Prussian Line Infantry 1792-1815

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MILITARY

MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES

152

PRUSSIAN LINE INFANTRY 1792-1815

PETER HOFSCHROER BRYAN FOSTEN

Published in 1984 by Osprey Publishing Ltd Michelin HOU5C. 81 Fulharn Road. London SW36RB © Copyright 1984 Osprey Publishing ltd Rep,;moo 1986. 1987. 1988. 1991. 1993 .\11 rights rescned ..\part rrom an) f:'lirdealing ror th(' purpose or private study. research. criticism or rc\-ie\\. as permitted under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act. IgS8. no part orthis publication may be reproduced, s10red in a retrie\al system, or transmitted in any rorm or b) any means, electronic. electrical. chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, \\ ithout the prior permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed 10 the Publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Horschrbcr, Peter Prussian Line Inrantry 1792-1815- - (.\len.at.Arms series; 152) I. Prussia. Amite Inrant!"y - Equipment History I. Title II. Series

356'.11'0943

UD375·G4

Filmset in Creat Britain Printed in Hong Kong

Author's

Dote:

Erralum - Prussian Light Infantry t792-18t5, ~lAA

No. 149, colour plate H'2: gold :'\CO TTtSU should not appear around the top edge or the collar, but around the front and bottom edges only.

Prussiall LilleIIl/allfIJ' 1792-1815

Historiml Developme/lt At the beginning ofour period, the battalions of the Prussian Line usually fought in a linear formation three ranks deep, their tactical objective being to overwhelm the enemy with their superior rate of fire before deciding the issue by a well-timed bayonet attack. By the end of !his period, the preferred formation for the Line baualions was the column, twO half-companies wide and between ci In and 12 ranks deep. The responsibility for conducting [he fire-fight to wear down the enemy was now given to the skirmish elements and the artillery; the function oCthe formed battalions was to prO\;cle suppon for the fire line. and to conduct the decisive bayonet

change was morc one of practical necessity than the unwilling adoption ora 'new' system of warfare by a conservative officer corps.

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charge. A number of historians sec such a change as a revolution in warfare, but it could be argued that this is something of an exaggeration. Essentially, therc was little difference between the battles of 1806 and thosc of ,8'3. In 1806, a fire-fight and artillery bombardment wcrc used to soften up the enemy in preparation for the decisive bayonet charge by the formed troops, and in 1813 battles consisted of the same phases. The major and most significant difference was not so much in the face of battle, but rather in the scale of warfare. Frederiek the Great's system of warfare worked well with armies of 25,000 men; but at Auerstaedt thc Duke of Brunswick had problems controlling and co-ordinating 50,000 men deployed largely in linear formations, and the armies of 1813/15 were often several times that size. Forming them up in three-deep lines and co-ordinating their tactics would have produced a staff officer's nightmare. The increasing size of armies called for morc flexible formations to be adopted by thc Line tToopS, namely a mixture of lines and columns; and this

Fusili~r, Musk~teer, and Gr~nadi~r NCO of Prussian Lin~ units, 1806. For con.~mporary ClIlmpaign dr~ss, see Plales C and D. This illustration ;5 from H~n.ch~t'li 'Die preussisc:he Annee "'on der Zeit des Grossen Kurfers.en bis tum Jahre 1806' (1820).

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Orgo/lisfltio/l From I June 1787. an infantry regiment was to consist of onc Grenadier Baualion and two of .Musketeers, each of four companies. A company consisted of 1'2 N COs, 140 men and three drummers. The ;'vi uskclcer Battalions carried twO colours each. Each rcgimclll consisted of 55 officers (colonel, licutcnalll·coionel, four majors, six full captains, six junior captains, three adjutants and 34 subalterns); 144 NCOs (48 sergeants including 12 sergeant-majors, 36 senior corporals, 60 junior corporals); three arLillcry NCOs and 5' gunners; 39 drummers (including the regimental and twO battalion drummers) and six oboists; '4 lance corporals; 1,320 privates, and 120 reserves. Each company also had len SchUClzen (sec Prussioll Light l'!fll1ltry 1792-1815, MAA No. 149). At the beginning of the RcvolUlionary \Vars in [792, the Line infantry was at the following strength: Guard and 52 Linc Regiments [12>539 mcn 52 Depot Battalions 34,164 men In [794 two ncw infantry regiments werc raiscd; onc more in 1797; onc in 1803) and onc in 1804. From 1June 1799) each regimcl1l was to consist of twO Musketeer Battalions off1ve companies each; and two companies of Grenadiers, which were joined with those of another regimel1l to form a full battalion. The wartime strength of a :'' 1 usketecr Battalion was 22 officers; 60 NCOs; an arLiliery :'\CO and 17 gunners; a battalion or regimental drummer, 14 other drummers, and a bugler; 50 Schuetzen: 600 privates. 50 reserves and ten sappers. Each of the ten platoons was made up of 20 files. A Grenadier Batlalion had 18 officers; 56 KeOs: an artillery NCO, and 17 gunners; a battalion drummer) [I other drummers, a bugler and eight fifers; 40 Schuetzen; 600 privates) 40 reserves and eight sappers. Each of the eight platoons was made up of 25 files. In addition to the above, each regimcl1l had a depot battalion which from sJanuary 1796 became known as the '3rd. Musketeer Battalion', On mobilisation, these wcre brought up to full strength. A Cabinct Order of 5 July [B06 laid down the orgalllsauon of an infantry regiment at three

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Privale and officer of Regimenl NO.12, from Ramm's 'Tabellarische Nachweisung vop allen Regimenler und Korps der Ic~niglich preussischen Armee' (Berlin, 1800). The positiopipg of the toops and officer's lace on Ihese parade uniforms is fairly clear.

battalions each of four companies, and two companies of grenadiers. Only after the war of 1806 could this new organisation be achie\"Cd, and the third battalion consisted of light infantry. On the outbreak of war in 1806) the army consisted of: 4 battalions Gliards-6 companies each 28 battalions Grenadicrs-4 companies each I 12 battalions ~111sketeers-5companies each The regiments were named after their colonelsin-chief, and at the outbreak of war) the following existed:

Infantry Regiments :'\0.

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~o. 2 ;";0. 3 ~o. 4~o. 5 ;";0. 6

;";0. 7 ~o.

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9 :'\0.10 :'\0.1 I ~O,12

Graf Kunheim Rucche1 Renouard Kalckreuth Kleist GrenadierGardebatallion Owslien Ruets chenck Wedell Schoening Herzog \'on Braunschwcig-

:'\0.31 Kropff :\"0.32 Fuerst Hohcnlohe ~0·33 Alvensleben X'0.3+ Prinz Ferdinand :\"0·35 Prinz Heinrich X'0.36 Puttkamer :'\0.37 Tschepe :\0.38 Pelchrzim :'\0.39 Zastrow ~O'40 Schimonsky ~0'41 Lellow NO.42 Ploetz

Ods :"\0.13 Arnim ~o,14 Besser XO,I5 Garde XO.16 Diericke :'\0.17 Trcskow ~0.18 Regiment des Koenigs Xo.19 Prinz \'on Oranien ~0.20 Prinz LouisFerdinand );0,21 Herzog von Braunschweig NO.22 Pirch NO.23 Winning NO.24 Zenge ~o.25 ~10cllendorff

NO.26 Alt·Larisch :\"0.27 Tschammer NO.28 ~Ialschitzky ~0.29 Trcunfcls

)\0.43 :'\0.44 );0.45 :'\0.46 ;\0.47 ;";0.48

Strachwitz Hagkcn Zweiffel Thile Grawert K urfucrst von Hcsscn

;\0.49

~lueming

.\'0.50 Sanilz

NO.51 KaurIberg XO.52 Reinhan NO·53 Jung-Larisch ~0'S4 Natzmcr NO.55 ~Ianstcin ~0·56 Graf Tauentzicn ~0.57 Grcvcnitz ;\0·S8 Courbicre :'\0.59 Grar \\"anensleben :'\0.60 Chlcbowsky

The Grenadier Battalions, named aner their commanding officers. were usually drawn from 1WO regiments, hence the double number. At the outbreak of war in 1806. the following existed: Grenadier Battalions No. 1/13 Prinz August No, 2/11 chlieffcn von Preusscn No. 3/21 All-Braun

Private a.nd offieer in the 1800 parade dress of Regiment Arnim (No.13)--from Ramm. Note the officer's white neekSlock.

No. 4/5+ ~o. 5 '20 i'\o. 7/30 f\o. 8,42 :\"0. 94-t X'0.IO'41 1"\0.12,34 1':0.14 16 1':0. '7/51 No.18'27

Yieregg Hanstein Schlieffcn ~fassow

Hallmalln Borstell Huclsen Fabecky Schmeling Rabid NO.19'25 Knebel ~0.22136 Osten No.'23/26 Rcinbaben

No.24/35 Gaudi No,28/so Borck 1\0.29/32 Hahn :'\0.31/46 Jung-Braun 1\0.3347 Sack 1\0.37/57 Schack :'\0.38,49 Loslhin :'\0.39 KolJin ~0.40!43 Graf Dohna NO.45 Herwanh 1'0.48/59 Krafft No.s2/58 Brauchitsch NO.53/55 Crel)'

The collapse of lhe army, the dispersal of its personnel, and lhe dismemberment of lhe stale

leadership, had successfully withstood the French. These were the Life J nfantry Regiment and the Colberg Infantry Rcgiment. Each received two companies from the Grenadier Battalion "Yalden· fels. The Life Regimcnt also received the 2nd Pommeranian and srd Ncumark Reserve Bat· talions and thc Light Battalion von Schill; and the Colberg received the srd Musketeer Battalions of the Regimellls Owstien (No,7) and 'vacalll Borcke' (No'30), as well as Fusilier Battalion Moeller. The remnants of the Potsdam garrison formed the Battalion of Foot Guards. At this time, there were: 612 officers and 20, I 78 men in Prussia, 222 officers and 8,201 men in Pommerania, 242 officers and 8,31S men in Silesia. It was planned to organise the army intO six J 7 N-V'"./ . J:.,''Y/yH; "'"H t~~N J., divisions each containing four infantry regimentsj 11/0 therefore, from September 1808, they received provincial names instead of the custOmary system of Crown Prince of Prussia's Regiment (No.r8j, 1797-from names taken from their colonels-in·chief. The Tbuemen. The private on guard duty is at the 'presellt arms', following infantry rcgimellls were founded: which is acknowledged by the officer raising his hat. Note' thai the officer wears the Pour It m/rilt. hanging much lower thao was 1st East Prussian from 'vacant Ruechcl' later common. His batman trails behind him, carrying his coat. Colour Plate E shows the later uniforms of this regiment. 2nd East Prussian from Prince Henry Prince Henry from Stuucrheim 3rd East Prussian following the war of 1806/7 made it necessary to (previously 'vacant Besser') completely fe-organise the army. from I January from Diercke 1808, an infamry regiment was to consist of (wo 4th East Prussian from Hamberger Grenadier companies, two Musketeer Battalions 1st "Yest Prussian 2nd \Vest Prussian from Courbiere and a Light (Fusilier) Battalion. The six Prussian regiments-'vacant Ruechel' Life see above from Pommeranians (No.2), Prince Henry (No.1 I), 'vacant Besser" 2nd Brandenburg from 'vacant Ruets' (No.14), Dierieke (No.16), Hamberger (No.52) lSI Pommeranian and Courbierc (No.s8)-received six light bat· Colberg see above talions of the 1St and 2nd East Prussian Fusilier Silesian Infantry Brigades, along with men from various srd Battalion Howcver, the Convention of Paris of8 Scptember Musketeer Battalions to make up their strengths. 1808 restricted the size of the army to a total of A Silesian Infantry Baualion was formed from various Silesian and South Prussian troops, a Light 42,000 men of which 22,000 were infantry. The Battalion Schuler and Ruehle and the Fusilier planned six divisions were instead reduced to six Battalion Danielewicz was re-formed into twO brigades, and the 2nd Brandenburg Regiment was disbanded. companies. These troops were sent to Silesia. In November 1808 the Silesian infantry were In Pommerania, the Regiment 'vacalll Ruets' (No.8) was joined with the Grenadier Baualion organised into regiments as follows: ''\'angenheim and the 1st Neumark Reserve lSt Silesian bifallll)l Regiment from two companies of lhe Grenadier Battalion Losthin (raised during the Baualion. Two regiments were formed from the famous previous war): the Silesian Infantry Battalion; the garrison of Colberg \",hich, under Gneisenau's half·strength Fusilier Battalion Danielewicz; the

