Prussian Staff & Specialist Troops 1791-1815
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION
3
THE PRUSSIAN GENERAL STAFF
5
• • • • PETER HOFSCHR6ER Is • recognised ..pert on the German campaigns 01 the Napoleonic w.....nd the Pru..i.n .rmy In partlcul.r. He has p~1y written lou. titles on the Pru..S.n Army of the period, and L~ipzig ISI3, number 25 in the C.mpalgn .eries.
Origins alld Itislon llw General Siaffand War ~Ijlli"ln Ihe 'ne\I" Gelleral Sian unifurms
TACTICS: THE USE OF COMBINED ARMS
14
ARTILLERY & ENGINEERS
18
• Org;ll·ti ...· uioll illId ('quiprnl'llI • ,millen uniloflll'>- 179~-IH07. Il:W~IHL;-.lIli...ll1lurnp.lnie.. -
• uniform .. nf the l'llginccf COfp" - piOllC'(,1" hall,llioll"pontoon tr.lin.. - minef'" - lI,till ... 11 ("If h(·'·))l:'ll ('f (ulllIMlIIr..
ARTILLERY TACTICS
22
• n.lUrn oq,;'lIIi";lliotl • IlIl' IH1~ UfJ.,1rmrlll • gUtl (1t'\1 drill ..: Il-pdt lidd P1\'((', 1~·lxlr. 7-lxh howill('1',
Ithxlr hO\\il.llT • 1lI0\t'lIWIIl
• .. ij{lI;tJ..
COLOURS & STANDARDS CHRISTA HOOK began her Illustratir\9 career In llJ8e. Her wo", hn leetured e.tensll/ely In Ihe worlds of pubUshlng and telel/Ision, and she hes eslablished herself .s one 01 Osprey's most popular iIIustrato.... Her ltIustratlons combine Ihe historian's attention to defall wllh Ihe artist's sense of drama and atmosphere, and they are sought arte. by collecto... worldwide. She has had wo", selected for Ihe Laing Land and Seascape £.hlbitlon 2000 at the Mall, and Ihe Not the Royal Academy £.hlbltlon 2000 at the LleweU'I'n Ale.ande. Gallery.
27
• 17H7-97 • 17~17-IH07 ·IHOH-15
THE PLATES
44
INDEX
48
Men-at-Arms· 381
Prussian Staff & Specialist Troops 1791-1815
Peter Hofschr6er . Illustrated by Christa Hook M
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OSPREY PUBLISHING
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fnt ~ on Grul BtIl...... 2003 by 0Ipte)0 PuoltsNng En. Ccul. Chel:* W.y 801ley, Olton:! 0)(2 IllJ' urw'ed ~ EmloI Inl~.com
Dedication To my friend the rale Colonel John erMg, who gave me his time.
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Acknowledgements My thanks go to Dallas Gav.... and Jo/YI Cook lor readtng the dt"at1 01 thos te~t and gMng me their 5UQ9I$tIOr1S lor IITlprovements. Any .-nn are, 01 COI.lfM. my IlISPOfI$IbMy,
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Author's Note ISBN 18<11763«6
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Readers shoukl note that thot; book II best..ad III con,unetOOfl With MAA 149. Pn.rs.swI Ughl Infanlry '792-1815: MAA 152. ~ line 1nfat1/1)' 1792-1815. MAA t62. f"ru$$Ian e.w.try "I 17'J2-18IJ7: MAA 172, f"ru$$Ian Cavart (2} I8IJ7-1815. and MAA 192. PrussIan Resen'l!. MI't,. & ~ TfOOP$ 1806-18/5
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Select Bibliography [II ,tllrlili,m ,•• 1111' Wtlll... li'lt't! ill (h~ \';uli.-r \"llhlll1C,; Oflhi, ~lie,. till'
followillH ''l't t' "1",, "'''I1'lIlI,'(\ tor (hi- lulul1ll':
Uniforms ,\I"rI." KI;lII,·I','u'l &
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Gt'IU'ral Staff lkllH"I,-", K:l1l /h" {"'IlIvl,,' O[ji:inl/l)/I!' ill (~~fll.\rllllft ,/lui \/l/al/65f)-IlJ." (Ikrlin. I!llil) I·it'dll'l". Siq,:lrit·d. (;nwllm, liN' ,IIIIiliit· Ill/II K/lrgl'gr'lfllirlltr !ltllld J. SII/lfIlr(JII/:"I-.,..1I I'WIIII'II (i\lUllil h.
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Arti1lcrr \Ilon. 1".XJ'r..,rU"glnI/PIII fill 1/11 ,1,.lllIm" lin KOlliglirh /'rfU\I,\("hnl ,Inm'l' (lkrlin. UH2) \lHm. \ mlff(I/l1'l ,,/ d"lmlnl If'IIl"ml-" 0/ /-'nl\liflll .-'tr/iIlPrl·. "If'. • I~firi,h l.lhr:tf\. 1.0nd"l1 H1l~I.."l.·rm. Il.uL' (l'(I.), .IfJ/J,"UWl'Jvr-KoI/lIIU.ll. III·ft II 'ZUf \ll,I"ldull~ lind I,.kuk ,I"r \rulll·nt·· {(};;n,.hrl,ck. 198'l) (;)l'im. lnu·r-{)Oiril'r. Om I,,",,,,,,, m,l linn I·'M-(~rhlll:. (lI'IO·H (~n""""r (ol·lIl·r.ll~I.lh. I ,*'jflflltrhP IIn/m.L.'!" ,11I11 fmvhllllf:"/
zur ('.t'lf/whlp f/Jo, l'trlll,I/,dwlI limp'. llt'lr 11 F,. 'Dit' I'rl'l".i... hl' Ani11t'rit' 11111 illrt'l i':t'lIfi,nrl,llioll 1809 hi. mm.J.,lln· IHIIi' (I~·rlil1. 1!IH~I) .\I.r1illo,,,J..v. 1.'IUi. "m~; Uonill, Rulwlt Ion. (~,rlllrhfp dl'l' '''''lIlIlpll!mll:i,dl./Jr{'u''IIf!l1"1I "\rllll,.ril', :1 "II. (lkllill.1HH!-·I:!) RibOt-rIll op. '''I/IIIIII/fllll: "Oil \ invhlljlnl . . \ 11/I~'I'llllg"" ](11I1 '/IInllgnl 1111/,"1:1"11 iilJI" di" 1·.../d"'/fll!wK". lilt" Ir'/'flrg'lwI-" 11'1I/11, flllt! (ilr f{f'/tlfJllllf'fllIIg lin Kii"igllf'h 1'tJ'rI"i,,!I,., ImIN' (Ikt lirr. 11'1) Ii) S<:hi'lllin~. "'Ift! \\'I,Ug.tll!-: "ltl. 1II,f"/l,rI,-Inogm/,lli,rll" Xllrhnrllirn :/11' (;r,rll,rllll' lin Iimnllnllm'I-FJlrllI'I-"]('"/ld"·,, \I'ldlmf.;\ \0]. Ok-,lill. 11'1 II-G) \'"n ~rrorh;l. /)JI' A'i'lIg"r/, l't'l'u\\/ld/p Iridin'll' nllll jllll,." 1759bll /8/6 {1k-r1in, Ii'll;)) \·oKd. j.1 ... II",{"II/IIII' II". AmlJglull1't""l\II\rhn, .Irllflnlf" (III IInll Kmnl1"lI" }It'/'PllUlJ..,,lm''1.'''1 (Ikrlin, 11'110) "la~
FidJi!-:. F.... lld. ('",'n"',rllf lil'II' (Ikrlill. I !'uIl) Kt-,nil-:litill" Kril·,.,.... mit1l_lt·lilllll. (;f,/h"hl' II",. Ao"ig"rh 1""'''\I,,hn, 1'111"'''1 !,,"I \/(///(11/11"" It'll lI"m jlll"I' IHfl7. 2 \tJI,. f1krlin. II'IH'lJ
PRUSSIAN STAFF AND SPECIALIST TROOPS 1792-1815 THE FOUNDATION OF THE GENERAL STAFF SYSTEM
GetNnl JohalV'l D.vId von scna,.,...",.llt755-l8l3) •• _ of PNssI... Iellding ....ormers 01 11M period. A cOf'Itroverslalligure In hi. 11m., hit regarded b~ .cHne • • • 'mlKl Jac~' .nd • d;l~rou. ,..,olutioMry. b~ others a. II mere pen'p!J.hlng t"-Oretlelan. Later Inlerprel.llon. of hi. -.:hlevem..,t••ee him •• 'great palrlol or .....n • prolo-Ma ....I.I. All Ih••• "Iews 01 SCharnhorst elln be debaled: whall. c.rt.ln JI lhllt h. wa••n able .oldler who.e -.:compllshmenll Influenced mlln~ of hi. contemporerle•.
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\IO'C. lin "1(.'1Ht \'1 IU\HOI·\U' .... 01 Iht.' I{t'\OlllliuII.ln ,lI1d :'\,IIKJlconic \\'ill-" \\crc Ihl' 1'\O!lIlioll 01 thl' di\i,iun ,lIld Ihe corp' of ;111 ann<;, logellwr with the g"eneral "1.1f! ;1" Iht, 'Ill
on<; gin·n. and ,ltbpted Iheir llIilitan '1'lt'Ill' tn incur1)()f;t1I' Ih("l' lIe\1 tactical fOllll;lliOlh. I ht· 1'1"11"1.11I .trlll\. hU\lclcr. \\em funher than l1Iereh karning 1\ h .. t thl' III.L,lt'l' h,td tOluglll: it ,\11 .. 1\ \(·tllht' '1: ,iltriblltt'd 1\,1\ (;I'rhanl Hill ScharnhurM (175J--I~I:.J), tilt' 'till tIl .. II.uHI\t·d;\J1 f.ll'mt'r 1\110 had join('11 Ihe Pnl,..i,1I1 .\nm 10 fllrtlwr IIi" milil....... CMtTI' - ont' nl tho,(' 'tl-<:alkd 'furei/-:Il Incrcell,lrie,' Ih.t! n'n,IIn llli,illlonlit'd Ili~lorialh lIe'pi..e. The 11'\\011 Ih.1t Sch
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uniu:r~ ;Iud l11l"~l'nKl'r"', 110\ll'\'l'f, hi~ 1>)"[l'lll of cOll111l;llld ll'nded 10 fall apart \\'IJ{'1l cOl11rol of part 01 hi, .1f1l1~ was gi\l'll to 011l' of h;~ ~ubor dill.lIl". Lld.ing a genl'I~11 ~[afT tr~aillil1g and a ('01l11110n phi1o~opll\. en'll til(' mo~t lo\'al of :\'apokoll" 111.11....11,11, h.ld dillintll\ ;n conducl;ng .111 ;1H1t:'1X:'lHklll ((lllllll.lI1d ill the :>;UlIt: tht:tcr (;L'nel"II'~ Slall (Q(~S) ,hollid ht, l11o(kl'lli,t'd ilt arcordance wilh Curn'llI dl'W'lnpIlH'llh, The pt'riod ht"tll'L'{'ll Illl' :1I'l'('"illl1 ot Fn·(k'ricl... William III 10 Iht· lllnlnt'· 01 I'rll,~ia ill 179i :lIld lltL' (,lI11pai!-:ll of ItlO:l was OIiC offrt'e tltillkit1!-:. 0PL'll dt'llt"d ill a plt,thol,l of l11ilil.ln joutnal, p'lhli~hed in (;{'nn::tm" SchamllOl....l \\'a~ lIlt' pllbli~l\{'r (II 01\{' 'Uell jOllrn,t1. ,Itld {,
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Slh,lnlhllr,c'~ 1,lInt.' opetled tht: dOOl to hi, 'l:r"iCl' ill lhl" I'tll,~i'lll .\nll\. \\hich hl' joillt'd ill ISOI (aher.t IX'riod ;11 the ....lil1L'n of lh(' EIL-ctonll(' of I!'trlm't'r). PI Ol1Hlled It) fill! colonel and f(·cc·i\'illK"'. pall'nl of l1{)bilit\, lhi, .lhle ollin'r \\ .... '0011
Gebhardt L.ebenK:hl Prince Bliieher VOf'I Wahlst.dl (1742-18tO)- one 01 the more colourful floures 01 this period. The single-breasted Prussia" bl~ undress coat SMwn here was IntrodlK:ed In 1814. The orders which he dlspla~ tnctl>de Iha Pour Ie Mertte, the Qrend Cross of Ihe trtln Cross (with swords, an award unique 10 Btiieherj, and the Order of Ihe Black eagte.
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Clallst.'wil/, best kllO\,n a~ a ,uldil'r-phihNJphl'l and
THE PRUSSIAN GENERAL STAFF
Karl Wilhelm Georg won Grolman 11777-1843). Sho""," he... l" lhe I.WMI.... uniform 01 • general, QroIman I, _aring the silver ~u..n ••
appropriate fo thai rank. He won hi, Pour Ie M'rite
with oakle.v•• at Leipzig in 1813, and the Iron em.. ht CI." at Haynllu In the um. y••r. Ha Wal award.-d the Ord., of the fled ElI;I' ahortly .tte, the Waterloo campaign,
The Pru....i.lIl ).:t'Ill'I~11 '1.111 lI\\t'c1 i" oligin~ 10 Ill(' :>lilIT :>\:>Iem lI'>\C'd b\ f'n'(it'ricl.. \\ illi.oll of Hr.lIldt·nlmrg, III(' (;n';11 Elc'cl\w, in lilt' 171h CelllUl"\, Thi.. commaru!c.·r IU'eded ,I ct.·n,lin nUlIllK'1 nl ullin........ not .lllildll_'t! 10 indilidu.11 Iq;illlt.·lIb, 10 LIlT\ Ollt pani,ular (1t'lt'g;:IlC'l! hllHlilln, 'uch ,I' 'lllwni,ing logi'lic... l.'ngint.Trillg, HillEl" 01 111,IH h. I'llcilmpllll'llh, and '>0 un. Fredclid. Willialll" ....111\ \\,1" :l I ,000 lIIt'll 'troll/-:, FredericL. \\'illiam I. hi., J.;"mlHholl ;till! l.lther ul Frt'd(.'ncL. lhe Cre.lt. commanded an anm III HO.UUU ml.·11 with .1 '"llil.lr "-'tem. Fre(kricL. himself I,'a" one uf )lo!tL.I"" "1.11", 01 tht.' lil'l unkr', I k did lUll llel.· ,>uue,l>()r, \\1'1 e lUll '\1;\1·, of Ihe lir't order': imked, hi:> lIephe\\ alltl heir Fretkril k Willi.lIn II. I\ho reigned 17HG-97, ~hone fairly dimh. Iii .. ,on and 'llc('(·,~or. Fn'c1nkl.. William Ill, al fll..,' 1a,L.cd lIw conlidellC{' ,lIId aUlhOlil\ 10 ch'lllge lIluch, 1'\1'11 lhough lhe earh part of hi~ n·ij.pl \\':l~ dlal~1( ll..-i,t.'d b\ opell di!>ctl~..iOll '''lei dlOr1~ 10 rdorm hoth the ,I;H<- and lilt' ,lnn\, Evolution of the General Staff and War Ministry
OPPOSITE August Wilhelm Anton, \iller Count Neidhardt von Gnel. .oau (1750-1831). Hare, PtV..la's other g ........formar I' snown in the uniform 01 • tu.m.r (light infantry) 0"1<:.... Pru. .l.... tu.il,-" - . . ,....., luok:. faced In the eolours appl"09f'lata 10 their unit. Gnelsenau enteNd HfYk;e in lhe lu.lI..... l" 1787, but PlIrtlclPlltecl in the Jena ~Ign •••• ~troftk....
