This excerpt from Presumptive Meanings. Stephen C. Levinson. © 2000 The MIT Press. is provided in screen-viewable form for personal use only by members of MIT CogNet. Unauthorized use or dissemination of this information is expressly forbidden. If you have any questions about this material, please contact
[email protected].
References
Adams, M . 1987. From Old French to the theory of pro-drop. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 5:1- 32. Allen , J. 1983. Recognizing intentions from natural language utterances. In M . Brady and R . C. Berwick (eds.), Computationalmodelsof discourse(pp. 107- 166). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Allen , S. 1994. Acquisition of somemechanismsof transitivity alternation in arctic Quebeclnuktitut . Ph.D . dissertation, McGill University, Montreal . Anderson, S., and Keenan, E. 1985. Deixis. In T . Shopen(ed.), Languagetypology and syntactic description. Vol . 3, Grammaticalcategoriesand the lexicon (pp. 259307). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Andronov , M . 1969. A standardgrammar of modernand classicalTamil. Madras, India: New Century Book House. Ariel , M . 1994. Interpreting anaphoric expressions : A cognitive versus a pragmatic approach. Journal of Linguistics 30:3- 42. Aronoff , M . 1974. Wordformation in generativegrammar. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press. Arundale, R . B. 1997. 'Studies in the way of words': Grice's new directions in conceptualizing meaning in conversational interaction. Mimeo, Department of Communication, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. (Paper presentedat the International Communication Association, Chicago, May 1991.) Asher, R . 1985. Tamil. London: Croom Helm. Atlas, J. 1979. How linguistics matters to philosophy. In D . Dinneen and C.-K . Oh (eds.), Syntax and semantics. Vol . 11, Presupposition(pp. 265- 281). New York : Academic Press. Atlas, J. 1983. Commentson Horn (1985). Ms., Pomona College, Claremont, CA . Atlas, J. 1984a. Grammatical non-specification: The mistaken disjunction theory. Linguistics and Philosophy7:433- 443. Atlas, J. 1984b. Comparative adjectivesand adverbialsof degree: An introduction to radically radical pragmatics. Linguistics and Philosophy7:347- 377.
426
References Atlas , J. 1989. Philosophy without ambiguity . Oxford : Clarendon Press. Atlas , J. 1993a. The implications of conversation : The 1990 Leuven lectures . Ms ., Pomona College , Claremont , CA . Atlas , J. 1993b. The importance of being ' only ' : Testing the neo-Gricean versus neo-entailment paradigms . Journal of Semantics 10:301- 318. Atlas , J. (in press) . Pragmatic analysis : Logic , meaning, and conversational impli cature . Oxford : Oxford University Press. Atlas , J., and Levinson , S. 1973. What is an implicature ? Part 1: Kenny Logic . MSSB
mimeo
.
Atlas , J. D ., and Levinson , S. C . 1981. It -clefts , informativeness , and logical form : Radical pragmatics (revised standard version ) . In Cole 1981: 1- 61. Austin , J. L . 1950. Truth . Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society . Supplementary vol . 24. [Reprinted in J. L . Austin , 1970, Philosophical papers , pp . 117- 133. Oxford : Oxford University Press.] Austin , J. L . 1962. How to do things with words. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Austin , P. 1981. A grammar of Diyari , South Australia . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Austin
, P . 1987 . Cases
and
clauses
in Jiwarli
, Western
Australia
. Ms ., La
Trobe
University , Melbourne . Avramides , A . 1989. Meaning and mind : An examination ofa Gricean account of language. Cambridge , MA : MIT Press. Bach , K . 1975. Performatives are statements too . Philosophical Studies 28:229236 .
Bach , K . 1982. Semantic non specificity and mixed quantifiers . Linguistics and Philosophy 4:593- 605. Bach , K . 1984. Default reasoning : Jumping to conclusions and knowing when to think twice . Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 65:37- 58. Bach , K . 1987a. Thought and reference. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Bach , K . 1987b. On communicative Language 2:141- 154.
intentions : A reply to Recanati . Mind and
Bach , K . 1990. Communicative intentions , plan recognition , and pragmatics . In Cohen , Morgan , and Pollack 1990: 389- 400 . Bach , K . 1994. Conversational impliciture . Mind and Language 9: 124- 162. Bach , K . 1995. Standardization and conventionalization . Linguistics and Philoso phy 18:677- 686. Bach , K ., and Hamish , R . M . 1979. Linguistic communication and speech acts . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press. Bache , C ., Basb.0ll, H ., and Lindberg , C . E . (eds.) 1994. Tense, aspect, and action : Empirical and theoretical contributions to language typology . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter .
427
References Baker , C . L . 1995. Contrast , discourse prominence , and intensification , with special reference to locally free reflexives in British English . Language 71:63- 101. Baker , G . P., and Hacker , P. 1984. Language , sense, and nonsense: A critical investigation into modern theories of language . Oxford : Blackwell . Bar -Hillel , Y . 1954. Indexical expressions. Mind 63:359- 379. Bar -Hillel , Y ., and Carnap , R . 1952. An outline of a theory of semantic informa tion . MIT Technical Report 247. [Reprinted in Y . Bar -Hillel , 1964, Language and information , pp . 221- 274. Reading , MA : Addison -Wesley .] Barton , E . 1988. Base-generated constituents : A theory of grammatical structure and pragmatic interpretation . Pragmatics and Beyond Series, Amsterdam : John Benjamins . Barwise , J. 1986. Conditionals and conditional information . In E . Closs-Traugott , A . ter Meulen , J. Reilly , and C . Ferguson (eds.), On conditionals ( pp . 21- 54) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Barwise , J., and Cooper , R . 1981. Generalized quantifiers and natural language . Linguistics and Philosophy 4:159- 219. Barwise J., and Perry , J. 1983. Situations and attitudes . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
Berlin , B . 1963. Some semantic features of reduplication in Tzeltal . International Journal of American Linguistics 29:211- 218. Bickerton , D . 1981. Roo ts of language. Ann Arbor , MI : Karoma . Bierwisch , M . 1996. How much space gets into language ? In Bloom , Peterson , Nadel
, and
Garrett
1996 : 31 - 76 .
Blakemore , D . 1992. Understanding utterances. Oxford : Blackwell . Blass, R . 1990. Relevance relations in discourse. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
Bloom , P., Peterson , M ., Nadel , L ., and Garrett , M . (eds.) 1996. Language and space. Cambridge , MA : MIT Press. Bloomfield , L . 1933. Language . New York : Holt , Rinehart , and Winston . Bohnemeyer , J. 1998. Time relations in discourse.' Evidence from a comparative approach to Yukatek Maya . Ph .D . dissertation , Tilburg University , The Nether lands
.
'
Bolinger , D . 1979. Pronouns in discourse . In T . Givon (ed.), Syntax and semantics . Vol . 12, Discourse and syntax (pp ~ 289- 310) . New York : Academic Press. Botha , R . 1988. Form and meaning in word formation : A study of Afrikaans reduplication . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Bouchard , D . 1983. On the content afempty categories. Dordrecht : Foris . Bourdieu , P. 1977. Outline of a theory of practice . Cambridge : Cambridge Uni versity Press. Breal , M . 1900. Semantics. [Trans . Mrs . H . Cust ] . New York : Henry Holt .
428
References Brown, P., and Levinson, S. C. 1978. Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In E. Goody (ed.), Questionsand politeness: Strategies in social interaction (pp. 56- 289). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Brown, P., and Levinson, S. C. 1987. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Burrow, T ., and Emeneau, M . 1961. A Dravidian etymologicaldictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Burton-Roberts, N . 1984. Modality and implicature. Linguistics and Philosophy 7: 181- 206. Burzio, L . 1991. The morphological basis of anaphora. Journal of Linguistics 27:81- 105. Bybee, J., Pagliuca, W ., and Perkins R. 1991. Back to the future. In Traugott and Heine 1991: 17- 58. Calvert, D . R . 1986. Descriptivephonetics. 2d ed. Stuttgart: Thieme. Caldwell, Bishop R . 1961 [1856]. A comparativegrammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages . Madras, India: Madras University Press. [Originally London: Harrison.] Cann, R . 1993. Formal semantics : An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni versity Press. Cantrall, W . R. 1973. Why I would relate own, emphatic reflexives, and intensive pronouns, my own self. Proceedingsof the regional meeting of the Chicago Lin guistics Society 9:57- 67. Cantrall, W . R . 1974. Viewpoint, reflexives, and the nature of nounphrases. Janua Linguarum, SeriesPractica 210. The Hague: Mouton . Carden, G. 1989. Reflexives constructions in Atipa and other early Guyanese texts. In M . Fauquenoy (ed.), Special issueof Textes, Etudes, et Documents7- 8 (pp. 1- 21). Paris: L ,Harmattan. Carden, G., and Stewart, W . 1986. Binding theory, bioprogram, and creolization: Evidence from Haitian Creole. Paper presentedat Linguistic Society of America annual meeting. [Published as Carden and Stewart 1988.] Carden, G., and Stewart, W. 1987. Mauritian Creole reflexives: An alternative historical scenario. Ms., University of British Columbia. Carden, G., and Stewart, W . 1988. Binding theory, bioprogram, and creolization: Evidencefrom Haitian Creole. Journal of Pidgin and CreoleLanguages3: 1- 67. Carden, G., and Stewart, W . 1989. Mauritian Creole reflexives: A reply to Come. Journal of Pidgin and CreoleLanguages4:65- 101. Carden, G., and Stewart, W . 1990. Clefts, topicalization, and coreferencein Haitian Creole: Implications for models of creolization based on L1 acquisition. Paper presentedat the Conferenceon Focus and Grammatical Relations in Creole Languages, University of Chicago, May 1990. Camap, R. 1947. Meaning and necessity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
429
References Carston , R . 1985. A reanalysis of some 'quantity implicatures ' . Ms ., University College London . Carston , R . 1988. Implicature , explicature , and truth -theoretic semantics. In R . Kempson (ed.), Mental representations .~ The interface between language and reality (pp . 155- 181) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Carston , R . 1995. Quantity maxims and generalised implicature . Lingua 96:213244 .
