Portfolio of Buddhist Art, Historical and Modern: Representative Monuments and Other Pictures

PORTFOLIO OF BUDDHIST ART HISTORICAL AND MODERN

ILLUSTRATIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE MONUMENTS AND

:

OTHER PICTURES

-If I-

v

/-?>^ Collected by

DR.

PAUL CARUS

CHICAGO THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY London Agents kegan paul, trench, trubner & 1906

co., ltd. ,,

,0

i-:

|.iV.

L

H'

EDITOR'S ANXOUX'CEMEXT.

THIS

collection of I'.ufldhist pictures docs not pretend to be complete in any

res|)ect.

dom from

It

consists of a few sani|:)les onh'

which are chosen almost

at ran-

a wealth of innumerable art productions that have originated under the

influence of

I'.uililiia's

from time

time

to

in

religion.

Alcist

of the historical pictures have appeared

The Open Court, and those

ferred for ex].)lanations (if an\'

l)e

interested in the subject are re-

needed) to the several articles

in

which

they'

have been discussed. 'Jdie

stitute

and a

illustrations

a novel

tifl'ers

in

of

feature.

The Gosf^ei 'Idle

these pictures a

artist

is

modern

Buddha

uf a

(

b\

luluard

fjiedermann con-

ierman-.Vnierican of Chicago,

Illinois,

intcr])retation of the LSuddhist ideal, basing

\A'estern treatment u|)on a historical crjnception.

P. C.

COPYRIGHT BV

THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING 1906

cn

CO.

d

Maya Devi

Visiting

Shuddhodana.

(Boiobudur.)

List of Illustrations. Lotos-Flower

]\Ioti\e.

in India

;

Copied from a fresco

sixth century, A. D.

in

the Ajanta Caves

\'ignettc on Title-page.

Plate

I.

The Enlightened One. By Eduard

Plate

2.

Tlie

P)icdermann.

Greek Conception of the Enlkiiitened One. Found in Gandhara, and now in the Aluseum at Calcutta presumably the oldest Buddha statue in existence. Second century, B. C. ;

Plate

3.

The

N.vtivity.

BoDHLS,\TT\'.\

Gandhara sculpture; second

A'lsiTiNG

On

THE Tkaiple.

Siddartha, the statues of the gods

centnr\', B. C.

approach of Prince

the

come

off their pedestals

prostrate themselves before Bodhisattva, the Buddha-to-be. is

The Plate 4.

Gandhara sculpture

The Great cell.

From

;

Plate 6.

Mar.v's Arjty.

The

External elevation of the front of

a sculpture at Jamalgiri,

South Kensington. 5.

second centur}-. B. C.

;

Gandhara sculpture second century, B.C.

Renl-nci.\tion.

Scenes fro.m the Buddh.v's Life.

Plate

This

a sculpture of Corobudur, probably of the ninth century, A.D,

FIealer.

a

and

now

in

the India ^luseum.

Date uncertain.

Gandhara sculpture

;

second centur\-. B. C.

Gandh.vr.v Lami'.-i;eari:r C(n[rARi:n with Analogous Scur.r-

tures 0¥ P.\gan Greece and Chrkstlvnitv. (second century B. C.

)

The Lamb-bearer

at the left of the plate

ishing resemblance to the Christian

two representations are given

bears an aston

Good Shepherd

here, one

of

whom

on the sarcophagus and

the other as the famous statue in the Lateran.

The

coincidence

•^

is

easily

understood

Greece as evidenced

in ancient

that both iind their prototype

we consider

if

the adjoining tigures of the

b\'

calf-bearing Hermes, and the rani-l)earing ]lermcs. Plate

-.

The Symbol

The lamp

of Truth.

Cf.ii.ixg

AX

IX

in

Buddha

to

In his farewell address he said, "Live as lamps unto

yourselves" centur}-,

attributed

undoubtedly be

passages which should himself.

frequently used allegoricalh'

is

(lit.

Gandhara

"self-lamps"),

Second

sculpture.

