Smiley's Workshop for AVR

F].SI4EVHYI PART 1: Introducing the AVR C Programming Workshop Series TVSKVEQQMRKERHQMGVS GSRXVSPPIVWEVIX[SFMK...

Author: Joe Pardue

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F].SI4EVHYI

PART 1:

Introducing the AVR C Programming Workshop Series TVSKVEQQMRKERHQMGVS GSRXVSPPIVWEVIX[SFMKXSTMGW TVEGXMGEPP]GSRXMRIRXEPMRWM^I ERHPMOIGSRXMRIRXWEVIIEW]XSKIX PSWXMR'SQFMRMRKXLIX[SMWEPMXXPI PMOIXVEMTWMRKJVSQ%PEWOEXS8MIVVEHIP *YIKS'LERGIWEVI]SYvPPKIXXSXEPP] PSWXERHMJXLIREXMZIWHSRvXIEX]SY ]SYVMRJIGXIHFPMWXIVW[MPPQEOI]SY [ERXXSWMXERHTSYX-vZIFIIRHS[R XLMWVSEHWSQER]XMQIWXLEXTVSFEFP]LEZIQ]S[RTIVWSREPVYX IXGLIHMRXLIQIXETLSVMGEPWSMPERH -GERTSMRXXSXLIWLEVTVSGOW-vZI WXITTIHSRXLIFVERGLIWXLEXLEZI [LEGOIHQIMRXLIJEGIERHXLI FYWLIWJVSQ[LMGLXLITVIHEXSVW PIETX-J]SYKIXXLIMQEKISJE VEKKIH]FYQWXYQFPMRKXLVSYKLXLI NYRKPI]SYvZIKSXQIVMKLX'SRWMHIV XLIWI[SVOWLSTWEGSQFMREXMSR VSEHQETKYMHIFSSOERHIQIVKIRG] JMVWXEMHOMXJSV]SYVNSYVRI]MRXSXLMW JEWGMREXMRKFYXWSQIXMQIWHERKIVSYW [SVPH -LMKLP]VIGSQQIRHXLEX]SY KIXXLIFSSO8LI'4VSKVEQQMRK 0ERKYEKI{ 7IGSRH)HMXMSR F] /IVRMKLERERH6MXGLMILIVIEJXIV VIJIVVIHXSEW/ 6(IRRMW6MXGLMI *MKYVI [VSXI'ERHLMWFSSOMW XLIHIJMRMXMZIWSYVGISREPPXLMRKW' -R*MKYVI6MXGLMI MRZIRXSVSJ XLI'TVSKVEQQMRKPERKYEKI WXERHW RI\XXS/IR8LSQTWSRSVMKMREP MRZIRXSVSJ9RM\HIWMKRMRKXLI SVMKMREP9RM\STIVEXMRKW]WXIQEX&IPP 0EFWSRE4(4 -LEZIGLSWIRXSJSPPS[XLEX FSSOvWSVKERM^EXMSRWXVYGXYVIMRXLMW WIVMIWSJ[SVOWLSTW8LIQEMR

C

HMJJIVIRGIMWXLEXXLIMVFSSOMW QEGLMRIMRHITIRHIRXERHKMZIWPSXW SJI\EQTPIWFEWIHSRQERMTYPEXMRK XI\X[LMPIXLIWI[SVOWLSTWEVI QEGLMRI HITIRHIRXWTIGMJMGEPP]FEWIH SRXLI%:6QMGVSGSRXVSPPIVERHXLI I\EQTPIWEVIEWQMGVSGSRXVSPPIV SVMIRXIHEW-GERQEOIXLIQ

Why C? &EGOMRXLIHEVOEKIWSJ QMGVSTVSGIWWSVWWSJX[EVI HIZIPSTQIRX[EWHSRII\GPYWMZIP] MRXLIWTIGMJMGEWWIQFP]PERKYEKISJ XLIWTIGMJMGHIZMGI8LIWIEWWIQFP] PERKYEKIW[IVIGLEVEGXIVFEWIH uQRIQSRMGvWYFWXMXYXMSRWJSVXLI RYQIVMGEPQEGLMRIPERKYEKIGSHIW -RWXIEHSJ[VMXMRKWSQIXLMRKPMOI \\\%\*XSKIXXLI HIZMGIXSPSEHEZEPYIMRXSEQIQSV] PSGEXMSR]SYGSYPH[VMXIWSQIXLMRK PMOI13:1=&9**)6 8LIEWWIQFPIV[SYPHXVERWPEXI XLEXWXEXIQIRXMRXSXLIQEGLMRI PERKYEKIJSV]SY -vZI[VMXXIRGSHIMRQEGLMRI PERKYEKI EWEPIEVRMRKI\TIVMQIRX ERHFIPMIZIQI[LIR-XIPP]SY XLEXEWWIQFP]PERKYEKIMW EQENSVWXITYTMR TVSHYGXMZMX]&YXEHIZMGIvW EWWIQFP]PERKYEKIMWXMIH XSXLIHIZMGIERHXLI[E] XLIHIZMGI[SVOW %WWIQFP]PERKYEKIWEVI LEVHXSQEWXIVERH FIGSQISFWSPIXIJSV]SY XLIQSQIRX]SYGLERKI QMGVSGSRXVSPPIVJEQMPMIW

8LI]EVIWTIGMJMGTYVTSWIPERKYEKIW XLEX[SVOSRP]SRWTIGMJMGQMGVS TVSGIWWSVW'MWEKIRIVEPTYVTSWI TVSKVEQQMRKPERKYEKIXLEXGER[SVO SRER]QMGVSTVSGIWWSVXLEXLEWE 'GSQTMPIV[VMXXIRJSVMX 'EFWXVEGXWXLIGSRGITXWSJ[LEX EGSQTYXIVHSIWERHTVSZMHIWEXI\X FEWIHPSKMGEPERHVIEHEFPI[E]XS KIXGSQTYXIVWXSHS[LEXGSQTYXIVW HS3RGI]SYPIEVR']SYGERQSZI IEWMP]FIX[IIRQMGVSGSRXVSPPIV JEQMPMIW[VMXIWSJX[EVIQYGLJEWXIV ERHGVIEXIGSHIXLEXMWQYGLIEWMIV XSYRHIVWXERHERHQEMRXEMR

Why AVR? 8LIVIEVIQER]I\GIPPIRXQMGVS GSRXVSPPIVJEQMPMIWSYXXLIVIFYXGLSWIXLI%:6FIGEYWI{ EQSRK QER]VIEWSRW{ MX[EWHIWMKRIH[MXL XLI'TVSKVEQQMRKPERKYEKIMR QMRHLEW*PEWLQIQSV]XLEXGERFI GSRJMKYVIH[MXLEFSSXPSEHIV QSVI SREPPXLMWPEXIV ERHLEWXLIFIWX YWIVJSVYQ-vZIIZIVYWIH[[[EZV JVIEOWRIX 8LI%:6MWJEWXGLIETMRGMVGYMX *-+96)'FIMRKMRZIRXIH

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TVSKVEQQEFPIERHHIZIPSTQIRX WSJX[EVIGERFILEHJSV*6)) VIEPP] JVIIRSXGVMTTPIHSVPMQMXIHMRER] [E] -vZITEMHXLSYWERHWSJHSPPEVWJSV HIZIPSTQIRXFSEVHWTVSKVEQQMRK HIZMGIWERH'GSQTMPIVWJSVXLI SXLIVQMGVSWFYXRIZIVEKEMR{ -PMOI JVII8LILEVH[EVIYWIHMRXLIWI [SVOWLSTW{ XLI%XQIP%:6&YXXIVJP] { GERFIQSHMJMIH[MXLEJI[ GSQTSRIRXWXSXYVRMXMRXSEHIGIRX PIEVRMRKW]WXIQERHXLIRIIHIH GSQTSRIRXWGERFILEHJSVPIWWXLER =SYGERvXKIXEFIXXIVPIEVRMRK W]WXIQJSVXMQIWXLMWTVMGIERH ]SYGERTE]XMQIWXLMWERHRSX KIXEWKSSH =SY[MPPSJXIRWXYQFPIEGVSWW EVKYQIRXWSRXLI-RXIVRIXEWXS [LMGLQMGVSGSRXVSPPIVSV TVSKVEQQMRKPERKYEKIMWXLIuFIWXv 4ISTPIXEOIWMHIWERHWSSRE VIPMKMSYW[EVFVIEOWSYX-HSRvX[ERX XSIRXIVXLEXJVE]WS-vPPNYWXWE]XLEX XLI%:6MWXLIFIWXQMGVSGSRXVSPPIV ERH'MWXLIFIWXTVSKVEQQMRK PERKYEKIERHMJ]SYHSRvXFIPMIZI QI]SYEVIFSYRHJSVTIVHMXMSR{ *-+96)(IZIPSTIV8IVQMREP

LEPPIPYNELERHEQIR %KVIIH)H

Workshop Goals ;LEX-LSTIXSEGGSQTPMWL[MXL XLMWWIVMIWMWXSLIPT]SYPIEVR731) 'TVSKVEQQMRKSR%74)'-*-' QMGVSGSRXVSPPIVERHTVSZMHI]SY [MXLIRSYKLJSYRHEXMSRORS[PIHKI XLEX]SYGERKSSJJSR]SYVS[R WSQI[LEXTVITEVIHXSXEGOPIXLI QER]OMRHWSJQMGVSGSRXVSPPIVWERH 'TVSKVEQQMRKW]WXIQWXLEXMRJIWX XLITPERIX &SXL'TVSKVEQQMRKERH QMGVSGSRXVSPPIVWEVIFIWXPIEVRIH [LMPIHSMRKTVSNIGXW-vZIXVMIHXS TVSZMHITVSNIGXWXLEXIRLERGIXLI PIEVRMRKTVSGIWWFYX-vZIKSXXS EHQMXXLEXWSQISJXLITVSNIGXWEVI TVIXX]PEQIERHEVITYXMRQEMRP] XSLIPT]SYPIEVR'W]RXE\ERH QIXLSHW -ORS[LS[IEW]MXMWXSKIX FSKKIHHS[RMREPPXLIHIXEMPERH PSWIQSQIRXYQSRXLMWNSYVRI]WS [IvPPFIKMR[MXLEUYMGOWXEVXKYMHI ERHPIEVRNYWXIRSYKLXSKIXSYV PIEVRMRKTPEXJSVQXSSPW[SVOMRK{

OMRHSJENIXTPERIVMHISZIVXLI XIVVMXSV]

Quick Start Guide for the AVR Learning Platform 7SJX[EVI %:67XYHMS{ *6))ERHHEVR[IPP [SVXLMX %:67XYHMSMWTVSZMHIHJVIIF] XLIKSSHJSPOWEX%XQIP'SVTSVEXMSR [LSWIIQXSYRHIVWXERHXLEXXLI QSVILIPTJYPJVIIWXYJJXLI]KMZI HIZIPSTIVWXLIQSVIXLI][MPPWIPP XLIMVQMGVSGSRXVSPPIVW%GXYEPP]XLMW WSJX[EVIGSYPHGSWXLYRHVIHWERH WXMPPFIHEVR[IPP[SVXLMXFYXYRPIWW ]SYNYWXVIEPP]PMOI2SV[E]HSRvX WIRHXLIQER]QSRI]XLI]vPPKIX XLIMVWSRXLIFEGOIRH[LIR]SYWXEVX FY]MRKXLSYWERHWSJ%:6WJSV]SYV RI\XKVIEXMRZIRXMSR8LI[SVOWLST MWFEWIHSRZIVWMSRERHMJ]SY YWIERI[IVZIVWMSR]SYQE]JMRH HMJJIVIRGIWMRMXERHSYVHMWGYWWMSRW =SYGERJMRH%:67XYHMSEX [[[EXQIPGSQ YRHIVXLI%:6 8SSPW 7SJX[EVIWIGXMSRLXXT EXQIPGSQH]RTVSHYGXWXSSPWCGEVH EWT#XSSPCMH! ;MR%:6{ 3L;LIRIZIV ;MR%:6MWE+''GSQTMPIV XSSPWIXJSV;MRHS[WXLEX[I[MPPYWI MR%:67XYHMS;I[MPPYWIXLMW TEGOEKIYRHIVXLI%:67XYHMS-() XLEXLEWE+''TPYKMRXLEXJMRHWXLI ;MR%:6MRWXEPPEXMSRERHEHETXWMXXS XLI-()=SYGERJMRH;MR%:6EX LXXTWSYVGIJSVKIRIXTVSNIGXW [MREZV (IZIPSTIV8IVQMREP *MKYVIWLS[WXLI4'XIVQMREP [I[MPPYWIXSGSQQYRMGEXI[MXL XLI%:6MRSYV[SVOWLST=SYGER KIXXLIXIVQMREPMRWXEPPIVERHVIPEXIH HSGYQIRXWJVSQ[[[WQMPI] QMGVSWGSQ8LIWSYVGIGSHIMR 'ERH:MWYEP&EWMG2)8JSVXLMW XIVQMREPMWHMWGYWWIHMRHIXEMPMRXLI FSSO :MVXYEP7IVMEP4SVX'SSOFSSO F]QI ERHMWEZEMPEFPIJVSQ [[[WQMPI]QMGVSWGSQ ERH 2YXW :SPXW [[[RYXWZSPXWGSQ

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SMILEYS WORKSHOP ,EVH[EVI -XMWWMQTP]EQE^MRK[LEXXLI &YXXIVJP]LEWFYMPXMR yWIKQIRX0'(HMWTPE] c1FMX XLEXvWF]XIW HEXE *PEWLQIQSV] c6IEPXMQIGPSGOO,^SWGMPPEXSV c*SYV[E]NS]WXMGO[MXLGIRXIVTYWL FYXXSR c0MKLXWIRWSV c8IQTIVEXYVIWIRWSV c%('ZSPXEKIVIEHMRK: c4MI^SWTIEOIVJSVWSYRHKIRIVEXMSR c,IEHIVGSRRIGXSVTEHWJSVEGGIWW XSTIVMTLIVEPW c67PIZIPGSRZIVXIVJSV4' GSQQYRMGEXMSRW c&SSXPSEHIVJSV4'FEWIH TVSKVEQQMRK[MXLSYXWTIGMEP LEVH[EVI c4VITVSKVEQQIHHIQSW[MXLWSYVGI GSHI c&YMPXMRWEJIX]TMRJSVLERKMRKJVSQ ]SYVWLMVX +))/43;)6 c/MXGLIRWMRO -QIERXLMWXLMRKLEWIZIV]XLMRK I\GITXEOMXGLIRWMROWSVV] -J ER]SRIGERJMRHEPIEVRMRKTPEXJSVQ [MXLER][LIVIRIEVXLMWQYGLJSVXLMW TVMGI-[ERXXSLIEVEFSYXMX-JWIIQXSFIVEZMRKEFMXKIXYWIHXS MX-HSXLEXEPSX 8LI%:6&YXXIVJP]FS\LEW MRWXVYGXMSRWXSWLS[]SYLS[XSYWI XLIFYMPXMRJYRGXMSRW4PE][MXLMX RS[FIJSVI]SYVMWOHIWXVS]MRKMXMR XLIRI\XWXIT-WLYHHIVXSXLMRO LS[QER]SJXLIWIXLMRKW[MPPKIX FYVRIHYTFPS[RYTWXITTIHSR ERHHVIRGLIHMRGSJJII %RHXLEXvW NYWXQIXLMWQSVRMRK %JXIV]SYvZI WIIRLS[MX[SVOWSYXSJXLIFS\ VIQSZIXLIFEXXIV]ERHTVITEVIXS EHHGSQTSRIRXWJSVSYVPIEVRMRK TPEXJSVQ

*-+96) 8LI&YXXIVJP] JVSRX

XLI&YXXIVJP]1MRM/MX 8LMWOMXMRGPYHIWE'H7 PMKLXWIRWSVE(& JIQEPIGSRRIGXSVERH [MVIWERHEX[S%% FEXXIV]LSPHIV[MXLTS[IV SR0)(ERHVIWMWXSV

*-+96)&YXXIVJP]1MRM/MX

Adding a CdS Light Sensor %XQIPvW%:6&YXXIVJP] RSPSRKIVLEWEPMKLX WIRWSVHYIXS)YVSTIER 6S,7GSQTPMERG]GSRWMH IVEXMSRW HSRvXKIXQI WXEVXIH 8LIQMRMOMX

Butterfly++ Mini-Kit Construction 8LI&YXXIVJP]TVSZMHIWER I\GIPPIRXPIEVRMRKTPEXJSVQFYXMX GERFIIZIRFIXXIV[MXLEJI[I\XVE TEVXWXLEX7QMPI]1MGVSWWYTTPMIWMR *-+96)&YXXIVJP] 'H7PMKLXQIXIV %YKYWX