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Xational Battalions Hahn (from June 1808, "Dreslcr') and Falkenstein from October 1808, "Count Hertzberg': and the 3rd ~lusketeer Battalion of Regiment Sanitz XO.iO" The light battalion was fonned from the Battalion Schuler and two companies of the ':\"ationaIJaeger Corps'. 21Id Silesian Infantry Regiment from the other two companies of Losthin; the 3rd, 4th and ith Battalions of Alvcnslcbcn (No.33); the 3rd Bat· talion of Pelchrzim (No.38); the 3rd and 4th Battalions of Grawen (No'47); and the National Battalion Glan. The light battalion was formed from the ten remaining companies oflight infantry. The six peacetime brigades were organised as follows:

East Pruss;an Bngade 1st East Prussian Grenadier Battalion 1st East Prussian Infantry Regiment (No.1) 2nd East Prussian Infantry Regiment (No.3) East Prussian Cuirassier Regimelll (No.2) Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment (No.3) 1St Life Hussar Regiment (1'\0.1) IloeSl Prussian Brigade

2nd East Prussian Grenadier Battalion 3rd East Prussian Infantry Regiment 1\0.4 4th East Prussian Infantry Regiment ~0.5 2nd \Vest Prussian Dragoon Regiment NO.4 2nd Life Hussar Regiment (No.2) 1st Uhlan Regiment

Pommeranian Brigade Pommeranian Grenadier Battalion 1st Pommeranian Infantry Regiment No.2 Colberg Infantry Regiment (No.lo Queens Dragoon Regiment :"J"o. I Brandenburg Dragoon Regiment :\0.5 Pommeranian Hussar Regiment NO.5) Brandenburg Brigade Foot Guard Regiment (No.8) Guard Jaeger Battalion Life Grenadier Battalion Life Infantry Regiment (Ko.g) Regiment Garde du Corps (~0.3) Life Uhlan Squadron Brandenburg Cuirassier Regiment (:"10.4 1st Brandenburg Hussar Regiment (NO.3

A Prussian aLrtrid«e bo..: of aboul 1800, with a bran plale on the flap bearin& a fairly crudely .Iamped eagle relief.

2nd Brandenburg Hussar Regiment (No.7)

Lower Silesian Brigade West Prussian Grenadier Battalion 1St West Prussian Infantry Regiment (No.6) 2nd \\'est Prussian Infantry Regiment (1'o.7) East Prussian Jaeger Battalion 1st \rest Prussian Dragoon Regiment (1'\0.2) ;'\;eumark Dragoon Regiment (No.6) 2nd hlan Regiment Upper Silesian Brigade Silesian Grenadier Battalion 1st Silesian Infantry Regiment (No.1 I ) 2nd Silesian Infantry Regiment (No.1 2) Silesian Schuetzen Baualion Silesian Cuirassier Regiment (No. I) 1St Silesian Hussar Regiment (NO.4) 2nd Silesian Hussar Regiment (:"10.6) The numbers given in brackets after the regiments tended not to be used in practice: usc of the provincial name alone was preferred. The fact that a number of regiments appear in brigades other than those of their province was due to the re~ organisalion caused by the Treaty of Paris. Russia 18]2-13 Some 14,000 infantry went wilh the Auxiliary Corps of the Grande Armee to Russia in 1812. This consisted of ad hoc regimentS, assembled out of 7

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The gala uniform of Regiment No.t8-now the King's Regimenl-in 180,;. in another plate by Thuemen. Note the different 'prese.nt arms' positions adopted by the officer, the NCO (left background, with ,ponloon) and the privates, and cf. Plate E.

banalions combined from the Line regtments as follows: ~o. I-I I II SI Easl Prussian. I h2lld East Prussian. Fus/lst East Prussian :\'0.2-I'3rd East Prussian. I & Fus 4th East Prussian ~0.3 II 1st Pommeranian, I Colberg, Fus,. lSI Pommeranian XO.4-Life Regiment .\"0.5-1 1St \rest Prussian. 1 & Fus/2nd \\'est Prussian ~o.6-II 1St Silesian, II & Fus/2nd Silesian NB: I:z: 1St Batallion. II = 2nd Battalion, Fus = Fusilier Light Battalion Each ~Iusketeer Battalion consisted of jS8 officers and men; each Fusilier Battalion, 762. 181

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On mobilisalion in spring 1813. the Line battalions wcre brought up to a strength of 801 officers and men, the grenadiers to 805. A number of reserve battalions were formed based around the cadres of trained men builL up using the 'Kruemper' system. The restrictions of the 'Canton' system of recruit· ment were lifted on 9 February 1813 and, in errect, universal conscription was introduced. A militia was founded on 17 March. The Prussian Army had thus become a 'mass conscript army'. During the Armisticc ofPlaeswitz in the summer of 18 I 3 the Foot Guard Rcgiment was removed from the Line, causing thc regimcJ1ls below it to be re-numbered, and allowing a new Brandenburg Infantry Regiment (NO.12 to be formed from the first two reservc battalions of the Life Regiment and the 3rd Battalion of the 1St \Vest Prussians. A second regimelll of Foot Guards was raised from the 'Normal' Infantry Battalion a drill demonstralion unit raised in 1811 ,the 1St Battalion of the Colberg and the Fusilier Battalion ofthc Life Regiment. The latter t\\'o battalions were replaced from various reserve Units. After the downfall of :\apolcon Bonaparte in 1814, the army underwent a major re-organisation. The planned strcngth of the infantry was to be:

2 foot Guard RegimentS}. . . In a lota 1 0 f 18 2 GrenadIer RegIments b' d R ' ngaes · 32 L lIle eglments This was accomplished as follows: On 14 October 1814, the six Grenadier Ballalions were organised into two regiments named after the King of Prussia's allies, Czar Alexander of Russia and Emperor Francis of Austria. The 'Kaiser Alexander' Grenadier Regiment was formed from Ihe Life and ISl and 2nd East Prussian battalions; the 'Kaiser franz' from the Pommeranian. \Vest Prussian and Silesian. The new infantry regiments were formed as follows: :'\os.13 to 24-Rcser\"e Infantry Regiments I to 12.

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Luctzow's Infantry -Elbc Infantry Regiment Reiche's Jaeger, Hcllwig's Infantry, Reserve Battalion of the Elbe Regiment, jth Replacement Battalion

:'\0.26 ~0.27

r\0.28 } ~0.29

NO·3 0 } NO·3 1 NO·3 2

Berg Infantry Regiments German Legion, formerly the Russo·German Legion -from men of the Elbe, Westphalian and Saxon militia. Thc Saxons in this regimenl mutinied and so il was broken up and reformed in November 1815.

Tile Commoll Soldier One feature of cvcry bailie fought by the Prussian Army in the Rc\"olutionary and Napoleonic \\'ars was the determined and bloody naLUre of the fighting. The fighting spirit and ability of the infantry remained consistcl1lly high throughout this period. Yet a number ofhislOrians divide the army into two periods: that of 1806 and earlier they describe as a 'mercenary army', while that of 1813 is seen as a 'national army". Although there were indeed somc dirrerences between the twO, they were not as great or as radical as some would have us belicve. 9

There were indeed a number of so-called 'foreigners' in the army, especially prior to 1806; but what should be borne in mind is that every nonPrussian German was a 'foreigner', whereas every conscript from the newly-acquired Polish provinces was a 'native'. Moreover, the recruitment of 'foreigners' was often a great boon to the Prussian army, and a number of them wcre amongst its most famous leaders-e.g. Bluecher, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. Another point to consider is that throughout this entire period the Prussian army, consisting mainly of Germans and Poles, was much more of a 'national' army than Francc's Grande Armee with its Frenchmen, Hollanders, Germans, Poles, Italians, Illyrians, and so on. Even in 1806 the Prussian soldiers had more of a 'national cause' to fight for than Napoleon's troops. Although there certainly was a spirit of national uprising in Prussia in 1813, this did not result in a radical alteration in the outlook of the common soldier. As Yorck said: 'What is said about the "old" army of 1806 is not well thought out, but rather a miserable rehash of an old song which places the misfortune of the state in the formation of the army. The evil was at quite another level. The foreigners were nOt as bad as the learned gentlemen believe, and I very much doubt that the Rhineland or Posen militia would evcr be better.'

is generally misunderstood. The advanced age of the Prussian generals is usually seen as a major cause ofdefeat in 1806, and their ages are often contrasted with a more youthful French marshalate. It is true that :"Japoleon's 37 )'ears made him a stripling in comparison with the septagenarian Duke of Brunswick: but that is far from the entire picture. The youngest senior commander on either side was a Prussian, Prince Louis Ferdinand. Of the I I senior commanders in 1806, three died during the campaign,just onc was pensioned off, and four held commands at a later date. The scnior commanders of 18 I 3 were not much younger than in 1806 and in some cases, such as Bluecher and Tauentzien, they were older. The main problem with aged officers was not faced by the field army, but rather by the fortress garrisons. A number of their commanders were bordering on senility, and surrendered to small French forces without offering resistance. It should also be pointed out that other than the youthful marshalate unique in Europe, the French officers were themselves no striplings. In 1805 the average age of French colonels was 39, captains likewise 39, lieutenants 37 and sOlls-lieu/manls 32. The contrast between the officer corps of the French Army and that of the Prussians was not as great as some would appear to think, and was hardly enough to show up tactically.

Tile Officer Corps

Drillalit! Tactics

Some writers tend to draw a sharp line ofdistinction between the officer corps of 1806 and that of 1813, lamenting the old age and conservatism of the former and praising the reforming spirit of the latter. There was in fact very little difference between the officer corps of 1806 and that of 1813. All thc officers holding the rank of captain and above in 1813 had served in 1806, as had most of the lieutenants. Some reforms had been made in the wake ofJena and Auerstaedt, notably improved access to the officer corps for the middle classes by means of examination. It took several decades to make any noticeable changes to the fabric of the officer corps. which remained dominated by the nobility. The age of the officer corps is also an issue which

The basic documents which governed infalllry drill and tactics in the period 179'2 to 1815 were the Drill Regulations of I 788 and 1812. Bet ween these dates a number of additional instructions were issued. The essemial difference between the earlier and later regulations was that the former emphasised the deployment of a battalion in a linear formation whereas the lauer favoured the column, although not exclusively. The elementary evolutions-wheeling, turning, arms drill, etc.-remained virtually unchanged throughout this period. The rate of march generally used was 108 paces per minute, although 75 was used on certai n occasions. Until 1806, emphasis was placed on lhe rale of fire, and the Prussian infantry was reputed to have a

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,f:.en~;:~~~. :f6'ukul'/t-'''' /,f()Q.

It. Tb"edlen plate showins the Grenadier Guard BattaliOD (No.6) in 1806: offi«r, NCO and private. The NCO has Ulra lace on the front of hi. 11lftie, and the usual cane hangs from a

hutton. The private is at the 'shoulder anns'.