Carston , R . 1996. Metalinguistic
negation and echoic use. Journal of Pragmatics
25 : 309 - 330 .
Chafe , W ., and Nichols , J. (eds.) 1986. Evidentiality : The linguistic coding ofepis temology . Norwood , NJ : Ablex . Changeux , P. 1994. Art and neuroscience . Leonardo 27: 189- 201 . Chamiak , E ., and McDermott , D . 1987. Introduction Reading , MA : Addison -Wesley .
to artificial
intelligence .
Cherry , C . 1966. On human communication . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press. Chien , Y .-C ., and Wexler , K . 1990. Children 's knowledge of locality conditions in binding as evidence for the modularity of syntax and pragmatics . Language Ac quisition
1 :225 - 295 .
Cho , Y . Y ., and Hong , K .-S. 1988. Evidence for the VP constituent from child Korean . In E . Clark and Y . Matsumoto (eds.), Proceedings of the Annual Child Language Forum : Papers and reports on child language development ( pp . 31- 38) . Stanford , CA : Stanford University . Chomsky , N . 1956. Three models for the description of language . IRE Transactions on Information Theory IT2 : 113- 114. Chomsky , N . 1957. Syntactic structures . The Hague : Mouton . Chomsky , N . 1959. On certain fof11lal properties of grammars . Information Control
and
2 : 137 - 167 .
Chomsky , N . 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press. Chomsky , N . 1975. Reflections on language. New York : Pantheon . Chomsky , N . 1981. Lectures on government and binding : The Pisa lectures. Dor drecht
: F oris .
Chomsky , N . 1986. Knowledge of language. New York : Praeger . Chomsky , N . 1995. The Minimalist Program . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press. Chung , S. 1989. On the notion " null anaphor " in Chamorro . In O . Jaeggli and K . Safir (eds.), The null subject parameter ( pp . 143- 184) . Dordrecht : Kluwer . Clark , E . 1993. The lexicon in acquisition . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Clark , E . 1997. Conceptual perspective and lexical choice in acquisition . Cognition 64 : 1- 37 .
Clark , E ., and Clark , H . 1979. Where nouns surface as verbs . Language 55:767811 .
430
References Clark , H . H . 1983. Making sense of nonce sense. In G . B . Flores D ' Arcais and R . Jarvella (eds.), The process of language understanding ( pp . 297- 332). New York : Wiley . Clark , H . H . 1996. Using language. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Clark , H . H ., and Clark , E . V . 1979. When nouns surface as verbs . Language 55 :797 - 811 .
Clark , H . H ., and Haviland , J. 1977. Comprehension and the given -new contract . In R . Freedle (ed.), Discourse production and comprehension ( pp . 1- 40) . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence
Erlbaum
.
Closs-Traugott , E ., ter Meulen , A ., Reilly , J., and Ferguson , C . (eds.) 1986. On conditionals . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Cohen , L . J. 1971. The logical particles of natural language . In Y . Bar -Hillel (ed.), Pragmatics of natural language ( pp . 50- 68) . Dordrecht : Reidel . Cohen , P ., Morgan
, J ., and Pollack , M . 1990 . Intentions
in communication
. Cam -
bridge , MA : MIT Press. Cole , P. (ed.) 1978. Syntax and semantics. Vol . 9, Pragmatics . New York : Aca demic
Press .
Cole , P. (ed.) 1981. Radicalpragmatics . New York : Academic Press. Cole , P., and Morgan , J. (eds.) 1975. Syntax and semantics. Vol . 3, Speech acts. New
York
: Academic
Press .
Comrie , B . 1981. Language universals and linguistic typology . Oxford : Blackwell . Comrie , B . 1984. Subject and object control : Syntax , semantics, pragmatics . Pro ceedings of the annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society 10:450- 464. Comrie , B . 1985. Tense. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Come , C . 1988. Mauritian guistics 3:69- 94.
Creole reflexives . Journal of Pidgin and Creole Lin -
Cruse, D . A . 1986. Lexical semantics. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Culy , C . 1997. Logophoric pronouns and point of view . Linguistics 35:845- 860. Davis , S. (ed.) 1991. Pragmatics : A reader . Oxford : Oxford University Press. Dimitriadis , A . 1995. When pro -drop languages don 't : On overt pronominal subjects in Greek . Penn Working Papers in Linguistics , 2:45- 60. Dixon , R . M . W . 1980. The languages afAustralia . Cambridge : Cambridge Uni versity Press. Dixon , R . M . W . 1981. Wargamay . In R . M . W . Dixon and B . Blake (eds.), Handbook of Australian languages, Vol . 2 ( pp . 1- 143.) . Canberra , Australia : ANU
Press .
Dixon , R . M . W . 1983. Nyawaygi . InR . M . W . DixonandB . Blake (eds.), Handbook of Australian languages, Vol . 3 ( pp . 430- 525). Canberra , Australia : ANU Press. Dixon , R . M . W . 1988. A grammar of Boumaa Fijian . Chicago : University Chicago Press.
of
431
References Dixon
,
Vol
R
.
M
Donnellan
.,
75
-
Donnellan 1978
Dowty
-
, D
,
D
, D
, U
.
En
.
<; ,
M K
1979
.
. The J .
1986
.,
. Topic
1980
. Pronouns
.
1995
. A
.
.
University
, L
Faltz
Faltz 13
. M
, : 317
Farmer
L
. 31
,
1985
M
.
A
.,
Fauconnier -
375
The
.
Philosophical
and
Re
anaphora
Partee
. In
.
In
-
Cole
J . Kreiman
Society
:
implicature
1978
.
scope
:
An
and
1983
- 413
-
and
Parasession
on
conscious
110
: 244
. London
Great
-
repre
-
.
361
.
: Fontana
expectations
:
. An
intensive
self
.
analysis
of
, Madison
,
9 : 85
Blake
language
.
nouns
as
indexicals
. Ph
.D
. dis
-
.
pronominal
subjects
studies
in
in
Turkish
Turkish
. In
linguistics
( pp
D .
. Slobin
195
- 208
) .
.
. Linguistic
Inquiry
ofKayardild
syntax
:
: 337
-
362
.
: Mouton
de
. Dordrecht
Gruyter
.
: Foris
.
A
study
in
universal
syntax
. Ph
.D
. dissertation
A
study
in
universal
syntax
. [ Revised
version
,
.
:
role
11
. Berlin
ofreflexivization
: Garland
. A
and
Cognition
and
2 : 373
, Berkeley
and
Hamish
and
Bertuccelli
,
G
.
of
.
for
,
G
.
,
1975
.
1979 ( eds
inference
M
.
in
1987
meaning
change
. Communicative
- Papi
1987
Pragmatic
: 547
scales
.
.
Studies
in
Language
,
reference
-
565
and
with
pronouns
.
In
.
logical
structure
.
Linguistic
Inquiry
, C Club . Stanford
reversal
in
semantics
/ or
natural
natural
language
.
language
( pp
In
F .
. 289
-
Guenthner 301
) . Dor
-
.
,
Fillmore
Implication
. ) , Formal
G
.
1985
.
. Cambridge
guistics deixis
,
Linguistics
Conversational
Typological
The
Bach
. Social
F
. Rejlexivization
1989
: Reidel
Fauconnier language
.
description
by
perfect ,
Wisconsin
York
S . Schmidt
drecht
languages
.
Fauconnier and
Australian
.
Verschueren
6 : 353
,
Dixon
. Rejlexivization
. ] New
-
.
.
Philosophy
California
.
1977
the
Plank
grammar
1986
1977
of
for
Benjamins
.
Faltz
of
description
Chicago
fallacy
.) ,
, N
, M
1991
switching
( eds
, G
. M
.
without
Evans
, L
Handbook
.
. In
of
Evans
Faltz
.
definite
paper
the
- 40
D
and
Tense
: John
Everaert
: 29
,
and
.
the of
search A
Zimmer
Amsterdam
on
. Gumbaynggir
1981
.
1983 .
references
conjunction
, University
and
.)
Press
Speaker
Hilton
the
,
M
.
16
. Linguistics
<; ,
( eds
and
Proceedings
and
1997
sertation En
1978
anaphora
Edmondson analysis
B .
. Reference
. Comments .) ,
.,
.
1966
S .
, and
Eades
, : ANU
.
1980
and
sentation
S .
.
( eds
Dulany
Blake
.
.
pronouns
Bco
K
68
Ojeda
. 304
, : 47
.
K
: 281
and
, Australia
,
view
A
. W
. 3 . Canberra
.
1975 ,
Mental
, MA . Santa
Bloomington , CA
: CSLI
spaces : MIT
:
Press
Cruz
lectures ,
IN
.
Publications
Aspects
of
meaning
construction
in
natural
. on
deixis
[ Reprinted
. Mimeo as
.]
Fillmore
, Indiana ,
C .
University 1997
,
Lectures
Lin
on
432
References Fodor , J . 1983 . The modularity
of mind . Cambridge
Foley , W ., and Van Valin , R . D . 1983 . Functional Cambridge
: Cambridge
University
, MA : MIT syntax
Press .
and universal
grammar .