Fln!t-rirL. till" (;rC';l1 had ("lahli,lwd lh\' pril1(il'k lh;ll IIH' Kill).: 01 I·nl.. ~ia wuuld Iw Sllpn-1l1C lUlllll1alll!t-1 ill hl fIll \\.Ir alHl ]Jt.'OIte, Frederick William II 11);limained lhal prilldpk: hIli Ollt' dl:Hl).:e he did Illake wa' 10 p:""lhe admini~lralil)l1 nlllw anm Irom hi~ Cahint'11O Ihe AdjulanT Gel1t.'I~lh' Olliee. This both "';IS nUl a g"elll'I~11 'I all ill lhe Iumlt-In '1'11'1': SCh:lfllhOl">;1 had a low opinion of it. claiming" lhal it hold ',unk 10 the level 01:111 ollice ul cler""", bUI likl' lIIu,1 I'dornU'r~ Ill' t'"ag~(,"ll('d Ihe Lull L,. AClualk, the A(ljll1,ulI GelleT~II,>' OOi(t.· h,ld 1101 bt'cll dt"iKlled 10 he :lIlYthillK d~c. If Ihere \1~IS a deft'cI ill till' 'euim' com111and ,tr\lctllre under FJ'cdeT'ick William II, il wa!> rhal IH' did 1101 allow tile Ol)l'rkrieg~koll~gillm, lh~ supreme Commilnd uf Ihe arlm, 10 dt.'\e1op illln a proper war ministl"\', L'ndel Frederick. tile general Sl;llf\\as pan of till' I{O\,II ~'lllilt.' umkr lhl' King's A(ljutalll: lhe king 1.;.1\(' the Qllarlef1n.I,I(·I....lIld A....i,l,ml Qilarlernlaslt.'rs their orders pl'rsonalh. and cOlld'ICtt"d their training. fhesc terJm were not ldnls but ,lppoillllllt.'IlL', nOflll.llh hdcl b\ held
•
ollif(:l~
hdOlI Ihe 1~1I1k of g~l1~raL On Frt:derick's deadl thi~ ~l;dr 01 101lr Qllan"lll1aSlcJ"S, ~c\cn Assistant QuartermaSlers and 1\10 Ilriw'd" \I.lio!";. I he ",'Icm had worked well with the relalivel, ~IIl,11l t'lIH Qu.lrtenIM:,>lcr (;t'Il"I~II, IIt'fe.' ,lppUllltt'd - I.lt'lilell;llll-Cululld~ Hlll Cr.I\\ert .lIId \un h.nohloch. I hi' lonllt'l \1,11 p1.I("('d in charge of Ihe (;('ner.11 Slan- for Ih(' camp,Iigll1 ill tht' Rhllll'I,IIUI. .\., \1('11 ,l' Ihe.' Ihn'(' ~t'liior ullicc.... IMlIlt'{\. th~rt· I\cte IUIIl huldill/-:" Iht' pU'1 nf Qu.lnenna..,tl'r alld 1I'1l 10 12 h.'I'I.lIlt QU.lrtl'llll,l'te.'P,; lilt' I\riwule ~lajo..... l\l're no longe.'!" con~i(h:rcd p,lIt Ht Iht· (.t·I1(·I,1I ~1.t11. III .Iddilioll 10 Ihe'" olli(t'rl. 12 Engilln·I-(.t·U/-:"IOlphl'l"\, (111/-:"e.·ni(·1I1.( .e.'I)glOlphl'lI) Wl'rl.:' appoinlt'd wilh rr'I>tllllihili\\ Il,r {\l'It'nllillill~ lIl.lrching rouIC". c;tlllp~il{'" ('IC.. ha~l.'<1 un th~il l..l1l1\lkd~I' 01 til(' It'n,lin l.f.lint'elllulII I"t:"conll.li........uut:' during 1X'.l(t·tillil'. 11IIhl' 1.IIl.. olll'.ulill~ Ihl" (O!tll1l1h 011 11ll''>l' roUIl" nflllarch. "l·kCll·t! llll'l11bl'l"I 01 IIIl' FdclFigerk0'l)~ - a corp~ 01 g-liide' anel ll1t"~Il~I'I"\' - .1,~i'lnl Ihl' ,t.111 ollicer~. I h~ ~1;t11 \It'le ,,1:.0 tt'~I)lHl,jble lor g;llhl'l"ing jlllt'll;~(,lICI' 011 Ihl' l'lll'lll\ " 1Il0\(~JJll'lIb and di'po,ilioll'. .1IId lor pro\·;dinj.{ lilt' COlllnl.llHlillj.{ Ke.·nc..·I~11 lIilh .Iidl". Ihl' .llhnilli,tl.lIitln 01 Ihe .lrll1\ 11;l~ Iht' rt."~pul1,ibilil\ ul Iht· Ol)(..·rl..r;q.:Il..ollq.:iulII. \\hilh \I~I' lmmtkd in 17M7. Thi, \I;I~ I"';ukd 1)\ .1 !'n',i{!llIlll unde.'l K.lrl \\ilhdm Fndin,md. Dukt' or Ikun'wick. IIh",t· deplJ11 1\.1' 1111.11111"\ (;I'1lt'I~11 With,l1d \Ull ~lolklldul 11: il tun,i,ted til ,,'wn dt'l);lnl1l"11I~ I'MIt It·d h\ ,I din'{"\or amI ,talTt,d h\ IWO ollin·I.... nit' 1'1 Dl'p;lrt111l'11l 1\,11 It''lltl11,ihle lUI" thl' intanu..... Ih(' Ynd lor Iht' c,,\~lln. tIlt' :~ld tOI till' '11lilll'l"I. lilt· Ith lor l"llg:illl"t'r' alld furtrt'I~"'. 111l' .-llh tOI ~lIpplil·I. tht' lilh lor lI11ilnnm <\11(1 f'rlllipll1enl, and tht' 71h 1111 111ilit,tn ill\~lli(k 111,' uhj"lt in IOlll1dillJ..\ thi, CIIllIHil had hl"'l1 to .tllul\ it tu tlt'\('lop illto a 111illi'lr\ ot \I~lr. bllt thi~ aim 11,1' 1101 hdpt'tI b\" thl' fCllllllbtinl1 ill 17!Fl of the 11111lH'dLl1,~'ilil:"II"' ()rg-;\Ili',lt illll .... l;, 1I1l111i"ic JlI (1\ lilil.tr\ ()rg:uli~;ll iUll C011111li"ic Jll). !'lacl'd lliltlt.:r 1\ll,llt'lltlUII. thi, IUlllrtli,~ioll \\'as l'mpuwcred w;lh I"l'uq,;alli~ill~ tht· ;11"111\, ;md a~ 'lid I it dkCli\'t'h ht'cHll(' it., g"O\'t'rllill~ l>t)d\" troll I 17~C) ll11lil I HO.',. wilh Iht· Sllprl'llll' Cutllicil lIlel"ell tarnilllo;" tllIl tht· ill'trutlioll' Ih.ll thl' COlll111i,~i()n p;'l~~ed dowlI. iiI I"llllwqut'll,'e, 1)\ 17!lfi Ihl' ()1lc.'rl..rie.'I{'~01lI'g-iu111 had 1Il,ldt' lillll' pr0fo\H'" !Ow;lr{" htTtunill~ ,I Ildl lIlini,tl'\:;1 h,ld beCll111t' illcrt'd~illgh hUl"e.ulCl,lIic. .lIld ib din'ltvrl e\('1 111or~' 0111 01 luU( h. Plll,~i;l .I~n'{'d In ,1'.1'1' ho,tilitil" wil h F l~lIln' h\ IhI..' !'I'acl' of B.I'\to of 17!lli. 1hI' Q< ..... \\.1' 11'dlltl'd to thrl't" .\.,~i'I.Il11 Qllanl'r111;1~It'r (;t'lle.'I~lh. 'I' QII.l1lt·rm,IItl'I"\,. Ii, .\."i".I11\ QU;lrll'nml<;It'I"\, ;llld tR ,\.,~i't.l1lh (,\dioilll~) ..1' \H'11 .1'.1 pLtlll1ill~ chamlll'r 'Ialled \\ilh ci\iliall otlici.th. I hI' (.t·Ilt'I.11 ~\.lll \\.1' dil id"d illtn tllll'(' Inrilori,,1 Bril-f-Ide.·~. t·ath umkr .1Il \""1.1111 QU,III~"lll.I'It·t (;"111'1,11. I II(' hI Brig-adt'. undl'l \I.ljor Ko.rI \011 Plulil. e.()\I'lc.·t! tht' '·.l'IITIl pall of Iht' kingdom Irom lilt' liKl1l h,ml.. nl11~i~ll'd
•
lUng Fnt6erkk Wimam II 01 PfV..ia. In a eontemponlry waterc:c>Iour detlng lrom 1789. The king Ie aIlown wearing a ,"""..Ian blue froek eoat with popPr-red leeing'l embroklered with 'Iilver lace; the Ash worn Oller the lett 'Ihoulder Is orange, and the usual ml.ed sillier arKl bl.ck otfle....• waist ush Is worn. The wai'ltcoat and breech. . are white.
of Ihe Vi .. IIIL, 10 Iht' Jbltit' Sea. Tlw ~1l{1. llll(kr .\b"sclIhach. cO\l'rceJ soulhcrn I'rll....i,l. Sik..ia, S;'''OIl\. FI~lnconia and Ila\~,ri;, ;'s 1\'(,11 :h Ilc..lt:rTl I'lll,~i,1 ldl 01 Iht' Vi'lllb. I'olllenllli;l .mel .\kckkllburg". Thc 3rd, TJncl('r 1,il·uh'lI;lll1·Cololll'J \Oll F.-aneJ...I'll - 'oon 10 ht' l'l'pLlft'd wilh Lielllell,ml-CoJollt"l \"011 St h.lrnhor't 01 tilt' Anillcn Corp' - cO\cH·d \\("Iertl Cellll.llll 110m Ihe tll>t:' lu lilt· North &,1. the Rhinc .llId Ihc \lain. lilt' Adjoillt, \\l'r(' n'Wlnkd .1' \Ollllg onlCCt"" of pOlt,tllial. to Ill" groollled 101 I.l!l·l PIOlllOliol1 to lIlort' ,cl1illr po,ilion' in lhc (;t'Ilt't~ll Slaff. Thmt' ,lppoinlt'd to th.1t 1'0,,>1 included .\liHlJing 01 Walerloo tlll1e; Georg- \\'illwlrn \ nn \'alt'lll illi (I 77.~ I H:H), whme ICXL~ wert' I,HC'r IN·d to tI~lill .Iflm oflict,t",,; .llId !\mcll, TIlt:" hc.td (If lilt' QC..~ Inllll I iIJ6 \\,1'" Olle Le\-ill \'on GeU~IU. lilt' .... llillf a I\;;nlt-II llobkTllilll .md .ul/;Ihl'f of Ihe 'forl'ign merCl'nark·..·, It lI;h during hi", pt_'litKI 01 onil I' Ih,lI lilt' <",>(;5 ..I,trled ttl undergu tht, eh.mgt" thaI 100J.. il Irolll I:x:illg Iht' .\(hnilli'II~llorof Ihe anm to it-. plallltillg ,lIId kade"hip 11I)(h.•1 lI~m,llIrmalion inilialed 1)\ .\las."Cllbach. a S\. \,hich lorl.cd.t rdllCL.lnt Pnl"ia 10 imp1elllt'1Il tilt" nece........l.... rdonn" 111 .... ppon t)llhi~ Iheor, il h,L~ IX-t'n dainH'd lhalllnlil the double (,1I.I'll'ul'he 1I1.lt'II.1 ,md ,\uel':o.tedl thl-' lI1ilil.l .... I'.L, le",ankd ..sa holl in'liltllioll He.llnll" 111'--' 1I'\t.'rccl Fr<'dt'lick the Grt':", and lh,11 ,llll "'lIg~t"lioTl of (h.utge \\.1' ro:g-:ll'do:d .L' ht."re~\. rht." farb ollllilH:d abO\o: dearh indil,lle Ih,lIlhe '1K,llled ',Irl11\ of FredcrirJ.. 111'--' (;1 t"ll , \'~I~ alrci\c!I IllOf!cmi,illg: '1'n'I~11 \('ar, Ixfof(' il t·\"I-'r C;IIlW illlo cOl1lan \\ilh :...'ilIXJlt:oll\ (;1~tl1dl' \nnt'e ..lllx-il wilh inark
7
-p- - - - - - - - - - - - - Plll~sic add' - bill Pnl\s1c acid i~ ide.•1 f01 I clllu\,lng niSI. ,uul Ih.1t i~ pn" ciseh \"hal Rilchcl did. Sclurnhor~1 had ~I good relationship with him. alld Ruehel had a high n:g;ml for Gllcisemm. Brull~\,·icJ,.. ~lollt.'lldorfT
\\cn·ll11'
and RI-IChcl inlhH.:IltC:'
gn'all'~1
on Frede. ick William during his t.:arh rdgn. The QG~ ~lIlTen:d funlwr CUl' in 1ll,lIlpO\I(·r. Frulll 179~ it comi~ll'd of Ollt.' Qu,lrtt'! lll.l:.tl,>r (o{"lll·I~11. I\H) <...>U.lflcnn;bl{'l"
Lit-lIll·Il.llll-<~L·n('r;lI,.th n'(-
Qllalll'rrll,l~ll'rs ;llId
IOllr
Qllartcnn
building- indll"ln): ,I Illt'll' lei I gl'lll:ral staff oRin:.... lor an .Inlll 01 2?,(),OOO men. rill' in,ldct'llb;ICh·~ Illl'mllf:aml.l uf IH02 pl"l'cipit;ltl'd a !"l'ol"g:anilo.lliun ,md t"",pamioll 01 llw Gt'Ill'I,11 Staff in IHO-t, Ilea
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8
ABOVE LEFT Ktl'lll Frederick WUllam III of PNsala, In • portr.1t o.ting from the Iett81" pert 01 thl, period. The blue doubl.·bre..ted coat Introduced from 1808 ha. red fa.;lng. with gold embroidery. The OrGeo" of the Bl;lock Eagle I' clearty v+sobIe on the len tIN••t: the Iron Cros. 2nd CI... won at
Paris In 18141, pa"leUy coverfn; the cro.. 01 the Order 01 the Red Eagle and the Ru..lan Cross 01 5t Qeorve. ABOVE RIGHT Wlc:hanl Joachim Heinrich yon M!lllendorff 11724-18181. The uniform
worn heR .. tNt of .n offICeI' of the Pn.o. . . . Foot Guards In the
IOorl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of 8run.wk:k (1735-leoe), who presided over HverlJllmporUnt ..Ionn. In the Pru..lan Ann,. He fOl.'ght at Valm, In 1782, bul wu mortally woundlld during the 180& Campal8n,
HHHlllCled at til(' la~1 min lilt:, did Itol lakl' inlo accolilIl lht: lack of 1l,linpd di\'i~ional ~tan, availahle CO command lhl''\l' fonll:nion'. ~1.111\' 01 tlw p,obkm, ill lht: h.llHlIill!-:" 01 lhl"t' lo{r,lIlCl !;Ictical lormal iOI!' in lilt' forLhcollling" campaig"11 l,U1 bt: II ,Il t'd 10 Ihi, del i~ioll. The 11-\1 ollicprs ollhe QCS "'en' 1101 ,Iblt' 10 fulfil ",ch a funclion. and nOlle of lilt' l>l'lIior corn111:l1Idl:"l~ h.td ,1Il\ l'xlx'ril'l!(l' ill lhl' lactical ll'l' ollhe dh'i,iona! lormation. A.. :\1,1l>~1lb;,\lh PUillll'd (JUI ill hi, C':..l\ 011 lhe I I,lining" of gelle"l" "'Iil1ell lor Duke Char!(', \1lg"U'1 of Sax("\\'l'im:n in IH()~: '11lt' l>choulillg: 01 'ubahl'nl ollict:r,. 01 capl,lin, ,lIld h:l\lalioll CUllllll,llld(:,I~ i~ exelllplan ,lIld 'lill .m tJl~l'Cl of l'1l\"\ and imit,lIion b\ (IIII' 11t:'ighbolll..... bill \,hal aholll Ihe ~hooling 01 g('n{'",I~: \\,11('re i, the Uppul1l1llil\ to Ix lJ,lilll'd ,Il> ,I gl'lIl'r.. !. i.l'.•1' ,III imkpelldl'lll commander or all anm:' Thai Ihi.. COIUribllll'd ~igllific;lIllh IU the I'rll~l>ian defeal W:;L~ n'coWli'iC-,(! h\ (,nei""'ll,lll, \\Iul wnllt" ill hi~ mcmo"mdUlII 011 tht: campaign 01 IMOt): ·.\lorl·U\l.... \\l' illlil,lIed Ihm.c part:. of til(" Fn'nch ~\"'lem lhat W(' ,hOllld ha\(' ,l\'oicled, 1I,Illll'h t1'W-lIIi,ing Iht' allll\ inlO di\i~iolH ,dlholll consjdt'rin~ tlMt \\(. did nOi haH' '1lIlicil;:"Ilt gl;:"lIemh. capablt' 01 OIIIllIl,tlIdill); Ihl''lol' lorm.lliorh ... · Thl're an' two point-. 10 be mark Iwlt·, Fir'lh. (.Ill'i'>l·nau-" (Ollllllt'lI1 flJllli,m, Ihal"plonn~ had ht'('n carrit'dlillt in the ("(lIl1m,llId 'IrI.lClIIl"l' of tilt' Prll~ian .\nm, (Ollll,tn to thl' IIl\th, ,Iholll the ·...IlICli" tlflhl' in hl'rit,U\cc of Fredetid.. tht· (.rl·,It·. \lore()\l'r, Crwi""'II,HI indicall''' llut IIwrl'h cu!)\"ill); thl;:" French "lIher Ih.m d('\('lopin); Ill(' Pn,,~i;Ul " ..telll \\.I~ all errur. ~culldh. ~hl'colllt'lht' hOlh Ih.lI would conlrol ,llld nllllmalld tllc'c fonn.lliulll>. II was on the ret real from the fkld of AIlt'I"'It'lIt Ihal f.Ilc dt'cidl'd tilt' IUrln 11i'11 Ill(' hlltlrl' (;('rm;1II (;t'I1('I,,1 SI.tll \\ullld t,lkl'. Sch.lrnhOl-';1. ~q)arall'd from lhl:" I{m,.1 I IeadqllalIt'I''' lIul"illlo{ lht· cOlilmion 01 lIw rl'ln'a!, bumped into BleICher, who I"h lr"ill).\" 10 ("0\"(.'1' lhl' withdr,m.11 01 lhl' I1l"l\"\ anilkr\', rhl:" 1110 ,llrl',lel\' klll'\1 (lIll' ;ll1olht'r anrl UlfldH:l did nUl hnilalc 10 appoilll SchalllhoN lri~ ad\"i,Ol fOI hi, lighling rt 'I n'al to I.Clheck 011 1he I\all if" coa~l, [II Ihe 'lllllllll'r of 1HI:l CI1('i~Pl1all would 'l'placl' llll' l11orl:l1h \\Ollll(lt-d Slh;ll"Ilhlll"l. rhi~ Iypt' ot Il'am c11:1I~1Ctcri,cd fUlllrt' Prll~:.ial1 :llld Gl'nnall g:l'lll'I,t1 ~lat"ls - IIIl' Cro\\1l Prim'l' of I'ru~si:l and Counl Blllllu']11Ilal ill Iht, c;lIl1p
•
ll1illi~\('r ot \1,11' ;md ,hid ul till:: gel1t~ral ~talT, particularl)' as Ihe lonnal po~t 01 <-hid or lhl' Q(;S II~L' JI('Vt'r filled after Onoocr
1806, Sch,lIllhor"t'" proKI~lrnrrll' II':IS clear: the illlroduction of lIJ1iw'p.al lllililan serviet, (Ilollull\ ,Ichie\'ed ulltil 1814); the pcnnanCllI rcorg-:lIli'l.lliwi ut lht' .lnll\ illlO dh isiollS of all arms; the creation 01 a fonl ... 1 CCIlt'ml SI,111 aml.1 ~lilll'ln ofWM to which it would be ~llbordirlatt'd: til(' Opt'lllng: 01 Ihe ollicer lOIV~ 10 mCll of ,uflicicnl education reg-:lrdk"" III ~Ud,ll hac"gnllllld: ,\lId 11ll' l'nding' or cOll>oral plllli'Shmenl, The 'New' General Staff Follu\\inl{ tilt, douhlt' CII,l'trllplw 01 Jena and Aucr:Sll'th .•1 ~lllit.tr, RI:Urg-:llli-..llillll (:tJllllllj"lllIl (~lilil,'il-Reur~llli~lliOlb-Comllll"~illll)W;t, appollllt'd in IHOi, Ollt· 01 ib inlt'llIiOlls wa~ 10 reorgani'\('lht, .lflll\ inlo ~)(.'nll.tl1t'1ll di\i,iolh or .111 arm" ('~ell in peacetime, "00 ,b lu .11101\ Ihnt.' lonn.llion' III ht' pillpt'lil II-;:Iim'd. I 10\\ l'\er. the COll\t'nlillll orl'ari, "I' H ~'plt'l1lbel lMUX !'t'\trl(ll,d Ihc .11111\ 10 12,000 mell: In"I('acl ul 'IX di\l~iulb Ihe I'nl"j,III' could no\\ rai"l' onh 'IX brigade~, ,.-b \It' ,1M II ''IT, 1m lIIohili ... l1l1m ill IXI:' thl' hrij,foldt,~ 1\l'II',tuglnellled with .Inumht'l III' Ilt·,,1\ l;ti'nl Iflrtll,lIi'Hh .llId ,Illlluugil 'Iill designatt>d ·brig.uln', tht" \\ert' lUI .til illlt'llh ,md p"rptl'l'S di,"i,ion,. 011 I \I.lI'ch IXO'!llh.. "1111I1' ,Inm \\,L.. pLtced lllU!t'1' tht' ('(mtrol of lilt· \f,11' Dqhll1lllt'II1 (Krieg..-DI'p,lltell1\·llI) or :\lini,tn of W.II', I hi~ both repl.lCt'd tht, Obt'l J,.,riq"'....l..olkgilllll. tht· (,elll:.'''ll ,-\(ljUl'IlIb.· Ollicl.' .1IId tht> (.CIlt·"11 11I'lx'CIOl.III' til lhle" .\nm, .t~ \\ell ;L' lhe ,l.(0\l'rnOl" of Iht' larger lortll'\..'e,. Ilnl .. ,l.(rt\lth ,illlplih'ill,l.( arm\ .. dlllini,tr,IlIOIl. Ilw lIIilli~ln I\.I~ divIIt"It"d Iht' tl111\ Dt'p:lIllrll'l1t adttlilli,tl'l'l'd lht' :KUHllltillg'. 1111.' ~lltl ~llpp1iI'''' tht' .'\I'd c1olhln/-( ;ll1d Ihl' 'ltlt till' itll';llill... rht· l1I'\\ Ct"llt"I~11 SI.lfr \\':1' 111ft \f'l all illlkpt"ndl'llt UI/-(:lll ut (Ollllll:tltd a' it latt'1' IWClItll', It cOll,i"t"d oj :t gruup of olliCl'f" "till p{'r!onllill/-( dilll'n'lll 1,1"J,.,~ ill thl' <11111\. I:ithl'r in lht" \\';11' l)ep;lrlIlH'nh. ill !-:o\t'nll11t"111 01 ill Iht' hrij{ildl", &harnhol'sl held till' pU~1 ot Iw;td 01 the Gellt'nll Sl,lfl llt'tl\l't·ll.llllll· IHIU ,ll1d Ft"bru
10
In lilt· t'\elll 01 \\,11. il \I.I~ p1.lIl1led III rorm lhl' 'IX hrij,folde" inlo Ihll'e ,trllI\ (I}lV', I ht' Ct'Ih'I~11 ~t.ln \\0111<1 hall· lu ~Llpph ~Lllliljl'l1I '1,.IT 1)!1in·l.... ll)r lhi, pllrpll"l', 1111' (.Ilid Ililhe (.ellt·ral 51"11'\\I,,l1d in 'IKll ,In t'\I'nt 1,1"e tilt' I)(l~l 01 Qll.lrtITlll.I,ler (,ell{'ral in the anll\ hea
Cavatry nOgel-Adjutan' (royal aide-de-camp). 118g. Thl' contemporary watercolour publl'hed by Horvath show, full dress. HI, whtte coat has black lacings with 'liver embroidery, worn with a buff or straw-yellOW waIstcoat end white breeches,
Infantry FlOfIeI·Adjut."r, 1788, trom thoe ume collection. Thl. ADC I. we.ring • mid_blue coat with blKk tiICl"9' .nd .llYer ...,broldery; both w.lstcoat snd b.-..c:he. ere .trew-yellow.