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rate offire three times that of the French thanks to a suitably designed weapon and special training. As well as volleys, battalions could also engage in socalled 'battle fire', i.e. independent fire by file with the first and second rank alternating. The order to cease fire was given by means of a long drum roll and a bugle calL In defence against cavalry: cvery Officer, NCO and privale oflhe Fool Guard Hallalion, 11kry, in parade dress-from Thuemen. A slriking change in unifonn styles is evident when one compares this with Ihe plate of the Grenadier Guard BallalioD in the pre,ious year. S~ Plale F.

two platoons alternated their fire. The front rank would kneel, presenting their bayonets, while the rear two ranks fired. Prior to the introduction of the new rcgulations volleys wcre fired by all three ranks, with the front rank kneeling. Thereafter. only the front twO ranks were to fire, both standing. The third rank. when not deployed for special use, did not participate in volley firing. Before lBog the favoured grand tactical for· mation, that is for brigades and divisions, was the deployment of the battalions in echelon. As the

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Front, inside, and rear views ofa surviving Prussian shako of 1808 13: one of,·ery few which fnay niJI be ellam.ined. It lacks rhe replatioD while band round lhe lOp, and t.he polDpon. Alt.hougb probably a Fusilier shako, il could h.,'e bf'f'n WOrD by almOSI anybod,-wartilDe conditions crealed lDany anom· alies. A pull-cord adjulilf'd the nel liaer 10 fillbe head, and in t.he rear viewean be seen lhe buckled strap which adjuSlf'd lhe OUlfiide circulDference. (Bluecher MU5f'UID, Kaub).

three-deep line was the formation used almost exclusively on the field of battle, deploying an entire brigade or division with all the battalions drawn up next to each other would ha\'c produced one long line which would havc been difficult to manoeU\Te and keep aligned. It was thus far easier to deploy the twO battalions ofa regiment next to each other. and then havc the remaining regiments form up thus either to the left or right and to the frollt or rcar. It was standard praClice to secure both Aanks either with ca,-alry and artillery or with a natural obstacle such as a wood or village. See the accompanying diagrams for examples of echelon altacks, The main disadvantage with the echelon formation was that ifits conStituelll battalions were not properly co-ordinated, then it was likely that they would be defeated in detail. One of the lessons of the double defeat of Jena and ,\uerstaeclt in October 1806 was that the command structure at brigade and divisional le\'eI did not function well. This \\'as due largely to the relative inexperience of the responsible officers. By way of illustration. it would be convenient to refer to the relcvant section of a report made by an officer present, Col. von Elsner, commander of the Duke of Bruns\\ick's Regiment al Aucrstaedt: '. , . \\'e knew nothing about the disposilion of the enemy or lhe terrain. Gaping holes appeared between the battalions and regiments, I dealt with thedcplo)ment of the 2nd Battalion to the len of the yillage of Rchhausen. and then had to hand it owr to itS commander SO that I could bring up the 1st Battalion_ I advanced into the abo,"C yillage--to the front of me, a deep, sunken road and had to elller the village with a right turn OIllO a footpath, Deploying to either side of a ridge. the battalion, when I last saw the enemy's position, had to make a quarter turn to the teft to get an enemy square to its front. I moved to the left against batlalions partly already forced back and partly still advancing: and undertook a number of unfortunately isolated and totally umupported attacks, which \\ere point! and unco-ordinatcd and, as a consequence. 13

unsuccessful. The whole banalion was burning with eagerness to get stuck into the enemy. but on no single advance was it supported by any of the neighbouring banalions. It undertook se\'eral Normal Inraalry Baualioa, 1811: aD NCO, privates. aDd aD o£6c~r all On parad~ d~-rrom Thu~m~n. difTer~nl plumo~$ di.stiDsui.sb ra..ak.

Note the way that

attacks like this; bUl, at the point of making lhe bayonct chargc, lacking any support at all, it had to fall back. This was always accomplished calmly and in good order, although accompanied by a murderous fire.' It can be seen from this report how time and again Elsncr stresses thal he was left out on a limb

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when co·ordinated actions could well have brought about a sllccessful attack. It can also be seen from this report that the major problem this officer had was not caused by the linear formation as such, but by a failure of the command structure. The lessons of the 1806 campaign were considered and analysed by the ~lilitary Reorganisation Committee; and on 17 July 180g, for the first time ever, an Instruction on tactics for brigades was issued. (I'\ot to be forgotten here is that by this time, a Prussian brigade was the equivalent of a division in mOst armies.) This was later incorporated into the 1812 Regulations. The echelon of battalions in line was abandoned in favour of a 'chequer-board' formation of battalions in column and line. A Prussian brigade from 180g to 181S consisted of three main battle elements, namely the skirmish line, the main battle line and the reserve. The wartime brigades of 1812 to 1815 varied in strength and composition according to circumstances and conditions, but their tactical deployment followed the principles of the 180g Instruction and the 181'2 Regulations. The four brigades of which an army corps tended to consist were used in a similar fashion, that is as a

Th~ bl~ssiDg ohh~ colours ofLbe FOOl Guards in tbe courcyard of Ih~ palace in Koenigsberg, l808-by Richard Kno~td. Sf,e also Plat~ F.

feilll, a main attack and a reserve. This is explained in the Instruction of I 0 August 18'3. One brigade was to attack the enemy's flank to draw his attention. The reserve artillery would be concentrated at the point of the main auack, which would be made by one or two brigades. The fouflh would be the reserve, and was used where necessary. The formations adopted by the battalions within a brigade depended largely on the role the brigade was to play in the attack. The feint would be required to attract the enemy's attention and hold it until the main anack got under way. To do so it would need to maintain a sustained fire-fight, and thus deployed a disproportionately large number of skirmishers. Initially the Fusilier Battalions would deploy illlo line and send their skirmishers forward to start the fire-fight. Other battalions from the brigade would SUppOrl and replace them as required, depending on the duration and ferocity of the fire-fight. The brigades involved in the main attack would I -

"

deploy their light baltalions in skirmish order, but would tend to keep the remainder formed in close order column so that they could be used for bayonet charges once the enemy showed signs of wavering. Should a larger skirmish element be required, then the skirmish platoons of the Third Rank of me Line baltalions were expected to provide it. for a fuller explanation of Prussian skirmisher tactics, see i\IAA No. 149. Pmssian Light bifontry /792-/8/5.) The reserve would tend to usc most ifnot all ofits battalions in c1osc~order column, as its function was usually to close the battle and drive home the successful main attack. A number of diagrams are reproduced here, to explain graphically the tactics used in the latter part of the :'\apoleonic \\'ars. The tactics used at brigade and corps level from 180g were clearly a major advance over the confused manoeuvres of 1806. However, some historians, notably the Freiherr von der Goltz in his work Rossbach Imd Jena, express the view that too great an emphasis was placed on the banalion column from 1808, and that many of the advantages of the line, notably its greater firepower, were forgonen. Perhaps he is right when he argues that what was really needed was to integrate the skirmishers with the close-order troops. and that this could have been done without abandoning the linear formation. To fa\·our the column and skirmisher tactics may well have been to 'throw out the baby with the bathwater'.

UI/ijorms Frederick the Great was succeeded on the throne in 1786 by Frederick William II, who started to institute a number of changes in the uniforms of the infantry. From 1788, the tricorn worn by the ),[usketeers and the mitre.cap of the Grenadiers were replaced bya hat with twO flaps known as the 'casquet'. The flaps were edged with a narrow white wool trim and fastened by cords to a button on top of the hat, and thus could be lowered in bad weather, although this was not often done. On the front flap was a brass or silver badge, depcndingon button colour. known as the 'HulSchilc!' hat·~hicld . That of the Grenadiers

,6

FOOl Guard Resiment, 1812: officer in undress, officer in full dre55, privale5 and NCO in parade dre55-from Thuemen• .se.e .bo Ptale F.

was in the form ofa grenade, that of the ~Iusketecrs the royal monogram 'F\\'R II' . There was also a small plume on the hat, although, as a distinction, the Grenadiers had a white plume of artificial fealhers instead. Hairstyles also changed. The queue was shortened and now only reached lO lhe middle of the back. The practice of powdering the hair fell inlO disuse except for parades. Officers retained their tricoms, and from December 1794 started to wear black cockades on them. From ~Iarch 1795 they had mixed silverblack cords. The dark blue tunics were cut in a more comfortable r.'1shion, and had narrow lapels which could be butloned over for extra warmth in cold weather by means of six buttons. A scventh closed the lapel at the neck. ~rost regiments had 'Brandenburg' cuffs, i.e. with a "crtical patch and three buttons; but the term 'Brandenburg cuff' was nOt officially in use umil 1808. There was only one, narrow shoulder strap, sewn just behind and below the lOp of the left shoulder. It was known as the 'dragoon', and was in the regimental colour see chart below. The waistcoat and trousers were white except in the Grenadier Guard Battalion which incidentally did retain its mitre cap and old uniform), and in the Duke of Brunswick's Regiment (No.2 1), both of which had theirs in pale straw colour. Ncckstocks were black except in Regiment :'\0-46, where the men \,'ore red ones but the officers had black. Regimental distinctions were complex, and for space reasons it is only possible here lO quote a selection of representative examples. in the accompanying Table A. Xote that facings normally comprised the tunic collar, lapels, culTs and shoulder strap, while tail turnbacks were poppy~red througholilo A large black leather cartridge box cOlltaining60 rounds was canied on a broad white strap over the left shoulder to the right hip. There was a large brass badge on the centre of the flap: this varied in size and design from regiment to regiment, but was usually either the Prussian Eagle or Royal ),Ionogram. ~lany regimental badges dated from

•

,Y;Ntf .. ~I')/II"?I/ .t//, /;¢. /ff/2 17

Table A: Representative distinctions, 1792-97

Reg/. No.

Colour offacings

Buttons

Other distinctions

4 10 19

pale blue pale blue carmllle orange

white white white while

21

red

yellow

28 29

chamois carmine

while yellow

31 32 34

dark pink chamois red

yellow yellow white

white round loops; officers, 24 in gold. l 22 white round loops; officers, 24 in silver. 22 white round loops; officers, 24 in silver. 24 while loops, pointed al both ends with tassels; officers, 26 silver embroidered bUltonholes. 26 white loops with two red stripes, pointed at each end with white tassels; officers, 30 gold loops. Officers had no shoulder strap. 22 white round loops inter·wovcn with crimson; officers, 24 gold loops. Dark blue collars and cuffs piped in dark pink.

36 37

white red

white while

39 40

chamois dark pink

yellow white

43 44

orange black

white yellow

45

carmllle

yellow

49

orange

white

53 54

pale blue chamois

white white

55

pale blue

yellow

II

22

Dark blue collars and cuffs; officers, 18 silver embroidered buttonholes, narrow hal lace, no shoulder strap. Dark blue collar and White piping also on Dark blue collar and Dark blue collar and loops.

cuffs with white piping. the flaps and all seams. cuns. culTs; officers, 34 silver

Dark blue collar, 22 white/orange round loops: officers' distinctions in velvet, 2{ gold loops. Dark blue shoulder straps, 22 white loops pointed at the rear; officers' distinctions in velvet, 24 gold loops. Dark blue shoulder straps: officers. 24 silver loops. Officers. 4 silver loops. Dark blue collars and culTs; officers, -I- silver loops. Officers, 4 gold loops.

the reign of Frederick the Greal and bore his monogram. The Grenadier Guards had a tombak grenade in each corner of the flap as well as a central badge. The Guard (IR No.1 5) had silver-pialed badges, and their Flank Grenadiers also had

grenades in each corner. The sidearm was worn on a white waist belt. The brown calfskin knapsack was worn on the left hip an a white belt 3 to 4 em wide carried over the right shoulder. This was issued only on campaign and

'Go:HS "ill! 22 loops usuall} had 1-1 on Ihe tape·1. four belo" Ihe chC"S1. and four on Ih(' ,1c('\"('S, 1R ;'\0,19 had <,ix on Ihe ,Iee\·cs. fOUT on Ihe' pOck('IS and nOI1(' IX'low lh('('h('SI, 1R NO.21 had _ix on Ihe slc~\'~. ,wo on Ihe bad.

