Sentence Diagramming for High School

GLENCOE LANGUAGE ARTS

Sentence Diagraming

To the Teacher Sentence Diagraming is a blackline master workbook that offers samples, exercises, and step-by-step instructions to expand students’ knowledge of grammar and sentence structure. Each lesson teaches a part of a sentence and then illustrates a way to diagram it. Designed for students at all levels, Sentence Diagraming provides students with a tool for understanding written and spoken English.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Glencoe Language Arts products. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-824701-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 04 03 02 01 00

PART I Lesson

Simple Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1

Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Simple subject and simple predicate Understood subject

Lesson

2

Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order

Lesson

3

Compound Subjects and Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Compound subject

Lesson

4

Compound Subjects and Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Compound predicate

Lesson

5

Compound Subjects and Predicates III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Compound subject and compound predicate More than two parts in a compound element

Lesson

6

Compound Subjects and Predicates IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Lesson

7

Lesson

8

Lesson

9

Adjectives and Adverbs I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Adjectives Adjectives and Adverbs II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Adverbs Adverbs modifying verbs Adjectives and Adverbs III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Complete subject and complete predicate

Adverbs that modify other modifiers

Lesson 10

Adjectives and Adverbs IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Lesson 11

Adjectives and Adverbs V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Lesson 12

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Lesson 13

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Modifiers with a compound subject or verb Compound adjectives and adverbs Direct object Indirect object

Lesson 14

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Compound direct object Compound indirect object

Lesson 15

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Lesson 16

Subject Complements I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Lesson 17

Subject Complements II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Compound verb with direct and indirect objects Predicate nominative Predicate adjective

Lesson 18

Subject Complements III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Compound subject complements

Lesson 19

Object Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Object complements

PART II

Simple Sentences with Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Lesson 20

Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Appositives and appositive phrases

Lesson 21

Prepositional Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Lesson 22

Prepositional Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Used as adjectives Used as adverbs

iii

Lesson 23

Prepositional Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Lesson 24

Participles and Participial Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Lesson 25

Participles and Participial Phrases II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Used to modify other prepositional phrases Participles Participial phrases

Lesson 26

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Used as subjects

Lesson 27

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Lesson 28

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Lesson 29

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Used as direct objects Used as predicate nominatives Used as objects of prepositions

Lesson 30

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Used as adjectives or adverbs

Lesson 31

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Lesson 32

Absolute Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Used as nouns Absolute phrases

PART III

Compound and Complex Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Lesson 33

Compound Sentences I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Clauses connected by a semicolon

Lesson 34

Compound Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Clauses connected by a conjunction

Lesson 35

Compound Sentences III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Lesson 36

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Lesson 37

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Clauses with compound predicates Adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns Adjective clauses introduced by other words

Lesson 38

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses III . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Adverb clauses that modify verbs

Lesson 39

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Lesson 40

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Lesson 41

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Adverb clauses that modify adjectives and adverbs More than one subordinate clause Used as subjects

Lesson 42

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Used as direct objects

Lesson 43

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Lesson 44

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Lesson 45

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Introduced by that Used as objects of prepositions Used as indirect objects

Lesson 46

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Used as predicate nominatives

Lesson 47

Compound-Complex Sentences I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Lesson 48

Compound-Complex Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

With a noun clause With an adjective or adverb clause

ANSWER KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 iv

Simple Sentences Lesson

1

Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Simple subject and simple predicate Understood subject

Lesson

2

Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order

Lesson

3

Compound Subjects and Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Compound subject

Lesson

4

Compound Subjects and Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Compound predicate

Lesson

5

Compound Subjects and Predicates III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Compound subject and compound predicate More than two parts in a compound element

Lesson

6

Compound Subjects and Predicates IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Lesson

7

Lesson

8

Lesson

9

Adjectives and Adverbs I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Adjectives Adjectives and Adverbs II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Adverbs Adverbs modifying verbs Adjectives and Adverbs III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Complete subject and complete predicate

Adverbs that modify other modifiers

Lesson 10

Adjectives and Adverbs IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Lesson 11

Adjectives and Adverbs V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Lesson 12

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Lesson 13

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Modifiers with a compound subject or verb Compound adjectives and adverbs Direct object Indirect object

Lesson 14

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Compound direct object Compound indirect object

Lesson 15

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Lesson 16

Subject Complements I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Lesson 17

Subject Complements II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Compound verb with direct and indirect objects Predicate nominative Predicate adjective

Lesson 18

Subject Complements III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Compound subject complements

Lesson 19

Object Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Object complements

Sentence Diagraming

1

Name  Date 

1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I A sentence diagram is a visual representation of the words and parts of a sentence. A diagram shows how sentence elements relate to each other and to the sentence as a whole. A diagram frame, like the one shown here, is the starting point in diagraming sentences. Make the vertical line baseline that cuts through the baseline equally long above and below the baseline. vertical line

Simple Subject and Simple Predicate Every sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject tells what a sentence is about. The predicate says something about the subject. A diagram shows words in the subject of the sentence on the left side of the diagram frame, and words in the predicate on the right side. The simple subject of a sentence is the key noun or pronoun (or other word group acting as a noun) in the subject. The simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase that expresses the essential thought about the subject. To diagram a sentence with a simple subject and simple predicate, place the simple subject on the baseline to the left of the vertical line. Place the simple predicate on the baseline to the right of the vertical line.

Example Sheep graze. Sheep

graze

simple subject

simple predicate

In a diagram, keep capitalization as it is in the sentence but omit any punctuation.

Sometimes the subject you is not included in a sentence but is understood. Place the understood subject in parentheses to the left of the vertical line.

Example Jump! (you)

Jump

simple subject

simple predicate

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Children play.

3. Listen!

2. Stop!

4. Parrots fly.

2

Sentence Diagraming

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Understood Subject

Name  Date 

2 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II Simple Subject or Simple Predicate Having More Than One Word A simple subject or simple predicate may have more than one word. For example, the simple subject may be a compound noun, such as sugar maple, or a person’s full name, such as Dr. William Fort. The simple predicate, or verb, may be a single word or a verb phrase. A verb phrase, such as had been moving, consists of a main verb (moving) and all its auxiliary, or helping, verbs (had, been). Place all the words of a simple subject or simple predicate on the baseline of a diagram frame on the correct side of the vertical rule.

Example Miss Ramona Rodriquez has been waiting. Miss Ramona Rodriquez

has been waiting

simple subject

simple predicate

Simple Subject and Simple Predicate in Inverted Order A sentence phrased as a question is diagramed the same as a statement. The positions of the subject and the predicate remain the same—the subject always appears to the left of the vertical line and the predicate to the right. Remember to keep capitalization as it is in the original sentence and to omit the punctuation.

Example Can ducks fly? ducks

Can fly

simple subject

simple predicate

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EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Kim is concentrating.

5. Professor White will speak.

2. Have you eaten?

6. Can Jackie Smith sing?

3. Mr. Robertson helped.

7. Stop!

4. Workers are protesting.

8. Must everyone recite?

Sentence Diagraming

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3 Compound Subjects and Predicates I A simple sentence has only one main clause; that is, it has a single subject and a single predicate. Its diagram uses only one baseline. However, either the subject or the predicate (or both) may have more than one part. In such a case, the baseline is forked to make space for the multiple parts.

Compound Subject A compound subject is made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a conjunction—such as and, but, or or—and have the same verb. The diagram for a sentence with a compound subject has a fork in the baseline at the left (subject) side of the vertical line. Draw parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the subject. Connect the lines with a dotted vertical line at their right, and write the conjunction along that dotted line. Draw angled lines from both the top and bottom subject lines to join the stack to the baseline, as shown below.

Example Adults and children cheered. part 1 of compound subject

Adults

part 2 of compound subject

children

conj.

and

cheered

verb

If a correlative conjunction such as both . . . and or neither . . . nor is used, write one word of the conjunction on each side of the dotted line, as shown here.

Example Both adults and children cheered. part 1 of compound subject

adults

verb

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Phyllis or you may win.

3. Coach Bush and Ms. Lu officiated.

2. Both Jason and Eric participated.

4. Neither Laura nor Carla could come.

4

Sentence Diagraming

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part 2 of compound subject

conj. conj.

Both and

children

cheered

Name  Date 

4 Compound Subjects and Predicates II Compound Predicate A compound predicate (or compound verb) is made up of two or more verbs or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject. The diagram for a sentence with a compound verb has a fork in the baseline at the right (verb) side of the vertical line. To diagram a sentence with a compound verb, draw a mirror image of the diagram for a compound subject. Look at the example below.

Example Contestants ran or swam. part 1 of compound verb simple subject

or

Contestants

swam

conj.

ran

part 2 of compound verb

If a helping verb is not repeated, write it on the baseline between the vertical line and the fork, as in this example.

Example Contestants were either running or swimming. were

part 1 of compound verb subject

swimming

helping verb

conj. conj.

Contestants

either or

running

part 2 of compound verb

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EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. We competed but lost.

3. Kites both soared and dipped.

2. Everyone stayed and talked.

4. Janine was neither reading nor writing.

Sentence Diagraming

5

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5 Compound Subjects and Predicates III Compound Subject and Compound Predicate A sentence may have both a compound subject and a compound verb. Then the baseline is forked on both sides of the vertical line, as in this example.

