Schaum's Outline of Applied Physics

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SCHAUM'S OUTLINE SERIES

Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Applied Physics Third Edition Arthur Beiser, Ph.D.

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Disclaimer: Information has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies from sources believed to be reliable. However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, The McGraw-Hill Companies or others, The McGraw-Hill Companies does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from use of such information. ARTHUR BEISER received his Ph.D. from New York University, where he subsequently served as Assistant and Associate Professor of Physics. He has been a consultant to various industrial firms and government agencies and is the author of more than a dozen textbooks of physics and mathematics. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of APPLIED PHYSICS Copyright © 1995, 1988, 1976 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PRS PRS 9 9 ISBN 0-07-005201-8 Sponsoring Editor, Arthur Biderman Production Supervisor, Leroy A. Young Editing Supervisor, Patty Andrews Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beiser, Arthur. Schaum's outline of theory and problems of applied physics / Arthur Beiser. — 3rd ed. p. cm. — (Schaum's outline series) Includes index. ISBN 0–07–005201–8 1. Physics. I. Title. II. Title: Theory and problems of applied physics. QC21.2.B45 1994 530'.076—dc20 94–24928 CIP

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Preface This book is intended to provide students of applied physics with help in mastering those physical principles that underlie modern technology. A wide spectrum of topics is covered, so that the reader may select those which correspond to his or her particular needs. SI (metric) units are mainly employed, although a few problems are worked out with British units to illustrate their use. Each section of a chapter begins with an outline of its subject. The solved problems that follow are of two kinds: those that show how numerical answers are found to typical questions, and those that review important facts and ideas. A new feature of this third edition is a collection of multiple choice exercises. These exercises serve as a gauge of the reader's grasp of the chapter contents. The supplementary problems then give the reader a chance to practice what has been learned. I wish to thank my McGraw-Hill editor, Arthur Biderman, for the many improvements which he suggested. ARTHUR BEISER Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1995[/DP]End of Citation

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Contents Chapter 1 Useful Math

