Plutarch's Lives, Volume XI: Aratus. Artaxerxes. Galba. Otho. General Index (Loeb Classical Library No. 103)

rv(f)Xov Kal darj/iov ro irpcorov, elra jmoXXov eir2 ereLve

7rapep^op,ev(ov.

Kal Karel')(ev

ijhrj

ttoXu?

ware rov irepav cjyvXaKa Kpavyfi fjLeydXrj TrvOdveaOai rov Kvvrjyov, Trpo^ riva rpa^eoi^ ovrw^ 6 kvwv vXaKrel, Kal firf ri vXay/j,o<;

rb

')((opiov,

^ The sentries who had formed the night-watch came up at the sound of the bell, to be inspected, and then relieved by the morning- watch.

i6

I

ARATUS

them.

who

VII.

4-viii. 2

At the same time he sent forward the men

carried the scaling-ladders^ under the

command

of Ecdelus and Mnasitheus, while he himself followed after them slowly, the dogs already barking vigorously and running along by the side of Ecdelus and his However, they reached the wall and planted party. But as their ladders against it without mishap. the first men were mounting the ladders, the officer

who was

to set the morning- watch began making his rounds with a bell, and there were many lights and the noise of the sentries coming up.^ The invaders, however, crouched down just where they were on the ladders, and so escaped the notice of this party without any trouble but since another watch was coming up to meet the first, they incurred the However, they escaped the notice greatest danger. of this guard also as it passed by, and then the leaders, Mnasitheus and Ecdelus, at once mounted to the top, and after occupying the approaches to the wall on either side, sent Technon to Aratus, urging him to hasten up. Vlll. Now it was no great distance from the garden to the wall, and to the tower, in which a huge dog was on the watch, a hunter. The dog himself did not notice their approach, either because he was naturally sluggish, or because during the day he had become tired out. But when the gardener's whelps challenged him from below, he began to growl in response, faintly and indistinctly at first, then bayed out more loudly as they passed by. Presently the whole place resounded with barking, so that the watchman opposite called with a loud cry to the hunts;

man asking why his dog was baying so savagely and whether some mischief was not afoot. The hunts17

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 6 3' airo

yiveraL KaivoTcpov.

rod irvpyov avro)

^

aWa

rov Kvva dvT6oovr]a6 firjSev elvat heivov, TO)V reiXocfyvXaKcov koI tov ^^ro^ov irpo'^ TO (p(o<; 3

rov

/ccoScovo<;

irapw^vvOat.

rovro fidXiara

tov<;

^Apdrov aTpaTia)Ta<; eireppoDaev, olofxet'ov; rov fcvvrjyov eiriKpvTrreiv Koivwvovvra rfj irpd^ei, elvat he TToWoij^ /cat dWov
dWd

ov pcrjv rep reix^t' irpoa/SaXovepyovvra^;. rcov p^aXeTTo? rjv 6 KivSvvo<; koli pi^KO^ e\.dp.f3ave, rcov KXip^dfccov KpaSat-vopievcov el fir) KaO^ eva koX Be wpa Kari)iTeiyev, ijSr] G')(oXai(ti<; dva/Saivocev rj (pOeyyofMevcov dXe/crpvoicov, koX oaov ovircD rcov

dyopdv iirepxoef dypov ri <^epeiv elcoOorcov 7r/?09 " 8lo koI airevBwv 6 Kparo^ dvefBaive,

4 puevcov.

reaaapd/covra rcov irdvrcov dia/Se^TjKorwv irpo avrov' Kol irpoahe^dpievo^ en tmv /cdroiOev oXl70U9 eVl rr)v OLKLav rov rvpdvvov koL ro arparrjyiov dvrjXOev evravOa yap ol pLiaOo(^6poi Trapevv/crepevov.

d(f)Vco

Se eiriireaciiv avroi<; /cal

avXXapoDV diravra^, ovBeva Be aTTOKreiva^, evOv^ BieTrepLirero 5

eKaarov drf

tt/oo?

tol'9

^tXou?

dvaKaXovpcevo^

crvvBpapLovTwv iravra^oOev, rjpuepa pLev vireXapnTev rjBr) /cal ro Oearpov en irpo's r)]v dBtjXov alcopovrjv o'xXov piearov, ovBev elBorwv virep rwv pLevcov (pj]pbr]v Kol ara
/cal

wparropLevcov, irpiv ye Bi] irpoeXOoiv 6 Kijpv^ elirev CO? "Aparo<; 6 KXecvlov jrapa/caXel roi/^ iroXira^; eirl rr)v eXevOepiav. IX. Tore Be iriareixravre^ ijfceiv a rrdXai

irpoaeBoKwv,

18

a)ppL7]crav

dOpooi

7Tpo<;

ra? Ovpa^ rov

ARATUS

VIII.

2-ix.

I

man answered him from the tower that there was nothing to fear, but that his dog had been excited by the Hghts of the sentries and the din of the bell. This more than anything else gave heart to the soldiers of Aratus. They thought that the huntsman was privy to their design and was trying to conceal it, and that there were many others also in the city who would assist them. However, when the rest of the company essayed the wall, their peril was grievous and protracted, since the ladders shook unless they mounted one by one and slowly moreover, time was pressing, since cocks were already crowing, and directly the people who brought produce from the country to the market-place would be coming up. Therefore Aratus also mounted the wall in haste, ;

had mounted before him and when he had been joined by a few more of those below, he went up against the tyrant's house and the praetorium, where the mercenary soldiers passed the night. And after falling upon these suddenly and capturing them all, but killing none, he straightway sent messages to his friends summoning them all from their homes, and they ran together from all quarters. Day was now breaking, and the theatre was thronged with people who still were in suspense because of the uncertain rumour that prevailed and in utter ignorance of what was afoot, until the herald came forward and made proclamation that Aratus the son of Cleinias after forty in all

;

invited the citizens to secure their freedom. IX. Then, convinced that what they had long expected was come, they rushed in a body to the ^

avrq) bracketed by Sint.2; Ziegler reads nphs with Stephanus.

a-rrh

avrdf,

.

.

.

19

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TVpdvvov iTvp eiTL^epovTe^. rjpOrj he d>\o^ /leynXrj Kal Kara^aprji; P'expi KoplpOov rrj<; olKLa<; ava-

wcrre davp,daavTa<; tov<; ev l^opivOw 6 fiev 103 irapd fiiKpov 6p/j,i]aat tt/oo? rrjv fio7]0eiav. ovv Nlkok\')J<; ekaOe hid rivcov virovop^wv vTretctv^ 2 Koi aTTohpa^ ck t?;? 7t6\€cd<;, ol he arparicjraL KaraTravdavTe^i p^erd tcop 'Zlkvcovlcov to irvp fcal ovre ravra eKcokvaev hu^pTra^ov Tr)v ol/ciav. (pd6L(Tr]<;,

6 "Ayoaro?, rd re Xoiird y^pi^para rwv rvpdvvwv direOave he ovh6\<s €t9 p.eaov eOrjtce rot? iTo\iTai<^.

ovhe irpcoOrj ro irapdirav rcov eireXOovTCdv ovhe TMV TToXepicov, KaOapdv Kal dOiKTOV aifiaro^

dWd

epb(^v\iov rrjv irpd^iv i) TV')(r] hiecj^vXa^e. 3 Karrjyaye he (f)uydha<; tou9 /lep vtto

N^aco-

K\eov<; eKireTTTCoKora^ oyhoiJKOvra, tou? he eirl ruyv ep.TTpocrOev rvpdvvcov

oh

p.aKpd

p,ev

r)

raerrj^i iyeyovei. Trevrjre^y oiv Kvpioi

4

ovk eXdrrov^i irevraKoaiuiv,

irXdvy] Kal 6p,ov tl irevTT^KovKaTeX66vTe
irporepov rjaav eireXap^dvovTOf Kal pahi^ovTe^; enl rd %ft)p/a Kal Td<; olKia^ hecprjv diropiav tm ^Apdrw 7rapel')(pv, e7n^ovXevop.ev7]v fiev e^(o9ev Kal (f)6ovoupep7]v vtt* ^KvTiyovov rrjv iroXiv opoiVTL hid rrjv eXevOepiav, rapaTTOfjueprjp he uep(ov TOi<; W'X^aiol^;' Kal AcoyOfel? 6vTe<; virehvaav eKOvaiw^ 6vop.a Kal iroXireiav rrjv A'XCiioiyv ovre d^icop^a XaptTrpov ovre fieydXrjv ^

Tore. la'x^vv i'X^ovrcov

TToXXol,

20

Kal yrjv

iiiKpoiroXlraL

ovre X/J^cT/yi^

yap rjaav

ovre

ol

d
I

ARATUS

IX.

1-4

A

residence of the tyrant, carrying firebrands. great flame arose as the house caught fire, and it was visible as far as Corinth, so that the people of Corinth were astonished and were on the point of sallying forth to Nicocles, then, slipped out unnoticed by way help. of certain underground passages, and ran away from the city, and the soldiers, after extinguishing the fire with the aid of the Sicyonians, plundered his house. Nor did Aratus prevent this, but put the rest of the wealth of the tyrants at the disposition of the citizens. And not a man was killed or even wounded at all, either among the assailants or their enemies, but fortune preserved the enterprise free from the taint of civil bloodshed. Aratus restored eighty exiles who had been banished by Nicocles, and those also who had fled the city during the reign of former tyrants, to the number of

These had long been wanderers, yes, And now that they had come back, most of them in poverty, they laid claim to the property which they had formerly held, and by going to their farms and houses threw Aratus into great perplexity. For he saw that the city was plotted against by outsiders and eyed with jealousy by Antigonus because it had regained its freedom, while it was full of internal disturbances and faction. Wherefore, as things stood, he thought it best to attach the city promptly to the Achaean League; and so, though the people of Sicyon were Dorians, they voluntarily assumed the name and civil polity of the Achaeans, who at that time had neither brilliant repute nor great strength. For most of them lived in small cities, owned land that was five

hundred.

for close

to fifty years.

21

PLUTARCH'S LIVES iKeKTi]VTO, KoX OaXdrrrj irpoawfcovv aXi/jLeva),

TToXka Kara payla'^ 5

ra

€K4>€pOfM€vr} irpo^ rrjv rjireipov.

aXXa paXLara Sr) hiehei^av akKrjV aix poa payov ovaav,

ovroi rrjv 'EWrjvLKrjv

oadKi<; Tvypi Koapov Ka\ (Twrd^ew^ 6po^povov(Tr]<; koX vovv 6)(Ovro^ '^qyepovo'i, ot rr}? pev irdXac roiv 'EWjJvcov dKp,rj<; ovBep, 0)9 elirelv, p.epo<; ovre^;, iv he tm rore pid^;

d^LoXoyov TToXeo)? crvpuravre^ op^ov Svvapip ovk ev^ovXia koI opovnia, fcal on, rw irpdirw KaT dperrjv iSvvavro p^rj cfyOovelv, dXXd TreudecrOac Kol aKoXovdelv, ou pLovov avTov^ iv pueaw iroXecov

6 eyovT€<;,

Kal hvvdpewv TrfKiKovTwv

/cat

Xa^av iXevOepov^, dXXd kol VQ)v

ft)?

irXeiarov^;

rvpavvlBcjv Sce^vrcav

iX€uOepovvTe<;

dXXwv Kal

'^aXXyj-

aco^ofre^

ScereXovv.

X. 'Hi' X6(f)p(ov, lSl(oi>,

^

Be ApaTo
tm rpoTrw 7roXiTiK6
aKpi^ecrrepo^; TTLKpo)'^

pbiaoTvpavvo^,

2 (fiiXla^ del tco kolvco avpb(^epovTi

ovx

€')(dpa<;

opto

')(^pd>pei'o^.

koX oOev

SoKel yeyovevai 0tX.o? d/cpi,/37]<;, o)? evyvd)pLO)v Kal irpao^, viro rr}? iroXirela';

ovTco^

e)(^Opo(; iiT dp(f)6Tepa

tw

fcaipw peTal3aXX6p.evo<;, 6povoLa
eOvMV Kal KOLVwvia^ iroXewv Kal avvehpiov Kal Oedrpov puiav (f)u>v)]v d(f)i€VTO<> co? ou8€v6<; dXXov TOiv

aOat 3

KaXwv

epaaTr)<^,

iroXepiW Kal dySyvi yprjaaKal Si/creXTrt?, KXeyjrac Be

(f)avep(b<; dOapcrrji;

TrpdypLara Kal avcTKevdaaaOai Kpvcpa 7r6\eL<; Bio Kal iroXXd Kal rvpdvvov<^ eTDj^oXctyTaro'^. TMv dveXiriaTWV KaTopd(i)(Ta<; ev oh eToXpLyjcreVj OVK eXdrrova Boxel tojv Bvvarcav eyKaraXiTrelv

22

I

ARATUS

IX.

4-x. 3

either fertile nor extensive, and were neighbours to a sea that had no harbours and for the most part washed a precipitous and rocky shore. But this people more than any other showed the world that

Greek prowess was invincible, whenever it enjoyed good order, harmonious discipline, and a sensible leader. For though they had taken almost no part in the ancient glories of Greece, and at this time, though counted all together, had not the power of a single considerable city, still, owing to their good counsels and their concord, and because they were able, in place of envying, to obey and follow the one who was

pre-eminent among them for virtue, they not only preserved their own freedom in the midst of so great cities and powers and tyrannies, but also were continually saving and setting free very many of the other Greeks. X. Aratus was by natural bent a statesman, highminded, more exact in his public than in his private relations, a bitter hater of tyrants, and ever making a regard for the public weal determine his enmity or his friendship. Wherefore he seems to have proved not so much a strict friend, as a considerate and mild enemy, changing his ground in either direction according to the exigencies of the state, loving concord between nations, community of cities,

and unanimity of council and assembly, beyond all other blessings. It was manifest that he resorted to open warfare and strife without courage and with little confidence, but that in stealing advantages and secretly managing cities and tyrants he was most Therefore, though he won many unexproficient. pected successes where he showed courage, he seems to have lost no fewer favourable opportunities through 2Z

PLUTARCH'S LIVES evXd^eiav. ov yap fiovov, 009 eoLKe, OrjpLcov TLVcov 6^^€L<; ivepyol Sta (tkotov^ ovaai fieO^ VH'^"

Sl

^yjporrjrt koI XeirroT'qTL t% rov ocpOaX/xov vjporrjTO'; /jLtj (f)€povar}<^ ttjv irpo^ TO ^W9 avjKpaaiv, aWa koX heworr}^ Tt9 icTTLV dvOpMTTov KoX avpeaL<; iv roL<; vTraiOpoi^ Kal hiaKeKrjpvy jievoi'^ evrdpaKro<^ ^vaei, irpo<; he ra'i

pav aiTorvipXovvrac irepl

i7rLKpv(f>ov
XaOpaLov<;

dvaOapaovaa

irpd^ei^;.

Tr]v Be TOiavrrjv ij)OV

irepl rd<;

dvw/xaXLav evheia Xoyov (piXoaoev(f>vta<; dnepyd^eraL, rrjv dperrjv,

coairep Kapirov avTO(f)vf) fcal dyeoopyrjTov, eKcjiepovaa
^eaOco Tot? TTapaBeiyfJLacriv, 'O Be "A/oaT09, eVel Karefju^e

XL

roL<;

'A%a£ot9

eavTOv Kal

rrjv ttoXiv, iv T0i9 lirirevcTL arparevo/xei/09 TfyaTrdro Bl evireiOeiav vtto tcov dp-)(^6vTCDV,

on, Kaiirep

(Tv/bL/3oXd
rw kolvw

/JieydXa
r7)v eavTov Bo^av Kal rrjv t7}9 TrarpiBo^ BvvafjLCv, 0)9 evl TCOV eiTLrvx^ovrcDV ')(^prja6ai 'Trapel)(^ev avro)

TOP del (TTparrjyovvTa^ twv ^Kyaiciiv, etre Aueire

TpLraiev^, etre ixiKporepa^ tlvo<; cov r)K€ Be avrw Kal ')(^pt'}[xdT(ov Bwped irapd rov /3aaiXe(o<^ irevTe Kal etKOdL rdXavra. ravra eXa^e jmev 6 "Aparo<;, Xa^oDv Be roU eavrov TToXirai^ irreBwKev diropovpLevoi^; €69 re raXXa Kal Xvrpcoaiv al)(/jLaX(orcov.

/jLato<^,

2

TV)(^oi 7roXeft)9.

XII.

'Evret Be ol (^vydBe^ rjcrav dTraprjyopyjrof,

re 7r6Xi<; tj €KivBvv€V€v dvdararo^ yeveaOai, filav opcjv eXTTuBa rrjv UroXefialov (pLXavOpcoirlav wpfirjaev iKirXev^ rhv ael a-TparriyovyTa Ziegler, with Sint.* and the MSS. : T0fc9

Tqy

e'XpvaL rd<; Kn^aei^ evo)(Xovvre<;,

ael a-TparryyovvTi.

24

ARATUS

X. 3-xii.

i

For not only in the case of certain over-caution. wild beasts, as it would seem, is the vision strong by night but wholly blinded in the day-time (since the humour in their eyes is too dry and delicate to bear contact with the light), but there is also in some men a cleverness and sagacity which is prone to be confounded in transactions that are carried out under the open sky and proclaimed abroad by public criers,

when

confronting hidden and secret enterprises Such unevenness a lack of courage. in cause men of good natural parts ; philosophy may they produce virtue without scientific knowledge, and it is like spontaneous and uncultivated fruit. This can be proved by examples. XI. Aratus, now, after uniting himself and his city with the Achaeans, served in the cavalry, and was beloved by his commanders on account of his For although he had made great ready obedience. contributions to the commonwealth in his own reputation and the power of his native city, he gave his services like those of any ordinary person to the one who from time to time was general of the Achaeans, whether he was a man of Dyme or of Tritaea, or of a meaner city. And there came to him also a gift of money from the king of Egypt, five-and- twenty talents. These Aratus accepted, but gave them at once to his fellow-citizens, who were in want of money, especially for the ransoming of such as had

but

recovers

its

been taken prisoners. XII. But the exiles were not to be dissuaded from molesting those who were in possession of their property, and the city was in danger of an upheaval. Aratus saw that his only hope was in the generosity of Ptolemy, and therefore determined to sail to VOL.

XI.

o

25

PLUTARCH'S LIVES aai

Kal

rov

Berjdrjvai,

^acnXia^i

ottco^;

2 y^prjfxara av/jL/SaXrjrai, tt/oo? t<29 8ia\v(Tei<;.

avrcp av-

tJX^V /^^^ o^^ ^'^^ Mo6ct)vr)<; xjirep MaXea?, 609 tw Be fiiya hia iropov Bp6/jL(p ')(pr]a6/JL€vo<;. tt/jo?

Kal ttoWtjv OdXaaaav etc 7r€\dyov<; Kariovcrav ivhovro^ rov tcvfiepVTjrov, irapa^epofjuevo'^ TTvevfJLa

'AS/?ta9 7ro\e/xta9 ov(77j<;. CKpaKal (f>v\aKrjv el^^ev rjv ^Avriyovov yap (pOdaaf; dire^r], Kal rrjv vavv KaraXiTroyv dirfi6\i<; rji^raro rrj<;

Telro

vtto

fiaKpav

e%a)/9?70-e

cltto

eavTOV'i

eU riva

ivvKrepevov.

roirov

TTOVTWV

rd

i^rjTrartjOy]

ft)9

vXr](;

Kal Kara^dXovre'; ye/jLOvra %a\e7r<M9

okiyw Se vcnepov

eirekOaiv Kal ^Tjrayv rov

Xeyeiv

e^cov eva t(ov

Oa\d(Tarj<;

(Tvv auT(p TifidvOyv.