Example Lee and Juan watched and waited.

and

Juan

waited

part 2 of compound subject

part 1 of compound verb conj.

part 1 of compound subject conj.

watched and

Lee

part 2 of compound verb

More Than Two Parts in a Compound Element A compound subject or a compound predicate may have more than two parts. Draw as many parallel horizontal lines in the fork for that element as there are parts, as shown here.

Example Lee, Juan, Sue, and Dorothy entered, watched, and waited. entered watched waited

part 1 of compound verb

part 2 of compound subject part 3 of compound subject part 4 of compound subject

conj.

Dorothy

and

Sue

and

Juan

part 1 of compound subject conj.

Lee

part 2 of compound verb part 3 of compound verb

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 3. Will Lois, Matt, or you compete or watch?

2. Spectators cheered, booed, and groaned.

4. Both Bernie and Dawn trained, ran, and won.

6

Sentence Diagraming

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1. Men, women, and children participated.

Name  Date 

6 Compound Subjects and Predicates IV Complete Subject and Complete Predicate The complete subject of a sentence consists of the simple subject and all the words that modify it. The complete predicate consists of the simple predicate, or verb, and all the words that modify it or complete its meaning. To diagram a sentence, begin by identifying and diagraming its simple subject and verb. Be sure to locate all parts of compound subjects and compound verbs. All other words of the complete subject and complete predicate are added to the diagram later. In each example below, all words to the left of the vertical bar are the complete subject, and those to the right are the complete predicate. The underlined words are the simple subject and verb. Under each sentence is the first stage of its diagram.

Example George, in excellent physical condition, | ran the fastest of all and won. part 1 of verb simple subject

and

George

won

conj.

ran

part 2 of verb

Example The judges, referees, and guards at the meet | have volunteered their time. judges have volunteered

part 2 of simple subject part 3 of simple subject

conj.

guards

and

referees

part 1 of simple subject verb

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EXERCISE For each of these sentences, create the first stage of its diagram. Show only simple subjects and verbs, including all compound elements, and conjunctions. 1. Both snow and rain were falling at the same time.

3. Listen carefully and follow my directions for this game.

2. Agile acrobats performed in the ring and drew applause.

4. Are the roses or peonies in your garden blooming yet?

Sentence Diagraming

7

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7 Adjectives and Adverbs I Many sentences use modifiers to limit or describe nouns, pronouns, and verbs. Adjectives and adverbs are two types of modifiers.

Adjectives An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun. It tells what kind, which one, how many, or how much. Examples include funny, those, five, and more. The articles a, an, and the are also adjectives. In addition, possessive nouns, such as Jack’s, and possessive pronouns, such as his, may be grouped with adjectives because they describe nouns. In the example below, every adjective is underlined. To diagram a sentence with one or more adjectives, place each adjective on a slant line below the word it modifies. If more than one adjective modifies the same word, place the modifiers from left to right in the order in which they appear in the sentence.

Example Jack’s clever invention succeeded. invention

succeeded

subject

verb

ad e

e

iv

iv

ct

ct

je

je

’s

er

ck

ev

ad

cl

Ja

2

1

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 3. These red tulips are opening.

2. Which leaky boat sank?

4. Many popular music groups will appear.

8

Sentence Diagraming

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1. The little baby slept.

Name  Date 

8 Adjectives and Adverbs II Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb by making its meaning more specific. Adverbs answer the questions when?, where?, how?, and to what extent? In the examples below, all the adverbs are underlined. To diagram a sentence with one or more adverbs, place each adverb on a slant line below the word it modifies.

Adverbs Modifying Verbs In a sentence, an adverb that modifies a verb may appear before or after the verb. It may be separated from the verb by other words or phrases. In this example, the adverb suddenly may take three different positions. Note that all three sample sentences are shown by the same diagram. Since Then and suddenly both tell when, they both modify the verb and are placed below it in the diagram.

Example Then lightning suddenly flashed. Then lightning flashed suddenly. Then, suddenly, lightning flashed. lightning

flashed

subject

verb rb

rb

ve

ve

en

en

dd

ad

ad

su

Th

2

1

ly

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Keisha paused briefly.

3. Wait here quietly.

2. Soon they will gallop away.

4. Earlier, we had been skating there safely.

Sentence Diagraming

9

Name  Date 

9 Adjectives and Adverbs III Adverbs That Modify Other Modifiers A sentence may have both kinds of modifiers, with adjectives modifying nouns and pronouns, and adverbs modifying verbs.

Example Loud thunder rumbled threateningly. thunder

subject

rumbled

verb

in

e

en

iv

rb

ct

ve

je

at

ud

re

ad

ad

th

Lo

gl y

In addition, the sentence may have other adverbs modifying these modifiers. To diagram an adverb that modifies a word already shown on a slant line, place the adverb on a slant line that is parallel to but slightly lower than the slant line of the word modified. Connect the two lines with a short horizontal line at the top of the lower slant line. In the next example, the adverbs extremely and rather modify the adjective loud and the adverb threateningly.

Example Extremely loud thunder rumbled rather threateningly. thunder

subject

rumbled

verb ad rb

rb

e

ve

iv

in

rb

en

y

y

el

gl

m

er

ve

ct

ad

je

at

tre

th

ad

re

ra

ud

ve

ad

th

lo Ex

1. Very pesky weeds grow everywhere!

3. My remarkably talkative sister phones often.

2. Dale answered rather hesitantly.

4. Habitually shy, the child played alone.

10

Sentence Diagraming

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EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.

Name  Date 

10 Adjectives and Adverbs IV Modifiers with a Compound Subject or Verb In a sentence with a compound subject or verb, a modifier may describe one part of the compound element or all parts. In the first example below, excitedly modifies shrieked, and inside modifies ran. In the second example, both adverbs modify both verb parts. See how the diagrams differ.

Examples Vana and Jason shrieked excitedly and ran inside. Inside, Vana and Jason excitedly talked and laughed.

1

and

part 2 of subject

rb

laughed

part 2 of verb

in

ad

y

dl

part 1 of subject

ve

te

talked

ad

ci

part 2 of subject

conj.

ex

and

ran

Jason

part 1 of verb

part 1 of subject

shrieked

conj.

Vana

ve

sid

rb

e

2

ad

ad

conj.

part 1 of verb conj.

ve

ve

part 2 of verb

rb

rb

2

y

1

dl

e

te

sid

ci

In

ex

and

Jason

and

Vana

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

If a modifier modifies only one part of the compound element, place it under that part of the fork. If the modifier modifies all parts, place it under the shared baseline.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. We rose instantly and cheered loudly.

3. Later the band will meet and practice here.

2. Both your hen and her chicks survived.

4. That black horse can run fast and jump high!

Sentence Diagraming

11

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11 Adjectives and Adverbs V Compound Adjectives and Adverbs Two or more adjectives joined by a conjunction are called a compound adjective. Two or more adverbs joined by a conjunction are called a compound adverb. Diagram the parts of a compound adjective or adverb on separate slant lines below the word they modify, and link them by drawing a dotted horizontal line between the slant lines. Write the conjunction on the horizontal line, as in these examples.

Example A clear but cold day dawned. dawned

day

rt

rt

pa

pa

je

2 of

e

conj.

of

iv

1

ct

r

ld

ea

ad

co

cl

A

but

verb

subject

p.

p.

m

m

co

co

j.

j.

ad

ad

Example Yesterday, winds blew strongly and unceasingly. winds

verb

subject

blew

pa rt

rt

2

rb

p.

p.

m

m

co

y

co

gl

conj.

of

in

ay

of

as

1

ve

pa

ad

ce

y

rd

gl

te

on

un

str

s Ye

and

rb

rb

ve

ve

ad

ad

1. One old and leaky boat sank.

3. Finally, the long and dull speech ended.

2. The seeing-eye dog lay still but watchfully.

4. The batter, powerful and confident, swung.

12

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.

Name  Date 

12 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I Verbs that express physical or mental action are called action verbs. Some action verbs are complete in themselves, but others pass their action on to other elements in the sentence. These elements are called the objects of the action verbs.

Direct Object A transitive verb is an action verb that is followed by a word or words that answer the question what? or whom? Such words are called direct objects. To diagram a sentence with a direct object, place the direct object on the baseline just to the right of its verb. Separate the two sentence parts with a vertical line that lies above the baseline only.

Example The class is planning a trip. class

is planning

trip

subject

action verb

direct object ad

ad

a

je

e

je

Th

ct

ct

iv

iv

e

e

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Class members are considering various destinations.

2. They may rent a bus.

3. Naturally, the trip demands adequate funds.

4. The students have already held two fund-raisers.

Sentence Diagraming

13

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13 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II Indirect Object An indirect object answers the question to whom or what? or for whom or what? after an action verb. Almost always, a sentence has an indirect object only if it has a direct object as well. In the sentence, the indirect object appears between the verb and the direct object. To diagram the sentence, draw a line that slants down from the verb, bends, and extends horizontally to the right. Place the indirect object on the horizontal segment of the line, as in this example.

