Scepter of Judah: The Jewish Autonomy in the Eighteenth-Century Crown Poland (Studia Judaeoslavica)

Scepter of Judah

Studia Judaeoslavica Edited by

Alexander Kulik (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem)

Editorial Board

Israel Bartal, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Lazar Fleishman, Stanford University Heinz-Dietrich Löwe, University of Heidelberg Alexei Miller, Russian Academy of the Sciences/Central European University, Budapest Benjamin Nathans, University of Pennsylvania Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern, Northwestern University Moshe Taube, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

VOLUME 2

Chais Center The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Scepter of Judah The Jewish Autonomy in the Eighteenth-Century Crown Poland

by

Judith Kalik

LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009

This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kalik, Judith. Scepter of Judah. The Jewish autonomy in the eighteenth-century Crown Poland / By Judith Kalik. p. cm. — (Studia judaeoslavica ; v. 2) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-16601-1 (hard cover : alk. paper) 1. Jews—Poland—History—18th century. 2. Jews—Poland—Politics and government. 3. Jews—Poland—Social conditions—18th century. 4. Jews— Government policy—Poland—History—Sources. 5. Taxation—Poland—Lists. 6. Poland—Politics and government—18th century. 7. Poland—Ethnic relations. I. Title. II. Series. DS134.54.K35 2009 323.1192’4043809033—dc22 2009020818

ISSN 1876-6153 ISBN 978 90 04 16601 1 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands

CONTENTS List of Maps ............................................................................... Acknowledgments .......................................................................

vii ix

Introduction ................................................................................ Chapter One The Development of Jewish Autonomy .......... Chapter Two The Structure of Jewish Autonomy ................. Chapter Three Jewish Demography and Geography ............. Chapter Four The Administrative Structure of the Urban Jewish Population .................................................................... Chapter Five The Administrative Structure of the Rural Jewish Population .................................................................... Chapter Six The “Leaseholders’ Belt” .................................... Chapter Seven Jewish Political Leadership ............................. Chapter Eight A Case Study: The Jewish Subjects of Kazimierz Granowski, Voivode of Rawa .............................. Chapter Nine Conclusions ......................................................

1 9 23 39

137 147

Appendix One Tables to Chapter Two .................................. Appendix Two Maps to Chapter Two ....................................

153 357

Abbreviations .............................................................................. Bibliography ................................................................................ Index ...........................................................................................

375 377 383

49 77 97 109

LIST OF MAPS Maps 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

The Płock Voivodeship ........................................................ The City of Lublin .............................................................. Lublin’s Rural Periphery ...................................................... Przemyśl ............................................................................... The W\grów Autonomous Major Community .................. Villages near Grabowiec and Hrubieszów .......................... The “Leaseholders’ Belt” .................................................... The Places of Residence of Jewish Elders in Crown Poland ................................................................................... 9. The Estates of Kazimierz Granowski .................................

47 74 75 76 95 96 108 135 146

Appendix Two: Maps to Chapter Two 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

The Jewish Autonomy in Crown Poland ............................ Autonomous Major Community of Rzeszów .................... Autonomous Major Community of Tykocin ...................... Autonomous Major Community of W\grów ..................... Chełm-Bełz .......................................................................... Great Poland ........................................................................ Little Poland ......................................................................... Lublin ................................................................................... Ordynacja Zamoyska ........................................................... Podolia .................................................................................. Przemyśl and Samborszyzna ............................................... Ruś. Voivodeship of Ruś ..................................................... Ruś. Voivodeship of Bracław .............................................. Wolyń. Major Communities of Dubno, Kowel, Krzemieniec, Łuck, and Włodzimierz ................................ 15. Wolyń. Major Communities of Ostróg and Owrucz .........

359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am aware that the title of this book is controversial. Supporters of the so-called Jewish autonomist movement in Eastern Europe first used the term “Jewish autonomy” to describe Jewish governance in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth in the late nineteenth century. They did so as part of their quest for historical precedents. The institutions I am writing about were not, of course, autonomous in the modern sense; rather, they were a typical medieval administrative network dealing with a specific population group. Nonetheless, I prefer to retain the traditional terminology, since my approach to terminological controversies is instrumental, rather than ideological. The Jewish autonomist movement has itself become a part of Jewish history, and the term “Jewish autonomy” may as well be used, all the more so since no other adequate and all-inclusive term has ever been proposed. Whatever moniker we employ, it seems clear to me that as an example of self-government or self-rule, the Jewish autonomous administration of the period was severely hampered. This book is based on the most Polish of Polish sources—files dealing with the history of the mythical Polish cavalry. What do Polish Jews and the Polish cavalry have in common? The confounding answer to this question may be the reason that no Jewish historian has ever investigated these files, even though they are readily accessible in Warsaw. The unexpected connection between such seemingly disparate constituencies underlines how intimately interwoven Polish and Jewish histories actually are. The forty-seven files, preserved in the Military Treasury Section (ASW) of the Central Archives for Ancient Acts (AGAD) at Warsaw, provide invaluable insights into the history of Polish Jewry. The same files also contribute to our understanding of the Polish cavalry’s history. In other words, “There is no Polish history without the Jews, and there is no Jewish history without Poland,” as Jacob Goldberg has so often stated. Because of the sheer volume of material involved, researching this archival material required much time and painstaking effort. Invaluable to this endeavor was the time I spent in Poland during the 2003–2004 academic year. This was made possible through the generous support

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of my husband, Alexander Uchitel, who contributed his sabbatical year to my research, and for whose assistance I am deeply grateful. I am indebted to the Yad HaNadiv Foundation, which provided the grant for a 1998 research trip to Poland, during which I discovered the archival material that serves as the basis of this book. I am also grateful to the Center for Research on the History and Culture of Polish Jews at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which financed the copying of some of the original documents. The preparation of this manuscript, including the arrangement of numerous tables, the drawing of maps, and the final editorial work, was made possible thanks to a biannual scholarship grant from the Leonid Nevzlin Research Center for Russian and East European Jewry, during the academic years of 2005–2006 and 2006–2007. I thank all of the institutions mentioned above in the spirit of the old Jewish maxim (m. Avot 3:17): im ein kemakh, ein Torah (without flour, there is no Torah). I am much indebted to Israel Bartal for his continued support and interest in my work, for his invaluable advice, and for the many conversations we have shared. I am deeply grateful to my teacher, Jacob Goldberg, who read the manuscript at various stages of its development and dedicated much time and energy to its improvement. It grieves me that the late Jonathan Frankel will not be able to see this book published—a book that would not have come to completion without his continuous help and encouragement throughout my academic career from its earliest days. Shaul Stampfer assisted me in word and deed, reading sections of this work and offering instructive remarks. All the ideas and any errors are, of course, my own. Some of the preliminary results of this work were presented at colloquia organized by the Żydowski Instytut Historyczny ( Jewish Historical Institute) in Warsaw and by the Centre for Studies of the Culture and History of East European Jews in Vilnius. I would like to thank my colleagues Jürgen Hensel and Jurgita Verbickiene for providing the stage for a very fruitful discussion. I am especially grateful to the late John Klier, who expressed genuine interest in my work during the Vilnius colloquium. It is my pleasure to thank my friend Tamar Duke-Cohan for her efforts in editing this work. The devoted workers of AGAD at Warsaw were most helpful and efficient, contributing to the successful accomplishment of my research. Last but not least, I thank my beloved children—Leah, Esther,

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Ephraim, and Raya—for their support and forbearance during the writing process. Judith Kalik Jerusalem 16 Cheshvan 5768

INTRODUCTION Polish-Lithuanian Jewry was the center of the early modern Jewish world, and the most outstanding symbol of its glory was the famous Jewish autonomy. The prominent Jewish historian Shmuel Ettinger begins his article about the Council of Four Lands1 with a quotation from the Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 5a). In it, the biblical verse “this scepter shall not depart from Judah” (Gen 49:10) is interpreted as a reference to the autonomous Jewish self-government in contemporary Babylonia. Never since Sassanid Babylonia has the Jewish Diaspora succeeded in achieving such an advanced level of autonomous self-government as it did in prepartition Poland-Lithuania. Jewish autonomy in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth was unique among contemporary Jewish representative bodies in its scope, complexity, and duration. It affected all aspects of life from taxation to education, functioning at the communal, regional, and national levels for some two centuries.2 The Council of Four Lands and other Jewish autonomous institutions in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth have been heavily researched. Scholars have been especially interested in the councils’ internal regulatory efforts in the areas of trade, crafts, leaseholds, charity, religious educational institutions ( yeshivot), Jewish book printing, the Jewish judicial system, and so forth. The prosopography of the Jewish autonomous leadership has also proved to be a fruitful field of study. Additionally, scholars have devoted some attention to the members of the councils, the family connections of those members, the places where they gathered, the electoral procedures employed in their selection, and other related topics. The external connections of the Council of Four Lands with the Polish political establishment and Jewish communities outside Poland have likewise been the focus of much study. Finally, attention 1 S. Ettinger, “Sejm Czterech Ziem,” in Żydzi w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej, ed. A. LinkLenczowski and T. Polański (Wrocław, 1991), 34; also in Hebrew: “Va ad Arba Aratsot,” in S. Ettinger, Bein Polin LeRusya, ed. I. Bartal and J. Frankel ( Jerusalem, 1994), 1:1–74. 2 See the comparative studies of H. H. Ben-Sasson, “Va adei HaAratsot SheBeMizrakh Eiropa,” in Retsef VeTmura (Tel Aviv, 1984), 239–257; and M. Rosman, “Samkhuto shel Va’ad Arba’ Aratsot MeKhuts LePolin,” Bar-Ilan, Sefer HaShana shel Universitat Bar-Ilan 24/25 (1989): 11–30.

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has also been devoted to comparative studies of Jewish autonomous institutions vis-à-vis the Polish political system.3 Despite these research efforts, some core questions, including the organizational structure of Jewish autonomy both vertically (that is, according its hierarchical levels) and horizontally (according to its geographical composition), have received little consideration. Advancing scholarship has also left lacunae in our understanding of the structure of Jewish autonomous leadership and of relations between various of its institutions, especially between urban communities and their rural peripheries (svivot). These gaps in knowledge result from a disparity between intense scholarly interest, on the one hand, and a scarcity of source material on the other. As a young student of the history of Polish Jewry, I became aware of how little information about Jewish autonomy was available. The minutes (Heb. pinkasim) of the Council of Four Lands have been lost, as have most of the records of the regional councils (Heb. va ad galil). Halperin collected the remaining documentation related to the Council of Four Lands,4 and found that more or less complete records of only three local constituent councils have survived5 (Cracow,6 3 The most important studies on this subject are M. Schorr, “Organizacja Żydów w dawnej Polsce (od najdawniejszych czasów aż do r. 1772),” Kwartalnik Historyczny 13 (1899): 482–550, 734–775; . , “           ,”   , . 11 (Moscow, 1914), 161–184; I. Schiper, “Der tsusamenshtel funem Va ad Arba Aratsot,” Historishe Shriften fun YIVO, ed. Tscherikower (Warsaw, 1929), 1:73–74; idem, “Wewn\trzna organizacja Żydów w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej,” in Żydzi w Polsce Odrodzonej, ed. I. Schiper, A. Tartakower, and A. Hafftka (Warsaw, 1932), 1:81–109; S. Ettinger, “Sejm Czterech Ziem” (see n. 1, above), 34–43 (also in Hebrew: “Va ad Arba Aratsot,” 1:174–185); J. Goldberg, “Żydowski Sejm Czterech Ziem w społecznym i politycznym ustroju dawnej Rzeczypospolitej,” in Żydzi w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej (1991), 44–58 (also in English: “The Jewish Sejm: Its Origins and Functions,” in The Jews in Old Poland 1000–1795, ed. A. Polonsky [London, 1993], 147–165; and in Hebrew: “Va ad Arba Aratsot BaMishtar HaMedini VeHaKhevrati shel Mamlekhet Polin-Lita,” in J. Goldberg, HaKhevra HaYehudit BeMamlekhet Polin-Lita [ Jerusalem, 1999], 125–142); A. Leszczyński, Sejm Żydów Korony 1623–1764 (Warsaw, 1994). 4 Pinkas Va ad Arba Aratsot, ed. I. Halperin ( Jerusalem, 1945; new ed., rev. and ed. I. Bartal, Jerusalem, 1990). 5 Cracow, Poznań, and Tykocin are singled out here because of their special position as independent constituent councils in the framework of Jewish autonomy. For the definition of the constituent councils, see ch. 2, below. Of course, several communal minute books and their fragments have survived as well (such as Boćki, Dubno, Leszno, Zabłudów, etc.), but they have no bearing on the subject of the Jewish autonomy. 6 I. M. Zunz, Ir HaTsedek: Toldot Rabanei Kraka VeHaKehila BeShanim 5260–5616 (Lwów, 1874); P. H. Wetstein, “Divrei Khefets MeFinkasei HaKahal BeKraka,” HaMe’asef (1902): 7–78; idem, Dvarim Atikim MeFinkasei HaKahal BeKraka LeKorot Israel VeKhakhamav . . .

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Poznań,7 and Tykocin).8 The only systematic record—the census of the Jewish population in Crown Poland from 1764/65—is of little help in analyzing the Jewish autonomous administration, because it reflects the Polish administrative system, based upon voivodeships and districts. Since the original manuscript has been lost, we are in any case reduced to depending on those sections that were published when the document was still available.9 The Council of Four Lands was created around 1580–1581 mainly for the purpose of collecting the Jewish poll tax (pogłówne żydowskie). Thus, the only documents that directly reflect the structure of Jewish autonomy are assessment lists compiled for this tax. Only a few of these are believed to have survived.10 The widely utilized map of Jewish

BePolania Bikhlal UVeKraka Bifrat (Cracow, 1900); idem, MeFinkasei HaKahal BeKraka LeKorot Israel VeKhakhamav (Breslau, 1901); idem, “Kadmoniyot MeFinkasa’ot Yeshanim LeKorot Israel BePolin BiKhlal UVe-Kraka BiFrat,” in Otsar HaSafrut 4 (1892); M. Bałaban, Historja Żydów w Krakowie i na Kazimierzu, 1304–1868, 2 vols. (Cracow, 1931–1936); also in Hebrew: Toldot HaYehudim BeKraków UVeKazimierz, 1304–1868, ed. J. Goldberg ( Jerusalem, 2002). 7 Pinkas Hekhsherim shel Kehilat Pozna (5381–5595), ed. D. Evron ( Jerusalem, 1967); Sefer HaZikhronot (Minutes), Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People, Jerusalem, PL/PO 1a, PL 533(13). 8 Pinkas Kahal Tiktin 5381–5566: Haskamot, Hakhlatot VeTakanot kfi SheHa atikan min HaPinkas HaMekori Israel Halperin, ed. M. Nadav, 2 vols. ( Jerusalem, 1997–2000). 9 A compilation of all published data from the census may be found in S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry,” Bar-Ilan, Annual of Bar-Ilan University: Studies in Judaica and the Humanities (Studies in the History and Culture of East European Jewry, ed. G. Bacon and M. Rosman) 24/25 (1989): 59–147. 10 Lists of the Jewish poll tax assessment for 1706–1711 are held in the Czartoryski library at Cracow (MS 2666), and copies are kept in the archive of Aaron (Arthur) Eisenbach at the Institute for the Research of Diaspora at Tel Aviv University (microfilm No. 735). Lists of the Jewish poll tax assessment for 1735, 1737, and 1756 have also survived in the Czartoryski library in Cracow. See Pinkas Va ad Arba Aratsot (n. 2, above), 271–272, 506–509, 514. The data for 1717–1718 that is also recorded there is wrong. The Jewish poll tax assessment for 1764 was printed in 1763 by the Polish treasury under the heading Dyspartyment pogłównego żydowskiego ordynaryinego na Seymie Anni 1717. One copy of this publication is found in the Jagellonian library at Cracow; see Mag. St. DrIII, 392787. For a critical edition, see J. Muszyńska, “Dyspartyment pogłównego żydowskiego w Koronie w 1717 roku,” Czasy Nowożytne 5 (1998): 121–131. The title is misleading, since only 1717 appears in the heading, but the tax assessment itself is for 1764. On p. 124, fifteen towns of the district of Przemyśl are omitted, and the rest of the towns of this district are annexed to the community of W\grów. Several such lists also survived in the library of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences. Copies of those lists are also held by the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People in Jerusalem; see HM 476-477, HM 2/8111.2. Data for Podolia found there was used in B. Lukin, “ .      ,” Cahiers du monde Russe 41/4 (2000): 451–494.

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autonomy in Crown Poland that Halperin reconstructed is based mainly upon these surviving lists.11 Because of the limited scope of the extant sources, researchers have endeavored to broaden the narrow basis of our knowledge of Jewish autonomy in Crown Poland. Some scholars tried to draw upon fragmentary information found in inventories of private estates, lustrations of royal estates, and municipal tax records.12 Because of the obvious connection between Jewish autonomy and the Jewish poll tax, scholars also searched for evidence in the archives of the Crown Treasury. Some interesting documents were indeed found there, but all in all, the results have been disappointing. The assumption that most sources were probably destroyed when the Treasury burned down during World War II limited the scope and ambition of further searches. Expectations of success are in any case limited, because Schiper, who pioneered these efforts before the conflagration, unearthed but little information.13 In 1995,14 I began to focus on the crucial connection between the Polish military and the Jewish poll tax, which from its genesis was intended mainly to benefit the army. The fiscal reform of 1717, during which a separate military treasury was formed and military tax collectors began to collect the Jewish poll tax independently, seemed particularly important to me.15 It suggested that it might be possible to expand our understanding of Jewish autonomy by studying military tax collection records. Thus came the discovery of the entire corpus of Jewish poll tax lists in the Central Archives for Ancient Acts (AGAD) at Warsaw. During a research trip to Poland in 1998, I began to investigate the records of the military treasury of the AGAD. To my astonishment, I

I. Halperin, Beit Israel be-Polin ( Jerusalem, 1948), 1:100–101. For such attempts see Z. Guldon and N. Krikun, “Żródła i metody szacunków liczebności ludności żydowskiej w Polsce w XVI–XVIII wieku\,” Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej 34 (1986): 249–263; Z. Guldon and K. Krzystanek, Ludność żydowska w miastach lewobrzeΩnej cz\ści województwa sandomierskiego w XVI–XVIII wieku (Kielce, 1990); idem, Żydzi i Szkoci w Polsce w XVII–XVIII wieku (Kielce, 1990); Z. Guldon, “Osadnictwo żydowskie i liczebność Żydów na ziemiach Pzeczypospolitej w okresie przedrozbiorowym,” Czasy Nowożytne 4 (1998): 23–36; S. Stampfer, “Gidul HaOkhlusiya VeHagira BeYahadut Polin-Lita Be Et HeKhadasha,” Kiyum VaShever, Yehudei Polin LeDoroteihem, ed. I. Bartal and I. Gutman ( Jerusalem, 1997), 1:265–285. 13 See I. Schiper, “Poilishe regestn tsu der geshikhte funem Va’ad Arba’ Aratsot,” Historishe Shriftn 1 (1929): 85–113. 14 In a lecture entitled “The Financial Basis of the Jewish Autonomy,” presented at the Third International Conference on Polish Jewry (“Between Slavery and Freedom— The Jewish Communities in Eastern Europe”) at Tel Aviv University. 15 See in more detail ch. 1, below. 11 12

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found that complete lists of the Jewish poll tax assessments in Crown Poland from 1717 to 1764 are available.16 This discovery was announced in a lecture entitled “Jews and Peasants in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th–18th Centuries,” presented at the World Congress of Jewish Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 2001; the preliminary results of my research were published in Zion in 2004.17 The present study constitutes a broadening of this analytical effort. While it is surprising that these lists have survived despite adverse historical circumstances, it is even more surprising that neither military nor Jewish historians had previously discovered them. The reason for this neglect may lie both in the assumption of Jewish historians that there is nothing relevant to their research in Polish military archives, and in the lack of interest of Polish military historians in the “Jewish” section of these archives. The files of the military treasury comprise three separate groups of annual lists: (1) lists of peasants under the heading “Quarterly tribute” (Delata kwarciana); (2) lists of Jewish poll tax assessments under the heading “Assessment of the general Jewish poll tax delivered from the Crown Treasury to the Quarter Treasury” (Dyspartyment pogłównego żydowskiego ordynaryjnego od skarbu koronnego skarbowi kwarcianemu podany); and (3) the same lists under the same headings, but supplemented with the names of the cavalry units that collected the Jewish poll tax money from each Jewish community. The names of the officers who commanded these cavalry units are included in these lists. The first group of documents consists of lists of villages and rural estates, providing a unique account of eighteenth-century royal estates in Crown Poland. The third group of lists supplies us with a complete picture of the Polish cavalry, which in its level of detail far surpasses Bronisław Gembarzewski’s standard reference.18 The first group of lists is arranged according to the Polish administrative system, its fiscal unit being the voivodeship (województwo) or the district (ziemia). The arrangement of the second and third groups of lists is different. Although the fiscal unit is also termed województwo, it reflects 16 AGAD, Archiwum Skarbu Wojskowego (ASW), dz. 84, syg. 6–54. The year 1756 is missing, but full records for this year have survived in the Czartoryski library at Cracow, MS No. 1079. 17 J. Kalik, “HaOtsar HaAvud: Reshimot Mas HaGulgolet HaYehudi BaMea Ha-18 SheBeArkhiyon HaTsava HaPolani,” Zion 69 (2004): 329–356. 18 B. Gembarzewski, Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorz\dnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831 (Warsaw, 1925; London, 1948).

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the Jewish autonomous administration and corresponds to the Jewish administrative unit known as the galil. Thus, for example, the unit called “the voivodeship of Poznań and Kalisz” (województwo poznańskie i kaliskie) in fact corresponded to the Jewish galil of Great Poland, which, however, consisted not only of these two Polish voivodeships, but also included nine more voivodeships and four districts of yet another voivodeship. The unit called the voivodeship of Ruś (województwo ruskie), which in fact corresponded to the Jewish galil of Ruś, consisted of three tracts of land without territorial continuity. In the first group of lists, towns are denoted with a capital M for miasto or miasteczko and villages with a capital W for wieś. It is clear that these lists are based upon the Hebrew originals that the Jewish councils submitted. In many cases, even the Hebrew alphabetic order has been preserved! Individual taxpayers are also sometimes named. Jewish merchants and craftsmen are to be found among them, but the overwhelming majority are leaseholders (arendarze). Marginal notations from the quills of Polish and Jewish officials (some in Hebrew) can occasionally be found. Thus, for example, the poll tax of the small town of Wierzbowiec in Podolia was reduced in half (from 324 to 160 złoty) in 1761 because “it was destroyed by Hajdamaks to its very foundations.”19 Additional knowledge can be garnered from numerous supplementary letters, penned by Polish and Jewish officials in Polish, Hebrew, and Yiddish. Military tax collectors, complaining of the difficulties they faced in the course of their duties, wrote many of these letters. Thus, for example, the tax collector Pokutyński tells the grand treasurer in his letter of July 23, 1736, that when he came to collect the Jewish poll tax in Baligród, all the Jewish inhabitants of the town fled to the woods, and many Jews jumped into the river. He adds that he “had never previously come across Jews so lacking a sense of honor such as these.”20 The historical value of these lists is inestimable. Even leaving aside the unique contribution that these documents make to the study of the history of Polish peasantry and the Polish military, which remain outside the scope of this work, their significance for our understanding

19 “które przez Hajdamaków zrujnowane jest in fundamento.” AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 51, p. 236. 20 Ibid., syg. 26, pp. 144–146.

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of Jewish history is manifold. They provide a significant correction to Israel Halperin’s map of Jewish autonomy.21 They shine a new light on Jewish settlement in eighteenth-century Crown Poland, including relations between major communities and their periphery. They also contribute new information about communal and super-communal Jewish political leadership, the administrative and occupational structure of the Jewish urban and rural populations, and ties of dependency between Polish magnates and Jews. In all these areas, the new sources supply a diachronic dimension, about half a century in duration, to administrative data about the Jewish population in Crown Poland. The first aim of this work is to publish the aforementioned lists. The format in which they appear here requires some elucidation. There seemed to be little point in publishing the raw material, since sources of this kind consist of almost identical lists of place names with columns of numbers. The value of the lists lies in the possibilities that comparisons between them afford. Tabulation, rather than a consecutive listing, allows for such comparisons to be made. Because of the format I selected, the tables do not include the names of individual taxpayers or their villages, and, of course, all the letters and other supplementary documents have also been omitted. Non-Jewish materials concerning the cavalry squadrons and royal rural estates are also left aside for now. A series of maps supplements the tables; every place-name appearing in the tables can be located on a map. All place-names in tables and on maps are given in the historical forms used in the prepartition age, regardless of their present-day political affiliation. In the text, however, conventional English place-names have been employed (e.g., Warsaw, Cracow, Kiev). This means that places in modern Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova appear under their Polish names, but German and Ukrainian (e.g., Lisko instead of Lesko) names of some places in modern Poland are also preserved. When these place-names are mentioned in the text, in most cases their modern official names are also indicated in parentheses. The following chapters serve as an introduction to and analysis of the sources, focusing on the institutions of Jewish autonomy. Chapter 1 deals with the development of Jewish autonomy, and it explains the

21 I. Halperin, Beit Israel BePolin (n. 11, above), 1:100–101. The only correct description of Jewish autonomy in Poland is found in R. Mahler, Toldot HaYehudim BePolin (Merkhaviya, 1946), 91–392, which unfortunately does not cite its sources.

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connection between the Polish military and the Jewish poll tax. This discussion sheds light on why these lists are to be found in the military archives. Chapter 2, along with the tables and maps contained in supplements 1 and 2, constitutes a reconstruction of the full geographical composition of Jewish autonomy in Crown Poland in 1717–1764. A systematic comparison of the census of the Jewish population of Crown Poland in 1764/65 with the information found in the poll tax lists follows in chapter 3. In chapters 4 and 5 I discuss the administrative structure of Jewish urban and rural populations. The reason for this discussion deserves some explanation. The study of Jewish communal organization is well established. The focus, however, has previously always rested on the internal structure of Jewish communities. Here, for the first time, Jewish communities are considered the elementary units in the administrative system of Jewish autonomy. This shift in perspective reveals unexpected features in the structure of Jewish urban communities. It also serves to establish the role of the Jewish rural population in the framework of Jewish autonomous administration. As mentioned above, most of the material on individual taxpayers remains outside the scope of the current work. Individual leaseholders are only discussed in the context of the “leaseholders’ belt,” which is defined and discussed in chapter 6. The structure of Jewish political leadership is treated in chapter 7, since it directly reflected the configuration of Jewish autonomy. This structure provides the only tool for distinguishing exterritorial urban communities, autonomous major communities, and regional councils, as well as identifying major communities inside the regional councils. Chapter 8’s case study of several lists of the Jewish subjects of Kazimierz Granowski, voivode of Rawa, concludes this work. It throws some light on the complex interconnection of three simultaneously coexisting administrative networks: Jewish autonomy, the Polish State, and magnatic private administration. I hope that this work will be followed by other monographs that address Jewish autonomy at the regional level, and that the sources cited here will prove helpful to other scholars.

CHAPTER ONE

THE DEVELOPMENT OF JEWISH AUTONOMY Three parallel historical processes contributed to the formation of Jewish autonomy in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Two were integral to the development of the Polish-Lithuanian state, and the third was internal to the Jewish community. The first process was a by-product of the fiscal reforms that the commonwealth underwent, starting in the early sixteenth century. The purpose of the reforms was to provide a steady source of income for the growing number of military units that were engaged in a seemingly endless series of wars. During this time, the character of the Polish military underwent significant alterations due to the so-called gunpowder revolution and the gradual decline of the traditional knights’ militia. Such changes were taking place throughout Europe during early modern times, but in Poland they met with relatively little success. The second, simultaneous process was specifically Polish and was connected with the gradual transformation of the Polish state from a kingdom to a “republic of nobles.” This process contrasted with the trend toward centralization in other European areas during this period. A pivotal result was the transfer of many important state authorities and functions from the king to the Diet. As a result, Jews were no longer servi camerae but were subject to the private authority of magnates. Immigration and a demographic leap continually swelled Jewish numbers—a process that transformed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into the host of the largest Jewish community in the world. Complex communal structures naturally developed to support this large population. King Alexander the Jagellonian first launched fiscal reforms in 1503.1 The growing demands of the nobility, which their representatives loudly declaimed in the Diet and dietines even before the age of the “elected monarchy,” served as the impetus for these reforms. The nobles demanded that the royal and public treasuries be separated and that 1 J. Rutkowski, “Skarbowoćś polska za Aleksandra Jagiełłończyka,” Kwartalnik Historyczny 23 (1909): 30–31; W. Pałucki, Drogi i bezdroża skarbowości polskiej XVI i pierwsze połowy XVII wieku (Warsaw, 1974), 22–25.

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the onus of military expenditure be placed upon the king. The nature of these reforms can only be understood when considering the limited effectiveness of royal and public tax collection due to the rudimentary state apparatus of the age. For this reason, collection of the Jewish poll tax was often leased to tax farmers. The natural candidates to fulfill this function were existing Jewish leaseholders, who since the Middle Ages had been in the practice of leasing customs, royal estates, and various royal monopolies. These men were generally wealthy Jewish bankers, who maintained close ties with the royal court. The steady growth of the Jewish population further rendered the communal tax-collection system increasingly inadequate. Faced with this reality, in 1503 the authorities in some parts of the commonwealth handed responsibility for Jewish poll tax collection to Jewish “general tax collectors.”2 In this year, for example, Moses Fiszel, an important Jewish banker from Cracow, paid Jacób Szydlowski, the treasurer, 300 florins to be appointed the general tax collector for all of Great Poland. Such general tax collectors were also to be found in the voivodeship of Ruś in 1505, but their names are not specified.3 After the ascent of Zygmunt I to the throne in 1506, the need for financing grew steadily, due to his campaigns against Muscovy, the Tatars, Moldova, and the Teutonic knights. This king tried to introduce centralized financing for the noble militia ( pospolite ruszenie).4 For the purposes of taxation, the commonwealth was therefore divided in 1509 into five fiscal districts. In 1511–1514, the king appointed Jewish general tax collectors for all parts of his kingdom: Abraham the Czech, a former banker to Emperor Maximilian I, was appointed to collect taxes in Mazowia and Great Poland; Ephraim Fiszel, son of Moses Fiszel, 2 Rutkowski claims that the first Jewish “general tax-collector” was appointed in 1503 (ibid.), but according to R. Mahler (Toldot HaYehudim BePolin [Merkhaviya, 1946], 189–190) Moses Fiszel received this appointment already in 1499. Though Mahler does not disclose his sources, it is possible that he is right, since the general poll tax was introduced first in 1498 (see S. Weyman, “Pierwsze ustawy poglównego generalnego w Polsce (rok 1498, 1520) na tle ówczesnego systemu podatkowego,” Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych 19 [1957]: 5–15). Unlike the rest of the population, Jews together with Tatars and Gypsies had paid this tax even before this reform, since the Middle Ages; see J. Kleczyński, “Pogłówne generalne w Polsce i oparte na niem popisy ludności,” Akademja Umiej\Atności w Krakowie: Rozpraw Wydziału historyczno-filozoficznego 30 (1893): 1–3. 3 Liber Quitantiarum Alexandri Regis ab a. 1502 ad 1506, in Teki A. Pawińskiego (Warsaw, 1897), 1:55, 105, 146–147, 220. 4 A. Wyczański, “Z dziejów reform skarbowo-wojskowych za Zygmunta I. Proby relucji pospolitego ruszenia,” PrzeglAd Historyczny 43 (1952): 23–47.

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was appointed over Little Poland and Ruś; and Michael Józefowicz, a customs leaseholder, was appointed over Lithuania.5 In 1512 the king issued a special order regulating tax collection activities. This order called for the concurrent appointment of a general tax collector and a chief rabbi for each region. The chief rabbi’s intended role was to exert pressure on the taxpaying Jewish populace by excommunicating those who refused to pay. In fact, Alexander Jagellonian had already appointed a chief rabbi in Cracow by 1503,6 in all probability in the framework of the aforementioned fiscal reform. This combination of fiscal and rabbinical authority continued to characterize Jewish autonomy in all stages of its existence, from this embryonic start to its dissolution in 1764. From the start, family ties bound fiscal and rabbinical functionaries together. The first appointed chief rabbi of Cracow, for example, was Jacob Polak, the son-in-law of the aforementioned Moses Fiszel. The system of general tax collectors failed for several reasons. Collecting the poll tax per capita proved ineffective, and when big Jewish communities tried to overtax smaller ones, they met with resistance and calls for fiscal independence. In 1519 the king dismissed the general tax collectors and turned the responsibility for tax collection over to the communities themselves. In that year, representatives of the small communities in Great Poland assembled in Włocławek and established the first Jewish regional council, independent from the larger Jewish communities of the Poznań and Kalisz.7 In 1520 a fixed-amount poll tax was established for the first time at 3,000 złoty for all Crown Jews.8 By 1522, tax collecting regional councils (va adei galil) were also created in Little Poland, Chełm-Bełz, and Ruś-Podolia.9 This was the real genesis of the Council of Four Lands. From that time and until the eventual dissolution of Jewish autonomy in 1764, repeated demands for a return to a system of per capita poll tax collection were raised in the Diet and 5 This information is repeated in many sources; see, for example, R. Mahler, Toldot HaYehudim (n. 2, above). 6 M. Bałaban, Toldot HaYehudim BeKraków UveKazimierz, 1304–1868, ed. J. Goldberg ( Jerusalem, 1993), 1:88 n. 4. 7 M. Bałaban, Historia i literatura żydowska ze szczególnym uwzgl\dnieniem historii Żydów w Polsce (Lwów-Warsaw-Cracow, 1925), 3:149–156; J. Perles, “Die Geschichte der Juden in Posen,” Monatsschrift für die Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums 13 (1864): 365. 8 J. Kleczyński, “Pogłówne generalne w Polsce” (n. 2, above), 4. 9 . , “           ,”   , . 11 (Moscow, 1914), 161–184; R. Mahler, Toldot HaYehudim (n. 2, above).

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dietines. The local dietines were especially vocal in such demands, which reflected the power struggles between the Diet and the dietines. The latter claimed that, unlike the Diet, they already had an effective tax collection apparatus in situ, and that the introduction of a fixedamount system unjustly deprived them of a steady source of income.10 Jews also deliberated over the proper method of tax collection. The fixed-amount system was generally preferred, since it allowed for richer members of the community to be amerced at a higher rate than their poorer brethren. The noted halakhic scholar Rabbi Joseph Kats, for example, expressed his preference for this sort of progressive taxation in his book Shearit Yosef, published in the late sixteenth century.11 In the mid-sixteenth century, the fixed-amount Jewish poll tax was abolished and a system of per capita collection reintroduced. In 1549, a royal edict of Zygmunt August decreed Jewish poll tax to be one złoty per capita and directed that it be used for the defense of the realm against the Tatars.12 In 1563, a resolution of the Diet confirmed this amount.13 There is some uncertainty about the date when the Council of Four Lands was first founded. It is commonly placed in 1580/81, but several scholars have suggested that it could have been established as early as 1549 or 1563.14 Whatever the truth of the matter, there seems to be no basis for claims that the fixed Jewish poll tax was first mentioned in 1549. In 1563 the last of the Jagellonians, Zygmunt August, decided to allocate a quarter of his tax revenues to the army and created a special treasury at Rawa (skarb rawski kwarczany) for this purpose.15 A Diet order transferred responsibility for the Jewish poll tax to this treasury. This edict has sometimes been erroneously interpreted as the order to establish the Council of Four Lands. Zygmunt August had envisioned

10 See J. Kalik, HaAtsula HaPolanit WeHaYehudim BeMamlekhet Polin-Lita BeRei HaTkhika Bat HaZman ( Jerusalem, 1997), 25–36. 11 N. E. Shulman, Authority and Community: Polish Jewry in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1986), 57–63. 12 C. A. , - .        ,  3 (C.-, 1903), No. 152. 13 Volumina legum, vol. II/1, pp. 114, 149; also in Sejmy i sejmiki koronne wobec Żydów: Wybór tekstów
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fiscal reforms culminating in a complete separation of the royal and the Diet treasuries, but he died in 1572 before being able to put these plans into action. During the interregnum of 1573–1576 and the first years of Stefan Batory’s reign, there was uncertainty about the affiliation of the Jewish poll tax. At times royal officials (starosta, wójt, and others) collected it, and at other times, officials of the local dietines did so. Officials of the Diet never collected this tax, having no apparatus dedicated to this task.16 Stefan Batory fulfilled Zygmunt August’s plans, beginning his reforms in 1578. Having determined the Diet to be incapable of collecting direct taxes, he established a special tax collectors’ infantry (piechota wybraniecka) for the purpose. Despite these efforts, the Diet’s lack of tax-collecting mechanisms remained an obstacle to effective fiscal policy. This led the deputy voivode (podwojewoda), who also served as the judicial authority over the Jews, to assume responsibility for collecting Jewish poll taxes,17 a role that was finally recognized by a royal edict.18 This situation became intolerable to the Diet, which was forced to stand by as royal officials collected taxes for which the Diet itself was theoretically responsible. In 1581 the treasurer of the public treasury (or the Diet’s treasury) decided to return the Jewish poll tax to a fixed amount, thus essentially creating Jewish autonomy, the main purpose of which, as far as the Polish authorities were concerned, was assessing portions of this fixed-amount tax on specific Jewish communities.19 The term “Council of Four Lands” is derived from the four regional councils of which it consisted: Great Poland, Little Poland, Wołyń, and Lithuania. The difference between this composition and the four fiscal regions of 1520–1522 can be attributed to the 1569 Union of 16 For a general discussion, see J. Kalik, HaAtsula HaPolanit WeHaYehudim (n. 10, above). In 1571, the Jews of Łuck paid 70 złoty of their poll tax to the tax collector of the dietine of Wołyń (AGAD, ASK, dz. IV, syg. 8, p. 281). In 1576 the Jew Szymonowicz of the village Korycz paid one złoty for six persons to the tax collector of the dietine of Włodzimierz (ibid., syg. 1, p. 604). For the podstarosta or wójt acting as tax collectors, see ibid., syg. 1, p. 208; syg. 8, pp. 14, 21, 281, 381. 17 In 1578 he appeared in this capacity at Cracow (ibid., syg. 39, pp. 5–6) and Bochnia (ibid., syg. 39, p. 11). 18 See Volumina Legum I.985; see also A. Pawiński, ed., “Akta Metryki Koronnej co Ważniejsze z czasów Stefana Batorego 1576–1586,” in úródła Dziejowe, vol. 11 (Warsaw, 1882), 33. 19 See R. Rybarski, Skarb i pieniAdz za Jana Kazimierza, Michała Korybuta i Jana III (Warsaw, 1939), 39–40; J. Kalik, HaAtsula HaPolanit WeHaYehudim (n. 12, above), 25–36. For the general tendency to lease taxes in the form of the “general amount” during this age, see M. Nycz, Geneza reform Sejmu Niemego (Poznań, 1938), 237.

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Lublin, when Wołyń was incorporated into Crown Poland, and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Crown Poland formed a united commonwealth. The composition of Jewish autonomy changed many times in the course of its history, but the original name endured. In 1623 Lithuania separated from the Council of Four Lands and formed an independent Council of Lithuania,20 while the remaining fiscal units of Crown Poland underwent a process of fragmentation, with the number of councils reaching twenty-three in the eighteenth century. During the period between the World Wars, the Jewish-Polish historians Bałaban, Schiper, and Mahler held the view that the establishment of Jewish autonomy in Poland-Lithuania was connected with changing forms of Jewish poll tax collection. Another view, however, had flourished in the nineteenth century and continued to find support even later (Shmuel Ettinger, for example, was an adherent). This theory held that the origins of Jewish autonomy are to be found in the Jewish Supreme Rabbinical Court at Lublin, which was established between 1520 and 1530.21 There is no contradiction between these two views: Polish authorities established Jewish autonomy for the purpose of poll tax assessment, and the natural candidates for fulfilling this function were members of the existing Jewish leadership, whose consolidation followed its own course of development. Jewish regional councils corresponded to the Polish dietines, and they suited the decentralized political system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, characterized as it was by numerous political gatherings and assemblies. Jewish autonomous bodies, such as the regional councils and the Council of Four Lands, were similar to the Polish Diet and dietines not only conceptually, but also in practice, such as in their manner of convocation and the arrangement of members’ seats during sessions.22 In spite of these and other similarities that scholars have noted, the significant distinctions between the two systems should not be overlooked. First,

20 Y. Halperin, “Reshito shel Va’ad Medinat Lita VeYakhaso el Va’ad Arba’ Aratsot,” in Yehudim VeYahadut BeMizrakh-Eiropa —Mekhkarim beToldoteihem ( Jerusalem, 1969), 48–54. 21 See M. Schorr, “Organizacja Żydów w dawnej Polsce (od najdawniejszych czasów aż do r. 1772),” Kwartalnik Historyczny 13 (1899): 482–550, 734–775; S. Ettinger, “Va ad Arba Aratsot,” in idem, Bein Polin LeRusya, ed. I. Bartal and J. Frankel ( Jerusalem, 1994), 1:15–24. For a summary of both views, see J. Goldberg, “Va ad Arba Aratsot BaMishtar HaMedini VeHaKhevrati shel Mamlekhet Polin-Lita,” in J. Goldberg, HaKhevra HaYehudit BeMamlekhet Polin-Lita ( Jerusalem, 1999), 128–129. 22 Ibid. Goldberg’s article is wholly dedicated to this subject.

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Jewish autonomy was based upon a network of communities that had no correspondence in the political system of the Polish “republic of nobles.” Second, although both systems had pyramidal structures, the pyramid of Jewish autonomy was often inverted, since the regional councils represented the Council of Four Lands to the communities, rather than vice versa. Jewish councils collected the Jewish poll tax, the amount of which was fixed in 1581 at 15,000 złoty. This sum was later raised several times to account for the growth in the Jewish population and a rise in the rate of inflation,23 since the fixed amount was set in moneta currens (running currency), whose value was constantly falling due to inflation. For the Jewish communities, the poll tax does not seem to have been a heavy burden, standing at about ten percent of all communal expenses on average.24 The fixed amount was evidently not particularly onerous for individuals either. In 1581, for example, one Cracovian Jew paid 15,000 złoty for his czopowe (a tax on cork collected from the liquor trade) the same amount as the poll tax.25 The Jewish poll tax was not a particularly important source of income for the Polish treasury, whose total revenue stood at 700,000 złoty in 1581.26 It is also notable that apart from the poll tax, Jews were exempt from all municipal and state taxes, and this exemption caused frequent protests among Polish burghers. The relatively low level of taxation enabled Jewish autonomous bodies to collect additional sums that they utilized for their own benefit. The Jewish councils divided the fixed amount into smaller sums called skhumot in Hebrew or sympla in Polish. The aggregate amount of these smaller sums was always higher than the fixed amount, and the councils used the surplus funds to finance social and cultural activities and maintain their own apparatus. The Polish authorities were well aware of this practice. Indeed, taxes that were imposed on non-Jews

For the relevant resolutions of the Diet, see Sejmy i sejmiki koronne wobec Żydów. Wybór tekstów
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were collected in the same way. Jews, however, were in the practice of collecting sums far greater than was usually permitted. Officials of the Jewish autonomous administration justified this practice based on their far-reaching responsibility for the well-being of the commonwealth’s Jewish population. The surplus was used for charity, support of the Jewish community in the Land of Israel, book printing, bribes for ambassadors to the Diet, and other similar expenditures.27 The collection of the Jewish poll tax did not remain in the hands of the Council of Four Lands for long. By the start of the seventeenth century, the regional Jewish councils were often unable to collect this tax, and the task was delegated to local dietines (sejmiki ). Thus, for example, in 1613 the dietine of SAdowa Wisznia issued the following instructions to its ambassadors to the Diet: “Mr. Grand Treasurer should not lease the Jewish poll tax, but the tax collectors [of the dietine] should collect it themselves.”28 In 1643, the proceeds of the Jewish poll tax were allocated to the so-called Quarterly Army (Wojsko Kwarciane) and the Polish military collected them.29 The army collected this tax through the system of so-called assignments (asygnacja)—written warrants that the treasury issued. These warrants were based on the tax assessment made by the Jewish regional councils that the Council of Four Lands submitted. This tax was gradually absorbed into the so-called hiberna, a levy that was originally created to support the army during the winter in royal and ecclesiastic estates.30 In 1649–1652 the hiberna became a permanent tax for whose collection the grand crown hetman (hetman 27 For the finances of the Council of Four Lands, see I. Schiper, “Finantsieler khurban fun tsentraler un prowintsieler oitonomie fun Yidn in altn Poiln,” Ekonomishe shriftn fun YIVO 2 (1932): 1–19; I. Halperin, “Kheshbonot Va’ad Arba’ Aratsot BePolin (MiPinkas Tiktin),” Tarbits 6 (1935): 210–222, 527–534; R. Mahler, “A budzshet fun Va’ad Arba’ Aratsot in 18-tn yorhundert,” YIVO bleter 15/1–2 (1940): 63–86; N. M. Gelber and I. Halperin, “Va’ad Arba’ Aratsot BeShanim 1739–1753,” Zion 2 (1957): 153–184, 333–346; J. Goldberg, “Der Vierländer-Rat der polnischen Juden und seine Beziehungen zu den jüdischen Gemeinden und Juden in Deutschland im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert,” Die wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Beziehungen zwischen den jüdischen Gemeinden in Polen und Deutschland vom 16. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert, ed. K. E. Grözinger (Wiesbaden, 1992), 39–51. Mahler’s article is especially important, since he used a list of the Jewish poll tax assessment for 1726 from AGAD. For its internal Jewish activities, see I. Halperin, “Va’ad Arba’ Aratsot BePolin VeHaSefer Ha’Ivri,” in Yehudim VeYahadut BeMizrakh Eiropa ( Jerusalem, 1969), 78–107. 28 AGZ vol. 20, no. 95, pp. 138–139. Similar resolutions were also passed in 1616 and 1621; see ibid., no. 105.30, p. 156; no. 136.14, p. 195. 29 See J. Wimmer, “Wojsko i Skarb Rzeczypospolitej u schyłku XVI i w pierwszej połowie XVII wieku,” Studia i materiały do historii wojskowości 14 (1968): 3–91. 30 See W. Pałucki, Drogi i bezdroża skarbowości polskiej (n. 1, above).

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wielki koronny) was responsible, and for whose collection he appointed special infantry units. In other words, the hiberna always had a dedicated tax collection apparatus, which made it an attractive fiscal framework. Because of the growing military expenditure during the second half of the seventeenth century, this hiberna tax was gradually extended to new population groups. Other taxes, including the so-called kwarta— the quarter (in fact 20%) of all incomes from royal estates intended for the maintenance of the above-mentioned Quarterly Army—were also absorbed into the hiberna. During this period, the hiberna, which the military collected through the assignments system, drew upon only a portion of the Jewish poll tax. The rest was leased to Jewish tax farmers and was directed to the treasury as previously. The Jewish councils themselves decided which communities should pay their poll tax through assignments and which through tax farmers. Councils often used this power of decision as a threat against disobedient communities. Thus, for example, the Council of Lithuania passed the following resolution in 1684: “When the tax is collected in the state [the Grand Duchy of Lithuania], any community that will not settle its debts shall bear responsibility for all expenses and damages caused by this delay, and if the community will continue to withhold the payments, it is permitted to issue assignments in its name, even to the hands of the soldiers.”31 Military tax collectors were known to behave with great cruelty, throwing people into icy water, sowing salt on their bodies (i.e., after flogging them), and so forth. Such violence caused peasant uprisings at times. According to Gierowski, these upheavals, as well as the fact that the funds collected were often squandered on the court’s extravagances instead of being invested in the army, served as the impetus for the 1717 reforms.32 In 1717, the Mute Diet (Sejm Niemy) decreed that the Jewish poll tax in its entirety would benefit the Polish army as an integral part of the hiberna.33 This reform is reflected in Jewish sources. Thus we read

31 Pinkas Va’ad HaKehilot HaRashiyot BeMedinat Lita. Kovets Takanot UFsakim MeShnat 5383 ad Shnat 5521, ed. S. Dubnov (Berlin, 1925), 157. 32 See J. Gierowski, Mi\dzy saskim absolutyzmem a zlotA wolnościA: Z dziejów wewn\trznych Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1712–1715 (Wrocław, 1953), 21–23, 43–56, 82–85, 119–130. Gierowski, however, is wrong to claim that the burghers were also subjected to this tax in 1717. As we shall see later, only Jews and peasants paid it in 1717–1764. 33 See Volumina Legum VI, 289. For critical studies of the fiscal reform of 1717, see M. Nycz, Geneza reform skarbowych Sejmu Niemego: Studium z dziejów skarbowo-wojskowych z lat 1697–1717 (Poznań, 1938).

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in the minutes of the Council of Four Lands from 1739: “According to the state law concerning the Jewish poll tax, as it is explained in many constitutions, and particularly in an agreement of Warsaw from 1717 . . . the Jewish poll tax, which usually belonged to the crown treasury, was added to hiberna (‫)היבערני‬.”34 The Great Northern War and the confederation of Tarnogród, which made it clear that the army needed permanent sources of income in order to ensure its efficiency, brought about the fiscal reforms of 1717. The upshot was that the Diet and the dietines would not be responsible for taxation. Rather, the grand treasurer ( podskarbi wielki) alone would set the tax amount and determine how these levies would best be collected in voivodeships and towns. In practice, however, responsibility for collecting most of the taxes earmarked for military expenses was handed over to specially created commissions for the hiberna, and the funds ended up in the new military treasury (skarb wojskowy). The military collected the taxes through the system of assignments, while the grand treasurer served as nothing more than a rubber stamp. The Jewish poll tax was fixed in 1717 at 220,000 Polish złoty,35 and the military collected it directly, bypassing the Polish treasury as well as the Jewish autonomous bodies. The reform of 1717 was, in fact, a compromise between the vocal demands of the Polish nobility to return the Jewish poll tax to a per capita collection method, and Jewish resistance to such demands. The nobles claimed that under the fixedamount system, the gap between the money collected and the funds that were actually handed over to the authorities was significant and that this gap might be closed with per capita collection, a change that would benefit the Polish authorities. Jewish resistance stemmed from the community’s dependence on this very surplus to fund its own needs. Although per capita collection was not reintroduced in 1717, collection of the Jewish poll tax was handed over to the military in its entirety. This served to deprive the Jewish autonomous bodies of the surplus’s benefit. In practice, the military continued to collect more than the fixed amount and directed some of the surplus to the Jewish autonomous bodies. The grand total of Jewish poll tax collected in 1726, for example, stood at 291,527 złoty, and 288,300 złoty of this sum was divided into

Gelber and Halperin, “Va’ad Arba’ Aratsot” (n. 12, above), 180. See R. Rybarski, Skarb i pieniAdz za Jana Kazimierza, Michała Korybuta i Jana III, (Warsaw, 1939), 39–40; A. Pawiński, Skarbowoćś w Polsce (n. 20, above), 236. 34

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1,200 sympla of 238 złoty 27.5 groszy. The 68,300 złoty surplus covered interest expenses for loans borrowed from the church (9,024 złoty) and the cost of bribes to the Warsaw Diet (10,116 złoty) and to the hiberna commission at Radom (10,726 złoty). Since the latter two sums were also borrowed from nobles, the interest on these loans (2,791 złoty) also had to be paid. The remaining 35,644 złoty were spent on salaries for scribes and other officials of the Jewish councils.36 The cost of running the Jewish autonomous administration was, however, higher than this amount. Before 1717, it had been possible to meet these costs using the semi-legal taxation surplus. After the fiscal reform, the council was reduced to borrowing money to meet its needs, most often from the church. When the autonomy was finally dissolved in 1764, the debts of the Council of Four Lands totaled a whopping 2,501,589 złoty.37 This indebtedness has sometimes erroneously been attributed to heavy taxation. As in the late sixteenth century, so also in the mid-eighteenth, the Jewish poll tax was not set at a particularly high level. The cause of this indebtedness resides in the lack of a taxation surplus.38 The assessment of the tax on individual taxpayers remained in the hands of the Jewish councils. In practice, the Council of Four Lands did not assess the tax for any particular Jewish community or individual taxpayer, but rather assigned assessment sums to autonomous fiscal units, called glilot in Hebrew. The regional councils of these galil units translated the tax burden into detailed assessments. The Council of Four Lands itself, like the grand treasurer, served as an appeals court, hearing local requests to reduce taxation for a variety of reasons as well as other complaints. From 1717 onwards, such complaints could only be submitted to the Council of Four Lands with the approval of the commissioner of the treasury, who was always a military dignitary of the hiberna commission. It seems that from 1717 onward, the responsibility for tax assessment returned to the regional Jewish councils (va’ad galil), which carried out their duties in cooperation with the voivodeships’ military treasuries. This situation is clearly expressed in the following quotation from a 1739 document of the Council of Four Lands:

R. Mahler, “A budzshet fun Va’ad Arba’ Aratsot” (n. 21, above), 65–84. I. Schiper, “Finantsieler khurban” (n. 21, above), 19. 38 On this subject, see J. Kalik, “Patterns of Contact between the Catholic Church and the Jews in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the 17–18th Centuries: Jewish Debts,” in Studies in the History of the Jews in Old Poland in Honor of Jacob Goldberg, ed. A. Teller, Scripta Hierosolymitana 38 ( Jerusalem, 1998), 102–122. 36 37

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chapter one Since such things as great destruction by fire often happen to Jews, any community, town, or galil should not seek salvation in these matters with the trustees [of the Council of Four Lands], who have no authority whatsoever to make any [tax] reduction, but they should first turn to the elders (rashim) of their galil and then to the regional council (va’ad ha-galil), which is convened annually for the purpose of [tax] assessment, and there they should ask for reductions, which should be granted to them by the leaders assembled in this council.39

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Jewish poll tax was used to finance infantry regiments (for example, in 1702, the Potocki Regiment),40 but from 1717 on, the proceeds of this tax were transferred exclusively to cavalry squadrons. The reforms of 1717 were in force until 1764, when the entire fiscal structure was abolished, together with the Jewish autonomous bodies and even the office of the grand treasurer. The existence of the Jewish autonomous administration at a national level in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth provided an effective channel for interaction between the Jewish and Polish political establishments—interaction that stretched well beyond matters of taxation. This was a two-way channel, with functionaries of the Council of Four Lands conducting business in the corridors of the Diet and the royal court, and commissioners of the treasury and military gaining an intimate understanding of the quirks of internal Jewish politics. Jewish autonomy provided a platform for Jewish participation in Polish politics and for Polish involvement in Jewish affairs at a national level. The disbanding of Jewish autonomy preceded the dissolution of the Polish state by several years, but both events were integral to the process whereby the remaining central institutions of the commonwealth were dissolved. The initial impetus for eliminating Jewish autonomy was to reinforce state control over the Jews, as in other contemporary centralized states. Paradoxically, since the Polish state itself was in the process of disintegrating, disbanding the autonomy removed the state’s most effective instrument for exerting its jurisdiction over the Jewish population. As a result, the Jews, in some senses, became even more autonomous than they had previously been.

Gelber and Halperin, “Va’ad Arba’ Aratsot” (n. 12, above), 165–166. See AGAD, Archiwum Skarbu Koronnego (ASK), dz. 4, syg. 18, p. 303; see also in the archive of Aaron (Arthur) Eisenbach (n. 9, above), microfilm 735, p. 21. 39 40

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The abolishment of Jewish autonomy caused radical changes in the structure of Jewish leadership, well beyond its points of contact with the Polish authorities. These changes also mark the beginnings of a process whereby the role of Polish Jewry in the Jewish world gradually diminished. The authority of the Jewish autonomous leadership arose out of its double role in both assessing the Jewish poll tax on individual communities and financing much of the Jewish cultural, social, political, and diplomatic activity both within and without the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. With the collapse of this authority, the centers of power in Jewish society also shifted in other directions. The new leadership tended to be more locally oriented and soon found itself facing entirely new challenges in the postpartition period.

CHAPTER TWO

THE STRUCTURE OF JEWISH AUTONOMY Because so few sources about Jewish autonomous bodies in Crown Poland have been available until now, neither their composition nor their structure has been fully described so far. The new material on which the present study is based shows that the Council of the Four Lands consisted of twenty-three constituent bodies, divided into three categories: ten extraterritorial urban communities (Kraków, Poznań, Ciechanowiec, Siemiatycze, Mi\dzyrzecz Podlaski, Lublin, Józefów, D\bica, Przemyśl, and Mi\dzyrzecz Korecki); three autonomous major communities (Tykocin, W\grów, and Rzeszów); and ten regional councils (Great Poland, Little Poland, the voivodeship of Lublin, Chełm-Belz, Ordynacja Zamoyska, the district of Przemyśl, Samborszczyzna, Ruś, Podolia, and Wołyń). The three autonomous major communities consisted of several subordinate urban communities, while the ten regional councils were further divided into several major communities (kehalim rashiyim). Complete information about the structure of Jewish autonomy in Crown Poland as it is reflected in the poll tax lists from 1717 to 1764 is summarized in table 1. The number of towns and villages naturally varied considerably in each annual list. Figures in the table indicate their maximal numbers. All headings and subheadings are displayed as they appear in the poll tax lists. The names of fiscal units are italicized. 1. Exterritorial Urban Communities (Supplement 1, Table 1; Supplement 2, Map 1) 1.1. Ciechanowiec Ciechanowiec is classified here as an exterritorial urban community, though this fiscal unit included, besides the community of Ciechanowiec itself, four subordinate urban communities. Nevertheless, I prefer not to define it as an autonomous major community, since no elders from Ciechanowiec are ever mentioned in the Jewish poll tax lists. In this

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Table 1. Numbers of towns and villages in the fiscal units of the Jewish poll tax in the Polish Crown Fiscal unit Little Poland Villages near Wodzisław Kraków (Kazimierz) Great Poland Poznań Ruś Villages near Lwów Villages near Drohobycz Klucz mednicki Villages of Mr. Zielonka Villages of Mrs. Turkołowa Villages near Brzeżany Villages near Swierze Villages near Stryj Community of Lisko Voivodeship of Bracław Podolia City of Lublin Klucz pleszczyński Lublin Estates of Granowski, voivode of Rawa (Community of Nowemiasto on Pilica) Villages near Baranów Villages near Bełżyce Villages near Janowiec Villages near Kazimierz Villages near Łuków Villages near Piaski Lubelski Villages near Zaklików Villages near Żelechów Community of Zwolin Ordynacja zamoyska Ekonomja sandomierska City of Przemyśl Przemyśl Samborszczyzna Community of Rzeszów D\bica Ciechanowiec Józefów Mi\dzyrzecz Korecki Mi\dzyrzecz Podlaski

Towns 98 1 162 1 191

5 67 95 2 109 11

2 17 1 57 10 13 1 5 1 1 1

Villages 60 14 10 157 53 36 5 5 2 1 2 1 29 11 2 28 3 293 54 2 7 9 2 6 5 1 1 15 42 4 324 29 11 1 31

(continued on next page)

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Table 1 (cont.) Fiscal unit Siemiatycze Wołyń Community of Ostróg Community of Włodzimierz Villages near Beresteczko Villages near Stromylcze Community of Łuck Community of Kowel Community of Krzemieniec Klucz Płucizna Community of Dubno Community of Ołyka Community of Owrucz Chełm-Bełz Villages near Bełz Villages near Busk Villages near Chełm Villages near Grabowiec Villages near Hrubieszów Villages near Korytnica Villages near Lubomla Villages near Narol and Lipsko Villages near Potylicz Villages near Swierz Villages near Tarnogóra Villages near Uhnow Community of Tykocin Villages in district of Bielsk Villages in district of Łomża Villages in district of Mielnik Starostwo knyszyńskie Villages in district of Wizna Community of W\grów Villages near Czyżew Villages near Dobre Villages behind Jadowo Villages behind J\drzejew Villages near Kałuszyn Villages near Kamienczyk Villages near Kosów Villages near Kosów and Czyżew Villages near M[kobody

Towns 1 268 165 30 21 7 30 2 1 12 63

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1 21

Villages 308 139 37 3 1 10 46 72 4 4 134 17 3 12 18 57 1 14 5 6 1 7 5 178 13 10 34 20 1 376 36 2 6 3 50 2 18 38 14

(continued on next page)

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Table 1 (cont.) Fiscal unit Villages near Mińsk Villages near Niegów Villages near Ostrów Villages near Popowo nad Bugiem Villages near Sokołów Villages near Stoczek Villages near Warszawa Villages near W[sowo Villages near W\grów Villages near Zar\by

Towns

Villages 11 39 77 4 14 5 22 3 43 9

regard, Ciechanowiec is treated similarly to every other exterritorial urban community, except for Lublin. Wysokie Mazowieckie belonged to the autonomous major community of W\grów until 1730, when it was annexed to Ciechanowiec. In 1763 Ciechanowiec itself was incorporated into W\grów. Most of the territory under Ciechanowiec’s jurisdiction belonged to the Polish voivodeship of Podlasie, except for Nur, which was the capital of the district of Nur in the voivodeship of Mazowsze. Neither Grodzisk nor Nur is mentioned in the census. 1.2. D\bica D\bica in the voivodeship of Sandomierz belonged to the autonomous major community of Rzeszów until 1730, when it became an exterritorial urban community. However, not all the Jews of this town were affected by this change: only the Jewish community of “new” D\bica (Nowa D\bica) became independent, while the dwellers of “old” D\bica (Stara D\bica) remained under Rzeszów’s jurisdiction. 1.3. Józefów Since Tomasz Józef Zamoyski, the fifth ordynat, founded it in 1725, the Jewish community of Józefów was not annexed to the Ordynacja Zamoyska, but became an exterritorial urban community. In terms of the Polish administration, Józefów belonged to the voivodeship of Lublin.

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1.4. Kraków or Kazimierz The census correctly identifies Cracow as Kazimierz, since in practice the Jews of Cracow lived in this Jewish town, while in the poll tax lists, this fiscal unit is called either Kraków or Kazimierz. According to the census, the community of Kazimierz included a rural periphery of thirty-three villages,1 but none is ever mentioned in poll tax lists. 1.5. Lublin Lublin, like Ciechanowiec, is a marginal case, since unlike other exterritorial urban communities, the city of Lublin included not only the urban community of Lublin itself (called Lublin synagogue), but also three suburban communities and the small town of Głusko. The elders of Lublin also appear regularly in poll tax lists, and in this respect, Lublin can be classified as an autonomous major community. Lublin is exceptionally well documented. Not only are surrounding villages and suburbs indicated in poll tax lists, but numerous individual taxpayers are identified by name, along with other details, such as the name of their lord, occupation, place of abode, and family connections.2 This unusual level of detail did not bode well for the Jews of Lublin. Being singled out as an individual taxpayer meant that the Jewish regional council had issued a personal assignment (asygnacja) in the name of this particular Jew. This assignment was handed over to the cavalry unit that owned the right to collect assessed taxes in the area. It was not pleasant for any Jew to be harassed by members of the Polish military, but for modern scholars, such a level of detail provides an unusual wealth of information.

1 See A. Czuczyński, “Spis Żydów województwa krakowskiego z roku 1765,” Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umi\tności, vol. 8 (1898), 8; repr. in S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry,” Bar-Ilan, Annual of Bar-Ilan University: Studies in Judaica and the Humanities (Studies in the History and Culture of East European Jewry, ed. G. Bacon and M. Rosman) 24/25 (1989): 62–63. 2 For details, see J. Kalik, “Suburban Story: The Structure of Jewish Communities in the Largest Royal Cities of 18th Century Crown Poland,” Kwartalnik Historyczny 113 (2006): 54–65.

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1.6. Mi\dzyrzecz Korecki Mi\dzyrzecz Korecki usually belonged to the major community of Ostróg in Wołyń, but in 1739 and 1741, it became a separate major community in the framework of Wołyń, and in 1758, it even became an exterritorial urban community independent of any regional council. 1.7. Mi\dzyrzecz Podliaski Mi\dzyrzecz Podliaski belonged either to the Council of Four Lands in Crown Poland or to the Council of Lithuania in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. 1.8. Poznań Poznań consisted of the urban Jewish community; according to the poll tax lists and the census, it does not seem to have had any suburbs or rural periphery. 1.9. Przemyśl In contrast to Lublin, the suburbs of Przemyśl belonged to the Przemyśl regional council and not to the exterritorial urban community of Przemyśl. 1.10. Siemiatycze Siemiatycze usually belonged to the autonomous major community of Tykocin, but in 1736 it was regarded as an exterritorial urban community of its own. In the census, the Jewish community of Siemiatycze also includes the town of Drohiczyn (the capital of the district) and several villages.3 The full list of the villages in the rural periphery of Siemiatycze in 1667 is found in the minutes of the communal council of Tykocin.4 However, neither Drohiczyn nor any villages are ever mentioned in poll tax lists. 3 See J. Kleczyński and F. Kluczycki, “Liczba głów żydowskich w Koronie z tarif roku 1765,” Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umi\tności, vol. 8 (1898), 19; repr. in S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry” (n. 1, above), 143. 4 Pinkas Kahal Tiktin 5381–5566, vol. 1, ed. M. Nadav ( Jerusalem, 1996), no. 623, p. 443.

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2. Autonomous Major Communities 2.1. Rzeszów (Supplement 1, Table 2; Supplement 2, Map 2) The community of Rzerszów consisted of Czudec, D\bica, Frysztak, Głogów, Robczyce, S\drzyszów, Strzyżów, and Wielopole in the voivodeship of Sandomierz; and Błażów, Rzeszów, and Tyczyn in the district of Przemyśl in the voivodeship of Ruś. Błażów is not mentioned in the census. After 1730 “new” D\bica, as mentioned above, received the status of an exterritorial urban community. Additionally, Rozwadów and Karsnobród, which usually belonged to Ordynacja Zamoyska, were temporarily annexed to Rzeszów in 1731. 2.2. Tykocin (Supplement 1, Table 3; Supplement 2, Map 3) The Jewish community of Tykocin consisted of the districts (ziemia) of Bielsk and Mielnik, the community of Siemiatycze in the district of Drohiczyn in the voivodeship of Podlasie, and the districts of Łomża and Wizna in the voivodeship of Mazowsze. Tykocin was the only Jewish fiscal unit whose internal structure matched the Polish administrative structure. Its rural Jewish population was recorded in the framework of the Polish districts, not that of the Jewish urban communities subordinated to Tykocin. Additionally, twenty villages in the Mielnik district comprised a group of royal estates called starostwo knyszyńskie. Knyszyn and Suraż in the Bielsk district and Mielnik in the Mielnik district are missing from the census. Wiszńa in the Bielsk district; Lipnik, Rudka, Zambrów, and Zawadów in the Łomża district; and Szczucin in the Wizna district, in contrast, are mentioned in the census, although they never paid any poll tax. 2.3. W\grów (Supplement 1, Table 4; Supplement 2, Map 4) The autonomous community of W\gów consisted of the Drohiczyn district in the voivodeship of Podlasie (except for Siemiatycze and Drohiczyn itself ), and the districts of Liw, Nur, and the northern part of the district of Warsaw in the Mazowsze voivodeship. In 1725 Wysokie Mazowieckie was transferred to the autonomous community of Tykocin5

5

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 15.

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and in 1729 it was amalgamated into Ciechanowiec.6 In 1763 the previously autonomous community of Ciechanowiec was annexed to the community of W\grów.7 It was the most rural Jewish fiscal unit in all of Crown Poland. Hundreds of villages in this region appear in the poll tax lists under subheadings such as “villages near Czyżew, Jadowo, Kaluszyn,” and so on. Two towns, Niegów and Warsaw, appear in the poll tax lists as centers of rural periphery only, without urban Jewish communities of their own. Niegów does not appear in the census at all, but Warsaw appears there in the same capacity as in the poll tax lists, both sources faithfully reflecting the official prohibition against Jews living in the capital. Several large villages appear as centers of rural peripheries of their own (W[sewo, Popowo on Bug, J\drzejów). Mordy never served as a subheading for a rural periphery, but, nevertheless, 135 Jews lived in villages near Mordy according to the census of 1764/65.8 Goworowo and Sterdyń are mentioned in the census of 1764/65,9 but they never paid any Jewish poll tax. Kamieńczyk, Karczew, Liw, Radzymin, and Siennica are missing from the census. 3. Regional Councils 3.1. Chełm-Bełz (Nine Communities) (Supplement 1, Table 5; Supplement 2, Map 5) The fiscal unit called Chełm-Bełz in the poll tax lists, known in Hebrew as Nine Communities (tesha kehilot), consisted of the entire voivodeship of Bełz, most of the Chełm district (including Chełm, Krasnostaw, Krośniczyn, Lubomla, Opalin, Ratno, Rejowice, Siedliszcze, Swierz, Tarnogóra, and Uchanie) and Sieniawa in the Przemyśl district in the Ruś voivodeship. Hrubieszów and Kryłów belonged to the Bełz voivodeship, but in the census they appear in the Chełm district. Krasnobrod in the Chełm district and Modliborzyce in the Lublin voivodeship passed in 1723 from Chełm-Bełz to Ordynacja Zamoyska. Chełm-Bełz consisted

Ibid., syg. 19. Ibid., syg. 53. 8 J. Kleczyński and F. Kluczycki, “Liczba głów żydowskich” (n. 4, above), 19; S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census” (n. 2, above), 143. 9 J. Kleczyński and F. Kluczycki, “Liczba głów żydowskich” (n. 4, above), 19, 21; S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census” (n. 2, above), 143, 145. 6 7

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of five major communities: Bełz, Chełm, Hrubieszów, Krystynpol, and Lubomla. However, rural peripheries centered on twelve towns are also indicated: Bełz, Busk, Chełm, Grabowiec, Hrubieszów, Korytnica, Lubomla, Narol-Lipsko, Potylicz, Swierz, Tarnogóra, and Uhnow. Potok appears in the census, but it never paid any poll tax. Lubela and Sosnowica paid taxes, but are missing from the census. 3.2. Great Poland (Supplement 1, Table 6; Supplement 2, Map 6) Great Poland was called the “voivodeship of Poznań and Kalisz” (województwo poznańskie y kaliskie) in poll tax lists. Apart from the voivodeships of Poznań and Kalisz, it also included nine more voivodeships (Kujawy, Inowrocław, Chełmno, Malbork, Pomorze, Płock, Rawa, Ł\czyca, Sieradz), as well as the districts of Wyszogród, Ciechanów, Zakroczyn, and Rożan in the Mazowsze voivodeship. Żychlin belonged to the Ł\czyca voivodeship, but in the census it appears as part of the Rawa voivodeship. In 1735 the district of Rawa in the voivodeship of Rawa passed to Lublin’s jurisdiction, while two other districts in this voivodeship (Sochaczew and Gostynin) remained in Great Poland. This fiscal unit consisted of three major communities: Kalisz, Krotoszyn, and Leszno. In spite of being a major community, Kalisz never paid any poll tax. According to the census, the Jews lived in nine towns in the voivodeship of Chełmno (Bratian, Cybor, Filów, Ostrom\cko, Pław\cino, Pokrzywin, Szembruk, Toruń, and Wlew) and in one village in the voivodeship of Malbork, but none of them ever appear in the poll tax lists, except for Szembruk in 1729. Only two suburbs of Gdańsk, Langführ and Szotland (Altschottland, which was named Hoppembrug in the census, being annexed to this neighboring town) in the Pomorze voivodeship appear in the poll tax lists, while the third Jewish suburb of Gdańsk, Weinberg, as well as the rest of the suburbs (Podzamcie Hamersztyńskie, Podzamcie Kościerzyńskie, Podzamcie Tucholskie, Przedmieście Człuchowskie) and the villages in this voivodeship, never appear in these lists. Five towns (Burzenin, Tuszyn, Widawa, Wieruszów, and Złoczew) in the central part of the Sieradz voivodeship are also missing from the census, but are recorded as having paid their poll tax. The Jews of Heinrichsdorf (modern Czaplinek), which was pledged since 1657 to Brandenburg-Prussia, nevertheless paid poll tax to the Polish Crown. Great Poland was the most urbanized region in Crown Poland. Only ten villages are mentioned in its territory, and the geographical locations of only two of them have been identified: one near Nakło and the other near Złoczew.