*-+96)67 (&GSRRIGXMSR

TVSZMHIWEWYMXEFPIWYFWXMXYXI GSQTSRIRXXLEXXLIYWIVQYWXWSPHIV XSXLI&YXXIVJP]XSYWIXLIPMKLXWIRWSV JYRGXMSR8LMWWIRWSV[SVOW[MXLXLI I\MWXMRK&YXXIVJP]WSJX[EVI 8LI'H7PMKLXWIRWSVMWEHIZMGI XLEXLEWVIWMWXERGITVSTSVXMSREPXS XLIMRGMHIRXPMKLX%WEVIWMWXSVXLI HIZMGILEWRSTSPEVMX]WSIMXLIVPIK GERFIMRWIVXIHMRXLITEHWWLS[R GMVGPIHMRVIH WII*MKYVI 7IEX XLIWIRWSVWRYKXSXLIXSTSJXLI &YXXIVJP]XLIRWSPHIVXLIPIKWXSXLI FSXXSQERHXVMQXLIQNYWXEFSZIXLI WSPHIVQIRMWGYW

DB9 Female Connector and Wire -RSVHIVXSGSQQYRMGEXI[MXLE 4'XLI&YXXIVJP]QYWXGSRRIGXXSE WIVMEPGEFPI8LIQMRMOMXTVSZMHIWXLI GSRRIGXSVERH[MVIXSQEOIXLI GSRRIGXMSRXSEWIVMEPGEFPI 8LI&YXXIVJP]LEWFYMPXMR67 GSRZIVXIVWJSVWIVMEPGSQQYRMGEXMSR [MXLE4'1SWXWIVMEPGEFPIW[MPP LEZIE(&QEPIGSRRIGXSVSRXLI HIZMGIWMHIXLEX[MPPQEXI[MXLXLI *-+96)%:6;SVOWLST0IEVRMRK 4PEXJSVQ

TVSZMHIH(&JIQEPIGSRRIGXSV GEPQHS[R{ MXvWXIGLRMGEP 7XVMTEFSYXMRGLJVSQXLI IRHWSJIEGL[MVIERHXLIRGEVIJYPP] WSPHIVXLIQXSXLI&YXXIVJP]ERHXLI (&GSRRIGXSVEWWLS[RMR*MKYVI 2SXMGIXLEXXLIYTTIV[MVIWMRXLI TMGXYVIGVSWW&IZIV]GEVIJYPXSKIX XLMWI\EGXP]EGGSVHMRKXS*MKYVI EFSYXLEPJXLIIQEMPW-KIXJSV TVSFPIQWXYVRSYXXSFIVIPEXIHXS IMXLIVMRGSVVIGX[MVMRKSVTSSV WSPHIVMRKSJXLMWGSQTSRIRX

Female Headers 6IJIVXS*MKYVIXSWIIXLI PSGEXMSRSJXLI%('97-4368& ERH4368(TEHW7SPHIVXLIX[STMR LIEHIVXSXLI%('TEHWXLIJSYVTMR LIEHIVXSXLI97-TEHWERH\ LIEHIVWXSXLI4368&ERH4368( TEHW2SXMGIXLEX*MKYVIWLS[WE QEPILIEHIVSRXLI-74TEHXLMWMW RSXMRGPYHIHMRXLIOMXERH[SRvXFI YWIHJSVSYV[SVO QE]FIPEXIV

AVR Learning Base Board 8LI%:6;SVOWLST0IEVRMRK 4PEXJSVQMW FYMPXSRE JSEQGSVI FSEVHXLEX PMZIWMRE TVSXIGXMZI

JSEQGSVIFS\ (IXEMPWJSVXLMW GSRWXVYGXMSRGERFIJSYRHMR 7QMPI]vW;SVOWLST7YTTPIQIRX %:60IEVRMRK4PEXJSVQ*SEQGSVI&EWI ERH&S\ EX [[[RYXWZSPXWGSQ =SY[MPPRIIHXSGEVIJYPP]X[MWX XLIIRHWSJXLIFEXXIV]FS\[MVIW YRXMPXLI]EVIWXVEMKLXXLIRWSEO XLIQ[MXLWSPHIVWSXLEXMXVYRWYT YRHIVXLIMRWYPEXMSRXSQEOIXLIWI [MVIWWXVSRKIRSYKLXSMRWIVXMRXS XLIFVIEHFSEVHTS[IVFYW8LIVIH [MVIKSIWXSXLIVIHFYWERHXLI FPEGO[MVIKSIWXSXLIzFPYIFYW 'SRRIGXXLIX[STS[IVFYWWIW[MXL VIHERHKVIIR[MVIERHXLIRTYXER 0)([MXLE/VIWMWXSVSRXLI FVIEHFSEVH8LIVIWMWXSVKSIWXS XLITS[IVXLI0)(WLSVXPIKKSIW XSXLIzTS[IV8LI0)(ERH VIWMWXSVEVIXLIRGSRRIGXIHSRE FVIEHFSEVHWXVMT 8LI&YXXIVJP]VIGIMZIWTS[IV JVSQXLIFYWEWWLS[RXLIVIH [MVIKSIWXSXLIVMKLXQSWXXSTSJXLI LIEHIVERHXLIzKVIIR[MVIKSIWXS XLIVMKLXQSWXFSXXSQSJXLILIEHIV

Test Your Connection Using Developer Terminal ,SSO]SYV&YXXIVJP](& GSRRIGXMSRXSER67GEFPIJVSQ E4'-J]SYYWIE97&XSWIVMEP GSRZIVXIVGEFPI]SYQE]LEZI TVSFPIQWMJXLIZSPXEKIPIZIPWEVI RSXVSFYWX-vZIYWIHWIZIVEPERH LEZIRSXLEHETVSFPIQ 3TIR(IZIPSTIV8IVQMREP =SYGERVIEHXLIYWIVQERYEP -VIGSQQIRH68*1 F]GPMGOMRK XLIu,IPT1ERYEPv'PMGOXLI u7IXXMRKW4SVXvQIRYMXIQXSSTIR XLIWIXXMRKW[MRHS[7IPIGXXLI 67'31TSVXXLEXXLI&YXXIVJP] MWGSRRIGXIHXS7IXXLIFEYHVEXI XSHEXEFMXWXSTEVMX]XS 2SRIWXSTFMXWXSERHLERHWLEOMRK XSRSRI=SY GERXIWXXLEX ]SYVPIEVRMRK TPEXJSVQMW *-+96) 'PSWIYTSJTS[IV GSRRIGXMSRW

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SMILEYS WORKSHOP Bill of Materials -8)1 %:6&YXXIVJP] 'H70(6 8[S\TMRLIEHIV *SYVTMRLIEHIV 8[STMRLIEHIV

7YTTPMIV42 (MKM/I]%8%:6&*0= (MKM/I]4(:4 (MKM/I]7 (MKM/I]7 (MKM/I]7

[SVOMRKSOE]F]X[SQIXLSHW %WMQTPIXIWXMWXSXYVRXLITS[IVSJJ SRXLI&YXXIVJP]ERHXLIR;-8,8,) .3=78-'/&9883246)77)(83 8,)')28)6XYVRXLITS[IVFEGO SR2S[IEGLXMQI]SYTVIWWXLI NS]WXMGOFYXXSRXSXLIGIRXIV]SY WLSYPHWIIEWIVMIWSJUYIWXMSRQEVOW ####### MRXLI7MQTPI8IVQMREP VIGIMZI[MRHS[8LMWMWXLI&YXXIVJP] FSSXPSEHIV[SRHIVMRK[LEXXLILIGO MWKSMRKSR %RSXLIVXIWXMWXSXYVRXLI &YXXIVJP]SRERHGPMGOXLINS]WXMGOYT XSKIXXLI0'(WGVSPPMRK1SZIXLI NS]WXMGOWXVEMKLXHS[RXLVIIXMQIWXMPP ]SYWIIu2EQIvXLIRQSZIXLI NS]WXMGOXSXLIVMKLXX[MGIXMPP]SYWII u)RXIVREQIv1SZIXLINS]WXMGO WXVEMKLXHS[RSRGIERH]SY[MPPWII u(S[RPSEHREQIvXLIRTYWLHS[R XLINS]WXMGOGIRXIVJSVEQSQIRXYRXMP ]SYWIIu;EMXMRKJSVMRTYXv -R(IZIPSTIV8IVQMREPQEOI WYVIXLIu7IRH8I\X-QQIHMEXIvVEHMS FYXXSRMWGLIGOIH8]TIMR]SYV REQIXLIRMRXLIu7IRH,)< -QQIHMEXIvHVSTHS[RFS\WIPIGX ERHGPMGOSR\(XLEXXIPPWXLI &YXXIVJP]]SYEVIJMRMWLIHWIRHMRK GLEVEGXIVW=SYVREQIWLSYPHETTIEV SRXLI0'( 8LMWMWRvXIEW]ERHXLIVIEVI QER]STTSVXYRMXMIWXSQIWWYTEPSRK XLI[E]1ER]JSPOWKIXXLMWKSMRK VMKLXE[E]FYXSXLIVWWIIQXSLEZI JMXWKIXXMRKSZIVXLMWLYVHPIWS-vZI TVSZMHIHE;SVOWLST7YTTPIQIRX 4VSFPIQW'SQQYRMGEXMRK[MXLXLI &YXXIVJP] SR [[[RYXWZSPXWGSQ XS LIPT]SYKIXTEWXXLMWTSMRX8VYWXQI MJ]SYWIIXLI#####SVKIX]SYVREQI WGVSPPMRKSRXLI0'(]SYEVISZIV EQENSVLYQTERHWYFWIUYIRX [SVOWLSTW[MPPFIIEWMIVXSKIXKSMRK XLERXLMWWXIT ;IPPXLEX[EWEPSXERH[I LEZIRvXVIEPP]KSXXIRWXEVXIH]IX2I\X QSRXL[I[MPPPSSOEXXLIWSJX[EVI

-8)1 r;MVI%;+ /SLQ 8[S%%&EX&S\ (&*IQEPI'XV +VIIR0)(

7YTTPMIV42 .EQIGS .EQIGS'+ .EQIGS'+ 'MVGYMX7TIGMEPMWXW()7 'MVGYMX7TIGMEPMWXW &%++6))211

WMHISJXLI%:60IEVRMRK4PEXJSVQ ERHPIEVREFSYXXLI%:67XYHMS-() ERHXLI;MR%:6'GSQTMPIVXSSPWIX

;IvPP[VMXISYVJMVWX'TVSKVEQ ERHGVIEXIEWIXSJ']PSR)]IWMR LEVH[EVI2:

8LI7XERHEVHJSV GLIGOMRK 'ETEGMXSVWMRGMVGYMX

0SGEXIWLSVXIHSV PIEO] GSQTSRIRXWSV GSRHMXMSRW XSXLII\EGXWTSXMRGMVGYMX

+SSHIRSYKLXSFIXLI GLSMGISJ4EREWSRMG 4MSRIIV2&'%&'*SVH .:'2%7% ERHXLSYWERHW SJMRHITIRHIRXWIVZMGI XIGLRMGMERW -RI\TIRWMZIIRSYKLXSTE]JSVMXWIPJMRNYWX SRIHE]tWVITEMVW%XMXtWEJJSVHEFPI %RH[MXLEHE]XVMEPTIVMSHWEXMWJEGXMSR KYEVERXIIHSVQSRI]FEGOTSPMG]XLISRP] XLMRK]SYGERPSWIMWEPPXLIXMQI]SYtVI GYVVIRXP]WTIRHMRKSRXV]MRKXSVITEMVEPP XLSWIHSKW]SYtZIKMZIRYTSR

'ET%REP]^IV %

7XMPPGYXXMRKYTXLITGF ERHYRWSPHIVMRKIZIV] TEVXXV]MRKXSKYIWWEX [LIVIXLIWLSVXMW# =SYV(:1WLS[WXLIWEQIWLSVXIHVIEHMRKEPP EPSRKXLITGFXVEGI0IEO7IIOIV&LEWXLI VIWSPYXMSRXSJMRHXLIHIJIGXMZIGSQTSRIRX 8SYGLTEHWEPSRKXLIXVEGIERH0IEO7IIOIV FIITWLMKLIWXMRTMXGLEXXLIHIJIGXtWTEH2S[ ]SYGERPSGEXIEWLSVXIHTEVXSRP]EUYEVXIVSJ ERMRGLE[E]JVSQEKSSHTEVX7LSVXGERFI JVSQXSSLQW

0IEO7IIOIV &

%ZEMPEFPIEX]SYVHMWXVMFYXSVSVGEPP [[[IHWMRGGSQ

)PIGXVSRMG(IWMKR7TIGMEPMWXW

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F].SI4EVHYI

PART 3: C Types, Operators, and Expressions EWXQSRXL[I[VSXISYVJMVWX' 4VSKVEQ']PSR)]IWGFYMPXXLI ']PSR)]IWLEVH[EVIERH[EXGLIH XLI0)(PMKLX^MTFEGOERHJSVXL 8LMWQSRXL[I[MPPPSSOEX%:6 TSVXMRTYXERHSYXTYX%RH[I[MPPEHH ERIMKLXFMX(-4W[MXGLXSSYVPIEVRMRK TPEXJSVQ6IQIQFIVMR;SVOWLST [LIVI-GSQTEVIHPIEVRMRK'ERH%:6W XS[EPOMRKEGVSWWX[SGSRXMRIRXWERH WEMH-tHKMZI]SYWSQI[EVRMRKW#;IPP TVITEVIXSLEZIEFVERGLWQEGO]SYMR XLIJEGI8LMW[SVOWLSTLEWWSQIZIV] XIHMSYWJEGXWMRMX7SVV]FYXMXGERtXEPP FIJYRERHKEQIWERH]SYLEZIXS GPMQFELMKL[EPPMRSVHIVXSKIXXSXLI JYRWXYJJ%W6ERH]4EYWGLWEMHMRXLI s0EWX0IGXYVItqFVMGO[EPPWEVIXLIVI JSVEVIEWSR8LIFVMGO[EPPWEVIRSX XLIVIXSOIITYWSYX8LIFVMGO[EPPW EVIXLIVIXSKMZIYWEGLERGIXSWLS[ LS[FEHP][I[ERXWSQIXLMRK &IGEYWIXLIFVMGO[EPPWEVIXLIVIXS WXSTXLITISTPI[LSHSRtX[ERXMX FEHP]IRSYKL8LI]tVIXLIVIXSWXSTXLI SXLIVTISTPIr

L

ERHJEPWIt-XtWXLIPEXXIVXLEXEPPS[WYW XSYWIFMXWXSEYXSQEXI&SSPIER0SKMG ERsEPKIFVEtJSVHIXIVQMRMRKMJE WXEXIQIRXMWXVYISVJEPWI ERHXLYWXLI QSHIVRFMREV]PSKMGGSQTYXIVIRXIVIH XLI[SVPHERHRS[WPEYKLXIVMWWS GLIETUYMGOERHIEW]XSGSQTYXIXLEX ER]FSH]GERHSMX1E]FIXLMWMW WOMQQMRKXLIXSTMGEFMX LEV FYXEJYPP I\TPEREXMSR[SYPHFIKMR[MXLXLIJMVWX WIRXIRGISJ+IRIWMWERHSRP]LMXMXW WXVMHIEFSYXXLIXMQI%PER8YVMRKSJJIH LMQWIPJEWLMWYRNYWXVI[EVHJSVWEZMRK

Data Types and Sizes &MXW h 8LIJMVWXGSQTYXIVW[IVI TISTPI[MXLUYMPPTIRW[LSWTIRXXLIMV PMZIWGEPGYPEXMRKXEFPIWSJXLMRKWPMOI GERRSRFEPPXVENIGXSVMIWXSLIPTWSPHMIVW QSVIEGGYVEXIP]WPEYKLXIVXLIMVIRI QMIW0EXIVQIGLERMGEPGSQTYXIVW[MXL FVEWWKIEVWERHGEQW[IVIHIZIPSTIH XSQEOIXLIWPEYKLXIVGLIETIVUYMGOIV ERHIEWMIV8LIRSRIHE]EKIRMYW JMKYVIHXLEX]SYGSYPHHSEPPXLMWGSQ TYXMRKIZIRIEWMIVMJ]SYYWIHW[MXGLIW 7[MXGLIWGERFISJJSVSRERHXLI JYRHEQIRXEPHEXYQMWXLIsFMXt[MXL I\EGXP]X[SsFMREV]tWXEXIW;IZEVMSYW P]VIJIVXSXLIWIWXEXIWEWsERHtSV sSRERHSJJtSVsGPIEVERHWIXtSVsXVYI

3GXSFIV

XLIJVII[SVPHMR;;--%RH[LMPI JEWGMREXMRKMX[SRtXKIXYWFPMROMRK 0)(WER]UYMGOIVWSPIXtWQSZISR )EGLSJSYV0)(WMWGSRRIGXIHXSE QMGVSGSRXVSPPIVTMRXLEXGERLEZIX[S ZSPXEKIWXEXIWKVSYRHSV:GG[LMGL GERFIQERMTYPEXIHEWEHEXEFMX &]XIW h 8LI%:6ERHQER]SXLIV QMGVSGSRXVSPPIVWTL]WMGEPP]LERHPIHEXE MRIMKLXFMXYRMXWGEPPIHF]XIWh EHEXE X]TIXLEXGERLEZIWXEXIW XLVSYKL8LMWMWWLS[RMRXLI