Example A travel agency sent the curious students information. agency

sent

information

subject je

direct object

indirect object

ad

e

e

e

iv

iv

ct

us

ct

je

je

ad

iv

e

rio

e

cu

th

iv

ct

l

ct

ve

je

ad

ad

tra

A

students

action verb

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Most airlines charge customers high prices.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. A local company may give us a better deal.

3. Did the class send the helpful agent a deposit?

14

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

14 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III Compound Direct Object If a verb has a compound direct object, the right end of the baseline, where the direct object is usually placed, is forked. To the right of the vertical line after the verb, draw parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the compound object. Connect the lines with a dotted vertical line at their left, and write the conjunction along that line. Draw angled lines from both the top and bottom lines to join the stack to the baseline. Study this example.

Example Students researched transportation, schedules, and prices. transporation subject

schedules

action verb

prices

dir. obj., pt. 2

conj.

researched

and

Students

dir. obj., pt. 1

dir. obj., pt. 3

Compound Indirect Object In a sentence with a compound indirect object, the horizontal line below the baseline is forked and the stack of indirect object parts is connected there, as in this example.

Example Some resources gave us and our teachers useful facts. gave

subject

facts

je ct iv

iv

e

e

and

ad

ct

teachers

ind. obj., pt. 2 je

r

ad

ou

ct iv e

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

direct object

ind. obj., pt. 1

je

e

ul

m

ef

ad

us

So

us

action verb

conj.

resources

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Zoltan’s committee contacted several hotels and a campground.

2. The operators sent Zoltan and his committee useful information.

Sentence Diagraming

15

Name  Date 

15 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV Compound Verb with Direct and Indirect Objects To diagram a sentence with all parts of a compound verb sharing a direct object, connect the horizontal lines holding the verb parts to the baseline at both left and right, as shown below. Then extend the baseline to hold the shared direct object. In some sentences, the shared object is a compound object.

Example Students read and compared schedules. part 1 of compound verb schedules

subject

compared

conj.

Students

and

read

direct object part 2 of compound verb

If a direct or indirect object completes only one part of a compound verb, connect the object with only the specific verb part, as shown in this next example.

Example Students read a novel and told Mrs. King their reactions.

and

reactions

action verb

dir. obj. j.

ei r

ind. obj.

ad

th

Mrs. King

dir. obj. j.

told

subject

action verb

ad

a

Students

novel conj.

read

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Make sure that each direct or indirect object is connected to the correct verb or verb part. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Passengers boarded the aircraft and took their seats.

2. Amos dragged and pushed his heavy suitcase.

16

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

15

Continued

3. Tell me your idea and explain its advantages.

4. Captain Ellis welcomed passengers and introduced himself.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

5. The guide gave Gary and Ruby a great tour but charged a small fee.

6. Gary and Ruby thanked and tipped their guide.

Sentence Diagraming

17

Name  Date 

16 Subject Complements I A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of the sentence with a word or phrase describing or identifying the subject. The most common linking verb is to be. The word or phrase linked to the subject is called a subject complement. There are two kinds of subject complements—predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives—but they are diagramed the same way.

Predicate Nominative A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames or further identifies the subject. It may be modified by adjectives. To diagram a sentence with a predicate nominative, place the noun or pronoun on the baseline to the right of the linking verb. Draw a slant line between the verb and predicate nominative that ends at the baseline.

Example That judge is Gloria’s uncle. judge

is

subject

uncle

linking verb

predicate nominative ad ct

e

e

iv

's

iv

ct

ria

je

lo

at

je

ad

G

Th

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 3. Mrs. Wing was an alternate juror.

2. Murder was the charge.

4. These audio tapes are evidence.

18

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. This courtroom is a famous site.

Name  Date 

17 Subject Complements II Predicate Adjective A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and further describes the subject. It may be modified by adverbs. To diagram a sentence with a predicate adjective, use the same approach as for a sentence with a predicate nominative. Place the adjective on the baseline to the right of the linking verb. Draw a slant line between the verb and predicate adjective that ends at the baseline.

Example Judge Fox is very patient. Judge Fox

is

patient

subject

linking verb

predicate adjective ad

ve

ve

ry

rb

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Decide first whether the sentence has a subject complement or a direct object, and use a slant or straight line, as appropriate, to separate that word from the verb. 1. The current trial is rather remarkable.

4. Is the jurors’ decision final?

2. The young defendant appears frightened.

5. The victim’s parents are giving their testimony.

3. The case involves burglary.

6. Newspaper reporters have frequently been present.

Sentence Diagraming

19

Name  Date 

18 Subject Complements III Compound Subject Complements Both predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives may have compound parts. For a sentence with a compound subject complement of either type, the baseline of the diagram is forked at the right of the slant line, as in these examples.

Examples The next witness is the defendant’s neighbor and her classmate. She has always been very honest and loyal. pred. nom., pt. 1

neighbor and

conj.

j.

j.

ad

r

j.

he

pred. adj., pt. 1

ad v.

v.

loyal

linking verb

conj.

subject

ad

ay

ry

w

ve

al

and

has been

j.

ad

t’s

ad

an

xt

e

pred. nom., pt. 2

honest She

j.

nd

ne

Th

classmate

linking verb

ad

ad

subject

fe

e

is

de

th

witness

pred. adj., pt. 2

s

In the second example, note how the adverb very, which modifies both parts of the compound predicate adjective, is connected to the baseline before the fork.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Both lawyers have been logical and persuasive.

2. The defendant was extremely happy and grateful.

3. Carl will be either a lawyer or a doctor.

20

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

19 Object Complements A sentence with a direct object may also have an object complement. An object complement answers the question what? after a direct object. It completes the meaning of the object by identifying or describing it. Object complements occur only with verbs having the general meaning of “make” or “consider.” To diagram a sentence with an object complement, first identify which word is the direct object and which word completes its meaning. Diagram the direct object in the usual way, separating it from the verb with a vertical line that ends at the baseline. Then place the complement to the right of the direct object, and separate it from the object with a slant line that ends at the baseline.

Examples Students elected Ann president. They consider her trustworthy. Students

They

elected

consider

president

Ann

her

trustworthy

subject

verb

dir. obj.

obj. comp.

subject

verb

dir. obj.

obj. comp.

If any element in a sentence with an object complement is compound, follow the usual methods of diagraming the compound element. Here is an example:

Example Voters named Bob secretary and Viv class treasurer.

bj.

Viv

treasurer

verb

conj.

named

secretary

dir. obj., pt. 1

object complement 1

dir. obj., pt. 2

object complement 2 ad

as

j.

cl s

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Voters

and

Bob

Remember that an object complement modifies the direct object and follows verbs such as call, find, appoint, declare, name, elect, and consider.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Kim proved Sam wrong.

3. Paul calls his dog Rushmore.

2. I considered their argument silly.

4. Ali dyed her T-shirt green.

Sentence Diagraming

21

Name  Date 

19

Continued

5. The governor declared our township and the next county a disaster.

6. Critics and audiences found the play witty and delightful.

7. The mayor declared today a holiday.

22

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

8. Many Americans consider the first astronauts national heroes and recall their feats proudly.

Simple Sentences with Phrases Lesson 20

Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Appositives and appositive phrases

Lesson 21

Prepositional Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Lesson 22

Prepositional Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Lesson 23

Prepositional Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Used as adjectives Used as adverbs Used to modify other prepositional phrases

Lesson 24

Participles and Participial Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Participles

Lesson 25

Participles and Participial Phrases II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Lesson 26

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Lesson 27

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Participial phrases Used as subjects Used as direct objects

Lesson 28

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Used as predicate nominatives

Lesson 29

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Lesson 30

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Lesson 31

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Used as objects of prepositions Used as adjectives or adverbs Used as nouns

Lesson 32

Absolute Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Absolute phrases

Sentence Diagraming

23

Name  Date 

20 Appositives and Appositive Phrases An appositive is a noun or pronoun that identifies another noun or pronoun in the sentence. Any noun or pronoun may have an appositive, including a subject, object, or complement. To diagram a sentence with an appositive, place the appositive immediately after the word it identifies, and set it off in parentheses.

Example Our first president, George Washington, had been a military commander. president (George Washington)

had been

commander

subject (appos.)

verb

pred. nom. j.

j.

ad

ad

j.

ta

j.

ili

ad

ad

m

a

st

ur

fir

O

ry

Example I asked my history teacher, Miss Brooks, a question. I

asked

question

verb

dir. obj. ad

a

ind. obj. (appositive)

j.

teacher (Miss Brooks)

subj.

ad

j.

j.

ad

sto

y

hi

m

ry

An appositive phrase is composed of an appositive and all the words that modify it. To diagram a sentence with an appositive phrase, write the appositive within parentheses immediately after the word identified, and place the modifiers on slant lines under the appositive rather than under the word identified.

Example Washington, our first president, had been a military commander. Washington (president)

had been

commander

subj. (appositive)

verb

pred. nom.

ry

1. Washington gave us, his admirers, a tremendous heritage.

2. Our second president, John Adams, had been an ambassador.

24

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

j.

j.

j.

ad

ad

ad

j.

ta

st

r

ili

ad

m

a

fir

ou

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Be sure to find every appositive and appositive phrase.