3 (f)L\cov

6

(ppovpap^o^ tmv Oepa-

^

vtto

Aparov

tS)V

cKelvov,

BeStBay/jLevcov

evdv<; d7roBpa<; et9 Kv/3oi,av i^eirXevae.

/jievTOL KO/jLi^ofxeva

Kal rrjv vavv Kal rov^; Oepd-

iroXepua Kal KaTea^e. Be rifxipa^ ov 7roWd<; iv aTTopoi^^ ovrt

7rovTa<; aTrecfirjve

Mera

4

^Apdrw yiveTai T£9 evTv^ia, 7rapa^a\ovar}<; Kara rov tottov (TKOTrrjv fxev

ovv

'I*co/jLaLK7]
ev

a>

rd

dviMV, rd Be KpvirToixevo^ Biijyev. T)

vav<;

eh ^vpiav,

ra>

v€co<;

fiev iirl CTrXet,

iire^Tj Be irelaa^ rov

vavKXrjpov d^pi KapLa<; BiaKOfJLLaOrjvaL' Kal Bi€kop^iaOr) KLvBvvoi,<; av6i<; ovk iXdrrocrc %/9^o"ajU6j'09 5

Kard OdXarrav.

K.apia<; y^povw ttoXXw avroOev re t&) ^aaiXeX AiyvTrrov TrepaLcoOeh BLaK€Lfiev(p irpo^ avrbv oiKeiw^i evervxe, Kal reOepael<;

26

eK

Be

ARATUS

XII.

1-5

igypt and beg the king to furnish him with money the settlement of these disputes. So he put to sea from Mothone above Malea, intending to make the shortest passage. But the steersman could not make head against a strong wind and high waves that came in from the open sea, and being carried out of his course got with difficulty to Adria^^ which was a hostile place. For it was in the power of Antigonus, and held a garrison of his. Aratus anfor

ticipated arrest by landing, and forsaking the ship withdrew a long way from the sea, having with him

one of his friends, Timanthes. They threw themselves into a place that was thickly covered with woods, and had a grievous night of it. A little later the commander of the garrison came to the ship in search of Aratus, and was deceived by his servants, who had been instructed to say that he had run away The ship, at once and had sailed off to Euboea. however, with its cargo and the servants of Aratus, was declared a prize of war and detained. After a few days, while still in this helpless plight, Aratus met with a rare piece of good fortune, for a Roman ship put in at the place where he was staying, sometimes on a lookout-place, and sometimes hiding himself. The ship was bound for Syria, but after going on board Aratus persuaded the master of the vessel to convey him as far as Caria. Thither he was conveyed, encountering fresh perils by sea and perils as great as before. From Caria, after a long time, he made his way across to Egypt, and found the king both naturally well disposed towards him, and much gratiThe text is probably corrupt. Bergk suggested Hydrea, an island off the N.E. coast of Peloponnesus. Others think of Andres, an island S.E. of Euboea. ^

27

PLUTARCH'S LIVES irevfjAvw 7/oa^at9 Ka\ iriva^iv airo rij<; 'EWdBo^, iv ot? KpicTiV e')((t)v ovk d/jbouaov o A/^aro? act ri T(ov Te')(yiK(>3V koI TrepirrSyv, fidXiara oe HafjL(f)L\ov Kal MeXdvdov, diTea-TeWev.

XIII. "HvOei yap <7^9 KOI iXOvcrT)<;

en Bo^a

')(^pr)(TToy pa<^La
to koXov,

koX

avvdycov T779

Q)<;

ware Kal

ktco^€vo<;

^iKVcovla^

fi6vrj<;

ijlov-

dhui^Oopov

^ATreXXrjv

cKetvop

OavfjLa^ojxevov dcpiKeadat, Kal (Tvyyeveadai i]Br} Tot9 dvhpdaLv iirl raXdvTCp, T7J<: 5of>;9 /idWov Bio Ta9 /jl€V T} T^9 rex^'V^ Beofxevov fieraXa^elv. dXXa<; euKova^ tcop rvpdvvcov dvelXev €udv<; 6

"A/9aT09, ore rrjv iroXiv rfXevOepwaey irepi Be t^9 ^AptaTpdrov Kara ^iXiinrov aKfjudaapTO^; i^ov2 Xevaaro iroXvv XpoJ^ov. eypdcprj fxev yap viro irdvT(ov

tS)v

7ra/3e<JTft)9

fjLevou

T^9

dp/iarL viKtjcpopa) Trepl top MeXavOov ^ ^ AireXXov crvv€(f)a'<jra6 Apia tpar o<;, ypa(f)rj^,

(09

UoXe/jicov

6

7r€piTjyT)Tr}<;

d^ioOeaTOV, waTe yvdfjLTTTeaOai. top ApaTOP viro t^9 Te;^^r;9, av6i<; T€ /JLL(TeC Tft) 7r/)09 TO 1*9 TVpdpPOV<; €^ay6fJL€P0P 3 KeXeveip Kadaipetp. top o^p ^coypdcjiop NedXKTj ^iXop opTa Tov ApdTOV irapaiTe'laOai (f)aai Kal BaKpveiPy 0)9 3' OVK eireiOep, elirelp otl toc<; Tvpdv" 'Eacro)P0L<; TToXe/irjTeop, ov toU to)p TVpdppcov, fjLCP ovp TO dpfia Kal ttjp Nt/c?;;', avTOP Be aoL 1033 irape^w top ^ApiGTpaTOP 670) irapax^povPTa tov iir lt pe^^aPTO^ ovp tov ApdTov Bi7rLPaK0<;,'^

to epyov ^v Be "

laroprjKev.

^

1

28

Philip II., 382-336 B.C.

I

ARATUS

xn. 5-xiii. 3

ed because Aratus had sent him drawings and In these matters Aratus paintings from Greece. had a refined judgement, and was continually collecting and acquiring works of artistic skill and excellence, especially those of Pamphilus and Melanthus.

These he would send to Ptolemy. XIII. For the fame of Sicyon's refined and beautiful paintings was still in full bloom, and they alone were thought to have a beauty that was indestructTherefore even the great Apelles, when he ible. was already admired, came to Sicyon and gave a talent that he might be admitted into the society of its artists, desiring to share their fame rather than Hence it was that Aratus, although he their art. at once destroyed the other portraits of the tyrants when he had given the city its freedom, deliberated a long time about that of Aristratus (who For flourished in the time of Philip of Macedon ^). it was the work of Melanthus and all his pupils, and Aristratus was painted standing by a chariot in which was a Victory Apelles also had a hand in the painting, as we are told by Polemon the Topographer. And the work was a marvellous one, so that Aratus was moved by the artistic skill therein but afterwards, such was his hatred of the tyrants, that he ordered it to be removed and destroyed. Accordingly, the painter Nealces, who was a friend of ;

;

Aratus, interceded with him for the picture, as are told, and with tears, and when he could not persuade him, said that war should be waged against the tyrants, but not against the treasures " Let us therefore leave the chariot of the tyrants. and the Victory, but Aristratus himself I will

we

undertake to remove from the picture."

Aratus 29

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 7]\€t,yjr€V

6 NeaA-Arr;? rov ^Apla-rpaTOV, et? 8e rrjv

aXXo

<j)OLVLKa /jlovov iveypayfrev,

'X^copav

Be ovSev

tou? he 7r6Sa<; e^aXeiirapa^akelv. Tov ^AptarpaTov SidkaOecv vtto to apfia

eroXfirjae (fiopbivov

4

Xijova-iv. "Kk t€ Srj TovTcov 6 ert

nrelpav

"Aparo? '^yairdro, Kal SlBov^

'^yjraTO rov ^a(TiXew<^y Kal nroXeL irevTrfKOvra koI ifcarov

pboXkov

Bcopeav eXafie

rfj

raXavra. Kal rovrcov reo-aapaKovra puev 6v6v
fieO*

Kara

fiepof; aTricTTeiXev.

XIV. aavra

'Hi/

fjL€i>

iropiaai

ovv

roh

jjiiya

Kal to

TroXtrat?,

'X^p'^fiara

oawv

to-

fiiKpov puepo^i

aXXot aTparrjyol Kal BrfpLayuyyol Xafi^dvovTe^; irapa ^aaiXecov tjBIkovv Kal KareBovXovvro Kal TrpoeiTLVOV avroh ra? iraTpiBa^, /j,eL^o)v Be 17 Bia

TMP

x^prj/xaTwu TOVTCOV KaTaaKevaadelaa roh /jlcv airopoi^ 7rpo
davpuacTTr) Be 2 pLerpLOTrjf;.

diroBeLX^GL^i yap avTOKpdTcop BiaXXaKTTjf; Kal KVpio^i oXw^ iirl Td<; <j>vyaBLKd
fiovo^ T(ov TToXiTcov

filaf;

ov^

VTre/jueivev,

dXXd

TTpoaKareXc^ev eavrw,

irevreKaiBeKa fxeO'

mv irovm

TToXXo) Kal fieydXai's TvpayfiareiaL^; KaTctpydaaro Kal avvrjppLoae (pcXlav Kal elprjvrjv T0t9 TroXtrat?.

6^' ol? ov

/JLOVOV

KOLvfi

(J

V pLTT avT e<;

Ti/i^9 direBoaav avTCo irpeTTovaa^i,

30

at

TToXcTai

dXXa Kal Kar

I

ARATUS

XIII.

3-xiv. i

therefore yielded, and Nealces erased the figure of Aristratus, and in its place painted a palm-tree merely, not daring to introduce anything else. are told, however, that the feet of the erased figure

We

of Aristratus were left by an oversight beneath the chariot.

In consequence of this love of art Aratus was interalready beloved by the king, and in personal course grew yet more upon him, and received for his Forty of city a gift of a hundred and fifty talents. these Aratus took with him at once and sailed to Peloponnesus the rest the king divided into instalments, and sent them to him afterwards one by one. XIV. Now it was a great achievement to procure so large a sum of money for his fellow-citizens other generals and leaders of the people had taken but a fraction of this sum from kings in payment for wronging, enslaving, and betraying to them their But it was a far greater achievement native cities. by means of this money to have effected a harmonious adjustment of the disputes between rich and poor, and safety and security for the entire people. Moreover, we must admire the moderation of the man in the For when he was apexercise of so great power. pointed independent arbiter, with absolute powers for settling the money affairs of the exiles, he would not accept the office alone, but associated with himself fifteen of his fellow-citizens, by whose aid, after much toil and great trouble, he established peace and friendship among his fellow-citizens.^ For these services not only did the entire body of citizens bestow fitting public honours upon him, but the exiles also on their own account erected a bronze ;

;

1

Cf. Cicero,

Bt

Off.

ii.

23, 81ff.

3'

PLUTARCH'S LIVES IBiav ol vydh€<;

eltcova

'^(aXKTjv

avaarr}(TavT€<;

eTreypayjrav ToSe to iXeyelov

^ovXal

3

fjbev

koI deOXa xal a

Trepl

'EXX-a8o9 oKko,

rods' dvBpo<; aTaXaL<; irXdOerai 'Hpa/cXiovf;' 8' SLKov, "Apare, reap vocttolo TV)(^ovTe
ardaafiev dvr dp€rd<;

r/Be BiKatO(Tvva
OTi TTarplBi ra aa Oeiav r wTracra? evvofiiav.

(T(OT7]po
haijJLovLOv

XV. Tavra Bta7rpa^d/jLevo<; 6 "A/jaro? rov fiev TToXtriKov <j)06pov fiei^wv iyeyovei hid rd^ ')(^dpira<^, *AvTLyovo<; S' o ^aaiXevf; dvLco/jLevo^ eV aur^ /cal ^ovX6fi€vo<; Tj

fj

Zia^dXXeiv

fierdyeiv

oXw? t^

(fnXia

iTpo<=;

avrov

7rpb<; top UToXe/jLalop, dXXa
<^iXavd pcdiriaf; Kal Ovcop 6eol ^Apdro) SieirefiTre. Kal irapd ro helirpop^ ecm-

ttoXXmp, eh p>eaop (f)0€y^dfi6po
ay/xepcop €(j>r},

elpuL

^i(op elpav

(pvaei fiopov Kal
TTj

KpLTrj<^. irpoTepop yap r)p,d^ virepedipa Tal<^ eXirlaiP If ft) ^XeTrcop Kal top AlyvirTiop idav/na^e ttXovtop, eXe(f>aPTa
aKOvoup, PVPL Be vtto cTKrjprjp ecopaKOx; irdpTa rd eKel TrpdyjJLaTa TpaywBiap opt a Kal (TKi]poypa(f>Lap 3 oXofi

rjfup

Bixop'CLL *

Sai/j.6viov

32

7rpoaKexd>pr}Kep.

auro? re ovp diroclf aiTavTa XPV"

TO /jLCipdKiop iyvcoKQX} Siat.2

and

Ziegler, after Zeitz: Salfiov iaov.

I

ARATUS

statue of him, elegiac verses :

"The

XIV. 2-xv. 3

and inscribed thereon the following

—

and prowess

counsels, valorous deeds,

in behalf of Hellas,

played, are

which

this

man

has dis-

known as far as the Pillars of but we who achieved our return

Heracles through thee, Aratus, for thy virtue and justice, erected to the Saviour Gods this statue of our saviour, because to thy native city thou hast ;

Phave brought a sacred and heavenly reign of law."

XV. These successful achievements placed Aratus beyond the jealousy of his fellow-citizens, owing to the gratitude which he inspired but Antigonus, the king, was annoyed by the policy of Aratus, and wished either to bring him over into complete friendship with himself or to alienate him from Ptolemy. He therefore showed him many kindnesses which were not at all welcome, and especially this, that as he was sacrificing to the gods at Corinth, he sent ;

And at portions of the victims to Aratus at Sicyon. the banquet which followed, where many guests were " I present, he said, so that all could hear thought this Sicyonian youth was merely free-spirited and a lover of his fellow-citizens but he would seem to be a capable judge also of the lives and actions of kings. For formerly he was inclined to overlook us, fixing his hopes elsewhere, and he admired the wealth of :

;

Egypt, hearing tales of its elephants, and fleets, and but now that he has been behind the scenes and seen that everything in Egypt is play-acting and painted scenery, he has come over entirely to us. Therefore I both welcome the young man myself, having determined to make every possible use of palaces

;

33

PLUTARCH'S LIVES aOait Kul

vfia<;

aftw

(j)iXov vofil^eiv**

tovtov^ tou? KaKo-

vTToOecTLV \a^6vr€<; ol (^Oovepoi kcll

Xoyov^ r]6€i<;

SLrjfitXkoJVTO

woXXa

Koi Svax^pv

ral'; i^clt^

iincyToXah aXKrfKoif;, tov ^Apdrov t& IItoXc-

ypd^ovre^, ware KCLKelvov iyxaXovvra 7re/irat? /jl€v ovv Trepi/JbaxvTOLf: real BiairvpoL^ yjrai. TO^evofievaif; epeoai (f>LXLai<; fiaa-iXicov koX rvpdv-

/laco)

ToaovTOv TTpoarjv

pcov

XVI. 'O

KaX KaKorfOeia^i.


he" Aparo'i alpeOei^ aTpaTr]y6
rov VTTO TOiv K')(aioiv rrjv fxev avrnrepa^ AoKpiSa xal KaXyScovlav eiropOrjae, BoftoTO?? Be fiera puvva-reprja-e t^? fiaxv^t ^acpcoveiav rjTr^Orjaap, 1034 ^A/30L(i}KplT0V T€ TOV ^OlCOTO.p'X^OV KOi ')(^lXL(i)V aVV

arpaTKOTcav ^orjOcov

pioav fjp

2

VTTO

avTw

AItcoXcov

ire pi

iviavTa> Be vcnepov avOt<; arpaepLararo rrjycbv ttjv irepl tov ^AKpoKopLvOov irpaov ovB* 'A^atoii' K7]B6fjL6PO<;, dXXa Xlkvcovlcov ^vvy rreaovTcov.

K0iV7]v

TLva T^9 *E\XaSo9 0X779 TvpavvLBa, ttjv (f>povpdv, ixeWev e^eXdaai Biavoov-

MaKeBovcov

^

3

yLtei'09.

Xay07;9 P'ev

T0U9

7rp6<;

yap

/3a(TiXeci)<;

6

Adrfvalo^ ev tlvi aTpaT7)yov<;

fid')(ri

evTV^ijaaf;

eypayjre t(o B^/jlo) tcov ^A67jvaL(ov 0)9 veviKjjKoi Trjq iv MapaOojvL P'O'XV^ dBeXc^rjV TavTrjv Be ttjp

irpa^LV ovfc av dfidpTOL

tl<;

dB6X(f)r)V irpoo-eLTrcov

T%

UeXoTrlBov tov Srj^aiov koi SpaavfiovXov TOV AOrjiaiov TVpavvoKTOvia<;, irXrjv OTt t^ fir) ^

"

EXX7]va<;, dXXd erraKTOV 4 Koi dXXocjivXop avTrj Bi^veyKCP. 7r/)09

34

dp^V^ yeyovevai 6 fiep yap ^\aO-

ARATUS

XV. 3-xvi. 4

These I ask you to consider him a friend." words were seized upon by the en\'ious and malevolent, who vied with one another in writing to him, and

Ptolemy many grievous charges against Aratus, so that the king sent an envoy and upbraided him. So great malice and envy attend upon the friendships of kings and tyrants, for which men strive and which they aim with ardent passion. XVI. Aratus now, having been chosen general of the Achaean League for the first time, ravaged the opposite territories of Locris and Calydonia, and went to the assistance of the Boeotians with an army of ten thousand men. He came too late, however, for the battle at Chaeroneia, in which the Boeotians were defeated by the Aetolians, with the loss of Aboeocritus, their Boeotarch, and a thousand men. A year later,^ being general again, he set on foot the at

enterprise for the recovery of Acrocorinthus,^ not in the interests of Sicyonians or Achaeans merely, but purposing to drive from that stronghold what held all Hellas in a common the Macedonian subjection,

—

Chares the Athenian, having been sucgarrison. cessful in a battle with the king's generals, wrote to the people of Athens that he had won a battle which

was "sister to that at Marathon"; and this entermay be rightly called a sister of

prise of Aratus

Theban and Thrasybulus the Athenian, in which they slew tyrants, except that it surpassed them in being undertaken, not against For Greeks, but against a foreign and aHen power. those of Pelopidas the

^

In 243

B.C.,

two years

later.

The

office of

League could not be held by the same person years. »

The

general in the in successive

Cf. chap. xxiv. 4.

citadel of Corinth.