Press .
Fogelin , R . 1967. Evidence and meaning . Atlantic
Highlands , NJ : Humanities
Press .
Ford , C . E ., and Thompson , S. A . 1986. Conditionals in discourse : A text -based study from English . In Closs-Traugott , ter Meulen , Reilly , and Ferguson 1986: 353 - 372 .
Fox , B . 1987. Discourse structure and anaphora . Cambridge : Cambridge Univer sity Press. Fox , B . (ed.) 1996. Studies in anaphora . Amsterdam : John Benjamins . Fox Tree , J., and Clark , H . 1997. Pronouncing " the" as " thee" to signal problems
in speaking. Cognition 62:151- 167. Frederking , R . 1996. Grice 's maxims : " Do the right thing ." Paper delivered at the AAAI Symposium on Computational Implicature . Stanford , CA , March 1996. Frege , G . [ 1884] 1953. The foundations of arithmetic . New York : Harper and Row
.
Fretheim , T . 1992. The effect of intonation on a type of scalar implicature . Journal of Pragmatics 18: 1- 30. Gamham , A . 1989. Integrating information in text comprehension : The interpre tation of anaphoric noun phrases. In G . Carlson and M . Tanenhaus (eds.), Lin guistic structure in language processing (pp . 359- 400) . Dordrecht : K1uwer . Garrod , S., and Sanford , A . 1994. Resolving sentences in a discourse context . In Gernsbacher
1994 : 675 - 698 .
Gazdar , G . 1979. Pragmatics : Implicature , presupposition , and logicalform . New York
: Academic
Press .
Gazdar , G . 1980. Pragmatic constraints on linguistic production . In B . Butter worth (ed.), Language production , Vol . 1 ( pp . 49- 68). New York : Academic Press. Gazdar
, G ., and
Pullum
, G . 1976 . Truth
- functional
connectives
in
natural
lan -
guage. Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society 12:220- 234. Geach , P . T . 1972 . Logic
matters . Oxford : Blackwell
.
Geis , M ., and Zwicky , A . 1971. On invited inferences . Linguistic Inquiry 2:561- 565. Geniusiene , E . 1987. The typology of reflexives . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter . Gernsbacher , M . (ed.) 1994. Handbook ofpsycholinguistics . New York : Academic Press .
Geurts , B . 1998. The mechanisms of denial . Language 74:274- 307. Ginsberg , M . (ed.) 1987. Readings in non-monotonic reasoning . Los Altos , CA : Morgan Kaufman . Gordon , D ., and Lakoff , G . 1971. Conversational postulates . Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society 7:63- 84.
433
References Grandy , R ., and Warner , R . 1986. Philosophical grounds of rationality . Oxford : Clarendon
Press .
Green , G . 1987. Some remarks on why there is implicature . Studies in the Lin guistic
Sciences , 17 :77 - 92 .
Green , N ., and Carberry , S. 1993. A discourse -plan -based approach to a class of
particularized conversationalimplicature. ESCOL '93: 117- 128. Greenberg , J. 1966a. [JTniversalsof language. 2d ed. Cambridge , MA : MIT Press. Greenberg , J. 1966b. Language universals, with special refe~ence to feature hier archies. The Hague : Mouton . Grice , H . P. 1957. Meaning . Philosophical Review, 67:377- 388. Grice , H . P. 1961. The causal theory of perception . The Aristotelian society : Pro ceedings, supplementary . Vol . 35 (pp . 121- 153) . [Reprinted in S. Davis (ed.) 1983, Causal theories of mind ( pp . 245- 70).] Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter . Grice , H . P. 1967. Logic and conversation . William James Lectures . Ms ., Harvard University . Grice , H . P. 1969. Utterer ' s meaning and intentions . Philisophical Review 78:147177. [Reprinted in Grice 1989.] Grice , H . P . 1975 . Logic
and conversation
. In Cole and Morgan
1975 : 41 - 58 .
Grice , H . P. 1978. Further notes on logic and conversation . In Cole 1978: 113128 .
Grice , H . P. 1981. Presupposition and conversational implicatures . In Cole 1981: 183 - 198 .
Grice , H . P. 1986. Reply to Richards . In Grandy and Warner 1986: 45- 106. Grice , P. 1989. Studies in the way of words. Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
Grodzinsky , Y ., and Reinhart , T . 1993. The innateness of binding and corefer ence. Linguistic Inquiry 24:69- 101. Gundel , J., Hedberg , N ., and Zacharski , R . 1989. Givenness , implicature , and demonstrative reference in English . Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society . Part 2: Parasession on language in context 25:89- 103. Gundel , J., Hedberg , N ., and Zacharski , R . 1993. Cognitive status and the form of referring expressions in discourse . Language 69:274- 307. Hagege , C . 1974. Les pronoms logophoriques . Bulletin de fa Societe de Linguisti que de Paris
69 :287 - 310 .
Haiman , J. 1985a. Natural syntax . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Haiman , J. (ed.) 1985b. [ conicity in syntax . Amsterdam : John Benjamins . Haiman , J. 1985c. Symmetry . In Haiman 1985b: 73- 95. Haiman , J. 1995. Grammatical signs of the divided self. In W . Abraham , T . Givan , and S. Thompson (eds.), Discourse grammar and typology (pp . 213- 234) . Amsterdam : John Benjamins .
434
References Haiman , J., and Munro , P. (eds.) 1983. Switch reference and Universal Grammar . Amsterdam : John Benjamins . Hale , K . 1983. Warlpiri and the grammar of non -configurational ural Language & Linguistic Theory 1: 5- 47. Hamblin , C . L . 1971. Mathematical
languages . Nat -
models of dialogue . Theoria 37:130- 155.
Harbert , W . 1995. Binding theory , control , and pro . In G . Webelhuth (ed.), Government and binding theory and the Minimalist Program (pp . 177- 240) . Oxford : Blackwell
.
Harbsmeier , C . 1981. Aspects afclassical Chinese syntax . London : Curzon Press. Harder , P. 1994. Verbal time reference in English : Structure and functions . In Bache
, Basbell
, and
Lindber
~ 1994 : 61 - 80 .
Harman , G . 1974. Review of Stephen Schiffer 's Meaning . Journal of Philosophy 71 :224 - 229 .
Haffi1an , G . 1986. Change in view: Principles of reasoning . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
Hamish , R . 1976. Logical form and implicature . In T . Bever , J. J. Katz , and
T. Langendoen (eds.), An integratedtheoryof linguisticability (pp. 313- 392). New York: Crowell. Hamish, R. 1991. Logical form and implicature. (pp. 316- 364). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
In S. Davis(ed.), Pragmatics
Harris, R. A . 1993. Thelinguisticswars. Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress . Haviland, J. 1979. GuuguYimidhirr. In R. M. W. Dixon and B. Blake (eds , .), ,Handbookof Australianlanguages . Vol. (pp. 27- 182 ). Canberra , Australia : ANU Press . Hawkins , J. 1978. Definiteness and indefiniteness.' A study in reference and gram maticality prediction . London : Croom Helm . Hawkins , J. 1991. On (in )definite articles : Implicatures prediction . Journal of Linguistics 27:405- 442.
and (un)grammaticality
Heim , I . 1982. The semantics of definite and indefinite descriptions . Ph.D . dissertation , University of Massachusetts , Amherst . Heim , I . 1983a. File change semantics and the familiarity theory of definiteness . In R . Bauerle , U . Egli , and A . von Stechow (eds.), Semanticsfrom different points of view ( pp . 164- 189). Berlin : Springer . Heim , I . 1983b. On the projection problem for presuppositions . West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics 2:114- 125. [Reprinted in Davis 1991: 397405 .] Heinamaki , O . 1994. Aspect as boundedness in Finnish . In Bache, Basbell , and Lindberg 1994: 207- 233. Heine , B ., Claudi , U ., and Hfinnemeyer , F . 1991. Grammaticalization : A conceptual framework . Chicago : Chicago University Press.
435
References Hellan, L . 1986. On anaphora and predication in Norwegian. In L . Hellan and K . K . Christensen (eds.), Topics in Scandinavian syntax ( pp . 103- 124). Dordrecht : Reidel .
Rellan , L . 1988. Anaphora in Norwegian and the theory of grammar . Dordrecht : Foris .
Hellan , L . 1991. Containment and connectedness anaphors . In Koster and Reu land
1991 : 27 - 48 .
Herskovits , A . 1986. Language and spatial cognition : An interdisciplinary study of the prepositions in English . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Higginbotham , J. 1983. Logical form , binding , and nominals . Linguistic Inquiry 14 : 395 - 420 .
Hinds , J. 1986. Japanese. London : Croom Helm . Hintikka , J. 1962. Knowledge and belief. Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press.
Hintikka , J. 1970. On attributions of 'self-knowledge'. The Journal of Philosophy 67 :73 - 87 .
Hirschberg , J. 1985. A theory of scalar implicature . Moore School of Electrical Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Technical Report MS -CIS - 85- 56. [Reprinted as Hirschberg , J. 1991. A theory of scalar implicature . New York : Garland .] Hirst , G . 1987. Semantic interpretation bridge : Cambridge University Press.
and the resolution of ambiguity . Cam -
Hobbs , J. 1979. Coherence and coreference . Cognitive Science 3:67- 90. Hobbs , J. 1982. Towards understanding of coherence in discourse . In W . Lehnert and M . H . Ringle (eds.), Strategies afnaturallanguage processing ( pp . 223- 244) . Hinsdale , NJ : Lawrence
Erlbaum
.
Hobbs , J. 1987. Implicature and definite reference. Stanford , CA : CSLI Report 87 ~ 99 .