Name  Date 

20

Continued

3. Next, the nation elected the statesman Thomas Jefferson president.

4. Both John Adams and his son, John Quincy Adams, were presidents.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

5. The sixteenth U.S. president was Abraham Lincoln, a Republican.

6. Presidents Day, a national holiday, is celebrated annually.

7. It honors two presidents, Washington and Lincoln.

Sentence Diagraming

25

Name  Date 

21 Prepositional Phrases I A preposition is a word that indicates a relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence. Examples include to, of, and near. A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object. Examples of prepositional phrases are “to the front,” “of clay,” and “near the rose garden.” Prepositional phrases may act as adjectives or as adverbs.

Used as Adjectives To diagram a prepositional phrase used as an adjective, place the preposition on a line that slants from left to right below the noun or pronoun modified. Place the object of the preposition on a horizontal line connected to the slant line and lying at its right. The slant line should extend slightly beyond the horizontal line. If the object of the preposition has modifiers, write them on slant lines below the object.

Example The flowers beside the oak tree need water. flowers

need

subject

water

verb

direct object

pr

j.

ep

ad

.

sid

e

be

Th

e

tree

object of preposition

ad

ad j.

j.

k oa e

th

If a prepositional phrase modifies an appositive, place the preposition on a slant line directly beneath the appositive, not the word that the appositive identifies.

Example Water the begonias—those flowers with shiny leaves. (you)

Water

subj.

begonias (flowers)

verb

dir. obj. (appositive) ep

j.

.

e

obj. of prep. j.

in

ad

sh y

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The youngest children planted a garden of sunflowers.

2. Visitors to the garden especially enjoyed the sight of tall golden flowers.

26

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

pr

ad

j.

ith

os

e

ad

w

th

th

leaves

Name  Date 

22 Prepositional Phrases II Used as Adverbs All prepositional phrases are diagramed the same whether they are used as adjectives or adverbs. Examine this model of a prepositional phrase used to modify a verb, noting how the phrase is placed beneath the verb modified. The preposition is placed on the slant line and its object on the adjoining horizontal line.

Example We will plant the vegetables after lunch. We

will plant

vegetables

subject

direct object ad j.

ep

r

pr

e

te

th

af

.

lunch

verb

object of preposition

If the prepositional phrase modifies only one part of a compound element, place it under that part only. Otherwise, the slant line begins beneath the shared baseline.

Example On Monday, Jason pulled weeds and trimmed bushes with his new shears.

and

Jason

weeds

verb subject

bushes

direct object

verb

direct object

ep

n

pr

O

trimmed

conj.

pulled

.

ep

ith

obj. of prep.

pr

w

Monday

.

shears

ad j.

j.

w

s

ad

ne

hi

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

obj. of prep.

A prepositional phrase used as an adverb does not always immediately follow the verb. It answers this question: When, where, or how does or did the action occur?

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. During the week, Mandy will volunteer at the park.

2. Her team has been working on the new trails for a month.

Sentence Diagraming

27

Name  Date 

23 Prepositional Phrases III Used to Modify Other Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase that modifies another prepositional phrase is diagramed like any other prepositional phrase. Simply place the phrase beneath the object of the prepositional phrase that is modified. Study this example.

Example Look at those flowers next to the walk! (you)

Look

(understood subject)

verb pr

at

flowers

ep .1

e

xt

os

ne

th

ep

j.

pr

ad

to

walk

object of preposition 1

.2

th e

object of preposition 2

ad j.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase “at those flowers” tells where to look, so it is placed under the verb. The prepositional phrase “next to the walk” tells which flowers, so it is placed under the object of the first phrase. Any sentence may contain a series of prepositional phrases. Be sure to determine which word is modified by each phrase, and place each phrase under the word it modifies.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. An aquarium is being constructed near the mouth of the river. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. That site is perfect for the location of a tourist attraction.

28

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

23

Continued

3. Everyone on the committee is happy with the plans.

4. The design of the building came from a local architect.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

5. Her design was selected from a number of proposals.

6. Students from any school in the state can get free passes to the aquarium.

Sentence Diagraming

29

Name  Date 

24 Participles and Participial Phrases I Not all verb forms function in sentences as verbs. A participle is a verb form that functions in a sentence as an adjective. Present participles end in -ing. Most past participles end in -ed but some have irregular forms.

Participles To diagram a sentence that includes a participle, first identify the word that the participle modifies. Draw a line that slants down from that word, bends, and extends horizontally to the right. Write the participle on the line, curving it in the angle of the line, as shown in this example.

Example A crane lifted the fallen trees from the road. crane

lifted

trees

subject

verb

direct object ad

ep

j.

pr

j.

e

m

len

ad

f

th

fro

A

.

road

al

obj. of prep.

pa

r t i c i ple

e

ad

th

j.

While participles that end in -ing or -ed are easy to recognize, irregular participles such as fallen may not be as obvious. Remember that any verb form used as an adjective is a participle and should be diagramed as shown above.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Pausing, she searched for the source of the annoying noise.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Perhaps an experienced jeweler can repair the broken chain.

30

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

25 Participles and Participial Phrases II Participial Phrases Because participles are a form of verbs, they may take direct and indirect objects, predicate nominatives and adjectives, and object complements. A participial phrase is made up of a participle, any complements it may have, and all words and phrases that modify the participle and its complements. To diagram a participial phrase, first diagram the participle on its bent line. Then diagram any objects, complements, and modifiers in the phrase, adding them to the bent line of the participle. Be sure to place every modifier under the correct element of the participial phrase.

Example My little cousin looks so innocent, cheerfully giving his mother a hug. cousin

looks

verb

p

ar

hug

ti c i ple

dir. obj. of participle j.

ind. obj. of participle

ad

ve

ad j.

s

lly

hi

r fu

rb

ee

ad

a

ch

mother

v.

j.

j.

tle

y

ving

predicate adjective ad

ad

ad

so

lit

M

gi

subject

innocent

Participial phrases can occur anywhere in a sentence. Always diagram a participial phrase so that it extends below the word it modifies, no matter where the participial phrase appears in the sentence.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. The first aircraft carrying people rose into the air in November of 1783.

2. That aircraft was a basket lifted by a balloon.

Sentence Diagraming

31

Name  Date 

25

Continued

3. The balloon, constructed by the Montgolfier brothers, was filled with hot air.

4. The gasoline engine, invented in the late 1800s, led to the development of modern aircraft.

5. Running experiments in their Ohio bicycle shop, the Wright brothers made a breakthrough.

32

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

6. The engine of their aircraft, driving a propellor, produced enough forward speed for flight.

Name  Date 

26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing and is used in a sentence as a noun. A gerund phrase is made up of a gerund, its complements, and all modifiers of the gerund and its complements. Gerunds and gerund phrases may be used in sentences wherever nouns may be used, including compound sentence parts. In a diagram, a gerund is written in a curved shape over a line with a step. The stepped line lies at the top of a “stilt,” and the stilt is placed where you would put a noun or pronoun used as the gerund is used.

Used as Subjects To diagram a gerund or a gerund phrase used as a subject, place a stilt on the baseline where the subject usually lies. Draw a stepped line above the stilt and curve the gerund itself over the step. Then diagram any objects, complements, and modifiers of the gerund phrase, adding these elements to the stepped line.

Example Judging any contest well demands fairness. Judgi n g

geru nd

contest

ad

v.

l

fairness

verb

j.

ad

y

el

an

w

demands

direct object of gerund

direct object of verb

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Becoming a good referee takes time.

2. Gaining expertise as a referee is not easy.

3. Following fast-paced action requires energy.

Sentence Diagraming

33

Name  Date 

27 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II Used as Direct Objects To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as a direct object, place a stilt on the baseline where the direct object usually goes. Draw a stepped line, as shown here, above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step. Add any complements or modifiers in the gerund phrase to the stepped line.

Example The coach suggested giving the players extra practice. giving

d

dir. obj. of gerund ad

subject

action verb

ind. obj. of gerund

j.

players

tra

suggested

ex

coach

gerun

practice

ad j.

j.

e

ad

th

Th e

Remember that both gerunds and present participles end in -ing. However, gerunds act as nouns, while participles act as adjectives. If a verb form can be replaced with the singular pronoun it in a sentence, that verb form is a gerund.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Good players avoid running with the ball.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. The referee noticed some pushing and shoving.

3. During the playoffs, our tired players appreciated having a free day.

34

Sentence Diagraming

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28 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III Used as Predicate Nominatives To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as a predicate nominative, place a stilt on the baseline where the predicate nominative belongs, following a slant line. Draw a stepped line above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step, and add any other words of the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Study this example.

Example Jerry’s latest passion is climbing cliffs at the park. climbi ng

subject

linking verb

dir. obj. of gerund ep .

park

d

pr

is

at

passion

gerun

cliffs

j.

j.

e

ad

ad

th

j.

s

st

y'

te

rr

la

Je

ad

obj. of prep.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Be sure a gerund or gerund phrase used as a direct object is diagramed appropriately.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Tara’s mistake is serving the volleyball too quickly.