11:1\e a Qll,lI"ll'nlla~ICI' ,mel M:'lLiOl 'I:Lff unitt'r', t',lt Ii hri~;ldt' all A~,i'I:1111 QU:LrllTIH:I'II'r ,111d In:ljol'~ or Cl]lI:1ill' 10 IWl'lOflll ,t:ll1 II1I1Uioll'. lllo~1 wilh \'arioll' ;lide,. Thl' Anm U~1 ot St'plt'rrLht'J' 1HOH Ctllltaith I~J (:(,I1(,l'al Siall ollitel" ,Hld:l further 15 ,ltl:u hl'd 10 Ihl' (:t'lll'r;ll Sl.ll1. ,l 10t:.lol:H l,Oin·I". In 1HI ~ Ihi, IIILmher \\~l' n'(Il\( ..d III 21 . Till' tl ;Linilll-\ 01 Gl'll(:,,,Ll St,11l ufficer, Wi!' I.lid dowl1 in ,Ill ()rd('r-in-(:,lhirll'11l1 ~I.l,ullL,ln IHIO. Lleh uniteI' 1\,1:,> lu .!Ipcnd li111t:' I\ith ,111 the ,lllll~ - inLlIlln. l.I\:II" .Uld ,lnilkn - 10 ht'eOllw f:lI11ili;u' wilh Ihl'111. I It- 1\;1' .11,0 ro cUl1duu reCOIln;ti,~mce exerci",,·,. kafll 10 llIal..t· IOpOKI.lphical ~kl·tdll·' ,md nmdllct 'I>t.'cial mi'l>ioll:'>. Thl' mi:'>I.lkt":'> ul IH06 \\t:'1 t:' '.lh·11 UI Ilt",ln .llld Ihe h.l,i, laid for I"'ilbli...hing a lIJ1iformh lI~lined p01l1 of ...t.11T Offill''''. OnCt' ill \1.11. tilt· h.L...ic 1"01e of ,he (;ene'~ll ~I.dl in lilt' hdd \\.1'" 10 rccciu' and implelllent ordt:'l.... (orelt·l.... of Ihe d,l\ . .lflll\. t.urp... ,md hrilfouh· gt:'Ilt'I~11 ordl'r,), di'po~ilion~. and op•.'r.lIioll:t1 orclt''''. It aho I\rotl' tht.' daih n:purt.-. .md maintainc:d Ihe unit 1\,11' t1i.lril·.... It I\,L'" o,!pniSt'e1 anel \\ "rked .I!> follu""': ( / } J hr \mn' //radqlulnrn rhe Chid of lht' l~l\t'ral ~lal1 \I,ll> pO'Il'd hl'n', ,\lui 1\,"" 11·'lltlll...ihlt- 1m Illl' tllX:I"ilioll, .tlul i,Mling in:'>Il'lletion.... (2) "'h, COllIS IIl'mlfJlIllrtrrs nil' chid:'Of·~talr of an anm corp'" \\,1' n"pOlhLhk for i" nrg;lIli~lIion ,Itld k-'lderloilip. ,IClillg 01:'> .111 ol tIl the Il,rp' Ctltlllll,llldl'!. .\111 ill~Irllcli\ln~ i'~lIed h\ the chil'f·ol:~lan \\\.'1 I' onl\ 1111 b... h'llf of .llld with the Cilll~el11 ollhe cOllllllanrkr. (J) Tilt' Sftif/ U/fim 0/ /hi' Gn/('ml ,\/(11 rhi... ollicl'r wa.~ thl' rl-prl',enl:rlin- :l1Id :1l>"i'l,llll 01 tIre chief..I)I~"'latl. I-Ie I\,I~ rl'quirnl to lead larger lonllat ion~ iIlIO rOI11 h:II, riding :11 I1J('ir he:lcI: to choo...e the ~ites 101 camp' :11111 hi\tlll.I(~: II) pl:IIL rC:luILll,li"arlCt'S, l>peeif"irlg" ill tklail whal lI':h r{'quil'l'd of' dll' jlllrilJl olliclT~ irl\ohed: 10 \\'ork oul thl' dl'laib 01 e1i"po~ilioll~, :mrl k('('p Ihl' war dian'. III ~lr(lrt, hl' WOl~ rlL\' chicFol-sl:dr~ t:xecLLlhl' ollkt,!. (") Til" Thlnl (;(,lU'ml Stry/Offi"" Thi, oflirl'r was re~poll,ib1c for de:llill.l-( with ,Ill pn'"illg Ill'lun... in llet:lil. on in~tl'LLCliolls from :lIld ill ... Uppull 01 thl' umllllamlillg gelll'l~11 al1d hi~ chid-of-SlafT. (5' /Jngmlt' G('//"ml SIO!! O/firf't) The'it:' uffin:rs dealt wilh mallei'll ,111.11 ,L.!I lht' I'I'ltlllll,li"l>,tllle of tt·n~litl and am re'iuhillg changes in tilt' dirl'Clioll 01 11ll' m,uThing columns. pankularh when lhe\ rode at ,he Ilead of till' (Ohlllln~; with reconnoitring the enemy and the COUlltn~idt.'. panicLlI,lrh Ililh rt:'gard 10 lht:' 'Llpph and quanering of the troop~: with lilt' t"l'C('ipl and impkmenI.U.iOII of orders regarding combal, deplt)\ tllt'lll .\lld llMrchillg. Filldlh. lhe brig-Ide SlalTofficcl' \\~dS required 10 dl·:tl with t:\t.'n m,tllt.'1 d,a"n 10 his attention b\ Ihe blilfotdc commander.
11
Uniforms:
Until
1809 the General tend(:d to he lJrg:lrli~ed 011 an informal ha... i~, I,ith ~elecled officer'> heillg ,lllMhed to headqLl,tnel~ .Iccordillg to net-'d. While Ihi~ practice continued to wille extellt, ,ther the fOllnding of the War \lini~ln in 1809 a more lonnal procedure 'I.~ .Idopled alld a corps of Iwnnant'nl ~tafT oniccrs \I.I~ t-,\t"bli'ihed. L'llIil then tilt-' itll.lehed nmcel'~ contilltlt'r! 10 l\t'ar Iheir l"('Killlc:nt,tl uniJonll\. bill thl'n'itllc'r ..pc'cific ..lafT llIlifnrm'i 1\I'n' more COlli ilion. ( I he rq~illwnlal I II), I:"J2, I G2 .llld I 72.) ~t;tn
ABOVE lEFT Qua;".l"Il\Qter
Genenlla, t800. The rlgure on the len .. -Mtn9 the ~bre . .rvlt;. unltann conal.llng 01 a Pru....n blue lrock coal wlth poppy·red fKlng. -.1d gold IK., bulllyellow wal.tcNt and whit. breec...... The pia unilorm on the I'lght has the more ", Ith gold IK. embroi6l!l
..
Illlilllfllh Me cOH:red ill
~1c1l-.tl·An!l\
Generals
Prior 10 1808 tile 0111\ onln'l 1~1llJ,., 10 h.l\e .1111 uniform di..tinctiuns \I-as gt'IlL·r:.tl; c';\ch grade of general Ilad il" 11\"11 di~tinci i(Jn~, exn'pt generals ()fcal~tl.... before l79H. L'ndel Fll'derick Ihc: (;1"(:;\1. KC:Il<:lal~ had nol had .1 ~epar:'lte uniform. ~illlph \Ieru~~i~tll hlue li'ock coat with n'd faciTlK' and gold ('lllbroi(kn:. InfaIHn' gl'ncr:.ll~· uniform" l'l'lllwords and IXXl.... di~tillglli"hed illl.llltl: lrom c.I\~lln gl'nl'I~lh -the l1or1n,ll inlarHn (;I~e for the infantn. lhe short cal~lll... {-PI;t> for tIlt' (";1\ "In. marching hOOb for the infal1ln. liding bool~ I'm the ell;.I ..... I he Keller:.II~· unilorm rt'maincd largd\ tl!uh.tllged thertc'aftel". Fmm 1HOIJ. the' hl.lck cockad(' on thdr hl'.lchll"lr wa~ l'dg('r1 in whilC'. For lI11dl'e..s.1 blue peaJ,.,cr! cap witll .1 poppI-Ieel b.mel \I.l~ illirodun·d. ;tlld in the field gre\ ridil1g U\el-;:.I", \\el'e \\orn. \\'itll,1 rl·
for a Iilllt·, hlad;,) lrOll'l'r, \\'0111 wilh hil{lI buut'> II~rl.' ililroduced a, p;....i ldc wear. In HID. g-r('1 IrOlN'r~ II'ilh lllO popp\-n'd 'lripe' allli fed ~~illl1 pipillg' It'pLI('d lilt, ti,!{ht lroU~('I~ and hip;h bOOK -I hI' n'l1l.lill(k't of Iht, uniform II," ,I~ lh,11 \\orll I" ,Ill olher ollicer' (,('e ~lell-,I1-.\nll' ].19, 1.1~, 162. ilnd In), The King's General Adjutants & Adjutants
TIlt' King', (,elH"r.11 \djlllalll" llniform depended upon thl' 1\I';ller\ infilntn or c,II,lln orig-ill, I hn'I' Inllll Ih(' inf~l.Iltn wore lilt' Ilnifnnn 01 the Guard Illlallln \I'ilh lIlillOr dilkn:'tlct"s in llw gold ~lIIbroid~n. Their ~hill..n, hOI I' ;1 hlM'1.. ,111<1 while cocl..ade imtead ofth(' (;uMd St
Tho<;c offin'''' ,lll,IClll'd III lhr ,\Ii~rnl{'in(' Kriq.."'- lind ~iilil;ir OI..OIullnit,..OqMnl'lllt·nt \'Ule Illl' titlilllrlll' 01 lheir parent rl'WlIll'nb. From IRiO. \\ilh llll' ('xn'pliOll of ....tilk .... and engilleer Ilffin:ro;, \11m contilltlt'r1 to \\(,',11' tlwir old lltlifnnn,. thC\ \Iore thill of lhe ("ot.'II('I'11 Staff ('l'e hdO\\). bUI \I'il h ~t,ld elllbroiden. Col',.in onicCI"<; WOrt' \\ hill' coaL~ wilh carmin(' colLiI" ;1IIr1 culT" ('lIIhroidcred in gold.
C....lry ADC. in the mlX'h
pglner -'"ltle-~"ted uniform, 1800. of the Genenl-Adjutant. len•• nc1 F1Ogel-Adtut-nI. rieht•• ~ .llnCKt 1denUc.l ~rt from the fonnen gold a.c. MId e.m~ign
The unll-.
III""'"
bvtt_ .nc1 the ~Ivet'. Pnlswn bl_ _ ts fllCed wlttI
popp)'_~. buff~1ow
••i.teNts -..d whit.
~ ....
... eom..-. to
l~ml
both.
General Staff Officers
11le lin,t fortn,11 unilor III \\;I~ inlroduced in 17H7: a light blue CO,Il (\I hill.' fOI the GI"lln) with rl:'d fa(ing~ and ~ilH'r IMI', From iH09, ollin'I'" wore Ihe ~ItJle lltlilortll<; a' lilt' Flt"lj.!;t'I-Adjutillltl:'n. inc1uelillJ.;: the ,ihl'l t,·lIlhroi{kn. bill wilh c
Unlil IRIO, ADC, WOrt' tlldr rl'l,:'illll'lll,ll, bill WiTh .. phlllll:'d Cllt la'el h.11 ill plan' 01 lIwir usual headll'l.'ar. III )MIO a "Iwdfic llllilor111 Ifas inlrodll("('d. It ("oll~i'led 01 ;1 1>111(' frock COitl wilh 1\\'0 nIli''' 01 eig-hl \('110\,' hutlotl~, tiilrk l-(fl'('11 \('1\,('1 (OlIar~ ami ('llll, pipl'd ill Il.'d: 011 pill ,Ilk ;~ gold "i~llill(,llt' ;Iud a cocl..ed hill Wilh a whill.' plume \I'l:'re \\orn. Lt\;Iln £\I)C, wofe whill.' coaLS with dark l-(I"{'t'll \dWI (011,11" ,lIld lull,. bUI Wilhout pipin~; lh(', al,«) hMI grt't'll ('dl-(illg- to their coat millum-bac"-,. Officers attached to Army Headquarters
From IR09 ,uch ollin'I' \lCI"{' required to wear lhe fol1o\lill~ IIllifonll":
13
I/Ifilllll) Blue frock coat with two ru\,'~ ol-.:ig'll1 wlloll hlltlOIl~; pupp,-red collars. SI'.edish culTs wilh two bllllOll~. and lllrll-hacks; bille' ~hollldcr ~lr'aps; infant!)' shako wilh a black and I,hil{' clld....dl' ;Hulg-i]{kd clasp, All olher ilems were a'S lor illl.llnn regillll'lIlill ullicer.., CllIHllry \\llite frock coat wilh ..ing-k lOll 01 dg:hl \('lIow IlllllOll~; IXlpp,-rcd piping down 11ll' frolll and .llotl/{ lill' edg('~ ,tnd pock{'t~, poppHl'd collar and Sw{'di~h cull.... the cllih I\ilh 11\1) ,,-1[0\\ bllllOlI~; a I\hite shoulder 'Strap on the kft ~hOlll{kT. ,I g:old "ig'uillell(' 011 Ill(' right; cocked hat ,,;th a white plUlllC. and thl' C;II.lln ...Ihre.
Corps of Guides (FeldJ3gerkorps zu Pferde)
'Corps 01 Mounted Ouides', t800 - otl~r (..ttl, gukN (rightl. Hrring bNfl ralHd from g.mekeepe.- end loresten in 1740 by Frederiek u.. O..at to ...",e as fiUid.s and c:ourie.... lor the statl, thl. Feldj.r CQIp. zu PfefTle wore the tradItional huntsman's green C:OIIII. and willslcOlIt., with pof)py·red laci"ils. The otllc...... coat hilS gold lace .mbrold.ry, the guld.'s b.... button. - but not. Ihill he 100 weill.. i1n a'guillett•. {Ramm}
14
Thi.. C,orps W;L~ clothed in tlw lradilion.11 IHlIlt.. m.m'~ ~f('cn IInilorm lhat I;II!'-'mell la\uured; facing' l\lTt' popp\-rt'd ,llllllmltolh \dlm" nit' frod, OMt inlnMillced in ISOR had t\\{) ro,,'" of ('ighl b'"101l~, Ill(' ~\\('c1i~h ClIfT.. twn hulton~, 11lC ~hnllldcr ~tI~ll)'i .md l.m'l' llll' q>.lUltlU'" \\l:.-re }~Teen, the tllt:r "ith b-rilded Cr(~elHS, \\,hilt, hrt'('("h(', \\t'rt.' \lOfl1 .It li,.... t, but from IROR gr('\ O\'el
"or
,\1 thi~ lim(" headquarter-. }{uanh l\t'lt' .t,,(·mblt.,t! un ,III (1(1 1>.lSis IrulII IIIt'Il (ktached frum \;triOll' IInit" \1(',lriIlK Iht, IIIliforlll' of their p,lrenl n'h-rimellb,
TACTICS: THE USE OF COMBINED ARMS I he Gcm'I..'] SIan' W,IS in'lruC!t'd in IIll' 11'1' of;l llt'\1 'el Hf drill rq~u laliom, the F.xrr:,,~H"J.,.T{l'ml'/l1 {iir du' \rllllrr;" tlrr Kii'/lKl;,1I ''I"un;lfllf'll .\rlllN'ol ]~12, OIH' unique ll',.lurt' ollhi, donll11t'Il1 1\;1, llw ,,-clioll 011 lht' Iht' "flllt" combined ~lf1lh,.h 111(' l.lek (If C'o-oldin,lIillll or lhe ann~ in combal \\'I~ one of the major (';1I1't" or deit',tl ill IHOll, Ihi, ]Ihl run ion cau be regarded a~ the 1110'1 ,ig-llili(',lllt of the rdunn' ,tchie\ed, The origin (lr thi, part of Ihe Rl'glt'llwnl g-Ol'~ hack to;1ll 11l\1l'1IClioll on the u~(' 01 the hrigade in comhat Ilrill{'1l h\ Fn'dt'rid.. Willi,1I1l III in IH09, 'I he Reg-klllcllt ~pn'ilicd hI i/{oldl' tOllnalil)ll~ 101 11\lfln;tl "'C, lor the advance 10 ('Olllan, for thl' 1);l\ol1l't 1"'I1,tl'l-\"(' :111(1 for e1di'IH't' ag-:Iin'l r"":lIIY NOl'ln:tll\', the hrig-adl"s illl~t1l1l'v would Iw dr'l\I'l1 lip ill lhree lille" Thc trollt line Ilould (I)mi~I ut il~ two Ill,ilil'j h;ltl,tlioll~. I\hit::h Il'olild be \I'nl 10 1'01'111 1111,' ,I..irtni~h lilll', Thrl'(' 1I111,1..('tt'I'r h:lttalion~ ~to"d L~)O P
COllllllellCe Ihe ,lllad.. 11110 lu,ilil'I' l\t·'(' ,11~lil.lhk, Ihell lIll" lhird lhl' 1lI11~\...ele("r hall,L1illll' \\"oilid p~'llonll Ihi, 'l'rvin·. If Illl' ,kirmi~h Iill(' rail lo\\" 1111 ,1111111l1l1ilioll, il would 1)(' rl'pl.,Cl·d h\ In',h IIOOp'. :-:l""1. the IhnA(' llm,l..t·le('r h~HI,L1ioll' in 11H' fi,..... l lim: \\t)llitl Mh'lllCt· I,hik !he fu,ili('r, fell h,lt\.... lorllliuJ.:" ,I COhlllHl on ~\tch IL111\... of Ilu' '~'col1d line. r1H' hrig-ade g-t,I1t",tl I,ould lhl'n d('cid~' il Itt· \,ollld ll'l'llte lu.\ilier, .lllllt' ',L111t'lillll" a, Ih~' 11"1..'1"\1..' 01 ifh~' \,ollld pullthl'l1I b.lt\... 10 Il"e .L' a 11t'\1 n·'~·I·\l·. lit.' ,11'0 deCidl'd \\ 1J('!Il('1' 10 lorm COhUllll' t11 lill~". Thl' column \\,1' ahl ,1\' Ihl'd \1 IWII \1 II hd",,\ il1~. It' Lldlit.w: Iht' 'PlTlh lormdlioll 01 d~h~'c! "qU,1I ~A" ,lttluld ell~'I11\ ,.tl~lln ~1t1.IC\.... If lh~' lu,ili('I'" I\tT(' 1101 "hk In forct' 111(' ('m'm\ 10 "illulr,III, IIU' fil.... 1 lim' \Iould pr('pan' lor Ihe h;noll('1 .1Il.w\.... I" Ihird 1.1111.. \HllIld deplo\ ,h ,I..inlli,hel~. \Ihik lht" h"ilil'l'" kll ba(\... to llw '('(ond linl'. fOrlllill~ coll1ml". "nIl' ,lrlilkn would he u,ec! .1' 1H·~'(kd. Fm ddt'l1("l' :lK'lilhl cI\,lln. !Ill' h.IlI.llion, \\lIuld lurtn dO'l'd >,q".lrl..''' Irom (oltllnn in .1 chl-'" bt.·!tl·1 t1.'>l. of Iheir il1f,lIlll.... (It'plu\"ing: it "ell in hrol..l·ll Inmin. I II- ahl) cOlllpl.,il\('d Ih,ll Ill(' ,lnil1"I'" \1,1' hl'iug IN'dlon ealll. "tl lint'
10
I,Ll'\... 01
Ag.1: OlsposlUons of. deployed brilJltde of .n erms un6e. the t812 Regle~nt; the rn.-r1I.ed distance. . . . In paces. Tl\4l ehequerboard form.tlon 01 the Infantry b.tt.llons Is evld....l. The fusilte. Il$ht Inl.ntry form the fronl line, wtlile the ......... eonslsls 01 the combined lI~ier balt.lion .nd the senior muskel. .r b.lt.lion 01 the senior Inlanlry regiment. The .rtillery .nd e.....lry ••e deployed 10 the rellr, In support. lDrawlng by John Cook)
e
1t.8n
I st Line 2nd MUlk Un
•
III MUlk II"
lnd
M",~
lin
2nd Line
III MUlk lin
Gr.n On
++++++++
• ~
~.OO(
Ill,.