35

PLUTARCH'S LIVES fi6s,jfuf>pa(racop r^^ OaXdaaa^, et? Tft> TCTTO)! Arat awdTTTeC

T^V

ravro

o-vpdyei, iJTTeCpOP ^fMCOV, 6 Be

^KpoKopivdo^,

{;fr)Vop Spo<;, in: /.eV^? dvaE\XaSo9, oraz; Xd^y cf>povpdv, ivi(TTaTOL Kai d-noK^iTTU r^p iprh^ 'laOfMOv iraaap 7re
eiTifii^ioyv T6

Kal irap6B(op kol arpareiSyp ipyaaia^ kul Kark OdXarrap, Kal ha k^olop TTOui Kal Kari^^pra Top^ apxopra 6povpa rh ^piop, 0)^x6^^ 'rrai^opra Bokecp rhp peHrepop

5 T€

Kara

yrjp

^lXlttttop

a\\

aXr^Oco^,

Udarore

ireBa^

rm 'EX-

7t6Xlp

irpoaayope{,eLP, /.^z. ,^^Po^p irepipLdxvro^ ^p 6 tStto^ aeL Kai ^acriXevac Kal Supdcrrac^, ^ 8^ 'AptcjSpov airovdrj TrepL avrop dTriXcTre irdOei rdp eV

Xabo^TvvKoptp0Lcop nac7. >

o^p

trnpeara-T^p epcorcop, dXX' 6Xo,

dp^prr^ro rah fpoPTLaip OTTO,, acpacp^crerac SoXm ro^, ^eyopra,, <j>apepm apeXTrcaro^ ^p ^ iirixeipv^n^. 'KXePhp rh apbpov yap x^piop ^p, d'rToeap6pro, vf {m Xeyerai) cj^apfiuKoi, {jtt' ahrov, N./ra/a? hi TV, eKeiPov yvpacKh, eVl tcop irpayp^dr^p yepof^evrj, Kai cj^vXarrorjarj, rhp 'AKpoK6pcpOop, rhp vlbp air?), Kal ev^v, vTTOTrep.'^cop A^firjrpcop yXvKeca, eX^iSa, ipBcSoi;, yd^cop ^aaCxdp Kal avf,^ta>aeay<; Trpo, o{jk drjBh iprvxelp yvpuLKl 3 irpea^vrepa f^sipaKtop, alr^p p^^ ^p^^^i, rL -rraLhl XPWaf^epo<,^ coa^rep dXXfp rtpl Ta>p SeXeaaadrcop €77avrp, TOP Be tottop ov nrpolepLhrj^, dX\' iyKpaTa>9 ^vXaTTOvar),, dp,eXelp irpoa-rroioip.epo^ Wve avTcop ep yafMOv, Koplpffrp, Kal OU, iTrereXe, Kal 2 e-rrei

^

36

T&>

T6iru

Capps

:

t^

T6ncp,

ARATUS

XVI. 4-xvii. 3

ihe Isthmus of Corinth, forming a barrier between the seas, brings together the two regions, and thus unites our continent ; and when Acrocorinthus, which is a lofty hill springing up at this centre of Greece, is held by a garrison, it hinders and cuts off all the country south of the Isthmus from intercourse, transits, and the carrying on of military expeditions by land and sea, and makes him who controls the place with a garrison sole lord of Greece. Therefore it is thought that the younger Philip of Macedon^ uttered no jest, but the truth, whenever he called the city of Corinth " the fetters of Greece." XVII. Accordingly, the place was always an object of great contention among kings and dynasts, but the eagerness of Antigonus to secure it fell nothing short of the most frenzied passion, and he was wholly absorbed in schemes to take it by stratagem from

possessors, since an open attempt upon it was For when Alexander,^ in whose hands hopeless. the place was, had died of poison given him (it is said) in obedience to Antigonus, and his wife Nicaea had succeeded to his power and was guarding the citadel, Antigonus at once sent his son Demetrius to

its

her in furtherance of his schemes, and by inspiring her with pleasant hopes of a royal marriage and of wedded life with a young man who would be no disagreeable company for an elderly woman, he captured her, using his son for all the world like a bait for her. The citadel, however, she did not give up, but kept it under strong guard. Pretending, therefore, indifference to this, Antigonus celebrated the nuptials of the pair in Corinth, exhibiting 1

'

Philip v., 237-179 B.C. The tyrant of Corinth.

37

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kad^

TTOTOV*; (Tvvr]
rj/iiepav,

co?

av Tt9 fiaKLara

irai^eLV koX (T')(pXd^€LV rrjv hidvotav vpo<7vvrj<; d(f)€iKco<;. aSovTo<s 'A/Lto£/Sea)9 iv ra> Oedrpw, irapeTreixTre ttjv l^LfcaLav

avTO? eVl

6eav iv

rrjv

(ftopeiq)

KSKoap^rj-

rifif/ koI TToppwrdTco Tov /jL6X\ovTO<; ovaav. yevop.evo'i Be tt}? oBov /card rr]V iKrpoirrjv Trjv dv(o
jxevw

paaiXiK(a<;, dyaWofJuevTjv

re

rfj

ayro? Be x^ipeiv pev ^ApoL^ia, x^tpetv Be roif^ ydpov<; edaa<; dvrjei 7rpo<; tov ^AKpoKopivdov dp,L\Xcopevo<; Trap* rjXiKtav koI KeKKeia- pievrjv rrjv irvXrjp evpcov, eKOirre rfj jSaKTrjpla xeXeucov dvolyeiv. ovrco Be rod 5 ol 5' evBov dvew^av KarairXayevTe^i. TOTTOV Kparrjcra^;, ov Kare(T')(ev avrov, dXX! einve irait^ov

viro

%«/)«? iv

toi<;

arevwirol^;,

kol

Bl

dyopd
rfj

"v//"f%5

'''^

Trapaytvopevov.

%atpeti/

dvev

Xoyiap,ov

^

XVIII. 'AXXa yap AvrLyovo<; pev, Mcnrep eiprjKTr)(jdp€vo<^ tov AKpoKopivOov e(f)vXaTTe, ^

Tai,

pbeTa T(ov dXXcov 0I9 eV/orreue pudXio-Ta Kal Tlep- 3035 aalov eiTiaTrjaa^ dpyovTa tov (piX6ao(j)OV. 6 Be ^

"A/jaro? €TL prja-e

2

ttj

A'^atoh

38

p,€v

Kal

irpd^ei, TTyoo?

AXe^dvBpov ^mpto<; eire'^eiyevopevr]^ Be avp,pa')(La<; toi<;

tov ^AXe^avBpov inavaaTO.

totc

ARATUS

XVII.

3-xvin. 2

spectacles and giving banquets every day, as one whom pleasure and kindliness led to think chiefly of mirth and ease. But when the crucial moment came, and as Amoebeus was about to sing in the theatre, he escorted Nicaea in person to the spectacle. She was borne in a litter which had royal trappings,

plumed herself on her new honour, and had not the remotest suspicion of what was to happen. Then, arrived at the diverging street that led up to the citadel, Antigonus gave orders that Nicaea should be borne on into the theatre, while he himself, bidding adieu to Amoebeus, and adieu to the nuptials, went up to Acrocorinthus with a speed that belied his years and, finding the gate locked, he beat upon it with his staff and ordered it to be opened. And the guards within, stupefied, opened it. Thus master of the place, he could not contain himself for joy, but drank and disported himself in the streets, and with music-girls in his train and garlands on his head, old man that he was and acquainted with so great vicissitudes of fortune, revelled through the market-place, greeting and clasping hands with all who met him. Thus we see that neither grief nor fear transports and agitates the soul as much as joy that comes ;

unexpectedly. XVIII. Antigonus, then, having got Acrocorinthus into his power, as I have said, kept it under guard, putting men there whom he most trusted, and making Persaeus the philosopher their commander. Now Aratus, even while Alexander was still living, had set his hand to the enterprise, but an alliance was made between the Achaeans and Alexander, and he therefore desisted. At the time of which I speak, 39

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Se av6c^ ef vTrapxV'i erepav eXajSe Tr}<; Trpd^eax; viroOeaiv roiavrrjv. *ll(Tav iv KopLvOo) re(T(Tape
3

ol Se rpelf; KXiyjraiTe^ ^aai(popwv Bierpi^ev. \lkov y^pvaiov rfkOov eh XcKvcova 7rpb<; Alyiav TLva rpaiTe^LTrjv, w Bca rrjv epyaaiav 6 ''ApaTO<; ixpwo- fcal p,epopovpa
ylav, ayovcrav

'^OajnaXdoraTOv i7r(pKoB6p,7]Tat, irpoaTTai^avTO^ Be avTW " elirovTO'i' Elra, o) /SeXriaTe, Bia ovTQ) avaaTTCLTe Ta? ^a(7cXiKa<; fjLiKpoi' 'X^pvaiov irpd^ei^y Bwdp^evoi p^iav Sypav iroXXcov diroBoaOai 7) yap ov')(l kol TOt;^wpv;^ot9 Kal" 'Xprj/JLciTcov ; dXovaLv dira^ diroOavelv viTdp')(ei ; TTpoBorai^ 4 yeXdaa<; 6 'EpyLvo<; TOTe p,ev Q)p,oX6yr]crev diroirei-

TM

TO Tov Alyiov Kol (f)povpi(p

97

T€t;)^o9.

pdaQai tov ALO/cXeov^ {Toh ydp aWoi? dBeXcf)oh Trdvv tl wicTTeveLv), 6XiyaL
e^rjKOVTa

40

ToXavTa KelaOai Toh

irepl

tov ^RpytvoVt

ARATUS

XVIII.

2-xix.

i

lowever, a new and fresh basis for the enterprise was found by him in the following circumstances. There were in Corinth four brothers, Syrians bj race, one of wliom, Diodes by name, was serving as a mercenary soldier in the citadel. The other three, some gold plate of the king's, came to Aegias, a banker in Sicyon with whom Aratus did business. portion of the gold they disposed of to after stealing

A

him at once, but the remainder was being quietly exchanged by one of them, Erginus, in frequent visits. Erginus thus became well acquainted with Aegias, and having been led by him into conversation about the garrison in the citadel, said that as he was going up to see his brother he had noticed in

the face of the cliff a slanting fissure leading to where the wall of the citadel was at its lowest. Thereupon Aegias fell to jesting with him, and said " Do you, then, best of men, thus for the sake of a little gold plate rifle the king's treasures, when it is in your power to sell a single hour's work for large :

sums of money? Don't you know that burglars as well as traitors, if they are caught, have only one death " to die ? Erginus burst out laughing, and as a first step agreed to make trial of Diodes (saying that he had no confidence at all in his other brothers), and a few days afterwards came back and bargained to conduct Aratus to the wall at a spot where it was not more than fifteen feet in height, and to aid in the rest of the enterprise together with Diodes. XIX. Aratus on his part agreed to give the men sixty talents if he was successful, and in case he failed, and he as well as they got off safely, to give each of them a house and a talent. Then, since the sixty talents had to be deposited with Aegias for 41

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Bk "ApaTO
et%6i^ ovre effovXero ataOrjaiv irepw tt}? Trpd^eax; iraparcav eKirw fidrcov ra ttoWo, Kdl to. o-^etz/, Xa/SoDV ra> Alyia 7rpo<; to ')(^pvaia rrj<; yvvaiKo^; vireOrjKe ovTO) yap iTrrjpro rfj 'yjrv')^fj kol roaovdpyvpiov. Tov epcora rSiv koXwv irpd^ecov el')(€v, ware rov ^(OfCLcova Kal rov ^FtTra/jbetvcovBav €7rLcrrdixevo<s '^Wrjvwv hiKaiordTOV^ Kal KparLcrTOv; yeyovevai Bofcovvraf; eVl tw ScdxraaOai 8a)p€a<; fieydXa^ Kal

o

Bav€i^6/jL€vo<;

2

irpoecrOat XPV/^^'^^^ "^o kuXop, avTo<; et? ravra BairavdaOai, Kpv(f)a Kal 7rpo€ia(f)€peiv, eV oU ckivBvv6V€ /jl6vo<; virep irdvrcov ovBe elBorcov ra irpar-

fjLT)

rt?

3 TO/jLCva, rjpeiTO.

yap ovk av

Oav/jbdaeie Kal

(TvvaywvicraLTo €tl vvv rfj pLeyaXoy^v)(ia rov dvBp6<}, wvovfievov ')(^pr]/xdTcov roaovrcov Kivhvvov TT]XiKOVTOv, Kal TO, Ti/iicoTaTa BoKovvra rcdv ktt]fidTcov viroTiOevTO^, oVft)? 7rapecaa')(0el<; vvKTOf;

eh

Tov<; TToXe/xtoi/? BLaycovlarjTat irepl

ivexvpov Xa^cov

dXXo

Be ovBev

Tr)v eXiriBa

t%

^i^XV'^,

rov KaXov irap avr&v,

;

XX. Ovaav

Be

KaO

avrrjv eiTKT^aXrj rrjv irpa^Lv i7rta<paXeaT€pav e-rroirjaev d/iapTia r^? ev6v<; 6 yap olKerrj^i rov ev dpxfj (Tv/JL/Sdaa St' dyvoiav.

^

Apdrov Te^yMV «Xeof9

iirefji(^6ri

KaTacrKey]r6/jLevo<;

jxev (w? fierd

ro T€i%09, ovttm

rov Alo6'

yv

t&)

TTporepov evreTVXrjKoci^ Kar oyjriv, dXXd Tr)v /jLOpcfyrjv avrov Kal ro €iBo
AwKXel

^ ayeveiov. ikewv ovv ayfvetov, (\9wv»

42

Coraes and Ziegler, with the MSS,

:

ARATUS

XIX.

i-xx. 2

rginus, and Aratus neither had them himself nor was willing by borrowing them to give anyone else a suspicion of his undertaking, he took most of his plate and his wife's golden ornaments and deposited them with Aegias as security for the money. For he was so exalted in spirit and had so great a passion for noble deeds that, knowing as he did that Phocion and Epaminondas were reputed to have been the justest and best of Greeks because they spurned great gifts and would not betray their honour for money, he elected to expend his own substance secretly, as an advance, on an enterprise in which he alone was risking his life for the whole body of citizens, who did not even know what was going on. For who will not admire the magnanimity of the man, and yearn even now to lend a helping hand, who purchased at so high a price so great a danger, and pledged what he thought the most precious of his possessions in order that he might be introduced by night among his enemies and contend for his life, receiving as his security from his countrymen the hope of a noble action, and

nothing else? XX. Now the enterprise was dangerous in itself, but was made more dangerous still by a mistake which occurred at the very beginning through For Technon, the servant of Aratus, ignorance. had been sent to inspect the wall with Diodes, and had not yet met Diodes face to face, but thought he would know how he looked because Erginus had described him as curly-haired, of a swarthy complexion, and without a beard. Having come, therefore, to the place appointed, he was

43

PLUTARCH'S IJVES TOP ^Epyli^ov

raKTO,

a)<;

/jLcra

dc^6/jL€V0V

rod

Alok\€OV<; ave/j-eve irpo r?)? TroXeco? Trpb rov koXoviv Se tovtw TTpcarof; aBeXcfyo*; fi€vov "OpvtOo';. Kol AlokXcov^ ovo/ia Aiovvcno<; ov avv^Rpylvov €iBa)<; Tr)v irpa^iv ovhe kolvcovcov, OfJLOio^ he t& 6 Be Te'^ycov irpo^; AlokXcl, TTpoarjei Kara TV)(r)v. ari/jiela t^? /jLOp(f)r]<; rfj o/jLOLOTrjn KivrjOeU 103( -qpcoTTjae TOP avdpwTTOv et tl
ra

3 7r/309 *Ep
yeaOar Kal ^rjBev

rovvofia iTv66fievo<;

firjre

Trpoo-fjuelva^

reKfjLTjpLov

firJT

e/jL^dXXei

aXXo

re

rr)v

Kal Trepl rcov crvyKeifJLepcov 7r^o9 rov 'Epylvov eXdXec Kdfcelvov dvexpivev, 6 Be Be^dfxevo^ avrov rrjv dfiapriav iravovpyon^ wixoXoyeL re Trdvra koX 7rp6<; rrjv ttoXlv dvaarp€'\]ra<; VTrrjyev Be^LCLV avra>

4 ai/UTTOTTTft)? BiaXey6/x€vo<;. tjBtj Be TrXrjaLov 6vro<; avrov Kal /jueXXovro^ ocrov ovirto rov ^e^vtova

BiaXa/jL^dveiv, diro

rv^V^ ^^ irdXiv

6

^Epylvo<s

alaOo/jievo'^ Be rrjv dirdrr^v Ka\ Blo, vev/jLaro<; eBijXaycre ra> Te^vwvL

avrol<; dTrrjvrrjaev.

rov KivBvvov (j>evy€tv' Kal

diroTrrjBijaavre^;

7r/oo9

rov" Aparov direaooOrjaav.

rah

iXiriaiv

dfi4)6repoL Bpo/xq) ov firjv direKafie

aXV

errefx'y^ev evdv^ rov Aiovvaltp KOjii^ovra Ka\ 6 Be Kal rovro eiroirjae 5 Berjaofievov avrov cricoTrdv. Kal rov Aiovvaiov dycov fied^ eavrov tt/jo? rov "Aparov rjXdev. eXOovra Be avrov ovKeri BtvjKav,

^Epylvov

dXXd

eKelvo<;,

')(^pvaLov

re

rw

BTJaavre<; €(j)vXarrov

iv

olkl
KaraKC

KXeia fjievov' avrol Be irapecTKevd^ovro npo^

rrjv

eiriOecnv.

XXI.

'ETTet Be r)v eroi/jia nrdvra, rrjv fiev dXXrjv

ARATUS dting tor Erginus to

XX. 2-xxi.

i

come there with Diodes, what was called the

just outside the city, near Ornis. As he was waiting,

however, the oldest

brother of Erginus and Diodes, named Dionj^sius, who was not privy to the enterprise and took no part in it, but resembled Diodes, chanced to come So Technon, moved by the similarity in the up.

marks of his outward appearance, asked him if he was connected at all with Erginus and on his saying that he was a brother, Technon was altogether convinced that he was talking with Diodes, and ;

without inquiring his name, or waiting for any other proof whatever, gave him his hand and began chatting with him and asking him questions about what had been agreed upon with Erginus. Dionysius took cunning advantage of his mistake, assented to all that he said, and turning his back towards the city led him along in unsuspicious conversation. But just as he was near the city, and was at the very point of seizing Technon, by a second chance Erginus met them. Erginus comprehended the trick and the danger, motioned Technon to fly, and both of them ran off and got Aratus, however, would not give safely to Aratus. up hope, but at once sent Erginus to bribe Dionysius and beg him to hold his tongue. Erginus not only did this, but actually brought Dionysius with him to Aratus. And now that Dionysius was there they would not let him go, but bound him and kept him indoors under lock and key, while biiey themselves prepared for their attack. XXI. When all things were ready, Aratus ordered 45

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Bvva/JLiv ifceXevaev iirl rcov ottXcov vvKTepeveiv, dpa\a/3(ov Se \oydBa
trepl

\r)vo<;,

r)

d/c/jLa^ov

a>pa,

rov Be

fjLr)vo
iravcre-

Be vv^ dvecpeXo^; koX KaTa(f>avri^, ooare

Kal (jio^op rd orrXa irapex^LV dvriXdp,7rovTa ov XdOcoaiv. fit] tov<; (j)v\aKa<;

2 T'qv aeXyvrjv,

irpof;

^Brj

Be rSiv 7rpd)T(ov eyyv^i ovrcov diro OaXdaarj*; dveBpafxe vecjirj kol KaTeaye Tr)v re iroXiv avrrjv koI

TOP efo) Toirov eiriaKLov yevofxevov. evTavda Be jJLev dXXoL avyKaOlaavTe^i vireXvovTO xa? KprjTTtSa?" ovre yap yjr6<^ov Troiovai ttoXvv ovt

ol

oXiadijpaTa Xap^^dvovai yvpbvol^ toI<; irocrXv dvTiXap,/3av6p6P0L Tcov KXip^aKcov 6 Be 'Ep7tro9 eirTa Xa^oiv peavL<7Kov<; eajaXfievov^i 6BoL7ropLK(o<; eXaOe 3 Ty TTvXrj irpoapi^a^. Kal top irvXcopop diroKTivpvovai Kal TOi;? /xer' avTOv (^vXaKa^. ap,a Be al T€ KXipLaKe^ irpoaeTiOePTO Kal KaTa airovBrfV 6 "ApaTO'i V7rep^i/3daa<; exaTOP apBpa^, tov<; S' dXXov<; eTreadat. KeXevaaf; co? dp BvpcoPTat Ta^^idTa, ra? KXlpaKa^i dpapTrdaa^ ex^^^P^^ Bid t% TroXeco^ TOiv

peTa

eKaTOP

Bid TO XapOdpeip 4

Kai

iirl

to?

tt]p

uKpap,

rjBrj

Trepixaprj^;

KaTopOoiP.

irpoawdep avToU dirrjpTa avv (JxotI (jyvXaKrj Teaadpcop dpBpcop ov KaOopcop^POif;' eTi yap r)(Tap ip tm aKia^opepro tt}^ aeX'^prj^' €K€LPov
epbireaoPTe^ d-rroOvriaKovaLP, 6 Be Tera/oro? ttXtjTTjp KecpaXrjp e(f)vye, fiocop epBop elpai

yel^

46

^L(j)€i>

ARATUS

XXI.