1

Algebra

1

Equations

2

Exponents

4

Powers of 10

5

Units

9

Significant Figures Chapter 2 Vectors

10 17

Scalar and Vector Quantities

17

Vector Addition: Graphical Method

17

Trigonometry

19

Pythagorean Theorem

20

Vector Addition: Trigonometric Method

22

Resolving a Vector

23

Vector Addition: Component Method

25

Chapter 3 Motion in a Straight Line

32

Velocity

32

Acceleration

34

Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration

35

Chapter 4 Motion in a Vertical Plane

40

Acceleration of Gravity

40

Falling Bodies

40

Projectile Motion

42

Chapter 5 Laws of Motion

50

First Law of Motion

50

Mass

50

Second Law of Motion

50

Weight

52

British System of Units

53

Free-Body Diagrams and Tension

55

Third Law of Motion

58

Apparent Weight

60

Two and Three Dimensions

61

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Chapter 6 Friction

68

Static and Kinetic Friction

68

Coefficient of Friction

68

Rolling Friction

69

Chapter 7 Energy

75

Work

75

Power

77

Efficiency

77

Kinetic Energy

79

Potential Energy

80

Rest Energy

82

Conservation of Energy

82

Chapter 8 Momentum

89

Linear Momentum

89

Impulse

89

Conservation of Linear Momentum

91

Collisions

93

Coefficient of Restitution

95

Chapter 9 Circular Motion and Gravitation

102

Centripetal Acceleration

102

Centripetal Force

102

Motion in a Vertical Circle

105

Gravitation

106

Satellite Motion

108

Chapter 10 Rotational Motion

113

Angular Measure

113

Angular Velocity

113

Angular Acceleration

115

Moment of Inertia

116

Torque

117

Rotational Energy and Work

119

Angular Momentum

122

Chapter 11 Equilibrium

129

Translational Equilibrium

129

Rotational Equilibrium

134

Center of Gravity

135

Finding a Center of Gravity

141

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Chapter 12 Simple Machines

147

Machines

147

Mechanical Advantage

147

Efficiency

147

Compound Machines

148

The Lever

151

The Inclined Plane

152

Torque Transmission

154

Chapter 13 Elasticity

159

Stress and Strain

159

Elasticity

159

Young's Modulus

160

Shear Modulus

162

Bulk Modulus

164

Chapter 14 Simple Harmonic Motion

168

Restoring Force

168

Elastic Potential Energy

168

Simple Harmonic Motion

169

Period and Frequency

169

Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

171

Pendulums

173

Chapter 15 Waves and Sound

180

Waves

180

Wave Properties

181

Logarithms

183

Sound

184

Doppler Effect

186

Chapter 16 Fluids at Rest

191

Density

191

Specific Gravity

191

Pressure

192

Gauge Pressure

192

Pressure in a Fluid

194

Archimedes' Principle

194

Hydraulic Press

196

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Chapter 17 Fluids in Motion

202

Fluid Flow

202

Bernoulli's Equation

204

Torricelli's Theorem

205

Pressure and Velocity

206

Viscosity

208

Reynolds Number

209

Chapter 18 Heat

214

Internal Energy

214

Temperature

214

Temperature Scales

214

Heat

215

Specific Heat Capacity

215

Change of State

217

Pressure and Boiling Point

218

Chapter 19 Expansion of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

225

Linear Expansion

225

Volume Expansion

225

Boyle's Law

227

Absolute Temperature Scales

228

Charles's Law

228

Ideal Gas Law

228

Chapter 20 Kinetic Theory of Matter

234

Kinetic Theory of Gases

234

Molecular Energy

234

Solids and Liquids

234

Relative Humidity

236

Atoms and Molecules

237

The Mole

237

Molar Volume

239

Universal Gas Constant

239

Chapter 21 Thermodynamics

246

First Law of Thermodynamics

246

Work Done By and On a Gas

247

Second Law of Thermodynamics

250

Carnot Engine

250

Refrigeration

252

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Chapter 22 Heat Transfer

259

Conduction

259

Thermal Resistance

260

Convection

261

Radiation

262

Chapter 23 Electricity

267

Electric Charge

267

Atoms and Ions

267

Coulomb's Law

267

Electric Field

270

Electric Field Lines

271

Potential Difference

272

Chapter 24 Electric Current

278

Electric Current

278

Ohm's Law

279

Resistivity

280

Circular Mil

281

Electric Power

282

Chapter 25 Direct-Current Circuits

289

Resistors in Series

289

Resistors in Parallel

290

EMF and Internal Resistance

295

Batteries

295

Impedance Matching

297

Kirchhoff's Rules

298

Chapter 26 Capacitance

309

Capacitance

309

Parallel-Plate Capacitor

309

Capacitors in Combination

311

Energy of a Charged Capacitor

313

Charging a Capacitor

314

Discharging a Capacitor

315

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Chapter 27 Magnetism

320

Nature of Magnetism

320

Magnetic Field

320

Magnetic Field of a Straight Current

320

Magnetic Field of a Current Loop

321

Earth's Magnetic Field

321

Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge

324

Magnetic Force on a Current

324

Force Between Two Currents

324

Ferromagnetism

327

Magnetic Intensity

327

Chapter 28 Electromagnetic Induction

336

Electromagnetic Induction

336

Faraday's Law

336

Lenz's Law

337

The Transformer

338

Self-Inductance

340

Inductors in Combination

340

Energy of a Current-Carrying Inductor

341

Time Constant

342

Chapter 29 Alternating-Current Circuits

350

Alternating Current

350

Effective Values

350

Reactance

351

Phase Angle

352

Impedance

355

Resonance

359

Power Factor

360

Parallel AC Circuits

363

Resonance in Parallel Circuits

364

Impedance Matching

366

Chapter 30 Light

373

Electromagnetic Waves

373

Luminous Intensity and Flux

374

Illumination

375

Reflection of Light

378

Refraction of Light

379

Total Internal Reflection

382

Apparent Depth

383

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Chapter 31 Spherical Mirrors