Hobbs , J. 1996. Monotone decreasing quantifiers in a scope-free logical fonn . In Van
Deemter
and
Peters
1996 : 55 - 76 .
Hobbs , J., and Martin , P. 1987. Local pragmatics . Technical Memo , SRI Inter national
, Menlo
Park
, CA .
Hobbs , J ., Croft , W ., Davies , T ., Edwards , D ., and Laws , K . 1987 . Commonsense
metaphysics and lexical semantics . Computational Linguistics 13:241- 250. Hobbs , J., Stickel , M ., Appelt , D ., and Martin , P. 1990. Interpretation tion . Technical
Note 499 , SRI International
, Menlo
as abduc -
Park , CA .
Hobbs, J., Stickel, M ., Appelt, D ., and Martin , P. 1993. Interpretation as abduction . Artificial Holdcroft
Intelligence 63:69- 142.
, D . 1987 . Conversational
relevance . In Verschueren
and Bertuccelli
-
Papi 1987: 477- 496 . Holland , J. J., Holyok , K . J., Nisbett , R ., and Thagard , P. R . 1989. Induction : Processes of inference, learning , and discovery . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press.
436
References
Hopper, P., and Traugott, E. 1993. Grammaticalization . Cambridge : Cambridge UniversityPress . Horn, L. R. 1972. On the semanticpropertiesof logical operatorsin English. Mimeo, IndianaUniversityLinguisticsClub, Bloomington , IN . Horn, L. R. 1973.GreekGrice: A brief surveyof proto-conversational rulesin the historyof logic. Proceedings of the ChicagoLinguisticSociety9:205- 214. Horn, L. R. 1978.Remarkson Neg-Raising. In Cole 1978: 129- 220. Horn, L. R. 1984. Towarda new taxonomyfor pragmaticinference : Q- and Rbasedimplicature.In D. Shiffrin(ed.), Meaning , form, andusein context(pp. 1142). Washington , DC: GeorgetownUniversityPress . Horn, L. R. 1985. Metalinguisticnegationand pragmaticambiguity. Languqge 61:121- 174. Horn, L. R. 1989.A naturalhistoryof negation . Chicago: Universityof Chicago Press . Horn, L. R. 1990.Hamburgersandthe truth: Why Griceaninferenceis Gricean. Proceedings of theBerkeleyLinguisticSociety16:454- 471. Horn, L. R. 1991a . Duplexnegatioaffirmat. . . : The economyof doublenegation. Proceedings of theChicagoLinguisticSociety : Parasession onNegation27:80- 106. Horn, L. R. 1991b . Givenas new: Whenredundantaffirmationisn't. Journalof Pragmatics15:305- 328. Horn, L. R. 1992a . Pragmatics , implicature , and presupposition . In W. Bright (ed.), InternationalEncyclopaedia of Linguistics , Vol. 1 (pp. 260- 266). Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress . Horn, L. R. 1992b . The saidandthe unsaid. SALT II ' Proceedings of thesecond Conference on Semantics and LinguisticTheory(pp. 163- 192). Columbus , OR: Ohio StateUniversityLinguisticsDepartment . Horn, L. R. 1993.Economyand redundancyin a dualisticmodelof naturallanguage.SKY 1993: 1993Yearbook of theLinguisticAsssociation of Finland,pp. 3372. Horn, L. R. 1996b . Presupposition andimplicature.In Lappin 1996:299- 320. Horn, L. R. 1997.All John's childrenareasbald asthe King of France: Existential import and the geometryof opposition . Papersfrom the33rdMeetingof the ChicagoLinguisticSociety33:155- 179. Horn, L. R., and Bayer, S. 1984. Short-circuitedimplicature:A negativecontribution. LinguisticsandPhilosophy 7:397- 414. [Reprintedin A. Kasher(ed.), 1998, Pragmatics , Vol. 4 (pp. 658- 675). London: Routledge .] Horn, L. R., and Lee, Y.-S. 1995. Progovacon polarity. Journaloj Linguistics 31:401- 424. Hornstein,N. 1995.Logicalform: From GBto Minimalism.Oxford: Blackwell. Huang, Y. 1989.Anaphorain Chinese : Towardsa pragmaticanalysis . Ph.D. dissertation , Universityof Cambridge .
437
References
Huang
, Y . 1991
guistics
. A
neo
27 : 301 - 335
Huang
, Y .
reference
1994
to
Huang
.
The
Chinese
, Y . 2000
and
Linguistic
syntax
and
. Anaphora Theory
, R . 1972
MA
Press
: A
. Semantics . Semantic
Jackendoff
, R . 1992a
JackendofI
, R . Linguistic
,
R .
, R , .
Press
1997
, S . 1981
erence
. Communication
Jackson
, S .,
course
North
The
The
Jacobs
,
. On
. Negation
, O . 1927
. A
- Laird
, P . 1983
, and
consciousness
versity Kadmon cation
J .,
and
, N . 1984 of
in
Typology
. Cambridge
,
, N . 1987
. On
. Ph . D . dissertation
Press
Press
, MA
Binding
.
.
: MIT
Theory
Lappin
the
linguistic
the
language
in
1996
Press
.
. Natural
Lan
: 539 - 560
- spatial
-
.
interface
.
In
de
. Cambridge
, MA
' s comprehension
of
:
ref -
. and
Melanges
faculty
children
- 249
Language
implicature
9 : 209
- 216
linguistique
in
children
' s dis -
. , offerts
a Charles
Bally
and
binding
principles
. Proceedings
of
the
14 : 154 - 182 . reflexive
X - self
Institute
of
English
and
English
: Carl
models
S.
other
Papers
and
languages on
in
Foreign
:
1994
Towards
a
Linguistics
Languages
. Copenhagen
historical
.
: H . 0st .
principles
Universitatsbuchhandlung
. Cambridge ,
. Working
English
grammar
Winters
. Mental
, Part
III
.
.
cognitive
: Cambridge
University
. Abductive
inference
science Press .
of
language
,
:
Cam
-
. , Uni
-
.
Cambridge
.
. Indefinite
Massachusetts
: MIT
: MIT
.
in
Josephson Press
Child
. In
Modern
inference
, MA
. In
. Ambiguity
of
. Heidelberg
University
1982
: Central
, O . 1917
Kadmon
S.
. Emphatic
Jespersen
,
special
: 1 - 30 .
of
markedness
, India
Johnson
of 1996
48 : 237
Society
Jespersen
bridge
with
grammar
, MA
the
implicature
zero
, K . A . , 1988
Josephson
study
Studies
generative
. Cambridge
cognition
architecture
: Georg
Linguistics
. 2 , Syntax
mind
architecture
. Signe
5 : 1 - 20 . Hyderabad
Vol
-
.
. Cambridge
meets
Garrett
. Journal
, C . 1984
Jayaseelan
the
Monographs
, R . 1939
Eastern
Lin
,
( Oxford Press
. Cambridge
and
. Conversational
and
cognition
of
, and
( pp . 143 - 152 ) . Geneva Jakubowicz
of
10 : 1 - 31 .
.
.
interpretation
Jakobson
. Journal
.' A Press
study
in
. Tussaud
. Semantics
1996b
Jackson
and
. Mme
, Nadel
MIT
anaphora
University
structures
Theory
, Peterson
Jackendoff
of
- linguistic
: Oxford
. Languages
1992b
, R . 1996a
Bloom
anaphora
University
interpretation
, R . 1990
Jackendoff
pragmatics
cross
. Semantic
, R . 1983
Jackendoff
of
.
JackendofI
&
theory
: Cambridge
) . Oxford
JackendofI
guage
pragmatic
. Cambridge
J ackendoff : MIT
- Gricean
.
noun
, Amherst unique
phrases
with
cardinality
indication
. Ms
. and
, University
non
- unique of
reference
Massachusetts
and , Amherst
asymmatric .
quantifi
-
438
References Kamp, H. 1981.A theoryof truth andsemanticrepresentation . In 1. Groenendijk , T. Janssen , andM. Stokhof(eds.), Formalmethodsin thestudyof language , Vol. 1 (pp. 277- 321). Amsterdam : MathematischCentrum. Kamp, H., and Reyle, U. 1993.Fromdiscourse to logic. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Kant, E. 1933[1781 ]. Critiqueof pure reason . (Trans. N. K . Smith). London: Macmillan. [Translationof 1781,Kritik derreinenVernunft . Riga: Hartknoch.] Karttunen, L. 1976.Discoursereferents . In J. D. McCawley(ed.), Notesfromthe linguisticunderground (pp. 363- 386). New York: AcademicPress . Kasher, A. (ed.) 1998. Pragmatics : Critical concepts . Vol. 4, Presupposition , implicature , andindirectspeech acts. London: Routledge . Katz, J. J. 1987.Commonsensein semantics . In Lepore1987: 157- 234. Kaufman, D. 1994. Grammaticalor pragmatic : Will the real PrincipleB please stand? In B. Lust, G. Hermon, and J. Kornfilt (eds.), Syntactictheoryandjirst languageacquisition : Cross -linguisticperspectives . Vol. 2, Binding, dependencies , andlearnability(pp. 177- 200). Hinsdale,NJ: LawrenceErlbaum. Kay, P. 1990.Even. LinguisticsandPhilosophy15:59- 112. Kay, P. 1992. The inheritanceof presuppositions . Linguisticsand Philosophy 15:333- 379. Kay, P., and Zimmer, K . 1976. On the semantics of compoundsand genitivesin English. Proceedings of the CaliforniaLinguisticAssociationConference 6:29- 35. Keenan, E. O. 1998[1976 ]. The universalityof conversationalpostulates . In Kasher1998:215- 229[Reprintedfrom 1976,Languagein Society5:67- 80.] Kempson , R. 1975. Presupposition and thedelimitationof semantics . Cambridge : CambridgeUniversityPress . Kempson , R. 1980.Ambiguity and word meaning . In S. Greenbaum , G. Leech, andJ. Svartvik(eds.), Studiesin Englishlinguistics(pp. 7- 16). London: Longman. Kempson , R. 1986. Ambiguity and the semantics -pragmaticsdistinction. In C. Travis(ed.), Meaningandinterpretation (pp. 77- 104). Oxford: Blackwell. Kempson , R. 1996.Semantics , pragmatics , and deduction . In Lappin 1996: 561598. Kempson , R., and Cormack, A. 1981. Ambiguityand quantification . Linguistics andPhilosophy 4:259- 309. Kempson , R., and Cormack,A. 1982.Quantificationandpragmatics . Linguistics andPhilosophy4:607- 618. Kenny
, A
Kibrik
,
account Benjamins
A .