1-4

the rest of his forces to pass the night under arms, and taking with him four hundred picked men, few of whom knew what was on foot themselves, led

them towards the gate

of Corinth near by the temple of Hera. It was midsummer, the moon was at its full, and the night was cloudless and clear, so that they feared lest the gleam of their arms in the moonlight should disclose them to the sentinels. But just as the foremost of them were near the wall, clouds ran up from the sea and enveloped the city itself and the region outside, which thus became dark. Then the rest of them sat down and took off their shoes, since men make little noise and do not slip if they are barefooted when they climb ladders but Erginus, taking with him seven young men equipped as travellers, got unnoticed to the gate. Here they slew the gate-keeper and the sentries who were with him. At the same time the ladders were clapped to the wall, and after getting a hundred men over in all haste, Aratus ordered the rest to follow as fast as they could then he pulled his ladders up after him and marched through the city with his hundred men against the citadel, being already full of joy at his escape from detection and ;

;

confident of success. A little farther on they encountered a watch of four men with a light they were not seen by them, being still in the shadfe of the moon, but saw them ;

coming up in the opposite direction. So they drew back a little for shelter beneath some walls and Three buildings, and set an ambush for the men.

them they killed in their attack, but the fourth, with a sword- wound in his head, took to flight, crying of

47

PLUTARCH'S LIVES aire (ToXTriyye^ i^avicnaro 7rpo<; ra iirearj/jLaLVOv, r} yLVOfxeva, ir\r}pei<; re rjaav oi crTevwrroi hiadeov rcov, Kal (f)(ara TroWd, ra fjuev KOLTwOev rjBrj, to,

5 Tov
Be dvcoOev diro

Koi

fjuera fxiKpov

re

ttoXl^

Trjfi

aKpa<; TrepieXa/nre, koI fcpavyrf

avveppriyvvTO iravraxoOev

XXIL

'FjV

aay/j,o(;.

rovrrp Se 6 fiev "Aparofi

TTOpeia irapa to

Kprj/jLvcoSe^;

€fi(f)V9

rfj

rj/jLLWdro, ^paSeox;

Kal raXaLTToopcos to irpoyrov, ov KaTaxpaTCJV, dXX* d7ro7rXav(t)fjL€vo<; tov Tpifiov iravTairaaLv ivheSuk6t0<; Kal 7T€0L(TKia^0fl€V0V Tal^ Tpa)(VT7J(Tt Kal Sia TToXXayv eXtyp-cov Kal Trapa^oXwv TrepalvovTO*; elTa Oav/jLciaLOV olov rj aeXijvrj 7r/309 TO T6t%09. tcl ve<^7] Kal vTroXafXTTovaa} hiacTTeXXovaa XeycTUL T/}? ohov TO x^XeTTcoTaTOV aa(f)r)VL^€Lv, eoj? ^\/raTO TOV T€ixov<; KaO^ ov eSei tottov €K€l Be TrdXcp (TweaKiaae Kal direKpvy^e vecjicjv avveXOovTwv. 0/ ^e irepl Ta<: TruXa? efo) wepl to 'Hpalov 2 airoXeic^O evTe^ tov ^ApaTOV aTpaTicoTai,, TpiaKoatoi TO 7rX7jOo<; ovTe^, ax; ttots TrapeicreTrecrov et? Tr}v ttoXlv Oopv^ov re iravTohairov Kal (J)cotoov 1037 yefiovaap, ov Bvvi^devTe^: i^avevpelv tov avTOV Tpi/3ov ovB* et?

X')(yo<s

efi^rjvai t?}? eKclvcov Tro/oeta?,

eiTTrj^av dOpooi irpo^ tlvl 7raXivcrKL

ivTavda TrepLiraOovvTe';' Kal Bvaavaax€T0vvTe<;. ^aXXofievcDv yap diro t/}? dKpa<; rjBrj tcov irepl tov "ApaTov Kal p,a')(o fievwv dXaXayp,o<^ ivayoovio'i ixd^p^t' KdTco, Kal Kpavyrj 7r€pu])(^ei, Bid tt)v diro T(i)v opcoi^ dvuKXaaiv avyKex^v/xevT] Kal dBy]Xo<s y

^

vjroKafiirovaa Coraes and : inroKafiovaa.

conjecture

48

Bekker, adopting an anonymoua

ARATUS

XXI. 4-xxii. 3

enemy were in the city. And presently the trumpets were sounding, the city was in out that the

an uproar over what was happening, the streets were full of people running up and down, many lights were flashing, some in the city below and some in the citadel above, and a confused shouting broke forth on all hands. XXII. Meanwhile Aratus was struggling up the steep with all his might, slowly and laboriously at first, unable to keep to the path and wandering from it, since it was everywhere sunk in the shadows of the jutting cliffs and had many twists and turns before it came out at the wall of the citadel. Then, marvellous to relate, the moon is said to have parted the clouds and shone out, making the most difficult part of the road plain, until he got to the wall at the spot desired ; there the clouds came together again and everything was hidden in darkness. But the soldiers of Aratus whom he had left at the gate outside near the temple of Hera, three hundred in number, when once they had burst into the city and found it full of lights and manifold tumult, were unable to discover the path which their comrades had taken or follow in their steps. So they crouched down and huddled themselves together in a shaded flank of the cliff, and there remained in great distress and impatience. For Aratus and his party were now assailed with missiles from the citadel and were fighting, the shouts of the combatants came down the slopes, and cries echoed round about which the reverberations from 49

PLUTARCH'S LIVES bOev €t\r}
')(^pr)

PaaiKifcoiV

ap-)(^i]v.

TpaireaOaL

BiaTTopovvrcov Se avrcov fiepo
(TTpaTi(OTa<;

^fyefioov

e%ft)i/

6 rcov

TroWovf;

fiera Kpavyrj<; dvefiaive /cat (TakTrlyycov, iiTLcpepofJie1/09 rot? irepl tov "Aparov, koI Trap^jWarre rov^

4 TpiaKoaiov<;.

ol he oicrirep i^ evehpa'^

avaaravTe^;

i/jL^dWouaLV avTM kul 7rp(oroi<;t

SiacpdelpovaLV oI? eiriOevro ^ rov<; Be dWov
fi7jcravTe<;

tov

aKeBaaOrjvai irepl ttjv ttoXlv Bia\v6evTa
dyyeWcov cruyLt7re7rXe%^a* rot? ApaTOv dp.vvo/jievoi'; €vp(oaT(o
fiaxo/jiepcov rfkOeu,

TOV

7roX€fjLLOL<;

fieyav dycova irepl 5 Belv T^9 ^or]9eia<s.

avTo to Telxo^

elvai,

koX Ta^ov;

ol Be

evOv^ ifceXevov r)yela6ar KoX TTpoa ^aivovTe's dfia (f)a)vfj BiecrrjfjiaLvov eaurou?, eTTi9appvvovTe<^ tou? <^lKov<;' tj re iravaeXrjvo'; direcfiaLVe Ta oifKa irXeiova (paivopueva Tol
pLrjKo<; t?}? 7ropeia<;, xal to t^? vvkto<; TOV dXaXay/iiov diro TroXXaTrXaacovcov rj T/^wSe? 6 ToaovTCov eTToieL BoKelv ^epecrOai. reXo? Be avvfii0L
tou? TroXe/MLov^

epeiaavTS^ e^coOovcri VTvepTepoi

r)fxepa
TOi epycp,

dKpa<;

koI Kad-

^aav koI to

(fypovpiov el^ov, Biavyovo-rjf;, 6 re ^Xto? ev6v<; eVeXa/ATre

Tr)
KOL irapyjv

etc

Tw WpaTW, Bexopevcov

Xckvcovo'^ r) Xoltttj Bvvap,t^ /caTd irvXai; tcov KoptvOioyv

7rpo6vpo)<; /cat tou<; l3a(TiXiH:ov<; avXXa/jL/3av6vT(i)v. 'EttcI Be d(T(f)aXa)<; iBoKet irdvTa €)(€li',

XXIIL

KUTe/Saivev e/? to OeaTpov diro t^? aKpa^i^ 7rXi]0ov<;

SO

I

ARATUS

xxii.

3-xxin.

i

hills rendered confused and of uncertain origin. Then, as they were at a loss which way to turn, Archelaiis, the commander of tlie king's forces, having

the

soldiers with him, made up the ascent amid shouts and the blare of trumpets to attack Aratus and his party, and thus passed by the three hundred.

many

These, rising up from ambush as it were, fell upon him, slew the first whom they attacked, put the rest, together with Archelaiis, to panic flight, and pursued them until they were scattered and dispersed about the city. And just as this victory had been won, Erginus came from the party fighting on the heights, with tidings that Aratus was engaged with the enemy, that these were defending themselves vigorously, that a great struggle was going on at the very The three wall, and there was need of speedy help. hundred at once ordered him to lead the way and as they took to the ascent their cries signalled their coming and encouraged their friends the light of the full moon also made their arms appear more numerous to the enemy than they really were, owing to the length of their line of march, and the echoes of the night gave the impression that the shouts proceeded from many times the number of men there really were. At last, with a united onset, they repulsed the enemy, mastered the citadel, and held its garrison in their power. Day was now breaking, the sun at once shone out upon their success, and the rest of the forces of Aratus came up from Sicyon, the Corinthians readily receiving them by the gates and helping them to seize the king's soldiers. XXIII. When everything appeared to be safe Aratus came down from the citadel into the theatre ;

;

5*

PLUTARCH'S LIVES aireipov (Tvppeovro<s eTTiOv^ia rrj^ re oyjrecof; avrov Kal TMV Xoycov ol? ejneWe ')(^pr}aOaL tt/jo? tov? Ko2

iiTLaTrjaa^ he

pLvOiov^.

rah

T0U9 'A^atou?, avTO
7rap68oL
rrj^ aKr}vrj<^ e/9 P'Sarov

irporfKOe, reOajpaKia/jbevo^; Kal

3

rw

irpoaconrw

Sia

TOP KOTTOV KOl TTJV aypVTrPiaV '^W0L(O/ll6V0<;, U>(TT€ T/}9 '^v')(r}<^ ro yavpovfievov Kal x,^lpov virb r?}? to)v Trepl TO acofia ^apvT7]T0<; KaraKparelaOai. he avOpcoTTcov a/jua tw TrpoaekOelv avrov iK-)(v9ev-

ral^ (f>i\o(f)po(Jvvai,
KaTecTTijaav, avvayaycov eavTov hie^rjXde \6yov virep TMV P^^(^aL(jt)v tj} irpd^ei irpeirovTa, Kal avv^ ^

tov^ KopLV0iov<;

eTreiae

A^atov's yeveaOai, Kal

T<MV TTvXcov Ta<; k\€l<; dirihcoKe t6t6 TrpojTOV dwo TMV ^LXiTTTTiKcov Katpcbv VTT eKeLvoL^ yevofieva^. ^

TOiv

5

he

AvTiyovov

arpaTTjyMV ^Ap^eXaov

jiev

d^7]K€V v'TTo-)(eipi,ov yevofxevov, @€6cf)paaT0v he dvelXev ov ^ovXofjievov diraXXdrreadar Hepcraio^; he rr}? aKpa^i dXto-KOfMevr)^ et? K.ey)(^ped<; hte^eireaev.

Xeyerac cr'X^oXd^wv rrpo^ tov eiirovTa hoKelv arparrjyov elvai tov (T0(f>6v, fjLovov *'^AXXd vr] Oeov^;,^' (f)dvai, " tovto fidXiaTa KafJLOi TTOTC T(Jt)v Zr]V(ovo<; r)peaK€ hoyfidTcov vvv he fierajSdXXofiai i'Ov6eT7]6el<; viro tov 'Elkvcovlov veaviov.^^

varepov

he

auTW

ravTa

52

jxev irepl

Yiepaaiov

irXeiove^^

laropovaiv.

I

ARATUS

XXIII.

1-5

whither an immense multitude streamed with an eager desire to see him and hear what he would say After stationing his Achaeans to the Corinthians. at both the side-entrances, he himself advanced from the back-scene into the orchestra, with his breastplate

still on and his countenance altered by toil and loss of sleep, so that the exultation and joy of his spirit were overpowered by the weariness of his body. Since the multitude, when he came forward to address them, were profuse in their friendly ex-

pressions, taking

slightly

his spear in his right hand and knee and his body, he supupon it and stood thus for a

inclining his

ported himself long time silently receiving their applause and acclamations, their praises of his valour and their But when they had congratulations on his success. ceased and quiet had ensued, he summoned his strength and in behalf of the Achaeans made a speech which befitted their exploit, and persuaded the Corinthians to join the Achaean League. He also gave them back the keys to their gates, of

which they then became possessed for the first time Macedon. Of the officers of Antigonus, he dismissed Archelaiis, who had been taken prisoner, but Theophrastus, who would not quit his post, he slew as for Persaeus, on the capture of the citadel he made his escape to Cenchreae. And at a later time, as we are told, when he was leading a life of leisure, and someone remarked that in his opinion since the time of Philip of

;

man only could be a good general, " Indeed," he replied, " there was a time when I too particularly liked this doctrine of Zeno's but now, since the lesson 1 got from the young man of Sicyon, I am of another mind." This story of Persaeus is told by many writers. the wise

;

S3

PLUTARCH'S LIVES XXIV. 'O Be "Aparo^ evOv<; to t€ 'Hpalov v(j)' €avTa> Kol TO Aexaiov iiroLijaaro' koI vecov jxev 1038 €LKocn7r€VT€ fiaacXiKcov i/cupUvaev, 'C7nrov<; he irevTaKoaiov*; kol ^vpovfj rerpaKoaiovf; airehoro' ^

TOP

re

AKpoKopivQov

TCTpaKoaiOL^

fCvvr)yoi^ taoL^ iv

Ol

2

ovv

/lev

rw (^povpiw

'Vco/jLaloi

'¥jXkr}vwv

p,d^ovTe<;

^A')(^aLol

Kval kol

Tpe<^oiie.voL^.

rov ^iXoTroifieva

6av-

Trpoarjyopevov, a>9 e/celvov ev roh "EXXtjcti

ecr-)(^aTOV

/leydXov fier

/jL7]B€vo<;

ol

icpvXarrov

oirXiTaif; koI irevTrj/covTa

iyco Be rcov 'EXXrjvLKcov irpd^ecov TavTTjv ea-^drrjv kuI vecordTtjv (fyalrjv av ireirpd%OaL, Tovro fxev ToXfirj, tovto Be rvxv Tah dpi<7Tat9 evdp^iXXoVt co? eBi'fkwaev evOv<; rd ytvofieva. ^ 3 M.€yapeL<; re yap diroardvTe^i ^Avnyovov tm Apd-

yeuo/juevoV

Tw

^

TpoL^^vLoc fierd KinBav piav crvperd^drjaav et? tov<; 'A^j^a^oi/?, e^oBov t€ irpcorrjv Oefievo^ eh rrjv ^Attlktjv eve^aXe, teal rrjv irpoaeOevTo,

^aXaplva

Bia^df; eXerjXdrrja-ev, wairep ef €ipKTi]<; Bwdfiei rcov ^A^aicov €(p^ 6 ri ^ov-

XeXvpuevr)

Xotro

rfj

^AOrjvaioL's Be tou? eXevdepovf; dvev Xvrpcov, dp^d<; diroardaew'; evBuBov^^

')(^p(o/ji6vo
d(f)T]Kev

4 avTo2<;.

UroXe/jialov r)y€p,oviav

^A')(^at(x)V,

yrjv

fcal

fcal

OdXarrav.

Be av/jipa^ov eTroirjae twv €X,ovTa iroXep.ov kol Kara ovrca Be ta^vaei' iv roh

coar\ el /jlt) Kar eviavrov e^r)Vy irap iviavrov alpelaOat arparrjyov avroVy epyw Be Ka\ yvcoprj Bid 7ravro<; dp')(eiv. ecopcov yap avrov ov irXovrov, ov Bo^av, ov (f)iXLav ^aaiXiKijv, ov ro *A')(^aiOL<;,

tt}?

avrov

irarpiBo^; avp(f)€pov, ovtc

av^rjaew^ roov 54

W)(^at,cbv eiri'TrpoaOev

dXXo

ri

ri]
iroiovpevov.

ARATUS

i^

XXIV.

XXIV. As for Aratus, he at once made himselt master of the temple of Hera and the harbour of Lechaeum he also seized five-and-twenty of the ;

and sold five hundred horses and four hundred Syrians Acrocorinthus, too, was garrisoned by the Achaeans with four hundred men-at-arms, and fifty dogs with as many keepers were maintained king's ships,

;

the citadel. the Romans, in their admiration of Philopoemen, call him "the last of the Greeks," implying that no great man arose among the Greeks after him but I should say that this capture of Acrocorinthus was the very last and latest achievement of the Greeks, and that it rivalled their best, not only in daring, but also in happy results, as events in

Now

;

once showed. For Megara seceded from Antigonus and attached herself to Aratus Troezen and Epidaurus were enrolled in the Achaean League and A.ratus, making a distant expedition for the rtrst time, invaded Attica, and crossing the strait plundered Salamis, his Achaean forces, as though released from But the freemen prison, obeying his every wish. among his prisoners he sent back to the Athenians at

;

;

without ransom, thus laying a foundation for their He also made Ptolemy an ally of the Achaeans, with the leadership in war on land and sea. And he was so influential among the Achaeans that, since it was not permissible every year, they chose him general every other year, though, in fact, his wisdom made him their leader all the For they saw that he put first and foremost, time. not wealth, not fame, not friendship with kings, not his own native city's advantage, but only the growth in power of the Achaean League. For he considered revolt from Antigonus.

55

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 5 rjyetro 'yap aaOevel
Kol KaOdirep ra p^eprj rov kol aco/jLaro^i ^(ovra (TV/jLirveovra Sia rrjv tt/oo? dXXrjXa avp,<^viav, orav airoaTracrdfj kol yevrjrai kol a-qTrerai, TrapaTrXrjaLox; Ta<; ')(^copL<;, cLTpoc^el Koivfp

7ro\et9

(TVfKpipovri,

airoXXvadai

fiev

rwv

virb

hiaairdavTcov

TO Koivov, av^eaOai Be vii aXXrfKcoVy orav oXov rLvo<;

/JLeydXov fieprj

yevo/jtevai,

KOLvrj
'jTpovola
Tvy')(^dv(i)
XXV.