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3.3. Little Poland (Supplement 1, Table 7; Supplement 2, Map 7) Little Poland was called the “voivodeship of Cracow and Sandomierz” (województwo krakowskie y sandomirskie) in poll tax lists. It comprised the entire Cracow voivodeship; the districts of Opoczno, Wiślica, and Sandomierz (except for Rozwadów and Ułanów); the towns of Tarnów, D[brów, Kolbuszowa, Radomyśl, Przecław, and Rzochów in the Pilzno district in the voivodeship of Sandomierz; the towns Działoszyn, Koniecpole, Praszka, and Kamińsk in the Sieradz voivodeship; and Bukowsko, Jaczmierz, Nowytaniec, and Rymanów in the Sanok district in the voivodeship of Ruś. Little Poland consisted of five major communities: Nowemiasto Korczyn, Olkusz, Opatów, Pińczów, and Tarnów. Maków in the Cracow voivodeship, Gowarczew and Sokołów in the Sandomierz voivodeship, and Bukowsko, Jaczmierz, and Nowytaniec in the Sanok district, all of which paid their poll tax, nevertheless do not appear in the census. The rural Jewish population in the community of Wodzisław appears under the subheading “submitted by the elders of Wodzisław” (z podania starszych wodzisławowskich) in the annual lists for 1758 and 1759.10 The considerable discrepancy between the census, where this community included a rural periphery of 107 villages, and the poll tax records may be explained by the fact that only leaseholders (arendarze) are counted in poll tax records, and since Wodzisław was outside the leaseholders’ belt, only in a few villages in its vicinity did the lords lease tax collection to the Jews.11 3.4. Lublin (Supplement 1, Table 8; Supplement 2, Map 8) The city of Lublin (miasto Lublin) and the “voivodeship of Lublin” (województwo lubelskie) are handled as two separate fiscal units in the poll tax lists. The voivodeship of Lublin, however, also included the districts of Radom and St\życa in the voivodeship of Sandomierz, the Czersk district, and a southern part of the Warsaw district in the voivodeship of Mazowsze—and, from 1735, the Rawa district in the voivodeship of Rawa. The southern part of the Polish voivodeship of Lublin was not part of it, but rather belonged to Ordynacja Zamoyska. The council of

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 48, 49. See J. Kalik, “Jewish Leaseholders (Arendarze) in 18th Century Crown Poland,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 54 (2006): 229–240 and ch. 6, below. 10 11

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Lublin consisted of three major communities: Kozienicy, Lubartów, and Opole. Rural peripheries of nine more towns are indicated: Baranów, Bełżyce, Janowiec, Kazimierz, Łuków, Piaski Lubelski, Zaklików, Zwolin, and Żelechów. The community of Nowemiasto on Pilica held a special position in the framework of this fiscal unit: its eleven towns and fifty-four villages appear in 1758–1762 under the heading “According to the assessment of the elders of Nowemiasto of the estates of His Highness Mr. Granowski, voivode of Rawa” (Wedlug dyspartymentu starszych nowomiejskich dóbr I. W. Im. P. Granowskiego wojewody rawskiego). This reflected the private administration of the Polish magnate who owned this town. Towns in the district of Czersk do not appear in the census, but eleven of them are mentioned in poll tax lists: Drwalew, Garwolin, Goszczyn, Grójec, Łaskarzew, Maciejowice, Magnuszew, Osieck, Przebyszew, Sobików, and Warka. The same is true for five towns in the southern part of the district of Warsaw: Kołbiel, Latowicz, Ożarów Mazowiecki, Parysów, and Piaseczno. Mińsk Mazowiecki, which usually belonged to W\grów, was under Lublin’s jurisdiction in 1719–1721, and again in 1750. Only in the Jewish council of Lublin do we find the names of Jewish taxpayers, this being the case with regard to Biała (1751),12 Ciepielów (1742–1743),13 Gniewoszów (1740, 1746),14 Ł\czno (1750–1751),15 Radom (1740–1742, 1753),16 Radzyn (1740–1743),17 and Rawa (1751),18 and of course Lublin itself, the Jewish population of which is described in exceptional detail. 3.5. Ordynacja Zamoyska (Supplement 1, Table 9; Supplement 2, Map 9) Ordynacja Zamoyska was treated as a separate fiscal unit in the poll tax lists. It was located in the territory of four voivodeships: (1) Łaszczów in the Bełz voivodeship; (2) Krasnobrod, Szczebreszyn, Turobin, Zamość, and Żółkiewka in the Chełm district, and Tarnogród in the Przemyśl district in the Ruś voivodeship; (3) Biłgoray, Frannopol, Gorzków, Goray, 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 42. Ibid., syg. 33–34. Ibid., syg. 30, 37. Ibid., syg. 41–42. Ibid., syg. 30, 31, 32, 44. Ibid., syg. 30–31, 33–34. Ibid., syg. 42.

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Modliborzyce, Piłaszkowiec, and Wysokie in the Lublin voivodeship; and (4) Rozwadów and Ułanów in the Sandomierz voivodeship. This fiscal unit was similar in size to one of the autonomous major communities, but, nevertheless, consisted of three major communities: Szczebreszyn, Tarnogród, and Zamość. Gorzków and Piłaszkowiec are not mentioned in the census. Four villages in its territory belonged to the ekonomia sandomirska. 3.6. Podolia (Supplement 1, Table 10; Supplement 2, Map 10) Podolia (województwo podolskie) was the only Jewish fiscal unit whose borders corresponded exactly to the Polish voivodeship. It consisted of five major communities: Bar, Dunajowiec, Husiatyn, Mi\dzyboż, and Satanów. Kamieniec Podolski, which had the privilege “not to tolerate Jews” (de non tolerandis Judaeis), does not appear in the census, but does appear in the poll tax lists from 1720 to 1750.19 3.7. Przemyśl (Supplement 1, Table 11; Supplement 2, Map 11) The city of Przemyśl was an exterritorial urban community separate from the “district ( powiat) of Przemyśl,” which consisted of the large part of the Polish district of Przemyśl and the towns Dubiecko, Dydnia, Dynów, and Izdebki in the Sanok district in the Ruś voivodeship, and the village of Wielki Oczy in the Bełz voivodeship. The Jewish suburbs of Przemyśl, however, were treated separately from its urban community and paid their taxes as part of the regional council. They are not mentioned in the census. The council of Przemyśl consisted of eight major communities: Dobromil, Husaków, Jarosław, Kańczuga, Leżajsk, Łaszki, Przeworsk, and Szumin. It is interesting that one of their centers was a village (Łaszki). Since Samborszczyzna was treated as a separate fiscal unit for short periods of time, two of its major communities—Husaków and Szumin—were listed outside the council of Przemyśl. 3.8. Ruś (Supplement 1, Table 12; Supplement 2, Maps 12 and 13) The fiscal unit called the “voivodeship of Ruś” (województwo ruskie) in fact consisted of three regions without territorial continuity: (1) the com-

19

Ibid., syg. 9, 20, 21, 22, 40, 41.

the structure of jewish autonomy

35

munity of Lisko (or Lesko) in the Sanok district, cut off from the rest of the unit by the district of Przemyśl; (2) the voivodeship of Bracław (including Zwinogród and Bosowka in the voivodeship of Kiev), separated from the voivodeship of Ruś by the voivodeship of Podolia; and (3) the central part of this unit, consisting of the Halicz and Lwów districts, the communities of Drohobycz, Skolia, and Stryj in the Przemyśl, Chołojów, and Magierów in the voivodeship of Bełz, and Żałoszcze in Wołyń. Ruś consisted of four major communities: Brody, Lwów, Tyśmenica, and Żółkiew. The Bracław voivodeship appears under a separate subheading in the poll tax lists, and no major communities are found in its territory. The rural peripheries of Lwów, Drohobycz, Brzeżany, Swierze, and Stryj are also mentioned. The noble owners of several groups of villages on the periphery of Drohobycz are named. The urban community of Lisko, being an enclave of Ruś, which the territory of Przemyśl separated from its central area, is exceptionally well delineated with its four subordinate urban communities (Baligród, Mrzygłód, Sanok, and Tyrawa Wołoska) and twenty-nine villages. 3.9. Samborszyzna (Supplement 1, Table 13; Supplement 2, Map 11) Samborszczyzna was usually an integral part of the council of Przemyśl, but between 1720 and 1739 it formed an independent council. This was the smallest regional council in Crown Poland, and it resembled an autonomous major community more than it did a regional council. Samborszczyzna itself, however, consisted of three major communities: Czapli, Husaków, and Szumin. It is interesting that none of them paid any poll tax when Samborszczyzna was treated as a separate regional council. Łaszki, in contrast, paid its poll tax only in the framework of Samborszczyzna, but was tax-exempt, while it served as a center of one of the major communities of the Przemyśl council. 3.10. Wołyń (Supplement 1, Table 14; Supplement 2, Maps 14 and 15) The fiscal unit called the “voivodeship of Wołyń” (wojewówztwo wołyńskie) also included the voivodeship of Kiev; the towns of Lipowiec, Pików, Strzyżawka, Tetyjów, and Żywatów in the Bracław voivodeship; Carny Ostrów in the Podolia voivodeship; and Stremilcze in the Bełz voivodeship. Wołyń was the largest fiscal unit, and the only one that was consistently subdivided in all poll tax lists into five (Kowel, Krzemieniec, Łuck, Ostróg, Włodzimierz) to nine (with the addition of Dubno, Mi\

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dzyrzecz Korecki, Ołyka, and Owrucz) major communities. Though these major communities were called “districts” ( powiat) in the poll tax lists, they did not correspond to the districts of the Polish administrative structure. The Polish voivodeship of Wołyń was subdivided into three districts ( powiat): Łuck, Włodzimierz, and Krzemieniec, but the largest major Jewish community was Ostróg, which included the eastern part of the voivodeship of Wołyń, and almost all the voivodeship of Kiev (except for the major community of Owrucz). Kowel and Dubno also constituted two separate major communities except for 1728 and 1730, when Dubno was attached to Kowel, in spite of the lack of territorial continuity between the two. Additionally, Ołyka was regarded as a separate major community in 1760–1762.20 It consisted of this town only. The Polish voivodeship of Kiev was also subdivided into three districts—Kiev, Żytomir, and Owrucz—but in Jewish terms, the Kiev and Żytomir districts were parts of the major community of Ostróg, and the Owrucz district usually belonged to the Jewish council of Lithuania. It appears in the poll tax lists in 1749–1758 only.21 Finally, Mi\dzyrzecz Korecki, which usually belonged to the major community of Ostróg, became a discrete major community in 1739 and 1741. Nowhere else is the difference between rural and urban settlements as blurred as in the major community of Ostróg. About half of all settlements there are defined alternatively as towns or villages. The group of settlements that are defined alternatively as towns or villages also includes such historic Cossack capitals as Czehryn and Czerkasy. The rural peripheries of two towns in the territory of the major community of Włodzimierz are also mentioned: Beresteczko and Stremilcze. Conclusions The structure of Jewish autonomy in Crown Poland was more complex than what has usually been assumed. The Jewish autonomous administration could include up to five hierarchical levels: (1) the Council of Four Lands, (2) regional councils, (3) major communities, (4) independent urban communities, and (5) subordinate urban com-

20 21

Ibid., syg. 50–52. Ibid., syg. 40–45, 47, 48.

the structure of jewish autonomy

37

munities.22 An administrative body at the level of a major community or an independent urban community could gain status equal to a regional council, in which case it was then directly represented in the Council of Four Lands. The level of the regional council was unique to Crown Poland, since the Jewish autonomy in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was based on the major communities only. Note that throughout this book I consistently use the administrative terminology proposed in this chapter and in the chart below. Chart 1. Structure of the Jewish autonomy in Crown Poland Council of Four Lands | | | | Regional Councils | | | | | Major Communities Autonomous Major Communities | | | | Urban Communities Urban Communities Exterritorial Urban Communities | | | Subordinate Communities Subordinate Communities Subordinate Communities

22 For example, Baligród, Mrzygłod, Sanok, and Tyrawa Wołoska in the community of Lisko.

CHAPTER THREE

JEWISH DEMOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY Two systematic administrative sources—the 1764/65 census and the Jewish poll tax lists—provide a solid statistical basis for studying the Jewish population in Crown Poland during the eighteenth century. Due to their contrasting origins (Polish state officials conducted the census, while the Jewish councils assessed the poll tax), these sources are in many ways complementary. Thus, comparing them in order to identify points of congruence and disparity is a productive analytical exercise. The original census manuscript vanished during World War II. Regrettably, it had only been partially published before the war.1 Widespread scholarly agreement that available census figures are lower than the real Jewish population of Crown Poland in the mid-eighteenth century presents an additional analytical challenge. Opinions diverge about the extent of the undercount. Mahler estimated it to be about 20%,2 but as early as 1800, Tadeusz Czacki proposed correcting census data by an increase of about 50%, and several contemporary scholars have gravitated to the latter opinion.3 Adopting a different approach, Stampfer compared census data with nineteenth-century statistics and, on the basis of expected population growth rates, reached the conclusion that “the 1764 census was remarkably accurate” and that Mahler “may even have been more cautious than necessary.”4 Jewish poll tax data are no less problematic. Since its introduction in the Middle Ages, the Jewish poll tax was set at one Polish złoty per capita,5 but because of the difficulties in collecting the tax, it was leased

1 A compilation of all published data from the census may be found in S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry,” Bar-Ilan, Annual of Bar-Ilan University: Studies in Judaica and the Humanities (Studies in the History and Culture of East European Jewry, ed. G. Bacon and M. Rosman) 24/25 (1989): 59–147. 2 R. Mahler, Yidn in amolikn Poiln in licht fun tsifern (Warsaw, 1958), ch. 1. 3 Z. Guldon and N. Krikun, “Przyczynek do krytyki spisów ludności żydowskiej z końca XVIII w.,” Studia ,zródłoznawcze 23 (1978): 153–157. 4 S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census” (n. 1, above), 57. 5 See recently A. Filipczak-Kocur, Skarbowość Rzeczypospolitej 1587–1648 (Warsaw, 2006), 65.

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to Jewish tax farmers from 1503 on. With the establishment of the Council of Four Lands in 1581, the aggregate amount for Crown Poland was fixed at 15,000 złoty. This amount was consequently raised several times in accord with the growth of the Jewish population. It reached 70,000 złoty in 1643, 105,000 złoty in 1661, and in 1717 it was fixed at 220,000 złoty.6 Since the total Jewish population of Crown Poland was at least twice as large, amounting, according to the census, to 429,587 persons, Jewish councils had broad leeway in their tax assessment policies. In each community, the Jewish poll tax was assessed based on local policies. Sometimes it was applied progressively (rich Jews were obliged to pay on behalf of their poorer brethren) and sometimes regressively (weaker communities, underrepresented in councils, were overtaxed). Out of this leeway grew a rotation schedule for payment. Almost no Jewish community paid the poll tax continuously during the entire recorded period of 1717–1764. Major Jewish communities (such as Tarnów in Little Poland and Krotoszyn in Great Poland) paid poll taxes intermittently. In 1763, for example, the Jews of Brody (one of the major communities in the council of Ruś) paid the enormous sum of 10,897 złoty,7 but their previous poll tax payment (6,700 złoty) had been made twenty-three years earlier, in 1740.8 For this reason, there is little point in comparing census figures with any particular annual poll tax list. In 1764, for example, the entire voivodeship of Cracow paid not a single złoty. About half of the existing Jewish communities are named in any given list, and the total poll tax figures always amount to about half the population represented in the census data. In spite of the above, the Jewish poll tax was never fully detached from the size of the Jewish population. The one zloty per capita amount remained constant with few exceptions (such as 1,634 Lublin Jews, who, according to the census, were obliged to pay 30 złoty in 1764). Therefore, the assessed sums for specific individual Jewish communities are in many cases quite compatible with census figures for those communities. Stampfer tried to compare the 1764/65 census of the Jewish population in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the lists of the Jewish poll tax from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that survive for this

6 For the relevant Diet’s resolutions, see Sejmy i sejmiki koronne wobec Żydów: Wybór tekstów ,zródłowych, ed. A. Michałowska-Mycielska (Warsaw, 2006), nos. XXXIV (pp. 39–40), LXXX (p. 69), XCVIII (p. 82), CXXXII (pp. 132–133). 7 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 53. 8 Ibid., syg. 30.

jewish demography and geography

41

area.9 He reached the following conclusion: “Thus, comparing the tax data with the census data strengthens the assumption that tax allocation reflected population distribution and allows for a fair degree of security in drawing conclusions from them. It should be emphasized, however, that tax data are revealing about the demographic relationships between communities but cannot give information about the absolute number of Jews.”10 He came to this deduction, however, based on partial information (fourteen annual lists for the entire eighteenth century). With the discovery of the complete corpus of poll tax lists for the 1717–1764 period, it is now possible to extend the comparative analysis of the census and the poll tax records for Crown Poland. In the present study I chose to compare the 1764/65 census figures with the closest (by date) attested amount of poll tax for every Jewish community throughout Crown Poland. These figures combined together represent the full poll tax potential of the Jewish population of Crown Poland during the eighteenth century. I am aware that the poll tax potential is an unusual economic metric.11 However, the unusual situation would seem to warrant employing it: The poll tax lagged behind real population growth. It was assessed on different communities in rotation—a rotation that can be traced precisely for almost half a century. The proposed poll tax potential is not, of course, a true count of Crown Poland’s Jewish population, but this figure may be regarded as the best available independent and contemporary verification tool for census data. In order to understand how poll tax potential was related to the size of the Jewish population, let us examine data for the relatively small Płock voivodeship (see supplement 1, table 6f, and the map on p. 47). The poll tax amount that the Jewish communities of this voivodeship paid varied from 5,477 złoty in 1725 to 720 złoty in 1751. These fluctuations are not attributable to variations in the sums that the communities were obliged to pay, as these remained relatively stable, but are, rather, related to oscillations in the number of communities from which the Jewish council of Great Poland demanded payment in any

9 S. Stampfer, “Some Implications of Jewish Population Patterns in Pre-partition Lithuania,” in Studies in the History of the Jews in Old Poland in Honor of Jacob Goldberg, ed. A. Teller, Scripta Hierosolymitana 38 ( Jerusalem, 1998), 189–223. 10 Ibid., 199. 11 For the use of poll tax records for historical demography, see M. A. Arnould, Les dénombrements de foyers dans le comté de Hainaut (XIV e–XVI e siècles) (Brussells, 1956).

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given year. Three to seven communities, out of a total of nine possible communities in this voivodeship’s territory, paid poll tax annually. The Radzanów urban community, for example, paid only once (in 1729) during the entire recorded period of 1717–1764. If we try to compare the sum of the poll tax that every community paid with the census figures, the following observations become apparent: (1) The Kuczbork urban community never paid any poll tax, but nearby Szreńsk, which did pay, is not mentioned in the census. (2) Where the numbers do match, they are remarkably similar. (3) The poll tax potential is 13.6% higher than the total Jewish population in this voivodeship, according to the census. Comparing the hypothetical poll tax potential and the actual census figures produces promising results. The poll tax potential is consistently higher than the census values in all fiscal units (except for the predominantly rural autonomous major communities of Tykocin and W\grów), as well as in the grand total, where the difference stands at 17.5%. This would seem to confirm Mahler’s estimate and Stampfer’s conclusions. These findings, in my opinion, reinforce both the reliability of the census, and the connection between the poll tax potential and Crown Poland’s Jewish population. The main difficulty in comparing the census and the poll tax records is the discrepancy between the administrative systems according to which these sources are structured. The terminology that the documents utilize can be misleading. Although the census sometimes makes use of pseudo-Jewish terminology (such as kahał or przykahałek), it in fact reflects only the Polish administrative system. The reverse also seems to be true: The poll tax lists were written in Polish and utilize Polish administrative terminology (województwo, powiat, ziemia), but they actually mirror the Jewish autonomous administrative system, which was based upon regional councils (Hebrew galil ) and major communities (Hebrew kahal rashi ). The two systems do not accord either at the regional or the local levels. Thus, the Jewish council of Great Poland, called województwo poznańskie i kaliskie (voivodeship of Poznań and Kalisz) in the poll tax lists, consisted of eleven Polish voivodeships and six districts in two more voivodeships, but the Polish voivodeship of Mazowsze was split between four Jewish councils. The even smaller Sanok district in the Ruś voivodeship was divided between three different Jewish councils. The inadequate state of the census’s publication presents an additional challenge for anyone attempting a comparative study of the two sources. Detailed descriptions of the rural Jewish population were published for

jewish demography and geography

43

seven administrative units only: the voivodeships of Cracow,12 Wołyń, Kiev, Bracław, and Podolia;13 and the districts of Lwów14 and Halicz15 in the voivodeship of Ruś. In the poll tax lists, however, the rural Jews (mostly leaseholders) who are mentioned appear to be limited to a restricted area, which I propose to name the “leaseholders’ belt,”16 stretching from northern Podlasie to the Carpathian mountains. All census regions that list rural Jews remain outside this belt, and only occasional information is available about them in the poll tax lists (the urban community of Wodzisław in the voivodeship of Cracow and the Lwów urban community in the Ruś voivodeship). As a framework for the comparison presented in this work, I selected the Jewish poll tax administrative system in its latest form.17 The data from both sources is presented in a table showing the composition of every fiscal unit in terms of the Polish administrative system and the total Jewish population. Several general observations about the substantial differences between the poll tax lists and the census should be noted. The three voivodeships of Western Prussia—Pomorze, Chełmno, and Malbork—are entirely missing from the poll tax lists, with the exception of two suburbs of Gdańsk (Langführ and Altschottlad) and of Szembruk in the Chełmno voivodeship. Despite this, their Jewish population is included in the census. In contrast, the poll tax lists account for Jews in the Czersk district of the Mazowsze voivodeshiop, but the census claims that “there are no Jews in this district” (ziemia ta Żydów nie ma).18 Such cases reflect the precarious existence that the Jews of these two regions led, where their presence was technically illegal. One is hard

12 A. Czuczyński, “Spis Żydów województwa krakowskiego z roku 1765,” Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umi\tności, vol. 8 (1898). 13 . , “     -      (1765–1791),”  - , vol. 2, part 1 (1890), 1–232. 14 F. Bostel, “Żydzi ziemi lwowskiej i powiatu żydaczowskiego w r. 1765,” Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umi\tności, vol. 6 (1891), 357–378. 15 M. Bałaban, “Spis Żydów i Karaitów ziemi halickiej i powiatów trembowelskiego i kołomyjskiego w r. 1765,” Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umi\tności, vol. 9 (1909), 11–31. 16 See J. Kalik, “Jewish Leaseholders (Arendarze)” (n. 5, above) and ch. 6, below. 17 The map of the Jewish autonomy changed several times during the eighteenth century. Ciechanowiec, Mi\dzyrzecz Korecki, Sambor, and Siemiatycze were sometimes treated as separate fiscal units, but by 1764 they had been incorporated into the councils of W\grów, Wołyń, Przemyśl, and Tykocin respectively. 18 J. Kleczyński and F. Kluczycki, “Liczba głów żydowskich w Koronie z tarif roku 1765,” Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umi\tności, vol. 8 (1898), 20.

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pressed to explain why an identical reality is presented in diametrically opposing ways in the census versus the poll tax records: While being hidden from the census takers in the Czersk district, the Jews still paid their poll tax. In contrast, in Western Prussia, they declared themselves for the census, but were tax-exempt. Five towns (Burzenin, Tuszyn, Widawa, Wieruszów, and Złoczew) in the central part of the Sieradz voivodeship and seven towns (Karczew, Kołbiel, Latowicz, Mińsk Mazowiecki, Ożarów Mazowiecki, Parysów, and Piaseczno) in the southern part of the Warsaw district in the Mazowsze voivodeship are also missing from the census, despite the fact that the Jews residing there paid poll taxes. In the table below, underlined percentage figures reflect the poll tax payments that each fiscal unit contributed to the grand total. All other percentage figures reflect the proportions contributed by various components of the fiscal units to their totals. Table 1. Territorial composition of Jewish fiscal units and their poll tax and census figures Jewish fiscal units (italicized) and their composition in terms of Polish administration Cracow (Kazimierz) Little Poland Voivodeship of Kraków Voivodeship of Sandomierz Dzialoszyn, Koniecpole and Kamińsk in voivodeship of Sieradz Jaczmierz, Nowytaniec, and Rymanów in district of Sanok Poznań Great Poland Voivodeship of Poznań Voivodeship of Kalisz Voivodeship of Sieradz Voivodeship of Kujawy Voivodeship of Inowrocław Voivodeship of Chełmno Voivodeship of Malbork Voivodeship of Pomorze Voivodeship of Płock Voivodeship of Ł\czyca Districts of Wyszogród, Ciechanow, Zakroczym, and Rożan in voivodeship of Mazowsze Districts of Sochaczew and Gostynin in voivodeship of Rawa

Tax potential In złoty

% of total

2375 73961 26118 39085 5772

0.45 14 35 53 8

2806

Tax paid in 1764 Census of 1764/65 In złoty

% of total

No. of persons

% of total

9550

4

3710 46084 14960 27395 2714

0.86 10.7 32 59 5.8

7839

98.7

5

254

1.3

1015

2.2

3417 69696 23544 18582 6486 1760 1720 600

0.65 13.7 35 28 8.6 2 2.6 0.86

36492 13420 4936 2936 1080 720

15 39.6 15 8 3.8 1.9

9.4 5.8 11

1951 58725 17962 12729 5212 1267 1422 577 86 2731 3960 2905 5101

0.45 13.6 30 21.6 8.8 2.1 4.2 0.98 0.14 4.6 6.7 4.9 8.7

600 4500 4224 4350

0.86 5.8 5.2 6.6

3450 2150 4200

3330

4.2

1680

4.6

3671

6.2

(continued on next page)

jewish demography and geography

45

Table 1 (cont.) Jewish fiscal units (italicized) and their composition in terms of Polish administration

Tax potential In złoty

132572 Ruś 93155 Districts of Lwów and Halicz in voivodeship of Ruś 6980 Baligród, Lisko, and Sanok in district of Sanok 5395 Drohobycz, Skolia, and Stryj in district of Premyśl 500 Żałoszcze in voivodeship of Wołyń 1180 Cholojów and Magierów in vovodeship of Bełz 24512 Voivodeship of Bracław 500 Zwinogród and Bosowka in voivodeship of Kiev 350 Uładowka in voivodeship of Podolia Podolia 37776 Voivodeship of Podolia 37626 Czeniejowce in voivodeship of Bracław 150 City of Lublin 2551 27185 Lublin 14237 Voivodeship of Lublin 10035 Districts of Radom and St\życa in voivodeship of Sandomierz 1403 Districts of Czersk and Warsaw in voivodeship of Mazowsze 1510 District of Rawa in voivodeship of Rawa Wołyń 76955 Voivodeship of Wołyń 50174 22217 Voivodeship of Kiev 2434 Lipowiec, Pikow, Strzyżawka, Tetyjów, and Żywatow in voivodeship of Bracław 180 Czarny Ostrow in voivodeship of Podolia 93 Stremilche in voivodeship of Bełz Chełm-Bełz 29409 Voivodeship of Bełz 19659 District of Chełm 8776 Sieniawa in district of Przemyśl 1330 Ordynacja Zamoyska 11684 Łaszczow in voivodeship of Bełz 355 Krasnobrod, Szczebreszyn, Turobin, 5340 Zamość, and Żółkiewka in district of Chełm Biłgoray, Frannopol, Goray, Gorzków, 2294 Modliborzyce, Piłaszkowiec, and Wysokie in voivodeship of Lublin Rozwadow and Ulanow in voivodeship 1730 of Sandomierz Tarnogród in district of Premyśl 1500

Tax paid in 1764 Census of 1764/65

% of total

In złoty

% of total

No. of persons

% of total

25 70

66674 31650

27.8 67.4

96046 69741

22 72.8

5

1300

1.9

2267

2.3

4

1400

2.1

4713

4.9

0.38 0.88

500

0.75

644 744

0.67

18.8 0.38

16820 500

26.9 0.75

17780 226

18.8 0.23

0.26 7 99.6 0.4 0.5 5 55 35

350 28000 27850 150 650 14135 8221 5744

11.8

74 38084

8.8

0.27 6 56 35

2695 25254 14915 8678

0.6 6 56 36

0

2.9 6.3 14.7 65 31 3.1

890 38220 26812 10005 1223

6.2 16 77 20 2.2

1661 75070 49509 20105 2264

6.3 17.4 67 29 3

0.2 0.12 5.6 64 31 5 2.2 2.9 51.7

180

0.4

0.3

11202 6934 4068

4.7 61 38

412

0.17

226 60 22106 14077 6110 1115 9331 1175 3677

5.3 68 26 4.8 2 4.3 43

20

1657

19.4

10.7

1216

14.2

14.5

1606

18.8

(continued on next page)

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Table 1 (cont.) Jewish fiscal units (italicized) and their composition in terms of Polish administration

Tax potential In złoty

% of total

Józefów 400 City of Przemyśl 2000 21793 Przemyśl District of Przemyśl 19883 Dubiecko and Dynow in district of Sanok 1360 Wielki Oczy in voivodeship of Bełz 550 10691 Rzeszów 5810 Cudecz, Frysztak, Głogow, Robczyce, S\drzyszow, Strzyżow, and Wielopole in voivodeship of Sandomierz 4881 Błażów, Rzeszów and Tyczyn in district of Przemyśl D\bica 500 Mi\dzyrzecz Podlaski 600 Tykocin 9662 Districts of Bielsk, Drohiczyn, and 7595 Mielnik in voivodeship of Podlasie Districts of Łomża and Wizna in 2280 voivodeship of Mazowsze W\grów 7784 District of Drohiczyn in voivodeship of 3837 Podlasie Districts of Warsaw, Liw, and Nur in 3100 voivodeship of Mazowsze Totals 521011

0.08 0.4 4.1 92.7 6.1 1.1 2 54.3

Tax paid in 1764 Census of 1764/65 In złoty

% of total

No. of persons

% of total 0.2 0.56 3.6 88.9 8.6 2.4 1.3 68

13600 12410 1190

5.7 92.2 7.8

8591 4210

3.6 49

924 2418 15834 14084 1364 386 5626 3838

45.7

4381

51

1788

32

0.1 0.12 2

500 600 6000 5050

0.2 0.25 2.5

911 1076 15408 11638

0.2 0.25 3.3

950 1.5

3274 2504

3770 1.3

9176 7405

770

1771

234900

429589

2

jewish demography and geography

47

East Prussia

Mława

Voivodesh ip of Inow rocław

Kuczbork

Szreńsk

Bieżuń

Radzanów

Sierpc

Drobin

Płońsk

Płock

of ship ode Voiv

Scale 1:340000

border of voivodeship border of district Jewish community attested both in the census and in the poll-tax records Jewish community attested in the census only Jewish community attested in the poll-tax records only

Voivodeship of Rawa

Map 1. The Płock Voivodeship

ze ows Maz

CHAPTER FOUR

THE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE URBAN JEWISH POPULATION The structural taxonomy1 of Jewish urban communities in old Poland would seem to deserve more scholarly attention than it has so far received. Crown Poland’s Jewish poll tax lists for 1717–1764 add significant new information on this topic. The present chapter deals with the distinctions between urban and suburban Jewish communities, as well as special cases where multiple urban communities coexisted in one town. 1. Royal Towns Large urban Jewish communities in prepartition Crown Poland left us a wealth of documentation from both Polish and Jewish sources.2 The basic structure of these communities is known primarily from two systematic sources: the 1764/65 census of the Jewish population of Crown Poland3 and the annual Jewish poll tax lists. Three different types of communal organization can be distinguished based on a comparative analysis of these two sources: (1) urban communities proper, (2) a combination of urban and suburban communities, and (3) stand-alone By “structural taxonomy” I mean spatial organization, not internal structure, which is a completely different subject. For this distinction, see J. Goldberg, “Gminy żydowskie (kahały) w systemie władztwa dominialnego w szlacheckiej Rzeczypospolitej,” in Mi\dzy histori[ a teori[, ed. M. Drozdowski (Warsaw-Poznań, 1988), 152–171. 2 See in general G. Hundert, “Jewish Urban Residence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Early Modern Age,” Jewish Journal of Sociology 26 (1984): 25–34; M. Piechotka and K. Piechotka, “Dzielnice żydowskie w strukturze przestrzennej miast polskich,” in Żydzi w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej, ed. A. Link-Lenczowski and T. Polański (Wrocław, 1991), 306–320. 3 The original manuscript perished during World War II. A compilation of all published data of the census may be found in S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry,” Bar-Ilan, Annual of Bar-Ilan University: Studies in Judaica and the Humanities (Studies in the History and Culture of East European Jewry, ed. G. Bacon and M. Rosman) 24/25 (1989): 59–147. 1

50

chapter four

suburban communities that were not affiliated with an urban community. The vast majority of Jewish communities were of the first type, but the presence of independent suburban communities characterized Jewish communal organizations in the largest royal towns (except for Poznań).4 It is not entirely clear why such suburban communities developed, apart from a few cases where an expulsion of Jews from a city (Cracow, Warsaw) seems to have served as their genesis. In other cases, the presence of Jews in the city’s periphery was linked to the city having been granted the privilege not to tolerate Jews (de non tolerandis Judaeis)5 (Gdańsk), or at least the burghers claiming to possess such a privilege (Lublin). One or more suburban communities coexisted alongside an urban Jewish community in Lublin, Lwów, and Przemyśl. The Jews of Cracow (Kazimierz) and Gdańsk were organized in suburban communities without affiliation to an urban community. I am leaving the Jewish community of Kazimierz out of this discussion, though this “Jewish town” was in fact a suburb of Cracow, since material from the Jewish poll tax lists does not significantly add to our understanding of this famous community.6 Let us begin with the third pattern, the origin of which is quite clear: Jews settled in suburbs of cities with the privilege not to tolerate Jews. 1.1. Gdańsk Jews were banned from Western (Royal) Prussia since the Teutonic Knights’ rule (1308–1454),7 and the city of Gdańsk continued to exercise 4 The history of Poznań Jewish community differed in many other respects from the rest of the Jewish communities in Polish royal towns. See the recent studies on Poznań Jewry, and the earlier studies they cite: A. Michałowska, Mi\dzy demokracj[ a oligarchi[: Władze gmin żydowskich w Poznaniu i Swarz\dzu (Warsaw, 2000); A. Teller, Khayim BeTsavta: HaRova HaYehudi shel Poznań BeMakhtsit HaRishona shel HaMea Ha-17 ( Jerusalem, 2003). 5 On this privilege, see J. Goldberg, “ ‘De non tolerandis Judaeis.’ On the Introduction of Anti-Jewish Laws into Polish Towns and the Struggle against Them,” in Studies in Jewish History Presented to Professor Raphael Mahler on his Seventy-fifth Birthday, ed. S. Yeivin (Merhavia, 1974), 39–52. 6 See the classic study by M. Bałaban, Dzieje Żydów w Krakowie i na Kazimierzu, 1305–1868 (Kraków, 1912). For more recent studies, see Kraka, Kazimierz, Kraków: Mekhkarim BeToldot Yehudei Kraków, ed. E. Reiner (Tel Aviv, 1991); in particular, for bibliography see G. D. Hundert’s article in the volume, “Historiografiya shel Kraków HaYehudit,” 15–28. 7 See Z. H. Nowak, “Dzieje Żydów w Prusach Królewskich do roku 1772, Charakterystyka,” in Żydzi w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej, ed. A. Link-Lenczowski and T. Polański (Wrocław, 1991), 136–143.

the administrative structure of the urban jewish population

51

Table 1. Jewish suburbs of Gdańsk (Danzig) 1751 Langfuhr (Langforty and Heiligenbrunn) Altschottland (Szotland and Hoppenbruch) Weinberg

800

1753

1754 1761 1763

445

500

600 200

Census of 1764/65 230 504 364

this privilege under Polish rule. Jews, however, settled in several ecclesiastic jurydyka (exterritorial enclaves) under the protection of the archbishop of Chełmno (Kulm) near Gdańsk.8 Four such Jewish suburbs of Gdańsk appear in the 1764/65 census: Langforty (modern Wrzeszcz) and Heiligenbrunn (Świ\ta Studzienka), forming one community; Hoppenbruch (Oruńskie Przedmieście); and Weinberg (Chmielnik).9 Only two of these suburbs are also found in the Jewish poll tax lists: Langfuhr10 (Langforty of the census) and Szotland11 (German Altschottland, modern Stare Szkoty), which corresponds to the neighboring Hoppenbruch of the census. By combining the information found in these two sources one can conclude that in 1751–1764, Jews lived in five suburbs of Gdańsk (Altschottland, Heiligenbrunn, Hoppenbruch, Langfuhr, and Weinberg), and were organized into three communities (see table 1).12 1.2. Lublin As one of the largest Polish towns and a major center of Jewish life and learning in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lublin has drawn the attention of scholars of Polish Jewish history. Two edited volumes

See S. Echt, Die Geschichte der Juden in Danzig (Leer/Ostfriesland, 1972), 14. J. Kleczyński and F. Kłuczycki, “Liczba głów żydowskich w Korone z taryf roku 1765,” in Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umiej\tności, vol. 8 (1898), 10; repr. in S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry” (n. 3, above), p. 85. 10 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 44, 45, 53. 11 Ibid., syg. 42, 51. 12 Figures in all tables indicate the assessed amount of the Jewish poll tax in złoty in all annual columns, except for the column entitled “census of 1764/65,” where they indicate the number of persons counted in the census. 8 9

52

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on this topic,13 as well as several other important monographs,14 have recently been published. There are numerous sources for the Jewish population of Lublin in the eighteenth century, but most of them are unsystematic. The Lublin Castle’s court records provide a wealth of information about the daily life of individual Lublin Jews, while the only known systematic source—the 1764/65 census15—offers a framework for their communal structure. Lublin appears in the annual Jewish poll tax lists as a separate fiscal unit from 1723 until 1764.16 The Jewish fiscal unit called the City of Lublin consisted of the Jewish community of Lublin proper, called the “Lublin synagogue” or the “walled town,” three suburbs, the small town of Głusk, a cluster of estates (klucz), and twenty villages (see the map on p. 000). The tax burden of the Lublin community proper continuously diminished. It dropped from 60% of the total (1,773 złoty of 2,949 złoty) in 1733 to 4.6% (30 złoty of 650 złoty) in 1764. This process probably reflects successful attempts by the well-established urban community to transfer most of its tax burden onto a weaker suburban population. Three of Lublin’s suburbs appear as separate taxpaying entities: Wola Ciechowska, otherwise known as Wieniawa; Wola Kalinowszczyzna, also called Lubelskie Przedmieście; and Krakowskie Przedmieście (see the map on p. 74). Krakowskie Przedmieście appears as a separate community for only one decade (1737–1747), and its existence as such a unit was unknown until now. Wieniawa and Kalinowszczyzna jointly bore most of the tax burden. The Jewish community of the small town of Głusk paid its poll tax in the framework of the Lublin regional council in 1735, but in 1738 and 1750 this urban community was annexed to the city of Lublin. It did not pay any tax in 1764, but according to the census, 268 Jews lived

13 See Materiały ,zródłowe do dziejów żydów w ksi\gach grodzkich lubelskich z doby panowania Augusta II Sasa 1697–1733, Judaica lublinensia, vol. 1, ed. H. Gmiterek (Lublin, 2001); Materiały ,zródłowe do dziejów Żydów w ksi\gach grodzkich lubelskich z doby panowania Michała Korybuta Wiśniowieckiego i Jana III Sobieskiego 1669–1697, Judaica lublinensia, vol. 2, ed. H. Gmiterek (Lublin, 2003). 14 See Żydzi w Lublinie, 2 vols., ed. T. Radzik (Lublin, 1995–1998); M. Bałaban, Die Judenstadt von Lublin (Berlin, 1919; Polish version: Żydowskie miasto w Lublinie [Lublin, 1991]); S. Wojciechowski, “Gmina żydowska w Lublinie w XVI wieku,” Biuletyn ŻIH (1952): 204–212; B. Mandelsberg-Schildkraut, Mekhkarim le-toldot yehudei Lublin (Tel Aviv, 1965); J. Mazurkiewicz, Jurydyki lubelskie (Wrocław, 1956); J. Muszyńska, Żydzi w miastach województwa sandomierskiego i lubelskiego w XVIII wieku: Studium osadnicze (Kielce, 1998). 15 R. Mahler, “Statistik fun yidn in der Lubliner Voyevodstvo,” Yunger Historiker 2 (1929): 67–108; S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry” (n. 3, above), 126–128. 16 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 13–54.

the administrative structure of the urban jewish population

53

there nevertheless. The Pliszczyński klucz or cluster of estates consisted of three villages: Turka, Pliszczyn, and Ciecierzyn. The villages appear as taxpaying entities (but without indication of any individual taxpayers) during three years only: 1738, 1741, and 1744. Thirty-eight villages near Lublin and three more near Głusk are mentioned in the census, but their names remain unknown, since the section of the original manuscript that deals with the Lublin area was never fully published. The information discussed above is summarized in table 2. Comparing the poll tax potential of this fiscal unit with the information in the 1764/65 census clearly shows that although the total amount for the entire fiscal unit is comparable, the taxation burden was disproportionably distributed, shifting abruptly from the urban community (the “Lublin synagogue”) to its suburbs and villages. No individual tax payers are mentioned in either Wieniawa17 or Głusk, but numerous residents of Lublin, Krakowskie Przedmieście, Kalinowszczyzna, and the surrounding villages are named in poll tax lists. Individual Jewish taxpayers in Lublin proper resided in the walled town, the castle, and the suburb of Czwartek. Krakowskie Przedmieście was a rich suburb where many of the palaces of upper-class residents were located.18 Kalinowszczyzna was a marketplace east of Lublin, concentrated around the so-called Hay Market (Słomiany Rynek). 1.3. Lwów There were two Jewish communities in Lwów: in the city and in a suburb called Krakowskie Przedmieście.19 These two communities are distinguished, however, in the census only,20 while during the entire recorded period of 1717–1764, the city of Lwów alone appears in the poll tax lists as a part of the Jewish council of Ruś. Forty-nine villages near Lwów appear in the annual lists for 1750– 1752 and 175421 under the subheading “submitted by the community of Lwów” (z podania kahału lwowskiego). Since the district of Lwów is 17 On this suburb, see W. Witkowski, “Podlubelska Wieniawa,” Rocznik lubelski 14 (1938): 155–157. 18 For the full list, see T. Zielińska, Szlacheccy właściciele nieruchomości w miastach XVIII w. (Warszawa-Łód,z, 1987), 92–96. 19 See M. Bałaban, Żydzi lwowscy na przełomie XVI-go i XVII-go wieku (Lwów, 1906), 1, 202. 20 F. Bostel, “Żydzi ziemi lwowskiej i powiatu żydaczowskiego w r. 1765,” in Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umiej\tności vol. 6 (1891), 357; S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry” (n. 3, above), 85. 21 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 41, 42, 43, 45.

54

chapter four Table 2. Structure of the fiscal unit of Lublin: City, suburbs, villages 1723 1724 1725

City of Lublin Lublin synagogue Wola Ciechowska (Wieniawa) Wola Kalinowszczyzna

City of Lublin Lublin synagogue Wieniawa Kalinowszczyzna Krakowskie przedmieście Głusk Pliszczyński klucz Biskupie Bystrzyca Czechów Wielki D[brówka Dys Domki Dziesi[ta Jakubówka końska Jakubówka murowana Jastków Konopnica Kraszanin Nasutów Sławin mały Sławin wielki Snopków Sobianowice Świdniczek Turka Wrotków (wójtostwo)

City of Lublin Lublin synagogue Wieniawa Kalinowszczyzna Głusk

228

221 2322

1726

1727 1728 1729

1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735

1708 2468 2614 3221

2146 1154 3644 2949 2100 2070 1443 1773 1066 970 798 400 400 400 1398

700

700

700

1736 1737 1738

1739 1740 1741 1742

1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748

1300 1854 3073 400 500 500 500 400 700 700 650

2605 2253 2975 2586 482 505 246 500 500 380 700 730 730 730 1000 750

1053 4050 2899 2762 3301 1759 320 400 720 500 650 650 720 2000 1350 1200 1201

800 100

40 50

80 20 30 54 24 50

33 50

20 50 40

50

40

50 50

50 36 25 25 30 36 20

30 30 40 30 50 80 30 40

50

30 30 40 40 30 30

30 1749 1750 1751

1752 1753 1754 1755

1756 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762

2701 2597 2034 1030 1033 310

1832 2332

1814 1107 1448 1935 1540 2051

700

960 2596 116 2000

(continued on next page)

the administrative structure of the urban jewish population

55

Table 2 (cont.) 1763 1764 City of Lublin Lublin synagogue Wieniawa Kalinowszczyzna Krakowskie przedmieście Głusk Villages

423

650 30 270 350

Census of 1764/65

Poll tax potential

2695 1383 403 325

3275 30 270 350 1201

268 316

700 724

one of the few regions of Crown Poland for which the original text of the 1764/65 census was published in full,22 the demographic data for the forty-two villages of Lwów’s rural periphery can be compared with the poll tax lists (see table 3). Two villages (Domażyr and Wroców) belonged to the community of Lwów according to the poll tax lists, but the census treated them as part of the neighboring community of Janów (modern-day Ivano-Frankove). Their Jewish population of fifteen persons has been added in parentheses to the table’s grand total. Comparing the census figures with the poll tax potential for Lwów and its rural periphery shows that the suburban community was most probably tax-exempt, and the taxation burden was divided nearly equally between the urban community and its rural periphery. Parity did not reign, however, since the urban Jews paid at a near per capita rate (1,500 złoty for 1,700 persons), whereas the rural population was heavily overtaxed (1,914 złoty for 475 persons). 1.4. Przemyśl The Jews of Przemyśl constituted an exterritorial urban community that paid its poll tax separately from the Przemyśl regional Jewish council.23 Unlike Lublin, however, the two suburban Jewish communities of Przemyśl did not belong to this urban fiscal unit, but paid their poll tax in the framework of the Przemyśl regional council. One of 22 For the state of the publication of the census, see S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry” (n. 3, above), 58–59. 23 On the Jews of Przemyśl in general, see M. Krämer, Dzieje Żydów przemyskich na przelomie XVII–XVIII w. (Warsaw, 1934) (mss. in the archives of ŻIH at Warsaw); J. Krochmal, Krzyż i menora, żydzi i chrześcijanie w Przemyślu w latach 1559–1772 (Przemyśl, 1996); M. Schorr, Żydzi w Przemyślu do końca XVIII wieku (Lwów, 1903).

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chapter four Table 3. Lwów and nearby villages 1717 1718

1719 1720 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731

Lwów

1480 1480

2520

1732 1733

1734 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1744 1745 1746 1747

Lwów

4416 3000

2200 2300 1330 1880

1748 1749 1750 Lwów 2460 1072 Krakowskie przedmieście Bereznica Biłka Królewska Borki Brodki Brzuchowice Ciżyków Cyciłów Dawidów D[browica D\bna Dobroszyn Domażyr Dublany and Malechów Gajów Głuchowice Grzybowice Jaśniska and Łozina Kaminopol Kohajec Korzelnik Kozice Kroczyn Krotoszyn Krywce Laszki Leszkowice Lisienice Malczyce Miedzyrzecz Mikłaszow Milatycze Mostka Mszana Piekulowiec Podborce Podciemno Podsadki Rakowiec Rokitna Rz\sna polska

793

723 4080 4000 3132 3249 4534 5013 4180 2700 3700

530 3000 2444 1530

2721

54

54

782 1912 1800 1000 1500

36

36 18 36 54 36

54

54 54

36

36

72 50

36 50 20

36

36 54

72

72 54 36

22 160 56

20

22

54 54 54

47 56

18 36 36 36

18 22 29 38

54 20 18 36 54 36

38 22

36 18

18 20

44

30

72

54 54

30 18 36 18

1710 4208

40 29

26

50

950

1751 1752 1753 1754 1758 1761 1764 Census of 1764/65

636

30

824

20 56

802 1579 Poll tax potential 1500 40 29

7 8 10 4 13 7 11 7 5 6 6 14 29 33 7

19 6 10 23 17 7 5 11 9 19 8 7

26 22 18 160 54 56 36 22 54 47 56 18 18 22 29 38 36 38 22 18 36 54 44 72 18 20 30 30 20 36 56

(continued on next page)

the administrative structure of the urban jewish population

57

Table 3 (cont.) 1748 1749 1750 Rz\sna ruska Selicze Skniłów Słonka Sokolniki Sroki Stawczany Suchawola Sychów Tołczów Winniki wielki Wołków Wroców Zagorze Zboiska Zimnawoda Zimnawódka Zniesienie Zubrze Żydaczyce Total

54

54 80

1751 1752 1753 1754 1758 1761 1764 Census of 1764/65

54

36

54

54 36

50

18 36 54

54 54 30 36

54

54 2460 1072 1404

36 25

22 29 20 20 56 40 26

36 54 36 25 54

3844 1345

782

12 4 27 9 14 6 12 11

9 8 6 47 5 9 22 17 5 47 7 20 6 3018 1800 1000 1500 6378 (+15)

Poll tax potential 22 29 20 20 56 40 26 54 54 36 36 47 36 22 47 20 3414

them, which was called “Przemyskie przedmieście beyond the wall” (za murem), appears in the poll tax lists from 1742 to 1764,24 and another, named “the Jews of Przemyśl living over the San” (nad Sanem), appears from 1749 to 176025 (see table 4). Since the 1764/65 census section dealing with the Przemyśl district was never published in full, these suburbs are not differentiated from the urban community of Przemyśl in existing publications.26 However, because the poll tax list for 1754 has survived, not only in the Central Archives for Ancient Acts at Warsaw,27 but also in the Czartoryski Library at Cracow,28 the existence of these two suburbs was known to scholars.29 There is no doubt that the Jews living “over the San” resided AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 33, 34, 36–40, 42–45, 47–54. Ibid., syg. 40, 41, 45, 47–50. 26 J. Kleczyński and F. Kluczycki, “Liczba głów żydowskich w Koronie” (n. 9, above), 12; S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry” (n. 3, above), 103. 27 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 45. 28 BC, rkp. 1079. 29 See J. Krochmal, Krzyż i menora (n. 23, above), 30; A. Leszczyński, Sejm Żydów Korony 1623–1764 (Warsaw, 1994), 74. 24 25

58

chapter four Table 4. Przemyśl and its suburbs 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738

City of Przemyśl

2888 2886 1801 2469 2139 2112 1368 1871 1683 1686 1560 1560 1628 1671 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752

City of 1622 1600 1279 Przemyśl Przemyskie przedmieście Zasanie (over San)

818 60

1638 1728 2068 2068 1968 2000 1743 1593 2883 1153 80

80

90

90

90

108 90

131 90

1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 City of 1172 1200 2874 1563 1408 2145 1345 1542 1225 1677 2000 Przemyśl Przemyskie 126 162 162 162 108 130 130 140 140 przedmieście Zasanie 60 60 70 60 60 60 60 (over San)

Census of 1764/65 2418

140 60

in the suburb now called Zasanie, on the left bank of the river San, but the exact location of the suburb called simply Przemyskie Przedmieście “beyond the wall” remains unknown. Several individual taxpayers are mentioned in poll tax lists for 1735, 1740, 1741, 1745, 1749, and 1752.30 One of them, Józef, lived between 1740 and 1741 in Przemyskie Przedmieście, but in 1745, he paid his poll tax together with another Jew, Lewko, and their places of residence are more precisely defined as przedmieście wolkowskie i mnisze. Yet another Jew, Herszko, paid his poll tax in 1741, 1749, and 1752 in a suburb of Przemyśl called Wolkowszczyzna. Wolkowszczyzna is the Ukrainian variant of the Polish place-name Przedmieście Wolkowskie, which obviously corresponds to the modern suburb of Przemyśl called Wilcze. Mnisze is now a part of a nearby suburb called Lwowskie Przedmieście, which is located south of Wilcze (see the map on p. 76). The occupations of these three suburban Jews are not indicated, but in 1735 an unnamed “leaseholder of mills” (arendarz który trzyma młyny) paid his poll tax as

30

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 25, 30, 31, 36, 40, 43.

126

the administrative structure of the urban jewish population

59

part of the community of Sambór (Samborszczyzna), although he lived “near Przemyśl” ( pod Przemysl[). Since he paid the same amount of money as Herszko in Wolkowszczyzna in 1741 (40 złoty), he may have been the same person. Two points that arise from the previous discussion and were not previously known should be emphasized: (1) Krakowskie Przedmieście, a suburb of Lublin, existed temporarily as a separate Jewish community; and (2) the Jewish suburb of Przemyśl was located in the vicinity of the modern Wilcze and Mnisze neighborhoods. A combination of two factors seems to have led to the development of the peculiar form of suburban Jewish communities that existed in the largest royal cities of Crown Poland. On the one hand, the burghers’ self-government in those cities was powerful enough to expel Jews from their municipal areas, or at least to restrict their presence there severely. On the other hand, forces no less powerful than the burghers in these same cities (such as the church, the magnates, and the king himself ) were interested in settling the Jews near the city. Thus, suburban Jewish communities arose as a compromise between opposing interests, one desiring to keep the Jews at arm’s length, while the other wished for their proximity. Where urban and suburban Jewish communities coexisted, relations between them varied. In Lublin the urban community was more powerful than the suburban ones, and its leadership managed to cede most of its Jewish poll tax burden to the suburbs. In Lwów, by contrast, the suburban community, being protected by the castle’s royal administration, escaped the burden of taxation altogether. 2. Private Towns As we have seen, combinations of urban and suburban communities characterized Jewish communal structure in Crown Poland’s large royal towns. During the eighteenth century, the vast majority of Polish Jews lived in private towns, and in nearly all these towns, the Jewish population was concentrated in only one urban community. In a few cases, however, Jewish communities were divided between two noble owners. The Tribunal of Radom formulated this practice in 1740 in its ruling that if a town was divided between two or more owners or possessors, each part of the Jewish community was to pay its poll tax

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separately and without reference to the other.31 Only two such cases are recorded in the 1764/65 census: Kosów (now Kosiv in the Ukraine) in the Halicz district of the Ruś voivodeship,32 and Fulsztyn (or Felsztyn, now Hvardiiske) in Podolia.33 According to this source, 235 Jews lived in a part of Kosów that belonged to Dzieduszycki, the chamberlain ( podkomorzy) of Halicz (now Halych); the remaining 123 Jews of this town lived in a part belonging to the Romanowski family. Similarly, at Fulsztyn, 211 Jews were reported to be living in the part of Franciszek Ksawery Stadnicki that the standard-bearer (chor[ży) of Czerwonogród (now Chervonohrad) owned, whereas the other 258 Jews of Fulsztyn belonged to Maryanna Grabianczyna (née Kalinowska), who was the wife of Józef Grabianka, the cupbearer ( podczaszy) of Latyczów. The real extent of this practice, however, cannot be gleaned from the census, which reflects the situation for a single year only and is derived from a lost manuscript that was never fully published. Regrettably, existing publications vary in their level of detail for different regions.34 Thus, for example, no existing census publication shows a split in the Jewish community of Ostróg (now Ostroh).35 Despite this, we know that in 1729, a conflict between the two co-owners of this town, culminating in a skirmish between magnatic private troops, took place in the course of their efforts to intervene in the election of the Jewish communal elders.36 As in the previous discussion of the royal cities, here too the Jewish poll tax lists for the years 1717 to 1764 provide a truer perspective on the real situation. According to these lists, a total of ten Jewish communities in Crown Poland’s private towns were divided between two noble owners for various periods of time. All of these towns were located in the eastern part of Crown Poland, in the voivodeships of Bracław, Podolia, and Wołyń, and in the district of Chełm in the Ruś voivodeship. Since the Jewish community of Kosów had not paid any poll tax from 1757 to 1764, no split inside it is recorded in poll tax lists. The Jewish community of Morachwa (or Murachwa, now Murafa) in the Bracław voivodeship was divided in 1733 between Józef Andrzej Żydzi polscy 1648–1772. 0Zródła, ed. A. Ka,zmierczyk (Cracow, 2001), 51–52. See S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry” (n. 3, above), 123. 33 Ibid., 134. 34 For the state of the publication of the census, see ibid., 58–59. 35 Ibid., 129. 36 A. Ka,zmierczyk, “Podział kahału ostrogskiego w pierwszej połowie XVIII wieku,” Kwartalnik Historii Żydów 200 (2001): 535–541. 31 32

the administrative structure of the urban jewish population

61

Załuski, the referendary of the crown (referendarz koronny), and Piotr Franciszek Branicki, the castellan (kasztelan) of Bracław (now Bratslav). From 1749 a part of Branicki passed into the ownership of Kalikst Poniński, starosta of Bracław, and from 1755 to 1764, the community of Morachwa was reunited (see table 5). 37 In neighboring Podolia, the above-mentioned division of the Fulsztyn community is evident from 1758. Three more urban Jewish communities were divided between two owners: Gródek (now Horodok), Kupin (Kupyn), and Orynin (Orynyn). The Jewish community of Gródek was briefly divided in the years 1721 and 1722 between Stefan Aleksander Table 5. Voivodeship of Bracław 1723

1724

1725

1726

1727

1729

1730

1732

Morachwa 100 Part of Józef Andrzej Załuski, referendary of the Crown Part of Piotr Franciszek Branicki, castellan of Bracław

100

100

105

110

80

90

100

1740

1741

1742

1743

80

80

50

100

Morachwa Part of referendary of the Crown Part of castellan of Bracław Part of Kalikst Poniński, starosta of Bracław

1734

1738

101

120

60

120 80

1739

300

1744

1745

1746

200

230

230

1747

1748

1749

100

100

120

100

100

1750

1751

260

200

80

1752 Morachwa Part of referendary of the Crown Part of starosta of Bracław

1733

1753

1754

208

1755

1762

1763

1764

300

400

500

400

63

37 For archival sources of this table see AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 52, 53, 54.

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Potocki, voivode of Bełz, and Tomasz Józef Zamoyski, the fifth ordynat. In 1738–1741 there were again two communities at Gródek, but this time they are identified as “old” and “new” (Gródek Stary and Gródek Nowy) without any indication of their noble owners. The Jews of Kupin were divided from 1748 to 1755 between Jan Małachowski, the chancellor (kanclerz), and Aleksander Tomasz Stadnicki, chamberlain ( podkomorzy) of Podolia. The Jews of Orynin were divided from 1757 to 1764 between Błeszyński and D[browski, whose titles are not indicated (see table 6).38 In Wołyń, four Jewish communities were divided: three of them belonged to the major community of Ostróg (Ostróg itself, Otropole, and Janów and Czartoryja, which formed one community), and the fourth belonged to the major community of Krzemieniec (Wyżgródek). The Jewish urban community of Ostróg was divided in 1732 between Janusz Aleksander Sanguszko, prince ordynat, and Jan Stanisław Jabłonowski, starosta of Białacierkiew (now Bilatserkva). Since Jan Stanisław Jabłonowski died in 1731, the urban community of Ostróg was probably only briefly divided in order for his part of this town to be transferred into the hands of his son and heir Jan Kajetan Jabłonowski, starosta of Czehryn (now Chyhyryn). In fact, in 1732 the urban community of Ostróg was divided into three parts, since the “New Town” (Nowe miasto) is also distinguished as a separate Jewish community from 1717 until 1732. In 1741 the Jewish urban community of Ostróg was again divided between the prince ordynat and the starosta of Czehryn, being reunited in 1750. It is interesting that the dissolution of Ordynacja Ostrogska in 1753 in the so-called “transaction of Kolbuszowa” left no trace in poll tax records; in 1757–1761 the urban community of Ostróg continued to be divided between its two previous owners. Two small towns, Janów and Czartoryja (now Chortoryia), also belonged to Ordynacja Ostrogska and their Jewish community was divided in 1747–1748 between Janusz Aleksander Sanguszko and Jan Kajetan Jabłonowski. In the Jewish community of Ostropole (now Staryi Ostropil) one can trace patterns of ownership for an exceptionally long period of time (from 1720 until 1764). This Jewish community was divided from 1720 to 1738 between Karol Paweł Sanguszko and Jan Teodor Konstanty Lubomirski, identified initially as starosta of Spisz (now Spiš in Slovakia),

38 Ibid., syg. 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54.

the administrative structure of the urban jewish population

63

Table 6. Podolia 1721 Fulsztyn Gródek Part of Stefan Aleksander Potocki, voivode of Bełz Part of Tomasz Józef Zamoyski, ordynat Kupin

Fulsztyn Gródek Nowy Gródek Stary Gródek Kupin Part of Jan Małachowski, chancellor Part of Aleksander Tomasz Stadnicki, chamberlain of Podolia

Fulsztyn Part of Maryanna Grabianczyna Part of Franciszek Ksawery Stadnicki, standard-bearer of Czerwonogród Gródek Kupin Part of the chancellor Part of the chamberlain of Podolia Orynin Part of Błeszyński Part of D[browski

Fulsztyn Part of Grabianczyna Part of Stadnicki Gródek Orynin Part of Błeszyński Part of D[browski

1722

1723

130

199

160

163

70

94

1724

133

159

150 1737

1733

1734

1736

351

262

50 584

249

300

80

1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 150 450

300 550

300 550

340 550

300 550

246

246

150

300

170 550

340

310

1738 1741 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 300

273

420 264

370 218 310

302

335

280

398 642

450

520

400 700

286 534

300 560

242

280

242

220

1750

1751

1752

1753

1754 1755 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762

310

355

363

391

371

600

700

778

280 200

280 200

270 208

484

1764

200 120 460

230 130 346 93

342

160

182

194

200

200

227

670

622

630

660

300 65

282 50

286 52

276 52

506

250

200 120

254

210 1763

383

300

285 35

250 50

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and from 1732, as voivode of Cracow. In 1741 Sanguszko’s part passed to Antoni Benedikt Lubomirski, starosta of Kazimierz, and thus the community of Ostropole became divided between two members of the Lubomirski family. Jan Teodor Konstanty died in 1745, and his adopted son Kasper, identified in poll tax lists as either wojewodzic of Cracow or starosta of Spisz, inherited his adoptive father’s share of Ostrpole. In 1751 this part of Ostrpole was united with the Jewish community of Połonne and passed into the hands of Kasper’s mother, the Irish noblewoman Elizabeth Culler-Cuming, who appears in our records as the wojewodzina of Cracow. Antoni Benedikt Lubomirski died in 1761, and his brother, Franciszek Ferdynand Lubomirski, sword-bearer of the crown (miecznik koronny), inherited his part of Ostropole. The Jewish community of Wyżgródek (now Vyshhorodok) was divided for one year only (1746) between Franciszek Salezy Potocki, master foodcutter of the Crown (krajczy koronny), and Stefan Czacki, master of the hunt (łowczy) of Wołyń. Since in 1746 Potocki bought a part of Wyżgródek, which had previously belonged to Czacki, this was probably only a formal division, adopted to facilitate the transfer of the property, as was the case with Ostróg in 1732. All relevant information about the divided communities of Wołyń are summarized in table 7.39 The small town of Żółkiewka in the Chełm district was also divided in 1738–1740 into two parts, one of which belonged to Żółkiewski. The owner of the other part is not identified, but since in terms of the Jewish autonomous administration, Żółkiewka belonged to Ordynacja Zamoyska, it probably belonged to the seventh ordynat, Tomasz Antoni Zamoyski (see table 8).40 One must ask how two separate Jewish communities functioned in one town. As we have seen, in some cases the division was purely formal, being made in order to assess the incomes of the Jews living in the jurydyka of a certain noble during the transfer of property either through purchase (Wyżgródek in 1746) or inheritance (Ostróg in 1732). In other cases, however, the division was real and it affected the daily life of the Jewish community. Since Ostróg was the largest town with a divided Jewish community and it also functioned as a center of one of the major communities in Wołyń, some information about the effects Ibid., syg. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54. 40 Ibid., syg. 15, 16, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30. 39

the administrative structure of the urban jewish population

65

Table 7. Wołyń 1717

1718

Ostróg 3798 Nowe miasto 300 Ostropole 348 Part of Karol Paweł Sanguszko Part of Jan Teodor Konstanty Lubomirstki, starosta of Spisz Wyżgródek 210

3798

1729

1730

1731

5260

2327 200

4232 200

Ostróg Nowe miasto Part of Janusz Aleksander Sanguszko, prince ordynat Part of Jan Stanisław Jabłonowski, starosta of Białacierkiew Ostropole Part of Sanguszko Part of Lubomirski Wyżgródek

100

210

1720

1721

1722

1723

1724

1725

1726

1727

1728

1496

1356 300

3183 300

6144 300

4328

4657

4383

3915

4021

99

99

99

99

99

100

100

100

100

99

78

114

78

78

100

100

408 1732 200 973

80 1733

1734

2861

4438

100 100

105 105

1735

1736

1737

1738

1739

1740

788

4100

4596

3360

4596

105 105

105 105

105 105

210

200

1749

1750

1751

1752

3380

3745

390

150

160

150

973

100 100

200

100 100

100 100

500 1741

Janów and Czartoryja Part of ordynat Part of starosta of Czehryn Ostróg Part of Sanguszko, prince ordynat Part of Jan Kajetan Jabłonowski, starosta of Czehryn Ostropole Part of Antoni Benedikt Lubomirski, starosta of Kazimierz Part of Jan Teodor Konstanty

348

1719

1742

1743

1744 50

1745

1746

40

40

7658

6217 1000

1787

2803

3951 255

2703

2664

937

1175

112

150

150

150

150

112

105

105

105

105

3490

200

460

350

1747

1748

81 141

100 53

3844

559

1596

1130

80

150

150

1080

150

150

(continued on next page)

66

chapter four

Table 7 (cont.) 1741 Lubomirski, voivode of Cracow Part of Kasper Lubomirski, starosta of Spisz Wyżgródek Part of Franciszek Salezy Potocki, master foodcutter of the Crown Part of Stefan Czacki, master of the hunt of Wołyń

Ostróg Part of prince ordynat Part of starosta of Czehryn Ostropole Part of starosta of Kazimierz Part of starosta of Spisz Part of Franciszek Ferdynand Lubomirski, swordbearer of the Crown Wyżgródek

420

1742

1743

1744

1745

500

1746

1747

1748

1749

1750

1751

1752

150

250

250

250

250

260

275

1762

1764

500 500

600

500

1753

1754

1755

3600

3620

3600

1757

1758

1759

5015

1760

1761

930

798

435 158

158

158

275

275

275

158

488 150

150

80

600

600

740

622

Table 8. Ordynacja Zamoyska

Żółkiewka Part of Żółkiewski

1725

1726

1728

1729

1735

1736

1737

1738

1740

198

159

300

90

130

110

100

130 70

70

the administrative structure of the urban jewish population

67

of its division between two noble owners has survived. We know, for example, about a 1746 conflict between the two parts of this divided Jewish community over the settlement of communal debts to the Franciscans.41 Two trustees (wiernik) of the community of Ostróg are qualified in the 1746 poll tax lists42 by their connections with Polish dignitaries: Joel son of Shalom ( Jowel Szulimowicz) is described as the attendant (szkolnik) of the prince ordynat of Ostróg, Janusz Alexander Sanguszko. Solomon son of Leib (Szloma Leybowicz), is termed the attendant of the starosta of Czehryn, Jan Kajetan Jabłonowski. The two nobles co-owned Ostróg, and its Jewish community was divided between them starting in 1741 (see table 7). Therefore, their names simply indicate the communal affiliation of both Jewish functionaries, showing that two communal councils, each with its own elected officials, co-existed in Ostróg, their division being based on their affiliation to the town’s two noble owners. In several cases two Jewish communities were also physically separated, being located in either the “old” or the “new” parts of the town. Such divisions existed at Morachwa, Gródek, and Ostropole. At Ostróg, however, the Jews of the “new town,” located on the right bank side of the river Horyń, were treated as a separate community. The Jews of the “old town” were further divided into two communities, also physically separated, residing in either the “old” or the “new” street. 3. Communities Divided between Two Regional Councils Some Jewish regional councils followed Polish noble patterns of administration, dividing communities in border areas between two councils. In any single year, these communities could find themselves splitting their assessed poll taxes between two councils. Such practices are naturally not reflected in the 1764/65 census, since it mirrors the Polish state administrative structure, ignoring Jewish autonomous administration. Nevertheless, at least one Jewish community, Pików (now Pykiv), was See WAP Kraków, Archiwum Sanguszków, Teki tzw. Arabskie, 40/c. 12, 481; the case is discussed in J. Kalik, “Patterns of Contacts between the Catholic Church and the Jews in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: The Jewish Debts,” in Studies in the History of the Jews in Old Poland in Honor of Jacob Goldberg, ed. A. Teller, Scripta Hierosolymitana 38 ( Jerusalem, 1998), 118–119 n. 63. 42 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 37. 41

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divided between two Polish voivodeships: Podolia with 287 Jews and Bracław with 298 Jews.43 In terms of the Jewish autonomous administration, Pików was divided in 1721, 1723, 1736, 1738, and 1749 between Podolia and Wołyń (see table 9).44 The case of Winnica is most interesting. In 1741–1747 it was divided between Wołyń and Bracław, but from 1748 this town belonged either to Wołyń or to Bracław in alternating years (see table 10).45 It may be that Pików and Winnica’s division between councils followed the distinction between the “old” and the “new” towns, since such a differentiation is noted in both places. The most explicit evidence for such a distinction, however, is found at D\bica. In 1720–1729, 1731–1732, 1740–1745, and 1754, the Jewish community of this town belonged to the autonomous major community of Rzeszów, but in 1730, 1733–1739, 1746–1753, and 1755–1764, D\bica appears as an exterritorial urban community. In 1721 two distinct Jewish communities are mentioned there: Nowa D\bica, paying 700 złoty, and Stara D\bica, paying 200 złoty to the Rzeszów autonomous major community. In 1735 and in 1746, however, these “new” and “old” towns were divided between the autonomous major community of Rzeszów and the exterritorial urban community of D\bica (see table 11).46 Table 9. Pików 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 Podolia Wołyń (Ostróg)

Podolia Wołyń (Ostróg)

1730

1731 1732 1733 1734

100

100

100

1735 1736 1737 1738 1740 1745 1746

1747

1748 1749 1750 1751

114

270

100 99

100 270

200

238

209 99

200 270

99

100

200

352

580

1752 1753 1754 1755 1757 1759 1760 Wołyń (Ostróg)

700

736

736

736

352

240

800

586

1761

646.1 646.1

100

352 580

200

580

270

580

1762 1763 775

860

See S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry” (n. 3, above), 136, 138. AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53. 45 Ibid., syg. 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53. 46 Ibid., syg. 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54. 43 44

the administrative structure of the urban jewish population

69

Table 10. Winnica

Ruś (Bracław)

Ruś (Bracław) Wołyń (Ostróg)

Ruś (Bracław) Wołyń (Ostróg)

Ruś (Bracław) Wołyń (Ostróg)

1721

1722

1723

1724

1725

1726

1727

1728

1729

1730

1732 1733

300

300

300

300

250

260

150

140

180

250

250

1734

1736

1737

1738

1739

1740

1741

1742

1743

1744

1745 1746

252

100

150

220

180

300

300 260

200 200

200 200

300 200

300

1753

1754

1755

1757

1758 1759

450

500

1747

1748

200 80

300

1760

1761

1749

1750

300

1751 400

300 1762

498.6 400

1752

358 350

450

252

200

600 400

1763 625

400

Table 11. D\bica 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 Community of Rzeszów D\bica (Stara and Nowa) Nowa D\bica Stara D\bica Januszkowicy (village) D\bica

930 235

700 200 170

600

500

498

500

500

500

30

30

500

500

500 500

500

500

1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 Community of Rzeszów D\bica Stara D\bica D\bica

500 500

500

500

500

500

500

500

100 500

500

1752 1753 1754 1755 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1764 Community of Rzeszów D\bica D\bica

500 500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

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Several Jewish urban communities in eighteenth-century Crown Poland were divided for varying periods of time between two noble owners or two Jewish regional councils. Such divisions allowed two Polish nobles or Jewish beneficiaries to share in tax proceeds. This could result in serious implications for the daily life of the Jewish communities. In most cases the two communities were physically separated, being located in different parts of the town. 4. Migrant Communities The third reason for the existence of two Jewish communities in one town was the presence of a migrant community alongside a community of native-born Jews. There are hints of such a phenomenon in the 1764/65 census. Very small groups of Hungarian Jews are mentioned in Nowy S[cz (seven people) and Grybów (two people)47 in the southern part of the Cracow voivodeship, near the Hungarian border. These were almost certainly Hungarian-Jewish wine merchants. Internal migration is also mentioned at a minuscule level: one woman with her two children “expelled from Szapsk” and eight more persons from Cracow are recorded in the community of Wiśnicz.48 The poll tax lists, however, note two relatively large groups of migrants who paid their taxes separately from their host communities in 1717–1721: Jews from Pyzdry now living in Golina in Great Poland, and Jews from Kowel who had moved to Nesuchojeże and several other unidentified townships in Wołyń (see table 12). These were the final years of the Great Northern War, and Jewish migrations may have been connected with the military actions of Swedish (in Great Poland) and Russian (in Wołyń) troops. In both cases Jews from royal towns settled temporarily in neighboring small private towns. It is interesting that during the Great Northern War, Golina attracted not only Jewish migrants, but also a large number of Dutch settlers. Relations between the Jewish settlers from royal towns and local Jews may have followed similar patterns to relations between Dutch free peasants and the local serfs of the town’s owner.

