Sams Teach Yourself Mac OS X Panther All In One (Sams Teach Yourself)

Teach Yourself Mac OS X Panther ® ™ Robyn Ness and John Ray All in One 800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana...

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Teach Yourself

Mac OS X Panther ®

™

Robyn Ness and John Ray

All in One

800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA

Sams Teach Yourself Mac OS X Panther All in One Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. International Standard Book Number: 0-672-32603-5 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003094094

Acquisitions Editor Betsy Brown Development Editor Lorna Gentry Managing Editor Charlotte Clapp Senior Project Editor Matthew Purcell Copy Editor Geneil Breeze

Printed in the United States of America Indexer Heather McNeill

First Printing: December 2003 06

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Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.

Warning and Disclaimer Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an “as is” basis. The author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book.

Bulk Sales Sams Publishing offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales 1-800-382-3419 [email protected] For sales outside of the U.S., please contact: International Sales +1-317-428-3341 [email protected]

Proofreader Leslie Joseph Technical Editor Terrence Talbot Team Coordinator Vanessa Evans Designer Gary Adair Page Layout Julie Parks

Contents at a Glance Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Part I: Mac OS X Basics 1 Introducing Mac OS X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 Using the Finder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3 Exploring the Dock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4 Working with Folders, Files, and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5 Setting System Preferences and Universal Access Options . . . . . . . . . 79

Part II: Common Applications 6 Using Calculator, Stickies, Preview, and TextEdit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7 Using QuickTime and DVD Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 8 Working with Address Book, Keychain Access, iSync,

and Ink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 9 Installing Additional Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 10 Using Appleworks and Keynote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Part III: Internet Applications 11 Connecting to the Internet 12 13 14 15 16 17

181 Using Safari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Using Sherlock for Internet Searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Exploring the .Mac Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Using Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Using iChat AV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Using iCal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 ....................................................

Part IV: Hardware and Related Settings 18 Working with Monitors and ColorSync

323 19 Adding Peripheral Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 20 Printing, Faxing, and Working with Fonts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 ..................................

Part V: Apple’s iLife Applications 21 Introducing iLife 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

361 Using iTunes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Using iPhoto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Exploring the iMovie Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Working with Video and Clips in iMovie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Adding Titles, Transitions, and Effects in iMovie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Working with iMovie’s Clip Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Working with Still Photos and Sound in iMovie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Exporting iMovies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Exploring the iDVD Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 Designing DVDs and iDVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Creating DVDs with iDVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 ...................................................................

Part VI: System Administration and Maintenance 33 Sharing Your Computer with Multiple Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 34 Sharing Files and Running Network Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 35 Securing Your Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 36 Maintaining Your System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 37 Recovering from Crashed and Other Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Part VII: Advanced Topics 38 Using Basic Unix Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 39 Introducing Applescript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 40 Exploring the Utilities Folder

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Table of Contents Introduction

1

Part I: Mac OS X Basics CHAPTER 1: Introducing Mac OS X

5 Setting Up Mac OS X ................................................................................5 Creating Your Account ....................................................................5 Additional Settings ..........................................................................6 A Peek Under the Hood of Mac OS X ......................................................6 Darwin ..............................................................................................7 The Imaging Layer ..........................................................................8 Application Programming Layer ....................................................9 Aqua and AppleScript ....................................................................10 Applications Included with Mac OS X ..................................................11 The Mac OS X Desktop ..........................................................................12 The Apple Menu ............................................................................13 The Application Menu ..................................................................14 Windows ........................................................................................16 System Preferences ..................................................................................22 Menu Extras....................................................................................23

CHAPTER 2: Using the Finder

25 The Finder Window ................................................................................25 The Finder Window Toolbar ..........................................................26 The File System ......................................................................................28 The Home Directory ......................................................................29 The Sidebar ............................................................................................31 Customizing the Sidebar ................................................................31 Finder Window View Options ........................................................33 The Desktop ....................................................................................36 The Finder Preference Options ......................................................38

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Performing File and Content Searches ..................................................39 The Finder Menu Bar ..............................................................................42 The File Menu ................................................................................42 The Go Menu ..................................................................................44 CHAPTER 3: Exploring the Dock

47 Applications and the Dock ....................................................................48 Adding and Removing Docked Applications ................................49 Getting Information from the Dock ..............................................50 Docked Windows, Files, and Folders ......................................................51 Trash Can................................................................................................53 Deleting Files ..................................................................................54 Customizing the Dock ............................................................................56 Dock Preference Options ........................................................................56

CHAPTER 4: Working with Folders, Files, and Applications

59 Folders, Files, and Applications..............................................................59 Creating Aliases..............................................................................60 Renaming, Copying, and Deleting ................................................61 The Finder Window Action Menu ..........................................................63 Adding Color Labels ......................................................................64 Getting Info ............................................................................................66 General ..........................................................................................66 Open With ......................................................................................68 Content Index ................................................................................68 Preview............................................................................................68 Languages ......................................................................................69 Ownership & Permissions ..............................................................69 Comments ......................................................................................70 Additional Tips for Using Applications..................................................70 Using Open and Save Dialog Boxes ..............................................70 Force-Quitting Applications with the Process Manager ................73 Running Classic Applications ................................................................74 Launching Classic ..........................................................................74 Using Classic Applications ............................................................76

Contents

CHAPTER 5: Setting System Preferences and Universal Access Options

79 Personal System Preferences ..................................................................80 Appearance ....................................................................................80 Desktop & Screen Saver..................................................................80 Dock ................................................................................................82 Exposé ............................................................................................82 International ..................................................................................82 Security ..........................................................................................82 Hardware System Preferences ................................................................83 CDs & DVDs ..................................................................................84 Displays ..........................................................................................84 Energy Saver ..................................................................................84 Keyboard & Mouse ........................................................................85 Print & Fax ....................................................................................86 Sound ..............................................................................................87 Internet & Network System Preferences ................................................87 .Mac ................................................................................................88 Network ..........................................................................................88 QuickTime ......................................................................................88 Sharing ..........................................................................................88 System Preferences ..................................................................................88 Accounts ........................................................................................88 Classic ............................................................................................89 Date & Time ..................................................................................89 Software Update ............................................................................90 Speech ............................................................................................90 Startup Disk ....................................................................................93 Universal Access......................................................................................93 Seeing..............................................................................................93 Hearing ..........................................................................................94 Keyboard and Mouse......................................................................94

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Part II: Common Applications CHAPTER 6: Using Calculator, Stickies, Preview, and TextEdit

99 Calculator ..............................................................................................99 Stickies ..................................................................................................101 Preview ..................................................................................................105 Preview Preference Options ..........................................................108 TextEdit..................................................................................................109 Preferences ....................................................................................112 Menus ..........................................................................................113

CHAPTER 7: Using QuickTime and DVD Player

115 QuickTime ............................................................................................115 The QuickTime Player ..................................................................117 QuickTime Preferences ................................................................118 DVD Player............................................................................................121 Keyboard Commands ..................................................................123 DVD Player Preferences ................................................................124

