQRQFU /GGMQURKTCUR %TKPQKFU %[ENQECWFGZV[RKEWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU /GICECPVJQRQTCHCNNCEKU/QQTG

(COKN[

2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC

2TQFWEVKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG 'EJKPQEJQPEJKFCG 5RKTKHGTKFCG %TGPKURKTKHGTKFCG

%CGPQICUVTQRQFC

/GGMQURKTKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

6#$.' +PXGTVGDTCVGU HTQO VJG 2GTOKCP 9QNHECORKCP QH 2CVNCPQC[C (QTOCVKQP 5CP 5CNXCFQT2CVNCPQC[C2WGDNC 8KNNCUGÌQT/CTVÈPG\GVCN 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

$TCEJKQRQFU 9GNNGTGNNCUR $KXCNXGU 2CNCGQOWVGNC 2CNCGQOWVGNCUR 5EJK\QFWUUR %GRJCNQRQFU $CEVTKVGUUR 2TQRGTTKPKVGUUR

(COKN[

4J[PEJQPGNNKFC

9GNNGTGNNKFCG

7PKQPQKFC 6TKIQPKQKFC

2CNCGQOWVGNKFCG /[QRJQTKKFCG

$CEVTKVKFC #OOQPQKFGC

$CEVTKFCG 2GTTKPKVKFCG

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

6#$.' +PXGTVGDTCVGU HTQO VJG 2GTOKCP .GQPCTFKCP QH 2CVNCPQC[C (QTOCVKQP 5CP 5CNXCFQT2CVNCPQC[C2WGDNC 8KNNCUGÌQT/CTVÈPG\GVCN 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

)CUVTQRQFU -GGPGKCUR 1ORJCNQPGOCUR $KXCNXGU /[CNKPCCRCEJGUK/CTEQW #PPWNKEQPEJCUR 2GTOQRJQTWUUR %GRJCNQRQFU $CEVTKVGUUR 2GTTKPKVGUJKNNK 5OKVJ /GFNKEQVVKCUR

(COKN[

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

5KPWQRGKFCG *QNQRGKFCG

2VGTKQKFC 2VGTKQKFC 8GPGTQKFC

/[CNKPKFCG #XKEWNQRGEVKPKFCG 2GTOQRJQTKFCG

$CEVTKVKFC #OOQPQKFGC #OOQPQKFGC

$CEVTKFCG 2GTTKPKVKFCG /GFNKEQVVKKFCG

6#$.' $TCEJKQRQFU CPF ETKPQKFU HTQO 2CVNCPQC[C (QTOCVKQP 2GTOKCP 5CP 5CNXCFQT 2CVNCPQC[C2WGDNC 'USWKXGN/CEKCU 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

$TCEJKQRQFU &KEV[QENQUVWUUR %TKPQKFU +UQETKPWUUR %[ENQOKUEJWUCNVGTPCVWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU 4J[UQECOCZEH4ETKUVCVC/QQTG CPF,GHHQTFU .QOCNGIPWOJQTOKFKWO /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU 5VKDGTQUVCWTWUCGUVKOCVWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU $NQVJTQPCIOCEKPEVWVWO /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU %[ENQECWFGZV[RKEWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU %[ENQECWFGZLWEWPFWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU /QQTGCPVGTKURGTHQTCVWU

/QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU /QQTGCPVGTKUEH/ YC[NCPFGPUKU/KNNGT &KGTQECNKRVGTEH&FQVGT /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU #ORJQNGPKWO!EH#CRQNGIOC /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU

(COKN[

5VTQRJQOGPKFC

&KEV[QENQUVKFCG

+UQETKPKFC

7PEGTVCKP

+UQETKPKFCG %[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

/KNNGTKETKPKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

(NWEVKEJCTCEKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

'ZCGUKQFKUEKFCG

37+41<$#44151#0&5174618#4

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

(NQTKE[ENWUEH(CPIWUVKOCTIQ /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU %[ENQTKUVCEJGPG[K /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU 2TGRVQRTGOPWO!EH2TWIQUWO /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU 2VGTQVQETKPWUEH2DKHWTECVWU 9CEJUOWVJCPF5RTKPIGT

(COKN[

7PEGTVCKP

(NQTKE[ENKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

.GRVQECTRJKKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

.GRVQECTRJKKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

*GZCETKPKVCEGC

6#$.'/KUUKUUKRRKCP2GPPU[NXCPKCPETKPQKFUHTQO5CP5CNXCFQT2CVNCPQC[C2WGDNC7PKV +/KUUKUUKRRKCP 1UCIGCP 8GNCUEQFG.GÎPCPF$WKVTÎP 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

%TKPQKFU 5VKDGTQUVCWTWUCGUVKOCVWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU #ORJQNGPKWOCRQNGIOC /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU

(COKN[

7PEGTVCKP

%[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

'ZCGUKQFKUEKFCG

6#$.' %TKPQKFU HTQO 5CP 5CNXCFQT 2CVNCPQC[C 2WGDNC 7PKV +++ 7RRGT 2GPPU[NXCPKCP

8KTIKNKCP 8GNCUEQFG.GÎPCPF$WKVTÎP 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

%TKPQKFU %[ENQECWFGZLWEWPFWU /QQTGCPF,GHHQTFU

(COKN[ %[ENQOKUEJKFCG

7PEGTVCKP

5QPQTC 6#$.'+PXGTVGDTCVGUHTQO0QTVJYGUVGTP5QPQTC/KUUKUUKRRKCPQWVETQRUPGCT$KUCPK 'CUVQP GVCN 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

%QTCNU 4QVKRJ[NNWOQEEKFGPVCNG'CUVQP 4QVKRJ[NNWOXGUKEWNQUWO'CUVQP 6TQEJQRJ[NNWO 6TQEJQRJ[NNWOUR 6TQEJQRJ[NNWO

$CTTCPFGQRJ[NNWOUR %[UVGNCUOCKPXCIKPCVWO'CUVQP %[CVJCZQPKCEQTFKNNGTGPUKU'CUVQP

(COKN[

4WIQUC 4WIQUC 4WIQUC 4WIQUC

/GVTKQRJ[NNKFCG /GVTKQRJ[NNKFCG .CEEQRJ[NNKFCG .CEEQRJ[NNKFCG

4WIQUC 4WIQUC

2QN[EQGNKKFCG %[CVJCZQPKKFCG

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

6TKRNQRJ[NNKVGU *QOCNQRJ[NNKVGU EKTEWNCTKU'CUVQP 6TKRNQRJ[NNKVGU *QOCNQRJ[NNKVGUUR 6TKRNQRJ[NNKVGUUR 0GQ\CRJTGPVKUVGPGNNC /KNNGT GOGPF'CUVQP -QPKPEMQRJ[NNWOUR %CPKPKCEQTPKEWNWO /KNNGT GOGPF'CUVQP %CPKPKCUR %CPKPQRJ[NNWOUQPQTGPUG'CUVQP .KVJQUVTQVKQPGNNCEQPƀWGPU'CUVQP 2NGWTQFKEV[WOUWDTCOQUWO 'CUVQP 5[TKPIQRQTCVWDKHGTC'CUVQP 5[TKPIQRQTCUR $TCEJKQRQFU .GRVCGPC&CNOCP .GRVCGPCEQQRGTK5CPFGTU 2NKEQEJQPGVGUIGPKEWNCVWU 9JKVG 4GVKEWNCVKCEQQRGTGPUKU 5YCNNQY 5EJGNNYKGPGNNCWODQPCVC5CPFGTU 5EJWEJGTVGNNCUR 4JKRKFQOGNNCEH4OKUUQWTGPUKU

5YCNNQY 2GTFKVQECTFKPKCEH2FWDKC *CNN 5EJK\QRJQTKCUWNECVC5CPFGTU %COCTQVQGEJKCUR &QTUKUKPWUNQWKUKCPGPUKU 9GNNGT ő%NGKQVJ[TKFKPCŒINGPRCTMGPUKU 9GNNGT ő%NGKQVJ[TKFKPCŒUR %QORQUKVCQDGUC5CPFGTU *WUVGFKCEKTEWNCTKU /KNNGT %[TVQURKTKHGT!NCVKQT 5YCNNQY %TWTKVJ[TKUNGXKEWNC 4QYNG[ 6[NQVJ[TKU!UR %[TVKPCDWTNKPIVQPGPUKU4QYNG[ 2WPEVQURKTKHGTUWNEKHGT5CPFGTU 2WPEVQURKTKHGTINQDQUC5CPFGTU )KTV[GNNCUR )KTV[GNNC!UR &KGNCUOQKFGUUR &KGNCUOQKFGU! $GGEJGTKCUR

(COKN[

4WIQUC

*CRUKRJ[NNKFCG

4WIQUC 4WIQUC 4WIQUC

*CRUKRJ[NNKFCG *CRUKRJ[NNKFCG *CRUKRJ[NNKFCG

4WIQUC 4WIQUC

#WNQRJ[NNKFCG %[CVJQRUKFCG

4WIQUC 4WIQUC 4WIQUC 6CDWNCVC

%[CVJQRUKFCG %[CVJQRUKFCG .QPUFCNGKKFCG (CXQUKVKFCG

6CDWNCVC 6CDWNCVC

#WNQRQTKFCG #WNQRQTKFCG

5VTQRJQOGPKFC 5VTQRJQOGPKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 1TVJQVGVKFC 1TVJQVGVKFC 1TVJKFC

4CſPGUSWKPKFCG 4CſPGUSWKPKFCG 4WIQUQEJQPGVKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG 2WNUKKFCG 5EJWEJGTVGNNKFCG 4JKRKFQOGNNKFCG

1TVJKFC 1TVJKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC #VJ[TKFKFC

4JKRKFQOGNNKFCG 5EJK\QRJQTKKFCG %COCTQVQGEJKKFCG 0QOKPCFWDKC #VJ[TKFKFCG

#VJ[TKFKFC #VJ[TKFKFC #VJ[TKFKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC

#VJ[TKFKFCG #VJ[TKFKFCG 0GQTGV\KKFCG %[TVQURKTKHGTKFCG #ODQEQGNKKFCG /WETQURKTKHGTKFC %[TVKPKFCG 2WPEVQURKTKHGTKFCG 2WPEVQURKTKHGTKFCG &KGNCUOCVKFCG &KGNCUOCVKFCG &KGNCUOCVKFCG &KGNCUOCVKFCG *GVGTGNCUOKPKFCG

37+41<$#44151#0&5174618#4

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

$KXCNXGU 2CTCNNGNQFQPUWNECVWU9GNNGT 4QUVTQEQPEJU %QPQECTFKWOUR )CUVTQRQFU $GNNGTQRJQPUR 5VTCRCTQNNWU 'WQORJCNWUUR# 5VTCRCTQNNWU 'WQORJCNWUUR$ 2JCPGTQVKPWUEH2RCTCFQZWU 9KPEJGNN 2NCV[UEJKUOCUR 4JKPGQFGTOCEH4P[UVKKFG -QPKPEM $C[NGCCHH$[XCPKK .GXGKNNÃ $C[NGCUR $QTGUVWUUR 2NCV[EGTCU 2NCV[EGTCUUR# 2NCV[EGTCU 1TVJQP[EJKCUR# %GRJCNQRQFU 6TKDQNQEGTCUFKIQPWO /GGMCPF 9QTVJGP

(COKN[

#TEQKFC

2CTCNNGNQFQPVKFCG

%QPQECTFKQKFC

%QPQECTFKKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

$GNNGTQRJQPVKFCG 'WQORJCNKFCG 'WQORJCNKFCG 'WQORJCNKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

5KPWQRGKFCG 5KPWQRGKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

4CRJKUVQOCVKFCG 4CRJKUVQOCVKFCG 2J[OCVQRNGWTKFCG 2NCV[EGTCVKFCG 2NCV[EGTCVKFCG

0CWVKNKFC

6TKIQPQEGTCVKFCG!

6#$.' /KUUKUUKRRKCP -KPFGTJQQMKCP1UCIGCP KPXGTVGDTCVGU HTQO 5KGTTC FGN 6WNG 5QPQTC'UECDTQUC.KOGUVQPG )QP\¶NG\.GÎP 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

%QTCNU 6TQEJQRJ[NNWO

6TQEJQRJ[NNWOUR %[CVJCZQPKCEQTFKNNGTGPUKU'CUVQP 6TKRNQRJ[NNKVGU *QOCNQRJ[NNKVGU EKTEWNCTKU'CUVQP 0GQ\CRJTGPKVGUUR 5[EJPQGNCUOC!UR 5VGNEJQRJ[NNWOOKETQUV[NWO %CPKPQRJ[NNWOUR 5[TKPIQRQTCUR $TCEJKQRQFU 1TVJQVGVGUUR 5EJWEJGTVGNNCEH5RQVQUKGPUKU

%$KCPUQP 5EJK\QRJQTKCUWNECVC5CPFGTU %NGKQVJ[TKFKPCUR %QORQUKVCUR

(COKN[

4WIQUC

.CEEQRJ[NKKFCG

4WIQUC 4WIQUC

%[CVJCZQPKKFCG *CRUKRJ[NNKFCG

4WIQUC 4WIQUC 4WIQUC 4WIQUC 6CDWNCVC

*CRUKRJ[NNKFCG *CRUKRJ[NNKFCG .KVJQUVTQVKQPKFCG %[CVJQRUKFCG #WNQRQTKFCG

1TVJQVGVKFC 1TVJQVGVKFC

1TVJQVGVKFCG 5EJWEJGTVGNNKFCG

1TVJKFC #VJ[TKFKFC #VJ[TKFKFC

5EJK\QRJQTKKFCG #VJ[TKFKFCG #VJ[TKFKFCG

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

*WUVGFKCUR %[TVQURKTKHGTEH%NCVKQT

5YCNNQP %TWT[VJ[TKUUR 5RKTKHGTVGPWKEQUVCVWU*CNN 5RKTKHGTNQWKUKCPGPUKU4QYNG[ 2WPEVQURKTKHGTUR &KGNCUOCEJQWVGCWPGPKU9GNNGT

1TFGT

(COKN[

#VJ[TKFKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC

0GQTGV\KKFCG %[TVQURKTKHGTKFCG

5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC

#ODQEQGNKKFCG 6TKIQPQVTGVKFCG 6TKIQPQVTGVKFCG 2WPEVQURKTKHGTKFCG &KGNCUOCVKFCG

6#$.'2GPPU[NXCPKCP #VQMCP&GUOQKPGUKCP/KUUQWTKCPCPF8KTIKNKCPKPXGTVGDTCVGU HTQO*QTSWKNNC(QTOCVKQP(WUWNKPKFUCPF6WDKRJ[VGUURJCXGDGGPEQNNGEVGFHTQOVJGUCOG NQECNKVKGU )QP\¶NG\.GÎP 5RGEKGU

%QTCNU %JCGVGVGUUR $T[Q\QCPU %[ENQVT[RCUR 2TKUOQRQTCUR $TCEJKQRQFU *WUVGFKCUR %TWT[VJ[TKUUR 2WPEVQURKTKHGTUR

1TFGT

(COKN[

6CDWNCVC

%JCGVGVKFCG

%[ENQUVQOCVC %[ENQUVQOCVC

(KUVWNKRQTKFCG *GZCIQPGNNKFCG

#VJ[TKFKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC

0GQTGV\KKFCG #ODQEQGNKKFCG 2WPEVQURKTKHGTKFCG

6#$.' 2GTOKCP 9QNHECORKCP KPXGTVGDTCVGU HTQO 'CTR (QTOCVKQP )QP\¶NG\.GÎP 5RGEKGU

$TCEJKQRQFU &KEV[QENQUVWUUR 9GNNGTGNNCOWNVKRNKECVC %QORQUKVCUR )CUVTQRQFU $GNNGTQRJQPUR 5EJK\QUVQOCUR 5JCPUKGNNCRNCPKEQUVC )KTV[

1TFGT

(COKN[

2TQFWEVKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFCG #VJ[TKFKFC

2TQFWEVKFCG 9GNNGTGNNKFCG #VJ[TKFKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

$GNNGTQRJQPVKFCG 'WQORJCNKFCG 2QTVNQEMKGNNKFCG

37+41<$#44151#0&5174618#4

6#$.' +PXGTVGDTCVGU HTQO .QU /QPQU (QTOCVKQP 2GTOKCP QH 'N #PVKOQPKQ 5QPQTC

%QQRGTGVCN(WUWNKPKF2CTCHWUWNKPCCPVKOQPKGPUKUKPFGVGTOKPCVGFURQPIGUCPFEQTCNU JCXGCNUQDGGPTGRQTVGFHQTVJGUCOGHQTOCVKQP 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

$TCEJKQRQFU 1TDKEWNQKFGCUR %JQPGVGUHQUJCIK%QQRGT %JQPGVGUIKDDGTWNWU%QQRGT %JQPGVGUOQPQUGPUKU%QQRGT /CTIKPKHGTCUR .KQUQVGNNCCPIWUVCVC%QQRGT .KQUQVGNNCTWIQUC%QQRGT .KQUQVGNNCUWDTWIQUC%QQRGT .KQUQVGNNCOCIPKTWIQUC%QQRGT /WKTYQQFKCUR &KEV[QENQUVWUFGRTGUUWU%QQRGT 9CCIGPQEQPEJCOQPVRGNKGTGPUKU

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

(COKN[

.KPIWNKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC

.KPIWNKFCG %JQPGVKFCG! %JQPGVKFCG! %JQPGVKFCG! 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVGNNKFCG 2TQFWEVKFCG 'EJKPQEQPEJKFCG

2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 1TVJQVGVKFC 1TVJQVGVKFC 1TVJQVGVKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFCG 4J[PEJQPGNNKFCG 4J[PEJQPGNNKFCG 4J[PEJQPGNNKFCG

.KPQRTQFWEVKFCG .KPQRTQFWEVKFCG 5VTQRJCNQUKKFCG >D[KKFCG >D[KKFCG 5EJWEJGTVGNNKFCG 2GVCUOCTKKFCG 5VGPQUEKUOCVKFCG 4J[PEJQRQTKFCG 4J[PEJQRQTKFCG

4J[PEJQPGNNKFCG 4J[PEJQPGNNKFCG 4J[PEJQPGNNKFCG 4J[PEJQPGNNKFCG 4J[PEJQPGNNKFCG 4J[PEJQPGNNKFCG 4J[PEJQPGNNKFCG #VJ[TKFKFC #VJ[TKFKFC #VJ[TKFKFC

4J[PEJQRQTKFCG 9GNNGTGNNKFCG 9GNNGTGNNKFCG 9GNNGTGNNKFCG 9GNNGTGNNKFCG 9GNNGTGNNKFCG 9GNNGTGNNKFCG #VJ[TKFKFCG 0GQTGV\KKFCG 0GQTGV\KKFCG

#VJ[TKFKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC

0GQTGV\KKFCG /CTVKPKKFCG 6TKIQPQVTGVKFCG 5RKTKHGTNNKFCG 5RKTKHGTNNKFCG 2WPEVQURKTKHGTKFCG %TGPKURKTKHGTKFCG %TGPKURKTKHGTKFCG

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

)NQUUQVJ[TQRUKUOCIPC%QQRGT &KGNCUOCƀQTGUK%QQRGT &KGNCUOCEH&RTQNQPICVWO )KTV[ &KGNCUOCEH&URCVWNCVWO)KTV[ *GVGTGNCUOCEQPVTGTCUK%QQRGT *GVGTGNCUOCUR 5ECRJQRQFU 2NCIKQIN[RVCECPPC 9JKVG )CUVTQRQFU 'WRJGOKVGUUWDRCRKNNQUWU 9JKVG 9CTVJKCUR 5VTCRCTQNNWU!UR 1ORJCNQVTQEJWU!UR 2NGWTQVQOCTKC!UR# 2NGWTQVQOCTKC!UR$ 2NGWTQVQOCTKC!UR% 1TVJQP[EJKCUR# $KXCNXGU 0WEWNCUR 0WEWNCPCQDGUC9JKVG /[CNKPCUR #XKEWNQRGEVGPCHH# OQPVRGNKGTGPUKU)KTV[ %[TVQTQUVTCUR 5EJK\QFWURCTXWNWU%QQRGT 2NGWTQRJQTWUUQPQTGPUKU%QQRGT %GRJCNQRQFU 9CCIGPQEGTCUFKGPGTK$ÑUG

(COKN[

6GTGDTCVWNKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC

/WVCVKQPGNNKPCG &KGNCUOCVKFCG &KGNCUOCVKFCG

6GTGDTCVWNKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC

&KGNCUOCVKFCG *GVGTGNCUOKPKFCG *GVGTGNCUOKPKFCG &GPVCNKKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

5KPWKVKFCG 5KPWKVKFCG 'WQORJCNKFCG 1ORJCNQVTQEJKFCG 2NGWTQVQOCTKKFCG 2NGWTQVQOCTKKFCG 2NGWTQVQOCTKKFCG 2NCV[EGTCVKFCG

0WEWNQKFC 0WEWNQKFC 2VGTKQKFC 2VGTKQKFC

0WEWNKFCG 0WEWNCPKFCG /[CNKPKFCG #XKEWNQRGEVKPKFCG

2VGTKQKFC 6TKIQPKQKFC 8GPGTQKFC

1Z[VQOKFCG /[QRJQTKKFCG 2GTOQRJQTKFCG

#OOQPQKFGC

%[ENQNQDKFCG

6#$.'+PXGTVGDTCVGUHTQONQYGTOQUVHCWPCNJQTK\QPQH%QNKPC.KOGUVQPG2GTOKCP NCVG 9QNHECORKCPPQTVJQH%CPCPGCPQTVJGTP5QPQTC $NQFIGVVGVCN7PUVWFKGFDT[Q\QCPU CPFECNECTGQWUITGGPCNICRTQDCDN[/K\\KCCTGCNUQRTGUGPV 5RGEKGU

$TCEJKQRQFU /GGMGNNCUR )CUVTQRQFU 5VTCRCTQNNWUUR EH#RCEJGNNC!CTK\QPGPUKU 9KPVGTU 9QTVJGPKCUR #OCWTQVQOCUR

;WPPCPKCQHUQOGCWVJQTU

1TFGT

(COKN[

1TVJQVGVKFC

/GGMGNNKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

'WQORJCNKFCG 'QVQOCTKKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

.QRJQURKTKFCG 6TQEJQPGOCVKFCG

37+41<$#44151#0&5174618#4

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

)N[RVQURKTCUQPQTGPUKU$NQFIGVV /QQTGCPF)TC[ #PQORJCNWUUR 6TCEJ[FQOKCUR $KXCNXGU 'FOQPFKCUR

1TFGT

(COKN[

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

/KETQFQOCVKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

#PQORJCNKFCG 0GTKVQRUKFCG

2JQNCFQO[QKFC

'FOQPFKKFCG

6#$.')CUVTQRQFHTQO7RRGTHCWPCNKPVGTXCN OCDQXGVJGDCUGQHVJGUGEVKQPQH %QNKPC.KOGUVQPG2GTOKCP .GQPCTFKCP0QTVJQH%CPCPGCPQTVJGTP5QPQTC $NQFIGVVGVCN 5RGEKGU

)CUVTQRQFU 'WQORJCNWUMCKDCDGPUKU%JTQPKE

1TFGT

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

(COKN[ 'WQORJCNKFCG

6#$.'2GTOKCPOQNNWUMUHTQO%QNKPC.KOGUVQPG OCDQXGVJGDCUGQHVJG UGEVKQP0QTVJQH%CPCPGCPQTVJGTP5QPQTC $NQFIGVVGVCN 5RGEKGU

)CUVTQRQFU $GNNGTQRJQPUR 'WQORJCNWUMCKDCDGPUKU! %JTQPKE %KDGEWKC!UR )QPKCUOCUR 1TVJQPGOCUR $KXCNXGU 2CNCGQPWEWNCUR #XKEWNQRKPPCUR 5EJK\QFWUUR #UVCTVGNNCUWDSWCFTCVC)KTV[

1TFGT

(COKN[

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

$GNNGTQRJQPVKFCG 'WQORJCNKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC %CGPQICUVTQRQFC

/WTEJKUQPKKFCG /WTEJKUQPKKFCG 6WTTKVGNNKFCG

0WEWNQKFC /[VKNQKFC 6TKIQPKQKFC 8GPGTQKFC

0WEWNKFCG 2KPPKFCG /[QRJQTKKFCG #UVCTVKFCG

6#$.'2GTOKCPOQNNWUMUHTQO%QNKPC.KOGUVQPG OCDQXGVJGDCUGQHVJGUGEVKQP 0QTVJQH%CPCPGCPQTVJGTP5QPQTC $NQFIGVVGVCN 5RGEKGU

)CUVTQRQFU 'WRJGOKVGUUR $GNNGTQRJQPUR 'WQORJCNWUUR 'WQORJCNWUMCKDCDGPUKU%JTQPKE

1TFGT

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

(COKN[ 5KPWKVKFCG $GNNGTQRJQPVKFCG 'WQORJCNKFCG 'WQORJCNKFCG

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

5VTCRCTQNNWUUR 0CVKEQRUKUUR )QPKCUOCVGTGDTC 9JKVG $KXCNXGU 2CNCGQPWEWNCUR 5EJK\QFWUUR #UVCTVGNNCUWDSWCFTCVC)KTV[ 5CPIWKPQNKVGU!UR 5ECRJQRQFU 2NCIKQIN[RVCUR

(COKN[

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

'WQORJCNKFCG 0GTKVQRUKFCG /WTEJKUQPKKFCG

0WEWNQKFC 6TKIQPKQKFC 8GPGTQKFC 2JQNCFQO[QKFC

0WEWNKFCG /[QRJQTKFCG #UVCTVKFCG )TCOO[UKKFCG &GPVCNKKFCG

6#$.'2GTOKCPICUVTQRQFUHTQO%QNKPC.KOGUVQPG OCDQXGVJGDCUGQHVJGUGEVKQP 0QTVJQH%CPCPGCPQTVJGTP5QPQTC $NQFIGVVGVCN 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

)CUVTQRQFU 9CTVJKCUR 'WQORJCNWUMCKDCDGPUKU%JTQPKE 1PEQEJKNWUKPUQNKVWU%JTQPKE

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

(COKN[ 5KPWKVKFCG 'WQORJCNKFCG 0GTKVKFCG

6#$.'2GTOKCPOQNNWUMUHTQO%QNKPC.KOGUVQPG OCDQXGVJGDCUGQHVJGUGEVKQP 0QTVJQH%CPCPGCPQTVJGTP5QPQTC $NQFIGVVGVCN 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