47 A. Czuczyński, “Spis Żydów województwa krakowskiego z roku 1765,” Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umi\tności vol. 8 (1898), 15–16; S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry” (n. 3, above), 73. 48 A. Czuczyński, “Spis Żydów województwa krakowskiego” (n. 47, above), p. 19; S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry” (n. 3, above), 78.

the administrative structure of the urban jewish population

71

Table 12. Migrants’ communities in Golina and Nesuchojeże49 1717 Golina Jews of Pyzdry at Golina Nesuchojeże Jews of Kowel at Nesuchojeże Jews of Kowel in different small towns near Kowel

999 624 174

1718

625 175

1719

750 520

1720

624 184

1721 1200 1098

1722 348

5. Karaites The presence of Karaite communities in Crown Poland may have served as a further impetus for the existence of two separate bodies responsible for the payment of the Jewish poll tax in one town.50 According to the 1764/65 census, Karaites were present in three towns in Crown Poland: Halicz (94 persons) and Kuliczków (55 persons) in Ruś, and Łuck (104 persons) in Wołyń.51 The Karaites of Łuck regularly paid their Jewish poll tax as a separate community, side by side with the rabbinical Jews of this town (see table 13). There was no Jewish community at Kuliczków, and its Karaites never paid the Jewish poll tax. The Jewish community of Halicz regularly appears in the poll tax lists, but the Karaites’ presence is nowhere indicated, and it is not clear whether the Karaites of Halicz were taxexempt, or were integrated into the “rabbinical” Jewish community for the purposes of tax payment.52 Since the tax potential of Halicz (280 złoty) matches the number of Jews (236 adults with 22 babies) reported in the 1764/65 census of this town (see supplement 1, table 12b), the first possibility seems more likely. It is rather strange that the well-known AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12. On the Karaites in Crown Poland in general see M. Bałaban, “Karaici w Polsce,” in M. Bałaban, Studja historyczne (Warsaw, 1927); S. G[siorowski, “Relacje karaimskożydowskie w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej (XV–XVIII w.),” Kwartalnik Historii Żydów 207 (2003): 444–450; idem, Karaimi w Koronie i na Litwie w XV–XVIII wieku (Kraków-Budapest, 2008). 51 M. Bałaban, “Spis Żydów i karaitów ziemi halickiej i powiatów trembowelskiego i kołomyjskiego w r. 1765,” Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umi\tności, vol. 9 (1909), 16; J. Kleczyński and F. Kluczycki, “Liczba głów żydowskich w Koronie (n. 9, above), 11–12; S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry” (n. 3, above), 101, 107, 128. 52 On the Karaites of Halicz, see Z. Abrahamowicz, “Dzieje karaimów w Haliczu,” Przegl[d Orientalistyczny, ed. S. G[siorowski (2001). 49 50

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chapter four Table 13. Jews and Karaites of Łuck53

1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1728 1729 Jews Karaites

Jews Karaites

Jews Karaites

Jews Karaites

1730 1731 1732

1733

1236 1296 1341 1329 1728 2374 2055 240 240 240 140

1410 1340 2254 255 440

1832 240

1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743

1744 1745 1746

1747

2832 2362 2395 2600 3180 2424 3180 4406 4007 240 240 240 180 130 150 140 140

594 130

2895 150

4395 150

1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761

1762

240

1698 240

768 240

1877 1700 1967 1979 2132 1926 1295 3208 4435 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 200 1763 1764

Census of 1764/65 (in persons)

3013 1880 44 44

1741 104

815 160

124

776

2028 2400 2755 44 44 44

Karaite community of Kukizów54 is unattested either in the census or in the poll tax lists. It is not impossible that the Kuliczków named in the census,55 which is otherwise unknown as a dwelling place of Karaites, is in fact a misspelling for Kukizów. In 1790, the Karaites of Łuck petitioned the Four Years’ Diet (Sejm Czteroletni ) to release them from the obligation to pay the debts of the Jewish Council of Four Lands.56

53 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54. 54 On the Karaites of Kukizów, see S. G[siorowski, “Karaimi w Kukizowie. Rekonesans badawczy,” in Żydzi i judaizm we współecznych badaniach polskich, Materiały z konferencji, Kraków 24–26 XI 1998, ed. K. Pilarczyk and S G[siorowski (Kraków, 2000), 2:73–81. 55 Kuliczków is misspelled in the publications of the census as Kulcizków. Also, Kuliczków in fact belonged to Bełz voivodeship, not to Ruś, as the census claims. 56 “Prośba synagogi karaimów łuckich do deputacji,” in Materiały do dziejów Sejmu Czteroletniego, vol. 4, ed. A. Eisenbach, J. Michalski, E. Rostworowski, and J. Woliński (Wrocław-Warsaw-Cracow, 1969), no. 102, pp. 524–526.

44

the administrative structure of the urban jewish population

73

Conclusions Multiple Jewish communities existed for a variety of reasons in many Polish towns. The two main reasons were the influence of external non-Jewish factors, and the effects of internal Jewish politics. The influence of non-Jewish factors led to the formation of suburban Jewish communities in royal cities and to the division of Jewish communities in private towns. Internal politics was responsible for the division of some Jewish communities between two Jewish regional councils and for the separation of rabbinical Jews from Karaite communities. Both intra-Jewish political forces and non-Jewish factors probably influenced the affiliation of migrant communities. Either military instability or the especially attractive conditions that a town’s owner offered could produce Jewish migration, but the formation of separate migrant communities was probably a result of the unwillingness of the host Jewish communities to absorb the migrants.

Piarist monks

Visitation nuns

Carmelites

Synagogue

Jesuits

Basilians

Map 2. The City of Lublin

Jewish cemetery

Czwartek

Castle Holy Trinity

St. Nicolas

City of Lublin

Bernardine nuns

Bernardine monks

Krakowskie Przedmieście

Wieniawa

city wall

borders of urban communities borders of urban Jewish Jewish communities city wall

Scale 1:17000

Białkowska Gór

a

Augustines

Słomiany rynek

Kalinowszczyzna

Sierakowszczyzna

74 chapter four

Scale 1:122000

Motycz

DAbrowica

To ma szo wi ce

Żemborz

Nasu tow

D ys

Dzies

Głusk

iAta

Turka

Bystrzyca

Świdnik

Biskupie

Jakubowice Murowane

Pliszczyn

Ciecierzyn

Map 3. Lublin’s Rural Periphery

Wrotko w

Lublin

w Czecho

Jaku bow ice Koń skie

yce

Sławin

Konopnica

Snopków

Jastków

Krasienin

the administrative structure of the urban jewish population 75

river San

Przemyśl

Map 4. Przemyśl

Zasanie

Wilcze Mnisze

76 chapter four

CHAPTER FIVE

THE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE RURAL JEWISH POPULATION Although Jews are typically perceived as urban dwellers, there was a considerable rural Jewish population in early modern Eastern Europe. In the 1764/65 census of the Jewish population of Crown Poland, about a third of the Jews are listed as living in rural settlements,1 and in some regions they constitute the majority. In the W\grów urban community in Podlasie, for example, the census identifies 3,042 rural residents out of a total Jewish population of 3,623 (84%).2 Despite its numerical dominance, this large rural population has not received much scholarly attention. Rural Jews are usually treated individually, and existing studies have concentrated upon their relationship with Polish magnates3 and peasants.4 Their role in the Jewish communal and super-communal (regional and national) autonomous administration has so far not been studied. Traditionally, urban Jewish communities along with their rural peripheries have been regarded as the lowest rung of the autonomous Jewish administrative structure in the prepartition Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This view is based on a 1692 Council of Four Lands ruling decreeing that any village or township without a synagogue of its own that was located at a distance of less than two miles from a major community (kehila rashit) was to be subject to that community

Rafael Mahler, Yidn in Amolikn Poyln in Likht fun Tsifern (Warsaw, 1958), 50–51. J. Kleczyński and F. Kluczycki, “Liczba głów żydowskich w Koronie z taryf roku 1765,” Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umi\tności, vol. 8 (1898), 19; S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry,” Bar-Ilan, Annual of Bar-Ilan University: Studies in Judaica and the Humanities (Studies in the History and Culture of East European Jewry, ed. G. Bacon and M. Rosman) 24/25 (1989): 143. 3 The most important studies on this subject are M. Rosman, The Lords’ Jews: MagnateJewish Relations in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the 18th Century (Cambridge, MA, 1990); and A. Teller, Kesef, Koakh VeHashpaa: HaYehudim BeAkhuzot Beit Radziwiłł BeLita BaMeah Ha-18 ( Jerusalem, 2006). 4 Jacob Goldberg, “Żyd a karczma wiejska w XVIII wieku,” Wiek Oświecenia 9 (1993): 205–213. 1 2

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for the purposes of taxation and other business dealings.5 Data from the 1764/65 census6 and internal Jewish communal documentation ( pinkasim), where these rural peripheries (svivot) are frequently mentioned, suggest that this was indeed the case.7 When the issue is examined more closely, however, the picture is less clear. First, the Council of Four Lands found it necessary to repeat this ruling in 1717, threatening rural Jews with severe punishments for its violation. This would tend to suggest that the previous decree may have met with mixed results.8 Second, because the census reflects information for a single year only, extrapolating its data to cover a longer period of time is problematic. Third, the original census manuscript was lost during World War II, and the part dealing with areas where there were concentrations of rural Jews was never fully published.9 I shall refer to this area as the “leaseholders’ belt.” It stretched across the country from northern Podlasie to the Carpathian Mountains.10 The discovery of the corpus of Jewish poll tax lists from 1717 to 1764 has removed some of these obstacles, for the first time throwing light on the social dynamics of the rural Jewish population of the leaseholders’ belt during a period of almost half a century. By far the richest source of documentation on the rural Jewish population is found in lists for the Jewish autonomous major community of W\grów. Initially, hundreds of villages in this region were listed,

5 Pinkas Va ad Arba Aratsot, ed. I. Halperin (new ed., rev. and ed. I. Bartal, Jerusalem, 1990), 228. 6 A compilation of all published data of the census is found in S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census” (n. 2, above), 59–147. 7 For example, a list of villages belonging to the community of Siemiatycze in 1667, in Pinkas Kahal Tiktin 5381–5566, vol. 1, ed. M. Nadav ( Jerusalem, 1996), no. 623, p. 443. 8 Pinkas Va ad Arba Aratsot (n. 5, above), 280–281. 9 The full census data for the Jewish rural population was published for regions to the west (A. Czuczyński, “Spis Żydów województwa krakowskiego z roku 1765,” Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umi\tności, vol. 8 [1898], 3–21) and to the east (. , “-  (1765–1791),” -, vol. 2, part 1 [1890], 1–232; F. Bostel, “Żydzi ziemi lwowskiej i powiatu żydaczowskiego w r. 1765,” Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umi\tności, vol. 6 [1891], 357–378; M. Bałaban, “Spis Żydów i karaitów ziemi halickiej i powiatów trembowelskiego i kołomyjskiego w r. 1765,” Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umi\tności, vol. 9 [1909], 11–31) of this “belt.” 10 For the definition of this belt, see J. Kalik, “Jewish Leaseholders (Arendarze) in 18th Century Crown Poland,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 54 (2006), 229–240, and ch. 6, below.

the administrative structure of the rural jewish population

79

because each had Jewish residents who were obliged to pay the poll tax. This caused local cavalry commanders, who were charged with the unenviable task of trying to locate these small hamlets in order to collect the poll tax from their few Jewish residents, to protest. Numerous complaint letters to treasury officials about this inconvenience are found in the archive.11 To solve this problem, scribes began combining adjacent villages in the W\grów autonomous major community under subheadings such as “villages near town X.” As early as 1733, villages near Sokolów Podlaski were grouped together under such a subheading.12 During the 1740s the following subheadings began to appear: “villages near Kosów and Czyżew,” “near Stoczek,” “near W\grów,” “near Kałuszyn,” “near Ostrów,” “near Zar\by Kościelne,” “near Niegów,” “near Dobre,” “near Kamieńczyk,” and “near Mokobody.” This trend continued during the 1750s, and the rural peripheries of Kosów and Czyżew were also detached from each other. Villages in the vicinity of Warsaw and Mińsk Mazowiecki were separated from Kałuszyn. Hamlets near Jadów and near W[sewo (both large villages themselves) were removed from Ostrów Mazowiecka, and finally, in 1761, the villages of Popowo Kościelne and J\drzejów appeared as subheadings for other villages.13 Karczew, Liw, Mordy, Radyzmin, and Siennica never served as subheadings for rural peripheries; nevertheless, 135 Jews lived in villages near Mordy, according to the 1764/65 census.14 The obvious question is whether such subheadings simply indicated the geographical location of the villages, in direct response to tax collectors’ complaints, or whether they reflected the real administrative affiliation of the rural Jews living in these villages to the urban Jewish communities with which they were associated? Both possibilities are problematic. The first possibility is challenged by the fact that some of the subheadings make no geographical sense. The villages Mi\dzyleś and Lipki, for example, which were located between W\grów and Kosów Lacki, appear in 1744 under the subheading “villages near Kałuszyn.”15

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 23, pp. 199–201; syg. 26, pp. 307–308. Ibid., syg. 23. 13 Ibid., syg. 51. 14 J. Kleczyński and F. Kluczycki, “Liczba głów żydowskich” (n. 1, above), 19; S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census” (n. 1, above), 143. 15 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 35. These, of course, are common names of Polish villages. Lipki, however, appears in 1753 together with Złotki (ibid., syg. 44), and Mi\dzyleś is paired in 1755 together with Wrotnów (ibid., syg. 46), thus pointing to the exact location of both villages. 11 12

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Remarks that scribes occasionally made after a village’s name seem to provide more accurate geographical information than the subheadings do. Thus, two villages, Lipiny and D\bowce, are listed in 1751 under the subheading “near Czyżew,”16 but they are accompanied in 1753 with a remark “near Siennica,”17 and since Siennica and Czyżew are located on opposite edges of the W\grów autonomous major community (Siennica in the southwest and Czyżew in the northeast), only one piece of geographical information is in fact correct—“near Siennica.”18 The second possibility, namely that these subheadings reflect administrative affiliations, is no less problematic. Since there was no organized Jewish community either in Warsaw or in Niegów during the recorded period (1717–1764), it is hard to identify a Jewish urban center to which these villages could have been affiliated. Jews lived in both towns, but they appeared in the poll tax lists as individual taxpayers only: Szymon “with others” in 1718; Moszko, the leaseholder, with his brother Józef in 1722; Osier, the shopkeeper, in 1748 and 1750 at Niegów;19 Lewek in the Warsawian kitchen ( garkuchnia warszawska), who paid his tax in 1737 to the Jewish council of Lublin;20 and finally Dawid, the cook ( garkuchniarz), living on Senatorska Street in Warsaw, and Wigdor from Toruń, in the palace of the starosta of Goszczyn at Warsaw, both paying their taxes in 1752 to the Jewish council of Little Poland.21 Warsaw’s example is particularly instructive. There was no administrative connection between the Jews subject to the council of W\grów in the villages “near Warsaw” and the Jews of Warsaw proper, who resided on the left bank of the Vistula and paid their taxes to other Jewish autonomous councils.22 An examination of the changes that affected the urban affiliation of individual villages in the W\grów autonomous major community during the recorded period may provide some insight into this issue. From 1748 to 1752 several villages in close proximity to Warsaw (Targowek

Ibid., syg. 42. Ibid., syg. 44. 18 In 1725–1727 (ibid., syg. 15, 16, 17) Lipiny is accompanied by the notation “near Jerusal,” further confirming the southwestern location of these villages. 19 Ibid., syg. 7, 12, 39, 41. 20 Ibid., syg. 27. 21 Ibid., syg. 43. 22 See more on this subject in J. Kalik, “Suburban Story: The Structure of Jewish Communities in the Largest Royal Cities of 18th Century Crown Poland,” Kwartalnik Historyczny 113 (2006): 49–75. 16 17

the administrative structure of the rural jewish population

81

near Praga, Zbytki near Wawer, and Miłosna near Wesoła) were associated with Kałuszyn. From 1753 to 1763 they were detached from this town and appeared under a separate subheading (see table 1a and the map of the W\grów autonomous major community on p. 95), but in 1751, Miłosna and Zbytki are found under the subheading “near Mińsk [Mazowiecki].” In 1754 and 1755, however, villages located on the outskirts of Mińsk Mazowiecki itself (Stojadła and Targówka) appear under the subheading “near Mokobody.” Two other villages under the same subheading (Ruda and Końsk) are explicitly located “near Mińsk” by a scribal remark (see table 1b). Since Mińsk Mazowiecki and Mokobody are situated in opposing directions from Kałuszyn (Mińsk to the east and Mokobody to the west), it is difficult to explain the affiliation of villages near Mińsk to Mokobody. Even stranger links seem to have been created in the vicinity of Kałuszyn. The villages Table 1a. Villages near Warsaw also associated with Kałuszyn and Mińsk Mazowiecki23 Near Kałuszyn Village

Name/ occupation

D\be behind Praga Kaleń and Zabraniec Male D\be and Kaleń Miłosna Miłosna and Borków Targowek and Mamki Targowek behind Praga and Zbytki Zabraniec Zbytki and Miłosna Zbytki and Zerzeń

Hirszko leaseholder leaseholder

23

1748

1750

Near Warsaw

1752 1750

80

1753

1755

1763

1751

20

30 40

leaseholder 2 leaseholders

1754

Near Mińsk

30

30

30

40

30 leaseholder leaseholder 2 leaseholders

30

30

50

30

2 tavernkeepers

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 53.

30

30

30

82

chapter five Table 1b. Villages near Mińsk Mazowiecki also associated with Kałuszyn and Mokobody24 Near Kałuszyn

Village

name/ occupation

Dobrzyniec

Gdali leaseholder Szmul and Gdali 2 leaseholders leaseholder

Dobrzyniec and Rzakta Janów and Targówka Osiny leaseholder Ruda and Końsk near Mińsk Ruda and Stojadła 2 leaseholders Rzakta Szmul leaseholder Targówka leaseholder Targówka 2 leaseholders and Osiny

1745

1748

1749

1750

30

Near Mińsk 1752

1751

25

20

Near Mokobody 1754

1755

40 30 10

40

50

50 25 30

30 20 20

40 30

40

of Bł\czyn, Czarna, D\bowce, J\drzejów, Lipiny, and Ładzyń, usually associated with Kałuszyn, were transferred in 1751 and 1752 to Czyżew (see table 1c), located on the opposite edge of the W\grów autonomous major community (northeast of W\grów). All of these changes are summarized in tables 1a, 1b, and 1c, where (as in all other tables)25 the figures indicate the amount of tax that the Jewish population paid collectively or individually, calculated in Polish złoty. The course of events in other parts of the W\grów autonomous major community is no less surprising. The villages of Ksi\żopole and Rozbity Kamień, which were located between W\grów and Mokobody, were listed in 1744 and 1745 under the subheading “near Ostrów” [Mazowiecka].26 The situation was no different in the northern part of the autonomous major community of W\grów. A group of villages

Ibid., syg. 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46. With the exception of the last column in table 4, “census of 1764/65,” where figures indicate the number of persons reported in the census. 26 Ibid., syg. 35, 36. 24 25

the administrative structure of the rural jewish population

83

Table 1c. Villages near Kałuszyn also associated with Czyżew27 Near Kałuszyn Village

Name/ occupation

Bł\czyn Czarna Czarna and Ładzyń D\bowce J\dzejów J\drzejów and Kluki

leaseholder leaseholder leaseholder

J\drzejów and Czarna Lipiny Lipiny and D\bowce Lipiny, D\ bowce, and Siodła Ładzyń Ładzyń and Stanisławów

1744 1745 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1754 1755 1758 1751 1752 30

32

30 15

50

50

leaseholder leaseholder Hyrszko leaseholder with his son Lewko leaseholder leaseholder 2 leaseholders

Near Czyżew

14 30 20

30

10 40 26 30

30

2 leaseholders

50

leaseholder leaseholder

45 50

70

85

on the lower Bug (Czarnów, Gulczewo, Kuligów, Popowo Kościelne, and Śl\żany) and several other hamlets in their close vicinity (D[browa, D\binki, Kozłowo, Kozły, Kr\gi, Leszczydoł, Lutobrok, and Łosie) were listed alternatively under the subheadings “near Kosów and Czyżew,” “near Czyżew,” “near Niegów,” “near Ostrów,” and “near Warsaw” until 1761, when some of them were listed separately under the subheading “near Popowo on the Bug” (see tables 2a and 2b). Farther north, two groups of villages located to the west of Ostrów Mazowiecka (Wólka Goworowska and Wólka Grochowa with its neighboring villages) were removed from Ostrów and attached either to Niegów or to Czyżew. One of the villages, associated in 1752 with Wólka Grochowa (Prabuty), appeared in 1754 under the subheading “near W[sewo” (see table 2c). In 1764 Wólka Goworowska was treated as a separate community on an equal footing with the other urban communities that formed the autonomous council of W\grów. For these changes, see the map on p. 95.

27

Ibid., syg. 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48.

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chapter five Table 2a. Villages on the lower Bug under alternative subheadings28

Village

Name/ occupation

Zus leaseholder Kalman leaseholder with his son Berko leaseholder Herszko leaseholder Another leaseholder Kuligów Berek leaseholder Lajzer leaseholder Szymek leaseholder leaseholder Kuligów and leaseholder Popowo Kuligów and Berko with his Szczeber son Kuligów and leaseholder Załubicy Łosie leaseholder Łosie and leaseholder Mościska Popowo on Ślama Bug leaseholder Cherszko leaseholder Icek leaseholder Berko leaseholder leaseholder Sl\żany leaseholder Śl\żany and 2 leaseholders Czarnów Śl\żany and leaseholder D\binki

Near Kosów and Czyżew

Near Czyżew

1744 1745 1747 1748

1752

Chaj\ty and Czarnów Czarnów and Kuligów Gulczewo

28

Near Niegów

Near Warsaw

1747 1748 1749 1750 1760 1761

30 30

Near Popowo on Bug 1763

30

30

30 35 15 30 24 30

12 20

50 45 50 15 30 80

100

50

80

25 30

20 40 15 30

Ibid., syg. 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 50, 51, 53.

30

the administrative structure of the rural jewish population

85

Table 2b. Villages on the lower Bug under the subheadings “near Ostrów” and “near Niegów”29 Near Ostrów Village

Name/ occupation

Chruścieli, Shop-keeper Kozły, and Wólka Kozłowska Chruścieli leaseholder D[browa leaseholder D[browa and Komorowo D\binki and leaseholder Sleżany D\binki and 2 leaseholders Mościska Gulczewo Berko leaseholder Herszko leaseholder Another leaseholder Kozły and leaseholder Wólka Kozłowska Kr\gi 2 leaseholders Kr\gi and Szmul Leszczydół leaseholder Leszczydół and leaseholder Kozłowo Lutobrok Łazin and leaseholder Lutobrok Łosie Samson Łosie and leaseholder Mościska Obr\bek and leaseholder Kozły

29

1747

1748

1750

Near Niegów 1751

1747

1748

1749

1750

1754

30

30

1761

40

25 30 30 30

30 30

30

20

30 30

10 30 30 30 30

30

30

30

60 30 20

Ibid., syg. 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 51.

30 30

30

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Table 2c. Villages west of Ostrów Mazowiecka under alternative subheadings30 Near Ostrów Village

Name/ occupation

Prabuty Wólka Goworowska Wólka Grochowa Wólka Grochowa and Bosewo Wólka Grochowa and Prabuty

Near Niegów

1743 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1750 1754 1755

Near Near Czyżew W[sewo 1752

35 leaseholder

50

30

40

50

70

50

20 20

30

50 leaseholder leaseholder

30

30 50

The only logical conclusion that can be drawn from an analysis of this data is that villages were transferred at will from one urban community to another, and could even be detached altogether to form rural communities of their own. In other words, the idealized concept of an urban Jewish community surrounded by its rural periphery seems to be an illusion that the evidence does not support. The lack of a diachronic perspective has long bolstered this illusion. The reason for the seemingly strange phenomenon whereby villages floated from one urban center to another with no regard to their geographical location becomes clear when considering the poll tax rotation schedule of different Jewish communities. Hardly any Jewish urban community paid its poll tax every year. This is the reason that while the W\grów autonomous major community’s total annual poll tax was much lower than the size of the Jewish population that was reported in the census, its poll tax potential was in fact quite comparable to the census figures.31 The tax burden on any given Jewish urban community could increase or decrease, according to the rotation schedule that the council of the autonomous major community of W\grów determined (see supplement 1, table 4). Individual Jewish leaseholders, however, were sometimes forced to pay poll tax continuously, regardless of the

Ibid., syg. 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46. Throughout Crown Poland the poll tax potential was about 14% higher than the census. It was lower in W\grów council, probably because of the relative poverty of its Jewish population. 30

31

1754

the administrative structure of the rural jewish population

87

schedule, through the expedient of transferring their villages from one urban community to another. The example of one individual Jewish leaseholder may shed light on how this system worked in practice. In the village of Paczuszki between W\grów and Mokobody, there were two Jewish leaseholders, who together paid a poll tax of 30 złoty as part of W\grów from 1748 to 1753. In 1754 W\grów’s taxation burden was reduced, but instead of being exempted from the tax, these leaseholders were simply reassigned to the Mokobody community. When Mokobody’s tax burden was reduced in 1757, Paczuszki was returned to W\grów. A similar process can be traced at Gulczewo, which was transferred from Niegów to Ostrów in 1748, and from Ostrów to Czyżew in 1752; and at Wólka Goworowska, which passed in 1750 from Ostrów to Niegów, returned in 1751 to Ostrów, and was finally added back to Niegów in 1754. An especially interesting situation occurred in 1748 at Kuligów on the Bug. Two leaseholders, Kelman and Berko, paid the poll tax there as members of Niegów, but the third leaseholder, Szymek, although residing in the same village during the same year, paid his poll tax as a member of Kosów and Czyżew. In 1752 there were again three leaseholders at Kuligów (Berek, Lejzer, and Szymek), but this time all of them paid as members of Czyżew (see table 3). References in communal pinkasim suggest that there were conflicts between Jewish communities over control of the taxpaying Jewish population located in their rural peripheries.32 Before the discovery of the Jewish poll tax lists, historians tended to interpret such disputes as random border conflicts. Understanding the real reasons behind these clashes sheds light on the complex relationship between the rural and urban Jewish populations of Crown Poland in general, and between the rural Jewish leaseholders and the Jewish communal leadership in particular. This relationship will be further discussed in this work, but first it is important to try to understand to what extent this pattern was widespread in other parts of Crown Poland, outside the W\grów autonomous major community.

32 See A. Leszczyński, “Spór pomi\dzy kahalami Grodna i Tykocina o hegemoni\ nad skupiskami żydowskimi pogranicza Korony z Litw[ w XVII w.,” Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego 126/127 (1983): 85–95; M. Nadav, “Aspekty regionalnej autonomii żydów polskich na podstawie Pinkasu Tykocińskiego z lat 1660–1795,” in Żydzi w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej, ed. A. Link-Lenczowski and T. Polański (Wrocław, 1991), 75–84; A. Teller, Kesef, Koakh VeHashpaa (n. 3, above), 176–177.

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Table 3. Jewish leaseholders in three villages paying their poll tax continuously on behalf of different urban communities33 Near W\grów Village Paczuszki

Name/ occupation

1748

1749

1750

1752

1753

leaseholder Abram leaseholder another leaseholder

32

30

20

30

30

Near Mokobody 1757

20

1758

1761

20

Name/ occupation

1747

1748

1750

Gulczewo

Berko leaseholder Herszko leaseholder Another leaseholder

30

30

20

Near Czyżew 1751

1752

30

35

10

15

Near Ostrów Village

Name/ occupation

Wólka Goworowska leaseholder

1747

1748

1749

1751

50

30

40

50

70

Village

Name/ occupation

1744

Kuligów and Załubicy Kuligów and Popowo Kuligów and Czarnów

leaseholder

50

Kuligów and Szczeber Kuligów

Kelman leaseholder with his son Berko with his son Berek leaseholder Lajzer leaseholder Szymek leaseholder leaseholder

Near Niegów

1743

Near Kosów and Czyżew

leaseholder

30

10

Near Ostrów

Village

1745

1748

1755

30

30

10 Near Niegów

1754

Near Niegów 1747

1748

30

30

1750

1754

1755

50

20 20

30

Near Czyżew Near Warsaw 1752

1761

50

45 30 24 30

12 20

33 For Paczuszki, see AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51; for Gulczewo, Wólka Goworowska, and Kuligów, see nn. 28, 29, and 30.

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Table 4. Villages near Grabowiec and Hrubieszów34 Near Grabowiec Village

Name/ occupation

1746

1747

Bohutycze Dobromierzyce

tavern-keeper Dobromierzyce and Liski Dobromierzyce and Peresłowice Gródek on Bug part of the judge Gródek on Bug part of tavernMr. Suhak keeper from Ambuków Kotorów Kotorów and Konopne Liski Łudzin (Ludyn) tavern-keeper Łudzin and Ambuków (Ambukov) Mircze Mircze part of Mrs. Castellan ( pani kasztełanowa) Modryn Wielki tavern-keeper Peresłowice Szpikołasy Wybrodowice Wybrodowice and Liski Zad\bce

Belonging to Hrubieszów

1748

1749

1750

30 30

30 20

32 21

30

32

1751

20

1752

1753

20

32 24

40 52 30

30

30

40

40

50

18

18

30

30

48

22 30 40

40

15

15

29 57

22

50 30

30

31 15

50 30 30

40 24 34

45 24 31

44

44

20

24

30

40 64

50

50

65

There is no easy answer to this question, since information from other areas where there were rural Jews is much less systematic. In the Tykocin neighboring autonomous major community, for example, the Polish administrative districts (ziemia), and not the urban communities, served as a framework for recording rural Jews’ poll tax assessments. No subheadings were ever used in the Przemyśl regional council, and villages with Jewish leaseholders were listed there continuously, as they

34

Ibid., syg. 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44.

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had been in earlier times in the W\grów autonomous major community. One of these villages, however, Łaszki, appears to have been the seat of the elders (starszy powiatowy) Lipman Lewkowicz (1720)35 and Aaron Józefowicz (1735)36 and was a major community in this district, on an equal footing with Dobromil, Dynów, Husaków, Jarosław, Kańczuga, and Przeworsk. This means that at some earlier stage, Łaszki had been decoupled from the neighboring Sambór urban community and formed into a discrete rural community, similar to W[sewo in the W\grów autonomous major community. Outside the leaseholders’ belt, villages are mentioned only occasionally in the poll tax lists, but in those few cases where a comparison with the 1764/65 census is possible, discrepancies between the data are confusing. For example, 107 villages and small towns belonged to Wodzisław in the Cracow voivodeship, according to the 1764/65 census,37 while only 15 villages near this town appear in the poll tax lists in 1758–1759,38 and only eight of them match the census. The Jewish regional council called Chełm-Bełz in Polish, or “nine communities” in Hebrew, consisted of the Bełz voivodeship and the Chełm district. Chełm-Bełz seems most similar to structures later found in the W\grów autonomous major community. The socioeconomic characteristics of this region differed in two respects from the abovediscussed W\grów community. First, most rural Jews residing there were tavern-keepers (szynkarze) rather than leaseholders, and second, most villages were divided between several (up to six!) noble lords. In the W\grów autonomous major community, in contrast, most Jewish leaseholders leased villages in pairs. In spite of these differences, the pattern of transferring assignments of groups of villages to different urban communities seems to have been the same, as far as documentary evidence permits us to conclude. Thus, almost the entire group of villages recorded in 1746–1748 under the subheading “near Grabowiec” was attached in 1749 to Hrubieszów (see table 5 and the map on p. 96). Since in 1746–1748 Hrubieszów was completely tax-exempt, it is clear that the temporary assignment of these villages to Grabowiec was a device that the Chełm-Bełz regional council employed in order to collect poll tax from the Jewish tavern-keepers of the surrounding villages. AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 9. Ibid., syg. 25. 37 A. Czuczyński, “Spis Żydów województwa krakowskiego” (n. 10, above), 10–11; S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census” (n. 2, above), 65–67. 38 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 48, 49. 35 36

the administrative structure of the rural jewish population

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One could perhaps justify why the relatively prosperous rural leaseholders, innkeepers, and tavern-keepers should have been required to pay more taxes than poor urban Jews, but using artificial bureaucratic devices in order to prevent any reduction of their tax burden could hardly have pleased them. In this context the complaints of local nobility in defense of their Jewish leaseholders and against their abuse by the Jewish communal leadership should be taken quite literally, if not as an understatement. The dietine of S[dowa Wisznia in the district of Przemyśl, for example, passed the following resolution in 1716: “The Jewish elders under the pretext of the Jewish poll tax . . . oppress our leaseholders beyond the limits of their endurance. They issue assignments (asygnacji ) to the tax collectors (asygnatory) beyond their real obligations, as if they have to pay ten times more than the other [ Jews], and sometimes even more. For this reason the Jewish leaseholders have to flee and to abandon their leaseholds.”39 Of course, the connection between rural Jews and neighboring urban communities extended beyond tax collection. Rural Jews had to be members of some Jewish community in order to be able to attend a synagogue and perform many other religious and social obligations. Scholars dealing with this subject stress that many Jewish leaseholders became independent of any Jewish community, at least in terms of internal Jewish taxation.40 However, the Jewish councils contrived ways to compensate Jewish communities for this loss of income by overtaxing rural leaseholders in their assessment of the Jewish poll tax. They were also able to neutralize the influence of these leaseholders’ noble patrons, since regional Jewish councils, which the commissioner of the treasury directly appointed, made all the decisions about the assignment of groups of villages to this or that Jewish urban community.41 The difference between magnates and lower and middle nobility should also not be overlooked. Six minor noble owners sharing one village of

39 AGZ, vol. 22, resolution no. 259, §15, pp. 647–648. For discussion, see J. Kalik, HaAtsula HaPolanit VeHaYehudim BeMamlekhet Polin-Lita BeRei HaTkhiqa Bat HaZman ( Jerusalem, 1997), 4–35. 40 G. Hundert, “Was There an East European Analogue to Court Jews?,” in The Jews in Poland, ed. A. Paluch (Cracow, 1992), 1:67–75; M. Rosman, The Lords’ Jews (n. 3, above), 70, 177–178; A. Teller, Kesef, Koakh VeHashpaa (n. 3, above), 72–75. 41 See J. Goldberg and A. Wein, eds., “Ordynacja dla sejmu żydowskiego ziem koronnych z 1753 r.,” Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego 52 (1964): 17–34; A. Leszczyński, ed., “Dyspozycja komisarza Skarbu Koronnego wydana 27 X 1753 r. Sejmowi Żydów Korony w Jarosławiu,” Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego 114/115 (1980): 113–127.

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Sosnowica near Chełm42 between them could hardly match the power of a royal commissioner. The numerous conflicts between urban Jewish communities and rural Jews in their periphery can now be seen in a completely new light. Note that magnates and members of the lower and middle nobility were guided by different motives in terms of their policy toward Jews. As Goldberg rightly distinguished, the magnates tried to prevent their rural leaseholders from being detached from their urban communities, but lower and middle nobles, who had no private towns of their own, were interested in gaining administrative independence for their rural leaseholders.43 The conflicting interests of the magnates and lesser nobility also stood in contrast with the policies of Jewish regional councils, which favored attaching rural leaseholders to urban communities whose poll tax was due to increase in a given year. These contradictory motives explain the hostility of both magnates and lower and middle nobles toward Jewish autonomous bodies until their eventual abolition in 1764.44 Rural Jewish leaseholders themselves aspired to gain independence from urban Jewish communities. Thus, the master of the pantry (stolnik lwowski ), Konstanty Papara, who owned seven villages near Kamionka Strumiłowa (Kamianka Buz’ka), asked the archbishop of Lwów (Lviv), Wacław Hieronim Sierakowski, in 1771 to permit the Jewish inhabitants of his villages to use an inn at Batiatycze as a makeshift synagogue rather than having to attend the synagogue at Kamionka Strumiłowa. The pretext he offered was that the roads were unsafe.45 Whatever the argument used to convince the archbishop,46 this is a clear attempt to form a new rural Jewish community detached from any urban

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 41, 43, 44, 50, 52. J. Goldberg, “Gminy żydowskie (kahały) w systemie władztwa dominialnego w szlacheckiej Rzeczypospolitej,” in Mi\dzy histori[ a teori[, ed. M. Drozdowski (WarsawPoznań, 1988), 152–171 (in Hebrew: “HaKehila BaMishtar HaKhevrati-HaMedini BeMamlekhet Polin-Lita,” in J. Goldberg, HaKhevra HaYehudit BeMamlekhet Polin-Lita ( Jerusalem, 1999), 144–158). 44 M. Rosman, The Lords’ Jews (n. 3, above), 70, 177–178; J. Kalik, HaAtsula HaPolanit VeHaYehudim (n. 39, above), 33–36. 45 AGZ, vol. 10, p. 438, no. 7415. Discussed in J. Kalik, “HaKnesiya HaKatolit VeHaYehudim BeMamlekhet Polin-Lita BaMeot 16–18” (PhD diss., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1998), 175. 46 For the need to obtain a bishop’s license for opening a new synagogue, see J. Kalik, “Jews in the Catholic Ecclesiastic Legislation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,” Jewish History Quarterly 209 (2004): 37. 42 43

the administrative structure of the rural jewish population

93

community. As we have seen, W[sewo, J\drzejewo, Popowo Kościelne, and Wólka Goworowska eventually did indeed achieve such an independent status in the W\grów Jewish autonomous major community, and at least at W[sewo, a rural synagogue was actually in existence in the nineteenth century. The advantage of such independence was the option of taking part in the Jewish poll tax rotation schedule on equal terms with other urban Jewish communities. It is also clear that the Jewish population of such central villages was often quite considerable, since several leaseholders and keepers of shops, inns, and taverns resided there with their families (see table 2a). On the other hand, the rural Jewish population, unlike its urban counterpart, was not permanent, the turnover of leaseholders usually being high. In spite of the Jewish communal administration’s constant attempts to enforce the so-called khazaka (tenure) in leaseholding contracts, poll tax lists show that individual leaseholds rarely stayed put for more than two consecutive years. Some regional differences can also be observed around this issue: rural leaseholds in the W\grów autonomous major community were impermanent, whereas they fared better in the Przemyśl region.47 It is interesting that beyond the Russian border, in former areas of the commonwealth that Russia annexed in the mid-seventeenth century where no Jewish regional councils existed, local Jews freely formed rural communities with their own synagogues, independent of any urban community (for example, in the village of Zverovichi near Smolensk).48 Contrary to the previously well-established notion, it now seems that groups of villages, and not urban Jewish communities with rural peripheries, formed the lowest rung in the Jewish administrative structure of eighteenth-century Crown Poland. Jewish regional councils could attach such groups of villages, based on considerations related to the Jewish taxation schedule, or they could form independent Jewish rural communities. As we have seen, this situation influenced the balance of power between the Jewish rural population, primarily that of the leaseholders, and the Jewish communal and super-communal autonomous institutions. The older “lachrymous” Jewish historiography tended to view Jewish rural leaseholders as a heavily oppressed populace,

For details, see J. Kalik, “Jewish Leaseholders” (n. 9, above), 235. ,  (80 .– 1800 .),  2,  1637. 47 48

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collapsing under an unbearable burden of taxes and other financial obligations. More recently, historiographers have tended to emphasize the influence that these same rural leaseholders were able to accumulate, thanks to the protection of their noble patrons. According to the latter view, by the eighteenth century, Jewish leaseholders were gradually transformed into a new and rising social power and began to undermine the influence of more traditional communal institutions. The new sources utilized here provide a more balanced picture of the complex factors that affected the position of the rural Jewish population in eighteenth-century Crown Poland.

the administrative structure of the rural jewish population

95

Jablonka Koscielna

to Niegów in 1750 N a re

w

Wy sok ie Ma zow iec kie

Wólka Goworo wska Goworowo Wólka WAsewo Brzezińs ka to Czyżew in 1752 Prabuty Wólka Grochowa

DAbrowa Komorowo Lutobrok Obr\bek

Czyżew

Ostrów Mazowiecka

Zar\by Kościelne

Bosewo

to Czyżew in 1752

Bu

g

Nur

Kregi Popowo Kościel ne Gulczewo Sl\żany Niegów Czarnów Kuligów Mościska Załubicy D\binki Chaj\ty Łosie Kozly Radzymin

Sterdyń

Jadów Strachówka

to Kaluszyn

in 1744 to Ostrów in 1744-45

Dobre Stanisławów

Czarna Ladzyń

k

Wrotnów Mi\dzy4eś

W\grów

Kaleń

Grodzis

Kosów Lacki Lipki Stoczek

Liw

Zabraniec Targowek Praga Miłosna Warsaw Zbvtki Zerzeń to Mińsk in 1751 Borków

Ciechanowiec

Złotki

Lëszczvdół Kozłowo Kamieńcyk on Bug

to Czyżew in 1751-52

Kluki

Sokołów Podlask i

Rozbity Kamień Paczuszki Ksi\zopole

Mokobody

st Vi

Kałuszyn Mińsk Mazowiecki Stojadła Janow J\dzejów Targówka -55 Rzakta to Mokobody in 1754

Mordy

ul a

Dobrzyniec

Karczew

Siennica

D\bow cë Lipiny Jerusal

Scale 1:600000 river Nur town WAsewo rural center Kuligów village

Map 5. The W\grów Autonomous Major Community

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Chełm

Dubienka

g Bu Korytnica

Wojsławice

Liski

Uchanie

Horodło

Szpikołasy Zad\bce

Skierbieszów Grabowiec

Gródek on Bug Ludzin

Hrubieszów

Ambuków

Peresłowice Dodromierzyce Konopne Kotorów

Modryn Wielki Mircze Komarów

Łaszczów

Scale 1:340000 river town village

Map 6. Villages near Grabowiec and Hrubieszów

Kryłów

CHAPTER SIX

THE “LEASEHOLDERS’ BELT” Individual taxpayers appear in many poll tax lists. Jewish merchants and craftsmen are to be found among them, but the overwhelming majority are leaseholders (arendarze). These leaseholders appear to have resided only in a single belt of land stretching from Augustów in northern Podliasie to the Carpathian Mountains in the southern part of the Przemyśl district. This “leaseholders’ belt” consisted of the Tykocin, W\grów, and Rzeszów autonomous major communities. It also included several exterritorial urban communities: Ciechanowiec, Lublin, and D\bica; and the Lublin, Przemyśl, and Sambór (Samborszczyzna) regional councils. Two other communities—Lisko and Drohobycz, which belonged to the Ruś Jewish regional council—were also part of this belt. Although record keeping was inconsistent, claims that erratic record keeping may have created the illusion of a leaseholders’ belt are without substance. It is evident that leaseholders in this swath of land were being taxed even when they are not specifically mentioned, because in such cases the expression “for assessment by the elders” (do dyspartymentu starszych) appears instead, along with a large sum of money. In years when leaseholders are noted by name, numerous villages in the Wo yń regional council are also recorded, but in most cases without any indication as to who paid taxes there. Interestingly, in the Ruś regional council, leaseholders are listed only in villages that belonged to two Jewish communities: Lisko, an enclave of Ruś cut off from its central part by the Przemyśl regional council; and Drohobycz, which in the Polish administrative structure belonged to the Przemyśl district, but in the Jewish construct was part of Ruś. The Lwów district had numerous villages without leaseholders, as was the case in Wo yń, and neither villages nor leaseholders are recorded further east in the Halicz district and the Brac aw voivodeship. It is not clear why these differences in the recording of leaseholders should have existed within a single fiscal unit during a given year. Only one leaseholder is to be found in Great Poland, residing in Wola near Z oczew in the years 1746–1747.1 1

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 37, 38.

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Fifty-two individual taxpayers appear in 1752 in Little Poland, but only eight of them are leaseholders, the rest being rich Jews whose occupations are not disclosed, but whose wealth is evident from the hundreds of złoty each was obliged to pay.2 No rural Jewish population is ever mentioned in the Podolia voivodeship. The fragmentation of the Jewish fiscal units in this belt is probably a result of the difficulty in dealing with numerous rural leaseholders in a relatively large area. On a map of the Jewish autonomy in Crown Poland, one can see four large units in the west (Great Poland, the city of Poznań, Little Poland, and the city of Cracow); four even larger units in the east (Wo yń, Ruś, Podolia, and the city of Mi\dzyrzecz Korecki); a belt of fifteen much smaller units between W\grów, Tykocin, Ciechanowiec, Mi\dzyrzecz Podliaski, and Siemiatycze in the north; the city of Przemyśl, the Przemyśl regional council, Samborszczyzna, Rzeszow, and D\bica in the south; and the city of Lublin, the Lublin regional council, Che m-Be z, Ordynacja zamoyska, and Józefów between them. The difference between this picture and the picture that the 1764 census presents is striking. According to Mahler’s tabulation, there were 2,702 rural leaseholders in Crown Poland,3 481 of them in Great Poland, 233 in Little Poland, 1,130 in Mazowsze, 205 in the Kiev voivodeship, and 89 in Podolia. Although it is possible to observe some correlation between the census and the poll tax lists in that the largest number of leaseholders is located in Mazowsze (equivalent to the Jewish autonomous major community of W\grów), the discrepancy between the figures that each source presents is significant. It would seem, therefore, that only a small group of Jewish arendarze (the Polish word for “leaseholders”) paid their poll tax independently of their local Jewish communities, and it is precisely this group that found its abode in the above-mentioned belt of land. If this belt of leaseholders really existed, who were these Jews? Because leaseholding was an important Jewish occupation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, this question has been thoroughly investigated both in monographs dedicated to this topic and in many passing references in scholarly works about Poland.4 Here too, however, Ibid., syg. 43. R. Mahler, Yidn in amolikn Poiln in licht fun tsifern (Warsaw, 1958), table 57. 4 Among the most important studies, see S. Ettinger, “Khelkam shel HaYehudim BaKolonizatsiya shel Ukraina (1569–1648),” Zion 21 (1956): 107–142; H. Shmeruk, 2 3

the “leaseholders’ belt”

99

the lack of systematic sources has hampered previous efforts. The earliest known systematic source is the 1764/65 census, its main limitation being that it provides a static picture for a single year only. Such a limited pool of data cannot address even the most basic longitudinal questions concerning changes in social dynamics over time. In the poll tax lists, leaseholders are distinct from innkeepers (karczmarze) and tavernkeepers (szynkarze), who are mentioned alongside the leaseholders, as in the following examples: “leaseholder Dawid with two tavern-keepers in Dobrzyn” (1722 in the W\grów autonomous major community),5 “leaseholder Abram in Wola Rostowska with tavern-keeper Zusman and with Zelman the glassmaker in the same village” (same year and community),6 and “leaseholder and innkeeper in Żurawicy near Przemyśl” (1740 in the Przemyśl regional council).7 There are numerous other examples of this type. Innkeepers (karczmazre) probably constituted the majority of rural taxpayers outside the leaseholders belt. In Wo yń, for example, some villages’ records are supplemented with remarks such as, “village Wila with two inns” (1760 in the Krzemieniec major community).8

“HaKhasidut VeIskei Khakhirot,” Zion 35 (1970): 182–192; M. Rosman, “HaYakhas bein HaKhokher HaYehudi LeBa’al HaAkhuza HaPolani: HaTsad HaSheni,” in Yehudim BaKalkala, ed. N. Gross ( Jerusalem, 1985), 237–243; idem, The Lords’ Jews: MagnateJewish Relations in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the 18th Century (Cambridge, MA, 1990), 106–142; J. Goldberg, “Die jüdische Gutspächter in Polen-Litauen und die Bauern im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert,” Kleine Völker in der Geschichte Osteuropas. Festschrift für Günther Stökl, ed. M. Alexander (Stuttgart, 1991), 13–21; idem, “Żyd a karczma wiejska w XVIII w.,” Wiek Oświecenia 9 (1993): 205–213; idem, “Arenda i kredyt. Arendarz żydowski wobec żydów, mieszczan i w adzy dominialnej w ma opolskich miasteczkach w XVIII wieku,” Rozdział wspólnej historii. Studia z dziejów żydów w Polsce ofiarowane profesorowi Jerzemu Tomaszewskiemu w siedemdziesiAtA rocznic\ urodzin (Warsaw, 2001), 85–96; A. Cygielman, “Iskei Khakhirot shel Yehudei Polin VeKishram LeHithavut Va’ad Arba’ Aratsot,” Zion 47 (1982): 112–144; J. Kalik, “Szlachta Attitudes towards Jewish arenda in the 17th and 18th Centuries,” Gal-ed 14 (1995): 1–11; idem, “Jewish Leaseholders (Arendarze) in 18th Century Crown Poland,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 54 (2006): 229–240; “Leaseholding,” YIVO Encyclopaedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, ed. G. D. Hundert (New Haven, 2008), 1:1001–1003; A. Teller, “Khakhira Klalit VeKhokher Klali BeAkhuzot Beit Radziwi BaMea Ha-18,” in Yazamut Yehudit Be’Et HaKhadasha. Mizrakh Eiropa VeErets Israel, ed. R. Aaronsohn and S. Stampfer ( Jerusalem, 2000), 48–78. For the nineteenth century, see J. Hensel, “Polnische Adelsnation und jüdische Vermittler 1815–1830. Über den vergeblichen Versuch einer Judenemanzipation in einer nicht emanzipierten Gesellschaft,” in Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte, vol. 32 (Berlin, 1983), 7–227. 5 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 12. 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid., syg. 30. 8 Ibid., syg. 50.

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This type of leaseholder differs from the so-called general leaseholders who leased an entire estate ( folwark) or cluster of estates (klucz). This latter type rarely appears in the lists: “leaseholder of folwark Rudzieniec” (1740, community of Tykocin)9 and “leaseholder of klucz Nik owicki” (1755, land of Przemyśl) are two rare examples.10 It is not surprising that general leaseholders appear so infrequently, since Jews had already lost the competition for this form of leasehold to the lower and middle nobility in the seventeenth century. There was a second type of general leaseholder, who leased propination rights for an entire estate or cluster of estates and then subleased them to individual innkeepers and tavernkeepers.11 General leaseholders of this type did exist, for example, in the community of Drohobycz in 1747,12 when the villages appear in groups under such subheadings as: “villages of the Zielonka starosta of Do hań,” “villages of the noble lady Turku owa,” and “leaseholders of Mr. Kapuciński.” The arendarze we are discussing in this chapter, however, do not belong to this second type either, since they are almost always identified with specific villages and not with estates. The majority of the arendarze simply leased villages. Normally they are described ambiguously as “leaseholder in the village . . .” (arendarz we wsi . . .) or “leaseholder from the village . . .” (arendarz ze wsi . . .), but in a few cases an explicit expression is used: “Dawid holding the villages of Horodyce, Dubicz, and Hilibicz” (1731, Tykocin),13 and “Icko holding the village Rudziniec and other small villages” (1731, Tykocin).14 This particular form of leasehold seems to have been overlooked in scholarly research. The practice of leasing villages to the Jews is known, since a few such leasing contracts have survived, but neither the real extent of the phenomenon nor its geographical and chronological limits have been recognized. Unlike other leaseholders, those in the belt were obliged to pay their poll tax separately. All other Jewish arendarze in the 1764/65 census (mainly leaseholders of propination rights) either paid their taxes together with other Jews or were exempt from taxation, thanks to the intervention of their powerful lords. These exemptions serve to explain why the rural Jewish population in the easternmost parts of the

Ibid., syg. 30. Ibid., syg. 46. 11 For this distinction, see A. Teller, “Khakhira Klalit VeKhokher Klali” (n. 4, above), 48–78. 12 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 38. 13 Ibid., syg. 21. 14 Ibid. 9

10

the “leaseholders’ belt”

101

commonwealth (the voivodeships of Podolia, Brac aw, and Kiev) is not mentioned in the poll tax lists, while it does figure in the census.15 By combining the new evidence of the poll tax lists with existing research, we can cautiously conclude that there were practically no Jewish leaseholders in Great Poland.16 Urban leaseholds were more prominent in Little Poland. Every type of Jewish leaseholder seems to have existed in the leaseholders’ belt, but leasing villages was far more common than larger units. Rural leaseholds of propination rights flourished farther east, although rural Jews appear in poll tax lists only in the central part of Ruś and in Wo yń. The documentary evidence suggests that two people often shared leaseholds, as in this example: “leaseholder Leyb with another leaseholder Abraham in Rostowska Wola” (1725, W\grów).17 In most cases such companions were members of the family, most often sons-in-law (zi\ć ), but also sons, brothers, fathers, and fathers-in-law (szwagier). In one case, a certain “Izrael with his children and his grandson” (1741, W\grów)18 is mentioned, and a “leaseholder’s widow (arendarka wdowa) with her son” (W\grów, 1723)19 in another. An even more frequent arrangement was for a leaseholder to hold a pair of villages, especially in the W\grów autonomous major community,20 where such combinations of villages are noted along with the names of their leaseholders, who seem to change every year in a bewildering pattern. The largest number of leaseholders in this fiscal unit appeared in 1729, when it reached 166.21 Leaseholds in Masowsze were very unstable, rarely extending beyond two consecutive years. The number of leaseholders

R. Mahler, Yidn in amolikn Poiln (n. 3, above), table 57. J. Topolski, “Uwagi o strukturze gospodarsko-spo ecznej Wielkopolski, czyli dlaczego na jej terenie nie by o Żydowskich karczmarzy,” Żydzi w Wielkopolsce na przestrzeni dziejów, ed. J. Topolski and K. Modelski (Poznań, 1995), 71–82. On the archival sources for this region in the postpartition period, see the recent publication by S. JerschWenzel, Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden in polonischen Archiven, vol. 1, Ehemalige preußische Provizen, Pommern, Westpreußen, Ostpreußen, Preußen, Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen, Süd- und Neuostpreußen (Munich, 2003). 17 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 15. 18 Ibid., syg. 31. 19 Ibid., syg. 13. 20 During the years 1717–1728 in the autonomous major community of W\grów, 17.5% of leaseholders held two villages, and 2.8% even held three. In the contemporary regional council of Lublin, the respective numbers are 5% and 3%, while no leaseholders holding more than one village are attested in the contemporary regional council of Przemyśl. 21 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 19. 15 16

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in Mazowsze gradually declined from the 1730s, but they never disappeared altogether. In the neighboring Podlasie, Tykocin leaseholders were usually recorded collectively as “all the leaseholders in the district of Łomża, Wizna, Mielnik, Bielsk Podlaski” (wszystkie arendarze w ziemi łomżyńskiej, wiskiej, mielnickiej, bielskiej). Their exact numbers, therefore, remain unknown in most cases. In three towns of exterritorial urban communities—Ciechanowiec, Lublin, and D\bica—the surrounding villages with their leaseholders (up to thirteen in Lublin in 1740,22 up to ten in Ciechanowiec in 1730,23 and one near D\bica in 1721)24 are included. Leaseholders in the regional council of Lublin were less numerous than in its northern and southern neighbors (the districts of W\grów and Przemyśl). There were never more than forty-two (1751),25 but they do appear to have existed continuously for the entire recorded period. The most unusual indication of a place of residence of a Jewish leaseholder appears in the Lublin council territory in 1750, where neither a town nor a village is mentioned, but rather “a cape between the San and the Vistula” (cypel pzy Sanie i Wisle).26 It is not clear what occupation the residents of the cape engaged in; perhaps it was fishing, or maybe the so-called spław—the shipping of grain and other products by river to the Baltic.27 In the Przemyśl regional council, the number of leaseholders reached its peak of 78 in 1754.28 The outstanding feature of this region was the presence of leaseholders of salt mines (żupnicy) in S onne Góry. They were: Mosko in Solec,29 Szmul30 and Nasan31 in Starosól, Szandar in a village called Wujsk,32 an unnamed żupnicy in Szumin,33 and in the village of Spryny near Sambór.34 The village Wujsk is particularly interesting, since the leaseholder (arendarz) of the village itself,

Ibid., syg. 30. Ibid., syg. 20. 24 Ibid., syg. 10. 25 Ibid., syg. 42. 26 Ibid., syg. 41. 27 For the Jewish involvement in this occupation, see M. Rosman, The Lords’ Jews (n. 4, above), 89–105. 28 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 45. 29 Ibid., syg. 18, 25, 46. 30 Ibid., syg. 31, 33, 39, 40. 31 Ibid., syg. 45, 46. 32 Ibid., syg. 18, 22, 27, 28, 30, 31. 33 Ibid., syg. 31, 33, 38, 40, 45. 34 Ibid., syg. 30, 31, 32, 38, 39, 40. 22 23

the “leaseholders’ belt”

103

its żupnik, and an “innkeeper near the mine” (karczmarz koło żupy) are mentioned there side by side in 1728,35 and kwotnik z żupy is recorded there in 1732.36 At least one turf mine was also leased to a Jew, since Tarnawa, where he is recorded as the leaseholder, is neither a town nor a village, but the name of a turf mine.37 Leaseholds in the regional council of Przemyśl, not only those of salt and turf mines, tended to stay in place longer than in the W\grów community, sometimes appearing continuously in the record for a decade or more. The vast majority of leaseholders were always to be found on private estates, though leases of royal and ecclesiastical lands are also noted. The most conspicuous examples of Jewish leaseholds in the royal estates are Starostwo knyszyńskie, comprised of sixteen villages in the community of Tykocin (in 1749),38 ekonomja sandomierska, consisting of five villages in Ordynacja Zamoyska (1752),39 and starostwo medyckie in powiat przemyski, whose leaseholder was Wulf Siehiński (1741–1743, 1747–1749, 1752).40 Icek in a village called Wrotków near Lublin, who leased Bonifraters in 1748,41 serves as an example of a Jewish leaseholder on an ecclesiastical estate. There are a few leasing contracts between church institutions and Jews from the leaseholders’ belt. The Jesuit College in Korock leased Zarszyńsk in 1733 to a Jew called Szymon Mendelewicz for one year in return for 1,000 Polish złoty.42 Dominican nuns in Bielsk Podliaski leased two villages (Miców and Wys ów) in 1748 to Szlomo Kotowicz for one year. It is interesting that these villages were held by the nuns as a pledge (zastaw) for a loan that a noble received from them.43 Most probably the nuns were not interested in managing these villages by themselves and preferred to lease them to a Jew. The lease included a mill, an inn, and a forest. Two servants, one from each village, were provided to the Jewish leaseholder to assist him in his work.44

Ibid., syg. 18. Ibid., syg. 22. 37 Ibid., syg. 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 43. 38 Ibid., syg. 40. 39 Ibid., syg. 43. 40 Ibid., syg. 31, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 43. 41 Ibid., syg. 39. 42 Tsentral’nyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u m. L’vivi, fond 140, spis 1, sprava 179. 43 For this particular type of pledge, see J. Kalik, “Hafqada VeWyderkaf BePeilutam HaKalkalit shel Yehudei Mamlekhet Polin-Lita,” in Yazamut Yehudit Be’Et HaKhadasha. Mizrakh Eiropa VeErets Israel, ed. R. Aaronsohn and S. Stampfer ( Jerusalem, 2000), 25–47. 44 Tsentral’nyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u m. L’vivi, fond 140, spis 1, od. 36, pp. 1–2. 35 36

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In order to try to find an overall explanation for the existence of this leaseholders’ belt, we should try to identify the common socioeconomic characteristics of this region that might explain it. Small estates of lower and middle nobles typified this area. Often these nobles owned one or two villages, and sometimes a single village was divided between two or even three such owners, each with his or her own Jewish leaseholder. Unlike magnates, such poor nobles had no interest in fostering a retinue of noble leaseholders for the purpose of political lobbying in local dietines (sejmiki ); being either unable or unwilling to manage their villages by themselves, they found an easy solution in leasing these villages to Jews. The nature of the economic ties between the lower and middle nobility and the Jews may explain why local dietines consistently demanded that the assessment system of the Jewish poll tax be returned to a per capita method. Under the existing system, the burden of taxation fell disproportionally on the dietines’ leaseholders, while the magnates’ leaseholders were practically exempt from taxation because of the powerful protection of their lords. Our Jewish poll tax lists fully confirm the lower and middle nobles’ claim that their leaseholders carried the heaviest burden of taxation. Jacob Goldberg has suggested that the social stratification of Polish nobility went a long way in determining the forms that Jewish leaseholds took and their relative numbers in different areas of the commonwealth.45 The Jewish poll tax lists seem to confirm his conclusion. They clearly demonstrate that the geographical distribution of different kinds of estates belonging to diverse groups of Polish nobility corresponded to the map of Jewish leasehold types. Goldberg’s assumption that the conditions in small estates of low and middle nobility were less favorable to Jewish leaseholders, however, does not take into account this particular type of leasehold, namely, that of a village being leased to a Jew. This phenomenon largely escaped scholars’ attention, because of their preoccupation with relationships between magnates and Jews. This is hardly surprising, as the family archives of magnatic families are readily accessible, but poor nobles left little or no documentation. The statistics in our poll tax lists enable us for the first time to isolate this particular group of Jewish leaseholders, to trace the social dynamics in which they engaged during almost half a century, and to define the geographical area where this phenomenon—the leasing of villages to Jews—existed in Crown Poland. 45

J. Goldberg, “Arenda i kredyt” (n. 4, above), 86–87.

Little Poland Great Poland City of Lublin Regional Council of Lublin Ruś Wo yń Regional Council of Przemyśl Samborszczyzna Che m-Be z Ordynacja Zamoyska Tykocin Rzeszow W\grów Ciechanowiec D\bica

42

7

14

1

4

4

1

6

4

1 1

1

1

1 1

2 4

1

1* 1 40

3

13 2 64

8

1

1 4

4 7

2

108

2* 110

144

14*

8* 1

30

19* 1 166 8

7

12

1

2 1

2

1

2

6 56 7

8

(continued on next page)

3 15 10

2

1

1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732

Table 1. Numbers of Jewish leaseholders (arendarze). All numerals refer to the individual leaseholders. Asterisks indicate instances where most of leaseholders are mentioned collectively, and their real numbers are unknown.

the “leaseholders’ belt” 105

Little Poland Great Poland City of Lublin Regional Council of Lublin Ruś Wo yń Regional Council of Przemyśl Samborszczyzna Che m-Be z Ordynacja Zamoyska Tykocin Rzeszow W\grów Ciechanowiec D\bica

Table 1 (cont.)

13

5 3

13

129 3 2

20

1

22

1

6

3

9

16

1

1

2

33

25

10

4

42

14

3

32

2

1

1 9

2

43

13 5

7

13

31

5 2 22

3*

16

4

15

17

40

1

17

18

34

27

20

40

12

1

48

1 1 20

66

2

3

76

22

11 20

2

39 5

20

14

24 3* 33

6 17

(continued on next page)

46

3

56

15

1 5 38

1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749

106 chapter six

Little Poland Great Poland City of Lublin Regional Council of Lublin Ruś Wo yń Regional Council of Przemyśl Samborszczyzna Che m-Be z Ordynacja Zamoyska Tykocin RzeszΩw W\grΩw Ciechanowiec D\bica

Table 1 (cont.)

34

45

2

5*

59

1

8

47

60

2

2*

10

22

14 4* 32

11 30

4 42

10 21

8

20

5

1

4 7 70

6

10

3

14

78

3

44

1 2 57

3

7

2

15

3

2

6

6

1

7

22

1 31

2

1

1

1

1

2

2

1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764

the “leaseholders’ belt” 107

Scale 1:5000000

Scale 1:5000000

Cracow

and Sandomierz Przemyśl

a

Voivodeship of Rus

Samborszczyzn

Przemyśl

District of

Ordynacja zamoyska

Chełm-Bełz

Mi\dzyrzecz Podlaski

(Voivodeship of Bracław)

Voivodeship of Podolia

Mi\dzyrecz Korecki

Voivodeship of Wołyń

Map 7. The “Leaseholders’ Belt”

Community of Rzeszow

D\bica

Józefó w

Lublin

Siemiatycze

Ciechanowiec

Community of Tykocin

of Lublin

W\grów

Voivodeship

Community of

Voivodeship of Cracow

Poznań

Poznań and Kalisz

Voivodeship of

‘Leaseholders’ belt’

108 chapter six

CHAPTER SEVEN

JEWISH POLITICAL LEADERSHIP Twenty-three constituencies were represented in the Council of Four Lands, and the number of councilors was therefore also twenty-three. Although this figure is often explained as being similar to the number of members of the so-called Little Synedrion according to the Mishna,1 the correlation with the number of constituencies cannot have been a coincidence. Theoretically, every constituency could be represented in the council, but in practice large exterritorial urban communities and regional councils usually sent several representatives, while smaller constituencies were represented in the council in rotation. The formula governing the representation of local constituencies is known only from a 1753 ordinance of the commissioner of the treasury, Kazimierz Granowski.2 According to this document, the Council of Four Lands consisted of two equal groups of twenty-five representatives from local constituencies. They were known either as “seniors” (starszyzna) or “juniors” (symplarze). The first group formed a permanent committee, which conducted business between plenary sessions of the council, where the members of the second group were also in attendance. Based on Halperin’s documentation, the full composition of the group of seniors can be reconstructed for only five years of the entire eighteenth century (1718, 1724, 1730, 1754, 1755).3 A comparison of these two sources— Granowski’s lists and Halperin’s documents—is presented in table 1 (where Pinkas Va ad Arba Aratsot is abbreviated as PVAA). It suggests that Granowski’s ordinance was valid for a single year only.

m. Sanhedrin 1:6. Published in J. Goldberg and A. Wein, “Ordynacja dla sejmu żydowskiego ziem koronnych z 1753,” BŻIH 52 (1964): 17–34. 3 Pinkas Va ad Arba Aratsot, ed. I. Halperin ( Jerusalem, 1945; new ed., rev. and ed. I. Bartal, Jerusalem, 1990). 1 2

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Table 1. Representation of regional councils in the Council of Four Lands Source Halperin, PVAA Constituency

City of Cracow Little Poland City of Poznań Great Poland Ce m-Be z Ordynacja Zamoyska Ruś City of Lublin Regional Council of Lublin Wo yń Rzeszów City of Przemyśl Regional Council of Przemyśl Tykocin Ciechanowiec

Goldberg & Wein, BŻIH 52

1718 1724 1730

3 2 2 2 2 2

1 2 2 2 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2

2 4

3 2 1

2 3 1 2

1754

seniors

juniors 2 2 2 2 1 1

1 3

1 2 2

4 2

4 2 2

5 3 1

4 2 2

3 2 3

2 1 3

1

2

2 3

1

2 1 2 1

3 1 1 1

1

1

2

2 3

1753

2 2 2 2 1 1

1

1 2 1

1755

1

The 1717–1764 Jewish poll tax assessment lists from the military treasury archives at Warsaw add much new information on Jewish leadership in Crown Poland during the eighteenth century. The information about this topic in this source is less consistent than in other areas, since Jewish leaders are not listed for every year, but only occasionally, when no poll tax assessments were made to individual taxpayers (usually leaseholders). In those cases, large amounts of money (tens of thousands of złoty) are designated “for assessments by the elders” (do dyspartymentu starszych),4 whose names, titles, and places of residence are recorded. These elders represent all three levels of the Jewish autonomous structure: major communities, regional councils, and the Council of Four Lands. Their titles relate either to their function in the council or to the community they headed (Heb. rosh, Pol. starszy). Council functionaries were of three

4 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 23, 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 52, 53, 54.

jewish political leadership

111

Table 2a. Marshals of the Crown Jews in 1717–1764 Place of residence Jacob Abraham son of Isaac Abraham Iserlish son of Israel Abraham Isaac Fortis son of Samuel Joshua Heshel son of Samuel of Cracow Abraham son of Joseph Abraham son of Haim Meir son of Joel

Source Halperin PVAA

Żó kiew

1718

Lublin

1719, 1720, 1724

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

Rzeszów 1730 Che m

1739

Leszno

1740, 1751, 1753, 1756, 1760,

Lublin Dubno

1742, 1743, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1752 1747 1754, 1755, 1754 1757 1762, 1763

ranks: marshals (Heb. parnas,5 Pol. marszałek), syndics (Heb. shtadlan, Pol. syndyk), and trustees (Heb. ne’eman, Pol. wiernik) or scribes (Heb. sofer, Aram. safra’, Pol. pisarz). Together, they formed a type of Jewish regional and central autonomous “government.” The marshals served as “prime ministers”; the syndics were rather like diplomats, being responsible for relations with non-Jewish sources of power (political and ecclesiastical institutions and other powerful individuals). The trustees and scribes (the same people held both positions) acted as secretaries of the treasury, being responsible for the assessment of the Jewish poll tax and other dues. Correlating these office holders with Jewish public figures mentioned in other sources is difficult due to differences between Polish and Hebrew sources. Often, the very same individual appears under a Polish nickname in the Polish sources, but under his official Hebrew names in the Jewish sources. Thus, the Jewish official who appears in the poll tax lists as Berek Rabinowicz was more commonly known as Isaac Issaschar Beresh, son of Moses Wulf of Brody.6

From Greek πρόνοος, “thinking ahead.” Regarding this figure, see A. Teller, “Radziwi , Rabinowicz, and the Rabbi of Świerz: The Magnates’ Attitude to Jewish Regional Autonomy in the 18th Century,” in Studies in the History of the Jews in Old Poland in Honor of Jacob Goldberg, ed. A. Teller, Scripta Hierosolymitana 38 ( Jerusalem, 1998), 246–276. For the sake of uniformity, Hebrew names are given here in their conventional English forms, rather than their Hebrew 5 6

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Comparing the Jewish poll tax lists and the documents that Halperin collected in his Pinkas Va ad Arba Aratsot (PVAA) generates little new information regarding the functionaries of the Council of Four Lands. According to the PVAA, out of the seven marshals of the council who served between 1717 and 1764, only two are also mentioned in the poll tax lists: Abraham son of Joseph of Leszno, and Abraham son of Haim of Lublin (see table 2a). Syndics of the Council of Four Lands are not mentioned in the poll tax lists, and the information about trustees and scribes is limited to verification of data already known from the PVAA (see table 2b). Table 2b. Trustees and scribes of Crown Jews in 1717–1764 Place of residence

Title Halperin, PVAA

Ephraim Fishel W odzimierz trustee son of Leib scribe Mordechai son of Brody trustee Isaac (Marek Rabinowicz) scribe Shalom son of Hanoch Joshua Heshel Halevi son of Samuel of Cracow Joshua Heshel son of Samuel

Lublin

scribe

Isaac son of Abraham Mordechai son of Shalom (Marek Szulimowicz)

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

1717

1722 1724, 1725, 1728, 1746, 1747 1729, 1737, 1739, 1742, 1744, 1748 1739, 1741, 1742, 1744 1725

Ciechanowiec trustee and Siemiatycze

1726, 1728, 1729, 1732, 1739

Che m

1726, 1728, 1731, 1747 1737, 1739, 1742 1739, 1742, 1743 1728, 1737 1742, 1743, 1744

trustee scribe

Isaac Wulf of Lelów

Source

Lelów Nowemiasto Korczyn and Opatów Opoczno

trustee scribe, rabbi trustee scribe trustee

1751 1748

1747, 1762 1755 1750

(continued on next page) or Polish transliterations (for example, Moses, rather than either Moshe or Moszko). In cases of a serious discrepancy, Polish nicknames are added in parentheses.

jewish political leadership

113

Table 2b (cont.) Place of residence

Leib (Lewek) son of Samuel

Title

Halperin, PVAA

Krzemieniec trustee

Abraham son of Leszno Joseph Abraham Zamoćś Hakohen son of Isaac of Tar ów

Source

scribe trustee trustee

scribe, rabbi Solomon Lublin scribe Issaschar son of Ciechanowiec trustee, rabbi Joshua (Beresz scribe, Oszujowicz) rabbi Saul son of Jacob W odzimierz trustee scribe, rabbi Moses Pinhas of Żó kiew and trustee, Lublin son of Swierz rabbi Abraham Benjamin Wulf Hrubieszów trustee of Witków scribe, rabbi David son of Zamoćś scribe Moses Haim Po onne trustee, rabbi Leib son of Tarnogród trustee Samuel of scribe Brody (Rabinowicz) Israel Kamieniec trustee Isaac son of Che m scribe, Samuel of rabbi Wodzis aw Isaac Issaschar Brody trustee Beresh son of scribe Moses Wulf (Berek Rabinowicz) Zvi Hirsh son of Brody scribe Isaac Beresh (Herszko Berkowicz)

1750, 1751, 1752, 1753 1751, 1752, 1755 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1758

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

1743

1753

1751 1752, 1753, 1754, 1762 1755, 1762 1744, 1754 1752, 1753

1742, 1744

1754, 1756, 1757, 1755 1761, 1763 1755

1754, 1755 1754

1755

1762

1755

1755, 1759 1757, 1761

1755

1755

1751, 1754, 1755 1759 1761

1761

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Table 3a. Marshals of Regional Councils in Crown Poland in 1717–1764

Moses son of Menachem Mendel Auerbach (Moszko Rabinowicz) Ezekiel son of Zvi Hirsh (Haskiel Jeleniewicz Lewitat) Landau Israel Iserl son of Mordechai (Iser Markowicz) Mordechai son of Isaac (Marek Rabinowicz) Isaac son of Moses Haim Hanoch Benjamin Wulf son of Ezekiel Landau (Wulf Hasklewicz) Joseph son of Ezekiel ( Józef Hasklewicz) Landau Jacob ( Jankel Rabinowicz)

Place of residence

Council ( galil )

Krotoszyn

1735

Żó kiew

Great Poland (Poznań and Kalisz) Little Poland 1739 (Cracow and Sandomierz) Ruś

Brody

Ruś

1743

Bilgoraj, Zamoćś

Che m-Be z

Tarnów

Source Halperin, PVAA

1754

Chmielnik

Podolia Little Poland (Cracow and Sandomierz) Little Poland 1752 (Cracow and Sandomierz) Podolia

Isaac Issaschar Beresh son of Moses Wulf (Berek Rabinowicz) Joseph son of Leib

Brody

Ruś

Brody

Ruś

Joseph son of Haim Leib Nahum son of Samuel

Hrubieszów Che m-Be z Żwaniec Podolia Wodzis aw Little Poland (Cracow and Sandomierz) Stanisawów Ruś 1755

Dov Beresh of Kowel

Opatów Opatów

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

1748, 1749 1741, 1742, 1745

1746 1747 1750, 1754, 1755 1750, 1754, 1755

1750, 1754, 1754, 1755 1751, 1755,

1751, 1752, 1754, 1755, 1759 1751 1753 1754

Moses Pinhas of Lublin son of Abraham Mordechai (Marek) son of Haim

Swierz

Jacob Ze’ev son of Abraham (Lejbka) Leib son of Daniel

Olesko Mi\dzyboż

1756, 1757, 1763 Little Poland 1755, 1756, 1757 (Cracow and 1764 Sandomierz) Ruś 1758 Podolia 1760

Satanów

Podolia

Dukla

1751, 1752, 1755 1752, 1754, 1759, 1764

Lwów (Ruś)

1758

1763, 1764

jewish political leadership

115

Table 3b. Trustees and scribes of Regional Councils in Crown Poland in 1717–1764

Hirsh Litman Shalom son of Hanoch Leib (Lowka) son of Aharon David Tevel son of Ephraim Fishel (Tewek Fiszlowicz) David Abraham Aharon of Cracow Isaac Joshua Heshel Shapira Leib (Lewek Leybuś) son of Samuel of Tarnogród Leib (Lewek) son of Samuel

Place of residence

Council (galil )

Title

Dobromil Przeworsk

Przemyśl Przemyśl

trustee trustee

Lublin

scribe

Ordynacja Zamoyska W odzimierz Wo yń

Dynów Czapli

Zamość

Przemyśl Sambór Sambór

Source Halperin, AGAD, ASW, PVAA dz. 84

1725

trustee trustee

1725, 1726 1726

trustee trustee trustee, rabbi

Cracow and scribe and 1731 Sandomierz trustee Ordynacja trustee, rabbi Zamoyska

scribe scribe, rabbi trustee, rabbi 1742, 1750 Saul son of Jacob W odzimierz Wolyń scribe, rabbi trustee, rabbi 1742 Samuel Jaz owiec Podolia trusree, rabbi Samuel Hrubieszów Che m-Be z trustee Joel son of Ostróg Wo yń trustee, Shalom attendant (szkolnik) of prince ordynat Solomon son of Ostróg Wo yń trustee, attenLeib dant (szkolnik) of starosta of Czehryn Moses (Moszko Che m Che m-Be z trustee Rabinowicz) Wulf of Witków Hrubieszów Che m-Be z scribe, rabbi Abraham Zamość Ordynacja trustee, rabbi 1754 Hakohen son of Zamoyska Isaac of Tar ów Krzemieniec Wo yń

1720, 1721, 1725 1721, 1755, 1726

1727

1726 1726 1727

1739, 1741, 1748, 1750, 1751 1743 1741 1745, 1748 1741 1745, 1748 1742 1742 1746

1746

1746, 1747 1753 1758, 1762

(continued on next page)

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Table 3b (cont.) Place of residence

Jacob Hakatan Lubartów Landau Haim son of Zamość Moses Haim Po onne Isaac Issaschar Brody Beresh son of Moses Wulf (Berek Rabinowicz) Isaac Ber Jaz owiec Margaliyot son of Hirsh (Berko) Abraham son of Leszno Joseph

Council (galil )

Title

Source Halperin, AGAD, ASW, PVAA dz. 84

Lublin

trustee

1755

Ordynacja Zamoyska Wo yń Ruś

trustee

1758

trustee, rabbi trustee

1762 1762

Podolia

trustee

1758

Great Poland trustee (Poznań and Kalisz)

1762 1762

Table 3c. Syndics of Regional Councils in Crown Poland in 1717–1764 Place of residence

Israel son of David Jacob son of Eliezer Benjamin (Bunia) son of Joseph Krzemieniec Solomon son of Joseph Israel Iser Leib (Lewek) son of Jacob Isaac son of Leib

Mi\dzyboż

Council (galil )

Source Halperin, AGAD, ASW, PVAA dz. 84

Ruś 1725 Little Poland 1725, (Cracow and 1726 Sandomierz) Wo yń Lublin

1720 1753 1754

Podoli a 1758 Cracow 1762 Little Poland 1763 (Cracow and Sandomierz)

The real value of the poll tax lists with regard to Jewish leadership during this period lies in their data about functionaries of the regional councils. Only occasional information about those functionaries is found in Halperin’s PVAA, while the lists provide rich new data about regional marshals, trustees, and scribes. Regional syndics, however, are rarely in evidence

jewish political leadership

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in either source (see tables 3a, 3b, and 3c). Given the poor condition of the surviving documentation of the Jewish regional councils, the poll tax lists provide one of the richest sources of new knowledge on this subject.7 The situation shifts once again with regard to communal elders. Nadav’s Pinkas Kehilat Tiktin (PKT ) allows us to assess the relative proportion of extant to lost information in the PVAA as well as in the poll tax lists. Tiktin’s Pinkas records the names of four communal elders (rashim) elected annually during the week of Passover (khol ha-mo ed pesakh).8 Comparing these three sources (see table 4) shows that the PVAA and the poll tax lists complement each other. The identities of communal elders can be learned from the PVAA only on the basis of their signatures on documents that the Council of Four Lands issued. Two lists of communal elders from Leszno in 1742 and from Lublin in 1751 are an exception to this. In the poll tax lists, communal elders appear to be responsible for assessing the poll tax in their communities, independently of regional or central councils, except for Wo yń, where the peculiar title “elders of Wo yń” (starszy wołyński) is used.9 This seems to indicate that the “elders” in this case were representatives of local communities in the regional council of Wo yń. Both groups of sources contain only partial information about the composition of the communal leadership. A systematic comparison between the PVAA and the poll tax lists is presented below in eleven tables designated 5a–5k. In some cases the data in both sources is complementary: communal elders from exterritorial urban communities are absent from the poll tax lists, except for Lublin, but the identities of representatives from Cracow, Poznań, and Przemyśl can be deduced for almost every year, based on their signatures on documents of the Council of Four Lands. Podolia and Samborszczyzna, in contrast, were never represented in the Council of Four Lands, but the communal elders from both of these regions regularly appear in the poll tax lists, which provide the only available source about the composition of Jewish communal leadership there (see tables 6a and 6b).