'OpS)v he Tov<; dpL(TTOV<; rcav Trpoaoifcwv avTovofiovfi6vov<;, *Apy€LOL<; Be BovXevovaLv

dveXelv rov rvpavvov re iroXet, dpeTrrrjpia diroBovvai (f)iXorL/iovfJievo<; kol rrjv eXevOepiav ol fiev ovv Tot? 'A;^atot9 TTpoaKOfjbiaai rrjv ttoXlvdx^o/jLevof;^

avTMv

2

'Apt,or6pa')(op, d/u,a rfj

roX/jLcoi/T€<;

Kal

eire^ovXevev

evpeOrjaav, a)v AtV;^uXo9 Trpoeiar^Kei

\apL/jLev7]<; 6 fidvrt^'

^i(f)i]

Be ou/c et^oi^, dXX*

aTreiprjTo KeKTrjaOai Kal ^rifxiai fieydXai toI<; KeKrrjKaraaicevdaa^ fievoi^; eTTTjaav viro rov rupdvvov.

3

ovv 6 "Aparo^ avToU iv KopLv6a) fjLL/cpd<; 7rapa^i(f>L8a9 eveppaxjrev et? crdyixara' Kal ravra irepidel^ vTro^vyloi^ aKevrj rcvd irapy/jLeXri/jLeva KOixL^ovaiv 619 ^Apyo<} direaTeiXe. ^api/xevov^ Be rov jxdvreax;

irpoaXa^ovro'; eirl rrjv Trpd^tv dvOpcorrov, ol rrepl rov Ala')(vXov yyavdKrrjaav Kal Bi eavro)v eirparroVy rov ll^apL/J^evovt; Karayv6vre<^, alado/Jievo^ Be

€Keivo<;

^aBi^ovra'^

opyfj

Karefiijvvae

eirl

rov rvpavvov'

rov<;

oiv

dvBpa<; ol

ijBt]

irXelcrroi

<^6d(Tavre^ e^ dyopd<; direcpvyov Kal Bte^erreaov 669

KoptvOov. *

56

Cf. chap.

iii.

1.

r

ARATUS

XXIV. 5-xxv. 3

that the Greek states which were weak would be preserved by mutual support when once they had been bound as it were by the common interest, and that just as the members of the body have a common life and breath because they cleave together in a common growth, but when they are drawn apart and become separate they wither away and decay, in like manner the several states are ruined by those who dissever their common bonds, but are augmented by mutual support, when they become parts of a great whole and enjoy a common foresight. XXV. And so, since he saw that the best of the

neighbouring

peoples were autonomous, and was

distressed at the servitude of the Argives, he plotted to kill Aristomachus the tyrant of Argos, being ambitious to restore its freedom to the city as a reward for the rearing it had given him,^ as well as to attach it to the Achaean League. Accordingly, men were found to dare the deed, of whom Aeschylus and Charimenes the seer were the chief. They had no swords, however, the tyrant having prohibited the possession of them under heavy penalties. Aratus, therefore, ordered small daggers to be made for them in Corinth and sewed them up in pack-saddles these he put upon beasts of burden carrying ordinary wares and sent them into Argos. But Charimenes the seer took on a partner in the enterprise, at which Aeschylus and his friends were incensed and proceeded to act on their own account, ignoring Charimenes. When Charimenes was aware of this, he was angry and informed against the men just as they were setting out to attack the tyrant ; most of them, however, succeeded in escaping from the market;

place and fled to Corinth. VOL. XI.

r

57

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Ov

4

dXXa

/JLTjv

Ovt]orK€t

/jL€v

fipa^^o^ SieXdovro^i diroBov\a>v ^AptaTO/jiaxo^, viro-

')(^p6vov

vtto

^

Xafx^dveL he

Kpicm'mTo^, dp)(r}v ^Odaa^ oaoL St} tcov eiceivov Tvpavvo
e^GoiXearepo^ ^A'X^aicjv ev rfXiKLa

irapovTe^;

6rv')(^ov,

tovtov^

"Aparo^; i^oijOei Trpo? rrjv ttoXlp ofeo)?, ol6fjL€vo^ evp)jaet,v rd rcov ^Apyeucov irpoTCdv he iroXXcav rjhrj hid
dvaXa^wv

6

Kol

hovX(o
d^Knafievov

/jLr)hevo<;

avTov, dvex(*>pf]0'ev eyKXrj/ia ev elpi^vr) iroXefJuov ^A'X^aiolf; CO? Slktjv

€(T)(ov

^Apdrov 6

Kul

eirl

irpo^ rot?

/caT€(TK€vafcoi)<;

xal

e^evrjvo^oai.

tovtw irapd Mavrivevaiv,

rjp

7rap6vTO<; ^ApiarnriTO^ elXe htooKcov " rov he Aparov eri/jbrjOr] rpiaKOvra.

/JLT]

fjuvcov

avrbu dfia xal

/iLcrcov koX hehoiKut^ eire^ovXevev dveXelv auvepyovvTo
avTOL<; KOI Kaipov e7riTrjpovvTe<;.

'AXV

7

ovhev olov dXyOivrj Koi ^effaLO
orav yap

vXaKTrjpLOv dvhpo^ dp^ovro^;. criv

oi T€ TToWot KOi ol hvvarol

aXX* vTTep Tov ojn/jiaaiv

opa, hid

fir)

hehievai.,

rjyov/jievov

ediaOci)-

rov riyoviievoVy

iroXXoU

fiev

ttoXXcov he cotcov aKovet, kol

hio kuI ^ouXo/xai TrpoataOdveraL rd yivofieva. TOV Xoyov eTTia-TTjaa^i ivravOd ttov hie^eXOelv irepl fievrj

T%

^Apicniinrov

hiaLTi]<;, fjv

TvpavvU avmw Koi

6

r^?

rj

^ijXotvttov-

/jbaKapLa<;

irepc^oijTOv fiovap^la^ oyKO^ Treptedrj/cev. ^EiK€lvo
XXVL

S8

Kal

^

l%a)i/

103

ARATUS

XXV. 4-xxvi.

i

little while Aristomachus was by slaves, and Aristippus, a more pernicious tyrant than he, soon succeeded in seizing the power. Aratus at once took all the Achaeans of military age who were at hand and went swiftly to the aid of the city, supposing that he would be welcomed by the But since most of them were by this time Argives. habituated to slavery and willing to endure it, so that not a man came over to his side, he retired, after involving the Achaeans in the charge of having gone to war in time of peace. They were prosecuted on this charge before the Mantineans, and in the

Nevertheless, after a

killed

absence of Aratus, Aristippus as plaintiff won his case and was awarded damages to the amount of thirty minas.^ Aratus himself the tyrant both hated and feared, and so laid plots to kill him with the assistance of Antigonus the king and almost everywhere there were men who undertook this deed for them and watched for an opportunity. But there is no safeguard for a ruler like a sincere and steadfast goodwill on the part of the ruled. For when both the common people and the leading men are afraid, not of their leader, but for their leader, he sees with many eyes, hears with many ears, and so perceives betimes what is going on. Therefore I wish to stop my story at this point, in order to This was laid describe the life that Aristippus led. upon him by his office of tyrant, so envied of men, and by the pride and pomp of monarchy, which men ;

celebrate and call blessed.

XXVI. For though he had Antigonus

as ally,

and

1 Half a talent, equivalent to about £118, or $600, a merelj' nominal fine. Mantineia acted as arbitrator, perhaps by special agreement.

59

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rpecfxov Se ttoWov^ eveKa rrj^ tov acofiaTO^i aa(^a\eia<;, ovheva Be iv rfj iroXei ^Sivja Tcbv e^OpMV v7ro\e\oL7ra><;, tov<; fjuev Bo-

crvyniaypv^

2

pv(p6pov<; Kol ^vXaKa^ e^o) Trapefx^dWeLv ixeXevev iv tm irepiarvXcp, roijf; Be olKera^, OTrore BeiiTvrjaai, rdxto-ra 7rdvTa<; i^eXavvcov Kal rrjv /xiravXov drroKXeiwv fJLera t?}? €pco/jLevr]<; auro? eh 0LK7]/Jia KareBvero pLLKpov virepcpov, 6vpa

fcarappaKTTj KXeiofievoV ^9 virepdvcD rrjp Kklvriv eTTLTidel^; eKddevBev, ox; et/co? KadevBeiv tov ovtco<; to Be k\l3 e^ovTa, rapa'^coBco'i fcal 7r6pLcf)6/3(o<;.

i^jxupovaa KajettoXlv Kat dp,* VM'^P^ ocKij/ia, irpoaeriOei koi Kure/cdXec rev OavpuaaTov rvpav-

fidKiov

Kkeiev

T)

tt)?

epodfievT]^ f^V'^VP

eh erepov

vov, uyairep kpirerov e'/c (fxoXeov Karep^^^opLevov. 6 Be ovx 07rXot<; xard ^lav, vopLw Be utt* dperrj^i aKardTravaTov dpxh^ TrepiireTTOLrjpLevo^, ev ipLariw

Kal 'xXa/JLvBio) rw rv^ovrt, rcov 7rd)7rore rvpdvvcov KOLvo^ diroBeBei'y pLevo
XapL^avovTcov Kal tov<s Bopv(^6pov^ Tpe(f)6vTa>v Kal rdoTrXa Kal ra? TruXa? Kal rov<; KarappaKra^i Trpo^aXXopievcov virep rrj^ rov o-fo/iaTO? daoXiyoL rov €k 7rXr)yi]<; Odvarov, axrirep ol

XeLa
XaycooL, Biei^vyov oIko^ Be

77 yevo^ rj Td(f)o<; e')((ov XeXenrraL' XXVIL Iljoo? 3' ovv rov 'ApLarnnrov 6 "ApaTo? Kal Kpvcf)a iToXXaKLf; Kal (f^avepo)^ irpoaeirraLaev iirix^i^pV^CL^ KaraXap^^dveiv to "Apyo
TipLQ)pbevr]v pLVT]pL7]v ovBev6<;

60

ARATUS

XXVI. i-xxvii.

i

kept many guards to protect his person, and had left no single enemy alive in the city, yet he would order his spearmen and guards to bivouac outside in the colonnade and as for his servants, as soon as supper was over he would drive them all out. Then he would lock the doors of the inner house, and betake himself with his mistress to a little upper room, which was closed by a trap-door; on this door he would place his couch and sleep, as one in his state of mind would naturally sleep, by fits and starts and in great fear. The ladder the mother of his mistress would take away and lock up in another room, and in the morning would put it in pla^ again and call the wonderful tyrant, who would come down like a creeping thing out of its hole. Aratus, on the other hand, not by force of arms, but legally and in consequence of his virtues, had invested himself with an enduring power, and yet went about in ordinary tunic and cloak he declared himself a public foe of any and every tyrant and he left behind him a posterity of the highest repute among the Greeks down to this day.^ But of the men who seize citadels, maintain spearmen, and depend upon arms and gates and ;

;

;

trap-doors for the safety of their persons, only a few, like timorous hares, have escaped a violent death while not one of them has left a house, or a family, or a tomb to keep his memory in honour. ;

XXVII. Against Aristippus, then, and in trying to seize Argos, Aratus made many open and secret attempts in vain. Once he set up scaling-ladders, at great hazard got upon the wall with a few followers, and killed the sentries that defended the ^

Cf. chap. liv.

ad fin, 61

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 2

evravOa twv (pvXd/ccov aireiCTeLvev- elra rj/iipaf; KaX rod rvpdvvov iravraxoOev avrfo irpoa-^aXXovTo^;, ol jxev 'Apyeloi, KaOdirep ovx dX)C virep Trj<; €K€iV(OT ekevOepia^ rrj(; fidxH^ ov(T7]
eTTK^aveicnf^f;

ft)?

Tov d'yoDva rcov

Ne/xeto)!'

jSpa^evovre^, Xaoi koX

hiKaLOL Oearal KaOfjvro rSiv yivofiivcov, ttoWtjv rjGVX^Lav dyovT€<;, 6 Be "Aparof; eipdyarw^ dpjvvblievo<;

^o^XV

t^^^

^*^

%^^/^o?

ixpaTTjae Be tS)v roirwv ev

BieXavveraL tov firjpov, rjv, koX ovk i^eooadrj

oh

iv0')(\0VlxeV0's VTTO TCOV TTOXefJLLCOV. to) irovcp irpoaeToKaLirdiprjGeVt BtijfjLaprev' 6 yap rvpavvo^; ijBrj irepl Bpa-

VVKTO^

P'ixpi'

3 el Be Koi rrjv

OVK av

vvKja

TToWd TCOV IBlcov eVl ddXaarrav vvv Be tovto fjuev ovBevcx; i^ayyei\avTo
afjbov

Trpoe^eTrefjLyjre'

XXVIIL

'EttcI

e/jL^aXcbv (f)av€p(o<;

Be Tavrrjv

aTreyvo)

tw (TTparoTreBw

Xdypav iiropOei' kol

rrjv

oBov,

^

rrjv

ApyoXiBa

tov ^dpr]Ta Trora/xov irp09 ^ApiaTLTnrov aiTLav ea^ev o)? eyKaToXiTroov tov dya)va Kal r?}? yap dXXTj
l
TToXif

ouTO)?

irepl

y€vo/jLevT]<;

irpoeXOovarj'i eh Tov/xirpoaOev, avTo<; ov^ eK^iaadeh virb tmv Ka6' avTov, q)<; aTn-

(TTOiv T(p

KaTopOcofiaTi Kal (^ofirjdeh, dvex<^pV^^ eh to aTpaTOTreBov. eirel Be diro

2 T€Tapay/jL€vo<; T?79

Bi(i)^€(o<;

eiraveX66vTe<;

ol

Xoiirol

yaXeiroi^;

tou? 7roXefiLOV<; Kal Tpe^lrdfievoi iroXv 7rXeiova<; eKelvcov KaTa^aX6vTe<; rj
OTL

ARATUS

xxvii. i-xxviii.

2

Then day came and the

tyrant attacked him while the Argives, as though it were not a battle to secure their liberties, but a contest in the Nemean games of which they were the judges, sat as just and impartial spectators of what was going on, without lifting a finger. Aratus, fighting sturdily, had his thigh transfixed by a spear-thrust, yet held his place.

from

all sides^

ground, and could not be dislodged at close quarters And until night, though harassed by his enemies. if through the night also he had maintained the struggle, he would not have failed in his attempt for the tyrant was already bent on flight and had As it was, sent on many of his goods to the sea. however, no one told Aratus of this, and since water was failing him and he could not use his strength by reason of his wound, he led his soldiers away. ;

XXVIII. Then,

since he despaired of success in way, he openly invaded the territory of Argos with his army and ravaged it and in a fierce battle with Aristippus at the river Chares, he was accused of abandoning the struggle and throwing away the For although the rest of his forces advictory. mittedly had the upper hand and had gone far on ahead in pursuit, he himself, not so much because he was ousted from his position by his opponents, as out of mistrust of success and in utter fear, withdrew this

;

in disorder to his camp. But when the rest of his army came back from the pursuit and were indignant because, though they had routed the enemy and slain far more of them than they had lost of their

own number, they had

suffered the vanquished to

63

PLUTARCH'S LIVES fievoi^ (nrjaai Kar avrcov rpoiraiov, ala-^vvOel^ iraXiv eyvQ) BiafjLd-)(^e(r6ai irepl rov rpovaiov, koI /jLiap rjfiepav BtaXt'ircbv avOi<;

3 Tidv.

ft)?

Se

yadero

e^eraaae

irXeiova'i

Tr]v

arpa-

yeyovoTaf;

Kal

6appa\€(t)T€pov dvOLara/jievov<; tou? Trepl rov tvpavvov, ovK iroXfirjaev, a)OC dirrfKOe rov<^ v€Kpov<;

dWd

ov /irjv viroairovhov^ dv€\6fi€V0<;. rfj Trepl ofJLfXiav Kal iroKireiav ep^ireipLa koI "^^dpiTL

rr]v

rr)V

yero

hiafiapTiav ravrrjv dva/Jbaxop'€VO<; irpoarjydrd<; KX€(i)vd<; tol^; ^A^aioU, Kal rov dywva

ijyayep iv KXewval^,
tS)V ^efieLcov

4 ovra

BeBop^evT] rot?

dycovLcnal^ davXia Kal dcrcfidXeta,

irdvTa'; tcjp 'A^aL(ov, 6crov<; eXa/3ov rjywvKTixevovi ev "Apyei, Bed ttjq '^(opa<; 7rop6vofj,€vov<; co? TroXefiiOV<; diToBoixevayv.

ovtcd

aLTrjro<; ev Ta> fitaelv

XXIX.

a'(f)oBpo<;

r)v

Kal dirap-

tou? rvpdvvovi.

^OXiyo) Be varepov dKOvaa^ rov ^Api-

amnrov

eiriffovXeveiv /jl€V rah KXecoval^;, ^ofielaOai Be CKelvov ev Kopivdo) KaOe^ofievov, rjdpoiaev €K TrapayyeXfiaro^ arpareiav. Kal cnria KeXev(Ta<; irXeiovcdv rj/jbepMV KO/ii^eiv

eh Keyxped^;

KarrjXdev, eKKaXovfievo^ BC dirdTT}^ rbv ^ApiaTiirTTOV ft)9 avTov fjLT] TTapovTO^ cTnOecrOai rot? KXea)valoi
"Apyov; ^

64

rrjv (TKOTalo<; €K K.€yxp€(oi^ vTToaTpe'^af;,

€%ft)z^

K.6pLvOov

tjBt)

iraprjv yap €uOv<; ef " 6 Be Bvvap.LV. Aparo^ eh

After the events narrated in xzziv. fL

ARATUS

XXVIII. 2-xxix. 2

erect a trophy over the victors, Aratus was ashamed and determined again to fight out the question of the trophy, and on the next day but one put his army once more in battle array. However, on perceiving that the forces of the tyrant were more numerous than before and more courageous in their resistance, he would not venture a decisive battle, but withdrew after being allowed to take up his dead under a truce. Nevertheless, by his skill in dealing with men and public affairs, and by the favour in which he stood, he retrieved this failure, brought Cleonae into the Achaean League, and celebrated the Nemean games in that city, on the ground that it had an ancient and more fitting claim upon them. But the games were also celebrated at Argos, and then for the first time the privilege of asylum and safe-conduct which had been granted to contestants in the games was violated, since the Achaeans treated as enemies and sold into slavery all contestants in the games at Argos whom they caught travelling through their territory. So fierce and implacable was Aratus in his hatred of tyrants. XXIX. A little while after this,^ Aratus heard that Aristippus was plotting against Cleonae, but feared to attack it while his enemy was posted at Corinth he therefore assembled an army by public ;

And after ordering his troops to proclamation. carry provisions for several days, he marched down to Cenchreae, by this stratagem inviting Aristippus to attack Cleonae in the belief that his enemy was not at hand and this was actually what happened. For the tyrant set out at once from Argos with his ;

forces. But Aratus, returning from Cenchreae to Corinth as soon as it was dark, and posting guards

65

PLUTARCH'S LIVES fcal

o8ou9
ra<;

'A%arou9

€7ro/iievov<;

BiaXa^cov, ^ye

roix:

ovrw

ovro) fiev evraKTco^;,

he

ware fir) fjbovov oSevovra^, a\Xa Kol 7rap€\d6vTa
3

T09 ov(Tr](; Koi (TvvTa^ajievov^ iirl fid^HV ayvoeladuL Kcu XavOdvetv rov WpiariTrTrov. dfia Be r)/Ji€pa

TCJV TTvXcov avoi')(^d€i,a(ov /cat rrj^ adXTTcy-

709 €yK€X€vaa/ji€P7]<;, Bpofitp rre(T(t)v

/cat

aXaXayfJuw irpoa-

€vdv<; iroXefxloL^ irpey^aro, Kai Blcokcov y /xaXtara (pevyeiv virevoei rov

tol<;

Karelye

WpiaTLTTTrov, iKTpoira^ 7roXXd<; rcov 'X^wpioov ix^vyevo/jL6vr]<; Be Tf]<; Bi(t)^eo)<; dxpt MvKrjvoyv,

4 T(ov.

6 fiev Tvpavvo^ viro K/97/T09 rivo^y tB9 Aeivia^; laropel, rovvo/xa Tpayia/cou, KaraXTjcjiOeh diroacpdrTerai, roiv Be dXXwv eireaov virep %tXtoi^9

7revraKoaLOv<s.