)CUVTQRQFU 9CTVJKCUR $GNNGTQRJQPUR 'WQORJCNWUMCKDCDGPUKU%JTQPKE 9QTVJGPKCEH9ETGPWNCVC$CVVGP )N[RVQURKTCUR )N[RVQURKTCVGTGDTC 9JKVG %KDGEWKCEGFCTGPUKU9KPVGTU $KXCNXGU 5CPIWKPQNKVGU!UR #XKEWNQRKPPCUR

(COKN[

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC

2JQNCFQO[QKFC /[VKNQKFC

2JQNCFQO[QKFC /[VKNQKFC

6#$.'2GTOKCPKPXGTVGDTCVGUHTQO%QNKPC.KOGUVQPG OCDQXGVJGDCUGQH VJGUGEVKQP0QTVJQH%CPCPGCPQTVJGTP5QPQTC $NQFIGVVGVCN 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

$TCEJKQRQFU 2GPKEWNCTKUEH2UWDEQUVCVC-KPI

2TQFWEVKFC

(COKN[ 2TQFWEVKFCG

37+41<$#44151#0&5174618#4

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

2QPVKUKCCHH2UVGJNKUVGJNK %QQRGTCPF)TCPV &KGNCUOCUR )CUVTQRQFU 'WQORJCNWUMCKDCDGPUKU%JTQPKE #RCEJGNNCUR )N[RVQURKTCUR -KPKUJDKCUR

(COKN[

4J[PEJQPGNNKFC

2QPVKUKKFCG

6GTGDTCVWNKFCG

&KGNCUOCVKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC %CGPQICUVTQRQFC

'WQORJCNKFCG 'QVQOCTKKFCG /KETQFQOCVKFCG 2TQEGTKVJKKFCG

6#$.'+PXGTVGDTCVGUHTQOGCUVQHVJGOGCUWTGFUGEVKQPHTQO%QNKPC.KOGUVQPG0QTVJQH %CPCPGC PQTVJGTP 5QPQTC $NQFIGVV GV CN .QECNKV[ ,5 7PFGVGTOKPGF UOQQVJ UOCNNDTCEJKQRQFURGNOCVQ\QCPQUUKENGUCPFVTKNQDKVGHTGGEJGGMUCPFR[IKFKCCNUQCTGRTGUGPV CVVJKUNQECNKV[ 5RGEKGU

1TFGT

$TCEJKQRQFU /GGMGNNCUR 2QPVKUKCPURCHH2UVGJNKUVGJNK %QQRGTCPF)TCPV )CUVTQRQFU $GNNGTQRJQPUR 'WQORJCNWUMCKDCDGPUKU%JTQPKE $C[NGCUR $C[NGCUR 9QTVJGPKC!QT2NCV[YQTVJGPKC!UR )N[RVQURKTCUR -KPKUJDKCPQFQUC9KPVGTU $KXCNXGU $CMGXGNNKCUR

(COKN[

1TVJQVGVKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC

/GGMGNNKFCG 2QPVKUKKFCG

#TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC #TEJCGQICUVTQRQFC %CGPQICUVTQRQFC

$GNNGTQRJQPVKFCG 'WQORJCNKFCG 4CRJKUVQOCVKFCG 4CRJKUVQOCVKFCG .QRJQURKTKFCG /KETQFQOCVKFCG 2TQEGTKVJKKFCG

2VGTKQKFC

$CMGXGNNKKFCG

6COCWNKRCU 6#$.'.QYGT/KUUKUUKRRKCP 1UCIGCPDTCEJKQRQFUHTQO8KEGPVG)WGTTGTQ(QTOCVKQP 2GTGITKPC%CP[QP0QTVJQH%KWFCF8KEVQTKC6COCWNKRCU 5QWT6QXCT5QWT6QXCTCPF /CTVÈPG\%JCEÎP5QWT6QXCTGVCNC 5RGEKGU

$TCEJKQRQFU $CTTQKUGNNCUR 1TDKEWNQKFGCUR ;CIQPKCEQNNKPUQPK%CTVGT >D[KC!UR

1TFGT .KPIWNKFC .KPIWNKFC 2TQFWEVKFC 1TVJQVGVKFKPC

(COKN[ .KPIWNKFCG &KUEKPKFCG #PQRNKKFCG >D[KKFCG

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 5RGEKGU

%COCTQVQGEJKCUR 4QVCKCUWDVTKIQPC

/GGMCPF9QTVJGP .COGNNQUCVJ[TKUNCOGNNQUC

.ÃXGKNNÃ %NGKQVJ[TKFKPCVGPWKNKPGCVC

4QYNG[ %COCTQRJQTGNNCUR #NKURKTKHGTVCOCWNKRGPUKU 5QWT6QXCT#NXCTG\CPF /CTVÈPG\%JCEÎP 6[NQVJ[TKU!UR 6QT[PKHGTRUGWFQNKPGCVWU*CNN 5[TKPIQVJ[TKUEH5V[RC9KPEJGNN 5[TKPIQVJ[TKU!UR 2WPEVQURKTKHGTUR $GGEJGTKCEJQWVGCWGPUKU 9GNNGT

1TFGT

(COKN[

4J[PEJQPGNNKFC 4J[PEJQPGNNKFC

%COCTQVQGEJKKFCG 6GVTCECOGTKFCG

#VJ[TKFKFC

#VJ[TKFKFCG

#VJ[TKFKFC

#VJ[TKFKFCG

#VJ[TKFKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC

/GTKUVKFCG 5VTQRJQRNGWTKFCG

5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC 5RKTKHGTKPKFC 6GTGDTCVWNKFC

/WETQURKTKHGTKFC 'N[VJKFCG 5[TKPIQVJ[TKFKFCG 5[TKPIQVJ[TKFKFCG 2WPEVQURKTKHGTKFCG *GVGTGNCUOKPKFCG

%QPENWUKQPU #EWTUQT[CPCN[UKUQH7RRGT2CNGQ\QKEKPXGTVGDTCVGITQWRUQH/GZKEQOC[DG UWOOCTK\GFCUHQNNQYU 5RQPIGU Ō 6JG TGHGTGPEGU HQT VJKU ITQWR CTG TGUVTKEVGF VQ C URQPIG QH VJG QTFGT .KVJKUVKFCHTQOVJG7RRGT2CNGQ\QKEQH%JKCRCU /×NNGTTKGFGVCNCPFURQPIGU DGNQPIKPIVQVJGQTFGTU.KVJKUVKFCCPF6JCNCOKFCHTQO2GTOKCPTQEMUQH2NQOQUCU (QTOCVKQP%JKJWCJWC $TKFIGU %QPWNCTKKFU Ō 6JG RTGUGPEG QH EQPWNCTKKFU JCU DGGP TGRQTVGF HTQO VJG 7RRGT /GODGT QH VJG .CVG /KUUKUUKRRKCP'CTN[ 2GPPU[NXCPKCP /QPKNNCU (QTOCVKQP KP VJGCTGCQH/KPCU2NQOQUCU2NCEGTFG)WCFCNWRG%JKJWCJWC $TKFIGU6JG IGPWU2CTCEQPWNCTKCJCUDGGPTGRQTVGFHQTVJG/KFFNG2GTOKCP.QU#TEQU1NKPCN¶ (QTOCVKQP KP )WGTTGTQ )QP\¶NG\#TTGQNC GV CN CPF HQT VJG 2GPPU[NXCPKCP +ZVCNVGRGE(QTOCVKQPKP1CZCEC $WKVTÎPGVCN %QTCNUŌ&WTKPIVJG.CVG2CNGQ\QKEVJGTGGHUYGTGHQTOGFD[CXCTKGV[QHQTICPKUOU UWEJCUURQPIGUDT[Q\QCPUECNECTGQWUCNICGCPFUQOGENCUUGUQHDTCEJKQRQFU4WIQUG CPFVCDWNCVGEQTCNUYGTGCJGTOCV[RKECNQTICPKUOUCNVJQWIJVJG[NKXGFCUUQEKCVGFVQ VJGTGGHU6JGOQUVVJQTQWIJUVWF[QHTWIQUGCPFVCDWNCVGEQTCNUQH/GZKEQYCUHTQO /KUUKUUKRRKCPTQEMUQH5QPQTC 'CUVQPGVCN)QP\¶NG\.GÎP

37+41<$#44151#0&5174618#4

$T[Q\QCPU Ō 2TQOKPGPV KP VJKU ITQWR CTG VJG %[ENQUVQOCVC DT[Q\QCPU QH VJG 2GPPU[NXCPKCP *QTSWKNNC (QTOCVKQP KP 5QPQTC )QP\¶NG\.GÎP CPF VJG WPFGVGTOKPGF%T[RVQUVQOCVCDT[Q\QCPUHTQOVJG2GPPU[NXCPKCP+ZVCNVGRGE(QTOCVKQP KP1CZCEC 1TVÈ\.Q\CPQ1HVJGNCVVGTVJGHGPGUVGNNKFUYGTGXGT[FKXGTUGCPF CDWPFCPV CPF FQOKPCVG KP VJG OCTKPG EQOOWPKVKGU JQYGXGT VJGKT CDWPFCPEG OC[ DGQXGTGUVKOCVGFFWGVQVJGHCEVVJCVOCP[CTGEQOOQPN[RTGUGTXGFCUUOCNNDTQMGP HTCIOGPVU $TCEJKQRQFU Ō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¶P GV CN 5QWT6QXCT CPF /CTVÈPG\%JCEÎP 5QWT6QXCT GV CN C 'CUVQP )QP\¶NG\.GÎP 2GPPU[NXCPKCPQH1CZCEC 5QWT6QXCT5QWT6QXCTCPF3WKTQ\$CTTQUQ 5QWT6QXCTCPF/CTVÈPG\%JCEÎPCPF2GTOKCPQH5QPQTCCPF%QCJWKNC

%QQRGT GV CN %NQWF 9CTFNCY GV CN 6JG DTCEJKQRQF HCWPCU QH VJG %CTDQPKHGTQWU QH 6COCWNKRCU 2WGDNC )WGTTGTQ CPF 1CZCEC CTG UKOKNCT VQ %CTDQPKHGTQWUQWVETQRUKPVJGGPVKTGTGIKQPQHVJG/KF%QPVKPGPVYJKNGVJG2GTOKCP DTCEJKQRQF HCWPCU HTQO /GZKEQ CTG NKOKVGF KP VJGKT UKOKNCTKV[ VQ VJG HCWPCU QH VJG UQWVJGCUVGTP 7PKVGF 5VCVGU KP RCTVKEWNCT VQ VJQUG HQWPF KP VJG 5VCVGU QH 6GZCU CPF 0GY/GZKEQ 5ECRJQRQFUŌ6JGQPN[VYQGZCORNGUQHUECRJQRQFUTGHGTTGFVQKPVJGNKVGTCVWTG RGTVCKPVQVJGIGPWU2NCIKQIN[RVCHTQOVJG2GTOKCPQH'N#PVKOQPKQCPF%CPCPGC 5QPQTC %QQRGTGVCN$NQFIGVVGVCN )CUVTQRQFUŌ)CUVTQRQFUCTGYGNNTGRTGUGPVGFJQYGXGTVJGKTRTGUGTXCVKQPWUWCNN[ FQGUPQVCNNQYKFGPVKſECVKQP VQ URGEKGU NGXGN 6JG ITGCVGUV FKXGTUKV[ QH ICUVTQRQFU JCU DGGPTGRQTVGFHTQO2GTOKCPTQEMUQH5QPQTC $NQFIGVVGVCN)QP\¶NG\.GÎP -PKIJVKP%QQRGTGVCN 4QUVTQEQPEJUŌ4QUVTQEQPEJUCTGCPGZVKPEVENCUUQHOQNNWUMUTGRTGUGPVGFKP/GZKEQ D[ 2UGWFQOWNEGQFGPU ECPEGNNCVWU YJKEJ JCU RGTOKVVGF EQPſTOCVKQP QH 1UCIGCP CIG 'CTN[/KUUKUUKRRKCPHQTVJG5CPVKCIQ(QTOCVKQPNQECVGFYKVJKPVJG0QEJKZVNCP TGIKQPQH1CZCEC 3WKTQ\$CTTQUQGVCN+PRTGXKQWU[GCTU%QPQECTFKWOUR YCUTGHGTTGFVQCUCDKXCNXGHTQO/KUUKUUKRRKCPTQEMUQHPQTVJGCUVGTP5QPQTC 'CUVQP GVCN

722'42#.'1<1+%/#4+0'+08'46'$4#6'5(41//':+%1

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F. Vega et al. (eds.), Studies on Mexican Paleontology, 169–207. © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.

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8CNNGEKNNQ +P KPJCDKVCPVU QH 8CNNGEKNNQ C UOCNN XKNNCIG NQECVGF -O PQTVJ QH /QPVGTTG[%KV[0WGXQ.GÎP5VCVG (KIWTGDGICPVJGGZVTCEVKQPQHƀCIUVQPGU KP UQOGOCTNQWVETQRUVJTGGMKNQOGVGTUYGUVQHVJKUVQYP5JQTVN[VJGDGCWV[QHCNCTIG CTTC[QHXGTVGDTCVGCPFKPXGTVGDTCVGHQUUKNUFKUEQXGTGFKPVJGUGTQEMUGPEQWTCIGFVJG

/'51<1+%156'+%*6*;#051(/':+%1

NQECNIQXGTPOGPVVQETGCVGCUOCNNOWUGWOő/WUGQ%CUCFGNC2NQOCFCŒVQGZJKDKV VJGUGOCVGTKCNU 6JG HQUUKN DGCTKPI UVTCVC QH 8CNNGEKNNQ EQPUKUV QH C JQOQIGPGQWU UGSWGPEG QH CDQWVOVJKEMſPGN[ NCOKPCVGF RKPM OCTNUVQPG KPVGTNC[GF D[ EO VJKEM TGFDTQYP UJCNGU$NCPEQ2KÌÎP CPF$NCPEQ2KÌÎPGVCN TGICTFGFVJKUNKVJQNQIKE UGSWGPEGCUCWPKVYKVJKPVJG#IWC0WGXC(QTOCVKQPYJKEJEQPUKUVUQHCNCOKPCVGF FCTMITC[ NKOGUVQPG UGSWGPEG DGCTKPI TKEJ OKETQHQUUKNU CUUGODNCIG DGKPI CP[ XGTVGDTCVG TGOCKPU TCVJGT TCTG *QYGXGT KP 8CNNGEKNNQ VJG OCTNUVQPG WPKV WPFGTNKGU EQPEQTFCPVN[ VJG #IWC 0WGXC NKOGUVQPGU CPF EQPVTCTKN[ VQ YJCV YCU GZRGEVGF GZJKDKVU C YGNNRTGUGTXGF XGTVGDTCVG CUUGODNCIG OCKPN[ ſUJGU 6JG OCTNUVQPG CPF HQUUKNKHGTQWUWPKVQH8CNNGEKNNQKUENGCTN[FKHHGTGPVKCDNGHTQOVJGV[RKECNNKVJQNQI[QH VJG #IWC 0WGXC (QTOCVKQP KP EQPUGSWGPEG $NCPEQ CPF %QXKP UWIIGUVGF VJGő8CNNGEKNNQ/GODGTŒHQTVJKUWPKVYJKEJCIGKU.QYGT/KFFNG6WTQPKCPFWGVJG RTGUGPEGQHVJGCOOQPKVGU/COOKVGUCPF2UGWFQCURKFQEGTCU &WTKPI $NCPEQ2KÌÎP NGCFGF RCNGQPVQNQIKECN CPF IGQNQIKECN KPXGUVKICVKQPUQP8CNNGEKNNQUWRRQTVGFD[PCVKQPCNCPFKPVGTPCVKQPCNKPUVKVWVKQPU*KU TGUGCTEJ KPENWFGU FKXGTUG VCZQPQOKECN VCRJQPQOKECN CPF UGFKOGPVQNQIKECN CURGEVU QHVJKUHQUUKN.CIGTUV¼VVG $NCPEQ2KÌÎPGVCNCD$NCPEQCPF

(+)74'6JGOCKP/GZKECP/GUQ\QKE1UVGKEJVJ[CPNQECNKVKGU

#.8#4#&1146')#'6#.

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KPQEGTCOKFU +P EQPVTCUV VJG FKXGTUG XGTVGDTCVG CUUGODNCIG VJCV OCKPN[ KPXQNXGU ſUJGU CNUQ KPENWFGU VWTVNGU CPF QVJGT WPKFGPVKſGF TGRVKNGU #NN VJGUG XGTVGDTCVG HQUUKNU CTG RTGUGTXGF KP VYQ FKOGPUKQPU FWG VQ EQORTGUUKQPCN HQTEGU CPF UJQY UGXGTCN FGITGGUQHFKUCTVKEWNCVKQPHTQOKUQNCVGFGNGOGPVUVQEQORNGVGURGEKOGPUVQVCNDQPG ECNEKVGTGRNCEGOGPVCPFTCTGN[VJGUQHVVKUUWGUCTGRTGUGTXGF=CNVJQWIJRCTVUQHCIKNN EQORNGZDGNQPIKPIVQCPWPEGTVCKPR[EPQFQPVKHQTOJCXGDGGPFQEWOGPVGF $NCPEQ 2KÌÎP$NCPEQGVCN? 6JG 8CNNGEKNNQ HQUUKNKHGTQWU OCTN UVTCVC YGTG HQTOGF KP C FGGR CPF TGUVTKEVGF FGRQUKV WPFGT TGNCVKXGN[ PQTOCN VQ NQY QZ[IGP EQPEGPVTCVKQPU YJKEJ RTQDCDN[ TGRTGUGPVCPGCTN[6WTQPKCPOCZKOWOVTCPUITGUUKXGGXGPV6JKURCNGQGPXKTQOGPVCN OQFGN KU DCUGF QP UQOG UGFKOGPVQNQIKECN HGCVWTGU QH VJKU HQUUKN DGCTKPI NQECNKV[ KPENWFKPIVJGſPG NCOKPCVKQP VJG QEEWTTGPEG QH OKETKVKE OCVTKZ YKVJ HGY VQ CDWPFCPV DKQENCUVU CU YGNN CU VJG NCEM QH DKQVWTDCVKQP CFFGF VQ VJG QEEWTTGPEG IQGVJKVG 6JGUGEQPFKVKQPUEQWNFJCXGUGVVJGHTCOGYQTMHQTVJGGZEGNNGPVRTGUGTXCVKQPQHVJG QTICPKUOUFGRQUKVGFCHVGTVJGKTFGCVJWPFGTPQTOCNECWUGUTCVJGTVJCPKPCUEGPCTKQ QH CP QDTWVKQPCN FGRQUKV KP YJKEJ VJG QTICPKUOU FKG KPVQZKECVGF WPFGT GHHGEVU QH FKHHGTGPVRJ[UKEQEJGOKECNHCEVQTU VWTDKFKVKEEWTTGPVUNQYEQPEGPVTCVKQPQHQZ[IGPQT JKIJUCNKPKV[KPVJGYCVGTEQNWOPGVE 6JG CRRTQZKOCVGN[ HQUUKN ſUJGU FKUEQXGTGF FWTKPI VJG ſTUV ſXG [GCTU QH RCNGQPVQNQIKECN KPXGUVKICVKQPU KP 8CNNGEKNNQ KPENWFG CV NGCUV UJCTM CPF DQP[ ſUJ VCZC6JGUJCTMUCTGTGRTGUGPVGFD[UGXGTCNNCOPKHQTOXGTVGDTCNEGPVTCCVTWPMQHC 5E[NN[QTJKPWUNKMGURGEKOGPCPFUQOG2V[EJQFWUVGGVJ $NCPEQ2KÌÎPGVCN #DQWVQHDQP[ſUJGU EQNNGEVGF KP 8CNNGEKNNQ DGNQPI VQ 6UGNHCVKCUR $NCPEQCPF %CXKP1VJGTſUJ VCZC HQWPF KP 8CNNGEKNNQ CTG CP WPFGUETKDGF R[EPQFQPVKHQTO TGNCVGFQTDGNQPIKPIVQ0WTUCNNKC $NCPEQCPF(TG[C$NCPEQCPF%CXKP TGRQTVGFVJGQEEWTTGPEGQHVJGIGPWU#TCTKRKEJVJ[URTGXKQWUN[MPQYPQPN[KPTGOQVG NQECNKVKGUKPVJGPQTVJGTPRCTVQH5QWVJ#OGTKECCPF#HTKECCPFGTGEVGFVYQPGYVGNGQUVU URGEKGU8CNNGEKNNKEJVJ[UOWNVKXGTVGDTCVWOCPKPWUWCNKEJVJ[QFGEVKFYKVJCPKPWUWCN JKIJ PWODGT QH XGTVGDTCN EGPVTC CPF )QWNOKOKEJVJ[U TQDGTVK C RCEJ[TJK\QFQPVKF YKVJHWUKHQTODQF[$NCPEQ2KÌÎP COQPIQVJGTUTGRQTVGFUQOGQVJGT ſUJGU HTQO 8CNNGEKNNQ KPENWFKPI C PGY URGEKGU QH 4J[PEJQFGTEGVKU $NCPEQ2KÌÎP CPF#NXCTCFQ1TVGICKPRTGR

/WJK3WCTT[ 6JG /WJK 3WCTT[ FKUEQXGTGF KP D[ KPXGUVKICVQTU QH VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ #WVÎPQOCFGN'UVCFQFG*KFCNIQ 7#'*KUNQECVGFPGCT

/'51<1+%156'+%*6*;#051(/':+%1

6JG/WJK3WCTT[TGRTGUGPVUCPGKIJVOGVGTUVJKEMUGSWGPEGQHITC[NCOKPCVGF NKOGUVQPGUYKVJKPVGTDGFKPINWVKVGUCPFƀKPV PQFWNGU YJKEJ JCXG DGGP TGEQIPK\GF CU RCTVQHVJG#NDKCP%GPQOCPKCPCIG5CP,QCSWÈP(CEKGUYKVJKP'N&QEVQT(QTOCVKQP

)QP\¶NG\4QFTÈIWG\CPF$TCXQ%WGXCUKPRTGUU 6QFC[ OQTG VJCP URGEKOGPU QH DQVJ KPXGTVGDTCVGU CPF ſUJGU HTQO /WJK 3WCTT[ CTG JQWUGF KPVQ VJG EQNNGEVKQP QH VJG 2CNGQPVQNQIKECN /WUGWO QH 7#'* #OQPI VJGUG HQUUKNU VJG KPXGTVGDTCVGU KPENWFG COOQPKVGU RNCPEVQPKE ETKPQKFU GSWKPQKFURKPGUCPFETWUVCEGCPU )QP\¶NG\4QFTÈIWG\GVCN8GICGVCN YJGTGCUVJG/WJKXGTVGDTCVGCUUGODNCIGTGRTGUGPVGFGZENWUKXGN[D[ſUJGU KPENWFGU EQPFTKEJVJ[GU CPF VGNGQUVU 5JCTMU KFGPVKſGF CTG KUQNCVGF VGGVJ QH 2V[EJQFWU UR 5SWCNKEQTCZ UR CPF UQOG XGTVGDTC CPF VQQVJ TGOCKPU QH WPEGTVCKP CHſPKV[ 'XGP YJGPCNCTIGCOQWPVQHVJGVGNGQUVUHTQO/WJKKPXQNXGVQFC[CTGWPFGTRTQEGUUQH KFGPVKſECVKQP KPFWDKVCDNG VCZQPQOKECN KFGPVKſECVKQPU KPXQNXG URGEKOGPU DGNQPIKPI VQ +EJVJ[QFGEVKHQTOGU'PEJQFQPVKFCG DGKPI'PEJQFWUURVJGOQUVCDWPFCPVſUJ KP VJG SWCTT[2CEJ[TJK\QFQPVKFCG+EJVJ[QVTKPIKFCG>EGVKFCG*CNGEKFCG$GT[EKHQTOGU 1UVCTKQRJU[CPU CU YGNN CU WPEGTVCKP %NWRGQOQTRJU CPF 'NQRQOQTRJU )QP\¶NG\ 4QFTÈIWG\CPF#RRNGICVG)QP\¶NG\4QFTÈIWG\)QP\¶NG\4QFTÈIWG\GV CN

1VJGT.QECNKVKGU 6QFC[UGXGTCN/GZKECP%TGVCEGQWUHQUUKNſUJ NQECNKVKGU CTG MPQYP (KIWTG KP VJG5VCVGUQH$CLC%CNKHQTPKC5WT%JKCRCU%JKJWCJWC%QCJWKNC&WTCPIQ)WGTTGTQ *KFCNIQ0WGXQ.GÎP1CZCEC2WGDNC5CP.WKU2QVQUÈ6COCWNKRCUCPF8GTCETW\ $CTTKQU4KXGTC )QP\¶NG\4QFTÈIWG\ CPF #NXCTCFQ1TVGIC GV CN

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5[UVGOCVKE4GXKGYQH/GUQ\QKE1UVGKEJVJ[CP(KUJGUQH/GZKEQ #TGXKGYQHVCZQPQOKECNUVWFKGUQPVJG/GUQ\QKE1UVGKEJVJ[CPſUJGU QH /GZKEQ KURTQXKFGFKPVJKUUGEVKQP 6CDNG6JKUWRFCVGFECVCNQIWGKPENWFGUCNNQHVJGTGEGPV

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5CTEQRVGT[IKCPU #EVKPKUVKC +P)TCPFGTGEQIPK\GFCEQGNCECPVJURGEKOGPKPVJGWPKFGPVKſGF ſUJ UGEVKQP QH VJG 6NC[ÕC EQNNGEVKQP CV 70#/ 'URKPQUC#TTWDCTTGPC GV CN KFGPVKſGF VJKUURGEKOGPCU#ZGNTQFKEJVJ[UEH#CTCTKRGPUKUCOQPQURGEKſE VCZQP RTGXKQWUN[ EQNNGEVGFKP#RVKCPCIGQWVETQRUQHVJG5CPVCPC(QTOCVKQP$TC\KN#NVJQWIJVJGUG CWVJQTUCTGGZRGEVKPIVQſPF OQTG EQGNCECPVJ URGEKOGPU VQ KORTQXG UWEJ KFGPVKſECVKQP VQCURGEKſE NGXGN VJKU ſTUV /GZKECP EQGNCECPVJ TGRTGUGPVU VJG [QWPIGT CPF PQTVJGTP OQUVTGEQTFQH#ZGNTQFKEJVJ[U CNUQUGG#RRNGICVGGVCN

&KRPQK #IWKNGTC TGRQTVGF VJG QEEWTTGPEG QH %GTCVQFWU KP VJG .CVG %TGVCEGQWU

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/'51<1+%156'+%*6*;#051(/':+%1

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/'51<1+%156'+%*6*;#051(/':+%1

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/'51<1+%156'+%*6*;#051(/':+%1