7 On Jewish regional councils of Crown Poland, see M. Ba aban, “Z zagadnień ustrojowych Żydowstwa polskiego: Lwów a Ziemstwo rusko-brac awskie w XVIII w.,” Studia Lwowskie (Lwów, 1932), 42–65; . , “     :  ,        4 (1899): 25–32; L. Lewin, Die Landessynode der grosspolnischen Judenschaft (Frankfurt am Main, 1926); I. Lewin, “Dzieje sejmików Żydów wielkopolskich,” in I. Lewin, Z historii i tradicji. Szkice z kultury żydowskiej (Warszawa, 1983), 64–75. 8 Pinkas Kahal Tiktin 5381–5566—Haskamot, Hakhlatot VeTakanot kfi She-Ha atikan min HaPinkas HaMekori Israel Halperin, 2 vols., ed. M. Nadav ( Jerusalem, 1997–2000). 9 These are Leib son of Samuel, rabbi of Krzemieniec in 1745, 1751, 1752, 1754, and 1755; Saul son of Jacob, rabbi of W odzimierz in 1745 and 1751; and Haim, rabbi of Po onne in 1759 and 1763.

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Samborszczyzna constituted a separate regional council for a limited period only; it was usually considered to be an integral part of the district of Przemyśl. Therefore, the communal elders from the major communities that formed this council (Czapli, Husaków, and Szumin) also appear in the framework of the Przemyśl regional council (compare tables 5i and 6b). Table 4. Communal elders of Tykocin in 1717–1764 Source Nadav, PKT Moses of Cracow Zvi Hirsh of Lublin son of Eliezer Nathan Neta son of Hershel Samuel son of Solomon Isaac son of Benjamin Wulf of Opatów Saul son of Zvi Hirsh of Suraż Asher Zvi Hirsh son of Moses Zawader Leib son of Moses Kaz (Mazurkowicz) Isaac son of Nehemia Moses son of Symon

Halperin, AGAD, ASW, PVAA dz. 84

1717, 1724, 1726, 1728, 1729, 1730 1717, 1718, 1719, 1724, 1725 1717, 1727, 1717, 1726, 1740 1718,

1720, 1728, 1720, 1727,

1721, 1722, 1726, 1730 1721, 1722, 1725, 1732, 1736, 1739,

1719

1724 1724, 1730 1718

1718, 1721, 1722, 1724, 1730, 1732, 1736, 1743 1718 1719

1719, 1739, 1720, 1720, 1728, Jacob son of Nehemia 1722 Solomon Kaz 1725, Elyakim Gez 1727, Mordechai son of Joseph 1729, Ze’ev Wulf son of Naphtali 1729, Odelski 1739, Faivel son of Leib 1735 (Lewkowicz)

1731, 1740, 1726, 1721, 1731,

Leib (Lewek) of ŚlAsk Abraham Israel Ze’ev Wulf Rabinowicz Zawadzki Gershon of S uck Joel son of Symon

1744, 1762, 1746, 1744,

1735, 1737, 1737, 1738,

1735, 1743, 1729, 1724, 1737

1736, 1738, 1744 1730 1725, 1727,

1732, 1735, 1737, 1738 1728 1731 1731, 1732, 1736, 1738, 1740, 1742, 1743, 1757

1739, 1740 1742, 1750

1746 1763 1750, 1752 1745, 1746, 1748

1739, 1745

1744 1721

1739, 1743

1739, 1744 1750, 1752, 1754, 1746

1743, 1751, 1753, 1764

1745, 1747 1748 (continued on next page)

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Table 4 (cont.) Source Nadav, PKT Samuel son of Kielman of Brześć Baruch (Berek) son of Haim Ezekiel (Haskiel) son of Isaac Moses son of David Wulf

1742, 1746, 1747, 1748

1743, 1747

1742, 1747, 1749, 1759 1743, 1744

1746 1743, 1745

1745, 1747, 1748, 1753, 1755, 1756, Leib (Lewek) son of Samuel 1745 Leib (Lewek) son of 1745 Gershon of S uck Meir son of Samson 1761, 1762, 1763 Haim son of Mordechai 1756, 1758 (Markowicz) Leib (Lewek) son of Faivel 1747, 1749, 1750, 1754, 1755, 1757, Leib (Lewek) Kanowicz Ezekiel (Haskiel) son of Faivel Nahman son of Moses

Halperin, AGAD, ASW, PVAA dz. 84

1749, 1750, 1757

1752, 1753, 1758, 1759

1748, 1749

1757, 1758 1757, 1759 1759 1758 1761

1745 1745 1745 1746

1752, 1753, 1755, 1761, 1762, 1763 Simha Bonim son of Juda 1752, 1753, 1756 1754 Leib Kahana Juda Leib Kahana son 1757 1754 of Ezekiel Ephraim Fishel son of 1754, 1757, 1759 Isaia (Usiejowicz) Isaac 1754, 1763 Baruch (Berek) son of 1754, 1755 Wulf Solomon son of Saul 1756, 1758, 1761, 1762 Ari Leib son of Ze’ev Wulf Odelski Moses son of Mordechai Elhanan son of Jacob Jacob son of Zelik (Zelkowicz) Leib son of Moses of Cracow Eli Segal David son of Hone (Haniewicz)

1746

1747, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1764 1748 1751 1764

1757 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1764

1757 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761 1764

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chapter seven Table 5a. Communal elders of Little Poland in 1717–1764 Place of residence

Source Halperin, PVAA

Meir of Lublin son of Benjamin Wulf Halperin Ze’ev Wulf Landau Juda Landau son of Zvi Hirsh Isaac Landau son of Zvi Hirsh Benjamin Wulf Landau son of Ezekiel Pinhas Teumim son of Isaac Meir Ezekiel Landau son of Zvi Hirsh (Haskiel Jeleniewicz) Joseph Saul Joseph son of Avigdor Israel son of Saul, son-in-law of Juda of KsiAż Zvi Hirsh Ezekiel son of Avigdor David Samuel son of Juda Leib Mordechai son of Juda Leib (Marek Rabinowicz) Iser Zanwel

Opatów

1718

Tarnów Opatów Opatów

1718, 1724 1719, 1721, 1724, 1730 1724

Tarnów

1730

Wiśnicz

1731

Opatów, Tarnów

1739, 1742

Nowemiasto Korczyn 1751, 1754 Ch\ciny 1751, 1754 Pińczów 1754 Opoczno Ostrowiec

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

1739, 1747, 1751, 1755 1755 1751, 1755

1755 1755

Pińczów

1755

Opatów

1755

Nowemiasto Korczyn Olkusz

1755 1755

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Table 5b. Communal elders of Great Poland in 1717–1764 Place of residence

Source Halperin, PVAA

Isaac son of Azriel Zelig Symon son of Menahem Mendel Auerbach Ari Juda Leib (Lewek) son of Isaac Joseph son of Arye Juda Leib Halevi Moses son of Menahem Mendel Auerbach (Moszko Rabinowicz) Abraham son of Joseph Moses son of Juda Samuel son of Leib Arye Juda Leib son of Mordechai (Lobel Markus, Leybusz Markowicz) Moses Alexander Isaac Mordechai (Marek) Moses son of Ari Leib Abraham Aharon Asher son of Joseph Solomon Hilman Abraham son of Juda Wulf Joseph Leib Isaac Alexander Leib (Lewek) Alexander Rabinowicz Leib son of Mordechai (Leybusz Markowicz) Moses son of Solomon Aharon Filipek Israel Moses Samuel son of Joseph Abraham Isaac Mendel Reuven Jelonka

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

Kalisz Krotoszyn

1718 1718

Krotoszyn

1724, 1739

1742

Kalisz

1724

1727

Krotoszyn

1730

1739

Leszno Leszno Krotoszyn Krotoszyn

1730, 1742

1739 1735

1739 1740

Kalisz Leszno Leszno Leszno Leszno Leszno Leszno Krotoszyn Krotoszyn Leszno and Kalisz Leszno and Kalisz Leszno Leszno Leszno Leszno Leszno Leszno Leszno

1739, 1742

1739 1742 1742 1742 1742 1742

1742, 1757

1742 1742 1742 1750 1750 1750 1750 1750 1755, 1757 1755, 1757 1755 1757

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chapter seven Table 5c. Communal elders of Ruś in 1717–1764 Place of residence

Abraham Kahana of Cracow Elias son of Abraham Yekutiel Lazor Margoliyot Jacob Joshua of Cracow son of Zvi Hirsh Jacob Aharon son of Mordechai of Stryj Abraham Nathan (Noson) Mordechai (Marek) Ari Juda Leib Landau Yekutiel Zalman son of Segal Epstein Joseph Jacob son of Isaac Krakower Arye Leib Hakohen Rapoport Isaac Segal Landa of Żó kiew Joshua Heshel son of Isaac Naphtali (Nosal) Bielowicz Eliezer Litman Jacob Israel son of Mordechai Mordechai son of Isaac (Marek Rabinowicz) Mendel son of Mordechai (Marek), general trustee of Crown Jews Isaac Issaschar Beresh son of Moses Wulf (Berek Rabinowicz) David Beresh of Kowel Zvi Hirsh son of Isaac Issaschar Beresh (Herszko Berkowicz) Haim Kohen Rapoport

Source Halperin, PVAA

Lwów Lwów Lwów Lwów

1718 1718 1718 1724, 1727

Lwów

1724

Brody Żó kiew Lwów Lwów, Brody Lwów Brody Lwów Lwów Tarnopol Tysmenica Lwów Tarnopol Żó kiew Brody

1730, 1742

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

1728 1728 1728 1742

1730 1730, 1739, 1742 1730, 1742 1731 1731 1739 1742 1742

1733

1743 1753

Brody

1754

Stanis awów 1755 Brody, 1755 Żó kiew Lwów 1755

1755

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Table 5d. Communal elders of the city of Lublin in 1717–1764 Source Halperin, PVAA Abraham Iserlish son of Israel Symon son of Joseph Joshua Heshel son of Meir Isaac son of Ari Juda Leib Segal Abraham son of Haim Halperin Idel son of Kapol Aharon son of Azriel Moses son of Meir Ephraim Nahman son of Litman Saul son of Samuel Naphtali Herz of Tykocin son of Moses Jacob Haim son of Abraham David son of Moses Wulf Abraham Lipman Alexander Ziskind son of Benjamin Ze’ev Zvi Hirsh son of Moses Haim Mendel Saul son of Chaim Halperin Mordechai Kazellenbogen Joseph son of Arye Leib Teumim Naphtali Hirsh son of Avigdor Ezekiel son of Feivel Abraham son of Israel David Ber son of Abraham Landau

1718, 1724 1718, 1725, 1730 1718, 1721, 1724 1724, 1727, 1731 1724, 1725, 1730, 1739, 1751 1725 1725 1742

1751 1751

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

1742 1743 1739, 1742 1742 1743, 1744 1743 1744 1739

1751 1751 1751 1751 1751 1751 1751 1751 1751 1754

1742

1742

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Table 5e. Communal elders of the Regional Council of Lublin in 1717–1764 Place of residence

Joseph of Opole son of Alexander David Beresh son of Arye Leib of Zamoćś Naphtali Hirsh son of Avigdor Jacob Hakatan Landau Abraham Abuś

Source Halperin, PVAA

Kozienicy

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84 1737, 1739, 1748, 1751

Krasnik

1754

Żelichów

1754, 1755

Lubartów Opole

1755

1762 1763

Table 5f. Communal elders of Wo yń in 1717–1764 Place of residence

Abraham son of Meir Samuel Ha-katan of W odzimierz son of Ephraim David Tevel son of Ephraim Fishel Joseph son of Perez Joshua Heshel son of Eliezer David son of Abraham Israel son of Eliezer Lipman Halperin Moses son of Menahem Mendel Maragaliyot Joseph son of Pesah Arye Leib son of Samuel Abraham son of Joshua Shalom Shachna son of Mordechai Naphtali Herz son of Faivel Busia Rabinowicz Leib son of Zalman Mordechai son of Jason

Source Halperin, PVAA AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

Ostróg Krzemieniec

1718 1718

W odzimierz

1718, 1721

Ostróg Dubno

1721 1724, 1727

Dubno Zas aw

1724 1727

Krzemieniec

1730

Dubno Krzemieniec

1730 1739, 1742

Ostróg Ostróg W odzimierz W odzimierz W odzimierz

1739

1745, 1750 1751, 1752, 1754, 1755 1739, 1740 1739, 1740 1739, 1740 1739, 1740 1739, 1740, 1755 (continued on next page)

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Table 5f (cont.) Place of residence

Isaac son of Leib Israel son of Hila Hirsh (Irzek) son of Moses Haim son of Moses Jacob ( Jankel) son of Moses Symon son of Nisan

W odzimierz W odzimierz W odzimierz Łuck Łuck

Zusia son of Wulf (Rabinowicz) Abraham son of Matthus Hanoch son of Chaim Isaac son of Leib Elias son of Moses Naphtali son of Chaim Saul son of Jacob son of Ephraim Fishel Benjamin (Bunia) son of Joseph David son of Jacob Moses son of Abraham Zalman son of Hirsh Hoshea (Oszya) son of Joseph Jacob son of Arye Leib Saul son of Arye Leib of Amsterdam Gershon (Gierszon Rabinowicz) Abusz son of Leib Haim Mendel son of Jacob Ephraim son of Aharon Ephraim son of Herz Joseph son of Israel Abraham son of Leib Mordechai (Mota) son of Moses

Source Halperin, PVAA AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

Kowel

1739, 1739, 1739, 1739, 1739, 1746, 1739, 1746, 1739,

1740 1740 1740 1740 1740, 1749 1740, 1749 1740

Kowel Krzemieniec Krzemieniec Krzemieniec Łuck W odzimierz, 1742, 1751 Kowel Krzemieniec

1739, 1739, 1739, 1739, 1740 1745, 1751 1743

1740 1740 1740 1740

Krzemieniec Łuck Ostróg Ostróg

1743 1746 1748 1750, 1751

Łuck

Łuck Dubno

1750,

1754, 1755 1754

W odzimierz

1755

W odzimierz Po onne Ostróg Ostróg Ostróg W odzimierz Łuck Łuck

1755 1759, 1763 1764 1764 1764 1764 1764 1764

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chapter seven Table 5g. Communal elders of Che m-Be z in 1717–1764 Place of residence

Source Halperin, PVAA

Samuel Margaliyot of Cracow son of Mordechai Zvi Hirsh of Krzemieniec son of Pinhas Zelig son of Naphtali Issaschar Ber of Lublin son of Meir Israel Moses son of Berish Pinhas Zelig son of Naphtali Abraham Petruszka Abraham son of Juda Solomon son of Moses Joseph son of Israel Isaac son of Joseph Leib son of Solomon

Hrubieszów

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

1718

Hrubieszów, Che m 1718, 1719, 1721, 1730, 1731 Lubomla 1724 Che m

1730

Che m

1730

Be z Krystianpol Che m Lubomla Be z Che m

1751 1751, 1755

1744 1747 1762 1764

Table 5h. Communal elders of Ordynacja Zamoyska in 1717–1764 Place of residence

Source Halperin, PVAA

Solomon Isaac son of Juda Leib Pinhas Zelig son of Naphtali Hirsh Ari Leib son of Baruch of Lublin Ari Leib (Lewek Leybuś) son of Samuel Jacob Isaac son of Moses Haim (Icyk Rabinowicz) Abraham Hakohen son of Isaac of Tar ów

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

Tarnogród Tarnogród Szczebreszyn

1718 1718, 1731 1719

Zamoćś Tarnogród

1724, 1731, 1754 1751, 1754 1750

Zamoćś

1754

Zamoćś

1755

1762

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Table 5i. Communal elders of the Regional Council of Przemyśl in 1717–1764 Place of residence

Source Halperin, PVAA

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

Lipman son of Leib (Lewkowicz) Wulf son of Meir

Łaszki

1720

Kańczuga

Abraham Teumim Moses son of Samuel Aharon of Cracow son of Joseph Abraham son of Samuel Isaia (Osiej) Juda Leib (Lewek) son of Haim Jonas son of Joseph Nahman son of Hirsh Hirsh son of Pinhas Juda son of Joseph Jacob son of David Abraham son of Wulf Juda son of Moses Meir Joseph son of Aharon Nahum son of David Reuven son of Haim Noah son of Yehiel Michael

Jaros aw Szumin Łaszki

1720, 1739, 1745, 1748

Dobromil Jaros aw Dobromil Jaros aw Dobromil Przeworsk Jaros aw Jaros aw Przeworsk Jaros aw Husaków Jaros aw Husaków Jaros aw Przeworsk

Nathan son of Jacob Joshua Dobromil Meir Jaros aw Isaac Leżajsk Zacharia Mendel Jaros aw

1724

1733 1734, 1735 1735, 1739 1740, 1746 1741 1741 1741 1742 1743 1743, 1744, 1747 1747 1748 1748

1751, 1754, 1755 1752, 1754 1759 1753 1754 1754

1736, 1737 1743, 1744,

1744, 1746 1746

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chapter seven Table 5j. Communal elders of Rzeszów in 1717–1764 Source Halperin, PVAA

Solomon son of Moses Ari Leib son of Saul Hoshea of Tysmienica son of Mordechai (Hoszja Markowicz) Wulf son of Lachman Ezekiel (Chazkiel) son of Saul Solomon son of Shilo (Szylowisz) Zanwel son of Elias Joseph son of Isaac Aharon son of Leib Noah son of Samuel Mordechai (Marek) son of Jacob Isaac son of Hila Abraham son of Jacob Ezekiel (Chazkiel)

1718, 1721, 1724 1724

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

1746, 1748 1746 1746, 1747, 1748 1746, 1748 1747 1747 1747 1747 1748 1748 1748 1748

Table 5k. Communal elders of W\grów in 1717–1764 Source Halperin, PVAA Beresh Segal of Cracow Hilel son of Samuel Elyakim Gez son of Baruch Eviezer son of David Pesah son of Leib (Lewkowicz) Aharon son of Isaac Zelik son of Berek (Berkowicz)

1726, 1740

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84 1739 1739 1739 1742 1742 1742

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Table 6a. Communal elders of Podolia in 1717–1764 Place of residence Heshel son of Heshel Hanoch son of Isaac ( Jackowicz) Moses son of Haim Moses son of Zalman Moses son of Wulf Aharon son of Zalman Leib son of Jacob Hirsh son of Naphtali Abraham Rabinowicz Symon son of Hirsh Leib son of Daniel Daniel son of Jacob Hirsh son of Isaac

Dunajowiec Dunajowiec Mi\dzyboż Bar Satanów Husiatyn Satanów Mi\dzyboż Bar Mi\dzyboż

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84 1735, 1742, 1742, 1742 1742 1742, 1742 1742 1742 1742 1750 1750 1763

1750 1743 1743 1763

Table 6b. Communal elders of Samborszczyzna in 1717–1764

Leib (Lewek) Rapoport Kopel Hirsh of Starasól Moses son of Samuel Moses son of Meir Lewitan

Place of residence

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84

Szumin Husaków Czapli Szumin

1720, 1739 1725 1728 1733, 1734 1739

Now that we have examined the evidence and its sources, let us try to clarify how this new information contributes to our understanding of the structure of Jewish political leadership in eighteenth-century Crown Poland. Most obviously, it is now possible to identify powerful family groups that succeeded in controlling important administrative offices for several generations. The Landau clan, which dominated Little Poland and was also very active in Ruś and Lublin, is the most conspicuous among these (see chart 1).10 The Auerbach family in Great Poland, the Rabinowicz family in Ruś, and three generations of the descendants of Ephraim Fishel of W odzimierz in Wo yń were no less prominent.

10 On this family, see B. Friedberg, Bnei Landa LeMishpakhotam (Frankfurt am Main, 1905); G. D. Hundert, The Jews in a Polish Private Town: The Case of Opatów in the Eighteenth Century (Baltimore, 1992), 118–122.

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Chart 1. Genealogy of members of the Landau family holding administrative offices in Crown Poland in 1717–1764. Places and years of eldership are given in parentheses Ezekiel son of Benjamin Wulf

Zvi Hirsh

Ze’ev Wulf (Tarnów 1718–24)

Ezekiel (Opatów 1739–55, marshal 1739–49)

Benjamin Wulf (Tarnów 1730, marshal 1750–55)

Juda (Opatów 1719–30)

Joseph (marshal 1750–55)

Isaac (Opatów 1724, Lwów 1731)

Abraham

Ari Juda Leib David Dov Ber Jacob Hakatan (Brody 1742) (Lublin 1754) (Lubomla 1755–62, trustee 1755)

I would like to point to two areas, however, where this new evidence has the greatest impact: First, we are now able to analyze the complex relationships between the rabbinical and political elites of Polish Jewry. Second, since elders’ places of residence are noted in the poll tax lists, we can utilize these to identify Crown Poland’s major communities. It is well known that in 1739 the marshals of the Council of Four Lands asked Commissioner of the Treasury Dzia yński to exclude rabbis from administrative positions in the Jewish councils.11 It is not clear to what extent this petition was implemented, but a tension between the secular and religious elites of Polish Jewry is clearly implied in this document. As Teller observed, based on an examination of rabbinical titles in the signatures on the documents of the Council of Four Lands, the

11 I. Halperin, PVAA, 324–328; J. Goldberg, “Va ad Arba Aratsot BaMishtar HaMedini VeHaKhevrati shel Mamlekhet Polin-Lita,” in J. Goldberg, HaKhevra HaYehudit BeMamlekhet Polin-Lita ( Jerusalem, 1999), 140; G. D. Hundert, Jews in Poland-Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century: A Genealogy of Modernity (Berkeley, CA, 2004), 96–98.

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growing presence of rabbis among trustees and scribes of the Council of Four Lands during the eighteenth century triggered such tensions.12 The difficulty in analyzing this problem lies in the regular absence of the title “rabbi” from many of the documents that the Council of Four Lands issued. Since the Polish poll tax lists do regularly indicate the rabbinical titles of the Jewish “elders,” this new information can significantly clarify the picture. As expected, no rabbis are found among the marshals, but about 40 percent of the trustees and scribes, either regional or central, were also rabbis during the recorded period (see tables 2b and 3b). Since trustees and scribes were responsible for the finances of the Jewish councils, their offices were the most important and powerful in the hierarchy of the Jewish autonomous structure in Crown Poland. It is clear from this new evidence that the marshals’ petition to Dzia yński was never implemented, and it is therefore premature to speak about a decline in the power of the Polish rabbinate during the eighteenth century. It seems that like Polish bishops, rabbis also often occupied influential secular offices. Some individuals held an office of rabbi outside their community of residence, and represented yet a third community in the council: Wulf of Lelów, for example, was rabbi of Nowemiasto Korczyn, but represented Opatów as a scribe of the Council of Four Lands in 1742–1744. Pinhas of Lublin was the rabbi of Świerz,13 but he represented Żó kiew as a trustee of the Council of Four Lands in 1755 (see table 2b). The last observation leads us to the subject of the places of residence of communal elders. Functionaries of the Jewish councils (marshals, trustees, and scribes) could be from any Jewish community in Crown Poland, including small communities such as Jaz owiec or Olesko (see tables 3a and 3b). Communal elders mentioned in the poll tax lists, however, seem to have resided in a limited number of communities only. Comparing the places of residence of communal elders in Wo yń with the subheadings indicating the major Jewish communities in the territory of this council clearly shows that the elders mentioned in the

12 See A. Teller, “Rabbis without Function? On the Relations between the Polish Rabbinate and the Council of Four Lands in the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries,” in Jewish Religious Leadership: Image and Reality, ed. J. Wertheimer (New York, 2004), 1:371–400. 13 On this figure, see A. Teller, “Radziwi , Rabinowicz, and the Rabbi of Świerz” (n. 8, above).

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poll tax lists resided exclusively in major Jewish communities (Kowel, Krzemieniec, Łuck, Ostróg, and W odzimierz).14 Outside of the council of Wo yń, major Jewish communities are not distinguished from the rest of the Jewish urban communities in earlier sources, but we can now use the poll tax lists’ indication of the places of residence of communal elders as a tool to identify the locations of major communities. Especially interesting is the difference between, on the one hand, the autonomous major communities of Rzeszów, Tykocin, and W\ grów, which were treated as single units without identifying the places where their elders resided (see tables 4, 5j, and 5k); and, on the other hand, the comparably smaller regional Jewish councils of Ordynacja Zamoyska, Przemyśl, and Samborszczyzna, which consisted of several major communities (see tables 5h, 5i, and 6b). This difference supports the distinction drawn above between autonomous major communities and regional councils.15 The geographical distribution of major Jewish communities could sometimes have significant practical repercussions. Some major Jewish communities paid their poll tax very rarely or not at all. For example, the Jews of Brody (one of the major communities in the Ruś council) paid the enormous amount of 10,897 złoty in 1763,16 but their previous tax payment had been twenty-three years earlier, in 1740 (6,700 złoty).17 The Jews of Krotoszyn in Great Poland paid only once, in 1729 (3,000 złoty),18 and the Jews of Kalisz in Great Poland never paid any poll taxes, although 702 Jews were reported to be living in this town in the 1764/65 census19 and it appeared to be the seat of communal elders in 1718, 1724, 1727, 1739, and 1750 (see table 5b). The Brac aw voivodeship, in contrast, had no major communities in its territory, and therefore its Jews regularly paid their poll tax, being represented neither in the Ruś regional council, nor in the Council of Four Lands. Locations where communal elders mentioned in the Jewish 14 The only exception is Po onne, which was a part of the major community of Ostróg, but Haim, rabbi of Po onne, was the elder of Wo yń (see n. 11, above). 15 See n. 2, above. 16 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 53. 17 Ibid., syg. 30. 18 Ibid., syg. 19. 19 J. Kleczyński and F. Kluczycki, “Liczba g ów żydowskich w Koronie z tarif roku 1765,” Archiwum Komisji Historycznej Akademii Umi\tności, vol. 8 (1898), 7; repr. in S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry,” Bar-Ilan, Annual of Bar-Ilan University: Studies in Judaica and the Humanities (Studies in the History and Culture of East European Jewry, ed. G. Bacon and M. Rosman) 24/25 (1989): 60.

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poll tax lists resided were disproportionably distributed in Crown Poland. Eleven major communities were crowded into the relatively small territory of the Pryemyśl regional council (Czapli, Dobromil, Husaków, Jaros aw, Kańczuga, Leżajsk, Łaszki, Przeworsk, Rzeszów, Szumin, and Tarnogród), while the northern and eastern parts of the country appear not to have been represented at all (see the map on p. 135). Note that the locations where elders resided are mentioned only when they were charged with assessing large sums of money. As noted above, this infringed on the authority of their regional councils. This type of infringement never took place in powerful exterritorial urban communities, such as Cracow, Poznań, Przemyśl, and Ciechanowiec. The exterritorial community of Lublin, in contrast, consisted of several components (urban, suburban, and rural) of varied degrees of influence (for further details, see chapter 4, above), leaving the elders of Lublin proper (the so-called Lublin synagogue) in a position to neutralize the power of the communal council: they could assess taxes on their own discretion, bypassing the council. The Przemyśl regional council, unlike the Przemyśl exterritorial urban community, was probably the most decentralized, being unable to exert any control over its constituent major communities. Another factor in this equation is that the Council of Four Lands gradually lost control over poll tax assessment during this period, in favor of the regional councils. Therefore, it is possible that leaving tax assessment to the discretion of the elders of major communities served as a way for the Council of Four Lands to bypass the regional councils. Finally, I would like to mention that the personal ties between Jewish leaders and Polish magnates, which were so important for appointments to all levels of the Jewish autonomous administration,20 have not left much of a mark in the poll tax lists. In one list only, two trustees of the community of Ostróg in Wo yń in 174621 are identified by their connections with Polish dignitaries: they are named as attendants (szkolnik) of the two co-owners of that town (see table 3b). Incidentally, the Polish word for attendant used here, szkolnik, is a translation of the Hebrew shamash, which usually designates a synagogue attendant, and therefore is derived from the Polish szkola, meaning “school” or “synagogue.” The

20 On this subject, see A. Teller, “Radziwi , Rabinowicz, and the Rabbi of Świerz” (n. 8, above). 21 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 37.

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Hebrew shamash, however, can mean any kind of attendant, yet in this case it was literally translated as szkolnik, showing once again that the Polish poll tax lists were based on Hebrew originals issued by the abovementioned trustees and scribes of the Jewish regional councils.22 In fact, all four subjects discussed in this chapter are closely interconnected: centers of major Jewish communities served as power bases for influential Jewish families, whose members secured for themselves both rabbinical and secular offices, using their ties with powerful Polish magnates. Like their noble patrons, who dominated local dietines (sejmiki ), these Jewish dignitaries dominated the regional councils (va ad galil ), and through their representatives they controlled the Council of Four Lands itself to some extent.

22

lists.

Another piece of evidence is the Hebrew alphabetical order preserved in most

Kalisz Krotoszyn

Tarnów

Olkusz

-B

Tarnogród Leżajsk Przeworsk Jarosław Kańczuga

Przemyś l

Tyśmenica

Ruś

Lwów

Husiatyn Dunajowiec

Midzyborz

Wolyń

Podolia Bar

Satanów

Belz Ostróg Krystynpol Krzmieniec Zółkiew Brody

Ruś

Map 8. The Places of Residence of Jewish Elders in Crown Poland

ś

ełz

Lubomla Kowel Chełm Włodzimierz Zamość Szczebreszyn Hrubieszów Łuck

Lublin

ełm

Ordynacja Zamoyska

Opole

Ch

Lubartów

Samborszczyz Husaków na Łaszki Dobromil Czapli Ru

Rzeszów

Rzeszów

Opatów Nowemiasto Korczyn

Pińczów

Little Poland

Kozienice

Lublin

Tykocin

Wgrów

Wgrów

Scale 1:280000 borders of the Jewish territorial fiscal units places of residence of Jewish elders attested in the Jewish poll-tax lists

Leszno

Great Poland

Tykocin

jewish political leadership 135

CHAPTER EIGHT

A CASE STUDY: THE JEWISH SUBJECTS OF KAZIMIERZ GRANOWSKI, VOIVODE OF RAWA The fate of Jews who resided on the estates of Polish magnates is one of the most extensively studied topics in historical studies of PolishLithuanian Jewry.1 To date, these studies have been based primarily on analyses of magnates’ personal archives, which contain rich but unsystematic information. Such sources have two main limitations. First, they tend to concentrate on the eastern parts of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth, where most magnatic latifundia were located. Unique socioeconomic conditions existed in the eastern parts of the commonwealth, where colonization and magnatic domination prevailed. For this reason, it is not possible to apply conclusions based on this area’s data to any other geographic region. Second, these archives tend to focus on only some aspects of the complex relationship between a magnate and his Jewish subjects. The present study introduces a new group of sources to this discussion. These new sources focus on central Poland, where social differentiation between magnates and the upper szlachta was relatively blurred. In addition, they serve to clarify some previously unexplored facets of Jewish dependency upon the nobility. These sources may also throw light on other unexplained questions related to the connections between Jews and the Polish middle and upper nobility,2 and they may explain why Jewish subjects seem to have resided outside the estates of the nobles to whom they “belonged.” In spite of the attention paid to Jews living on the estates of Polish magnates, no comprehensive list of all the Jewish subjects of any Polish magnate has so far been discovered. Rosman3 published an excerpt from 1 The most important studies on this subject are M. Rosman, The Lords’ Jews: MagnateJewish Relations in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the 18th Century (Cambridge, MA, 1990); and A. Teller, Kesef, Koakh VeHashpaa: HaYehudim BeAkhuzot Beit Radziwiłł BeLita BeMeah Ha-18 ( Jerusalem, 2006). 2 See J. Kalik, “Jewish Leaseholders (Arendarze) in 18th Century Crown Poland,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 54 (2006): 229–240. 3 M. Rosman, The Lords’ Jews (n. 1, above), 213–214 (appendix 1).

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the 1764/65 census of the Jewish population in Crown Poland, which concentrates on twenty towns belonging to the Czartoryski family. This excerpt provides the closest approximation to such a list, but, as we shall presently see, it cannot substitute for it. Lists of the Jewish subjects of Kazimierz Granowski, voivode of Rawa, however, have survived—not in his personal archives, but rather in taxation records. The 1758–1762 assessment lists for the Jewish poll tax in the Lublin regional council include the following subheading: “According to the assessment of the elders of Nowemiasto of the estates of His Highness Mr. Granowski, Voivode of Rawa” (Wedlug dyspartymentu starszych nowomiejskich dóbr I. W. Im. P. Granowskiego wojewody rawskiego).4 The subheading is followed by annual lists of the poll tax paid by the Jews of the eleven towns and forty-five villages of this estate. This document, which includes five lists, is the only one of its kind to have been found and is unique among Jewish poll tax lists. Because these lists are so exceptional, it may be that they originated as private documents that the Jewish elders of the Nowemiasto urban community composed on behalf of their lord, Kazimierz Granowski, Voivode of Rawa. Since Granowski assumed the voivodeship of Rawa in 1757, it is possible that the first of these documents was composed on this occasion. Why then was Kazimierz Granowski singled out among all the other Polish nobles whose private documents were incorporated into Jewish poll tax lists? The answer to this question may be connected with Granowski’s appointment in 1753 as the commissioner of the crown treasury (komisarz Skarbu Koronnnego) in the Council of the Four Lands. An open conflict between the commissioner and the council soon developed, culminating in Granowski’s scandalous dismissal of the entire council and his appointment of a new council in its stead.5 This document is also unique in that it includes the full list of towns and villages belonging to a Jewish urban community. The exceptional character of these documents may help us to clarify for the first time the many forms of dependency that characterized the relationships

AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 48–52. For details, see M. Ba aban, LeToldot HaTnuah HaFrankit (Tel Aviv, 1934), 1:75–76; N. M. Gelber and I. Halperin, “Va’ad Arba’ Aratsot BeShanim 1739–1753,” Zion 2 (1937); J. Goldberg and A. Wein, eds., “Ordynacja dla sejmu żydowskiego ziem koronnych z 1753 r.,” Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego 52 (1964): 17–34; A. Leszczyński, ed., “Dyspozycja komisarza Skarbu Koronnego wydana 27 X 1753 r. Sejmowi Żydów Korony w Jaros awiu,” Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego 114/115 (1980): 113–127. 4 5

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between a magnate and his Jews. They also challenge some widely accepted views concerning these relationships. A close examination of these lists reveals several unexpected features, the first of which is that not all towns and villages on the list actually belonged to Granowski, despite the assertion of the subheading. Kazimierz Granowski inherited Nowemiasto on Pilica and additionally received Klwów and Odrzywó as a dowry, on the occasion of his marriage to Bona Świdzińska in 1747. He also served as starosta of Rawa and Radom from 1748 onward. After his appointment as the voivode of Rawa, however, he conceded Radom to his brother-in-law, Micha Świdziński, but according to our lists, the Jews of Radom remained under his jurisdiction despite this change of ownership. It is less clear what the legal basis of Granowski’s authority over the Jews in the private town of Glówno, the ecclesiastical town of Bia a, and the royal estates (starostwo) of Grójec and Osieck was. The starostwo of Grójec encompassed the entire western part of the Czersk district, including the towns of Grójec, Goszczyn, and Przebyszew, along with numerous villages. The town of Osieck itself does not appear in these lists, but Jews belonging to Granowski (or maybe only one Jew paying 30 złoty, which would have been the typical poll tax that a Jewish leaseholder would have paid) lived in this starostwo’s rural periphery.6 Granowski could, of course, have owned some property in all these towns and employed his Jews there, but how do we explain the presence of his Jews in the villages around Bia a, which belonged to the archbishop of Che mno, and in the rural areas of the royal estates in the Czersk district? Since the presence of Jews in ecclesiastical towns and in the Czersk district was technically illegal, one cannot escape the impression that some legal fiction was perpetrated, enabling the Jews to settle there under the protection of the Granowski family. It is possible that at least on the ecclesiastical estates, the church wanted to find a way to obscure the violation of its own laws, which prohibited Jews from living on these estates.7 Significantly, no villages near the private town of Glówno appear in the lists. Although Granowski probably had his own jurydyka in this town, the villages belonged to the town’s owner.

6 On this starostwo, see J. Leskiewiczowa, Dobra osieckie w okresie gospodarki folwarcznopańszczyΩnianej XVI–XIX w. (Wroc aw, 1957). 7 On synodal legislation prohibiting leasing ecclesiastical property to the Jews, see J. Kalik, “Jews in Catholic Ecclesiastical Legislation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,” Jewish History Quarterly 209 (2004): 26–39.

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In any case, the appearance of Jews under the heading “Jews in the estates of Granowski” in these areas shows that Jews could sometimes live beyond the strict legal boundaries of their magnate’s estates. This subheading cannot be dismissed as an error, since all the headings and subheadings in the poll tax lists corpus were meticulously precise due to their sweeping practical implications. These documents served as the basis for issuing tax assignments, which were handed over to cavalry squadrons for collection. Calvary commanders did not hesitate to complain to the treasury when mistakes occurred, so the scribes who compiled the lists were very cautious in their work.8 To some extent, the presence of Granowski’s Jews in ecclesiastical and royal villages resembles that of peasants of one lord living in the village of another noble landowner. However, such peasants were serfs, personally dependent on their owner, whereas the Jews were not. Despite this seeming difference, it is possible that the legal status of peasants and Jews in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was actually more akin than is usually assumed, and that the centrality of the personal ties between the magnate and his Jewish subjects may have been underestimated in previous studies. In this context, we should remember that in the mid-sixteenth century, Polish legislation gave noble lords full legal power over Jews as well as peasants. These two population groups were the only ones to be placed under magnatic jurisdiction, and their status stood in sharp contrast to that of burghers living in private towns. An examination of some other examples in addition to Granowski’s estates may further elucidate the special nature of the personal ties between Jewish subjects and their lords—ties that extended beyond the Jews’ physical presence on their lord’s land. Thus, for example, Wigdor, a Jew from Toruń, lived in 1752 in Warsaw in the palace of Adam Tar o, starosta of Goszczyn. He paid his poll tax, however, in the Little Poland fiscal unit.9 Neither his place of origin nor his current abode determined his tax affiliation, but rather the identity of his Polish lord, whose family’s base of power was located in Piekoszów near Kielce in the Sandomierz voivodeship, or, in Jewish terms, in the territory of the Little Poland Jewish autonomous council. As in the case of Czersk

8 For specific examples of such complaints, see J. Kalik, “Jewish Leaseholders (Arendarze)” (n. 2, above). 9 AGAD, ASW, dz. 84, syg. 43.

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and Bia a, Jewish presence both in Toruń and in Warsaw was technically illegal. The second conclusion we can reach based on these new sources is that Nowemiasto on Pilica was not one of the major Jewish communities that formed the Lublin Jewish council, since members of this council originated in three towns only: Kozienice, Lubartów, and Opole. Nowemiasto, however, was the Granowski family’s residence from the beginning of the eighteenth century, when Franciszek Granowski, Kazimierz’s father, built his palace there. Granowski’s Jews lived in towns and villages located in three voivodeships: Sandomierz (towns: Radom, Klwów, Odrzywó ), Rawa (towns: Rawa, Stara Rawa, G ówno, Nowemiasto, Bia a), and Mazowsze (towns: Grójec, Goszczyn, Pzybyszew). They paid their poll tax as part of the Lublin Jewish regional council. It therefore seems that the Jewish elders of Nowemiasto on Pilica were held responsible for assessing the Jewish poll tax independently of both the Jewish autonomous bodies and the Polish state administration, but in full accord with the private administrative organization of their lords, all of whom were members of the Granowski family. One may assume that similar threefold administrative networks also affected Jews in other regions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but evidence for them has remained elusive so far. Some traces of this triple dependency of Jewish communities have, however, found expression in literary sources. Dov Ber of Bolechów wrote in his memoirs that after the fire in his town, the Jews of Bolechów wrote three letters begging for tax relief: to Lwów, the capital of the voivodeship; to Brody, the center of the major Jewish community; and to Rzeszów, the place of residence of the town’s owner.10 The third aspect of these documents worth noting is the surprising presence of Jews in the Czersk district. The 1764/65 census stated that “there are no Jews in this district,”11 while, according to the Granowski lists, Jews paid poll tax in at least three of its towns and surrounding villages. How can the total number of the Jewish subjects of a Polish magnate be calculated? Several attempts have been made to estimate such totals. Using data from the 1764/65 census of the Jewish population of the Zikhronot R. Dov MeBolekhov (5483–5565), ed. M. Wischnizer (Berlin, 1922), 62–67. 11 “Ziemia ta Żydów nie ma.” See J. Kleczyński and F. Kluczycki, Liczba głów żydowskich w Koronie z tarif roku 1765 (Cracow, 1898), 20. 10

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Grand Duchy of Lithuania for all the towns of RadziwiÜÜ, Adam Teller reached the figure of about 20,000 Jews.12 Moshe Rosman also used a list of twenty towns of Czartoryski from the 1764/65 census as a basis for his estimate of about 30,000 Jews in the Czartoryski estates.13 However, the reliability of the census is not clear,14 and it does not include Jews living in the so-called jurydyka.15 Therefore, if we relied on the surviving excerpt from the census that records the number of Jews living in towns belonging directly to Granowski, we would reach a very modest and misleading total of 1,143 Jewish inhabitants in Nowemiasto and Klwów. The Jewish poll tax assessment for all eleven towns where Granowski’s Jews lived in practice is shown in table 1a, and the villages are summarized in table 1b (see also the map on p. 146). Table 1a. Towns 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 Census of Poll tax 1764/65 potential Estates of Granowski, total BiaÜa Rawska GÜówno Goszczyn and BAdków Grójec Klwów Nowemiasto on Pilica OdrzywóÜ (and Wysokin) Przybyszew and Borowe Radom Rawa Mazowiecka Stara Rawa

1400 1310 984 100 50

636

1050

60 100

80 200

100 54 100 100 200

50 196

50 430

50

40

30

30

100

100

120 50

150 130 100 60 40

1762

2514

164 320

60 100 50

34 1109

54 50 430 30 100

120 60

67 68

120 60 40

A. Teller, Kesef, Koakh ve-Hashpaa (n. 1, above), 36–45. M. Rosman, The Lords’ Jews (n. 1, above), 213–214 (appendix 1). 14 For the controversy over the reliability of the census data, see S. Stampfer, “The 1764 Census of Polish Jewry,” Bar-Ilan, Annual of Bar-Ilan University: Studies in Judaica and the Humanities (Studies in the History and Culture of East European Jewry, ed. G. Bacon and M. Rosman) 24/25 (1989): 41–58. 15 A. Teller, Kesef, Koakh VeHashpaa (n. 1, above), 41. 12 13

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Table 1b. Villages

Babsk B \dów Bocionek Brzozów Budziszewice Czerniewice DAbrowice Doleck Górny Grotów Goślinki Grabie Jankowice Jasieniec Jeziorka Kamień Kletna Korbowiec Kozietu y Kozieniec Lewiczyn Lubania Lutobory Ma a wieś Nowydwor Osuchów Przes awice Polik Rokitnica Rowisk Ruda Ryka y Rz\tków Stara wieś Starostwo osieckie Subiszów Tomczyce and Brzostów Ulów Wilczogóra Worów Zaborów Żelechlin ma y

1758

1759

30

50

30

30 30

80

50

30 30 50

1760

50 30

40

30 30

30 20 30

30

30

30 50 40

50 50

30

30 80 30

100

60

30 30

30

50 30

1762

30

30 50 30

1761

30 30 30 80 30

30 30 30 30 30

30 30

30 30

Poll tax potential 30 50 40 30 30 30 30 60 30 20 30 30 30 30 50 30 50 40 30 50 30 50 50 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 80 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

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The figures in both tables stand for the sum of poll taxes assessed, in Polish złoty, with the exception of the column referring to the 1764/65 census, where the figures express the number of Jews.16 A comparison between the lists and the 1764/65 census figures shows that except for Rawa, there is no correlation between the number of Jews and the amount of money paid as poll tax (see table 1a), although the large population of Nowemiasto includes the Jewish residents of surrounding villages, which might go some way to explaining the discrepancy. Towns in the Czersk district are, of course, absent from the census. It is also evident from the tables that among the communal tax payers, only Klwów appears in the lists for all five years. In some cases it is explicitly stated that a certain village paid for several years: “Bocionek in Żurawia near Żelazna for 5 years 40 [złoty],” or “Górny Grotów for two years 30 [złoty].”17 Such annual payment stands in contrast to the practice in most of Crown Poland during the 1717–1764 period, where the Jewish assessment authorities used a rotation schedule. The poll tax potential is introduced as the last column in tables 1a and 1b, and its total for all of Granowski’s Jews is 2,514, which is 42.6% higher than the entire Jewish population of the towns as reported in the census. This undercount level in the census is much higher than Mahler’s estimate of about 20%,18 and closer to the 50% that Guldon and Krikun estimated.19 This conclusion, however, cannot be applied to other regions of Crown Poland, since the Czersk district’s absence from the census may explain the large gap between the census and the poll tax potential of Granowski’s Jews. The taxation records presented here are the only known source to provide a reliable overview of the urban and rural Jewish population living under the authority of one Polish magnate in central Poland. Three points should be emphasized:

16 The census data are from J. Kleczyński and F. Kluczycki, Liczba głów żydowskich (n. 12, above), 9, 21. For the district of Rawa, see also P. Fija kowski, Żydzi w województwach ł\czyckim i rawskim w XV–XVIII w. (Warsaw, 1999), 145, table 4 (the number of Jews at Bia a is given in this table as 1,164 instead of 164). 17 AGAD, ASW, dy. 84, syg. 50, p. 186. 18 R. Mahler, Yidn in amolikn Poiln in licht fun tsifern (Warsaw, 1958), ch. 1. 19 Z. Guldon and N. Krikun, “Przyczynek do krytyki spisów ludności żydowskiej z końca XVIII w.,” Studia Ωródłoznawcze 23 (1978): 153–157.

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(1) Although additional research is needed, it now seems that earlier conclusions, which were based on the analysis of data from the eastern parts of the commonwealth, cannot be extrapolated to central Poland. (2) Jews dependent on a magnate were not forced to reside exclusively on his estates, but could also live in urban and rural areas on ecclesiastical and royal estates, and in other nobles’ private towns. This means that our entire image of magnate-Jewish relations in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth should be reconsidered. Jewish dependency on a noble Polish lord was not simply defined in terms of the Jews’ physical presence on the lord’s land, but rather was a function of personal ties between the lord and his subjects. (3) Multiple and overlapping sources of authority, typical in decentralized feudal states such as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, affected Polish Jews more directly than might be expected. Besides the state and the Jewish autonomous structure, the presence of a third administrative network—that of the private administration of magnates—can also be detected in the Jewish poll tax lists. The overall number of Kazimierz Granowski’s Jewish subjects cannot be reconstructed on the basis of the 1764/65 census, since Jews lived in the Czersk district in significant numbers under the protection of their lords, in spite of the Jewish residency prohibition. If my hypothesis about the direct correlation between the poll tax potential and the size of the population is correct, Granowski’s Jews numbered around 2,500.

Bł\dów

Ulów

Voivodeship of Sandomierz

Kozieniec Wysokin Klwów Odrzywoł

Radom

Jeżowa Woła

District of Radom

Przybyszew

Zamłynie

District of Czersk Jasieniec

BAdków Goszczyn Rykały

Osieck

Mazowsze

Lewiczyn

Mała Wies

Głuchów Jeziorka Grabie Worów Grójec Wilczogóra

Borowe Tomczyce Pilica on o Nowemiast

Lubania

Jankowice

Lutobory Studzianki

Gośliny

Bocionek Biała Rawska Stara Wieś

Rokitnica

Bartoszówka Brzozów

Czerniewice

Boguszyce

Rawa Mazowiecka

Babsk Kurzeszyn

Osuchów

Michrów

Voivodeship of

Map 9. The Estates of Kazimierz Granowski

Scale 1:600000 borders of voivodeships borders of districts town of Granowski other private towns royal town under Granowski’s management other royal towns ecclesiastic town village

Voivodeship of Sieradz

Budziszewice

Żelechin Mały

District of Rawa

Doleck Stara Rawa Nowydwor

Rawa

Rz\dków

DAbrowice

Voivodeship of Ł\c zyca

Główno

Voivodeship of

146 chapter eight

CHAPTER NINE

CONCLUSIONS Although the Jewish autonomous administration was able to exercise power both within and without the Jewish community in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, its degree of independence should not be overstated. This was not “a state within the state.” After all, from the Polish point of view, the Jewish autonomous administration existed for the sole purpose of serving the state’s practical needs, mainly in helping to fund the military. In addition to the demands of the Jewish autonomous administration, four other administrative structures exercised some power over Polish Jews: Polish civil authorities, the military, parochial and diocesan institutions, and the magnates.1 All four were far more powerful than the Jewish autonomous institutions. The Polish state apparatus, the Polish Catholic Church, and the Polish magnates influenced Jewish autonomous bodies either directly or indirectly. The state’s direct influence was applied through the commissioner of the treasury, who had the authority to dismiss the Council of Four Lands and appoint another in its stead. He also determined whether rabbis would be included in the council’s ranks. The military likewise had great power, which was enforced through the hiberna commissions. These commissions chose to work directly with the Jewish regional councils, causing their ascent at the expense of the Council of Four Lands. Polish bishops in turn affected the fate of Jewish rural and urban communities by selectively licensing new synagogues. The Polish magnates’ influence lay in their ability to provide protection to their Jewish leaseholders, effectively relieving them of taxation. The failure of the lower and middle nobility to provide this type of shield led to the fragmentation of the Jewish autonomous fiscal units in the “leaseholders’ belt.” Land ownership could also greatly affect the fate of Jews.

1 In royal and ecclesiastical towns and estates, these were royal and ecclesiastical managers, who behaved as representatives of the owner in a way similar to magnatic administrators in private towns and estates. For the structure of private magnatic administration, see A. KaΩmierczyk, Żydzi w dobrach prywatnych w świetle sAdowniczej i administracyjnej praktyki dóbr magnackich w wiekach XVI–XVIII (Cracow, 2002), 59–90.

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Magnates sometimes divided ownership of a Jewish community in a private town and made efforts to attract Jewish migrants from royal cities to towns they owned. Such actions could cause a split within a Jewish community. Conflicts between burghers, magnates, and the king created suburban Jewish communities in royal cities. Polish political institutions and other centers of power indirectly shaped Jewish autonomous institutions through conscious and subconscious influences. Wealthy Jews tried to imitate Polish magnates in an effort to secure rabbinical and administrative positions for members of their families, and in an attempt to dominate Jewish communities and regional councils. Rabbis strove to procure secular administrative positions in the Council of Four Lands and the regional councils, in imitation of Polish bishops. Consequently, Jewish political and religious elites were intimately interwoven through kinship ties, just as was the case in the Polish elites, where spiritual and political leaders usually came from the same powerful magnatic clans. Jewish regional councils emulated Polish magnates in their practice of dividing Jewish urban communities between themselves. The Council of Four Lands itself was clearly modeled after the Polish Diet with its bicameral structure: the “seniors” (starszyzna) corresponded to the members of the senate and the “juniors” (symplarze) to the ambassadors’ chamber (izba poselska). It is easy to see the analogies between the structure of the Jewish autonomous bodies and the Polish state administration: the Jewish regional councils ( galil ) corresponded to the Polish voivodeships, and the Jewish major communities (kehila rashit) to the Polish districts (ziemia).2 This observation does not mean that the two administrative systems were identical. The map of the Jewish autonomous administration, which is fully reconstructed in this work for the first time, had little in common with its Polish counterpart. This is hardly surprising, since different historical factors shaped the two administrations. Great Poland, the historic core of the Polish State, was highly fragmented, while the former Lithuanian territories (in modern Ukraine) were divided into the largest voivodeships. In contrast, two “belts” crisscrossed the Jewish map: the 2 For a systematic comparison, see J. Goldberg, “Żydowski Sejm Czterech Ziem w spo ecznym i politycznym ustroju dawnej Rzeczypospolitej,” in Żydzi w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej (1991), 44–58 (also in English: “The Jewish Sejm: Its Origins and Functions,” in The Jews in Old Poland, 1000–1795, ed. A. Polonsky [London, 1993], 147–165; and in Hebrew: “Va ad Arba Aratsot BaMishtar HaMedini VeHaKhevrati shel Mamlekhet Polin-Lita,” in J. Goldberg, HaKhevra HaYehudit BeMamlekhet Polin-Lita [ Jerusalem, 1999], 125–142).

conclusions

149

administratively fragmented “leaseholders’ belt” running north to south from Tykocin to Przemyśl (see the map on p. 108), and the “belt of major communities” running along an east-west axis from Leszno to Bar (see the map on p. 135), following the routes of Jewish settlement in Crown Poland. This map reflects profound processes that took place in Jewish society in the early modern age: the ascent of leaseholding as a key Jewish occupation, Jewish migration into magnatic lands, and the formation of Jewish communities in private towns. The Jewish urban community (kehila) did not correspond to a Polish municipality. Jews were effectively excluded from the type of municipal self-government that had been formed on the basis of the Magdeburg law throughout the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and this mode of governmental organization never appeared in Jewish communities. Neither were these communities corporate bodies formed by representatives of professional guilds. The Jewish community tended to resemble the Polish peasants’ rural community ( gmina), holding collective responsibility for its members in many spheres of life, first and foremost in terms of their financial obligations, as well as providing collective assurances for their debts.3 I do not deal with the internal structure of Jewish communities in the present study, but I hope to investigate this important area in the future. The Jewish autonomous structure of eighteenth-century Crown Poland displayed some unique characteristics. The first of these was its rotation principle. This principle guided nearly all the processes discussed in this work. Representatives of the constituent councils were present in the Council of Four Lands in rotation; the Jewish communities paid their poll tax in rotation; and groups of villages were attached to different urban communities in rotation. All three rotation schedules were closely interconnected. Thus, regions that were underrepresented in the Council of Four Lands because of the annual rotation were usually overtaxed, and rural leaseholders were detached from urban communities that paid less poll tax for that year or were exempt, in 3 See J. Kalik, “Patterns of Contacts between the Catholic Church and the Jews in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: The Jewish Debts,” in Studies in the History of the Jews in Old Poland in Honor of Jacob Goldberg, ed. A. Teller, Scripta Hierosolymitana 38 ( Jerusalem, 1998), 115–116. Goldberg observed the similarity between the two in the slightly different context of the degree of dependency on the town’s noble owner in Polish private towns; see J. Golberg, “HaKehila BaMishtar HaKhevrati-HaMedini BeMamlekhet Polin-Lita,” in idem, HaKhevra HaYehudit BeMamlekhet Polin-Lita ( Jerusalem, 1999), 146.

150

chapter nine

order to make sure that the leaseholders did end up paying the tax. The combination of an urban and a rural population within one Jewish community was also a unique feature of this communal structure, different not only from other communal arrangements in Crown Poland, but also from the structure of Jewish communities in other countries. Finally, I would like to emphasize the most important points that the corpus of the poll tax lists reveals. First, the full geographical and hierarchical composition of the Jewish autonomous administration is now clear. All twenty-three of its constituencies are fully described here for the first time. This structure appears to have contained not three hierarchical levels (community, regional council, and the Council of Four Lands), as previously believed, but at least five (subordinate urban community, independent urban community, major community, regional council, and the Council of Four Lands), and perhaps even six, if one takes into account independent rural communities. Second, the evidence of the poll tax lists has suggested a novel economic metric, that of the “poll tax potential.” This new metric provides a way to validate the data in the 1764/65 census of the Jewish population. Third, the presence of Granowski’s Jews in towns and villages outside his estates sheds new light on relations between magnates and Jews. And fourth, this study has revealed the isolation of a specific group of leaseholders who held villages belonging to middle and lower nobles—nobles who were not able to protect them from the burden of taxation. I began this study with the Talmudic passage that identified the Jewish self-government in Sassanid Babylonia as a “scepter of Judah.” The context of this passage is far from flattering, since it states that the Babylonian exilarchs (rashei galuyot) are “a scepter of Judah” because they “oppress Israel with a rod”4 (b. Sanhedrin 5a). It should be admitted that the leaders of the Jewish autonomous bodies in the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth also often saw ordinary Jews as a source of income, in much the same way that Polish magnates, the state, and the church viewed them. Such a cynical assessment is perhaps unfair. Far from being a mere mechanism for extracting tax money, the Jewish autonomous administration encouraged the development of super-communal social, political, and religious activities, and it also financed a variety of Jewish public enterprises. The existence of a nationwide Jewish autonomous structure also provided the Polish state with an effective

4

The Hebrew shevet means both “scepter” and “rod.”

conclusions

151

tool for closely controlling Jewish affairs, an otherwise impossible task in the decentralized and chaotic commonwealth. The collapse of the autonomous structure in 1764 released Polish Jews from this tight supervision, making them more “autonomous” than before. The dissolution of the Council of Four Lands and of the regional councils cleared the way for new Jewish traditions and social constructs, such as the hasidic courts. It also opened the way for the accelerated modernization of Polish Jewish society. One final note: The materials published here prove yet again how intermingled and interdependent Jews and Poles were in the commonwealth. Other systematic sources yet to be discovered in Polish and Lithuanian archives will in all likelihood further illuminate these complex and fascinating relationships.

400

600

248

600

600

600

294

321 100

2888

Przemyśl

(continued on next page)

1760

1 All numerals in annual columns of following tables represent amount of money paid as the Jewish poll tax calculated in Polish złoty. Penultimate column represents ‘poll tax potential’, which is the last attested amount of poll tax paid. Last column entitled ‘census’ counts number of persons reported for the census of the Jewish population in Crown Poland in 1764/65. Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Ciechanowiec, Miedzyrzecz Korecki, and Siemiatycze are shown in tables 4, 14d, and 3b respectively.

2886 1801 2469 2139 2112 1368 1871

2067 2068 2536

3322

3322

221 2322 1708 2468 2614 3221

Poznań

228

3172 2462 2904 4200 2285 3992 2441 5262 4150 4330 6390 6713

600

1200 1390 1200 1200

3174

600

Miedzyrzecz Podlaski

Lublin

Kazimierz

600

400

600

Józefów

600

179

699

1166

Ciechanowiec Wysokie Mazowieckie villages

1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729

1717

years

Table 1. Exterritorial urban communities1

TABLES TO CHAPTER TWO

APPENDIX ONE

400 6058 2146

Józefów

Kazimierz

Lublin suburbs villages Głusk

Siemiatycze

Przemyśl

Poznań

Miedzyrzecz Podlaski

500

Debica

100

100

147

253

1730

Ciechanowiec Grodzisk Jabłonka Kościelna Nur Wysokie Mazowieckie villages

years

Table 1 (cont.)

400

224

50

100

226

400

500

108

110

100

242

400

500

83

160

100

242

400

500

65

170

100

247

400

500

200

100

300

400

500

89

170

100

241

400

500

400

500

124

40 170

186 80

100

159

200

241

400

1200 2358

800 (continued on next page)

818

400 482 505 246 900 1854 1850 1950 1230 1810 1730 423 540 660 800

1683 1686 1560 1560 1628 1671 1622 1600 1279

1218 1218

1154 1443 1773 1066 970 2196 1100 1100 1100

7135 4758 1803 1803 6223 3668 3819 3929 3819 4000 4760 4400

400

600

1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742

154 appendix one

3340 1638

Przemyśl

720

4413

Poznań

Miedzyrzecz Podlaski

Lublin suburbs villages Głusk

Kazimierz

Józefów

400

500 400

500

500

500

500

500

4292 3110 3064

1663 4616

600

960

200

236 2288 72

3118 2720 3528

400

424 2332 938 470

(continued on next page)

1728 2068 2068 1968 2008 1743 1593 2883 1153 1172 1200 2874

3100

1200 1200

620 300 260 160 1200 1518 2623 1430 2900 2297 2210 3131 500 1127 206 308 530 622 292 210 398 192 390 186 700

4161 4493 4493 4493 5693 4488 7075 5430 5174 4456 4973 5164

500

500

500

155 280

Debica

600

1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755

165

1743

Ciechanowiec Wysokie Mazowieckie villages

years

Table 1 (cont.)

tables to chapter two 155

1814

Lublin suburbs villages Głusk villages

3623 1563

Poznań

Przemyśl

Miedzyrzecz Podlaski

Miedzyrzecz Korecki

4562

Kazimierz villages

Józefów villages

600

3485 2706 3521 3417

800

600

1107 1438 1935 1540 2051

423

3904 3489 3732 3675 1033 2375

500

1408 2145 1345 1542 1225 1677 2000

2400

400

500

600

30 620

500

2000

3417

600

30 620 72 700

2375

400

2418

1951

1076

1383 728 251 268 65

3457 420

845 79

911

500

500

Debica

500

498

165 500

62

census (in persons)

40 280

Poll tax potential (in złoty) 97

1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764

80 100

1756

Grodzisk Jabłonka Kościelna Nur Wysokie Mazowieckie villages

years

Table 1 (cont.)

156 appendix one

1465 720

425 500 865

3174 720

425 500 865 725

1000 775

440 500 895 775

325 700 200 170

510

425

235

1721

1720

1719

2966 1010

3031 1200

3503 1200

9023 1290

4074 1326 80

1380 1125

765

585 500 1175 1075

535 500 935 950 500 1299 1077

360

350

324 498

300 500

325 600

585 498 1173 1023

1726

1725

1724

1723

1722

4203 1300 80

360 4489 1360

360 300 3315 1994 800 1066 50

150

540 360 100 900 950 500 500 1500 1550 1100 1050

(continued on next page)

360 4490 1600

830 500 1600 1075 784 500 1412 1072

750 500 1350 1025

400 500

380 500

366

350

360

1730 1731

1729

1728

1727

2 The horizontal ruling in all following tables (except for table 14a) indicates the Polish administrative structure. Totals frequently do not match the actual total of annual column, since large amounts of money were left ‘for assessment of the elders’. Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Debica are shown in table 1, for Rozwadów and Karasnobród in table 9.

Błażów Rzeszów Tyczyn villages

Rozwadów

Czudec Debica nowa Debica stara villages Głogów Niebylec Ropczyce Sedrzyszów Strzyżów Wielopole

years

Table 2. Autonomous Major Community of Rzeszów. Voivodeships of Sandomierz (districts of Pilzno and Sandomierz) and Ruś (districts of Przemyśl and Chełm)2

Autonomous Major Communities

tables to chapter two 157

300 2670 1200 48

9950

Błażów Rzeszów Tyczyn villages

totals

498 900 498 1500 999

300 1200 50 7884

1200 50

7884

500 900 500 1500 1000

300

500 900 500 1500 1000

6767

1224

306

507 950 500 1750 1080

7412

400 551 1224 50

500 950 500 1747 1080

7560

400 460 1200 50

600 1000 500 1750 1100

8304

400 584 1200 50

600 900 500 1725 900

30

30

500

475

500

410

410

400

400

399 930

Czudec Debica nowa Debica stara villages Frysztak Głogów Ropczyce Sedrzyszów Strzyżów Wielopole

13539 1738

9157

1725

1737

8536

1723 1724

1736

7876

1722

1735

8421

1721

1734

1733

1732

years

8269

1720

4400

1719

totals

Krasnobród

years

Table 2 (cont.) 1728

500

500

7664

426 1014 1200 50

8261

470 2741 1200 50

900

8500

470 1900 1200 50

230 600 600 500 1500 450

500

500

450

600 600 500

1741

1740

600 600 500 1725 900

1729

500

9157 8909

550 550 2407 1776 1200 1204 50 50

750 1000 600 600 500 500 1900 2000 450 452

500

1743 1744

10225 8720

700

1730 1731

(continued on next page)

8800

550 3520 1200 50

450

450 600 500

500

550

1742

9559 10430 10894

1727

1739

9612

1726

158 appendix one

8938

totals

8704

8598

1200 50

552 3756 1200 50

Błażów Rzeszów Tyczyn villages

400

1200

420

504 620

300 600 500

1000 600 500

225 300 600 600

1747

550

100

1746

500

1745

Czudec Debica Frysztak Głogów Ropczyce Sedrzyszów villages Strzyżów Wielopole

years

Table 2 (cont.)

8344

800 100

650

4444

250 300 600 500

1748

8074

550 2782 1200 100

245 1200 800 800

500

1749

8047

600 4860 800 142

250 250 820 525

1750

8052

600 4307 800

245 600 700 700

1751

8073

600 4658 800

245 300 700 650 120

1752

7693

600 4578 800

700 650 120

245

1753

8294

600 2724 800

500 245 700 700 650 120 1255

1754

700 500

6650 7082

600 600 1250 2184 800 800

(continued on next page)

7463

600 3475 800

700 500

700 500 120 1000

300

2500 2000

300

1757 1758

300

1755

tables to chapter two 159

6002

600 100 920

Błażów Rzeszów Tyczyn

totals

680 530 2090

780 650 2550 102

6154

470 1314

850

300

1759 1760

Czudec Frysztak Głogów Ropczyce Sedrzyszów Strzyżów Wielopole

years

Table 2 (cont.)

2994

470 1319

680 525

1761

7710

500 1460 900

850 700 2900

400

1762

6129

500 2834 930

870 675

320

1763

8591

3581 800

900 500 2490

320

1764

10691

500 3581 800

500 320 700 900 500 2490 102

5626

1202 586

331 254 718 663 584 979 309

Poll tax census potential (in (in złoty) persons)

160 appendix one

900

213

1033

2080

282

249

totals

300

249

130

102

600

1725

90

1723

Grajew Jedwabne Szczucin Wizna (and villages) villages

Goworowo Jabłonna Kleczkowo Lipnik Rudka Sniadow (and villages) Stawiski (and Jedwabne) Troszyn Zambrów Zawadów villages

years

200

200

1727

700

350

350

1728

1100

400

100

400

40

160

1729

400

100

585

100

1230 1185

500

730

1730 1731

859

250

100

359

150

250

100

150

1733 1734

358

100

68

70

50

70

1737

1100

300

800

1741

165

165

1742

(continued on next page)

117

70

15

32

1738

Table 3a. Autonomous Major Community of Tykocin. Voivodeship of Mazowsze (districts of Łomrza and Wizna)

tables to chapter two 161

Jabłonna Lipniki Myszyniec

1762

years

1764

1285

109

Totals

885

1744

400

109

1743

Grajew Jedwabne Szczucin Wizna villages

Sniadow Stawiski Troszyn Zambrów Zawadów villages

Jabłonna Lipniki Myszyniec Nowogród Rudka

years

Table 3a (cont.)

1080

680

400

1747

200 200

Poll tax potential (in złoty)

900

500

400

1746

92 64

600

600

620 1200

320

330

1750 1751

census (in persons)

800

400

400

1748

600

600

100 1300

100

100

1752 1753

100

100

1754

926

200

150

250

54

72

200

1759

765

275

150

305

35

1760

(continued on next page)

1126

400

400

54

200 72

1758

162 appendix one

1300

750

Grajew Jedwabne Szczucin Wizna villages

totals

550

1762

Nowogród Rudka Sniadow Stawiski Troszyn Zambrów Zawadów villages

years

Table 3a (cont.)

950

500

450

1764

2067

100 500

70 150

450

100 190 35

72

Poll tax potential (in złoty)

3770

413 387 473 233

197 105

83 718 1005

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 163

1717

3

2313

4409

3960

2100

1998

999

2318

999

1719

999

1718

1815

3459

1500

900

1720

918

1969

1416

819

1721

672

2423

1494

795

1722

296

119

380

500

249 116 210 1500

934

1723

78

1724

300

600

400

466

870

1725

Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Wysokie Mazowieckie are shown in table 1.