2. The addition to the gym will permit holding the regional meet here.

3. My biggest thrill is winning a close game in the final seconds.

Sentence Diagraming

35

Name  Date 

29 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV Used as Objects of Prepositions To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as the object of a preposition, prepare space for the gerund by drawing a long slant line for that preposition. Then place a stilt on the horizontal line where the object of the preposition belongs, and draw a stepped line above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step itself. Add any complements and modifiers of the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Study this example.

Example The speaker talked about photographing wild animals in Africa. speaker

talked

subject

gerun d

dir. obj. of gerund

.

t

ep

animals

j.

r a p hin g

pr

ad

ou

e

ab

Th

photo g

verb

ad j.

ep

ild

pr

w

in

.

Africa

obj. of prep.

Whenever you come across a gerund in a sentence to be diagramed, mentally replace it with the pronoun it and decide where you would place that pronoun in a sentence. Then place the gerund or gerund phrase on a stilt in that position.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The speaker kept the audience’s attention by showing videos of his work.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. His report of witnessing a cheetah running at top speed was remarkable.

36

Sentence Diagraming

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29

Continued

3. The audience learned about choosing good times for photographing different animals.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4. The job of demonstrating survival skills to cubs is the responsibility of the mother cheetah.

5. Learning these skills increases the cubs’ chances of growing to adulthood.

Sentence Diagraming

37

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30 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I An infinitive is a verb form that matches the base form of a verb and is usually preceded by the word to. An example is “to read.” An infinitive phrase is made up of an infinitive, its complements, and any modifiers of the infinitive and its complements. An example is “to read a mystery book quickly.” Infinitives and infinitive phrases can be used in sentences as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns.

Used as Adjectives or Adverbs Infinitives or infinitive phrases used as modifiers are diagramed in the same way as prepositional phrases are. Write the word to on a slant line below the word modified by the infinitive. Write the base form of the verb on a horizontal line drawn to the right of the slant line, near its lower end. Study these examples.

Examples The club appreciated Paul’s offer to serve as treasurer. Members voted to accept his offer. club

appreciated

offer

subject

verb

"to "

j.

ul

e

j.

ad

ad

to s ’

Pa

Th

serve

dir. obj. infinitive (base form)

pr

as

treasurer

ep .

Members

subject

voted

"

offer

verb

"to

to

accept

obj. of prep.

infinitive

obj. of inf.

s

ad

hi

j.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. World leaders gathered to negotiate a treaty.

38

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

In the first example, the infinitive phrase “to serve as treasurer” tells what kind of offer. It acts as an adjective modifying offer. In the second, the phrase “to accept his offer” tells how the members voted. It acts as an adverb, modifying voted.

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30

Continued

2. The session to debate the terms of the treaty begins soon.

3. Will the leaders fail to reach an agreement?

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4. World War I’s horrors were not enough to lead to peace.

5. World War II finally produced the will to unite.

Sentence Diagraming

39

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31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II Used as Nouns To diagram a sentence with an infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a noun, first identify its role in the sentence, for example, subject, direct object, or predicate nominative. In the diagram, draw a stilt in that position. Next, draw a short slant line at the left of a horizontal line above the stilt. Write the word to on the slant line, and the base form of the verb on the horizontal line. (Make sure the verb form is directly above the stilt.) Add complements and modifiers in the infinitive phrase to the horizontal line. Study these examples. In the first, the infinitive phrase is the subject of the sentence. In the second, the infinitive phrase is the direct object.

Examples To win the class presidency is Latoya’s greatest ambition. She expects to campaign vigorously. o" "T

To

win

presidency

infinitive (base form)

obj. of infinitive ad j.

s

j.

as

e

ad

cl

th

verb

ambition

is

predicate nominative ad

ad

j.

te

's

st

ya

ea

to

j.

gr

La

"t o"

to

campaign

verb

us ly

EXERCISE Determine how the infinitive or infinitive phrase is used in each sentence, and then diagram the sentence. 1. My brother likes to study history.

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Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

ro

subject

v.

go

expects

ad

vi

She

infinitive (base form)

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31

Continued

2. To hear his report on the First Continental Congress takes ten minutes.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3. The goal of the representatives was to protest Great Britain’s treatment of the American colonies.

4. To declare independence from England was, apparently, the goal of the Second Continental Congress.

Sentence Diagraming

41

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32 Absolute Phrases A simple sentence may contain a phrase that has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence. This kind of phrase, called an absolute phrase, is made up of a noun or pronoun modified by a participle or participial phrase. Because an absolute phrase belongs to neither the subject nor the predicate of the sentence, it is diagramed with no connection to the rest of the sentence.

Absolute Phrases To diagram an absolute phrase, first draw a horizontal line. Write the subject of the absolute phrase on the line. Place the participle and any complements on a bent line below the horizontal line. Add any modifiers in the phrase below the subject, participle, or complement as needed. Then, below the absolute phrase diagram and separate from it, draw the sentence diagram. The absolute phrase is always diagramed first, even if it follows the rest of the sentence. Examine how this sample sentence and its absolute phrase are diagramed.

Examples Smoke alarms screaming, my family awoke to a fire.

family

awoke

subject

to

sc

ad

subject of absolute phrase pa r t i c i ple

ok

j.

Sm

r e a m ing

m

alarms

e pr

j.

ep

ad

y

fire

verb .

a

obj. of prep. ad j. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The residents having been safely evacuated, firefighters battled the blaze.

2. People left the scene, the fire having been completely extinguished.

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Sentence Diagraming

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32

Continued

3. Its structure damaged, the building was condemned.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4. Affordable apartments being scarce, our family searched in another town for a new home.

5. We bought new furniture, our old possessions completely gone.

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43

Compound and Complex Sentences Lesson 33

Compound Sentences I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Clauses connected by a semicolon

Lesson 34

Compound Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Lesson 35

Compound Sentences III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Lesson 36

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Clauses connected by a conjunction Clauses with compound predicates Adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns

Lesson 37

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Adjective clauses introduced by other words

Lesson 38

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses III . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Lesson 39

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Lesson 40

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Adverb clauses that modify verbs Adverb clauses that modify adjectives and adverbs More than one subordinate clause

Lesson 41

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Used as subjects

Lesson 42

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Lesson 43

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Lesson 44

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Used as direct objects Introduced by that Used as objects of prepositions

Lesson 45

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Used as indirect objects

Lesson 46

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Lesson 47

Compound-Complex Sentences I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Lesson 48

Compound-Complex Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Used as predicate nominatives With a noun clause With an adjective or adverb clause

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45

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33 Compound Sentences I A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a part of a sentence. A main, or independent, clause can also stand alone in a simple sentence. A subordinate, or dependent, clause cannot stand alone. A compound sentence has two or more main clauses and no subordinate clauses. The clauses are connected by a semicolon or by a comma and a conjunction. When you diagram a compound sentence, diagram each independent clause separately. Then connect the clauses as this lesson and the next describe.

Clauses Connected by a Semicolon When two main clauses in a compound sentence are connected by a semicolon, diagram the clauses separately in the order in which they appear in the sentence. Then draw a vertical dotted line between the verbs of the clauses, as shown here.

Example Bethany has an optimistic attitude; her smile is contagious. Bethany

is

contagious

MAIN CLAUSE #1

verb

MAIN CLAUSE #2

verb

op

attitude an

has

tim ist ic

smile he r

EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Lou enjoys football; Mae prefers basketball.

2. All of my friends boycotted the concert; ticket prices were outrageous.

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34 Compound Sentences II Clauses Connected by a Conjunction When the main clauses in a compound sentence are connected by a conjunction such as and, but, or or, diagram each clause separately. Next, write the conjunction on a solid horizontal line between the two main clauses. Last, draw vertical dotted lines to connect that solid line to the verb of each clause, as shown below.

Example Are you walking, or will you ride your bike? you

Are walking

MAIN CLAUSE #1

or

you

will ride

verb conj.

bike

MAIN CLAUSE #2

verb

yo ur

EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Enid and her older sister were in a traffic accident yesterday, but their injuries were not serious.

2. Recently the population of Kirkland has grown, and our traffic problems have also grown.

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Continued

3. That intersection may need larger stop signs, or the city should install a traffic light there.

4. Enid will have her driver’s license soon, and her experience will probably make her a cautious driver. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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35 Compound Sentences III Clauses with Compound Predicates If a main clause in a compound sentence has a compound verb, the connecting line should begin (or end) at the shared baseline, before the fork for the parts of the verb, as in this example.

Example I walked yesterday and arrived late, but today I will bike. verb

walked ye rd

and

ste

I

ay

but

conj.

arrived

verb

la

will bike

te

I

MAIN CLAUSE #1

MAIN CLAUSE #2

verb

to da y

EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. In January, a blizzard paralyzed the city and closed schools, but this school year has been uneventful.

2. Dave may study architecture or become a contractor; he likes buildings.

Sentence Diagraming

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36 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as part of a sentence. A main, or independent, clause can stand alone in a simple sentence. A subordinate, or dependent, clause cannot stand alone. There are three types of subordinate clauses: adjective, adverb, and noun clauses. A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. How a complex sentence is diagramed depends on the type of subordinate clause it includes.