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#NXCTCFQ1TVGICRGTUQDUGTX

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7PFGVGTOKPCVGF6GNGQUVU 5GXGTCN CPF FKXGTUG TGOCKPU QH WPFGVGTOKPCVGF 6GNGQUVU HTQO /GZKECP %TGVCEGQWUNQECNKVKGUCTGKPRTQEGUUQHKFGPVKſECVKQP DWV KP OCP[ ECUGU CFFKVKQPCN HQUUKNCPFTGEGPVOCVGTKCNKUPGGFGFHQTCFGSWCVGCPCVQOKECNEQORCTKUQPU+VKUVQPQVG VJGTGOCTMCDNGKPETGCUGKPVJGPWODGTQHURGEKOGPUCPFNQECNKVKGUJQWUGFRTQRGTN[ EWTCVGF CPF TGEQTFGF KP RCNGQPVQNQIKECN /WUGWOU CPF 7PKXGTUKVKGU OCKPN[ VJQUG TGRQTVGFHTQO%QCJWKNC%JKCRCU)WGTTGTQCPF*KFCNIQ

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/'51<1+%156'+%*6*;#051(/':+%1

6#$.' /GUQ\QKE $QP[ ſUJGU QH /GZKEQ #DDTGXKCVKQPU Ō '4%6 'UEWGNC 4GIKQPCN FG %KGPEKCU FG NC 6KGTTC 7PKXGTUKFCF #WVÎPQOC FG )WGTTGTQ 6CZEQ )WGTTGTQ/ÃZKEQ(%/2/WUGQFG2CNGQPVQNQIÈC(CEWNVCFFG%KGPEKCU70#/ (%6 (CEWNVCF FG %KGPEKCU FG NC 6KGTTC 7PKXGTUKFCF #WVÎPQOC FG 0WGXQ .GÎP .KPCTGU0WGXQ.GÎP(/0*(KGNF/WUGWOQH0CVWTCN*KUVQT[%JKECIQ+NNKPQKU 75# +).70#/ +PUVKVWVQ FG )GQNQIÈC 70#/ +)/ %QNGEEKÎP 0CEKQPCN FG 2CNGQPVQNQIÈC +).70#/ +0#*&2 &GRCTVCOGPVQ FG 2TGJKUVQTKC +PUVKVWVQ 0CEKQPCNFG#PVTQRQNQIÈCG*KUVQTKC&(/ÃZKEQ/&% KPHQTOCNCDDTGXKCVKQP /WUGQFGN&GUKGTVQ%QCJWKNC/ÃZKEQ/0*0/WUGQ0CEKQPCNFG*KUVQTKC0CVWTCN &( /ÃZKEQ /'2# KPHQTOCN CDDTGXKCVKQP /WUGQ 'NKUGQ 2CNCEKQU #IWKNGTC %JKCRCU/ÃZKEQ2#5#%%QNGEEKÎPFGNC5QEKGFCF%KXKNő2CNGQPVÎNQIQU#UQEKCFQU FG 5CDKPCU # %Œ 7#*/2 /WUGQ FG 2CNGQPVQNQIÈC 7PKXGTUKFCF #WVÎPQOC FG *KFCNIQ /ÃZKEQ 750/ 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 0CVKQPCN /WUGWO 9CUJKPIVQP & % 75#2GTUQPCNQDUGTXCVKQPUCTGUWRRQTVGFD[WPRWDNKUJGFRJQVQITCRJU5RGEKOGPU WPFGT UVWF[ CTG FGPQVGF D[ WPFGTNKPGF CDDTGXKCVKQPU OGCPKPI VJCV VJGKT QHſEKCN KPEQTRQTCVKQPUVQCEQNNGEVKQPKUKPRTQEGUUQTVJCVVJGUGYKNNDGFGRQUKVGFKPVJGTGHGTTGF EQNNGEVKQPUCHVGTRWDNKECVKQP+VCNKECDDTGXKCVKQPUFGPQVGVJCVFWRNKECVGUCPFQTRGGNU QHVJGTGHGTTGFURGEKOGPUCTGJQWUGFKPVJGTGURGEVKXGEQNNGEVKQPU 6#:#

#ZGNTQFKEJVJ[U EH#CTCTKRGPUKU %GTCVQFWUUR #OKKHQTOGU /GNXKWUUR 1VQOKVNCURGEKQUC 2CEJ[COKCOGZKECPC #OKKFU %CVWTKFNKMG +QPQUEQRKHQTOGU 6GQKEJVJ[UMCNNKUVQU +QPQUEQRKF PGYIGPCPFUR .GRKUQUVGKHQTOGU .GRKUQUVGWU .GRKUQUVGKFU .GRKUQUVGWU /CETQUGOKFCG 0QVCIQIWUPQXQOWPFK /ETQUGOKWUHQWPGVK /CETQUGOKQEQV\WUCOGTKECPWU /CETQUGOKQEQV\WUCOGTKECPWU /CETQUGOKFU

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#.8#4#&1146')#'6#. 6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 6#:#

.QECNKV[5VCVGCPF %QNNGEVKQP

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! UGG4QOGTQ 0GCT6CO¶P5CP.WKU2QVQUÈ 750/ 8CNNGEKNNQ0WGXQ.GÎP (%6 6NC[ÕC2WGDNC +)/ 2CNGPSWG%JKCRCU +0#*&2QT+0#* 6NC[ÕC2WGDNC +)/ 6NC[ÕC 2WGDNC +)/ 8CNNGEKNNQ 0WGXQ .GÎP (%6 'N'URKPCN%JKCRCU (%2%GTTQ.QU/GPFQ\C*KFCNIQ

+)/CPF6GOQ\QNSWCTT[PGCT6CZEQ)WGTTGTQ

#NXCTCFQ1TVGICRGTUQDU+ZECSWKZVNC2WGDNC

#RRNGICVGCPF#NXCTCFQ1TVGICRGTUQDU

5GOKQPQVKHQTOGU .GRKFQVGUUR

6NC[ÕC2WGDNC +)/4CPEJQ%QPUWGNQ%JKJWCJWC ! 6GNGQUVGK

#URKFQTJ[PEJKHQTOGU $GNGPQUVQOWUQTPCVWU $GNQPQUVQOWUUR 8KPEVKHGTUR 2JQNKFQRJQTKHQTOGU 2JQNKFQRJQTKFNKMG .GRVQNGRKHQTOGU .GRVQNGRKUVCOCPGPUKU +EJVJ[QFGEVKHQTOGU +EJVJ[QFGEVGU

EH+EJVJ[QFGEVGU 2T[OPGVGUNQPIKXGPVGT 6JTKUUQRU!UR 7PCOKEJVJ[UGURKPQUCK 8CNNGEKNNKEJVJ[UOWNVKXGTVGDTCVWO :KRJCEVKPWUCWFCZ OQNQUUWU +EJVJ[QFGEVKFUQT +EJVJ[QFGEVKHQTOGU

#NDWNKHQTOGU $TCPPGTKQPNKMGHQTO $GT[EKHQTOGU $GT[EKHQTO WPFGUETKDGFHTQOU

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/'51<1+%156'+%*6*;#051(/':+%1

6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 6#:#

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$CPCPQIOKWUNKMG 5CNOQPKHQTOGU 'PEJQFWUUR

>EGVKUUR 2CTCGPEJQFWUUR 4J[PEJQFGTEGVKUUR EH5CWTQTCORJWU ;CDTWFKEJVJ[NKMG

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7#*/23WCTTKGUPGCT/Õ\SWK\%QCJWKNC 2#5#% SWCTTKGUPGCT/Õ\SWK\%QCJWKNC 2#5#%

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6#$.'%QPVKPWGF 6#:#

+EJVJ[QVTKPIKFU #WNQRKHQTOGU 'NQRJQOQTRU WPFGUETKDGFHQTOU %NWRGQOQTRJU WPFGUETKDGF 5CNOQPKHQTOGU 7PFGVGTOKPCVGF 1UVGKEJVJ[CPUCPF6GNGQUVU

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7#*/2 8CNNGEKNNQ0WGXQ.GÎP (%6/WJK*KFCNIQ

7#*/2 6NC[ÕC2WGDNC +)/#TTQ[QNCU$QECU)WGTTGTQ

+)/PGCT%GTTQFGNC8KTIGP6NCZKCEQ1CZCEC

(%/2 6NC[ÕC2WGDNC +)/#TTQ[QNCU$QECU)WGTTGTQ

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/'51<1+%156'+%*6*;#051(/':+%1

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%JQPFTKEJVJ[GU 'NCUOQDTCPEJKK KP VJG 2GTOKCP 2CVNCPQC[C (QTOCVKQP 2WGDNC /GZKEQ , 2CNGQPV 5RTKPIGT8)#PGYIGPWUCPFURGEKGUQH'NQRKFſUJ .COKPURQPF[NWUVTCPUXGTUGUHTQOVJG 7RRGT%TGVCEGQWUQH6GZCU%QRGKC 6JKGU&.GRKFQVGUINQTKCGURPQX #EVKPQRVGT[IIKK5GOKQPQVKHQTOGUHTQOVJG.CVG,WTCUUKEQH %WDC,8GTV2CNGQPV 8GIC ( , )CTEÈC$CTTGTC 2 %QWVKÌQ / 0[DQTI 6 %KHWGPVGU4WK\ 2 )QP\¶NG\4QFTÈIWG\ - /CTVGPU#&GNICFQ%4CPF%CTDQV)'CTN[%TGVCEGQWU#TVJQRQFUHTQO2NCVVGPMCNM HCEKGUKP/GZKEQ%QPVT
%JCRVGT

4GUGCTEJQP(QUUKNCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGUKP/GZKEQHTQO VQ GCTN[ KPENWFKPI OCTKPG HQTOU DWV GZENWFKPI RVGTQUCWTUFKPQUCWTUCPFQDXKQWUN[DKTFU 8 %614*7)14';0151 +PUVKVWVQ FG $KQNQIÈC 70#/ %KTEWKVQ 'ZVGTKQT %KWFCF 7PKXGTUKVCTKC %Q[QCE¶P /ÃZKEQ&(XTG[PQUQ"KDWPCOKDKQNQIKCWPCOOZ #DUVTCEV +PVTQFWEVKQP *KUVQTKECN$CEMITQWPF 6CZC#PCN[UKU #ORJKDKCPUCPF4GRVKNGUKP6KOGCPF5RCEG 6JG8CNKFKV[QH6CZC'TGEVGFYKVJ/GZKECP(QUUKN/CVGTKCN /WUGWOUCPF+PUVKVWVKQPU*QWUGF6[RGUCPF1VJGT/CVGTKCN #PCN[UKUQHVJG&QEWOGPVU2TQFWEGF%QPEGTPKPIYKVJ#ORJKDKCPUCPF4GRVKNGUKP /GZKEQ %QPENWUKQPU #EMPQYNGFIOGPVU 4GHGTGPEGU

#DUVTCEV 6JGCORJKDKCPCPFTGRVKNGHQUUKNTGEQTFKP/GZKEQKUUECTEG6JGTGJCXGDGGPTGRQTVGF WPKSWGVCZQPNQECNKV[CIGTGEQTFUHTQONQECNKVKGU/QUVHQUUKNUCTGHTCIOGPVCT[ CPFVJGKTVCZQPQOKEUVCVWUKUFKHſEWNV VQ CUUGUU JQYGXGT UQOG CTG DGCWVKHWNN[ RTGUGTXGF RGTOKVVKPI GXGP IQQF ENCFKUVKE CPF DKQIGQITCRJKECN CPCN[UKU #OQPI CORJKDKCPU VJGTGCTGTGEQTFUQHECWFCVGUCPFCPWTCUTGUVTKEVGFVQVJG0GQIGPGCPF3WCVGTPCT[ 4GRVKNGU KPENWFG VWTVNGU YJKEJ CTG VJG OQUV CDWPFCPV ETQEQFKNGU KEJVJ[QUCWTU UCWTQRVGT[IKCPU C DCUCN NGRKFQUCWTQOQTRJ URJGPQFQPVKCPU C DCUCN USWCOCVG VTWG USWCOCVGNK\CTFUCPFUPCMGUHTQOVJG.CVG6TKCUUKEVQVJG*QNQEGPG.QECNKVKGUCTG FKUVTKDWVGF KP /GZKECP UVCVGU HTQO YJKEJ 5QPQTC DGCTU OQUV TGEQTFU 0KPGVGGP URGEKGU DCUGF QP /GZKECP HQUUKNU JCXG DGGP GTGEVGF 6JTGG JCXG DGGP EQPUKFGTGF

F. Vega et al. (eds.), Studies on Mexican Paleontology , 209–231. © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.

4'5'#4%*10(155+.#/2*+$+#05#0&4'26+.'5

KPXCNKF QPG JCU EJCPIGF VCZQPQOKE UVCVWU CPF CV NGCUV VYQ OQTG CTG SWGUVKQPGF /QUV QH VJG V[RG URGEKOGPU FGUKIPCVGF CTG JQWUGF KP /GZKECP KPUVKVWVKQPU 6JGTG JCXGDGGPOCKPPQPTGFWPFCPVRWDNKUJGFFQEWOGPVUVJCVOGPVKQPNKUVQTFGUETKDG HQUUKNCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGUKPENWFKPIUEKGPVKſE RCRGTU DQQMU CPF DQQM EJCRVGTU QH KPVGTPCVKQPCNCPFPCVKQPCNEKTEWNCVKQPOGGVKPICDUVTCEVUIWKFGDQQMUCPFPGYUNGVVGTU 1HCNNRCRGTURWDNKUJGFQPN[CTGHQTOCNRWDNKECVKQPUKPGKVJGTPCVKQPCNQTKPVGTPCVKQPCN RTGUU CPF YGTG RWDNKUJGF KP KPVGTPCVKQPCN LQWTPCNU QT GFKVQTKCNU /GZKECPU JCXG RWDNKUJGF QPN[ KPVGTPCVKQPCN RCRGTU *QYGXGT /GZKECP RCNGQJGTRGVQNQI[ JCU UKIPKſECPVN[ KPETGCUGF KP VJG NCUV VYQ FGECFGU CNVJQWIJ OQUV KPHQTOCVKQP KU JKFFGP KP ITC[NKVGTCVWTGQHFKHſEWNV CEEGUU VQ VJG KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQOOWPKV[ +V KU KORGTCVKXG VJCV /GZKECPYQTMGTUFQEWOGPVVJGKTFKUEQXGTKGUKPHQTOCNRWDNKECVKQPU

+PVTQFWEVKQP #U YKVJ OQUV EQWPVTKGU QH VJG YQTNF VJG CORJKDKCP CPF TGRVKNG HQUUKN TGEQTF KP /GZKEQ KU UECTEG CPF HTCIOGPVCT[ 6JG NCEM QH IQQF FGUETKRVKXG HQUUKN OCVGTKCN JCUNGCF/GZKECPRCNGQPVQNQIKUVUVQQXGTNQQMVJGUGITQWRUCPFPQURGEKCNKUVUYGTG GXGTHQTOGFWPVKNTGEGPVN[YJGPVJGYGNNRTGUGTXGFTGRVKNGHQUUKNUHTQOVJG6NC[WC (QTOCVKQPKP6GRGZKFG4QFTÈIWG\2WGDNC/GZKEQYGTGſTUV FGUETKDGF 5KPEG VJGP VJGPWODGTQHTGUGCTEJGTUCPFRCTVKEWNCTN[UVWFGPVUKPVGTGUVGFKPRCNGQJGTRGVQNQI[ JCUKPETGCUGF 7RWPVKNNCVGUOQUVNKVGTCVWTGTGHGTTKPIVQHQUUKNCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGUYCU TGUVTKEVGFVQNKUVKPIUQHCRRTQZKOCVGVCZQPQOKEPCOGUHTQOHQUUKNUKVGUYGNNMPQYP OCKPN[HQTVJGKTOCOOCNUCITQWRKPIYJKEJTGUGCTEJKUXGT[CEVKXG2CRGTUYJKEJ VJGKT OCKP UWDLGEV YGTG CORJKDKCPU TGRVKNGU QT DQVJ YGTG RTCEVKECNN[ PQPGZKUVGPV CPFGXGPVQFC[QPN[CUOCNNRQTVKQPQHVJGURGEKOGPUTGRQTVGFJCUDGGPTGXKGYGFCPF VJGVTWGKFGPVKV[QHOQUVKUUVKNNWPEGTVCKP /GZKECPU CTG RTQWF QH VJGKT YKNFNKHG FKXGTUKV[ #ORJKDKCPU CPF TGRVKNGU CTG PQVGYQTVJ[DGECWUG/GZKEQDGCTUVJGUGEQPFJKIJGUVFKXGTUKV[YQTNFYKFGHQNNQYKPI #WUVTCNKC+PHCEV/GZKEQJCUVJGJKIJGUVFKXGTUKV[RGTCTGCWPKVYJGPKUVCMGPKPVQ CEEQWPV VJCV #WUVTCNKC JCU CP CTGC VJU NCTIGT 6JG ITGCV YKNFNKHG FKXGTUKV[ QH /GZKEQJCUDGGPGZRNCKPGFD[CPGZVTGOGN[EQORNGZRJ[UKQITCRJ[CUUQEKCVGFYKVJ KVUVTCPUKVKQPCNRQUKVKQPDGVYGGPVYQKORQTVCPVDKQIGQITCRJKETGCNOUVJG0GQVTQRKECN CPF VJG 0GCTEVKE 6JG EQORNGZ RJ[UKQITCRJ[ TGUWNVU KP VJG IGPGTCVKQP QH C ITGCVGT PWODGT QH JCDKVCVU CPF DCTTKGTU VJCV RTQOQVGU URGEKCVKQP /GZKECP NCPFUECRG KU PQV C OQFGTP QEEWTTGPEG UKPEG OQUV QH VJG OQWPVCKP EJCKPU YGTG HQTOGF FWTKPI VJG 6GTVKCT[ 'XGP KP VJG %TGVCEGQWU CPF GCTNKGT /GZKEQ YCU UWDLGEVGF VQ C UGTKGU QH QEGCPKE VTCPUITGUUKQPU CPF TGITGUUKQPU YJKEJ TGUWNVGF KP VJG CRRGCTCPEG CPF FKUCRRGCTCPEG QH KUNCPFU C RJGPQOGPQP VJCV CNUQ RTQOQVGU URGEKCVKQP /GZKECP EQORNGZ IGQNQIKECN JKUVQT[ RTGFKEVU VJG RTGUGPEG QH C NCTIG CORJKDKCP CPF TGRVKNG DKQFKXGTUKV[KPVJGRCUV

4';0151

6JKURCRGTKPVGPFUVQRTQXKFGCTGXKUKQPQHVJGNKVGTCVWTGEQPEGTPKPIHQUUKNCORJKDKCPU CPFTGRVKNGUKP/GZKEQHTQOVQGCTN[6CZQPQOKEITQWRUCTGCUCPFVKOG RGTKQFUYGTGCPCN[\GFUGRCTCVGN[CUYGNNCUVJGYQTMQH/GZKECPRCNGQPVQNQIKUVUQPVJG UWDLGEV/CP[NQECNKVKGUCPFVCZQPQOKEPCOGUTGRQTVGFKP/GZKECPNKVGTCVWTGYJKEJCTG PQVTGCFKN[CEEGUKDNGCTGCNUQKPVTQFWEGFVQVJGKPVGTPCVKQPCNEQOOWPKV[ 6JKUYQTMKUNCTIGN[DCUGFQP$CTTKQU4KXGTC RTQHGUUKQPCNVJGUKUYJGTG JGNKUVUOCP[TGRQTVUQHHQUUKNCORJKDKCPCPFTGRVKNGQEEWTTGPEGUKP/GZKEQ

*KUVQTKECN$CEMITQWPF 6JGſTUV TGRQTV QH C HQUUKN TGRVKNG HTQO /GZKEQ YCU D[ ,QUÃ #IWKNGTC KP JKUő$QUSWGLQ)GQNÎIKEQFG/ÃZKEQŒ+PVJKURCRGT#IWKNGTCFGUETKDGUVJGRTGUGPEG QHRNCVGUQHC.CVG%TGVCEGQWU 'CTN[6WTQPKCPUQHVUJGNNGFVWTVNG6TKQP[ZUR!HTQO VJG2G[QVGU&KXKUKQPCV2CTTCU%QCJWKNCKPVJG4ÈQ$TCXQ#HVGTVJKUſTUV FKUEQXGT[ PQVJKPIGNUGKUOGPVKQPGFKPVJGNKVGTCVWTGWPVKNVJGGCTN[U 2CRGTUTGUVTKEVGFVQVJGſTUV JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ CTG VJQUG QH #IWKNGTC YJQOGPVKQPUHQTVJGUGEQPFVKOGVJG6TKQP[ZſPFKPI 9KGNCPF FGUETKDKPI C HTCIOGPVCT[NQYGTLCYQHVJGOCTKPGTGRVKNG2NGUKQUCWTWUOGZKECPWUHTQOVJGGCTN[ %TGVCEGQWU FGRQUKVU PGCT 6NCZKCEQ 1CZCEC VJG ſTUV PGY URGEKGU QH C HQUUKN TGRVKNG HTQO/GZKEQCPF/×NNGTTKGF OGPVKQPKPIVYQRCTVKCNOQUCUCWTUHTQO VJG.CVG%TGVCEGQWUQH6COCWNKRCUCPFCPKPVGTPCNOQNFQHCVWTVNGHTQOVJG6GTVKCT[ QH%JKCRCUTGURGEVKXGN[ &WTKPIVJGUGEQPFJCNHQHVJGVJEGPVWT[CPFVJGGCTN[DGIKPPKPIUQHVJGUV HQUUKNCORJKDKCPCPFTGRVKNGTGUGCTEJKPETGCUGFUKIPKſECPVN[ &WTKPI VJKU VKOG HTCOG OQUV QH VJG OCKP FQEWOGPVU EQPEGTPGF YKVJ QT TGHGTTKPI VQ HQUUKN CORJKDKCPU CPF TGRVKNGUYGTGRWDNKUJGF1HVJGUGRWDNKECVKQPUKVKUYQTVJOGPVKQPKPIVJGFGUETKRVKQPU QHDGCWVKHWNN[RTGUGTXGFJQNQV[RGUQHVWTVNGUURJGPQFQPVKCPUDCUCNNGRKFQUCWTUCPF NK\CTFU6JGUGHQUUKNUCTGVJGUMWNNQH2CTCFKRUQUCWTWUOGZKECPWU (TKGUGVCN HTQOVJGNCVG'QEGPGFGRQUKVUQH/CTſN )WCPCLWCVQ VJG CNOQUV EQORNGVG UMGNGVQP QH )QRJGTWU CWHHGPDGTIK /QQUGT HTQO VJG +NNKPQKCP %GFC\Q NQECN HCWPC KP #IWCUECNKGPVGU QPG QH VJG HGY UMWNNU QH )QRJGTWU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ KVU UJGNN CPF RQUVETCPKCNUMGNGVQPHTQOYJKEJ)FQPNCNQKCIKCPVVWTVNGHTQOVJG4CPEJQNCDTGCP FGRQUKVU QH 8KNNCIT¶P PQTVJYGUV 6COCWNKRCU YCU TGEGPVN[ FGUETKDGF 4G[PQUQ CPF /QPVGNNCPQ VJG GZSWKUKVGN[ YGNN RTGUGTXGF DCUCN NGRKFQUCWTQOQTRJU CPF URJGPQFQPVKCPUHTQOVJGOKF,WTCUUKETGFDGFUQH.C$QEC(QTOCVKQPCV*WK\CEJCN %CP[QP 6COCWNKRCU %NCTM CPF *GTP¶PFG\ 4G[PQUQ KP RTGUU 4G[PQUQ CPF %NCTM VJG DGCWVKHWNN[ RTGUGTXGF EQORNGVG UMGNGVQPU QH URJGPQFQPVKCPUDCUCNUSWCOCVGUCPFVTWGNK\CTFUHTQOVJG'CTN[%TGVCEGQWUQHVJG 6NC[ÕC(QTOCVKQPPGCT6GRGZKFG4QFTÈIWG\2WGDNC 4G[PQUQ 4G[PQUQCPF%CNNKUQP4G[PQUQGVCNCPFVJGUMWNNQHVJGPGY ETQEQFKNGURGEKGU)GQUCWTWUXKIPCWFK (TG[GVCNHTQOVJGOKFFNG6KVJQPKCP FGRQUKVUQH.C2KOKGPVC(QTOCVKQPPGCT/C\CVGRGE2WGDNC

4'5'#4%*10(155+.#/2*+$+#05#0&4'26+.'5

1VJGT KORQTVCPV HQUUKNU VJCV JCXG DGGP TGEGPVN[ FGUETKDGF CTG TGOCKPU QH VJG NCTIGUVMPQYPOCTKPGECTPKXQTG.KQRNGWTQFQPHGTQZ $WEJ[GVCNHTQOVJG -KOOGTKFIKCP.C%CUKVC(QTOCVKQP#NUQQWVUVCPFKPICTGVJGPQV[GVFGUETKDGFEQORNGVG UMGNGVQPUKPENWFKPIVJGHTQIUCPFUCNCOCPFGTUHTQOVJG2NKQEGPGHQUUKNKHGTQWUTGIKQPQH 5CPVC/CTÈC#OCLCE#VQVQPKNEQGN)TCPFG*KFCNIQ (WGPVGU)WGTTCCPF8GNCUEQFG .GÎPVJGVWTVNGUCPFETQEQFKNGUHTQO6NC[ÕC 4G[PQUQGVCNCPFCP CNOQUVEQORNGVGUMWNNQHCIQPKQNQRJKFETQEQFKNGHTQOVJG/CCUVTKEJVKCP1EQ\QEQCWVNC (QTOCVKQPQH%JKCRCU %CTDQV%JCPQPCCPF%QWVKÌQ,QUÃ 4GOCKPKPI FGUETKDGF QT NKUVGF VCZC CTG TGRTGUGPVGF D[ KPEQORNGVG UMGNGVQPU CPFUMWNNUKUQNCVGFQUVGQNQIKECNGNGOGPVUCPFHTCIOGPVCT[OCVGTKCNHTQOOCP[UKVGU DTQCFN[ FKUVTKDWVGF VJTQWIJ UVCVGU QH VJG /GZKECP 4GRWDNKE 0GY IGPGTC CPF QT URGEKGU FGUETKDGF HTQO HTCIOGPVCT[ OCVGTKCN CTG VJG GCTN[ %TGVCEGQWU OCTKPG TGRVKNG2NGUKQUCWTWUOGZKECPWU 9KGNCPFHTQO6NCZKCEQ1CZCECMPQYPHTQO VJG HTCIOGPVCT[ WRRGT CPF NQYGT LCYU VJG *GORJKNNKCP $WHQ ECORK $TCVVUVTQO C HTQO ;GRÎOGTC %JKJWCJWC QPN[ MPQYP HTQO KVU NGHV VKDKC CPF ſDWNC VJG NCVG 2NGKUVQEGPG NK\CTFU %VGPQUCWTC RTGOCZKNNCTKU CPF .GRKFQRJ[OC CTK\GNQIN[RJWU