. J .
1966
.
1996
In
B .
. Practical
. Fox
inference
Anaphora ( ed
in .) ,
Studies
. Analysis
Russian in
26
narrative anaphora
: 65
-
75
prose ( pp
.
255
.
: -
A 304
cognitive ) .
Amsterdam
calculative :
John
.
Kiparsky, P. 1982. Lexical morphologyand phonology . In P. Kiparsky (ed.), Linguisticsin themorningcalm(pp. 3- 91). Seoul:Hanshin.
439
References ,
Kiss, K . E. 1991. The primacy condition of anaphora and pronominal variable binding . In Koster and Reuland 1991: 245- 262.
Klein , E. 1980. A semanticsfor positive and comparative adjectives. Linguistics and Philosophy 4:1- 45. Konig , E . 1991. The meaning of focus particles : A comparative perspective . Lon don : Croom
Helm
.
Konig , E ., and Traugott , E . 1988. Pragmatic strengthening and semantic change:
The conventionalizing of conversational implicature. In W . H111lenand R . Schultze (eds.), Understanding the lexicon ( pp . 110- 124) . Tiibingen : Niemeyer .
Koster, C. 1994. Problems with pronoun acquisition. In Lust, Hermon, and Komfilt
1994 : 201 - 226 .
Koster , 1. 1986. Domains and dynasties: The radical autonomy of syntax . Dor drecht
: F oris .
Koster, 1. 1994. Towards a new theory of anaphoric binding. In Lust, Hermon, and Komfilt
1994 : 41 - 70 .
Koster , J., and May , R . 1982. On the constituency
of infinitives . Language
58 : 116 - 143 .
Koster , J., and Reuland , E . (eds.) 1991. Long -distance anaphora . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Kripke , S. 1977. Identity and necessity. In S. P. Schwartz (ed.), Naming, necessity , and natural kinds ( pp . 66- 101) . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press. Kroch , A . 1989. Language learning and language change: Comment
on D .
Lightfoot , The child's trigger experience: Degree- O learnability. Behavioral and Brain
Sciences
12 :348 - 349 .
Kuno , S. 1973. The structure of the Japanese language. Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
Kuno , S. 1987. Functional syntax : Anaphora , discourse, and empathy . Chicago : Chicago University Press. Ladd , R . 1980. The structure of intonational meaning . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press. Lafon , J.-C . 1968. Auditory basis of phonetics . In B . Malmberg (ed.), Manual of phonetics (pp . 76- 104) . Amsterdam : North -Holland . Lakoff , G . 1971. Presupposition and relative well -formedness . In D . Steinberg and
L . lakobovits (eds.), Semantics: An interdisciplinary reader in philosophy, linguistics, and psychology ( pp . 329- 340) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Lakoff , G . 1972. Hedges: A study in meaning criteria and the logic of fuzzy con cepts. In Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society 8:236- 287. Lakoff , G . 1973. Some thoughts on transderivational constraints . In B . B . Kachru et at. (eds.) , Issues in linguistics ( pp . 442~452) . Urbana : University of Illinois Press. Lakoff , G . 1974. Syntactic amalgams . In M . W . Galy , R . A . Fox , and A . Bruck (eds.) , Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society 10:321- 344.
440
References
Lakoff , G. 1987+ Women, fire , and dangerous things. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Landman A .
,
F .
1986
M . Farley
.
Conflicting
Chicago Linguistic 22 : 195 - 207 .
Society
Lang
semantics
, E . 1984
Langacker
. The
, R . 1977
change
,
Stanford
R .
,
S. .
Lascarides
Press and
( ed .)
, A . , and
Lasnik
Laver
, J . 1994
Leech
, G . 1983
Lehmann
,
1988
: John
, W . J. M Press .
Levesque
, H . 1990
gence
42 : 263
Levin
, N . 1987
Levin
, N . , and
Levine Russian
- 310
,
Levinson
, S . C . 1983
Levinson
,
schueren
and
Pragmatics
.
of
syntactic
.
, Vol
and
.
1.
their
Stanford
meaning
semantic
,
CA
:
. In
- 493
R . Freidin
( pp . 7 - 28 ) . Cambridge
typology
of in
clause
:
relations
,
. ( ed . ) , Princi : MIT
-
Press Press
. .
.
linkage and
Oxford
University
: Longman
grammar
.
, MA
: Cambridge
. London
Language
theory
16 :437
Conditions
.
, discourse
Philosophy
. Cambridge
in
: From
know
: A
semantics
. New
intention
study
in
, E .
concomitant 1986
.
In
J . Haiman
discourse
to
York
and
( pp . 181 - 226 ) .
: Academic
articulation
Press
. Cambridge
autoepistemic
of
. Gapping
implicatures 44
logic
.
, MA
. Artificial
Intelli
:
-
gapping
and
causal
and
case
. ESCOL
' 87 : 176 - 186 .
implicature
. Papers
in
Lin
-
1979
. Pragmatics Linguistic
and
.
concepts
1987 , Vol
deixis
5 : 206
. Cambridge
Minimization
- Papi
social
Society
. Pragmatics
1987a
Bertuccelli
: The
Russian
dative
revisited
.
( 147 - 149 ) : 1 - 27 .
Berkeley
: Critical
Binding
directions
. Pragmatic
of
C .
Benjamins
.
. Speaking
Journal
S. C .
theory
.
Levinson
S.
a
. New
Prince
Meeting
the
of
combining
pragmatic
19 : 351 - 364
Language
In the
.
. A
, J . E . 1990
Press
interpretation
and
ofpragmatics
I
Texas
contemporary
grammar
Clause
. All
: John
grammar
. Temporal
of phonetics
. 1989
. of
grammatical
( ed .) , Mechanisms
Passives
of
necessity
Benjamins 1987
.
. Linguistics
. Towards
( eds .) ,
of
cognitive
1975
, N . 1993
. Principles
, E . ( ed . )
guistics
the
P .
in comparative
C .
Amsterdam
,
Handbook
. Principles
S . Thompson
Lepore
. On
C . Li
: University of
and
. Amsterdam . In
subordination
.
Asher
parameters
modal
( eds . ) , Proceedings
pragmatics
coordination
, TX
entailment
, H . 1991 and
.
on
reanalyis
Munro
1996
commonsense
Levelt MIT
Parasession
of
and
K . E . McCullough
. Foundations
University
Lappin Blackwell
ples
:
. Syntactic
1987
Langacker , R ., 51 : 789 - 830 .
and
, and
( pp . 57 - 140 ) . Austin
Langacker
presuppositions
, P . T . Farley
- 223
. Proceedings
: Cambridge and
University
conversational
: 61 - 129 . [ Reprinted . 4 , pp . 545 - 612
of
the
Annual
.
. London
inference in
Press .
. In
Ver
-
A . Kasher
( ed . )
1998
,
: Routledge
.]
441
References Levinson , S. C . 1987b. Pragmatics and the grammar of anaphora . Journal of Linguistics 23:379- 434. Levinson , S. C . 1987c. Explicature
explicated . Behavioral and Brain Sciences
10 :722 - 723 .
Levinson, S. C. 1988a. Putting linguistics on a proper footing: Explorations in Goffman 's concepts of participation . In P. Drew and A . Wootton
(eds.), Erving
Goffman: Exploring the interaction order (pp. 161- 227). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Levinson , S. C . 1988b. Generalized conversational implicature and the semanticsf pragmatics interface . Mimeo , Linguistics Department , Stanford University , Stanford , CA .
Levinson , S. C . 1989. Relevance . Journal o/ Linguistics 21 :455- 472. Levinson , S. C . 1991. Pragmatic reduction of the binding conditions revisited . Journal ojLinguistics 27:107- 161. Levinson , S. C . 1995a. Three levels of meaning . In F . Palmer (ed.), Grammar and meaning ( pp . 90- 115) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Levinson , S. C . 1995b. Interactional biases in human thinking . In E . Goody (ed.), Social intelligence and interaction (pp . 221- 260) . Cambridge : Cambridge Univer sity Press.
Levinson, S. C. 1996. Frames of reference and Molyneux's question: Crosslinguistic evidence . In Bloom , Peterson , Nadel , and Garrett 1996: 109- 170. Levinson , S. C . 1997. From outer to inner space: Linguistic categories and non linguistic thinking . In E . Pederson and J. Nuyts (eds.), With language in mind : The relationship between linguistic and conceptual representation (pp . 13- 45). Cam bridge : Cambridge University Press. Lewis , D . 1969. Convention : A philosophical study . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press. Lewis , D . 1972. General semantics . In D . Davidson and G . Harman Semantics of natural language ( pp . 169- 218) . Dordrecht : Reidel .