CHAPTER 8: Working with Address Book, Keychain Access, iSync, and Ink

127 Address Book ........................................................................................127 Using Address Book ......................................................................127 Working with Cards......................................................................128 Adding/Editing Groups ................................................................131 Printing Lists and Mailing Labels ................................................132 Preferences ....................................................................................133 Keychain Access ....................................................................................136 Automated Access ........................................................................136 Manual Access..............................................................................137 Adding and Managing Keychains ..............................................140 iSync ......................................................................................................141 The iSync Interface ......................................................................142 Adding Portable Devices to iSync ................................................142 Setting Up .Mac Synchronization ................................................144 Configuring Device Sync Options ................................................144 Synchronizing ..............................................................................145

Contents

Safety Features..............................................................................146 Resetting All Devices ....................................................................146 The iSync Log ..............................................................................146 Preferences ....................................................................................147 Ink ........................................................................................................147 Ink Preferences..............................................................................150 CHAPTER 9: Installing Additional Software

153 Software Sources ..................................................................................153 Downloading and Installing Software ................................................154 Opening Compressed Files with StuffIt Expander ..............................156 Software Considerations in a Multiuser System ..................................158 Some Software Suggestions ..................................................................158 Web Browsing Applications ........................................................158 Productivity Applications ............................................................160 Games ..........................................................................................161 Screensavers..................................................................................162

CHAPTER 10: Using AppleWorks and Keynote

165 AppleWorks ..........................................................................................165 AppleWorks Tools ........................................................................168 Keynote..................................................................................................171 The Keynote Toolbar ....................................................................172 The Keynote Inspector Window ..................................................175 Using Keynote in Conjunction with PowerPoint ........................177

Part III: Internet Applications CHAPTER 11: Connecting to the Internet

181 Creating an Internet Connection ........................................................181 Internal Modem............................................................................183 Built-in Ethernet ..........................................................................184 AirPort ..........................................................................................186 Setting Network Port Priorities and Locations ....................................187 Locations ......................................................................................188 Using Internet Connect ........................................................................189

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CHAPTER 12: Using Safari

193 The Safari Interface ..............................................................................193 Address Bar ..................................................................................194 Bookmarks Bar ............................................................................196 Tab Bar..........................................................................................197 Status Bar......................................................................................197 Web Browsing in Safari ........................................................................198 Using Snap-Back ..........................................................................199 Using Tabs ....................................................................................199 Downloading Files ........................................................................201 Working with Bookmarks ............................................................202 The Safari Menu Bar ............................................................................205 Safari Menu ..................................................................................205 File Menu ......................................................................................206 Edit Menu ....................................................................................206 View Menu....................................................................................206 History Menu ................................................................................207 Bookmarks Menu ........................................................................207 Window Menu ..............................................................................207 Help Menu ....................................................................................207 Safari Preference Options ....................................................................208 General Preferences ......................................................................208 Appearance ..................................................................................209 Bookmarks ....................................................................................210 Tabs ..............................................................................................210 Autofill ..........................................................................................210 Security ........................................................................................211 Advanced ......................................................................................213

CHAPTER 13: Using Sherlock for Internet Searches

The The The The

215 Internet Channel ..........................................................................216 Pictures Channel............................................................................217 Stocks Channel ..............................................................................218 Movies Channel ............................................................................220

Contents

The Phone Book Channel ....................................................................221 The eBay Channel ........................................................................222 The Flights Channel ....................................................................223 The Dictionary Channel ..............................................................225 The Translation Channel......................................................................225 The AppleCare Channel ......................................................................226 Third-Party Channels ..........................................................................227 The Sherlock Preferences ......................................................................228 CHAPTER 14: Exploring the .Mac Membership

231 Defining .Mac ......................................................................................231 Setting up .Mac Service ........................................................................233 Using the iDisk......................................................................................233 iDisk Storage Space and Settings ................................................234 Accessing and Synchronizing Your iDisk ....................................236 Accessing Other Users’ iDisks ......................................................238 .Mac Screensaver ..................................................................................238 The .Mac Web Services ........................................................................240 Web Sites ......................................................................................240 iCards............................................................................................241 Access On the Go..........................................................................241

CHAPTER 15: Using Mail

245 Setting Up Mail ....................................................................................246 Importing Mailboxes....................................................................248 Adding and Modifying Accounts and Settings............................249 The Mail Interface ................................................................................254 Checking/Reading Mail................................................................255 Searching for Messages ................................................................256 Working with Addresses ..............................................................257 Threaded Browsing ......................................................................258 Dealing with Spam ......................................................................259 iChat AV Integration ....................................................................261 Mailboxes/Folders ........................................................................261 Toolbar Options ....................................................................................264 Composing Messages ..................................................................266

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Mail Preference Options ......................................................................270 General ........................................................................................270 Junk Mail ......................................................................................271 Fonts and Colors ..........................................................................272 Viewing ........................................................................................273 Composing....................................................................................274 Signatures ....................................................................................276 Rules..............................................................................................277 Mail Menus ..........................................................................................279 File ................................................................................................279 Edit ................................................................................................279 View ..............................................................................................280 Mailbox ........................................................................................281 Message ........................................................................................282 Format ..........................................................................................283 Window ........................................................................................283 CHAPTER 16: Using iChat AV

285 Setting Up iChat....................................................................................285 The iChat AV Buddy List ......................................................................287 Status Settings ..............................................................................288 Adding Buddies ....................................................................................288 Editing Buddy Info........................................................................289 Buddy Actions ..............................................................................292 Buddy Groups ..............................................................................293 Instant Messaging ................................................................................294 Sending Hyperlinks and Files ......................................................297 Group Chat Sessions ............................................................................297 Creating or Joining a Persistent Chat Room ..............................299 Using iChat for Audio or Video Chats ................................................299 System Requirements and Recommendations ............................300 Audio Chats..................................................................................301 Video Chats ..................................................................................302 Firewalls ........................................................................................304

Contents

Additional iChat Preferences Options and Application Settings ........304 General ........................................................................................305 Accounts ......................................................................................305 Messages ......................................................................................305 Alerts ............................................................................................306 Privacy ..........................................................................................306 Menus....................................................................................................306 iChat Application Menu ..............................................................306 File ................................................................................................306 Edit ................................................................................................306 View ..............................................................................................307 Buddies..........................................................................................307 Video ............................................................................................307 Format ..........................................................................................307 Window ........................................................................................307 CHAPTER 17: Using iCal

309 The iCal Interface ................................................................................309 Adding and Editing Events ..................................................................311 Event Invitations ..........................................................................312 Event Info......................................................................................314 To Do Lists ............................................................................................315 To Do Info ....................................................................................315 Calendar Publishing and Subscribing..................................................316 iCal Preference Options ........................................................................318 iCal Menus ............................................................................................319

Part IV: Hardware and Related Settings CHAPTER 18: Working with Monitors and ColorSync