.CPIGDCTVGNHTQOVJG5RWMKN%CXG;WECVCPMPQYPHTQOVJGRTGOCZKNNCCPF TKIJV FGPVCT[ TGURGEVKXGN[ VJG 9KUEQPUKCP 2JT[PQUQOC LQUGEKVGPUKU $TCVVUVTQO D HTQO 0WGXQ .GÎP MPQYP HTQO C UMWNN HTCIOGPV CPF VJG VWTVNG )QRJGTWU RCTIGPUKU /QQUGT QPN[ MPQYP HTQO C HTCIOGPVCT[ UJGNN HTQO VJG +NNKPQKCP %GFC\QNQECNHCWPCKP#IWCUECNKGPVGU#EQPVTQXGTU[QPVJGXCNKFKV[QHVJGUGVCZCJCU DGGPTCKUGFOCKPN[DGECWUGVJGKTFGUETKRVKQPUYGTGDCUGFQPPQPFKCIPQUVKEHGCVWTGU #FFKVKQPCNKPFKTGEVGXKFGPEGUQHVJGRTGUGPEGQHHQUUKNTGRVKNGUKP/GZKEQCTGCP KUQNCVGFDTCKPECUGQHCETQEQFKNG ,%NCTMRGTUEQOHTQOVJGNCVG%CORCPKCP%GTTQ FGN2WGDNQ(QTOCVKQPPGCT5CNVKNNQ%QCJWKNCQTKIKPCNN[VJQWIJVVQDGCEJCUOQUCWT DTCKPECUG *GTP¶PFG\4KXGTCCPF&GNICFQFG,GUÕUCPCOOQPKVGUJGNNYKVJ RTQDCDNGOQUCUCWTDKVGUHTQOVJG/CCUVTKEJVKCPHQWPFCVVJG#TTQ[QFG5CPVC%CVCTKPC 'N4QUCTKQ$CLC%CNKHQTPKC 5CWNCPFCVWTVNGKIPKVGHTQOVJG.CVG%TGVCEGQWU QH%QCJWKNC 4QFTÈIWG\FGNC4QUCCPF&¶XKNC4QFTÈIWG\

6CZC#PCN[UKU 6CZCCPFDKQIGQITCRJKECNCPCN[UGUYGTGRGTHQTOGFD[ICVJGTKPIWPKSWGTGRQTVU QHHQUUKNCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGUOGPVKQPGFNKUVGFQTFGUETKDGFKPNKVGTCVWTGEQPUKFGTGF KPFGRGPFGPVN[HTQOVJGKTVCZQPQOKETCPM#WPKSWGTGEQTFKUFGſPGF CU VCZC RTGUGPV KP C FKHHGTGPV NQECNKV[ CPF UVTCVKITCRJKE NGXGN GXGP YKVJKP VJG UCOG NQECNKV[ 6CZC TGRQTVUHTQOVJGUCOGNQECNKV[CPFCIGOGPVKQPGFKPFKHHGTGPVRCRGTUYGTGEQPUKFGTGF TGFWPFCPVCPFYGTGPQVWUGF6QCXQKFCFOKUUKQPGTTQTU GIVJGFWRNKECVKQPQHVCZC HTQO FKHHGTGPV TGRQTVU TGFWPFCPV VCZC YGTG OGTIGF HTQO GCEJ QVJGT KPVQ C UKPING TGEQTFCUOWEJCURQUUKDNG+PUWEJECUGUVJGXCNKFPCOGWUGFYCUVJCVQHVJGOQUV TGEGPV EKVCVKQP QH VJG VCZC QT VJG PCOG WUGF KP VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV RWDNKECVKQP +P C HGY RWDNKUJGF FQEWOGPVU KV YCU KORQUUKDNG VQ FKUVKPIWKUJ YJGVJGT CWVJQTU YGTG

4';0151

TGHGTTKPI VQ FKHHGTGPV VCZC QT VQ VJG UCOG QPG 6JGUG ECUGU YGTG EQPUKFGTGF KP VJG CPCN[UGUDWVECTGHWNN[FKUEWUUGFUKPEGVJG[OKIJVDGKPETGCUKPITKEJPGUUCTVKſEKCNN[ 5RGEKCNECUGCTGFQEWOGPVURTQFWEGFD[%CUVKNNQŌ%GTÎPŏUYQTMKPIVGCOYJGTGYJCV UGGOUVQDGVJGUCOGHQUUKNURGEKOGPKUOGPVKQPGFTGRGCVGFN[CVFKHHGTGPVVCZQPQOKE TCPMU QT KFGPVKVKGU (QT GZCORNG KV KU WPEGTVCKP KH VJG /KQEGPGNCVG 2NGKUVQEGPG 6GJWKEJKNC
%CUVKNNQ%GTÎP CPF )Q[GPGEJGC %CUVKNNQ%GTÎP GV CN CPF %CUVKNNQ%GTÎPGVCN CNVJQWIJVJGUGNCUVRCRGTUEGTVCKPN[FQPQVKPENWFGVJG NCVG2NGKUVQEGPGCORJKDKCPUVJCVJCXGDGGPPGXGTTGRQTVGFKPCHQTOCNRCRGT(QTCNN ECNEWNCVKQPUWPFGVGTOKPGFXCTKQWU CORJKDKCPUCPF TGRVKNGUTGRQTVGF D[ /KNNGTCPF %CTTCP\C%CUVCÌGFC CPFVJGTGEQTFQHEH2NCVGECTRWU (TG[GVCNYGTG GZENWFGFUKPEGVJG[FKFPQVRTQXKFGEQNNGEVKPIFCVCKPVJGKTTGRQTVU 7RVQPQYVJGTGJCXGDGGPTGRQTVGFCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGU 6CDNG HTQO/GZKEQ#OQPICORJKDKCPUſXG CTG WPFGVGTOKPGF TGRQTVU ſXG ECWFCVGU CPF CPWTCPU#OQPITGRVKNGUCTGWPFGVGTOKPGFVWTVNGU RNGWTQFKTGUQPGDCUCN NGRKFQUCWTQOQTRJUGXGPURJGPQFQPVKCPUQPGDCUCNUSWCOCVGVTWGUSWCOCVGU NK\CTFUCPFUPCMGUETQEQFKNGUCPFPQPUSWCOCVGOCTKPGTGRVKNGU (KIWTG 7PKFGPVKſGF CORJKDKCPU CPF TGRVKNGU CTG WUWCNN[ TGRQTVGF YJGP KPVTQFWEKPI PQPNQYGTXGTVGDTCVGHCWPCNCUUGODNCIGUDGKPIWPEGTVCKPKHVJGUGTGRQTVUTGHGTVQC UKPINGQTUGXGTCNVCZC#OD[UVQOCKUVJGQPN[IGPWUQHECWFCVGURTQRGTN[KFGPVKſGF

$TCVVUVTQO C NXCTG\ CPF *WGTVC +P CFFKVKQP $WHQ )CUVTQRJT[PG *[NC *[NCEVQRJTKPG 'NGWVJGTQFCEV[NWU .GRVQFCEV[NWU 2VGTPQJ[NC 4CPC 4JKPQRJT[PWU5ECRJKQRWUCPF5[TTJQRJWUJCXGDGGPTGRQTVGFHQT#PWTC 4GRVKNGUCTGEQPUKFGTCDN[OQTGCDWPFCPVVJCPCORJKDKCPU6JGTGOC[DGOQTG WPKFGPVKſGF TGRVKNGU PQV EQPUKFGTGF KP VJKU RCRGT (QT GZCORNG %QRG GV CN OGPVKQPGFC%CORCPKCPTGRVKNGOKETQHCWPCHQTVJG%CÌÎP5CPVC'NGPC0CVKQPCN2CTM %JKJWCJWCYKVJQWVURGEKH[KPIVJGPWODGTQTKFGPVKV[QHVJGVCZC5KOKNCTECUGUYGTG EQPUKFGTGFCUCUKPINGTGRQTVECWUKPIQOKUUKQPGTTQTU #OQPI TGRVKNGU VWTVNGU CTG VJG OQUV CDWPFCPV 1H VWTVNG TGEQTFU CTG ET[RVQFKTCPUCPFVYQRNGWTQFKTCPU6JGOQUVCDWPFCPVKFGPVKſ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ſECVKQP 2TKOKVKXG ETQEQFKNGU KPENWFG IQPKQNQRJKFU VJCNNCVQUWEJKFU OGVTKQTJ[PEJKPGU VGNGQUCWTKFU CPF WPKFGPVKſGF OGVCUWEJKCPU CPF OGUQUWEJKCPU /QFGTPETQEQFKNGUCTGCNNTGHGTTGFVQVJGIGPWU%TQEQF[NWU/KNNGT KFGPVKſGF C NQYGT LCY HTQO VJG $NCPECP .CU 6WPCU .QECN (CWPC KP $CLC %CNKHQTPKC 5WT CU %TQEQF[NWUOQTGNGVVK

4'5'#4%*10(155+.#/2*+$+#05#0&4'26+.'5

4'26+.'5 KPFGVTGRVKNGU VWTVNGU ETQEQFKNGU NGRKFQUCWTQOQTRJU őGWT[CRUKFUŒ

616#.

TGEQTFUTGHGTTGFVQ VJGURGEKGUNGXGN

WPFGVGTOKPGF URGEKGU

FGUETKDGF PGYURGEKGU

TGEQTFUTGHGTTGFVQ VJGIGPGTKENGXGN

TGEQTFUTGHGTTGF VQVJGUWRTCIGPGTKE NGXGN

#/2*+$+#05 WPFGVCORJKDKCPU WTQFGNGU CPWTCPU

RTQRQUGF PGYURGEKGU

TGEQTFU

6#$.'0WODGTQHWPFGVGTOKPGFRTQRQUGFCPFFGUETKDGFPGYURGEKGUCPFVCZQPQOKE NGXGNQHKFGPVKſECVKQP QH CORJKDKCPU CPF TGRVKNGU TGRQTVGF HQT /GZKEQ

6JGTGJCXGDGGPTGRQTVGFNGRKFQUCWTQOQTRJU6JG/GUQ\QKEHQTOUCTGVJG DGUVMPQYPRCTVKEWNCTN[VJQUGQHVJGOKF,WTCUUKE.C$QEC(QTOCVKQPCPFVJGGCTN[ %TGVCEGQWU 6NC[ÕC (QTOCVKQP (TQO *WK\CEJCN CTG VJG DCUCN NGRKFQUCWTQOQTRJ 6COCWNKRCUCWTWUOQTGPQK %NCTMCPF*GTP¶PFG\MPQYPHTQOCUMWNNCPFC DCUKETCPKWO VJG URJGPQFQPVKCPU %[PQURJGPQFQP JWK\CEJCNGPUKU 4G[PQUQ 4G[PQUQVJGOQUVCDWPFCPVNQECNHQTOMPQYPHTQOUGXGTCNFGPVCNGNGOGPVU VJGFYCTH
4';0151

(+)74'(TGSWGPE[QHWPKSWGVCZQPNQECNKV[CIGTGEQTFUQHCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGURGT JKIJTCPMVCZQPQOKEITQWR

6JGTG CTG TGRQTVU QH VTWG NK\CTFU CPF OCTKPG OQUCUCWTU CPF UPCMGU 6JGUG KPENWFGU VJG OQFGTP IGPGTC #OGKXC $CTKUKC %CNNKUCWTWU %PGOKFQRJQTWU

#URKFQUEGNKU %VGPQUCWTC 5EGNQRQTWU VJG IGPWU YKVJ VJG OQUV TGRQTVU !.CGOCPEVWU .GRKFQRJ[OC CPF 2JT[PQUQOC # XCTCPKF NK\CTF %JCOQRU 2QN[IN[RJCPQFQPCPFVJGOQUCUCWTU%NKFCUVGUEH/QUCUCWTWUCPFEH2NCVGECTRWU CTG %TGVCEGQWU .WECU GV CN 0[FCO 'XGTVJ GV CN (TG[ GV CN #NNTGRQTVGFUPCMGUCTGHTQOVJGNCVG%GPQ\QKEYKVJVJGGZEGRVKQPQHCPKUQNCVGF XGTVGDTCTGHGTTGFCU%QPKQRJKUURD[#IWKNNÎP HTQOVJG.CVG%TGVCEGQWU%GTTQ FGN 2WGDNQ (QTOCVKQP %QCJWKNC JQYGXGT VJKU KFGPVKſECVKQP PGGFU VQ DG XGTKſGF .CVG%GPQ\QKEUPCMGUCTG$QC%TQVCNWUCPFQT$QVJTQRU&T[OCTEJQP&T[OQDKWU 'NCRJG *[RUKINGPC .CORTQRGNVKU /CUVKEQRJKU! 2KVWQRJKU 5CNXCFQTC 5RKNQVGU 6JCOPQRJKU VJGOQUVCDWPFCPVIGPWUCPF6TKOQTRJQFQP/QUVTGRQTVUCTGHTQOVJG 5RWMKN%CXG .CPIGDCTVGN4CPEJQ.C$TKUEC5QPQTC 8CP&GXGPFGTGVCN CPF$CLC%CNKHQTPKC5WT /KNNGT (QT VJG RWTRQUG QH VJKU RCRGT PQPUSWCOCVG OCTKPG TGRVKNGU CTG ITQWRGF CU őGWT[CRUKFUŒ 6JGUG CTG VJG NGUU CDWPFCPV VCZC COQPI /GZKECP TGRVKNGU CPF QPN[ ſXG KEJVJ[QUCWTU CPF UKZ UCWTQRVGT[IKCP JCXG DGGP TGRQTVGF /QUV HQUUKNU YGTG EQNNGEVGF KP VJG /GUQ\QKE FGRQUKVU QH PQTVJGTP /GZKEQ YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH VJG

4'5'#4%*10(155+.#/2*+$+#05#0&4'26+.'5

JQNQV[RGQH2NKQUCWTWUOGZKECPWUCPFCPQVJGT!2NKQUCWTKFCGHTQO1CZCEC 9KGNCPF (GTTWUSWÈC8KNNCHTCPECCPF%QOCU1PN[5JCUJVCUCWTWUCNVKURKPWUCPF 6QTGVQEPGOWUECNKHQTPKEWUHTQO5QPQTC .WECUCPF)QP\¶NG\.GÎPCPFVJG #TCODGTTKOQPUVGT.KQRNGWTQFQPHGTQZ $WEJ[GVCNYGTGEQORNGVGGPQWIJVQ DGKFGPVKſGF VQ VJG URGEKGU NGXGN

#ORJKDKCPUCPF4GRVKNGUKP6KOGCPF5RCEG #ORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGUCTGDTQCFN[FKUVTKDWVGFVJTQWIJQWVVJG/GZKECPVGTTKVQT[ JCXKPITGEQTFUHTQOVJG6TKCUUKEVQVJG*QNQEGPG6YGPV[QPGQHVJGUVCVGUJCXG HQUUKNJGTRGVQHCWPCKPNQECNKVKGU6JGOQUVKORQTVCPVUVCVGUNKUVGFCEEQTFKPIVQ VJGKTTKEJPGUUCTG5QPQTCYKVJTGRQTVU%QCJWKNCYKVJ6COCWNKRCUCPF;WECV¶P YKVJ0WGXQ.GÎPYKVJCPF'UVCFQFG/ÃZKEQ*KFCNIQ,CNKUEQCPF2WGDNC CNNYKVJ (KIWTG6JGTGOCKPKPIUVCVGUJCXGNGUUVJCPTGRQTVU#NNTGRQTVUQH ;WECV¶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¶NG\.GÎP6JG*WK\CEJCN%CP[QP TGFDGFUQH.C$QEC(QTOCVKQPKUVJGQPN[MPQYP/KFFNG,WTCUUKENQECNKV[#FFKVKQPCN VCZCHTQO*WK\CEJCNCTGUGXGTCNRCTVKCNUMWNNUQH/GVCUWEJKC %NCTMGVCND CPFCRTKOKVKXGETQEQF[NQOQTRJUMWNNHTCIOGPV %NCTMGVCNC.CVG,WTCUUKE FGRQUKVUCTGHTQO%QCJWKNC0WGXQ.GÎPCPFCUKPINGTGEQTFHTQO2WGDNCYJGTGVJG ETQEQFKNG)GQUCWTWUXKIPCWFK (TG[GVCNYCUFGUETKDGF6JGOQUVKORQTVCPV NCVG,WTCUUKEFGRQUKVUCTGVJGUGTKGUQHNQECNKVKGUPGCT#TCODGTTK0WGXQ.GÎP $WEJ[ GVCNKPRTGUU#TCPFC/CPVGECCPF5VKPPGUDGEM(TG[GVCNEQORTKUKPI FGRQUKVU QH .C %CUKVC CPF .C %CLC (QTOCVKQPU CV #UWPEKÎP )CNGCPC 5CP .WECU 4ÈQ2CDNKNNQ%KGPGIWKNNCU*KFCNIQG+VWTDKFG
4';0151

(+)74'(TGSWGPE[QHWPKSWGVCZQPNQECNKV[CIGTGEQTFUQHCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGURGT UVCVG #DDTGXKCVKQPU #IU #IWCUECNKGPVGU $% $CLC %CNKHQTPKC $%5 $CLC %CNKHQTPKC 5WT %JKJ %JKJWCJWC %JKU %JKCRCU %QCJ %QCJWKNC &WT &WTCPIQ 'OGZ 'UVCFQ FG /ÃZKEQ )VQ)WCPCLWCVQ*IQ*KFCNIQ,CN,CNKUEQ/KEJ/KEJQCE¶P0.0WGXQ.GÎP1CZ1CZCEC 2WG2WGDNC5.25CP.WKU2QVQUÈ5QP5QPQTC6CD6CDCUEQ6COR6COCWNKRCU;WE;WECV¶P
(+)74'(TGSWGPE[QHWPKSWGVCZCNQECNKV[CIGTGEQTFUQHCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGU RGTCIG

4'5'#4%*10(155+.#/2*+$+#05#0&4'26+.'5

JCURTQFWEGFUGXGTCNEQORNGVGCPFRCTVKCNUMGNGVQPUQHVYQVWTVNGVCZCCPFCETQEQFKNG

4G[PQUQGVCN1VJGTGCTN[%TGVCEGQWUNQECNKVKGUCTGHQWPFKP1CZCECKPVJG 6NCZKCEQCTGCCPFPGCT*WCLWCRCPFG.GÎP 9KGNCPF(GTTWUSWÈC8KNNCHTCPEC CPF %QOCU (TQO 6NCZKCEQ VJG V[RG URGEKOGP QH 2NGUKQUCWTWU OGZKECPWU YCU TGEQXGTGF 9KGNCPF CPF HTQO VJG NCVG $GTTKCUKCPGCTN[ *CWVGTKXKCP QH *WCLWCRCP FG .GÎP 1CZCEC CP KEJVJKQUCWTKF EGPVTC CPF C 2NKQUCWTKFCG! FGPVCT[ CUUQEKCVGFYKVJCUECRWNCTHTCIOGPV (GTTWUSWÈC8KNNCHTCPECCPF%QOCUYGTG CNUQTGEQXGTGF .CVG%TGVCEGQWUFGRQUKVUDGCTKPINQYGTXGTVGDTCVGCTGCDWPFCPV/QUVNQECNKVKGU CTGGKVJGT%CORCPKCPQT%CORCPKCP/CCUVTKEJVKCPKPCIGCPFCTGDCUKECNN[FKUVTKDWVGF VJTQWIJ VJG PQTVJGTP UVCVGU QH VJG TGRWDNKE $CLC %CNKHQTPKC 5QPQTC %JKJWCJWC %QCJWKNCCPF0WGXQ.GÎP1PN[VYQNQECNKVKGUJCXGDGGPTGRQTVGFVQDG6WTQPKCP VJG2G[QVGU&KXKUKÎPCV2CTTCUQPVJG4ÈQ$TCXQHTQOVJGPQTVJ2TGUKFKWOVQ2KGFTCU 0GITCU%QCJWKNC #IWKNGTCCPF8CNNGEKNNQ0WGXQ.GÎP $NCPEQ2KÌÎP GV CN YJGTG C UQHV UJGNNGF VWTVNG 6TKQP[Z UR CPF WPFGVGTOKPGF EJGNQPKCPU JCXGDGGPTGRQTVGFTGURGEVKXGN[ 6JGQNFGUV.CVG%TGVCEGQWUTGEQTFQHCOCTKPGTGRVKNGKUVJCVQH/×NNGTTKGF YJQTGRQTVGFVYQRCTVKCNKPFKXKFWCNUQHCOQUCUCWTHTQO4C[ÎPPQTVJQHVJG;COGUÈ 4KXGTCVMOU09QH6CORKEQ6COCWNKRCU6JGUGURGEKOGPUYGTGFGRQUKVGFKPVJG /WUGQ0CEKQPCNFG*KUVQTKC0CVWTCNKP/GZKEQ%KV[DWVCTGPQYRTQDCDN[NQUV 6JG %GTTQ FGN 2WGDNQ (QTOCVKQP CTGC PGCT 5CNVKNNQ DGCTU VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV .CVG%TGVCEGQWU NCVG%CORCPKCPTGRVKNGHCWPCKP/GZKEQJQYGXGTQRRQUKVGVQVJG HQUUKNU HTQO VJG ,WTCUUKE CPF 'CTN[ %TGVCEGQWU FGRQUKVU VJG HQUUKNU HTQO %QCJWKNC CTG RTGUGTXGF VQ DG WUGF HQT IQQF VCZQPQO[ CPF U[UVGOCVKEU 6JGUG UKVGU JCXG RTQFWEGF FKHHGTGPV TGEQTFU KPENWFKPI VJG VWTVNGU %QORUGO[U EH *QRNQEJGN[U -KPQUVGTPQKFGC EH 2TQVQEJGN[FTC 6TKQPKEJKFCG #FQEWU CPF C HQTO UKOKNCT VQ 0GWTCPM[NWU 4QFTÈIWG\FGNC4QUCCPF%GXCNNQU(GTTK\'XGTVJGVCN VJGUQWVJGTPOQUVTGEQTFQHVJGRNGWTQFKTG$QVJTGO[U )CTEÈCCPF4G[PQUQC XCTCPKFNK\CTF 'XGTVJGVCNVJGUPCMGSWGUVKQPCDN[TGHGTTGFVQCU%QPKQRJKU

#IWKNNÎPVJGOQUCUCWTU%NKFCUVGURTQDCDN[EH2NCVGECTRWUCPWPFGVGTOKPGF /QUCUCWTKC 'XGTVJ GV CN (TG[ GV CN CPF NQPIKTQUVTKPG ETQEQFKNGU RTQDCDN[ )QPKQRJQNKFKFCG 4QFTÈIWG\FG NC 4QUC CPF %GXCNNQU(GTTK\ 6JG NCEM QH IQQF OCVGTKCN OCMGU KFGPVKſECVKQPU VQ VJG IGPGTKE CPF RCTVKEWNCTN[ VQ VJG URGEKſE NGXGN FWDKQWU UQ VJG TGEQXGT[ QH OQTG EQORNGVG OCVGTKCN KU PGGFGF DGHQTG C ſPCN HCWPCN NKUV ECP DG RTQFWEGF 6JG RQUUKDNG %CORCPKCP/CCUVTKEJVKCP #IWLC ,CXGNKPC CPF 5CP %CTNQU HQTOCVKQPU NQECVGF QP VJG %JKJWCJWC%QCJWKNC DQTFGT CTG VJG UGEQPF OQUV CDWPFCPV .CVG %TGVCEGQWU FGRQUKVU KP /GZKEQ 6JGUG JCXG DGGP TGEGPVN[ UVWFKGF D[ / /QPVGNNCPQ$CNNGUVGTQU CPF , 9GUVICVGŏU VGCOU /QPVGNNCPQ$CNNGUVGTQU GV CN9GUVICVGGVCNCD%QRGGVCN7PHQTVWPCVGN[WRVQ PQYPQHQTOCNNKUVUJCXGDGGPRTQFWEGF6JGRTGUGPEGQHCTGRVKNGOKETQHCWPCVJG VWTVNG#URKFGTGVGUUQHVUJGNNGFVWTVNGUCPFQVJGTEJGNQPKCPUCPFETQEQFKNGUKPENWFKPI IQPKQNQRJKFUCPFCUJQTVUPQWVGFHQTOJCXGDGGPTGRQTVGF

4';0151

+P$CLC%CNKHQTPKCCNNMPQYP.CVG%TGVCEGQWUNQYGTVGVTCRQFUCTGHTQOVJGNCVG %CORCPKCP 'N )CNNQ (QTOCVKQP 6JKU UKVG DGCTU VJG QNFGUV MPQYP HQUUKN CORJKDKCP HTQO /GZKEQ .KNNGITCXGP CNVJQWIJ PQ VCZQPQOKE KFGPVKV[ JCU DGGP IKXGP 4GRVKNGHQUUKNUJCXGQPN[DGGPTGHGTTGFVQJKIJGTVCZQPQOKETCPMU GIVWTVNGNK\CTFU CPF CNNKICVQT UKE .KNNGITCXGP YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH VJG TGEGPVN[ TGRQTVGF 0CQOKEJGNKU 4QFTÈIWG\FG NC 4QUC CPF #TCPFC/CPVGEC MPQYP HTQO HTCIOGPVU QH EQUVCN CPF RNCUVTCN RNCVGU CPF VJG NK\CTF 2QN[IN[RJCPQFQP DCLCGPUKU