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

SMILEYS WORKSHOP UYIWXMSRMRHIGMQEP[LEX[MPPPSSO PMOISRXLI0)(W#;IPPKSSHPYGOSR HSMRKXLEXMR]SYVLIEH GLEV h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tZIIRGSYRXIVIHMRGPYHMRK XLI%:6EGLEVMWERIMKLXFMXF]XIXLEX GERLEZIFMXWXEXIW8LIGSQTYXIV YWIWXLMWF]XISJHEXEEWVITVIWIRXMRKE WMKRIHZEPYIJVSQXS YRWMKRIH h -JXLIQSHMJMIV YRWMKRIHMWYWIHMRXLIHIJMRMXMSRSJE GLEVZEVMEFPIsYRWMKRIHGLEVtXLIZEPYI MWJVSQXS1ER]'GSQTMPIVW [MPPLEZIsF]XItSVs&]XItHIJMRIHEW IUYEPMRKYRWMKRIHGLEV8LIF]XI OI][SVHMWRSXTEVXSJ'FYXMXMWZIV] GSRZIRMIRXWMRGIMRQMGVSGSRXVSPPIVW [IYWYEPP]YWIEPSXSJRYQFIVWFYX RSXEPSXSJsGLEVtEGXIVW MRXh 3R%:6QMGVSGSRXVSPPIVWMRX WLSVXJSVMRXIKIV HIGPEVIWEFMX HEXEZEVMEFPIEWLEZMRKZEPYIWJVSQ XS%ZEVMEFPIHIGPEVIH [MXLsYRWMKRIHMRXt[MPPLEZIEZEPYI JVSQXS 8LIPSRKERHWLSVXSJMX h )ZIV]FSH]IPWIQEOIWXLEXHYQFNSOI EXXLMWTSMRXWS[L]FIHMJJIVIRX#=SY GERHIGPEVIZEVMEFPIWEWsWLSVXMRXtERH sPSRKMRXt*SV'XLIWM^IMWQEGLMRI HITIRHIRXFYXSRQER]W]WXIQWE WLSVXMRXMWXLIWEQIEWERMRX FMXW [LMPIEPSRKMRXMWFMXW YMRXCXERHYMRXCX h 1SVI VIGIRX'WXERHEVHWYWIYMRXCXJSVER IMKLXFMXYRWMKRIHGLEVERHYMRXCXJSV YRWMKRIHMRX8LMWMRGVIEWIWTSVXEFMPMX] FIX[IIRQEGLMRIWERHPIWWIRWGSRJY

WMSREFSYXXLIWM^ISJXLI HEXEX]TI[IEVIYWMRK

Declarations %HIGPEVEXMSRMWEXI\X WXEXIQIRXXLEXHIGPEVIWXS XLIGSQTMPIVLS[]SYV [SVHWEVIXSFIYWIH ;LIR]SYHIGPEVI sYRWMKRIHGLEVGSYRXIV!t ]SYEVIXIPPMRKXLIGSQTMPIV XLEX[LIRMXIRGSYRXIVWXLI [SVHsGSYRXIVtXSGSRWMHIV MXEWHEXEWXSVIHEXWSQI WTIGMJMGEHHVIWW[MXLXLI EPMEWREQIsGSYRXIVtXLEX GERLEZIZEPYIWJVSQ FYXMRXLMWGEWIMXMRMXMEPP] LEWEZEPYISJ

?A

%VVE]IPIQIRX

\?A

1IQFIVWIPIGXMSR

4368(

"

1IQFIVWIPIGXMSR

T7XVYGX"\

-RHMVIGXMSR

T

%HHVIWWSJ

\

1IQFIV\SJXLI WXVYGXYVITSMRXIHXS F]T7XVYGX 'SRXIRXWSJQIQSV] PSGEXIHEXEHHVIWWT %HHVIWWSJXLI ZEVMEFPI\

8%&0)(EXEEGGIWWERHWM^ISTIVEXSVW

*YRGXMSR

[EMX

X]TI

8]TIGEWX

HSYFPI \

#

'SRHMXMSREP

\#]^

7IUYIRXMEPIZEPYXMSR

\]

'EPP[EMX[MXLER EVKYQIRXSJ \GSRZIVXIHXSE HSYFPI -J\MWRSXIZEPYEXI ]SXLIV[MWI IZEPYEXI^ -RGVIQIRX\JMVWX XLIRMRGVIQIRX]

8%&0)1MWGIPPERISYWSTIVEXSVW

Variable Names 8LIGLERKIEFPIHEXE]SYEVI TVSGIWWMRKMWWXSVIHMRF]XIWSJ6%1 6ERHSQ%GGIWW1IQSV] EXWTIGMJMG EHHVIWWIW:EVMEFPIWEVIREQIWXLEX TVSZMHIEREPMEWJSVXLIEHHVIWWFIMRK YWIH;ItPPPSSOEXXLSWIKSV]HIXEMPWMR EPEXIV;SVOWLST

Constant Names 0MXIVEPGSRWXERXWEVIHEXEXLEXEVI RSXVIEPP]ZEVMEFPIWFYXVIEHSRP]ZEPYIW XLEXEVIXI\XYEPP]VITPEGIHSRXLIJMVWX TEWWSJGSQTMPEXMSR8LIPMXIVEPtWREQI MWXVEHMXMSREPP]X]TIHMREPPGETWERH PSGEXIHMRELIEHIVJMPISVEXXLIWXEVX SJXLIWSJX[EVIQSHYPI*SVI\EQTPI [IQMKLX[ERXXSYWITMMREGEPGYPE XMSRWS[IHIJMRIEWJSPPS[W HIJMRI4-

;IGERXLIRYWI4-ER][LIVIMR SYVWSJX[EVIERHXLIGSQTMPIV[MPP EYXSQEXMGEPP]WYFWXMXYXIXLIRYQIVMGEP ZEPYIJSVMX 0MWXMRK

Operators 2SXI7SQISJXLIWISTIVEXSVW QE]WIIQWXVERKIEXXLMWTSMRXFYX JPSEXTMI'MVGYQJIVIRGI! JPSEXTMI4ER6EHMYW!

7IZIRXLIPIQIRXSJ EVVE] &MXSJTSVX(

XLI]EVII\TPEMRIHJYPP]MRPEXIV ;SVOWLSTW8LIRXLI]tPPWIIQIZIR WXVERKIV=SYQE]EPVIEH]FIJEQMPMEV [MXLWSQISJXLIWISTIVEXSVWERH VEXLIVXLERXEOIWTEGIIPEFSVEXMRK IEGL[I[MPP[EMXXSWIILS[XLI]EVI YWIHMRGSRXI\XMRPEXIV;SVOWLSTW ;I[MPPWEZIXLI%VMXLQIXMG STIVEXSVWJSV;SVOWLSTERHMR ;SVOWLST[I[MPPPSSOEX0SKMGEP 6IPEXMSREPERH&MX[MWISTIVEXSVW 3OE]-tQXMVIHSJEPPXLIWI[SVHW PIXtWTPE][MXLWSQILEVH[EVI

Port Input and Output ;IWOMQQIHSZIVEPSXMR ;SVOWLSTWERHWSXLEX[IGSYPH KIXWSQI0)(WFPMROMRK0IXtWRS[XEOI EQSVIHIXEMPIHPSSOEX-3TSVXW %:6WEVIEZEMPEFPI[MXLJVSQWM\XS -3TMRW %8QIKELEW-3 TMRW 1SWXSJXLIWITMRWEVISVKERM^IH MRXSIMKLXFMXTSVXW1ER]SJXLITMRW LEZIQSVIXLERSRITSWWMFPIJYRGXMSR 8LI]GERFIYWIHXSMRTYXSVSYXTYX HMKMXEPPSKMGHEXEXLI]QMKLXFIYWIH JSVHIXIGXMRKI\XIVREPMRXIVVYTXWSVJSV EREPSKXSHMKMXEPGSRZIVWMSRWERHWSSR 4MRWGERFIWIXEWIMXLIV-RTYXSV 3YXTYX4MRWWIXEWSYXTYXWGERFI HVMZIRXS:GGSV+RH4MRWWIXEWMRTYXW

[IHSRtXORS[]IX XLMW[IQIEWYVIWSMXGERZEV]

WSQIXMQIW]SYNYWXKSXXELEZI4- TMI'MVGYQJIVIRGI!4- TMI4ER6EHMYW 3GXSFIV

4SVX-3G MRGPYHI EZVMSL"

Listing 2

MRXQEMR ZSMH _ 7IXTSVXHEXEHMVIGXMSRVIKMWXIVW ((6&!\4368&WIXXSMRTYX ((6(!\**4368(WIXXSSYXTYX 4368&!\**IREFPITYPPYTSRMRTYXTSVX

a

[LMPI _ 4368(!4-2& a

GERLEZIETYPPYTVIWMWXSVIREFPIHSV HMWEFPIH)EGLTMRGERFIGLERKIHXS IMXLIVMRTYXSVSYXTYX[MXLSYXEJJIGXMRK XLIWXEXISJER]SXLIVTMR8LMWMWEPWS XVYIJSVGLERKMRKERSYXTYXTMRtWHVMZI ZEPYISVERMRTYXTMRtWTYPPYTVIWMWXSV IREFPISVHMWEFPI 8LI%81)+%SRXLI&YXXIVJP] LEWWM\IMKLXFMXERHSRIJSYVFMXKIRIV EPTYVTSWI-3TSVXWEWWLS[RMR*MKYVI TEKI%81IKEHEXEFSSO =SYGERKIXXLIHEXEFSSOJVSQ [[[EXQIPGSQ SVEWTEVXSJXLI ;SVOWLST^MT 8LEXHMEKVEQPSSOW QMKLX]GSQTPI\HSIWRtXMX#;IPPMXMWE WMQTPMJMIHFPSGOHMEKVEQSJEGMVGYMX XLEXMWZEWXP]QSVIGSQTPI\;LIR]SY WIIETLSXSQMGVSKVETLSJXLIWIGLMTW PMOIMR*MKYVIXLI]VIWIQFPIEIVMEP TLSXSWSJEZEWXERGMIRXGMX][MXL WXVIIXWPEMHSYXMREKVMHWYVVSYRHIHF] E[EPP8LITSVXWEVIPMOIXLIKEXIWXS XLIGMX])EGLTMRMRETSVXMWGSRJMK YVIHF]XLVIIMRHMZMHYEPFMXWMRVIKMWXIVW ((6\4368\ERH4-2\R WIITEKI

SJXLIHEXEWLIIX *SVI\EQTPITSVX% LEW4368%((6%ERH4-2%VIKMWXIVW IEGL[MXLIMKLXFMXWXSWIXYTIEGLTMR ;LIRYWIHJSVKIRIVEPTYVTSWI-3 XLITSVX((6\ (EXE(MVIGXMSR6IKMWXIV FMXWQYWXFIWIXXSJSVSYXTYXSVJSV MRTYX*SVI\EQTPIXSYWIXLIYTTIV JSYVFMXWSJ4368&EWMRTYXWERHXLI PS[IVJSYVFMXWEWSYXTYXWWIXXLIFMXWXS [LMGLMRLI\MW\* ((6&!\*

;LIRETSVXTMRMWGSRJMKYVIHEWER MRTYX[VMXMRKEGEYWIWXLITSVXTMRXS FIGSRRIGXIHXS:GGZMEEVIWMWXSV-JMX MWGSRJMKYVIHEWERSYXTYXTMRXLIR [VMXMRKHVMZIWXLITSVXLMKL PSKMG SV[VMXMRKHVMZIWMXPS[ PSKMG IREFPITYPPYT SRMRTYXTSVX 4368&!\**

-J]SYPSSOEXXLI-34SVXWWIGXMSR SJXLI%8QIKEHEXEWLIIXFIKMRRMRK SRTEKI]SY[MPPWIIXLEXXLIVIMWE FMXQSVIGSQTPI\MX]XSXLMWXSTMGXLER [IGSZIVIHLIVIFYXEXPIEWX[ILEZI IRSYKLJSVRS[XSVIEHERH[VMXI TSVXW3RIXLMRKXSVIQIQFIVMWXLEX [IWIXETSVXXSEZEPYIF][VMXMRKXS XLI4368\FYX[IVIEHETSVXF] VIEHMRK4-2\*SVI\EQTPI 4368(!4-2&

[VMXIWXLIZEPYISJJXLI4368&TMRWXS 4368(-XMWZIV]GSQQSRJSVRI[ FMIWXSJSVKIXXLMW-RXLMWTVSNIGX[I [MPPWIX4368&XSMRTYXHEXEJVSQ W[MXGLIWERH4368(XSSYXTYX:GGXS HVMZI0)(W;IYWIXLI4-2&VIKMWXIV XSVIEHXLIW[MXGLIWJVSQTSVX&ERH [VMXIXLIZEPYIXSTSVX(YWMRKXLI 4368(VIKMWXIV8LIR[I[VMXIERMRJM RMXIPSSTXLEXKIXWXLIW[MXGLHEXE JVSQTSVX&YWMRK4-2&ERHIUYEXIWMX XS4368(XLEX[MPPPMKLXXLI0)(W 'VIEXIERI[%:67XYHMSTVSNIGXh

3GXSFIV

4SVX-3Gh EWHMWGYWWIHMR ;SVOWLSTERHIRXIVXLI 'GSHIWLS[RMR0MWXMRK 8LI4SVX-3WSYVGIGSHIMW EPWSMRGPYHIHMRXLI ;SVOWLST^MT %RHEWFIJSVIGSQTMPI ERHHS[RPSEHXLILI\JMPI XSXLI&YXXIVJP]6IQIQFIV XSXYVRXLI&YXXIVJP]SJJ ERHFEGOSR;-8,8,) .3=78-'/46)77)(838,) ')28)68LIRLSPHHS[R XLIGIRXIVNS]WXMGOFYXXSR[LMPIGPMGOMRK SRXLIs%:64VSKgtQIRYMXIQMR %:67XYHMS*MREPP]EJXIVXLIGSHI HS[RPSEHWVIQIQFIVXSXYVRXLI &YXXIVJP]SJJERHFEGOSRXLIRGPMGOXLI NS]WXMGOXSXLIYTTIVTSWMXMSRXSWXEVX XLITVSKVEQ(3;203%(8,-7 463+6%1838,)&988)6*0= &)*36);-6-2+4368&;,-', -28)6*)6)7;-8,8,).3=78-'/ 9WMRKXLI0)([MVMRKJVSQXLIPEWX TVSNIGXEHHXLIW[MXGLEWMR*MKYVIW ERH=SYQE]VIJIVXS*MKYVIJVSQ ;SVOWLSTXSWII[LIVITSVX&MW ]SYGERHS[RPSEH;SVOWLSTJVSQ [[[RYXWZSPXWGSQ SV [[[WQMPI] QMGVSWGSQ 8LI0)(W[MPPHMWTPE]XLIWXEXISJ XLIW[MXGLIW%RHMJ]SYEVITE]MRK EXXIRXMSR]SYtPPWE]s,I][EMXE QMRYXIXLIWIW[MXGLIWERHPMKLXWEVI VIZIVWIHt%RH]SYtPPFI[VSRK4368& TMRWEVITYPPIHYTWS[LIRRSXLMRKMW SRXLIQXLI]EVIEX:GGERHXLI EWWSGMEXIH0)(MWPMX8YVRMRKXLIW[MXGL sSRtTYPPWXLITMRXS+2(XLYWXLI EWWSGMEXIH0)(XYVRWSJJ3OE]]SY XLMROMXtWGVE^]XLEXSRIOMRHSJSR QIERWSJJFYXEW[ItPPWIIMRHIXEMP PEXIV[IHIJMRI[LEXZSPXEKIWEVIXVYI SVJEPWISVSRSVSJJER][E][I[ERX XS%PMX0)(GERQIERIMXLIVSJJSVSR MXtWEGLSMGIRSXEPE[8LMROEFSYXXLI PSKMGFILMRHXLMWWMRGIMXMWRtXRIEVP]XLI QSWXGSRJYWMRKXLMRK[ItPPIZIRXYEPP] WII2I\XQSRXL[ItPPPSSOEXWSQI QSVI'W]RXE\ERHPIEVRLS[XSKIXE &YXXIVJP]XSXEPOXSE4'2: .SI4EVHYIGERFIVIEGLIHEX ;SVOWLST^MT MW EZEMPEFPI JVSQ

ERH

F].SI4EVHYI

PART 4: Teaching a Butterfly to Talk 8LMWQSRXL[IEVIKSMRKXS PIEVRWSQIQSVI'W]RXE\EFMX EFSYXPMFVEVMIWERHXIEGL]SYV &YXXIVJP]XSXEPO2S[XLEX]SYvZI KSXXIRLSSOIHSRPIEVRMRK'JSVXLI %:6-[ERXXSEHQMXXSWSQI XVITMHEXMSREFSYXLS[XLMWWXYJJ WLSYPHFIXEYKLX 1SWXTISTPIPMOIQ]QIXLSHXLEX KIXW]SYWXEVXIHFPMROMRK0)(WERH VIEHMRKW[MXGLIW[MXLSYXJYPP] YRHIVWXERHMRKEPPXLIGSHI]SYEVI YWMRK-XIPPJSPOWXSFITEXMIRXERH XLEXWSQISJXLI[IMVHWXYJJ[MPPIZIR XYEPP]WXEVXXSQEOIWIRWI8LMWMWLS[ -PIEVRIH'-GSTMIHPSXWSJGSHI FIRXMXXSJMXQ]RIIHWERHXLIRVIEH