323 Configuring Displays ............................................................................323 Resolution and Colors ..................................................................323 Displays Menu Extra ....................................................................324 Multiple Monitors ........................................................................325 Geometry ......................................................................................326 Color ............................................................................................327

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Using the Display Calibrator Assistant ................................................328 Task: Calibrate Your Display ................................................................328 Introduction to ColorSync ....................................................................332 ColorSync Utility ..................................................................................333 Preferences ....................................................................................333 Profile First Aid ............................................................................334 Profiles ..........................................................................................335 Devices ..........................................................................................335 Filters ............................................................................................336 CHAPTER 19: Adding Peripheral Devices

339 USB Basics ............................................................................................339 FireWire Basics ......................................................................................340 Peripheral Devices ................................................................................341 Connecting FireWire and USB Device ..................................................343

CHAPTER 20: Printing, Faxing, and Working with Fonts

345 Using the Printer Setup Utility..............................................................345 Setting Up Printers........................................................................346 Managing Your Printer Queue ....................................................347 The Page Setup and Print Windows ....................................................348 Faxing from the Print Window ....................................................351 Print and Fax Preference Options ........................................................353 Working with Fonts ..............................................................................354 Organizing Fonts with Font Book ................................................355 Using the Mac OS X Font Window ..............................................356

Part V: Apple’s iLife Applications CHAPTER 21: Introducing iLife

361 iTunes ....................................................................................................361 iPhoto ....................................................................................................362 iMovie....................................................................................................363 iDVD......................................................................................................365 Necessary Tools ....................................................................................366 Installing the iLife Applications ..........................................................367

Contents

CHAPTER 22: Using iTunes

369 Setting Up iTunes ..................................................................................369 The iTunes Interface ............................................................................370 Audio Control Keyboard Controls................................................373 Visualizer ..............................................................................................374 Adding Song Files ................................................................................375 Import Options ............................................................................375 Importing Song Files ....................................................................376 Task: Creating and Working with Playlists..................................378 Sharing Music on Your Local Network ........................................379 The iTunes Music Store ........................................................................380 Power Search, Browse, and Requests ..........................................382 Making a Purchase ......................................................................383 Interacting with Purchased Music ..............................................385 Burning CDs and Exporting to MP3 Players........................................386 Listening to Internet Radio ..................................................................387 The iTunes Preference Options ............................................................388 Using Your iPod with iTunes ................................................................391 Updating Your iPod’s Music Library ............................................392

CHAPTER 23: Using iPhoto

393 The iPhoto Interface ............................................................................393 Importing Image Files ..........................................................................395 Organizing Images ..............................................................................397 Applying Keywords ......................................................................399 Editing Photos ......................................................................................403 Using Other Photo-Editing Software with iPhoto ........................406 Designing a Photo Book ......................................................................407 Sharing Your Photos ............................................................................409 Sharing Printed Photos ................................................................409 Sharing Photos Digitally ..............................................................410 Viewing Your Own Digital Photos ..............................................411 The iPhoto Preference Options ............................................................412 Appearance ..................................................................................412 Double-Click and Rotate ..............................................................413 Mail ..............................................................................................413

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CHAPTER 24: Exploring the iMovie Interface

415 Basic Stages—Shoot, Edit, Enhance, Share ..........................................415 Shoot (and Capture) ....................................................................415 Edit ................................................................................................416 Enhance (Effects) ..........................................................................417 Share ............................................................................................417 The iMovie Interface ............................................................................417 iMovie Monitor ............................................................................417 Shelf ..............................................................................................418 Clip Viewer ..................................................................................418 Timeline Viewer ............................................................................419 Other Important Controls for the Timeline ................................420 Trash and Free Space....................................................................420 iMovie Preferences ................................................................................421 General Preferences ......................................................................421 Import Preferences........................................................................422 Advanced Preferences ..................................................................423 Starting a New Project ..........................................................................423 Task: Create a New Project ..........................................................423

CHAPTER 25: Working with Video and Clips in iMovie

427 Importing Video from a File ................................................................427 Connecting Camcorders ......................................................................428 Understanding the FireWire Cable ..............................................429 Working with Video ..............................................................................431 Understanding Cueing: Play, Stop, Fast Forward, Rewind ..........431 Capturing Video ..........................................................................434 Moving Around in a Clip ....................................................................435 Making Basic Edits................................................................................437 Preparing a Clip ..........................................................................437

CHAPTER 26: Adding Titles, Transitions, and Effects in iMovie

443 Titles ......................................................................................................443 Sample Title—Bounce In To Center ............................................444 Sample Title—Centered Multiple ................................................445

Contents

Using Titles over Black ................................................................448 Overlay (over Video) Titles ..........................................................448 Adding Titles ........................................................................................450 Adjusting Titles ....................................................................................452 Transitions ............................................................................................454 Sample Transition—Cross Dissolve ..............................................455 Working with Transitions ....................................................................457 Effects ....................................................................................................461 Sample Effect—Brightness/Contrast ....................................................463 Working with Effects ............................................................................464 Previewing ....................................................................................465 Applying ......................................................................................465 Restoring Clips..............................................................................466 Undo/Redo ....................................................................................466 Making Changes to Effects ..................................................................470 CHAPTER 27: Working with iMovie’s Clip Viewer

473 Adding and Rearranging Clips ............................................................473 Previewing Clips....................................................................................476 Enhancing Clips....................................................................................478

CHAPTER 28: Working with Still Photos and Sound in iMovie

481 Photos and iMovie ................................................................................481 Importing into iPhoto ..........................................................................482 Adding Photos to iMovie ......................................................................483 iPhoto Integration ........................................................................483 The Ken Burns Effect ....................................................................485 Adding Photos Directly ................................................................487 Still Images from Video ................................................................488 Still Images and Duration ....................................................................488 Still Images, Effects, and Transitions....................................................489 Sound in iMovie....................................................................................490 Audio Tracks ................................................................................491 Audio Playback ............................................................................491

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Working with Audio ............................................................................492 Accessing the iTunes Music Library ............................................492 Adding iTunes Audio to the Project ............................................493 Manipulating Audio Within the iMovie......................................494 Other iMovie Audio Sources ................................................................498 iMovie Sound Effects ....................................................................499 Audio CDs ....................................................................................499 Recording a Voice Track ..............................................................500 Extracting Audio from Video Clips ..............................................500 CHAPTER 29: Exporting iMovies

503 Choosing a Way to Share Your iMovie ................................................504 Exporting to Camera....................................................................504 Exporting to QuickTime ..............................................................504 Exporting to iDVD ........................................................................504 Making Videotapes from iMovie ..........................................................504 Emailing iMovies ..................................................................................506 Putting iMovies on the Web ................................................................508 Burning iMovies to CD ........................................................................515 Exporting iMovies to iDVD ..................................................................517