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ÌQ)KN GV CN %CTDQV %JCPQPCCPF%QWVKÌQ,QUÃ6JGUGHQUUKNUYGTGEQNNGEVGFKPVJG/CCUVTKEJVKCP 1EQ\QEQCWVNC (QTOCVKQP VJCV QWVETQRU KP UGXGTCN TQCF EWVU CV VJG 6WZVNC )WVKÃTTG\ CTGC%JKCRCU 'CTN[%GPQ\QKETGOCKPUCTGXGT[UECTEG(TQOVJGGCTN[1NKIQEGPG %JCFTQPKCP CECTCRCEGHTCIOGPVQHCVWTVNG (GTTWUSWÈC8KNNCHTCPECHTQO4CPEJQ)CKV¶P 2TKGVQU (QTOCVKQP %JKJWCJWC YCU TGRQTVGF CPF HTQO VJG NCVG 'QEGPG VJG NK\CTF 2CTCFKRUQUCWTWU OGZKECPWU (TKGU GV CN HTQO /CTſN )WCPCLWCVQ YCU FGUETKDGF 0GQIGPG FGRQUKVU CTG COQPI VJG DGUV RTQURGEVGF YKVJKP /GZKEQ HQT VJG GUVCDNKUJOGPVQHHCWPCNEQTTGNCVKQPUDGVYGGPNQECNKV[DCUGFHQUUKNOCOOCNU9KVJKPVJKU TGUGCTEJOQFGNVJGMPQYNGFIGQHCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGUJCUDGGPNGHVQWVCNVJQWIJ VJGKTRTGUGPEGJCUDGGPFQEWOGPVGFVJQTQWIJN[/QUV0GQIGPGFGRQUKVUCTGNQECVGF KP EGPVTCN /GZKEQ CPF JCXG DGGP GZVGPUKXGN[ EQNNGEVGF D[ 1 %CTTCP\C%CUVCÌGFC CPF9/KNNGTŏUVGCOYJQJCXGFKUEQXGTGFOCP[PGYHQUUKNUKVGU6JGUGNQECNKVKGU JCXG DGGP FCVGF GKVJGT CU *GORJKNNKCP NCVG /KQEGPGGCTN[ 2NKQEGPG QT $NCPECP

NCVG 2NKQEGPGGCTN[ 2NGKUVQEGPG 0GQIGPG NQECNKVKGU CTG HQWPF KP #IWCUECNKGPVGU $CLC %CNKHQTPKC $CLC %CNKHQTPKC 5WT %JKJWCJWC )WCPCLWCVQ *KFCNIQ ,CNKUEQ /KEJQCE¶P CPF 0WGXQ .GÎP /KNNGT CPF %CTTCP\C%CUVCÌGFC OGPVKQP PGY *GORJKNNKCPVQ$NCPECPNQECNKVKGUCV

4'5'#4%*10(155+.#/2*+$+#05#0&4'26+.'5

CP WPEGTVCKP NQECNKV[ HTQO ,CNKUEQ )GQEJGNQPG HTQO VJG 5CP ,QUÃ FGN %CDQ DCUKP CPF$CJÈC6QTVWICU$CLC%CNKHQTPKC5WT6GUVWFQHTQO.C)QNGVCCPFEH)QRJGTWU HTQOPGCT4KPEÎPFGNC%QPEJC%JKJWCJWC $TCVVUVTQOC%CUVKNNQ%GTÎPGVCN (NQTGU 8KNNGNC /KNNGT CPF %CTTCP\C%CUVCÌGFC %TQEQFKNGU CTG QPN[MPQYPHTQOUKZTGEQTFUQH%TQEQF[NWUHTQO
$TCVVUVTQOCNXCTG\CPF*WGTVCVJG9KUEQPUKCP5CP,QUGEKVQ%CXG PGCT #TCODGTTK 0WGXQ .GÎP $TCVVUVTQO D /GCF GV CN VJG +NNKPQKCP 6QDC #IWCUECNKGPVGU KP VJG %GFC\Q CPF 5CP (TCPEKUEQ %TGGM PGCT #IWCUECNKGPVGU EKV[ /QQUGTVJG.CVG2NGKUVQEGPG%WGXCFGN#DTCPGCT8KNNC#PVKIWC /QTGNQU 6COCWNKRCU *QNOCP VJG NCVG 5CPICOQP9KUEQPUKCP ,QEQVGRGE CTGC,CNKUEQ 5OKVJVJG+TXKPIVQPKCP !GPF-CPUKCP'N)QNHQFG5CPVC%NCTC 5QPQTC 5JCY VJG .CVG 2NGKUVQEGPG 5CPICOQP 4CPEJQ .C $TKUEC 5QPQTC

8CP&GXGPFGTGVCNCPFVJGGPFQHVJG2NGKUVQEGPG.QU6CPSWGU
)W\O¶PCPF2QNCEQ #U YKVJ OQUV QH VJG HQUUKN TGEQTF VWTVNGU CTG CDWPFCPV (QTV[ UKZ VWTVNGU JCXG DGGPTGRQTVGFKPENWFKPIVJGIGPGTC)GQEJGNQPG)QRJGTWU-KPQUVGTPQP6GTTCRGPG 6GUVWFQ CPF 6TCEJGO[U .CPIGDCTVGN *KDDCTF (NCPPGT[ )CTEÈC%QQM )WGPVJGT %CDTGTC%CUVTQ NXCTG\ CPF *WGTVC *GTP¶PFG\,WPSWGTC /QQFKG CPF 8CP &GXGPFGT (GTTWUSWÈC 8KNNCHTCPEC CPF 6QTTGU4QNF¶P /QQUGT 5OKVJ .QTGP\Q CPF /KTCODGNN 2QNCEQ4COQU 5JCY 8CP &GXGPFGT GV CN )W\O¶PCPF2QNCEQ)WKNNGVVGGVCN$TCXQ%WGXCU4G[PQUQ CPF/QPVGNNCPQ.K\CTFUKPENWFGU#OGKXC$CTKUKC%CNNKUCWTWU#URKFQUEGNKU

4';0151

%VGPQUCWTC!.CGOCPEVWU.GRKFQRJ[OC2J[PQUQOCCPF5EGNQRQTWU .CPIGDCTVGN $TCVVUVTQO C D (NCPPGT[ *QNOCP .QTGP\Q CPF /KTCODGNN 8CP &GXGPFGT GV CN %CUVKNNQ%GTÎP GV CN /GCF GV CN%CUVKNNQ%GTÎPGVCN TGHGTTGFVQ$CTKUKCHTCIOGPVCT[OCZKNNCUCPF LCYUHTQO6WNCJQYGXGT/GCFGVCN EQPUKFGTGFVJGUGVQDGCTQDWUVHQTO QHRJT[PQUQOCVKF GI5EGNQRQTWUFWGVQVJGNCEMQHCFJGTKPIQUVGQFGTOU5PCMGU KPENWFG$QC%TQVCNWUCPFQT$QVJTQRU&T[OCTEJQP&T[OQDKWU'NCRJG*[RUKINGPC .CORTQRGNVKU /CUVKEQRJKU 6JCOPQRJKU 6TKOQTRJQFQP 5CNXCFQTC CPF 5RKNQVGU

.CPIGDCTVGN$TCVVUVTQOCNXCTG\CPF*WGTVC5OKVJ 8CP&GXGPFGTGVCN2NGKUVQEGPGETQEQFKNGUCTGQPN[TGRTGUGPVGFD[VYQTGRQTVU QH%TQEQF[NWUHTQO5QPQTCCPF,CNKUEQ /KNNGTCPF%CTTCP\C%CUVCÌGFC/GCF CPF$¶G\ #ORJKDKCPU CTG CNUQ CDWPFCPV IGPWU #OD[UVQOC KU MPQYP HTQO VJG 'UVCFQ FG /ÃZKEQ $TCVVUVTQO C NXCTG\ CPF *WGTVC CPF VJG CPWTCPU $WHQ 'NGWVJGTQFCEV[NWU )CUVTQRJTKPG .GRVQFCEV[NWU 2VGTPQJ[NC 4CPC 4JKPQRJT[PWU 5ECRJKQRWU CPF 5[TTJQRJWU HTQO 5QPQTC 'UVCFQ FG /ÃZKEQ 6COCWNKRCU CPF ;WECV¶P .CPIGDCTVGN$TCVVUVTQOC*QNOCPNXCTG\CPF*WGTVC 5JCY8CP&GXGPFGTGVCN/CP[QVJGT2NGKUVQEGPGTGRQTVUCTG WPKFGPVKſGF QT MPQYP QPN[ WR VQ VJG UWRTCIGPGTKE NGXGN

6JG8CNKFKV[QH6CZC'TGEVGFYKVJ/GZKECP(QUUKN/CVGTKCN 1HVJGWPKSWGTGEQTFUQHCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGUYGTGFGUETKDGFCUPGY IGPGTC CPFQT URGEKGU /CP[ QH VJGUG VCZC CTG PQV XCNKF CP[OQTG OCKPN[ DGECWUG VJGKT QTKIKPCN FGUETKRVKQPU YGTG DCUGF QP KPEQORNGVG V[RG OCVGTKCN QT VCZC YGTG GTGEVGFWUKPIKPXCNKFETKVGTKC(QTGZCORNG&GNVCVOGPCRTGOCZKNNCTKU .CPIGDCTVGN FGUETKRVKQPYCUDCUGFQPCRTGOCZKNNCYKVJVJTGGVGGVJYCUNCVGTTGHGTTGFVQ %VGPQUCWTCD['UVGU KPFKECVKPIVJCVVJGURGEKGU%VGPQUCWTCRTGOCZKNNCTKUKUPQV FGſ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

4'5'#4%*10(155+.#/2*+$+#05#0&4'26+.'5

VKDKCCPFſDWNC )RCTIGPUKUQPCRQUVGTKQTHTCIOGPVQHCECTCRCEGCPF2LQUGEKVGPUKU QPCVGORQTCNDQPGYKVJHQWTURKPGU1PVJGQVJGTJCPF2CTCFKRUQUCWTWUOGZKECPWU FGUETKRVKQP (TKGUGVCNYCUDCUGFQPCPKEGEQORNGVGETCPKWOCUUQEKCVGFVQKVU NQYGTLCYCPFJCUPQVDGGPSWGUVKQPGF'UVGU EQPUKFGTGFKVXCNKF6JGTGEGPVN[ FGUETKDGF 2QN[IN[RJCPQFQP DCLCGPUKU HTQO $CLC %CNKHQTPKC 0[FCO KU CNUQ DCUGFWRQPHTCIOGPVCT[FGPVCNOCVGTKCN /GZKECPCWVJQTUJCXGHQTVJGOQUVRCTVGTGEVGFTGEGPVN[FGUETKDGFPGYURGEKGU 6JGUGCTGDCUGFQPDGCWVKHWNN[RTGUGTXGFEQORNGVGJQNQV[RGUMGNGVQPUQTUMWNNUHTQO VJG 6NC[ÕC CPF *WK\CEJCN FGRQUKVU 4G[PQUQ KP RTGUU 4G[PQUQCPF%NCTM4G[PQUQCPF%CNNKUQP6YQQVJGTPGYVCZCDCUGF QPYGNNRTGUGTXGFJQNQV[RGUCTG)GQUCWTWUXKIPCWFK (TG[GVCNCPF)QRJGTWU FQPNCNQK 4G[PQUQCPF/QPVGNNCPQ

/WUGWOUCPF+PUVKVWVKQPU*QWUGF6[RGUCPF1VJGT/CVGTKCN /QUV JQNQV[RGU QH URGEKGU ſTUV FGUETKDGF YKVJ OCVGTKCN EQNNGEVGF YKVJKP VJG /GZKECP VGTTKVQT[ CTG PQY JQWUGF KP /GZKECP OWUGWOU QT KPUVKVWVKQPU 'KIJV JQNQV[RGURNWUUGXGTCNRCTCV[RGUCPFJ[RQFKIOOCVGTKCNHTQO*WK\CEJCNCPF6NC[ÕC CTG JQWUGF KP VJG /WUGQ FG 2CNGQPVQNQIÈC QH VJG +PUVKVWVQ FG )GQNQIÈC 70#/ 6JGUG URGEKOGPU CTG VJG V[RGU QH 6COCWNKRCUCWTWU OQTGPQK %[PQURJGPQFQP JWK\CEJCNGPUKU
4';0151

0CEKQPCN FG *KUVQTKC 0CVWTCN /GZKEQ /WUGQ FG 2CNGQPVQNQIÈC FG )WCFCNCLCTC /WUGQ 4GIKQPCN FG *KUVQTKC FG #IWCUECNKGPVGU [ .CDQTCVQTKQ FG 2CNGQPVQNQIÈC [ #TSWGQNQIÈCFGN%GPVTQ+0#*#IWCUECNKGPVGUKPENWFKPIRCTVKCNN[(%OCVGTKCNQH1 /QQUGT5GETGVCTÈCFG'FWECEKÎP2ÕDNKEC%QCJWKNC PQYCVVJG/WUGQFGN&GUKGTVQ 5CNVKNNQ/WUGQFG2CNGQPVQNQIÈCQHVJG+PUVKVWVQFG+PXGUVKICEKQPGUFG%KGPEKCUFG NC 6KGTTC 7PKXGTUKFCF #WVÎPQOC FGN 'UVCFQ FG *KFCNIQ 2CEJWEC CPF %QNGEEKÎP 2CNGQPVQNÎIKEC QH VJG (CEWNVCF FG %KGPEKCU FG NC 6KGTTC 7PKXGTUKFCF #WVÎPQOC FG 0WGXQ.GÎP.KPCTGU(QTGKIP/WUGWOUCTGOQUVN[0QTVJ#OGTKECPCPFKPENWFGVJG #OGTKECP /WUGWO QH 0CVWTCN *KUVQT[ 0GY ;QTM .QU #PIGNGU %QWPV[ /WUGWO .QU#PIGNGU%CNKHQTPKC/KFYGUVGTP7PKXGTUKV[6GZCU6GZCU/GOQTKCN/WUGWO #WUVKPKPENWFKPITGOCKPKPI(%OCVGTKCNQH1/QQUGT7PKXGTUKV[QH%CNKHQTPKC.QU #PIGNGU%CNKHQTPKC/WUGWOQH2CNGQPVQNQI[7PKXGTUKV[QH/KEJKICP#PP#TDQT /KEJKICPVJG750CVKQPCN/WUGWO9CUJKPIVQP&%

#PCN[UKUQHVJG&QEWOGPVU2TQFWEGF%QPEGTPKPIYKVJ CORJKDKCPUCPF4GRVKNGUKP/GZKEQ 6JKUUGEVKQPCVVGORVUVQRTQXKFGCRCPQTCOCQHVJGTGUGCTEJQPCORJKDKCPUCPF TGRVKNGUQH/GZKEQ#PCN[UKUYCURGTHQTOGFQPCNNFQEWOGPVUVJCVOGPVKQPNKUVQT FGUETKDGCP[CORJKDKCPQTTGRVKNGHQWPFKPPCVKQPCNCPFKPVGTPCVKQPCNNKVGTCVWTG6JG VGTO FQEWOGPV KU WUGF JGTG VQ TGHGT VQ CNN RTKPVGF RCRGTU VJCV FKURNC[ KPHQTOCVKQP CDQWVCPCORJKDKCPQTCTGRVKNG6JGTGCTGVJTGGECVGIQTKGUQHFQEWOGPVUCEEQTFKPI VQVJGKTKORQTVCPEGCPFTCPIGQHFKUVTKDWVKQPCUEKGPVKſE RCRGTU DQQMU CPF DQQM EJCRVGTURTQFWEGFKPKPVGTPCVKQPCNLQWTPCNUQTGFKVQTKCNUDUEKGPVKſE RCRGTU DQQMU CPFDQQMEJCRVGTURTQFWEGFKPPCVKQPCNLQWTPCNUQTGFKVQTKCNUCPFEVJGUGUCDUVTCEVU KPPCVKQPCNCPFKPVGTPCVKQPCNOGGVKPIUCPFEQPITGUUGUſGNF IWKFGU CPF PGYUNGVVGTU 6QFGEKFGYJGVJGTCRCRGTYCUYTKVVGPD[CPCVKQPCNQTCPKPVGTPCVKQPCNCWVJQTQPN[ VJGPCVKQPCNKV[QHVJGſTUV CWVJQT YCU EQPUKFGTGF 4GUWNVUKPFKECVGVJCVVJGTGJCXGDGGPRWDNKUJGFPQPTGFWPFCPVOCKPFQEWOGPVU VJCVOGPVKQPNKUVQTFGUETKDGCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGUIKXKPICVQVCNQHTGEQTFU YKVJCWPKSWGNQECNKV[CPFCIG 6CDNG1HCNNVJGUGFQEWOGPVUQPN[CTGHQTOCN RWDNKECVKQPU KP GKVJGT PCVKQPCN QT KPVGTPCVKQPCN LQWTPCNU DQQMU QT DQQM EJCRVGTU PWODGTVJCVTGRTGUGPVUDCTGN[VJGQHCNNPQPTGFWPFCPVFQEWOGPVU6JKUOGCPU VJCVVJGTGOCKPKPIQHVJGKPHQTOCVKQPECPDGEQPUKFGTGFCUITC[NKVGTCVWTGPQV CXCKNCDNGQTQHFKHſEWNV CEEGUU VQ VJG KPVGTPCVKQPCN RCNGQPVQNQIKECN EQOOWPKV[ 6JKU RTQDNGOKUUVTGUUGFKPETQEQFKNGUYJGTGQHVJGTGRQTVUCTGRTGUGPVGFKPKPHQTOCN NKVGTCVWTG/GZKECPTGUGCTEJGTUJCXGRTQFWEGFQPN[QHCNNHQTOCNRWDNKECVKQPU CUſTUV CWVJQTU %QPUKFGTKPICNNPQPTGFWPFCPVFQEWOGPVUYGTGRWDNKUJGFKPKPVGTPCVKQPCN LQWTPCNU DQQMU CPF DQQMU EJCRVGTU VJCV KU RCRGTU 1H VJGUG RCRGTU /GZKECP TGUGCTEJGTUYTQVGQPN[KPVJGYJQNGJKUVQT[QH/GZKECPRCNGQJGTRGVQNQI[VJTGG CTGHCWPCNNKUVKPIU (NQTGU8KNNGNC4QFTÈIWG\FGNC4QUCCPF%GXCNNQU(GTTK\

4'5'#4%*10(155+.#/2*+$+#05#0&4'26+.'5

2QNCEQ4COQUCPFVJGTGOCKPKPICTGHQTOCNFGUETKRVKQPUQHPGYVCZC KPENWFKPIENCFKUVKECPFKPUQOGECUGUDKQIGQITCRJKECNCPCN[UGUKPVJGOQFGTPUGPUG

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ſGNF IWKFGU CPF PGYUNGVVGTU VQYCTFU VJG NCUVFGECFGU (KIWTGDWVVJGPWODGTQHHQTOCNRCRGTUFQGUPQVUJQYCPKORQTVCPV ITQYVJ UKPEG VJG RCRGTU RTQFWEGF RGT FGECFG JCXG TGOCKPFGF CNOQUV UVCDNG UKPEG VJGU&WTKPIVJGUHQTOCNUEKGPVKſE RTQFWEVKQP CRRGCTU VQ JCXG KORTQXGF DWVVJKUUJQWNFQPN[DGTGƀGEVGF YKVJ C NCTIGT PWODGT QH GZRGEVGF RCRGTU VQ DG RWDNKUJGFFWTKPIVJGſTUV FGECFG QH VJG UV EGPVWT[ 6JG KPETGCUG QH ITC[ NKVGTCVWTG FGPQVGUCITQYVJKPVJGPWODGTQHTGUGCTEJITQWRUKPVJGYJQNGEQWPVT[VJCVJCURCKF OQTGCVVGPVKQPVQTGRQTVKPIVJGRTGUGPEGQHCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGUCVVJGKTNQECNKVKGU *QYGXGTKVCNUQFGPQVGUVJGNCEMQHRTQHGUUKQPCNITQWRUECRCDNGQHRWDNKUJKPI VJGKTſPFKPIU KP DTQCFN[ FKUVTKDWVGF LQWTPCNU GKVJGT PCVKQPCN QT KPVGTPCVKQPCN

%QPENWUKQPU /GZKEQKUCEQWPVT[KPYJKEJHQUUKNCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGUCTGYGNNFKUVTKDWVGF QXGTCDTQCFTCPIGQHVKOGHTQOVJGNCVG6TKCUUKEVQVJG*QNQEGPG6CZQPQOKECNN[ /GZKEQ KU CNUQ XGT[ FKXGTUG CNVJQWIJ KV ECPPQV DG EQORCTGF VQ QVJGT EQWPVTKGU YKVJ C DTQCFGT VKOG TCPIG CPF OQTG HQUUKN NQECNKVKGU /GZKEQ NCEMU CORJKDKCP CPF TGRVKNGDGCTKPIFGRQUKVUCTGCUHTQOVJG2CNGQ\QKEVQVJGOKF6TKCUUKEYJKEJCTGYGNN TGRTGUGPVGF KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU CPF %CPCFC 6JKU FQGU FGOQPUVTCVG VJCV /GZKECP XGTVGDTCVGDGCTKPIHCWPCNQWVETQRUCTGCNYC[U[QWPIGT 6JGCDUGPEGQHRCNGQPVQNQIKUVUKPVGTGUVGFKPVJGUVWF[QHCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGU JCU MGRV /GZKEQ HTQO C EQORNGVG WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJGKT XGTVGDTCVG HCWPCU 6JG CORJKDKCPCPFTGRVKNGHQUUKNTGEQTFKUSWKVGNCTIGCPFUVKNNDCTGN[MPQYP/CP[TGRQTVU EQOKPI OCKPN[ HTQO VJG %GPQ\QKE CPF VJG .CVG %TGVCEGQWU PGGF VQ DG ECTGHWNN[ TGXKGYGFUKPEGVJG[CTGDCUGFQPHTCIOGPVCT[CPFPQVYGNNRTGUGTXGFOCVGTKCNVJCV EQWNF NGCF VQ HCNUG KFGPVKſECVKQPU +P CFFKVKQP OWEJ QH VJG WPKFGPVKſGF OCVGTKCN OGPVKQPGFVQDGRTGUGPVKPUGXGTCNNQECNKVKGUDWVUGVCUKFGD[VJGCWVJQTUCNUQPGGFU VQDGUVWFKGF+VKURCTVKEWNCTN[KPVGTGUVKPIVJCVHQUUKNUHTQOVJG0GQIGPGQHEGPVTCN

4';0151

PWODGTQHVCZC TGHGTTGF

QHVCZCTGHGTTGF D[/GZKECPU

6QVCN &QEWOGPVU

QHHQTOCN FQEWOGPVUYTKVVGP D[/GZKECPU QHKPVGTPCVKQPCN RCRGTUYTKVVGPD[ /GZKECPU

QHHQTOCN

0CVKQPCN RWDNKECVKQP

+PVGTPCVKQPCN RWDNKECVKQP

CORJKDKCPU WPFGVTGRVKNGU VWTVNGU EQEQFKNGU NGRKFQUCWTQOQTRJU őGWT[URUKFUŒ

/CKPTGHGTGPEGU

#DUVTCEVUVJGUKUſGNF IWKFGUPGYUNGVVGTU

RCRGTU QHFQEWOGPVU YTKVVGPD[/GZKECPU

6#$.' #PCN[UKU QH CORJKDKCP CPF TGRVKNG TGEQTFU KP FQEWOGPVU RTQFWEGF EQPUKFGTKPI PCVKQPCNCPFKPVGTPCVKQPCNLQWTPCNUDQQMUCPFDQQMEJCRVGTUCPFITC[NKVGTCVWTGKPENWFKPI CDUVTCEVUVJGUGUſGNF IWKFGU CPF PGYUNGVVGTU

(+)74' (TGSWGPE[ QH OCKP FQEWOGPVU VJCV OGPVKQP NKUV QT FGUETKDG CORJKDKCPU CPF TGRVKNGURTQFWEGFKP[GCTENCUUGUFWTKPIVJGUCPFU+PVJGVJEGPVWT[QPN[C UKPINGRCRGTYCURWDNKUJGF

4'5'#4%*10(155+.#/2*+$+#05#0&4'26+.'5

(+)74'(TGSWGPE[CPFRGTEGPVCIGQHITC[NKVGTCVWTGFQEWOGPVUVJCVOGPVKQPUNKUVUQT FGUETKDGUCORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGUQWVNKPGFCUCRTQRQTVKQPQHHQTOCNRWDNKECVKQPUKPPCVKQPCN QTKPVGTPCVKQPCNLQWTPCNUDQQMUQTDQQMEJCRVGTU

/GZKEQVJCVYGTGTGRQTVGFKPKPHQTOCNFQEWOGPVUCTGCDWPFCPV 6JG RCNGQJGTRGVQNQIKECN TGUGCTEJ RTQFWEVKQP KP /GZKEQ KU HCT HTQO DGKPI UCVKUHCEVQT[+PVJGYJQNGJKUVQT[QHVJKUFKUEKRNKPGYGJCXGRTQFWEGFCUſTUV CWVJQTU QPN[ HQTOCN RCRGTU QH YJKEJ QPN[ CTG QH DTQCF KPVGTPCVKQPCN FKUVTKDWVKQP #NVJQWIJKVKUENGCTVJCVTGUGCTEJITQWRUCTGOQTGCPFOQTGKPVGTGUVGFKPVJGUVWF[QH CORJKDKCPUCPFTGRVKNGUVJGTGKUCPGGFVQHQTOCNK\GVJGKTFKUEQXGTKGUD[RWDNKUJKPI VJGKTTGUWNVUKPGKVJGTPCVKQPCNQTKPVGTPCVKQPCNLQWTPCNU+VKUKORGTCVKXGVQKPENWFGKP GXGT[TGUGCTEJVGCORTQITCOVJGKTſPFKPIU CXCKNCDNG VQ VJG PCVKQPCN CPF KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQOOWPKV[ 1VJGTYKUG CNN VJG KPHQTOCVKQP YG JCXG RTQFWEGF VQ FCVG YKNN TGOCKP FQOGUVKECPFPQVCXCKNCDNGVQVJGKPVGTPCVKQPCNUEKGPVKſE EQOOWPKV[

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#DUVTCEV 5GXGTCNFKPQUCWTNQECNKVKGUJCXGDGGPTGRQTVGFHTQO/GZKEQ+P9GTPGT,CPGPUEJ TGRQTVGFVJGſTUV FKPQUCWT DQPG TGOCKPU CU /QPQENQPKWUHTQO.C5QNGFCFYGUVGTP %QCJWKNC5KPEGOQTGFKPQUCWTTGOCKPUJCXGDGGPTGRQTVGFHTQOVJGPQTVJGTP /GZKECP UVCVGU QH $CLC %CNKHQTPKC 5QPQTC %JKJWCJWC %QCJWKNC CPF 6COCWNKRCU 5GXGTCN FKPQUCWT HQQVRTKPV NQECNKVKGU JCXG CNUQ DGGP TGRQTVGF HTQO VJG PQTVJGTP RQTVKQP QH /GZKEQ (TQO VJG EGPVTCN CPF UQWVJGTP /GZKECP UVCVGU QH /KEJQCE¶P 2WGDNCCPF%JKCRCUFKPQUCWTTGOCKPUJCXGCNUQDGGPTGRQTVGF4GEGPVN[HTCIOGPVU QH *GVGTQFQPVQUCWTWU CPF 5[PVCTUWU YGTG HQWPF KP 6COCWNKRCU 4GGXCNWCVKQP QH FKPQUCWT TGOCKPU HTQO 2WGDNC KPFKECVG VJCV VJG[ DGNQPI VQ C VGVTCRQF +P $CLC %CNKHQTPKCVJGTGCTGTGEGPVſPFKPIU QH #WDN[UQFQPVGGVJ+P%JKJWCJWCHTCIOGPVUQHC OGODGTQH6KVCPQUCWTKFCGJCXGDGGPHQWPF+P/KEJQCE¶PJCFTQUCWTDQPGUJCXGDGGP TGRQTVGF 6JG KEJPQNQIKECN TGEQTF JCU KPETGCUGF KP TGEGPV [GCTU YKVJ VJG FKUEQXGT[ QH PGY NQECNKVKGU KP %QCJWKNC CPF 2WGDNC YJGTG VYQ NQECNKVKGU KPENWFG VTCEMU QH VGVTCRQFU UCWTQRQFU CPF QTPKVQRQFU +EJPKVGU HTQO QPG QTPKVQRQF HCOKN[ CPF HTQO UGXGTCN VGVTCRQF HCOKNKGU JCXG DGGP TGRQTVGF HTQO /KEJQCE¶P 5KPEG VJG FKUEQXGT[ QHFKPQUCWTTGOCKPUCDQWV[GCTUCIQFKPQUCWTFKUEQXGTKGUKP/GZKEQJCXGDGGP

F. Vega et al. (eds.), Studies on Mexican Paleontology, 233–248. © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.

#4'8+'91(6*'&+015#74+#04'%14&(41//':+%1

UKIPKſECPV JQYGXGT VJG ſGNF KU UVKNN KP KVU KPHCPE[ YKVJ OWEJ UVKNN VQ DG NGCTPGF

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+P CFFKVKQP VJG PCVWTG CPF KORNKECVKQPU QH VJG /GZKECP FKPQUCWT TGEQTF KU CNUQ FKUEWUUGF

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#4'8+'91(6*'&+015#74+#04'%14&(41//':+%1

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4+8'4#5;.8#'6#.