Sq.... d.....
++++++++ lIorv Bt)'
15
l !
• I'"
\1.,,,..
•
he
~llg"g"l"l('d dividing-
thr"l'l' W("\iOII~. \1,1.' [0
1)(:' \l'.l'd
Ix.' ill
++++ 1".'_",
[0
it into 'mailer
Opt'lJ the
fil-\"hl. till' IMg"('f pan to ,uppon the main all;tCK I,hilt· lhl' le'\ wt"re 10 he helel in ft''>('r,'(', lie pointed out Ih.u
hi \1.." ""
nit'
lI~'d
.11 the rig-Ill li11l('. hor........ .lflilll''''' 'hould lI!'ol'd IU di~rupi the
1I1.l"
nit' Ix'
lilt" (,l\~ll .... lllLl"! nOl too ('arh, but rather
lonlliltiOll Ix+ore til(" c
t'llt'II1\',
III U'\I:l; "ledelie\.. \\illi.ulI
.-
Flg,2: FormaUon for a brigade In the attack, The light Infantry form the front line, but with only a smllll part of their men In SkIrmish 'ormation lit IIny time; supporting light Inlantry lire close lit hand to provide re.e ....e., replacement. and II rallying point .hould the enemy cavlliry IIttack, (DrawIng by John Cook)
16
rt'U)lllllll'lUll'(! lhal l.hl'~
be u<,('<1 in c!eft'Il;,;\(' po'itions in \\()()(b., or Ix·hind mhl'r ("()\('T, In lal..t' filII a{h~lIH..Igt'
01 lhl' hal1j~li, ~lIpt'rioril\ 01 theil' l\l·apon.... III feilll .1ll.1( l .... 11lL' 'lI1.ilkn 'holild 1)(' 'pre,tel om to gilt' tht: IIl1p : ...." on of l
illll'fn;l1lr di\'idl'c1 illto 111'0 (·1(·llll'1ll~.
edit-II
rq':lll:lr~
Olll'
•
I
01
,tIled
(B I
:tl~o
conrll~illg:l\'
·hrij..f.l(II·~·
-
(JIll'
111
and ]{c'l'nl". .\lilili;L :\ 'Il-
bri~l(le CUtlllll.lmler
i~a(k-{:o III ilia Hek II r)
would lead the ~Iililia hril-:;ule. \,hile tht-· bli).f
liglll .1Ild b.llI.llion,. rhi" ~'etion of III{' IRI2
lhinl
nf
Illll'
1\\0 1ll1l~L.t.'tet.'1
Rq.~lt'llIt·nl
~ll0\\"
\('1"\
e1l'.lrh lh.ll till' I)ru"ian C('lIcl':ll Slalr had lcarned lhe It''~I11~ 01 ~.Ipoleollie \\ ....I:u'(·, TaL.ell as ;1 \\ho1l', lhi, Rl'I:::lelllclll r{'pr{'q'lll~ llw l'j)ilOllll' of ~,Ipoleollie t.lelic~ ;l11d grand lactic,.
FIg.3: Brigade formation fOt" an
attack with lhe bayonet. One. lhe enemy .hawed algn. 01
...."verlnll arter the openln; 01 the battle by the light infantry, the second wave of troop. wOuld
pre.. home
lit
Ir....
", .....
the polnl of the
bayo"et. The light Inlantry would
lall back on the nank' to ,,'orm
.........
in column and join the third
'M.""'.
,.. ".....
wave. (Drawing by John Cookl
........
,
Fig.4: Brigade formation to receive cavalry attack. The
Infantry blllUllon. form cloMd M1~'"
In •
cheq~rbo.rd
formation lor mutuallllJpport.
.-
~.
.-
.-
After the enemy cavalry n.d bHn disrupted by 'hi. defenalve Ii.., the Pru••yn br\9ad...
eanlry would then move up In wpport to eN.. them off.
17
ARTILLERY & ENGINEERS Organisation and strength
In 1787 tbe Field Artillcl) COlV~ W'i1~ rcuqf
Anillcr" was amalgamalcd into Ihn't.' COlllp;llllt.'''. with .1 101;11 of 16 olliccn.. 12 scrgc;mL'\. 30 corp<.lr:ah.. ij(j hOlnhardit.·,..... I~O gUllllen. and 3 \urgt.'om. The Pontonicr ('.orp" was alt:ldle.'r! 10 the Mlille...... and in 1787 con~i ...lcd of 4 oniccr", 6 ;-':<:0.. and -1M 11U'1I. In wile of \\'ar their number'i \\ert~ incl"t:·.u.t."d. In 1790 Ol IOt,ll of l):l pOllloon... \\tc"rt.' i1\';.libble alQllg willl a number of bridging train'. The equipment of llll" Olnillcn \\';.l' rCllrWllIi-.t.·d in IfH7. The li}{ln IY-pollnd~l"l> "'~r~ r~cast .l'> he. These were 10 include 'ii" 'l>Ul11h,lrdll1l'llI haul·Til·..· each of ,i" hea\... 12-pdrs and IWO hl'an Io-Ixll" hm\·illeN: ~~ 'nonnal" 12-)x1r b.-uu:rie'i. each of six medium 12-lxll... and twO li}{hl IO-pdr hnwilleN; 16 hean ()-Ixlr hatlerie.,. each of ,i" hl';!n 6-lx"", ;lnd h\o light Io-pdr hO\\iller,,; 16 light 6-pdr b.·utl'ric'i, l'ach of ~ix lig-ht ()-pdN and twn 7-pdr howil7cN; and six hONe htig:Ilk-... each ul eight lig-ht 6-lxlrs and one light 7-lxlr howiuer. tht:: laltt::!" Ix'ing intl'odllCl'{l in 1790. Altached to the infalllry were 188 ().ixlr and 132 3-lxlr h.1.llalion glln" with Ihe line infantr....; 20 light 3-lxlrs wilh the 11I.. ilil'r~ (light illfallln'): ,llld 46 rei>l'n'(' j.{um. The field anil1cry rcS(:'n·c!> ill IIIl' dq)(Jb ;ulIUlIllIed 10 89-1 piecl:"!>. In 17RR, including f01"lre"~ and ..iege anilkn. tht, l'ru""ian" had 6..-109 picrl'" at lheir dbpo"al. In 1790, two balll'rit'" (',1<11 01 eiglll lighl IO-pdr mortars were added to this lotal. An Order-in-Cahinel of I O,lobl'r 1791 red\lc('(1 lht' nurnlx'r of balleril's to 60. Thcse were 11.:11 b"llcrk.. ot I11cdilllll IY-pdr~. 1G 01 hCc I~allcrie .. Nm.1 to 6: HombardllleJll I\attcries Nos. I 10 'I, ctc. Tl1cre \\l'n' at..n 11 C.arri~Oll ArtilJe'1 r.ompanie.. in the fortn:"St:~. Fredcrick the Great's Ellgilll'er Cnrp~ had Iwen wea\... in both tmining and pcrfnnnallcc. Iii" Iwir alll'rnplt'r1 In I"('Clif\' thi.. h\· increasilll{ ilS 1);1\· and prc,tig:c. and a IOll1lal "lrU("Iure \\'l.~ e ..tablishcd. In 1788 an Enginc!.:rs' Acadcnl\ \\';1.') upclIcd. FI"l·derit-\... William II SLlCCC'iSflllh rcorgani'\t:d and Ill()(krni~l'd 11ll" I'ru.."i;\Il anil1el"'\'. Thanks to him, it ' ..,IS abk to pla\ a ,igllilicalll rok ill lhl' \\;If'> of the French
"'L"
,.
Rt:\()!ll1lon, p:1I lintl:lIl\' al til<' hallles of Pinnast'll~ and K..:li"er~lalllt'f11 in 1793. Tlw ,i,e of the .lflilkn amI t'lIg-illet'l" ("orp~ following Ill(' COll\t:llIiOll 01 Pari, of IHOH \\a, 'el al 6,000 men. Three aniller\' hriJr-Idt·" I,·('rt· fOflm:d. I:",Kh (Oll'i,ling" of Ihn't· hOl.... e and I~ fOOl cOllljJ.lllit:,: IhcQ' ,,\"('J'(' Ihe 1'1 or Pru,~iarl. :!ml or Bmndt'llbllrg and ~rd or Sik!>i,1II Arlille1"'o Bri/{'Idt'''. rhe led of ~ix G1l11l011 and 1\\0 hOI,il/('I": Ihe 1)-1'(11' h;ult'rie~ had 7-Ixlr howiller~, lhe 12-Ixlr balle,;e" \O-Ixlr Illmit/el.... fht' infant1"'o b;:l1Ialioll'" werl' no 10IlW..· r eqlliplx'd \\'jlh anilkn pkc('~, Six hOl"'il'~ Wl'I"(' llsed to dr;:l\' lhe 6-pdr pier::e... ej~11I for Ihl' \ 2-pulltllkr', ~Illch of Pnl!>,ia\ .Irlillen 1,.1;'> 10;,>1 in lilt' camp;lign of IHOti. Gre,lI efforL' Wt'rl' made to rq>\,lCl' il in Ill(' ell'illing le,Il.... and h' tht: .lllllllllll of IH12 it 101.11 01 1.1,.·,9 piece' \\ere a\'ailable. Thi'i \\':1."0 mon' than adeqllal(' for .Ill anm 1l"lricIl'd to 12,000 mell, bill additional piece' had 10 lx' ohlaim'c\ lrom el to suppll much of ih 0\\11 anilkn,
w"..
Mlllery & Pontonnter Corp., 1800: pmetellen), officer (right). Pnn.len bl\HI lrock coat. with black l;oc1nsl' end vellow ...."'1 tKlttons; white .mellclothe.: the privllte na. e .-d neck .tock. the officer white. Note thlIt the otf'lCer he, gold tKlttonhole l;ace only below hi' turned,back lapel, end on his loreenne, (Remmj
Equipment and performance
The 6-pdr cannon were made of hrol17e: llll' 12-pdrs had ('ilher hronte or in)ll barn-I." ~h"l 01 Ihl' equipl1lt:lll alld de..igns daled from Iht: end oflhe \Rlh cellllln, nIL' field a1'lillt:n m;linl) used rOll1ld..,llO!. i.e...olid cannon balk th,1I I' l'rl' g"l'llt:I";llh lighler Ihan Ihe 1I0rni nil 1calihn' of Iht, piece. Ilo",iuns Ll,t:d 'hdls - hollow iron balls filkd with gunpowdt:r and ~('t on'l" a llll';lsurcd time fll~l' Ihal was ignited in Ihe harrd br tilt' firing 01 tilt' propel1iull rharg"l'. Aboul olle third of lhe allllllunilic)ll used \\'a~ calli,tt:r - hollo'\' (";\~e~ COllli\illing a Olllnber of ~mall irol1 h"ll .., I,'hit'll hursl al Ihe llHrl.llt': Ihi~ IVpC of amtllunition 1\";1;'> IIs('d \0 grt:;ll eITeel at clOSt' r'lll~t'. 1100\'it~ers and mortars ;ll~o (ired inc('ruliary sho\' used to SCi alighl buildilll{s and fonificatiOlls. Flares 1\'I:"re ;Ilso ll~l·d .. The field anilkn lIol'lnall\' fired {)wr open ~ighL~, selling the r;:lllgt: b~ ek\':lling: til(' harTt'l 01 Ihl' piece. The canllOll ball would be aimed 10 strike jlht 10 lhl' f!'Out of lhe largel so thaI il would glallet: up 'llld licochel lhrough il. An ('k\,;llion of 1t:1"O degrees would callSC Ihe ball 10 SU'ike al "hOlrl 400 pa('('~, 111('1\ hOll\l('(' 10 1.000 pacc~ befort' rolling on 102,100 paen. 01ll' dcgrl'{' of de\";-llioll WOllid calise tbe ball 10 g:bnce ill 800 pace~, lhen hounc(' 10 1300 pace.. before rolling on to 2,200 paces. The effecti\ e '''''llj.;:l' of lidd artil1l'rv fiting hall was thus helween 400 and 1,300 pace'. 1100\'It/t:"'" lobbed their :ohdls, firing at e1e\':llions ofbell\t:'t:'n 3 and 12 d{'g:ree~, and theic effecti\'e rangl.'S were up 10 2,900 pace~. Mortars lobiX'd Ih{'u ~hl'l1!> around 2,000 paces ,II e1e.....ltions of bel',ecn 43 and 'G d('grt:c~. Cllli~lcr \\...'-, gcncrallr used at ranges of under 1.000
19
P"Ct:S. being most dl"ectiw.: at 600 10 HOO pan:s. I he l).-pdr "::UIl,> (ould tire a ma:ximulll of I~ rotlnd~ JX'I" millll1e, howi\lt'l"' lWO rOllllds in threl: minUlt·... though ~uch ratl:~ of lift· could !lol Ill' 1l1,lilH.lilled lor long II itholll e:xhau,>ting both the ("J l'\\"~ ;md IIH'il ,Wllllllll;l iO!l ,upplil".
Artillery uniforms: 1792-1807 Fom Anillc.... uniform,; wert' ,irniLtI to tllO~e 01 Ill(' infant ..... From 1787, ,I Prus....i;lIl bluc frocl OM! \la, 110111. Ilith hltl(' I.leill).;"' .Illrl \dlm\ bUIlOll,>. The 11~li'ICO;lt and brt'l'c1Il" l\l·rt· I\hitt'. I ht' field .Irlillt·.... Ilore fl'd lIl'cl ,tock..<;. the garri..on artilkn hl.ld,. lite heMlgc.lI· ("oll..i,tcrl or Ihl' 11('\11\ illlroduH'd ·cl'C:llll'ltt·' ltK"t'd 1t.I1, Ilhith hon: ;1 flaming grcl,lOld(: Il:ldgt:, The ,i(k,1Il1l 1\01'> tht· 'P;lI1.I'lh' 'trai..::ht "Iflul, Oflicel~ 11'!:"III 1798 tht· .Inilkn \~~b gi\i'11 it, char,lCh'ri'lit hl.lt" l;llillj.,"" allli at lhe ""line lilll(' a !liCOnl fl'plan>e1 Ill(' (".l..elm·III·, I ht' ollin·....· f,lcinJ.,.... Ilt'lI' m.l(!t: of \ehel: thl:l h,1l1 11'11 hUlIon, Oil llu:ir I.lpd'l .llulIlo; lIith 18 b..., uf 1.10::. TIll' F(·\lt·....H·I"l..(·r h.ld I~ lliIrf()I\l'! 1M'''' of I.IC(': homhanlit·(,<; had wool!<:n bcc. and "'!~t'''lll'" l.lCt' had \(·rminall.l"l'k In 1799, lhc I:ight Silc'li,1tI g
20
1808-1815 Artilknlllt'l1 wort' thl' ~l;l11d:trel ('llatt'l' of lhl' pl·riod. ()llin'l'~ lhl' hlllg-I;,ilc'd 0',11. TIlt' FOlII Arlillt·'\' WUI'I' ilII01lllr,·'I\11' dulllillg. the J I(Jr~1: Anilkn tllat (11'1111: Gt\.llr}. 'nle lOall't· lIa' l'll!'lsiarl hllll' WillI n·d !ailtllnt-h;l('ks fur lhe Foot AniJIen, hlac" with poppv-n'd piping' lor Iht' I [Ol'l' Artillt'l'\·. The coll:u' \ll:le hl;u k pipt'd I'0]lp\-rt'd alullK tilt' lrollt alld 1011'1:'1' I:."dge ulltil ISI:I. wh('11 lilt' nl'W, 1<'1\1'1 UllLtl 11'0\, ililrodllced: theft'after 11)(' piping: 1~11l alon..:: thl' top ('elg:(' ;mel Iroltl. Tilt· (;Il....d Anilit' .... h;td vl:llow GlIard l.lCI: 011 tht'il (011.11"' .1I1t! lutl~. UuthH)'I \\t'l'I:." \dlu\l. rhl: Pru,>siilll Brilf-tdt, h,ld IlIli,,' ,hollldt'r 'tr'II". Iltl' Sik,ian \dlm\. the l\r~ll1dt'llburg ;lIId lhe (:I1....c1 popp,-n'd. I he CUMd .lIld Illllv' Artilkn h.ld S\ll:di,h cun~: tilt' h"ll Anil1t'n had Br.lI1dl:llburg: culh I\ith a bllll: flap. Bomh.lrdit'l'" h ..d g:oltl lan' 011 thl'ir cllfh, "erg:('ant~ on hUlh lht'ir colbl.....1Ilei (ulh. \111'111 i.III' wort' bl,tck "I\"IIII\\'~' Ill:',b' 011 lht' ,houlde'''' of tIIdr ttMll'I": lIlt' (.u.lrd h.lll lellnll 1.lll' .1Ilt! friug:e:> 011 lIwil..... lht, lilll' IIhill' laf(' ,,10m'. From IS09. Ihl' liON<' .\rtilltT\ \\~L" ;tho p('rll1itlt'd In \\1'.11' th(' 10l1j{('r 'Litt·"l.l· cn,ll.
allieer... h,ld lhl" U"'Il,ll o!lit er... · di .. tillltiull" ,1'0 dt..cribcd ill thl: rl:kl,llll (',Irlil'r 101ulllC... of thi ......erin. The ...hal..o... ollhl" hlot ,\rtillt-n Ill'r(';" tor thl" iIlLIIlIlY. I ho...{' 01 lhl' 1101"(' .\nilkn had hi ,I""" (hin ...(.111·... (ollin a j.{ildt·d (11'lin). ,I hl.l(l.. ,Illd II hilt, cork,ltlt' (hl.lcl.. ,lIld ...illl·r foroffin·I ). and a hnl...... (;I1,lrd St,u' fur tht· olhl'l I,ltlb 01 lhl' (.Il,lId .\nilllTI'; ollin...... of lhe (;lIard ArtilltTI had ,1 ...ihl'r q,l1 \Iilh ,Ill t'll,lIndled hadj.{l·. The odlt'r rallL... of thl' lint' anilkn had .1 hI ,I..... j.{lt·lll' \rtilkn. ,Ind a plain g:old coni c!,"p for lht' I'out \nillen. rill: 1101"'(' \1 tilll'r\ h,ld ,I lIlixed hhill.. ;111(1 \1 hilt· k.llhc·! plume, lht' FOOl \nilkn hl.Ie'I... In IHl.IlJ. ,I'" ,I lempor,..... ml·\\onh and c-anl'idg-t" IXllll·.... 001c('r" 01 Iht' hlOI \rlllkn \\l'fl' ;l1llled with lhe ...tanOXt:~. Ihe lim' 1111' g-rt'nadc hadg-('. L'llllLOllll!t·d ,II lilkn tIlt'll (",llTied 11ll' normal inf'\I1 tn bacl..pacb and bread bag... nit' Ilor'l' ,\nilkn h,ld gr('1 gn-alcoal cO\l'r... Otl their ~Iddl('~.. \nillel'\'lI1ell \\1'1"t' tI(lt "LLpplied with canIC('tH; in ..t('ad th"1 \\I'rt· eqLLippl'd I,ith fidd I..t·llk~. Hor"l' eC[LLiptlll'llll\lllo\l'l'd thl' palterll ll~cd by the dl'Ij{OOII~ and wa... black. Other rank... · "lddlt·clolh .. w('re dark blue piped ill red. Idlll l"OUlltll'd COll1er~; thel al,o had a blacl.. ...tripe pipl'd red along: hOlh ed/{e.. rUll nill/{ paralkl t(1 tIll' edge.. ()f lhe ~addlec101h. TIll' dr:lft It()r"l·~ had a rectangular ..addleclolh in lhc ..arne colours. Ollicer~ al..o hacllhc d'lrk blue roullded doEl!' bill Ilith a poppy-rt.'{1 ~lript' ;,lollg tltt' olltl'r edge; abOle Ihal lien' 1\10 black 'lripes. bOlh piped red. TIlt.' ,addledOlh~ of lhl' (;u
Artillery orfk:ef". 1806, .... 5PK1ftc: dtsUnc:lions were onlV Introduc:ed 'rom t 808 it • not PO..ible to 9ive tnis figure iln eaac:l rank. Th40 Pru..'-n bl.... C:Nt. . NI' blac:k fac:ing, ilnd gilt buttons; ltle NIt trim. gold. lIMo putt c:ords sJlYe. and blac:k, as • ttle wal,t usn; the 'loc:k. wel,lcOllt and b_he, ... while, IHen",tJ.el)
2.