388

Focal Length

388

Ray Tracing

388

Mirror Equation

390

Magnification

391

Chapter 32 Lenses

398

Focal Length

398

Ray Tracing

400

Lens Equation

401

Magnification

401

Lens Systems

405

Chapter 33 Physical and Quantum Optics

411

Interference

411

Diffraction

412

Polarization

412

Quantum Theory of Light

414

X-Rays

414

Electronvolt

415

Chapter 34 Atomic Physics

420

Matter Waves

420

Uncertainty Principle

420

Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom

421

Energy Levels

422

Atomic Spectra

423

The Laser

423

Quantum Theory of the Atom

425

Atomic Orbitals

426

Atomic Structure

426

Chapter 35 The Solid State

433

Chemical Bonds

433

Crystals

433

Energy Bands

435

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Chapter 36 Nuclear Physics

444

Nuclear Structure

444

Fundamental Forces

444

Binding Energy

445

Nuclear Reactions

446

Fission and Fusion

446

Radioactivity

448

Half-Life

449

Appendix A Physical Constants and Quantities

455

Appendix B Conversion Factors

456

Appendix C Natural Trigonometric Functions

458

Index

459

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Index A Aberration, spherical, 389 Absolute pressure, 192 Absolute temperature scale, 228 Absolute zero, 228, 234 Absorption line spectrum, 423 Acceleration, 34 angular, 115 centripetal, 102 distance, velocity, and, 35 and force, 50 of gravity, 40 Action and reaction forces, 59 Activity, 450 Adiabatic process, 247 Addition, vector, 22, 25 Algebra, 1 Allowed energy band, 435 Alpha decay, 448 Alternating current, 338, 350 Alternating current circuits, 350 parallel, 363 Amorphous solid, 435 Ampere, 278 Amplitude, 169, 182 intensity and, 182 Angle of repose, 70

Angle of shear, 162 Angle, solid, 374 Angular acceleration, 115 Angular frequency, 172 of alternating emf, 350 Angular magnification, 406 Angular measure, 113 Angular momentum, 122 Angular velocity, 113 Antilogarithm, 184 Apparent depth, 383 Apparent power, 360 Apparent weight, 60 Archimedes' principle, 194 Atmosphere, 192 Atomic mass unit, 237 Atomic number, 444 Atomic orbital, 426 Atomic spectra, 423 Atomic structure, 267 Atom, 237 Bohr model of, 421 quantum theory of, 425 Attenuation, 186 Avogadro's number, 237 Axis, optical, 388 B Bands, energy, 435 Banked curve, 104 Bar, 192

Batteries, series and parallel, 295 Battery capacity, 284 Belt and gear drives, 154 Bernoulli's equation, 204 Beta decay, 448 Binding energy, 445 Blackbody, 262 Bohr model of hydrogen atom, 421 Boiling point, 218 Boltzmann's constant, 234 Bonds, chemical, 433 Boyle's law, 227 British thermal unit (Btu), 215 British units of mass and weight, 53 Bulk modulus, 164 Buoyant force, 194 C Calorie, 215 Candela, 374 Candlepower, 374 Cantilever, 136 Capacitance, 309 equivalent, 311 Capacitive reactance, 351 Capacitor, 309 charging of, 314 energy of, 313 Carnot engine, 250 Celsius temperature scale, 214 Center of gravity, 135, 141

Centripetal acceleration, 102 Centripetal force, 102 Chain hoist, 150 Chain reaction, 446 Change of state, 217 Charge: electric, 267 magnetic force on moving, 324 Charles's law, 228 Chemical bonds, 433 Circuits: alternating current, 350 direct current, 289 Circular mil, 281 Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1995[/DP]End of Citation