C,

P..

.\t.\xt.\

Date of construction,

Ca\i-:,

fifth

or sixth

century. A, D, Plate

8.

Plate 9,

IxTERiOR of ax Aj.\xta Cave,

The Temptation.

Fresco

Plate to. P)UDDnA Pictures in

Waiting Plate 12.

The

W^heei. of Life. centur_\',

Plate

13.

A. D.

Fresco

This

— Worshipers,^

One,

Sixth century, A, D.

in the

cave temples of Ajanta.

typical for all

is still

Sixth

Buddhist countries.

BunDH.v Statue Discovered on the Site of the Diamond Seat at

Buddha-Gaya.

The

garika Dharmapala. Plate 14,

Sixth century. A, D,

Prince Siddhartha,

Ca\i;s.

for the Blessed

Sixth century, A. D.

Ajanta Caves,

the Aj.xnta Caves.

the Ajanta

Plate II, Frescoes of

Sixth century A, D.

in the

original

The Mah.xbodhi Temple

.-\,

D,

at Buddfia-Ga^'a After Its Restoration,

This ancient temple was built on the

site

which Buddha attained enlightenment, tree

of the bodlii tree, under \'estiges of the original

The

have been discovered near the "diamond seat."

nese travelers

Ana-

in the possession of the

is

Twelfth century.

Chi-

Fa Hien (fourth century) and Hsuen Tsang

(seventh century) visited the spot most sacred to Buddhists, and

found monasteries

built

existed in those days

is

there.

Whether

A

doubtful,

the present building

Hindu

inahaiif

is in

charge

of the building which the British government has restored.

government

retains the right of supervision

and allows the

The privi-

lege of worship to Buddhist as well as ITindu pilgrims,

Plate 15,

The Diamond Seat Buddha

Diamond in the

Plate

16,

at Buddha-Gaya,

attained to enlightenment, Seat, while the

j\Ir,

site

where

Olcott stands at the

Anagarika H, Dharmapala

is

sitting

foreground reading from the Buddhist Suttas,

The Ananda Temple at Pagan,

Plate 17. Prajxapar.\mit.\ cient

This marks the

:

The Perfection

Buddhist art of Java,

the Le\(len

Burm.v,

museum.

of

Eleventh century. A. D.

Wisdom,

Specimen of the an-

Ninth century, A. D,

Original

in

Plate i8.

A

TirsEXAN Priest is

A

with the Buddhist Eucharist.

The ceremony

described in Waddell's Lamaisiii, p. 444 ct scq.

Two

Rei-ic Case.

relics in the

shape of

rice

grains are visible behind

the crystal stone.

A

of the Goon Law.

Proti-x'toI'!

Japanese bronze; sixteenth centur)-,

A. D. Fifteenth ccntnry, A. D.

Plate 19. Ai\rrTAP.H.\.

KwAN-YiN.

Buddha

Goddess of Charity and Motherly Love

as the

(Chinese).

The FJuddha

i\L\iTRE\A.

Plate 20.

The

Buddha

BoDHis.VTTVA.

from the

The

Plate 21. BunniTA

The Devil

Plate 23.

Lamaism.

wood

dating

in

Buddha's

life is

rarely represented be-

most commonly thought of as the Blessed One.

is

The

A

t\-pical

Shaku Soyen,

Buddha

a Buddhist

There

seventeenth cen-

statue;

was a present to the Editor from

original

as a IMonk.

Lord Abbot of Kamakura. probability that the Japanese

little

is

ever heard of Rabelais, whose verse has become an Ensfo

artist lish

of Tibetan

fifteenth century.

A. D.

the Rev.

Buddha

the Preacher; a statue of gilded

the Teacher.

tury,

Sixteenth century, A. D.

mystical

This feature

Ascetic. cause he

Plate 22.

A

Buddh.v of Bliss.