Musketeers of the 1St a.nd 2nd West Prussians (6th and 7th Infantry Regiments) in 1813 campaign dress and personal equipment. (Knoetel, reproduced by kind permission of the Franck'sche Verlagshandlung, \Y. Spemann of Stultgart. Germany.)

18

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manoeuvres. A grey linen bread bag fixed on eilher a leather or a linen strap was also carried. hanging below the knapsack. On campaign, a number of men were required to carry field canleens and items of camping equipment. The men of the depot ballalions had collars and cuffs in lhe regimental colours. but had no shoulder straps, loops or trim. The regimental number was stamped on the bUllons. The Guards (~0.6 and No.15) and Ballalion Troschkc (No.50) did nOt have depot battalions. Hats were as for the ),Iuskcteers; \,'aistcoat and trousers were whitc. They wore black neckstocks red for rR :'\0.29 ; black t\\'ill gaiters; and no badge on the cartridge box. They had no sidearms or sword knots. just the bayonet carried in the crossbelt. except for the depot ballalions of IRs :'\0·44. 45 and 48. A Cabinet Ordcr of31 August I i93 regulated the colouring of the s\\'ord knots worn on the sidearm. The 12 companies of an infantry regiment wcre to wear, in numerical order: white, black, dark blue,

Grenadier and officers of the Kaiser Ale"ander Grenadiers, 1815: an e"cellent illustration of the new uniforms issued toward. the end of the Napoleonic W..... Note the sbakos, epauJenes, trouser. with foot lap, and the way the rolled s",.tcoat is worn UDder the knapsack. (KnMtd, Fra.nck'scbe VerlasshandJuns·)

Though slightly marred by the orisinal fold, this reproduction of Carl RO«.hling's painting of the battle of Gross-Goer.che.n on \I May 18t] Sive. a Sond Unpresliion of how Prussian attack columns operated in conjunction with skirmishers.

light blue, green, dark rcd,light red, orange, yellow, brown, ash·grey and \;ole1. Such knOls were to be introduced from I June 1794, and had to be carried by every company within two years.

'797-. 808 Frederick William III came LO the throne in t 797. The early part of his reign was marked by numerous changes-both major and minor-in uniform, so the following can only be taken as an outline. Full details of these uniforms can be found in Volume 1 ofKling's work, available from some large reference libraries and reccmly reprinted: see Bibliography of my Prussian Light bifantry 1792-18151 ~IAA No. 149. The infantry now received tunics cur closely in a frocked style. The lapels and turnbacks were now scwn down, and lhus could no longer be buttoned over. The collar was higher and wider bUI slill not stiffened. The white linen waistcoats werc with· drawn, and instead a false waistcoat was sewn into the tunic. On 4 Xovembcr 1801 it was ordered that the lapels should no longer run at an angle to the 21

Impression oran attack column, wilh the Third Rank formed into platoons ror skirmishing. (Richard Riehn, reproduced by kind pern,i!ision or The Courier Publishing Co.)

hips, but rather straight down and hooked together at the lower edge. Only the tails werc lined in red; the lining inside the tunic was twill, and after 180+ made from a coarser cloth. The regiments wearing black neckslOcks reccivcd a whitc tic-band, as already seen on the red ncckslOcks. \\"hat is clear from the above is that the infantry lUnics wcrc generally cheaper in quality and inferior in cut. They proved very unpopular, and allempts wcrc later made to improyc the uniform. The tricorn was re-introduced, although its shape was somewhat different to that worn in lhe days of Frederick the Great. The Plume and cords wcre in regimental colours. The queue was shortened to JUSt below the collar. and the sidc locks wcre abolished. Thc hair was now powdered only for parades. :'\COs, Schuetzen and Grenadiers wore moustaches: .\ Iuskctccrs did not. The Grenadiers received caps of a new style ,,'hich had a black lacquered leather plate trimmed with a wreath of rumed black wool. The leather peak was trimmed with white lace. and above it was a brass badge \\ ith the black eagle below a grenade. The back of the plate \\as paintro in the r~mcntal

colour; regiments with white facings painted theirs light blue. The lower head pan was made of black felt and had a four-Finger-wide band in the regimental colour. trimmed in white on the upper and lower edges, or in light blue for regiments wilh \\ hite facings. On lhe left was the white plume, no\\' made of short goose fcathers.

A briga.de deptoyed i.n ecbeton by regiment to the teft, with ClI""alry on the lert flank and a natural obstruction on the right. A brigade deplo)'ed in echelon by regiment to lhe right, with thl" flanks co\"eR'd b)' cavalr)' and a natural obstruction.

The wearing of twill overalls over the white linen knee breeches and black gaiters was becoming increasingly common. A Cabinet Order of 24 August 180 I slated that on mobilisation. all the infantry should have these o\·eralls, and this appears to have been the case in 1805 and 1806, although regiments of the Potsdam garrison had long white linen trousers. On '27 September 1806 the king ordered that the infantry should be supplied with greatcoats by public donation; and although this appeal came too late for the bulk of the army, many of the men im·okcd in the winter campaigns in E.ast Prussia and Silcsia were supplied with them. It was intended to introduce a ne\\ uniform from 1807. but the outbreak of war in 1806 prc\·cntcd this. Briefly, a Russian-style shako was to be introduced, along wilh a new tunic which could be buttoned onr. The ne\\' uniform introduced after

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the Peace of Paris was similar, although not identical. from 1799. officers of the Grenadier Battalions wore white feather plumes with a black base on their hats: black knee-boots; and were armed with an epee instead ofille spontoon. An order dated 10 :'\O\·cmbcr 1801 instructed officers to wear the undress coat, i.e. withoul the usual embroidery, in normal service and in the field. Its lapels could be buttoned over. The broad silver/black waislsash (cont. Oil p. 25) The battalion attack column, the top of the diagram being the direction orthe enemy. Large numbers indicate the platoons, 50 that each company is, in effect, drawn up in six ranks, 5 and 6 form one company, 7 and 8 another, etc. Key: C alptain; S skirm.ish captain; I, II, J., 4 Lieutenants, by se:n..iority; o banalion d.rummer. ~1usidans are show1I in the «ntre of the cohnnn; the battalion com.mander and adjutant, 10 the right, on horseback. H the skirm.ish captaiu's hone he.ld by his groom; when skirm.ish platoons are formed by pullin! out the Third Rank of each platoon, the skirmish captain nlounts his horse. For details orthe. use ofthe Third Rank, .1« MAA No. 1490 Prllllla'f 1.1(/r1 In{al/tn

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Infantry Regiment Holstein·Beck (No.ll), 1794: 1: Grenadier, parade dress 2: Musketeer, campaign dress 3: Officer, service dress

I

A

Infantry Regiment Wartensleben (No. 59), 1803-06: 1.2: Officers 3: Private. service dress

B

Infantry Regiment Ruechel(No. 2), 1806: 1: Officer, campaign dress 2, 3: Privates, campaign dress

c

1: Grenadier, Inf. Regt. Winning (No. 23); parade dre8s, 1806 2: Grenadier, Int, RegL Courbiere (No. 58); campaign dre8s, 1806 3: Grenadier NCO, In!. Regt. Kroptr(No. 31): campaign
D

Wantry Regiment de. Koenigs (No. 18); parade dress, 1805: 1: Officer 2: Drummer 3: Private

.

•

E

Foot Guards Regiment, 1808-13: 1: Officer, undress, 1808 2: Officer, service dress, 1808 3: Grenadier, parade dress, 1813

F

12th Infantry Regiment (2nd Silesian), 1808-13: 1: Soldier. camp drell 2: Musketeer. campaign dress., 1812 3: NCO, winter parade drell

G

1: Musketeer, 8th Inf. Regt. (Life Regt.), 1815 2,3: Grenadienl, 1&t Foot Guards Regt., 1815

H

was worn over the coat with thc tassels hanging behind the epec. ~Iusketecr officers also adopted knee-boots: only those of the Guards w'ere allowed to wear gaiters. and then only on occasions when the men wore them also. From 18 February 1805 the broad hat lace was replaced by a narrO\\'er type. The officers' hats and their plumes were very tall and made their wearers conspicuous targets for enemy snipers in 1806 especially in the Grenadiers, where the men wore an entirely different headdress. It was not unknown for officers to co\-er their hals wilh waterproof material when on campaign. The wearing of long, buttoned riding overalls, usually blue, was also common. Blue double-breasted overcoats with coloured collars and curfs were also worn, and blue greatcoats with folded collars were sometimes seen. The accompanying Table B lists all regimental distinctions applying in 1806.

,803-'5 From 1808. there were some fundamental changes in the uniforms of the entire army. Frederick William Ill's dose comacLS \\'ith the Russian Army from the end of 1806 influenced his choice ofcut and styl the double-breasted tunic and the shako. The old showy uniforms disappeared, due to the great poverty of the state. Brandenburg-Prussia had not been a weahhy state prior to the catastrophe of 1806, and now Prussia had to pay a massive indemnity to the French and support a large French army of occupation wilhin greatly reduced lerritorial boundaries; there were hardly the funds available for new uniforms and equipment, and Ihe style was very sombre indeed. That is not to say, however, that lhere were not certain llnprovements-bener quality cloth for the tunics. the introduction of greatcoats, ele. ~Ioreo\-er, the regimental clothing manufacturers were gradually placed under the supen-ision of soldiers who had been tailors by trade_ The shako was made of black felt and was seven inches high, \\'ith a circumference of 22 inches around Ihe upper edge_ Around the lower edge it was reinforced with black leather; the upper edge was trimmed with a while band for privates, gold for NCOs and officers. The black leather chinstrap was j inch wide. A black and white (officers, black and silver) woollen pompon was worn at the top of

the shako. Grenadiers had a brass flying eagle badge on lhe front of Ihe shako, l\ IIIsketeers the Royal ~Ionogram ·F\\"R·. The officers had no badge at first, but instead a black and while cockade with a brass clasp. Later on, however, the) received the appropriate badge instead_ On each side of the officer's shako was a small gold heraldic ('a~l(' holding a double gold chain which ran around the shako. On parade, Ihe Grenadiers fixed a \\ hite plume to their shakos, Ihe :'\COs' version having a black tip, the musicians' a red tip and the officers' a black base. In february 1810 the entire Life Regiment was issued with plumcs to be worn on parade: Ihese were shon, broad and made of hair. Privates and musicians had black plumes, NCOs a white base, oboists while wilh a red base. Officer!! received a black feather plume with a while spot on the top_ From ~Iarch 1810 the Grenadiers were supplied with the same plullles except for the oboists, who wore the :'\CO pattern. On normal service, and on campaign, the shako was worn with a black oilskin COH'r. From 1814 a new type of shako was introduced. It \\as only 6t inches high and more belled, 22! inches in circumference: at the top it had black leather side che\Tons, no trim, an elliptical pompon. and brass ehinscales attached by rosettes. On parade cords and tassels \\ ere \\ orn, hanging to the right shoulder and fastened 10 the second bUHon. Those oflhe privates were while, lhose of the :\COs black and white, while officers had silver and black. The badges worn on previous shakos were retained. The new regiments, from No.13 onwards, formed from the Reserve Battalions, had the cockade and brass clasp instead of a badge_ The shakos worn by the 1st FOOL Guards were broadly similar to those worn by the Line except that the officers' and :,\COs' trim was silver; the badg-e was a sih-er star, and for officers had an enamelled centre. From 1807 the plume was 13 inches high and 7 to 9 inches in circumference. II was made of \\'hite goose feathers for pri\-ates, with a black tip for :'\COs, a red tip for drummers, and a black base for officers. On Ihe entry march into Berlin on :23 December lBog, plumes of goat's hair were worn by the twO Grenadier Baualions of the Guard \\ hite for privales, with a black lip for NCOs; red plumes for musicians, while-over-red for oboists; and large white flowing feather plumes with '25

a black base for officers. The eagles and chains on Foot Guards officers' shakos were silver. The new· style shakos were worn by the 1St Foot Guards from December 1813. On parade all ranks added tall, thin, horsehair plumes. i\COs had black with a white tip, musicians a red plume, oboists a red plume with a white tip, and officers and men plain black. Brigade tactics (sligbtly distorted by tbe fold in the original) from the 11/12 R'l!.lflnl/VGJ. Fig. I at /v/111'j1 sbows a brigade fully deployed, the baualions in line. Fig. 2 at IH>Uflm /tji sbows the atlack formation. Fig. 3 atl"p llJ!hI shows the formation used for bayonet auacks, the skirmish line rejoins its pareln battalions which then fall back on the second ....-ave, r~for...ing inlo column. Fig... at lulllf>m ngkl shows the formation to be used against cavalry' tbe chequerboard formation of infantry battalions in square provide mutual assistance while the cavalry move up in rel;erve on the flanks. AU dil;tance_ dotted line_re shown here in paces. \"'here no artillery is sho....n, this is because it has to deploy according to terrai.n and circumstances.