CHAPTER 30: Exploring the iDVD Interface

521 The DVD Creation Revolution..............................................................521 How DVD Video Works ........................................................................522 The iDVD Interface ..............................................................................526 Motion Button ..............................................................................527 Preview and Burn Buttons............................................................527 Slideshow Button ..........................................................................527 Folder Button ................................................................................528 Customize Button ........................................................................529 Status Pane ..................................................................................532 iDVD Capabilities ................................................................................533 The iDVD Preference Options ..............................................................534 General Preferences ......................................................................534 Slideshow Preferences ..................................................................535 Movies Preferences........................................................................536

Contents

CHAPTER 31: Designing DVDs in iDVD

539 Preparing the DVD Project ..................................................................539 Importing Files ......................................................................................541 Using the iMedia Browsers ..........................................................542 Customizing DVD Menus ....................................................................544 Themes..........................................................................................544 Working with Drop Zones ............................................................546 Customizing Titles ........................................................................547 DVD Buttons—Video and Text ....................................................548 Customizing Buttons ....................................................................550 Adding Submenus ........................................................................551 Customizing Menus ..............................................................................553 DVD Slideshows ....................................................................................557 Slideshow Options ........................................................................559 Working with Slides......................................................................562 DVD-ROM Content—Including Computer Files on a DVD ................564

CHAPTER 32: Creating DVDs with iDVD

571 DVD Discs ............................................................................................571 Recordable DVDs ..........................................................................571 Rewritable DVDs ..........................................................................572 DVD Storage Capacity ..........................................................................573 Purchasing the Right Blank DVD Discs ..............................................574 Burning Your DVD ................................................................................575 Preparing Your Computer ............................................................576 Manufactured DVDs ............................................................................578 Manufacturing Discs ....................................................................579

Part VI: System Administration and Maintenance CHAPTER 33: Sharing Your Computer with Multiple Users

585 Understanding User Accounts ..............................................................585 Adding and Editing User Accounts ..............................................587 Deleting User Accounts ................................................................590 Logging In ....................................................................................591

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File Permissions ....................................................................................595 Understanding Groups ................................................................596 CHAPTER 34: Creating and Hosting Your Own Website

599 Sharing Services ....................................................................................599 Activating Personal File Sharing and AppleTalk ........................601 Activating Windows Sharing (Samba) ........................................602 Activating Web Sharing ..............................................................603 Activating Remote Login and FTP ..............................................608 Connecting to Shared Folders ..............................................................611 Connecting from a Windows Machine........................................613 Sharing Your Internet Connection ......................................................617

CHAPTER 35: Securing Your Computer

619 Local Security ........................................................................................619 Create Only “Normal” Users........................................................620 Removing Administrative Access from an Existing User ............620 Disable Usernames ......................................................................621 Network Security ..................................................................................622 Disabling Network Services ..........................................................622 Disabling Network Sharing Services ............................................623 Firewalls ........................................................................................624

CHAPTER 36: Maintaining Your System

629 Automating Software Updates ............................................................629 Running Software Updates Manually..........................................629 Setting Up Regular Software Updates ..........................................631 Installed Files ................................................................................631 Backing Up Your Data ..........................................................................632 Backup Strategies ........................................................................632 Data Storage Options ..................................................................633 Making Backup CDs ....................................................................635 Copying Your Hard Drive ....................................................................637 Using Backup Software ........................................................................639 Choosing Backup Software ..........................................................639 Activity Monitor....................................................................................641

Contents

CHAPTER 37: Recovering from Crashes and Other Problems

643 Application Unexpectedly Quits ..........................................................643 Restarting Classic ........................................................................644 Other System Crashes ..........................................................................645 Using Force Quit ..........................................................................645 Forcing a Restart ..................................................................................646 Causes of Crashes ................................................................................646 Resetting PRAM ....................................................................................647 Viruses ..................................................................................................648 A Look at Virus Protection Software ............................................648 Restoring the Administrator Password ................................................650 Fixing Hard Drive Problems ................................................................650 Optimizing Your Hard Drive ........................................................653 Reinstalling System Software................................................................653

Part VII: Advanced Topics CHAPTER 38: Using Basic Unix Commands

657 Terminal: The Window to the Underworld ..........................................657 Working with Files: Basic Commands..................................................659 Basic Commands..........................................................................659 Wildcards ......................................................................................662 Editing Files with pico ..................................................................663 File Permissions ............................................................................664 Process Management ............................................................................666 Viewing Processes ........................................................................666 Killing Processes............................................................................668 Server Administration ..........................................................................669 Getting Help with Manpages ..............................................................670 Other Useful Commands ......................................................................671

CHAPTER 39: Introducing AppleScript

673 The Script Editor....................................................................................673 Basic Usage ..................................................................................674 Scripting Dictionary ....................................................................675 Results ..........................................................................................678

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Scripting Syntax....................................................................................681 tell ................................................................................................681 Variables: set/get ..........................................................................682 if ....................................................................................................683 repeat ............................................................................................684 Subroutines ..................................................................................686 Scripting Additions ......................................................................687 Script Menu ..................................................................................687 Folder Actions ..............................................................................688 AppleScript Studio ........................................................................689 Other Sources of AppleScript Information ..................................690 CHAPTER 40: Exploring the Utilities Folder

691 System Tools ..........................................................................................691 Activity Monitor ..........................................................................691 Console ........................................................................................691 Disk Utility ....................................................................................692 System Profiler ..............................................................................692 Terminal........................................................................................695 Network Tools........................................................................................695 AirPort Admin Utility and Airport Setup Assistant ....................696 Bluetooth Utilities ........................................................................696 Directory Access............................................................................696 NetInfo Manager ..........................................................................696 Network Utility ............................................................................697 ODBC Administrator ....................................................................698 Imaging, Font, and MIDI Tools ............................................................699 Asia Text Extras ............................................................................699 Audio MIDI Setup ........................................................................699 ColorSync Utility ..........................................................................699 DigitalColor Meter........................................................................699 Grab ..............................................................................................700

Contents

System Helpers ......................................................................................702 Installer ........................................................................................702 Java ..............................................................................................702 Keychain Access............................................................................702 Printer Setup Utility ......................................................................703 StuffIt Expander............................................................................703 Index

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Authors John Ray is an award-winning developer and security consultant with more than 17 years of programming and administration experience. He has worked on projects for the FCC, the National Regulatory Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Xerox, and the State of Florida. He has written or contributed to more than 10 books currently in print, including Mac OS X Unleashed, Special Edition Using TCP/IP, Sams Teach Yourself Dreamweaver MX Application Development in 21 Days, and Maximum Mac OS X Security. He bought his first Macintosh in 1984 and remains a strong proponent for the computer and operating system that revolutionized the industry. Robyn Ness holds a master’s degree in psychology with a specialization in judgment and decision making from The Ohio State University. She currently works as a Web developer, focusing on issues of usability and content design. In her spare time she tests the bounds of iPhoto by taking a ridiculous number of digital photographs, the best of which can be seen at www.shadesofinsanity.com.