EFSYXXLIWXYJJ-HMHRvXYRHIVWXERH 8LMW[SVOIHJSVQIFYXMXMWRvXE JSVQEPLERHLSPHMRKWTSSRJIIHMRK TVSGIWWPMOIWSQIJSPOWWIIQXS[ERX *VEROP]MJ]SYVIEPP]RIIHXLEXXLIR ]SYWLSYPHXLMROLEVHEFSYXQIWWMRK [MXLQMGVSGSRXVSPPIVWSVTVSKVEQ QMRKWMRGIXLMWMWE[MPHERHGLESXMG QMPMIYXLVSYKL[LMGLXLIVIMWRS VS]EPVSEH=SYLEZIXSHSEPSXSJ [SVOERHGERGSYRX]SYVWIPJPYGO]XS KIXERI\TIVMIRGIHKYMHI %RSXLIVMWWYIMWXLEXEXXLIVEXI [IEVIKSMRKQM\MRKMRTVSNIGXWERH EWMHIWPMOIXLMWSRIMX[MPPXEOIYW RIEVP]E]IEVXS[SVOXLVSYKLXLI' PERKYEKIW]RXE\8LMWMWEKSSHXLMRK

3TIVEXSV

2EQI 1YPXMTPMGEXMSR (MZMWMSR

)\EQTPI \] \]

(IJMRIH 1YPXMTP]\XMQIW] (MZMHI\F]]

1SHYPS

\ ]

4VSZMHIXLIVIQEMRHIVSJ\HMZMHIHF]]

h

%HHMXMSR 7YFXVEGXMSR -RGVIQIRX (IGVIQIRX 2IKEXMSR 9REV]4PYW

\] \] \ h\ \ \

%HH\ERH] 7YFXVEGX]JVSQ\ -RGVIQIRX\EJXIVYWMRKMX (IGVIQIRX\FIJSVIYWMRKMX 1YPXMTP]\F]i 7LS[\MWTSWMXMZI RSXVIEPP]RIIHIH

8%&0)%VMXLQIXMG3TIVEXSVW 3TIVEXSV 2EQI " +VIEXIVXLER +VIEXIVXLERSV "! IUYEPXS 0IWWXLER 0IWWXLERSVIUYEP ! XS !! )UYEPXS ! 2SXIUYEPXS

)\EQTPI (IJMRIH \"] MJ\MWKVIEXIVXLER]SXLIV[MWI MJ\MWKVIEXIVXLERSVIUYEPXS] \"!] SXLIV[MWI \ ] MJ\MWPIWWXLER]SXLIV[MWI MJ\MWPIWWXLERSVIUYEPXS] \ !] SXLIV[MWI \!!] MJ\IUYEPW]SXLIV[MWI \!] MJ\MWRSXIUYEPXS]SXLIV[MWI

8%&0)6IPEXMSREP3TIVEXSVW

2SZIQFIV

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8LIPS[XLVIIFMXWJEPPSYXSJXLI%:6ERHLEZIXS FIW[ITXYTPEXIV =SYHMHRtXFIPMIZIXLEXHMH]SY#8LI] EGXYEPP]NYWXHMWETTIEV %R][E]XLIZEPYIRS[ MKRSVMRK XLIPIEHMRK^IVSW MW[LMGLMWHIGMQEP 2SXIXLEXMWRSXFYX]SYHMHWEZIFSXLXMQI ERHTVSKVEQWTEGIWS]SYLEZIXSHIGMHI[LMGLMWFIXXIV XSYWI8LIFMREV]EZIVEKMRKKIXW]SYGPSWIVXLEREPPFYX X[SSJXLIIMKLXVIEHMRKW ERHMXHSIWMXPMKLXRMRKJEWX WSMJ]SYEVIXMQIGSRWXVEMRIHXLIXVEHISJJWLSYPHFI SFZMSYW

1EWOWERH1EGVSW 9WMRK2EQIH&MXW =SYTVSFEFP]HMHRtXORS[XLMWFYX']PSRI]IWHSRtX NYWXW[IITEWMRKPI0)(FEGOERHJSVXLEXSRIWTIIH2S [LIRXLI]KIXI\GMXIHXLIW[IITWTIIHWYTERHMJXLI] KIXVIEPP]I\GMXIHXLI]W[IITQSVI0)(W;LIRXLI]EVI JIIPMRKGSRXVEV]XLI]GERMRZIVXXLITEXXIVR;LIRXLI] KIX[EPPSTIHYTWMHIXLILIEHXLI]HSXLMW[IMVH[EPPI]I W[IIT;LIRXLI]KIXVIEPP]QEHXLI0)(WZMFVEXI;LIR XLI]KIXGSRJYWIHXLI]HSERERXW[IIT;LIRXLI]WII EREGXYEPGLVSQIXSEWXIVhPMOI[MXLFVIEHMRMXhXLI] FPMROEPP0)(WSRERHSJJ%RH[LIRXLI]KIXMRJIGXIH[MXL 1MGVSWSJX;MRHS[WXLI]KIRIVEXIVERHSQHSXWYRXMP VIWIX*MREPP]XLIW[IITLEWWTIIHW (IGIQFIV

;ILEZIWIZIRTEXXIVRWERH[IGERIRGSHIXLIQ [MXLXLVIIW[MXGLIWEWJSPPS[W &MREV](IGMQEP4EXXIVR7IPIGX G]PSR)]IW G]PSR)]IW G]PSR)]IW [EPP)]IW ERX)]IW ZMFVS)]IW FPMROMR)]IW VERHSQ)]IW

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SMILEYS WORKSHOP !!\ !!\ !!\ !!\ !!\ ZSMHG]PSR)]IW _ YMRXCXM! YMRXCXGI?A!_\\\\\ \\\a [LMPI _ VYRYTXLIEVVE] JSV M!M !M _ MJ HMPP](EPP]

VIXYVRHIPE]SVFEMP MJ 4SPEVMX] 4368(!GI?MAWLS[RSRMRZIVX IPWI 4368(!bGI?MAWLS[MRZIVXIH a VYRHS[RXLIEVVE] JSV M!M"!Mh

_ MJ HMPP](EPP]

VIXYVRHIPE]SVFEMP MJ 4SPEVMX] 4368(!GI?MAWLS[RSRMRZIVX IPWI 4368(!bGI?MAWLS[MRZIVXIH a a a

;LSE[I[IVILEZMRKWSQYGLJYRXLEX[ItZIVYR SYVWIPZIWTPYQSYXSJWTEGI8LIVIWXSJXLI ']PSR3TXSQIXV]WSJX[EVIERHEXI\XWYTTPIQIRXMWMR ']PSR3TXSQIXV]^MTXLEX]SYGERHS[RPSEHJVSQ2YXW

:SPXW EX [[[RYXWZSPXWGSQ SV [[[WQMPI]QMGVSWGSQ &]RS[]SYWLSYPHORS[[LEX*MKYVIQIERWFMRE V]TISTPIMWHIGMQEPTISTPIERHXLEXKMZMRKE[E] FMREV]FYXXSRWMWRtXWYGLEFMKHIEPWMRGIMXtW HIGMQEPFYXXSRW-J]SYIQEMP]SYVEHHVIWWXS RZ$WQMPI]QMGVSWGSQERHEVISRISJXLEXJMVWXFMREV] -tPPWIRH]SYEFYXXSRJSVJVII%RSXIJSV:MWXE YWIVWERHXLSWIJSPOW[LS[ERXXSYWIXLIQSWXVIGIRX ;MR%:6ERH%:67XYHMS=SYGERHS[RPSEHJVSQ [[[WQMPI]QMGVSWGSQ s2I[5YMGO7XEVX+YMHItERH s'4VSNIGXW7SYVGI'SHIJSV:MWXEt2:

(IGIQFIV

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F].SI4EVHYI

PART 7:

L

EWXQSRXL[IPIEVRIHEFSYX FSXLSJXLSWIFMREV] OMRHWSJTISTPI8LMWQSRXL [I[MPPETTP]MXXSYRHIVWXERHMRK &MREV]'SHIH(IGMQEP &'( XSYWIMRGSHIJSVE[IEVEFPI &YXXIVJP]%PEVQ'PSGO WIIXLI WEJIX]TMRWLS[RMR*MKYVI ;I[MPPEPWSHMWGYWWJYRGXMSRWERH ZEVMEFPIWERHPIEVRXLEXEYXSQEXMG ZEVMEFPIWGERSRP]FIYWIHMRXLI JYRGXMSR[LIVIXLI]EVIHIGPEVIH FYXI\XIVREPZEVMEFPIWhHIGPEVIH SYXWMHIER]JYRGXMSRhGERFI YWIHER][LIVIMRXLIWSJX[EVI QSHYPI

The Wearable Alarm Clock %JYRGXMSRQYWXFIHIGPEVIH SV HIJMRIHMREQSHYPI EWMRKPI XI\XJMPISJGSHI hYWYEPP]MRE LIEHIVJMPISVFIJSVIXLIQEMR JYRGXMSRhFIJSVIMXMWIRGSYRXIVIH F]XLIGSQTMPIV -R;SVOWLST]SYWE[E JYRGXMSRHIGPEVEXMSRMRWQ[WL YMRXCXVIGIMZI&]XI ZSMH

8LMWXSPHXLIGSQTMPIVXLEX [I[SYPHFIYWMRKEJYRGXMSR REQIHVIGIMZI&]XIXLEXXEOIWRS TEVEQIXIVW ZSMH ERHVIXYVRWE F]XIXLEXXSTVIZIRXGSRJYWMSR[I GEPPYMRXCX EWXERHEVHHEXEX]TI JSVEZVPMFG 3OE]XLMWWIIQWPMOI Function Basics EQMKLX]GSRJYWMRK[E]XSTVIZIRX ;IZIFIIRYWMRKJYRGXMSRW GSRJYWMSRFYXMRVIKYPEVSPH JSVE[LMPIWS]SYWLSYPHLEZIE JEWLMSRIH'[I[SYPHGEPPE JIIPJSVXLIQ&YXPIXtWKSELIEH F]XIERYRWMKRIHGLEVt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h]SYNYWX XLERXSQEOIX]TMRKLEVHIV WXMGOXLIQ[LIVIRIIHIH0MOI[MWIEJYRGXMSRGERFI *YRGXMSRWGERLEZITEVEQIXIVWhEPMWXSJZEVMEFPIW GSRWMHIVIHEWXERHEVHGSQTSRIRXJSVFYMPHMRKWSJX[EVI XLEXQE]FIYWIHF]XLIJYRGXMSRh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tWPSSOEXEFEHJYRGXMSREHHIV XLEXLEWXLVII MRXSX[SJYRGXMSRWJSVGPEVMX] TEVEQIXIVWhEHHWXLIJMVWXX[SERHTYXWXLIVIWYPXW

*IFVYEV]

SMILEYS WORKSHOP MRXSXLIXLMVHTEVEQIXIV FEHJYRGXMSR ZSMHEHHIV YMRXCXEYMRXCXE YMRXCXVIWYPXW _ VIWYPXW!EE a

MRXQEMR _ YRWMKRIHGLEVEHH! YRWMKRIHGLEVEHH! EHHIV EHHEHH MJ VIWYPXW!! KIXVI[EVHIH IPWIKIXFSMROIH a

0IXWGEPPMX[MXL EHHIV8IWX _ YMRXCXEHH! YMRXCXEHH! YMRXCXVIWYPXW! EHHIV EHHEHHVIWYPXW MJ VIWYPXW!! KIX6I[EVHIH IPWIKIX&SMROIH a

-J]SYXLMRO!MRXLMWI\EQTPIXLIRTVITEVIXS KIXFSMROIH-RXLIEHHIVJYRGXMSRVIWYPXW!FYXXLMW HSIWRXGLERKIER]XLMRKMRXLITEVEQIXIVPMWXMRXLI EHHIV8IWX JYRGXMSRXLEXGEPPIHXLIEHHIV JYRGXMSR

Returns 3YGL&SMROMRKLYVXWWSPIXWQEOIEHHIV[SVOVMKLX ;IGLERKIXLIVIXYVRX]TIJVSQZSMHXSYMRXCX KSSHJYRGXMSR YMRXCXEHHIV YMRXCXEYMRXCXE _ YMRXCXVIWYPXW VIWYPXW!EE VIXYVR VIWYPXW a

2S[]SY[MPPKIXVI[EVHIH %RH[ILEZIEYWIPIWW JYRGXMSR-J[I[ERXXSEHHERH[INYWXYWIXLI STIVEXSVXSEHHXLIQFYX]SYKIXXLITSMRX

Automatic And External Variables %RSXLIV[E]XSHSXLIEHHIV XLMRK[SYPHFIXSYWI ER I\XIVREP ZEVMEFPI KPSFEP 8LIWIEVIZEVMEFPIWHIJMRIH SYXWMHIER]JYRGXMSRYWYEPP]MRELIEHIVSVFIJSVIQEMR ERHEVIEZEMPEFPIJSVER]JYRGXMSRXSYWI;IGSRXVEWX I\XIVREPZEVMEFPIXSEYXSQEXMG ZEVMEFPIWYGLEWXLIYMRXCX VIWYPXWHIGPEVIHMRXLIEFSZIEHHIV JYRGXMSR8LMW ZEVMEFPIMWGVIEXIHEYXSQEXMGEPP]IZIV]XMQIXLIJYRGXMSR MWGEPPIHERHHMWETTIEVW[LIRXLIJYRGXMSRMWI\MXIH 9WMRKI\XIVREPZEVMEFPIW[IGSYPH[VMXI HIJMRIXLIJYRGXMSR ZSMHEHHIV YMRXCXYMRXCX GVIEXIERI\XIVREPZEVMEFPI YMRXCXVIWYPXW!

8LMW[SVOWFIGEYWIVIWYPXWMWI\XIVREP ZSMHEHHIV YRWMKRIHGLEVEYRWMKRIHGLEVE _ VIWYPXW!EE a

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

Volatile ;IGEREHHXLIUYEPMJMIVZSPEXMPIXSEZEVMEFPIREQI XSXIPPXLIGSQTMPIVXSPIEZIMXEPSRI[LIRMXMWSTXMQM^MRK XLIGSHI MXtWGSQTPMGEXIHERHGSQTMPIVHITIRHIRX 9WYEPP][ISRP]RIIHXSHSXLMW[LIRXLIZEVMEFPI[MPPFI GLERKIHF]ERMRXIVVYTXEWMRSYVGPSGOGSHI2I[FMIW YWMRKMRXIVVYTXWSJXIRJSVKIXEFSYXZSPEXMPIERHLEZI Q]WXIVMSYWHMJJMGYPXMIWXSJMRHMRKFYKWEWEVIWYPX (YIXSWTEGIPMQMXEXMSRW[I[MPPTYXWSQIEHHMXMSREP 'W]RXE\ERHGSQTMPIVXSTMGWMRXSEHS[RPSEHEFPI WYTTPIQIRXPMWXIHEXXLIIRHSJXLMWEVXMGPI

Computer Time Keeping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

YRE[EVIXLEXEWIGSRHLEWTEWWIH8LEXMWYRXMPMX KIXWXSWSQIGSHIXLEXGLIGOWXLII\XIVREPWIGSRHW ZEVMEFPIEKEMRWXXLIPSGEP EYXSQEXMG WIGSRHW ZEVMEFPIXLEXMXYWIWWSXLEXMX[SYPHRSXIXLEXE WIGSRHLEWTEWWIHERHHS[LEXIZIVMXHSIWJSVXLEX IZIRX*SVMRWXERGIGLERKIXLIWIGSRHWZEPYISR XLI&YXXIVJP]0'( ;I[MPPWMQTPMJ]SYVPMZIWEFMXF]YWMRKXLI PMFVEV]PMFWQ[WE WIIIRHSJEVXMGPIJSVHS[RPSEH MRJSVQEXMSR XLEXLMHIWEPPXLIXMQIVMRXIVVYTXERH 0'(HVMZIVWXYJJ =SYEVI[IPGSQI

Converting Computer Time To Human Readable Time ;IGEROIITEGSYRXSJWIGSRHWFYX[LEX KSSHHSIWMXHSYWMJSYV[EXGLVIEHW#-J XLIGSYRXWXEVXIHEXQMHRMKLXXLIRXLMWRYQFIVSJ WIGSRHW[SYPHMRHMGEXIXLEXXLIXMQIMWXIRQMRYXIW ERHWIGSRHWEJXIVMRXLIQSVRMRK7S[I EVIKSMRKXSRIIHXSHSWSQIGSQTYXMRKXSGSRZIVX XLIGSYRXXSWSQIXLMRK[IGERVIEH