From 1807 the hair was no longer queued. and li'om 1811, the practice of powdering il for parade was abolished. Dark blue doublc~brcasled tunics wilh a high, open collar were introduced in 1808. The collar and 'Brandenburg' cuffs were in lhe provincial colour, lhe culT-patches dark blue, lail wrnbacks poppy. red, and bUllons brass. The colour of the shoulder straps indicated the seniority orthe regiment within the province and were, in descending order: white, poppy·rcd, ycllow and light·blue. The (1st) Foot Guards had popp)'-red coUars, 'Swedish' culTs wilh 1\\'0 bars of white lace ,silver for officers), while shoulder straps and bUllons. ~COs had lace in the buuon colour around lhc top of the cuff and along the front and lower edge of the collar. From 1814 a

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Regiment

Collar/cuff'

Shoulder straps

3rd E. Prussian 4th E. Prussian 1St \\-. Prussian 2nd \\'. Prussian Life Rcgiment Colb{'fg Regiment 2nd Brandenburg Silesian Inf. Batt. 1St Silesian 2nd Silt-sian

dull orange dull orange carmine carmine poPPl -red \\ hite poPPl -red pink )'ello\\ yello\\

yello\\ light blue white poppy-red whitc poppy-red poppy-red white white poppy-red

The Grenadier Battalions had the dislinctions of lheir parent regiments. so each two companies had diflhenl coloured shoulder straps except for the Life RegL's full battalion of grenadiers. In 1815 a number of re~ef\·e. foreign and volunteer formations were incorporated into Ihe line as regimcnts :\os. 13 to 32. Xlost had not receiHd their ne\\ uniforms b) the \\'aterloo Campaign. although officers tended to wear the nc\\ unifonn. Distinctions wcre:

ProrUla

Col/aT/Cuffs

E. Prussia

1.3·4,5

Pommerania Brandenburg

2·9, 14, 21

8.

12. 20,

24

dull orange white poppy-red

Obverse: of the later .8'4 pallern medal; the reverse was liS che .8'3 "4 medal. (Author's eoJlection) Obverse and reverse of the Prussian campaign medal for veterans of 1813 14: the dates on the obverse are badly worn here. The inscription round the edge of the re"erse reads 'Gott war mit uns, Ihm sei die Ehre!' ('God was with us, to H.im be the honour'). In the centre. below the royal monogram, is the inscription 'Preussens tapfern Kriegern' ('To Prussia's bra"e .....rrior.·). The medals we:re: made of cannon bronze: meJtw down from capture:d fre:nch artillery. (Author's collection)

new slyle ofcollar was introduced: it was lower. and closed by hooks and eyes. The :'\CO lace ran around the front and top edges. In 1808, the distinctions \,ere as follows:

Regiment

Collar/cuffi

Shoulder straps

1st E. Prussian 1st Pommeranian 2nd E. Prussian

dull orange while dull orange

white whilC poppy-rcd

'j,j"

-

Province

Regiments

Collar/cuffs

\ \'. Prussia Silesia

6, 7, 16, 17

carOl me

10, II, 13, 15

~Iagdcburg

26,27,3 1,32 18, 19,28, 29 2'2, 23, 25, 30

yellow light blue pink madder red

\ "estphalia Rhine

Lock orth~ 'new' Prussian musket ofl8ocl9. as m.nu{aclur~al Neisse i.n Upper Silesi•. Note the shield around the pan, protecting the priming from the weather, and the firer's race from the Rare of the priming.

Lock of the IBog musket as manufactured at Potsdam.

Lock of the IBog muskel as manufactured al Saarn in the Rhineland.

28

The same system of shoulder strap colouring was retained. Officers wore tunics similar to those of the men but with longer mils and with officers' distinctions on the shoulder straps. From '23 October 1808 Line infantry officers wore shoulder straps in the regimental colour, and rank was indicated by silver and black lace t inch wide. Lieutenants had one strip of lace along the centre of the strap; captains, one strip along the t\\·o long sides of the strap; staff officers, lace on all four sides. From 18.June 18121ieUlenants wcre ordered to wcar the stylc ofslrap that captains had worn, and captains were ordered to wear those of the staff officer. On 27 August 1813 stan' officers were ordered to wear epauleltes. The slider had silver edging and the middle was in button colour. The field was in the regimental colour and the crescent in the button colour. In 1814 officers' shoulder straps were abolished and epaulcltes issucd to all ranks. Rank was distinguished as follows: lieutenants, lace on each edge of the slider; captains and staff officers, lace on each edge and the top of the slider, as well as silver crescents and fringes, irrespective of button colour. The six Grenadier Battalions were formed into

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two regimcllls in 1814, the Czar of Russia being coloncl-ill-chief of one, the Emperor of Austria of the other. The Grenadier Regiments had poppyred collars and 'Brandenburg' cuffs, the laucr willl a dark blue patch. The Kaiser Alexander Grenadier Regiment had white shoulder straps with their colonel-in·chiefs monogram in red; the Kaiser Franz Grenadier Regiment, red shoulder straps \\;th a yellow monogram. BultDns were yellow. The 'l\ormal-Infanteric-Bataillon' had poppyred collars and cuffs, the former with white Guard lace, the laucr with a blue patch. When the 2nd FOOl Guard Regiment was formed in the summer of 1813 it received the uniform of the 'XormalI nfanteric'. Ncckstocks were black for all ranks and regiments. The standard issue trousers for privates and i'\COs wcre grey, with three buttons at the bottom. A strap which passed under the shoe was allached lO each leg. Black gaiters were worn, and

General arrangement drawing of the 1809 Dluskel. Len~th, 143 em; barrel•• o4Cfn. (Reproduced by kind pennissioD ofBiblio Verlag, O!l1nabrueek, Germany)

some units wore black knee-length boots. from January 1814 boots and gaiters were no longer issued. Instead, long trousers with a foot lap and poppy-red piping were worn. Contemporary pictorial records show that there wcre several variations orJcg\'vear. Gaiters continued to be worn arter January 18141 over or under the trousers, and there were non-regulation patterns in use. Moreover, shortage ofsupplies meant that the white linen trousers issued for summer wear were also worn on campaign. Officers' legwear consisted of black/grey flecked long trousers with 18 brass or German siker buttons one inch apart along the scam. The edge which" as bunoned over was piped in red. The trousers were worn over the boots in peace time, but on campaign it was permitted to lUck them into the boots. In

29

Privates, musicians and NCOs (except sergeantmajors and ensigns) were supposed to carry the shan infantry sabre, but supplies wefe shon in 1808 and only a few units-or NCOs and selected men only-had them. All were issued Wilh the white sword belt, but where they had no sword, they carried their bayonel. Only gradually was the 'new' Prussian sabre issued, !l had a brass hilt, a brown leather scabbard and brass fittings. Until OCLOber 1810 the sword was carried on a waist belt. From then, a new belt d inches wide was issued, This could be worn either over the shoulder or around the waist: on parade and garrison duty it was worn around the waist; on campaign and whenever the backpack was worn, it was slung over the shoulder. The Foot Guards continued to be issued with the 'old' Prussian infantry sabre. Sword knols were worn around the hilt of the sabre sword, and indicated the company of the wearer as follows:

A Prussian lihako of 181s. now in the Brussels Army Museum. This surviving piece reminds us of the indifferent quality of manufacture, and of the fact that in wartime conditions u.niforn\ items often bore lillIe resemblance to the regulation patterns.

181S a new paltern was introduced: it did nOt have the side buttons, and had two one-inch-wide poppy-red stripes each side of the piping. In summer officers wore plain white close-fitting trousers exccpt when on mounted duty, when the usual grey trousers were worn. When on·duty, all in[1.ntry officers wore a bicorn made of black fell, decorated with a clasp, black cockade, yellow melal bulton, silver/black cords and a feather plume. Grenadier officers wore white plumes, others wore black. From 18 14 officers of the two Grenadier Regimcnts had whilC plumes. Officers' waist sashes were silver with two black silk stripes worked into them. The silver tassels which hung on the left hip were Reeked with black. Black canridge boxes were worn on the right hip on a two-inch-wide while belt which ran over the left shoulder. NCOs' and privates' boxes had a round brass badge bearing an eagle and trophies on the flap. The (1St) Foot Guards had a star badge, until 1814 in German silver, thereafter in brass. The 'Normal-Infanterie· had the standard-issue infantry badge, the 2nd Foot Guards a brass Guard star.

3°

Company

Slider

Body

Ring

1st ), Iusketeer 2nd " 3 rd " 4 lh " 5 lh " 6lh " ,7th 8lh " tst Light 2nd " 3 rd " 4 th " lSl Grenadier 2nd

white white whitc white green yellow blue red green yellow blue red white black & white

white while white white white white white white green yellow bluc red white white

white yellow blue red green yellow blue red green yellow blue red black black & white

"