Adjective Clauses Introduced by Relative Pronouns An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun in the main clause. The adjective clause is usually introduced by one of the relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, that, and which). Begin the diagram of the complex sentence by diagraming the independent clause, even if it comes second in the sentence. Then diagram the subordinate clause separately, placing it below the main clause. Finally, connect the two clauses with a dotted line that begins with the word in the main clause that is modified and ends with the introductory relative pronoun in the adjective clause. This dotted line is not always a straight line. Study this example.

Example A woman whom we met recently received an award. woman

met

whom

award

MAIN CLAUSE

modified noun

an

A

we

received

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

relative pronoun

re nt

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

ce ly

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. A friend of mine who attends a music academy is very talented.

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Continued

2. Gregor often composes music for poems that he likes.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3. He wrote a short piece that the city orchestra will play in its next program.

4. Mozart, whose work my friend greatly admires, began composing as a young child.

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37 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II Adjective Clauses Introduced by Words Other Than Pronouns Besides relative pronouns, certain other words, such as when and where, may introduce adjective clauses. To be sure that a clause is an adjective clause, decide whether it tells what kind? or which one? about the noun modified. If it does, follow the directions below. If it does not, that complex sentence is diagramed differently. First diagram the main clause. Then diagram the subordinate clause, placing it below the main clause. Draw a dotted line from the word in the main clause that is modified to the introductory word in the adjective clause. Study this example.

Example The prize was presented in the city where the winner works. prize

was presented

MAIN CLAUSE

in

Th e

city

modified noun

th e

winner

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

works

re

re

he

he

e

“w

w

th

”

The clause “where the winner works” modifies city, telling which city. The clause begins with the adverb where, which modifies the verb in the subordinate clause. The dotted line connecting the clauses runs from city to where.

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. The week when we take the entrance exam is coming fast.

2. The library is the only place where I can study.

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38 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses III Adverb Clauses That Modify Verbs An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb in the main clause. Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as these: after, although, as if, as soon as, because, if, in order that, since, though, unless, when, whenever, where, wherever, while. An adverb clause that modifies a main clause verb usually tells when, where, how, or why. To diagram a complex sentence with an adverb clause modifying a verb, first diagram the main clause, even if it comes second in the sentence. Next diagram the adverb clause, placing it below the main clause. Connect the clauses with a dotted line that begins under the modified verb in the main clause and slants down to the verb in the adverb clause. Last, place the conjunction on the dotted line. Study this example.

Example As soon as the guest of honor arrives, the award ceremony will begin. ceremony

will begin

MAIN CLAUSE

modified verb

As co nj

on

d

so

ar

e

aw

th

.

as

guest

arrives

ADVERB CLAUSE

verb

e

of

th

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

honor

Notice that the sentence begins with the adverb clause, but the diagram begins with the main clause. The adverb clause “As soon as the guest of honor arrives” modifies will begin, telling when an event will begin, so it is shown under that verb.

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. Richard has studied ants since he was in kindergarten.

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Continued

2. Whenever he found anything written about ants, he read and memorized it.

3. His friends and family members even searched for ant material because they knew of his fascination with ants.

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4. Although he already knows a great deal about the topic, Richard is determined to become an expert on ants.

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39 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses IV Adverb Clauses That Modify Adjectives and Adverbs An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb in the main clause. An adverb clause that modifies an adjective or adverb usually tells how much about that modifier. Such an adverb clause is usually introduced by the subordinating conjunction than. To diagram a complex sentence with an adverb clause modifying a modifier, first diagram the main clause. Then diagram the adverb clause, placing it below the main clause. Connect the clauses with a dotted line that begins under the modified adjective or adverb in the main clause and slants down to the verb in the adverb clause. If the modifier is already on a slant line, the dotted line must be bent, as shown in the example below. Last, place the conjunction on the dotted line. Study this example.

Example Today Darren left his office earlier than he usually does. Darren

left

office

MAIN CLAUSE

m ed ifi od . nj

co

s

er

an

ay

th

rli

hi

ea

d To

ad

ADVERB CLAUSE

verb

rb

does

ve

he

us ua

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

lly

The adverb clause “than he usually does” modifies earlier, telling how much earlier. Therefore, the dotted line of the conjunction begins at earlier. It extends a short distance to the left so that it will not be confused with the line under earlier, and then slants down to the verb of the subordinate clause.

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. You painted a prettier picture than I did.

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Continued

2. The queen ruled more powerfully than her early supporters could have imagined.

3. Books about our city are even rarer than you might suppose.

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4. This station has broadcast classical music longer than any other station in the United States has.

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40 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses V More Than One Subordinate Clause A complex sentence may have both an adjective clause and an adverb clause, or more than one of one kind. To diagram a complex sentence with two or more adjective or adverb clauses, first identify each subordinate clause and the word that each one modifies. Then diagram the main clause. Next, diagram each subordinate clause and draw a dotted line to connect the subordinate clause to the word it modifies. Finally, write the subordinating conjunctions of adverb clauses on their dotted lines. Study this example. The first subordinate clause is an adjective clause modifying movie; the second is an adverb clause modifying the verb saw.

Example I rented the movie that you saw when it opened in theaters. I

rented

MAIN CLAUSE

movie

modified noun

th e

you

saw

that

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

co

w

nj

he

.

n

it

rel. pron.

modified verb

opened

ADVERB CLAUSE

verb

in

theaters

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. Make sure that you connect each subordinate clause to the correct word. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. I liked the actress who played the villain, though her part was small.

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Continued

2. The director, whose films are always popular, has again produced a movie that will attract crowds.

3. Because Dave loves mysteries, he probably saw this film earlier than I saw it.

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4. As you hear the score, you notice themes that are associated with various characters.

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41 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Noun clauses may be used wherever nouns are used, including as subjects, objects, and objects of prepositions. Some noun clauses are introduced by pronouns such as who, whom, and whatever. Others are introduced by adverbs such as how, where, and why. Unlike adjective and adverb clauses, a noun clause is an inseparable part of the main clause, and it is diagramed within the main clause. The position of a noun clause in the main clause diagram depends on its role in the sentence.

Used as Subjects To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the subject, first draw the diagram frame for the main clause. If you like, fill in other elements of the main clause. Then draw a stilt on the main clause baseline where the subject belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Use that baseline to diagram the noun clause as you would any other clause, with one added rule: Place the verb of the noun clause immediately above the stilt. (Note: Use of that as a special introductory word is discussed in Lesson 43.) Study this example.

Example What your team really needs is a strong quarterback. team

needs

What

NOUN CLAUSE

re ly

ur

al

yo

is

MAIN CLAUSE quarterback

str

a

g

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

on

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. Whoever scores the most runs wins the game.

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Continued

2. How football is played has changed over the years.

3. Who will compete in the playoffs will not be known for several weeks.

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4. Whatever the coach said to the players during halftime certainly inspired great play.

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42 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II Used as Direct Objects To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as direct object, first draw a diagram frame for the main clause and fill in the subject, the verb, and a vertical line to separate the verb from the object. Then draw a stilt on the main clause baseline where the object belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Use that baseline to diagram the noun clause, placing the verb of the noun clause immediately above the stilt. See the example. (Note: Use of that as a special introductory word is discussed in Lesson 43.)

Example A good trainer gives players whatever help they need. they

need

NOUN NOUN CLAUSE CLAUSE

help w ha

gives

te

MAIN CLAUSE

ve

trainer

r

go

A

od

players

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Speaking at the rally, Ms. Ames predicted how many medals her swimmers will win.

2. Both the swimmers and the other students hope she is right.

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43 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III Introduced by That The pronoun that may introduce a noun clause in which it takes a role. For example, that is the subject of the noun clause in this sentence, ”We know that is true.” However, the word that may also introduce a noun clause without being part of it, as in “We know that this fact is true.” The diagram for this second sentence must indicate the difference in its use of that. Therefore, when you diagram a complex sentence in which that only introduces a noun clause, write that on its own solid line above the verb of the noun clause, as shown here. Draw a vertical dotted line from that to the verb of the noun clause.

Example We know that this fact is true. that fact

is

“that” true

NOUN CLAUSE

th is

MAIN CLAUSE We

know

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. That the game lasted so long surprised both teams.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. The weather forecaster predicts that tomorrow will be sunny.

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44 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV Used as Objects of Prepositions To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the object of a preposition, first diagram the other elements of the main clause. Where the prepositional phrase involving the noun clause relates to the main clause, draw a long slant line for the preposition. Place a stilt on the horizontal line where the object of the preposition belongs, and draw a second baseline on top of the stilt. Finally, diagram the noun clause on the second baseline. Study this example.

Example Tickets are available for whichever night you prefer. Tickets

are

available fo

you

prefer

MAIN CLAUSE

night

NOUN CLAUSE

r w hi ch ev er

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Exchange papers with whoever is beside you.

2. Your seat assignment depends on when you arrive.

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Continued

3. The winner may keep the prize in whichever box he or she chooses.

4. Your grade will be affected by how well you do today.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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45 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V Used as Indirect Objects To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the indirect object, begin by diagraming the subject and verb of the main clause. Draw a bent line as for an indirect object, but make the slant part of the line long enough to allow space for the noun clause. Draw a stilt on the horizontal part of the line, and place a second baseline on top of the stilt. Diagram the noun clause on the second baseline. Study this example.