&YXXIVJP]&EGO7EJIX]4MRERH4MI^S7TIEOIV JSSPMWLXSXV]XSSZIVGPSGOEGSQTYXIVMXQMKLXWIIQXS VYRTIVJIGXP]YRXMPEGVMXMGEPIZIRXERHVYRSJJGVE^]ERH VEMWIXLIPERHMRKKIEVQSQIRXWFIJSVIXSYGLHS[R %PWSXLIJEWXIV]SYVYRE'49XLIQSVITS[IVMXYWIW 8LI&YXXIVJP]YWIWER%8QIKEXLEXGERVYREX1,^ FYX[LEXWXLILYVV]#1ER]%:6WGERVYRSJJERMRXIVREP SWGMPPEXSV GLIETFYXGERFIMREGGYVEXI SVERI\XIVREP GPSGO GSWXWI\XVEFYXGERFIQYGLQSVITVIGMWI 8LI&YXXIVJP]YWIWXLIMRXIVIWXMRKQIXLSHSJHSMRKFSXL -XLEWERI\XIVREP[EXGLGV]WXEPXLEXVYRWEXFIEXW TIVWIGSRHh[E]WPS[JSVEGSQTYXIVFYXZIV]GLIET ERHEGGYVEXI-XYWIWXLMWI\XIVREPGV]WXEPXSGEPMFVEXIXLI MRXIVREPSWGMPPEXSVXSVYREX1,^8LMWTVSZMHIWYW[MXLE JEWXERHEGGYVEXI'49GPSGOERHKMZIWYWXLISTTSVXYRMX] XSYWIXLIGV]WXEPXSKIRIVEXITYPWIWJSVEVIEPXMQIGPSGO 8LMROJSVEQSQIRXEFSYXXLI[EXGLGV]WXEPJVIUYIRG] 7IIQ[IMVH#;IPPVIQIQFIVMRKSYVPEWX ;SVOWLSTSRFMREV]RYQFIVW[IWIIXLEXMXMWFMREV]

BCD Binary Coded Decimal &MREV]'SHIH(IGMQEPMWEGSHMRKXVMGO SVEPKSVMXLQ JSVXLIQSVI3'(EQSRKYW XLEXIEWIWXLIWXSVEKIERH GSRZIVWMSRSJFMREV]RYQFIVWXSHIGMQEPRYQFIVW7E] ]SYLEZIEGSYRXSJXLI[EXGLGV]WXEPFIEXWMRFMREV]ERH [ERXXSHMWTPE]XLMWRYQFIVSRER0'(MRLYQERVIEHEFPI HIGMQEPRYQFIVW9WMRK&'([IGERHMZMHIERIMKLXFMX F]XIMRXSX[SJSYVFMXRMFFPIWERHWXSVIXLIQEWWMRKPI HIGMQEPMRXIKIVWhXShMRIEGLRMFFPI7MRGIMWXLI PEVKIWXHIGMQEPHMKMXERH[IGERWXSVIX[SHMKMXWTIVF]XI MWXLIPEVKIWXHIGMQEPZEPYI[IGERWXSVI=IWYWMRKE F]XIXSIRGSHIEQE\MQYQZEPYISJ[LIRMXGSYPH IRGSHIYTXSZEPYIW[EWXIWWTEGIFYXMXTVSZMHIWE KSSH[E]XSWXSVILYQERVIEHEFPIHIGMQEPHMKMXW -JEHIGMQEPRYQFIVMREF]XIMWPIWWXLER[IGER GSRZIVXMXXSE&'(F]XIYWMRKXLIJSPPS[MRKEPKSVMXLQ SV XVMGOJSVXLIPIWW3'(EQSRKYW

&MREV] &YXQSVIMQTSVXERXP]hSRIFIEXWLSVXSJMW

7IXXLIMRMXMEPF]XI YMRXCX XSWSQIHIGMQEPX[SHMKMX ZEPYI

&MREV]

YMRXCXMRMXMEP&]XI!

-J[IXLMROIPIGXVSRMGW[IRSXIXLEXXLILMKLIWXFMX GLERKIWJVSQXSSRGIIEGLWIGSRHWSMJ[ILSSOYT EGMVGYMXXLEXGEROIITEFMREV]GSYRX TMIGISJGEOI XLEX GERMRXIVVYTXSYVGSHIIEGLXMQIXLMWFMXGLERKIWJVSQ XSXLIR[IGEROIITEGSYRXSJWIGSRHW3YVQEMR TVSKVEQ[MPPVYREPSRKQIVVMP]HSMRK[LEXIZIVMXHSIWERH SRGIIEGLWIGSRH[IGERLEZIXLIGYVVIRXWXEXIWXSVIH VYRERMRXIVVYTXLERHPIVXLEXGEREHHSRIWIGSRHXSER I\XIVREPWIGSRHWZEVMEFPIERHXLIRVIWXSVIXLIQEMR TVSKVEQWXEXI[LMGL[MPPVIWYQI[LEXIZIVMX[EWHSMRKh

*IFVYEV]

(IGPEVIEZEVMEFPIJSVXLIYTTIVRMFFPIZEPYI YMRXCXLMKL!

'SYRXXLIXIRWMRMRMXMEP&]XI [LMPI MRMXMEP&]XI"! _ LMKL MRMXMEP&]XI! a

%JXIVXLMWVYRWXLIMRMXMEP&]XIRS[GSRXEMRWSRP]XLISRIW MRXIKIVJVSQXLISVMKMREPF]XIERHLMKLZEVMEFPIGSRXEMRW XLIXIRWXLEXMWLMKL!ERHMRMXMEP&]XI!;IGSQFMRI XLILMKLERHPS[RMFFPIWXSKIXXLIGSRZIVXIHF]XI GSRZIVXIH&]XI! LMKL

` MRMXMEP&]XI

=SYHSVIQIQFIVXLI WLMJXSTIVEXSVJVSQERIEVPMIV [SVOWLSTHSRX]SY#,IVIMXQSZIWXLILMKLZEPYIMRXS XLILMKLRMFFPI8LI`36STIVEXSVXLIRGSQFMRIWMX[MXL XLIMRMXMEP&]XI[LMGLGSRXEMRWSRP]XLIPS[RMFFPI

Converting A Byte To The ASCII Equivalent Decimal Character Using BCD ;IHIJMRIX[SF]XIWhXIRWERHSRIWhERHEXLMVH F]XIhRYQFIVh[LMGL[IWIXXSEZEPYIMRXLIVERKI SJXS YMRXXIRW! YMRXSRIW! YMRXRYQFIV!

;IYWIXLIGLEVEGXIVXS&'(EPKSVMXLQ[VMXXIREWXLI JYRGXMSRF]XI&'( YMRXCX XSGSRZIVXXLIRYQFIVXS XLI&'(IUYMZEPIRXMRXIRW

JSYVFMXW[LMGL[IYWIEWXLI%7'--GLEVEGXIVSJJWIX 7LMJXXLILMKLRMFFPIXSXLIPS[RMFFPI ERHEHHJSV%7'-XIRW! XIRW""

;IPPYWIXLIWIMHIEWMRXLIWLS['PSGOJYRGXMSRMRXLI WSJX[EVI

The Real Timer Clock Software 3LKVIEX2S[XLEX[IZIKSXXIRWSQIFEWMGW HS[R[IEVISYXSJWTEGIEKEMR0SSOWPMOIXLIHIXEMPIH WSJX[EVIHMWGYWWMSR[MPPLEZIXSFIHIJIVVIHXSE WYTTPIQIRX[LIVI[I[MPPHMWGYWWGVIEXMRKJYRGXMSRWXS OIITXVEGOSJWIGSRHWQMRYXIWERHLSYVWWLS[XLIQ SRXLI0'(ERHWIXEREPEVQXMQIERH[LIRXLEXXMQI GSQIWFIITXLI&YXXIVJP]TMI^SIPIQIRX;I[MPPLEZI XLIWSYVGIGSHIERHX[SWYTTPIQIRXWJSVXLMW[SVOWLST 7QMPI]W;SVOWLSTh7YTTPIQIRX7SQI1SVI' 7]RXE\ ERH 7YTTPIQIRX8LI&YXXIVJP]%PEVQ'PSGO 7SJX[EVI EZEMPEFPIMRXLI[SVOWLST^MTJMPIJVSQ2YXW

:SPXW EX [[[RYXWZSPXWGSQ SV [[[WQMPI]QMGVSWGSQ 2I\XQSRXL[I[MPPJMRMWLXLIMRXVSHYGXSV]'W]RXE\ ERHPIEVRLS[XSYWIXLI&YXXIVJP]WIRWSVWXSQIEWYVI PMKLXXIQTIVEXYVIERHZSPXEKI2:

XIRW!F]XI&'( 2YQFIV

2S[XIRWLEWXLI&'(SJXLIXIRWMRXLIYTTIVRMFFPI ERHSJXLISRIWMRXLIPS[IVRMFFPI ;IGERGSRZIVXXLMWXSER%7'--GLEVEGXIVJSVXLI MRXIKIVF]VIQIQFIVMRKXLEXXLIRYQIVMGEPZEPYISJXLI %7'--GLEVEGXIVMWERHIEGLJSPPS[MRKGLEVEGXIV ZEPYIMWEWMQTPIMRGVIQIRXSJXLITVIZMSYWSRI1IERMRK XLEXEHHMRKXLIRYQFIVXSXLIZEPYISJXLI%7'-- GLEVEGXIVh[LMGLMWh]MIPHWXLI%7'--GLEVEGXIV ![LMGLMWXLI%7'--GSHIZEPYISJXLIGLEVEGXIV 8LMWMWEKSSHXMQIXSPSSOEXXLI%7'--GLEVXMRGPYHIH MRXLMWQSRXLW[SVOWLSTHS[RPSEHW7SXLIGSRZIVWMSR SJEHIGMQEPMRXIKIVXSMXW%7'--IUYMZEPIRXGLEVEGXIVGSHI MWXLIWMQTPIEHHMXMSRSJXSXLIHIGMQEPMRXIKIV 7MRGIXLIF]XI&'(JYRGXMSRPSEHIHFSXLXLIXIRWERH SRIWTEVXWSJXLIRYQFIVMRXSXLILMKLERHPS[RMFFPISJXIRW [IRIIHXSI\XVEGXXLISRIWERHXLIXIRWWSXLEX[IGER EHH %7'-- XSKIXXLI%7'--GLEVEGXIVWJSV2YQFIV 0SEHXLISRIWZEVMEFPI[MXL XLILMKLERHPS[RMFFPI SRIW!XIRW 1EWOSJJXLILMKLRMFFPI ERHEHH XSKIXXLI%7'-SRIW! SRIW \*

*MREPP][IKIXXLIXIRWF]VMKLXWLMJXMRKXLIF]XI *IFVYEV]

F].SI4EVHYI

PART 8: Interrupts, I/O

Registers, and the Butterfly Joystick

I

R4EVX[IYWIHXLI&YXXIVJP]NS]WXMGO[MXLPMFVEV]JYRGXMSRW XSMQTPIQIRXEQIRYREZMKEXMSRW]WXIQFYXHMHRXKSMRXSER] HIXEMPWSJLS[XLINS]WXMGO[SVOIH8LMWQSRXL[I[MPPYWIXLI NS]WXMGOEWERMRXVSHYGXMSRXS%:6MRXIVVYTXWERH-3VIKMWXIVW

The Butterfly Joystick Hardware 8LISVMKMREPNS]WXMGO[EWERIEVP]EMVGVEJXGSRXVSPPIZIV XLEXEPPS[IHXLITMPSXXSQERIYZIVXLITPERIPIJXVMKLX YTERHHS[R*MKLXIVTPERIWEHHIHEGIRXIVFYXXSRXSJMVI QEGLMRIKYRW8LI&YXXIVJP]NS]WXMGOhPMOIQER]QIRY REZMKEXMSRHIZMGIWJSYRHSRVIQSXIGSRXVSPWERHGIPPTLSRIW hLEWJMZITSWMXMSRW94(3;20)*86-+,8ERH497, WII*MKYVI 1ERYJEGXYVIVWSJGSYVWIGERXORS[[LMGL HMVIGXMSRXLIYWIV[MPPSVMIRXXLIMVHIZMGIWSXLI]PEFIPXLIQ %&'(ERH'IRXIV JSV497, EWMR*MKYVI[LMGL GSVVIWTSRHXSTMRWRYQFIVIHEWMR*MKYVI 8LI&YXXIVJP]SVMIRXWXLIWITMRWERHGSRRIGXWXLIQXS JMZISJXLI%8QIKETSVXTMRWEWMR*MKYVI 2S[XLEX[IZIKSXXLINS]WXMGOEPP[MVIHYTLS[HSIW XLI&YXXIVJP]ORS[[LIRENS]WXMGOIZIRXSGGYVW#

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

Potential Interrupt Bug 1 -RXIVVYTXWEVIKVIEXFYXXLI]TVSZMHIEREZIRYIJSV

Interrupts In General -RQMGVSGSRXVSPPIVW[IX]TMGEPP]YWIIMXLIVTSPPMRKSV MRXIVVYTXWXSGLIGOXSWIIMJERIZIRXLEWSGGYVVIH4SPPMRK GLIGOWTIVMSHMGEPP]XSWIIMJERIZIRXLEWLETTIRIH*SV MRWXERGIMRXLIPSSTMRQEMR [IQMKLXGLIGOTMRXSWIIMJ XLIZSPXEKIMWSVERHHITIRHMRKSRXLIWXEXIHSSRI XLMRKSVERSXLIV-JXLIQMGVSGSRXVSPPIVLEVH[EVIMWHIWMKRIH WSXLEXTMRGERFIYWIHXSMRXIVVYTXXLITVSKVEQXLIR[I HSRXLEZIXSTSPPXLITMR;IGERWIXXLIWSJX[EVIWSXLEX [LIRXLITMRWXEXIGLERKIWhWE]JEPPMRKJVSQ:XS:h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

ZEVMEFPIMWYWIHFYXMXQE]RSXLEZIEVYPIXSPSSOEXXLI MRXIVVYTXWIVZMGIVSYXMRIWXSWIIMJXLIZEVMEFPIMWYWIHXLIVI -JMXHSIWRXPSSOXLIVIXLIRMXQE]VIEWSREFP]HIGMHIXLEX ]SYQEHIEQMWXEOIERHEVIRXVIEPP]YWMRKXLIZEVMEFPIERH XLIRSTXMQM^IMXE[E]MRXLIGSHIKIRIVEXIHJVSQXLI' WSYVGIGSHI8LMWGERGEYWIERSXLIVXVMGO]FYKWMRGIXLEX ZEVMEFPIMWMR]SYVWSYVGIGSHIERH]SYQE]RSXVIEPM^IXLEX XLISTXMQM^IVKSXVMHSJMX8STVIZIRXXLMWIVVSV]SYWLSYPH HIGPEVIEPPZEVMEFPIWXLEX[MPPFIGLERKIHF]ERMRXIVVYTXEW ZSPEXMPI[LMGLXIPPWXLIGSQTMPIVXLEXh[MXLEPPIZMHIRGIXS XLIGSRXVEV]h]SYEGXYEPP]ORS[[LEX]SYEVIHSMRKWS HSRXKIXVMHSJXLMWZSPEXMPIZEVMEFPI

C Knows Nothing About Interrupts

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

Potential Interrupt Bug 2 %RSXLIVTVSFPIQ[MXLMRXIVVYTXWGLERKMRKZEVMEFPIWGER SGGYV[LIR]SYLEZIXLIZEVMEFPIMREWIGXMSRSJ]SYVGSHI XLEXPSSOWXSXLIGSQTMPIVSTXMQM^IVPMOIMXMWRSXFIMRKYWIH 8LISTXMQM^IVLEWZEVMSYWVYPIWXSWIEVGLEVSYRHXSWIIMJE

1EVGL

-XMWMQTSVXERXXSVIEPM^IXLEXXLI'TVSKVEQQMRK PERKYEKIORS[WRSXLMRKEFSYXMRXIVVYTXW'MWQEGLMRI MRHITIRHIRXhMRXIVVYTXWEVIQEGLMRIHITIRHIRX)ZIR HMJJIVIRXZIVWMSRWSJXLIWEQIQEGLMRIhWYGLEWXLI%:6h QE]LERHPIMRXIVVYTXWHMJJIVIRXP]%PWSHMJJIVIRXGSQTMPIVWJSV XLIWEQIQMGVSGSRXVSPPIV[MPPSJXIRLEZIHMJJIVIRX[E]WXS YWIMRXIVVYTXW;IEVIJSVXYREXIXSLEZIXLIJVII;MR%:6 XSSPWIX[MXLXLI+''EZVPMFGXSLERHPIWSQISJXLIQSVI KSV]HIXEMPWXLSYKLMX[MPPKIXTVIXX]KSV]ER][E]