Engineer Corps (Ingenleur-Korpsl
The unifotlns of the olTIcers of the Statr uf the Enghl~er Corps wcre as those of the line Engineers (l>C1..: bl..:lo\\'). hili \\ithOIll a brigade rUllnber 011 the shoulder Stralls. From 180H 10 !tHO tlll:'C 'tr~llh w('n: bluc; thereaftel" thC) were black. piped red. Engineer Battalions (Plonler-Batalllone)
Gunner, 18oe. White nat Irlm; Pru.Mn blue eoat_ wfth bYck lKlng. and ~Jow buttonS; r.cI ne<:k .tock, white belta, "",a"l· coat and ~"..,. Note the enained ~ prickers aWlChed to his Cn;I•• belt; the .word's ~I .~ is IJhown " brown leather wfth a g...... knoL ~sehel)
Froln 1787 tIlt: engineen. I\ore lht: inlanln',l\k uniform I\ith blad. facings and lining. made of \Chl·t fOl tht' nnin·I"':. -lilt.' (JOicel">' lacc 1\"aS sihcr. the waistcoat and lq.,,,\car charnoi... In 17Y8. red lining l\dS imrodllced along \\'ith open. ~qllare CllO~ and pallo \dlm\ w'li:-.tCo and ~:l\\edish cun; piped rl-·d. BUllons were white. The bl-Ick :..hOllldcl ""~IP, lIelC piped red. The .,hakos had a white b;md around the llplx'r edge (..ih·er for :,\·CO~ .md unicer~): Ihe blad. and "hite cod•.lde II .... Iwld in pI-ICe h\ a \lhile da~p hiher for officer'). From IAII Ihe nell-:..I\lc 'hako wilh while rorch W,b introduced. rhe ~TC\ ficld caps h.ld .1 black band. OOicers won' iliad. fealher plllllle~ on Ihe cocked h,IIS. The otll(:'r mnks were equipped wilh .1 1I101chell-' (Faschinennu:~~r) with a ..aw·toolhed cUllin~ edge. Belt!') werc hlark. and ..word knoL~ were coloured 10 de:.ignale Ihe COlllp;lllie~ .b in the hilt: Inl.IIlI ..... Ponloon Trains These wore the -.amI.' lI11ifOl'm il-" III(' Engineer~, From 17H7 the\ had Ihe rO\"a1 mOllllgr.Hll 'F\\'R' 011 lhdr c;l~uelle.. in~tead of Ihe lIaming grcnad~. Miners From 1787. lIlillerl> '\'ore the inf:llltn uniform wilh bluc lapels. hut orange collar.. and cufT..: lhe\ di'pla\"ed til(' 'FWR' cipher 011 their C",queue:... The sidearm \\..IS the iul.IllI .... :..Ibrc. Ollicel'S had ~..j bal'S of gold Ian'. :,\'CQs gold lace 011 their coll;II..... From 179S lhe\ wore Ihe aniller"\' uniform. but "ith difTcr~l1l h;ll cord~. The\ rarried the nonnal :..word "110l-~. nOl lealher like thl' ;trtillen. The\ \I~re al.,o
22
I~ach of the three ;millen brigad('~ f01'11wd in IH09 \.... I~ allocatcd one Tmin company. The}' and all arti,an~ allached to them wore dark blue CO;11l..:e:. with light bluc collars and cutTs. red ..houlder slr"ps and white but Ions. The grey field C
dl"lll\' COfJK rlll'\ won' ,l.(fl'V illlalllr} cap~ willI dark blue pipillg- ;111([ a blad. \\-.lxnl dOlh lOWI. We\ Ulewka~ with dark blll(' collar~ and wllo\l' bll1tOlI~. TIlt' lOll/{ /{rl'\ troll~er~ \\t:rc wurll 0\(;'1' lhe gailen. Bclb wcre bldck, alld lht'\' l\t'rt· ,lfllwd wilh a ,;,bre,
ARTILLERY TACTICS 13\ reducing- Ill(' IlIl111hl.'r of lVIX" of piece:. u:.ed in lhe fidd frolll I il{i. Frederick William II hdpt'd 10 make Ihe arlille.... more enicit'lll. Ho\\eH:r. the (·:\!X'ric.·nce of Ihl.' ReH)hllioIlM\ War:., "hen the heavier French H-pdr"i mack an illlprt'~..ioll on Pru~,i.1Il b'lll1llers equipped I,ith ().Ixll...., focu~d .lItc'ndon Ull ihe i'~Il(, of artillery Gllibr(·s. The Duke of Bnlm:wick ,md other '>t'llior onicer~ :0<1\' the ~ilUati()n dilTerenth': the\ beli<"\ecllhat il \\'I~ Elot Ill<: c:tlibn'~ or e\en the numbeN of (;.11111011 lI"l'd thilt decided the i~ue. bill rather lheir 1;lctical handling. Thi, ,it·" "'I~ ~upported In ~l.ljor-Geller.11 Gt--orK Friedrich Ludwig \on TClIllX'lhulT (Ii:li-IHOi), Iht' IIlO'" e'\.J>Cliellced artille.... onicer in the I)rl.l~i.ln .-\"'11\. lie aiM) Cillled lor the .Ibolition of the battalion gun.. atlaclwd It) e;lch infalHn ullit. ill~IL'1.) ..upponed change~ in the lISC of artillen. calling for an incn':L<,(' in the 11111111)('1 of horlot' ballcrit.'S in a lllelllol(.· hallt'n att:;tched to them. Furthermore. he callNI for ~i'\. 1l()IW b;tllt'rie~ to be alloc;ut'd 10 t.he fe:.ent' cOl\ 10 advance b~ division so th;n firing was unil1lerrupted. Fire "'a~ 10 bt· concentrated on lhe ellemy"s infant!)' and ca\'alry: cncm~ anil1en \I
"I('
Artillery NCO In 1807 panem unllorm. There had been plans to Introduee new unllorms lrom 1807, but the deleats at Jena and Auerstedt prevented this; tnatead, new and more apartan unilorm, we.. Introduced from 1808. Thl' figure hat (I yellow top band on the ahako; a bra.. three_flamed bomb piaIe; and the plume and cockade are ahown aa red, yellow and black reeding Inwarda to the centre, The btue coat. . has btack 'aelltia. yellow buttona and yellow leu loopa on the lore.rm,; tM neekatock ta red, the waistcoat .nd breeehes white. (HenKMl)
23
Drill positions wfth • Ilmbef'ed &-pdr
c:.nnon. (Left) lhe crew
In • _ llightj the men marching by the gun In • combat altuation. This It: Ulketl from the t 804 drill ~tlons written by Meertulb. end witt! dFllwW,p by Gleim, but the dril throuvt-rt this period _lned largely IH\altenld. The gunne<$ .... numbet'fil - in the rlght Nlnd plan, 'U.OfI'.' tot" the NCO, then 5&8,71",11&12.3&C, in
m;I~hing ordM
eomb;ot aitUiltlon;
9& 10, 1 & 2.
•
•
As the field baueries kepi the 1.>c.:~1 tlle11 for lhl'tll~cl\'t's, onlr the hallalion guns left something to hl' clt-sift'd. [hl.:il j.(1I1H1Cr, t"ccched onl\ fOil I" to six weeks' trainlnjl; C"CI) two rcarl>, width \\;Il> haldl\ adcquatt:. In the field they had problems kl'cping IIp with the advancing illliulln. and I,'cre oftcn unable lO prO\idc :!ckqu.llc lilt: \UPport.1I tile crilicill 1I1011lcnl. The propensitv to plan: the ....Iilk .... 011 ,II(: IlcarCSI high point led to il firing O\'er the head, of tilt: l'lIl'lm. ('speci,llh at dos(' r'mgc. \\'hell the clc\-ation of the piece W;:l!> IIl\H'I'l:d, lilt: ball tended (() land shon and then bounce high u\er the ellelll\. G.mi'ler rUlInd:-. :.pread lheir load O\'er a \\;de area, bllt alxml half nltht' h.ll]'" 'trud., lilt' ground in Ill(' fit"'t :;0 paccll, either burying lh.'I11'l,IH:' ur IXHlI1cing O\er lhe head:-. of Ihe t:1lt:lm. To :>lllll tip. in IIH.: cilrh p
• • . • • 24
1
•
(('011 lilliI'd 011
pagr JJ)
A
B
c
FIELD ARTILLERY CREW, 17905 I: Ofllcer
3: Sergeant 2,4,.5, II & 1: Gunners - _ tul commenlaryfor dela~.
3
D
E
r-,ECHNICAL TROOPS, '801-07 1: Master Wagone<". Supply Train, 18O!H)7 2; Miner, 1801-01
3; MaSI8\" Gunner, 18()5..(l7
F
ARTILLERY, 1808-15 1: GUMef', Brandenburg Artillotry BOe 2: Officer, Guard Artillery 3; Gener.t of Artitlety Prinz August
G
ENGINEERS & MEDICAL, 808-15 1: PJlvalt, Engineers, 1808-1 2: Field surgeon, 1808-15 3: St..lcher-bea....., 181.
H
-
The ~('colld pari of rIll' I{q;klllt'Ill con'red trainillg" with lht, anil1l'n piece,. All Orderin-l.ahinel ofi lkcelllbel 1808 . . etll1c Illllllber~ 01 111en a~ follo\\'~:
6prlrfoof !HIt/mi'l g:llIn Oril'illl{ lhe 1{11l1~
St'nin~ lhc
In re~el'\e Toln!
limy !H,llrri,,!> $('n;ng: the gun' Orh'ing lhe KIlIl' & 'llpph 1',lgun" On"ing Iht, ,lIll1lHlI1iliUll 1',lgUIl' In r(";("l'\c
To/al 12-/xir lHlII,,""l Scr,"illl{ the 1{l1l1' Driling Ihe gUlls Driling ,lit' dlllll1Uni,iflll wagon, (xIO) Drhing lhe ,upph .... ;IIo;"Olh (,2)
JOial
i'l mell 24 mel]
20 lIlen / /6 Inf'lI
-",,,-,
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lllcn men lIlell
18 lIlen / ]2
96
men
32 men
30
men
6 /84
1IIt"1I /!II'II
The mel hods lor 't'nlllg e,lch 11'!k of piece 6-pdrs and l'l-pdr.., i-Ixlr and IO-Ixlr howil/Cfswcre "1X'rilied in lhe Kel{lel1l('IlI:
6-pdr field piece Onc "erg(';Ull and dl{ht K\IIlIler~ "t:n'(.'d lhi, piece. No~.7 and 8 Ilcre in It'',el"\e; in the Ilor~e Artillel). lhe> held lhe hor~e, when Ihe gUll \\':.Il> unlimber(·d. f\ cannon ....':.1" "('I"\('d h\ orc1l'r: '\Vipt' piece! - Cartridl{('! - In,(·rt!Pon-Fire! - Aim! - Firt'! - Kt.'tlll'll Can lion!' The No.1 sponged rhe h;llTt'l 10 cxtingui ..h ;ll\> I{lowing emher.. that might pr('marurclr ignile Ihe neXI ch,lrg:e; Illeillll,'hilc the 1\'0.4 (a re.. pon"ibk \'t·\(.'ran, Oltt'll holding the l':.lllk of bOlllh;mlicr) kepi hi .. Ihumb o\'t.'r Ihe louchholc, tll prevenl lht.' l"tl,fl of ;lir CllN'd hy lilt' lighl-fl1ling sponge frolll reiglliting ;111}' ~parks, ;uld 10 crC;Ul' a VaCUll111 as Ihe sponge wa .. withdl'awll. Tht.' Nu.2touk Ihe round - charge and 5hol- froll11he Nu:5. II'ho had carried il lip frolll till' lrail che.. t or the limber. and placed il in lhc mllule. Th(' No.1 Ihl'l1 rt'v('r~ed hi .. combined ramrod and SPOIl~(' and f;ul1llled il h0111e; ,llf'lin. Ihe No.4 guarded the \ent. As lhe charge bag l"t'adwd lilt' br('('ch l'nd of Ihe barrel he felt for il wilh a bfa~~ pricker Ihrough Ihl' lOuchhol(', pit'rced it. ami held it in place. 011 the cOlllmand 'Pon-Fire!' the No.4 then took from his pouch a pon-fin: or fme - a ~Illall paper whe of fine priming powder - bil off il.~ ('IH\. remo\'Cd Ihe pricll'l frolll lite IOtlclthole, and insencd lhe port-fire; if he had none. he Il,t'd loO'.e ptiming powder from his flask. Next. Ihe :"'0.4 laid til(' pl('ce b\ looking aloTlg the barrel and indicadng 10 Ihe :"'03 hml milch 10 Il':.l\el"'ie it. Ihe ];lIIer lIsing the lrail-spike to \eler lhe trail around the fulcrum of lhe clITiage's axle. The No.4 tllen adjustcd
Thl. plan .Plows (..ttl. how • &·pdr cannof'l wa. unlimbered to the lore. Tha cannon was unhookad, and 'W\l"9 aroundttte gunne... being In po.ltlon to do so .. they were marching each .Ide 01 It _ and made ...ady to fI .... while the limber wa. moved to the rear. (Right) .how. how a te"m 01 four ho..... was unhooked and "ttached to the gun to move It lorward. white In a combat .Ituatlon; ttte NCO lead. th. team.
33
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homhilnlier Wt'ig-hillg- llll'ir ch;,rg-l"; two 111cn werl' lIeL'ded to carn lilt' IOlllld~. Thi~ Rq{lenH'lll ("I'111L'd that all Pnt"ian g-lllltWr~ ren::hL'd Ill(' ',111lL' 1I~linil1,({ ill wnillgthdl pit'{"l'~' ThL' ordL'I' ,lIId 11l0\"t'1IIt:'1l\~ I\t:'rl' rdatheh ~ill1pl(', making il pos\ihlC' 10 train tile inexperienced '1l,ickl\': and C:t';llal,i(:" cnuld be rt'pbct:d b~ re,ene, i,nllll'di,lleh, Tilis facililated cJl(' expan<;ion of Ill(' .!ftilll'n arlll in 1l'1I:J. Pnl....n 6+pound..- e.nnon.
u..
TI>e World Wa.. 01 20th <;enl.....,. ptayed haYO(: wlttl
Gennan an::hr... matert.l; ....rvlvlnt Pruullln .rtlllery pieces 01 the N.poMonk: period ... f _ .nd f.r between•• s .re drawings of them. Thb dlllwing comes from the Genniln ~ SUoff HittCNy or the Pn<...... Army in the WMS Ubenllon, lOGS)
0'
Pr.....I.n e·pdr on • limber, Thl. photogrllph 01 lin orlglnlll piece was laken before World War I: It compliments the drawing, 01 the MeerkaU/Glelm p'al•• on earlier pages, {OOS}
Movement
.\ funher ~'ction of the Regll'lll('1II CO\l'It'r1 llll" 11~lillinj.{ of h'lllln('l.... 10 1!I()\l: IhL' indiyidu'll piece". \\"hl'n marchinj.{ .1Ild Oil p,lIeI;lIg lu the fear, Ihe limber w:a!> dri\t'll II) Ihe left ,lIld H',lr .lIul Ilw gun was IIll'n unlimbered, Atlached rope~ known a~ 'prolollj:1;('''' wel"(' ..'Cd to mo\{' the unlimbered gun. In the Horse Artiller., the nH)IlIHed CI"('\\ f(K!t' in I\\() I;I". L'l1lirtllx:rill~ to tho.: lurt:' or r('ar '''I~ conducted ill much tlJ(" 'amt' \\,1\ :h IJ\ tht, FoOl Anillt.'n, ro IIIOVl' di~tancl'''' of le<;s thall 100 pacl''', till" IltH'''l' Arlillen prdern'd to luw tltt: piece.'> with Ih ... prolonge 1,lIhel" th,lll lil11lx>r up. An('1ll iOIl 1\~lS al,o paid 10 lhe mm'l'llll'lll ;IlHI po,i tioning of a hallen. The: h:I1I('n was drawn up in ~llrh a 1\,1\ that 11ll' ei/{Ill /{llll' W('le 20 paces apan: the 11\·0 hOI\itll'r~ were ill the lCllIH" ,\ith thret' tarlllorl 011 e;lch "ide, The hatter~ \\'a" di,idL'd illiO tll"O h:llr·hallcri('~. eadl cOlHi~lin/{ 01 thre(' cannon and olle IHI\I·il/l'l". Th(' halle ....' wa~ <11_0
35
r
P",..l." 1·pdr
~.r.
The wooden componenb 01 Prus.lan artillery plet;" and w;ogon. w.... painted • dull mid·b1_; .. in mosl IMriod ann~
"'" II"llnWOf1l< wa. painted b1Klt to pnllecl It from ",.t. lOGS).