Be

6

evrvx/jcra^i koi

diro^aXcov,

fxr^Beva 0/^009 ovic

"Aparo^ ovrcj Xa/jL7rp(o<; ra>v avrov aTparioyrayv eXaffe

to

''Apyo^

ovBe

^Ayiav koX tov vedyrepov ^ApiaTo/jiaxov pbera Bvvd/jLeco<; ^aaiXiKr}^ irapeLcnreaovrcdv kol Karaaxovrcov to, iTpdyp,aTa, 6 To fikv ovv TToXv TYjs BcajSoXrjf; kol X070U9 kol afcdy/jL/nara kol ^w ixoXoxf^a^ irapeiXero rcov fcoXaKevovTwv rov<; Tvpdvvov
roov irepl

^

Kdpo
crTrjvai

Kol

TO

avvdrjfjLa

irapeyyvy^aa^,

kol irvdojxevo'i

T(ov vTToaTpaTi^ywv koI Xo^^yoiv,

XP^^^

'JTap6vro<;

(fie^XijaOat,

ydXov<;), direpxoiTO (56

/jltj

Tt9

yap tou9

/capaBoKrjaojv

avTov

dcTTpairoppwOev to

ARATUS

XXIX. 2-5

along all the roads, led his Achaeans towards Cleonae, and they followed him in such good order and with such swiftness and alacrity that not only while they were on the march, but also when they had got into Cleonae, before the night was over, and had arrayed themselves for battle, Aristippus knew nothing at all of it. Then, at daybreak, the gates were thrown open, the trumpet gave its loud signal, and dashing at a run and with shouts upon the enemy Aratus routed them at once, and kept on pursuing where he most suspected that Aristippus was in flight, the country having many diverging The pursuit continued as far as Mycenae, routes. where the tyrant was overtaken and slain by a certain Cretan named Tragiscus, as Deinias relates ; and besides him there fell over fifteen hundred. But although Aratus had won so brilliant a success, and had lost not a single one of his own soldiers, he nevertheless did not take Argos nor set it free, since Agias and the younger Aristomachus burst into the city with troops of the king and took control of affairs. This success, then, refuted much of the calumny heaped upon Aratus, as well as the scoffing and abusive stories of the flatterers of the tyrants, who would recount, to please their masters, how the general of the Achaeans always had cramps in the bowels when a battle was imminent, and how torpor and dizziness would seize him as soon as the trumpeter stood by to give the signal, and how, after he had drawn up his forces and passed the watchword along, he would ask his lieutenants and captains whether there was any further need of his presence (since the die was already cast), and then go off to await the issue anxiously at a distance. For 67

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ravra -yap

6 avfjbffrjaofxevov.

ovrco^; tar')(^uaev

axTre

Kal T0U9 ov<; ev ral^i <7')(^o\al<; ^rjTovvra<; el TO iraXXeadaL rrjv Kaphiav /cal ro ')(pMpa rpeireaOai Kal rrjv KOiXiav i^vypalveo-Oai irapa ra ^aivofieva Beiva SetXta? earlv rj 8v(7Kpaaia<; tcvo<; irepl TO (TMjjLa kol y^vxporrjTo^y ovo/jbd^ecv ael top "Aparov co? ayaOov jjlIv ovra (TTpaTrjyov, ael Be

ravra Trdaxovra irapa rov<; dya)va^. XXX. 'n? S* ovv TOP KpicTTLTnTOV dvelXev, 104 €vOv
rvpavvovvTL

T779

eavTOv

6 Be

TrarpiBof;,

ovk

cjp

dyevprjf; ovBe dcjtCXoTLfJbO'^ rrjv (f)V(Ti,v, ovBe axnrep ol TToXXol Tcov fiovdp)(^cov aKpaaia Kal TrXeove^ia

dBtKiav, aXX' e7rap6eU Kal X6yov<; 'yjrevBel^; Kal epcoTL Kevov<; Xeyofxevov^ irepl rvpavviBo^;, co? puaKapiov Kal Oavfiaarov Trpdyfiaro^i, €t? fieya <\)p6vriiJLa irapaBe^dfJievo'; dvorjro)^, Kal Karaarrjaaf; eavrbv ravTrjv

7rpb<;

B6^7)
pvel^i

en

Tvpavvov ra^^

rr)v

v€o
fiecrTO
e'/c

fiovap')(la
^apv-

apLa Be ^rjXcov evr)p,epovvra Kal BeBocKox; iiri^ovXevovTa rov "Aparov wpp^rjae KaXXiarrjv opp^rjv fi€Ta/3aX6p^vo^y irpcorov piev eavrbv eXev-

2 T^T09.

povpd
Kal

pL€Ta'7rep,ylrdpLevo<; rbv ical Trjv ttoXlv et?

"Aparov

dpxn^i

rov<;

d(f>rjKe

Tr)V

'A^afoi/?

yLter-

e^' oh pbeyaXvpopre^ avrbp ol ^A'X^aiol crrpaTrjybp eiXopro. 3 <^t,XoTipLovp,evo
"Aparop dXXa<; re elpai BoKOva-a
TraprjyyeXXep.

68

7roXXa<; 7r/)af et? ovk

OTpareiap

ipt(7Td/ji€P0
eirl

dpayKaia^

AaKeBaipLOplov^ Be 6 "Aparo^; avr^

ARATUS

XXIX. 5-xxx. 3

these stories were so prevalent that even in the schools of philosophy, when the query arises whether palpitation of the heart and change of colour and looseness of the bowels, in the presence of seeming peril, are the mark of cowardice, or of some faulty

temperament and chilliness in the body, Aratus is always mentioned by name as one who was a good general, but always had these symptons when a contest was impending. XXX. Having thus made away with Aristippus, Aratus at once began to plot against Lydiades, who was tyrant in his native city of Megalopolis. This Lydiades was neither of mean birth nor naturally lacking in high ambition, nor, like most sole rulers, had he been driven by licence and rapacity into this iniquity, but he had been fired with a love of glory while still young, and had thoughtlessly associated with his high spirit the false and empty doctrines current concerning tyranny, to the effect that it was a wonderful and blessed thing. And now that he had made himself tyrant, he was quickly sated with the burdens which devolve upon the sole ruler. Therefore, at once envying the successes of Aratus and fearing his plots, he adopted a new and most admirable plan, first, to free himself from hatred and

and guards and spearmen, and second, to become a benefactor of his native city. So he sent for Aratus, resigned his power, and made his city a member of the Achaean League. Wherefore the Achaeans exalted him and chose him general. Lydiades was at once ambitious to surpass Aratus in reputation, and not only did many other things fear

which were thought unnecessary, but also proclaimed an expedition against the Lacedaemonians. Aratus 69

PLUTARCH'S LIVES <j>dop€LP

iSofcer

kol to ye Bevrepov 6 AvBidBijfi

^ApdTov Kul aiTovBd^ovTO^ eripw irapaBoOrjvaL ttjv dpxvV' auTO? fiev ydp, co? etprjTai, irap^ eviavrov ripx^' P'^XP^ 1^^^ ^^^ TpLTTjf; arpaT-qyla^ 6 AvBLaBr)
a-TpaTr)yo
4

^

r)PX'^^

ii^aWd^ t& Kpdrco arparrjyMv'

Be

i^€veyKdp,evo<; KaTr)yoprj(Ta^ eV

TOt<;

'Tr€'ir\a(Tp,ev(p

7rapd)(f)d7],

(l>av€pdv

kol iroWdKif; avrov aTreppicf)!] Kal '^A)(^aioi<;

ej^Opav

Bokcov

ijdet

tt/jo?

dXrj-

aKepatov dperrjv dp^cWdadaL, koX Kaddirep tw KOKKvyl ^riaiv ALcrco7ro<;, epcoTcovTt, T0U9 XeTTToi)? 6pVL9a<; 6 ri ^evyoiev avrov, elirelv iK€LVov<; ft)? earuL Trore lepa^, ovt(o<; eoLKe tw

5 6tvr)V

Kal

t%

AvBidBrj irapaKoXovdelv eV

TvpavviBo^ viro-

^XdiTTovaa rrjv (pvcxLV avrov t/}? p,6ra^o\r]<;. 'O Be "Aparo^ evBoKlprjae Kal irepl Ta9 AlTwXiKd^ TTyoafet?, ore avp,^aXelv p.ev avrols: 'y^ia

XXXL

irpo

rr}?

Kal Tov

^eyapiKrj<; fiaa-tXecof;

dypfirjpevcov

rcov

'A^a^oii/,

t&v AaKeBacpiOVLQ)v

*'Ayi,Bo
Kal (Tvve^oppLwvro^ eirl Tr}v pLd^rjv tov<; ^Ay^aiov^, ivavTicodeU Kal iroXXd p,€V oveiBr), iroXXd 8* et9 p^aXaKLav Kal droXpiav Kal (TKcoppuara Kal '^(Xevaa p,ov viropLeLvaepovTO<; XoyiapLOv Bid TO (f>atv6p,€vov alaxpov, dXXd 7rapex(*>pV^^ d<j)iKop,evov

yLtera

Bvvdp.6w<^

Tot? TToXepiioL^ VTrep^aXovcL ttjv 2 x^f- "rrapeXOelv el<; UeXoTTOvvrjaov.

Tepdveiav dp,a-

co? pevTOi TrapeX66vT€<; €^al(f)vr)(; IleXXrjvrjv KareXa^ov, ovkct rjv 6 auTO?, ovt* epLeXXe BLarpl/Scov Kal irepLfievwv 1

Chap. xxiv.

70

4.

*

About 241

B.C.

Cf. the Agis, xiv.

£.

ARATUS

XXX. 3-XXX1. 2

opposed him, but was thought to do so out of jealousy and Lydiades was chosen general for the second time, though Aratus openly worked against him and was eager to have the office given to someone else. For Aratus himself, as I have said,^ held ;

office every other year. Accordingly, until he was general for the third time, Lydiades continued to be held in favour, and held the office every other

the

year in alternation with Aratus but after displaying an open enmity to him and frequently denouncing him before the Achaeans, he was cast aside and ignored, since it was apparent that he was contending, with a fictitious character, against a genuine and unadulterated virtue. And just as the cuckoo, in the fable of Aesop, when he asks the little birds why they fly away from him, is told by them that he will one day be a hawk, so it would seem that since Lydiades had once been a tyrant he was never free from a suspicion, which did injustice to his real nature, that he would change again. XXXI. In the Aetolian war also Aratus won a For when the Achaeans were bent good repute. on an engagement with the Aetolians in front of Megara,2 and Agis the king of the Lacedaemonians was come up with an army and joined in urging the Achaeans on to battle, Aratus opposed this counsel, and in spite of much vilification and much scoffing abuse for weakness and cowardice would not abandon, because of any seeming disgrace, which he judged to be for the general advantage, but allowed the enemy to cross the Geraneian range without a battle and ;

When, however, after pass on into Peloponnesus. thus passing on, they suddenly seized Pellene, he was no longer the same man, nor would he wait at 71

PLUTARCH'S LIVES aOpoKrOrjvai kol avveXdelv eU ravTO iravraxoOev

aXX' evdv<; wpfirjae fj,€Ta royv irapovT(ov iirl Tovf; 7ro\€/jLiov<; iv to) Kparelv daOeve3 cTTarovfi 8c ara^Lav koX v^piv 6vra<;. afia yap TTjv Bvva/jLLV,

TO)

iraptXdelv

eh

Bcaa7rapevT€<; iv

rrjv

raU

irokiv ol oltciai^i

/jL6v

crrparicoTai.

rjcravy

i^co6ovvTe
fcal Bia/ia^op^ePOL irepl r(ov ')(^pr]iJidra)v,

aWrj\ov
Be koX Xox^iyol ra? yvvalfca'; kol Ta<; Ovyarepa^i rwv TLeWrjvecov Trepdovre^; rfpira^ov, KoX rd Kpdvrj rd avrwv dcpaipovvTe^i iK€Lvai<;

r}yep,6ve^

TTepLeTiOeaav rod p^rjBeva Xa^ecv dWov, dXkd t& ovto) Kpdvei BriXov elvav rov BecnroTrjv efcdcTTfj^iBe BiaK€ipLevoc<; avTo2<; koX ravra Trpdrrova-iv e^aL(j)vrj<;

6 "A/jaro? iinTrecrdyv TrpoarrjyyeXOri.

yei>o/jL€vrj<;

eKirXri^ew^;, oiav

avrrj, irpiv

rj

€Iko<;

iravra^ irvdeaOaL rov klvBvvov ol

TOL irepl rat; irvXa^; rot? 'A^^a^ot? kul avfi7r€a6vT€<;

irLfXTrXaaav

e^evyov

tjBt)

iXavvo/Juevoc

real

iv dra^la toiirpco-

rd Trpodareia

vevi,K7jp,6voi,

TrporpOTrdBrjv

kol fcare- 1041 diropia^i

T0U9 avviaraixevovi kol TrpoafforjOovvTaf:. XXXII. 'Rv Tovr

rapdxw fxia r&v

ivBo^ov Ovydrrjp, Be KdXXei xal fieyedec acofiarof; evTrpeiT'q^, * ervx^e fiev iv tw lepw Kade^o/ievrj rij<s ApT€/ii.Bo^, aiX/jLaXooTcov, *Ei7nyi]0ov<; dvBpb^;

avrr)

ov Karea-Trjaev avrr)v 6 imXeKrdpxv^ eXwv eavT(p KoX 7rept,0el<; rrjv rpiXocplav, d(f)vco Be eKBpap^ovaa

w? earrj irpo rdv Ovpcav rov lepou Koi Kare^Xeyjrev et? tou? fxaxofievov'; dvcodev e^pvaa rrjv rpiXocpLuv, avrol
2 7rp6<; rov Oopv/Sov,

72

ARATUS

XXXI. 2-xxxii. 2

order that his forces might assemble and come together from all quarters, but at once set out with those he had against the enemy, whom the disorder and wantonness attendant upon their success had wholly weakened. For as soon as they had entered the city, the common soldiers had scattered themselves among the houses, jostling and fighting with one another over the booty, while the leaders and captains were going about and seizing the wives and daughters of the Pellenians, on whose heads they put their own helmets, that no one else might seize them, but that the helmet might show to whom each woman belonged. But while they were in this situation and thus engaged, word was suddenly brought them that Aratus had attacked. Dismay fell upon them, as was natural amid such disorder, and before all had learned of the danger the foremost of them, engaging with the Achaeans at the gates and in the suburbs, were already conquered and in full flight, and being driven in headlong rout, they filled with dismay those who were collecting all in

together and coming to their aid. XXXI 1. In the midst of this confusion, one of the captive women, daughter of Epigethes, a man of distinction, and herself conspicuous for beauty and stateliness of person, chanced to be sitting in the

sanctuary of Artemis, where she had been placed by the captain of a picked corps, who had seized her for his prize and set his three-crested helmet upon her But suddenly she ran forth to view the head. tumult, and as she stood in front of the gate of the sanctuary and looked down upon the combatants from on high, with the three-crested helmet on her head, she seemed to the citizens themselves a vision

73

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Oeafjua (re/jLVorepov rj Kar avOpwrrov i^dvij, koI TOt? TToXe/z-tot? (f>d(T/ia delov opav Sokovctl (fypLKrjv eve^aXe koI 6d/jL^o^, coare ^rjteva TpeireaOaL iTpo<;

akK-qv.

AvTol Be Oeov Tov

orav he

/JL6V

XiyovcTL to ^p€Ta<; t^? diTOKelaOai ')(^p6vov d-^avaTOv,

Il€\X7]V€L<;

dWov

KLvrjdev vtto tt}? lepeia<^ iKcfieprjrai, firjSei^a

irpoapXeireiv evavriov, aXX' dTTorpeireaOaL irdvov yap du0pd}7rot,
3

Kap7rov<; dTrafifiXiaKetv,

rovTO

8i'

mu dv

KOfii^rjTaL.

rore Tr]v lepeiav e^eveyKafievrjv xal rpe-

St)

TTOvcrav del

Kara

tov<; Alr(o\ov
dvTLirpoarw'TTOv

Karaarrjaat Kal irapeXeaOaL tov \oyc6 he "Aparo? ovhev iv Tol
eKcfypova^; (TfJLOv.

dWd

tolovtov, etprjfce ^rjau Tpeyjrd/jLevo^ tov^; AItco\ov<; Kal (f)evyovai avveicrTreaoov €t? Tr)V ttoXiv i^eXdcrai, KaTa KpdTO<;, eiTTaKoaiov<; he diroKTelvai.

to he epyov iv

Ti/judvOrjf;

hiaOeaei

6

T0t<; fxeyiaTOL^i

^coypd(jio<;

eiroir^crev

hieporjOrj,

eiJL^avTiKS)<;

Kal ttj

ttjv iJLd)(7]v e')(ovaav.

XXXIII. Ov

firjv

dWd

'TToWcov

eOvojv

Kal

hvvacTToyv eirl T01/9 'A^a^ou? (TvvLaTa/jLevcov evdu<; 6 "ApaTO'i

eiTpaTTe cf>i\lav tt/do? tov<; AtTOjXou?, TiavTaXeovTt tw ifkelcTTOV AltcoXcjv hwafievcp (TvvepyS) ')(^priadfjLevo
fcal

eiroirjae.

2

Tou? he *AOr}vaLov<; aTTOvhd^cov eXevOepcoaai hiepXrjOr) Kal KaK(o<; rJKOvaev vtto tcov ^A'x^auwVt OTi (T7rovhd
74

Kal dvo)(a<; dyovTcov

7rpo<;

i'ire')(eipr](T€

rof? Ma/cetov Tieipaid

ARATUS

XXXII. 2-xxxiii. 2

more than human majesty, while the enemy thought they saw an apparition from heaven and were struck with amazement and terror, so that not

of

man

of them thought of defending himself. But the Pellenians themselves tell us that the image of the goddess usually stands untouched, and that when it is removed by the priestess and carried forth from the temple, no man looks upon it, but all a

turn their gaze away

;

for not only to

mankind

is it

a grievous and terrible sight, but trees also, past

be carried, become barren and cast This image, then, they say, the priestess carried forth from the temple at this time, and by ever turning it in the faces of the Aetolians robbed them of their senses and took away their reason.

which

it

may

their fruit.

Aratus, however, in his Commentaries, makes no mention of such a thing, but says that after routing the Aetolians and bursting into the city with them as they fled, he drove them out by main force, and slew seven hundred of them. The action was extolled as among the greatest exploits, and Timanthes the painter made a picture of the battle which in its composition vividly pourtrayed the event.