A Quick Look At Registers 8LI%:6MWEZIV]JPI\MFPIHIZMGIERHQER]SJMXW JIEXYVIWLEZIWIZIVEPHMJJIVIRX[E]WXLI]GERFIYWIH*SV MRWXERGIXLI%8QIKE-3TMRXLEX[I[MPPFIYWMRKJSV SYV94WIPIGXMSRMRXLINS]WXMGOGERFIWIXYTXSFIYWIHMR SRISJZEVMSYW[E]WEWIMXLIVMRTYXSVSYXTYX[MXLSV [MXLSYXERMRXIVREPTYPPYTMXGERFIXYVRIHSJJ XVMWXEXIH XS VIQSZIMXJVSQXLIGMVGYMXSV[SVOJSV4;1SYXTYXGSQTEVI SVMXGERFIYWIHEWERMRTYXMRXIVVYTX3XLIVTMRWQE]FI IZIRQSVIGSQTPI\MRXLIMVTSWWMFPIYWIWFYXWMRGIIEGL GERSRP]FIYWIHMRSRISJMXWQER]TSWWMFPIGSRJMKYVEXMSRW XLI%:6QYWXOIITXVEGOSJLS[MXMWWYTTSWIHXSFIYWIH 7IXXMRKFMXWMREWTIGMEPWIXSJ-3VIKMWXIVWXSGSRJMKYVIERH OIITXVEGOSJZEVMSYWTSWWMFPIWXEXIWHSIWXLMW %:6VIKMWXIVWEVIIMKLXFMXQIQSV]PSGEXMSRWXLEXGERFI UYMGOP]EGGIWWIHF]XLI'498LI%:6WIXWEWMHI-3 ERH)\XIRHIH-36IKMWXIVWMRQIQSV]PSGEXMSRWXLEX GERFIYWIHJSVTIVMTLIVEPGSRJMKYVEXMSRERHWXEXIJPEKW8LI %8QIKEYWIWSZIVSJXLIWIVIKMWXIVW)EGLSJXLIWI VIKMWXIVWMWREQIHERHQE]LEZIX[SXS IMKLXREQIHFMXWJSVIEGL%WYWYEPJSV QMGVSGSRXVSPPIVWXLIREQIWQE]FI GV]TXMGERHGSRJYWMRK8LMWTVSZMHIWYW [MXLEFI[MPHIVMRKI\GIWWSJVMGLIW=SY GERWIIXLIPMWXSRTEKISJXLI %8QIKEHEXEFSSOhTVIXX]WGEV] MWRXMX#&YXVIPE\FIGEYWI[I[SRXLEZI XSQIQSVM^IER]SJXLIHIXEMPW3ZIV XMQI[I[MPPGEVIJYPP]WIXYTIEGL VIKMWXIVSRP][LIRMXMWRIIHIHJSVE TEVXMGYPEVETTPMGEXMSRERHSRGI[IKIX

SMILEYS WORKSHOP XLEX%:6JIEXYVI[SVOMRK TVSTIVP][I[MPPGSRWMKR XLIVIKMWXIVERHFMXWXEXIW XSLIEHIVJMPIWLMHHIR FILMRHWSQIIEW]XS VIQIQFIVREQIWh[IPP HSGYQIRXIHERHGEVIJYPP] PSGOIHE[E]MREXIWXIHPMFVEV]8LIIEVPMIV;SVOWLSTWLMHEPP XLMWMRPMFVEVMIWERHXLIVI[MPPFIQER]PMFVEVMIWXSGSQI-R XLIQIERXMQIMX[MPPLIPTYWXSYRHIVWXERH[LEXMWKSMRKSR MJ[IKIXERSZIVZMI[SJXLMW-3VIKMWXIVFMXGSRGITX

*SVMRWXERGIMJ[IYWI WIX&MX )-17/4'-)

8LIGSQTMPIV[MPP[VMXI

Setting Up External Interrupts Using The ATmega169 And avrlibc

)-17/`!

4'-)

8SIREFPIXLINS]WXMGOMRXIVVYTXW[I[MPPRIIHXSWIXFMXWMR JSYVVIKMWXIVW;I[MPPWIILS[XSHSXLMWJSVXLVIITVSKVIWWMZIP] WMQTPIV[E]W8LIJMVWXMWXLIQSWXPMOIETVSJIWWMSREP'TVSKVEQ QIV [SYPHHSMXhYWMRKXLIHEXEWLIIXEGVSR]QWERHFMX[MWI STIVEXSVW[LMGLGERFIEFMXGV]TXMGJSVERSZMGI8LIWIGSRH MWEPMXXPIWMQTPIVERHLMHIWXLIFMX[MWISTIVEXMSRWFILMRHE QEGVS8LIXLMVHERHWMQTPIWXI\TERHWXLIEGVSR]QWXSWTIPP SYXXLIJYPPVIKMWXIVERHFMXREQIW-RXLMW;SVOWLST[I[MPP WLS[XLIHIXEMPWSRP]JSVXLI)-17/ )\XIVREP-RXIVVYTX1EWO 6IKMWXIV FYXXLIWSYVGIGSHIWLS[WXLMWJSVEPPYWIHMRXIVVYTXW

*MREPP][I[MPPXV]XSQEOIXLMWIZIRIEWMIVF]I\TERHMRK XLIEGVSR]QW

External Interrupt Mask Register

WIX&MX )\XIVREP-RXIVVYTX1EWO6IK 4MR'LERKI-RXIVVYTX)REFPI&MX

;IWIXXLI4'-)ERH4'-) 4MR'LERKI-RXIVVYTX )REFPIERH FMXWXSIREFPI4'-28[LMGLEVIXLI YTTIVIMKLX4MR'LERKI-RXIVVYTXWERHEVIEWWSGMEXIH[MXL XLI4SVX&TMRWMRXLI%8QIKEEWWLS[RMR*MKYVI 8LIJMVWX[E]XSHSXLMWMWXSYWIXLIVIKMWXIVERHFMX EGVSR]QWPMWXIHMRXLIMSLLIEHIVJMPI

-J]SYVIQIQFIVXLIFMX[MWISTIVEXSVWJVSQ;SVOWLST ERHORS[XLEXMRXLILIEHIVJMPIXLEX4'-)MWHIJMRIHEW ERH4'-)MWHIJMRIHEW]SY[MPPWIIXLEXXLMWWIXWFMX ERHFMXMRXLI)-17/VIKMWXIV8LMWVIKMWXIVMWWLS[RSR TEKISJXLI%8QIKEHEXEWLIIX WII*MKYVI %WPMKLXP]IEWMIV[E][SYPHFIXSHIJMRIEQEGVSJSVXLI FMXWLMJXSTIVEXSVWXSWIXXLIFMXW ZEPYI

%QEGVSMWETVITVSGIWWSVHMVIGXMZIXLEXGEYWIWXLI qGSQTMPIVXSWYFWXMXYXISRIWIXSJGLEVEGXIVW[MXLERSXLIV WIX8LMWGERLIPTWMQTPMJ]XLMRKWMRXLEX]SYGERWYFWXMXYXIE WMQTPIVWXVMRKSJXI\XJSVWSQIXLMRKQSVIHMJJMGYPX;IGER LMHIXLIFMX[MWISTIVEXSVWXLEXWLMJXERHXLI36FMXW %R][LIVIXLIGSQTMPIVWIIW WIX&MX ZEPYIZEPYI

-X[MPPWYFWXMXYXI ZEPYI`!

ZEPYI

ERHYWMRK 1SWXZIVFSWI WIX&MX )\XIVREP-RXIVVYTX1EWO6IK 4MR'LERKI-RXIVVYTX)REFPI&MX

=SYGERWIILS[XLMWMWHSRIJSVEPPJMZIVIKMWXIVWF] PSSOMRKEXXLIMRMX.S]WXMGO JYRGXMSRMRXLIWSYVGIGSHIMR XLI;SVOWLST^MT VIJIVXSXLIHS[RPSEHPMROEXXLIIRH SJXLMWGSPYQR

Enable Global Interrupts

0IEWXZIVFSWIQSWXYWYEP'PMOI )-17/! 4'-) ` 4'-)

HIJMRIWIX&MX ZEPYIZEPYI ZEPYI`!

HIJMRI)\XIVREP-RXIVVYTX1EWO6IK)-17/ HIJMRI4MR'LERKI-RXIVVYTX)REFPI&MX4'-) HIJMRI4MR'LERKI-RXIVVYTX)REFPI&MX4'-)

76)+h 7XEXYW6IKMWXIV -FMXh +PSFEP-RXIVVYTX)REFPI 7IXXMRKXLI-FMXIREFPIWEPPMRXIVVYTXWERHGPIEVMRKMX HMWEFPIWXLIQ%JXIVELEVH[EVIMRXIVVYTXSGGYVWXLI-FMXMW GPIEVIHWSXLEXRSJYVXLIVMRXIVVYTXWGERSGGYV[LMPIXLI MRXIVVYTXWIVZMGIVSYXMRIMWVYRRMRK;LIRXLIMRXIVVYTX JMRMWLIWXLIMRXIVVYTXVIXYVRW[MXLXLI6)8-MRWXVYGXMSRXLEX [MPPVIWIXXLI-FMXXLYWIREFPMRKJYVXLIVMRXIVVYTXW

External Interrupt Flag Register )-*6h )\XIVREP-RXIVVYTX*PEK6IKMWXIV 4'-*h 4MR'LERKI-RXIVVYTX*PEK&MX 4'-*h 4MR'LERKI-RXIVVYTX*PEK&MX -J4'-*MWWIX[LIRER]4'-28TMRGLERKIWWXEXI ERH MJXLI-FMXMWWIXERH XLI4'-)FMXMWWIXMR)-17/XLIR ERMRXIVVYTXVIUYIWXMWXVMKKIVIHWSXLEXXLIEWWSGMEXIH MRXIVVYTXWIVZMGIVSYXMRI[MPPFIVYR8LIWEQIMWXVYIJSV XLI4'-*FMXERHXLI4'-28TMRGLERKIW 1EVGL

Pin Change Mask Registers 4'17/h 4MR'LERKI1EWO6IKMWXIV 4'17/h 4MR'LERKI1EWO6IKMWXIV 8LI4'17/VIKMWXIVLEW4'-28XS4'-28FMXWIEGL SJ[LMGL[LIRWIXXSIREFPIWXLITMRGLERKIMRXIVVYTXJSV XLIGSVVIWTSRHMRK-3TMR

Interrupt Service Routines ;LIRXLI%8QIKEVIGIMZIWERMRXIVVYTXMXPSEHWXLI EHHVIWWSJER-RXIVVYTX7IVZMGI6SYXMRIJVSQXLI-RXIVVYTX:IGXSV 8EFPI%ZIGXSVMWNYWXEJERG][E]XSWE]EHHVIWW8LIVIEVI ZIGXSVWWLS[RSRTEKISJXLIHEXEWLIIXFYX[I[MPPSRP]FI YWMRKZIGXSVWERHJSVXLI4'-28ERH4'-28MRXIVVYTX

7SMJER]SJXLINS]WXMGOTMRWGLERKIXLIRXLI TMR'LERKI-RXIVVYTX JYRGXMSR[MPPFIGEPPIHF]-76W;LIR ERMRXIVVYTXMWXVMKKIVIHXLI-FMXMWGPIEVIHERHRSJYVXLIV MRXIVVYTXW[MPPFIWIVZMGIHYRXMPXLI-76I\MXWhWSMRXIVVYTXW WLSYPHXSFIWIVZMGIHEWVETMHP]EWTSWWMFPI XLIVIEVI I\GITXMSRWFYX[I[SRXHIEP[MXLXLSWI]IX -JXLIMRXIVVYTX VIUYMVIWWSQIWIVMSYWTVSGIWWMRKXSFIHSRINYWXWIXEJPEK I\MXXLIMRXIVVYTXXLIRPSSOJSVXLIJPEKMRXLIMRJMRMXIPSSTMR QEMR ERHGEPPEVIKYPEVJYRGXMSRXLEXGERFIMRXIVVYTXIH

Servicing The Joystick Interrupt -RXLITMR'LERKI-RXIVVYTX JYRGXMSR[I[MPPRSXYWI ER]WMQTPMJ]MRKQEGVSW;IJMVWXPSEHXLITSVXW&ERH)TMR TEXXIVRMRXSERIMKLXFMXZEVMEFPI YMRXCXFYXXSRW

4MR'LERKI-RXIVVYTX -RXIVVYTX7IVZMGI6SYXMRI -76 7-+C4-2C',%2+) _ TMR'LERKI-RXIVVYTX a 4MR'LERKI-RXIVVYTX -RXIVVYTX7IVZMGI6SYXMRI -76 7-+C4-2C',%2+) _ TMR'LERKI-RXIVVYTX a

FYXXSRW! b4-2& 4-2&C1%7/ FYXXSRW`! b4-2) 4-2)C1%7/

2SXIXLEXXLITMRWXEXIMWJSVXLITMRXLEXKSXGLERKIH 8LI4-2&C1%7/QEOIWWYVIXLEXSRP]ZEPMHNS]WXMGOTMRW EVIPSSOIHEXERH4-2&GSRXEMRWXLIWXEXISJXLITMRWSR TSVX&7MRGI[IEVI%2(MRKMX[MXLXLIQEWO[IYWIXLI bSTIVEXSVXSMRZIVXXLIPIZIPWGLERKMRKXS=SYQE] [ERXXSVIZMI[FMX[MWISTIVEXSVWMR;SVOWLSTERHHSE PMXXPITIRGMPERHTETIVGSQTYXMRKMJXLMWMWRXGPIEV %JXIV[IKIXXLITMRWXEXIWMRXLIFYXXSRZEVMEFPI[I GLIGOJSVXLIOI] ;LMGLOI][EWTVIWWIH# MJ FYXXSRW &98832C%

OI]!/)=C94 IPWIMJ FYXXSRW &98832C&

OI]!/)=C(3;2 IPWIMJ FYXXSRW &98832C'

OI]!/)=C0)*8 IPWIMJ FYXXSRW &98832C(

OI]!/)=C6-+,8 IPWIMJ FYXXSRW &98832C3

OI]!/)=C497, IPWI OI]!/)=C-2:%0-(

-JXLIVIMWEZEPMHOI]TVIWIRX[IPSEHMXMRXLIKPSFEP NS]WXMGO-RTYXZEVMEFPIERHWIXXLIKPSFEPNS]WXMGO'LERKIHXSXVYI -WXLIVIEZEPMHOI]# 0SEHMXMRXLIKPSFEPZEVMEFPINS]WXMGO-RTYX %RHWIXXLIKPSFEPZEVMEFPINS]WXMGO'LERKIH MJ OI]!/)=C-2:%0-( _ NS]WXMGO'LERKIH! NS]WXMGO-RTYX!OI] a

8LMW[SVOWQYGLPMOIXLI1IRYMR;SVOWLSTFYXXLMW XMQI[ILMHIXLIWXEXIQEGLMRIMREPMFVEV]ERHWLS[XLI NS]WXMGOLEVH[EVIWIXYTERHYWI=SYGERHS[RPSEHXLI WSYVGIGSHIERHEWYTTPIQIRX '4VSKVEQQMRKh3YXSJ XLI2IWXJSVXLMWQSRXLtWEVXMGPIJVSQ[[[RYXWZSPXWGSQ SV [[[WQMPI]QMGVSWGSQ 2:

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PART 9: The Arduino Way J]SYLEZIFIIRJSPPS[MRKXLMWWIVMIWXLIRTVITEVIJSV EFMXSJ;SVOWLST[LMTPEWL9TXSXLMWTSMRX[ILEZI PIEVRIHLS[XSTVSKVEQXLI%:6&YXXIVJP]YWMRKXLI' TVSKVEQQMRKPERKYEKI[MXLXLI;MR%:6+''GSQTMPIV XSSPWIXERH%:67XYHMS2S[NYWX[LIR]SYXLMRO[I [SYPHWXEVXPIEVRMRKQSVIEFSYXXLIYRHIVP]MRK%:6ERH HSMRKQSVILEVH[EVISVMIRXIHTVSNIGXW PMOI-TVSQMWIH [IEVIKSMRKXSKSSJJXLIVEMPWXLVS[XLIKIEVWMRVIZIVWI ERHEGGIPIVEXIFEGO[EVHWXSXLIFIKMRRMRKWSXLEX[IGER PIEVRERIRXMVIP]RI[W]WXIQXLI%VHYMRS(YIQMPERSZI -XEPMERJSV 8LMW[EWRvXI\EGXP]EGGSVHMRKXSTPERWFYXEW6SFIVX &YVRWWEMHw8LIFIWXPEMHWGLIQIWSv1MGIERv1IRKERK EJXEKPI]x%RH{[LMPI-GERSRP]LSTIXLEXwKERKEJXEKPI]x MW[LEXERXLGIRXYV]7GSXWQERWE]W[LIRLIQIERWuKS SJXIREWXVE]v{NYWXEGGITXXLEX-XSSEQGSRXMRYMRKXSPIEVR ERHSGGEWMSREPP]TPS[MRKYTEQSYWIMRXLITVSGIWW3RI SJXLIXLMRKWXLEX-PIEVRIHMRXLIQMHWXSJXLMW;SVOWLST WIVMIWMWXLEXXLI%VHYMRSMWEHEVRKSSHW]WXIQJSVFIKMRRIVW ERHMWIZIRWMQTPIVXLERXLI&YXXIVJP]JSVXLIGSQTPIXI RSZMGIXSYWI-HIGMHIHXSMRWIVXEGSYTPISJ;SVOWLSTW XSFVMRKXLIVIEHIVYTXSWTIIH[MXLXLI%VHYMRSERHXLIR KIXFEGOSRXLIVEMPWERHYWIFSXLXLI&YXXIVJP]ERHXLI %VHYMRSMRWYFWIUYIRX[SVOWLSTW[LIVI[I[MPP{-TVSQMWI ERHXLMWXMQI-QIERMX ?VIEPP]A{WXEVXPIEVRMRKQSVIEFSYX XLI%:6LEVH[EVI%RHHSRvX[SVV]EFSYXEPPXLSWIFVEMR