Example Tell whoever arrives late about the schedule change. (you)

Tell ou

arrives

ab

whoever

MAIN CLAUSE

t

change

NOUN CLAUSE

la sc

e

he

th

te

du le

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. The candidate gave whomever he met a campaign badge.

2. At every house, Anita asked whoever answered the door for a donation.

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46 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses VI Used as Predicate Nominatives To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as a predicate nominative, first diagram the subject and verb of the main clause, and draw a slant line after the verb to separate it from the predicate nominative. Place a stilt on the main clause baseline where the predicate nominative belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Diagram the noun clause on that baseline. Study this example. The subject of the sentence is an infinitive phrase. Note the differences between that phrase and a noun clause.

Example To play in the World Series is what every baseball player dreams of. dreams

ev

of

play

er

To

player

NOUN CLAUSE what

y

in

World Series

MAIN CLAUSE

th e

is

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. A good actress temporarily becomes whomever she is portraying onstage.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Westhaven Photo Mart is where I usually take my film.

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47 Compound-Complex Sentences I A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more main clauses and at least one subordinate clause. To diagram a compound-complex sentence, first identify each clause as a main clause, a noun clause, or an adjective or adverb clause. Then identify which main clause is completed or modified by each subordinate clause. Last, diagram each main clause and its related subordinate clause(s) in the order the main clauses take in the sentence. Be careful to connect all clauses correctly.

With a Noun Clause The simplest compound-complex sentence has three clauses, two main and one subordinate. The example below is of a compound-complex sentence having a noun clause within one of the main clauses. Study the example.

Example You can wear whatever you want, but come on time! you You

want

can wear but (you)

whatever

MAIN CLAUSE #1

come on

time

NOUN CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE #2

EXERCISE Diagram each compound-complex sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. I wonder who sent the flowers; they are lovely.

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Continued

2. What the archaeologists discovered was very unusual, and at first nobody could identify it.

3. The temperature is pleasant at the moment, but we expect that a warm front will arrive soon.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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48 Compound-Complex Sentences II With an Adjective or Adverb Clause The example below shows a compound-complex sentence with two main clauses and two subordinate clauses—both an adjective clause and an adverb clause. Study the example to see how the rules for diagraming both compound and complex sentences are followed in diagraming a compound-complex sentence.

Example After she searched for weeks, Gina got an afterschool job that pays well; now she can save for college. Gina

got

job af te

an

MAIN CLAUSE #1 pays

ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVECLAUSE CLAUSE

el

l

w

r

oo

te

ch

Af

rs

that

l

she

fo

can save

r

she

searched

r fo w

no

college

ADVERB ADVERBCLAUSE CLAUSE

weeks MAIN CLAUSE #2

EXERCISE Diagram each compound-complex sentence.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Have they decoded the message that the agent transmitted secretly, or do they need help?

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Continued

2. My boss left early because he felt ill, and now I must close the store by myself.

3. I would really like to score the winning goal, but I will be happy as long as we win!

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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PART I

Lesson 3 Compound Subjects and Predicates I

1.

Children

Phyllis 1.

may win

or

Lesson 1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I

you

play

Jason (you)

Stop

2. Eric

3.

Listen

Parrots

Coach Bush 3.

fly

Ms. Lu Laura 4.

2.

Kim

is concentrating

you

Have eaten

Carla

Neither nor

Lesson 2 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II 1.

officiated

and

4.

(you)

participated

Both and

2.

could come

Lesson 4 Compound Subjects and Predicates II

4.

1. Workers

We

lost

are protesting

stayed Professor White

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2.

Everyone

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talked Jackie Smith

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soared 3.

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8.

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everyone

dipped reading

Must recite 4.

Janine

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neither nor

6.

both and

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3.

helped

but

competed Mr. Robertson

writing

Sentence Diagraming

71

Lesson 5 Compound Subjects and Predicates III Men

le ak y

and

tle

groaned

tulips

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d

es

compete

are opening

re

Th

Lois

lit

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sank

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women

baby

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Lesson 7 Adjectives and Adverbs I

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Will

or

Matt

or

3.

you

watch

groups

4.

will appear

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trained

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Lesson 8 Adjectives and Adverbs II 1.

Keisha

paused br ie

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on

performed 2.

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rain

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follow

had been skating sa

and

Listen

roses or

4.

Are blooming

peonies

72

Sentence Diagraming

run

Lesson 9 Adjectives and Adverbs III

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and

can

horse

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grow

weeds

jump

bl ac

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answered he sit

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and

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played

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po

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Lesson 10 Adjectives and Adverbs IV

swung

batter

4.

t

l

Lesson 12 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I

nt ly

and

sta

We

in

1.

cheered

1.

members

va rio us

ss

ly

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may rent

bus a

trip

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students

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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

rose

y

Sentence Diagraming

73

dragged

Lesson 13 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II

y

(you)

r

explain

deposit a

e

lp

e

fu l

Captain Ellis

himself

gr ea

Gary but

and

t

guide

Ruby

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charged

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tour

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ve

fee a

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campground

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a

operators

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guide r

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Lesson 16 Subject Complements I

s

is

2.

Murder

3.

Mrs. Wing

was

tapes

are

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a

courtroom

ou

is

m

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Lesson 15 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV

site

1.

s

boarded and

e

Passengers

th

was

charge th

1.

aircraft

e

took

seats th ei r

juror al te

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au

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es

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74

evidence

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

tipped

ei

Ruby

th

ul

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ef

e

and

us

Th

Zoltan

thanked

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information

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introduced

a

5.

se

contacted

passengers

gave

hotels committee

welcomed

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and

th

agent

Lesson 14 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III

1.

advantages its

Did send

ur

l

tte

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idea me

yo

be

a

us

ca

class

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deal

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he

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company

suitcase

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customers

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2.

prices

and

charge

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airlines

hi

1.

Lesson 17 Subject Complements II 1.

trial

is

remarkable

Kim

2.

I

3.

Paul

4.

Ali

proved

wrong

Sam

th

nt

er

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appears

considered

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frightened

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defendant yo

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Th

g

involves

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dog

burglary

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case

calls

hi

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1.

ra

cu

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Th e

dyed

green

T-shirt he

decision

Is

r

4.

final

ro

e

ju

th

township disaster

r

a

testimony

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parents

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governor

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reporters

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grateful

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Carl

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er

Lesson 18 Subject Complements III

doctor a

Sentence Diagraming

75

Lesson 19, continued witty

Critics found

mayor

delightful

e

audiences 7.

and

play th

and

6.

declared

holiday

today

a

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consider

tio na l

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st

e

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th

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heroes

astronauts

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feats

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recall

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r

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PART II Lesson 20 Appositives and Appositive Phrases 1.

Washington

gave

heritage tre

a

m

us (admirers)

en

se co

ur

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

ambassador an

nation

us

s

3.

had been

do

hi

president ( John Adams) O

2.

nd

elected

statesman (Thomas Jefferson)

president

th e

ex

e

N

th

t

76

Sentence Diagraming

Lesson 20, continued John Adams were

Both and

4.

presidents

son (John Quincy Adams) hi s

president

5.

was

Abraham Lincoln (Republican) a

en

S.

e

te

U.

six

Th

th

Presidents’ Day (holiday)

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is celebrated an l

ly

na

al

tio

nu

na

a

Washington It

honors

presidents (

)

tw

and

7.

o

Lincoln

1.

children

planted

Lesson 22 Prepositional Phrases II

garden

1.

Mandy

at

park th

week

e

st

g

ge

rin

un

e

sunflowers

will volunteer Du

of

a

yo

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th

Visitors

enjoyed

sight of

e

pe

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es

garden

e

2.

to

flowers

2.

team

has been working r

on

er

en

fo

H

ly

ta

al

e

ld go ll

ci

th

w

e

ne

Sentence Diagraming

month a

trails th

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Lesson 21 Prepositional Phrases I

77

Lesson 23 Prepositional Phrases III 1.

aquarium

Lesson 24 Participles and Participial Phrases I

is being constructed

1.

she

r

source th

of

ar

u sing

fo

ne

An

Pa

searched

e

mouth

noise e

e

nn

a

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of

th

river

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ng

th e

2.

chain th e

br

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at

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s

fo

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location

pe

can repair Pe

perfect

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ex

site

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2.

jeweler

e

of

th

attraction to

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ur ist

3.

Everyone

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happy w ith

on

committee

plans

th th

e

e

design

4.

came m

e

fro

of

Th

building

architect

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a

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number of

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6.