Dedication For those responsible for Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Sealab 2021, and Home Movies. And for our dogs.

Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the dedicated people at Sams Publishing who worked to make this book possible. Specifically, Betsy Brown, Kathryn Mohr, Lorna Gentry, Matt Purcell, and Geneil Breeze were instrumental in bringing Sams Teach Yourself Mac OS XPanther All in One to press. We offer a sincere thank you as well to Terrence Talbot for his thorough technical review. Through the tireless effort of this team, we’re able to bring you, our readers, this helpful guide to Mac OS X Panther.

We Want to Hear from You! As the reader of this book, you are our most important critic and commentator. We value your opinion and want to know what we’re doing right, what we could do better, what areas you’d like to see us publish in, and any other words of wisdom you’re willing to pass our way. You can email or write me directly to let me know what you did or didn’t like about this book—as well as what we can do to make our books stronger. Please note that I cannot help you with technical problems related to the topic of this book, and that due to the high volume of mail I receive, I might not be able to reply to every message. When you write, please be sure to include this book’s title and author as well as your name and phone or email address. I will carefully review your comments and share them with the author and editors who worked on the book. Email:

[email protected]

Mail:

Mark Taber Associate Publisher Sams Publishing 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA

Reader Services For more information about this book or others from Sams Publishing, visit our Web site at www.samspublishing.com. Type the ISBN (excluding hyphens) or the title of the book in the Search box to find the book you’re looking for.

Introduction Our goal in creating this book is to give you, the reader, the most information possible about Mac OS X 10.3 (also known as Panther) in as friendly and straightforward a manner as possible. Although we’ve included tips that even seasoned Mac users can benefit from, this book is especially written for the following:

. People who have recently switched to the Mac who want to learn the basics of the operating system, as well as some of the best Mac programs available.

. Long-time Mac users who want to learn the new Mac OS X operating system, as well as work more productively with common OS X applications.

. People who are already familiar with some aspects of Mac OS X but want a helpful reference for those parts they haven’t yet mastered.

How This Book Is Organized The chapters of this book are categorized into seven sections: Part I, “Mac OS X Basics,” explores fundamental elements of the operating system, including the Finder, the Dock, and System Preferences. It also explains the basics of how to work with windows, files, and applications. Part II, “Common Applications,” introduces several programs that come bundled with OS X, including Calculator, Preview, QuickTime, and DVD Player, as well as software installation and other applications you may want to add to your system. Part III, “Internet Applications,” covers how to connect to the Internet and several applications from Apple that use a network connection, including the Safari Web browser, the email program Mail, and the instant messaging client iChat. Part IV, “Hardware and Related Settings,” focuses on peripheral devices, including monitors, printers, and USB and FireWire devices, as well as some of the settings needed to run them. Part V, “Apple’s iLife Applications,” explores Apple’s digital media applications— iTunes, iPhoto, iMovie, and iDVD.

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Part VI, “System Administration and Maintenance,” explains several topics—such as setting up your Mac for multiple users, securing your system, recovering from crashes, and backing up your data—that can make your system run smoother or, at least, help in times of trouble. Part VII, “Advanced Topics,” introduces some aspects of Mac OS X that the average user may not be aware of, including using the Unix command line, running AppleScript, and working with various system utilities.

An Invitation from the Authors If you have questions or comments about Mac OS X or this book, please feel free to email us. Thanks for reading! Robyn Ness ([email protected]) John Ray ([email protected])

PART I

Mac OS X Basics CHAPTER 1

Introducing Mac OS X

CHAPTER 2

Using the Finder

25

CHAPTER 3

Exploring the Dock

47

CHAPTER 4

Working with Folders, Files, and Applications

59

Setting System Preferences and Universal Access Options

79

CHAPTER 5

5

CHAPTER 1

Introducing Mac OS X This chapter begins with a quick look at the initial setup of Mac OS X and at the components that give Mac OS X its power. We then examine basic desktop controls, System Preferences, and some of the applications included with 10.3, which are examined in depth in later chapters.

Setting Up Mac OS X The first time Mac OS X starts, it runs Setup Assistant, which helps you set up the basic features of the operating system. During the setup procedure, your network settings are configured, and your registration details are sent back to Apple.

Creating Your Account Mac OS X requires you to create an account for one user during the setup process. You can add other user accounts later, but. the original account is an administrator account, which is used to control access to the system and to prevent unauthorized changes from being made to your software. Mac OS X is a multiuser operating system that allows you to create multiple user accounts. This allows each user to have his own files and system preferences and requires each user to access the system with a username and password. Passwords provide a measure of security. On the other hand, if you’re the only user and don’t want to log in each time, you can configure your system to start without a login. We’ll discuss the options further in Chapter 33, “Sharing Your Computer with Multiple Users.”

Did you Know?

The account setup fields are explained here:

. Name—Enter your full name. . Short Name—The short name is the name of your account. It should be composed of eight or fewer lowercase letters or numbers. Spaces and punctuation aren’t allowed.

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Chapter 1

. Password—The Password field is used to enter a secret word or string of characters that Mac OS X uses to verify that you are who you say you are.

. Verify—The Verify field requires you to type the same string you entered in the Password field. This step ensures that the password you typed is actually what you intended.

. Password Hint—Type a phrase or question that reminds you of your password. If you attempt to log in to your system three times without success, the hint is displayed. After you fill in this user information, click Continue to proceed.

Additional Settings After you create a user account, you can set up your Internet connection. If you already have Internet access, but don’t have all the information required to connect to your network or dial in to your ISP, skip this step for now. We cover specifics about Internet access in Chapter 11, “Connecting to the Internet.” The next step is to specify the time zone for your computer. After you choose the appropriate zone and set the date and time, click Continue. Congratulations! You’ve reached the last step of the configuration process. When prompted, click the Done button, and Mac OS X takes you to the desktop. Now let’s briefly explore the structure of Mac OS X.

A Peek Under the Hood of Mac OS X Mac OS X consists of 11 separate pieces that work together and complement each other (as represented in Figure 1.1). Let’s take a brief look at the components that make up Mac OS X. We’ll also examine how they influence its features. FIGURE 1.1 This layered model represents the complex architecture of Mac OS X.

Aqua Cocoa Quartz

AppleScript

Java 2

Carbon

Classic

OpenGL

QuickTime

Audio

Darwin - Open Desktop

Introducing Mac OS X

Mac OS X is made up of several components that work together to run applications, generate images, and provide a cutting-edge user experience:

. Aqua —Apple’s graphical user interface (GUI) system, which controls the appearance of windows, buttons, and other onscreen controls.

. AppleScript —A language that enables users to write scripts that interact with other software on the computer.

. Cocoa— A programming environment that enables applications for Mac OS X to be built from scratch quickly.

. Java 2—Mac OS X supports the development and deployment of Java-based programs.

. Carbon—An interface for developing programs that run on Mac OS 8/9 as well as Mac OS X.