I

*-+96)8LI%VHYMRS(YIQMPERSZI

GIPPW]SYvZIYWIHYTPIEVRMRK'XLI%VHYMRSYWIW'-XNYWX HSIWEVIEPKSSHNSFSJLMHMRKXLEXJEGXJVSQXLIGEWYEPYWIV

Restarting the Workshop 7SFIEV[MXLQIJSVXLMWEVXMGPIWMRGI-EQKSMRK XSTVIXIRHXLEX]SYHIEVVIEHIV[SYPHRvXORS[E QMGVSGSRXVSPPIVMJSRIFMX]SYSRXLIFYXX{ MXMWRSXXLEX -[ERXXSXEPOHS[RXS]SY{ MXMWFIGEYWIXLIu%VHYMRS ;E]v[EWHIZIPSTIHJSVXSXEPEFWSPYXIRSZMGIW 1EWWMQS&ER^MFIKMRWLMWFSSO+IXXMRK7XEVXIH[MXL %VHYMRS w%JI[]IEVWEKS-[EWKMZIRXLIZIV]MRXIVIWXMRK GLEPPIRKIXIEGLHIWMKRIVWXLIFEVIQMRMQYQMRIPIGXVSRMGW WSXLEXXLI]GSYPHFYMPHMRXIVEGXMZITVSXSX]TIWSJXLISFNIGXW XLI][IVIHIWMKRMRKx,IWYQQEVM^IWLMWTLMPSWSTL]SJ uPIEVRMRKF]XMROIVMRKv[MXLEUYSXIJVSQ[[[I\TPSVEXSVMYQ IHYXMROIVMRKw8MROIVMRKMW[LEXLETTIRW[LIR]SYXV] WSQIXLMRK]SYHSRvXUYMXIORS[LS[XSHSKYMHIHF][LMQ MQEKMREXMSRERHGYVMSWMX];LIR]SYXMROIVXLIVIEVIRS MRWXVYGXMSRW{FYXXLIVIEVIEPWSRSJEMPYVIWRSVMKLXSV [VSRK[E]WSJHSMRKXLMRKW-XvWEFSYXJMKYVMRKSYXLS[ XLMRKW[SVOERHVI[SVOMRKXLIQx%VHYMRSTVSZMHIWEKVIEX XSSPWIXJSVHIWMKRIVWXMROIVWERHIZIRWSQISJYWWYVP]SPH IRKMRIIVW[LSWSQIXMQIWNYWX[ERXXSTPE][MXLERMHIE 8LIKIRMYWSJ%VHYMRSMWXLEXMXTVSZMHIWNYWXIRSYKL EGGIWWXSKIXWTIGMJMGXEWOWHSRI[MXLSYXI\TSWMRKXLI YRHIVP]MRKGSQTPI\MXMIWXLEXGERFIXVYP]HEYRXMRKJSV JSPOWRI[EXXLMWWXYJJ

A Few Definitions y7IRWSV {%GSQTYXIVGSRXVSPPIHQIGLERMWQXLEX QIEWYVIWSVHIXIGXWIZIRXWMRXLIVIEP[SVPHWYGLEW QSXMSRPMKLXSVZSPXEKI*SVI\EQTPIER-6STXMGEP WIRWSVYWIHXSHIXIGXXLIQSXMSRSJEGSQTYXIVQSYWI c%GXYEXSV {%GSQTYXIVGSRXVSPPIHQIGLERMWQXLEX GEYWIWEHIZMGIXSFIXYVRIHSRSVSJJEHNYWXIHSV QSZIH*SVI\EQTPIXLIHIZMGIWXLEXWTMRE(:(QSZI XLIWIRWMRKLIEHERHXYVRXLIVIEH[VMXIPEWIVSRSJJ c1MGVS QMGVSGSRXVSPPIV {%WMRKPIMRXIKVEXIHGMVGYMX XLEXGSRXEMRWEGSQTYXIVQIQSV]ERHTIVMTLIVEPW YWIH[MXLWIRWSVWERHEGXYEXSVWXSTVSZMHIGSRXVSPSJ VIEP[SVPHIZIRXW*SVI\EQTPIER%:6WYGLEWXLI %8QIKEGERFIYWIHXSWIRWIFYXXSRTVIWWIWQSXSV

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And Now a Word from our Sponsors ... 7QMPI]1MGVSWERH2YXW :SPXW EVIWIPPMRKEWTIGMEP OMX{XLI%VHYMRS4VSNIGXW/MX{{[LMGLLEWE FYRGLSJRIEXWXYJJXLEX[MPPLIPT]SYXVEMR]SYV%VHYMRSXS %TVMP

GSQQYRMX]1EWWMQS&ER^M [[[XMROIVMX XLSYKLXYT XLIREQI%VHYMRSERH{MJ XLIWXSV]MWXVYI{MX[EW GLVMWXIRIHJMZIQMRYXIWFIJSVI XLIJMVWXFSEVH[EWXSKSMRXS *-+96):IVMJ]XLIWOIXGL TVSHYGXMSR1EWWMQS[EWSR XLITLSRI[MXLXLI4'& JEFVMGEXSV[LS[ERXIHE REQIJSVXLIFSEVHERH 1EWWMQSWYKKIWXIHXLIREQI *-+96)'SQTMPI SJEFEVXLEXWSQISJXLI HIZIPSTIVWSRGIJVIUYIRXIH %RH[LMPIXLIREQIQE]FI WSQI[LEXEGGMHIRXEPMXMWE QEWXIVWXVSOISJ+SSKPI *-+96)(SRIGSQTMPMRK EFMPMX]IWTIGMEPP]GSQTEVIH XSXLIREQIW4VSGIWWMRKSV ;MVMRK XV]+SSKPIMRKXLI XLVIIERHWII[LEX-QIER 7MRGIXLMWMWEPPSTIR WSYVGIMXHMHRvXXEOIPSRKJSV *-+96)9TPSEHXS *-+96)8LI%VHYMRS-RXIKVEXIH PSXWSJJSPOWXSQEOIXLIMV (IZIPSTIVW)RZMVSRQIRX XLI-3FSEVH S[RZIVWMSRWSJXLIFSEVH ERHYWIXLIzuHYMRSv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uWOIXGLvJSVuTVSKVEQvERHuZIVMJ]vJSVuGSQTMPIv TEWWQYWXIV2EXYVEPP]EGSRWTMVEG]XLISV]VIFIPPMSR -J]SYEVIEXEPPMRXIVIWXIHMREVXFIWYVIERHKSXSXLIMV SGGYVVIHERHWSQIJSPOWQSYRXIHXLIMVLMKLLSVWIWERH [IFWMXIERHGPMGOSRXLII\LMFMXMSRXEF GEQIYT[MXLXLIREQI*VIIHYMRSEWEuJVIIvEPXIVREXMZI [[[JVIIHYMRSSVK Wiring ;MVMRK[EWWXEVXIHF],IVRERHS&EVVEKÅREXXLI -RXIVEGXMSR(IWMKR-RWXMXYXI-ZVIEMR-XEP]ERHFYMPHWSR 4VSGIWWMRKXSTVSZMHIERuIPIGXVSRMGWTVSXSX]TMRK MRTYXSYXTYXFSEVHJSVI\TPSVMRKEVXWERHXERKMFPIQIHMEv 8LI%VHYMRSJSPOWWQEWLXLMWQSYXLJYPMRXSuTL]WMGEP GSQTYXMRKvERH-vQXIQTIHXSVIHYFMXuTPE]MRK[MXL IPIGXVSRWvFIGEYWIMXQEOIWXLMRKWWSQYGLIEWMIVXLER QER]IEVPMIVW]WXIQWXLEXXLIGSRGITXSJuTPE]vMWRSXSYX SJXLIUYIWXMSR8LI;MVMRKFSEVHMWFEWIHSRXLI %8QIKEERHXLIPERKYEKILEWPMFVEVMIWFYMPXEVSYRH XLEXHIZMGIvWVIWSYVGIWERHXEWOW]SYQMKLXPMOIXSHS[MXL XLIQ PMOIFPMROMRK0)(WSVQSRMXSVMRKEQMGVSTLSRI 8LIKSSHRI[WMWXLEXXLMWMWEJIEXYVIVMGLTPEXJSVQ ERHXLIFEHRI[WMWXLEXEPPXLSWIVMGLIWGSWXQSRI] 7SIRXIVXLI%VHYMRS

Arduino

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The Blinky Program, urr ... Sketch

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Arduino Quick Start Guide: The Arduino Integrated Developers Environment

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8LI%VHYMRS(YIQMPERSZILEWEFYMPXMR0)([MXLE

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a VYRSZIVERHSZIVEKEMR ZSMHPSST _ WIXWXLI0)(SR HMKMXEP;VMXI PIH4MR,-+, HIPE] [EMXWJSVEWIGSRH

SV]MXMWFIGEYWIF]XIWEVIYWIHJSVXLIFSSXPSEHIVA

Uploading the Sketch to the Arduino Board 2I\X[I[MPPu9TPSEHXSXLI-3FSEVHvEWWLS[RMR *MKYVIQIERMRK[I[MPPWIGVIXP]YWI%:6(YHIXSWIRH XLILI\GSHIYWMRKXLI97&WIVMEPTSVXXSXLIFSSXPSEHIV SRXLI%8QIKEXLEX[MPP[VMXIMXXSQIQSV]8LSYKL %:6(YHIMWOITXLMHHIRMJ]SYEVIGYVMSYWGLIGOSYX LXXTWEZERRELRSRKRYSVKTVSNIGXWEZVHYHI &IWYVIERHPSSOEXXLI8\(ERH6\(0)(WSRXLI FSEVHVMKLXEJXIV]SYGPMGOXLIFYXXSRWS]SYGERWIIXLIQ FPMROMRKVETMHP]MRXMQIXSXLIJPS[SJHEXEFIX[IIRXLI %VHYMRSFSEVHERHXLI%VHYMRS-()7SQIXMQIWMXNYWX LIPTWXSQEOIXLMRKWZMWMFPI8LITMR0)(WLSYPHFI FPMROMRKSRERHSJJRS[SRGITIVWIGSRH ;IPPXLEX;%7IEW][EWRvXMX#8LI%VHYMRS;E]MW KVIEXJSVXLIMRXIRHIHEYHMIRGIHIWMKRIVW[LS[ERXXS ORS[XLIFEVIQMRMQYQ&YX[EMXi [I EVIVIEHIVWSJ 2YXW :SPXWERH[I[ERXXSORS[[LEXMWKSMRKSR YRHIVXLILSSH7SRI\XQSRXL[I[MPPPIEVRLS[XSYWI XLMWRIEX%VHYMRSFSEVH[MXLXLI-1,3uVIEPv'TVSKVEQ QMRKPERKYEKIERHXLISJJMGMEP%XQIPWSJX[EVI%:67XYHMS ERHXLIWIQMSJJMGMEP;MR%:6ERH%:6(YHITEGOEKIW 0SSOJSVMRJSVQEXMSRSRXLI%VHYMRS4VSNIGXW/MXSR XLI2YXW :SPXW [[[RYXWZSPXWGSQ [IFWMXI 2:

WIXWXLI0)(SJJ HMKMXEP;VMXI PIH4MR03; HIPE] [EMXWJSVEWIGSRH a

;I[MPPHMWGYWWXLMWPEXIVFYXPIXvWJMVWXVYRMXERHFPMRO XLEX0)(

Verify the Sketch (Compile the Program) 8LI%VHYMRSJSPOWEPWSHIGMHIHXSGEPPGSQTMPIuZIVMJ]v -RWXIEHSJuGSQTMPMRKXLITVSKVEQv[IEVIZIVMJ]MRKXLI WOIXGLv?EVXMWXWiKSJMKYVIA;LIR]SYGPMGOSRXLIFYXXSR WLS[RMR*MKYVIXLI-()YWIWXLI;MR%:6XSSPWIXJSV XLI+'''GSQTMPIVERHMJIZIV]XLMRKKSIWSOE]{ QIERMRKMXGSQTMPIW[MXLSYXIVVSV{]SYHSRvXLEZIXS ORS[[LEX;MR%:6MWLS[MX[SVOWSVIZIRXLEXMXMW XLIVI;IvPPPSSOEXXLIWMXYEXMSRMRZSPZMRKIVVSVWPEXIV %JXIV]SYGPMGOZIVMJ]]SY[MPPRSXMGIWSQIEGXMZMX]EX XLIFSXXSQSJXLI4VSGIWWMRK[MRHS[*MKYVIWLS[WXLI FSXXSQFPSGOSJXLI-()]SY[MPPWIIuGSQTMPMRKvERHXLIR XLIVIWYPXWSJXLIGSQTMPEXMSREWWLS[RMR*MKYVI 4PIEWIHSRvXEWOQI[L]XLI]GEPPMXZIVMJ]EXXLIXST SJXLI-()FYXGSQTMPIEXXLIFSXXSQ,STIJYPP]]SYKSX XLIQIWWEKIw&MREV]WOIXGLWM^IF]XIW SJE F]XIQE\MQYQxQIERMRKIZIV]XLMRKMWGSTEWIXMG?-J]SY [SRHIV[L]XLIVIEVISRP]EQE\MQYQSJF]XIW EZEMPEFPI[LIRXLI%8QIKELEWF]XIWSJQIQ %TVMP

F].SI4EVHYI

PART 10:

Moving Beyond Arduino

L

EWXQSRXL[I[IVIMRXVSHYGIHXSXLI%VHYMRSERH QEHIER0)(FPMRO-vQFIXXMRKXLEXQER]SJ]SY [IRXSJJXSXLI%VHYMRS[IFWMXIERHTPE]IHEVSYRH [MXLSXLIVI\EQTPIW7S]SYvZIWIIR8LI%VHYMRS;E] ERHEVIRS[VIEH]XSQSZIYTXSEQSVIEHZERGIHu;E]v 8LMWQSRXL[IPIEVRLS[XSGSRZIVX%VHYMRSTVSKVEQW MRXSVIKYPEV'TVSKVEQWXLEXGERFIYWIH[MXLXLI%XQIP SJJMGMEPWSJX[EVI%:67XYHMSERHXLIWIQMSJJMGMEP;MR%:6 ERH%:6(YHI?2SXIXLEXMRXLIQSRXLWMRGISYVPEWX ITMWSHI%VHYMRSQSZIHJVSQZIVWMSRXSZIVWMSR ERHXLI(YIQMPERSZIRS[YWIWXLI%8QIKE{/ QSVIQIQSV]EXRSEHHMXMSREPGLEVKI{]IEL8LIVIMW MRJSVQEXMSREXXLIIRHSJXLMWEVXMGPISRLS[]SYGER KIX]SYVZIV]S[R%VHYMRS(YIQMPERSZIERHEWTIGMEP GSQTSRIRXWOMXJSVXLMWERHJYXYVI7QMPI]vW;SVOWLST TVSNIGXWA %VHYMRSMWEGSQFMREXMSRSJMRKVIHMIRXWELEVH[EVI TPEXJSVQEWMQTPMJMIHTVSKVEQQMRKPERKYEKIFEWIHSR' E4'WMHI-() -RXIKVEXIH(IZIPSTQIRX)RZMVSRQIRX E WIXSJPMFVEVMIWXSIEWIXLIYWISJXLILEVH[EVIERSRPMRI GSQQYRMX]%2(MXMWEPPSTIRWSYVGI8LIWIMRKVIHMIRXW PIEHXSE;E]SJHSMRKXLMRKW{8LI%VHYMRS;E]XLEX [EWGVIEXIHJSVHIWMKRIVW EVXMWXW ERHMWI\GIPPIRXJSVXSXEP RSZMGIWXSKIXWXEVXIH-[ERXXSXEOIXLI%VHYMRSXSXLI RI\XWXITLS[IZIVXSYWIMXEWEFEWMWJSVPIEVRMRKXLI *-+96)8LI%8QIKE0IEVRMRK4PEXJSVQ %04

-1,3uVIEPv'TVSKVEQQMRKPERKYEKIERHYRHIVWXERHMRK XLI%:6LEVH[EVI7SPIXvWQSZIJVSQ8LI%VHYMRS;E] 8%; XS%';E] %'; ERHYWIWSQISJXLIQSVI WXERHEVHXSSPWPMOIXLSWIHMWGYWWIHMR;SVOWLSTWXS 3YVJMVWXXEWO[MPPFIXSGSRZIVXXLEX8%;&PMROI\EQTPI TVSKVEQWLS[RMRPEWXQSRXLvW[SVOWLSTXS%'; -J]SY[ERXXSFYMPHXLIFEWIWLS[RMR*MKYVI ERH EFS\XSGEVV]MXEVSYRHMRWII7YTTPIQIRXJSVXLMW [SVOWLST8LI%VHYMRS;SVOWLST%8QIKE0IEVRMRK 4PEXJSVQTHJ[LMGLMWEZEMPEFPISRXLI2YXW :SPXW [IFWMXI [[[RYXWZSPXWGSQ