JCFTQUCWTKCP FKPQUCWTU QH DQVJ JCFTQUCWTKPG CPF NCODGQUCWTKPG UWDHCOKNKGU CU YGNN CU RCTVKCN UMGNGVQPU QH EGPVTQUCWTKPG CPF EJCUOQUCWTKPG EGTCVQRUKCPU

*GTP¶PFG\CPF-KTMNCPF-KTMNCPFGVCN$TKPMOCPGVCN'DGTVJ GV CN 1VJGT QTPKVJKUEJKCP TGOCKPU KPENWFG KUQNCVGF QUVGQFGTOU TGNCVGF VQ #PM[NQUCWTKFCG 5CWTKUEJKCP TGOCKPU DGNQPI OCKPN[ VQ 6JGTQRQFC CPF TGEQTF VJG RTGUGPEG QH 6TQQFQPVKFCG &TQOCGQUCWTKFCG 1TPKVJQOKOKFCG EH 1TPKVJQOKOWU CPF6[TCPPQUCWTKFCG 4QFTÈIWG\FGNC4QUCCPF%GXCNNQU(GTTK\9GKUJCORGN #IWKNNÎP/CTVÈPG\RGTUEQO 6JGRCNGQGPXKTQPOGPVKPYJKEJVJGFKPQUCWTUHTQO%QCJWKNCNKXGFYCUVJCVQH CPGZVGPUKXGNQYITCFKGPVCPFOWFFQOKPCVGFNQYGTEQCUVCNRNCKPU#PKPVGTGUVKPI QDUGTXCVKQP KU VJCV VJGUG GPXKTQPOGPVU YGTG UWDLGEV VQ HTGSWGPV UVQTOIGPGTCVGF ƀQQFKPI GXGPVU 'DGTVJ GVCN6JGENKOCVGYCUJQVCPFJWOKFYKVJCDWPFCPV TCKPHCNN CPF NKVVNG QRRQTVWPKV[ HQT GZVGPUKXG UWDCGTKCN GZRQUWTG CPF FT[KPI +P HCEV CNOQUVCNNQHVJGVTCEMUYGTGOCFGKPXGT[UJCNNQYYCVGTPQOQTGVJCPEGPVKOGVGTU KPFGRVJ 'DGTVJGVCN #FFKVKQPCNDWVWPFGUETKDGFFKPQUCWTTGOCKPUHTQO/GZKEQCTGMPQYPVQQEEWT KP%JKCRCUCPF/KEJQCE¶P+P%JKCRCU'CTN[QT/KFFNG,WTCUUKETGOCKPUJCXGDGGP EQNNGEVGF HTQO ,WKSWKRKNCU %KPVCNCRC CPF .C %QPEQTFKC NQECNKVKGU 2KOGPVGN RGTU EQO#NUQKP%JKCRCUHTCIOGPVCT[FGPVCNGNGOGPVUHTQOVJG/CCUVTKEJVKCP 1EQ\QEQCWVNC(QTOCVKQPHQWPFPGCT,CNVGPCPIQ4KXGTJCXGDGGPFKUEQXGTGF 2KOGPVGN RGTUEQO+P/KEJQCE¶PJCFTQUCWTKCPFKPQUCWTTGOCKPUCTGMPQYPVQQEEWT KP.CVG%TGVCEGQWUUGFKOGPVUJQYGXGTVJGIGQNQIKECNWPKVKUUVKNNWPMPQYP #IWKNNÎP /CTVÈPG\RGTUEQO #XCKNCDNGKPHQTOCVKQPUWIIGUVUVJCVVJGUQWVJGTPRNCKPUFKPQUCWTKCPHCWPCQHVJG 7PKVGF5VCVGUGZVGPFGFYKVJTGNCVKXGN[NKVVNGEJCPIGKPVQPQTVJGTP/GZKEQ%WTTGPV TGUGCTEJ KU [KGNFKPI GZVGPUKXG RCNGQGPXKTQPOGPV CPF RCNGQIGQITCRJKECN CURGEVU QH FKPQUCWTUHTQOVJGUGCTGCUQHPQTVJGTP/GZKEQ 'DGTVJGVCN#RTGNKOKPCT[ ENWUVGT CPCN[UKU JCU TGXGCNGF QPN[ VJTGG FKHHGTGPV RCNGQIGQITCRJKECN TGIKQPU YJGTG %TGVCEGQWU FKPQUCWTU HTQO /GZKEQ NKXGF 6JG ſTUV KU KP VJG PQTVJGTP RQTVKQP QH /GZKEQVJGUGEQPFKPYJCVKUPQY$CLC%CNKHQTPKC2GPKPUWNCCPFVJGVJKTFKUKPEGPVTCN /GZKEQ

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ÈIWG\FG NC 4QUC

#4'8+'91(6*'&+015#74+#04'%14&(41//':+%1

C#DWPFCPVFKPQUCWTKCPGIIUJGNNHTCIOGPVUDGNQPIKPIVQCVNGCUVVJTGGFKHHGTGPV OQTRJQV[RGUYGTGTGEGPVN[EQNNGEVGFHTQOVJGlCVG%CORCPKCP%GTTQFGN2WGDNQ (QTOCVKQPKPUQWVJGCUVGTP%QCJWKNC #IWKNNÎP/CTVÈPG\RGTUEQO &KPQUCWT UMKP KORTGUUKQPU CTG MPQYP HTQO VJG UVCVGU QH $CLC %CNKHQTPKC CPF %QCJWKNC +PVGTGUVKPIN[ UMKP RCVEJGU CTG HTGSWGPVN[ HQWPF KP CUUQEKCVKQP YKVJ JCFTQUCWTECTECUUGU /QTTKU*GTP¶PFG\CPF&GNICFQFG,GUÕU $TQOCNKVGUCTGHQUUKNUTGNCVGFVQHGGFKPIDGJCXKQT *WPVKPENWFKPIUVQOCEJ EQPVGPVU QT EQNQNKVGU TGIWTIKVCNKVGU CPF EQRTQNKVGU QT HQUUKN HCGEGU 7R WPVKN PQY PGKVJGTFKPQUCWTUVQOCEJEQPVGPVUPQTICUVTQNKVJUJCXGDGGPTGEQTFGFHTQO/GZKEQ JQYGXGTXGTVGDTCVGEQRTQNKVGUTGNCVGFVQFKPQUCWTUJCXGDGGPFGUETKDGFHTQOVJG.CVG %TGVCEGQWUQH%QCJWKNCKPPQTVJGTP/GZKEQ 4QFTÈIWG\FGNC4QUC &KPQUCWT VTCEMU CTG MPQYP HTQO UGXGTCN NQECNKVKGU KP VJG EGPVTCN CPF PQTVJGTP RCTVUQH/GZKEQ/KFFNG,WTCUUKEFKPQUCWTVTCEMUCVVTKDWVGFVQVJGTQRQFCPFUCWTQRQF FKPQUCWTUCTGMPQYPHTQOVJG:QEJKZVNCRKNEQCTGCKP1CZCEC (GTTWUSWÈC8KNNCHTCPEC GVCN.CVG,WTCUUKEVJGTQRQFCPFQTPKVJQRQFFKPQUCWTVTCEMUCTGMPQYPHTQO CP CTGC PGCT VJG VQYP QH %JWVC PQY ECNNGF 2NC[C #\WN /KEJQCE¶P (GTTWUSWÈC 8KNNCHTCPECGVCNCD6JGVTCEMUKP%JWVCCTGUKIPKſECPV DGECWUG PQV QPN[ FQVJGVTCEMUTGRTGUGPVVJGſTUV TGEQTF QH HQQVRTKPVU FGUETKDGF HTQO /GZKEQ DWV VJG[ CNUQTGRTGUGPVVJGſTUV TGEQTF QH HQQVRTKPVU FGUETKDGF HTQO .CVKP #OGTKEC +P CFFKVKQP CUNCDDGCTKPIVJGTQRQFVTCEMUQHRTQDCDNG,WTCUUKECIGDWVQHWPMPQYPRTQXGPGPEG KUTGRQTVGFHTQO&WTCPIQ 4QFTÈIWG\FGNC4QUCD4QFTÈIWG\FGNC4QUCGVCN 'CTN[%TGVCEGQWUQTPKVJQRQFVJGTQRQFCPFUCWTQRQFVTCEMUYGTGTGEGPVN[HQWPF KPUQWVJGTP2WGDNCKPEGPVTCN/GZKEQ6JGUGVTCEMUCTGFKUVTKDWVGFYKVJKPUKZVTCEM DGCTKPINC[GTUYKVJKPVJG5CP,WCP4C[C(QTOCVKQP %CTTKNNQ/QPVKGNGVCNKPRTGUU 4QFTÈIWG\FGNC4QUCGVCN .CVG%TGVCEGQWU /CCUVTKEJVKCPVTCEMUCVVTKDWVGFVQ*CFTQUCWTKFCGCPF5CWTQRQFC CTGMPQYPHTQOVJG/GZECNC(QTOCVKQPPGCT/KVGRGEYKVJKPVJGUQWVJYGUVGTPRCTV QH 2WGDNC (GTTWUSWÈC8KNNCHTCPEC GV CN (GTTWUSWÈ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lCVG%TGVCEGQWUVTCEMUKVGHTQOEGPVTCN/GZKEQKUMPQYPCU'N#IWCLG

4+8'4#5;.8#'6#.

(+)74' 6JG FKPQUCWT HQQVRTKPVU HTQO 'N #IWCLG YJKEJ CTG UKOKNCT VQ HQQVRTKPVU HTQO /KVGRGETGRTGUGPVVJGOQUVCWUVTCNHCWPCHQT0QTVJ#OGTKECC6JGTQRQFHQQVRTKPVYJGTGVJG CNNWZECPDGEQPſFGPVCNN[ CVVTKDWVGF VQ VJG (COKN[ 6[TCPPQUCWTKFCG D #P WPWUWCNN[ DKI UK\GF 1TPKVJQRQFKORTGUUKQPCVVTKDWVGFVQVJG(COKN[*CFTQUCWTKFCG

HTQO VJG #IWKNKNNCU 5CPFUVQPG QH /KEJQCE¶P 1TVÈ\/GPFKGVC GV CN 1TVÈ\ /GPFKGVC6JG'N#IWCLGRCNGQKEJPQHCWPCKPENWFGUOQTRJQV[RGUTGHGTTGFVQ 6[TCPPQUCWTKFCG&TQOCGQUCWTKFCG1TPKVJQOKOKFCGCPF*CFTQUCWTKFCG (KIWTG *QYGXGT KV JCU DGGP EQOOGPVGF VJCV VJG FKXGTUKV[ QH VJGUG VTCEMU OC[ TGRTGUGPV GZVTCOQTRJQNQIKECNXCTKCVKQPQHCNGUUGTPWODGTQHOQTRJQV[RGU 4QFTÈ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ÈIWG\FGNC4QUCGVCN 6TCEMU CPF VTCEMYC[U QH UOCNN VQ NCTIG VJGTQRQFU GI QTPKVJQOKOKFU CPF V[TCPPQUCWTKFU CPF NCTIG QTPKVJQRQFU KP DKRGFCN CPF SWCFTWRGFCN ICKVU GI VJG .CUIWKNCU6TCEMUKVGCTGMPQYPHTQOUGXGTCNNQECNKVKGUKPUQWVJGCUVGTP%QCJWKNC 1VJGT%QCJWKNCXGTVGDTCVGVTCEMUKPENWFGVJQUGQHVWTVNGUETQEQFKNGURVGTQUCWTU EH 2VGTCKEJPWUCPFDKTFU #IWKNNÎP/CTVÈPG\GVCN$TKPMOCPGVCN'DGTVJ GVCN4QFTÈIWG\FGNC4QUCGVCN6JG'N2GNKNNCN6TCEMUKVG YKVJKP VJG .CVG %CORCPKCP /WGTVQ (QTOCVKQP RTGUGTXGU VTCEMU QH UOCNN VJGTQRQF

#4'8+'91(6*'&+015#74+#04'%14&(41//':+%1

FKPQUCWTU KP CUUQEKCVKQPYKVJ VJQUG QH VWTVNGUETQEQFKNGURVGTQUCWTU 2VGTCKEJPWU DKTFUCPFRQUUKDN[COCOOCN 4QFTÈIWG\FGNC4QUC4QFTÈIWG\FGNC 4QUCGVCN9KVJKPVJGUVTCVKITCRJKEUGSWGPEGQHVJG1NOQU(QTOCVKQP NQECVGF PGCT 5CDKPCU KP PQTVJEGPVTCN %QCJWKNC CPQVJGT .CVG %TGVCEGQWU 'CTN[ /CCUVTKEJVKCPVTCEMUKVGJCU[KGNFGFFGGRVTCEMUQHOGFKWOUK\GFVJGTQRQFFKPQUCWTU CUYGNNCUVJQUGQHUOCNNQTPKVJQRQFUCPFCUUQEKCVGFVTCEMUKPENWFKPIVJQUGQHVWTVNGU ETQEQFKNGUCPFUOCNNDKTFU 4QFTÈIWG\FGNC4QUCGVCN

(KPCN%QOOGPVU 6JG UVWF[ QH FKPQUCWTU HTQO /GZKEQ JCU C JKUVQT[ QH PGCTN[ [GCTU YKVJ C UKIPKſECPV KPETGCUG KP UEKGPVKſE FKPQUCWTKCP TGUGCTEJ KP VJG NCUV HGY [GCTU *QYGXGT VJG MPQYNGFIG QH FKPQUCWTU HTQO VJKU CTGC QH UQWVJGTP 0QTVJ #OGTKEC KU UVKNN HQT VJGOQUVRCTVWPGZRNQTGFYJGPEQORCTGFVQQVJGTRCTVUQHVJGYQTNFYKVJGZVGPUKXG /GUQ\QKERCTVKEWNCTN[%TGVCEGQWUQWVETQRU6JGTGHQTGVJGHQNNQYKPIRQKPVUEQWNFDG CFQRVGFCUſPCN EQOOGPVU CDQWV VJG TGEQTF QH FKPQUCWTU HTQO /GZKEQ (KIWTG 6JG/KFFNG,WTCUUKEVQ.CVG%TGVCEGQWUFKPQUCWTTGEQTFQH/GZKEQEQORTKUGU COQFGTCVGFKXGTUKV[QHVCZCKPENWFKPIUGXGTCNVTCEMUKVGU#NVJQWIJVJGQUVGQNQIKECN TGOCKPUQHUQOG.CVG%TGVCEGQWUFKPQUCWTUKP/GZKEQCTGTGUVTKEVGFVQUQWVJGCUVGTP %QCJWKNCVJGRTGUGPEGQHKEJPQHCWPCUQHVJGUCOGCIGKP%GPVTCN/GZKEQGUVCDNKUJGU YKVJEQPſFGPEG VJG RTGUGPEG QH FKPQUCWTU VQ NQYGT NCVKVWFGU 9KVJKP VJG UVCVG QH %QCJWKNC KV KU RQUUKDNG VQ ſPF CDWPFCPV .CVG %TGVCEGQWU XGTVGDTCVGTGOCKPUKPENWFKPIFKPQUCWTUKPCUUQEKCVKQPYKVJVTCEMUKVGU6JGCUUQEKCVKQP QH FKPQUCWT DQPGU CPF FKPQUCWT VTCEMU RTQXKFGU C WPKSWG QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ EQORCTG FKPQUCWT VTCEMU YKVJ RQUUKDNG VTCEMOCMGTU 6JG ſPFKPI QH JCFTQUCWTKCP VTCEMU KP FKTGEVCUUQEKCVKQPVQCVNGCUVVJTGGNCODGTQUCWTKPGJCFTQUCWTRCTVKCNUMGNGVQPUCVVJG .CUIWKNCUVTCEMUKVGKPUQWVJGCUVGTP%QCJWKNCGZGORNKſGU VJKU RQKPV 4QFTÈIWG\FG NC4QUCGVCN #UOGPVKQPGFGCTNKGTVJG.CU#IWKNCUVTCEMUKVGKUEWTTGPVN[VJGNCTIGUVFKPQUCWT VTCEM UKVG KP /GZKEQ 4GEGPV YQTM JCU TGXGCNGF VJKU UKVG VQ DG C OGICVTCEM UKVG

.QEMNG[UKOKNCTVQVJQUGHQWPFKPQVJGTCTGCUQH0QTVJ#OGTKEC #FFKVKQPCNN[ /GZKEQ JCU VJG QPN[ MPQYP /KFFNG ,WTCUUKE FKPQUCWTKCP HCWPC HTQO0QTVJ#OGTKECTGRTGUGPVGFD[VYQNQECNKVKGUCPKEJPQHCWPCHTQO1CZCECCPF UCWTKUEJKCPCPFQTPKVJKUEJKCPTGOCKPUHTQO6COCWNKRCU %NCTMGVCN(GTTWUSWÈC 8KNNCHTCPECGVCN 6JGUVWF[QHFKPQUCWTUHTQO/GZKEQYCUURQTCFKEKPVJGRCUVCPFJCUQPN[TGEGPVN[ DGGPVJGHQEWUQHTGPGYGFUEKGPVKſE TGUGCTEJ 6JG CWVJQTU DGNKGXG VJCV QPIQKPI CPF EQPVKPWGF TGUGCTEJ YKNN WPFQWDVGFN[ TGUWNV KP PGY VCZC CPF XCNWCDNG CPF XCTKGF KPHQTOCVKQP CDQWV FKPQUCWT FKXGTUKV[ CU YGNN CU RCNGQDKQNQIKECN RCNGQGEQNQIKECN CPFRCNGQDKQIGQITCRJKECNCURGEVUQHFKPQUCWTUHTQOVJKURQTVKQPQHUQWVJGTP0QTVJ #OGTKEC

4+8'4#5;.8#'6#.

(+)74'/CRUJQYKPIVJGFKPQUCWTNQECNKVKGUHTQO/GZKEQ

#4'8+'91(6*'&+015#74+#04'%14&(41//':+%1

#RRGPFKZ5WOOCT[QHVJG&KPQUCWT$GCTKPI.QECNKVKGUQH/GZKEQ ,WTCUUKENQECNKVKGU 6COCWNKRCU C*WK\CEJCN(QTOCVKQP 'CTN[,WTCUUKE 6JGTQRQFC %QGNWTQUCWTKFCG 5[PVCTUWU 1TPKVJQRQFC *GVGTQFQPVQUCWTKFCG *GVGTQFQPVQUCWTWU 2WGDNC C1NVCNVGRGE7PMPQYP(QTOCVKQP .CVG,WTCUUKEŌ'CTN[%TGVCEGQWU ! 6JGTQRQFCKPFGV 1CZCEC C:QEJKZVNCRKNEQ6GEQEQ[WPEC)TQWR /KFFNG,WTCUUKE 6JGTQRQFHQQVRTKPVU 5CWTQRQFHQQVRTKPVU /KEJQCE¶P C%JWVC .CVG,WTCUUKE 6JGTQRQFHQQVRTKPVU 1TPKVJQRQFHQQVRTKPVU +IWCPQFQPVKFCG &WTCPIQ C7PMPQYP(QTOCVKQP ! ,WTCUUKE 6JGTQRQFHQQVRTKPV

%TGVCEGQWUNQECNKVKGU 2WGDNC C/KVGRGE/GZECNC(QTOCVKQP .CVG%TGVCEGQWU 6JGTQRQFHQQVRTKPVU 5CWTQRQFHQQVRTKPVU

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

#4'8+'91(6*'&+015#74+#04'%14&(41//':+%1 6JGTQRQFC 6[TCPPQUCWTKFCG 1TPKVJQRQFC *CFTQUCWTKFCG %GTCVQRUKC %GTCVQRUKFCG

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

4+8'4#5;.8#'6#.

/KEJQCE¶P C'N#IWCLG#IWKNKNNC5CPFUVQPG .CVG%TGVCEGQWU 6JGTQRQFHQQVRTKPVU 6[TCPPQUCWTKFCG 1TPKVJQOQOKOKFCG &TQOGQUCWTKFCG 1TPKVJQRQFHQQVRTKPVU *CFTQUCWTKFCG D .CVG%TGVCEGQWU 1TPKVJQRQF *CFTQUCWTKFCG %JKCRCU C1EQ\QEQCWVNC(QTOCVKQP .CVG%TGVCEGQWU 6JGTQRQFCKPFGV

#EMPQYNGFIOGPVU 9GVJCPM5%NCDD[$))TCEGCPF#55OKVJHQTVJGKTECTGHWNTGXKGYU

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#4'8+'91(6*'&+015#74+#04'%14&(41//':+%1

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F. Vega et al. (eds.), Studies on Mexican Paleontology , 249–273. © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.

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/':+%#0(155+./#//#.59*19*'4'#0&9*'0

ITCFWCN QT RJ[NGVKE VTCPUKVKQP DGVYGGP VJG VYQ URGEKGU VQQM RNCEG KP VJKU TGIKQP QH VJGEQWPVT[ %CTTCP\C%CUVCÌGFCCPF/KNNGT/KNNGTCPF%CTTCP\C%CUVCÌGFC /CE(CFFGPCPF%CTTCP\C%CUVCÌGFC

#2CNGQU[PGEQNQIKECN6QRKE 6JKUKUCRTGNKOKPCT[CPCN[UKUQHVJGHGGFKPIUVTCVGIKGUQHVJGOCOOCNUVJTQWIJ VJG%GPQ\QKE6JGIQCNKUVQFGVGEVEJCPIGUKPVJGUVTWEVWTGQHVJGEQOOWPKVKGUCPF CRRGCTCPEGUQHPGYYC[UQHHGGFKPI1PGYQTFQHECWVKQPVJKUKUCſTUV CVVGORV WU KPIVJGKPHQTOCVKQPHTQOUQOGEJQUGPNQECNHCWPCUYJKEJCTGEQPUKFGTGFOQFGTCVGN[ YGNNUVWFKGFYGQPN[WUGOCETQHCWPCCPFYGCTGCYCTGVJCVCEEQTFKPIVQUGXGTCN CWVJQTUUQOGQHVJGURGEKGUWUGFCTGEQPUKFGTGFKPXCNKFURGEKGU +PVJGQNFGUV6GTVKCT[NQECNHCWPC.QOCU6GVCUFG%CDTCQH9CUCVEJKCPCIGVJG HCWPCNCUUQEKCVKQPUWIIGUVUCFGEKFWQWUHQTGUV (GTTWUSWÈC8KNNCHTCPECGVCN VJGJGTDKXQTGUCTGOQTGFKXGTUGVJCPVJGECTPKXQTGUCUGZRGEVGFCPFPQITC\GTUCTG KFGPVKſGF (KIWTG 6JG RCNGQGPXKTQPOGPV QH VJG QPN[ /GZKECP %JCFTQPKCP NQECN HCWPC 4CPEJQ )CKV¶P JCU DGGP KPVGTRTGVGF CU C UWDVTQRKECN HQTGUV (GTTWUSWÈC8KNNCHTCPEC GV CN *GTGVJGECTPKXQTGUCTGGZVTGOGN[UECTEGCNUQPQITC\GTUCTGKFGPVKſGF CPF VJGCTVKQFCEV[NURGTKUUQFCEV[NUCPFOKETQOCOOCNUYGTGDTQYUGTU (KIWTG /CVCVN¶PCPF0GLCRCCTGNQECVGFKPVJGUQWVJGTPRCTVQHVJGEQWPVT[CPFCTGVJG VYQDGUVMPQYP$CTUVQXKCPNQECNHCWPCU6JGGPXKTQPOGPVJCUDGGPKPVGTRTGVGFCUC VTQRKECNYQQFNCPFUCXCPPC ,KOÃ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ÎOGTC

NCVG*GORJKNNKCPVJGECTPKXQTGUCTGYGNNTGRTGUGPVGFCPFITC\KPIKUVJGFQOKPCPV HGGFKPI UVTCVGI[ COQPI VJG JGTDKXQTGU (KIWTG +P EQORCTKUQP VJG HCWPC HTQO EGPVTCN/GZKEQ JGTGTGRTGUGPVGFD[VJG5CP/KIWGNNQECNHCWPCVJGECTPKXQTGUCTG PQV CU CDWPFCPV CU KP ;GRÎOGTC CPF VJG DTQYUGTU CTG DGVVGT TGRTGUGPVGF (KIWTG 6JKUFKHHGTGPEGOKIJVTGƀGEV C VTWG FKHHGTGPEG KP VJG UVTWEVWTG QH VJG UCXCPPCyU XGIGVCVKQPDGVYGGPPQTVJGTPCPFEGPVTCN/GZKEQ +VKUKPVGTGUVKPIVQPQVGVJGTCTKV[QTCDUGPEGQHUQOGDTQYUKPIHQTOUUWEJCU EGTXKFUQTFTQOQOGT[EKFU6JGUGVCZCJCFCNQYFKXGTUKV[CPFYGTGPQVCUCDWPFCPV CU QVJGT CTVKQFCEV[NU KP VJG NCVG *GORJKNNKCP CPF GCTN[ $NCPECP KP VJG 7 5 NQECN HCWPCU ,CPKUCPF/CPPKPI9GDD2QUUKDNGHWVWTGRCNGQPVQNQIKECNYQTM YKNNFKUENQUGVJGKTRTGUGPEGKP/GZKECPHCWPCU