Drohiczyn Siemiatycze Wysokie Mazowieckie

Augustów Białystok Boczki 1000 GoniAdz Jasionowka Knyszyn villages Orly 1000 Osowiec Rajgród (and Augustów) villages Sokoły Suraż Tykocin Wiszńa villages

years

4608 40 300

1350

200

750

80

600

1270

1467 200 280

567 180 150

70

1729

2241

850 200

1730

(continued on next page)

100 500

100

849

1727 1728

Table 3b. Autonomous Major Community of Tykocin. Voivodeship of Podlasie (districts of Bielsk, Drohiczyn, and Mielnik)3

164 appendix one

4664

1731

Grand totals

Years

380

1600 300

562 180

4664

Totals

Augustów Białystok Boczki GoniAdz Jasionowka Knyszyn villages Orly Rajgród Sokoły Suraż Tykocin Wiszńa villages

100

120 50 80

1717

Konstantynów Łosice Mielnik Niemirów Rososz Sarnaki villages

years

Table 3b (cont.)

9706

100

50 50

1719

300

1732

1549

150 359 250

1350

650 150 308 150

1734

7007

7998

78

120 48 78

1720

1350

648 150 303 150

1733

8626 19710

8474

78

120

1718

1050 115

648

115

1737

8465

5458

99

120 48 69

1721

150

500

110

1738

5789

5789

99

150 48 60 39

1722

550

1739

6382

4754

180

100 120 50

1723

3819

800

500

1740

2327

969

60

60

60

1724

630

6360

200 1200 150

500

100

1741

6040

3356

340

150 50 120 60

1725

450

150 50

120

500

100

201

885

1586

1100 150

500

100

1744

7860

5634

600

50 150 50

1729

660

1100 150

500

100

1746

7030

4121

830

1730

(continued on next page)

277

1487 2212

1100 1200 150 150

500

100

1742 1743

8728 3564

7578 2319

50

50 150

1727 1728

tables to chapter two 165

100 500

1100 150

1747

100

500

1100 150

years

Augustów Białystok Boczki GoniAdz Jasionowka Knyszyn villages Orly Rajgród

1748

6000

62 666 900 150

500 140

100

1749

5679

5830

345

100 1100 150

500

100

1750

5679

4757

120 60

Grand totals

95

4120

60 120 60

3442

60

300

1734

60

300

1733

Totals

45

1732

220

325

1731

Konstantynów Łosice Mielnik Niemirów Rososz (and villages) Sarnaki villages

Siemiatycze Drohiczyn

Years

Table 3b (cont.)

1100 150

500

100

1751

6463

2328

180 70 80 70

1737

1100 150

500

120

1752

7788

2390

180 300 90 60

1000

1738

1100 150

170

1753

7658

1750

1200

1739

1100 150

500

170

1754

1100 150

220

400 360

1100 150

220

150 500

1760

7828

6543

667

85 180 100 50 40

1100

1744

1100

400

1762

7789

4285

505

50 40

180

1000

1746

(continued on next page)

1100 1066 150 150

220

220

333

170 400 360

1758 1759

7118 7818

170

1757

7059 12600

365

50 180 90 50 40

5423 6214

445

400

40

120

50 180 120 50 40

1000 1000

1742 1743

50

1000

1741

6309 10750

50 160 100 50 30

800

1740

166 appendix one

1764

years

400 400

5712

Grand totals

Augustów Białystok Boczki GoniAdz Jasionowka

4230 7614

5013

88

50 40

180

900

40

1197

1749

170 400 400 140 220

Poll tax potential (in złoty)

5892

5022

200

470

50 40

180 108 50 40

1100

590

904

1748

180

Totals

Konstantynów Łosice Mielnik Niemirów Rososz Sarnaki villages

1000

640

Sokoły Suraż Tykocin Wiszńa villages

Siemiatycze Drohiczyn

1747

years

Table 3b (cont.)

7238

5938

905

50

180

1100

600

1253

1751

239 761 855 426 242

census (in persons)

5531

4591

40

50 60

180

1100

380

831

1750

4491

2677

40

180

40

547

1752

5162

3692

600

50

600

1022

1753

7310

4740

50

1100

1670

1754

5554

3854

350

750

781

1757

350 250

750

170

987

5745

4401

330

1100

285

566

1760

5958

4658

500

1100

720

838

1762

(continued on next page)

6003 6000

4737 4703

420

1100

400

417

1758 1759

tables to chapter two 167

350 530

5050

6000

Totals

Grand totals

750

550

970

1100

1764

Konstantynów Łosice Mielnik Niemirów Rososz Sarnaki villages

Siemiatycze Drohiczyn

Knyszyn villages Orly Osowiec Rajgród villages Sokoły Suraż Tykocin Wiszńa villages

years

Table 3b (cont.)

9662

7595

85 180 108 50 50 350 530

750

62 100 1100 200 150 400 380 150 970 100 550

Poll tax potential (in złoty)

15408

11638

88 89 244

553 389

1015 880

2694 148

163

418

1358

census (in persons)

168 appendix one

Czyżew villages Dobre villages Kałuszyn villages Kamieńczyk villages

600

600

70

80

400

438 100 80

600 50

350 100 80 600 140

450 120

763

80

700 145 60

464

820

200

360

60

200

700

30

430

830

140 260

250

80

100

30

30 40 640 145

410

920

50 120 210

250

70

220

120 220 230

300

60

600 200

100 150 88

580 192 650

100 100 210

630 170

100 100 220

630 170

120 120 180

50

500 150 400

120 120 220

40 120

500 55 600 50

100 220

110

480 100 525

110 100 200

800 100 450

150 200

100

80

300 80 600

570 495 50

387

550 157

400

500 270

400

540 180

440 310 50

450 350

440 938

450

440

450 230

340 105 450

450 40

400 110

(continued on next page)

450 290

365 200

778 1730 1760 1210 1220 1520 1825 1535 1760 1510

268

230

60

220

1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1757 1758

750

100

65 220

200 198

years

100

250

400

1096 1536

100

200

200 58

100 200

736

738

200

1717 1718 1719 1722 1723 1725 1727 1729 1730 1732 1733 1734 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740

totals

Czyżew Dobre Kałuszyn Kamieńczyk Karczew Liw Mińsk Mazowiecki Niegów Ostrów Mazowiecka Radzymin Stoczek Zareby Kościelne

years

Table 4a. Autonomous Major Community of Wengrów. Voivodeship of Mazowsze (districts of Liw, Nur, and Warsaw)

tables to chapter two 169

Totals

Liw Mińsk Mazowiecki villages Niegów villages Ostrów Mazowiecka villages Siennica Stoczek villages Zareby Kościelne villages Villages near Jadów Villages near Warsaw Villages near WAsewo

years

Table 4a (cont.)

150

150 50 200

50

150 50 175

490

175

200 40 150 190

150

150

190 120

190

150

120

32

30

130 105 190

415

190 120

30 110 70

266 100 316 150 220

375 80 464 130 140

80

30

180

150

921

40

40

160 30 200

430

110

160 30

200

200

75

30

130 30

70

155

120

120

110 50

150

180

170

60

120

100

195 65

170

30

50

30

60

180 100

700 1370

100

150

(continued on next page)

1808 1490 2095 1875 2019 1652 2475 2691 2199 2781 2640 2683 1370 2185 1840

50

140

140

50

1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1757 1758

170 appendix one

Czyżew villages Dobre villages Goworowo Wólka Brzezińska Wólka Goworowska Jadów and Strachówka villages Kałuszyn villages Kamieńczyk villages Karczew Liw Mińsk Mazowiecki villages

years

Table 4a (cont.)

450

450 40

440 210

70 450

30

450

450

30

600

100

100

470

200

1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764

160

70 470 40 30 30 100 50 30

100

200

450 30 50 40

Poll-tax potential (in złoty)

566

109 78

303

Census (in persons)

(continued on next page)

tables to chapter two 171

totals

Niegów villages Ostrów Mazowiecka villages Radzymin Siennica Stoczek villages WAsewo villages Zareby Kościelne villages Villages near Jedrzejów Villages near Popowo on Bug Villages near Warsaw

years

Table 4a (cont.)

130

550 1490

100

220

50

910 1120 1150

130 770

3100

50

60

220 50 40 120 180 120 30 150

60

150

120

50

30 50 100

40 40

120

100

50

Poll-tax potential (in złoty)

40 40

40 50

1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764

1771

235

155

131

64

130

Census (in persons)

172 appendix one

150

280 800

500

150

280 800

years

Kosów Lacki villages Mokobody villages Mordy Sokołów Podlaski villages

602

252 150

200

940

650 160 890

780

110

200

180 260 798

903

273

312 272

855 1214

200

280 375

150 240 240

150 240 240 294

150 250 699 111

150 260 800

405

500 150 260 800

967

775

920 1321 2115

520

150 250

715 1074 1473

765 1393

75

75 250 365

350

270 305 450 800

450 300 50 150 150 320 900

150

500

270

150

500 150 100 335

280

320

150

300

363

150

300

363

150

375

200 60 150

375

200 100 150

380 1000

150

200 30 150 30 800

200 30 150 30 500 1000

200 66 150 200

(continued on next page)

200 180 150 170 420

1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1757 1758

1796 3448 4574 5400 5750 4122 3428 3965 4067 4067 3000 4283 3908 4048 4400

260 1350 1643 1944

407 1438

222

185

116 1935 3152 3630 3940 2937

830 750

150 450 200

190 390 300

80 50

1719 1722 1723 1725 1727 1729 1730 1732 1733 1734 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740

Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Wysokie Mazowieckie are shown in table 1.

1741 1742

Grand totals

4

2137 2858

450

421

Villages without subheading

429

320 300 200

620 1249

320 300

1717 1718

totals

Kosów Lacki Mokobody Mordy Sokołów Podlaski villages Wegrów Wysokie Mazowieckie

years

Table 4b. Autonomous Major Community of Wengrów. Voivodeship of Podlasie (district of Drohiczyn)4

tables to chapter two 173

2122 1873

Totals

180

195

130 93

109 292

275 343

171 1061

220 70

450

446

206

128

175

194 90

154 84

68 100

380

570

36

30

Ciechanowiec 200 Kosów Lacki villages 150 Mokobody 80 villages 374 Mordy villages 1000

200 60 150

1759 1760

150 363

340

200

200 150 150

750

300 250 60

800

200

300 200 60 150 80 363 800

Poll-tax potential (in złoty) 920 221 148 15 219 135 587

Census (in persons)

(continued on next page)

1761 1762 1763 1764

200

130

100 70

915 1700 1295 1400 1648 1378

90

place

50

100 165

904 1050

86 305

4035 4195 4610 3828 4083 4308 3836 3813 3690 3598 3450 3480 3810 2384 2598

670 1095

211 174

1940 1990 2050 1115 1088 1171 1431

220 50

1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1757 1758

Grand totals 4600 4458

Villages near Kosów and Czyżew Villages without subheading

362 30

Wegrów villages

193

1741 1742

years

Table 4b (cont.)

174 appendix one

1804 1188

748 30

1759 1760

Grand totals 2354 2678

Villages near Kosów and Czyżew Villages without subheading

Totals

Sokołów Podlaski Sterdyń villages Wegrów villages

place

Table 4b (cont.)

713 2542 2504

1182 1504

2467 1833 3692 3274

1545

657 30

1761 1762 1763 1764

7784

30

128

3837

350 1504 30

Poll-tax potential (in złoty)

9176

6748

88 792 581 3042

Census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 175

948

498

90

99

198

558

267

948

498

90

99

198

558

267

Bełz villages Busk Cieszanów Dubienka Grabowiec Horodło Jaroczew Komorów Korytnica Krystynpol Libicza Lipsko Lubaczów (and Potylicz) Lubela Mosty Królewkie Mosty Szlacheckie Narol (and Lipsko) Niemierów

1718

1717

years

498 900 648 120

399 900 300 99 180 75

99 198

900

423 198

900

423 198

498

150

99

750

1721

750

1720

270 150

639 99 399 75

498

900

1719

759

2634

2349 900

75 180

498 750 840 120 480 75

900

1723

99 198

99

498 900 750 120

750

1722

798

2700

75 198

264 198

570 849 924 132 528 75

966

1724

Table 5a. Chełm-Bełz. Voivodeship of Bełz

Regional Councils

760

2400

75 198

198

498 798 840 132 480 75

850

1725

498

75 198

240 198

939 132

498

699

1726

1400

100 200

240 170

120 300 75

540 220 600

1728

1083

77 186

230

300 400

504 200 813

1729

(continued on next page)

2700

99 198

939 132 120

510 140 600

1727

176 appendix one

219 300 1098

999 639

9372

219 300 1098

999 639

9372

1730

508 200 720

Totals

years

Bełz villages Busk Cieszanów Dobrotwór Dubienka Grabowiec Horodło

100

7359

1200 240

1200 240

300

600 358

713

1731

699

420 399

420 399

300

513 208 600

1732

600 900 168 360

168 360

400

1734

11580

900 300

1500

150

1800 1200 120

900

1721

399 200 600 900

1733

11289

699 549

150 300 1098

1410 1200 150

201 900 150 150 300

210 399

750

1720

210 399

699

1200

1200

Oleszczyce Potok Potylicz Przewale Rachanie Radziechów Rawa Ruska Sokal Stojanów Szczurowice Tartaków Toporów Tyszowce Uhnów (Huwnów) Wareż Witków

1719

1718

1717

years

Table 5a (cont.)

399

150 249 1374 498

1398 1200 150

273

1723

360

600

433

1735

360

645

773

1736

11982 13002

750 600

150 300 1299

1200 120

900

1722

270 318 1599 1200 168

270 378 1539 1200 168 168

270 264 1539 1200 168 168

257

645

573

1737

200

750

373

1738

11886 11927

240

900

300

550

243

1739

7743

303

168

1726

1725

1724

2599

170 250

1650 1200 170

300 300

1728

220 400

660 1050

500

1741

300 408

700 1350

697

1742

8614

1570

262

1100 1185 276

60

368

1729

(continued on next page)

300

600

373

1740

9941 10609

300

168

1650 1200 168

300 318

399

1727

tables to chapter two 177

Jaroczew Komorów Korytnica Krystynpol Libicza Lipsko Lubaczów (and Potylicz) Lubela Mosty Królewkie Mosty Szlacheckie Narol (and Lipsko) villages Niemierów Oleszczyce Potok Potylicz Przewale Rachanie Radziechów Rawa Ruska Sokal Stojanów Szczurowice

years

Table 5a (cont.)

220

60 180

200

80 180

2081

840

320 160

1512 721 240

1426

800 1040

320 210

1548 1500 240

100

175

1731

75

1730

1680 321

280 252

1995

75 168

25

200

75

1732

1674 498

336 102

2145

99 168

252 198

1733

1674 500

336 104

1072

99 168

252 200

1734

1600 500 200 145

250 110

100 836

1230

60

100 170

515

200

75

1735

1680 1585 200 120

250 100

1182

60

100 170

675

75

1736

200 1880

198 1680 1350 198 108

150

270 100

950

1172

60

100 180

670

300 200

80

1738

249 99

879

1212

60

99 168

443

249

1737

1900 334 170

270 100

830

1700 1100 200

50

220

1150

1900 1200 200

270 100 100

1170

80 1038

210

165

941

1742

(continued on next page)

132 1900 300 180

270 150

950

80 1200

80 1183

70 800

200

180

170

375 150

260

75

1741

150

750 100

300 240

1740

100

696

250

1739

178 appendix one

650 1155 50

700 1000

400 80

1478

505

400

Bełz villages Busk Cieszanów Dobrotwór Dubienka Grabowiec villages Horodło Jaroczew Komorów Korytnica villages Krystynpol

250

405 75

274

1744

1743

years

1421

2240

10231

230

200

11587

1731

1730

totals

Tartaków Toporów Tyszowce villages Uhnów (Huwnów) Wareż Witków

years

Table 5a (cont.)

360 80

1137 270

650 1150

488

1745

9094

2272

130

1732

260

684 1000 50 987 351 183 412 80

313

1746

260

987 351 299 402 80

684 1000

313

1747

8627

1500

498 200 1500

10591

294

1734

294

1733

220

987 400 410 500 100

700 1000

416

1748

210

505 125

195 110 664 1020 60 990 300

1749

116 100

316 133

376 694 328 63 405

1750

246 150 230 288

790 1320 60 533

473

1751

10663 10940

600

525

468

390 315

1738

2000

390 213 1068

1737

2252

240 405

1736

10066 10935

2582

1735

600

2000

360

1740

700

800

2700

344

290 315 1254 2300

1742

1741

250 54

451

60

60 1000 400

130

1000 400

600

406

1754

600

780 1180

635

1755

(continued on next page)

525

430

650

443

1753

650

360

1752

8451 10965 14189 14673

600

360 315

1739

tables to chapter two 179

Libicza Lipsko Lubaczów (and Potylicz) Lubela Mosty Królewkie Mosty Szlacheckie Narol villages Niemierów Oleszczyce Potok Potylicz villages Przewale Rachanie Radziechów Rawa Ruska Sokal Stojanów Szczurowice Tartaków Toporów Tyszowce Uhnów (Huwnów)

years

Table 5a (cont.)

75

905 80 970

272

1900 755 200

80

1150

270

1600 750 200

2700

260

300 1050 2355

157 215

160 210

1082

675

1731

650

1730

300 150 2400

1900 750 200

270

972

950

75

160 210

675

1732

1530

300

2071 771 228 129

288

1050 80 1000 645

80

228

606 370

1733

1530

300

2071 771 228 129

288

1050 80 1000 645

80

200 228

606 370

1734

1057 1582

1780 100 268 120

300

1150 88 1200 1000

80

240 236

680

1735

40 1690 860 225 130 350 370 1010 1520

310

1060 85 1010

45

245 245

660

1736

872

1127

345

1500 1150 288 150

54

56 1758 892 233 133 368 320

368 54

800 100 767 920

293 180

630

1738

323 56

1068 234 1258

258 254

622 503

1737

760

340

1500 950 210 130

170 227

800 88 767 800

80

252

100 630 500

1739

325

670 950 215 130

310

900 650

800

80

260

100 630

1741

468

2000

372

313

200

1742

(continued on next page)

325

180

1900 950

40

310

850 88 816

80

260

700

1740

180 appendix one

850

850 1280 60 680 500

635 156

330

1200

815 1130

626 150

310

818 620

320

500

407

260 320 320

800 698

320

635

60

245 112

632

285

208

700

1760

524

1759

Bełz villages Busk Cieszanów Dobrotwór Dubienka Grabowiec villages Horodło Jaroczew Komorów Korytnica villages Krystynpol Libicza Lipsko Lubaczów (and Potylicz) Lubela Mosty Królewkie

1758

1757

240

620

280

550

1761

14202

years

13147

13946

13273

13170

totals

1734

100

1733

100

1732 150

1731 150

1730

villages Wareż Witków

years

Table 5a (cont.)

50

1736

200 324

770

200 310

620

850

1762

730

660

935

1763

14614 14084

1735

1035

1738

1739

200

330 240

660

1100

935

1764

200 324

407 376 935 1280 60 1100 208 400 660 156 330 240 54 240 200 800 730

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

12233 13851 11529

388

106

1737

8556

1741

6548

1742

(continued on next page)

267

759 154 309 687

220 144 256 143

604 443

481 654

716

census (in persons)

8607

1740

tables to chapter two 181

850 8690

totals

10997

440

210

1800

11034

1941

350

242 350

240 100

40 450

450 80

40

900 60 1100

110

1759

400

650

1000 50

1758

380

1018 66 1120

110

1757

Mosty Szlacheckie Narol villages Niemierów Oleszczyce Potok Potylicz villages Przewale Rachanie Radziechów Rawa Ruska Sokal Stojanów Szczurowice Tartaków Toporów Tyszowce Uhnów (Huwnów) villages Wareż Witków

years

Table 5a (cont.)

6530

357

459 772 1129 224

387

1020

1760

3703

300

1050 220

343

100

1761

5387

354

1160 244

240

115

1762

4995

385

220

1265

800

1763

6934

385

1265 284

638

800

97

1764

358

900 60 800 650

449 452

106 300 850 19659

925 778

14077

206 1050 1390 176 264 779

240 227 100 40 638 772 1265 284 220 368 385 1010 1941

487 817 80

38

census (in persons)

97

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

182 appendix one

318 669 2520

360 450

318 669 2520

360 450

2520 900 498

498

360

1299

780

180 300 300

1720

2520

300

1332

1137

270 498 369

1719

600

600 2499 900

450

1299

1947

999 249 450 249

1721

600

600 2520 900

450

1299

1542

543

999

1722

450

240 399 2418

450

1425

450

450

1723

300 549

438 2958

1329

1724

600 2400 1200 200 550

1320

1725

498

600 1800

2259

1200

1726

240 450

264 600 2250

2283 300 3000

1728

772 1634 1032 270 674

1800 300 1496 200

1729

(continued on next page)

240 450

600 2199

1053 220 2300

1727

5 Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for communities in voivodeship of Lublin, and for Krasnobród, Szczebreszyn, and Turobin are shown in table 9.

198

198

717

1311

717

totals

219 498

1718

1311

219 498

Biłgoraj Gorzków Modliborzyce Piłaszkowiec

Chełm villages Hrubieszów villages Krasnobród suburb of Krasnostaw Krośniczyn Kryłów Lubomla Maciejów Opalin Ratno Rejowice Siedliszcze

1717

years

Table 5b. Chełm-Bełz. Voivodeships of Lublin and Ruś (districts of Chełm and Przemyśl)5

tables to chapter two 183

2300 200

714 1100

1904 200

680 1824

712 1400

1400 258

699 1710

1899 250

700 1711

1899

600 2259

2385 250

550 2151

1908 300

2199

500

120 210

1728

7791 10217

399

120 210

1727

648 2151

1545 99.30

2061 198.6

1737

600 2000

1600 509 78

170

1738

600 2050

2408

1739

518 2225

1020

1741

1742

1900

222 250

(continued on next page)

400 2000

2408

1350

1740

21480

1535

8995

360

181 276

1729

150

2011

1938 300 2400

1458

7086

399

120 210

1726

Chełm villages Holeszów Hrubieszów villages suburb of Krasnostaw Krośniczyn Kryłów Lubomla villages

1352

7059

399

150 240

1725

18393 19466 17948 17821 20731

6348

399

135 240

1724

200

1736

19610

6141

399

120 240

1723

totals

1735

20525

6987

519

99

1722

100 100

1734

20478

6867

519

1721

Gorzków Piłaszkowiec

1731

1733

1730

years

1732

18857 18857 13556 18782

2400

grand totals

5787

2400

4800

99 111

1720

Sieniawa

6345

519

150

1719

6345

519

Swierz Tarnogóra Uchanie Wojsławice

1718

totals

1717

years

Table 5b (cont.)

184 appendix one

300

9226

20953 18683 18209 18581

1743

600

totals

grand totals

years

Chełm villages Holeszów Hrubieszów villages suburb of Krasnostaw Krośniczyn Kryłów Lubomla villages

1800 110

110

900

240

240

820 2158

600 50

635

50

1745

7684

336

252

168

805 2600

1744

8511

130

60

651

54

321

1746

7175

336

252

120

945 399 565

140

945 336 525

945 320 551

1733

900 300 500

1732

Maciejów Opalin Ratno Rejowice Siedliszcze Swierz Szczebreszyn Tarnogóra Turobin Uchanie Wojsławice

1731

1730

years

Table 5b (cont.)

60

651

54

321

1747

18581

6928

336

252

120

945 400 565

1734

350 532 126

700

1748

20616

10560

351

252

125

945 420 573

1735

189

282

222 676 330 156

205 755 330 346

1750 258 247 700 781 617

950 450 687

7761

336 336

252

120

945 250 565

1738

7095

252

100

945 300 440

1739

9185

240

150 300 227 300

945 300 565

1740

6009

300

100

1086 300 460

1741

200 674 538

1335 211

513 211 220 674 800 36

1400 75

1752 1322

1751

220 674 500

425

1500

1754

264 300

720 1000

1755

19242

3842

260

350 500 100 110

1742

(continued on next page)

674

815 70 800 1328 199

1753

20234 20023 16233 19630 20387

1020

1749

20512

9179 8802.9

180

252

120

564

565 120

945

1737

945

1736

tables to chapter two 185

650

2102

1758

678

1759

1412 87

1760

1120

1761

1559

1510

2484

351

Chełm villages Holeszów

1510

2484

351

1757

5903

220

261

years

6960

180 350

261

330 565 120

1834 66

1762

20126

1600

3493

280 60

310

260

300 486

1748

265

300 486

1747

120

1040 270 485

1040 300 510

1746

50 103 72

1745

1744

18480 20380 20000 20220 23852

4610

200

110

280 500

1743

grand totals

Sieniawa

totals

Maciejów Opalin Ratno Rejowice Siedliszcze Skierbieszów Swierz villages Szczebreszyn Tarnogóra villages Turobin Uchanie Wojsławice

years

Table 5b (cont.)

1982

1763

21246

520

5863

360

310

120

330

1749

1610

5971

394 575

370

1400

6475

260 370

372

120

320 600

1752

4416

372

120

38

1753

4789

550

200

120

600

1754

1612

1764

1612 66 650

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

9806

2710

426

1755

(continued on next page)

1418

census (in persons)

20215 23322 21804 13023 13345

1400

5493

376

164 214

138

42

37 127

676

1751

588

1750

186 appendix one

grand totals

Sieniawa

totals

Hrubieszów villages suburb of Krasnostaw Krośniczyn Kryłów Lubomla villages Maciejów Opalin Ratno Rejowice Siedliszcze Swierz villages Tarnogóra villages Uchanie Wojsławice

years

Table 5b (cont.)

1936

300

400

180

1890

1764

1560

2138

6623

2920

250

200

9624

1350

2350

7227

2232

11202

4068

250

250

1763

204

230

220

1762

136

230 550

570

1761

150

285

1760

16545 14274 10626 10306

3700

220 80

320

4559

400

296

148

400

262

150

130

1759

300

1758

500 1000

1757

29409

1350

8776

220 570 1890 36 1040 230 550 180 38 136 72 250 214 250 80

1000 199 78

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

22106

1115

6110

175

204

343 139 210 437 25 158

196 470 1226

86

1023

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 187

188

appendix one

Table 6a. Great Poland. Western Prussia (Voivodeships of Chełmno, Malbork, and Pomorze) years

Bratian Cibórz and Lidzbark Fijewo Ostromecko Płoweż Pokrzywno Szembruk Toruń Wlewsk total

1729 1751 1753 1754 1761 1763

poll-tax census potential (in persons) (in złoty)

600

600

600

600

village near Kiszpork suburb of Człuchów village near Człuchów suburbs of Gdańsk suburb of Hammerstein suburb of Kościerzyna village near Mirachowo village near Nowe village near Puck villages near Świecie villages near Tczew suburb of Tuchola village near Tuchola other villages totals

52 21 172 39 80 43 93 43 34 577 86

800

445

500

200

600

600

800

445

500

200

600

600

419 37 1098 80 43 37 43 85 214 476 64 11 124 2731

198 399 549 300

400 100

198 399 399

300

1896

1730

400

900

totals

years

Dobrzyń (and Lipno) Fordon Inowrocław Kikoł

1731

2046

600

600

Brześć Kujawska Izbica Kowal Lubrabiec Piotrków Kujawski Przedecz

789

390

390

789

399

399

Dobrzyń (and Lipno) Fordon Inowrocław Kikoł Lipno Radziki Żołedowo villages

totals

1718

1717

years

400

1732

918

420

498

300

400

1733

3017

420

150 150 1898

399

996

99

120

918

498

399

1720

798

1719

590

400

1734

1968

420

150 600

798

99

99

1721

590

400

1735

1716

120 600 498

498

1896

99

798

999

1722

580

500

1736

1008

150 408 450

1299

100

800

399

1723

400

1737

1870

420

150 400 450

450

1400

100

900

400

1724

150

150

780

780

1000

400

400

1738 1739

1900

150 500 500

750

1219

100

720

399

1725 1726

Table 6b. Great Poland. Voivodeships of Inowrocław and Kujawy

1741

420

420

1300

900

400

1728

200

1742

560

360

200

1400

100

900

400

1729

(continued on next page)

700

200

1740

2160

150 600 510

900

550

150

400

1727

tables to chapter two 189

750 250 600 400

1450

750

200

totals

Brześć Kujawska Izbica Kowal Lubrabiec Piotrków Kujawski Przedecz Strzelno

250

Dobrzyń Fordon Inowrocław Kikoł Lipno Radziki Żołedowo villages

totals

1743

years

550

300

1820

totals

420

450

150

150

Lipno Radziki Żołedowo villages

200

200

1744

2000

650

1731

1730

years

Table 6b (cont.)

1000

200 800

1745

2370

420

250

250

1746

2475

400 75

900 800

300

650 250 600 450

850

150

1733

550

150

1732

250

250

1747

2555

400 75

180 900 800

200

1140

150

1734

255

255

1748

2555

400 75

180 900 800

200

1140

150

1735

355

100

255

1749

2075

400 75

200 900 300

200

1230

150

1736

355

100

255

1750

1700

400

200 900

200

550

150

1737

200

600

400

550

150

100

100

400

100

300

1751 1752

700 1200

200

300 200

1550

150

1738 1739

405

100

305

1754

1150

200

150 400 200

200

250

250

1741

520

120

400

1755

1150

200 100

150 400 200

200

450

250

1742

(continued on next page)

405

100

305

1753

1350

200

150 600 200

200

975

75

1740

190 appendix one

200 150

500

110

200 150

1650

1757

425

128

totals

years

Dobrzyń Fordon Inowrocław Kikoł Lipno Radziki Żołedowo Villages

553

150 600 200

150 600 250

totals

300

300

Brześć Kujawska Izbica Kowal Lubrabiec Piotrków Kujawski Przedecz Strzelno

610

1758

1600

1744

1743

years

Table 6b (cont.)

1643

120

1000

523

1759

1300

200

150 450 200

300

1745

1760

1010

210

150 450 200

1746

720

120

600

1761

1315

210

150 450 205

300

1747

1050

600 450

1762

965

210

155 400

200

1748

600

600

1763

755

155 250 200

150

1749

720

120

300 300

1764

975

220

155 250 200

150

1750

715

165 350

250

1720

120

300 300 1000

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

1035

220

165 350

300

1751 1752

535

225

210

100

1754

(continued on next page)

1422

757 385 980 102 58 165 13 44

690

340

150

200

1755

census (in persons)

875

225

400

250

1753

tables to chapter two 191

totals

410

1190

400 815

300

280

300 270

200

235

220

210

Brześć Kujawska Izbica Kowal Lubraniec Piotrków Kujawski Przedecz Strzelno

1759

1758

1757

years

Table 6b (cont.)

1375

300

530 300

245

1760

1230

300

350

300

280

1761

650

300

350

1762

280

280

1763

1080

300

200

300

280

1764

1760

300 150

300 530 200

280

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

1267

210

215 260 249 169

164

census (in persons)

192 appendix one

Barcin Borek Chodzież Czerniejów Debrzno (Frydland) Działyń Gniezno Gołancza Golina Granowo Jarocin Jaroczew Kalisz Karmin Kazimierz Biskupi (and Golina) Kcynia Kleczew Kobylin Koło Konin Kozmin KoΩminek Krajenka Krotoszyn Kurnik Ledyczek

years

198

198 339

399

498 600 120

399 600

150

399

300

1182 180

300

300

339

300

300

450

450

150 150

180

198

219 120

1721

300

120

267

1720

300

198

1719

1200

1718

999

1717

999

150

348

300

1722

498

399

700

500

1100 200

250

200 1100 150 250 300

150

300

238

1725

150

300

198

150

228

1724

228

1723

Table 6c. Great Poland. Voivodeship of Kalisz

450 100

1170

249

400

3000

600 150 510 150 150 450

215

300

(continued on next page)

900

900

450

900

200

300

270

450 100 450

800

220

1200

1500 1200

1620 300

1000

700

1729

240 300

1727 1728

150 1698

1726

tables to chapter two 193

Totals

Łabuszyn Łobżenica Margonin Miłosław Mrocza Nakło village Nowemiasto on Warta Odołanów Ostrów Wielkopolski Pogorzel Pyzdry Raszków Russocice Rychwał (and SłAszyce) Sempelborg Skoki Stawiszyn Wilczyn Witków Września Zaniemyśl Zduny Złotowo Żerków Żydów

years

Table 6c (cont.)

3456

399

198

213

1717

3745

348

198

1000

213

1718

213

600

150

1500

90

393

2187 8939

400

311

738 1898

1719 1720

5997

1200

150

90

120

1500

1721

3246

450

600

399

1722

5911

400

600

750

198

340

1150

300

1723

900

200

450

600

798

198

8210 8684 11783

2746

800

600

600

100 300

100 300

300 46 90

750 1800 1050

1726

699 1998 800 1149

150

1724 1725

1200 600

300

510

100

300

400

300

150

350

60

300

1300

1728 1729

(continued on next page)

8210 10080 9885

200

900 600

300

1400 900

1727

194 appendix one

Barcin Borek Chodzież Czerniejów Debrzno (Frydland) Działyń Gniezno Gołancza Golina Granowo Jarocin Jaroczew Kalisz Karmin Kazimierz Biskupi (and Golina) Kcynia Kleczew Kobylin Koło Konin Kozmin KoΩminek Krajenka Krotoszyn Kurnik Ledyczek

years

Table 6c (cont.)

500 150 500 100 560

800

800 200 500 500 150 400 100 700

150

250

530 90 370 100

1000 200

150

150

140 150 190

700 200 493

80

150

250

300 150

380

400

330

300

1120

1732 1733

2900

1203

1731

1360

1100

1730

500 100 350 300

300

700 220

80

200

250

400

1735

500 100 350

700 220

80

200

250

400

1734

500 100 450 150 300

800 200

80

300

400

2000

1736

500 100 350 150 300

500 220

80

200

250

350

266

300 200 300

500 220 368 300

80

450

2000 2000

400 1100

1737 1738

300

80 220

80 170 120 180

200 104

220 150 150

150 200 100

80

200

50

200 100

80

1800 1800

200 720

1741 1742

(continued on next page)

373

100

250 180 125

80

220

400

1800

180 620

1740

350 180

80

180

330

1800

180 820

1739

tables to chapter two 195

totals

773 1000 400

Łabuszyn Łobżenica Margonin Miłosław Mrocza Nakło Nowemiasto on Warta Odołanów Ostrów Wielkopolski Pogorzel Pyzdry Raszków Russocice Rychwał (and SłAszyce) Sempelborg Skoki Stawiszyn Wilczyn Witków Września Zaniemyśl Zduny Złotowo Żerków Żydów

8623

150

180

300

1730

years

Table 6c (cont.)

70 300 50

70 300 50

2600 100

3300 100

2700 100

300

9840 9463 10142 10242

300

250

800 500

300

602

250

50 80 350 60

1050

8113

800 500

800 500

300

602

250

50 80 350 60

1050

1735

100

600

600

250

50 80 450

950

1734

100

180

180

380

150

1230

1732 1733

1300

1731

3000 100

300

800 500

300

730

60

50 200

1050

1737

100

800 400

150

700 1050 1000 50 200 150 60

1738

8740 12090 10194

100

300

900 500

300

100 200 100 60

900

1736

7470

100

800 400

100

300 100 80 100

1739

100

280

700

130

6050 5764

100

800 400

180

150 150

300

870 400 300 100 150 150 50

1741 1742

(continued on next page)

6578

100

800 400

200 300 100 80 150

1740

196 appendix one

Barcin Borek Chodzież Czerniejów Debrzno (Frydland) Działyń Gniezno Gołancza Golina Granowo Jarocin Jaroczew Kalisz Karmin Kazimierz Biskupi (and Golina) Kcynia Kleczew Kobylin Koło Konin Kozmin KoΩminek Krajenka Krotoszyn Kurnik Ledyczek

years

Table 6c (cont.)

50

50 150 150

150

150 150

150 200

150

200

300

300

90

180

180 200

80

1800 1800

620

1745 1746

1800

200

1744

80

1800

1743

120

200

90

1508

1747

205

100

1810

1748

150

250

1810

1749

150

250

1810

150

280

1750 1751

200

80

1752

90

220

260

50

200

1754 1755

(continued on next page)

150

50

200

1753

tables to chapter two 197

totals

6440

6230

1100 100

700 100

500 100 70 150 150

800

900 500 400 100 150 180

Łabuszyn Łobżenica Margonin Miłosław Mrocza Nakło Nowemiasto on Warta Odołanów Ostrów Wielkopolski Pogorzel Pyzdry Raszków Russocice Rychwał Sempelborg Skoki Stawiszyn Wilczyn Witków Września Zaniemyśl Zduny Złotowo Żerków Żydów

1744

180 800 200

1743

years

Table 6c (cont.)

1100 100

850

500 100 70 150 150

4540 5790

100

820

150 150

500 100

1745 1746

5243

1130 100

300

105 855

100

300 110 90 150 85

1747

3420

105

810

90 150 150

1748

3260

100 800

50 100

1749

3260

100 800

50 100

1750

2690

1465

110

350

300 370 1100 110

80

120 125 150

250

1752

80

100 100 100

1751

100

500

120 100 150

300

1775 2090

900 100

80

150

120 125

300

1754 1755

(continued on next page)

1220

90

80

120 125 105

300

1753

198 appendix one

Barcin Borek Chodzież Czerniejów Debrzno (Frydland) Działyń Gniezno Gołancza Golina Granowo Jarocin Jaroczew Kalisz Karmin Kazimierz Biskupi (and Golina) Kcynia Kleczew Kobylin Koło Konin Kozmin KoΩminek Krajenka Krotoszyn Kurnik Ledyczek

years

Table 6c (cont.)

130

1757

330

220

150

100

800

600

260 210

300

100

2000

1050

50

440

100

1120

1761

800

1759 1760

55

420

1758

130

500 250

270 800

100

50

200

660

350

50

500 100 150 300 130 120 220 350 3000 660

50

100 300 550 600 200 800 50

100 300

550

1200

1200

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

1500

1764

300 1120

80

1763

300

1762

(continued on next page)

361 262 139 256s 133 271 225 254 1524 381 52

104 251 193 142 97 282 85 702 96

50 200 644 20 308

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 199

totals

Łabuszyn Łobżenica Margonin Miłosław Mrocza Nakło village Nowemiasto on Warta Odołanów Ostrów Wielkopolski Pogorzel Pyzdry Raszków Russocice Rychwał Sempelborg Skoki Stawiszyn Wilczyn Witków Września Zaniemyśl Zduny Złotowo Żerków Żydów

years

Table 6c (cont.)

666

108 1885

120

500

60 65 800 550

2000 100

800 42

1100

200

450

800 300

1761

5170 7375 10462

900 1050 130 130

425

65 800 530

210

108 150 190

170 200

150 120

170

1759 1760

850 400

150 110

1758

850 310 160

1757

8770

100

40

800 850

230

200

300

1050 600 300

1762

56

53

5413

4936

400

900

1800 100

100 800

230

120 80 150

700

1764

800

230

300

200

300 130 70

1763

18582

400 800 56 150 1800 100

100 800 850

12729

32 452 8 57 102 553 372 91 39 354 436 37 49 1027 76 33

18 266 300 230

146

364 572 316 136 105 56

census (in persons)

700 600 300 120 80 150 46 200

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

200 appendix one

1730

300 700

Bratoszowice (and Brzeziny) Bielawy Brzeziny Kałów Krośniewice Łeczyca

300 420

300 420

years

198

198

210 500

280

1731

1818

300 240

300 240

1818

360

360

Bratoszowice (and Brzeziny) Bielawy Brzeziny Kałów Krośniewice Łeczyca Parzeczew PiAtek Sobota Stryków Ujazd

totals

1718

1717

years

210

280

1732

1120

420 180

120

400

1719

180

350

350

1733

2199

150 393

1296

360

1720

180 1000

350

1734

2268

150

1698

420

1721

180 1000

350

1735

550

250

300

1722

180

350

1736

370

70

300

1723

897

348

300

249

180

350

100

350

1737 1738

1020

320 150

250

300

1724 1725

Table 6d. Great Poland. Voivodeship of Łeczyca

310 300 394

330

300 300

300 700

330 1880

330

280

100

350

500

500

(continued on next page)

175

1739 1740 1741 1742

1560 1584

900 390

270

250

1726 1727 1728 1729

tables to chapter two 201

550

totals

550

550

150

150

300

1745

150

100

300

1744

1480

300 300 390

100

1743

years

1980

300 300 390

1732

100

1990

totals

300

300 300 390

Parzeczew PiAtek Sobota Stryków Ujazd

1731

Bratoszowice (and Brzeziny) Bielawy Brzeziny (and Główno) Kałów Krośniewice Łeczyca Parzeczew PiAtek Sobota Stryków Ujazd

1730

years

Table 6d (cont.)

550

150

100

300

1746

2030

300 600 250

1733

565

155

150 350

105

305

1748

2505

300 425 250

1735

100

100

1747

2505

300 425 250

1734

560

155

100

305

1749

1530

300 450 250

1736

300 450 200

561

156

100

305

585

165

120

300

1750 1751

1530 1400

300 450 250

1737 1738

100 350 150 750 1100

150

100

120

800

400

190 500 200 765 1860

150 450 165

170

800

(continued on next page)

520 1320

120

400

1752 1753 1754 1755

579

150

150 700

100

100

154

1739 1740 1741 1742

202 appendix one

140

130 700

1260

totals

1342

550 200

452

1758

430

1757

Bratoszowice (and Brzeziny) Bielawy Brzeziny (and Główno) Kałów Krośniewice Łeczyca Parzeczew PiAtek Sobota Stryków Ujazd (and InowłódΩ)

years

Table 6d (cont.)

1384

100 560 224

500

1759

1424

100 600 224

500

1760

2040

200 990

100

750

1761

2870

150 900 220

250 600

750

1762

2720

150 900 220

100 600

750

1763

2150

150

250 1000

750

1764

4224

150 900 220

250 1000 154

300 750

500

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

2905

69 79 1067 267 139 114 625 212

88 243

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 203

4188

1818

totals

1419

120

120

1746

198 150

600

198

798 792 1350

150

699

699

900

2147

399 900 848

1720

399

600

600

798

2078

180

400 700 798

1719

Błaszków Bolesław Burzenin Dobra Grabów Kepno Lutomiersk Łask Piotrków Trybunalski Tuszyn Warta Widawa Wieruszów Złoczew

2597

798

798

2798

399 800 600

600 800 600

Ciechanów Maków Nasielsk Rożan Wyszogród

totals

1718

1717

years

5121

180

198 99

600 750 2274

120 900

3594

1398

600 798 798

1721

990

120 120

750

1296

798

498

1722

1220

120 100

500

500

2000

600 800 600

1723

1998

800 300

2520

300

120 150

450

600 600

300

880

100

150

50

580

1800 3098

400 800 600

1724 1725

1510

390

420

100

600

1837

348 889 600

1726

600 600

200 250

150 150

900 500 400

80 200

1380 2830

100 200

900

100

80

2100 2950

450 1100 1300

400 600

1728 1729

(continued on next page)

2320

150 110

300 1200 200

360

2280

1080

600 400 200

1727

Table 6e. Great Poland. Voivodeships of Mazowsze (districts of Ciechanów, Rożan, Wyszogród, and Zakroszyn) and Sieradz

204 appendix one

1300

1500

3290

totals

150 150 200 200

150 150

200 200

2497

totals 3600

600

600 274 600

80 450 50 970 750

Błaszków Bolesław Burzenin Dobra Grabów Kepno Lutomiersk Łask Piotrków Trybunalski Tuszyn Warta Widawa Wieruszów Złoczew

80 200 43

600 717 200

500 690 600

Ciechanów Maków Nasielsk Rożan Wyszogród 2817

1731

1730

years

Table 6e (cont.)

2650

200 200

150 150

350 50 800 750

3140

1300

600 840 400

1732

2080

250

200 200

450

380 600

3000

600 600 450 150 1200

1733

1950

150 250

200

450

600

300

2912

600 600 350 150 1212

1734

1850

150 250

100

450

600

300

2900

600 600 350 150 1200

1735

2900

150 250

100 300

1500

600

2750

1200

600 600 350

1736 600 600 350

200

150 300 200

1750 450

200

150

1600 3400

150 250

200 100

600

300

2750 2750

1200 1200

600 600 350

1737 1738

425

100

75 250

1900

900

400 600

1739

900

500 800 150

1037

150 200

75 300

312

500

150

50 300

2350 2350

900

500 800 150

1741 1742

(continued on next page)

2968

150 100

50 150

1418 250

600

250

1460

210

400 700 150

1740

tables to chapter two 205

2750

totals

totals

1150

100

110 200

2060

50 300

450

250

50 300

800 600

940

1100

Błaszków Bolesław Dobra Grabów Kepno Lutomiersk Łask Piotrków Trybunalski Tuszyn Warta Widawa Wieruszów Złoczew village

500 800 200

500 950 200

Ciechanów Maków Nasielsk Rożan Wyszogród 2440

1744

1743

years

Table 6e (cont.)

1400

50 200

450

700

2430

920

500 800 210

1745

1620

40

36 506

100

75 300

350

755

2200

1000

400 800

1747

100

70 300

2300

950

500 700 200

1746

800

100

80 370

250

2209

909

400 900

1748

755

110

85 310

250

2700

1000

500 1200

1749

755

110

85 310

250

2700

1000

500 1200

450

100

100

250

300

300

1750 1751

550

250

300

350

350

1752

475 1100

160

150 300

400

680 1010

120 250

310

1600 1975

1200 1400

400

1754 1755

(continued on next page)

455

100

100 255

400

400

1753

206 appendix one

totals

Błaszków Bolesław Burzenin Dobra Grabów Kepno Lutomiersk Łask Piotrków Trybunalski Tuszyn Warta Widawa Wieruszów Złoczew village 170

1230

160

1240

170

400

410

310

410

500

250

2400

170 130

975 360

170

100

185

1255

3015

170 100

170 220

500 1260 410

185

1200

1480

180

100

100 1100

1100

2700

200 100

100 300

1800

100 100

550 1100

3450

600

1100

500

600 600

totals

655 600 1800

1762

600

1761

500

1760

Ciechanów Maków Nasielsk Rożan Wyszogród

1759

1758

1757

years

Table 6e (cont.)

3150

300 400 200 100

100 1650 400

3600

1800

1100 700

1763

2936

200 100

130

500 1800

106 100

4200

6486

130 300 400 200 100 40

150 106 100 1650 500 1800 410

600

4350

600 1100 700 150 1800

600 1100 700 1800

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

1764

5212

362

380 45 879 445 1588 1107

310 96

5101

1670 1279 1019 173 980

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 207

600 600

798

80 700 600 600 510

600 600

798

2598

1730

80 900

601

600 510

totals

years

Bieżuń Drobin Kuczbork (Osada) Mława (and Zegrowo) Płock Płońsk

1731

2598

600

1718

600

1717

Bieżuń Drobin Kuczbork (Osada) Mława (and Zegrowo) Płock Płonsk Radzanów (and Cemplowo) Sierpc Szreńsk

years

600 510

600

700

1732

1990

900 600

498

1719

400 500

600

700

1733

2496

798

600 600

498

1720

400 500

600

800

1734

3912

1398

498 399

498

120 999

1721

400 500

600

800

1735

1197

498 300

399

1722

800 300

600

700

1736

1400

400 500

500

1723

400 500

600

700

1737

1100

300 300

500

1724

Table 6f. Great Poland. Voivodeship of Płock

800 420

540

600

690 1200 348 700

100

400 500

600

150 800

400 300

600

350

200 300

600

800

1741

3763

1400 623

420

540

80 700

1728

200 300

600

800

1742

4490

800 550

560 500 500

600

80 900

1729

(continued on next page)

400 400

600

350

1738 1739 1740

5477 1138 4260

1800 798

600 300

400

580 999

1725 1726 1727

208 appendix one

800 400 3115

200 300 810 400 3110

300 300

800 400

3200

totals

210 300

600

805

1745

600

1744

3710

600

1743

years

4305

900 400

800

4291

totals

1415 400

1732

800

1000 600

Radzanów (and Cemplowo) Sierpc Szreńsk

1731

Bieżuń Drobin Kuczbork (Osada) Mława (and Zegrowo) Płock Płońsk Radzanów (and Cemplowo) Sierpc Szreńsk

1730

years

Table 6f (cont.)

2600

850 400

220 300

830

1746

3500

900 400

1733

2600

850 400

220 300

830

1747

3600

900 400

1734

2620

850 405

225 310

830

1748

3400

700 400

1735

2235

850 405

250

730

1749

3700

900 400

1736

2335

850 405

250

830

1750

3500

900 400

1737

700 200

800

650 347

275

750 300

275

800

1100

500 300

300

1754

3100

800 400

1741

2600

700 300

300

400

900

1755

3100

800 400

1742

(continued on next page)

720 1872 2125

450

270

600

1751 1752 1753

3400 2550 2550

550 400

1738 1739 1740

tables to chapter two 209

430 320

740

420

220

710 452

2822

totals

2140

650

1758

1020

1757

Bieżuń Drobin Kuczbork (Osada) Mława (and Zegrowo) Płock Płońsk Radzanów (and Cemplowo) Sierpc Szreńsk

years

Table 6f (cont.)

1560

770

350

440

1759

1610

770

400

440

1760

1600

1000

600

1761

4050

700 400

1000 350

400

1200

1762

2300

700

400

1200

1763

3450

700 250

1000 300

1200

1764

4500

700 250

1000 300 500

400

150 1200

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

3960

689

725 455 591

487

172 775 68

census (in persons)

210 appendix one

Babimost Broice Charnków (and Ryczywoł) Czempin Człop Frydlandek Goslina Grodzisko Heinrichsdorf Jutrosin (and Dubin) Kargowa Leszno (and Bojanów) Lwowek Miedzychód Miedzyrzecz Oborniki (and Goslina) Obrzysko Osieczna Piła (and Jastrów)

years

1200

300

1717

300

300 699 300

1200

300

300

1718

1719

564

1720

468 600

900

150

600

900

1500 90

150

498

1721 1722

600 300

618

760 592

1100

500

300

1723

462 300

600

334

500

568

900

600 600

900

1500 1500

462 150

600

330

1724 1725

Table 6g. Great Poland. Voivodeship of Poznań

660

390

1350 90

150

600

300

1726

150

450

600

900

540

400

510

150

210

510

1729

(continued on next page)

510

450

540 530

100

420

270

1727 1728

tables to chapter two 211

Totals

Pniewy Rawicz Restarzew Rogożno Samowa Sieraków Skwirzyna Steszew Szamotuły Szlichtyczków Szrem Trzcianka Trzciel Tuczno Wałcz Wieleń Wołsztyn Wronki Wschowa ZbAszyn (Czerki and Grodzisk)

years

Table 6g (cont.)

2229

4530

201

944

300

99 312

5022

330

399

1374

1500 399

5136

390

9822

399 1900

280 500

280

258

390

9788 7934

400 2128

7938

90 1599

450 1200

450

80 650

300

450

300

2060

60

400

220

1729

(continued on next page)

5610 6920

150 360 1200 300 810

150

250

300 780

249 540 300

450

360

1727 1728

380

200 500 100

450

348 650

1726

300

120

450

350

450

198

90

285

300

1724 1725

399

1723

300

1722

198

300

1721

231 201

1720

231

1719

300

1718

300

1717

212 appendix one

Babimost Bojanów Broice Charnków (and Ryczywoł) Czempin Człop Frydlandek Goslina Grodzisko Jutrosin (and Dubin) Kargowa Leszno (and Bojanów) Lwowek Miedzychód Miedzyrzecz Oborniki (and Goslina) Obrzysko Osieczna

years

Table 6g (cont.)

450

1400

480

510

1730

400

600

1400

250

1731

450

1400

500

1732

500

700

450

1733

450

500

500 500

500

1142 1142

450

1734 1735

500

500

450

1736

1000 500

400

800

450

500

400 600

800

450

1737 1738

150

230

200

120

250

450

300

1739

300

300 550

950

600

550

400

400

400

350

1742

(continued on next page)

200 700 1000 300

100 600

450

1740 1741

tables to chapter two 213

Totals

Piła (and Jastrów) Pniewy Rawicz Restarzew Rogożno Samowa Sieraków Skwirzyna Steszew Szamotuły Szlichtyczków Szrem Trzcianka Trzciel Tuczno Wałcz Wieleń Wołsztyn Wronki Wschowa ZbAszyn

years

Table 6g (cont.)

5576

350

300

5682

100

872

900

4510

100 4480

200

300 100

50

250

4292 4292

100

50

50 820

60

60 160

250

250

300

300

286

250

250 450

600

600

1734 1735

450

450

350

650

600

1733

450

300

300

600

1732

450

600

1731

600

1730

3920

150

500

300

160

60

250

450

600

1736

120

300

50

150

450

250

600

5250 4670

200

300

50

250

450

250

600

1737 1738

4710

400 750

300

60

50 450

150

250

200

400

1739

450 200 160

300

250

250

400

7550 3560

1050 400

450

300

250

250 1200

400

1741 1742

(continued on next page)

6590

330

160

650

250 650

250

950

1740

214 appendix one

Babimost Broice Charnków (and Ryczywoł) Czempin Człop Frydlandek Goslina Grodzisko Jutrosin (and Dubin) Kargowa Leszno (and Bojanów) Lwowek Miedzychód Miedzyrzecz Mosina Oborniki (and Goslina) Obrzysko Osieczna

years

Table 6g (cont.)

500

400

650

1743

250

810

800

500

650

1745

650

1744

300

250

500

800

650

1746

250

400

665

255

505

200

665

1747 1748

250

440

1749

50 250

440

670

270

350

500

1750 1751

275

350

300

300

1752

300

300

1755

(continued on next page)

275

250

405

1753 1754

tables to chapter two 215

Totals

Piła (and Jastrów) Pniewy Rawicz Restarzew Rogożno Samowa Sieraków Skwirzyna Steszew Szamotuły Szlichtyczków Szrem Trzcianka Trzciel Tuczno Wałcz Wieleń Wołsztyn Wronki Wschowa ZbAszyn

years

Table 6g (cont.)

300

300

2500

350

350

3060

160

300

1744

300

1743

2910

300

3780

280

350

460

360

340

2175 2785

350

250

250

250 350

260

1747 1748

400

1746

300

1745

1090

400

1749

80

270

1810 1470

400

1750 1751

3015

50

800

660

280

1752

60

660

320

350

920 1690

320

300

1754 1755

(continued on next page)

1600

50

320

300

1753

216 appendix one

Babimost Bojanów Broice Charnków (and Ryczywoł) Czempin Człop Frydlandek Goslina Grodzisko Heinrichdorf Jutrosin (and Dubin) Kargowa Leszno (and Bojanów) Lwowek Łagowice Miedzychód Miedzyrzecz Mosina Oborniki (and Goslina) Obrzysko Osieczna

years

Table 6g (cont.)

315

1757

1758

255

540

315

110

300

80 600

500

840

1336

500

3400

900

100

650

600

350

300 530 64 450 1000

700

1000

1761 1762

620

1760

430

1759

500

500 100

1200

600

350

680

1763

500

500

600 4430

160

600

1764

195 239 150 300

(continued on next page)

236 1077 231

336

289 4743

115

86 234 877 111 812

55 489

206

census (in persons)

500 100 600 900 50 500

600 4430

1000 90 160

64 600 1000

680 350 350 530

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

tables to chapter two 217

totals

Piła (and Jastrów) Pniewy Rakoniewice Rawicz Restarzew Rogożno Samowa Sieraków Skwirzyna Steszew Szamotuły Szlichtyczków Szrem Trzcianka Trzciel Tuczno Wałcz Wieleń Wołsztyn Wronki (and Obrzyck) Wschowa ZbAszyn

years

Table 6g (cont.)

1017

50

332

8635

8544

1050

1014

1285

550

550 1750

200 60

350

250

315

850

350

410

330

330

300

1760

250

1759

320

350

180

385

1758

370

1757

860

500

360

450

640

600

600

7790 7310

400

500 600

120

40 600

30

600

1761 1762

1300

600

800

450 1000

1200 80

600

600

1764

9380 13420

400 100

550

500 600 860

640

1200

600

1763

23544

400 100

360 500 600 860 400 550 1300

450 1000 120 800

600 30 1200 80 640

600

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

17962

301 89

563 52 386 79 119 492 55 494 80 327 338 223 215 642 686 371 483

201

411

census (in persons)

218 appendix one

99

99

6

18598 21600

1467

600

600

1767

468

468

13061

180

180

1719

918

798

120

1721

1197

798

399

1722

1339

700 120

120

399

1723

1690

900 210

450

130

1724

529

399

130

1725

579

129

450

1726

2880

1080 150

1200

150

300

1727

3800

900 400

1800

300

400

1728

2855

900 80

1500

75

300

1729

(continued on next page)

26210 32455 18369 26256 29850 31260 29433 30518 31123 33193

1767

750 399

120

498

1720

Data for the census and the ‘tax potential’ for Główno and Rawa are given in table 8b.

Grand totals for Great Poland

Totals

300

300

GAbin Główno Gostynin Grodzisk Iłowo Jakubek in Kutno Kutno Mszczonów Rawa Sochaczew Żychlin

300

1718

1717

years

Table 6h. Great Poland. Voivodeship of Rawa6

tables to chapter two 219

1800

1600

990 120

1100

800 120

2750

Totals

GAbin Główno Gostynin Grodzisk Iłowo Kutno

150 150

1743

years

150 1310

1300

1745

29160

2350

120

150 150

1744

31483 32412

Grand totals for Great Poland

3140

100

100

100

330

330

330 300

GAbin Głuchów Główno Gostynin Grodzisk Iłowo Kutno Mszczonów Rawa Sochaczew Żychlin

1732

1731

1730

years

Table 6h (cont.)

3040

3040

1540

1000 140

200

200

1736

3140

1000 140

1600

200

200

1737

3490

1000 140

1600

250

500

1738

3040

850 140

1300

150

600

1739

2690

850 140

1300

400

1740

1550

100

1300

150

1741

1600

750 100

150

600

1742

150 150

1746

150

1747

1300

150 150

1748

600

200 150 150

1749

600

200 150 150

1750

600

150

150

1751

800

150

150

1752

800

155

155

1754

200

200

1755

(continued on next page)

800

155

155

1753

31016 32204 35119 28565 32316 32936 29660 26086 24307 21977

3810

1000 140

100 1020 140 1000 140

1500

1500

2050

200

1735

200

200

1734

200

200

300

1733

220 appendix one

140

1250

Totals

Grand totals for Great Poland

220

210

440

10008 10750

700

220

210

GAbin Głuchów Gostynin Grodzisk Iłowo Jakubek in Kutno Kutno Mszczonów Sochaczew Żychlin

1758

1757

years

2860

21484 30191

1350

Totals

960 100

1744

Grand totals for Great Poland

950 100

1743

Mszczonów Rawa Sochaczew Żychlin

years

Table 6h (cont.)

24012

620

150

235

235

1759

21000

2470

960 100

1745

250

100

1747

1600

1748

1100

1749

1100

1750

1305

305 100

1751

1680

1300

380

1761

2200

1300 200

350

350

1762

1880

1300 200

380

1763

1680

1100 200

380

1764

24578 48802 33648 29573 36492

385

150

235

1760

1210

100

1753

1210

100

1754

2450

1650 140

1755

69696

3330

1100 200

700

300

380 300 350

58725

3671

928 268 1349 311

157 157 106

395

census (in persons)

9392 10000 10880 11375

2000

800 100

1752

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

19000 16003 15313 13000 18579 18579

1700

1300 100

1746

tables to chapter two 221

7

632 4121

149 1690

3360

490

250

536

1639

551

1138 1100 4666

450 800

264

500

1970 1200

450

1721 1722

Data of the census for villages near Kraków is shown in table 1.

400 400

400

450

670 450

224

490

490

1550

1050

490

1050

2254

330

1720

209

400

2000

180

1719

741

442

442

Bedzin Biała Bobów Chrzanów Czestochowa Dukla Działoszyce Janów Kromołów Lelów Nakło Nowy SAcz Oksza Olkusz Olsztyn Oświecim Pilca Proszowice Szczekociny Wiśnicz Włodowice Wodzisław Wolbrom

1718

1717

years

1104

400

472

1850

990

1200

1200

490

1723

433

480

204

1800

490

338 1120

412

732

443

374

1724 1725

Table 7a. Little Poland. Voivodeship of Kraków7

1656

1068 532

358

1664

1727

437

1726

2230

250

1728

2745

300

154

1729

(continued on next page)

1010

212

1782

411

1727

222 appendix one

1240 400

1330 400

8275

1730

561

Totals

years

Bedzin Biała Bobów Brzesko (and Podgorzany) Chrzanów Czestochowa Dukla Działoszyce Janów Kromołów Kużnice Lelów Nakło Nowy SAcz Oksza Olkusz Olsztyn Oświecim 925

307 300

1714 925

372

300

1731

8142

800

1718

702

1717

Zatór Żarki Żarnowiec Żmigród Żywiec

years

Table 7a (cont.)

1404

1698

300

1042

630

200

198

1200

810

300

1404

410

300

99

1026

1713

249 399

549

1736

7706

1723

2331

816

1044 1380

925

452

1734 1735

452

1733

925

300

500

650

1721 1722

8356 11388 5766

1720

939 808

1732

5163

1719

408

399 1078

975 710

555

399

156

1809

648

549

1737 1738

2299 4527

1724 1725

250

1494

1068 649

549

1739

7442

1726

675

1741

2480

1728

715

1742

4087

888

1729

(continued on next page)

446

1740

3415

1727

tables to chapter two 223

Bedzin villages Biała Bobów Brzesko Chrzanów Czestochowa villages Dukla Działoszyce villages Janów villages

1210 950 716

720

1744

1703

1743

years

5483

2739

2660

7744

1212

1731

1212

1730

Totals

Pilca Proszowice Szczekociny Wiśnicz Włodowice Wodzisław Wolbrom Zatór Żarki Żarnowiec Żmigród Żywiec

years

Table 7a (cont.)

619

1130 1148

1745

8110

2736

999

1732

650

1040

1746

5533

1212

1733

690

1200

1747 1748

5535 8094

300

735

1212 1312

1734 1735

1749

7938

1293

1110

1736

900 500

960

400

1072

1080

1750 1751

9226 8754

99

1200

2604 1299 145

250

300

220 320

740 150

1752

8449

1500 280

1259

1293 1311 900 483

1739

1737 1738

1200

900

846

1754

1488

813

1741

1200

1190

950

600

1755

1569

854

1742

(continued on next page)

948

446

1753

1438

280

712

1740

224 appendix one

Jasło villages Kromołów KsiAż Lelów Maków Podhalański Nakło Nowy SAcz Nowy Targ Oksza Olkusz villages Olsztyn Oświecim Pilca Proszowice villages Szczekociny Wiśnicz Włodowice Wodzisław (Żarnowiec and KsiAż) villages

years

Table 7a (cont.)

924

810

1179

836 1169

1000

1159

150

1745

830

1744

300 2009

1743

889

720

833

1746

1080

1040

6075

45 458

1747 1748

1769 5400

458

1570

1749

145

89

620 2943 2943

89

2160

1750 1751

828 3395

100 1064 2591

1042

4036

859

660

2120

465

1754

1860

1100 3000

2000

500

1800

200

1755

(continued on next page)

907

241

924

725 1100

1753

1880

350 150

1140 200

170

200 200

1752

tables to chapter two 225

600

600

600 400 725

660

760

1759

5781

634

771

1760

4132

500

510

1761 1762

4010 6578 1763

9197 1764

400 725 220 320 1072

510

771 150

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

1754

(continued on next page)

574 232

446 128 212 185 33 181 350 35

2221

1095

1755

census (in persons)

3044

976

1753

830

1758

6890

200

600

150 110

1752

Bedzin villages Biała Bobów villages Brzesko Chrzanów Czestochowa villages Dukla villages

1750 1751

1757

1749

years

1747 1748

4493 9130 11085 13534 12128 17716

1746

5891

1745

Totals

1744 1061 1021

1743

Wolbrom Zatór villages Żarki villages Żarnowiec Żmigród villages near Kraków

years

Table 7a (cont.)

226 appendix one

Działoszyce villages Gorlice Grybów Janów villages Jasło villages Kościelec Kromołów KsiAż Lelów villages Maków Podhalański Nakło Nowy SAcz villages Nowy Targ Oksza Olkusz villages Olsztyn Oświecim villages Pilca villages

years

Table 7a (cont.)

2250

400

1200

1757

2121

200

2000

1100

1758

200

50

600

200

1000

1400

1759

900

212

1282

1760

1412

806

1205 1300

1485

1761 1762

1513

1763

1764

900

212

200 50 1412 150

2000

1100

1300 250 200 200 200 200 300

1513 300

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

(continued on next page)

101 609 602 9 6 162 261 27 133 470 506 145

231 170

105

509 184 164 157 285 333

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 227

totals

Proszowice villages Szczekociny villages Wiśnicz villages Wodzisław (Żarnowiec and KsiAż) villages Wolbrom villages Zatór villages Żarki villages Żarnowiec villages Żmigród Villages Żywiec Villages near Kraków

years

Table 7a (cont.)

12360 12056

3200

2500

2500

250 800

600

1758

1380

1757

9133

500

804

952 650

517

1000

1759

2410

2360

640

1761 1762

7133 10818 1810

350

2604

132

367

1760

2513

1000

1763

1764

26118

99 200

350

150 110 2410 600 500

952 132

2360

2500

100 1000

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

14960

814 111 321 59 683 1078

682 314 10 97

430 121 979 2196 1019

8

census (in persons)

228 appendix one

2032

1730

totals

years

8

254

254

1731

1041

1041

1541

1541

1718

450

78 120 252

1732

3576

2032

1544

1405

1405

1719

422

78 90 254

1733

4300

3100

1200

2125

2125

1720

424

80 90 254

1734

3959

2507

1452

1721

424

80 90 254

1735

3302

2040

1262

396

396

1722

426

78 96 252

1736

3350

2070

1280

2144

2144

1723

424

80 90 254

1737

2740

1960

780

1724

422

80 90 252

1738

1905

1905

1994

1994

1725

170

80 90

1739

1875

1875

1778

1778

1726

1741

2900

1680

1220

254

254

1728

220

100 120

1742

2327

1633

694

200

80 120

1729

(continued on next page)

1740

2242

1500

742

530

530

1727

Data of the census for district of Warsaw is shown in table 4a; data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Sochaczew are shown in table 6h.

80

2032

Działoszyn Kamińsk Koniecpol

totals

1541

totals

80

1541

Bukowsko Jaćmierz Nowotaniec Rymanów

Bukowsko Jaćmierz Nowotaniec Rymanów

1717

years

Table 7b. Little Poland. Voivodeships of Mazowsze (Warsaw), Rawa (Sochaczew), Ruś (district of Sanok) and Sieradz8

tables to chapter two 229

150 850 72 3502

1344

1344

totals

600

600

810

810

2036

912

912

2016

1749

1398 1750

1605

1605

Działoszyn villages Kamińsk Koniecpol villages Praszka villages

1820

2016

1748

1600

1398

3836

2036

1747

1600

1600

totals

1820

1746

1599

1600 1751

2658

1578

2280 150

180

1752

2970

1700

1270

3836

1745

2679

1599

1080

Warsaw Sochaczew Bukowsko Jaćmierz Nowotaniec Rymanów

1744

1738

1599

1080

1743

1739

years

1738

1680

1737

totals

1736

1600

1735

1600

1734

1138

1733

1080

1732

Działoszyn Kamińsk Koniecpol

1731

1730

years

Table 7b (cont.)

200

200

1754

1741

1200

400

800

2450

350 2100

1755

1742

(continued on next page)

1752

1752

900

1753

700

700

1740

230 appendix one

5045

totals

3550

2300

3095

3730

120 180 3430

1759

1250

2780

120 180 2480

1758

1950

308

120 188

1757

Działoszyn villages Kamińsk Koniecpol villages Praszka villages

totals

Warsaw Bukowsko Jaćmierz Nowotaniec Rymanów

years

Table 7b (cont.)

3839

2415

1424

2662

91 322 2249

1760

2585

2585

2629

102 353 2174

1761

2585

2585

2802

102 350 2350

1762

410

410

1763

254

254

1764

5772

2415 150 400 72

2585 150

2806

180 100 102 254 2350

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

2714

25 733

1956

1015

1015

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 231

9

859

702

610 400

740 255

954 562

505

400 1100

400

1040

382 407

1720

2450 430

2128 335

490 1530

1450

619

247 500

222 4592

639

956

357

1719

222 300

214

830

1718

830

1717

900

1500 1000

568

2574

300 805

1721

4194 732 500 1122

2116 2011

186

149 160

700

135 779

1722

674 500 610 1499

1767 1361

300 549

140

699

680 400

1723

720 358

50 1157

2835 400

300

700

450

599

1724

Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Przysucha and Sienno are shown in table 8c.

Baranów Bogoria Checiny (and Sobków) Chmielnik DAbrów Drzewica Dzików Gowarczów (and Końskie) Iwaniska Klimontów Kolbuszowa Kurozweki Mielec Nowemiasto Korczyn Oleśnica Opatów Opoczno Ostrowiec Ożarów

years

848

460

200 300

140

712

141 270

1725

1068

794

1988

300 400

160

798

505

1726

1402

760

140

2460

250 360

100

800

1728

1224

140 248 720

2765

240 555

688 100

501 224 637

1729

(continued on next page)

800

800

140

800

250 430

710

273

1727

Table 7c. Little Poland. Voivodeship of Sandomierz (districts of Opoczno, Pilzno, Sandomierz, and Wiślica)9

232 appendix one

1110

112

332 4526

1162

630 3354

1479

700

280 1314

100 135 3156 935

1200

480 150

1200

555 230

800

869

750 6375

1725

244 2000

1200

555

1400 100

1300

4893

1726

660 2589

1200

495

1230 100

2000

1727

200 600 709

600 709 276

794 300 244

520 526

520 400

408

31866

25982

520 428

720

780 2151

1170

1170 100

12671

1728

30415

23552

552 375

706

786 2400

1200

845

1078

616 6952

1729

(continued on next page)

20792

24197 27353 28021 33236 38660 43197 39250 34914 26596 30080

550 600

1051

300 2000

900

554

1324

1825

700 5701 92

1724

Grand totals

432 1872

336

1151

513

1299 120

9581

1723

14433

282

282 1200

1284

500

1422 120

600

9850

1722

12067 19620 19165 19101 23300 31665 26196 24568 16909 18853

1800

1800

665 234

109

9640

1721

Totals

518

438 230

250 502

1200 4950 225

1720

710 400 500 346

621 115

621 115

2720 589 100

1861 3371

1719

740

1144 3949

1144

Pacanów Pińczów Połaniec Przecław Przedbórz Prysucha Raków Rudnik Rzochów Sandomierz Secemin Sienno Sobków Sokołów Małopolski Staszów villages Stopnica Szydłów (and Staszów) Tarłów Tarnów Wiślica Włoszczowa Żabno

1718

1717

years

Table 7c (cont.)

tables to chapter two 233

Baranów Bogoria Checiny Chmielnik DAbrów Drzewica Dzików Gowarczów (and Końskie) Iwaniska Janików Klimontów Kolbuszowa Końskie Kurozweki Mielec Nowemiasto Korczyn Oleśnica Opatów Opoczno Ostrowiec Ożarów

years

Table 7c (cont.)

138 760

140

760

1318

140 470 770

1244

1368

1998

1800

1973

660

105

793

600 726

1732

784 80

300

1731

380

1730

1400

766

140

1407

766

140

1998 304

400

399

1998 304

100

700 648

464

1734

99

699 648

464

1733

1010

995

140

1398

108 1086 768

1752

48

104 2412

318 81

402 54

408 648 648

1736

448

52

805

578

1735

1000

768

99

55 99 1885

80

475 55

432 120 650

1737

1149

759

99

50 60 1698

606 50

648

480

1738

999

140 867 759

1725

50

709 50

649

1739

788

50

50

1741

836

50

50

1742

(continued on next page)

700

50 64

50

626

1740

234 appendix one

629 800 1700 630

600 400

1020 809 1500 728

600 388 775 618 400

950 808 1698 720

1121

322 399

920 740 1700 720

1142

1200 150

500 400

920 740 1750 720

1142

1200 150

5220 890

1734

150 1146

156 1275

831 490

800 354

804 1698 720

1158 732 166 114

1282 1000 53

1103 887 1698 1056

5838

1736

5000

1735

800 400

800 800 742

150 607

1165 600 150 115 431

324 6658

1737

498 399 1298

399 549

400 549 800 500 400 550

558 150 799

297 558 150 801 258

1320 350 150

6054

1739

1158 348 150

5826 480

1738

32875 27748 31004 28068 28068 31514 31006 30060 30635 30469

1136

1154

1299

5220 888

1733

Grand total

997

964

6555

1732

27446 21741 19198 20782 20559 25914 21399 19460 18768 18528

6635

1731

6564

1730

Totals

Pacanów Pierzchnica Pińczów Połaniec Przecław Przedbórz Raków Rudnik Rzochów Sandomierz Secemin Sobków Sokołów Małopolski Staszów Stopnica Szydłów Tarłów Tarnów Wiślica Włoszczowa Żabno

years

Table 7c (cont.)