Pru..liln t2·pdr gun on a fortress earrlage. (OOS)
3.
diddcd inlo fOil I" dhi~ioll' (Zilj.{l') c.lch of IWO piccc~. 1111.""<-' di\i,iol\' were 1Hltlllx,I"t'f! I to -I from the righl. The '11l1l11unilion lI";lill of l"{! 10 guide Iheir rapid dcplmlllclIl. \\lH,'11 on static parade. lhl' b..ltll·t' \\;lll Ullliml>t:rt'"(! alld tht" gUll IlIl1l1lc.. aligned \\;dl lhl' firM ranI. of troop.. 'tilnding Ill'ar them. TIl(' men 100lo.. lip Iheir riling po~ilions. the Foot \rtilkn 'l.lcking their ~mall behilld the limber<;. Thl' haltcn cOllllllandn 11I~ld Ihe hOl~l> in thc centre of the bauen and the remaining offin:I' ~IU()(I ht'I\\('l'n the guns to the right or their di,·isioll. Whl-n 1lJ.lIThillg 011 p.1I .ute. the hTJIIl~ \\ere liml>t:red.lhe officer, 100lo.. up thcir po'itioll" .llld Ihl' h'1.lI1l1l·r, collected their ~mall ann". TIll" m;lrch-p;L~1 W'I~ couducu:d h\ di\-i~inll'" A ballet' ill lillt' could march In Ihl.' (rullt. In ,ueh an eu·m. the onicer with gUll :-':0.5 indiC.llcd tht' dirl·I.lioll, TIll' Iuol gUll lieI'''' marched;u Ihe ..ide" ofthcir picn·... the hOi.....· hTJ1Il1l{'1' fl\(· pace, 10 lhe rcaI'. the St..'ColHl r..mk two pace' l)Chine! tht'llI. lurm to the kr, .1Ild lighl were pl";ICli'l.'d. as \\'cr(' \\ 1ll'c1s. Deplo\'lI1t'llI b\ di\'i,iun or 11
f1
CulllWi>Y dl1lw\ng of. Pnlsstan
5O-pdr aMge mon.r on • • 1IIlie wooden ",~, BeIng
rnowo, .-lIIrs _ ... g.enerslly used elthef' e.
" u m ~ to
~rt of the I ~ ert.lllety or .ttKhed 10 aMge Inln5. Note the much ."..ller d _ _ter of the
"hi"nber lor the ~ " ....rve c:omlN'ffiI with the M<:tlon of the baI.... t wtllc:h Kc:ef)led the massive shell. (GaS)
oncc: rather, I\'hole or preferably halr-b:lllcrics would Illmc, c()\'('rl'c1 br till.' firc or the other,;, Column~ of ,{'vl'ral bal'l'ri .. ~ w('n' loruwd in much the ,ame \\'av a:- ror itllihidual balleries, In tilt' Foot Anilkn' :-ih'llal~ we.:re givell bv drlllll, in til(' Ilor'e ;\nillerv Iw •rlllllpe.:t. 110\\'L"\'er, ,he RCglt-lll('1I1 clllpha:.i~d th.ll H:rbal orders were prerl'rabk', TIll' ~i!-:,ltal~ wert: di\'ided into two calegorit's: 'manoeu\ ll" ,i!-:,llal .. and ·(Iuan..:r· signals. 111(:' 11lanoe.:ll\'le :.ignah included 'WaH.:, 'Trot', 'Gallop', 'SlOp' and '~Iake front', JUSt one ,ign.11 \\.1:. ul>L"d in combal :.illl,lliolh - .1 long dnllll roll indic'lling 'Cease fire', The quaner si!-:,nals or the FoOl Ani lien included ·Rc\cille'. 'Fire alarm'. ·.\Jarm', ·Ligh ..... OUI' and 'Gt.'llcral march', Tho<;(' orlhc HoI'S<.' .\nillcI'" .Ibo incllldcd 'Rt::lfC'U', '~Iddlt:: up' .md 'GuMd parade', The final ~C1ion or Ihc Rcg1clllcllt cO\cI'cd the uS(' or anillcn a:. part 01 the brigade orall anns, I!ere, the aflillt'n pl:Ht'c1 a 'illpponing role 10 Iht' inr.IIII.". I>t:ing (kplmcd 011 the 1I.1Ilk-.. or III(' h,lItaliun cohlllln... The Rt:'glt'lIIel11 ur IR12 \\.Il>, talell .1:' .1 \\ hok .•1\\t:'lcomcd changc. It replaccd a whole 'iClic.. or In:.trllClitlll' .lIlei (·,Iahlisheel practices lhat h.ld dt:'\t'loped mer thc \cal'S, One or i..... fel\ I.mlll> \\.1:. tIl(' inclu:.iun uf ltowill(·P.l in thc fidd b.lllnic... ,I-.. Iht:'ir "lie uf lire \\;~ :.lol\cl' thMl lhal 01 tltt:" GIIIIlOn, and the ,mole from the 1.11((."1' oneil blocked thcir line 01 :.ighl. I)c:.pitt:" the:.t: :.horlcoming... thi.. Reglcmcnt \\.1:' a lllo:.t uscful docuHlent and the training it gll\e was excmpl,ln,
COLOURS & STANDARDS 1787-1797 Under Frederick William II. onll Ihl' i1l1a1l1l'. c\1il";Il>~ier and dragoon rt·gill1I'IH.s carried lIags, At this timl' therl' \\'t'n.' fJ5 illl;u1I.,,' regiments l·;tell 01'1\\0 hattalions (Nol>,3 ,lIld 15 had Ihn:e, Nos,6 alld 50 on I} 0111::): 1:1 ruirast'ier l'egirnellL~, a tOlal 01 6;\ \quadront': ancl 12 dragoon rt'l{illlCtllS. a lotal 01'70 S;CS a celltUl)' old, The dragoon squad1'011 newl)" l";llscd in Danlig did not carry a colour as its role 1\'aS lar,l{cly policing, An\' poles thaI I\'ere rencwed were given the nt'w rO\~11111011l),l{";111l 'F\\"R' U1l thc finial. The Prussian Arn", did nOI lose a :.illglc flag to Ihe enelll\ during lhe Revolutiona,,' \Vars.
It Is old IMI al J _ on 10 (k:lobet" 18Oe, when Infantry
Regimen' toto.32, the R89lmen' Hohenlon., ~ n 10 b~k In disorder, ,eolou... bear., 01 Its 11.B8t.aillon put hi, hal on Ih4: tlnlal of lhe nagpole and lried 10 nllly his eomrades, This eolour did indeed survive Ih4: Nttle, but fttll Into Frenc:h hands al lhe e.pitu;'lion 01 lhe fort_ 01 Erlurt only. f_ days ;'ter. Prussian eolours Wfi8 protec:ted In bettie writtl Ih4: devotion eomn--. 10 aK .rm.... lor instenc:e, after IR No, t7, ItMl R89iment Tresc:kow, suffered hea.,., los... at Malt. on t7 (k:tober its eokIu...beaf1lf'S Ensigns von IOebt end von
,.11
Pllllen,
~Ied
lrom Ih4:
regiment, .ttempled to wade lhe RIv« 5a81e to .seepe lhe pursuing Freneh. bul Wfi8 both drowl'ed .rKl their eolours lost. IOnlwlng bV Lebrec:htl
38
1797-1807 Under Frederick William III the Illlrnber 01 inl.ll1ln regilllt::lIts wa... incre;lsed to 58. The rtumlx:r of cuir';l,sit:r r('giltlenL' n'm:\incd unchanged: hOI\·cI'er. in I i98 the Gardc dll COl'P' (CUil~\s...ier I{egt 1'10.13) 1\~IS incn:ascd to lilt' 'quadroll..... In IS02 a l:~th DI~lgoon I{egt of fi\c squadrons \\~1S lsucd with the usu;11 ... l~ Ie of colour. bllt with the '1-\"1{' 1II011Ogr.lrn. See Charts I. 2 & 3 for b..'lsic detail.... In. ISO{). the Prussian :\1"I1I\ had 236 inl,nun coluuJ's. 6j cuira,sier ,1.llldard:. :llId 80 dr..tgoolt colours, The IIl''I..'' in til(' Jena campaign included lwarh all infantn colou"", except theN' uflR :\os. 2. 8. I I. 1-1. 16. -12. j2. ,md 38. 1808-1815 \Iter thte" defe,n.s and capitul.lliollS 01 ISO{) tht.· I'ru-uiiln Anll\ h,ld onh 2$ 01 its old infallU"\ colour!> left. ,\hhuugh it I'.I~ IHIII onll 12 It·l{imen ..... ~tronK. a fun her 20 11('\\' colour' wert.' llct.'cled, and tlw'>t: l\t'n' ~upplit.'d bell\t.'t:1l ISOSilnd 1811. Ahhough each rq{imt.'llt h.ld IUUI cnluu..... -111'0 l:K:r IIlU,I...clcer banal ion - 01111 onc colour (the \'.lllcit:rf;lhnc, thuugh al"l) ,till refern'd 10 as the 1.t.·lbfahnc) 1\,1' t,Ikt.'!l on campaign. rI1(' 12 ballaliolls Ihat well! 10 Ru,sia tool... om' {olour e.uh: Ihdr remaining 12 colulIr.. (the Retirierfahncn) were p.I~,ed on 10 lhc ,ix grenadier hatTalioll'. The I{renadier'l 100,," one each of TI1<'~e 011 c.unpaign in IR13. The 'illn'i\'ing ("010111' 01 thle" 'old' ,11"111\ I,ere di~lributed ;L" follo\\': Infantn R('gimcllt :-':0.1 n't.lilled Ihe colo1tr~ of 10flllt.'r 11{ 1\0.2 IR :\0,2 retained tlHN' of former IR No.8 II{ :'\o.;·) rt.'tail1t:d tllIN: 01 fOrJ1lt'r IR No.16 [I{ :'\o.G relail1t:d thlN~ 01 lormer IR No.52 [R 1\o.i rl't;lil1ed thow of fortner IR NO..I'lR [R 1\0.10 rt..T ei\'ed Ihl' Rq{il11t"l1t~fah11t'l1 of IUllller IR 1\o.~~H IR No.11 rt'cci\'t'd Tho~I' offorrrrer II{ NII.33. Inl;lIltrv RCl-(illll'l1to( ;"\io~.~\ and 'I l\l'rt:: i~~lled with llew colours. the ,\\.llIllcrl;\hrrell beill).{ ,,"hitc Il'ilh hl;td; wcd""e~. all OI';.lI\gC (enlre and gokl paint: the 1{1·lirit.'rbhlll'l1 rt.'H'r'ed the iliad. ami white, Inl:llllf\ I{q{i11lCI1l' Nu,.8 (Lik) ali(I 9 (£:olbcrl{) carrkd lhl' ,anit' ('dlollr... hill "itb a light bllle cartollche ill'Cl ilx'd 'Collx:rg IHOT ill hOllour 01 lheil particip.ttion ill the ~iq.\"e. Tht., Fout GU.lfd I{t'ghl1('lll had a "hile "-\\.mcierlahnt' I\itb ,iller p,lilll: Ihe Retirierf.lhrw h'ld .111 ol
1812 \() 181[" ami Wl'l'l.' not rl'placnl \Illtil Sl'ptt'mht'r I A15, Aftel the ./t'II11 e,lllll),liKII, ·I~J C<1\~lln "tandanh \\I:re 1l'n, A, l'aeh 01 lhl' Itllli ellir,-,,~it'l ,md ,ix drag-oon H'Rirnl'lll' 1I0\\' Ct)ll,i'l('d of onh four ~quadr(JIl', Ihl'rt' \\l'll' "tlflilit'nl '''\lld,lrd~ remaining. Tlu' G,ude £Ill Corp~ \\;\l> allo\\(:,d 10 keep all IIH' of il~ old 't,mttlrd~. From JRII, llll' Pru"i,llI (";1\<111""1 lI)ul.. onh onl' ,t,\lldard pl:'r n'gi!ll1:'1ll on Gltnpaign, 11w ~landard" of lilt' 'uld' ,1I'1ll\ 1\l'11' It'i''lled ,b fullu\\'l>: Cllimni".llrW So. I rel,lined thl' I.c:ib- and lhn·t· Regimell~~"llld,lrlt:'11ollormcr Cuirassit'r Regt :\'0.1 Clllmj{i". I~ So. 2 rcl,linl'd f01l1' R('gil11l'llt'iSI- ,md thl'l.'e Rl:'gllllClIbl,l1lllell 01 forlllt'r D',lguon Rq;-t :--:0.:-, f)mKoon U,Kt So. 2 f('cl"iH'd 1\'-0 Regilllenhqandarten of fOflllt'r Cllira~ier Rl.'ll;t :--:0,6 ,llld t'HI 01 lunller Dragoon Regl :\'0.6 Omgooll Urgt So. J "l't'lilll'd Ill!': uib- .lIId thrcc Rl'!{illll'lll.'>f,lhncn 01 forml.'r Dragooll Rt'J.:1 '\'n. i Dmj.,'OO1I RPJ,11 .\'u.4 lel.lincd ItlUI RCJ.:imel1t~fahllCIl of former 0101J.:0011 Rc!{t No.8 f)m/{OOII Hl'f!l So. ~ l"t'c('iH'c1 fOil I' Rt'ginwllIsf.-lhnen of fonner Dragoon Rc!{t No.5 f)m~J(m Ilrj.,l1.\'u.6 I't'('{'i\l.'d tht' I.eihfahrll' 01 fllrll.l~r Dragollil Rl'gt No,~~ and thn'l' Re!{illlt'l1t~Ldl11l'1l 01 I'ornl('r DlOlgOOIl Ikgt No.1 :-':0111.' of thl.' IIt'll lq.{illlt'lll:'o lelCi\·l.'d ,111\ colollrs UI ~1;U1dal't" lllltil after Ihe eml of tht, \V,lIt'doo t;lI11paigll.
RallMrllJhne
01 the new typ.e presented to IR Nos.3 and 4 In c, t808-10, This Is essentially Type 3 from Cn.rt 1, with white wedge., bl;ock Crosl, orange centre, bleck eegle in new lettlacing p....-ntatJon, lilver scroll, red crown cushion, lind gold pelnt including 'FWR' monogrems. The IInlalls a gilt lpearhead piet'ced with Ihe royelll'lOl1Ofl,am, the tasselled cord I. Illvar and bWck; Ihe pole bleck, and tIM! lleeva blaek with gilt naill,
Presenting the Ita!'ldards 10 Prince Wllllam'l Dril900n 8rigade In 1808, Ttll. regiment i. WU"ng the old uniform of 1808; the new Shakos and CCNltee. were isM>ed shortly afterward•• ThItI provl.ioNll brig.ade later becamll Dragoon Reglm8f\t No.2. (Drewlng by t.ebrec.htl
39
Chart 1: Prussian Infantry Colours 1797-1806 (NB - 81_ 1740 palt&n \ri8ss o!hBfwlse noled1 No.
,
N._
Type LelbfahM
2
AIl·8omsIecll. 17921
J
~.
• 5
6 7
• 9
''''' ......
IBOO AIn:luwd EgloI!st8l'1. 1789 dAr'rllll.Outl. 1797 t<:alckreJth lsngeIeId, 1789 Ka1dt.s18I'1.
'110'"'_Gtad Baltalo'l
, 1
I
gold p;wlI iW1d eagle """81ll1d. yf!IDN C8I1tre. !IltwIr pant
2
"""e 'Mlh yf!IDN cross. pl..WpIe centre. gold part!
2
"""e 'Mlh red cross, yeIow centre.
~
!see Note II Gokl:. 1790T~. J 1797 Qwsll'lllfl SChollen. 1791 Pweh. 17~ ibis 2 BucIxwg, 1792 M;nslwI 1796
2
"
"
",,,sa-
1 7'88 Jl.ng RQmtIerg 1789 RQmtIerg, 1799 ~ 1799 Besser. 1803 wedel ~. 1790 HotsIerl BecK
'796 """""
2 J
13
IlJXl Br~.Qels Braul. I 794 Amm
'"
WiIdikl 1794lM1ar;t1. 1795 Prnz Georg~. 1803 Belser
15
""'"
6
~9.
2
16
17
"
19
3
1788A11·Aomberg. I 789 Glloero. I 792 Hau:gerI. 1799 D!9nd<8 Br(rnng, 1788 8n.rneck, 1793 R!M.mer. 17l*! l6IgII. I l:lO2 Tre9CI
3 5 7
1794 Golle,
YeIIcMr field. whot8 centre. ~ W'th
""" ""'" """ ""'"
Y*N< QO$$,
penl
parli
$IMIr PiWlI wI'rl8 C$'I1re.
YeIIcMr wtll red CJOlIlI" W"I!e UlI'ltre
field. blUe centre. gold perl!
""'-18 field iW1d centre. gold part!
INnte
'Nt'Ite'Mlh pl..WpIe wedges, CEll'lre t*.e. gold parol ~ 'Mlh bl8ck cross. bl8ck centre. P parol a-od eagle 'M1l!e'Mlh pl..WpIe cross. <M"ole
Elk.oe ...-.ttl IVJ)Ie wecIgIIa. c."ltl1l
...
....,..lieId. lo;jtl goon C8"Il't!.
~,
WInIc:f1. 1788108is1.
""" ""'" """ ""'" """
Wrrrog, 1796 Bretmer.
10
Colout' of Pole
At'll; ......"""..."
orange C&"ltre. gold pao"l ()ange held. whote centre, _ 8lad< tIeId. whole centre. gold """e field. bl8ck centre. WhI1e field.
~
w<1tl puple cross. p..q::lIe centre, gold part! ~Ie wtn Ig1l goon \/I/IldgIl5-. lo;jtl centre, gold t*ll W'oIe wtIl jVpIe wedges. bl8ck oentl1l. ~ paoll a1d eagIII ~t8 field. plIpIe c:ernf8. gold paoll
ween
W'oIe W!lh 5Ner smpes. 5Ner
wtale.
pwc $IMIr
BlBck wi" wtale CJOlIlI" wI'rlll centre.
""" ""'" """ ""'"
.....
Brown .....
.....
--
-.
8urn_
'""""-""'"""
.-
GIeen Wllh pl..WpIe ~ ...... C8"IlI1l 8urn..-
...
lJlt1l ~ tieId >MY.
""" """ ""'ween" ."."" .......
c;8"111l
Brown .....
1"Vole....-.tll vbIe ~ wMe oentl1l. 8urn_
I.q1l wttd\I8S. wh1e centre. gold 0--. 8Iad<. 'Mlh j:UOIe wectges. whote centre, $IMIr 0--. Purple fwlId wI'rl8 C*'llre, gold pant White win . . . SlrJP8S. _ _ C8l1II1l
8urn..Brown .....
--
8urn..-
""""
..........,
......ttl blue end llIMlr Inlme. _ _ ;n;l gold IIfTlbfodefy
'M1ote WIth orange cross. orange cern'e, gold p;wIl
()ange Witll whole cross. whote centre, gold panl
8urn..-
llUfPle centre. gold
'Mvle wll" plIpIe wedges. panl
Purple 'Mth whle ~ . whote centre, gold paIOt
'Mlote 'MIlt red wedges. blue centro. SMIr pant I,\/hote W1t1l purple wedges. pu
Blue W>llt red~. wrut8 CBflIr8. Sllver paIOt Purple 'Mtlt whole wedges. wtl1le centre, gold pailIt
""" ""'""" Bumt
$IBIV\iI
I006 Pnnce at Of lII1gll 's 2()
Jur'>\j·BomstBdl. 1793 Pnnce 01 Baden's, 1795 f'nnce Loos
WhIte T,,*!. blue'grOOf) COOlre.
Blue·green TfII4cl OOte centfe.
gold Pil>nl
gold Pillf"lt
WhIte wtlh blacl< cross, purpjll centre. gold paiflt WhIte 'Mtlt ~ wedges. lV1t t*JII cenl'll. SlM!f pal'll. gold CfO'lNf\S and F'NR monograms WhIle Wlth red cross. bIuII cenlre. gold 00111 WhIle Wlth blue comet' medaoIons. wht8 centr8, SlIver pant
Purple Wlt!l black cross, wll'te cem,e, gold pawlt Ugttt blue 'Mllt yelk)w wOOges. white cenlre, $llvef patlt gold crowns and FWR monograms Blue ""th red CfOSS. wtI~1I centre.
Ferd!mrxl's
21 21
CV<eat6tu1swlck'S(~X1I~
Taw)
Duke at 8rv:lswIck's
2
5
(trom HI(2) (see Nole 2)
22
Schloeben. 1791 P\rch
2
Klnc:kOW>;troem. 1795
2J
l.Ic:t1nl.msky. 17Q6 W.....-.ng
--
" ""
I 791 Frrierotlerg 1795 Grl.nbe-9 I 799 Zenge
25 25 27
4.