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Circular motion, 102 Coefficient of friction, 68 Coefficient of linear expansion, 225 Coefficient of performance, 252 Coefficient of restitution, 95 Coefficient of volume expansion, 225 Coercive force, 329 Coherent light, 412 Collisions, 93 Components of a vector, 24 Compound machine, 148 Compound, chemical, 237 Compressibility, 164 Compression, 159 Concave mirror, 388 Concurrent forces, 134 Conduction: of electricity, 278 of heat, 259 in insulator, 436, 437 in metal, 434, 435 in semiconductor, 436 Conductor, electric, 278 Conservation of angular momentum, 122 Conservation of charge, 267 Conservation of energy, 82 Conservation of linear momentum, 91 Constant velocity, 32 Constants, table of physical, 455 Constructive interference, 411

Convection, 261 Conversion factor tables, 456 Convex mirror, 388 Cosine, 20 Coulomb, 267 Coulomb's law, 267 Covalent bonds, 433 Critical angle, 382 Cross-multiplication, 2 Crystals, 433 Curie, 450 Current: electric, 278 alternating, 338 direct, 289 effective, 350 magnetic field of loop, 321 magnetic field of straight, 320 magnetic force on, 324 tank, 364 D de Broglie waves, 420 Decay, radioactive, 448 Decibel, 184 Demagnetization, 330 Density, 191 probability, 426 relative, 191 Depth, apparent, 383 Destructive interference, 411

Dew point, 237 Diamagnetism, 327 Dielectric constant, 309 Differential pulley, 150 Diffraction, 412 X-ray, 435 Diffraction grating, 413 Diode, semiconductor, 438 Direct-current circuits, 289 Distance, velocity and acceleration, 35 Domains, magnetic, 327 Doppler effect, 186 Dynamical similarity, 209 E Earth's magnetic field, 321 Effective current and emf, 350 Efficiency, 77 of engine, 250 luminous, 375 of machine, 147 Elastic collision, 93 Elastic limit, 159 Elastic potential energy, 168 Elasticity, 159 modulus of, 159 Electric charge, 267 Electric circuits, 278 alternating-current, 350 direct-current, 289 Electric current, 278

Electric field, 270 Electric force, 267, 271, 320 Electric power, 282 Electromagnet, 327 Electromagnetic induction, 336 Electromagnetic interaction, 320, 444 Electromagnetic waves, 180, 262, 373 Electromotive force (emf), 295 effective, 350 self-induced, 340 Electron, 267 positive, 447, 448 Electron capture, 448 Electron microscope, 420 Electron shell, 426 Electron spin, 425 Electronvolt, 415 Elements, 237 Emission line spectra, 423 Emissivity, 262 Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1995[/DP]End of Citation

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Energy, 79 binding, 445 of a charged capacitor, 313 conservation of, 82 of a current-carrying inductor, 341 elastic potential, 168 internal, 214 ionization, 422 kinetic, 79 molecular, 234 potential, 80 rotational, 119 rest, 82 Energy bands, 435 Energy levels, atomic, 422 Engine: Carnot, 250 efficiency of, 250 heat, 246 power output of, 249 Equations, 2 Equilibrium, 129, 134 Equivalent capacitance, 311 Equivalent resistance, 289, 290 Evaporation, 235 Excited atoms, 422 Exclusion principle, 426 Expansion, thermal, 225 Exponent, 4 Exponential, 315