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%QORCTKPIVJGGCTN[$NCPECPNQECNHCWPCU/KÌCEC %JKJWCJWCCPF5CP/KIWGN FG#NNGPFG EGPVTCN/GZKEQVJGQPN[FKHHGTGPEGKUVJCVKPVJGNCEMQHDTQYUGTNKMG OKZGFHGGFGTUCV/KÌCEC (KIWTGU %QPEGTPKPIVJGRQUUKDNGHGGFKPIUVTCVGIKGUQHVJG2NGKUVQEGPGOCETQOCOOCNU ECTPKXQTGU EQPUVKVWVG CNOQUV C SWCTVGT QH VJG VQVCN URGEKGU TGEQTFGF HTQO /GZKEQ EQWPVT[ (KIWTG6JGJGTDKXQTGUOCKPHGGFKPIRTGHGTGPEGKUITC\KPIHQNNQYGFD[ DTQYUKPICPFOKZGFHGGFGTU6JGRTQRQTVKQPUQHVJGJGTDKXQTGECVGIQTKGUUWIIGUVVJCV VTGGUCPFUJTWDUEQPVKPWGFDGKPICPKORQTVCPVGNGOGPVQH/GZKECPJCDKVCVUFWTKPI VJG2NGKUVQEGPG

(+)74'2TQDCDNGHGGFKPIUVTCVGIKGUQHOCOOCNUHTQOVJG.QOCU.CU6GVCUFG%CDTCNQECN HCWPC9CUCVEJKCP$CLC%CNKHQTPKC

(+)74'2TQDCDNGHGGFKPIUVTCVGIKGUQHVJGOCOOCNUHTQOVJG4CPEJQ)CKVCPNQECNHCWPC %JCFTQPKCP%JKJWCJWC

/':+%#0(155+./#//#.59*19*'4'#0&9*'0

/GZKEQCPFVJG)TGCV#OGTKECP(CWPCN+PVGTEJCPIG $GECWUGQHKVUIGQITCRJKERQUKVKQP/GZKEQRNC[GFCPKORQTVCPVTQNGKPVJGGXGPV QHYJCVJCUDGGPECNNGFVJGő)TGCV#OGTKECP(CWPCN +PVGTEJCPIGŒ VJCV VQQM RNCEG FWTKPIVJGNCVG6GTVKCT[6JGUVWF[QHVJGNCVG6GTVKCT[HCWPCUKP/GZKEQKPFKECVGUVJG RTGUGPEGQHUGXGTCN5QWVJ#OGTKECPNKPGCIGUCVNGCUVUKPEG*GORJKNNKCPVKOGU 5RGEKGU QH ITQWPF UNQVJU RCORCVJGTGU IN[RVQFQPVU CPF ECR[DCTCU COQPI QVJGTUJCXGDGGPKFGPVKſGF HTQO UGXGTCN NQECNKVKGU 5VTCVC QH OKNNKQP [GCTU NCVG *GORJKNNKCPKP)WCPCLWCVQJCU[KGNFGFVYQMKPFUQHITQWPFUNQVJUCECR[DCTCCPFC

(+)74' 2TQDCDNG HGGFKPI UVTCVGIKGU QH VJG OCOOCNU HTQO VJG /CVCVN¶P NQECN HCWPC $CTUVQXKCP1CZCEC

(+)74' 2TQDCDNG HGGFKPI UVTCVGIKGU QH VJG OCOOCNU HTQO VJG 0GLCRC NQECN HCWPC $CTUVQXKCP1CZCEC

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IN[RVQFQPVJCXGDGGPTGEQTFGFKPDGFUQHOKNNKQP[GCTU GCTN[$NCPECP6JKU KUVJGQNFGUVTGEQTFHQTECR[DCTCUKP0QTVJ#OGTKEC6JGRTGUGPEGQHITQWPFUNQVJU KPQVJGT*GORJKNNKCPNQECNKVKGU
(+)74'2TQDCDNGHGGFKPIUVTCVGIKGUQHVJGOCOOCNUHTQOVJG;GRÎOGTCNQECNHCWPCNCVG *GORJKNNKCP%JKJWCJWC

(+)74'2TQDCDNGHGGFKPIUVTCVGIKGUQHOCOOCNUHTQOVJGNCVG*GORJKNNKCPNQECNHCWPCU 5CP/KIWGNFG#NNGPFG)WCPCLWCVQ

/':+%#0(155+./#//#.59*19*'4'#0&9*'0

(+)74'2TQDCDNGHGGFKPIUVTCVGIKGUQHGCTN[$NCPECPOCOOCNUHTQOVJG/KÌCEC(CWPC QH%JKJWCJWC

(+)74'2TQDCDNGHGGFKPIUVTCVGIKGUQHOCOOCNUHTQO.CU)QNQPFTKPCUNCVG*GORJKNNKCP QH*KFCNIQ

9KVJKPETGCUKPIſGNF YQTM KP NCVG 6GTVKCT[ CPF 2NGKUVQEGPG FGRQUKVU CFFKVKQPCN TGOCKPUQHVJG5QWVJ#OGTKECPKOOKITCPVURCORCVJGTGUIN[RVQFQPVUITQWPFUNQVJU CPFECR[DCTCUCTGDGKPIFKUEQXGTGFUWIIGUVKPIVJCVVJG5QWVJ#OGTKECPVCZCYGTG SWKVGCUWEEGUUHWNITQWRKP/GZKEQ

+UQVQRKE5VWFKGU 5VCDNGECTDQPKUQVQRGUJCXGRTQXGPDGGPXGT[WUGHWNKPTGEQPUVTWEVKPIFKGVCT[ RTGHGTGPEGU QH JGTDKXQTG HQUUKN OCOOCNU VJWU VJG[ JCXG DGGP WUGF KP UGXGTCN

/106'..#01$#..'56'415#0&,+/0'<*+&#.)1

(+)74' 2TQDCDNG HGGFKPI UVTCVGIKGU QH OCOOCNU HTQO VJG 5CP /KIWGN FG #NNGPFG NQECN HCWPCNCVG*GORJKNNKCP)WCPCLWCVQ

RCNGQGEQNQIKE UVWFKGU QH UQOG 6GTVKCT[ CPF 2NGKUVQEGPG HCWPCU CPF URGEKſE VCZC QH 0QTVJ #OGTKEC /CE(CFFGP CPF %GTNKPI -QEJ -QEJ GV CN (GTCPGE(GTCPGECPF/CE(CFFGP6JGDCUKERTKPEKRNGKUVJCVFKHHGTGPV RJQVQU[PVJGVKE RCVJYC[U % % CPF %#/ IKXG FKHHGTGPV TCVKQU QH %% KP FKHHGTGPVMKPFUQHRNCPVUYJKEJCTGTGƀGEVGF KP VJG GPCOGN QH VJG VGGVJ QH VJG CPKOCNU VJCVCVGVJGO6TQRKECNYCTOUGCUQPUGFIGUCPFITCUUGU %CTGGPTKEJGFYKVJ% %RNCPVUKPENWFKPIOQUVDTQYUGCPFJKIJNCVKVWFGITCUUGUCTGGPTKEJGFYKVJ%CPF %#/RNCPVUKPEQTRQTCVGKPVGTOGFKCVGTCVKQUQHDQVJ 1ŏ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

/GZKEQ&WTKPIVJG2NGKUVQEGPG 6JG 2NGKUVQEGPG GRQEJ KU EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[ TCRKF CPF TGRGCVGF ENKOCVKE ƀWEVWCVKQPU 'PXKTQPOGPVCN EJCPIGU JCXG KPXQNXGF VJG KPETGCUKPI QH KEG UJGGVU VJG UK\GUCPFEQWTUGUQHTKXGTUCUYGNNCUVJGFGXGNQROGPVCPFFT[KPIQHGZVGPUKXGNCMGU

/':+%#0(155+./#//#.59*19*'4'#0&9*'0

CUYGNNCUƀWEVWCVKQPU KP UGC NGXGN YGTG QDUGTXGF #NN VJGUG ENKOCVG EJCPIGU CHHGEVGF VJGFKUVTKDWVKQPFKXGTUKV[CPFUVTWEVWTGQH0QTVJ#OGTKECPOCOOCNEQOOWPKVKGU (KPCNN[VJGGPFQHVJG2NGKUVQEGPGKUOCTMGFD[CUKIPKſECPV GZVKPEVKQP GXGPV VJCV FGEKOCVGF VJG NCTIG OCOOCN JGTDKXQTGU CPF ECTPKXQTGU QH UGXGTCN EQPVKPGPVU

)TCJCO 6YQOQFGNUJCXGDGGPRTQRQUGFVQGZRNCKPVJGYC[VJCVVJGVGTTGUVTKCNDKQVCQH VJGPQPINCEKCVGFCTGCUQH0QTVJ#OGTKECTGURQPFGFVQVJGƀWEVWCVKPI GPXKTQPOGPVCN EQPFKVKQPU 6JG %NGOGPVUKCP OQFGN RTQRQUGU VJCV NCTIG ITQWRU QH URGEKGU UJKHVGF CUVKIJVN[NKPMGFCPFEQGXQNXGFCUUGODNCIGU6JG)NGCUQPKCPOQFGNUWIIGUVUVJCV KPFKXKFWCNURGEKGUTGURQPFGFVQVJGUGEJCPIGUKPCEEQTFCPEGYKVJVJGKTQYPVQNGTCPEG NKOKVU )TCJCO GV CN UWIIGUVGF VJCV VJG OCOOCN EQOOWPKVKGU KP 7PKVGF 5VCVGUJCXGTGURQPFGFKPC)NGCUQPKCPOCPPGT 6JGOCOOCNUTGURQPUGVQ.CVG3WCVGTPCT[GPXKTQPOGPVCNƀWEVWCVKQPU KP /GZKEQ KUCPGPKIOC$CUGFWRQPGPFGOKEVCZCVTGGURGEKGUTKEJPGUUVQRQITCRJ[ENKOCVG CPFIGQITCRJKEFKUVTKDWVKQPQHUQOGCPKOCNITQWRUUWEJCUDWVVGTƀKGU 6QNGFQ UWIIGUVGFVJGRTGUGPEGQHſXG RTKOCT[ TGHWIGU NQECVGF KP VJG .CECPFQPC CPF 5QEQPWUEQ TGIKQPUYKVJKPVJGUQWVJGTPOQUVRCTVQH/GZKEQCPFVJTGGUGEQPFCT[TGHWIGUKPVJG UVCVGQH8GTCETW\6JKUJCUDGGPSWGUVKQPGFD[UQOGUVWFKGUQPXGTVGDTCVGU (NQTGU 8KNNGNC 6JGTQNGVJCV/GZKEQRNC[GFFWTKPIVJG2NGKUVQEGPGKUPQVYGNNWPFGTUVQQF+V JCUDGGPUWIIGUVGFVJCVFWTKPIVJGOCZKOWOGZVGPUKQPQHVJGKEGUJGGVVJG5KGTTCU /CFTGU CPF VJG 6TCPUOGZKECP 8QNECPKE $GNV DGJCXGF CU C TQWVG QH FKURGTUCN QH VGORGTCVGURGEKGU5QOGPQTVJGTPURGEKGU OCKPN[TQFGPVUGZRCPFGFVJGKTFKUVTKDWVKQP VQYCTFUVJGUQWVJ6JGTGEGPVTGNKEVFKUVTKDWVKQPUQH)NCWEQO[U/KETQVWUCPF5QTGZ CTGEQPUKFGTGFCURTQQHQHVJKUOKITCVKQPFWTKPIVJG9KUEQPUKPKCP (CCPF/QTCNGU #UHCTCUYGMPQYPQUVWFKGUJCFDGGPOCFGCPCN[\KPIJQYVJGFKUVTKDWVKQPCPF UVTWEVWTGQHVJGEQOOWPKVKGUQHOCOOCNUEJCPIGFFWTKPIVJG2NGKUVQEGPG 6JGUVWF[QHVJG2NGKUVQEGPGHCWPCUCPFWPFGTUVCPFKPIVJGTGURQPUGQHVGTTGUVTKCN DKQVKEEQOOWPKVKGUVQGPXKTQPOGPVCNEJCPIGUKUHWPFCOGPVCNVQOQFGNKPICPFRNCPPKPI HQTHWVWTGENKOCVGEJCPIG

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HCOKNKGUCPFQTFGTU6JG/KQEGPGTGEQTFKPENWFGUURGEKGUIGPGTC HCOKNKGUCPFQTFGTUVJG.CVG6GTVKCT[TGEQTFKPENWFGUURGEKGUIGPGTC HCOKNKGUCPFQTFGTU#PFVJG2NGKUVQEGPGTGEQTFKPENWFGUURGEKGUIGPGTC HCOKNKGUCPFQTFGTU+VUJQWNFDGPQVGFVJCVVJGFKXGTUKV[QHVJGOKETQOCOOCNU KUWPFGTGUVKOCVGFEQPUKFGTKPIVJCVKPVJGGZVCPVOCOOCNKCPHCWPCUVJGOQUVCDWPFCPV ITQWRUCTGVJGTQFGPVUCPFVJGDCVUYJKEJTGRTGUGPVVJGQHVJGVQVCNGZVCPVHCWPC

4COÈTG\2WNKFQCPF/×FGURCEJGT6JKUUKVWCVKQPKUOCKPN[FWGVQVJGOGVJQF QHEQNNGEVKPI #NVJQWIJ QWT MPQYNGFIG QH HQUUKN OCOOCNU JCU KORTQXGF KPHQTOCVKQP QP /GUQ\QKE OCOOCNU KU UVKNN RQQTN[ CPF KU TGFWEGF VQ QPN[ VYQ MPQYP NQECNKVKGU 6JG .CVG %TGVCEGQWU VCZC CTG CNUQ RTGUGPV KP VJG PQTVJGTP NQECN HCWPCU UWEJ CU KP /QPVCPC CPF 9[QOKPI VJG GZEGRVKQP KU VJG PGY IGPWU CPF URGEKGU )CNNQNGUVGU RCEJ[OCPFKDWNCTKUYJKEJTGEGPVN[YCUTGRQTVGFHTQO6GZCUCUPQVGFCDQXG9KVJ HWTVJGTſGNFYQTM CPF RTQURGEVKPI VJG FKXGTUKV[ YKNN DG KPETGCUGF CPF VJG TGNCVKQPUJKRU YKVJVJGPQTVJGTPHCWPCUYQWNFDGENGCTGT 6JG /GZKECP 6GTVKCT[ CPF 3WCVGTPCT[ NQECN HCWPCU UJQY UVTQPI UKOKNCTKV[ VQ VJQUGFGUETKDGFKP7PKVGF5VCVGUUWIIGUVKPIVJCVCUCYJQNGVJG0QTVJ#OGTKECPNCPF OCOOCNHCWPCUEQPUVKVWVGFCNCTIGEQOOWPKV[YKVJUQOGNQECNQT GPFGOKEHQTOU 7PHQTVWPCVGN[NKVVNGKUMPQYPHTQOVJGUQWVJGTPOQUVVTQRKECNTGIKQPQH/GZKEQYJGTG VJGGPXKTQPOGPVCNEQPFKVKQPUUJQWNFJCXGDGGPFKHHGTGPVHTQOVJGPQTVJGTPNCVKVWFGU CPFKVKUJGTGYJGTGVJGOCLQTKV[QHVJGGPFGOKEHQTOUUJQWNFDGNQECVGF $CUGFQP(KIWTGKVKUENGCTVJCVOQUVQHVJG%GPQ\QKEGRQEJUCTGTGRTGUGPVGF KPVJG/GZKECPOCOOCNKCPTGEQTFQPN[VJG2CNGQEGPGKUPQVTGEQTFGF6JGHQUUKN OCOOCNKCPTGEQTFKUſNNGF YKVJ ICRU /WEJYQTMPGGFUVQDGFQPGKPQTFGTVQFGXGNQRCFGVCKNGFCPFFGGRWPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG /GZKECP HQUUKN OCOOCNU KP CNN KVU FKHHGTGPV FKUEKRNKPGU +V UJQWNF DG PQVGF VJCVGZVGPUKXGſGNF CPF NCDQTCVQT[ YQTM KP QPIQKPI 4GUWNVU RTQOKUG VQ CFF WUGHWN KPHQTOCVKQPVQſNN VJG ICRU QH QWT MPQYNGFIG

4GHGTGPEGU #IWKNNÎP/CTVÈPG\/

/':+%#0(155+./#//#.59*19*'4'#0&9*'0

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F. Vega et al. (eds.), Studies on Mexican Paleontology , 275–304. © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.

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#22.')#6''6#.

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ƀCVWO \QPG CV /QPV 4KUQW UQWVJGCUV (TCPEG RTQRQUGF CU VJG UVTCVQV[RG HQT VJG

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#22.')#6''6#.

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4'%'06+08'56+)#6+105+06.#;#37#44;

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#22.')#6''6#.

(KPCNN[CEEQTFKPIVQ#RRNGICVGGVCN CPF#NXCTCFQ1TVGICCPF'URKPQUC #TTWDCTTGPC VYQ HQTOU QH +QPQEQURKHQTOGU JCXG DGGP TGEQIPK\GF QPG KU 6GQKEJVJ[U MCNNKUVQU CPF VJG QVJGT KU C PGY IGPWU KP RTQEGUU QH DGKPI FGUETKDGF CPF FWG VQ VJGKT ETWUJKPI VGGVJ VJGUG ſUJGU YGTG CFCRVGF VQ HGGF QP KPXGTVGDTCVGU RTQVGEVGFYKVJUJGNNUQTJCTFGPGFUVTWEVWTGU+PCFFKVKQPVJG[JCXGDGGPKPVGTRTGVGF CUTGGHFYGNNGTU

(TGUJYCVGT2TQXGPKGPEG 'XGPVJQWIJKVKUFKHſEWNV VQ RTQXG VJGTG CTG UGXGTCN [GV WPFGUETKDGF HQTOU KP VJG 6NC[ÕCſUJ HCWPC VJCV CTG VJQWIJV VJTQWIJ EQORCTKUQPU YKVJ VJGKT EQWPVGTRCTVU KP QVJGT FGUETKDGFHQUUKNNQECNKVKGUVQDGHTGUJYCVGTHQTOU6JKUECVGIQT[RTQDCDN[EQORTKUGU UGXGTCN QH VJG OCP[ ENWRGQOQTRJ ſUJGU VJG OQUV CDWPFCPV ITQWR KP 6NC[ÕC GI URGEKGUQH%NWRGCNKMGHQTOU'NNKOOKEJVJ[UCPFQVJGT%NWRGKHQTOGU+PCFFKVKQP VJGRTGUGPEGQH VJGCOKKF2CEJ[COKCOGZKECPCECPDGTGICTFGFCUVJGNCUVOCTKPG COKFQHKVUNKPGCIGQTQPGQHVJGſTUV URGEKGU QH VJKU VCZQP VQ XGPVWTG KPVQ HTGUJYCVGT )TCPFG CPF $GOKU FGUETKDGF 2 OGZKECPC HTQO OCTKPG YCVGTU DCUGF QP R[EPQFQPVLCYVGGVJKPKVUUVQOCEJTGIKQP[GVYGFQPQVFKUECTFCRQUUKDNGHTGUJYCVGT RTQXGPKGPEGHQTVJKUURGEKGU6JGUCOGIQGUHQTVJGUCTEQRVGT[IKCP#ZGNTQFKEJVJ[UEH #CTCTKRGPUKUTGRQTVGFKP6NC[ÕCD['URKPQUC#TTWDCTTGPCGVCN 6JGTGCTG UGXGTCNGZCORNGUKPVJGNKVGTCVWTGQHYGNNFQEWOGPVGFOCTKPGCPFHTGUJYCVGTURGEKGU QHCEVKPKUVKCPU EQGNCECPVJUVJGTGHQTGYGVJKPMVJCVVJGTGKUPGGFHQTOQTGFGVCKNGF UVWFKGUVQFGVGTOKPCVGVJGEQTTGEVHTGUJYCVGTQTOCTKPGQTKIKPQHVJGTGOCKPUQHVJKU EQGNCECPVJ

6JG#WVQEJVJQPQWU(KUJGU .KXKPIKPVJG.CIQQP $GUKFGUVJGVQZKEKV[ FWGVQJ[RGTUCNKPKV[QHVJGDQVVQOYCVGTUQHVJGDCUKPKP YJKEJVJG6NC[ÕCFGRQUKVYCUHQTOGFVJGWRRGTRCTVQHVJGYCVGTEQNWOPYCUCDNG VQ UWRRQTV C FKUVKPEVKXG ſUJ HCWPC 6JKU KU GXKFGPEGF D[ VJG RTGUGPEG QH PWOGTQWU ſUJ EQRTQNKVGU CPF TGIWTIKVCVKQPU YJGTG ſUJ RCTVU CPF QT KPXGTVGDTCVGU UVTWEVWTGU ECP DG QDUGTXGF UGG (GNFOCPP GV CN #PQVJGT NKPG QH GXKFGPEG VJCV URGCM HQTCPCWVQEJVJQPQWUſUJ HCWPC TGUVU QP UGXGTCN HQTOU QH ENWRGQOQTRJU CPF UQOG KPVGTGUVKPI KEJVJ[QFGEVKFU VJCV UJQY C NCTIG CTTC[ QH UK\GU VJCV RQUUKDN[ TGRTGUGPV NKHGE[ENGUKPYJKEJUGTKGUQHNCTXCNVQCFWNVUVCIGUJCXGDGGPTGEQTFGF#NUQVJGTG CTGYGNNFQEWOGPVGFGZCORNGUQHőſUJ VQ ſUJŒ RTGFCVKQP KP VJG UWTHCEG YCVGTU QH VJG FGRQUKVKPYJKEJVJGRTG[GFſUJ ECP DG UVKNN UGGP KP VJG OQWVJ QH VJG ſUJ RTGFCVQT +P QVJGTURGEKOGPUVJGRTG[UECPDGUGGPKPVCEVKPUKFGVJGFKIGUVKXGVTCEVUUWIIGUVKPIVJCV VJGRTGFCVQTECWIJVKVURTG[YKVJKPVJGNCIQQPQTPGCTVQVJGUKVGQHFGRQUKVKQP 6JGTGKUCFFKVKQPCNGXKFGPEGVQUJQYVJCVGPQWIJőNKHGŒEQWNFVJTKXGVGORQTCNN[ KP VJG CTGC QH FGRQUKVKQP YJKEJ RTQDCDN[ EQWNF CNUQ KPENWFG UGXGTCN TGRVKNGU GI ETQEQFKNGUCPFQPGHQTOQHCUGOKCSWCVKEURJGPQFQPVKF+PCFFKVKQPKVKUVJQWIJV

4'%'06+08'56+)#6+105+06.#;#37#44;

VJCVWRQPVJGFGCVJQHVJGſUJ CTVJTQRQFU UWEJ CU KUQRQFU (GNFOCPP GVCNCPF CNCTIGCTTC[QHDGPVJKEOKNKQNKFHQTCOKPKHGTCEQWNFJCXGUECXGPIGFQPVJGKTEQTRUGU

'URKPQUC#TTWDCTTGPCCPF#RRNGICVG4GEGPVN[VJGRQUUKDKNKV[QHNKHGQPVJG DQVVQOQHVJG6NC[ÕCőNCIQQPŒYCUTGRQTVGFD[)WGTTGTQ#TGPCU YJGTGUJG FGUETKDGUſXG FKUVKPEVKXG GVJQNQIKECN ECVGIQTKGU QH DGPVJKE őKPXGTVGDTCVG VTCEMUŒ HTQO VJGWRRGTRCTVQHVJG/KFFNG/GODGTQHVJG6NC[ÕC(QTOCVKQP

1RGP1EGCP(KUJGU +V KU RQUUKDNG VJCV UQOG NCTIG KEJVJ[QFGEVKFU 4JCEQNGRKUNKMG HQTOU CPF GNQRKF CNNKGU EQWNF VJTKXG KP QRGP QEGCPKE EQPFKVKQPU CPF VJCV YJGVJGT őECTTKGFŒ QT őUYKOOKPIŒTGCEJGFVJG6NC[ÕCNCIQQPFWTKPIJKIJVKFGUQTUVQTOU

6JG4GRVKNGUQHVJG6NC[ÕC3WCTT[ 6JG+PUWNCT%QPEGRV #HVGTVJGſUJ HCWPC HQUUKN TGRVKNGU TGRTGUGPV VJG UGEQPF OQUV KORQTVCPV VCZQPQOKE ITQWRRTGUGPVKPVJGRCNGQDKQVCQH6NC[ÕC4G[PQUQGVCN TGRQTVGFVJGRTGUGPEG QH CV NGCUV ſXG OCLQT TGRVKNKCP ITQWRU +UQNCVGF DQPGU UKOKNCT VQ 0[EJVQUCWTWU CPF 2VGTCPQFQPTGRTGUGPVRVGTQUCWTU4GEGPVN[CEQORNGVGCTVKEWNCVGFRVGTQUCWTURGEKOGP YCUHQWPF%TQEQFKNGUCTGMPQYP VYQURGEKOGPUQPGCEQORNGVGLWXGPKNGCPFCP CNOQUVEQORNGVGFKUCTVKEWNCVGFCFWNVYJKEJDGNQPIVQVJGUCOGVCZQPUKOKNCTVQVJG .CVG ,WTCUUKE %TQEQFKNGKOWU 6WTVNGU CTG TGRTGUGPVGF D[ HQWT EQORNGVG UMGNGVQPU VJTGGCFWNVUCPFQPGJCVEJNKPI KPVJGRTQEGUUQHUVWF[#UCNCVG/GUQ\QKETGEQTF VJG URJGPQFQPVKCP HCWPC EQPUKUVU QH 2COK\KPUCWPWU VNC[WCGPUKU 4G[PQUQ C VGTTGUVTKCNURJGPQFQPVKFYKVJKVUDQF[CPFVCKNEQXGTGFYKVJUOCNNTQWPFGFQUVGQFGTOU CUYGNNCUCHCVVCKNUKOKNCTVQVJCVQHVJGNKXKPI)KNCOQPUVGT *GNQFGTOCUWURGEVWOCP CFCRVCVKQPVJCVTGNCVGUVJKUURGEKOGPVQFT[QRGPGPXKTQPOGPVUCPF#PM[NQURJGPQFQP RCEJ[QUVQUWU 4G[PQUQ CP WPWUWCN JGTDKXQTQWU URJGPQFQPV YKVJ C UJQTV CPF XGT[UVQWVRCEJ[QUVQVKETKDUUWIIGUVKPICUGOKCSWCVKEJCDKVCV6YQNK\CTFUCTGCNUQ RTGUGPV *WGJWGEWGV\RCNNK OKZVGEWU 4G[PQUQ C VGTTGUVTKCN NK\CTF VJCV GXGP TGVCKPKPI RTKOKVKXG HGCVWTGU TGUGODNGU OQFGTP KIWCPKFU CPF 6GRGZKUCWTWU VGRGZKK 4G[PQUQCPF%CNNKUQPCPQVJGTVGTTGUVTKCNNK\CTFOQFGTPKPCRRGCTCPEG 'XKFGPVN[ VJG JGTRGVQHCWPC QH 6NC[ÕC DGCTU TGRTGUGPVCVKXGU QH UGXGTCN CFCRVCVKQPUƀKIJV RVGTQUCWTU UGOKCSWCVKE CPF CORJKDKCP NKHG QPG URJGPQFQPVKCP #PM[NQURJGPQFQP RCEJ[QUVQUWU CPF VJG ETQEQFKNKCPU TGURGEVKXGN[ CPF UVTKEVN[ VGTTGUVTKCN RQUUKDN[ CFCRVGF VQ FT[ QRGP GPXKTQPOGPVU QPG URJGPQFQPVKCP 2COK\KPUCWTWUVNC[WCGPUKUCPFVJGVYQNK\CTFU +VKUKORQTVCPVVQCFFVJKUTGRVKNKCPKPHQTOCVKQPVQVJGRCNGQGEQNQIKECNGXKFGPEG FGTKXGFHTQOVJGſUJ HCWPC FWG VQ VJG KPVGTGUVKPI OKZVWTG QH QTICPKUOU HTQO FKHHGTGPV GPXKTQPOGPVUTGEQTFGFKP6NC[ÕCOCKPN[VQGZRNCKPVJGQTKIKPCPFVTCPURQTVCVKQPQH GCEJQHVJGHQUUKNGNGOGPVU#UVJGſTUV RVGTQUCWT GXKFGPEG HQWPF KP VJG SWCTT[ YCU KUQNCVGFDQPGUKVYCUDGNKGXGFVJCVVJGTGOCKPUJCFTGCEJGFVJGFGRQUKVƀQCVKPI HTQO

#22.')#6''6#.