Arduino to ATmega168/328 Pin Mapping &IJSVI[IGSRZIVXXLIGSHIJVSQ8%;XS%'; PIXvWXEOIEFVMIJPSSOEXLS[XLI%VHYMRSREQIWXLI %8QIKETMRW8LMW[MPPGSQIMRVIEPLERH][LIR [I[ERXXSWXEVXXLMROMRKEFSYXLEVH[EVIHIWMKRWYWMRK %';-3TMRREQMRKMWSRISJXLIXLMRKWXLEX%VHYMRS HSIWXLEXMWEFMXHMJJIVIRXJVSQ[LEX[IvZIWIIRWSJEV-X GSRWMHIVWXLIHMKMXEPMRTYXSYXTYXTMRWEWMRHMZMHYEPW VEXLIVXLERSRISJIMKLXTMRWMRETSVX*SVMRWXERGIEW WLS[RMR*MKYVI QSHMJMIHJVSQXLI%VHYMRS[IFWMXI ERH*MKYVIXLI%VHYMRSTMRMWXLIWEQIEWXLI %8QIKE4SVX&TMR 4&

Converting the Arduino Blink Example to AVRStudio ;IEVIKSMRKXSGST]XLI%VHYMRS&PMRO I\EQTPIXS%:67XYHMSERHVYRMX[MXLSRP]E JI[QMRSVQSHMJMGEXMSRW0EWXQSRXL[IHMHXLMW I\EQTPIYWMRK%VHYMRSTMRXLMWQSRXL[I [MPPGLERKIMXXSTMRWSXLEX[IGERVIYWIXLI LEVH[EVIJSVEPEXIVI\EQTPI &IJSVIKIXXMRKWXEVXIH[MXLXLIGSHI[MVIYT XLI%04[MXLFSXLER0)(ERHTYWLFYXXSREW WLS[RMRXLIWGLIQEXMGERHTLSXSSJXLIPE]SYX *MKYVIWERH ;I[MPPYWIXLI0)(RS[ ERHXLITYWLFYXXSRPEXIV -J]SYvZIFIIRJSPPS[MRKXLI;SVOWLST ]SYQE]LEZIRSXMGIHXLEXXLI%VHYMRS&PMROG TVSKVEQHMHRvXLEZIXLIQEMR JYRGXMSRVIUYMVIH

1E]

SMILEYS WORKSHOP

*-+96)%VHYMRSTMRMW %8QIKE4SVX&TMR

XSWLS[YWLS[XSQSZI%VHYMRS I\EQTPIWXS%:67XYHMS 8%;XS %'; 0EXIV[LIR[I[VMXISYVS[R *-+96)1ETTMRK%8QIKEXS%VHYMRSTMRW PMFVEVMIWXSHYTPMGEXIXLI%VHYMRS FYMPXMRJYRGXMSRW[I[MPPRSXEPPS[ [EVRMRKWXSTEWWYRLIIHIH F]'TVSKVEQW8LMWMWSRISJXLIWMQTPMJMGEXMSRWXLEX %VHYMRSXEOIWGEVISJJSV]SY MXLMHIWQEMR MR MRGPYHIw[MVMRKLx ERSXLIVQSHYPI 0IXvWHSXLMWGSSOFSSOWX]PI c'VIEXIRI[HMVIGXSV]'@%VHYMRS8S%:67XYHMS&PMRO c'ST]XLIGSVI%VHYMRSGERHLJMPIWXSXLI&PMROHMVIG XSV]JVSQXLI%VHYMRS@LEVH[EVI@GSVIW@%VHYMRS@ HMVIGXSV] 2SRIIHXSGST]XLIGTTJMPIW c3TIR%:67XYHMSERHGVIEXIRI[TVSNIGXu&PMROvMR '@%VHYMRS8S%:67XYHMS&PMRO [LIVI]SYGSTMIHXLI %VHYMRSJMPIW 'VIEXMRK%:67XYHMSTVSNIGXWMWHIWGVMFIH MR;SVOWLST&IWYVIERHWIPIGXXLI%8QIKET c%HHXLI%VHYMRSGERHLJMPIWXSXLI%:67XYHMS TVSNIGX-RXLI%:67XYHMS%:6+''[MRHS[EWWLS[R MR*MKYVIGPMGOSRu%HH)\MWXMRK7SYVGIvERHXLIR WIPIGXXLIJMPIWWLS[RMR*MKYVI6ITIEXXLMWTVSGIWW JSVXLILIEHIVJMPIW EPWSWLS[RMR*MKYVI c3TIRXLI%VHYMRS-()?HIXEMPWMRPEWXQSRXLvW ;SVOWLSTA c-RXLI%VHYMRS-()STIR u*MPI7OIXGLFSSO)\EQTPIW(MKMXEP&PMROv c'ST]XLI%VHYMRS&PMROI\EQTPIERHTEWXIMXXS&PMROG MR%:67XYHMS c%HH MRGPYHIw[MVMRKLx XSXLIXSTSJ&PMROG c%HHXLIQEMR JYRGXMSRWLS[RFIPS[XSXLIJMPI c3TIRXLI[MVMRKGQSHYPIERHEHHXSXLIXSTSJXLI JMPI HIJMRI*C'490 c8LI%:67XYHMSTVSNIGXMWEZEMPEFPIMRXLI ;SVOWLST^MTJMPI SRXLI2YXW :SPXW [IFWMXI c'PMGOXLI%:67XYHMSGSQTMPIFYXXSR =SY[MPPRSXIXLEX]SYKIXEFSYX[EVRMRKWERH XLSYKL-RIZIVMKRSVI[EVRMRKWMRXLMWERHSRP]XLMWGEWI -[MPPMKRSVIXLIQFIGEYWIXLIGSQTMPIHGSHI[SVOWERH XLISRP]TYVTSWISJXLMWI\IVGMWIMW

MRXQEMR ZSMH _ MRMX WIXYT JSV PSST VIXYVR a &PMRO 8LIFEWMG%VHYMRSI\EQTPI 8YVRWSRER0)(JSVSRIWIGSRH XLIRSJJJSVSRIWIGSRHERHWSSR ;IYWITMRFIGEYWIHITIRHMRKSR]SYV %VHYMRSFSEVHMXLEWIMXLIVEFYMPXMR 0)(SVEFYMPXMRVIWMWXSVWSXLEX]SY RIIHSRP]ER0)( ?.4zGLERKIHXSTMRA LXXT[[[EVHYMRSGGIR8YXSVMEP&PMRO 0)(GSRRIGXIHXSHMKMXEPTMR MRXPIH4MR! VYRSRGI[LIRXLIWOIXGLWXEVXW ZSMHWIXYT _ WIXWXLIHMKMXEPTMREWSYXTYX TMR1SHI PIH4MR398498 a VYRSZIVERHSZIVEKEMR ZSMHPSST _ WIXWXLI0)(SR HMKMXEP;VMXI PIH4MR,-+, 1E]

*-+96)%HHI\MWXMRKWSYVGI

]SYEVIXSLEZIER]LSTISJJMKYVMRKSYX [LEXLETTIRIH]SYvVIKSMRKXSLEZIXSKIX JVMIRHP][MXL%:6(YHI;IPPXLEXvWRSX UYMXIGSVVIGX]SYGERTSWXUYIWXMSRWSR XLI%VHYMRSJSVYQERHQE]FIKIXLIPT JMKYVMRKSYX[LEXLETTIRIHFYXIZIRXYEPP] XSVIEPP]YRHIVWXERH[LEXMWKSMRKSR]SY EVIKSMRKXSLEZIXSPIEVRXSYWI%:6(YHI %RH[LMPIXLEX[SYPHFIEKSSHXSTMGJSVEX PIEWXSRIJYPP;SVOWLSTPIXQINYWXTVSZMHI ERMRXVSHYGXMSR[MXLEGSSOFSSOETTVSEGL ERHEPWSVIGSQQIRHXLEXMJ]SYEVIVIEPP] MRXIVIWXIH]SYGERJMRHXLI%:6(YHI QERYEPMR]SYV;MR%:6HMVIGXSV]YRHIV @HSG@EZVHYHI@EZVHYHITHJ*SVRS[NYWX JSPPS[XLIVIGMTI

c+SXSXLI;MRHS[W7XEVX&YXXSRERHGPMGO SR6YREWWLS[RMR*MKYVI c3TIRGQHEWWLS[RMR*MKYVI c=SY[MPPWIIXLI[MRHS[WLS[RMR*MKYVI -J]SYEVIEKSPHIRSPHMI]SYQMKLX WE]w,I]XLEXPSSOWPMOI(37x%RHMX *-+96)*MPIWXSEHH *-+96)7XEVXVYR WSVXSJMWFYXRSXI\EGXP]WSFIGEYXMSYW [MXLXLIRSWXEPKME HIPE] [EMXWJSVEWIGSRH c%JXIVXLIu'@(SGYQIRXWERH7IXXMRK@=3962%1) ERHSJGSYVWI=3962%1)[MPPFI[LEXIZIV]SYvZI WIXWXLI0)(SJJ WIXMXXSFIERHEPQSWXGIVXEMRP]RSX.SI4EVHYIEWMR HMKMXEP;VMXI PIH4MR03; *MKYVI X]TIu'(@%VHYMRS8S%:67XYHMS&PMRO@HIJEYPXv HIPE] [EMXWJSVEWIGSRH a XSGLERKIXLIHMVIGXSV]8LIRGPMGOIRXIVWSXLEX]SY EVIRS[uMRvXLIHIJEYPXHMVIGXSV]EPSRK[MXL&PMROLI\ c3TIR2SXITEHSV;SVHSVWSQIWYGLTVSKVEQERH Uploading with AVRDude X]TI %W[IWE[PEWXQSRXLXLI%VHYMRS-()LEWERYTPSEH EZVHYHITQTGEZVMWT4GSQF* FYXXSRXLEXXVERWTEVIRXP]YWIW%:6(YHIXSWIRHXLI 9JPEWL[&PMROLI\ LI\GSHIXSXLI%VHYMRSFSEVH-XHSIWXLMWF]GEPPMRK c'ST]XLMWPMRIERHTEWXIMXJSPPS[MRKXLI"MRXLIGQH %:6(YHI[MXLEWGVMTXXLEXLEWEPPXLILEVHWXYJJ[VMXXIR [MRHS[EWWLS[RMR*MKYVI%:6(YHI9TPSEH SYXJSV]SY8LEXMW 8LIVIEWSR-VIGSQQIRHX]TMRKXLMWMRWSQIXLMRKPMOI KVIEXMJXLIVIEVIRS 2SXITEHMWXLEX-LEHXSGSVVIGXMXJSYVXMQIWHYIXS *-+96)6YRGQHI\I IVVSVW{[LMGLXLIVI X]TSWERHMXMWJEVIEWMIVXSGSVVIGXMXMR2SXITEHXLER TVSFEFP][SRvXFI LEZIXSGSVVIGXMXMRXLIGQH[MRHS[ [LIR]SYEVIHSMRK c2SXIXLEXXLMWPMRIEWWYQIWXLEX]SYV%VHYMRSMWWMXXMRK ER]SJXLI%VHYMRS SRGSQ-J]SYHSRvXORS[LS[XSJMRHXLIGSQTSVXMX I\EQTPITVSNIGXW MWYWMRKXLIRWII7QMPI]vW;SVOWLST7YTTPIQIRX &YXMJXLIVIMWE {;LEX7IVMEP4SVXEQ-YWMRK#MRXLIHS[RPSEHW TVSFPIQ]SYKIX c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

1E]

SMILEYS WORKSHOP y2SXIXLEX%:6(YHIIRHW[MXLwEZVHYHIHSRI 8LERO=SYx2S[XLEXMWGPEWW)WTIGMEPP]JSVE JVIITVSKVEQWSKSXSXLIMV[IFWMXIERHHSREXI WSQIXLMRK 4VIWWXLI%VHYMRSVIWIXFYXXSRERHTMRWLSYPH FPMROSRGITIVWIGSRH;ILEZIRS[HSRIXLI&PMRO I\EQTPI8%;PEWXQSRXLERHGSRZIVXIHMXXS%'; XLMWQSRXL 2I\X[I[MPPWXEVXHSMRKWSQILEVH[EVITVSNIGXW XLEXPIXYWGSRZIVXQSVISJXLI%VHYMRSI\EQTPIW JVSQ8%;XS%';

Debouncing a Pushbutton 'SRZIVXMRKXLI%VHYMRS(IFSYRGII\EQTPIXS 'JSV%:67XYHMSMWQYGLPMOIGSRZIVXMRKXLI&PMRO I\EQTPIFYX-[ERXXSVITIEXXLIWXITW{GSRHIRWIH EFMX{XSLIPTVIMRJSVGIXLIGSRZIVWMSRTVSGIWW c'VIEXIRI[HMVIGXSV]'@%VHYMRS8S%:67XYHMS (IFSYRGI c'ST]XLIGSVI%VHYMRSJMPIWXSSYV(IFSYRGIHMVIGXSV] JVSQXLI%VHYMRS@LEVH[EVI@GSVIW@%VHYMRS@ HMVIGXSV] c'VIEXIRI[%:67XYHMSTVSNIGX(IFSYRGIMR '@%VHYMRS8S%:67XYHMS(IFSYRGI c'ST]XLI%VHYMRS(IFSYRGII\EQTPIXS(IFSYRGIG MR%:67XYHMS c'LERKIXLIMR4MRJVSQXS MRXMR4MR!RYQFIVSJXLIMRTYXTMR

c'LERKIXLISYX4MRJVSQXSERHSYX4MRJVSQ MRXSYX4MR!RYQFIVSJXLISYXTYXTMR

c%HHMRGPYHIw[MVMRKLxXSXLIXSTSJXLIJMPI c%HHXLIQEMR TVSKVEQWLS[RMRXLI&PMRO WSYVGIGSHIEFSZI c'SQTMPIERHHSRvX[SVV]EFSYXXLI[EVRMRKW c+SXSXLI;MRHS[W7XEVX&YXXSRERHGPMGOSR6YR c3TIRGQH c%JXIV"X]TIGH'@%VHYMRS8S%:67XYHMS HIFSYRGI@HIJEYPX c%JXIV"X]TI EZVHYHITQTGEZVMWT4

*-+96)%:6(YHIYTPSEH

IWWIRXMEPP]EZIV]I\TIRWMZIPMKLXW[MXGLFYX[LSWEMH PIEVRMRK[EWGLIET#

Using PWM to Fade an LED ;IGERYWIXLI0)(EXXEGLIHXSTMRXSHIQSRWXVEXI 4;1 4YPWI;MHXL1SHYPEXMSR *MKYVI WLS[WXLI %04WFIMRK[EZIHYTERHHS[R[MXLXLI0)(JEHMRKMR ERHSYX2SXMGIXLEXXLIVIHWXVIEOWWIIQPMOIFIEHW [LIVIEWXLIKVIIRWXVIEOWEVIWQSSXL8LMWMWFIGEYWIXLI VIH0)(MWFIMRKXYVRIHSRERHSJJIZIV]bXMQIWTIV WIGSRH[MXLXLISRXMQIZEV]MRK8LIGEQIVEPIRW[EWPIJX STIRXSGETXYVIWIZIVEPLYRHVIHSJXLSWIMRXIVZEPW0SSO EXXLIGIRXIVSJXLIVIHWXVIEOWERH]SY[MPPWIIIEGLVIH uFIEHvKIXWTVSKVIWWMZIP]FVMKLXIVYRXMPXLI]WIIQXSFPIRH *-+96)7GLIQEXMGJSV0)(ERHTYWLFYXXSR

GSQF*9JPEWL[(IFSYRGILI\

VIQIQFIVMRKXLEX]SYVHIZMGIQE]RSXFISR GSQ c4VIWWXLIVIWIXFYXXSRSRXLI%VHYMRSERHXLI IRXIVOI]SRXLI4' 8LI%:67XYHMSZIVWMSRSJXLI(IFSYRGIGSHI MWEPWSEZEMPEFPIMRXLI;SVOWLST^MT%RHEWE VIQMRHIV]IW{XLMWMWLEVHIVXLERYWMRKXLI %VHYMRS-()FYXMXTVSZMHIWEGPIEVTEXLXS'TVS KVEQQMRKYWMRKXLI%XQIPSJJMGMEPXSSPW[LMGLMW XLIHMVIGXMSR-vPPFIKSMRK[MXLJYXYVI;SVOWLSTW 4YWLXLIFYXXSRERHXLI0)(WXEXIXSKKPIW FIX[IIRSRERHSJJ8LEX[EWJYRERHRS[EW WLS[RMR*MKYVIWERH]SYLEZI[LEXMW 1E]

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