(eds.),
Lewis , D . 1979. Score-keeping in a language game. In R . Bauerle , U . Egli , and A . yon Stechow (eds.), Semantics from different points of view (pp . 172- 187). Berlin : Springer -Verlag . Li , C ., and Thompson , S. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference gram mar . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press. Lieberman , P., and Blumstein , S. 1988. Speech physiology , speech perception , and acoustic phonetics . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Lightfoot , D . 1989. The child ' s trigger experience : Degree- O leamability . Behavioral
and
Brain
Sciences
12 : 321 - 375 .
Linebarger , M . 1991. Negative polarity items and linguistic evidence . Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society : Parasession on Negation 27:165- 188. Lobner , S. 1987. Quantification as a major module of naturallanguage semantics . In J. Groenendijk , D . de Jongh , and M . Stokhof (eds.), Studies in discourse rep-
442
References resentation Reidel
theory
and
the
Lucy
, J .
1993
Reflexive
. Reflexive
language
Cambridge
University
, B . ( ed .) 1986
Lust
, B . , Hermon
guage
Press
:
Cross
. Hinsdale
. Semantics
Lyons
, J . 1981
. Language
University Lyons
,
J .
University Mating
Press
.
1995
.
Press
.
, J . 1984
Marslen
- Wilson of
Pronouns
ph ora
and
Martin
, R . M
Matsumoto
, Y .
Matthews
Mazuka
, R . , and
Hermon
, and ,
S.
McCarthy
, J . 1986 . Artificial
Mehler
J . Lucy
( ed .) , :
1994
. Dordrecht
. Syntactic
: Reidel
theory
. 2 , Binding
and
.
first
lan -
, dependencies
, and
: Cambridge
An
. Cambridge
introduction
reflexives
in
University
.
.
: Cambridge
Cambridge
Modem
Press
:
Icelandic
Cambridge
. Linguistics
,
L .
- 286
meaning
1980
the
. Towards
Chicago
a
psychological
Linguistics
Society
basis
for
a
: Parasession
on
. a/
language
. Cambridge
conversational
condition
, MA on
: MIT
Horn
Press
scales
.
. Linguistics
. Cambridge as a level
, B .
1994
1994
: 145 - 176 .
1987
.
: Cambridge of
. When
Reasoning of
linguistic
is
an
about
: A
anaphor
, J.
1978
. Applications
of
Intelligence
not
implicature
Pittsburgh
. Circumscription
University
.'
, Pittsburgh form
Press
representation
of
non in
. In
an
A
- monotonic
to
? In
- based
1987
:
Lust
,
approach
.
. reasoning
Ginsberg
circumscription
anaphor
plan
, PA
.
Lepore
1987
formalizing
. Artifi
-
: 145 - 152 . ] common
sense
28 : 89 - 116 .
. Conversational
implicature
and
the
lexicon
. In
Cole
1978
:
. , J . , Sebastian
, N . , Altmann
. Understanding
P . Tallal
New
ana ph ora
introduction
13 : 27 - 39 , 171 - 172 . [ Reprinted
knowledge
C . 1993
. In
( pp . 1 - 32 ) . Cambridge
.
: An
:
of
, University
, J . 1980
- 259
Tyler
form
Lust
A .
Intelligence
McCawley
tics
2 . Cambridge
- bounded
. Syntax
Kornfilt
Ph . D . dissertation
system
:
.
. The
. Logical
.
McCarthy
disciplines
. Vol
Erlbaum
smantics
. The
, P . H . 1981
305 - 336
In
( pp . 53 - 85 ) . Dordrecht
18 :21 - 60 .
, R . 1987
McCafferty
, J . ( eds . )
linguistics
16 : 258
1995
of
perspectives
. Proceedings
. 1987
Philosophy
May
and
Anaphora
human
me tap ragma
acquisition
. V 018 . 1 and
, W . , and
ana
the
: Lawrence
- 241
the
and
Kornfilt
- clause
7 :211
and
- linguistic
Linguistic
. Non
Philosophy
theory
in
, NJ
, J . 1977
245
quantifiers
.
. Studies
Lyons
cial
generalized
speech
, G . , and
acquisition
learnability
and
of
language
: Reported
Lust
and
theory
.
York 682
, A . M . Galaburda Academy :272
- 282
, G . , Dupoux
compressed
of .
Sciences
sentences
, R . Llinas :
Temporal
, E . , Christophe : The
, and
role
C . von
information
of Euler
, A . , and
rhythm
and
( eds .) , Annals
processing
in
Pallier
,
meaning
the
of
. the
nervous
443
References
Miller
,
MA
:
G
. ,
,
G
.
,
B
.
Mitchell
,
.
1985
J
.
,
.
R
.
C
.
,
.
R
.
C
Webber
Altos
(
,
CA
:
annual
.
,
E
.
: 271
,
-
280
J
,
.
Moyne
,
Naylor
,
rington
L
. ,
J
.
,
Vol
.
1
,
1972
.
. D
Concord
,
point
.
dissertation
the
,
parts
Ginsberg
a /
Massachu
speech
view
.
Ph
. D
in
logical
:
form
-
,
.
and
the
dissertation
logics
127
.
language
-
In
136
,
B
.
from
Grosz
,
(
1981
,
.
Artificial
. ]
processing
for
124
Some
nonmonotonic
1987
[ Reprinted
-
pp
K
.
.
Jones
285
-
Proceedings
Computational
,
292
of
Linguistics
)
the
.
and
.
Los
ninth
Urbana
-
. ]
cross
of
of
on
in
natural
117
Ph
.
of
Association
.
,
.
.
pp
Cambridge
-
the
linguistic
generalizations
Regional
about
Meeting
of
the
intensifier
Chicago
Linguistic
.
.
Two
and
types
of
.
Sanford
.
.
and
S
.
losophy
S
convention
in
indirect
speech
acts
.
In
Cole
1978
:
F
S
.
.
1980
.
.
,
S
and
J
,
guistics
.
. ,
1983
:
G
and
FOCAL
L
:
the
Language
,'
47
reduplication
'
: 41
.
Papers
Pacific
-
In
from
P
the
Linguistics
philosophy
A
psychological
63
.
.
Geraghty
,
Fourth
C
of
theory
in
-
language
America
G
.
L
.
Car
-
International
93
:
175
-
185
.
Linguistics
and
Phi
-
.
New
York
:
Academic
Press
.
and
664
,
,
-
.
syllogistic
reasoning
.
Journal
of
.
D
.
semantics
1996
,
11
reference
.
and
: 283
in
-
the
Sidestepping
garden
plausibility
334
in
paths
:
resolving
Assessing
ambiguities
.
.
Northeast
Caucasus
.
In
Haiman
and
.
The
Bloomington
1995
-
Shankweiler
265
pragmatics
of
,
York
.
implicatures
: 644
syntax
Switch
-
1978
,
New
,
,
Processes
.
245
.
Club
of
.
of
and
34
Cognitive
1983
Nunberg
. )
Gricean
of
,
emphatic
Linguistic
Language
Crain
Munro
eds
quantities
.
.
contributions
Language
Communicating
Erlbaum
Linguistics
1995
and
. ,
J
.
semantics
Grice
559
.
1993
. ]
,
Memory
the
(
Paul
-
1986
Newstead
.
Lawrence
and
On
Wurm
.
,
.
A
:
Reflexive
.
.
NJ
Austronesian
: 509
Newmeyer
.
1986
1992
15
,
,
1971
B
on
,
W
.
MA
semantics
in
.
Hil1sdale
A
P
Conference
Nunberg
277
1978
,
cd
Problems
.
.
Moxey
[ 2nd
.
the
.
.
Amherst
Readings
Proceedings
-
perspective
Neale
[ Reprinted
ACL
A
.
Morgan
,
:
andperception
considerations
.
of
Moravcsik
versity
,
Language
English
,
formal
Kaufman
IN
constructions
Nichols
. )
.
.
Semantical
1986
eds
,
261
The
94
1976
syntax
,
-
.
in
Press
.
meeting
8
English
Morgan
Champaign
Society
Old
.
: 75
N
Cambridge
Clarendon
1985
25
.
sentences
,
1986
P
.
Massachusetts
Intelligence
the
.
E
,
Existential
:
of
Moore
Laird
Technology
Oxford
University
Ni
.
of
Mitchell
Moore
-
Press
1974
Institute
sentence
B
Johnson
University
Milsark
setts
and
Harvard
IN
.
reference
[ Reprint
.
of
Ph
Mimeo
. D
,
.
dissertation
Indiana
University
,
Lin
1977
,
City
Uni
. ]
.
Transfers
of
meaning
.
Journal
of
Semantics
12
:
109
-
132
.
-
-
444
References O 'Connor , K . 1987. Disjoint reference and pragmatic inference : Anaphora and switch reference in Northern Porno . Paper presented to Wenner -Gren Conference on " The role of theory in language description " . Jamaica , November 1987. [Pub lished as O 'Connor 1993.J O 'Connor , K . 1993. Disjoint reference and pragmatic inference : Anaphora and switch reference in Northern Porno . In W . A . Foley (ed.), The role of theory in language description ( pp . 215- 242). Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter . Parker , F ., Riley , K ., and Meyer , C . 1990. Untriggered English . American Speech 65:50- 69. Partee, B . 1984. Nominal
reflexive pronouns in
and temporal anaphora . Linguistics and Philosophy
7 :243 - 286 .