In all cases, the strap and fringe were white. \ \'hen the Grenadier Battalions were co'mbined into twO regiments, they received straps according to the three-battalion system. Musketeer and Grenadier officers carried an epee on a white waist belt, in a brown scabbard with brass fittings. The sword knot was silver worked with black. Knapsacks were made of light brown calfskin, and until 180g were carried over the left shoulder on a one-inch·wide white strap. From 30 August 180g,

they were carried on two straps, one ovcr cach green leaves on their headdress, and a whiLe band shoulder. From December 1810 an adjustable I~­ on the left arm. in. chest strap with a brass buckle was added, and from 1814 this strap was fixed. On the lefl side ofLhe ArtnaDlent and weapon training pack were LWO calfskin loops for holding the sabre A numbcrofdiffcrcnt pattcrnsofmuskcl were in usc when on the march. A field canLeen was strapped by Lhe Prussian Line infantry at anyone Lime in the onto the back of the pack. It had a grey cover for period in qucstion. Those of Prussian manufacture normal duties, white for parade. A grey linen bread included: bag was issued, slung on a leather strap. I The 1 i82 Pattern, sometimes known as the 1780 From 20 August 180g unmounted officers, i.e. Pa1Lern. This was the standard infantry musket in company commanders and belo\\'. were also Lhe 1792 and 1806 campaigns. It was also used in required to \\'ear a knapsack. Itwas of black leadler the Wars of Liberation, but with a modified bUll for and had whiLe belts. Some officers, especially in Lhe IX"tl('r aiming. Grenadiers, covered the flap with seal skin. '2 The 1801 Pattern, also known as the 1805 A Cabinet Order of 6 Novcmber 1807 re- Pattern or NothardL muskct. It was originally imroduced the greatcoat. This originally reached inLended that this musket should replace Lhe 1782 nearly to Lhe ankle, but from 1814 it was shorLened. Pattern. By Lhe outbreak of war in 1806 a total of CoaLs were made of dark grey cloth and the collars were in the provincial colour, Lhose of Lhe Guard having no lace. At first they had only one, left-hand shoulder strap; when two straps were subsequently introduced on the knapsacks, it was necessary to have two shoulder straps on the greatcoat as well. From 18 October 1813, collars were grey with Provincial-coloured patches. The greatcoat had six metal buttons in the same colour as those on the tunic. When not in use the greatcoat was worn 'en bandolier' over the left shoulder and pack; on parade, it was worn rolled and strapped on top of Lhe pack. Officers' overcoats were dark grey, and came down tOjust abovc the knee. Collars were high and opcn until 1814. There werc twO rows of flat buttons. This was a notably popular garment: but officers could also wear a blue-grey greatCOaL with a single row of six domed buttons, and a dark-bluelined collar in the provincial colour which could either be folded down or fixed up by a gold chain. Its cape reached down below the arms to CO\'er the fingers. In the Russian campaign of 1812, the Prussian contingent put a black and white badge on their shako covers. Those units involved in the Russian campaign Lended 10 retain Lhisdistinction in 1813. In the 1813-14 campaign Lhe Allied troops wore

MUl!iician of Ihe 2nd Foot Guard", 18ls-from Genty. This regimenl fonned pari of the occupation forces in France after the Hundred Days.

3'

scven banalions had been issued with it. It was an admirable weapon, one of the few infantry muskets of the time to ha\'e both a front and a rear sight. Captured stocks were issued by the French to allied states, and produClion of the weapon ceased in 1806 as its small calibre prc\"cnted it from firing ammunition made for other weapons. Ho\\ever, that is not to say that the Prussians stopped using the weapon entirely; in January 1811 the two Grenadier Battalions of the Foot Guards were armed with them, and it is probable that more were used in the Wars of Liberation.

3 The lBog Pattern, more commonly known as the 'new' Prussian musket. This weapon was one of the best-designed flintlock muskets ever made. The barrel was attached to the stock by means of three brass rings which greatly eased its remo\"al and cleaning. The pan was made of brass. so did not rust and was thus much easier to keep clean. To protect the firer and his comrades from the flash there was a ~hicld around the pan. The touch·hole was conical, like prc\"ious Prussian models; so there was no need to prime the pan separately, as this was accomplished from the illsidt when ramming the charge home. The bayonet was fixed by a spring-loaded clip and thus, unlike many of its contemporaries, could not accidentally fall off, Finally, the calibre was large enough to use virtually any available musket ammunition captured or made for other weapons. The foreign weapons in use included the French 177711802 Panern or ·Charleville·. Some were in use prior to t813. In the Army Historical :\Iuseum in Rastatt there is one Charle\'ille which has been connned to the Pru ian system \\;th a conical touch-hole and pan guard. The first large delivcry of Frcnch weapons was inJanuary 1813, when the Russians handed o\"er 1.),000 captured weapons. Evcr-increasing numbers fell into Prussian hands throu~hout thecampaignsofl813 to 181.). By 181.), it would not be far wrong tosay that one-third of the army was armed with them. In the spring of 1813 the Austrian government, which had yet to declarc war on France. secretly supplied 20,000 muskets to the Prussians. During 1813 the British supplied thousands of 'Brown Besscs' to Prussia, About 1.),000 are reckoned to ha\'c been used in the field by October 1813. These are said to ha\"e had a larger bore than normal. which ma) indicate that the weapons were already w'ell worn before being supplied to the Prussians. Various Swedish, Ru ian and Dutch wcapons were also used. and hybrids wcre made from parts salvaged from damaged weapons. There was no question of uniformity of annament cven at thc Private of the 8th Infantry Regiment (Life Regiment), 1815from Genty. A good illustration of the DeW uni.form issued from ISI1; note the ~l1edshakodntitiedwith cords; the dosed cqllar; and the foot lap and red litripe of the trousers. See atso Plate H,

beginning of the period in question, and by 1813 the then underdeveloped Prussian economy had suffered the effects of years of warfare, defeat and constant drain on limited resources, so the variation In weaponry was enormous.

Prussia's elllry into the war with Russia in alliance with France caused deep, bitter divisions within governmental circles, the officer corps and the nation as a whole. Almost without exception, Frederick William's officers were against the alliance; but for most, loyalty to the crown proved stronger than patriotic sentiment. For some, hmvever, the interests of the nation were paramount, and they were unwilling to fight for France, the country they saw as the enslaver of Germany. A small but significant group of officers, including Clausewilz, quit Prussian service and joined the Russian army. Frederick William took this as a personal anront and never really forgave the offenders, although he later re-admitted them into his service. These rebels thought that their king lacked the courage to stand up to lhe demands of Napoleonic imperialism. However. his apparent acquiescence was based on a carefully thouglH-out decision. Frederick William went to war against Russia only with great reluctance and because he had lillie choice in the matter. Furtive attempts had been made to secure an alliance with Russia against France; but as much of Prussia was under French occupation, Frederick \'Villiam needed to be sure that military assistance from Russia was prompt and effective enough to ensure Prussia's security. The Russians were unable to guarantee this, and Frederick \Villiam had not forgotten how long it had taken them to assist him in 1806. Prussia started making clandestine preparations for an uprising in 181 t-fortifications were improved, and more soldiers were kept on active service than the Treaty of Paris allowed. (This was the peace treaty between Prussia and France, signed in 1808, which restricted the Prussian army to a maximum of 42,000 men.) Plans were made for calling up and arming the

1

I

NCO of the Prince of Orange's Regiment (No.lg), l806--fronl Henschel. This is an e1l:ample of the new uMonn issued to some units on a trial basis in that year. It was intended that the entire a.rmy receive it in 1807, but events overtook these plans.

reservists. However, Prussia could not hope to stand alone, and the aspiralions built up in 181 I were dashed in T812. The king's decision not to go it alone but to play along with the French for the lime being may well have been unpopular in Prussia, but it remained the sensible course of action in the Circumstances. Grawert, a divisional commander at Jena, was given command of the Prussian Auxiliary Corps of 21,000 men. Yorck was appointed his deputy, and as Grawert fell ill during the course of the campaign, Yorck soon succeeded him. The Prussians were, on the whole, unwilling allies, but determined to impress the French with their professionalism. There were a number of clashes between Prussian and French troops; and in

33

when, finally. yet another Finnish Jaeger regiment increased the already superior numbers against them, they would have been done lor iflhe Silesian Hussars had nOt smashed into the Jaegers' flank, rolled them up and wiped them out. And again. as they wcre riding back with about 800 prisoners in front of them. enemy Cossacks and dragoons unexpectedly broke out oflhe undergrowth in front oflhem. and lhey all would have been lost had il nOt been for the bold haste of the skirmishers of two battalions rushing up o\"er open terrain, hiding behind a fence, and gi"ing the enemy ca\"alry such close and effective fire that alllhe survivors of these squadrons could do was gallop away. I t was with determination and confidence lhat all arms cooperated in their attacks, each at the right place and right time, with its total energy. After this battlc at LalSchcnkrug-thc enemy lost 1,200 prisoners alone----I:>Olh Russian corps could only now think of falling back.' In these live days ofoperations around Riga at the end of September and beginning of October 1812. the Russians lost an estimated 5.000 men including 2,500 prisoncrs. The Prussians lost 1,080 dead. wounded and missing. The conduct and performance of the Prussian Auxiliary Corps earned it praise even in Napoleon's headquarters: and it was this fine body of fighting Musketeer Qr th~ R~gi.menl Arnim (No.13). parad~ dress, men whose defection to the Russians by the l806--rrom tlenschel. For equivalent campaign dr~s5. se~ Convention of Tauroggen on 30 December 1812 Plat~ C. precipitated Ihe uprising in Germany which Insterburgl when inspecting ~lacDonald's troops of became known as lhe 'Wars of Liberation'. which Ihe Prussians were a pan, :\apoleon was The order-of-balllc of this Corps was as follows: shocked by the stony silence with which the Prussian comingcnt greeted him-Ihe French. xxvn Division of the Grand Armee Italians, Poles and Confederation troops had all Commanding general: Gen. von Grawert shouted 'Vive I"Empercur!' Chief of the general Stan': Col. von Roeder On crossing the Russian border, '{orck instructed Second commanding general: Lt.Gcn. von Yorck his men to treal the Russians and their property hifanl'J' with respect. The Prussians formed a division in 1st Brigade: Col. von Below MacDonald's Corps. and he described them as Infantry Regiment ~O.I: ~laj. von Sjoeholm I being a fine army. but suspected them of ill will. Infantry Regiment No.2: ~laj. von Sjoehohn Despite this. the Prussians always showed their II professionaJism and determination when it came to East Prussian Jaeger: ~Iaj. \'on Clausewilz a fight with the Russians. During the operations 2nd Brigade: Lt.Col. \"on Horn connected with the siege of Riga there was some Infantry Regiment NO.3: :\Iaj. von Steinmetz particularly hard and bloody fighting. Droysen Infantry Regiment 1\0.4: ~I
3·f

infantry Regiment 1\0.6: :vIaj. von Carnal Fusilier Banalion :"l'0.7: Maj. von Funk Cavaby--LLGen. von :Ylassenbach I st Brigade: Dragoon Regiment No.1: Maj. von Treskow Dragoon Regiment NO.2: Col. von Juergass 2nd Brigade: Col. von Jeanneret Hussar Regiment NO.J: Maj. von Eike Arlillery-~1aj. von Schmidt Four batteries of6pdrs., t baltery of 12pdrs., three horse bat teries. Norc that Hussar Regiment 1\0.1 was attached to VII Division of MacDonald's Corps, and that Hussar Regimclll NO.2 and the Uhlan Regiment werc attached to Murat's Cavalry Reserve.

Napoleonic imperialism. Among these reforms were the opening of the officer corps to all who could pass an entrance examination, thereby increasing opportunities for the middle classes; the formation of a reserve to the standing army through the 'Kruemper System'; and the formation of a militia, the 'Landwehr'. It was Scharnhorst who organised Prussia's preparations for an uprising against France in 181 I. in 18 I3 he was Bluccher's chief-of-staff, and on 2 May he was wounded at the battle of GrossGoerschcn. Almost immediately afterwards he wenl to Austria to try to speed up lhcircntry into the war. However, the wound became infected, and he died from it in Prague on 28 June 1813. Scharnhorst never saw the fruits of his labours; had he lived to the end of the Napoleonic Wars, there is little doubt

Scharllhorst

Rear view of Musketeer, Prince of Orange's Regiment (NO.19), parade dress, I~from Henschel.