Come.

to

proverb

"When

the Devil

When

the Devil

Buddha's Nirvana. This

artist

A

was was

sick, the

Devil a

well, the devil a

monk would be: monk was he."

sacred Buddhist picture by

lived in the

Tang Dynasty which

Wu

Tao Tze.

ruled from 620

to 905, A. D.

Plate 24.

A

Buddhist Festi\'al at Cevlon.

The

temple of the Tooth of Buddha,

annual

celebration.

building to the

honor of which there

in

Plate 25.

which contain

The Meeting

of

The

mada.

common

the

is

in

an a

Buddhist coun-

relics.

Buddha and King Bimbisara. original

is

In the foreground to the right stands

dagoba, one of those monuments so tries,

left

is

in possession of

By Keichyu Ya-

The Open

'Court Pub-

lishing Co.

The Buddha

of the Maitayana Faitli.

Buddha

is

seated on

a

lotus throne in the attitude of teaching, with love, the principle

of particularity, on his right side of universality, on his sattva

left.

;

and wisdom, the principle

The former

Samanta Bhadra, riding

is

personified in Bodhi-

a white elephant, and the

latte.-

in

A[aniusliri,

I'.oilliisattva

pleted

by

|iresence

the

of

riding a lion.

The

Ananda, the

disciple

o-roup

of

com-

is

and

love,

Kashyapa. the disciple of wisdom equipped with his begginc;bowl. Plate

J').

The framed

Status at IUthit-ia-Gava.

ISunniiA

J.\PAxi:sF.

at the left of the statue states that the statue

donation standing

a present of the jajianese lUiddhists to the

is

at

letter of

Alahabodhi temple

ISuddha-daya.

inal

The

lluddha as Fatherly Love, by Shaku Sowatsu.

Dzizo-sox.

was

a present to the Editor

Kamakura. who

is

eral translation

from the Rev. Shaku Soyen of

the author of the Butklhist

The following

]Mcture of Iluddha.

my

creatures as

And though I

P>uddha as a

1

[on.

Andrew

church of San (liosafat story, the

name

an almost

lit-

in

I

am

evcrywlie re. I

cherish.

and space may perish, emhrace them in prayer."

e'en time

Ini)i.\.

graphed for the

the

lines furnish

loved children

ne'er shall cease to

Plate 27. .^.\ixT Jo.sAPii.VT OF

poem above

:

"'riiniughiiut the tliree woi'lds .\11

orig-

Roman

D. White from the image in the

Palermo.

Podhisattx-a

Catholic Saint, photo-

In the transmission of the

was changed

to Giosafat, or Josa-

phat.

Plate 28. X.\.\nA.

the Chief

-\fter

SiiEPriERD'.s

Py Eduard Piedermann.

D.vughter.

Podhisattva fainted, and Manda, the shep-

severe fasts,

herd's daughter, refreshed

him with

rice

milk, whereb\- he in-

curred the indignation of his companions, the five

monks who,

seated under a tree, watch the scene from a distance.

Plate 29.

The

By Eduard Piedermann.

Temi'T.\tion.

Plate 30. Pudoua'.s

Mi:etikg with

Y.\SHoi)n.\R.\.

P)-

Eduard Piedermann,

After Cautama Siddhartha had been recognized tudes as the Puddha. he returned to the

Shudodana, where he met

his wife,

b\'

home

large multi-

of his father,

Vashodhara, and

his little

son Rahula. Plate 31.

The

L.\.st

Ser.mox.

Py Eduard Piedermann.

When Buddha

felt

that his end had come, he had the Mallas, the people of the

neighborhoofl, collected around him, and preached his last ser-

mon, which he closed with the words,

component

things,

''Deca\'

but the truth will remain

out \'our salvation with diligence."

is

inherent in

forever.

all

W'ork

REFERENCES.

THECourt

originals of the Iliedcnnann illustrations are in possession of

Publishing Co.