10047

8669

400

1058

360

5963

1741

9754

7964

2545

513

490

350

3130

1742

(continued on next page)

13086

9880

280

138 720

754 350 110

6038

1740

tables to chapter two 235

Baranów Bogoria Checiny villages Chmielnik villages DAbrów Drzewica Dzików Gielniów Gowarczów Iwaniska Janików Klimontów villages Kolbuszowa Końskie Kurozweki Mielec villages Nowemiasto Korczyn villages Oleśnica Opatów villages

years

Table 7c (cont.)

50 75

50 150

2026

50

50

2740

2313

486 830

1744

1000

1743

140

50 80 2500

50

2600

1745

308

50 88 1200

50

1746

148

100 159 1412

898

450

1747

148

162 1418

60

643

450

1748

150

162 1418

1640

60

1506

1749

156

198 2069

62

799

1072

1750

156 566

2000

199 850

62

1751

200

150 70

300 1300 500

700 100

77

280 300 2745 500

1752

106

100 1960 50

1316

1359 230 402 455

1127

1754

194 4600

1760

973

425

862

1147

3555

465 920

1755

(continued on next page)

180 550

210 1365

1646

620

3028

570 1191

1753

236 appendix one

Opoczno Ostrowiec Ożarów Pacanów villages Pińczów Połaniec villages Przecław Przedbórz Raków Rudnik Rzochów Sandomierz villages Secemin Sobków villages Sokołów Malopolski Staszów villages Stopnica villages Szydłów villages

years

Table 7c (cont.)

2000 478

362

640

604 154

184

410

358

860

607 145

183

400

817

795

1744

2400

843

1743

410

605 154

310

362

1309

820

1745

433

620 164

166

362

1746

212

360 110 100 475

1747

169

360 118 100 202

60

3089

1748

169

202 120

1749

576

2100

207

70 334

1750

608 207

77

524

1751

630

660

100

620 290 150

1121

150

300

1752

900

1616

1800

860 400

640

756

1411

1754

820

730

1020

669

350 459 350 100 390

1195 1000 1100 7445 400

1755

(continued on next page)

712

1315

480

1160 310

1276 422 163 72 674

4243 100

2221

1753

tables to chapter two 237

7390

411

5838

411

1749

8114

461

1750

160

100 450

1752

Baranów Bogoria Checiny villages Chmielnik villages DAbrów Drzewica Dzików Gielniów Gowarczów Iwaniska Klimontów villages

513

104 1100 180

1200

400 1350

630 1286

1758

127 320

128 196 1200

130

683

630

600

280

1761

1604

3115

625

1760

1400

560

1759

136 385

740

1762

796

1763

425

600

1764

480 280 1286 300 3115 500 1604 104 600 180 136 425 1200 100

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

7633 11953

1062

461

861

1751

1757

4944

520

1748

years

3841

400

1747

25456 25835 19727 10331 11065 17246 15442 17685 13856 28774

1500

360

1746

Grand totals

360

1745

10131 12634 11250

515

Tarłów Tarnów Wiślica villages Włoszczowa Zawichost Żabno Villages Żarnów

1744

Totals

1743

years

Table 7c (cont.)

398 858

823 51 569

1467

435 271 912

census (in persons)

31137

17740

108

671

1473

1754

74210

35190

200 1218

902 1930

1755

(continued on next page)

36433

21609

510

924

1753

238 appendix one

Kolbuszowa Końskie Kurozweki Mielec villages Nowemiasto Korczyn villages Oleśnica Opatów villages Opoczno Ostrowiec Ożarów Pacanów Villages Pierzchnica Pińczów villages Połaniec villages Przecław Przedbórz Radomyśl Raków Rudnik

years

Table 7c (cont.)

200

330 1065

1000

5100

2350

300

1757

600 300

500 300

1450

200

1000 1716

200 900

500

1000

200

110

1759

270

1758

472 320

1125

1122 1474

213 1001

212

103

1760

500 332

100

1523

230

212

380

1761

475 357

1699

235

610

1762

1711

254

711

1763

1001

1557

254 616

1512

1764

475 357

150 254 616 200 1411 1122 1557 1716 300 324 1125 100 1001 160 330 1450

711 100 212 1512 50 2000

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

(continued on next page)

129 665 364 437 196

648

2862

1349 904 1047 558

91 2034

1536

75 914

677

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 239

972

1020

8414

260

1352

910

455 430

370

1762

30282 32318 28133 32092 27446 17404

250

1000

1237

932

455 424

370

1761

Grand totals

1200

1100

1310

898

330 432

374

1760

16218 10666 13738 10412 10045

136

1100

900

300 380

450 380

450 390

848

300

1759

300

1758

700

1757

Totals

Rzochów Sandomierz villages Secemin Sobków villages Sokołów Malopolski Staszów villages Stopnica villages Szydłów villages Tarłów Tarnów Wiślica villages Włoszczowa Zawichost Żabno villages Żarnów

years

Table 7c (cont.)

5942

4533

200

500

360

1763

9550

7839

900

453

521

1764

73862

39184

910 100 932 660 820 630 1352 453 924 100 1020 200 900 160 200

100 360 120 500 430 150 521

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

46084

27395

636

282

610 2325 256

430

563

776

211 141

94 801

census (in persons)

240 appendix one

1717

10

342 249 249 600

200

340 240

400

150 624 900 1398

400 200 750

699

300 222 225 450

600 600 680

300

399

432

363 252 252 399

530 654 756 1020

803

255

342

318

1721

150 300

1720 315

929

1719

450

1718

268 224 224 366

350 654 734 1149

765

132

420

540

1722

Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Głusk is shown in table 1.

Baranów Bełżyce 450 Biskupce Bychawa Czemierniki 300 Głusk Janów Kamionka Kazimierz 432 Dolny Kock 798 Końskowola Kraśnik Kurów Lubartów 1500 Łeczna Łuków 399 Markuszów Mnichów Opole Ostrów Lubelski Parczew Piaski 240 Piaski near Lublin

years

102 699 759 60 399 267 267 432

75 399 237 287 498

429

123

500

1724

549 500 600 999

809

100

50

1723

Table 8a. Lublin. Voivodeship of Lublin10

115 420 290 290 180

358 399 1113

720

266

100

249

1725

414 270 270 510

660 1068

690

498

1250

1726

30 420 268 268 695

600 750

150 438

610

450

1000

1728

600

80 408

860 700 730

105

400

810

1729

(continued on next page)

510

411

1158

999

498 219

750

1727

tables to chapter two 241

630

360 265

200

5618

1730

200 900

280 250

Totals

years

Baranów Bełżyce Biskupce Bychawa Czemierniki Głusk Janów Kamionka Kazimierz Dolny

303

200

699

1731

6410

699

600

600

249 900 300 429 270

1732

7393

798

250 498

250 600

74

900

1733

4804

610

100

206 200

100

Rachów Radomyśl Radzyn Seroczyn Siedlce Włostowice Wodynie Zaklików (and Radomyśl) Zbuczyn

1718

1720

1717

1719

years

Table 8a (cont.)

576

400

1000

1734

7249

600

460 254 700

945

1735

7735

60

417

624

699

600 609

109

1722

99

1721

600

198

1059

1736

6151

450

498

100

1723

948 498

1737

5246

450

660

99

1724

100

125 1050

1738

5325

600

150

75

1725

600

399 240

199 900

1739

7421

699

393

600

99

1726

495 345

1263

1741

7549

720

800 250

100

1728

305

200 987 200 475 375

1742

5693

700

200

100

1729

(continued on next page)

770

450

180

1740

6532

249

420

1218

100

1727

242 appendix one

Totals

8445

850

Kock 540 Końskowola Kraśnik Kurów 216 Lubartów 851 Łeczna 468 Łuków 1400 Markuszów Mnichów 50 Opole Ostrów Lubelski 274 Parczew 274 Piaski 624 Piaski near Lublin Rachów 100 Radomyśl Radzyn 388 Seroczyn 198 Siedlce 424 WAwelnica Włostowice Wodynie Zaklików 705 (and Radomyśl) Zbuczyn cape between San and Vistula

8758

720

9345

8348

550

1383 198 300

1200

200 420 78

99

99

100

285 700

266 228 249 549

777 183 699

1200

693

1733

48 399 300 300 429

948 399 999 498

900

1732

75

1320 883 1130

820

1731

1730

years

Table 8a (cont.)

6977

150

1345 200

100

180 250 580

650

191 658

696

1734

9303

667

100 200 1100 200 330

266 220 250 600

570 566 700

575

1735

8315

507

1200 399

100

400 231 258 429

1044 624 768

498

1736

7722

50

600

357

1500

240 243 270 600

600 1236

580

1737

8160

465

285 1589

324 297 279 699

750 1599

598

1738

8482

499

348

1099

90

399 235 249 669

425 636 600 799

696

1739

(continued on next page)

9672

210

30

40 720

1273 120

126

400 320 420 500

70 987 897 1065

712

1742

886

120

400 360 360 820

1089 930 725

931

776

1741

8939 10260

100

600

1900

100

221 330 330 450

945 952 791

820

1740

tables to chapter two 243

440 490

1500 1650 1009 600

371

440

490

1650 1008 765

360 200

447 1573 861 1150

300 371

412

690

1033

1033

630

1271

466 100 70

204

204

1746

Baranów 202 villages Bełżyce 1074 villages Biskupce 101 Bychawa Czemierniki 369 Głusk Gródek Janów Kamionka Kazimierz 300 Dolny villages Kock 688 Końskowola Kraśnik Kurów Lubartów 883 Łeczna 740 Łuków 858 villages Markuszów Mnichów Opole 303 Ostrów Lubelski

1745

1744

1743

years

Table 8a (cont.)

478

1620

506 1421 1542 606 625

460

874 1186

670

227

1102

210

1748

618

111

1750

286

1747

490

1500 612 1040

612

680

666 512

844

202

1749

443

300 970 812 585

480

626

355 486

160 65

1750

460

415

1000 151

85 550

512

245 54 350 500

180

1751

410

606

275

350 476

200

202

1752

404

700 800

700

350

200

1754

200

730 1211

220

785

259

50 450

230

1755

(continued on next page)

474

650 666

548

310

350

1130

202

1753

244 appendix one

7820 10382 11771

1757

Totals

years

795

741

Baranów villages Bełżyce Villages Biskupce villages

741

1102 250 550

798 252

1000

1758

1100 240 300

124

122

60

1759

124

424 685

424 818

448 682

Parczew Piaski villages Piaski near Lublin Rachów Radomyśl Radzyn Seroczyn Siedlce WAwelnica Włostowice Wodynie Zaklików villages Zbuczyn

1745

1744

1743

years

Table 8a (cont.)

50

1232

1760

11424

501

1308 200 545

111

694 807

1746

50

142

1761

11560

200

1113 200 571 60

132

511 830

1747

40

300 40

1762

50

300

1763

9113 10245

445

1326

168

608 500

1749

1210

150

564 500

1748

50

1764

7828

80 878 200 300

470 618

1750

4840

300 65 142 200 50

4500

520 36

190

600

1754

4475

340

1755

(continued on next page)

170 343 514 432 53 7

census (in persons)

8116

676

700

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

7481

50

485

485

1100

900 200 470

550 800

175

500 636

500 386 250 33

1753

190

1752

1751

tables to chapter two 245

662

662

730

1340

1080

700

730

1330

802

625

103

277

1150

1000

650

1300

1500

866

790

360

1761

635

856

775

780

750

700

600

800

380

350

1760

350

1759

Bychawa villages Czemierniki Villages Gródek Janów villages Kamionka Kazimierz Dolny villages Kock villages Końskowola villages Kraśnik villages Kurów villages Lubartów villages Łeczna villages Łuków villages Markuszów villages Mnichów

1758

1757

years

Table 8a (cont.)

1000 1100

900 976

1400

410

1600

1333

660

48

1333 415

660

1172

1400

1400

2300

85 825

400

825

240 1000

70

618

350

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

400

1172

618

750

630

240

350

1764

350

1763

450

1762

(continued on next page)

176 489 304 569 74 921 432 904 136 764 217 491 233 543 911 237 119 52

390 71 37 239

116 297 250 75

census (in persons)

246 appendix one

1761

480

36

450

36

7582

880

120 885

8566

190

5929

8883

680

200

150 480 36

1100

120 1080

36

1175

200

630

630

200

450

400

350

193

250

170

8269

1760

Totals

1759

300

1758

210

500

1757

Opole villages Ostrów Lubelski Villages Parczew villages Piaski villages Piaski near Lublin Rachów villages Radomyśl Radzyn villages Seroczyn Siedlce Villages WAwelnica Włostowice villages Wodynie Zaklików Villages Zbuczyn

years

Table 8a (cont.)

10522

450

36

350

1400

220

600

1762

9308

450

36

300

1500

250

450

1763

8221

450

300

1545

450

1764

14237

450 50 300

36

150 300

120 1545

220

630 250 33

250

450

200

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

14915

84 62 69 203 241 122

136 37 36 537 260 40 332 199

324 163 187 157 303 151 240 362 104

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 247

200

200

1719

410

80

150

180

1720

201

99

102

1721

189

150

39

1722

150

150

1723

150

150

1724

120

120

1725

222

150

32

40

1726

229

99

130

1727

150

150

1728

340

90

100

150

260

50

150

60

343

48

135

60 100

1732

(continued on next page)

340

50

100

140

50

1729 1730 1731

11 Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Mińsk Mazowiecki and data of the census for villages near Warsaw are shown in table 4a; ‘tax potential’ for left bank-side Warsaw is shown in table 7b.

Totals

Drwalew Garwolin Goszczyn Grójec Kołbiel Latowicz and Roża Łaskarzew Maciejowice and Godzisz Magnuszew Mińsk Mazowiecki Osieck Parysów Piaseczno Przebyszew Roża Sobików Warka Warsaw

years

Table 8b. Lublin. Voivodeships of Mazowsze (districts of Czersk and Warsaw) and Rawa (district of Rawa)11

248 appendix one

1736

1722

1737

1723

1738

1724

1739

1725

324

1726

Drwalew Garwolin Goszczyn Grójec Kobylnica Kołbiel Latowicz and Roża Łaskarzew Łetów Maciejowice Magnuszew Osieck Parysów Przebyszew Roża

70

100

40 145 120

60

30

48

99

135 99

99

30

80

100

80 100 40 100

100

90 150 40 40

110 80

99

100 110

100

100

1740

1735

1721

years

1734

1720

324

1733

1719

totals

Biała Główno Nowemiasto on Pilica Rawa Stara Rawa

years

Table 8b (cont.)

40 60

120

60

1741

1727

40 80

80

1742

1728

50

100 250

100 50 50

50

150 50 100

36

100

1746

348

348

1732

(continued on next page)

150 50 100

100

1743 1744 1745

1729 1730 1731

tables to chapter two 249

Drwalew Garwolin Goszczyn Grójec Kołbiel Łaskarzew Maciejowice Magnuszew Mińsk Mazowiecki

150

100

150

1748

years

200

565

1734

200

1747

420

1733

totals

Biała Główno Nowemiasto on Pilica Rawa Stara Rawa

totals

Sobików Warka Warsaw villages

years

Table 8b (cont.)

150

50

80

1749

100

100

180

1735

40 150 50

50

1750

500

80

1736

150

100

50

1751

440

80 80

1737

151

100

50

1752

179

99

80

150

1738

150

100

50

1753

213

213

179

1739

1754

148

70

78

490

80

1740

150

30

1755

130

50

80

280

1741

170

1757

266

120

146

200

1742

170

50 80

1758

204

204

400

400

400

250

150

54

200

1761

200

200

436

1746

(continued on next page)

150

100

1759 1760

400

400

400

1743 1744 1745

250 appendix one

1762

years

Drwalew Garwolin Goszczyn Grójec

280

280

402

100

52

1747

totals

Biała Główno Nowemiasto on Pilica villages Rawa Stara Rawa

totals

Osieck Ożarów Mazowiecki Parysów Piaseczno Przebyszew Sobików Warka Warsaw

years

Table 8b (cont.)

1763

206

206

250

100

1748

1764

270

70

200

340

60

1749

749

200 549

350

40 50 50 54

50

1751

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

382

190

192

372

50

32

1750

350

350

350

50

1753

census (in persons)

351

50

1752

270

70 200

1754

120

120

260

80

1755

200

200

170

1757

690

540 50

100

400

100

1758

570

210 60 40

200

60

304

556

360

196

300

100

100

1761

(continued on next page)

760

560 100

100

250

100

400

1759 1760

tables to chapter two 251

totals

850

360 60

430

200

200

890

890

1510

360 60 40

60 100 890

Biała Główno Nowemiasto on Pilica villages Rawa Stara Rawa

99 100 100 50 40 200 80 100

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

1403

1764

totals

1763

50 80 100 30 100 80

1762

Kobylnica Kołbiel Latowicz Łaskarzew Maciejowice Magnuszew Osieck Ożarów Mazowiecki Parysów Piaseczno Przebyszew Roża Sobików Warka

years

Table 8b (cont.)

1661

68

164 320 1109

census (in persons)

252 appendix one

12

150 50

150 150

287 400

717

600

498 150

687 639

717

600

1718

150

1717

524

300 1309

132 600

1719

300

630

99

99

330 750

378

78 348

78 330

99

99

1723

170

309

48

99

1722

207

303

798 498

198

69

1721

210

100

1720

Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Zawichost are shown in table 7c.

Adamów Białobrzegi Bobrowniki Ciepelów Głowaczów (and Goryń) Gniewoszów Granica Janowiec Kazanów Klwów Korytnica Kozienice Lipsko Łysobyki Miastków Kościelny Przysucha Przytuk Radom Ryczywoł Ryki

years

750

60 540 435 300

240

339

20 198

99

1724

855 140

(continued on next page)

570

715

798 138

324 614

490

300

150

100

1729

100 140

300 468 250

430

330

150

100 100

1728

180

250 666 249

113

250 249 699 417 270

312

198

100

1727

399

100

1726

280

300

410

300 240

249

100

1725

Table 8c. Lublin. Voivodeship of Sandomierz (districts of Radom, and Steżyca)12

tables to chapter two 253

1730

years

Białobrzegi Bobrowniki Ciepelów Głowaczów Gniewoszów Granica Janowiec Jedlińsk Kazanów Klwów Korytnica Kozienice

11771 11771 10711 10159 10684 11008

Grand totals

421

460

50 450

100 330

140 354

60 445

300

100

100

1731

3803

60 570

135 348

99

1732

4440

60 630

300

135 348

99

1733

3999

60 660

30

70 135 360

100

1734

3198

370

76

1735

2608

459

5139

690 234

40 798

1722

Totals

309

990

1721

399

100

1034

1720

498

156 540

879

1719

900

1718

300 900

1717

Sienno Solec on Vistula Szydłowiec (and Przysucha) Ulenice Zawichost Zwoleń Żelechów

years

Table 8c (cont.)

4718

564

1173

1724

3796

519

1158

1725

5000

570

1110

1726

4013

370

1065

120

1727

198

70 60 369

1736

369

70

1737

414

60

1738

50 300

360

60

1739

50 310

50 540

60

1741

12893

4999

396

1480

1728

50 695

50

80 65 40 600

1742

11007

4703

700

1000

130

1729

(continued on next page)

110

60 800 100

60

1740

10001 10426 10195 12890 10821

3045

410

120 1019

1723

254 appendix one

1200 198 90 4944

1485

150 150

5476

1590

450 220

5329

14516 14714 16754 13755 12376 12254

1743

101

Totals

Grand totals

years

Adamów Białobrzegi Bobrowniki

120

1744

999 99

120

1745

185

1746

4238

798 300

1143

120 198 120

153

1747

4425

424 340

192

40 200 30

1748

1919

250 600

198

2723

160 598

80

648 198 120

560

1737

2865

210 598

999 198 120

663

142

1738

3454

399

135

840 180 123

308

699

1739

4427

80 230

210

250 100 100 760 579 130

858

1740

200

30

1749

188

1750

180

1751

170

1752

200

1754

15754

4094

75 426

710

160 130

500 413 110

560

1741

197

1755

16806

5836

530

527

680 1001 121 683 195

519

1742

(continued on next page)

185

1753

11641 11717 13602 13365 15787

1726

450

80

300

600 300 150

70

1736

60

275

855 200 130

60

824

710 200

300

48

480

50

798

50

1735

700

1734

555

1733

Lipsko Łysobyki Miastków Kościelny Przysucha Przytuk Radom Ryczywoł Ryki Sienno Skrzynno Steżyca Szydłowiec (and Przysucha) Ulenice Zwoleń Żelechów

1732

1731

1730

years

Table 8c (cont.)

tables to chapter two 255

Ciepelów Głowaczów Gniewoszów Granica Janowiec villages Jedlińsk Kazanów Klwów Korytnica Kozienice Lipsko Łysobyki Miastków Kościelny Odrzywoł Przysucha Przytuk Radom Ryczywoł Ryki Sienno Skaryszew Skrzynno Suchowola Steżyca Szydłowiec

years

Table 8c (cont.)

1090

122

137

169

300

137

160 400

600 361

68 600 361

1000

354

50 100

400

200

100

1745

52 130

80

100

1744

50 242

635

67

1743

204 351

100 609

265

1014

50 150

686

250

100

1746

195

210

660

60

50 120

620

1747

50

752 204

952

72

408

1748

50

587

700

988 80 32

175

124

1749

960

541 202

810 877

150

626

70

1750

1108

590 202

130

406 251

1000

70

1751

202

225

700

90

1752

200

604 106

1820 650

150

600 50 154

70

1754

549

1030 420 120

710 680

500

70

1755

(continued on next page)

250

621 202

850 606

1753

256 appendix one

Adamów Białobrzegi Bobrowniki Ciepelów Głowaczów Gniewoszów Granica Janowiec villages Jedlińsk Kazanów Klwów Kozienice Lipsko Łysobyki

600 450

200 900 750

600

800

300

110

210

1758

100 750

460

100

1759

540

50

480

600

140

1760

480

640 172 550

135

1761

850 650

594 291 700

200

1762

3302

626

238

1748

1757

2937

250 619

1747

years

5184

1220

1746

13796 15557 17117 18040 17205 14868

3388

460

1745

Grand totals

2517

470

230

1744

3861

200

1743

Totals

Ulenice Zwoleń villages Żelechów villages

years

Table 8c (cont.)

4484

680

1750

4935

130 818 50

1751

1180 558

624

250

1763

1356 260

473

258

1764

2669

755

1753

30 100 258 70 40 473 291 700 251 50 150 100 1356 260 80

100 1365 431 120

464 325 341

301

4705

1049

1755

12252 census (in persons)

9086

5554

1100

1754

(continued on next page)

7032 11793

1747

360

1752

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

15108 14475 13405

2966

1749

tables to chapter two 257

Grand totals

Totals

Miastków Kościelny Odrzywoł Przysucha Przytuk Radom Ryczywoł Ryki Sienno Skaryszew Skrzynno Solec on Vistula Suchowola Steżyca Szydłowiec Ulenice Wojcieszków Zwoleń villages Żelechów villages

years

Table 8c (cont.)

4240

4082

3620

130 520 200 180

40

1760

2457

450

30

1761

5849

700

664

200

120 850

30

1762

14465 12942 11376 13467 11962 17161

5529

760

1210

960

100 400

100

100

40

512

200

200

150 510

1759

619

450 120

50

1758

500 420 120

1757

5744

996

600

260

810

1764

15550 14135

5302

650

830

100

130 950

30

1763

27185

10035

100 600 360 996 50

30 500 450 130 810 200 260 50 40 100 250 204 664

32

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

25254

8678

464

1168

902 3

188

528 795 67 1116

census (in persons)

258 appendix one

1745

1746

1747

1748

55

1749

1750

675

1744

Łaszczów Tomaszów Lubelski

3250

1743

3250

110

3600 130

1751

2380

1850

450

80

90

1736

420

70

90

1735

years

1241

750

1550

1734

5451

1496

750

1548

1733

12900

3341

90

400

350

80

1729

totals

8091

300

159

198

600

516

600 300

999 400

80

1728

400

60

300

1726

90

300

1725

1141

450

450

1723

Rozwadów Ulanów

Tarnogród

Krasnobród Szczebreszyn Turobin Zamość Żółkiewka

Biłgoray Frannopol Gorzków Goray Modliborzyce Piłaszkowiec Wysokie

Łaszczów

years

1752

2654

1355

100

420

80

699

1737

1754

3000

800 300 300 400 70

130

450 450

100

1740

1760

1800

420

370

1742

(continued on next page)

1753

2410

1340

200

420

100

350

1738

Table 9. Ordynacja Zamoyska. Voivodeships of Bełz, Lublin, Ruś (districts of Chełm and Przemyśl), and Sandomierz (district of Sandomierz)

tables to chapter two 259

Łaszczów Tomaszów Lubelski (and Józefów)

1762 300 55

Poll tax potential (in złoty)

1761

523

years

910

2632

910

9640

250 704

420

200

350

90

1748

totals

920

420

103

1747

188

1072

420

400

90

1746

villages

Rozwadów Ulanów Ekonomia sandomirska

1500

Tarnogród

420

420

420 900 1000 3000

350

350

350

90

1745

90 60

1744

80

1743

Krasnobród Szczebreszyn Turobin Zamość Żółkiewka

Biłgoray Frannopol Gorzków Goray Modliborzyce Piłaszkowiec Wysokie

years

Table 9 (cont.)

3104

250 1411

200

400

1750

1930

250 1000

200

350 40

90

1751

369 806

census (in persons)

2308

1067

340 336

200

50

90

1749

1930

300

857 623

400

50

1752

1627

465

335

481 130

136 80

1754

2406

615

611 60

100 120

1760

(continued on next page)

1205

400

385 60

90

1753

260 appendix one

11684

Totals

4673

465

villages

1666

250 857 623

370 900 1000 3000 70

Rozwadów Ulanów Ekonomia sandomirska

370

1500

420

70 200

60

70

500

500

70 450

70

60

904

904 100

Poll tax potential (in złoty)

1762

100

1761

Tarnogród

Krasnobród Szczebreszyn Turobin Zamość Żółkiewka

Biłgoray villages Frannopol Villages Gorzków Goray villages Modliborzyce villages Piłaszkowiec Wysokie

years

Table 9 (cont.)

9331

368 848

1606

245 444 985 1905 98

123

296 36 237 113

644 17 125 66

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 261

212

130 257 200

230

856

125 220 167

164

240

90

150 270

130 200

170

270 220

1722 150 650

1721

300

1720

64

304

199

54

203

58 414

731 124

1723

240

135

207

237

450 339

780 168

1724

650

233

160

650

150 450

215

330

340

280

510

1050

1726

650

1163 140

1725

300 550 540

206

300

280

240

1340 100

1727

550

300 550 400

180

160

300

280

240 340

780 100

1728

603

340 550 500

211

160

351

140 40 585 240

272

1729

500

170 550

111 594 110

220

143 44 484 240

1731

340

110

130

258

552 312

1136

1732

(continued on next page)

500

300 550 500

100 460

170

900 130 40 440 240

1730

13 Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Janów and Lityn are shown in table 12a; data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Czarnoostrów are shown in table 14b.

Balin Bar Bilcze Borek Borszczów Chmielnik Czarnokozince (and Usteczko) Czarnoostrów Czercze Czerwonogród (and Usteczko) Deraznia Dunajowiec DΩwinogród Franpol Fulsztyn Gródek Gródek on Dnister Husiatyn

years

Table 10. Podolia. Voivodeships of Podolia and Bracław13

262 appendix one

216 52

Jagielnica Jarmolnica Jaruha Jaryszów Jazłowiec Jezierzany Kałuków Kałusz Kamieniec Podolski Kasperowce Kitajgród Kolendziany Kopajgród Krolowka Krzywcza Kudryniec Kupin Kuzmin Lanckorona Latyczew Letniowce Łuczyniec Maków Michałpol Miedzyborz

200

130 196 324 196

154

196

1720

years

Table 10 (cont.)

390

102

309

978

565

224 159

234 195

185

137

32 155

1723

310 125

100

305

70 400

100 430

220

250 114

1722

300

1721

918

150

237 288

153

168 117 141

1724

80 1170

100 150 120 160 1250

270 600 250

206 150

1200

300 160

246 100

200 100 273 366

80 220 680

90 154 500

100 166 460

1727 320

1726

215

1725

60 800

225 160

246 100

250 291

170

284 100 80 220 601

1728

250 936

100

40 150

250 178

80

50

333 170 90 258 703

1729

220 320

210 264

176

110 77 165

448

111 176 497

352

1731

312

130 50 150 396 676 208 310

26 624

233 180 110 208 591

1732

(continued on next page)

200

300 240

300

150 360

100

40 480

160 100 160 520

1730

tables to chapter two 263

Mikitynce Mikołajów Minkowce Mohylów Podolski Moztów Nowy Konstantynów Okop Olchowiec Orynin Ozarzyńce Pików Piława Płoskirów Pobużniany Podole Salicha Satanów Sawince Serebria Sidorów Skala Smotrycz Snidków Snitówka

years

Table 10 (cont.)

450

530

216

100

200 205 380

100

114 112 200

80 165 300 70

184 220

60

300

400

324

144

415

1722

184

54 330

1721

216 84

100

1720

154 359 314 84

1088

209

180

508

150 159

1723

372 102

120

753

135

188

204

165 186

1724

420 50

120

1100

90

200

200

200

1725

140 420 430 95

856

50

200

150 180

1726

246

940

300

200 240 400

1727

210

160 246

940

140

250

200 240 300 160

1728

400 300

640 44 111 176

176

264

200

220

1731

585 150 312

52 65

208

416

241

260

312 66

1732

(continued on next page)

240

100 160

900

60 302 197 246 500

160

320

220

200

215 200

1730

164

300

351 300

1729

264 appendix one

300 278 954

138 120 650

8524

6072

Totals

120 180 138

8639

176 164 50 60

108

134 50

184

320 330

240 216 55 85 75 70

110

240

1722

70

180

1721

134

108

1720

Lityn

Sołobkowiec Sokólec Stara Sieniawa Studenica Szarawka Szarogród Szatawa Tarnowody Tłuste Ulanów Ulanowiec Ułaszkowiec Uszyca Wierzbowiec Wierzbowka Wonkowce Zaleszcze Zamiechów Zbrzyszcze Zinków Żwaniec villages

years

Table 10 (cont.)

9229

174

23 189

30

155 258

1723

8562

192

207

84 75 66

210

162

166

135 135

12700

220 950

80

200

200

56

80

1725

1724

12000

220

150

300

200

100

1726

12000

246

340 70

280

460

160

1727

12000

60

200

340 70

280 160

37 300 460

1728

300

320

120 260 101 70

300

180 300 460

1730

13000

280

352 738

236 123 77

280 132

506

198

1731

13036

390

50

162

315 120 238 40 65

500

189

1732

(continued on next page)

12000 12036

360

234

50

250 165 120 234 80 60

184 351 538

1729

tables to chapter two 265

Bachtyn Balin Bar Bilcze Borszczów Chmielnik Czarnokozince (and Usteczko) Czarnoostrów Czercze Czerwonogród (and Usteczko) Deraznia Dunajowiec DΩwinogród Franpol Fulsztyn Gródek Gródek on Dnister Husiatyn Jagielnica Jarmolnica Jaruha Jaryszów Jazłowiec Jezierzany

years

Table 10 (cont.)

275

120 391 137

262

537 400

137 220 665

261

180 312 120

351

480 378

129 219 607

150 320 150 125 230 426

50

120

120

275

150

150 450 450

50 150

50 275

178 580 400

1736

1734

150 528 399

1733

481 335 208 129 260 135

584

234 574 104

234

740

104

52 140

1737

460 440 240 150 330 520

300 684

100

270

135 300

75 240 531 120 450 480

1738

501 350 300 106 400 386

273 588

80

366

155 230

550

80 140 1404 80

1741

342 380 228 574

530

400

558

80

154 142

1743

228 606

680 355

335

503 136 106

336 282 567 200

761

280

105

400

756

562 1082

400

84 170 1300

1745

154 208 580

1744

312 644 188

398 642

120

160

484

530 970

154 170 1194

1746

240 586

286 534 48

530 532

332

340

125 121 1550

1748

250 620

300 560 48

540 932

340

130 132 1492

1749

(continued on next page)

300 230 558 270

400 700 48

390

1040

100 120 1194

1747

266 appendix one

Kałuków Kałusz Kamieniec Podolski Kasperowce Kitajgród Kolendziany Kopajgród Krolowka Krzywcza Kudryniec Kupin Kuzmin Lanckorona Latyczew Letniowce Łuczyniec Maków Michałpol Miedzyborz Mikołajów Minkowiec Mohylów Podolski Nowy Konstantynów

years

Table 10 (cont.)

275 987

99 1112 273

302

137

32 275

290 200

360 249

219

250 80

220 300

270

250 130 200 400 301

475 150

440

50

50

1736

180 460

25

1734

135 50 204 380 564 180 249

1733

406

286 312

208

302

280

330 300

240

300

150 75

169 364 520

50

1738

40

1737

300

200 332 365 400 400

220 310

64 120 40

1741

536

513 600

288

288

230 40

1743

560

355 250 470 450 800

320

335 256

242 50

1744

525

235 1400 462 430 760

350

330 300 450

130 40

1745

444

150 215 1128 488 520 842

340 272 520

1746

486

462 986

220 1814

200

284 484

210 84 264 100

1748

520

1015

230 420

250

480

100 370

229 90

500

1749

(continued on next page)

588

500 922

280 1200

374

352 284 230 400

150

200

1747

tables to chapter two 267

Okop Olchowiec Orynin Ozarzyńce Pików Piława Płoskirów Pobużniany Podole Satanów Sawince Serebria Sidorów Skala Smotrycz Snidków Snitówka Sołobkowiec Sokólec Stara Sieniawa Studenica Sudkowce Szarawka Szarogród Szatawa Tarnowody Tatarzyska Tłuste Turylicz

years

Table 10 (cont.)

350

249

100

400

632

670

70 70 200 450 250 200

176 50

364 468

330

195 94 450 630

284 370

390 364 169

230 611 280 300

90

250 200 70 420

500

1738

90 100 182 572 300 576

50 144

172

498

500 123 100 180 500

1737

1736

150

900 55 72 190 618 225

150

1734

210

72 150 585 201 375

150 300

498

1733

230

80 90 370 800

450

130 120 190 515 260 330

130 420

400

500

1741

304

172 114 684

570 250

228 230 230 400 418 584

300

304

608

500 50

1743

460

150 125 756 1200

290

130 760 1186

260

200

220 142 880 1548

294

200 72 840 542

630 254

450 555

750 160 176

300 612 338

810

500

1748

210 80 850 1370

260 570

175 200 220 330 450 550

635 345

750 352

1749

(continued on next page)

182 142 826 1460

300

1104 512

1300 270 160 212 390 500 504

200 270 200 232 410 470 604

352

662

300

150 274

668 352

322 640 300

696 352 270

500 120

1747

230 268 362

796 352

642

674 200

1746 120

1745 100

500 72

1744

268 appendix one

360

138 200 812

270

104 559

145 217 135 318 1400 88

1753 140 300 1460 90 1050

1008

1755

136 280 1412 86

1754

90 476 1100

142 224

1757 144 200 1268 90 480 1100

1758

1100

170 200 1560 110

1759

138 180

1752

21436

Bachtyn Balin Bar Bilcze Borszczów Chmielnik Czarnokozince (and Usteczko) Czarnoostrów Czercze

1751

15000

352 700

462

130 110 240

252

1745

1750

15000

325 760 400 1060

384 760 610

300 215 142 162 206

380 209 132 152 304

1744

years

425 485

510 220

100

250 165

1743

20000

312 676

11000 13200 15000

200

250 270 150 90

208 208 129 78

1741

13036 13000

339

1738

1737

Totals

490 50 835

100 32

1736

155

280 100 80

1734

180 90 70

1733

Janów

Ulanów Ułaszkowiec Uszyca Wierzbowiec Wonkowce Zaleszcze Zamiechów Zbrzyszcze Zinków Żwaniec Starostwo mukarowskie

years

Table 10 (cont.)

250

500

210 134 394

282

1747

1560 100 450 1189

172

1760

179 200 1550 98 450 1358

1762

20000

400

275

274

236 168 160 150 320

1748

180 195 1500 90 420 1300

1763

20000

296 934

350

245 120 180 160 340

1749

(continued on next page)

1258

179 200 1580 94

1761

20000 20000

260 1045

104 170 322

280

1746

tables to chapter two 269

250 80 280 100 390

500

300 660

340

310 600 48

325 72 280 100 420

340 280 330 700

355 700 48

280

280

Czerwonogród (and Usteczko) Deraznia Dunajowiec DΩwinogród Franpol Fulsztyn Gródek Gródek on Dnister Husiatyn Jagielnica Jarmolnica Jaruha Jaryszów Jazłowiec Jezierzany Kałuków Kałusz Kamieniec Podolski Kasperowce Kitajgród Kolendziany Kopajgród Królowka Krzywcza

600 432

1751

1750

years

Table 10 (cont.)

155 466

363 80

166

950 383 176 227 724 704 200

363 778 62

135 60 302 81 302 180

60 302 81 335 170

288 722

371 484

134

288 676

60

391

605 775 90

660 991 80

88

330

340

332

1754

1753

1752

63 313 63 313 166

140

300 747

383 506 82

610 810 93

335

1755

450

63 330 60 293

164

316 560

794 345

82

342

538 862 110

300

1757

70 70 360

60 300

216 364 630

900

382 670

593 1000 150

325

1759

63

164

320 570

799 378

84

360

538 870 129

290

1758

388 78 260

188

300 634

900 422

421 622

1000 150

325

1760

520

350 80 234

170

302 600

900 450

250 660

170

520

1762

320 70 250

310 700 350

900 460

320 460

450 1000 150

1763

(continued on next page)

400 78 204

180

332 654

900 428

480 630

504 1005 159

1761

270 appendix one

Kudryniec Kupin Kuzmin Lanckorona Latyczew Letniowce Łuczyniec Maków Michałpol Miedzyborz Mikołajów Minkowce Mohylów Podolski Nowy Konstantynów Okop Olchowiec Orynin Ozarzyńce Pików Piława Płoskirów Pobużniany Podole Satanów Sawince Serebria

years

Table 10 (cont.)

175 214

310 683

750

175 100

763 375

720

186 103

322 833 365

873

124 104

150

107

341 700 384

150 70 210 711

687

643

652

550

200 233 297 2072

224 381

1753

459 1000

560 1200

490 1300

208 240 280

288

259 478

1752

520 415 933

320 218 330

500

460

1751

50 320 200 275

460 252

1750

341 726 344

550

158 71

693

228 381 529 82 200 235 299 2000 655 429 1101

1754

160

355

355 179

320

43 320 766

727

634 444 1140

73 237 247 340

236

250

1757

352

158 73 300 570

717

689 444 1140

207 247 310

254 235 375 548

1755

167

356

325

45 300 780

734

480

360

560 70 290

259

1758

183

380

350

365 760

850

300 540 1293

90 345 350 390

300

1759

370

350

54 332 704

802

440 546 1200

94 310 360 390

304

1760

260 400

60 328 750

748

630 1262

98 322 380 308 908

460

250

1762

250

750

60

700

530 1300

450 400 80 290 350 290 2200

210

1763

(continued on next page)

300 350

58 338 735

743

530 572 1262

314 404 290

288

1761

tables to chapter two 271

20420 20000

235 145 410

450 214

194 140 397

380

1325

275

245

90 880 1800 150

180 86 865 1740 150

230 240

320

530 278

150

414 70 634

540

459

465

469

21500

485 690 480

250 441

229 120

203 580

370 100

347 96

275

1140

1100

266

218 100

201 300

186 317 300 450

1755

211 97

287

180 344 300 415

1754

384 96

266

280 96 322 1100 166 506

284

200 308 300 451

1753

23000 22000 21500

590 840 364 1390

280 80 215 155

230 184 200 280

104 880

243 350

220 335

1752

220 340 250 585

Totals

1751

310 1125

1750

Sidorów Skala Smotrycz Snidków Snitówka Sołobkowiec Sokolec Stara Sieniawa Studenica Sudkowce Szarawka Szarogród Szatawa Tarnowody Tatarzyska Tłuste Turylicz Ulanów Ułaszkowiec Uszyca Wierzbowiec Wonkowce Zaleszcze Zamiechów Zbrzyszcze Zinków Żwaniec

years

Table 10 (cont.)

21500

495 690 400 791

370 90 231 260

260

292 90 700 1140 171

300

130 325 300 460 72

1757

21500

500 700 416 800

370 100 240 281 600

260

90 700 1140 180

340 330 480 80 680 300

1758

25000

1356

520 675

274 318 520

408

292

336 102 795 1100 220

114 394 380 510 130 820 370

1759

1380

528 800

412 136 280 324 580

242

228

305 118 812

124 404 350 552 84 824 380

1761

25250

510 800 445

412 148 260 160 580

242

270 120 850 708 200

130 364 300 500 84 828 380

1762

30250

480 800 460

160 520

420 150

220

270 120 800 1333 200

120 324 300 450 120 118 350

1763

(continued on next page)

27500 24931

1356

524 825

410 132 288 320 530

242

300 114 804 1250 224 394

372

128 400 350 542 80

1760

272 appendix one

180 230 1710 100 590 1482 340

260 325

560 1140 176

360 460 84

1000 540 216 366 720 448

180 230 1710 100 590 1482

260

560 1140 176

360

1000 540

Bachtyn Balin Bar Bilcze Borszczów Chmielnik Czarnokozince (and Usteczko) Czercze Czerwonogród (and Usteczko) Deraznia Dunajowiec DΩwinogród Franpol Fulsztyn Gródek Gródek on Dnister Husiatyn Jagielnica Jarmolnica Jaruha Jaryszów Jazłowiec Jezierzany

366 720 448

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

1764

years

Table 10 (cont.)

1435 347 293 131 438 544 704

310 1598 62 157 501 654

270 214

211 1477 69 317 1417 308

census (in persons)

(continued on next page)

tables to chapter two 273

Kałuków Kałusz Kamieniec Podolski Kasperowce Kitajgród Kolendziany Kopajgród Królowka Krzywcza Kudryniec Kupin Kuzmin Lanckorona Latyczew Letniowce Łuczyniec Maków Michałpol Miedzyborz Mikołajów Minkowce Mohylów Podolski Moztów Nowy Konstantynów

years

Table 10 (cont.)

750

600

290 2500

134 160

280 560

100 340 181 566 210

1764

76 489 38 337 226 476 223 405 208 631 652 229 432 313 356 2039 1087 378 957 694

216 750

82 149

census (in persons)

70 320 100 340 181 566 210 254 280 560 400 134 160 350 290 2500 530 600 1300

170 500

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

(continued on next page)

274 appendix one

Okop Olchowiec Orynin Ozarzyńce Pików Piława Płoskirów Pobużniany Podole Salicha Satanów Sawince Serebria Sidorów Skala Smotrycz Snydków Snitówka Sołobkowiec Sokólec Stara Sieniawa Studenica Sudkowce Szarawka Szarogród Szatawa

years

Table 10 (cont.)

200

360 170 810

430

160 360 340 474 100

391

280

439 890

1764

360 170 810 1333 200

60 750 183 107 160 360 340 474 100 118 430

158 60 439 890 352 280 400 391

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

114 2219 164

73 362 375 281 129 530 356 834 274

1625 82

750 222 94

230 24 436 322 287

census (in persons)

(continued on next page)

tables to chapter two 275

Totals

150

Czeniejowce

28000

150

37776

560 880 540 1320 400

394 200 252 50 594 120 185 260 180 66 582

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

50

560 880 540 1320

582

180

185

594

252

1764

Tarnowody Tatarzyska Tłuste Turylicz Ulanów Ulanowiec Ułaszkowiec Uszyca Wierzbowiec Wierzbowka Wonkowce Zaleszcze Zamiechów Zbrzyszcze Zinków Żwaniec Starostwo mukarowskie villages

years

Table 10 (cont.)

38084

510 362 505 793 522 1568

96 338 202

345

355

771

census (in persons)

276 appendix one

Bircza Chyrów Dobromil Fredropol Husaków Husów Jarosław Jawornik Polski Kańczuga Krakowiec Leżajsk Łancut Manasterz Medyka Mościska Nowomiasto Bybel Pruchnik suburbs of Przemyśl Przeworsk Radymno Rybotycze SAdowa Wisznia

years

1000

1717

1710

1000

1718

196

50

309 399 309

378 388

1435

641 999

600

1720

198 699 910

399

1719

651

438

204 966

615 612 999

1721

498

438

900

498 498 999

1722

498

450

198 948

540 548 999 198

498

1723

198 408

420

198 1089

450 498 999 225

150

198

1724

198 378

186

219 994 342

498 450 900 166

300

228

1725

360

399 300 999

1726

200 200 50

400

220 700

300 300 800 270

112

200

1728

150 250

340

222 540

330 462 900 180

960 80

150

1729

(continued on next page)

200

390

222

300

300 300

30

200 81

1727

Table 11. Przemyśl. Voivodeships of Ruś (districts of Rrzemyśl and Sanok) and Bełz

tables to chapter two 277

200

1730

years

Balicz Bircza Chodnowicz Chyrów Czarna Czupnowicz Dobromil Fredropol Husaków Husów Iskan

5600

16464 17262

totals

150

50 350

150

1732

135

Wielkie Oczy

1731

699

1719

Dynów

1718

240 50

1717

Sambór Sośnica Stary Sambór Starosól Walawa Wietlin Wyszatyce Żulin villages

years

Table 11 (cont.)

267

834

219 272

1721

50

1733

1734

7373 11981

744

210

1720

1735

12235

180

810

64

1722

123

930

735

1724

300

80

200

1736

300 70 40

80 40

60 170 50

1737

14527 12327

150

750

1723

40

300

80

130

1738

12048

123

550

420

420 80

1725

1739

10970

174

825

100

1726

200

160

50

514

150

1742

9937

175

664

220

300

108

1729

150

1741

10388

176

550

1746

300

390

1728

(continued on next page)

50 100

150

1740

8291

177

834

943

1727

278 appendix one

Jarosław Jawornik Polski Kańczuga Krakowiec Krasiczyn Krukienice Krzywcza Leżajsk Lubomierz Łancut Manasterz Medyka Mościska Nowomiasto Bybel Pruchnik suburbs of Przemyśl Przeworsk Radymno Rybotycze SAdowa Wisznia Sambór Sośnica Stanisławczyk Stary Sambór

years

Table 11 (cont.)

1000

206 130 234

1000

188

225

108

150 250 300

150 249

100

352

328

340

330 450

342 472

234

400 80

1731

754 80

1730

230

150 250 320

372

258 1050

238

999

360 500

1732

150

400

270 150 300 999

1000

450 633

1733

420

420 120

160

370

400

100

330 1500

300

1000

420 570

1735

300 1000

270

1000

450 633

1734

175

750 120

160 300 420

370

330 1400 250

300

175

500 130

210 200 420

330 1400 275

300

1000

40

45 1000

420 570

1737

420 540

1736

160

420

200 420

100

522

1300

1000 300 300

400 480

470

1739

400

300 100 330 1300 200

1000

400 400

1738

50 240

150 270 300

70

280 100 350

50 50

330 420

100

1741

1200 260

150 280 300

60

500

281 100 360

50 1000

340 470

100

1742

(continued on next page)

50 236

455 150 300 300

70

280 100 350 750

330 420 50

100

1740

tables to chapter two 279

1743

150

years

Babice, Bachów and Skopów Balicz Bircza

60 150

1744

8349

8969

totals

150

50

1745

10607

200

1100 100

670

100

80 834

100 330

400

400

312

1732

1731

190

834

312 60

1730

Wielkie Oczy

Dubiecko Dydnia Dynów Izdebki

Starosól Szumin Tarnawa Turka w Górach Twierza Ustrzyki Walawa Wietlin Wyszatyce Żulin Klucz nikłowiecki villages

years

Table 11 (cont.)

270

80 80 1110 100

430

80 420

1734

150

1746

150

50

1747

12562 12562

270

80 80 1110 100

510

80 420

1733

120

50

1748

11300

300

1130 100

80

400

100

1735

300

1080 116

80

502

420

100

130

1737

120

1749

120

50

1750

12376 11063

300

1130 116

80

847

420

100

300

1736

120

50

1751

10650

300

80 60 1020 116

1519

400

100

130

1738

120

1752

13859

300

960

80

1739

470

1150 120

80

832

140 90

270 120 80 300

1742

120

60

1754

120

60

1755

7755 10563

450

950 120

80

100

350 100 80

1741

(continued on next page)

120

60

1753

9300

450

800 120

80

2102

60

100

400

140

1740

280 appendix one

Chodnowicz Chyrów Czarna Czupnowicz Dobromil Fredropol Felsztyn Husaków Husów Iskan Jarosław Jawornik Polski Kańczuga Krakowiec Krasiczyn Krukienice Krzywcza Leżajsk Lubomierz Łancut Manasterz Medyka Mościska suburb of Nizankowicy

years

Table 11 (cont.)

566 100

540 430

1000

280 100 350 1422

340 400

1000

280 100 370 1296

400

50 400 50

500

1472

1744

375

1743

280 100 150 1504

1000

893 440

100 100

400

200

1745

150 1450

280

1000

280 440

420

1746

100 150 1300

280 100 230 1300

500

30

30 1000

340 440

208 100

420 50

50 41 30

1748

340 440

60 100

420

828

1747

468 280 100 230 1100

340 440

100

420

30

50

1749

1000 468 286 100 482 1100

340 410 30 30

100

400

30

1750

230 1100

1000 490 280

340 410

100

400 50

30

1751

230 1440

1000 506 280

340 410

100

340 50

30

1752

30

230

1000

340 410 72

108

255 40 108 120 50

1754

132

340

108

108

1755

(continued on next page)

230

1000 480 280

108

340 410

100

30

40 108 300

1753

tables to chapter two 281

Nowomiasto Bybel Nowosiołki Pruchnik suburbs of Przemyśl Przeworsk Radymno Rybotycze SAdowa Wisznia Sambór Sośnica Stanisławczyk Stary Sambór Starosól Szumin Tarnawa Turka w Górach Twierza Ustrzyki Walawa Wietlin Wyszatyce Żulin

years

Table 11 (cont.)

300

500 130 270 300

700

260 150

80 300

110

1874 150 280 270

320

260 280

300

140

1744

390 80

1743

110

260 300 100 80 300

736

270 300

100

300 80

1745

150

260 300 50 80 300

740

150 100 300

90

1746

110 150

300

260 200 100

740

100 300

300 90

1747

70

110 150

300

260 250 100

866

100 300

300 90

1748

150

300

260 250 100

740

100 306

198

1749

110 150

300

262 202

740

102 306

330 90

1750

110

300

260 200

740

100 270

300 131

1751

110

80 300

260 200

740

100 270

300 126

1752

120

160

40

200 270

222

1754

120

600

60

200

400

1755

(continued on next page)

200

300

200 310 130

270 270

300 126

260

1753

282 appendix one

Babice, Bachów and Skopów Balicz Bircza

60

1757

Years

60

114

114

1759

11814

480

100

980 100

80

1717

1745

60

1758

13687 13691

470

totals

470 50

Wielkie Oczy villages

950 100 100

950 120

80

80

80

Dubiecko Dydnia Dynów Izdebki Jawornik Ruski villages

1546

1852

Klucz nikłowiecki villages

1744

1743

years

Table 11 (cont.)

980 110

40

1969

50

1747

114

60

1760

114

60

1761

11114 11626

500

980

80

1127

1746

114

60

1762

12398

40 40 1020 100

2635

36

1748

992 100 30

40

2170

40

1750

114

60

1763

140

60

1764

9574 10868

1002 100

40

2224

36

1749

10434

100

100

40

1882

40

1752

60 140

60

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

9939

100

980 100

40

1818

40

1751

7381

110 30

40

4152

50

1754

5075

110

40

3637

50

1755

(continued on next page)

214

census (in persons)

9079

100

40

2522

50

1753

tables to chapter two 283

Chodnowicz Chyrów Czarna Czupnowicz Dobromil Felsztyn Fredropol Grodzisk Husaków Husów Iskan Jarosław Jawornik Polski Kańczuga Krakowiec Krasiczyn Krukienice Krzeszów Krzywcza

years

Table 11 (cont.)

40 120

1084 110 340 410 60 40

40

120

1796 108

382 410 60 40

108

60 40

1759

2319

1758

2117

57 108

1757

340 410 60

2509 110

120

2322

1760

340 410 60

120

40

1793

550

1761

340 410 60

1567 110

120

3138

1762

60

360

2793 110

120

3515 150 40

1763

340 410 60

1977 110

120

40

2600

1764

50

340 410 60 40

120 50 30 1977 110

50 550 80 50 2600 150 40

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

(continued on next page)

413 98

247 462 159

1884

280 385

1153

455

census (in persons)

284 appendix one

1000

Leżajsk Lubomierz Łancut Manasterz Medyka Mościska suburb of Nizankowicy Nowomiasto Bybel Nowosiołki Pruchnik suburbs of Przemyśl Przeworsk Radymno Rybotycze SAdowa Wisznia Sambór Sokołów Sośnica Stanisławczyk

222

1757

years

Table 11 (cont.)

1200 30 200 300 168

100 270 740

1200

200

306 232

130 100 270

740

40

1000

1759

1000 480 284

1758

681.5

828.7

740

740

100 270

300 130

50 300 198

100 270

200

1200

1000

1761

200

1200

1000 480 280

1760

740

100 270

1842

300 200

200

1200

1000

1762

120 276

969

306 200

200

1200

1049

1763

740

100 270

1705

310 200

218

1200

1050 480 280

1764

100 40

740

1705 130 100 270

50 310 200

218

1050 480 280 100 230 1200 30

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

(continued on next page)

513 754

251 291

969

280

245

912

909 446 829

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 285

totals

12963

980 120

980 110

110

2405 12420

40

40

40 980 120

15136 12160

680 120

40

1444 40

600

260 200 50

1762

40

600

50

1763

40

1764

14023

980 120

1030 120

12454 13600

120

21793

40 40 1030 120 30

1444

120 220 80 400 70 219 50

260 200 50 80 600

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

500 50

1162

1130

120 220

600

260 200

1761

Wielkie Oczy villages

120

120 126

40

600

260 200

1760

600

260 200

260 200 40

600

1759

1758

100

600

1757

Dubiecko Dydnia Dynów Izdebki Jawornik Ruski villages

Stary Sambór Starosól Szumin Tarnawa Turka w Górach Twierza Ustrzyki Walawa Wietlin Wyszatyce Żulin Klucz nikłowiecki villages

years

Table 11 (cont.)

15834

386

1228

136

99

1250

193 229

census (in persons)

286 appendix one

895

totals

1176

1702

100 1600

100

300

1205

100

300

350

100

200

75 80

1724

1203

100

250

357

100 100

201

95

1725

1450

105

260

370

1313

150

450

108 110

60 210

30 210 105 105

75 150

1727

55 210

1726

1045

180

50

510

80

75 150

1729

1605

50

250

60

115 90 360

160 220

90 210

1730

(continued on next page)

929

24

140

50

450

40

75 150

1728

14 Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Chmielnik, Czerniejowce, Kitajgród, and Zinków are shown in table 11, and for Dziunkow, Lipowiec and Strzyżawka in table 14d; ‘tax potential’ for Borszczejówka is shown in table 14e.

150

50

198

Chmielnik Uładowka

150

300

200

300

100 300 400

50 150

1723

50 250

300

1722

100

150 100

100 200

1721

76

399

100 198

1720

602

150

1718

200

150

1717

Bracław Braiłów Cekinowka Czekielnik Granów Jahorlik Kublicz Kużnica Lityn Murachwa Niemirów Raszków Sawran Sokołowka Strzyżawka Tulczyn Umań Winnica

years

Table 12a. Ruś. Voivodeships of Bracław, Kiev and Podolia14

tables to chapter two 287

Totals

Uładowka

Bracław Braiłów Cekinowka Czekielnik Granów Ilińce Jahorlik Kochanowka Krasne Kublicz Kużnica Lityn Ładyżyn Miastkowka Murachwa Niemirów Pieczara Przyłuka Raszków Sawran Sokołowka Strzyżawka Tomaszpol Tulczyn Umań Winnica

years

Table 12a (cont.)

400

50

100

100 150

1731

2290

50 2138

30

252

50 505

500

250

101 303

100 500

60

121

120

60

111

353

350

110

101 151

1733

100 150

1732

1861

30

252

80

505

120

130

120

353

120 151

1734

1000

100

70 150

150

1405

150

2200

50

220

90

1400

180

150

80 200

80

90 350

250

2895

60

300

180

100 375

80 450

300

60 300

150

300 180 150 60 150

180 210

1740

120

100

50

160

240 90 140 50 120 140

140 180

1739

140 150

1738

110

200 80 40 20

200 50 50

75 130

1737

100 80

1736

2639

60

300

180

140 375

80 300

120

300 180 150 60 214

180

1741

2905

40

200

250

150 375

100 360

150 80

150 180 180 30 180

180 300

1743

3245

40

300

150 200

60 200 400 50 150 400

135

180 150 60 310

200 260

1744

(continued on next page)

2500

40

200

200

100 375

50 360

135

150 180 150 30 100

180 250

1742

288 appendix one

Berszada Bracław Braiłów Cekinowka Czekielnik Daszów Gołogorz Granów Gurniewice Hajsan Ilińce Jahorlik Janów Józefgród (Bałta) Kalnik Kochanowka Kołatynka Kómajgród Krasne Kruty Kublicz Kuzminka Kużnica Lipowiec Lityn Ładyżyn Markowka Miastkowka Monasterzyska

years

Table 12a (cont.)

450

40 100

60

370

30 100

60

350

135 150

60

350

500 50

150 150 150

50 500 350 60

30 450 250

135 250

60

150

60

100

200 30

200 180 27

180 150

300 60 200

100 70

80 50 250 30 200

80 200

1749

80 200

1748

150

130

150

200 200

1747

200 200

1746

250 200

1745

200

150 150 200

60

60 20 80 260

150

300 60 200 200

100 70

200

1750

500

300 150 220

80 500 250

60

200 100

300

70

80 200

1751

500

600

150 200

350

250

150 200

100

50

60

200 100

350

70

200

1753

80

60

200 100

300

70

200

1752

875

313

500

125

150

250 187 125 125

213 606 438

38 375

1754

600 100 220

250 100 220

1000

350

100

350

670 100 100

500

150 400 280

250 400 280

850 670 80

600

300

400 350 400 600

1758

600

300

350 400

1757

(continued on next page)

1080

400

200

170 800

200

320 220 102

500

200

250 375

1755

tables to chapter two 289

230

203

Totals

2841

2817

40 40 3560

40 40 5493

50

70 6630

5860

70

50 354

200

4760

100

50

200

400

150

3760

100

50

150

200

250

200 400 200 100

1752

4480

200

50

350

250

200

300

200 100

200

1753

150

200

450

600

375

625

200 2400

300

1755

200

600 100 500

300

50

241 2300

1757

10820

150

100 100

300 100 100 200

250 100

100 300

100

1800

600 300

1758

(continued on next page)

9810 10117 10686

63

188

413

75

500

63 875 125 188 1875

1754

180

50

200

150 50

200

250

200 400 200 100

1751

Kitajgród Uładowka

80

200

150 50 300

150 250 50 200 50 200

150

80 50

80 230 30 30 21 21 200 150 86

260 400 200 100 1000 36 80 50

1750

200 400 200 100 1000

1749

200 400 200 250 750

1748

115

50

200

200

200

500

200 400 150

1747

Bosowka DΩwinogródka

50

180

110

300

230 400 150

230 350 123

Murachwa Niemirów Przyłuka Rajgród Raszków Rozniałówka Sawran Sokołowka Szopkowice Teplic Terlowka Tomaszpol Trostianiec Tulczyn Turia Tywrów Umań Winnica Woroszyłówka Zadykowicz Zorniszcza Zwierzchowka villages

1746

1745

years

Table 12a (cont.)

290 appendix one

Berszada Bracław Braiłów Cekinowka Chaszejowka Chwaszczów Czekielnik Czerniejowce Daszów Dziunków Gołogorz Granów Grygrycz Gurniewice Hajsan Ilińce Jahorlik Janów Janoszgród Józefgród (Bałta) Kalnik Kochanowka Kolumnów Kołatynka Kómajgród Krasne

years

Table 12a (cont.)

270

250 280 536

150 100

200 440 350

110 165

170 440 310

150 400 280

750

100 150

660

600

380

1160

330

300

644

1761

1000

318 660

1760

300 600

1759

350 776

190 60

1600

300 570 455

900

900

500

1762

440

242

2000

570

375

1025 100

100 800 200

1025 100

1206 625

1763

500 700

220

400 500 600

1100

700

250

650 550

1764

20 500 700

220 60

2000

606 1100 100 60 400 500 600 102

700

650 550 318 1025 100 250 100

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

(continued on next page)

155 722

111 84 155

150 512 123 795 157 924

963

592

724

743 195 819 237

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 291

670 100 50

Kruty Kublicz Kuzminka Kużnica Lityn Ładyżyn Markowka Miastkowka Monasterzyska Murachwa Niemirów Obodówka Pieczara Przyłuka Rajgród Raszków Rozniałówka Sałasze Sawran Sieliszcza Sokołowka Szopkowice Teplic Terlowka Tomaszpol

770

1100

670

220

110

110

220

380 80

390 415 110 854 250

790 120 120

1761

330 80

200

110

790

110 80

1760

200

1800

300

900 100

1759

years

Table 12a (cont.)

870

300

180

730 73.1

180 1040 200 400

500

930 150 180

1762

150 100

100

1100

200

900 200 2300

200 1300 300 400 1000

500

1150 200 200

1764

230

925 200 3555

230 1300 315 500 1340

625

1165 200 250

1763

50 900 200 2300 36 200 80 150 100 230 30 150 1100

1150 200 200 150 500 415 200 1300 300 400 1000

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

(continued on next page)

531

289

494 74 585

898 159 509 774 266 177 277 211 478

481 303

660 61

census (in persons)

292 appendix one

totals

Uładowka Zinków

Borszczejówka Bosowka DΩwinogródka

11320

150

100 60

300 60 100 200

600

110 318

100 300

Trostianiec Tulczyn Turia Tywrów Umań Winnica Woronowica Woroszyłówka Zadykowicz Zorniszcza Zwierzchowka villages

180 100

200 180

190 190

400

110

50

1762

7801 11186 13654

170

150 150

228

110 220

100 100

330

498.6

50

1761

330

110

1760

1759

years

Table 12a (cont.)

350

250 250

200 450

250

550 100

1764

22976 17670

250

240

240

500

200 625

78

1763

25362

350

250 250

250 60 200 450 354

78 318 150 550 100 625

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

17780

74

134 92

215 193

353 446 555 115 146

172 452

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 293

Baworów Biłobóżnica Bohorodczany Buczacz Budżanów Bursztyn Czernelica Czortków Delatyn Grzymałów GwoΩdziec Halicz Horodeńka Janów Kalusz Kamionka Wielka KAkielniki Kołomyja Kopyczyńce Kosów Kułaczkowce Kuty Łysiec Martynów

years

756 262

86 241 344

323 817 459 1350

1040

524 172

68

86 241 344

137 817 459 1350

1040

524 172

68

1718

756 262

1717

150

880

918 849 450

150

1719

60

300

1206

486 227 1506 1053 1560

225 1206 1380 249 346 100 1200

1720

178 418

1136

200 1254 450 2322

200 413 300

1800

300 1656 298 1803 100

282

218

286

1056 663 165 250 100 1633

1722

436 1054 268 68

1721

1560 200 206 347 300

50 1560 851 1888 100

1048 750 276 200 100 1050

1723

40 900 200 150 224

150 1456 728 2145

252

644 1727 410 350 100 1250

1724

200

1000

1600 1000 1920

900 1100 380 350 100 800

1725

Table 12b. Ruś. Voivodeship of Ruś (district of Halicz)

410 360 210

1854

310 360 258 1299 1023 2316

876 936 400 300 100 1050

1726

1300 200 260 200 323

1905

2200

1189 200 270 250 322

160 1456

1352 1180 60 468 100 650 200 250

1729

200 1451

1352 936 119 468 100 200 180 320

1728

(continued on next page)

1854 198 250 360 310

310 25 260 1200 950 2000

1600 566 60 450 100 1020

1727

294 appendix one

Totals

Maryampol and Jezupol Mikulince Monasterzyska Nadwórna Podhajce Podkamień Potok Rohatyn Skałat Sołotwina Stanisławów Stupczate ( Jabłonów) Strusów Suchostaw ( Jabłonów) Śniatyn Tarnopol Tłumacz Towste Trembowla Tyśmenica Uście Wojniłów Zabłotów Zawałów

years

Table 12b (cont.)

582

16 129 713

387 324 266

860

474 1125 344 266 335

129 713

387 324 266

860

474 1125 344 266 335

218 516 4144 666 418

180 402 3542 675 309 1002 188

936 1988

158

180 1656 2268

768 750 818

1036

542 240 1686 218

1721

396 945

300 1041

498 903 858 999

301

1720

150 637 1154 982 452 621 491

1650 2009

1650 791

666

1116 828 1977 530

1722

1543 200 150 280 2024 786 120 513 310

300

780 273 730

520

671 670 1289

1723

13521 13623 13996 27559 23578 26723 21705

693 2100 699 330 552

774 1299

702 1164

954

451 344 1032

451 344 1032 750

1719

215

1718

215

1717

150 760 2550 450 400 600 400

600 1155

100

500 450 500

400

1000 850 350

300

1725

22330 19915

160 926 1836 840 448 560 460

2390

625 334 770

336

872 497 550

1724

30316

160 1185 3876 774 412 618 400

1700 1878

300

618 1182 515

310 412

1030 1030 1699 1500

1726

165 750 2747 832 350 728 416

1668 870

509 1560 700

1300

900 1200 299

1729

21349 25058

165 832 1361 782 428 632 416

1068 846

468 820 560

1181

130 1270 633

1728

(continued on next page)

28144

160 227 2196 1100 412 130 300

400 3500

300

615

450

1236

1030 975 2000 1500 100

1727

tables to chapter two 295

Baworów Białobóżnica Bohorodczany Bołszowiec Buczacz Budżanów Bursztyn Czernelica Czortków Delatyn Grzymałów GwoΩdziec Halicz Horodeńka Janów Kalusz Kamionka Wielka Kopyczyńce Kołomyja Kosów Kułaczkowce Kuty Łysiec Martynów Maryampol and Jezupol

years

Table 12b (cont.)

160 1490 1000 2200

216 1350 360 217 50

165 1410 1010 2030 600

200 1310 310 205 340

355

300 303

220 353

216 1250

800 2388 101

2000 100 216 1240 350 220

202 404 454 161

200 400 160 536

303

353

220 1250 150

202 420 454 161 1450 800 2400 101

707 100

303

216 1250 100 100 350

161 1300 800 2400 101

700 100 284 202 420

707 100

700 100

700 100 410 200 400

1000

1735

1319

1000

1734

1480

1000

1733

1210 460 510 100 417

650

1732

1250

1731

1370

1730

303

216 1250 100 100 400

1319 350 750 100 142 202 420 454 161 1260 800 2400 101

1000

1736

303

230 1250 150 150 400

700 100 224 202 500 444 161 1300 700 2400 101

1319

1000

1737

550 333

50 333

280 1250 300

700 100 1245 222 550 600 177 1400 650 2640

1419

1000

1739

230 1250 300 165 550

222 550 600 167 1400 650 2640 101

1000 100 1419 450 825 100

1738

60 380

330 1800 300 217 450

100

1250 125 1407 362 825 80 1900 277 774 760 220 850 974

1741

60

330 1562 300 206 600

1250 125 1419 562 825 100 1900 277 687 750 220 1000 812 2957 80

1742

(continued on next page)

420

300 1350 300 195 600

1000 100 1419 450 850 120 1245 260 550 660 200 900 650 2700

1740

296 appendix one

Totals

900 1010 1680

Mikulince Monasterzyska Nadwórna Podhajce Podkamień Potok Rohatyn Skałat Sołotwina Stanisławów Stupczate ( Jabłonów) Strusów Suchostaw ( Jabłonów) Śniatyn Tarnopol Tłumacz Towste Trembowla Tyśmenica Uście Wojniłów Zabłotów Zawałów 3467 770 446 909 250

1331 870 442 900 300 5720 789 446 909 250

222 222 650 2773 700 446 909 250

1564 1458

353 1529 400 700 1315 650

700 900 1500

1735

4278 700 446 909 250

222

1564 3024

353 1400 400 700 1666 650

1578

650

1736

27623 26025 21315 25626 28698 28125 30618

222

220 500 1100 870 422 900 350

210 760 2015 840 410 760 345

120 220

1564 614

1564

1550

1780

750 1666 750

353 1529 419 600 1666 700

1200 1546

1734

1780 311

550 1150 900

750 1350 900

353 1464

1119 1500 1737

1733

100

1450

1100 1580 1680

1732

350 1450

900 1100 1500

1731

100

1310 300 610 1570 710

1730

years

Table 12b (cont.)

2295 700 350 650 275

111

1569 1779

550 1256 715

150 388

400 1638

1738

29300 25928

909 250

3956 700

222

1560 1816

353 2020 342 600 1660 650

650 400 1578

1737

29079

650 200

1630 700

1565 1539

388 1550 400 550 1555 715

900 1638 1683

1739

500 812 344

300 750 1168

1162

687 1982 894

300

1125 2048 1757

1742

28555 29851

812 388

1677 845

1350

849 2011 894

300 449

1125 2398 2016

1741

(continued on next page)

29877

900 800 480 650 300

130

900 1800

900 1630 1683 180 450 1500 450 550 1555 750

1740

tables to chapter two 297

Baworów Bohorodczany Bołszowiec Buczacz Budżanów Bukaszowce Bursztyn Czernelica Czortków Delatyn Grzymałów GwoΩdziec Halicz Horodeńka Janów Kalusz Kamionka Wielka KAkielniki Kołomyja Kopyczyńce Kosów Kułaczkowce Kuty Łysiec Martynów Maryampol and Jezupol

years

Table 12b (cont.)

350

1562 330 300 206 500

825 100 1900

825 100 1900 273 687 750 220 1000 812 3300 80

300 206 322

1400

80

750 220 1000 812

1250 125 1419 562

1744

1250 125 1419 562

1743

60

217 300 206 545

210 1000 812 3225 80

793 100 1400 273

125 1419 562

1745

60 350

300 206 545

80

220 1000 812

825 100 1400 273

125 1419 435

1746

60 350

300 206 520

1400

750 220 1000 812 382 80

825 100 1400 273

1250 125 1419

1747

60 350

300 206 520

2200

80

50 350

400 206 520

80

220 1000 812

273

273 750 220 920 812

753 100

125 1419 862

1749

825 100

125 1419

1748

50

400 206

80

273 887 750 220 1000 684

100

150 125 1419 562

1750

50 385

330 600 226

750 137 850 650 3279 88

300

750 100

1375 200 1250 500

1751

50

330 600 226 572

88

137 850 650

750 110 1500 300 800

200 1250 500

1752

625

375 500 938 375 1250

1250 195 400 263 125 644 98 1063 125 425 125

1687 288 313 125

1754

948 375 1250

125

600

1250 200 1600 300

300

1755

(continued on next page)

600 234

2400 96

950

300

750 110

200 1250 500

1753

298 appendix one

Mikulince Monasterzyska Nadwórna Obertyn Pistynia Podhajce Podkamień Potok Rohatyn Skałat Sołotwina Stanisławów Stupczate ( Jabłonów) Stratyn Strusów Suchostaw ( Jabłonów) Śniatyn Tarnopol Tłumacz Towste Trembowla Tyśmenica

years

Table 12b (cont.)

300 763

687 2064 892

1100

300

687 2212 894

1100

250 300

413

1744

1125 2048

1743

373

1100 257

637 962 892

300 1913

1745

1000

1100

694 853 892

300 700

1648

1746

200 1521

1100 145 500

630 2174 892

666 180 300 733

1898

1747

1100

687 2183 892

167

1125 2048

1748

300

1100

240 2212

300

2048

812

1749

1200

300

1100

600

270

1966

1700

812

1750

3770

400

50

300 1800

1988

1320

1751

500

500 2255

650 175 600

375

375 400 150 750 538

240 490

208 315 330

1754

750

375

150 200

1755

(continued on next page)

400

300

300

400

1320 50 80

1753

1320 50 80 1835

1752

tables to chapter two 299

812 344

812 344

875

1748

Barysz Baworów Białobóżnica Bohorodczany Bołszowiec Buczacz Budżanów Bukaszowce Bursztyn Chorostków Czernelica Czortków Delatyn Grzymałów GwoΩdziec Halicz Horodeńka

680 260

200 1700 312

150 1600 300 800 680 500

300

400

1560

1300

1600 300

1758

120 1600 280 700 680

300 300

1300 384

1759

1250 400

1405 400

128 1700 265 750 722 850

128 1700 265 750 722 901

1380

954

1761

1430

1760

280

240 1600 340

500

510

1160

1762

1757

812 344

875

1747

years

812 344

812 344

460 812 344

1746

26833 19153 19377 17368 24467 19393

507

210

Uście Wojniłów Zabłotów Zawałów

1745

Totals

1744

1743

years

Table 12b (cont.)