Peirce, C . S. 1932. Collected papers of C. S. Peirce, Vol. 2 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press. Pica , P. 1984. On the distinction between argumental and non -argumental anaphors . In W . de Geest and Y . Putseys (eds.), Sentential complementation (pp . 185194) . Dordrecht : Faris . Pica , P. 1987. On the nature of the reflexivization cycle . In J. McDonough and B . Plunkett (eds.), Proceedings of the North Eastern Linguistic Society 17:483- 500. Pica , P. 1991. On the interaction between antecedent -government and binding : The case of long reflexiviza tion . In Koster and Reuland 1991: 119- 136. Platzack , C . 1987. The Scandinavian languages and the null -subject parameter . Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 5:377- 401. Pollard , C ., and Sag, I . A . 1992. Anaphors in English and the scope of binding theory . Linguistic Inquiry 23:261- 303. Pollard , C ., and Sag, I . A . 1994. Head -driven phrase structure grammar . Stanford , CA : CSLI and Chicago University Press. Politzer , G ., and Noveck , I . 1991. Are conjunction rule violations the results of conversational rule violations ? Journal of Psycho linguistic Research 20:83- 103. Pople , H . E. 1973. On the mechanization of abductive logic . International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence 73:147- 152. Popper , K . 1959. The logic of scientific discovery . London : Hutchinson . Poznanski
, V . 1992 . A
relevance -based utterance
processing
system . Technical
Report No . 246, University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory , Cambridge . Postal , P. 1974. On raising . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press. Prince , E . 1981 . Toward
a taxonomy
of Given -New
information
. In Cole
1981 :
223 - 255 .
Pustejovsky , J. 1995. The generative lexicon . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press. Putnam , H . 1958. Formalization
of the concept " about ." Philosophy of Science
25 : 125 - 130 .
Putnam , H . 1975. Mind , language, and reality : Philosophical papers . Vol . 2. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
445
References Quirk , R ., Greenbaum , S., Leech , G ., and Svartvik , J. 1972. A grammar of contemporary English . London : Longman . Radford , A . 1981. Transformational
syntax . Cambridge : Cambridge University
Press .
Read , C ., and Hare , V . C . 1979. Children ' s interpretation of reflexive pronouns in English . In F . R . Ekman and A . J. Hastings (eds.), Studies in first and second language acquisition (pp . 98- 116) . Rowley , MA : Newbury House . Recanati , F . 1989. The pragmatics of what is said . Mind and Language 4:295- 329. Recanati , F . 1993. Direct reference: From language to thought . Oxford : Blackwell . Reggia , J., and Nau , D . 1984. An abductive non -monotonic logic . In Proceedings of the 1984 Non -monotonic Reasoning Workshop (pp . 385- 395) . New Paltz , NY : American Association for Artificial Intelligence . Reinhart , T . 1983. Anaphora and semantic interpretation . London : Croom Helm . Reinhart , T . 1986. Center and periphery in the grammar of anaphora . In Lust 1986 : 123 - 150 .
Reinhart , T ., and Reuland , E . 1991. Anaphors and logophors : An argument structure perspective . In Koster and Reuland 1991: 283- 322. Reinhart , T ., and Reuland , E . 1993. Reflexivity . Linguistic Inquiry 24:657- 720. Reiter , R . 1978. On reasoning by default . In D . L . Waltz (ed.), TINLAP 2: Theoretical issues in natural language processing 2 ( pp . 210- 218) . New York : ACM
.
Reiter , R . 1980. A logic for default reasoning . Artificial [Reprinted in Ginsberg 1987: 68- 93.] Reuland , E . 1994. Commentary : The non -homogeneity related
issues . In Lust , Hermon
, and Kornfilt
Intelligence 13:81- 132. of Condition
Band
1994 : 227 - 246 .
Reuland , E ., and Koster , J. 1991. Long -distance anaphora : An overview . In Koster
and
Reuland
1991 : 1- 26 .
Rizzi , L . 1989. On the format for parameters : Comment on D . Lightfoot , The child ' s trigger experience : Degree - O learnability . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 :355 - 356 .
Roberts , C . 1987. Modal subordination , anaphora , and distributivity . Ph .D . dissertation , University of Massachusetts , Amherst . Rosch , E . 1977. Human categorization . In N . Warren (ed.), Advances in crosscultural psychology , Vol . 1 (pp . 1- 49). London : Academic Press. Ross, J. F . 1981. Portraying analogy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Ross , J . R . 1970 . On declarative
sentences . In R . A . Jacobs and P . S. Rosenbaum
(eds.), Readings in English transformational MA
: Ginn
grammar (pp . 222- 272.) Waltham ,
.
RuhI , C . 1989. On monosemy: A study in linguistic semantics. Albany , NY : SUNY Press .
446
References Russell, B. 1905. On denoting. Mind 14:479- 493. [Reprinted in R . Marsh (ed.), 1956, B. Russell: Logic and knowledge. London: George Allen and Unwin .] Sacks, H ., and Schegloff, E. 1979. Two preferencesin the organization of referenceto personsin conversation and their interaction. In G. Psathas(ed.), Everyday language: Studiesin ethnomethodology(pp. 15- 21). New York : Irvington . Sadock, J. 1978. On testing for conversationalimplicature. In Cole 1978: 281- 297. Sadock, J. M . 1981. Almost. In Cole 1981: 257- 272. Sadock, J. M . 1983. The necessaryoverlapping of grammatical components. In Proceedingsof the Chicago Linguistic Society: Parasessionon the interplay of phonology, morphology, and syntax 19:198- 221. Sadock, J. M . 1984. Whither radical pragmatics? In D . Schiffrin (ed.), Meaning, form , and usein context (pp. 139- 149). Washington, DC : Georgetown University Press. Sadock, J. M . 1991. Autolexical syntax: A theory of parallel grammatical representations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sadock, J., and Zwicky , A . 1985. Speechact distinctions in syntax. In T . Shopen (ed.), Language typology and syntactic description. Vol . 1, Clausestructure (pp~ 155- 196). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Safir, K . 1992. Implied non-coreferenceand the pattern of anaphora. Linguistics and Philosophy 15:1- 52.
Sag , I. 1981 . Formalsemantics andextralinguistic context . In Cole1981 : 273~294. Saleemi
,
phora
A
Sanford UK
,
A
,
Sapir
E .
.,
,
1921
E .
Baskin
,
:
1966
,
.
and
D
Holt
, Rinehart
of
Y
.
: 103
1981
1916
.
.
Huang -
.
128
,
The
syntax
and
pragmatics
of
ana
-
.
Understanding
written
,
language
.
Chichester
,
Schegloff
,
G
to
the
study
of
speech
.
New
York
:
( 1997
A
.
de
. .) ,
.
E .
1996
( ed
. ) , Studies
.
- Hill
. C . Bally
and
linguistics
,
general
:
Nijmegen
,
:
DC
A
.
Seche
Trans
.
W
.
A
discourse
- semantic
account
.
.
conversational
in
openings
sociolinguistics
( pp
.
346
.
In
J .
J .
-
380
) .
New
Gumperz York
:
.
and
. ) , Everyday
practices in
Washington
.]
in
Directions
Some
in
interpretation
Sequencing
( ed
6 .
. ( Ed
Course
University
Identification
. Pasthas
Number
generale
as
Exhaustive
Winston
1979
linguistique
: McGraw
) .
1972
Monograph
.
[ Republished
York
( eds
E .
introduction
Language
Cours
.
, and
. In
.
, Catholic
E .
Schegloff
An
America
Payot
Hymes
openings
B . Fox
S .
.
Totality
. New
R
, .
,
Language
. dissertation
Schegloff
of 28
.
1930
Paris
Scharten .D
.
, F . de ) .
Review
Garrod
Society
Saussure
.
Pragmatics
and
, Brace
Linguistic
haye
1997
.
Harcourt
In
P .
of
: Wiley
Sapir
Ph
.
. Journal
anaphora
recognition language
for ( pp
in ( pp
referring . 437
to - 486
. 23
- 78
persons
) . Amsterdam
telephone
conversation
) . New
in
York
talk
- in
: John
: Irvington
. interaction Benjamins
.
. .
447
References Schelling
, T
Schiffer
Schmerling and
1960
,
.
1969
1975
Searle
, J .
Searle
,
Sells
, P .
Sells
,
1987
. Aspects
( eds
- 243
Senft
, G
.
,
.) ,
,
A
.,
and
rules
: Cambridge
. In
Cole
and
meaning
of
Press
.
conversation
University
Morgan
.
,
Press
1975
. Cambridge
communication
log
ophori
and ,
,
and in
: CSLI
,
D
: 59
- 82
: Cambridge
and
In
Cole
.
.
University
representation
. Linguistic
.
1987
lexical
papers , CA
city
Zec
semantics
. Kilivila
, P . ( ed
Seuren
, P . 1998
Shibatani
, M
P .
Press
.
In
Press
Grandy
.
and
.
structure
.
grammatical
language
18
: 445
- 479
.
variation
In
M
theory
. Publications
the
Inquiry Reflexivization .
Ida
and
,
:
S .
Relations
Wechsler
discourse
,
and
structure
( pp
.
.
of
the
Trobriand
Islands
. Berlin
: Mouton
de
.)
1974
.
.
. Semantic
Western
1972
Kimball
syntax
linguistics
. Three
( ed
.) ,
: An
reasons
Syntax
. Oxford
historical
for
and
: Oxford
not
Press
introduction
deriving
semantics
University
. Oxford
" kill
( pp
.
125
"
-
from
138
) .
.
: Blackwell
" cause New
to
York
.
die
:
" . In
Seminar
.
Sigurj6nsd6ttir ives
,
and
, M
Soames
.
,
problem
S .
1994
, of
S .
Soames
, S . .