The

fjpen

Frescoes and views of the Ajanta Caves are re-

produced from the rare and exquisite volumes of John Griffith, The Paintings the Buddhist Cave Temples of Ajanta. Some of the pictures have been taken

ill

from photographs of the literature

originals,

The

on the subject.

trations, are necessarily only

be expected

t'o

and others are gathered from the standard

dates ascribed to the pictures in the List of Illus-

approximate.

The order and arrangement cannot

be always systematic.

For detailed explanations see the following articles Buddha Pictures and Statues, The Open Conrt, xii, t^^j. Similarities in Religious Art, The Open Conrt, xiii, 710.

A

Collection of Japanese Paintings, ibid., p. 695.

The Food of Life and the Sacrament, The Monist. x. 246. Mahayana Doctrine and Art, llie Open Conrt, xvi. 562 and 621. Wu Tao Tze's Nirvana Picture, ibid., p. 163. Prajnaparamita, The Open Conrt. xv, 367. Japanese Calligraphy, The Open Conrt, xiii, 120. Mythology of Buddhism, The Monist, vii, 431. Also in Carus, History of the Devil,

p.

104.

The Wheel and the Cross, The Open Court, Buddhism and Christianity, The Monist, v, dhism and

The Religion

A

xvi, 478.

Also

65.

in

Carus, Bud-

Its Christian Critics, p. 198.

The Open Conrt,

of Enlightenment,

xvii,

567.

Buddhist Priest's A'iews of Relics. Containing a communication from the Rev. Seelakkhanda, The Open Court, xi, 122.

The Holy

Saint Josaphat of

Inilia,

from the account of the Hon. Andrew

D. White, The Open Conrt. xv, 284.

The Temples and wedel,

Archasological Treasures of Burma, by Albert Griin-

ibid., p.

The following books by Gospel of Buddha Karma, :

464.

the editor are suggested as collateral reading" a

Story of Buddhist Ethics

:

;

The

Nirvana, a Story of

Amithabha, a Story of Buddhist Theology The Open Court, xvi, 415, 486, 536) The Dharma Buddhism and Its Christian Critics: Scenes from the Life of Buddha, a reproduction in colors of modern Japanese paintings by Keichyu Yamada. Buddhist Psychology

(

:

;

;

Thk Whkei,

(ji

the La«' on the Sanl'hi Tc

Buddhist Art, plate

COPVRIGHT, 1905, 8Y THE OPEN CO

LISHiNG CO.

The Enlightened One. By Eduard Biedermann.

i.

Buddhist Art, plate

The Greek Conception

of the Enlightened One.

2.

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Buddhist Art, plate §.

Mara's Army.

I

BuddJiist Art, plate

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7.

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Buddhist Art, plate lO.

Buddha Pictures

in

the Ajanta Caves.

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<

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w a H

O o

U-i

Buddhist Alt, platr 12.

The Wheel

of Life.

Buddhist Art, plate ij.

I Buddha Statue Discovered at Buddha-Gava.

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X a Q

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Buddhist Art,

Prajnaparamita, the Perfection of Wisdom.

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Biiddliist All, plate 31.

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iiaMflffr

iiHiltfMi

iiiaii

iinitiyMrii

^.inmKlWWIiitWIga

Buddha the Teacher.

Buddhist Art, plate 22.

The Devil

as a

Monk.

F>i
-->;

^^;;j-~^m- :,-; «*-.-;.s"i^i-ij i-ti^'-tt^^osn'-

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Art, plate 2j

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r{%^*i'^i^^^4 \-

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"''''T^aT***-^;'

Buddliist Art, plate 2~

1

Buddha

as St. Jusaphat.

-5

^

<

Jiiidiilust

?IGHT, 1305, BY THE OPEN

COURT PUBLISHING CO,

The Temptation. By Eduard Biedermann.

Art, plate 2g.

Buddhist All,

,

BT THE OPEN COiJHT

MF.F.TfNG WITH

YasHODHARA.

By Eduard Biedermann.

f'ldtc

JO.

Biid.lhist Art. plate ji.

COPYRIGHT, 1905, BY THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO.

The Last Sermon. By Eduard Biedermann.