GcrhardJohann David von Scharnhorst, one of the great military geniuses of this period, was born on 12 November 1755 in Hanover. The son ofa farmer, he enrolled at the age of 17 at the Military Academy of COUIll ''''illiam of Schaumburg-Lippe, himself one of the most influential military lhinkers in Europe at thal time. At the age of 22, Scharnhorst joined Estorff's Hanoverian Dragoons as an ensign. In 1783 he transferred to the artillery, and put up a distinguished performance as a battery commander in the Netherlands campaign of '793--94' In 1801 he joined lhe Prussian service, and began his career as a teacher and reformer of the Prussian army. He was wounded at Auerstaedt, and taken prisoner with Bluecher's corps at Luebeck. Later he was exchanged, and fought at Eylau as chief-of-staff of L'EstOcq's Corps. The bold and successful in· tervention of this corps in the battle is regarded by some as an important lUrning-point in Prussia's military history. After the Peace ofTilsit in 1807 he became the king's Adjutant-General until I8to, when he was appointed Director of the 'Val' Department. Holding such senior positions within the Prussian military hierarchy enabled Scharnhorst, despite bitter opposition and hostility from conservative circles, to institute a number of major military reforms, and to prepare Prussia for the day when she would be able to throw off the yoke of

35

Officer of tbe Regimenl Amirn (No"13}, par:ade dress, 1806from Henschel.

that he would have achieved further fame on the field of battle. Although Gneiscnau was an admirable substitute, he perhaps lacked some of the charisma and genius of Scharnhorst. Some historians e,"en rate Scharnhorst's military talent as highly as that ofNapolcon Bonaparte: and it should not be forgotten that Scharnhorst's teachings, passed down through his pupil Clausewitz, still influence military thought today. Lehmann, Scharnhorst's biographer, givcs us an example of his sharp military perception when describing the advance of L'EslOcq's Corps 10 intervene in the Battle of Eylau: 'It was an exceedingly great stroke ofluck which selected this little band to wrench away again the viclOry that the French Emperor had in his hands. From daybreak this battle, the most gruesome for half a century. had rag:ed with undescribablc 36

violence. The right flank and centre of the Russians had held. and at times had even achie\"ed successes. But right from the beginning of the battle ~apolcon had threatened the Russians' right flank through .\'ey. and their left flank through Davout: and when the first of these out.flanking mo\,ements was foiled thanks to the Prussian Corps, then the second was all the more successful. Davout smashed the Russians' left flank tOtally, and bem their cemrc so that their position was no longer a line but rather like a square open at the rear. From position to position. from village to village he pursued them, finally enn taking the village of Kutschittcn which lay to the north of the road running to Domnau and AlIcnburg. The shortest line ofcommunication with home was thus cut, and their defeat seemed cenain. ·It was at that moment that Scharnhorst appeared on the field of battle with his 5,000 men. Of course, Bcnnigsen did nOt place them on the right flank as he had imcndcd that morning, but rather ordered them to come to the aid of the mortally threatened left. But even here there was still a choice of several points to attack; wilh firm resoke, Scharnhorst chose the one which offered the most shining success. .\s he looked o,"er the balliefieid from the heights at Althoff it did nOt escape his allemion that Da\'out, in his effons to outflank the Russians. had exposed his own flank: il was against the Rank of the Rank. against Kutschitten, that Scharnhorst directed the attack.' Lehmann continues by describing the results of this attack: 'While Regiment Schoening cut off the French garrison of the village (51St Regiment and four companies of the lo8th from their compatriots positioned further to the south. the Towarczys lancers, joined by several hundred Cossacks, chased left around the "illagc and Cllt down what Regiments \\'yburg and RucchcJ drove towards them: the cagle of one of the two French regiments was captured here:

Bibliograpby In addition to those works lisLCd in the relevant section army Prussian Light Infantry /792-/8/5, ).lAA No. 149, the follo\\'ing works have been consulted in the preparation of this volume: Scharnhorst by :\Iax Lehmann (2 vols, Leipzig, 1886-1887 this is the standard biography orlhat noted Prussian general and military reformer. E:ur~ir-Rtgltmt1l/ Jutr dit bifanltrit drr h"otnig!ich Preussischm Armtt Berlin, 181'2 ; and Reg/miffl/fU" die ItOt1/iglich PrnJJs;scht InJan/trit Bielefeld. 1788 . These last two works are the two main sets of drill regulations in force during the period examined. Rossbach und JtnO by Colmar Frcihcrr \'on def Goltz Berlin, 1883 contains an imcrestinganalysis oCthe deyelopment oflaclics and the reforms in the anny prior to Jcna. E/udu Toctiquu sur /0 Campagne de 1&6 by Pascal Bressonnct Paris, 1909 is a very well written study of the taClics used by the French and Prussian armies in the 1806 campai~n.

of this regiment fought in lhe warof 1794 in Poland, and at Pianki took prisoner the Polish General Grabowski and 1,500 of his men.

As: Officer. service dress Since it was stationed in the cast of BrandenburgPrussia this regiment survivcd the worst of the catastrophe of 1806, and fought through much of the 1807 campaign: it was present at Eylau. It was later redesignated the 3rd Infamry Regiment (2nd East Prussian : and entered the First \\'orld \\'ar as the 3rd Grenadier Regiment. All ligures after Kling.

Grenadier NCO of Resiment Ah.Larisch in Banalion Rh,riobablen (No.2J 26), at the 'presenl anns' in par2de uniIonn, I~from HeDljcbd. See also Plate D.

Die c..:niformm drr Prtlmischm Garden l-'
Tile Plates A: Irifan/Y)' Regiment Hols/ein-Beck (So. II ). /794 AI: Grenadier. parade dress At this time lhe grenadiers were distinguished b~ their white plumcs: the distinctive cap was introduced later. On parade and garrison duties the lapels were worn buttoned back, displaying the regimental facings. The grenadier companies of this unit were part of the garrison of Koenigsberg in East Prussia.

A2: .\ f uske/e". campaign dress \\'hen on campaign the lapels were \,'orn buttoned across. This extra warmth was needed greatcoats were not issued until the winter of 1806. Later patterns of tunic, which did not bulton across. were unpopular for this reason. The musketeer battalions

37

B: bifantry Regiment Wartensleben (¥\'o.j9). /80]-06 B/. B2: Ofjicers Onc of the newest rcgiments of thc 'old' Prussian army, this unit worc the new style of uniforms from its foundation in 1803: officers of otlter regiments only began to display these from 1805. Xote also that officers of Wanenslebcn wore tlte knee-boot, and no longer carried the spontoon. Grenadier NCO fron> the other component of Saltalion Rheinbaben, Re~ntent Winning (No'~3~rrom Henschel. Apin, see Plate D,

B3-' Pri~'ate. sen'iu dress The official history of this regiment is emitled: 'Founded in 1803 at E!fun. Wiped Out in 1806 at Auerstaedt·. Brandenburg-Prussia received the fortress of Erfun at the end of 1802, and this regiment was raised to garrison it. Those elements which were nOI destroyed at Auerstaedt, their first and only battle, capitulated at E.rfun two days later. All figures aner Fritz Kersten, C: bifantry Regiment Ruechel (No.2), /806 CI: Ofjicer in 'Ueberrock'. campaign dress Officers tended to leave their finely embroidered uniforms behind in time of war; they ,,'ent on campaign wearing the o\'ercoat illustrated here, o\'er undress tunic and riding o\'eralls. C2. C3: Pril:ates. rampaign dress These figures illustrate clearly the equipment carried by the Prussian Line in the 1806 campaign, and lhe overalls generally issued. The latter varied in colour from grey to brown. Also pan of the Koenigsberg garrison, this regiment did not see action ulllil the end of 1806, It fought at Eylau, In the subsequent re-organisation it became the 1st I nfantr} Regimclll 1st East Prussian . entering the First' \'orld \\' ar as the 1st Grenadier Regiment. .\11 figures after Kling, DJ.' Grenadier. b!fantry Regiment Il'inning (So.23); parade dress. 1806 forming part of the Berlin garrison, these grenadiers were combined with those ofAlt·Larisch ~0.26J in the battalion commanded by Rheinbabel1. They fought at Auerstaedl. and remnants capitulated al Erfun and Luebeck. After Henschel. D2: Grenadier. Infantf)' Rtgiment Courbiert (-,"0.58); campaign drus, 1806 This regiment took part in the defence of Danzig, which lasted well into ,80]. One of the newest regiments of the 'old' army, it became in 1808 the ]lh I nfantry Regiment (2nd West Prussian), and its grenadiers later formed part of lhe Kaiser Franz Regimenl. DJ: Grtnadi" _'·CO. lafantry R,gimtnl Kropff(.'O.JI ); campaign drus. 1806 .\5 this regimelH formed pan of the garrison of

Warsaw. which was ceded to the Grand Duch\ in 18071 it was not re-raised subsequently: this.. de"pite its successful participation in the defence of ilesia in 1806-07. Figures D2 and 03 after K.lin~.

£: InfantT)' Regiment du Kot1ligs f. \ruB : parade dUlL 1805

Olfiar £2: Drummer £3: Pril'ate The King's Regiment, which formed part of the Potsdam garrison, combined splendid uniforms with a history of bravery in action_ Among its many battles were Malplaquct (1709 , Hohenfriedberg ('745), LobosilZ ('756), and Lcuthcn ('757)· Although forced lO retire at Aucrstacdt in 1806, clements of the regiment fought on with Bluecher until he was finally forced to capitulalc at Lucbeck. It was not re-raised. (Xote the lace on the drummer's tunic: such distinctions were later abandoned in fa\'our of the 'swallow·s·nest· shoulder ornament. The private is in the 'present arms' position. All figures aner Thucmen. £1:

F: Foot Guards Regimen/. 1808-1] FI. 1-2: Olfiurs. /808 The relative simplicity of FI's undress uniform contrasts with the service dress of his comrade, F2. White overalls were worn in summer_ The regiment was pan of the Potsdam garrison and the Royal Guard. Fj.' Grel/adier. parade dress, /8/3

The regiment fought at Gross·Gocrschen in the spring of 181g. but thereafter remained in resen'e until the final attack on Paris in ~larch 18q. When on campaign the plume was removed, the shako covered with oilskin, and a greatcoat worn en bandolier. After Thuemen and Kersten.

G: 12th "1an/T)' Regiment (2nd Siluian). /808-/] G/: Soldier in camp dress This forage cap and jacket were worn by Prussian infantry until 1814, when a differenl cap was issued. Yellow was the provincial distinction of Silesian regiments.

Grenadier of Regiment Ah·Larisch (No.:z6) in .806 parade dre._from Hen.chel.

G2: .\fuskt/ter. campaign dress, /8/2

Once the winter of 1812 had set in, most Prussian infal1lry would ha'-e resembled this greatcoatcd fi~rc. Their appearance in France in early 1814 would have been "imilar. except that ankle· length coah were issued.

G3: .\"CO. u1nter parade dress White trousers were substituted in summer. After Knoctel. I-II: .\/uske/eer. 8th Infantr.J Rfglmmt (Life Regiment). /815 This typical example of the uniforms in which lhe

Prussian

LiJ1C finished the Napolconic Wars presents a fine CQntra<;t with those shown on Plate A. The Leib-Regimellt served in von Borde's brigade of

On 18/19 June dUs corps was at Wavre, facing Grouchy. After Genty,

Thielemann'5 I II Corps in BIuecher's Army of lhe fl2. "3: Grenadiers, lsI Foot Guards Regiment, /8/5 Lower Rhine in 1815, In reserve at the beginning of Two anglcson the uniform and personal equipment Ligny, they came forward to ,\llont-Polriaux on lhe worn at the \'cry end of the Napoleonic Wars, After Prussian left centre later in the afternoon of 16J une. Thucmen.