F Fahrenheit temperature scale, 214 Falling bodies, 40 Farad, 309 Faraday's law, 336 Ferromagnetism, 327 Field: electric, 270 magnetic, 320 Field lines, 271, 321, 336 Fission, nuclear, 446 Flow, fluid, 202 Fluids: in motion, 202 at rest, 191 Flux: luminous, 374 magnetic, 336 Focal length: of lenses, 398 of spherical mirrors, 388 Footcandle, 375 Foot-pound, 75 Forbidden bands, 435 Force, 50 and acceleration, 50 buoyant, 194 centripetal, 102 electric, 267, 271, 320 electromotive, 295, 340

fundamental, 440 gravitational, 106 magnetic, 320, 324 moment of, 117 net, 50 reaction, 59 restoring, 168 between two currents, 324 Force constant, 168 Forces, concurrent and nonconcurrent, 134 Free-body diagram, 55, 129 Frequency, 170, 181 angular, 172, 350 of alternating current, 350 period and, 170 resonance, 359, 364 wavelength and, 181 Friction, 68 Fundamental forces, 444 Fusion: heat of, 218, 234 nuclear, 446 G Gain, power, 185 Gamma decay, 448 Gas, ideal, 228 Gas, work done by and on, 247 Gas constant, universal, 239 Gases, kinetic theory of, 234 Gauge pressure, 192

Gauss, 320 Gear drive, 154 Geomagnetic poles, 321 Geometrical optics, 411 Geostationary orbit, 108 Gravitation, 106 Gravitational potential energy, 81 Gravity: acceleration of, 40 center of, 135, 141 specific, 191 Ground state of atom, 422 Gyration, radius of, 118 H Half-life, radioactive, 449 Harmonic motion, 169 Head, in fluid flow, 205 Heat, 214, 215 Heat capacity, 215 Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1995[/DP]End of Citation

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Heat engine, 246 Heat of fusion, 218, 234 Heat transfer, 259 Heat of vaporization, 218, 234 Henry, 340 Hertz, 170 Hooke's law, 159 Horsepower, 77 Humidity, 236 Hydraulic press, 196 Hydrogen atom, Bohr model of, 421 Hypotenuse of a right triangle, 19 Hysteresis, 328, 330 I Ideal gas law, 228, 239 Illumination, 375 Images, real and virtual, 390 Impedance, 356 Impedance matching, 297, 366 Impulse, 89 Inclined plane, 152 Index of refraction, 379 Inductance, 340 Induction, electromagnetic, 336 Inductive reactance, 351 Inductor, energy of a current-carrying, 341 Inductors, in combination, 340 Inelastic collision, 93 Inertia, 50 moment of, 116

Insulator, electric, 278 Intensity: luminous, 374 magnetic, 328 sound, 184 Intensity and amplitude, 182 Interactions, fundamental, 444 Interference, 411 Internal energy, 214 Internal reflection, total, 382 Internal resistance, 295 Ionic bonds, 433 Ionization energy, 422 Ions, 267 Isobaric process, 247 Isothermal process, 247 Isotopes, 444 J Joule, 75 Junctions, 298 K Kelvin, 228 Kilocalorie, 215 Kilogram, 50 Kilowatt-hour, 283 Kinetic energy, 79, 119 Kinetic friction, 68 Kinetic theory of gases, 234 Kirchhoff's rules, 298 L

Laser, 423 LED (see Light-emitting diode) Lens equation, 401 Lens system, 405 Lenses, 398 Lensmaker's equation, 398 Lenz's law, 337 Lever, 151 Light, 373 coherent, 412 diffraction of, 412 interference of, 411 quantum theory of, 414 reflection of, 378 refraction of, 379 velocity of, 373 Light-emitting diode (LED), 439 Line spectra, 423 Linear expansion, 225 Linear momentum, 89 Liquids: expansion of, 225 structure of, 234 Logarithm, 183 Longitudinal wave, 180 Loops: in electric circuit, 298 magnetic field of a current, 321 Lumen, 374 Luminous efficiency, 375

Luminous flux, 374 Luminous intensity, 374 Lux, 375 M Machines, 147 hydraulic press, 196 Magnet, permanent, 327 Magnetic field, 320 of a current loop, 321 of the earth, 321 of a straight current, 320 Magnetic flux, 336 Magnetic forces, 320 on a current, 324 on a moving charge, 324 Magnetic intensity, 327 Magnetic poles, 328 Magnetism, 320 Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1995[/DP]End of Citation