. 69
-
148
, L
1998
In
. 1987
Forum , CA
-
( pp
.) ,
545
In
.
. In
Y
Papers
. and
reports
Kasher
and
) . Dordrecht
are
inherited
1994
solution ( ed
: Reidel
: A
: 479
the
.)
1998
.) ,
child
-
.
516
.
projection : 69
( eds
.) ,
-
140
Hand
to
,
direct
and
the
, D
Sperber
,
acts
.
setting
and
E . Williams
. , and
D
Sciences
,
Sperber
, D
10
.,
Wilson
and
( eds
: 697
. , and
, D
Wilson -
754
Wilson
,
.
D
the
development
. ) , Parameter
of setting
pronouns
( pp
.
189
and - 210
reflexives
) . Dordrecht
1986
.
. Relevance
1987
.
Precis
. Oxford
of
: Blackwell
Relevance
.
and
.
1995
. Relevance
. 2nd
ed
. Oxford
: Blackwell
.
. :
.
Behavioral
.
, D
-
projection speech
.
Sperber
.]
.
solution
implicature
-
( eds
Press
to
F . Guenthner
reflex
on
University
: A in
of
Matsumoto
Gernsbacher
616
,
acquisition
and :
Gabbay
-
. The
: Stanford
. [ Reprinted
D
. 553
1988
Clark
inherited
Presupposition
: Routledge
. Parameter and
Language
are
.
( ed
.- C . E .
processes
: 483
IV
In
) . Stanford
presuppositions
Kasher
) . London
T . Roeper
Reidel
.
106
Presupposition
. How
A
-
13
logic
, Y .
presuppositions
philosophical
problem
. 97
Inquiry
.
Chien
inference
. How
1989
and
Child
( pp
. Discourse
1982
.,
children
Annual
. Linguistic
Soames
Solan
the
, N
Icelandic
development
Singer
( pp
Hyams by
of
language
book
S .,
pronouns
Proceedings
In
: MIT
.
Working
1986
, MA
.
.
Seuren
J .
acts
of
,
) . Stanford
Gruyter
. Cambridge
and
- 228
Zaenen syntax
. Zec
acts
Meaning
: 209
. Cambridge
: Blackwell
.
speech
.
conflict
conjunction
- 231
. Expression
1986
of
. Oxford
. Asymmetric : 211
1986
between
169
1975
. Indirect
P .,
strategy
. Speech
1979
J .
Warner
The
. Meaning
1975
, J .
Searle
.
1972
S .
Morgan
Searle
D
.
, S . R
Brain
448
References Stalnaker , R . 1972. Pragmatics . In D . Davidson and G . Harman (eds.), Semantics a/ natura / language ( pp . 380- 397). Dordrecht : Reidel . Steever, S. 1977. Raising , meaning , and conversational implicature . Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society 13:590- 602. Stirling , L . 1993. Switch -reference and discourse representation . Cambridge : Cam bridge University Press. Strawson , P. 1950. On referring . Mind 59:320- 344. Strawson , P. 1986. 'If ' and ' =>' . In Grandy and Warner 1986: 229- 242 . Syromiatnikov , A . 1981. The ancient Japanese language. Moscow : Nanka . Thagard , P. 1978. The best explanation : Criteria for theory choice . Journal of Philosophy 74:76- 92. Thomason , R . H . 1974. Introduction . In R . Thomason (ed.), Formal philosophy : Selected papers of Richard Montague (pp . 1- 70) . New Haven , CT : Yale Univer sity Press. Thomason , R . H . 1987. Accommodation , meaning , and implicature : Interdisci plinary foundations for pragmatics . Ms ., University of Pittsburgh . [Printed as Thomason 1990.] Thomason , R . H . 1990. Accommodation , meaning , and implicature : Inter disciplinary foundations for pragmatics . In P. R . Cohen , J. Morgan , and M . E . Pollack (eds.), Intentions in communication (pp . 325- 364) . Cambridge , MA : MIT
Press .
Toney, A . 1963. 150 masterpiecesa/ drawing. New York : Dover Publications. Traugott, E. 1998. The role of pragmatics in semanticchange. Paper presentedto the Conferenceof the International PragmaticsAssociation, Rheims, July 1998. Traugott, E., and Heine, B. (eds.) 1991. Approachesto gr'ammaticalization, Vol . 2. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Traugott, E., and Konig , E. 1991. The semantics-pragmatics of grammaticalization revisited. In Traugott and Heine 1991: 189- 218. Tryon, D . T. 1970. ConversationalTahitian. Canberra, AustralIa: ANU Press. Ureland, S. 1981. The developmentof Dutch and West Frisian reflexivesbetween 1879 and 1979. In M . Gerritsen (ed.), Taalveranderingin Nederlandsedialekten (pp. 250- 263). Muiderberg, The Netherlands: Coutinho. Vaccari, 0 ., and Vaccari, E. 1948. Japanese conversation -grammar. Tokyo : Vaccari. Van Deemter, K ., and Peters, S. (eds.) 1996. Semantic ambiguity and underspecification. Stanford, CA : CSLI publications. Van der Auwera, J. 1995. Conditional perfection. In A . Athanasiadou and R . Dirven (eds.), On conditionalsagain (pp. 169- 190). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Van der Auwera, J. 1996. Modality : The three-layered Scalar Square. Journal of Semantics13: 181- 195.
449
References Van der Auwera , J. 1997. Pragmatics in the last quarter century : The case of conditional perfection . Journal afPragmatics 27:261- 274. Van der Sandt , R . 1988. Context andpresupposition . London : Croom Helm .
Van Kuppevelt, J. 1996. Inferring from topics: Scalar implicatures as topicdependentinferences. Linguistics and Philosophy 19:393- 443. Van Riemsdijk , H ., and Williams , E . 1986. Introduction to the theory of grammar . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press. Van Valin , R . 1990. Functionalism , anaphora , and syntax . Studies in Language 14 : 169 - 219 .
Verschueren , J., and Bertuccelli -Papi , M . (eds.) 1987. The pragmatic perspective . Amsterdam : John Benjamins . Vincent , N . 1989a. Observing obsolescence: Comment on D . Lightfoot , The child ' s trigger experience : Degree- O leamability . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 : 3 60 - 361 .
Vincent , N . 1989b. Constituentization . Paper delivered at the Ninth International Conference on Historical Linguistics . Rutgers University , New Brunswick , NJ , August 1989. Visser , F . T . 1963 . An historical Brill
syntax
of the English
language , Part
1 . Leiden :
.
Vonk , W ., Hustinx , L ., Simons , W . 1992. The use of referential expressions in structuring discourse . Language and Discourse Processes 11:301- 334. Von Wright , G . H . 1971. Explanation and understanding . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul . Wainer , J. 1991. Uses of nonmonotonic logic in natural language understanding .' Generalized implicatures . Ph .D . dissertation , Pennsylvania State University . [Pub lished by UMI Ann Arbor ]. Ward , G ., and Hirschberg , J. 1985. Implicating fall -rise intonation . Language 61:747- 776.
uncertainty : The pragmatics of
Webber , B . 1979. A formal approach to discourse anaphora . New York : Garland . Welker , K . 1994. Plans in the common ground : Toward a generative account of conversational implicature . Ph .D . dissertation , Ohio State University , Columbus . Wexler , K ., and Manzini , M . R . 1987. Parameters and learnability in Binding Theory . In T . Roeper and E . Williams (eds.), Parameter setting (pp . 41- 76). Dordrecht
: Reidel
.
Wheeldon , L . R ., and Levelt , W . J. M . 1995. Monitoring the time course of pho nological encoding . Journal of Memory and Language 34:311- 334. Wilkins , D ., and Hill , D . 1995. When 'GO ' means 'COME ' : Questioning the basicness of basic motion verbs . Cognitive Linguistics 6:209- 259. Wilkins , W . 1988. Thematic structure and reflexivization . In W . Wilkins (ed.), Syntax and semantics. Vol . 21, Thematic relations (pp . 191- 214). New York : Academic
Press .
450
References
Williams, E. 1997.Blockingandanaphora . LinguisticInquiry28:577- 628. Wilson, D. 1975.Presuppositional andnon-truth-conditionalsemantics . NewYork: AcademicPress . Wilson, D., and Sperber , D. 1986.Pragmatics andmodularity. Proceedings of the ChicagoLinguisticsSociety : Parasession on pragmaticsand grammaticaltheory 22:67- 84. [ReprintedasWilsonandSperber1991.J Wilson, D., and Sperber , D. 1991.Pragmaticsand modularity. In S. Davis(ed.), Pragmatics(pp. 583- 595). Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress . Winograd, T. 1972. Understanding naturallanguage . New York: AcademicPress . Yang, D.-W. 1983.Theextendedbindingtheoryof anaphors . LanguageResearch 19:169- 192. Ziff , P. 1975. On H . P. Grice 's account of meaning . In D . Steinberg and L . Jako bovitz (eds.), Semantics ( pp . 60- 65) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Zipf , G . K . 1949. Human behavior and the principle of least effort : An introduction to human ecology . New York : Hafner . Zribi -Hertz , A . 1989. Anaphor binding and narrative point of view : English reflexive pronouns in sentence and discourse . Language 65:695- 727. Zribi -Hertz , A . 1995. Review of Y . Huang , The syntax and pragmatics anaphora . Lingua 96:179- 189.
of
This excerpt from Presumptive Meanings. Stephen C. Levinson. © 2000 The MIT Press. is provided in screen-viewable form for personal use only by members of MIT CogNet. Unauthorized use or dissemination of this information is expressly forbidden. If you have any questions about this material, please contact
[email protected].