Notes sur les planches en couleur

Farbla.feln

A. ,\ (.... ,td"u·.I" !lr(nad,(r.;~dll\lnI(U"I(nl~ lro"'l'lurn"" bl"',cbn. la «>sfI.. d"linc'l\( n.. fu. d;"lrib",.. qu·" un... ddt" "h"ri(U1T Puur In ...nlcaolTKldl.ln ....,' d.. b lUniqu ... N:utnl hoUl(tnlll'S ... n "mert. pr"",m:ltll I..., roukurl d.. p;rr rn ..m t.... Will dlll;'" d·ap-n rAoll', .3 ~ ,~n, "n M~rni ...... "n l'tU.... nn"",al.. ,....."gin,..n, ~ p.ni<:ip:o p'" a". pllft me.mtnt> d~ filmb:m d... r806 II cc,mb3tri' n r8oi; "I fill plU\ uld r"I.1pll'" Inbnrt'..... Ratm'.. m "r,j J' Pru.,~.." d. 1' , 81,82 Otlleicn pon~m If IM"".... U)t\trd'umfoml<' rn \;~un>r d~n. ~ rC'glln
A•. \1. \Iut:'f{hcn 'f\I~" d,C' G ....nad,.,... n dr..,...", lettpulll, ..." ... r .....""" ~ ........hu;ch; "IrlC baummle(;rcnadlt:1'Tl,ut~ ... " urdecnt ""ehhe...tIll:dulrtl.l.ur I'ar:.d.. lInd ~"m ~",,'..onlKhr" Dleml ""rd-., di. 8ru>lUapP'"" .l"fvdd"l'pl d.un" mati di.. R.. r;jmenl.\f.t.. bc' ~.keuuc" k"nm ... 1\2 Il.cim '\u~l1Ia"...h WUrth'1I oli" Rllnllbpp"" .~m Schuu I{"I!"" ", .. Ir.. ub.. ~ .. l"...pfl \!.mrd "", Rt')l:imcn, lllt~, mrhl tum ~ll..1 1t, n k.ampl'" .. n. ,mJ.. h~ r807. ~il 1808 Inl,lIuenc-R"'IlHnent

" .. 3 JI" o.lprt'Ul>l!oo.-~ B., 82 Off",..,.. in
CI En C'lIml'.g.lt'. "'" offici,," porl"i"flll(~""",k",,,," , .. lie ....1'01(. un.. ,umqu" d.. 5('n·it"C' llmlll.. el dn ftrr .... rtb d.· ,h.. \aI. C2., Cl·l .. n"" d.. r"mp.ltn... :t,('C o:quillt'menl d.. CollllMr ... ruw.:rrt!\ ll'ri~ou h,ulu vrOfllfl" E, ILU. iI fUl plll~ I"rd r.. h:tp'''''lnf.Ull........Kel{,,,....,1l :'\r.r ,n l'ruS>I..n d( l"nl

C. 1m 1rid Ilu~", d,1' Oflit;e,.. ..- Pbrrn..-l Ubt'l lllt"rillll,r..... k und Rnlh"... n Ca., C3 ~dllt"at\Chm.t";1l G,.. u" ,,(kr br.",,,, L'h...ho>
01 1.<:' ~.t'm.drrr\ de c~ r"'ll",,,,m CI:l,ent I{r(H'.... ",<'(' ...", du rn;.rn"uI \h· Lui"..-h :-:.. & d ..... I.. s..uaill..n Rhcinlhabm, Iltcumrntl'i..... ldAu.. nl;l(,h D2 Ildemeu. dr Ilant;'l' cn (c,,"e dC' ...mp;alttlc. fau:rDr COnlr.a.>r.. ;1\ .... 1:1 r..""... d" p:""d.. d.. l'il1u'''.lion p..... roC'nt(. C... r<1l;;rncn fUI Id~prlloi' 1"I"nl""C" R..g,,,,..,rt:-:r. 7 J'l'rutm 1l"'1l cn "trlnl"c" r806 OJ. n-l"r'!Orncrn Il.. fut p;a) tnom,.. apln I.. COl"l'lUo'I" Ik ... 'lllrd... t •• niso;"l, \"lINmi... p;ar I.. l'nloK'''' t:11 Itkn E" E2, E3 T"IIl'" d~ p;ondc port..... poor , ... ,..,tim'nl d·..lll.., ed"hr" lM,ur "'u clril.. ncc '13 b"l\·ou.(. :-':mn Id d«orallOfl .... lM.....m..'" d... L:a 'umqu.. prl.... ·",.h d'hi,ondelln·.

01 DiC' ( ......ud ...... d'(>n Rt'\linll'nu ,,~rie" mil tkn..n \('m R<1l;unt'nt \11 I... n",h 'ir JII lin 8'''.1111<011 Rhrmb.:allt'r Wlod.lnmrol("lOl1~n ~,t l..>lllP.'rtll bet ,\uu"...... 02 "'"hlll.ln del' \ enettlrltun~ tOil Danlrll: leil Ore ~ .. kulllform 1.,.-1 ~rch mil ri..r Pardu(unilorm all_ 'I aiel D, It'iehl \"n.:l.;..h...n Sru r8,,8 lnf.allt"n...·Rrjl:lfnel':'\I. 7 ~ln \\ "'lprC'"..'loClrtl OJ Ob..-ohl d,.."... RC'ltrtll..m ,flOll 7 .uhm,t.1l and", y .. ntiri'tun~ \un !lurnl...... :-:"...hhr, ah ,\b~rich"" I.Ut....1 di.. \pi ..lInll" nul' die lIl-~rn,ullll" ·Sch"alhrn·:-:("\ttn.

n,

FI, F2 , ... )lItlpli.. i,.. d" I'urrifom'" d...... "IC..... n (Olllr... IC' a\~ l'unif(H'lIl" "rjl:lnn~nr:ai ....,. plul.iClmp·uel1St'"",..m d~. ~ cui"-lrd_ bl3rlCt ...\","'( 1""'" "n (oJe, Ge, unu(o r""o;;Iil p;am.. d.. b. r;am~ ck Pttod"m F] Ell cdmpagn... la plunl~ ~lallluppnmn:. Ie' .h:alo rr<:OUU'" d... ""l,, (uet' et ur... CitJlOI.. eUII PI"t"". roulet' .... )Ct(.. IU.. Ie CNf

G. L.c bo<,n~1 ~,I", ,"CSt.. potl(,ijU>q"·"'" r8'-t,dal( alaqudk un fM)lI,·.... u bon,...1 fUI d"r tibu.... L.c pu"............ I.. co"k"r mw"en\'C' d... l:a Sil"'Ie, G2 \'pC'C' 1\ f"'l..... d.. l'rnfam.. n .. pru\:>l.. ntl<" en I(nu... de c.lmp.ll;'''''' d'Iu,·et d"nnl I.... d""",""",, c;a"'I''''l/''<'I m.poln>mc"n . En r6'<4, tit'll "'poln pi"" lQl'l(u", comm..ne... t:1l a tu.. disrribuN'$. G3 C~tr, ill""... ti(ln pl6ocnr... I", ,enuc.t1·I"",'r. d ... p"m.llcm blano el",,,nl ponel en 'IC.

HI l'nifonn... d~ c:omp"I1:"" I\JRqur d.. L:a lin dc II p<'riode napoln",/('nl\('. en co"lr..rt' fnr'I","r ", n I. II' Ic prCtidem 1"':"'111" p;r' 1"t1lullrlllk}fl" H2, II] I>..u.\ 11ll1>tr.1I<ml d.. l'''I''ip..m..nl 1'"""'.11I....1 ponT 31. fin d( c..lt .. pnmd(

F., F.r Di" ....1.111\

nfa..h.. Imcnm.unif<)l1T I;u., sich mil de.. p.unhollct n ~"nmcr ,tUg man "C'l.-_ H.....,n DOl> Rt"l\,rn ... .. •• Tni d(r }'o!>damel' Gamllon F3 1m F~1d ,",uro.. d.... 8u.... h ab«rw>trtm..". d....- rkh..ko mil \'aclutU("h hnlo:o.l' und d.... l!:n-nl.hc \lanerl ""l Lcih l!etr:rllC'n.

Diemmmform ,(rtel "hen. 1m

<;""

GI rrldmul1C' undJaclr.... , IBll j"hn\' rn",n em....... u '\" rddmuu... ..-ill G2 \\ ;nlCTunifOtm dn P"'""","'hen Inf"mmllen til hC'1 1 1, d"r lkfrri"n~\kri"lt.. ,lh·1 ""rd.." IMIl!l'l"C \lMlIel cmgcluhn. H. '\Ill t;nd.. d.. BrftTiun~l.riC'll:t ""t d,_ \It Fdduu;filttn dl< "rmlt \ ~I~khe" Si" dao: nur dn'....' aul rn-I \ H'l, H:) L:llifotu·.. n uud \"\fU,,,m~llKu.die :am lndr di,..,... Epuch.. tr.fiI((..n "or(!i-n _;nd

mml]

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i l l TheAieofT~

lSI

wt

69

Greelc S. PtrSloln Wan. SOI)..l2)

148 Army ci AJeX¥lder the Great 111 Carthagnan W~

.

Be

~~";"~.,.,

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'!

THE MEDIEVAL WORLD 1.7 Romano-Byuntwle ArmIes 4th-9th ( IS. ArtI'ur 8. Aneb-Sixon W~ ISS Armoes of the MusWn ~

115 Armes of hUm. 7th-11th C ISO The Aif:. of QIa~

89 Byuntne: ~ 886- I I 18 IS Sixon. ~ 8. Nc:Im'IarI 111 Fretd1 ~Armes 1(0)...1)00 1$ Armoes of the ~ 111 ~8. t!'le ~ens ISS Kr.ahts 01 Clrtst

100 EI Cd 8. ~ 1050- 492 105 The Mongols

~Il ~ Armoes Med~ European Ar1TIoes

SO 151 Scots & Wef5h

W~

9. The S....1SS I~ ISOO 136 Ita..arl Armoes 1~ 1SOO 166 GermarI Armoes I)()O.I SOO 195 I-Iu'I£ary 8. E Europe lcoo.lS68 159 The MarrlkII<s 12so.lS17 140 Ottoman Turl<.s 1300-1774 110 Venetian Empore 1200-1670 III Crtq and POltlers 144 Mec:heval ~ 13~-I~n I I 3 Anrnes of Aglnc.ourt 145 Wars d tile 1I.oses " Medteval Hef'aldry

16TH AND ITTH CENTURIES 156 The Ir1sh WMS 1~8S·I603 191 Henry VIII's Army S8Tho~ AfTnIe$ 101Tne~

119 Aztec

115 Wta"'lS Ac\oIpI'lus,' ~ ~aMr)' 161 Gusta"'lS Ac:\ojpt'us r2t Ct'lalry 14 E~ CM W¥ ArmIes I 10 New""'odel Army I ~ 5-60 103 l.clUIs

s Army

97 _ _ • """' 86 5arnInI Annes 1S~ 161 S

Avec annotations

Wi f~is sur lei pla.nches Wi cOl.deur. Mit Aufteld'onun.en auf Deutsch liber den

Farbtafeln.

1&4 PolIshAtmoes 1569.1696(1) 1a8 Poldtl Armoes 1569·1696 (2}

18TH CENTURY 161 18th Century l-hgi"Wlders 160 Peter the Great's Army (I): Infarwy I II jacoblte Rebelbons 136 Fredenck the Great 140 Frederotk the Great 2) 148 Fredendt tile Great 3) 48 Wolfe's Army 118 Amencan Woodland Indlilf'lS 39 Bot Army n N Amenc:a 14-4 Frenr;t1 10 ArTIer, War Ind

1')

NAPOLEONIC PERIOD 257 Napoleon's Campargns If> Italy 79 Napoleon's Egyptian ~ 87 Napoleon's Mars"lals 64 Nap's C~rs & Carabner1 55 f\Qp's 0rag00rlS & l..alxers

68 f\Qp's l.ne Chassan 76

NIp-s~

13 Nap's Guard Ctva/fy 141 '\',,(:,"s l.ne Infantry

146

~'s

I.,Itrt In'anuy

153 Nap's GUard Infartry (I) 160 NIp's Guard Infantry (2} 44 Nap's Gennan Aioes [I

TrtJe 1m c:CWIfIIlUed 011 Itl$lde bod: c_