EQORCTCVKXGN[NQPIFKUVCPEGU4GEGPVN[ ,WPGCEQORNGVGCTVKEWNCVGFURGEKOGP YCU HQWPF KPFKECVKPI VJCV CU KP 5QNPJQHGP UQOG RVGTQUCWTU OC[ JCXG UWPM VQ VJG DQVVQOQHVJGNCIQQPYKVJQWVFKUCTVKEWNCVKQPD[VJGUVTQPIUVQTOUQTOQPUQQPYKPFU 7PHQTVWPCVGN[ VJG VWTVNGU JCXG PQV DGGP UVWFKGF GPQWIJ VQ FKUENQUG VJGKT RQUUKDNG

VGTTGUVTKCN QT OCTKPG QTKIKP CPF VJGTGHQTG VJG RQUUKDKNKVKGU QH VJGKT VTCPURQTVCVKQP KPVQVJG6NC[ÕCDGFUKUEQPVTQXGTUKCN+PVJGECUGQHVJGETQEQFKNGUVJGKTCORJKDKCP JCDKVUUWIIGUVVJCVVJG[EQWNFJCFNKXGFUQENQUGVQVJGFGRQUKVVJCVVJGKTVTCPURQTVCVKQP UJQWNFPQVDGGPUGGPCUőRTQDNGOCVKEŒKPVGTOUQHVJGCDUGPEGQHHTCEVKQPVTCPURQTV UVTWEVWTGUYKVJKPVJGSWCTT[NKOGUVQPGU 6JGKPHQTOCVKQPFGTKXGFHTQOVJGUVTKEVN[VGTTGUVTKCNNGRKFQUCWTU QPGURJGPQFGPVKF CPFVYQNK\CTFUTGRTGUGPVUCUVTQPICTIWOGPVHQTEQPUKFGTKPIVJGRTQZKOKV[QHNCPFVQ VJGFGRQUKVKQPCNGPXKTQPOGPV4GICTFKPIVJKUNCPFOCUUCFLCEGPVVQ6NC[ÕC4G[PQUQ GVCN CNUQTGRQTVGFOQTRJQNQIKECNRJ[NQIGPGVKECPFDKQIGQITCRJKECNCPCN[UGU QH VJGUG VGTTGUVTKCN URJGPQFQPVKCPU CPF NK\CTFU UJQYKPI VJCV C VJG VCZC DGCT C EQPUKFGTCDN[FKHHGTGPVOQTRJQNQI[HTQOVJGKTCPEGUVTCNV[RGUCPFDVJG[UGGOVQDG RTGUGTXGFCUTGNKEVUKPTGNCVKXGN[NCVGFGRQUKVU 6JG EQGZKUVGPEG QH TGNCVKXGN[ RTKOKVKXG HQTOU YKVJ CV[RKECN OQTRJQNQIKGU KU RTQDCDN[ GZRNCKPGF D[ VJG GXQNWVKQP QH VJG NKPGCIGU KP CP KPUWNCT U[UVGO 9JGTG KUQNCVKQPRTGUGTXGUCPEKGPVHQTOUCPFIGPGVKEFTKHVRNC[UCPKORQTVCPVTQNGKPſZCVKQP QH GXQNWVKQPCT[PQXGNVKGU 4G[PQUQGVCN6JKUKPHQTOCVKQPUGGOUVQDGEQPUKUVGPV YKVJ VJG RTGUGPEG QH #NDKCP UJCNNQY CPFQT FGGR YCVGTU KP UQWVJEGPVTCN /ÃZKEQ 6JGTGHQTGVJGKPƀWGPEG QH VJG VGTTGUVTKCN GNGOGPVU RTGUGPV KP VJG OKZGF CUUGODNCIG CV6NC[ÕCUGGOUVQEQTTGURQPFVQCPKPUWNCTU[UVGOTCVJGTVJCPVQCYGNNEQPPGEVGF GZVGPUKQPQHVJGUQWVJGTPGZVTGOGQHőOKFFNGŒ%TGVCEGQWU0QTVJ#OGTKEC*QYGXGT VJGNCVGTRQUUKDKNKV[QHC0QTVJ#OGTKECPRGPKPUWNCECPPQVDGTWNGFQWV

2CNGQGEQNQIKECN/QFGNUQH6NC[ÕC 5KPEG VJG 6NC[ÕC ő.CIGTUV¼VVGŒ YCU ſTUV TGRQTVGF D[ #RRNGICVG CPF 'URKPQUC #TTWDCTTGPC QPGQHVJGOCKPIQCNUKPCNNUWDUGSWGPVKPXGUVKICVKQPUJCUDGGP HQEWUGFKPVJGUVWF[QHVJGRCNGQGPXKTQPOGPVCNCPFRQUVFGRQUKVKQPCNEQPFKVKQPUVJCV RTQFWEGF VJG TGOCTMCDNG RTGUGTXCVKQP HQWPF CV VJG 6NC[ÕC 3WCTT[ 6JG CVVGORVU VQ KPVGTRTGV VJG RCNGQGPXKTQPOGPVU TGRTGUGPVGF CV 6NC[ÕC KPENWFG C ITQYKPI NKUV QH KPXGUVKICVKQPU #RRNGICVG /CTVKNN /CNRKEC%TW\ GV CN 2CPVQLC #NQT 'URKPQUC#TTWDCTTGPC CPF #RRNGICVG (GNFOCPP GV CN -CUJK[COCGVCNCPF)WGTTGTQ#TGPCU (QT C EQORNGVG FKUEWUUKQP QH VJG FKHHGTGPV OQFGNU UWIIGUVGF HQT VJG RCNGQGPXKTQPOGPVU QH 6NC[ÕC UGG 'URKPQUC#TTWDCTTGPC CPF #RRNGICVG CPF-CUJK[COCGVCN (QTVJGRWTRQUGQHVJKUEJCRVGTYGYKNNQPN[FKUEWUU VYQ ITQWRU QH KFGCU VJCV QPG YC[ QT CPQVJGT GPEQORCUU VJG RCNGQGEQNQIKECN CPF UGFKOGPVQNQIKECNKPHQTOCVKQPFGTKXGFHTQORCUVCPFTGEGPVKPXGUVKICVKQPU

4'%'06+08'56+)#6+105+06.#; #37#44;

5JCNNQY9CVGT$CEM4GGH.CIQQPCN+PVGTRTGVCVKQP +PVJKUECVGIQT[VJG6NC[ÕCFGRQUKVTGRTGUGPVUCUJCNNQYEQCUVCNNCIQQP KPVGTVKFCN \QPGDGJKPFCDCTTKGTTGGHVJCVCEEQTFKPIVQ2CPVQLC#NQT YCUEQPPGEVGFVQVJG QRGPUGC9KVJKPVJGUCOGEQPVGZV CEQCUVCNNCIQQPDGJKPFCDCTTKGTTGGH#RRNGICVG

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őOWFETCEMŒFGRKEVKPICPGRKUQFGKP YJKEJVJGNCIQQPTGCEJGFUWDCGTGCNGZRQUWTG#NUQVJGUGUJCNNQYYCVGTDCEMTGGH NCIQQP KPVGTRTGVCVKQPU ECNN HQT VJG RTGUGPEG QH E[CPQDCEVGTKCN OCVU UGG UGEVKQP QP E[CPQDCEVGTKCNOCVUKPVJKUEJCRVGTDTCEMGVKPIVJGNQYGTFGRVJQHVJGNCIQQPKPPQ OQTGVJCPOCPGUVKOCVGFFGRVJVJCVKPENGCTUWDVTQRKECNYCVGTUE[CPQDCEVGTKCECP UVKNNRJQVQU[PVJGUK\G $CTVJGNGVCN

1RGP/CTKPG$CUKPYKVJ5VQTO&QOKPCVGF5GFKOGPVCVKQP/QFGN #URCTVQHVJGTGEGPVKPXGUVKICVKQPUKP6NC[ÕC-CUJK[COCGVCN EQODKPGF UVCVKUVKECNN[ DCUGF OKETQHCEKGUVTCPUKVKQP CPCN[UKU YKVJ URGEVTCN CPCN[UKU QH FGRVJ UGTKGU OGCUWTGOGPVU KP CP CVVGORV VQ DGVVGT WPFGTUVCPF VJG NKVJQNQIKGU CPF QVJGT VCRJQPQOKECN HCEVQTU KPXQNXGF KP VJG RCNGQGPXKTQPOGPVCN UGVVKPI +P XCTKCPEG YKVJ VJGUJCNNQYYCVGTDCEMTGGHNCIQQPCNKPVGTRTGVCVKQPUHQT-CUJK[COCGVCN VJG 6NC[ÕCFGRQUKVTGRTGUGPVUCPQRGPOCTKPGDCUKPYKVJUVQTOFQOKPCVGFUGFKOGPVCVKQP CPFDQVVQOYCVGTUYKVJTGUVTKEVGFEKTEWNCVKQP6JG[CNUQHQWPFCTGRGVKVKXGRCVVGTPKP VJGUGFKOGPVCT[UGSWGPEGKPVGTRTGVGFCU/KNCPMQXKVEJE[ENGUCVVTKDWVGFVQFQWDNG OQPUQQPKPƀWGPEGU HTQO DQVJ VJG PQTVJGTP CPF UQWVJGTP JGOKURJGTGU -CUJK[COC GVCN#NVJQWIJVJKUOQFGNFKUECTFUVKFCNFGRQUKVUUQOGQHVJGEJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH VJKU UJCNNQYYCVGT V[RG QH FGRQUKV CU FGUETKDGF D[ (GNFOCPP GV CN CTG CEMPQYNGFIGFD[-CUJK[COCGVCN GIVGTTGUVTKCNCPFOCTKPGCUUGODNCIGU RTGUGPV KP VJG FGRQUKV 'XKFGPVN[ VJKU QRGP OCTKPG DCUKP OQFGN ECNNU HQT VJG NCEM QHCP[VTCEGQHUJCNNQYYCVGTFGRQUKVHGCVWTGU GIE[CPQDCEVGTKCNOCVUFGUKEECVKQP ETCEMU GVE GNGOGPVU VJCV YG VJKPM CTG UVKNN EQPVTQXGTUKCN +P CFFKVKQP VJG OQFGN ECNNUHQTCUKVGQHFGRQUKVKQPNQECVGFKPCFKUVCNRCTVQHCUJGNHCPQEGCPKEDCUKPQTCP KPVTCETCVQPKEUGC6JKUFKUVCNUJGNHCPFDCUKPUGFKOGPVCVKQPEQPƀKEVU YKVJ VJG RTGUGPEG QH UOCNN VGTTGUVTKCN HQUUKNU NK\CTFU URKFGTU CPF KPUGEVU #U C RQUUKDNG UQNWVKQP VQ VJKU KPEQPUKUVGPE[ -CUJK[COC GV CN VJGQTK\G C TGKPWPFCVGF TQWIJ -CTUV VQRQITCRJ[KPYJKEJCDCUKPVTCRRKPIUVQTOKPFWEGFUWURGPUKQPFGRQUKVHCKTN[ENQUGVQ

#22.')#6''6#.

(+)74'5MGVEJOCRQHVJGRCNGQGPXKTQPOGPVQH6NC[ÕC

CVGTTGUVTKCNUQWTEGEQWNFQEEWT#EEQTFKPIVQVJKUKFGCCFGGRCPFUVGGRFGRTGUUKQPKP RTQZKOKV[VQNCPFYQWNFTGEGKXGQPN[QEECUKQPCNUVQTOKPFWEGFUWURGPFGFUGFKOGPVU CPF HQTO NCOKPCG KP VJG DQVVQO QH VJG FGRTGUUKQP (WTVJGTOQTG KH VJG TGNKEV MCTUV VQRQITCRJ[ YGTG GZVTGOG GPQWIJ VJGP VJG DCUKP EQWNF JCXG DGGP RTQVGEVGF HTQO RJ[UKECN FKUVWTDCPEG QH FGRQUKVU CPF HTQO VJG HQTOCVKQP QH UGFKOGPVCT[ UVTWEVWTGU FWGVQVTCEVKQPVTCPURQTV #UKPRTGXKQWUOQFGNU6NC[ÕCJCUDGGPEQORCTGFYKVJQVJGTYGNNMPQYPHQUUKN NQECNKVKGU GI5QNJJQHGP-CUJK[COCGVCN RTQRQUGFVJGKPVTCETCVQPKE/QYT[ 5JCNGQH9[QOKPICUCUGVVKPIVJCVEQWNFGZRNCKPVJGRCNGQGPXKTQPOGPVCNEQPFKVKQPU VJCVRTGXCKNGFKP6NC[ÕC9GDGNKGXGVJCVKPRCNGQEQNQIKECNVGTOUVJGDKQVCUQHDQVJ WPKVU 6NC[ÕCCPFVJG/QYT[5JCNGCTGYKFGN[FKHHGTGPV6NC[ÕCKUOWEJTKEJGTCPF DGCTU CP CNOQUV GZENWUKXG őUJCNNQY YCVGTŒ HCWPC UGG UGEVKQP QP VJG RCNGQDKQVC QH 6NC[ÕC +P CP CVVGORV VQ UVTGUU VJG UKIPKſECPEG QH VJG PCVWTG QH VJG RCNGQPVQNQIKECN EQPVGPVUKPCUVWF[QHCFGRQUKVNKMG6NC[ÕCYGYKNNFKUEWUUVJGſUJ HCWPC QH YJCV VQ QWTWPFGTUVCPFKPITGRTGUGPVUQPGQHVJGHGYYGNNMPQYP%TGVCEGQWUQEGCPKE FGGR YCVGTſUJ HCWPC 6JG EJCNM FGRQUKVU QH VJG /QQTGXKNG (QTOCVKQP QH #NCDCOC UGG #RRNGICVGCTGHQUUKNKHGTQWUGPQWIJVQUGTXGCUCOGCPKPIHWNEQPVTCUVYKVJYJCV JCUDGGPTGEQTFGFKPVJGőUJCNNQYYCVGTŒ/KFFNG/GODGTQHVJG6NC[ÕC(QTOCVKQP #VVJG/QQTXKNG%JCNMVJGHQNNQYKPIſUJ ITQWRU JCXG DGGP TGEQTFGF

4'%'06+08'56+)#6+105+06.#;#37#44;

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4'%'06+08'56+)#6+105+06.#;#37#44;

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#22.')#6''6#.

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Index

Abelisauridae, 235 Aguilillas sandstone, 238 Aguja Formation, 236 Albertosaurus, 236 Anacardiaceae, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 32 Ankylosauridae, 237, 243, 244 Anura, 213 Araceae, 9, 10, 12 Arecaceae, 12 Arikareean, 252, 255, 256 Artiodactyls, 256, 262 Aublysodon, 233, 236, 243 Baja Calfornia Peninsula, 1, 5, 6, 13, 14, 35, 174, 237, 258 Barstovian , 253, 255, 256, 257, 262, 266 Berberidaceae, 8 Betulaceae, 12, 43, 44 Blancan, 213, 219, 220, 253, 254, 257-263, 265 Boreotropical, 38 Bridgerian, 251, 252, 255 Burgos Basin, 12, 25 Cabullona Group, 182, 183, 219, 236, 243 Carnivores, 256, 262, 263, 268 Ceratopsidae, 236, 243, 244 Ceratosaurus, 235 Cerro del Pueblo Formation, 237, 239, 244 Chadronian, 219, 252, 255, 256, 262, 263 Chortis block, 2-5, 13, 14, 20 Collections of fossil fishes, 174 Coprolites, 237, 238 Corals

Cretaceous, 48 Jurassic, 51 Triassic, 54 Cretaceous echinoids publications, 99-101 recent studies, 102, 104 species, 105-109 Cretaceous vegetation, 2, 3 Dinosaurs Baja California, 233, 234-236, 238, 243 Chihuahua, 233, 234, 236, 243 Coahuila, 233, 234, 236-240, 244 Early Cretaceous, 235, 238, 242, 243 eggshells, 237 ichnites, 233 Michoacán, 233, 234, 237, 238, 242, 245 Middle Jurassic, 235, 237, 238, 240, 242 Sonora, 233, 234, 236, 243 Tamaulipas, 233-235, 240, 242 Dromaeosauridae, 235, 237, 238, 244 Early Cretaceous Crocodile, 211, 212 Marine reptile, 212, 213, 215, 218 Turtles, 218, 219 Sphenodontians 209 El Aguaje, 238, 239, 245 El Gallo Formation, 174, 219, 235, 237, 243, 253 El Pelillal track site, 239, 244 Environments and chronostratigraphic inference during

306

Eocene, 23, 25 Eocene-Ologocene, 25 Miocene, 27, 30 Oligocene, 26, 27 Oligocene-Miocene, 27 Paleocene, 23 Pliocene, 30 Echinoderms asteroids, 116, 128, 129 crinoids, 128 echinoids, 128 holothuroids, 128 ophiuroids, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 122-126, 165, 176 Eocene volcanic rocks, 4 Equids, 258-262 Eucommiaceae, 7, 11 Faja Volcánica, 3, 4, 13 Faunal Interchange, 264 Feeding strategies, 262-267 Flowering plants, 7 Fossil Crustacea cuticle, 80, 96, 97 paleobiogeography, 95 paleoecology, 95 systematics, 81 Gulf Coast Province, 20, 38 Gulf of California, 3, 6 Hadrosauridae, 236, 238, 239, 243245 Hamamelidaceae, 10 Hemingfordian, 253, 255-257, 262 Hemphillian, 212, 220, 254, 255, 257-263, 265, 266, 267 Heterodontosaurus, 233, 235, 242 Huizachal Canyon, 211, 216, 235 Ice ages, 2, 250 Irvingtonian, 220, 255, 261 Isthmus of Panama, 1, 2, 7, 14 Juglandeaceae, 13, 43-45 Lagerstätte(n), 170, 179, 276, 277, 293, 299 La Boca Formation, 211, 214, 216, 235, 252 La Bocana Roja Formation, 235, 243

Labocania anomala, 235, 243 Lambeosaurus laticaudus, 235, 236, 243 La Popa Basin, 13 Laramide orogeny, 37 La Soledad Beds, 234 Las Aguilas track site, 240 Late Cretaceous Amphibian, 219 Crocodile, 219 Lizard, 219, 236, 292, 293, 295, 296 Mosasaurs, 211, 215, 219, 236 Snake, 215, 218 Turtle, 211, 213, 218, 219, 236, 239, 240 Late Eocene Lizard, 219 Late Jurassic Crocodile, 212, 216 Late Pleistocene Amphibians, 220 Crocodile, 220 Lizards, 221 Phrynosoma, 212, 215, 221, 222, Leguminosae, 7-10, 13, 26, 30, 32 Lithographic limestone, 174, 182, 183, 187, 283 Local faunas Concha local fauna, 254, 258 El Marfil, 252, 255, 256, 261 El Zoyatal, 253, 256 Goleta, 220, 254, 259 Ixtapa, 253 La Plegaria, 254, 259 Las Tunas, 214, 258 Lomas Las Tetas de Cabra, 252, 254, 262, 263 Matatlán, 257, 264 Miñaca, 258, 264, 266 Miraflores, 254, 258 Nejapa, 257, 262 Rancho Gaitán, 262 San Miguel de Allende, 260, 264, 265, 267

307

Suchilquitongo, 257 Tecolotlán, 259 Tehuichila, 213, 259 Teocaltiche, 259 Yepómera, 212, 258, 265 Los Ahuhuetes, 10, 14, 173 Magmatic provinces, 3 Mammalian record Cretaceous, 253 Early-Middle Miocene, 269 Eocene-Oligocene, 269 Jurassic, 252 Late Miocene-Pliocene, 269 Quaternary, 269 Maniraptora, 235 Marine regressions, 4, 6 Menispermaceae, 12 Mesozoic osteichthyans, 169, 170, 176 Mexcala Formation, 91, 92, 238, 243 Monoclonius, 233, 234 Muerto Formation, 240, 245 Muhi Quarry, 176, 180, 188-193, 197 Multituberculates, 253 Musaceae, 9, 12 Natural History, 2, 223, 234, 250 Oligocene turtle, 219 Olmos Formation, 240, 244 Ophiuroids anatomy, 121, 126, 128 diversity, 128 fossil record, 119, 125, 126, 129, 130 habits, 116, 118 taxonomy, 118 Ornithomimidae, 236, 237, 239, 243, 244 Ornithomimus, 237 Osteological record, 235 Paleopeninsula of Coahuila, 12 Paleocene vegetation, 2 Paleozoic invertebrates

bivalves, 136-138, 145, 146, 149, 151, 152, 155, 158-161, 163, 164 brachiopods, 133, 134, 136-141, 144-148, 150-152, 154-158, 160-163, 164, bryozoans, 133, 134, 136-138, 146, 148, 156, 158, 162, 163 cephalopods, 135, 137, 139-143, 149, 152, 156 conulariids, 140, 145, 148, 162 corals, 140, 146, 148, 150, 151, 153, 155-157, 162 crinoids, 136-138, 144, 146, 147, 149-153, 164 gastropods, 137-140, 145, 146, 148, 149, 151, 152, 155, 156, 158-161, 163 rostroconchs 148, 155, 163 scaphopods, 158, 160, 163 sponges, 141, 148, 157, 162 trilobites, 136, 144, 146, 149, 150, 164 Phytolaccaceae, 12 Pleistocene mammals, 252, 258, 259 Pteraichnus, 239 Rancholabrean, 255, 261 Ranunculaceae, 12 Rodentia, 255 Rudists geologic formations, 63, 67, 68 localities, 68, 70, 71, 72 species, 73 Salicaceae, 10, 11, 14 San Felipe Otlaltepec, 235 San Juan Raya Formation, 83, 238, 243 Sapotaceae, 13, 25, 38 Sierra Madre del Sur, 3, 5 Sierra Madre Occidental, 3, 4, 13, 20, 37, 39, 66, Sierra Madre Oriental 4, 6, 72 skin impressions, 237, 238 Syntarsus, 233, 235, 242 Tertiary

308

climatic trends, 37 paleopalynology, 22, 23 palynofloristic affinities, 31 palynomorphs, 20, 22, 23, 25, 30, 31, 37, 42 Tertiary Formations Claiborne, 22, 25, 33, 34, 36, 37 Cuayuca, 20-23, 26-28, 31-36, 38, 39 La Purísima, 21, 22, 253, 257 La Quinta, 22, 25, 30, 33, 35, 36 Paraje Solo, 22, 31, 33-36 Pichucalco, 22, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39 Pie de Vaca, 22, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 36, 279, San Gregorio, 20-22, 27, 29, 3236, 38 Tertiary Groups Balsas, 20-24, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37 Esperanza, 22, 27, 33, 34, 37 titanosaurid sauropod, 236 Theropoda, 235, 237, 242-245 Tlayúa Quarry, 120, 121, 129, 130, 170, 174, 176, 177, 182, 183, 185-187, 189, 190-192, 197, 198, 218, 276-282, 284, 287, 289, 290, 292, 294, 297-299, 302 biostratigraphy, 279 cyanobacterial mat(s), 283, 285287, 294, 295, 298, fishes, 174, 176, 177, 182, 186,

189, 276, 283, 290, 296, 297, 304 magnetostratigraphy, 279, 280 paleoecological models, 294 regional geology, 277, 298 reptiles, 292 soft parts (preservation), 276 vascular plants, 288 Troodontidae, 236, 237, 243 Tyrannosauridae, 236, 237, 239, 243245 Vallecillo, 175, 178, 179, 182, 184, 185, 187, 189, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 218 Vegetation types during Tertiary chaparral, 27, 38, 39 cloud forest, 25-27, 30, 38 coniferous forest, 20, 26, 30, 38 low biomass, 27, 34, 38 pine-oak forest, 31 temperate forest, 38 thorn scrub, 30 thorn woodland, 26, 34 tropical forest, 7, 25, 30, tropical rain forest, 31, 37, 39 Wilcox Flora, 38 Wasatchian, 252, 254, 255, 262, 263 Werner Janensch, 233, 234 Xenarthra, 261 Xochixtlapilco, 238, 242 Yucatan Peninsula, 1, 4, 14, 251