. Classic—The environment that enables some applications written for Mac OS 9, the older Mac operating system, to run under Mac OS X.

. Quartz—Apple’s 2D imaging framework and window server, which is based on the Portable Document Format (PDF).

. OpenGL—The industry standard for 3D graphics. . QuickTime—Apple’s award-winning multimedia technologies are built into the graphics foundation of Mac OS X.

. Audio—Mac OS X continues Apple’s tradition of providing world-class audio support for musicians and audiophiles.

. Darwin—The Unix-based core operating system. Let’s start at the bottom with Darwin and work our way up.

Darwin Darwin is a Unix-based system that gives OS X all the power and stability of other forms of Unix. If Mac OS X were a building, Darwin would be the rock-solid foundation on which the other elements stand. Unix (pronounced YOU-nix) is an operating system developed at Bell Labs during the 1970s. Unix was created to be a development platform for computer programmers. However, it has traditionally been run in the form of text commands typed at a command line, which can be a bit intimidating for casual computer users. Mac OS X preserves the power of Unix while adding the usability of a Mac interface.

7

8

Chapter 1

Darwin itself is composed of two parts: the Mach kernel and the BSD subsystem. A kernel is a small piece of controlling code that serves as a gatekeeper for all other processes and programs. In Mac OS X, only the Mach kernel can directly access hardware, such as the keyboard, the monitor, and even the memory. By allowing only a single piece of software to perform these critical activities, individual applications can no longer crash or corrupt the system. (As any user familiar with Mac OS 9 and earlier knows, this is not how the Macintosh operating system worked in the past.) Above the Mach kernel is the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) subsystem, which is a collection of software that makes up a Unix operating system. In many respects, Mac OS X is a composite of two operating systems. The BSD system is a completely functional environment in its own right that can be accessed through text commands. Mac OS X, however, is known for its user-friendly graphical environment. Together they form a system that’s suitable for use by people with a broad range of computer experience. Although this might seem complex, the good news is that Mac OS X shields all these technical details from your view—unless you choose to know more. Although software developers can create new modules that operate at the kernel level, the rest of us need do nothing more than sit back and reap the benefits. Those who want to access the BSD subsystem can learn more about it in Chapter 38, “Using Basic Unix Commands.”

The Imaging Layer The second layer of the Mac OS X foundation is the imaging layer. It comprises the tools that your applications call on to create onscreen images. The first of these tools is the QuickTime Application Programming Interface (API). To many people, QuickTime is a media player that’s used to listen to music or watch video clips, but it’s far more than that. QuickTime forms the heart of all multimedia operations in Mac OS X. Using QuickTime, applications can support reading and writing dozens of image file formats. Three-dimensional imaging is performed by another component: OpenGL. Used to create realistic special effects in games and productivity applications, OpenGL produces effects ranging from texture mapping to motion blur.

Introducing Mac OS X

Mac OS X, with the help of OpenGL, performs a variety of eye-catching visual effects, such as seamlessly fading between screensaver images and scaling icons. However, some computers that can handle the other demands of Mac OS X have a graphics card that isn’t capable of producing these effects. If you find that transitions between images are jerky, your graphics card might be to blame. However, rest assured that the other less-cosmetic aspects of Mac OS X are unaffected.

9

By the Way

The final piece of Apple’s imaging framework is Quartz, which is based on a standard developed by Adobe called PDF, the Portable Document Format. You might recognize PDF as a common file type for forms and documents available on the Internet. PDFs are especially useful for distributing forms because they reproduce the page layout regardless of the type of computer receiving the information. If your Internet browser has called for you to downloaded Adobe’s Acrobat Reader, you’ve already encountered PDFs. Quartz, like all PDFs, renders images precisely and makes it easy to resize them. These qualities allow Mac OS X to display dramatic desktop visuals. Double-click the Finder icon, which looks like a smiling face, in the row of icons along one edge of your screen to launch a window and then double-click on the window’s title bar. You’ll see that the window you viewed in full-size has shrunk into a tiny version of itself to fit in the Dock (which, by the way, is the name for the row of icons on your screen). Mac OS X also uses a variation on Quartz called Quartz Extreme. Quartz Extreme pairs the image manipulation capabilities of Quartz with the powerful graphic transformation features of OpenGL. (Although powerful for 3D rendering, OpenGL can also manipulate 2D images with ease.) Using Quartz Extreme, video cards, such as the Radeon and GeForce, can perform the work of OpenGL rendering using the card’s dedicated graphics processing unit (GPU), virtually eliminating the burden of Quartz from your computer’s processor.

Application Programming Layer The next layer of Mac OS X consists of APIs under which applications are created. The first of these APIs is called Classic. It was created because Apple knew people upgrading to OS X would want to use their favorite (and essential) programs from the older Mac operating system. Using Classic, almost any application that’s functional in Mac OS 9 can run inside Mac OS X. (This is truly astounding because Mac OS X’s foundation is in no way similar to the traditional Mac operating system.)

By the Way

10

Chapter 1

If you install and open a “Classic” application, your computer actually starts up a version of Mac OS 9.After Mac OS 9 boots, you’ll notice subtle changes in the desktop—including a multicolored Apple icon at the upper left instead of the blue Apple icon of OS X! For more detail about using applications in the Classic environment, see Chapter 4, “Working with Folders, Files, and Applications.” In addition to Classic, there are three other development platforms for creating software that will run under Mac OS X: Carbon, Cocoa, and Java 2. Carbon is a rewrite of the traditional Macintosh development toolbox to take advantage of the new technologies in Mac OS X. When an application is written in Carbon, it can run on both Mac OS X and Mac OS 8/9. Cocoa provides a compelling development environment for Mac OS X. Compared to traditional programming methods, Cocoa offers the ability for a single programmer to create full-scale applications in a fraction of the time required for other approaches. The final programming environment included in Mac OS X is Java 2. Java applications can be developed easily to run on a variety of operating systems, broadening the range of applications available for use under OS X.

Aqua and AppleScript The final layer, composed of Aqua and AppleScript, provides a user interface to the Mac OS X operating system and a scripting language to control it. With translucent colors, transparent windows, and graphics that morph in and out of position, Aqua does for the computer desktop what the iMac did for the aesthetics of computer design. In Aqua, all the standard Mac OS user interface elements—scrollbars, buttons, window shapes, and every other control—are now represented with the translucent theme. We’ll take a closer look at the interface elements of Aqua in the section “Interface Elements” later in this chapter so that you can become familiar with how they look and operate. AppleScript provides a way for a user to control all the layers underneath it by writing simple scripts or programs. You learn about AppleScript’s capabilities in Chapter 39, “Introducing AppleScript.” Now that you have an idea of what Mac OS X is made of, let’s take a look around.