2
3
....!WOk:lec:lt. I 789"AroQ'SChwem. 2 I 795 lMIar;tI, lBOO M·lM1sctt K1lObe1sc1orll 1800 T ~ 2
WhIle WIth lJOO" cross. groon centre, gold 00111 Whole WLth yeIqH wedges. centre. gold parll WMe wth 'f'i'lIIic'N< cross.
ween
yeIjow centre. ~ pQfit 'Mvle field. \/EIftlCaI arms of cross yeIow. horImntall=UPlll, blue cenl'll. gold palin
""" ""'"
WMe WIth blue comet' medaiIk:Jru;, blue cenw. llIMlr panl Groen WIth """'te croe:s. while centre, gold J)llfll
Groen 'Mth '/flION wedges. whle
l>_
-U
"""
---
""'"""
,,- """" ""'"""
No.
Nam.
Type lelblahne
"
Kalcksllll'l. 1789 GO!1lzkow,
3
29
30
" J2 33
"
1792 Ruls, 1795 KlInd
--, ''''' Kroo'I
Gotzsl. 1794 PIau. 1194 F!l'Jl'8l,
3 3
, ,
1804 Schoersted!, 1804 ~ Pmoe Ferdlnar>d 01 Pn.-.a '$ 8
30
Pnnce Heny r:J
36
~,
"
Gartmgen
38
HalJlW.
38
1796 Ma'wtz, 1800 ~ Koou:, 1793 00lJsaz
1793 P\.rttl<arre'
W~~, 1,94Hille1~
"
" " "
1804 TlIChlpe 1790V~
3
Jl6lg Pll.n. 9 1794 Sl........enr , l:Ia) Sc::twnc::nsky .,.u.gWolOe<;lo: 1789 ViI:JkiBd<._ 1792 SchtaOen 1804 Leltow ~ Hfny. 17891-1are11f11Cl, 3 1794luttw1tz, 119b PIofItz AMaIt,1795W..,ensteben. 1803 StrIilct>'Mtz (see Note 3) Gaudl, 1789P11l;tl, 1791~, 3 17931WVtzky,1799Slr8Chwtz.
,
"
Eckhi:lrdlberg, 1792 Gr
"
W
"
..
Blue w,!h 'If'Aow wedges. """10 centre. gold pao'll Groen Wllh black 'Mldges. whlte centre gc*:l p,wtt Blue ..... ,th 'MllIe WlldgB$ 'M'de
blue OIlfl\l9. gold PiM'1I
centre. gold PQO;'t
Vo*Ite IiE*l WIth bIad< ClOSS and red wedges. blue centre. gold panl VYtole field blue ce-IDl:!, sWer panl
Blue fIek1lM1" bi.lU< cross and red wedges. whl1e (lelwe. gold pao'll
-------
-------
....".,. field.
gI9)'.Ma(: ~re.
'Mlole fleId.
"""'ijIUll
centre.
WhIl81lBla. red 0IIflInl. gold panl
~. 1191
''103_
Whole Wlth yaIow \Wldg8s, white centr9. gold pant Wlote 'Mth black wedges. wI1018 centre. gold pain! WhIle 'Mth blue wedges.
....
1799 SI(l<~
18Ql)alruw
'"
centre, gold 1)
""""'8
~
3
1795lJnnt1.1805IVVCllTol F'tt11l. 1791 AIt-PfLH, 1794 ThIele 5
5
BchInam, 1791 ScrOoE ~llfl, 3 1792 Kbthet1. 1797 LarlClgrO\16 oT
Bla<;k w,th blue ~. whto
W't'oto w'th blue wedges. black cent~. gold P'W't end eagle
W>le ""It> IiltJl blue cross. Ilgt1t blue cent"'. . . . panl field, lIghl blue centre.
'Mlde ""til yetow v.«lgBs. . . - TN centre. siNet panII WhIle field. gold oentre Ira'T-'
fl
rose reo_ got! PiWlt
';'mIlt field. palit yeIaw CEflt'8,
WhIte WIth Of¥JgEl wedges.
8lue liE*::l. whole eerlt,.. st.« PlWlI l.Jgl1 blue WIth who' OOM.
"""'808n1l'8, . . . ~ LqlI blue IieId ...rote centre.
GA!y-lilac: 1iIIId, who'
-, -, --,....
Colour of Pole
Reglme"ts""men
~~
'tI*rw~ field ~1e
centre
Red ti«l lM'ole eewe gold 1JriIr'1
YeIow wtlh ....... ~ whle cent's ....- pan Fble red _ , gold callie framed
fl v.tw'.e. gold PiIOI
Pale ~ field, oM)tfl centre,
Clr8nge wID oM)te wedge$,
-.-_._.
..... ......
--...... ""'~
""..
get.! pef1I Q'*Wl field Ir'ld C*ll<e.
,..,,,,
lJg1t bloe WIth red wedges, 'M'Ile centre, g<.:*j I)lWlt
""'"
""""
Whle wlh orange wedges. whlte CQ'llle. gcXl paf1t 'Mlle wlh black wedges, yeIow centre, gold paolI """'Ie Wllh lIg11 blue wadgBs, ;OOw cenlle, gold paonl
Blue WIth Of¥JgEl weclg9S, 'M'Ile centre, gcXl paont Velow W1lh black weoges. whole centre, gold paont VlIIIow Wilh black wedgeS_ whole C(lfure, gold pa,nt
,"""" ..,,,.
'M'olle w,lh Ogtlt blue wedges, purple ce<1tre. siver p3lI1t
Purple W,lh lq1t blue wedges. wholll ce
""~
WIllIe fiek:l, grey-browr1 centre.
Groy-browr1 field, WIllIe centre.
WIllIe
orange centre. gcXl PiWlt """"te field. 19ht gt'1lllI'1 centre.
....
'M1Ile wth red wedges.
19ht blue centre,
got! paonl
Of¥JgEl cen1/t1.
l.JIt1l
",,,.
Hesse!l,Kassei's, \600 Pmce Elector of HesSlOlr1' l(af>Sefs
" '" " 52
" " "
Borch, 1794 SCh/lflTlIIdl, 18IXl Mutfhog Tl'QlIChke, 1794 SIIllll'1Sf11"l. 1799 Sarrtl
3
Kroo:::><;ow_ 1789 HaOsIOfl_
3
1803 Kaulfberg Sdlwerf1.1789A1t-Schwerfl. 1795 Aef1h<wdI Favrat 1794 Ar1tla/I. 18XJ JIx1g-l.1nlctl Borwl, 1794 Mootdl. 1799 Natzmer Flosd'e tOllh. 1790 T1fIdlwnlnl, 1792 BnIll. 1792 I"to/'Necte. 1796
Mans·...,
, 3
,
,
-p,."
W\l'te WIth purple wedges. wtvte centre. gold par1t
"""'Ie W1lh lig11 blue wedges, while C(W11T8. sMIr paf11 """'Ie 'Mth
poppy red cross.
d<W'k ~ centre, sMIr paont wt1Ite 'Mth red wedges, 19ht green centrll. sMlr paont 'Nt"oIe WIth red cross. black centre. gad paont lWld 8llQIe 'Nt'I1.e WIth yeIow cross, loghl blIe centre. sIIoe parrt
SiNer ~ot Blue WIth purple wedges, whltll cenlre. gold p(lIflt
VeIlow W1th logt1t blue wedgeS. whote centre. SlIver PElf1\ Dark green W1th poppy red cross. whole centre. $lMlf paIf1l lJght green W!1h red wedges, while centre. SlIver PElf1\ BI8ck Wit1l red cross. wtvte CfIfllte.
-
""'"
lJ;jlt blue wt1l yeIaw CfO$$, 'Mwtfl cenlftl. f/IIVeI PlIf1\
"""" """"
_. _.""'. ""~
~
.......
•
41
Chart 1 continued: Prussian Infantry Colours 1797-1806 No.
Neme
Type Leibfehne!...
R~egJm.nlsfahnen
56
FouncleCl 1794 Rertzensl(Wl,
5
Green WIth purple wec:lQ9'l. whole cent,e. SIMIr PIlI"',
1796l.!lur8ls. 1804 Tauentnen Fo.n:lecl1794 'v'Vu)t..... 1795 Graverw: (see N<"e 41
57
PM>
,
FouncleCl 1797 Coo-t*tI
"
'MIle WIth ~ wedges. (from green cenlm, SlIv9' paorll. 1796) FWR IIOOOQfalilS I 'NIvte. gokj pant
,
59
~lll
PM>
"""""'~
"""""'~
PM>
"""""'~
""Itl yellow wedgIls. yellow
lJgtrI bk.I8 ""Itl yaIbw
""', ""',
Ro5e red. gold poont,
....oogos
"''''
centre. SIMIr paorl1. FWR IT"fOIlOl1a"TlI yaICw centre. sMir oertt.
"""""'~ L.q>t ta.e ""Itl - . '
PM>
'NIvte WIth loghI bk.Je wedges.
WlIdgeS.
"'P blAl centre. goIO paI'lt,
_III CEIf1lI9. goIO perlt
FWR 110...."...'" NQ Cl:*"-n lS9UiId
FWR "0109';)1 IIa
Fon:tea t803 FormaliOn roc
60
Coloor 01 Pole
(:QfT"(lIel1 by 1806 CNebowsky
Noles: (IR No.8) PI'&- I 740 _ _ ,,"lh PiJIm
~ nstead ollauel~. The dosogn ... the cent'1l was at!'W9d to rr-e 1740 Pill'(lrI'l.' e t'la PRO GLORIA ET PATRAICn:lII replIC«l ~ SOJ CEDlT FWR nlOllOglll'lS. ratt8ltlan FR, ta.e comer .r~1S on the ~lSfah"e. OR No.21) A TI'PII3 buI.., IJlIce olltle IOIzOntaI pIiIdB erthef sidII ollhe CB'I'a1 08sq"0wa5 saIuIabon C WF lW'd Hz B 1tl!SPll'"'0'&/)' ""-SleU>eOlIill'S :lithe CU<eol BtunsMCklCarlW...... FIItdninj HBrrogzu ~jar>d w •• '•• oa:e "JO---,tJar iOnIICy 01 U. "9"*'1 (IR NO.Q1 The n-.oaIIo'l 01 the Aegmems!
n""
cal""
-sal. who· ~ ct'Ib.# ..... 'n wt.le oentre (IR No.S7) A ....... ~ ol cx.«:us W11h no central
n-....on 0< 'M9Qltl. JUSt .. WUged esgle,
Chert I - Inlant...,:
-..,,
, ~-,;~t
I,~\,
I,
~1'
~:,;
;"
Lt;."\. .'
'.j.l~~_ , .
J ...
~I,
'r~ ~
•~
"
1
.... '
J "..,
A .:..-:-.)
..+
.... '
" Type 4
IJ ~\I ,,' 'b' ,...
I_.'!l~):'
, Type 8
• •
I ~~'1f.;; I
j
.
~
~.",,: ~.
-~'
./
Type 8
..,.
.
~"
J~~t ,
....."'- ,
.
J
Type 7
J
Type II
OPPOSITE Charta 2 " 3 - Cavel...,
42
.....
.... '
.... '
. ...
.....
!;.
•
Chart 2: Cuirassier Standards, 1787-1807 No.
,, , 3
,
N.~
Groben. 1788 00It'3 '805 Henckel 8ad<noIl, 1789 M.......,tz '797 Maisd>tzI
,,"' ......
Type Leibslandarte
Reglmllntsslandarten
,,
Pu'pIe 'Mlh
"""18 field. yefCN cenHtl. gold tlfT'tltOodery
"""'1:1 . . ,'h ~ Wlldges, purple
cernre, Sllv8l' embroldely field and centre. gold !lfl'lll!OIdefy
1NtlI18
,
Wl'ote field. purple centre. gold 8'IOOlOely
'MJte WtItlIo;1lt bUB wedges. light bUe oonw. gold
""u""""v
6
D.Me 01 S3xtI wewnar'l 1794 8)"lIT'
'M'ote field. blue centre. gold
1
low. 1792 Bors"
""'''''''''"
""""'8!lllkl. tBd centre. gold emblOlOely
8 9
Gcro:. 1797 HeisrIg Mansl.,..,. \797 HoIlzendortl
,. "
" "
1804
A8oU'ensI'*'
8i ,ooodllo V
Gel....." .... Ael)menl
""""'e 1iaId, bliId< centre. gold ""'bodllry 'M'ole field. IIghl goon <:811'9. gold enbOiOOiy 'MlIIe 5eld. gold centre end 8i'OOlOely,
lJie Cab _ $ ABgo'nenI
comer " .... IOQl.. '15 f1 soMw mBdalIIons Wl'ote IUd. bbt CIIlrn'U. gold lIl'IboOlOely
-...,,*--
-'-
0IIh0g. l790i Berg. 1796 WMher '803 .........
GoUo '"
CaP'
centre. gold eo:rt.oroodery Vf!IIaw wedg8s.
YellOw IJ6lcl. """"18
stYer centre and errtJtoo:lery L(l()$INId.Ylen od'i Pl6pIe lleId. v.hl!' oemre. gold ~
Lqll blue w,th whrte W8ClgllS. sNef cernre, gold ~lblodeov
8Il.-lieId. """"8 0"OU8, gold embooocleoy Red bokl. wfWl8 centre. gold .. 'u...., 8Iac:I.. field.
'M'lo18
oentre, gold 811 bodtoy
1...0(;11 grM"l field. wtll. O8fllre.
gold eo'lDIOIOeIy Gold field. . . . centre. gold .. 'bOlOely. comer rrlOl(lQla 'IS n . . . medaIons Blue field. wMe centre. gold 81''boOodlloy
_...
WhIle field. orange centre. gold eluboOlOely Clra1ge 1ieId......... C8'11'lt. gold ernl:lfoodEIy
3
If'IOffi
1798) SoNtY IiaId and centre.
.... and gold .. "bodory
Jtang& IMIr
centre.
gold and . . . emblOlOely
Chart 3: Prussian Dragoon Colours, 1787-1807 No.
N._
Type Leibfi't>ne
A89imentstahnen
•
wtvIe fIeIcl. yeIow centre. gelid eo'ibroooeoy
YfJIIt::ffl fleIcl, WI1I1l!1 centre. gclld eo ,ibrooJery
v.'tuIe wrth red WOCIgeS, yeIow centre,
Yellow w'tl1 red~.
,
Lol1(m, 1794 Pmce Loo.os Ferdlnln:l ot Prussia's. 1797 01 Plill.z-IWllll:lru;ken, 1799 Pt'n.':.e-Elector 01 Ba...anas.. lB06lVlgol sa..-'s Mahlen, 1790 Set-mel1all. 1797 Pn1twItz 6
3
GoIsa, 1792 Pr,n'NIu, 1797 Stranz,
o..:.e
,• 8 1
8 9
1800 IfWIOQ Gcitzllf'l.1789Normann,1792Kalte Margrave Chn:;1>an Frederick Charles Alexander. 1806 Cveen's Rofw, 1790 Werther, t 1103 Aller Borcke, 1700 l~w, 1792 Schenck, 11103 P!lst!lU. 1805 Rt16+!l. 1806 Bact.
•
,
•
, 8 8 8
'0
Rosenbruch. 1790 FrtnCkenberg. 1795 Busdl, 1~1 Mcrosteon. 1806 He)'ckllg
5
"
Bosse. 1789 Tsctw'9chky, 1793 Voss.
5
" " "
1806 KraM Kalcknlurh. 1793 Boeber's'8lfl. I 797 Bn.ostIw
F'-oln:ted 1803. ~
• •
•
"""-
v.'tuIe field, pIOk centre, sMll"
lIIrI1bf'oIOetY
CWy Regtmenrsfatnen carried
"""-
ewer centre.
Pink fUel. whte centre. sMlr El!TtlroIdefy
While field, black centre. gclld embroo:Ier'y
White held, bIve cenlre. goId!lf'l1broldery BIocl< 1iBId, SlMJr cerl1re. PI tlfI'ibroIOetY
While With red woogos, clark bIu!J centro,
0ar'K blue WIth reo wedges. sMlr centre
"""",,---.
While with red wedges, black centre.
---
WhM Wllt1 red W€dges, black centre. gold 6
'M'ole Wllt1 red WOCIgeS. or
v.me fIeIcl. red centre. siver Ell'Oodeoy
Whrte field. pu-pte centl'8. gold ~
vmte fiIlld. IilfII bl.oe cenn. gclld Ell i1bodaiy
"""""""""-
8I&Ck with red weclQe6, sliver centre,
Black with red wOOges, sliver centro.
""'""'-
Yelow WIth red wectges. sMlr 00'11re
Orange-yellow WIth red~, sMlr centre anct ~
YeIow WIth SlIver wectges. 1ltver centre
ReO
(""'d,
~
SIIwlr centre lr(lllfTlblooJery
I
Iield. Silver C81tfO, gold emtlrodlIry
I..9't ~ 6etd ...... centre.
gclld 8"bodEly
43
THE PLATES Al: FIOgel-Adjutant of cavalry, 1790s Thts aide wear.; the campagn dress of the W
••
frock coat IS huntsman's green. With a deep stand-and-fal collar faced poppy-red. like the turn·backs and (hidden here) the SwedIsh cuffs; It has no lapels, and the two rows of brass buttons set In three paIrs are pure/y ornamental. NoIe the yellow cord alQulllene on hIS nght shoulder: and lhe fact thaI the trooper's queued haJr IS 001 powdered, unlike that 01 the officers B1: StabskapiUn, Belgium, June 1815 Staff Caplaln Stoch was an officer of the General Staff N1 attendance upon Gen.Gnesenau at Ugny on 16 June. On campalQn. the black fell b1com hat was normally covered With an OilskIn to protect It from the elements: here Stoch has crammed It back onto hiS head over a bloodstained bandage. The blue coatee, With Iwo close-set rows of Sliver bullons, has Ihe crimson faCings of Ihe General Staff atttle collar and Swedish cuffs, whICh are both embellished with double bars of silver lace Indicating hiS status. The broad shoulder straps have a blue ground edged With Silver braid and piped crimson. The broad silver and black ml"'ed waist sash was the mark of all officers. Stach Is wearing an Iron Cross, introduced in 1813. hanging from ItS black and white nbbon. The grey. bulloned riding overalls - here With a single poppy-red stripe - were commonly worn during the later NapoleonIC Wars. However, the number of buttons was conSIdered a nUisance and new. more comfortable and practICal pallems were Introduced In due course. PruSSlan staff officers used black bearskin shabraques decorated With the Guard Star on the rear corners and holster covers. A grey greatcoat roll IS strapped behind the saddle B2: Lieutenant-General von Gnelsenau. Belgium, June 1815 On the everung of16 June. Gllelsenau IS gIVIng the order for the Pru5Slan army to retreat on Tilly alter the bailie of Ugny: thIS order, by whICh the Prussian army was able 10 malOIBIf1 contact With Wellington's forces. turned the tactical defeat into a strategIC VICtory. By now. generals of an ranks wore the same undorm dlshncllOOs: a blue coatee wrth gold bullOllS. the poppy-red collar and cuffs edged With narrow double gold braid and With inrlBf' borders of foliate lace. A gold tWiSt cord and algUilietle is worn on the nght shoulder, a Silver tWiSt cord on the left. Gneisenau IS shown weanng the Pour Ie Menle at his throat; hidden by hiS arm is the Iroo Cross prnned directly to his left breast. B3: Cavalry ACC, Belgium, June 1815 Also In attendance upon Gneisenau was RIUmeister Jasmund, a cavalry aide-de-camp. The white uniform typical of cavalry ADCs was based upon the unrform of the cUirassiers; the green qoIlar, Swedish cuffs and turn-back PiPing also Indicate hiS arm of servICe Apart from th8lr white ground hiS shoulder straps are of the same design as those of 81 Note the long tasselled ends of the offICers' sash. C....lry .mt In'.ntry Flugel-Adjutanten, Mrvlee dill", 1800, from e seMs of eontempor.ry w.tereolou,... by R.mm. n,. e....rry offiee. ~s • white eost lseed with red, the Inl.ntryman d.rtt 'Pn.tssisn' blue: both we.r bYff/yellow w.lsteosls .mt white b.-nn, "'pln, they .111 distinguished from GenonII·...djut.nlen by the silver ralher th.n gold Ieee embroidery on the lroc:k eo.ts; 10. this order of dre.. the bYnonhole lsee Is pl.In, but note the eav.lry ADC's .>Oulllette, Cf Pl.te A.