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Magnetization curve, 329 Magnetizing field, 328 Magnetizing force, 328 Magnification: angular, 406 of lens, 401 of lens systems, 405 of spherical mirror, 391 Magnifying glass, 405 Mass, 50 of atom, 237 and weight, 52, 54 Matter waves, 420 Mechanical advantage, 147 Meniscus lens, 398 Metal, conduction in, 435 Metallic bonds, 433 Metastable state, 423 Microscope, 406 electron, 420 Mil, 281 Millibar, 192 Mirror equation, 390 Mirrors, spherical, 388 Modulus, bulk, 164 Modulus of elasticity, 159 Modulus of rigidity, 162 Modulus, Young's, 160 Molar volume, 239 Mole, 237

Molecular energy, 234 Molecule, 237, 433 Moment arm of a force, 117 Moment of a force, 117 Moment of inertia, 116 Momentum, 89 angular, 122 conservation of, 91, 122 Motion: circular, 102 of fluids, 202 harmonic, 169 laws of, 50, 58 periodic, 169 projectile, 42 rotational, 113 straight line, 32 vertical plane, 40 N Net force, 50 Neutron, 444 Newton (unit of force), 50 Newton's law of gravitation, 106 Newton's laws of motion, 50, 58 Nonconcurrent forces, 134 Nuclear fission, 446 Nuclear fusion, 446 Nuclear reactions, 446 Nucleon, 444 Nucleus, 267, 444

O Objects, real and virtual, 390 Ohm, 279 Ohm's law, 279 Optics: geometrical, 411 of lenses, 398 of mirrors, 388 physical, 411 Orbit, satellite, 108, 426 Orbital, atomic, 426 P Parallel ac circuits, 363 Parallel: capacitors in, 311 inductors in, 340 resistors in, 290 Parallel-plate capacitor, 309 Paramagnetism, 328 Pascal, 192 Pendulums, 173 Period, frequency and, 169, 181 Periodic motion, 169 Periodic wave, 180 Permanent magnet, 327 Permeability, 320 Permittivity of free space, 268 Phase angle, 352 Phasor, 352 Photoelectric effect, 415

Photon, 414 Physical constants and quantities table, 455 Physical optics, 411 Physical pendulum, 174 Planck's constant, 414 Plane, inclined, 152 Planoconvex lens, 398 Plasma, 278 Poise, 208 Poiseuille's law, 208 Polarization, 412 Positron, 447, 448 Potential difference, 272 Potential energy, 80 elastic, 168 Pound, 53 Power, 77 in ac circuits, 360 electric, 282 Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1995[/DP]End of Citation

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of engine, 249 in rotational motion, 120 Power factor, 360 Power gain, 185 Powers of ten, 5 prefixes for, 9 Pressure, 164, 192 absolute, 192 boiling point and, 218 in a fluid, 194 gauge, 192 and velocity, 206 Probability density, 426 Projectile motion, 42 Proton, 267, 444 Pulley system, 148, 154 Pythagorean theorem, 20 Q Quanta, 414 Quantities, table of physical, 455 Quantum numbers, 422, 425 Quantum theory of atom, 425 R Radian, 113 Radiation, 262 Radioactive decay, 448 Radiocarbon, 449 Radius of gyration, 118 Rankine scale, 228

Ray tracing: for lenses, 400 for spherical mirrors, 388 Reactance, 351 Reaction, chain, 446 nuclear, 446 Reaction force, 59 Real image, 390 Real object, 390 Reflection of light, 378 total internal, 382 Refraction of light, 379 Refrigerator, 252 Relative density, 191 Relative humidity, 236 Resistance: electrical, 280 equivalent, 289, 290 internal, 295 thermal, 260 Resistance thermometer, 281 Resistivity, 280 Resistors in parallel, 290 Resistors in series, 289 Resolving power, 412 Resolving a vector, 23 Resonance, 359, 364 Resonance frequency, 359, 364 Rest energy, 82 Restitution, coefficient of, 95 Restoring force, 168