Introducing Mac OS X

11

Applications Included with Mac OS X As you’ve already learned, Mac OS X was built to allow the continued functioning of many applications written to operate under Mac OS 9. However, in the time since Mac OS X was unveiled, many fun and helpful programs have become available for use with Mac OS X. Here are just a few of the applications that come bundled with Mac OS X:

. iTunes—stores and playHelps you store and play music files and burn custom CDs as well as listen to Internet radio stations. Figure 1.2 shows iTunes’ Visualizer, which displays colors and patterns in time with the music. You learn more about iTunes in Chapter 22, “Using iTunes.” FIGURE 1.2 Here’s a glimpse of iTunes.

. iPhoto—Helps you import and organize digital photographs as well as adjust photo quality and share your work. You find out more of the details in Chapter 23, “Using iPhoto.”

. iMovie—Enables you to edit digital video. It also includes features that let you add titles and visual effects to your movies. You learn more about it in Chapter 24, “Exploring the iMovie Interface,” through Chapter 29, “Exporting iMovies.”

. Safari—This Web browser comes bundled with Mac OS X. In Chapter 12, “Using Safari,” you find out about accessing the Web.

. Mail—Sends and receives email, including text and image attachments. Chapter 15, “Using Mail,” explores email and related settings.

12

Chapter 1

If your favorite applications weren’t mentioned, remember that many other applications are included with Mac OS X and still more are available for purchase or download. We discuss additional software that you might want to add in Chapter 9, “Installing Additional Software.” Now let’s move on to exploring the desktop!

The Mac OS X Desktop One of the best features of the Macintosh operating system has always been its interface filled with pictorial icons and easy-to-access menus. The Mac OS X desktop, shown in Figure 1.3, continues that tradition. Apple menu Application menu

Menu bar

Menu extras

FIGURE 1.3 The Mac OS X desktop.

As you may already know, the Mac desktop is part of the Finder, which manages your computer’s tasks and organizes your files. The desktop is a neat and orderly place with a row of menus across the top (called the menu bar), a row of icons along one edge (called the Dock), and plenty of wide open space to hold all the application windows you’ll soon be working with.

Introducing Mac OS X

13

Let’s take a look at several elements of the Mac OS X environment and their basic use. We continue our exploration in greater depth with discussion of the Finder in Chapter 2, “Using the Finder,” and the Dock in Chapter 3, “Exploring the Dock.”

The Apple Menu The Apple menu provides access to system controls. You open the Apple menu by clicking the Apple icon in the menu bar. It remains accessible, and its options are unchanged regardless of which program is in use. Figure 1.4 shows this menu. FIGURE 1.4 Systemwide preferences and information are located under the Apple menu.

These options are available in the Apple menu:

. About This Mac—Displays information about the computer, such as the current version of the operating system, the amount of available memory, and the type of processor that the system is using.

. Software Update—Launches the Software Update feature, where updates to currently installed Apple software are listed as they become available for your download.

. Mac OS X Software—Launches the user’s preferred Web browser and loads the URL http://www.apple.com/downloads/macosx/. At that Web page, you can download third-party applications from Apple’s list of available Mac OS X software.

. System Preferences—The equivalent of the traditional control panels, the System Preferences selection launches the application used to control almost all aspects of the Mac OS X configuration.

14

Chapter 1

. Dock—One of the most visible additions to Mac OS X. The Apple menu provides quick access to common Dock preferences, such as the ability to hide the Dock. We discuss Dock preferences further in Chapter 3.

. Location—Enables you to quickly adjust the Mac OS X network settings for your current location. This is the equivalent of the Location Manager Control Strip module.

. Recent Items—Displays the most recently launched applications and documents.

. Force Quit —Opens a list of applications and allows you to select which to quit. This is equivalent to pressing Command-Option-Esc to exit an application that has frozen.

By the Way

Traditional Mac users know that Command-Option-Esc is an example of a key command, which is a kind of shortcut activated by holding down a set of keys. For those new to the Mac, the Command key shows outlines of an apple and a cloverleaf.

. Sleep—Places your computer in a sleep state that requires very little power and can be restarted in a matter of seconds without the need for a full reboot.

Did you Know?

Although the Sleep option is convenient for momentarily powering down and allowing a quick start, PowerBook/iBook users might want to prevent battery drain by shutting down their computers completely instead of putting them to sleep for long periods.

. Restart—Quits all applications, prompts the user to save open files, and gracefully reboots the computer.

. Shut Down—Quits all applications, prompts the user to save open files, and shuts down the computer.

. Log Out—Quits all applications, prompts the user to save open files, and then returns to the Mac OS X login screen.

The Application Menu Immediately to the right of the Apple menu is the application menu, which provides functions specific to the application currently in use. When an application launches in Mac OS X, a menu based on its own name appears to the right of the Apple icon. For example, if you start an application named TextEdit, the TextEdit application menu is the first menu item after the Apple icon.

Introducing Mac OS X

15

The application menu contains items that act on the entire application rather than on its files. Figure 1.5 displays the application menu for Mail—an application included with Mac OS X. FIGURE 1.5 Application menus contain functions that act on an entire application.

Seven default items make up an application menu:

. About—Reveals information about the running program. . Preferences—An application menu provides a standardized location for application preferences.

. Services—An interesting feature of Mac OS X. When a service is installed by an application, it can act on a selected item on the system. For example, if you want to have a portion of an email message read aloud by your computer, you could select the text in your Mail window and then choose Start Speaking Text from the Speech submenu under Services. This would automatically have your computer read you the chosen text.

. Hide—Hides all windows of the active application. . Hide Others—Hides the windows of all applications other than the frontmost application. This effectively clears the screen except for the program you’re currently using.

. Show All—Shows all hidden applications. . Quit—Quits the current application. Command-Q is the universal Quit shortcut. The remaining menus vary widely by application, so we’ll cover them for specific applications in later chapters as needed.

16

Chapter 1

Windows One of the most obvious places in which you interact with the Mac OS X interface is through onscreen windows, as illustrated in Figure 1.6. Let’s take a brief look at the controls for a Mail window. Close button Minimize button Zoom button

Toolbar button

FIGURE 1.6 Mac OS X windows have several common features.

Size control

Close/Minimize/Zoom In the upper-left corner of each window are the Close (red X), Minimize (yellow –), and Zoom (green +) buttons. Differentiated only by color and position, the corresponding symbol appears in each button when the mouse cursor nears.

Did you Know?

The Close, Minimize, and Zoom buttons in the currently active window will have color, whereas those in windows that don’t have the system’s focus won’t have color. Clicking the Close button closes the open window. The Mac OS X Minimize button shrinks the window into an icon view and places it in the Dock. This icon is a miniature of the original window—down to the items it contains. In some cases, the icon even updates its appearance when the parent application generates new output. Clicking the icon in the Dock restores the window to its original position and size on the screen.

Introducing Mac OS X

There is a preference option that makes double-clicking the title bar of a window have the same effect as clicking the Minimize button. This option can be found in the Appearance section of the System Preferences, which can be open from the Apple menu.

17

Did you Know?