400

1750

812 250

400

1751

300 1000 400 500

1763

1000 450 500

800

1100

1764

300 1000 450 500 722 280 850

150 225 1100 384 1250 510 300 800

18649

775 813 213 63

1754

8823

400

1755

(continued on next page)

812 87 693 659 449 956

646 226 1208 400 338 481 42

59 17

census (in persons)

11585

250

250 16740

400 495

1753

400 437

1752

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

16213 15254 22910

812 344

875

1749

300 appendix one

Horożanka Janów Jezupol Kalusz Kamionka Wielka KAkielniki Kołomyja Kopyczyńce Kosów Kozłów Kułaczkowce Kupczyńce Kuty Łysiec Martynów Maryampol (and Jezupol) Michalcze Mikulince Monasterzyska Nadwórna Niżniów Obertyn Otynia Pistynia Podhajce

years

Table 12b (cont.)

100

150

2400

1950

950

180 650

900

220

1950

650

500

1850 500

260

1910 2070

120

370

530

1700 108

1700 100

864 150

1760

750

1759

700

800

1758

1950

650

400

1050

2900 150

1757

236

2010

800

120

200

580

2400 108

750

1761

300 700

1400 2630

700

60

1762

375 3500

4034

1000 1650

3560

500

1763

1700 2400

150

200

2800 150

500

1764

375 3500

100

800 1700 2400

900 68 150 650

200

40 1850 1000 1650

2800 150

500

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

(continued on next page)

42 463 877 1109 154 377 345 233 1199

10 1059 407 343 46 150 40 1013 171 75 229

24 447 133 1662 56

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 301

Totals

Podkamień Potok Rohatyn Skałat Sołotwina Stanisławów Stupczate ( Jabłonów) Stratyn Strusów Suchostaw ( Jabłonów) Śniatyn Tarnopol Tłumacz Towste Trembowla Tyśmenica Uście Wiśniowczyk Wojniłów Zabłotów Zarwanica Zawałów Złotniki

years

Table 12b (cont.)

600

700 910 538

1950

700 910

450

200

17250

800 1700

1300

1054 680

900

200

1764

600 2300 880

2900 4200

700

400

1763

700

2320

1020 200

2000

1762

800 1700

2900 4200 250 600 600 1300 880

150 100 300

180 200 2000 700 900 200 892

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

47006

350

590

560

860

200

1761

26322 25272 15276 20043 16783 19044 28699

494

250

200 2200

1760

500

400

400

980

562 700 600

150

800

1759

500

1200

850 1200

500

850

2300 700 800 2600

1758

2300

1757

29575

1123 1577 493 402 617 908 427 32 495 946 19 204 40

83 202 213

117 417 1037 640 471 908 467

census (in persons)

302 appendix one

Białykamień Bóbrka Bolechów Brody Brzeżany Brzozdowce Chodorów Dolina Gliniany Gołogóry Gródek Janów Jaryczów Jaworów Knichynicze Komarno Kozowa Kulików Lwów villages Olesko Podkamień Podwysokie Pomorzany Przemyśliany Rozdoł Rożniatów

years

473 1642

816

750 344

430 146 516 612 215 1900

200 1480

344 266

816

750 344

430 154 516 150 215 1900

200 1480

344 266

1718

475 1642

1717

348

249

300 150 225 699 249

432 793

327 100 639 195 249 468

822 402 309

150 549 805 735 830

1720

300 2520

1500

2199

150

900 798 150

198 444 1140 400

1719

718 268

150 200

236 190 393 400 118 100 774 1672 618 288

1181 1650 786

150

1721

957 282

300 400 100 318

150 723

840 760 274 400 104 150 904 1500 404 528

80 452 2022 850 1101

1722

261 900 260

250

4080

155 832 618 482 400

420

385

900 280

420

4000

2200 542 1000

528 162

596

160 685

1724

436

410 1930 579

80

1723

100 300 1000 200

1000

3132

800 250 162 770 50 900 2000 575 1150

695 170 1332 500

1725

Table 12c. Ruś. Voivodeship of Ruś (district of Lwów)

669 258

350 3249 60 300

927

1014

154

550

822

1925 390 533

56

1726

1040 268

200 850

840 268

1104 1104 100 400 435 5013 4180

1236 1442 924 624 350 550 78 168 168 400 400 1488 2250

1200 1230

516 364 1352 1352

1728 1729

(continued on next page)

1000 260

100

2200 600 850 100 400 4534

80 160

1200 150 1100 300 400

700 1600

1727

tables to chapter two 303

Białykamień Bóbrka Bolechów Brody Brzeżany

520 1250

1700

1360

1731

450 1370

1730

years

329 180 107 559

320 180 107 559 900

1500

650 650

1732

1515

370 1313

1733

15105

850

455 1313

1734

750 2100 674 375 220 800

660

455

1735

600

500 1313

1736

1240

500 1313

1737

17573 18037 18092

950

657

818 14302

906 2140 548 210

290 1710 400 200

218 1050 626 318

576 1899 588 201 159 627

354

730

450 1513

1738

19521

520 645 240 200 880

541

390 1513

1739

17764

907

1131 464 55 1185 1000 1299 206

50 50

1726

60 60 580 920 450

1725 160

160 840 280

1724

160

1723

945

50 60

1722

110 497

216 646 418

50 50

1721

501 753

99 225 50 50

1720

577 657

99

1719

12704 13934

430 750

430 750

12243

215

1718

215

1717

Totals

Sasów Sokołów Sokołówka Stanisławczyk (and Nowa Grobla) Strzeliska Swierz Szczerzec Winniki Zborów Złoczów Żółkiew Żurawno Żurów Żydaczów

years

Table 12c (cont.)

600 770 250 1000 1830 1646 212 212 200 225 1040 1040

650 919 400

50

1728 1729

1457

246 1850

877

324

1741 1742

(continued on next page)

450 1530 6700 541

1740

20535 23538 19400

1150 204 300 1000

650 933 464 100

1727

304 appendix one

1315 270

Chodorów Dolina Gliniany Gołogóry Gródek Janów Jaryczów Jaworów Kamionka Strumiłowa Knichynicze Komarno Kozowa Kulików Lwów Mikołajów Nawarya Olesko Podkamień Podwysokie Pomorzany Przemyśliany Rozdoł Rożniatów

850 125

1050 300

400

3700

2700

1050 300

1100 110 400 4416

200 775 2950

1100 200 650 2150

1090

1450 800 242

1732

1450 800 214

1731

1160 110

175 593 2160

1730

years

Table 12c (cont.)

1010 303

1313 111 425 3000

1970

202

1464 808 400

1733

1060 303

131

2200

1293 111

1970 600

924 303

1500 808

1734

1060 303

934.5 100

1970

180

1500 808

1735

1000 303

1313 100 520 2300

1950 400

180

1500 700 400

1736

900 303

570

100

1350

1000 100

1690

180

1500 808 400

1737

990 333

666

400

1880

745 100

200 75 1670

1650 450

1738

800 333

547

400

530

900 250

1300 350

200

1550 450 440

1739

832

100

1000 1000 400 426

432

80

1125 1220 150 125 400 1175 2444 1530

1787 1922 1080 900 550 500 375 260 195 1250 400 1100 500 600

1741 1742

(continued on next page)

1057 400

666

450

3000

1050 100

240 450 1800

1650 400 450

1740

tables to chapter two 305

1743

150

years

Białykamień Bóbrka Bolechów Brody Brzeżany villages

1787

17259

130

160

1744 450

1745

21419 20129

387

150

1746

150

60

450 1890

1747

1890

200

1748

334 468

1749

1890

150

1750

18522 9869.5 17060 17532

200 750

303 750 18459

2096

1585 150 650

836 250 200 1000

1346 230 310 1060 100 600

55 1010 1581

296 121 1300

859 455

380 1315 250 250 1000

125

1737

1202 1000 455

1736

909 455

799 400

1735

900 350

727 473 455

1734

950 450

303

1733

660 750 150

1732

100

250

1731

35 80

1730

Totals

Sasów Sokołów Sokołówka Stanisławczyk (and Nowa Grobla) Strzeliska Swierz Szczerzec Winniki Zborów Złoczów Żółkiew Żurawno Żurów Żydaczów

years

Table 12c (cont.)

231

800

1751

14339

165

310 1112

900

1738

400

212

180

904 1500 345 1845 2151

1100 1100 1200 1100 550 550

400

1741 1742

1000

100 800 1980

425

200 150 498

1754 1755

(continued on next page)

1753

25424 20968 21181

200

690 2400

1000 200

1740

1752

14678

165

698 2140

1000 181

1739

306 appendix one

200

200 1250 1100 184

60 40

1000 416 1000 280

850 192

300

757 1000 316

757

500

802

950 125

1175 125

1100

418 200

1825 900

1746

824 125

200 780 1100

1937 900

1745

657

120 100

108 77 700

832

1175 125 500 824

1175 125 500

1100 600

1937 900

1937 900

Chodorów Dolina Gliniany Gołogóry Gródek Janów Jaryczów Jaworów Kamionka Strumiłowa Knichynicze Komarno Kozowa Kulików Lwów villages Mikołajów Nawarya Olesko Podkamień Podwysokie Pomorzany Przemyśliany Rozdoł Rożniatów Sasów Sokołów Sokołówka

1744

1743

years

Table 12c (cont.)

1000 250

757

110

1579

988 125

1100

200

1878 900 300

1747

100

900 250

757

700

125

2460

941 125

1100

1933 900 450

1748

964 250

250

936 125 500 1072

950 150

150

636 768

1175

1100

1000

1050 1100

1830 246 98

1750

1860 870

1749

1045 300

800

150 380 775

2721 1159

1400 125

1210 500

320 100

2071 431 650

1751

1045 150

204 500

1345

1200

300 1200 1210 500

2071 437 650

1752

150

1000 1000 63 312

187

187

1912 1106

1606 2062 82

325 1563 1562 625

313

1800 1800 2000

1754 1755

(continued on next page)

953

200

782

1212 500

1000 300

1579 1053 90

1753

tables to chapter two 307

156 812

206 1055

2680

2210

2210

1758

1700

2680

1759

14332 13997

750 1751

1100

1745

278 2118

805

1744

1120 2680

1757

years

Białykamień Bóbrka Bolechów Brody Brzeżany villages

16051

206

904 1500 400

500

1743

Totals

Stanisławczyk (and Nowa Grobla) Strzeliska Swierz Szczerzec Winniki Zborów Złoczów Żółkiew Żurawno Żurów Żydaczów

years

Table 12c (cont.)

1700

2000

1760

13524

750

354 750 1215

400

400

1746

1500

2100

1761

14977

206 812

750

432 740 450

1747

812

119

125

1749

812

971

175

1750

1700

1762

10897 2125

1350

1763

2000

1150 300

1764

17321 10835 12101

170 812

992 1666

100 750

1748

20659

100 900

4647

1320

1752

200 1150 300 10897 2000 60

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

22150

165 812

184 1174 4647

1751

155

125

150 325

650 225 83

200

100

1754 1755

(continued on next page)

345 840 883 6877 901 392

census (in persons)

11809 16205 6836

100

3040

1753

308 appendix one

Brzozdowce Chodorów (Knichynicze and Brzozdowce) Dolina Dunajów Gliniany Gołogóry Gródek Janów Jaryczów Jaworów Kamionka Strumiłowa Knichynicze Komarno Kozowa Kukizów (Karaites) Kulików Lwów Suburb of Lwów villages Mikołajów

years

Table 12c (cont.)

1800

325

325 730

325

1500 600

1700

700 1400

1572 345

700

700

1908

1760

1060

2080

2080

1800

1759

1500

1800

1758

1800

1757

100

1000

345

500 750

1908

1761

1350

1360 2760

600 900

2210

1762

1200 2000

1300

1763

1500

500

1100 1500 550

1000

1600

1764

460 95

1106 100

(continued on next page)

409 1710 4208

250 1530 338 55

714 81 811 619 995 244 764 1055 617

303 852

census (in persons)

730 1500

500 1350 345

600 1100 1500 550 1360 2760 625

1000

150 1600

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

tables to chapter two 309

Totals

Narajów Nawarya Olesko Podkamień Podwysokie Pomorzany Przemyśliany Rozdoł Rożniatów Sasów Sokołów Sokołówka Stanisławczyk (and Nowa Grobla) Strzeliska Swierz villages Szczerzec Winniki Wybranówka Zborów Złoczów Żółkiew Żurawno Żurów Żydaczów

years

Table 12c (cont.)

840

790

1300 800

1000

1759

17245 13335

60 840

60 840

19045

780

100 170

1000 600

1758

780

1300

600

850

500

1757

12286

70 891

950

1060

1760

11863

840

460

830

90 380

1060

1761

1000 125 880

1300

1350 1250

300

1125

200 500 1000

1763

1000

150 150

900 500

500

1764

14259 27902 14400

1050

450

1260 244

375

1762

46149

1300 325 460 1000 125 880

1350 1000 90 450 904

200 500 1000 832 1125 1000 900 500 125 300 150 150

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

40166

250 800 1656 2002 770 74 292

553 330 541 545

739 789 884 478 230 286 159 126

286 140 771 985

census (in persons)

310 appendix one

430

Żałoszcze

1730

350 250

600

years

Chołojów Magierów

totals

33857

6115

totals

Grand totals

513 2407

Baligród Lisko Mrzygłód Sanok Tyrawa Wołoska

402

3914

534

998 1053

1329

300

300

1719

753

6828

2415

2100 1308

1005

498

300 198

1720

610

350 260

1731

630

370 260

1732

620

370 250

1733

54504 65216 54524

430

6115

513 2407

1075 1010

1075 1010

300

1110

400

totals

200 100

1718

1110

300 100

Chołojów Magierów

Drohobycz Ruda Skole Stryj

1717

years

620

350 270

1734

47607

510

7023

470 150

50 2813

1200 1100

1240

270

270

1723

7696

520

400 3375

880 1177

1344

270

270

1724

1735

270

270

1736

270

270

1737

56314 49125 52399

9476

439

118

5672

139 2853

2155 2559

1331

250

150 100

1722

318 1200

1500 1500

1036

400

200 200

1721

515

7622

514 3400

1854 1854

530

200 330

1726

515

7619

515 3400

1754 1950

680

350 330

1727

430

6747

300

370 2200

1852 2025

570

300 270

1728

270

270

1738

270

270

1739

740

440 300

1741

1742

50712

4470

300

370 2550

1250

518

318 200

1729

(continued on next page)

300

300

1740

56090 60288 59297 53830

5100

700

250

1700 1200

1250

330

330

1725

Table 12d. Ruś. Voivodeships of Bełz, Ruś (districts of Przemyśl and Sanok), and Wołyń

tables to chapter two 311

3430

300

1600

1530

1732

5433

303 80

505 1212

1717

1616

1733

1300

2081

1743

1300

2475

years

Drohobycz villages Ruda Skole Stryj villages

1744

51122

2325 2525

1380

1745

2325 904

1300

1746

55670 48294 52603

4946

300

310

3200

410 1076

1560

1600

1731

1330

1560

1730

Grand totals

Żałoszcze

totals

Baligród Lisko villages Mrzygłód Sanok Tyrawa Wołoska

Drohobycz Ruda Skole Stryj

years

Table 12d (cont.)

1850 1300

365 935

1747

55590

6165

416 80

481 1855

1717

1616

1734

7400 155

6591

120 300 50

120 300

2125 1525

260 1035

1748

1200

1370

1749

1200

1330

1750

3640

300

540 1273

507

1020

1739

8450

120 450 100

600 1800

1980 2400

1000

1740

5938

400 1751 332 120 150 60

2475 150

500

1741

1250

400 1135

1751

550

175 1195

1752

300 500

2000

1754

2500

1755

68100

9210

426

896 3165

2979 144

1600

1742

(continued on next page)

1800 40

200

1510

1753

50662 50891 67134 60208

7875

120 300

550 1790

525 2180

550 2614

1100

1738

1980 2035

1616

1737

1800

1800 400

1616

1736

46687 56348 55353

7103

300 220

550 1653

1080 100 1800 1400

1735

312 appendix one

2250

1700

2250

1700 2600

Drohobycz villages Ruda Skole Stryj villages

1000

960

totals

520 480

1758

500 460

1757

years

437

7944

30 300 50

450 2585

1746

1200

2250

450

450

1759

1200

1700

1760

43469 54139 48000

Chołojów Magierów

54804

Grand totals

Żałoszcze

9010

300

7084

30 300 80

50 336 50

7470

450 1950

486 2781

500 2895

Baligród Lisko villages Mrzygłód Sanok Tyrawa Wołoska

totals

1745

1744

1743

years

Table 12d (cont.)

1761

49849

7945

300

450 2745

1747

1180

600 580

1762

56023

437

8440

300

450 2521 224

1748

4810

300

400 1415 165

1750

1375 600

1960

1763

1400

1764

47769 40700

3170

300

300

1749

4894

440

400 1700 434

1752

5090

540

600

400

1753

6105

430 2875

1754

1960 1195 200 1400 600 40

1180

600 580

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

27978

2500

1755

(continued on next page)

1063 1727

1923

744

304 440

census (in persons)

62206 48326 34696 50346

5825

440

400 2200

1751

tables to chapter two 313

Grand totals

Żałoszcze

totals

Baligród Lisko villages Mrzygłód Sanok Tyrawa Wołoska

years

Table 12d (cont.)

66783

6550

1757

4050

600

1759

3600

700

1760

64992 52181 48805

4650

700

1758

48378

460

1010

700

310

1761

5325

1015

375

1763

500

2700

900

400

1764

61571 86167 66674

6490

890

600 5000

1762

132572

500

12375

400 5000 600 30 900 50

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

96046

644

6980

467

144 1656

census (in persons)

314 appendix one

15

2000

totals

1261

2010

150 200 350

300 650

200

160

1739

1076

350

826

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Samborszczyzna, except of Łaszki and Uszków, are shown in table 11.

3490

335

1230

498

100

826

1736

40 350 200

200 40 40 750 250 40 350

120

Biercza Fredropol Krukienice Łaszki (and Fulsztyn) Nowomiasto Bybel Suburb of Przemyśl Rybotycze Sambór Stanisławów Starosól Stary Sambór Uszków villages 399

1735

1720

years

Table 13. Samborszczyzna. Voivodeship of Ruś (district of Przemyśl)15

164

164

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 315

1730

years

320

1194

total

700

320

380

1731

700

320

380

1732

2540

720

320

400

1733

2179

808 324

624

423

1296

1720

730

330

400

1734

2308

1098

657

549

472

1721

720

320

400

1735

896

345

549

444

1722

720

320

400

1736

1847

348

927

617

1723

1850

30 1100 330

400

1737

1482

312

654

513

999

1724

2255

180

1545 30

400

1738

1900

300

1000

600

1720

1725

1650

900 320

400

1739

2277

200 228

1446

1425

1726

1741

2800

300

1000 500

1728

1170

600 277

300

400

1742

820

320

500

1445

1729

(continued on next page)

3599

1560 40 1050

450

1740

2254

1416

2598

1727

16 The horizontal ruling in this table indicates major Jewish communities, not Polish administrative units, as in the rests of the tables. Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Miedzyrzecz Korecki are shown in table 14e.

80

Dubno Kamień Korzecki Kowel Michnowka Niesuchojeże Wyżwa

794

2500

total

Warkowicze

799 324

798 324

2495

300 520

625 324

624 324 750 520

450

423

1296

1719

423

1296

Dubno

1718

Dubno Kamień Korzecki Kowel small towns and villages near Kowel Niesuchojeże Wyżwa

1717

years

Table 14a. Wołyń. Major Communitis of Dubno, Kowel, Ołyka, and Miedzyrzecz Korecki (Voivodeship of Wołyń)16

316 appendix one

2713

Total

1758

4170

2713

1757

years

900

1899

972

1759

900 1760

3508

450

3168

2950

600 340

80

1746

270

Dubno Warkowicze villages

1150

total

500 350

300

400

Dubno Warkowicze villages

Dubno Kamień Korzecki Kowel Michnowka Milianowiec Niesuchojeże Wyżwa villages

1745

1743

years

1744

1998

Ołyka

Miedzyrzecz Korecki

Table 14a (cont.)

1761

1775

350 450 475

300

1747

1762

2234

800 500 634

300

100

1748

1763

3474

840 180 130 800 500 732

1764

4558

1000 570 1092

1216

680

1752

1432

972 360 100

6686

1040 810 366

3600 90

810

1755

2851

2492 359

census (in persons)

1787

570

1217

7000

1754

3600

(continued on next page)

3555

600 875

1445

635

1753

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

4246

130 800 520 1141

150 800 500 1416 4222

1065

630

1751

830

530

686

6240 360

400

1750

1749

1800

tables to chapter two 317

1852

total

Ołyka

252

1600

1757

Kamień Korzecki Kowel Michnowka Milianowiec Niesuchojeże Wyżwa villages

years

Table 14a (cont.)

2304

1040 700 114

50

400

1758

4227

1227 818

4074

1550

990

560

582 1600

1760

1759

1000

1700

1100

600

1761

1000

1860

1197

663

1762

2120

135

1250

735

1763

1570

700

870

1764

1000

4303

1600 50 130 700 818 135

870

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

646

2608

1516 18 10 470 154

440

census (in persons)

318 appendix one

17

3519

408

219 285 75 108 138

60

2982

100

113

129 60

1760

150

80

100

200 1200 30

1726

3030

150

849

129

200

498 1200

1727

Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Łabuń and Szumsk are shown in table 14e.

4604

480

951

228 264 75

70

264

1097

210

210

2622

558

558

2723

100 168 31

99 168 31

240 44

189 62

150 164 999 60 245

189

1725

Totals

70

102 70

300

129 129 222

1723

80

138

138

300 951

150 300 99 108 450 956

1720

150

84 279 31 56 339 558

84 279 31 56 339 558

150 477 144

1719

Czarnoostrów

1718

600

1717

Bazalia Jampol Kornica Kozin Krzemieniec Łachowce Łanowce Oleksyniec Oleszyce Ożochowce Ptycze Perniatyn Radziwiłów Rochmanów Szumsk Tofipol Testuchów and Burtyn Werba Wiśniowiec Wołoczysko Wyżgródek Zabikryk Zbaraż

years

1540

150

100 60

1200 30

1728

2380

150

30

50 850

30

100 60

900 30

1729

2855

161

863 397

187 70

200 214 763

1731

2015

160

865 390

100

500

1732

(continued on next page)

3251

160

870

220

190 100

906 770 35

1730

Table 14b. Wołyń. Major Community of Krzemieniec (Voivodeships of Wołyń and Podolia)17

tables to chapter two 319

Totals

Czarnoostrów

Bazalia Izumsk Jampol Kornica Kozin Krzemieniec Łabuń Łachowce Łanowce Oleksyniec Oleszyce Ożochowce Ptycze Perniatyn Radziwiłów Rochmanów Szumsk Tofipol Testuchów and Burtyn Werba Wiśniowiec Wołoczysko Wyżgródek Zabikryk Zbaraż villages

years

Table 14b (cont.)

53

56 710

2316

212

526

53

56

500

420

1734

282 500

1733

4855

390

50 815 70 460

130 250 80 560

370 50

900

120

60

180 300 600 600

1740

1000

161

80 100

1200

200 100

1741

4268

220

1330

150

2004

212 2039

5120

210

4561

300

1000

806

100

781

140

1739

1200

56 810

120

150 300 900

1738

420

810

80

140 150

1737

56 806 180 350

400 56

170 150 300

90 80 400 720

380

1736

340

1735

2385

90

60

550 500

140

85 60

700

200

1742

1925

238

100

90

147

85

725

200

340

1744

2000

238

90

147

85

800

200

440

1745

(continued on next page)

2033

238

340

700

195

340 140

1743

320 appendix one

467

956

300

709

338

6303

Czarnoostrów

Totals

2887

2837

300

70 60

1200

1748

600

40

60

1331

1747

1000

150

210 900

140 60

2000

111

264

340

1746

Bazalia Horynka Jampol Kornica Kłucz Płucizna Kozin Krupiec Krzemieniec Łachowce Łanowce Oleksyniec Oleszyce Ożochowce Ptycze Perniatyn Radziwiłów Rochmanów Szumsk Tofipol Testuchów and Burtyn Werba Wiśniowiec Wołoczysko Wyżgródek Zabikryk Zbaraż villages

years

Table 14b (cont.)

816

310

446

60

1749

2243

310

252

60

1200

1750

3190

310

250

120

70 60

2200

180

1751

1600

55

1757

4084

310

1040

120

1845

310

250

1460

260

3412

260

410

60

4068

9296

120

800 553

160 316 260

125 520 459 600

600 85 60 520 520 260 845 120 550 50 80

430 60 280

87 70 60

120 400

1690 100 50

227 71

50

600

360 100 260 100 200

1759

320

1758

(continued on next page)

4257

277

120

1300

60

450

680 2000

1755

140 70 85

1200

1754

450

1185

100

1753

500

1621

128

100

1752

tables to chapter two 321

Bazalia Horynka Jampol Kornica Kłucz Płucizna Kozin Krupiec Krzemieniec Łachowce Łanowce Oleksyniec villages Oleszyce Ożochowce Ptycze Perniatyn Radziwiłów Rochmanów Tofipol Testuchów and Burtyn Werba

years

Table 14b (cont.)

60 520 60 845

190

2490

71

200

360 50

1760

80

87 60

157

150 210

1700 157 210

95

130 200

150

227 95

260 171

1762

450 50

1761

1896

174

1763

175

748

539

448

462

1694

185 91

394 200 1018 130

1764

175

62 448 87 80 539 60 748 30

185 91 680 1694 150 462

394 200 1018 130 200

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

181

298 170 516

317 112

332 114 1029 589 85 203 114

240 203 476 49 222

census (in persons)

(continued on next page)

322 appendix one

6542

7434

Totals

1000 915

577 600

1761

160

600 439

870 429

1760

Czarnoostrów

Wiśniowiec Wołoczysko Wyżgródek Zabikryk Zbaraż villages

years

Table 14b (cont.)

3619

160

946 208

269 740

1762

2596

166

300

1763

7393

180

508 622

1764

10889

180

870 508 622 30 946 300

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

8492

226

910

664 774 668

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 323

18

4693

Totals 3069

3041

3203

3757

40

498

1581 180

60 75 69 279 600 249

1724

3491

40 150

80 395

399 300 120 1469 200

120 150 50

1725

Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Derewicz are shown in table 14e.

2595

120

120

138

1476 180

150

1536 180

198 498 240

198 600

240

120

249 600 249

99 75

48 75

1723

60

1722

78

813 120

240

1721

180 1248 180 600

1720

243 98 2378 219 813

1719

Borowce Czartorysk Gródek Janówka Kaszowka Klewań Kołki Leszniowek Łuck Mielnica Morawica Okońsk Ostrożec Rafałówka Targowica Trojanowka Wisieńki Żurawno

years

4230

150 40 120

90 80 30 279 600 240 90 1728 180 549 50

1726

4244

150 40 100

60 75 25 300 400 250 90 2374 180 200

1728

4406

120 515 150 40 80

60 75 25 300 400 166 90 2005 180 200

1729

Table 14c. Wołyń. Major Community of Łuck (Voivodeship of Wołyń)18

3035

4479

100 365 125 25

250 90 2694 180 200

260 80 1340 180

550 140 30

60 60 30 300

1732

70 60 25 300

1731

(continued on next page)

3960

560 160 30

35

60 60 65 25 290 380 250 95 2665 185

1730

324 appendix one

Totals

Borowce Czartorysk Czetwertnie Derewicz Gródek Janówka Kaszowka Klewań Kołki Leszniowek Łuck Mielnica Morawica Okońsk Ostrożec Rafałówka Targowica Trojanowka Wisieńki Żurawno

years

Table 14c (cont.)

4072

105 550 120 35

5092

100 888 130 35

3995

120 515 110 40

250 90 3072 180 200

250 90 2072 180 2602

245

40 40 300

80 30 320

80 30 320

60

1735

60

1734

60

1733

4150

5136

120 850 130 38

25

25 580 130 30

90 2780 180

40 35 310 600

30 80 30

1737

280 90 2635 200

40

30 80 30

1736

4546

130 38

20 280 120

90 3180 180

35 35 310

30 70 30

1738

4290

120 344 130

300 90 2554 180

310

70

1739

6070

300 120 800 150 40

300 100 3330 180

40 40 310

40 80 40

1740

6141

880 130 35

40

5534

150 1150 130 38

20

90 4417 200

35 330

35 310 100 4546 220

30 30

1742

30

35

1741

2580

380 130 38

300 95 724 200 200 20

40 35 310

30 70 30

1744

1887

185 130 38

20

95 776 200

40 35 310

30

30

1745

(continued on next page)

3081

150 380 130 38

300 95 975 200 300 20

40 35 310

30 70 30

1743

tables to chapter two 325

6931

6331

300 150 194 130 36

300 150 360 130 36

4085

300 150 342 130 36

95 2007 210

300

95 4545 220 300

300

40 35 300

40 35 310

95 3045 200

40 35 310

30 70 30

30 70 30

1748

30 70 30

Totals

1747

166

1746

Borowce Czartorysk Czetwertnie Derewicz Gródek Janówka Kaszowka Klewań Kołki Krasnostaw Leszniowek Łuck Mielnica Morawica Okońsk Ostrożec Rafałówka Targowica Trojanowka Wisieńki Żurawno villages

years

Table 14c (cont.)

4040

300 150 360 130

95 1830 210

250

40 30 310

30 70 30

1749

4156

160 160 380 130

95 2097 210

350

50 30 310

30 70 30

1750

3920

300 158 360 140

102 2109

191

45 42 324

36 77 36

1751

4318

300 150 360 130 36

95 2262 210

300

35 310

30 70 30

1752

3232

130 36

95 2056 210 300

35 310

30

30

1753

3350

300 150 360 130

95 1425 210

300

310

70

1754

5453

300 150 360 130

95 3338 210

300

70 310

60 70 60

1755

1054

5203

190 456 164 44

443

350 300 150

120 2072

383 570 507

50

31 126 31

1759

124

30 70 30

1758

(continued on next page)

8140

390 180 360 160

390 250 120 4635 260 800

40 35 390

30 70 30

1757

326 appendix one

Totals

Borowce Czartorysk Czetwertnie Gródek Janówka Kaszowka Kilikiew Klewań Kołki Krasnostaw Leszniowek Łuck Mielnica Morawica Okońsk Ostrożec Rafałówka Targowica Trojanowka Wisieńki Żurawno villages

years

Table 14c (cont.)

5167

2675

4951

5876

164 36

164 36

127 3057 250 350

360 164 36

215

215 150 360 164 44

127 44 247 300

500 350

31 90 32 50 44 393

1763

250 150

127 2799 247

120 2444 240

450 300

31 90 31 50 44 393

1762

215 150

450

31 50 44 393

31

1761

450 300

31 126 31 50 44 393

1760

5881

250 150 360 164

127 1924 250 400

500 400

44 400

100

1764

5834

500 400 250 127 1924 250 400 20 250 150 360 264 36 80 166

31 100 32 50 44 400

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

4687

130 109 410 80

52 162 16 972 271 82 26 1845 226 249

73

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 327

19

373

45

45

505

40 238 50

40 270 100 50

420

60

40 270 50

240

240

1740

698

115 150 260 173

1741

480

50 80 200 100

50

1742

40

40

1727

480

50 80 200

50

1743

36

36

1729

475

50 75 200 100

50

1744

100

100

1730

275

100

50 75

50

1745

202

100 30 36 36

1731

Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Ułanów in table 10; and for Winnica in table 12a.

Totals

Dziunków Lipowiec Pików Strzyżawka Tetyjów Winnica Żywotów

1737

1738

1736

years

120

216

119

99

99

Totals

100

1726

40

20

100

1725

20

99

1724

Ułanów

99

1723

36 40

99

1721

Lipowiec Pików Strzyżawka Tetyjów Żywotów

years

460

200 130

80

50

1746

282

100 40 72 70

1732

1120

203 120 580 81 162 300 254

1748

445

40 270 50 40 45

1734

1195

300

580 81 234

1749

270

270

1735

(continued on next page)

780

81 162 80 254

203

1747

322

200 50 36 36

1733

Table 14d. Wołyń. Major Community of Ostróg (Voivodeships of Bracław and Podolia)19

328 appendix one

Totals

1223

510 393

320

1764

years

Dziunków Lipowiec Pików Strzyżawka Tetyjów Żywotów

1620

1510

350

220 150 700 90

1752

1316

2388

320 175 860 130 510 393 2149

157 351 298 272 708 363

census (in persons)

1766

1316

250 236 736 94

250 236 736 94

250 236 736 94 450

1755

1754

1753

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

1010

220 120 580 90

210

580 80 180 300 270

1751

1750

Totals

Dziunków Lipowiec Pików Strzyżawka Tetyjów Winnica Żywotów

years

Table 14d (cont.)

2062

296

250 236 800 130 350

1757

680

162 400 118

1758

1468

279

333

586

270

1759

1865

366 400 307

146 646

1760

886

646

240

1761

2006

400 368

288 175 775

1762

2073

393

500

860

320

1763

tables to chapter two 329

Berdyczów Białocerkiew Białopole Biłyłówka Bohusław Borodianka Borszczejówka Brusyłów Bystryk Cudnów Czajkówka Czehryn Czerkasy Czerniechów Dołbysz Dymer near Kiev Dymer near Uszomier Fastów Horodyszcze Horoszków Husia Kamionka Kaniów Korostaszów

years

282

150

282

150

225

99

90

159

159

198

1720

480

100

1719

534

1718

534

1717

30 75

30 99

150

159

99

69

60

99

48 69

78 48

399

123 219

1722

99

1721

20 60 100

20 50 120

159

99

78

180

99

78

69

170

100

80

60 80 40 70

60 48 69

400 60 50

125

1725

135

1724

399

48 99

123

1723

40

40 100

174

100

80

150

200 100

22 63 52 70

42 350

53 100

1728

180

100

20

20

60 100 70

40

100

1729

(continued on next page)

180

100

40

30

60 50 70

100

100

60 60 40 70

20

1727

15

1726

Table 14e. Wołyń. Major Community of Ostróg (Voivodeship of Kiev)

330 appendix one

Totals

Korsuń Kotelnia Leszczyn Łowków Łysianka Miropol Motowilowka Moszna Olewsk Pawołocz Pohrebyszcze Skwira Słobodyszcze Smyla Stawiszcze Steblów Trojanów Uszomier Wołodarka Żytomierz

years

Table 14e (cont.)

1443

120

120

1443

198

1718

198

1717

100

1719

1417

40 150

135

1720

48 78 48

30 99 60 1728

2322

78

39

198

60 75 150

150 195

198 195 48

150

1722

198

1721

50 30 78 150

60 48 30 48 120

2133

2034

99

99

99

75

40 78

50 40 150 150

159

1724

78

150 195

48

1723

2375

80

100 50 30 30 70 100

100

40 160 160

150

1725

1844

80

50 30 30 70 100

20

150 120 50 50 90 165

1726

2084

27

75

32

53

52 43 250 170

180

1728

1750

25 250

50 100

50 40 265 160

120

1729

(continued on next page)

1930

50

200 30 30 70 100

30

50 40 250 160 30 50

150

1727

tables to chapter two 331

Berdyczów Białocerkiew Białopole Biłyłówka Bohusław Borodianka Borowica Borszczejówka Brusyłów Bystryk Byszów Chodarków Cudnów Czajkówka Czehryn Czerkasy Czerniechów Dołbysz Dymer near Kiev Dymer near Uszomier Fastów Hermanówka Hornostajpol Horodyszcze

years

Table 14e (cont.)

160 40

80

15

75 60

20

120 100 140 40 80

60 50 40 20

400 50 50 100 50 70 36

40 60 40 30

450 35 80 120 50

1733

350 70

60 40 70

80

220 400 70 120 120 80 40 60

1732

350 36

40

20 30

400 33 60 100

1731

350

400 36 60 100

1730

20

100 50

40 60 50 40 50 450 20 100 150 50

450 600 50 80 145 50

1734

100

80 150 50 70

450

20

105 80

30

80 145 50 100 40 120 50 40 50 450 100 100 150 50 70

80 100

120

450 800

1736

450 600

1735

50 80 120 50 50

50 180 200 50

105 50 20

105 50 20

30

110 120 100 50 20 40 180 50 40 50

1738

50 100 80 50 20 40 180 50 40 50

1737

132

588

150

1739

141 65

200 50

75 440 230 150 330

75 50

69 115 161 1012 180 150 50

75 395

75

920

1742

68

200 219 150

1741

(continued on next page)

300

150 50 130

600

150

150

1740

332 appendix one

Horoszków Kamionka Kaniów Kodnia Korostaszów Korsuń Koszowata Kotelnia Kryłów Leszczyn Łowków Łysianka Makarów Medwedówka Miropol Motowolowka Moszna Olewsk Pawołocz Pohrebyszcze Przyborsk Radomysl Rejgród Rokitna Skwira Słobodyszcze

years

Table 14e (cont.)

130

40 40 80

20 20 40

100

50

120 100 100

160 50 60 50 200 100

160

240

100

50

350

80

40

350

200 120

180 120

180 120

100 100 100

1732

50 100 50

1731

100

1730

20 25

80 160 50 60 40 300 130

75 80 70 50 350

230 120

50 100 60

1733

25

36

130

150 40 330 210 330 210

120 180

350

100

70

330 80

100 100

1735

180 180

100 40 350

75

100 100 50 330 120

1734

36 20 25

100 140 450 30 180 180 100 130 40 330 210

80

100 50 330 120

50

1736

50 36 25 30

210

75 60

100 150 100 70 425 30 250 180

30 100 200 50 300 180

1737

50 36 25 30 150

250 150

120 110 70 420 30 250 180 50 75

300 180

20 100 120

1738

155

405

122

100 120

1739

141 65 115 92 79

345

180

117 166 400 82

150

100 150

1741

50 65 75 50

180

130 75 410

210

170

50 150 180

1742

(continued on next page)

60

50

60 180 150

180

450

100

180

100 200

1740

tables to chapter two 333

Berdyczów Białocerkiew Białopole Biłyłówka Bohusław Borodianka Borowica Borszczejówka

75

75

75

75

230

230

75

950 900

1745

4650

900

1744

75

920

1743

years

3624

150

120

2646

50

25

Totals

30

100

160

80 150 15

80 75

87

250 350 87

1102

1746

4306

150

75 20 50 30

152

1745 1404 70 438 698 133

1747

5618

152

1230 230 455 728 132

1748

4735

132 71 200

450

1228

1749

6459

160

140

468

1228

1750

4667

40 50

40 50 186

185

50 25

50 25

50 40 30 50 186

30

50

30 50 25 40 30 50 186

30

40

72

36

140 70 220

370

1751

4461

40

250

250

200

1738

200

200

130 30 30

200 60 60

1737

1736

1735

1734

1733

1732

200 30 30

1731

200

1730

Smyla Stawiszcze Steblów Taraszcza Traktamirów Trojanów Uszomier Wernyhorodok Wilsk Wołodarka Żabotyn Żytomierz

years

Table 14e (cont.)

140 70 220

340

1430 1430

1752

1996

224

1739

140 73 170

305 340

1525

1754

6087

300

138

144

138 105

300

1741

140 73 170

305 340

1525

1755

5795

420

75

50 50 60 80 40

360

1742

(continued on next page)

140 73

305 340

1753

3615

300

50

1740

334 appendix one

380 75 50

50 300 220 150

50 65

150 130 140

170 50 180

395 75 50

50 440 230 150

50 60 50

150 140

170 70 185

Brusyłów Byszów Chodarków Cudnów Czajkówka Czehryn Czerkasy Czerniechów Czerwone Dołbysz Dymer near Kiev Dymer near Uszomier Fastów Hermanówka Hornostajpol Horodyszcze Horoszków Iwnica Kahorlik Kamionka Kaniów Kodnia Korostaszów Korsuń Koszowata Kotelnia Krasnopol

1744

1743

years

Table 14e (cont.)

40 180

150 130 140 480

50 30

60 290 638 232

300 270 58 30 50

240

50 300 220 150

522 87 70 812 58 250

1746

380 75 50

1745

240 122

422

150 202 320

70

250

204 330 920 336

612 102 132

81

81

583 102 106

119 305

742 152 119

1748

383

710 152 117

1747

250

150 202 370 936 333

587 102 132

300 230 81 101 80

712 174 118

1749

270 120

150 200 340 900 350

603 102 140

97 101 80

300

730 183 127 1000

1750

272 120

150 200 345 890 330

593 110 140

300 260 85 130

730 190 128

1751

150 200 370 1050 330 200 330 120

66

220 385 1230 345 108 345 126

68

700 212 140

220 385 1230 345 108 345 126

130 68

700 212 140

85 65

300 330

300 212 128

1755

(continued on next page)

220 385 1230 345 108 465 126

68

700 212 140

85 65

85 65

60

200 130

300 330

824 212 128 400

1754

300 330

824 212 128

1753

300 330

800 200 120

1752

tables to chapter two 335

Kryłów Leszczyn Łowków Łysianka Makarów Medwedówka Miropol Motowilowka Moszna Olewsk Pawołocz Pohrebyszcze Pradzów Przyborsk Radomysl Rejgród Rokitna Rozów Rzeszczów Skwira Słobodyszcze Smyla Stawiszcze Stebłów Taraszcza Traktamirów Trojanów

years

Table 14e (cont.)

60 50 50

60 50 50 60

350

100 30 50

100 50

360

50

50

50 100 100 50

60 50 40

320

320

330

180 60

130 75 400 35

1745

180 60

130 75 400

1744

180

75 410 35

1743

60 60 50

30

60

120

58

812 580

232

174 87 464 35

1746

107 106 88

697

59

199 53

81

71 350

30

255 133 607

1747

109 108 89

81 154 203 53

71 355

260 134 635

1748

108 107 89

550

81 152 200 53

117 107 89

80 160 205

1163

310 71 350

300 71 353 530

265 140 612 110

1750

256 132 612 121

1749

117 120 95

80 160

1000 570

352 77 250

110

272 140

1751

97

92

97

118

1300 715 108 92 212

73 325

400 138 624 212

1754

97

118

909 715 108 92 212

73 325

400 138 624

1755

(continued on next page)

118

1300 715 108 92 212

73 325

400 138 624 212

1753

110

300

1300 990 100 88 200

352 70 250

310 130 612 200

1752

336 appendix one

300

300

5565

1757

1516 1516

Totals

years

Berdyczów Białocerkiew Białopole Biłyłówka Bohusław Borodianka Borowica Borszczejówka Brusyłów Buzyn Byszów

224

200 600

195

80 50

80 50

Uszomier Wernyhorodok Wilsk Wołodarka Żabotyn Żytomierz

151

900 216 170 432 97 30 121 611

1758

5755

1744

1743

years

Table 14e (cont.)

226

1200 1280 233 306 800 160 40 200 1066

1759

6940

300

80 40 75

1745

466

200

249

1320 1408 333 337 1000 150 44 220 1066

1760

249

1320 1408 333 337 1000 150 44 220 1066

1761

8767 12096

330

117

1747

96 46

1746

298

180 52 264

412 404

1320

1762

10460

340

472

118

1748

350

484

116

1750

292

1400 454 444

1763

280

250 800

415 408

1764

11524 12518

262

545

116

1749 88

1752

600

88

1753

600

1754

430

600

1755

280

1320 1400 415 408 1000 180 52 250 800

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

(continued on next page)

492 29 170

1541 1876 176 205 875 347 35

census (in persons)

9706 13176 11903 13790 12823

415

487

80

1751

tables to chapter two 337

Chabnoje Chodarków Cudnów Czajkówka Czehryn Czerkasy Czerniechów Czerwone Dołbysz Dymer near Kiev Dymer near Uszomier Fastów Hermanówka Hornostajpol Horodyszcze Horoszków Iwnica Jasnohorodka Kahorlik Kalnibłoto Kamionka

years

Table 14e (cont.)

333 66 96 80

105

38 80

52

150

70

150

66

46

466

440 440 200 146

400 400 113 133

216 237 54 83

88

80 105

155

513

73

264 1246

1760

240 1133

1759

118

1758

400

500 230 130

160 85 70

400

140

1757

98

73 105

130

593

73

440 440 358 306

264

1761

80 126

156

88

240 175

320

1762

152

140

680 400

580 240 193

1763

150

132

610 360

530 216

360

1764

150

98

610 360 156 30 80 132

30

360 1246 119 440 530 216 193 85 88

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

(continued on next page)

460 113 57 19 58 93 104 21 19 16

56

116 452 1283 19 66 171 359 122

census (in persons)

338 appendix one

963

73 350

225

129 52 234

54 449

138 700

345 120 345 126

159 278 885 248 77 216

220 407

Kaniów Kodnia Korostaszów Korsuń Koszowata Kotelnia Krasnopol Kryłów Ksawerów Leszczyn Łowków Łysianka Machnówka Makarów Medwedówka Medwincy Miedzyrzecz Miropol Motowilowka Moszna Nowy Lubar Olewsk Olszanaja Pawołocz Piatka

1758

1757

years

Table 14e (cont.)

1960

266 96 266

200

293 105 303

322 80 650

293 80 406

400 133 266

322 440 440 440 146 293 92

1760

293 400

1759

1026

293 105 303

322 80 650

440 146 293 126

322 440

1761

387 96

351 126

528

1762

150

390 150 400

430 100 758

573 330 390

425 582

1763

354 130 405

200

403

475 300 350

425 502

1764

1026

150

354 130 405

200 30

403 100 758

425 502 440 475 300 350 126 120

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

(continued on next page)

89 164 362 26 1041 78

403 170 620 339 125 236 117 25 96 255 24 169 15 217 98 16 76 115

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 339

Totals

800

Pohrebyszcze Pradzów Przyborsk Radomysl Rejgród Rokitna Rozów Rużyn Rzeszczów Skwira Słobodyszcze Smyla Stawiszcze Steblów Taraszcza Traktamirów Trojanów Uszomier Wernyhorodok Wilsk Wołodarka Żabotyn Żytomierz 132 220

120 200

12356

700

100

8164 16192

313

93

50

324

133 40 106

84 83 68

366

70

127

146

132

646 117 80 249 146 44

1761

18320 15676

366

528

146 120 117

249 146 44

226 133 40

118

646 117

1760

586 106

1759

660

64

78 68 153 74 30

1758

565

130

100

110

1757

years

Table 14e (cont.)

404

750

90

176

7328 12421

366

84

176

53

176 52

330

105

860

1763

96

775

1762

10005

360

755

300

230

305

1764

22217

132 300 60 660 30 176 120 127 60 90 46 75 755 50 360

860 117 105 305 176 53 230

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

20105

9 662 26 460

134 104 276 179

44 230 57 284 91 927 699

359 102

1169 67

census (in persons)

340 appendix one

234

100 40

933 50 100

234

100 40

933 50 100

1719

1038 1200 198 117

50 70

80

207

198 300 324

1720

300 90 30

30

99 60

78 99

249

174 348 348

1722

948 300 90 60

99 69

78 120

249

348

1721

30

300 90

99 69

78

48

174 348 348

1723

Data of the census and ‘tax potential’ for Warkowicze are shown in table 14a.

140

140

20

498 264 282 50

498 264 282 50

Aleksandryja Berezno Bereznica Białogródka Czartoryja Czerniłówka Derażna Wołyńska Derewicz Derman Gupków Hoszcza Hryców Hulewiczów Konstantynów Korzec Krasyłów Krupa Kulczyn Kuniów Kuzmin

1718

1717

years

30

99 99 249 90

99 69

69 100

35 50 198

348 348

1724

60

250

50 100 70

200

30

175 375 350

1725

780

50 100 70

40

50 40

80

150

300 50 40

1728

50

40

80

300 100 40

130

1729

(continued on next page)

50

70

50

175

300 50 40

348 50 35 174

175

1727

174

1726

Table 14f. Wołyń. Major Community of Ostróg (Voivodeship of Wołyń)20

tables to chapter two 341

Grand totals for Ostróg

villages

Totals

Lubar Lubomirka Łabuń Miedzyrzecz Korecki Ostróg Ostropol Połonne Równo Sarny Sławuta Stepan Sudyłków Szepetówka Szumsk Tuczyn Warkowicze Włodzimirzec Zasław Zwiahel

years

Table 14f (cont.)

3798 348 1932 235

1398 318

249

414

4098 348 1932 235

1398 318 180

449

414

2959

1359

100 500

700

300

1719

29675 29675 32387

13445 12765

633 95 414 240

1718

633 95 414 240

1717

31028

70

14618

21970

8410

315

158

750

942 207 1855 348

1200 180 165

1656 177 698

249 99 372

1721

99 1419 180 135

1496 198 888 1623

300 99 348 699

1720

17060

8550

318

165

1218 198 168

3483 213 198

300 99 315

1722

18483

99

10170

318

60

8307

350

170

150 20

205

9374

542 7543

52

4021 200 500

300 100 320 1300

1728

60

8200

100

700

5260 200 800

300 100 300

1729

(continued on next page)

27825 27219 28284

380

6195

50

50

50

1200

3915 200 500

4383 100 500

320

318 200

350 4657 100 500

300

1727

300

1726

300

1725

22793 23291 24230

219

9144

150 318

174 20

168

165

99

4328 177 747 150

699

300 99

1724

99

6444 177 498

300 99 318

1723

342 appendix one

300 50 45

90 150

40 70 15

700 900 250 100 100 40 50 300

300

300 50 35

90

40 70

700 900

300

40 300

100

95

175

Aleksandryja Berezno Bereznica Białogródka Czartoryja Czerniłówka Derażna Wołyńska Derewicz Derman Gupków Hoszcza Hryców Hulewiczów Janów and Chartoryja Konstantynów Korzec Krasyłów Krupa Kulczyn Kuniów Kuzmin Lubar Lubomirka Łabuń

1731

1730

years

Table 14f (cont.)

300

800 900 240 75 150 100 140 300

80 140 40

100 150

100

130 350 300 100 90

1732

300

180 300

1000 900 300 120 150

40 70 25

300

174 300

1050 745 295 120 100

100 75 30

40

45 90

45 100 50 200

125 260 260

1734

150 300 300

1733

300

1050 855 295 120 100 50 175 300

100 75

40 150

90

125 260 260

1735

300

301 295 120 100 50 200 300

100 75

40 150

54

125 260 260

1736

300

125 100 50

105 75 30

40 150

45 90

130 260 300

1737

300

660

140 115 80

115 75 30

40

45

260 50

140

1738

300

122

810

122

112

132

1739

344

39 150

100

115

50 70 60

150

1741

450

155

920

50

80 50

1742

(continued on next page)

300

330

150 140

450 900

160 75

50 65 45 140

150

1740

tables to chapter two 343

130 530 300

300 180 950 300

500 200

Grand totals for Ostróg

30375 31860 33796

310

145

villages

300

8317 10833 11917

300

120

18301

260

12337

150 1000 230 140 50 450

100 1150 200 140

100

140

2961 200 800 666

2146 200 800 666

4432 200 800 366

2527 200 500

1200

200

1733

200

1732

200

1731

670

1730

Totals

Maryan Miedzyrzecz Korecki Ostróg Ostropol Połonne Równo Sarny Sławuta Stepan Sudyłków Szepetówka Szumsk Tuczyn Warkowicze Włodzimirzec Zasław Zwiahel

years

Table 14f (cont.)

408

10903

280

100

225 180 50 300

130

4439 210 880

1734

6825

300

100

545

225 180

200 830

400

1735

15909

807

8138

851

8671

340

100

50 545

130 650

4596 210

1738

8415

106 1400 405

605

731

3360 210

1739

13705 14553 15331

862

7756

320

100

100 1200 300

100 280

130 1335 105 345

4100 210

788 210 500

100 545

396

1737

200

1736

1741

550

105

230

112

1200

50

150 700

9881 255 390

205

1742

720

(continued on next page)

16046 22121 22344

1753

13341 12660 14536

120 1500 600

600

130 360 300

4596 10361 200 224 1230 750

1740

344 appendix one

Aleksandryja Berezno Bereznica Białogródka Czartoryja Czerniłówka Derażna Wołyńska Derewicz Derman Gupków Hoszcza Hryców Hulewiczów Janów and Chartoryja Konstantynów Korzec Krasyłów Krupa Kulczyn Kuniów Kuzmin Lubar Lubomirka Łabuń

years

Table 14f (cont.)

150 50 370 450

40

50

155 50 380 450

100

100

150 50 370 450

900

50 120

50 120

900

60 60 45

1745

60 60 50

1744

920

80

1743

196

960

464

2185 910 600 230 283 80 500 450

222

209 132

140 116 40

50 120

200

160 50 120

101

430 570

1747

80

1746

450

450

500

282

232 282 80

230 283 80

820

207 140

50 120

200

40

1750

800

209 131

50 120

202

504 120

1749

827

153

210 132

50 120

200

30

520

1748

500

450

280

142

55

120

1751

700

450

300

2310 1000

160

50

1752

700

160 450

2310 700 440

180

55

415

1755

(continued on next page)

700

323 450

323 500 700

315

2310 1000

180 167

55 150

180

415

1754

315

1000

167

55 150

180

415

1753

tables to chapter two 345

Grand totals for Ostróg

750

695

16425 18404 18316

745

1200 430

160 600 330 300 50

4206 255 380

villages

1200 430

160 600 330 300 50 700

165 550

50 715

3978 255 380

2724 255 390

8644 10793 10531

225

225

31712

774

9805

140 600

60

184 700

4570 300 464 700

1746

1745

Totals

1744

120 1200 440

1743

Maryan Miedzyrzecz Korecki Ostróg Ostropol Połonne Równo Sarny Sławuta Stepan Sudyłków Szepetówka Szumsk Tuczyn Warkowicze Włodzimirzec Zasław Zwiahel

years

Table 14f (cont.)

33749

1115

17877

515 1200

230 600 530 304 204 800

3844 400 1214

300

1747

24997

950

7553

520

826

1800 600

886

695

265 450 640

265 620

265 620

751

596

(continued on next page)

30931 29186 29310

751

10080 12685 11674

300 212

3600 433 364

1755

300 212

240

3620 433 750

1754

300 212

240

230 600 300 200

3600 433 605

1753

390 425 1355

1752

7577 10870

600 300 215

3745 420 750

1751

30403 30580 26934 33675

825

9607 10363

500

600 300 210 700

600 303 202 500

620 305 203

520

230

232

231

1750

3380 400 1214

1749

1676 400 1214 800

1689 400 750

1748

346 appendix one

Aleksandryja Annopol Baranówka Berezdów Berezno Bereznica Białogródka Czartoryja Czerniłówka Derażna Wołyńska Derewicz Derman Gupków Hoszcza Hryców Hulewiczów Janów and Chartoryja Kamieńczyk Konstantynów Korzec Kozin

years

Table 14f (cont.)

700

1320

1410

1200

220

108

293 440 146 132 133 161

1760

220 142

133 120

1759

50

60 61 81

162

1758

55

1757

1050

220

293 440 146 132 133

1761

264

190

169

300

50

375 528 168

1763

341 528 166

1762

700

260

150 190

160

1764

1050 700

50 150 50 260 142 30 153

375 528 160 132 150 190

150

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

(continued on next page)

150 1801 937 332

29 283 86 151

290

173 807 142 380 391 385 100

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 347

Krasyłów Krupa Kulczyn Kuniów Kuzmin Lubar Lubomirka Łeczna Łabuń Maryan Miedzyrzecz Korecki Misocz Misicz Mały Ostróg Ostropol Połonne Równo Sarny Sławuta Stepan

years

Table 14f (cont.)

260

5450 158 1500

1200

450

220 300

1757

365

150

1056

237 108 108 47 216 450

1758

600

800

133

1759

226 660

880

930

630

293

300 190 190

1760

266 660

880

1286

190 190

1761

792

787

228 228 95 351

1762

300

1718

1200

394 450

250

1763

272

150 750

1700

332 450

315 222 236

1764

1286 150 750 787 50 272 792

630 300 1700

315 222 236 95 332 450 100

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

(continued on next page)

246 1138

64 26 2429 120 925 1422

82 432 94 996

273 232 288 325 232 450

census (in persons)

348 appendix one

720 330

Sudyłków Szepetówka Szumsk Tuczyn Włodzimirzec Zasław Zwiahel

348

458

3515

186

147

5121

213

130

1759

162 153

1758

30300 14931 20349

731

villages

Grand totals for Ostróg

13173

Totals

678

820

1757

years

Table 14f (cont.)

34322

863

11635

220 366 234 856 205 1800 810

1760

29011

807

7395

220 366 234 689

1761

18097

682

6534

792

440 280 827 246

1762

23532

440

9236

440 315 787 271 1500

1763

20534

5422

285

1764

42077

440

17032

220 440 285 787 271 1500 792

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

43479

21225

397 390 170 514 159 2807 577

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 349

2800

3000

150 400 250 300 300 300

150 400 250 300 250 300

Totals

450 100 300 400 100

450

Brahin Choszczomel Chojniki Czarnobyl Dymidów Łubianka Łuhyny Narodycze Nordzyńsk Owrucz Sylweszna Wieledniki villages

300 400

1750

1749

years

2420

550

750

3420

200 120 120

200 230 260

1556

250

50

120

150 200 360 360

300

1754

100 216

550

1753

210 300

300 400

900

1752

1476

250

50 120 200 120 120

100 216

300

1757

1706

250

50 100 200 120 120

100 216

300

1758

1956

300 100 100 216 100 50 100 200 120 120 300 250

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

Table 14g. Wołyń. Major Community of Owrucz (Voivodeship of Kiev)

3021

241 51

215 241 240 607

198 696

532

census (in persons)

350 appendix one

Grand totals for Wołyń

Totals

Bersteczko Błudów Druszkopol Horochów Hułówka Jeziorzany Kisielin Leśniów Łobaczówka Łokacze Milatyn Poryck Sokoł Stobuchwa Stołówka Swiniuchy Torczyn Turzysk Uściług Włodzimierz

years

29675

4895

1717

29675

4893

1718

4202

4730

300

90

366 720

1480

392

234 147

198

384 117

1722

32287 31018 21970 17060

6082

250

198 420 1098

333 615 108 492

198

1083 189

81

1168 62 699

1800 96

1721

99

1720

1104 193

555 810 29

1843

1719

75

70 99 198

2297

799

23291

2840

300

100

99 300

429

390

1275 162

100 399

1725

99

1724

18483 22793

1723

7640

600 600

273 399

399 102 123

99 1440

630

2040 60 468 300

1727

9254

712 528 700

384 856 100

100 499

670

1421 60 416 2808

1728

6902

804

150 470

300 910 100

600 700 124 236

600

1240 60

1729

(continued on next page)

24230 27825 27219 28248

2505

621 399

87 100

100 177 150 372

60 438

1726

Table 14h. Wołyń. Major Community of Włodzimierz (Voivodeships of Wołyń and Bełz)

tables to chapter two 351

580 1100 100 1055

480 1200 100 549

361 800 80

306

340 738 80

279

140

440 600 50

1700

1548 80 345 700 50

Bersteczko Błudów Druszkopol Horochów Hułówka Jeziorzany Kisielin Leśniów Łobaczówka Łokacze Michałówka Milatyn Orychów Ozdiutycze Poryck Sokoł Stobuchwa Stołówka Swiniuchy

1731

1730

years

Table 14h (cont.)

100

150 765 100 380 510 70

50 70 360 1050 100 670

316 100

1732

110 330 550 70

1340

530 850

2815 50

1733

248

118 360 575 82

152

75 66 560 850 105 1690

144 317

1734

135 361 595 78

553

78

292

1735

148 370 628 85

370 850

80

134 312

1736

220

140 270 700 100

605

420 900

650 140 350 1000 90

1737

140 241 700 100

430 1050

90

140 320

1738

376 712

478 1121

325

1739

408

160

500 100

82 1154

82

263

420

139

1742

330

488

1741

(continued on next page)

375 720

480 1050

150 330

1740

352 appendix one

8335

30375

1743

2400

Totals

Grand totals for Wołyń

years

Bersteczko villages Błudów Boromel Druszkopol Horochów Hułówka Jeziorzany Kisielin Leśniów Łobaczówka Łokacze

410

800

760

400

626 90

138

561

1744

31860

8952

330 650

330 650

Torczyn Turzysk Uściług Włodzimierz

1731

1730

years

Table 14h (cont.)

7750

805

300

1733

7824

388 183 424 1487

1734

3608

825

378 313

1735

424 82 1448

80

2578

500

1746

424

2383

1745

438

632

1747

424

390

54 150

1748

33798 33082 30691 26558

6194

750

350 300

1732

6975

460

430 500

1737

411 2300 100 849

392 4331 90

1772 132

1749

417 1280

2012 132

1750

30126 28996

5079

1254

428 420

1736

90 1368

90

1000 108

1751

27209

3611

400

1738

5165

900

510

1740

4185

818

1741

6602

1742

455 1500 100 1937

89

452

1600

1752

455 1500 100 2207

452 2040 89

1600

1754

480 1500 120 2207

480 2000 90

1600

1755

(continued on next page)

95

437 786 91

1600

1753

29901 36000 42267 38680

4791

802

508

1739

tables to chapter two 353

4910

28399

Grand totals for Wołyń

1600

500

1743

Totals

Stremilche villages

Michałówka Milatyn Orychów Ozdiutycze Poryck Rozenpol Sokoł Stobuchwa Stołówka Swiniuchy Torczyn Turzysk Uściług Włodzimierz villages

years

Table 14h (cont.)

30150

7087

434 150

264

400 132

2288

642

350 146

80

300

375

1747

1746

1764

72 18

116

200 140

200

1748

30067 54941 47630 39717

4000

234

232

3071

504

375

1745

433 101

172 375

1744

7368

72 20

1603 666

794

130

224

1750

55233 60246

13702

72

782 507 667 420

130 140

220 387

1749

53814

5838

73 20

1028 709

130

224

1751

589 1887

267

140 154

234 432

1754

1538

160

1755

4623 13246 12235

137 148

229

1753

(continued on next page)

62125 60740 61771 59705

12007

589 2281 270

267

140 154

234 432

1752

354 appendix one

120 100 100 350

300

400 1200 120 1800

250 230 430

150

90 80 400

200 410

120 90 500

400 100

130 100 400

160 200 500

150

700 2000 100 90 480 1000 120 2000

800

1600

1760

2700

1759

Bersteczko villages Błudów Boromel Druszkopol Horochów Hułówka Jeziorzany Kisielin Leśniów Łobaczówka Łokacze Michałówka Milatyn Orychów Ozdiutycze Poryck Rozenpol

1758

1757

years

Table 14h (cont.)

400 500

500 1100 120 311

500 1939 120

160

1000

1761

440

280

560

600 210 120

180

650

1762

215 700

700

130

190

2400

1763

145

145

500

175

800

1764

800 108 175 100 500 210 145 90 700 1100 145 311 80 280 765 100 215 700

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

(continued on next page)

145 367

84 293 494 68 907 59 345

195 1023

872

census (in persons)

tables to chapter two 355

13411

60316

Grand totals for Wołyń

3000

totals

Stremilche villages

221

Sokoł Stobuchwa Stołówka Swiniuchy Torczyn Turzysk Uściług Włodzimierz villages

300

1757

years

Table 14h (cont.)