Resultant of vectors, 22 Retentivity, 329 Reynolds number, 209 Right triangle, 19 Rocket thrust, 90 Rolling friction, 69 Root of a quantity, 4 Rotational energy, 119 Rotational equilibrium, 134 Rotational motion, 113 S Satellite motion, 108 Saturated air, 236 Saturation, magnetic, 329 Scalar quantities, 17 Screw, 152 Self-inductance, 340 Semiconductor, 278, 436, 437 Semiconductor diode, 438 Series: capacitors in, 311 inductors in, 340 resistors in, 289 Shear, 159 Shear modulus, 162 Shells, electron, 426 Significant figures, 10 Sine, 20 Sliding friction, 68 Slug, 53

Snell's law, 380 Solenoid, 321 inductance of, 336 Solid angle, 374 Solids: amorphous, 435 expansion of, 225 structure of, 433 Solving equations, 2 Sound waves, 184 Specific gravity, 191 Specific heat capacity, 215 Spectra, atomic, 423 Spectrum, 380 Spherical aberration, 389 Spherical mirrors, 388 Spin, electron, 425 Square root, 4 Standard temperature and pressure (STP), 239 Starting friction, 68 State, change of, 217 Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1995[/DP]End of Citation

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Static friction, 68 Stefan-Boltzmann law, 262 Steradian, 374 STP, 239 Strain, 159 Streamline flow, 202 Strength, ultimate, 159 Stress, 159 Strong interaction, 444 T Tangent, 20 Tank current, 364 Telescope, 392, 406 Temperature, 214 absolute, 228 coefficient of resistance, 280 Temperature scales, 214, 228 Ten, powers of, 5 Tension, 55, 159 Terminal velocity, 40 Tesla, 320 Thermal conductivity, 259 Thermal expansion, 225 Thermal resistance, 260 Thermodynamics, 246 Thermograph, 263 Thermometer, 214 resistance, 281 Thrust of rocket, 90 Time constant:

of capacitive circuit, 314 of inductive circuit, 342 Ton, refrigeration, 254 Torque, 117 equilibrium and, 134 rotational motion and, 118 transmission, 154 Torr, 192 Torricelli's theorem, 205 Torsion pendulum, 174 Total internal reflection, 382 Transformer, 338, 366 Transistor, 439 Translational equilibrium, 129 Transverse wave, 180 Triangle, right, 19 Trigonometry, 19 table of natural trigonometric functions, 458 Turbulent flow, 202 U Ultimate strength, 159 Uncertainty principle, 420 Uniform circular motion, 102 Units, 9 Universal gas constant, 239 V van der Waals forces, 434 Vaporization, heat of, 218, 234 Vector addition, 22, 25 Vector components, 24

Vector quantity, 17 Vector resolution, 23 Vectors, 17 Velocity, 32 angular, 113 distance, acceleration and, 34, 35 of light, 373 pressure and, 206 terminal, 40 wave, 181 Virtual image, 390 Virtual object, 390 Viscosity, 208 Volt, 272 electron, 415 Voltamperes, 360 Volume: expansion of, 225 molar, 239 W Water vapor density, 236 Water waves, 180 Watt, 77 Wave function, 420 Wave velocity, 181 Wavelength, 181 Waves, 180 de Broglie, 420 electromagnetic, 180, 262, 373 longitudinal and transverse, 180

matter, 420 periodic, 180 sound, 184 water, 180 Weak interaction, 444 Weber, 337 Weight, 52, 54 apparent, 60 Weight density, 191 Weightlessness, 60 Wheatstone bridge, 294 Wheel and axle, 152 Work, 75 rotational energy and, 119 X X-ray diffraction, 435 X-rays, 414 Y Young's modulus, 160 Z Zeroth power, 4 Start of Citation[PU]McGraw-Hill Professional[/PU][DP]1995[/DP]End of Citation