The Zoom button (usually) opens the window to the size necessary to display the available information. Most Windows PC users expect the maximized window to fill the entire screen. However, if there are only three icons to be shown, Mac OS X doesn’t waste space by filling up your window with blank area. Holding down Option while clicking the Minimize or Close button results in all the windows in the current application being minimized or closed.

Did you Know?

Toolbar Button In the upper-right corner of some windows (including the Finder and Mail windows) is an elongated button, called the Toolbar button, that can be used to quickly show or hide special toolbars in the top of some windows. Figure 1.7 shows the result of hiding the toolbar in the Mail application. FIGURE 1.7 With the task toolbar hidden, the window occupies less screen space.

Apple advocates the use of toolbars in applications to increase usability and efficiency. However, because individual programmers must write their programs to support the toolbar button, you shouldn’t expect all applications with toolbars to have the Toolbar button.

18

Chapter 1

Window Moving and Resizing Another characteristic of some Mac OS X windows is the borderless content area. As shown in Figure 1.8, the display in most Mac OS X application windows (except those with a metal appearance) stretches to the of the content window. In contrast, some operating systems such as Mac OS 9 and Windows offer window borders for dragging. FIGURE 1.8 The content in a window goes right to the edge.

To drag a window, you must grab it by its title bar. For windows with a metal appearance, you can grab them by any “metal” area. To resize a window, click and drag the size control in the lower-right corner of each window. Many applications in Mac OS X take advantage of live resizing; that is, as you resize the window, its contents adjust in real-time (such as Web pages in Safari).

Did you Know?

It is possible to resize a window so large that you can’t reach the size control. If you can’t reach the size control, how do you make the window smaller? Click the green Zoom button, which makes a window only as large as it needs to be to show its contents or makes the window fit within the viewable screen area.

Introducing Mac OS X

In Chapter 4, we’ll talk about a feature called Exposé, which allows you to temporarily view the full windows of everything open on your desktop all at once. The settings for this feature are accessed in the System Preferences, discussed in the section “System Preferences” later in the chapter. There are a few other neat tricks you can use when working with Mac OS X windows. If you hold down the Command key, you can drag inactive windows located behind other windows. If fact, holding down Command enables you to click buttons and move scrollbars in many background applications. Another fun trick is holding down the Option key while clicking on an inactive application’s window. This hides the frontmost application and brings the clicked application to the front. Finally, instead of switching to another window to close, minimize, or maximize it, positioning your cursor over the appropriate window controls highlights them— enabling you to get rid of obtrusive windows without leaving your current workspace.

Sheet Windows and Window Drawers Two other unique interface elements in Mac OS X are sheet windows and window drawers. Sheets are used in place of traditional dialog boxes. Normally, when a computer wants to get your attention, it displays a dialog box containing a question such as, “Do you want to save this document?” If you have 10 open documents on your system, how do you know which one needs to be saved? Sheet windows connect directly to the title bar of an open window. As shown in Figure 1.9, these messages appear inside the window they’re associated with. Sheet windows are used just like regular dialog boxes, except that they’re attached to a document. Unlike many dialog boxes, which keep you from interacting with the rest of the system until you interact with them, sheet windows limit access only to the window in which they appear. A window drawer is used to store commonly used items, such as settings or additional content, that might need to be accessed while a program is running. Figure 1.10 shows the Mac OS X Mail application’s window drawer holding a list of active mailboxes. To use active drawers in applications that contain them, you typically click a button in the toolbar. After a drawer is open, you can often drag its edge to change the drawer’s size.

19

Did you Know?

20

Chapter 1

FIGURE 1.9 The sheet window appears to drop from an open window’s title bar.

FIGURE 1.10 Window drawers hold options that are needed often during use of a program.

Did you Know?

Although only a few applications use the Mac OS X window drawer feature, there are already two standards for how it operates. By default, the drawer slides out from a single side, left or right, of the main window after you click a button to activate it. If the window is too close to that side of the screen, the drawer is either forced out on the other side of the window, or the main window moves over to make room.

Interface Elements Other functions of the interface are activated by graphical interface elements. Figure 1.11 shows samples of many of the Mac OS X interface elements.

Introducing Mac OS X

21

Disclosure triangles

Application menu

Button bar

List view

FIGURE 1.11 These are (most of) the Mac OS X interface elements.

Buttons Scrollbars

Pop-up menu

Checkbox

Radio buttons

Disclosure button

Aqua interface elements include the following:

. Pushbuttons—These are rendered as translucent white or aqua ovals or as square-ish buttons with appropriate label text. They’re typically used to activate a choice or to respond to a question posed by the operating system or application. The default choice, which is activated by pressing the Return key, pulses for easy visual confirmation.

. Check boxes/radio buttons—Check boxes are used to choose multiple attributes (AND), whereas radio buttons are used to choose between attributes (OR).

. List views—Clicking a category, such as the Date Modified heading shown in Figure 1.11, sorts by that selection. Clicking the category again reverses the direction of the sort (ascending to descending or vice versa). To resize category headings, click the edge of the heading and drag in the direction you want to shrink or expand the column.

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Chapter 1

. Pop-up menus/system menuspop-up menus>—Single-clicking a menu drops down the menu until you make a selection. The menu can stay down indefinitely. With Mac OS X’s multitasking system, other applications can continue to work in the background while the menu is down.

. Disclosure trianglesThese continue to work as they always have. Click the triangle to reveal additional information about an object.

. Disclosure pushbuttons—Like disclosure triangles, these pushbuttons are used to reveal all possible options (a full, complex view) or to reduce a window to a simplified representation. They are used in the new File Save sheets.

. Scrollbars—Scrollbars visually represent the amount of data in the current document by changing the size of the scrollbar slider in relation to the data to display. The larger the slider, the less data there is to scroll through. The smaller the slider, the more information there is to display.

. Button bar—Button bars, made up of several buttons, are used to move between separate settings within a single window when you can only choose one available option at a time. By breaking up long lists in this way, windows with many options are less overwhelming, but you might have to click between sections to find the settings you’re looking for.

System Preferences Mac OS X enables you to control many aspects of your system, from desktop appearance to user access. Conveniently, you can tailor these settings to your own needs from one centralized place, System Preferences, as shown in Figure 1.12. To access System Preferences, simply click the Dock icon that resembles a light switch; it should be located in the row of icons at the bottom of your screen. Or choose System Preferences from the Apple menu. As you can see in Figure 1.12, the items in System Preferences are organized by function. You’ll learn more about System Preferences in Chapter 5, “Setting System Preferences and Universal Access Options,” and throughout this book as we discuss different topics.

Introducing Mac OS X

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FIGURE 1.12 Many system settings are accessible through System Preferences.

Menu Extras Mac OS X offers a feature that gives users quick access to common system settings: menu extras. They appear as icons at the upper right of the menu bar. Figure 1.13 shows a number of menu extras. FIGURE 1.13 Menu extras provide quick access to system settings.

Each extra is added to the menu bar through individual System Preferences panes that correspond to an item’s function. You can activate or deactivate an extra by clicking the Show