29800

3523

523 300

200

1758

7516

330 300 300 400 576

130 160

1760

8380

300

250

180 200

1761

4200

370

290

260 240

1762

47475 60345 51585 31453

6250

290 300 670

210

1759

2842

250

250

327 250

1764

46600 38220

5875

700

290

300 250

1763

76955

9464

73 20

327 250 100 250 300 700 400 250 270

poll-tax potential (in złoty)

75070

9270

60

234 640 874 358 1733

292 227

census (in persons)

356 appendix one

APPENDIX TWO

MAPS TO CHAPTER TWO Legend === —— -----…… Q

• ○ ◘ • Leszno

borders of Crown Poland borders of Voivodeships borders of districts borders of the Jewish regional councils and major communities exterritorial urban communities communities mentioned both in the census and in the poll-tax lists communities mentioned in the poll-tax lists only communities mentioned in the census only centers of the major communities

Poznań

Great Poland

Scale 1:2800000

Austria from 1742 Brabdenburg-Prussia

urg Brandenb

D\bica

a

Samborszyzna

Ruś

Grand Dutchy of Lithuania

Turkey

Podolia

Ruś

(Voivodeship of Bracław)

Mi\dzyrzecz Korecki

Wołyń

Map 1. The Jewish Autonomy in Crown Poland

Ruś

Przemyśl

Przemyśl

Ordynacja Jozefów Zamoy ska

Lublin

Lublin

Mi\dzyrzecz Podlaski

Siemiatycze

Ciechanowiec

Tykocin

ussi

Rzeszów

Hungary

Cracow (Kazimierz)

Little Poland

t Pr

W\grów

Eas

Chełm-Bełz

the Baltic Sea

Russia

maps to chapter two 359

Scale 1:300000

Frysztak

Wielopole

Voivodeship of Sandomierz

S\drzyszów

Strzyżów

Czudec

Map 2. Autonomous Major Community of Rzeszów

D\bica

Ropczyce

Tyczyn

Rzeszów

Głogów

Blażów

Voivodeship

of Ruś

360 appendix two

maps to chapter two

361

Augustów

Rajgród

Grajew Szczucin

district of Wizna Myszyniec Lipniki

GoniAdz Osowiec Jasionowka

Stawiski

Rudka Nowogród

Voivod eship of Mazow sze district of Łomża Troszyn

Knyszyn

Jedwabne Wizna

Tykocin

Białystok

Sniadow Zambrów

Sokoły

Suraż

Voivo deship of Podlas ie district of Bielsk Orly Boczki

district of Drohiczyn Siemiatycze Drohiczyn

Mielnik Sarnaki Niemirów Łosice

Konstantynów

district of Mielnik Scale 1:1250000 Scale 1:1250000

Map 3. Autonomous Major Community of Tykocin

Scale 1:1250000

Voivodeship of Podlasie

Mokobody

Grodzisk

Ciechanowiec

Mordy

W\grów Sokołów Liw Podlaski

Kałuszyn Mińsk Mazowiecki Siennica Karczew

Dobre

Jadów

Nur

Czyzew

Kosów Sterdyń Lacki Stoczek

Ostrów Mazowiecka Zar\by Kościelne

Map 4. Autonomous Major Community of W\grów

Warsaw

Radzymin

Niegów

Voivode ship of Mazows ze

Kamieńczyk

Goworowo

Jabłonka Kościelna Wysokie Mazowieckie

362 appendix two

maps to chapter two

363

Holeszów

Ratno

Voivodeship of Ruś (district of Chełm)

Opalin Swierz

Siedliszcze

Maciejów

Radziechów

Chelm Rejowice Krasnostaw Krośniczyn Tarnogóra

Lubomla

Dubienka

Uchanie Wojsławice Grabowiec

Korytnica Horodło

Hrubieszów Kryłów

Komorów Tyszowce Rachanie

Voivodeship of Bełz Jaroczew

Narol Libicza Lipsko Cieszanow Sieniawa

Lubaczów Oleszczyce

Uhnów

Rawa Ruska Potvlicz

Bełz

Sokal Tartaków

Stojanów

Krystynpol

Lubela

Witków

Szczurowice

Mosty Dobrotwór Królewkie

Niemierów

Voivodeship of Ruś (distrist of Przemyśl)

Toporów

Busk

Scale 1:1250000

Map 5. Chełm-Bełz

364

appendix two

Puck

Mirachów

Gdańsk

Kościerzyna

Tczew

Voivodeship of Malbork Kiszpork

Voivodeship of Pomorze Hammerstein Heinrichdorf

L\dyczek

Czluchów

Nowe

Tuchola

Debrzno (Frydland)

Szembruk Sempelborg

Jastrów Frydlandek

Porkzywno

Wałcz

Krajenka

Tuczno

Łobżenica

Piła

Człop

Mrocza

Ostromecko Fordon

Nakło Chodzież Margonin

Wronki Obrzysko

Radziki

Voivodeship of

Ryczywoł Rogożno

Gniezno

Lwowek

Babimost

Witków Czerniejów

Poznań

Poznań

St\szew Mosina

Restarzew Wołsztyn Rakoniewic

Czempin

Września

Osieczna Leszno

Zaniemyśl

Wilczyn

Miłosław Pyzdry

Jarocin

Bojanów Rawicz

Gostynin

Voivodeship of

Russocice

Ł\czyca

Dobra

GAbin

Żychlin

PiAtek

Parz\czew

Sochaczew

Voivodeship of Rawa

Bratoszowice

Brzeziny Lutomiersk

Łask

Tuszyn

Ujazd Inowłódż

Burzenin

Złoczew Wieruszów

Głuchów

Błaszków

Grabów Widawa

Voivodeship of Sieradz

Bolesław

Scale 1:1250000

Map 6. Great Poland

Piotrków Trybunalski

Grodzisk

Mszczonów

Stryków

Kałów

K\pno

Wyszogród

Sobota Bielawy

Ko<minek

Warta

Nasielsk

Ł\czyca

Kalisz

Stawiszyn

Żydów Ostrów Wielkopołski Odołanów

Maków Rożan

Voivodeship of Mazowsze Iłowo

Krośniewice Kutno

Koło

Kalisz

Płońsk

Płock

Przedecz

Rychwał

Voivodeship od

Kobylin

Krotoszyn Raszków JutrosinZduny

Izbica

Konin

Nowemiasto on Warta Zerków

Jaroczew Borek

Dobrzyń Brześć Kujawska Lubraniec Kowal

Piotrków Kujawski

Kleczew

Kozmin Pogorzel

Wschowa Szlichtyczków

Ciechanów

Voivodeship of Płoc k Drobin

Kazimierz Biskupi Golina

Kurnik

Szrem

Kargowa

Radzanów

Sierpe

Lipno

Voivodeship of Kujawy

Działyń

Goslina

Voivodeship of

Bieżuń

Kikoł

Inowrocław

Strzelno

Szamotuły

Mława

Szreńsk

Inowrocław

Trzciel

Mi\dzyrzecz Łagowice ZbAszyn

Kuezbork

Skoki

Oborniki

Pniewy

Wlewsk Lidzbark Cibórz

Łabuszyn Barcin

Kwirzyna Sieraków Mi\dzychód

Fijewo

Toruń

Kcynia

Gołancza

Charnków

Bratian

Voivodeship of Chełmno

Zołedowo

Trzcianka

Wieleń

Płow\z

Świecie

Złotowo

maps to chapter two

365

Drzewica Opoczno Gielniów

Gowarczów

Voivodeship of Sieradz Praszka

Kamińsk

Zarnów

Działoszyn

Końskie

Przedbórz

Voivodeship of Sandomierz

Tarłów

Ostrowiec Cz\stochowa Olsztyn

Janów

Wło‚zczowa Secemin Koniecpol Oksza

Ch\ciny

Opatów Sobków

Lelow

Żarki

Ożarów

Pierzchnica

Szczekociny

Zawichost

Iwaniska Raków

Klimontów Sandomierz

Bogoria Chmielnik Dzików Szydłó Kurozw\ki Wodzisław w Staszów Pińczów Żarnowiec Baranów Oleśnica KsiAż Stopnica Wolbrom Połaniec Pacanów Działoszyce Wiślica

Kromołów Pilca

Nowemiasto Korczyn

Olkusz Proszowice

Radomyśl

Chrzanów Kościelec

Mielec Rzochów Kolbuszowa Sokołów Przecław Malopołski

Tarnów

Brzesko Wiśnicz

Żywiec

Maków Podhalański

Jasło

Bobów

Nowy SAcz Nowy Targ

Vo ivo d

esh

ip

of

Voivodeship of Cracow

Biała

DAbrów Zabno

Cracow (Kazimierz)

Oświ\cim Zatór

Rudnik

Ru ś

B\dzin

Gorlice Grybów

Żmigród Dukla

Jaćmierz Rvmanów Nowotaniec Bukowsko

district of San ok

Scale Scale1:1400000 1:1400000

Map 7. Little Poland

Scale 1:1250000

a Rawa Goszczyn

Grójec

Radzyn

Wojcieszków Łuków Adamow

Latowicz Siedlc e Roża Zbuczyn Wodynie Seroczyn

Suchowola Miastków Kościelny Łaskarzew Żelechów

Parysów Garwolin

Kołbiel Osieck

Warka Magnuszew

Drwalew

Sobików

Piaseczno

Voivodeship of Mazowsze

Czemierniki Parczew

Map 8. Lublin

Janów

Voivode ship of Lublin

Kraśnik

Zaklików Radomyśl

Rachów

Rvczywoł Maciejowice Przebyszew Kozienice Głowaczów Kobylnica Kock Nowemiasto on Ryki Białobrzegi Lysobyki Pilica Baranów Klwów St\życa Bobrowniki Jedlińsk Ostrów Odrzywoł Gniewoszów Przytuk Kamionka Lubelski Granica Końskowola Lubartów Radom Kurów Skrzynno Zwoleń Przysucha Markusz Skaryszew ów Janowiec WAwe lnica Ł\czna Kazanów Kazimierz Ciepelów Dolny Lublin Szydłowiec Głusk Lipsko Opole Bełżyce Voivodes hip of San dom ierz Biskupce Piaski Sienno Solec on Vistula Bychawa

Biała

Stara Rawa

f R aw

ip o

ode sh

Voi v

Główno

Ożarów Mazowiecki

366 appendix two

Scale 1:1250000

Voivodeship of Sandomierz

Tarnog ród

Laszczów

Voivodeship of Bełz

Tomaszów Lubelski

Krasnobród

Józefów

Map 9. Ordynacja Zamoyska

Voivodeship of Ruś (district of Przemyśl)

Ulanów

Rozwadów

Turobin Goray

Zamość Szczebreszyn FrannopolBilgoray

Modliborzyce

Piłaszkowlec Gorzków Wysokie Zółkiewka

Voivodeship of Lublin

Voivodeship of Ruś (district of Chełm )

maps to chapter two 367

Szarawka

Scale 1:1200000

Map 10. Podolia

Kalusz

Kopajgrod

Szarogród

Jaruha

Jaryszów Serebria Mohylów Podolski

Łuczyniec

Voivodeship of Bracla w

Czeniejowce

Minkowce

Snydków

Bar

of Podolia

Zamiechów Bacntyn

SołobkowZinków iec Wonkowce

Voivodesh ip

Latyczew Snitówka

Ulanów Piława Stara Sieniawa Chmielnik Pików Nowy Kon stany nów Mi\dzyborz

Michałpol Deraznia

Płoskirów

Jar molnica

Fulsztyn

Jagielnica Smotrycz Podole Ułaszkowiec Jezierzany Zaleszcze Tłuste Dunajowiec Skala Lanckorona Usteczko Borszczow Balin Czercze Bilcze Turylicz Ory Maków nin Gródek on Krzywcza Sokólec Czarnokozince Dnister Kudryniec Kamieniec Podolski Kitajgród Studenica Uszyca DżwinoOkop Żwamec gród

Jazłowiec

Husiatyn Pobużniany Kolendziany

Kupin

Gródek

Satanów Kuzm in

Tarnowody

Mikołajów

Voivodeship of Wołyń

368 appendix two

Scale Scale1:1250000 1:1250000

Voivodeship of Bełz

Voivodeship of Ruś

district of Przemyśl

Turkaw Górach Tarnawa

Czarna

Dobromil Felsztyn Sambór Chyrów Łaszki Starosól Czapli Ustrzyki Stary Sambór

Map 11. Przemyśl and Samborszyzna

district of Sanok

Łancut

Przeworsk Jaroslaw Wielkie Oczy Wietlin Kańczuga Krakowiec Radymno Jawornik Pruchnik Sośnica Polski Walawa Dubiecko Medyka Dynów Babice Mościska SAdowa Krzywcza Przemyśl Wisznia Izdebki Husaków Jawornik Krukienice Fredropol Bircza Nizankowicy Dydnia Ruski Rybotycze Nowomiasto Bybel

Leżajsk

maps to chapter two 369

370

appendix two

Voivodeship of Belz

Chołojów

Stanisławczyk

Magierów

Żółkiew

Kamionka Strumiłowa

Brody

Kulików Kukizów Jaryczów

Jaworów

Janów

district of Lwów Gródek

Mrzygłód Sanok Tyrawa Wołoska Lisko

Ruda

Szczerzec Komarno

Załoszćze

Złoczów Gołogóry

Zborów Przemyśliany Pomorzany Dunajów

Kozłów

Narajów Mikołajów Strzeliska Stratyn Rozdoł Brzozdowce Podkamien Brzeżany Kozowa n Rohaty Chodorów Podwysokie Żydaczów Knichynicze

district of Przemyśl

district of Sanok Baligród

Gliniany

Swierz Bóbrka

Podkamien

Białykamień Sasów

Lwów Winniki Nawarya

Voivodeship of Wołyn

Olesko

Drohobycz

Stryj

Voivodeship of Skole

Bolechów

Tarnopol

Kupczyńce Skałat Mikulince Strusów Grzymało Trembowla Towste Podhajce Janów Chorostków Bursztyn Wisniowczyk Żurawno Martynów Bołszowiec Zawałów Budżanow Horożanka yska Kopyczyńce Ruś Monasterz Wojniłów Halicz Buczacz Białobóznica Uście sz Bary Czortków Jezupol Maryam pol Kalusz

Dolina Rożniatów

Niżniów

Stanisławów Łysiec

Tyśmenica Tłumacz

Sołotwina Nadwórna Delatyn

district of Halicz

Potok Czernelica

Bohorodczany Otynia

Obertyn Horodeńka Kamionka Wielka Gwożdziec Kułaczkowce Kołomyja Zabłotów Śniatyn Stupczate (Jabłonów) Pistynia ów Kos

Kuty

Scale 1:1400000

Scale 1:1400000

Map 12. Ruś. Voivodeship of Ruś

Scale 1:1200000

lia

of P odo

hip

Voi vod es

Ilińce Kalnik Daszów

Raszków

Jahorlik

Cekinowka

Kruty

Teplic

Monasterzyska

Umań

Józefgród (Bałta)

Berszada

Sawran

Voivodeship of Bracław

Kublicz

Czekielnik

Obodówka

Trostianiec

Ładyżyn

Rajgród Granów Bracław Kuzminka Hajsan

Tulczyn

Pieczara

Niemirów

Woronowica

Tomaszpol Kómajgród

Tywrów

Winnica

Map 13. Ruś. Voivodeship of Bracław

Kołatynka

Murachwa

Braiłów

Sieliszcza Lityn

Uładowka Janów

Dzwinogródka

Voivodeship of Kiev

Bosowka

maps to chapter two 371

372

appendix two

Kamień Korzecki

Wyżwa

Stobuchwa Gródek Trojanowka

Niesuchojeze

Kowel

Rafałówka

Hułówka

Kowel Mielnica

Milianowiec Turzysk

Janówka

Voivodeship of Wolyń

Łuck

Ozdiutycze Kisielin

Usciług

Kołki

Sokoł

Jeziorzany

Włodzimierz

Czartorysk

Kaszowka

Włodzimierz

Torczyn

Orychów

Ostrożec

Swiniuchy

Poryck

Błudów

Druszkopol

Voivodeship

of Bełz

Ołyka

Dubno Targowica Morawica Warkowicze

Milatyn Horochów

Klewań

Łuck

Lokacze

Michałówka Boromel Łobaczówka Bersteczko

Stremilche

Dubno Kózin Werba

Lesniów

Krzemieniec

Radziwiłów

Rochmanów

Krzmieniec Kornica Lachowce

Horynka Jampol Wiśniowiec

Oleksyniec

Łanowce Wyżgródek

Tofipol Bazalia

Zbaraż

Czarnoostrów

Voivodeship of Podolia

Scale 1:1400000

Map 14. Wolyń. Major Communities of Dubno, Kowel, Krzemieniec, Łuck, and Włodzimierz

Scale 1:1200000

Kuniów

Gupków

Zasław

Sławuta

desh

o Voiv

Ostropol

lia

do f Po ip o

Piatka

Owrucz

Kodnia

Strzyżawka

Kótelnia

Biłyłówka

Białopole Wernyhorodok

Lipowiec

Borszczejówka

Żywotów

Dziunków Tetyjów

Pohrebyszcze

Rużyn

Pawołocz

Horoszków

Taraszcza

Rokitna

Stawiszcze

Białocerkiew

Wołodarka

Fastów

Byszów

Makarów

Jasnohorodka

Hornostajpol

Czarnobyl

Dymer near Kiev Dymidów

Przyborsk

Borodianka

Łubianka

Skwira

Brusyłów

Chodarków

Korostaszów

Czerwone

Machnówka

Berdyczów

Słobodyszcze

Ksawerów

Czajkówka Radomysl

Iwnica

Żytomierz Łowków

Czerniechów

Trojanów

Wilsk

Owrucz

Narodycze

Voivodeship of Kiev

Uszomier

Łuhyny

Nordzyńsk

Voivodeship of Bracł aw

Pików

Cudnów

Krasnopol Motowilowka

Lubar

Czartoryja

Połonne Miropol

Dołbysz

Mi\dzyrzecz

Baranówka

Zwiahel

Ostróg

Olewsk

Kalnibloto

Łysianka

Medwincy

Bohusław

Korsuń Steblów

Rzeszczów

Kahorlik

Horodyszcze

Kaniów

Traktamirów

Map 15. Wolyń. Major Communities of Ostróg and Owrucz

Konstantynów

Kuzmin Czerniłówka Krasyłow

Kulczyn

Łabuń Hryców

Szepetówka Sudyłkow

Berezdów

Mi\dzyrzecz Korecki Korzec Hoszcza

Białogródka

Ostróg

Annopol

Tuczyn

Aleksandryja

Misocz Derman

Szumsk

Berezno

Voivodeship of Wołyń

Równo

Derażna Wołyńska

Stepan

Sarny

Bereznica Włodzimirzec

Brahin

Rejgród Kamionka

Zabotyn

Czerkasy

Smyla

Moszna

Czehryn

Kryłów

Medwedówka

maps to chapter two 373

ABBREVIATIONS AGAD AGZ ASK ASW BC BŻIH CAHJP dz. PKT PVAA syg. WAP YIVO ŻIH

Archiwum G ówne Akt Dawnych (Central Archives for Ancient Acts) Akta Grodzkie i Ziemskie z czasów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z archiwum tak zwanego bernardy skiego we Lwowie, Lwów, 1869–1935 Archiwum Skarbu Koronnego (Crown Treasury Archives) Archiwum Skarbu Wojskowego (Military Treasury Archives) Biblioteka Czartoryskich (Czartoryski Library) Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People dzia (section) Pinkas Kehilat Tiktin (Minutes of Tykocin Community) Pinkas Va ad Arba Aratsot (Minutes of the Council of Four Lands) sygnatura (signature) Wojewódzki Archiwum Państwowe (State Archives of the Voivodeship) Yidisher Visnshaftlikher Institut (Yiddish Scientific Institute) Żydowski Instytut Historyczny ( Jewish Historical Institute)

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INDEXES

PERSONAL NAMES Aaron Józefowicz 90 Aaronsohn Ran 99 (n. 4), 103 (n. 43) Abraham (elder in Brody) 122 Abraham (elder in Tykocin) 118 Abraham (trustee) 115 Abraham the Czech (tax collector) 10 Abraham son of Haim (marshal) 111, 112 Abraham son of Israel (elder) 123 Abraham son of Jacob (elder) 128 Abraham son of Joseph (marshal, trustee, elder) 111, 112, 113, 116, 121 Abraham son of Joshua (elder) 124 Abraham son of Juda (elder in Krystianpol) 126 Abraham son of Juda (elder in Leszno) 121 Abraham son of Leib (elder) 125 Abraham son of Matthus (elder) 125 Abraham son of Meir (elder) 124 Abraham son of Samuel (elder) 127 Abraham son of Wulf (elder) 127 Abraham Aharon (elder) 121 Abraham Isaac (elder) 121 Abram (leaseholder in Paczuszki) 88 Abram (leaseholder in Wola Rostowska) 99, 101 Abrahamowicz Zygmunt 71 Abusz son of Leib (elder) 124 Abuś Abraham (elder) 124 Aharon of Cracow son of Joseph (trustee, rabbi, elder) 115, 127 Aharon Filipek (elder) 121 Aharon son of Azriel (elder) 123 Aharon son of Isaac (elder) 128 Aharon son of Leib (elder) 128 Aharon son of Zalman (elder) 129 Alexander M. 99 (n. 4) Alexander Leib (elder) 121 Alexander the Jagellonian (king) 9, 11 Ari Juda Leib son of Isaac 121 Ari Leib son of Baruch (elder) 126 Ari Leib son of Samuel (elder) 126 Ari Leib son of Saul (elder) 128 Arye Juda Leib Markowicz (elder) 121

Arye Leib son of Samuel (elder) 124 Arnould M. A. 41 (n. 11) Asher (elder) 118 Asher son of Joseph (elder) 121 Auerbach family 129 Auerbach Menachem Mendel 114 Auerbach Symon son of Menachem Mendel (elder) 121 Bacon Gershon 27 (n. 1), 39 (n. 1), 49 (n. 3), 77 (n. 2), 132 (n. 19), 141 (n. 14) Bałaban Majer 2 (n. 3), 3 (n. 6), 11 (n. 6, 7, 9), 14, 43 (n. 15), 50 (n. 6), 52 (n. 14), 53 (n. 19), 71 (n. 50, 51), 78 (n. 9), 117 (n. 7), 137 (n. 5) Bartal Israel x, 1 (n. 1), 2 (n. 4), 4 (n. 12), 14 (n. 21), 78 (n. 5) Baruch (Berek) son of Haim (elder) 119 Baruch (Berek) son of Wulf (elder) 119 Ben-Sasson Hilel 1 (n. 2) Benjamin son of Joseph (syndic, elder) 116, 125 Benjamin Wulf see Landau Wulf Hasklewicz Berek (leaseholder) 84, 87, 88 Beresz Oszujowisz (trustee, scribe, rabbi) 113 Berko (leaseholder) 84, 85, 87, 88 Berkowicz Herszko (scribe, elder) 113, 122 Bershadski Sergei 12 (n. 12) Bielowicz Naphtali Nosal (elder) 122 Błeszyński 62, 63 Bostel Ferdynand 43 (n. 14), 53 (n. 20), 78 (n. 9) Branicki Piotr Franciszek (castellan) 61 Cherszko (leaseholder) 84 Culler-Cuming Elizabeth (wojewodzina) 64 Cygielman Shmuel Arthur 99 (n. 4) Czacki Stefan (master of the hunt) 64, 66 Czacki Tadeusz 39 Czartoryski family 57, 137, 141

386

personal names

Czuczyński Aleksander 27 (n. 1), 43 (n. 12), 70 (n. 47, 49), 78 (n. 9), 90 (n. 37) Daniel son of Jacob (elder) 129 David Beresh son of Arze Leib (elder) 124 David Tevel son of Ephraim Fishel see Tewek Fiszlowicz David Hanicwicz (elder) 119 David son of Abraham (elder) 124 David son of Jacob (elder) 125 David son of Moses (scribe) 113 David (trustee) 115 David Beresh of Kowel (elder) 122 David Samuel son of Juda Leib (elder) 120 Dawid (cook) 80 Dawid (leaseholder in Dobrzyn) 99 Dawid (leaseholder of Dubicz and Hilibicz) 100 DÁabrowski 62, 63 Dov Ber of Bolechów 140 Dov Beresh of Kowel (marshal) 114 Drozdowski M. 49, 92 (n. 43) Dubnov Symon 17 (n. 31), 117 (n. 7) Duke-Cohan Tamar x Działyński (commissioner of the treasury) 130, 131 Dzieduszycki (chamberlain) 60 Echt Samuel 51 (n. 8) Eisenbach Aaron (Arthur) 3 (n. 10), 20 (n. 40), 72 (n. 56) Elhanan son of Jacob (elder) 119 Elias son of Abraham (elder) 122 Elias son of Moses (elder) 125 Ephraim (elder) 123 Ephraim son of Aharon (elder) 125 Ephraim son of Herz (elder) 125 Epstein Yekuyiel Zalman son of Segal (elder) 122 Ettinger Shmuel 1, 2 (n. 3), 14, 98 (n. 4) Eviezer son of David (elder) 128 Evron Dov 3 (n. 7) Ezekiel son of Avigdor (elder) 120 Ezekiel (Haskiel) son of Faivel (elder) 119, 123 Ezekiel (Haskiel) son of Isaac (elder) 119 Ezekiel (Chazkiel) son of Saul (elder) 128

Faivel Lewkowicz (elder) 118 Fijałkowski Paweł 143 (n. 16) Filipczak-Kocur Anna 39 (n. 5) Fiszel Ephraim Usicjowicz (elder) 119 Fiszel Ephraim (tax collector) 10 Fiszel Ephraim (trustee and scribe) 112, 129 Fiszel Moses (tax collector) 10, 11 Fortis Abraham Isaac (marshal) 111 Frankel Jonathan x, 1 (n. 1), 14 (n. 21) Friedberg Khaim Dov Berish 129 (n. 10) GÁasiorowski Stefan 71 (n. 50), 72 (n. 54) Gdali (leaseholder) 82 Gelber Nathan Michael 16 (n. 27), 18 (n. 34), 20 (n. 39), 137 (n. 5) Gembarzewski Bronisław 5 Gershon of Słuck (elder) 118 Gez Elyakim son of Baruch (elder) 118, 128 Gierowski Józef 17 Gmiterek H. 52 (n. 13) Goldberg Jacob ix, x, 2 (n. 3), 11 (n. 6), 14 (n. 21, 22), 16 (n. 27), 19 (n. 38), 41 (n. 9), 49 (n. 1), 50 (n. 5), 67 (n. 41), 77 (n. 4), 91 (n. 41), 92, 99 (n. 4), 104, 109 (n. 2), 110, 111 (n. 6), 112, 137 (n. 5), 147 (n. 2), 148 (n. 3) Grabianczyna Maryanna (Kalinowska) 60, 63 Grabianka Józef (cupbearer) 60 Granowski family 138, 140 Granowski Franciszek 140 Granowski Kazimierz (voivode) 8, 24, 33, 109, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 143, 144, 149 Gross Nahum 99 (n. 4) Guldon Zenon 4 (n. 12), 39 (n. 3), 143 Gutman Israel 4 (n. 12) Haim (trustee, rabbi) 113, 116, 117 (n. 9), 125, 132 (n. 14) Haim Markowicz (elder) 119 Haim Mendel (elder) 123 Haim son of Moses (elder) 125 Haim son of Moses (trustee) 116 Hakohen Abraham (trustee, scribe, rabbi, elder) 113, 115, 126 Halevi Joseph son of Arye Juda Leib (elder) 121 Halevi Joshua Heshel (trustee) 112

personal names Halperin Abraham son of Haim (elder) 123 Halperin Israel 2, 4, 7, 14 (n. 20), 16 (n. 27), 18 (n. 34), 20 (n. 39), 78 (n. 5), 109, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130 (n. 11), 137 (n. 5) Halperin Israel son of Eliezer Litman (elder) 124 Halperin Meir son of Benjamin Wulf (elder) 120 Halperin Saul son of Chaim (elder) 123 Hanoch (marshal) 114 Hanoch son of Chaim (elder) 125 Hanoch son of Isaac (elder) 129 Haskiel Jeleniewicz Lewitat see Landau Ezekiel Hensel Jürgen x, 99 (n. 4) Herszko 58, 59 Herszko (leaseholder) 84, 85, 88 Heshel son of Heshel (elder) 129 Hilel son of Samuel (elder) 128 Hilman Solomon (elder) 121 Hirsh (trustee) 115 Hirsh of Starosól (elder) 129 Hirsh son of Isaac 129 Hirsz son of Moses (elder) 125 Hirsh son of Naphtali (elder) 129 Hirsh son of Pinhas (elder) 127 Hirszko 81 Hoshea son of Joseph (elder) 125 Hoshea son of Mordechai (elder) 128 Hundert Gershon David 49 (n. 2), 50 (n. 6), 91 (n. 40), 99 (n. 4), 129 (n. 10), 130 (n. 11) Hyrszko (leaseholder) 83 Icek (leaseholder in Popowo on Bug) 84 Icek (leaseholder in Wrotków) 103 Icko (leaseholder) 100 Idel son of Kapol (elder) 123 Isaac (elder in Leżajsk) 127 Isaac (elder in Tykocin) 119 Isaac Ber son of Hirsh see Margoliyot Berko Isaac Issaschar Beresh see Rabinowicz Berek Isaac son of Abraham (trustee, scribe) 112 Isaac son of Azriel Zelig (elder) 121 Isaac son of Benjamin Wulf (elder) 118

387

Isaac son of Hila (elder) 128 Isaac son of Joseph (elder) 126 Isaac son of Juda Leib (elder) 126 Isaac son of Leib (elder in Krzemieniec) 125 Isaac son of Leib (elder in Włodzimierz) 125 Isaac son of Leib (syndic) 116 Isaac son of Moses Haim (marshal) 114 Isaac son of Nehemia (elder) 118 Isaac son of Samuel (scribe, rabbi) 113 Isaac Wulf (trustee, scribe, rabbi) 112 Isaia (elder) 127 Iserlish Abraham (marshal) 111 Iser (elder) 120 Iser Markowicz (marshal) 114 Iserlish Abraham son of Israel (elder) 123 Israel (elder) 118 Israel (trustee) 113 Israel Iser (syndic) 116 Israel Iserl son of Mordechai see Iser Markowicz Israel Moses (elder) 121 Israel Moses son of Berish (elder) 126 Israel son of David (syndic) 116 Israel son of Hila (elder) 125 Israel son of Saul (elder) 120 Israel son of Mordechai (elder) 122 Issaschar Ber son of Meir (elder) 126 Issaschar son of Joshua see Beresz Oszujowicz Izrael (leaseholder) 101 Jabłonowki Jan Kajetan (starosta) 62, 65, 67 Jabłonowki Jan Stanisław (starosta) 62, 65 Jacob (elder) 122 Jacob (marshal) see Rabinowicz Jankel Jacob Abraham son of Isaac (marshal) 111 Jacob son of Arye Leib (elder) 125 Jacob son of David (elder) 127 Jacob son of Eliezer (syndic) 116 Jacob son of Moses (elder) 125 Jacob son of Nehemia (elder) 118 Jacob Aharon son of Mordechai (elder) 122 Jacob Haim son of Abraham (elder) 123 Jacob Isaac son of Moses Haim see Rabinowicz Icyk

388

personal names

Jacob Joshua son of Zvi Hirsh (elder) 122 Jacob Zelkowicz (elder) 119 Jagellonians (dynasty) 12 Jelonka Reuven (elder) 121 Jersch-Wenzel Stefi 101 (n. 16) Joel son of Symon (elder) 118 Jonas son of Joseph (elder) 127 Joseph son of Aharon (elder) 127 Joseph son of Alexander (elder) 124 Joseph son of Avigdor (elder) 120 Joseph son of Ezekiel see Landau Józef Hasklewicz Joseph son of Haim (marshal) 114 Joseph son of Isaac (elder) 128 Joseph son of Israel (elder in Lubomla) 126 Joseph son of Israel (elder in Włodzimierz) 125 Joseph son of Leyb (marshal) 114 Joseph son of Perez (elder) 124 Joseph son of Pesah (elder) 124 Joseph Saul (elder) 120 Joshua Heshel son Eliezer (elder) 124 Joshua Heshel son of Isaac (elder) 122 Joshua Heshel son of Meir (elder) 123 Joshua Heshel son of Samuel (marshal, trustee and scribe) 111, 112 Jowel Szulimowicz (trustee, szkolnik) 67, 115 Józef 58 Józefowicz Michael (leaseholder) 11 Juda son of David (elder) 127 Juda son of Joseph (elder) 127 Juda son of Moses (elder) 127 Juda Leib son of Haim (elder) 127 Judah 1 Kahana Abraham of Cracow (elder) 122 Kahana Juda Leib (elder) 119 Kahana Simha Bonim (elder) 119 Kalik Judith 5 (n. 17), 12 (n. 10), 13 (n. 16, 19), 15 (n. 25), 19 (n. 38), 27 (n. 2), 32 (n. 11), 78 (n. 10), 80 (n. 22), 91 (n. 39), 92 (n. 44, 45, 46), 93 (n. 47), 99 (n. 4), 103 (n. 43), 136 (n. 2), 138 (n. 7), 139 (n. 8), 148 (n. 3) Kamanin Ivan 43 (n. 16), 67 (n. 41), 78 (n. 9) Kanowicz Lewek (elder) 119 Kapuciński 100 Kats Joseph (rabbi) 12 Kazellenbogen Mordechai (elder) 123

Kaz Leib Mazurkowicz (elder) 118 Kaz Solomon (elder) 118 Ka,zmierczyk Adam 58 (n. 31, 36), 148 (n. 1) Kelman (leaseholder) 84, 87, 88 Kleczyński Józef 10 (n. 2), 11 (n. 8), 28 (n. 3), 30 (n. 8, 9), 43 (n. 18), 51 (n. 9), 57 (n. 26), 71 (n. 51), 77 (n. 2), 79 (n. 14), 132 (n. 19), 140 (n. 11), 143 (n. 16) Klier John x Kluczycki Franciszek 28 (n. 3), 30 (n. 8, 9), 43 (n. 18), 51 (n. 9), 57 (n. 26), 71 (n. 51), 77 (n. 2), 79 (n. 14), 132 (n. 19), 140 (n. 11), 143 (n. 16) Kopel (elder) 129 Kotowicz Szlomo (leaseholder) 103 Krakower Joseph Jacob son of Isaac (elder) 122 Krämer M. 55 (n. 23) Krikun N. 4 (n. 12), 39 (n. 3), 143 Krochmal Jacek 55 (n. 23), 57 (n. 29) Krzystanek Karol 4 (n. 12) Landau Abraham 130 Landau Ari Juda Leib (elder) 122, 130 Landau Benjamin Wulf son of Ezekiel (elder) 120, 130 Landau David Ber son of Abraham (elder) 123, 130 Landau Ezekiel son of Benjamin Wulf 130 Landau Ezekiel son of Zvi Hirsh (marshal, elder) 114, 120, 130 Landau family 129, 130 Landau Isaac son of Zvi Hirsh (elder) 120, 122, 130 Landau Jacob Hakatan (trustee, elder) 116, 124, 130 Landau Józef Hasklewicz (marshal) 114, 130 Landau Juda son of Zvi Hirsh (elder) 120, 130 Landau Ze’ev Wulf Hasklewicz (trustee, scribe, marshal, elder) 113, 114, 120, 130 Landau Zvi Hirsh 114, 130 Leib (Lewek) of ŚlÁask (elder) 118 Leib son of Daniel (elder) 129 Leib (Lewek) son of Faivel (elder) 119 Leib son of Gershon of ŚlÁask (elder) 119 Leib son of Jacob (elder) 129 Leib son of Jacob (syndic) 116

personal names Leib son of Mordechai (elder) 121 Leib son of Moses of Cracow (elder) 119 Leib (Lewek) son of Samuel (elder) 119 Leib son of Solomon (elder) 126 Leib son of Zalman (elder) 124 Leib Isaac (elder) 121 Lejzer (leaseholder) 84, 87, 88 Leskiewiczowa Janina 138 (n. 7) Leszczyński Anatol 2 (n. 3), 12 (n. 14), 57 (n. 29), 87 (n. 32), 91 (n. 41), 137 (n. 5) Lewek 80 Lewek Leybuś (trustee, rabbi) 115 Lewin Izaak 116 (n. 7) Lewin Louis 116 (n. 7) Lewitan Moses son of Meir (elder) 129 Lewko 58 Lewko (son of Hyrszko) 83 Leyb (leaseholder) 101 Leyb (marshal) 114 Leyb (Lowka) son of Aharon (trustee) 114 Leyb son of Daniel (marshal) 114 Leyb son of Samuel see Rabinowicz Lewek Link-Lenczowski Andrzej 1 (n. 1), 49 (n. 2), 50 (n. 7), 87 (n. 32) Lipman David son of Moses Wulf Abraham (elder) 123 Lipman Lewkowicz (elder) 90, 127 Litman (trustee) 115 Litman Eliezer (elder) 122 Lubomirski Antoni Benedikt (starosta) 64, 65 Lubomirski family 64 Lubomirski Franciszek Ferdynand (sword-bearer) 64, 66 Lubomirski Jan Teodor Konstanty (voivode) 62–63, 64, 65–66 Lubomirski Kasper (wojewodzic) 64, 66 Lukin Benjamin 3 (n. 10) Mahler Rafael 7, 10 (n. 2), 11 (n. 5, 9), 14, 16 (n. 27), 19 (n. 36), 39 (n. 2), 42, 50 (n. 5), 52 (n. 15), 77 (n. 1), 98, 101 (n. 15), 143 Małachowski Jan (chancellor) 62, 63 Mandelsberg-Schildkraut Bella 52 (n. 14) Marek Chajmowicz (marshal) 114 Margoliyot Berko (trustee) 116 Margoliyot Moses son of Menachem Mendel (elder) 124

389

Margoliyot Samuel son of Mordechai (elder) 126 Margoliyot Yekutiel Lazor (elder) 122 Maximilian I (emperor) 10 Mazurkiewicz J. 52 (n. 14) Meir (elder in Husaków) 127 Meir (elder in Jarosław) 127 Meir son of Joel (marshal) 111 Meir son of Samson (elder) 119 Mendel (elder) 121 Mendel son of Jacob (elder) 125 Mendel son of Mordechai (trustee, elder) 122 Michalski Jerzy 72 (n. 56) Michałowska-Mycielska Anna 12 (n. 13), 15 (n. 23), 40 (n. 6), 50 (n. 4) Modelski Krzysztof 101 (n. 16) Mordechai Marek (elder) 122 Mordechai son of Haim see Marek Chajmowicz Mordechai son of Isaac see Rabinowicz Marek Mordechai son of Jacob (elder) 128 Mordechai son of Jason (elder) 124 Mordechai son of Joseph (elder) 118 Mordechai son of Moses (elder) 125 Mordechai son of Shalom see Szulimowicz Marek Moses of Cracow (elder) 118 Moses son of Abraham (elder) 125 Moses son of Ari Leib (elder) 121 Moses son of David Wulf (elder) 119 Moses son of Haim (elder) 129 Moses son of Juda (elder) 121 Moses son of Meir (elder) 123 Moses son of Menachem Mendel see Rabinowicz Moszko Moses son of Mordechai (elder) 119 Moses son of Samuel (elder) 127, 129 Moses son of Solomon (elder) 121 Moses son of Symon (elder) 118 Moses son of Wulf (elder) 129 Moses son of Zalman (elder) 129 Moses Alexander Isaac Mordechai (elder) 121 Moses Pinhas (trustee, rabbi, marshal) 113, 114, 131 Moses Wulf of Brody 111 Mosko (żupnik) 102 Moszko (leaseholder) 80 Muszyńska Jadwiga 3 (n. 10), 52 (n. 14)

390

personal names

Nadav Mordekhai 3 (n. 8), 28 (n. 4), 78 (n. 7), 87 (n. 32), 117, 118, 119 Nahman son of Hirsh (elder) 127 Nahman son of Litman (elder) 123 Nahum son of David (elder) 127 Nahum son of Samuel (marshal) 114 Naphtali son of Chaim (elder) 125 Naphtali Herz son of Faivel (elder) 124 Naphtali Herz son of Moses (elder) 123 Naphtali Hirsh son of Avigdor (elder) 123, 124 Nassan (żupnik) 102 Nathan Noson (elder) 122 Nathan Neta son of Hershel (elder) 118 Nathan son of Jacob Joshua (elder) 127 Nevzlin Leonid x Noah son of Samuel (elder) 128 Noah son of Yehiel Michael (elder) 127 Nowak Zenon Hubert 50 (n. 7) Nycz Michał 13 (n. 19), 17 (n. 33) Odelski Ari Leib son of Ze’ev Wulf (elder) 119 Odelski Ze’ev Wulf (elder) 118 Osier (shopkeeper) 80 Paluch A. 91 (n. 40) Pałucki Władysław 12 (n. 15), 16 (n. 30) Papara Konstanty (stolnik) 92 Pawiński Adolf 13 (n. 18), 15 (n. 25, 26), 18 (n. 35) Perles Josef 11 (n. 7) Pesah son of Leib (elder) 128 Petruszka Abraham (elder) 126 Piechotka Kazimierz 49 (n. 2) Piechotka Maria 49 (n. 2) Pilarczyk Krzysztof 72 (n. 54) Pinhas Zelig son of Naphtali (elder in Chełm) 126 Pinhas Zelig son of Naphtali Hirsh (elder in Szczebreczyn) 126 Pokutyński (tax collector) 6 Polak Jacob (rabbi) 11 Polański Tomasz 1 (n. 1), 49 (n. 2), 50 (n. 7), 87 (n. 32) Polonski Antony 2 (n. 3), 147 (n. 2) Poniński Kalikst (starosta) 61 Potocki 20 Potocki Franciszek Salezy (master foodcutter) 64, 66

Potocki Stefan Aleksander (voivode) 61–62, 63 Rabinowicz Alexander (elder) 121 Rabinowicz Berek (rabbi, marshal, trustee, elder) 111, 113, 114, 116, 122 Rabinowicz Busia (elder) 124 Rabinowicz family 129 Rabinowicz Gershon (elder) 125 Rabinowicz Herszko (scribe) 113 Rabinowicz Icyk (elder) 126 Rabinowicz Jankel (marshal) 114 Rabinowicz Lewek (trustee, scribe) 113, 115, 117 (n. 9) Rabinowicz Marek (trustee, elder) 112, 114, 120, 122 Rabinowicz Moszko (marshal, trustee, elder) 114, 115, 121 Rabinowicz Ze’ev Wulf (elder) 118 Rabinowicz Zusia son of Wulf (elder) 125 Radzik T. 52 (n. 14) Radziwiłł family 141 Rapoport Arye Leib Hakohen (elder) 122 Rapoport Haim Hakohen (elder) 122 Reiner Elchanan 50 (n. 6) Reuven son of Haim (elder) 127 Romanowski family 60 Rosman Moshe 1 (n. 1), 3 (n. 9), 27 (n. 1), 39 (n. 1), 49 (n. 3), 77 (n. 2, 3), 91 (n. 40), 92 (n. 44), 99 (n. 4), 102 (n. 27), 132 (n. 19), 136, 141 Rostworowski Emanuel 72 (n. 56) Rutkowski Jan 9 (n. 1), 10 (n. 2) Rybarski Roman 13 (n. 19), 15 (n. 26), 18 (n. 35) Samuel (trustee, rabbi) 115 Samuel Hakatan son of Ephraim (elder) 124 Samuel son of Joseph (elder) 121 Samuel son of Kielman of Brześć (elder) 119 Samuel son of Leib (elder) 121 Samuel son of Solomon (elder) 118 Samson (leaseholder) 85 Sanguszko Janusz Aleksander (ordynat) 62, 65, 67 Sanguszko Karol Paweł 62, 64, 65 Saul son of Arye Leib (elder) 125 Saul son of Jacob (trustee, scribe, rabbi, elder) 113, 115, 117 (n. 9), 125 Saul son Zvi Hirsh of Suraż (elder) 118

personal names Saul son of Samuel (elder) 123 Schiper Ignacy 2 (n. 3), 4, 14, 16 (n. 27), 19 (n. 37) Schorr Mojżesz 2 (n. 3), 14 (n. 21), 55 (n. 23) Segal Berish of Cracow (elder) 128 Segal Eli (elder) 119 Segal Isaac son of Ari Juda Leib (elder) 123 Shachna Shalom son of Mordechai (elder) 124 Shalom son of Hanoch (scribe) 112, 115 Shapira Heshel (scribe, trustee) 115 Shmeruk Hone 98 (n. 4) Shulman N. E. 12 (n. 11) Siehiński Wulf (leaseholder) 103 Sierakowski Wacław Hieronim (archbishop) 92 Solomon (elder) 126 Solomon (scribe) 113 Solomon son of Joseph (syndic) 116 Solomon son of Moses (elder in Chełm) 126 Solomon son of Moses (elder in Rzeszów) 128 Solomon son of Saul (elder) 119 Solomon son of Shilo (elder) 128 Stadnicki Aleksander Tomasz (chamberlain) 62, 63 Stadnicki Franciszek Ksawery (standard-bearer) 60, 63 Stampfer Shaul x, 3 (n. 9), 4 (n. 12), 27 (n. 1), 28 (n. 3), 30 (n. 8, 9), 39 (n. 1, 4), 40, 41 (n. 9), 42, 49 (n. 3), 51 (n. 9), 52 (n. 15), 53 (n. 20), 55 (n. 22), 57 (n. 26), 68 (n. 43), 70 (n. 47, 48), 71 (n. 51), 77 (n. 2), 78 (n. 6), 79 (n. 14), 90 (n. 37), 99 (n. 4), 103 (n. 43), 132 (n. 19), 141 (n. 14) Stefan Batory (king) 13 Sucheni-Grabowska A. 12 (n. 15) Suhak 89 Symon son of Hirsh (elder) 129 Symon son of Joseph (elder) 123 Symon son of Nisan (elder) 125 Szander (żupnik) 102 Szloma Leybowicz (trustee, szkolnik) 67, 115 Szmul 82 Szmul (leaseholder) 85 Szmul (żupnik) 102 Szulimowicz Marek (trustee) 112 Szydlowski Jacób (treasurer) 10

391

Szymek (leaseholder) 84, 87, 88 Szymon 80 Szymon Mendelewicz (leaseholder) 103 Szymonowicz 13 (n. 16) Ślama (leaseholder) 84 Świdzińska Bona 138 Świdziński Michał 138 Tarło Adam (starosta) 139 Teller Adam 19 (n. 38), 41 (n. 9), 50 (n. 4), 67 (n. 41), 77 (n. 3), 87 (n. 32), 91 (n. 40), 99 (n. 4), 100 (n. 11), 111 (n. 6), 130, 131 (n. 12, 13), 133 (n. 20), 136 (n. 1), 141, 148 (n. 3) Teumim Abraham (elder) 127 Teumim Joseph son of Arye Leib (elder) 123 Teumim Pinhas son of Isaac Meir (elder) 120 Tewek Fiszlowicz (trustee, elder) 115, 124 Topolski Jerzy 101 (n. 16) Turkołowa 24, 100 Uchitel Alexander Vierbickiene Jurgita

x x

Wein Abraham 91 (n. 41), 109 (n. 2), 110, 112, 137 (n. 5) Wertheimer J. 131 (n. 12) Wetstein Faivel Hirsh 2 (n. 6) Weyman S. 10 (n. 2) Wigdor 80, 139 Wimmer Jan 16 (n. 29) Wischnizer M. 140 (n. 10) Witkowski Wojciech 53 (n. 17) Wojciechowski Stefan 52 (n. 14) Woliński Janusz 72 (n. 58) Wulf of Lelów (scribe, rabbi) 112, 131 Wulf of Witków (scribe, rabbi) 115 Wulf son of Lachman (elder) 128 Wulf son of Meir (elder) 127 Wyczański A. 10 (n. 4) Yeivin S.

50 (n. 5)

Zacharia Mendel (elder) 127 Zalman son of Hirsh (elder) 125 Załuski Józef Andrzej (referendary) 60–61 Zamoyski Tomasz Antoni (ordynat) 64 Zamoyski Tomasz Józef (ordynat) 26, 62, 63

392

personal names

Zanwel (elder) 120 Zanwel son of Elias (elder) 128 Zawader Zvi Hirsh (elder) 118 Ze’ev son of Abraham (marshal) 114 Ze’ev Wulf son of Naphtali see Odelski Ze’ev Wulf Zelik son of Berek (elder) 128 Zelman (glassmaker) 99 Zielińska Tereza 53 (n. 18) Zielonka (starosta) 24, 100 Ziskind Alexander son of Benjamin Ze’ev (elder) 123 Zunz Yekhiel Matatiyahu 2 (n. 6) Zus (leaseholder) 84

Zusman (tavern-keeper) 99 Zvi Hirsh (elder) 120 Zvi Hirsh son of Eliezer (elder) 118 Zvi Hirsh son of Isaac Beresh see Berkowicz Herszko Zvi Hirsh son of Moses see Zawader Zvi Hirsh Zvi Hirsh son of Moses (elder in Lublin) 123 Zvi Hirsh son of Pinhas Zelig (elder) 126 Zygmunt I (king) 10 Zygmunt August (king) 12, 13 Żółkiewski 64, 66

GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

Altschottland (Szotland, Stare Szkoty) 31, 43, 51 Ambuków (village) 89 Amsterdam 125 Augustów 97 Babsk (village) 142 Babylonia 1, 149 Baligród 6, 35, 37 (n. 22), 45 Baltic (sea) 102 Bar 34, 129, 148 Baranów 24, 33 Batiatycze (village) 92 BAdków (village) 141 Belarus 7 Belûyce 24, 33 Bełz 25, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 45, 46, 62, 72 (n. 55), 126 Beresteczko 25, 36 Bereznica (village) 56 Biała Rawska 33, 138, 140, 141, 143 (n. 16) Białacierkiew (Bilatserkva) 62, 65 Bielsk Podlaski 25, 29, 46, 102, 103 Biłgoray 33, 45, 114 Biłka Królewska (village) 56 Biskupie (village) 54 Błaûów 29, 46 Bł\czyn (village) 82, 83 Bł\dów (village) 142 Bochnia 13 (n. 17) Bocionek (village) 142, 143 Bohutycze (village) 89 Bolechów 140 Borki (village) 56 Borków (village) 81 Borowe (village) 141 Bosewo (village) 86 Bosowka 35, 45 Bracław (Bratslav) 24, 35, 43, 45, 60, 61, 68, 69, 97, 101, 132 Brandenburg-Prussia 31 Bratian 31 Brodki (village) 56 Brody 35, 40, 112, 113, 114, 116, 122, 132, 140 Brześć 119

Brzeûany 24, 35 Brzostów (village) 142 Brzoûów (village) 142 Brzuchowice (village) 56 Bug (river) 83, 84, 85, 87 Budziszewiec (village) 142 Bukowsko 32 Burzenin 31, 44 Busk 25, 31 Bystrzyca (village) 54 Carpathian mountains 43, 78, 97 Chaj\ty (village) 84 Chełm 25, 30, 31, 33, 45, 60, 64, 92, 111, 112, 113, 115, 126 Chełm-Bełz (Nine Communities) 11, 23, 25, 30, 90, 98, 105, 106, 107, 110, 114, 115, 126 Chełmno (Kulm) 31, 43, 44, 51, 138 Ch\ciny 120 Chmielnik 114 Chołojew 35, 45 Chruścieli (village) 85 Ciechanowiec 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 43 (n. 17), 97, 98, 102, 105, 106, 107, 110, 112, 113, 133 Ciechów Wielki (village) 54 Ciechanów 31, 44 Ciecierzyn (village) 53 Ciepielów 33 Ciûyków (village) 56 Cracow (Kraków) 2, 7, 10, 11, 13 (n. 17), 23, 24, 27, 32, 40, 43, 44, 50, 57, 64, 66, 70, 90, 98, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, 126, 127, 133 Crown Poland 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 14, 23, 30, 31, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 49, 55, 59, 60, 70, 71, 77, 86 (n. 31), 87, 94, 98, 104, 110, 111, 114, 116, 129, 130, 131, 133, 137, 143, 148, 149 Cybor 31 Cyciłów (village) 56 Czapli 35, 115, 118, 129, 133 Czarna (village) 82, 83 Czarnów (village) 83, 84, 88 Czarny Ostrów 35, 45

394

geographical names

Czartoryja (Chortoryia) 62, 65 Czehryn (Chyhyryn) 36, 62, 65, 66, 67, 115 Czeniejowce 45 Czerkasy 36 Czersk 32, 33, 43, 44, 45, 138, 139, 140, 143, 144 Czerniewiec (village) 142 Czerwonogród 60 Czudec 29, 46 Czwartek 53 Czyżew 25, 30, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88 Dawidów (village) 56 DAbrowa (village) 83, 85 DAbrowica (village) 56 DAbrowice (village) 142 DAbrów 32 DAbrówka (village) 54 D\be (village) 81 D\bica 23, 24, 26, 29, 46, 68, 69, 97, 98, 102, 105, 106, 107 D\binki (village) 84, 85 D\bna (village) 56 D\bowce (village) 80, 82, 83 Dobre 25, 79 Dobromierzyce (village) 89 Dobromil 34, 90, 115, 127, 133 Dobroszyn (village) 56 Dobrzyn (village) 99 Dobrzyniec (village) 82 Doleck (village) 142 Dołhań 100 Domaûyr (village) 55, 56 Domki (village) 54 Drohiczyn 28, 29, 46 Drohobycz 24, 35, 45, 97, 100 Drwalew 33 Dubicz (village) 100 Dubiecko 34, 46 Dublany (village) 56 Dubno 25, 35, 36, 111, 124, 125 Dukla 114 Dunajowiec 34, 129 Dydnia 34 Dynów 34, 46, 90, 115 Dys (village) 54 Działoszyn 32, 44 DziesiAta (village) 54 Eastern Europe ix, 77 Ekonomja sandomierska Europe 9

24, 34, 103

Filów 31 Frannopol 33, 45 Frysztak 29, 46 Fulsztyn (Felsztyn, Hvardiiske) 63

60, 61,

Gajów (village) 56 Garwolin 33 Gdańsk 31, 43, 50, 51 Głogów 29, 46 Główno 138, 141 Głuchowice (village) 56 Głusk 27, 52, 53, 54, 55 Gniewoszów 33 Golina 70, 71 Goray 33, 45 Gorzków 33, 34, 45 Goślinki (village) 142 Gostynin 31, 44 Goszczyn 33, 80, 138, 139, 140, 141 Gowarczew 32 Goworowo 30 Górny Grotów (village) 142, 143 Grabie (village) 142 Grabowiec 25, 31, 89, 90 Grand Duchy of Lithuania 14, 17, 28, 37, 40, 141 Great Poland 6, 10, 11, 13, 23, 24, 31, 40, 41, 42, 44, 70, 97, 98, 101, 105, 106, 107, 110, 114, 116, 121, 129, 132, 147 Grodzisk 26 Gródek (Horodok) 61, 62, 63, 67 Gródek Nowy 62, 63 Gródek on Bug (village) 89 Gródek Stary 62, 63 Grójec 33, 138, 140, 141 Grybów 70 Grzybowice (village) 56 Gulczewo (village) 83, 84, 85, 87, 88 Halicz (Halych) 35, 43, 45, 60, 71, 97 Heiligenbrunn (Świ\ta Studzianka) 51 Heinrichsdorf (Czaplinek) 31 Hilibicz (village) 100 Hoppembrug (Oruńskie Przedmieście) 31, 51 Horyń (river) 67 Hrubieszów 25, 30, 31, 89, 90, 113, 114, 115, 126 Hungary 70 Husaków 34, 35, 90, 118, 127, 129, 133 Husiatyn 34, 129

geographical names Inowrocław 31, 44 Israel 16 Izdebki 34 Jaczmierz 32, 44 Jadów (village) 25, 30, 79 Jakubówka Końska (village) 54 Jakubówka Murowana (village) 54 Jankowiec (village) 142 Janowiec 24, 33 Janów (Ivano-Frankove) 55 Janów (in Wołyń) 62, 65 Janów (village) 82 Januszkowicy (village) 69 Jarosław 34, 90, 127, 133 Jasieniec (village) 142 Jastków (village) 54 Jaśniska (village) 56 Jazłowiec 115, 116, 131 Jerusal 80 (n. 18) Jerusalem x, 5 Jeziorka (village) 142 J\dzejew (village) 25, 30, 79, 82, 83, 93 Józefów 23, 24, 26, 46, 98 Kaleń (village) 81 Kalinowszczyzna (Lubelkie Przedmieście) 52, 53, 54, 55 Kalisz 6, 11, 31, 42, 44, 114, 116, 121, 132 Kałuszyn 25, 30, 79, 81, 82, 83 Kamieniec Podolski 34, 113 Kamień (village) 142 Kamieńczyk 25, 30, 79 Kaminopol (village) 56 Kamińsk 32, 44 Kamionka Strumiłowa (Kamianka Buz’ka) 92 Kańczuga 34, 90, 127, 133 Karczew 30, 44, 79 Kazimierz 24, 27, 44, 50, 64, 65, 66 Kazimierz Dolny 24, 33 Kielce 139 Kiev 7, 35, 36, 43, 45, 98, 101 Kletna (village) 142 Klucz mednicki 24 Klucz nikłowicki 100 Klucz pleszczyński 24, 53, 54 Klucz Płucizna 25 Kluki (village) 83 Klwów 138, 140, 141, 143 Knyszyn 29 Kohajec (village) 56 Kolbuszowa 32, 62

395

Kołbiel 33, 44 Komorowo (village) 85 Koniecpole 32, 44 Konopne (village) 89 Konopnica (village) 54 Końsk (village) 81, 82 Korbowiec (village) 142 Korock 103 Korycz (village) 13 (n. 16) Korytnica 25, 31 Korzelnik (village) 56 Kosów (Kosiv) 60 Kosów Lacki 25, 79, 83, 84, 87, 88 Kotorów (village) 89 Kowel 25, 35, 36, 70, 71, 114, 122, 125, 132 Kozice (village) 56 Kozienice 33, 124, 140 Kozieniec (village) 142 Kozietuły (village) 142 Kozłowo (village) 83, 85 Kozły (village) 83, 85 Krakowskie Przedmieście (of Lublin) 52, 53, 54, 55, 59 Krakowskie Przedmieście (of Lwów) 53, 56 Krasnik 124 Krasnobród 29, 33, 45 Krasnostaw 30 Kraszanin (village) 54 Kr\gi (village) 83, 85 Kroczyn (village) 56 Krośniczyn 30 Krotoszyn 31, 40, 114, 121, 132 Krotoszyn (village) 56 Kryłów 30 Krystynpol 31, 126 Krywce (village) 56 Krzemieniec 25, 35, 36, 62, 99, 113, 115, 116, 117 (n. 9), 124, 125, 126, 132 KsiAû 120 Ksi\ûopole (village) 82 Kuczbork 42 Kujawy 31, 44 Kukizów 72 Kuliczków 71, 72 Kuligów (village) 83, 84, 87, 88 Kupin (Kupyn) 61, 62, 63 Langführ (Langforty, Wrzeszcz) 43, 51 Laszki (village) 56 Latowicz 33, 44

31,

396

geographical names

Latyczów 60 Lelów 112, 131 Leszczydoł (village) 83, 85 Leszkowice (village) 56 Leszno 31, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 121, 148 Lewiczyn (village) 142 Leûajsk 34, 127, 133 Lipiny (village) 80, 82, 83 Lipki (village) 79 Lipnik 29 Lipowiec 35, 45 Lipsko 25, 31 Lisienice (village) 56 Liski (village) 89 Lisko (Lesko) 7, 24, 35, 37 (n. 22), 45, 97 Lithuania 11, 13, 14, 28, 36, 37, 147 Little Poland 11, 13, 23, 24, 32, 40, 44, 80, 98, 101, 105, 106, 107, 110, 114, 116, 120, 129, 139 Liw 29, 30, 46, 79 Lubania (village) 142 Lubartów 33, 116, 124, 140 Lubela 31 Lublin 14, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40, 45, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 59, 80, 97, 98, 101 (n. 20), 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 123, 124, 126, 129, 131, 133, 137, 140 Lubomla 25, 30, 31, 126 Lutobory (village) 142 Lutobrok (village) 83, 85 Lwów (Lviv) 24, 35, 43, 45, 50, 53, 55, 56, 59, 92, 97, 114, 122, 140 Lwowskie Przedmieście (of Przemyśl) 58 Ładzyń (village) 82, 83 Łaskarzew 33 Łaszczów 33, 45 Łaszki (village) 34, 35, 90, 127, 133 Łazin (village) 85 Ł\czno 33 Ł\czyca 31, 44 Łomûa 25, 29, 46, 102 Łosie (village) 83, 84, 85 Łozina (village) 56 Łuck 13 (n. 16), 25, 35, 36, 71, 72, 125, 132 Łudzin (village) 89 Łuków 24, 33

Maciejowice 33 Magierów 35, 45 Magnuszew 33 Maków 32 Malbork 31, 43, 44 Malczyce (village) 56 Malechów (village) 56 Mała Wieś (village) 142 Małe D\be (village) 81 Mamki (village) 81 Mazowsze (Mazowia) 10, 29, 31, 32, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 98, 101, 102, 140 MAkobody (Mokobody) 25, 79, 81, 82, 87, 88 Miców (village) 103 Mielnik 25, 29, 46, 102 Mi\dzyboû 34, 114, 116, 129 Mi\dzyleś (village) 79 Mi\dzyrzecz (village) 56 Mi\dzyrzecz Korecki 23, 24, 28, 35–36, 43 (n. 17), 98 Mi\dzyrzecz Podlaski 23, 24, 28, 46, 98 Mikłaszów (village) 56 Milatycze (village) 56 Miłosna (village) 81 Mińsk Mazowiecki 26, 33, 44, 79, 81, 82 Mircze (village) 89 Mnisze 58, 59 Modliborzyce 30, 34, 45 Modryn Wielki (village) 89 Moldova 7, 10 Morachwa (Murachwa, Murafa) 60, 61, 67 Mordy 30, 79 Mostka (village) 56 Mościska (village) 84, 85 Mrzygłód 35, 37 (n. 22) Mszana (village) 56 Muscovy 10 Nakło 31 Narol 25, 31 Nasutów (village) 54 Nesuchojeûe 70, 71 Niegów 26, 30, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 Nowa D\bica 26, 68, 69 Nowemiasto Korczyn 32, 112, 120, 131 Nowemiasto on Pilica 24, 33, 137, 138, 140, 141, 143

geographical names Nowydwor (village) 142 Nowy SAcz 70 Nowytaniec 32, 44 Nur 26, 29, 46 Obr\bek (village) 85 Odrzywół 138, 140, 141 Olesko 114, 131 Olkusz 32, 120 Ołyka 25, 36 Opalin 30 Opatów 15 (n. 24), 32, 112, 114, 118, 120, 131 Opoczno 32, 112, 120 Opole 33, 124, 140 Ordynacja Ostrogska 62 Ordynacja Zamoyska 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 45, 64, 66, 98, 103, 105, 106, 107, 110, 115, 116, 126, 132 Orynin (Orynyn) 61, 62, 63 Osieck 33, 138 Osiny (village) 82 Ostrom\cko 31 Ostróg (Ostroh) 25, 27, 35, 36, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 115, 124, 125, 132, 133 Ostropole (Staryi Ostropil) 62, 64, 65, 66, 67 Ostrowiec 120 Ostrów Mazowiecka 26, 79, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88 Osuchów (village) 142 Owrucz 25, 36 Oûarów Mazowiecki 33, 44 Paczuszki (village) 87, 88 Parysów 33, 44 Peresłowice (village) 89 Piaseczno 33, 44 Piaski Lubelski 24, 33 Piekoszów 139 Piekulowiec (village) 56 Pików (Pykiv) 35, 45, 67, 68 Pilzno 32 Piłaszkowiec 34, 45 Pińczów 32, 120 Pliszczyn (village) 53 Pław\cino 31 Płock 31, 41, 44 Podborce (village) 56 Podciemno (village) 56 Podlasie 26, 29, 43, 46, 77, 78, 97, 102

397

Podolia 6, 11, 23, 24, 34, 35, 43, 45, 60, 61, 62, 63, 68, 98, 101, 114, 115, 116, 117 Podsadki (village) 56 Podzamcie Hamersztyńskie 31 Podzamcie Kościerzyńskie 31 Podzamcie Tucholskie 31 Pokrzywin 31 Poland ix, x, 1, 4, 7, 9, 49, 98, 143, 144 Polik (village) 142 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ix, 1, 5, 9, 14, 20, 21, 77, 98, 136, 140, 144, 146, 148, 149 Połonne 113, 116, 117 (n. 9), 125, 132 (n. 14) Pomorze 31, 43, 44 Popowo Kościelne nad Bugiem (village) 26, 30, 79, 83, 84, 88, 93 Potylicz 25, 31 Potok 31 Poznań 2 (n. 5), 3, 6, 11, 15 (n. 24), 23, 24, 28, 31, 42, 44, 50, 110, 114, 116, 117, 133 Prabuty (village) 83, 86 Praga 81 Praszka 32 Przebyszew 33, 138, 140, 141 Przecław 32 Przedmieście Człuchowskie 31 Przemyskie Przedmieście 57, 58 Przemyśl 3 (n. 10), 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 43 (n. 17), 45, 46, 50, 55, 57, 58, 59, 89, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 110, 115, 117, 118, 127, 132, 133, 148 Przesławiec (village) 142 Przeworsk 34, 90, 91, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101 (n. 20), 115, 127, 133 Pyzdry 70, 71 Radom 19, 32, 33, 45, 59, 138, 140, 141 Radomyśl 32 Radzanów 42, 44 Radzymin 30, 79 Radzyn 33 Rakowiec (village) 56 Ratno 30 Rawa 8, 12, 24, 31, 32, 33, 44, 45, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 143 Rejowice 30 Robczyce 29, 46

398

geographical names

Rokitnica (village) 142 Rokitno (village) 56 Rowisk (village) 142 Rozbity Kamień (village) 82 Rozwadów 29, 32, 34, 45 Roûan 31, 44 Ruda (village) 81, 82, 142 Rudka 29 Rudzieniec ( folwark) 100 Rudzieniec (village) 100 Russia 93 Ruś 6, 10, 11, 23, 24, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 40, 43, 45, 53, 60, 69, 71, 72 (n. 57), 97, 98, 101, 105, 106, 107, 110, 114, 116, 122, 129, 132 Rykały (village) 142 Rymanów 32 Rzakta (village) 82 Rzeszów 23, 24, 26, 29, 46, 68, 69, 98, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111, 128, 132, 133, 140 Rz\sna Polska (village) 56 Rz\sna Ruska (village) 57 Rz\tków (village) 142 Rzochów 32 Sambór 43 (n. 17), 59, 90, 97, 102, 115 Samborszczyzna 23, 24, 34, 35, 59, 97, 98, 105, 106, 107, 117, 118, 132 Sandomierz 26, 29, 32, 34, 44, 45, 46, 114, 115, 116, 139, 140 San (river) 57, 58, 102 Sanok 32, 34, 35, 37 (n. 22), 42, 44, 45, 46 Satanów 34, 114, 129 SAdowa Wisznia 16, 91 Selicze (village) 57 Senatorska Street 80 S\dzyszów 29, 46 Siedliszcze 30 Siemiatycze 23, 25, 28, 29, 43 (n. 17), 78 (n. 7), 112 Sieniawa 30, 45 Siennica 30, 79, 80 Sieradz 31, 32, 44 Siodła (village) 83 Skniłów (village) 57 Skolia 35, 45 Slovakia 62 Sławin Mały (village) 54 Sławin Wielki (village) 54 Słomiany Rynek (Hay Market) 53

Słonka (village) 57 Słonne Góry 102 Słuck 118, 119 Smolensk 93 Snopków (village) 54 Sobianowice (village) 54 Sobików 33 Sochaczew 31, 44 Sokolniki (village) 57 Sokołów Podlaski 26, 79 Sokołów 32 Soliec (village) 102 Sosnowica 31, 92 Spisz (Spiš) 62, 64, 65, 66 Spryny (village) 102 Sroki (village) 57 Stanisławów 122 Stanisławów (village) 83 Stara D\bica 26, 68, 69 Stara Rawa 140, 141 Starasól (village) 102, 129 Stara Wieś (village) 142 Starostwo knyszyńskie 25, 29, 103 Starostwo medyckie 103 Starostwo osieckie 138, 142 Stawczany (village) 57 Sterdyń 30 St\ûyca 32, 45 Stoczek 26, 79 Stojadła (village) 81, 82 Stremilcze 35, 36, 45 Stromylcze 25 Stryj 24, 35, 45, 122 Strzyûawka 35, 45 Strzyûów 29, 46 Subiszów (village) 142 Suchawola (village) 57 Suraû 29, 118 Swarz\ 15 (n. 24) Swierz 25, 30, 31, 113, 114, 131 Swierze 24, 35 Sychów (village) 57 Szapsk 70 Szczeber (village) 84, 88 Szczebreszyn 33, 34, 45, 126 Szczucin 29 Szembruk 31, 43 Szpikołasy (village) 89 Szreńsk 42 Szumin 34, 35, 102, 118, 127, 129, 133 ŚlAsk 118 Śl\ûany (village) 83, 84, 85 Świdniczek (village) 54

geographical names Targowek (village) 80, 81 Targówka (village) 81, 82 Tarłów 113, 115, 126 Tarnawa (turf mine) 103 Tarnogóra 25, 30, 31 Tarnogród 18, 33, 34, 45, 113, 115, 126, 133 Tarnopol 122 Tarnów 32, 40, 114, 120 Tel Aviv 4 (n. 14) Tetyjów 35, 45 Tołczów (village) 57 Tomczyce (village) 142 Toruń 31, 80, 139, 140 Turka (village) 53, 54 Turobin 33, 45 Tuszyn 31, 44 Tyczyn 29, 46 Tykocin (Tiktin) 2 (n. 5), 3, 23, 25, 28, 29, 42, 43 (n. 17), 46, 89, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 110, 117, 118, 123, 132, 148 Tyrawa Wołoska 35, 37 (n. 22) Tyśmenica 35, 122, 128 Uchanie 30 Uhnów 25, 31 Ukraine 7, 60, 147 Ulów (village) 142 Uładowka 45 Ułanów 32, 34, 45 Vilnius x Vistula (river)

80, 102

Warka 33 Warsaw (Warszawa) ix, x, 4, 7, 18, 19, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 44, 45, 46, 50, 57, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 88, 139, 140 Wawer 81 WAsewo (village) 26, 30, 79, 83, 86, 90, 93 Weinberg (Chmielnik) 31, 51 Wesoła 81 Western (Royal) Prussia 43, 44, 50 W\grów 3 (n. 10), 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 33, 42, 43 (n. 17), 46, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87, 88, 90, 93, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 128, 132 Widawa 31, 44 Wielki Oczy 34, 46 Wielopole 29, 46

399

Wieniawa (Wola Ciechowska) 52, 53, 54, 55 Wieruszów 31, 44 Wierzbowiec 6 Wila (village) 99 Wilcze (Wolkowszczyzna) 58, 59 Wilczogóra (village) 142 Winnica 68, 69 Winniki Wielki (village) 57 Wiślica 32 Wiśnicz 70, 120 Witków 113 Wizna 25, 29, 46, 102 Wlew 31 Włocławek 11 Włodzimierz 13 (n. 16), 25, 35, 36, 112, 113, 115, 117 (n. 9), 124, 125, 129, 132 Wodzisław 24, 32, 43, 90, 113, 114 Wola (village) 97 Wolsztyn 15 (n. 24) Wołków (village) 57 Wołyń 13, 14, 23, 25, 28, 35, 36, 43, 45, 60, 62, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 97, 99, 101, 105, 106, 107, 110, 115, 116, 117, 124, 129, 133 Worów (village) 142 Wólka Goworowska (village) 83, 86, 87, 88, 93 Wólka Grochowa (village) 83, 86 Wólka Kozłowska (village) 85 Wroców (village) 55, 57 Wrotków (village) 54, 103 Wrotnów (village) 79 (n. 15) Wujsk (village) 102 Wybrodowice (village) 89 Wysłów (village) 103 Wysokie 34, 45 Wysokin (village) 141 Wysokie Mazowieckie 26, 29 Wyszogród 31, 44 Wyûgródek (Vyshhorodok) 62, 64, 65, 66 Zaborów (village) 142 Zabraniec (village) 81 Zad\bce (village) 89 Zagorze (village) 57 Zaklików 24, 33 Zakroczyn 31, 44 Załubicy (village) 84, 88 Zambrów 29 Zamość 33, 34, 45, 113, 114, 115, 116, 124, 126

400 Zar\by Kościelne 26, 79 Zarszyńsk (village) 103 Zasanie 58 Zasław 124 Zawadów 29 Zboiska (village) 57 Zbytki (village) 81 Zerzeń (village) 81 Zimnawoda (village) 57 Zimnawódka (village) 57 Złoczew 31, 44, 97 Złotki (village) 79 (n. 15) Zniesienie (village) 57 Zubrze (village) 57 Zverovichi (village) 93

geographical names Zwinogród 35, 45 Zwolin 24, 33 Żałoszcze 35, 45 Żelechin Mały (village) 142 Żelechów 24, 33, 124 Żelazna 142 Żółkiew 35, 111, 113, 114, 122, 131 Żółkiewka 33, 45, 64, 66 Żurawia 142 Żurawicy (village) 99 Żwaniec 114 Żychlin 31 Żydaczyce (village) 57 Żytomir 36 Żywatów 35, 45

SUBJECT INDEX

ambassadors 16 ambassadors’ chamber (izba poselska) 147 appeals court 19 archbishop 92, 138 assignments (asygnacja) 16, 17, 18, 27, 91, 139 autonomous major communities 8, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 37, 68, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 98, 99, 101, 132 Babylonian Talmud 1, 151 bankers 10 bishop 92 (n. 46), 131, 146, 147 Bonifraters 103 book printing 1, 16 bribes 16, 19 burghers 50, 59, 139, 147 castellan (kasztelan) 61, 89 Catholic Church 147 cavalry ix, 5, 7, 20, 27, 79, 139 census of the Jewish population 3, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 39, 41, 42, 44, 49, 51 (n. 12), 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 60, 70, 71, 72 (n. 57), 77, 78, 82 (n. 25), 86 (n. 31), 90, 98, 99, 101, 137, 140, 141, 143, 149 chamberlain ( podkomorzy) 60, 62, 63 chancellor (kanclerz) 62, 63 charity 1, 16 church 59, 103 chief rabbi 11 commissioner of the treasury 19, 20, 91, 92, 109, 130, 137, 146 communal debts 67 communal elders (Heb. rosh, Pol. starszy) 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132 confederation of Tarnogród 18 cooks ( garkuchniarz) 80 Cossack 36 Council of Four Lands 1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 28, 36, 37, 40, 72, 77, 78, 109, 110, 112, 117, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150

Council of Lithuania 14, 17, 28 councils 1, 14, 28, 36, 67, 68, 80, 112, 117, 131, 133 craftsmen 6, 97 Crown Treasury 4, 18 cupbearer ( podczaszy) 60 customs 10 czopowe 15 Diet (Sejm) 9, 12, 13, 14, 15 (n. 23), 16, 18, 19, 20, 40 (n. 6), 147 dietines (sejmiki ) 9, 12, 13 (n. 16), 14, 16, 18, 91, 104, 134 diocese 146 district (ziemia, powiat) 3, 5, 6, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 43, 44, 45, 46, 60, 64, 89, 90, 91, 97, 102, 118, 140, 143 (n. 16), 144, 147 Dominicans 103 Dutch settlers 70 ecclesiastic estates 16, 103, 139, 144 ecclesiastic town 138 elders (rashim) 20, 23, 27, 33, 60, 90, 97, 110, 131, 132 (n. 14), 133, 137 “elected monarchy” 9 exilarchs (rashei galuyot) 149 exterritorial urban communities 8, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 37, 55, 68, 102, 109, 117, 133 fiscal districts 10 fiscal reform 4, 9, 11, 13, 18 fishing 102 folwark 100 Four Years Diet (Sejm Czteroletni ) Franciscans 67 galil 6, 19, 20, 42 general leaseholder 100 general tax collectors 10, 11 general trustee 122 German 7, 51 glassmaker 99 Grand Treasurer ( podskarby wielki ) 16, 18, 19, 20

72

6,

402

subject index

Great Northern War 18, 70 Greek 111 (n. 5) gunpowder revolution 9 Gypsies 10 (n. 2) Hajdamak 6 hasidic courts 150 Hebrew 6, 19, 42, 90, 111, 133, 134 hetman wielki koronny 16–17 hiberna 16, 17, 18 hiberna commission 19, 146 Hungarian Jews 70 individual taxpayers 6, 7, 8, 19, 27, 33, 53, 80, 97, 98, 110 infantry 13, 17, 20 inflation 15 innkeepers (karczmarze) 91, 93, 99, 100, 103 internal migration 70 interregnum 13 Irish 64 Jesuits 103 Jewish autonomist movement ix Jewish autonomous administration ix, 3, 6, 8, 16, 19, 20, 36, 42, 64, 67, 68, 77, 93, 110, 133, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149 Jewish autonomous institutions 2, 92, 93, 131, 140, 147 Jewish autonomous leadership 1, 2, 109, 110 Jewish autonomy ix, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 21, 23, 36, 37, 98 Jewish communal leadership 87, 91, 93 Jewish communities 1, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 26, 40, 41, 50, 53, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 80, 86, 87, 91, 92, 97, 98, 131, 132, 146, 147, 148, 149 Jewish councils 15, 17, 19, 39, 40, 41, 42, 53, 80, 91, 130, 131, 139, 140 Jewish poll-tax (pogłówne ûydowske) 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 24, 30, 40, 49, 51 (n. 12), 71, 78, 91, 93, 98, 104, 110, 112, 136, 144 Jewish population 10, 15, 16, 20, 33, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 52, 59, 77, 78, 82, 86, 87, 93, 94, 143 Jewish settlement 7, 148 Jews 7, 9, 12, 15, 16, 20, 26, 27, 30, 43, 44, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 59,

60, 62, 68, 70, 71, 72, 77, 80, 89, 91, 92, 98, 100, 103, 104, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 149, 150 judge 89 juniors (symplarze) 109, 149 jurydyka 64, 138, 141 Karaites 71, 72, 73 king 9, 10, 11, 59 knights’ (noble) militia ( pospolite ruszenie) 9, 10 kwarta 17 kwotnik z ûupy 103 leaseholders (arendarze) 6, 8, 10, 32, 43, 58, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 110, 138, 146, 148, 149 “leaseholders’ belt” 8, 43, 78, 90, 93, 94, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, 146, 148 leaseholds 1, 91, 97, 103, 104 Little Synedrion 109 Magdeburg law 148 magnates 7, 9, 59, 77, 91, 92, 104, 133, 134, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149 magnatic private administration 8, 140, 144 major communities (kahal rashi) 7, 8, 23, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 62, 64, 77, 90, 99, 110, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 140, 147, 149 marshals (Heb. parnas, Pol. marszałek) 111, 112, 114, 116, 131 master foodcutter of the crown (krajczy koronny) 64, 66 master of the hunt (łowczy) 64, 66 master of the pantry (stolnik) 92 merchants 6, 97 Middle Ages 10, 39 migrant community 70, 73 military treasury (skarb wojskowy) ix, 4, 5, 18, 19 Mishna 109 Modernization 150 moneta currens 15 municipality 148 municipal records 4 municipal taxes 15 Mute Diet (Sejm Niemy) 17

subject index nobility 9, 18, 91, 92, 100, 104, 136, 146 nuns 103 ordynat

26, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 115

Passover 117 peasants 5, 6, 70, 77, 139, 148 piechota wybraniecka 13 podstarosta 13 (n. 16) podwojewoda 13 Poles 150 Polish administrative system 3, 5, 26, 29, 36, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 67, 97, 140, 146, 147 Polish army (military) 4, 6, 8, 9, 16, 17, 27 Polish political system 2, 15, 147 Polish state 8, 9, 20, 146, 149 political leadership 7, 8, 21, 109 poll tax potential 41, 42, 53, 55, 56, 57, 71, 86, 141, 142, 143, 144, 149 population growth rates 39 postpartition period 21 private estates 103 private towns 59, 60, 70, 73, 138, 139, 144, 147, 148 privilege de non tolerandis Judaeis 34, 50 propination rights 100, 101 przykahałek 42 public (Diet) treasury 9, 13, 15, 18 Quarterly Army (Wojsko Kwarciane) 16, 17 Quarterly tribute (Delata kwarciana) 5 Quarter Treasury (Skarb kwarciany) 5, 12 rabbi 112, 113, 115, 116, 131, 132 (n. 14), 146, 147 “rabbinical” Jews 71, 73 referendary of the crown (referendarz koronny) 61 regional councils (Heb. va ad galil ) 2, 8, 11, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 52, 55, 67, 70, 73, 89, 90, 91, 93, 97, 98, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 124, 130, 132, 133, 134, 137, 140, 146, 147, 149, 150 “republic of nobles” 9, 15 rotation schedule 40, 41, 86, 93, 143, 148 royal court 10, 20 royal estates 4, 7, 10, 16, 17, 29, 103, 138, 139, 144 royal monopolies 10

403

royal towns 49, 50, 59, 70, 73, 147 royal treasury 9, 13 rural community 86, 90, 92, 93, 146, 148, 149 rural estates 5, 7 rural periphery (svivot) 2, 7, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35, 36, 55, 77, 78, 86, 87, 92, 93, 138 rural population 7, 8, 32, 42, 77, 87, 93, 98, 149 Russian troops 70 salt mines 102 Sassanid (dynasty) 1, 149 scribes (Heb. sofer, Aram. safra’, Pol. pisarz) 19, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 131, 134, 139 senate 147 seniors (starszyzna) 109, 147 serfs 70, 139 servi camerae 9 shopkeepers 80, 85, 93 spław 102 standard-bearer (chorAûy) 60, 63 starosta 13, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 80, 100, 115, 138 subordinate urban communities (przykahałki) 23, 35, 36–37, 149 suburban communities 27, 49, 50, 52, 55, 59, 73, 147 Supreme Rabbinical Court 14 Swedish troops 70 sword-bearer of the crown (miecznik koronny) 64, 66 synagogue 27, 52, 53, 54, 55, 77, 91, 92, 93, 133, 146 syndics (Heb. shtadlan, Pol. syndyk) 111, 112, 116 szkolnik 67, 115, 133 szlachta 136 Tatars 10, 12 tavern-keeper (szynkarz) 81, 89, 90, 91, 93, 99, 100 tax assessment 3, 5, 14, 19, 20, 40, 89, 97, 104, 110, 117, 140, 141, 143 tax collectors 6, 13, 16, 17, 79 tax-farmers 10, 17, 40, 91 tenue (khazaka) 93 Teutonic knights 10, 50 Torah x trade 1 “transaction of Kolbuszowa” 62

404

subject index

trustees (Heb. ne’eman, Pol. wiernik) 20, 67, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 122, 131, 133, 134 turf mine 103 Ukrainian 7, 58 Union of Lublin 13–14 urban communities 2, 8, 23, 27, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 49, 50, 52, 53, 57, 59, 61, 62, 70, 77, 79, 83, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 132, 137, 146, 148, 149 urban population 7, 8, 87, 149 villages 5, 6, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 148, 149

voivode (wojewoda) 8, 24, 33, 62, 63, 64, 66, 136, 137, 138 voivodeship (województwo) 3, 5, 6, 10, 18, 19, 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 60, 61, 68, 70, 72 (n. 55), 97, 98, 101, 140, 147 wine merchants 70 wojewodzina 64 wojewodzic 64 World War II 4, 39, 49 (n. 3), 78 wójt 13 wójtostwo 54 yeshivot 1 Yiddish 6 zastaw 103 ûupnicy 102, 103