Compare Ramm', study of the same two AOC, In gala unllorm, 1800. The buttonhole lace I, much mo... lavl,h and omamenbll; and the Inlantry onlcer alae wears an algulUette on hi. right .hoYlder.
C1: Infantry ACC, parade dress, 1813
Ttvs captain's uniform IS typICal of the tatter part of the Napoleonic Wars The bIact< felt and leather shako has a falling white and blact< feather plume. a Silver lace top band With a Sltvet and black pompon. a large Silver and black cockade secured by a SIlver button and loop at front centre. and SIlver chin chams worn here hooked up to SIlver fittings Including cut-out eagles at each SIde. thiS pattern of coatee was Ifltroduced In 1808 - although there were plans to Introduce a S1m~ar style In 1806, which came to naught due to the catastrophIC defeat of that year. Of blue with poppyred facings at lhe stand collar, Swedish cuffs and tail tum-backs, it has Silver buttons and lace. Collar and cuffs bear two silver Utzen bars; a silver tWiSt cord and alguillette is worn on the nght shoulder. By thiS time shoulder straps were used to distingUish OtllCers' ranks: thiS captain wearsthough hicklen here - a broad left shoulder strap of poppyred edged with silver braid and piped red. C2: Cavalry ADC, campaign dress, 1813 Also a captain, thiS officer wears the less elaborate field dress with a covered bicorn. The single-breasted undress coatee has gold buttons: it is faced with mid-green at the stand-and-fall collar. Swedish cuHs and turn-backs, all being piped poppy-red around the edges - as is the front edge. The royal ADCs wore gold buttons and lace, normal ADCs silver, On parade, this ADC would wear a silver aiguillette on the right shoulder like Cl, replacing one of his biue, silverlaced, red-piped shoulder straps. C3: Sergeant 01 FeldjAgers, campaign dress, 1812-15 The Statl couners or gUides adopted the new style of uniforms along with the rest of the army In 1808, but still kept their traditional huntsman's green, Rank is Indicated by two lengthways SIlver and black lace stnpes down the outer edges of the green shauldel'" straps, which are piped red, The special status of these NCOs was IndICated by the use of the offICers' Silver and black waist sash, sword knot and epee. All three figures on this plate wear the usual grey riding overalls wrth a red piping and metal buttons clown the opening outer seam. The couner's shabraque Is green edged wrth yellow: h,s holster flounces are 01 black bearsIoo.
DIE: 6-pounder gun crew, 1790s To make use of the centrespread, we revert here to the period of the Revolutionary Wars, when greater wealth than was available after 1806 allowed the use of more elaborate Uniforms. The crew depicted has only a sergeant and five men, Instead of the regulatlOO SIX or eight gunners, but this IS quite enough to serve the piece - the full crew allowed for casualtles and replacements. The gun IS a bnlss 6-pdr. OOQmally the wcxx:len parts were painted a dUll matt mldblue. but thIS has faded In prolonged field use - wet gunpowder sluny had the same effect as dIrty grey pamt. D/E1: Officer At the close of the 18th century the specJfIC rank of an offICer was not yet indICated by any uniform leature OffICer status IS marked by the gold lace edgll'lQ and gilt clasp to hIS tneom, the tasselled gold lace buttonhole loops on hIS coat, and partICularly the Silver and bIact< Silk waist sash. The artlDery uniform at thIS date was PrusSlan blue WIth the same colour f8Clngs (WIthout coloured turn-backs for offICers): for all ranks the red neck stock WIth a narrow wtwIe upper edge was partICUlar to this aml 01 servICe. D/E2: Gunner He 1$ performing one of the dutIeS 01 the No.3 man II'l the crew.1everJng the trail of the gun rolII'ld to adJt.lSt the traverse. The field art~1ery wore largely the same style of uniform as the Infantry reglfTM)l'lt$. ThIs type of hat. the casquette. was II'ltroduced In 1787 and worn untIl 1798; the cords hoIdlOQ the bnm up could be kx>sened and the ltaps lowered to protect the wearer from r8ln. The brass tlwtl&-Itame grenade plate Illdicates the artijtery. the tnm IS wMe, the pompon yellow over red over black. The coat was aD-blue before the lIltfOductJOfl 01 black facings In 1798, With brass buttons, Brandenburg cuffs, and poppy-red lurnbacks: the smaJlclothes were white, the g3lters of black waxed ~nen WIth bnlss buttons. Note that thIS figure is weanng an additional white cross belt over hIS left shoulder With a brass nng and a pl8C8 of COIled rope (the 'proionge') - this was a drag rope. attached to the piece when it was betng manhandled. D/E3: Sergeant The Unterofflzier, eVidently somewhat older than hiS crew, is permitted to wear a natural-coloured moustache. HiS Uniform distinctions IflClude the gold trim and quartered black and white pompon on hiS casquette. the gold lace ioops on the coat. the cane, and the officers' epee. D/E4: Gunner ThiS is the No.4 man in the crew, responsible for pflmmg and elevation. Note the priming powder flask worn over his left shoulder from the broad white tool belt, which also carries brass vent prickers secured by chains to a lion-mask stud: the flask's face is painted white and blue. surrounding the royal monogram. He IS lullilling the role 01 ventsman, and wears stout gauntlets to protect hiS hands from the heat of the barrel while he blocks the touchhole With his thumb. His fight hand IS on the screw whICh adjusts the elevation, DIES: Gunner Thls NO.5 man In the crew IS C8lTyIng ammumtlOO In the cowhide satchel worn over hiS left shoulder. This ammunlllOO would Initially be obtained from the trail box depoSIted on the ground to the left of the pteCe, and later from the limber. 'Nhen the pIeCe was belng reloaded by a full crew the No.5 would walk to the muzzle and hand the rolII'ld to the No.2 man lor insertIOn Into the barrel.
O/Ell: Gunner This soldier starlds in the positioo taken up by the No.3 man when he has finished laYl1'"IQ the piece with the trail-spike, and the Ioadll'"lQ procedure is complete. At the command, the No.3 will then ignite the primer in the touchhole. He carries a ',nstock In each hand so that he has a reserve in case one match goes out- the force 01 the charge bIowil'"lQ up through the touchhole often extll'"lQulshed the match. Note here the special short artillery sword carried by all the gunners, With brass hilt and fitllngs, brown leather scabbard, and brown leather fist strap With red and white tassel, O/E7: Gunner This IS the 0l'Ily IlQtJnl on which we can see the smgle left shoulder strap 01 the coat, set low behind the crest of the shoulder This No.1 man in the crew earned a combnled rammer and sponge, At one end It was covered WIth a pteee of sheepskJn which was penocbcally soaked In a bucket 01 water, and used to swab out the barrel to exlll'"lQulsh any sparks belore a new charve was Inserted. At the other end was a plug 01 wood a l,ule smaller than the bore, which was used to push home the new charge to the end of the barrel. For safety reasons the rammer would always push his rod underarm and never 0V«aml (as one often sees In films): shoufd the charge IQnlte prematurely - a not very uncommon event, despite a1t precautions - thIS gave a beller chance 01 the ramrod bell'"lQ blown away wrthouI taking the gunner WIth It. For the same reason the WIse man - unlike thIS forgetful gunner - kepi hiS thumbs back, gnppil'"lQ lhe rod underhand WIth his curted fingers only; It was belle.- 10 lose a few fingers than the thumbs. Fl: Master Wagoner, Supply Train, 1805-07 Wagoners wore long SIngle-breasted overcoats wrth poppyred turn-backs. The rank of Wagonmetster IS Indicated by gold hat lOm, a black and white pompon and pull-cord tassels, the gold tace edging the tight blue collar and the self-blue cuffs 01 the coat, the black and white knot on the dragoon sword, and the varnished cane With iron fillings. Note the red neck stock; all the figures on this plate were considered administratively part of the artillery. Ordinary wagon&fs did not have any of the gold distinctions and had a plain sword knot. F2: Miner, 1801-07 This style 01 coat was introduced in 180\: it has black lacings at the collar, lapels and 'old Brandenburg' culls with blue patches: the turn·backs are poppy-red. The black hat has white trim, a brass bUllon, and the pompon and pullcord tassels are pale blue over red over yellow. The stock is red With the usual white top edge, the smallclothes while, and the gaiters of black waxed linen With brass bUllons, as F3. The plsto' worn on the cross belt over the left shoulder is
46
General orric:er (Iettland captain 01 the General Start lright), 1813. Br the end 01 thl. period I14ne..... of Infantry and caya'ry wore fargely Identical uniforms, That .hown here Is potrade uniform: a Pru..lan blue co.lee with poppy-red facings .lld gold I.ce embroidery. Buttoned grey ridinog oyeralls we,.. wom In winter, while In summer. The start captain has. blue coat. . with crimson collar and cuffs, silver buttons .nd c.rmlne tace. 8y now, the General Start was cons~red . . .parate branch of ttMt army and .as distinguished by Its _n lacing colour, See Plate 8.
the 1789 paltern camed only by the 4th ArtIllery Regiment, the Bosniaks, and the miners - Its Issue to the lalter started that 'f93r. The cartridge box worn at the lront of the waist belt contams pistol ammunition. The short sword Is the artillery pattern, with a plain white knot. F3: Master Gunner, 1805-07 Note that by now the 'traditional' black artillery coat lacings have been Introduced. to the collar, lapels and 'open old Brandenburg' cuffs. The rank diStinctIOnS of a Feuerwerker (senIOr to a sergeant) inclUded the gold hat tnm, black and wtute pompon and tassels: the tasselled gold lace loops on the ltanks. sleeves and culls, and the SIlver and black officers' sword knot on the short artillery sword.
G 1: Gunner. Brandenburg Artillery Brigade,
1808-15 It IS Irllerestlf'lQ to note that thIS gunner of the post-Jena amry '" seMCe dress. presenlJng arms to an offICer on a barracks square, contlOUeS to sport the three-flame grenade artillery
badge on his headgear. The shako has a whne top band and black and while pompon: on campalQfl rt would have a black OIlskin prolectlve cover The black faangs on the blue coalee were hlghIighted WIth red PIPIng fTOm 1808. The shoulder straps were used to distInguish the artillery bngades - here, the red 01 Brandenburg. The plain grey overalls are confined by garters reactling to the top of the call. The brass pckers and chains were standard artlllery ISSUe, now worn on the
black cross bell SUpporting the cartridge box fOf the musket, which has a black lacquered stock: the other belt supports a curved brass-hllted sabre In a brown leather scabbard. The grey overalls were WOfn In wInter and 0f1 campalQn, white on parade and In the summer G2: Officer, Guard Artillery, 1808-15 The much more elaborate parade Uniform WOl'n by an officer of the Guard Artillery IS very apparent here The lace loops on the collar and cuffs WElfe a distinction worn only by the Royal Guard, as are the large black falling plume and the Guard Star badge adornIng the shako - lhe lalter In Silver WIth an orange centre beanng the btack eagle motif. ThIs IS largely htdden by the plume, as ate a gold lace top band, a Silver and black pompon and gilt chainS and eagles: the tasselled cords are Silver The officers'longer-tal!ed coatee IS PrusSlan blue WIth black Sl'1lllety facIngs Piped WIth poppyred - note the SwedISh cuffs, 10 COfItrast to Gl, The alQulllelte IS gold, obscUf8d on hIS left shoulder would be a Sliver twist cord, Nole the fashIOnable shaping of the overalls to the leg, and the black stocks now worn by all these figures ThIs offICer IS also presentIng arms. G3: General 01 Artillery, 1808-14 Pnnce August was the only General of Artillery In the PrlISSlan Amty at this tlme From 1808 he became the Inspector-General of ArtJllety as well as commander- of the East Prusslan Bngade Brother of Ponce louis Ferdmand, who fell at the battle of Saalfeld In 1806, he commanded a bngade dunng the 1813 camPaJ9n. The ponce IS shown here weanng the undress cap and overcoat. brightened up a little by the of the Black Eagle worn on hiS chest. The peaked fOl'age cap has a PrusSlan blue crown and a black band both Piped poppy-red; the blue overcoat has gilt buttons, a black stand collar Piped red and plain round cuffs.
,
oroer-
H1: Engineer private, campaign dress, 1808-14
The engineers, belng part of the artillery, also WOl'e black faCings Piped With red. 00 campaign the shako was covered With Ollskln and the greatcoat was worn wrapped around the body, With a leather sleeve holding the roll together on the left shoulder and the open ends strapped together. This passed over the cowhide knapsack: a spade in a buckled cover is allached to the Side of this. The engineers carried a tight infantry-style short sword With a saw-toothed cutllng edge. H2: Field surgeon, 1808-15 Field surgeons tended to favour the soft peaked cap, as the regulation blcorn was considered impractical: this example is all-blue wrth poppy-red piping, as is his coatee. Surgeons attached to the General Staff had bars of gold lace on their velvet collars and cuffs: those nllached to Other lormntlOf1s had neither the velve! nor the lace, Shoulder straps were not worn. H3: Stretcher-bearer, 1814 Medical services to the army improved throughout this period, and greater professionalism was encouraged. Attempts were made to beller the lot 01 the wounded, although a Quick death was normally preferred to the unsterihsed surgeon's saw used WIthout anaesthehc. In January 1814 an Order-In·cablnet called for the raising 01 13 companl8S of stretcher-bearers; however, these were disbanded the following year after Napoleon's first abdicatlOf1, and tlley were not raised again for the 1815 campaign. The grey cloth cap has a dan< blue bane!, and the grey coat a dark blue
Gunner (len) and Englnee, (right), 1812113. The gunner II wearing the parade uniform of the period. The black .nako hal a White bano, black" white pompon ano bra.. three_ flame plate. The Pru..lan blue c~t.. with yellow melal buttOnl and poppy-red turn-backt hat a black collar and B,andenburg cUffl piped In red, Ihe latte, with a blue three-button patch, The yellow ahoulder "rapI Indicate the SUellan Brigade, The trousers are g,ey. The engineer In campaign dre.. has a timUM uniform, but the coatee haa Swediah cuffa, and the thoulder "rapa are black piped with red. The grey grealcoal roll hat a brown leather cuff round It where It reatl,on the ahoulder; the backpack II made 01 brown cowhide, A law-toothed tldearm la carried In a brown leather aCllbbllrd on the lell hlp, and a apade In II buckled eaae on the right; aee Plate Hi.
collar and shoulder Straps. It IS interesting to note that thIS flQure is armed With a French sabre-bnquet, dIstinguished by its black scabbard; thIS was probably obtained from French StOf8S in 1814. The ambulance wagon in the background is painted a dull mall mld·blue, With a black canvas tilt: the legend painted In black along the sides was 'Keen, Preu. Kranken (eagle badge) Transport Wagen': the badge was a crowned eagle WIthIn a CIrcular oakleaf wreath.
47
INDEX \!ll""''''
.,1', (J{fi, r
(~."<,,
'j
.",l,·....l.... ~"'l' Al II' CI-~ 10 II l~.
13 II.·H '",,4!o
.1""'''''''1''''' ,,,I,,,,,,,, :.!l .I",II,'n III 1~IMlr h..ld
p•....:.... I) .;. Ill. 1'1. '.'0. t .. :1:\. SS 1}.H:!4 '5 1~11>
l:!",d, h.. l,t p,,'.r. III, 1'1. :11, "·1, 36
""''''''IlIno" lr~,-~). 11:1 <1nll fC"K',lolln". I) t:. :.'1. 'U "".3' n.,;. Sol '-o-lh ....""III,.h"'..m 1'1 I) .:. 1'\..1'" Sol
'.."'Ill''''.....''..... ,'>-41,
11:".,,01 G! :.."t).:!l Ii I"" "")':11. :1'. :!l. :n. r.:\7
"'r'"
IK 11'1. "I, :1', 'I. 36 "\( In"l.-nnll: ..ml nnl""h...."" 33 G m..n...... '1·'~>.'7
"..",''''''111 ,~..,;
''''If''IllI....Uu" II'. :.13..11 ,,~.. .lml IlIrI....., :H-r•• 36.:n . . 10:."'1, '\1 1... 11" .... ,",. '.".. lli. 2'\.;11 ....",,"..: :.!l. ,", ",,,f"fm. l) E• ..., G 19 :..'O.:.!I. tl tl! 23 -1">-111, 44H;. 47 .. '11...." .uml..... '.... PI.:11 \u.",'Io"'.lul,- uf. Il
I\.L,I,'. 1',-.1'"
,.1.
"". "'.....1 (l71~~IJo\I"1
fonn.uion< :mil1cn 24.:16
li'lI, h
n""''''II. 1"'111,' "I. IIlI:\
I 1\111< 10... '"'' \\.,IoI'I ... tt, ("'hlo.,,,h [~·h"·,llll'",,,,· (liI2_11l1'1) 14'1 1\<",·".1 ",1"'1( 1.""1",1<1 t,,'lIh,·1) IlunI.mu "'" (l771-1Il.l1l1 " l\nul'"'' \... "-,, I \\ ,1I1<"h" h·,..I1".",tl. nu\..,· "I (l7:n... lIlO(i) h. 7. 9. :!:I
brltr-'de 14-17. I.';. 16. 17 til .. (.]'..... t j1il2-4iti) ~" r..h. 1:1 .·rrde...-k \\ .Ih,...". Cro..-n l'n"e.. "I ~·rrd .. n("\..
I'm~a
lm:krit:k \\i1h..", I (I1j,rQ;...17·IHl .•, r,rdrr>t-\.. \\illi;o",II (\71l-li'171 ~,. 6 12, Ill-I'!. 2:\ Fr....I.·...-\.. Wilh..", 11l (1770-111 w) -,. i.ll, 8 12. 1.".. Hi Fr....I.......1. Willi",,,, of I\...."'t.-nburl( IIK'U-tlIl1 :;
10:""""..
·,,«,.....
r,.
t:.",... III Ill, 1'1. t'!, Ii. <17 r "Io:"wl'r-C "·''Il''''I,h,·,., Ih'I("""'" ( >IlI.,pt,..,,) Ii. II b: .,l, 10:."-"1 lut til'. I,ttllntt- tI...1-,""';:1"11/.,.".",,11,,, '........ llll:! 11.17
1"101:"''''''
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\\.or 1).-1"'''111.. ''1. lit.. 10. 1:-1
The uniforms. equipment. history and organisation of the world's mIlitary forces. past and present.
Prussian Staff & Special ist Troops
1791-1815 The origins of what would become the German General Siaff of the lale 19th and 20th centuries - probably the mosl professional military machine in the world - can be traced to the I)russlan Army of the French Revolutionary and apoleonic Wars. 111is concise study, conduding the author's series of five litles on the Prussian Army of 1792-1815, covers the staff; the reforms in tactical employment of all-arms brigades (which, contrary to received opinion, pre-daled the disasters of Jena and Auerst'oot in 1806); the artillery and other technical troops; and regimental colours and standards. Among the illustrations are rare UnnvaJled detail
OSPREY PUBLISHING
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Illustrations
diagrams from the artillery drill manual of the day.