XXXI 1 1 Notwithstanding, since many peoples and dynasts were combining against the Achaeans, Aratus at once sought to make friends of the Aetolians, and with the assistance of Pantaleon, their most influential man, not only made peace, but also an alliance between them and the Achaeans. But in his eagerness to set Athens free he incurred the bitter reproaches of the Achaeans, because, though they had made a truce and suspended hostilities with the Macedonians, he attempted to seize .

75

PLUTARCH'S LIVES KaraKa^etv ixvrjiiacnv

ov

^

Tov

AKpoicopLvOov eirpa^ev. eKelvov IBla Ta> Ueipaiel irpoa/BaXovra Kal t^9 k\l-

TO, irepl

yap

avro^ Be apvovfievo^ iv rol^i vttoairoXeXoiirev ^Fjpyluov alriarai, fieO^

.

ol<;

jiaKo^

crvvTpil3ei(Tr]<^

KaXelv

(juye^^o)?

ovofid^eiv Kal coairep irapovra, xal Bta-

BicoKo/jbevov

"Aparov

ov vyeLv of/Tft)? e^airaTTjCTavTa tou<; 7ro\e/iiiov<^. BoKel TTiOavcbf; airoXoyelaOaL' tov yap Fjpyt-

firjv

avd poiTTov

l8i(i)T7)v Kal Xvpov, aii oiihevo^ rjv vovv ^aXeordai rrjv rrfXiKavTrjv Trpd^iv, el /jLT) tov ^ApaTOv el^^ev r)y€fi6va Kal irap eKeivov TTjv Bvva/jbiv Kal tov Kaipov el\ri(^eL 7rpb<; Trjv irrlOeaiv. iS^Xwae Be Kal avT0<; 6 "A/Daro? ov 819 ovBe Tpi<;, 7ro\XdKi<;, wcnrep 01 Bvcrepo)Te Ueipatel Kal tt/jo? ra? BiafiapTLa^ ovK d7roKa/Jb(i)v, tS) irapa puKpov del Kal avveyyv
vov,

cIkoto^

iirl

aWa

dWa

ev (j)op€i(p KO/jLt^6/xevo<; irrotelTo Td<; aTpaTeLa
^acTiXeiav irapaXa^ovTO^; eVt fxdXXov iveKeiTo rat? 'AOi]vaL<; Kal oXco? KaTe(^p6vei TOiv ^aKeBovwv. Bio Kal KpaTrjOevTO^ avTov fJid^rf

fjLTjTpLov TTjv

^vXaKiav

viro BlOvo<; tov At^/jLrjrplov aTpaKal Xoyov yevofxevov rroXXov jxev, &)? edXcoKC, TToXXov Be co? TeOviiKev, 6 fiev tov Yleu- 1043 irepl

TTjyov,

paLCi ^

by 76

i^povpoiv

ALoyevr}<; eTrefjLyjrev eirLaToXrjv

eh

Antigonus Gonatas died in 239 B.C., and was succeeded Demetrius 11. , who reigned ten j'ears.

his son

ARATUS

xxxiii. 2-xxxiv.

2

He himself, however, in the Comthe Peiraeus. mentaries which he left, lays the blame for this attempt upon Erginus, with whose aid he had He says that effected the capture of Acrocorinthus. on his own private Peiraeus the attacked Erginus account, and that when his scaling-ladder broke and the enemy were pursuing him, he kept calling upon Aratus by name, as if Aratus were there, and thus deceived and made his escape from them. But this defence does not seem to be convincing. For Erginus was a private man and a Syrian, and there is no likelihood that he would have conceived of so great an undertaking if he had not been under the guidance of Aratus and obtained from him the force and the And Aratus himself also fitting time for the attack. made this plain, since he assaulted the Peiraeus, not twice or thrice, but many times, like a desperate lover, and would not desist in spite of his failures, but was roused to fresh courage by the very narrowness of the slight margin by which he was disappointed of his hopes. And once he actually put his leg out of joint as he fled through the Thriasian plain and while he was under treatment for this, the knife was often used upon him, and for a long time he was carried in a litter upon his campaigns. XXXIV. When Antigonus died and Demetrius succeeded to the throne,^ Aratus was all the more bent upon getting Athens, and wholly despised the Macedonians. And so, after he had been overcome in a battle at Phylacia by Bithys the general of Demetrius, and reports were rife, one that he had been captured, and another that he was dead, Diogenes, the guardian of the Peiraeus, sent a letter to ;

77

PLUTARCH'S LIVES KopLvOov i^ia-racrOai Trj<; TroXeo)? KcXevcov T01/9 *A^atou9, CTret^r) A par of; aireOavev erv^e he tmv ypafjujudrcov KO/nio-devrcov irapcbv avro^ ev Koplvdcp, Kol Siarpt^rjv 01 rov Aioyivov<; Ka\ yeXoyra ttoXvv '

avro^; Be 6 ^aa-i\€v<;

7rapao")(^6vr€<; airrjWdyrjo-av.

€K MaK€Bovia<; vavv 3 7r/?09

avTOV

6

eTre/Jiyjrev, icf)' 97?

"Kparo^

KOfMLcrOrjaeTai iraaav Be

Be8€/x6vo<;.

^AOrjvaloi KovcftorrjTa /coXa/c6ta9 Tr}? 7rp09 Ma^eSova<; vTrep^dWovref; icrT€(f>av7]cl)6p7jaav ore Trpcorop rjyyeXOr) t€0v7]kco<;.

aTpar6vaa<^

Sto koI tt/oo? opyrjv evdi)^ €K-

avrov^ ^XP^

eir

'^V^

^AKaBrj/neiaf;

irporjkOev' elra iretadeU ovBev rjBiKrja-ev. ^ 01 Be AdrjvaloL (TVfju(j)pov^(TavT€<; avTOv rrjv dperrjVy eirel ^rj/LLrjrpiov TeXevrrjcravTO^ cop[ir)(Tav eirl 6 Be, Kaiirep ere4 rrjv iXevOepiav, iKelvov e/cdXovv.

pov

fiev

dp-^ovTO^

appwaria /laKpa (f)opeL(p

')(p€Lav,

Tore rSyv KXtvrjpr}^

^K')(jollS)v,

virdp')((ov,

cttI rrj<;

6/jl(o<;

ev

iroXei tt/oo? rrjv cf)povpd<; Aioyevrj avveireL'

KO/jLi^6/JLevo<; vTrrjvrrjcre

Ka\ rov

avro<; Be

rrj

aev diroBovvai rov re HeLpaid ical rr)v Movvv^lav Kol rrjv XaXa/JLLva Koi to ^ovvlov rol<; ^KO-qvaioi^ errl iTevrrjKOvra koi CKarov raXdvroL^, a)v avro
'A^aLOLf;, T] re TrXeiarrj rr)? ^ApKaBta<; avroL<; avvkol MuKeBovoyv fiev aGypXwv ovrwv Bid ereXei. Tiva<; 7rpoaoLKov<; koi 6p,6pov(; TroXeyuou?, AlrcoX(ov Be (TUfjb/iia^ovvrcov, eirlBoatv fxeydXrjv rj rtov

^A'^atcov eXdfi^ave Bvvajxi^,

78

ARATUS

XXXIV. 2-5

Corinth ordering the Achaeans to quit the city, since Aratus had been killed but when the letter arrived at Corinth, Aratus chanced to be there in person, and so the messengers of Diogenes, after furnishing ;

much

diversion and laughter, went away. Moreover, the king himself sent a ship from Macedonia, on which Aratus was to be brought to him in chains. And the Athenians, carrying their flattery of the Macedonians to the highest pitch of levity, crowned themselves with garlands as soon as they heard that Aratus was dead. Therefore he was wroth, and at

once made an expedition against them, and advanced then he listened to their as far as the Academy entreaties and did them no harm. So the Athenians came to recognize the excellence of his character, and when, upon the death of Demetrius,! they set out to regain their freedom, Then Aratus, although they called upon him. another was at that time general of the Achaeans, and he himself was confined to his bed by a long sickness, nevertheless was carried in a litter to help the city in its time of need, and joined in persuading ;

Diogenes, the commander of the garrison, to give up the Peiraeus, Munychia, Salamis, and Sunium to the

Athenians for a hundred and fifty talents, twenty of which Aratus contributed himself. Moreover, Aegina and Hermione at once came over to the Achaeans, and the greater part of Arcadia joined their league. And since the Macedonians were busy with certain neighbouring and adjacent wars, and the Aetolians were in alliance with the Achaeans, the power of the Achaean League was greatly increased. *

In 229 B.C.

He was

succeeded by Antigonus Doson,

who

reigiied nine years.

n

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

XXXV. 'O Se^A/aaro? i^€pja^6/j,€vo
rrjv ttoXlv,

'A^a^ot?

kol ^rjXcoaavra AvSidSTjv

eOvov<; rrfKiKovrov fjuer evc^rjixia^ Kal r^yu,^? arparrjyov elvai fiaWov rj /ilo.^ 7roXeft)9 KtvBuvevovra

viraKovaavTO<; he rov Kal Ke\ev(TavTO<; avrco irevrrjKovra ToXavra irep/y^aL rov "Aparov, 07ra)9 diraWd^r) Kal hiaXvar^raL rov<; Trap avro) arparevo/Mevovi,

2 Kal /jLL(Tovfjb€vov Tvpavvov. ^

ApiaTOfjLd')(ov

Kal tS)v XPVM'^'^^^ 7ropi^ofMev(ov, 6 AvBi,d87]
ert.

aTparriywv Kal (l)t\oTL/jiov/jL€vo<; lBlov avrov ttoXlrev/jua rovro tt/jo? toi)? 'A^aLou^; yeveadai, rov fi€P

*Apdrov Karrjyopet

hvafjuevoi^ koI vov<; €X0VT0
Trpo? *ApLo-T6/JLa)(^ov ox;

dSiaXXaKrax; del

avrm

Be

7rp6<; tol'9

Tretcra? rr)v

rvpdv-

Trpd^iv

eiri-

rpeyfrai irpoai^yaye Tot9 'A;)^atot? rov

dvOpanrov. 3 evOa hrj fidXiara (pavepdv eTToirjaav ol avveBpoi " Tcov 'A')(^aLS)v rr]v irpo^ rov Aparov euvoiav Kal iTi(TTiv.

dvT€i7r6vTO<;

yap avrov

fjiev

Bi

Tol'9 irepl

^

4

opyrjv

rov Apiarofxa'xov' eirel Be (TV/uLTreia6el
dirjjXaaav

^

^

So

/CO!

bracketed by Sint.^

ARATUS

XXXV. 1-4

XXXV. And now Aratus, seeking to effect his long-standing purpose, and impatient of the tyranny so near the Achaeans in Argos, sent messengers and Aristomachus to give his city freeattach it to the Achaean League, urging him to imitate Lydiades and be general of so great a nation with praise and honour, rather than tyrant of a single city with peril and hatred. Aristomachus tried to persuade

dom and

consented, and told Aratus to send him fifty talents, in order that he might disband and send away the soldiers under him, and the money was being pro-

Upon this, Lydiades, who was still general and had an ambition that the Achaeans should regard this transaction as his own work, denounced Aratus to Aristomachus as a man who had always been an implacable enemy of tyrants, and after persuading vided.

Aristomachus to entrust the matter to himself, Then brought him before the Achaean council. the members of the council put into clearest light their goodwill towards Aratus and their confidence in him. For when he angrily opposed the project, they drove Aristomachus away but when he had been won over again, and came before them in person, and began to argue for the project, they speedily and readily adopted all his proposals, admitted Argos and Phlius into the league, and a 1 year later actually choose Aristomachus general. Aristomachus, then, being in high favour with the Achaeans, and wishing to invade Laconia, summoned Aratus from Athens. Aratus wrote him a letter in which he tried to dissuade him from the expedition, and expressed unwillingness to involve the Achaeans in hostilities with Cleomenes, who was daring and ;

»

In 227

B.C.

81

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 'e')(pvTL

Kol Trapa^oXco^ av^avo^evw avfjLTrXeKeaOat

TOi'9 ^A^aioi/^;

/nrj

^ov\6/jl€vo<;, Mpfirjfjiivov Be irdv-

Kal irapoov avvearpdrevev. ore Brj KoX KcoXvaa^i irepl to YiaWdvrtov rov KXeofievov; e7riavevT0<^ avTOL<; fjLa^rjv avvdyjraL rov ApiGTopayov VTTO AvBidSov KaTrj-yoprjOrj, kol Trepl tt}? arpaT7]yia(s et? d^ySyva xal dvTLTrapay-

5 Tft)9 virrjKovo-e

^

yeXiav avrw KaTaara^ i/cpdryae rfj Kal TO BcoSeKaTOV fjpedirj arpaT-qyofi.

XXXVI.

')(^eipOTovla

TT) arpaTTjyia irepl to tov KXeopevov; €(f)vy€' Kal 104 irXavi^Oei^ vvkto^ eSo^e pev Tedvdvai Kal irdXiv ovTOeireirecre ^avnvevat (Tvpbp,d')(^oi^ aval rod vij<; K.X6op,€Pov<;' Kal rrjp itoXlv eXayv (f)povpav eve^aXe Kal TOv<; pieroiKOv
AvKaiov

*Ei/

TavTT)

r)TTr)0€l<; viro

vevLKr}pevoL<; rot? *A)(^aLOL(i. 3

AvOi^i Be Tcop AaKeBaLpovLcov errl MeydXrjv TToXiv (TrparevcrdvTcov ^or)6i^aa<;

Kal Tore XeLrrop^evo^ re TrXrjOet Kal 7rp09 avBpa ToXprjrrjv Kal veov rjBrj TrapaKpd^ovri ra> Ovpro Kal KeKoXacr jJievT) rfj ^LXoripiia avv€0-rr)Kco<;, Kal *

'

82

See the Cleomenen, iv. 3-4. 226 B.o. Cf. the ClcomeneSj

v.

'

Cf. the Cleomenes, vi.

ARATUS

XXXV. 4-xxxvi. 3

growing marvellously in power but, since Aristomachus was altogether insistent, Aratus obeyed orders and accompanied the expedition in person. It was at this time that he prevented Aristomachus from joining battle when Cleomenes came upon them at Pallantium,^ and was denounced therefore by Lydiades, with whom he came into contest and competition for the office of general, winning the vote and being chosen general for the twelfth time. XXXVI. In the campaign of this year^ he was defeated by Cleomenes near Mount Lycaeum, and took to flight; and, since he lost his way in the night, he was thought to be dead, and once more a story to this effect had wide currency among the Greeks. But he escaped alive and rallied his soldiers, and then was not content to come off safely, but making the best use of his opportunity, when no one expected or had any idea of what was to happen, he suddenly made an assault upon Mantineia, which was in alliance with Cleomenes and having taken the city, he set a garrison there, and made its alien ;

;

residents full citizens, thus acquiring single-handed

conquered Achaeans what they could not have obtained as conquerors. And again, when the Lacedaemonians made an expedition against Megalopolis,^ he went to the aid of the city, but was loth to give Cleomenes a chance for the hand-to-hand fighting which he desired, and for the

easily

the importunities of the Megalopolitans. For he was never at any time well fitted by nature for set battles, and at this time in particular he was inferior in numbers, and was matched against a man resisted

who was young and daring, while his own courage was past its prime, and his ambition chastened. He 83

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rov roXfidv eKelvo^ i^ ov^ virapeKraro ho^av avrw KeKTrj/juevo) (pvXaKreov Xovrcov

vofiii^wv r)v hia

XXXVIL Ov TOdv

Kol

fjir)V

cocrafievcov

arparoTreBov kcu

dWa

rSiV yjriXoJV i/cSpa/JLOv-

rov^ XTra/artara? a^/O^ toO

irepX 7a<; aKr]va
hiacnrapevTwv,

o fxev "A/jaro? ouS* a>9 iirrj^ayev, aX)C iv

\a^Q)P ')(apdhpav firfvau

iTria-rrjae

TOv<^ OTrXtra?*

fiecray

Kal KarcKcoXvo-e Sia-

o he AvSidSr)^;

TrepLTradcjv

yiyvofieva Kal rov "Aparov KaKi^wv dveKaXelro tou? lirirel^ «? avrov, d^iSyv iincfyavr)pai T0t9 Slookovo-c Kal /jlt) irpoeadaL to VLKij/ia

irpo^

TO,

firjSe iyKaraXLTrelv avrov virep tt)? nrarpiho^ dycottoXXmv he crvarpacpevTayv Kal dya2 vi^ofJLevov. Ouiv iirippcoadeU evefiaXe tq) Se^io) t(ov TroXefMicov

Kal rpeyfrd/jLevo^ ehi(OKev, vtto Ovfjuov Kal ^iXotldTa/jLt,evTco<; eTnairaaOel'^ eh ')(copla (jKoXid

/jLLa<s

Kal fieard hevBpcov

Kal rdcfyptov rov eTnOefievov K.Xeo/xevov<; eirecre rov rcov dyoaKdXXiarov dywviadfxei'o^ Xafiirpcj^ ol 5* aXXoi (pev3 voav eirl dvpai^i t?)? Trarpiho^, yovT€dXayya Kal (TVVTapd^avre^ tov<; oifKira^ oXov to arpdrev^a rf]^ 7]TTr}
7reVTev/Jbeva)v

oh

aiTiav Be fjueydX^jv 6 "A/oaro? eXa/Se B6^a<; irpoeaSai rov Avhidhrjv Kal ^caaOeh vrro rcjv A'yaiwv ^

d'K£p')(opievwv 7rp6<^ opyrjv rjKoXovOrjcTev avro2<; eh eKCL Be avveXd6vre<; €'yjrT]
Bovai

84

avro)

/jLrjBe /jLiaOo(p6pou
)(^pi]fjLara

dXX* avTa>

ARATUS

XXXVI. 3-xxxvii. 3

thought that the glory which his adversary was trying to acquire by his daring and did not possess, had already been acquired by himself and must be preserved by his caution. XXXVII. Nevertheless, his light infantry once made a sally, drove the Spartans as far as to their camp, and were scattered about among the tents. Aratus, however, would not even then lead uj) his men, but putting a ravine between himself and the enemy, halted there, and would not suffer his menat-arms to cross it. Then Lydiades, distressed at what was going on, and loading Aratus with realso

proaches, called his horsemen to him and exhorted to go to the help of the pursuers, and not to let the victory slip out of their hands nor leave in the lurch a commander who was fighting in behalf of his native city. Many brave men gathering at his call, he was emboldened to charge upon the right wing of the enemy, which he routed and pursued. But his ardour and ambition robbed him of discretion, and he was drawn on into places that were intricate and full of planted trees and broad trenches. Here Cleomenes attacked him and he fell, after a brilliant and most honourable combat at the gates of his native city. The rest of his men fled to their main line, threw the men-at-arms into confusion, and thus infected the whole army with their defeat. Aratus

them

was severely blamed for this, being thought to have betrayed Lydiades and when the Achaeans left the field in anger, they forced him to accompany them to Aegium. Here they held an assembly, and voted not to give him money and not to maintain mercenaries for him if he wanted to wage war, he must provide the means himself.