Students

can get

proposals

passes e

m

aquarium th

school

to

fre

fro

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

5.

e

in

an y

state th e

78

Sentence Diagraming

Lesson 25 Participles and Participial Phrases II aircraft

1.

rose to

c

st

e

people

air

November of

ng

th

r yi

in

in

fir

Th

ar

e

2.

aircraft

was

1783

basket a

Th at

lif

te d by

balloon a

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balloon

was filled ith

e

tr u

w

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air ho t

by

brothers

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e

M

th

tg ol fie r

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i

ga

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so

Th

engine nv

led

lin

development e

1800s

of

th

in

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aircraft m od

te

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la

th

er n

5.

brothers

breakthrough a

rig W

experiments

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n ning

made th

Ru

ht

in

shop bi cy cl

o

r

hi

ei

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th

e

6.

produced

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flight

ar d

a

th

gh

rw

r

fo

ou

propellor

speed en

e

engine ri v ing aircraft d

of

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to

e nted

ei r

Sentence Diagraming

79

havin g

Lesson 26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I

r

Du

ou

t

d

g

od

ir e

rin

go

a

playoffs

time

th e

takes

1.

appreciated

e

players

fre

3.

referee

a

Becom ing

day

Lesson 28 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III

Gaini ng

expertise

servin

as

th e

y

o

kl

to

is

r Ta

easy

s a’

is

2.

mistake

volleyball ic

a

1.

g qu

referee

no t

Follow in

g

holdin g

re gi

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on al

e

to

Th

requires

3.

will permit

th

addition

re

2.

meet

he

f

action as t - p a c ed

gym

energy

th e

winni ng

Lesson 27 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II

cl os e

es

seconds

t fin al

e

e

th

th

G oo d

2.

referee

noticed so

shovin g

e

m

Th

and

pushi n g

e

80

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

gg

ball

is bi

y

ith

avoid

M

w

1.

players

thrill

in

3.

game a

runnin g

Lesson 29 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV 1.

speaker

kept

attention au

th

videos

ce

by

en

e

di

e

Th

showi ng

’s

of

work hi s

report

2.

was

remarkable

H of

is

witnes s

ing

cheetah

r

a

un

ning at

speed to p

3.

audience

learned

e

ou

Th

ab

choos ing

t

times r

od

fo

go

photo gr

aphing animals di ffe re

is

responsibility of

th

of

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Th

e

he r

su rv

to

iv

cubs

ot

skills

cheetah m

s t r a ti n g

th

demo n

al

Learn i n

g

skills th es e

5.

increases

chances cu ’

of

e

bs

th

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

nt

job

4.

growi ng to

Sentence Diagraming

adulthood

81

Lesson 30 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I

to

no t

treaty

peace

a

ld

I's

negotiate

to

ar W

to

lead

ld

gathered

enough

were

or W

leaders or W

1.

horrors

4.

session

produced

will e

to

th

unite

ly

e

on

al

so

to

Th

terms

debate

World War II

5.

begins

fin

2.

e

of

th

treaty th e

3.

leaders

Will fail to

th

agreement

e

reach

an

Lesson 31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II to

1.

brother

history

study

likes

M y To

hear

report s

th

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

on

hi

First Continental Congress e

takes

2.

minutes te n to

protest

treatment of

G

colonies

re at

was

th

an

’s

ic

e

in

er

ita

e

Br

of

Th

representatives

Am

goal

3.

th e

To

declare

independence fro m

4.

was

goal of

th

ap

e

pa

Second Continental Congress

ly

e

nt

th

re

82

England

Sentence Diagraming

PART III

Lesson 32 Absolute Phrases 1.

residents

Lesson 33 Compound Sentences I h

Th

av

e

i n g been evacuated

1.

enjoys

football

Mae

prefers

basketball

sa

Lou

fe ly

firefighters

battled

blaze th e

All

2.

m y

e

h

th

i n g been extinguished prices

co m et

outrageous

t

y

ke

el

left

were

tic

pl

People

e

friends

fire

av

concert th

of

2.

boycotted

scene th

Lesson 34 Compound Sentences II

e

Enid structure

1.

t

ei r

fo rd

ng

scarce

ab

has grown

population

2.

ce

e

Re

of

th

le

Kirkland

nt

and

ly

searched fo

in

r

problems

have grown so

c

w

ot

ffi

r

ne

a

an

tra

al

home

ou

town

r

ou

he r et

light c

e

ffi

er

e

tra

a

th

y

th

el

bought

er

pl

We

p

m

should install

sto

co

city

or

signs rg

d

r

e

may need

la

at

ol

ou

on

intersection Th

5.

3.

possessions g

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

ay

no

th

b

Af

family

rd

c

e

ei

serious

were

injuries

apartments

ste

ffi

r

th

4.

tra

a

de

r

was condemned

accident

but

ol

he

building

ye

sister

a ged

were in

Its

d

am

and

3.

furniture ne w

Sentence Diagraming

83

piece or

will have

license dr

orchestra

iv er

r

on

he

so

and

t

Enid

wrote

He

a

4.

3.

sh

Lesson 34, continued

that

will play

’s ty

e

ne xt

driver

her

its

will make

in

ci

th

experience

program

ut

ly

us

ab

io

r

ob

ca

a

pr

he

began composing

Mozart

4.

as

child yo un g

ho se

tly

city

paralyzed

w

ea

y

gr

m

Lesson 35 Compound Sentences III

work

admires

a

friend

th e

blizzard In

a

and

1.

January

closed

but

uneventful

has been

year

schools

Lesson 37 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II 1.

is coming

week

fa st

ol

e

ho

is

Th

sc

th

study

we

architecture

take

exam en tra e

or

nc

n

may

e

he

Dave

th

w

2.

become

contractor a

likes

buildings

2.

library

is

place ly

e

e

I

on

th

Th

can study w

Lesson 36 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

he

he re

is

friend

1.

talented ve

of

A

ry

mine who

attends

academy m

a

us ic

2.

Gregor

composes

music r

te

fo

of n

he

84

likes

poems that

Sentence Diagraming

Lesson 38 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses III 1.

Richard

has studied

ants

sin ce

he

was in

kindergarten read

he

it

and

2.

W

memorized

he ne ve r

he

found

anything

w

r itte n ab ou t

ants

friends H

have searched

is

us e

an

m

t

fa ily

they

knew of

fascination

is

ith

s

Richard

w

hi

4.

ants

determined to

Al th

expert

become

he

knows

on

gh

an

ou

ants

deal

ad

t ou ab t ea

re

gr

a

al y

topic th e

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

ca

material

be

r

en

members

fo

ev

and

3.

Sentence Diagraming

85

movie a

ai n

that

picture

films

al w

did 3.

s

se

ay

ho

r

an

tie

th

et

w

pr

a

I

saw

he

film th is

er

e

w

mysteries

loves

fu

an

lly

e

th

or

er

m

e

Dave

I

saw

it

could have imagined

r

rly

he

ea

4.

notice

you

themes

As

rarer

that hear

score

characters rio

t

e

va

th

an

en

ou

us

ou

you

ith

you

th

ev

ab

city

are associated w

are

Books

3.

rli

ly

an

ab

us

po

Th

supporters

th

ob

ca

ruled

ea

pr Be

queen

2.

hit

will be

popular

are

a

painted

e

You

has produced

director Th

1.

2.

ag

Lesson 39 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses IV

might suppose

r

has broadcast

station

4.

Lesson 41 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I

music cl

scores

runs m

e

t

has

os

th

station he

y

in

ot

an

r

wins

1.

United States

game th e

th e

football

I

liked

actress

2.

e

gh

villain

years

th th

e

e

small

played

er

ou

was

who

has changed ov

th

th

part

ow

1.

is played H

Lesson 40 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses V

he r

86

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

an

al

th

er

sic

is

ng

as

lo

Th

Whoever

Lesson 41, continued

Lesson 43 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III

will compete

Who

in

lasted

game

th e

will be known

ng

r

t

fo

no

so

e

lo

th

3.

That

playoffs

weeks se

surprised

ve

1.

teams

l

bo

ra

th

said

coach

Whatever

that

du rin

e

to

th

players

g

th

halftime

e

inspired

4.

play gr

forecaster

predicts

ea

e

er

ly

th

in

t

Th

ea

r ta

Lesson 44 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV

will win

swimmers

medals

1.

Exchange

(you)

papers

m

r

w

y

is

w

ith

ho

an

he

whoever

be sid

predicted

you

e

Ms. Ames p e a ng ki

S

at

rally

2.

assignment

depends

se

r

on

at

e

u Yo

th

arrive

you

w

right

n

is

he

she swimmers th e

hope

3.

winner

may keep

e

or

in

chooses

box hi

r

ch

e

he

w

ot

she

th

e

students

prize

he

Th

Both and

2.

th

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

sunny

w

ce

2.

Lesson 42 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II

1.

will be

tomorrow

ev er

4.

grade

will be affected

u Yo r

you

do l

y

ho

da

el

to

w

by

w

Sentence Diagraming

87

Lesson 45 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V 1.

badge

gave

candidate

ca

a

whomever

pa

e

m

Th

met

he

ig n

2.

Anita

asked fo

answered

whoever

r

At

house

door

donation a

y

e

er

th

ev

Lesson 46 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses VI she

whomever

is portraying on sta

actress

ge

1.

becomes te po

od

m

go

A

ra ril y

I

film

take

m y

lly

re

is

ua

he

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

88

Westhaven Photo Mart

us

w

2.

Sentence Diagraming

Lesson 47 Compound-Complex Sentences I flowers

sent

who

Lesson 48 Compound-Complex Sentences II they

1.

Have decoded

message

they

are

or

agent

transmitted

What

boss

th

2.

us e

ry

could identify at

it

store e

myself

pleasant

to

at

Th e

moment

i n ning

ly

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Sentence Diagraming

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89