I

;

;

85

PLUTARCH'S LIVES XXXVIII. OvTQ) 8e irpOTrrfKaKLO-Oel^ ifiovXevcraro fiev ev6v<; airoOeaOaL rrjv a(ppaylSa kol t^i* CTTparrjyiav a
^A^aiov<;

Koi

7r/3o? 'Op)(^o/jL€vov

p,d)(7]p

eOero

i^ayaycbv rov^

^eyuGTovovv rov

irpo^

K\€OijLevov<; Trarpcoov, ev rj KpaTrjcra<^ rpiaKOcriov^ direKTeive, ^wvra he rov Meyiarovovv svv2 iXa^ep, €ia)^ft)9 Se (TTparr^yelv Trap* ivtavrov, fjuev

ct)9

T)

aaro, 7]

fiev

raft? avTO) irepirjXOe, /cal Tl/jl6^€po(; ^peOrj irpb^;

Kokovfievo^ i^cofio-

rov^ 6')(Xov^ opyr)

7rp6(f)aai
elvai

atria

dXr)-

Xeyo/jbipr] ttJ? i^(o/jLO(TLa<; d'TTi6avo
ra irepiecrrMra

iSoKCt, Be

arparrjyo's.

rov<; *A^atoi;9,

ovkW

B*

co? irpo-

repov drpefia /cal (T')(^ehriv rov K.Xeo/Jievov
dwirevOwov, rrj<;

r)y€p,ovia
eavrov d^Lovvro<;. 8ib Kal fiefK^ovrai rov "Aparov ev adXw /leydXqy Kal x^LficovL rcdv Trpay/jidrcov warrep Kv^epvtjrrjv d(f)€vra Kal irpoe- 10 /JL6V0V erepw rov<; 0LaKa<;, ore KaX(o<; e2%6 Kal aKov4 rcov eTTKTrdvra aco^eiv ro kolvov el 8' d'neyvdiKeL ra TTpdyfjuara Kal rrjv Bvva/jLiv ro)v ^Axaicov, el^ai Tft) KXeofievei, Kal jut] irdXiv rrjv TLeXonovvrjaov (j)epo/jLevcop

eK^ap/Sapaxrat (fipovpaU MaKeB6va)Vy /jirjBe rrXifpS)
^

86

Cf.

the

Cleooiienes, xv. 1.

*

For the year 224 b

'

Cf. the Cleomenes, viii., xi.

c.

ARATUS

XXXVIII.

1-4

XXXVIII. Smarting under

this insult, he resolved and up resign the office of general, but upon reflection he held on for the present, and after leading the Achaeans forth to Orchomenus, fought a battle there with Megistonoiis, the stepfather of Cleomenes, in which he got the upper hand, killing three hundred of the enemy and taking Megistonoiis prisoner. But when, accustomed as he was to be general every other year, his turn came round again and he was invited to take the office, he formally declined,^ and Timoxenus was

to give

his seal at once,

chosen general. ^

Now

the grounds usually given namely, his anger at the people, were not thought to be convincing, and the real reason for it was the situation of the Achaeans. For the invasions of Cleomenes were no longer quiet and restrained, as formerly, nor was he fettered by the civil authorities, but after he had killed the ephors, divided up the land, advanced many resident aliens to the citizenship, and thus got an irresponsible power,^ he immediately pressed the Achaeans hard, and demanded the supreme leaderfor this refusal of Aratus,

And therefore men blame Aratus, ship for himself. because, when the ship of state was driving in a great surge and storm, he forsook the pilot's helm and left it to another, although it had been well, even if the people were unwilling, to remain at their head and save them and if he despaired of the government and power of the Achaeans, he ought to have yielded to Cleomenes, and not to have made ;

Peloponnesus quite barbarous again under Macedonian garrisons, nor to have filled Acrocorinthus with Illyrian and Gallic arms, nor, in the case of

I

87

PLUTARCH'S LIVES fcal KaraTroXLTevo/xevo^;, ev he rol^ XoiSopcjv BieTeXei, Tourof? iTrdyeaOai SeairoTa^i rat? iroXeaL av/jL/j,d-)(ovf; v7roKopt^6p.evov.

arpaTJjycjv

uTTO/jLvrj/jLaaL

5 el he KXeofievrj^

rjv, XeyiaOo) yap ovraxi, TrapdvoKoi TvpavviKo^, dXX' 'HpaKXelSai. irarepe^i avT(o KOL ^irdprr) 7raTpL<;, r)<; rbv iK^aveararov d^LOV dvrX Tov irpcorov ^aKehovwv r]yep,ova ttoislaOai T0U9 6V TL-"L X6y(p rr}V 'EXXrjvi/crjv riOefxePOV^; KairoL KX€OfjLevr}<; rJTei rrjv dp^rjv evyeveiav. rcov rrapd ^A'X^aiwv &)? TroXXd TroL^aoov dyaOd ra? TToXet? dvrl t^9 rifjurj^; Kal tt}? irpoa-Tjyopla^; eKelvrjf;, AvTiyovo^; Be xal Kara yrju koI Kara OdXarrav

fio^

^

6

aifTOKpdrcop

^ye/JLoyv

dvayopevde\<;

ov')(^

virrfKovae

TOV jJLLaOov avrw Trj<; r}yefjLOVLa<; OfioXoyrjdr]vai TOV ^AfcpOKoptvOov, are^yco? tov AIo-mttov jmiov yap irpoTepov eTre/Sr} toI^ fjUTjadfievof; Kvvrjyov. kol VTro^dXXovaiv avTov^ Bid *A')(jcaol^ B60/iievoL<; T(0V irpea-^eioiv Kal tojv yjrrjcpia/JLdTCOV q ttj (fypovpa Kal TOt? ofjirjpoL^ uicnrep 'X^aXivov/jLevov; dvaay^i' adai. KaiTOi irdaav 6 ApaTO<; d
''

7

6 UoXv^w; Be avTov XoyL^6/jbevo
TTpoKaOcevat Beo/ievovfi *A')(aL(ov iinKaXelddaL tov ovtol yap iirLe^ovTO tw rroXe/jLa) *AvTLyovov, fidXiaTU, avv€X<*i^ dyovTo<; avT0v
83

Historus.ii. 47,4fL

ARATUS men whom he was

xxxviii.

4-8

always defeating in the

fields of

war and statesmanship and abusing in the pages of his Commentaries, to have made these men lords over the cities under the endearing name of allies. And if Cleomenes was, as must be granted, lawless and arbitrary, still, Heracleidae were his ancestors, and Sparta was his native land, the meanest citizen of which was more worthy than the foremost Macedonian to be made their leader by those who had any regard for Greek nobility of birth. And yet Cleomenes asked the Achaeans for the office, with the promise that he would confer many benefits upon their cities in return for that honour and its title, whereas Antigonus, although he was proclaimed leader with full powers by land and sea, would not accept the office until Acrocorinthus had been promised him as the pay for his leadership. In this he acted just like Aesop's hunter. For he would not mount the Achaeans, although they prayed him to do so and presented their backs to him by way of embassies and decrees, until they consented to wear the bit and bridle of the garrison they received and

the hostages they gave. And yet Aratus says everything that he can say in explaining the necessity ^ that was upon him. that Polybius, however, says for a long time, and before the necessity arose, Aratus mistrusted the daring temper of Cleomenes and made secret overtures to Antigonus, besides putting the Megalopolitans forward to beg the Achaeans to call in Antigonus. For the Megalopolitans were most oppressed by the war, since

Cleomenes was continually plundering their

A

territory.

account of these matters is given by Phylarchus also, in whom, but for the testimony of similar

VOL. XI.

T^

89

PLUTARCH'S LIVES prjKe TTCpl rovTcov, c5 /jlt) tov HoXv/Slov jxaprvpovvivdovata yap T09 ov irdvu Ti TTLareveiv a^iov rjv,

orav dyjnjraL tov

vtt^ evvoia^, kol laropla tm fiev uvtlSlkwp BiareXel, rw he avvayopevoiv. XXXIX. 'Airl^aXov S' ovv ol ^A^^aiol ttjv MavTLveiap, irdXiv ekovro^s avrrjv tov KXeofievov<;, KOL P'd^T] fieydXrj irepl to 'Fi/caTo/ji^aiov

KaOdrrep iv

7)TTr)6evTe<;

€v6v(;

hiKr)

ovtco

KXeoyu-ez^ou?,

rfj

waTe

KaTeirXdyrjaav

ire/jLirecv

t)yefiovia tov KXeo/jL€vrj KaXovvTe<;

icf)'

2 "A/3709.

he "A/3aT09 &>? jjaOeTO

eU fcal

^ahi^ovTa

Aepvav ovTa fxerd t?79 Bvvd/jL€(o<;, cjiofirjOeU direaTeXXe irpec^ei'^ Tov
tuvtu aKoaicov, el Be diriaTel, Xa^elv o/irjpov^;. v^pLV elvai KoX yXevaafiov avTov (j>^(Ta
dve^ev^ev,

eiriaToXr^v

ypdyjra<;

T0t9

iroXXd kuto, tov 'Aparou Koi hia^oXd^ e^ovaav. eypacfye Be KdKelvo<; evrt(TToXa^i KaTa tov KXeo/xei'ov<^' kol icpepopTO XoLBopiai Kot ^Xaac^T] Iliac p-^XP^ ydp,(ov Kal 'A;^atot9

eyfcXyjfiaTa

yvvaiKMV dXXr)Xov<^ Ka/cay'i XeyovTWV. 'E/c TOVTov K7]pvKa TTep.'xjra'i 6

KXeo/uuevr]^

T0t9 'A;^afot9, fiiKpov p.ev eXaOe ttjv Xikvcovlcop ttoXlv dpirdaa^ Bid irpoBo^ Be air ot pair ei
irpoepovvTa

Xe Kol TOV aTpaTijyov tmv 'A^j^atwi^ eKirecTovTOf; ea^c Tr)v ttoXlv. oXiycp Be vdTepov kol ^eveov eXa^e koI UevTeXeLov. elr' evOv^ Apyeloi rrpoaexcoprjaav uvtm kol ^Xidaioi <^povpdv eBe^avTO' ^

4

Kal oX&)9 ovBev ert twv e7nKT7]T(ov fie^aiov 1

i-yyvQiv

90

Bekker reads ^Kudiv^ with the Aldine.

rjv

ARATUS

XXXVIII. 8-xxxix. 4

Polybius, one should not put entire credence.

For

goodwill makes his every mention of Cleomenes ecstatic^ and as if he were pleading in a court of law, he is for ever accusing Aratus in his history,

and defending Cleomenes.

XXXIX. So, then, the Achaeans lost Mantineia, which was taken again by Cleomenes, and after being defeated in a great battle at Hecatombaeum they were so dismayed that they sent at once and invited Cleomenes to come to Argos and assume the But Aratus, when he learned that leadership. Cleomenes was on the way and at Lerna with his forces, feared the issue, and sent an embassy to demand that he should come with three hundred men only, as to friends and allies, and that if he was Cleomenes distrustful, he should accept hostages. declared that he was insulted and mocked by this demand, and retired with his army, after writing a letter to the Achaeans which was full of bitter accusations against Aratus. Aratus also wrote letters and their mutual abuse and against Cleomenes defamation reached the point of maligning one another's marriages and wives. As a result of this, Cleomenes sent a herald to declare war against the Achaeans, and almost succeeded in seizing the city of Sicyon with the he turned aside, however, when help of traitors close at hand, and assaulted and took the city of Pellene, from which the Achaean commander fled. And not long afterwards he took Pheneus also and Penteleium. Then Argos went over to his side, and Phlius received a garrison which he sent. In a word, not one of their acquisitions longer held firm to the ;

;

91

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

dWa Oopvpo^ "Aparov, opoivra

Tot? *A;^ator«?,

7ro\v<; a(f)Pco

eiarrjKev rov

rrjv TleXoTTOVvrjaov

fc

paSaivo /i€V7}v Koi

rwv

jrepi-

Ta<; TroXet? e^avtarafjieva^ vtto

ve(jdT€pi^6vT(ov TTavTayodev.

XL.

^WTpefiei 'yap ovhev ovhe earepyev eirl tol<; irapovaiv, aXXa kol ^iKvwviwv avTOiv koI Kopiv- 1046

iyevovTO ttoWoI KaracpaveU ScetXey/jbevoi T(p K.\eop6V6L Kol TToXat 7rp6<; ro kolvov ISlcov 2 eTnOvfila Bwaareiayv vttovXco^ €^ovt6<;. eVl tovTov^ i^ovaiav dwirevOvvov 6 ''Aparo^ Xa^cov Olcov

Tov<;

fiev

Tot'9

Be

ev I^lkvmvi Bie<:f)dap/jL€vov<; aTre/creti^e, iv l^opivOw 7r€ipcop€Po<^ dva^rjrelv xal

KoXd^CLV e^i^ypiaLve to ttXtjOo^ rjhi] voaovv kqI rrjv vtto toI<; *A%afot9 iroXtreiav. (TVvBpa/jL6vre<; ovv eh ro rov ^AttoXXcovo^; lepov /j,eTe7re/j,7rovTO rov "Aparov, dveXelv rj (TvXXa/SeLV 6 he 'qKe fiev irpo T?}? aTToardaeux; eyvwKOTe^. avTo<; e(fieXK6pevo<; rov Ilttttov q)<; ov/c diriarcov ovBe VTTOTTrevwv, dvaTrrjBrjadprcov Be ttoXXcov koi XoiBopovpevcov avrrp kol Karriyopovvrcov ev 7ra)9 fcaOearcoTL ra> irpocrMTTM kol rw Xoyw 7rpaci)<; CKeXeve KaOiaat koI /jlt) /3oav drd/cra)<; €ar(i)Ta<;, dXXd teal Tou? jrepl 0vpa<; ovra^ elaw irapievaL' Koi ravO^ dpa Xeywv vTre^-ijec fidBrjv &)? irapaBdiawv rivl rov lttttov. ovtq)<; Be vireKBiJ'; kol

^apvvopevov

3

4

roU

tmv KopLvOlcov ddopv^o)<; BiaXeKOL KeXevcov Trpo? ro AiroXXoiVLOv j3aBiy6fi€P0<; ^€iv, o)? eXaOe TrXrjalov tt}? dKpa<; yevo/xevo^, dvaTrrjBrjaa^ eirX rov Xmrov koi K.\€07rdrp(p ra> dp^ovrc rf]<; (f)povpa<^ BiaKeXevadfxevo^ eyKparw^; viravraxTt,

^

92

^

With

*

See chap.

this chapter xli. 1.

cf.

the CUomenes, xvii.

—

xix. 1.

ARATUS

XXXIX. 4-xL. 4

Achaeans, but a vast confusion suddenly encompassed Aratus. He saw Peloponnesus shaking, and its cities

everywhere stirred to revolt by restless agitators.^ XL. For there was no quiet anywhere, and no contentment with present conditions, but even among the Sicyonians and Corinthians themselves there were many who were known to have been in conference with Cleomenes, men whom a desire for private domination had long ago led into secret For the hostility towards the common interests. punishment of these men Aratus was clothed with absolute power,^ and seizing those in Sicyon who were thus corrupted he put them to death but when he tried to seek out and chastise those in Corinth, he roused the resentment of the populace there, which was already disaffected and ill at ease So they asunder the Achaean administration. sembled hastily in the temple of Apollo and sent for Aratus, determined to kill him or seize him, and then to revolt. He came, accordingly, leading his horse after him, as though he had no distrust or suspicion, and when many sprang up and abused and denounced liim, with a composed countenance and gentle words he bade them sit down and not stand there shouting in disorderly fashion, but to admit also those who were outside at the door and as he spoke, he withdrew slowly, as if he would hand his ;

;

horse over to somebody. Having tlms slipped out of the crowd, he conversed calmly with the Corinthians who met him, bidding them go to the temple of Apollo, and so, before his enemies were aware of it, came nigh the citadel. Then he leaped upon his horse, and after giving orders to Cleopater the commander of the garrison in the citadel to guard

93

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ui^i'mTevaev eh XiKvm'a, rpiaKOvra avT(h (TTparicoTOiv kiroixevcov, tcop he dW(ov iyKardXiTrovTCOv koX Biappvevrcov. 5 AlaOopevoL 8' ol ¥iopLv6toL fier oXCyov rrjv aTToSpacTLv avrov koX Bcco^avre'^, w? ov KareXa^ov, p€T€7r€p.yjravT0 top KXeofjieprj Kal irapehoaap TTjP iTokLP ovSep olopepcp \ap,^dp€LP irap avTOdP rocrovTOP oaov Bi/jpaprep dcpeprcop "KparoP' (f)v\dTreiv

fjLev

pep ovp, Trpocryepopepcop avrcp rcjp ttjp Akttjp KaroiKovprcop Kal Td
Xeyop^ePTjp

^AtcpoKopipdop.

XLI. Tw

Se

^Apdrw avprjXdop

^

et?

^LKvoipa tcop

^

koI yepopepr](; eKKXrjaia<^ Ay^aiodP 01) TToXXoi' jip^Or] aTpaT7jyb
wairep 2

adXw

ep7]po<; Kal diropo^ avPTeTpcp^puepo^;, pavaylov Tri<^ TraTpiho<; ep ToaovTw Kal klpBvpw 8La(f)€p6pepo
TOTe Be eTrl

Seopepov ^or)0eip direiiravTO, Kal ttjp A9i)paL(DP ttoXlp 'X^dpLTi Toif 'ApdTOV TTpodvpLOP ovaap ol irepl EvpuKXelSr/p Kal MiKicopa BieKO)\vaap. oPTCjp Be to) 'ApdTcp Kal ')(py]/jLdTcop ep }Lopip6w Kal OLKLa^, 6 K.XeopeP7]<; -^jylraTo p,ep ovBepo^ ovBe dXXnp ecacre, peTarcepL-y^dpuepo'^ Be TOv<; (J)lXov<; avTov Kal tol"? Blolktjto.^; eKeXeve TcoXol

^

*

ov

•KoWoi,

94

iroKKoi

Ziegler,

with Se and most good MSS.

:

ol

ARATUS it

XL. 4-xLi. 2

with a strong band, he rode

by only thirty of and dispersed. After a

little

his soldiers

;

followed the rest deserted him

off to Sicyon,

while the Corinthians learned of his

and pursued him, but did not overtake him. Then they sent for Cleomenes and delivered their city into his hands/ although he thought that he had gained by what they gave him far less than he had lost by their letting Aratus get away. Cleomenes, accordingly, after the accession to him of the

flight

inhabitants of Acte, as the district is called, who placed their cities in his hands, proceeded to run a wall and palisade about Acrocorinthus. XLI. But a few of the Achaeans came together with Aratus at Sicyon and in an assembly there held he was chosen general with full powers. And now he surrounded himself with a guard from among ;

own

For three-and-thirty years he had among the Achaeans, and had enjoyed more power and reputation than any other Greek but now, abandoned by his allies and helplessly crushed, he was like one drifting about in great surge and peril on the wreck of his native city. For the Aetolians refused him their aid when he asked for it, and the Athenians, whom gratitude made eager to help him, were prevented by EuryAs for the house and property cleides and Micion.^ belonging to Aratus in Corinth, Cleomenes would not touch them at all, nor permit anyone else to do so, but sent for the friends and stewards of Aratus and ordered them to administer and watch over his

citizens.

directed public

affairs

;

^ Early in 223 B.C. The story is tokl very differently in the Gleotnenes. xix. 1 f. ' Two leading orators of the time.

95

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Trdvra BiotKetv 3 v(f)6^ovTa
^

^

kclI

Kpdrtp \6yov avrov eireix^e TplrrvXov

^v\dcraei.v

ISla Be tt/jo?

co?

Kol irdkiv MeyiarTOPOVv rov irarpcoov v'in(T')(yovre ttoXXo, koI SccSeKa rdXavra

fi€vo<;

dWa

avvra^Lv iviavaiov, iiTrepfiaWo/xevot; tw rj/ulaeL UToXefialov eKslvo^ yap ef rdXavra tw ^Apdrw KUT iviavTOV aTreareWev. r^^iov he tmv 'A^^aiWf dvayopevOrjvai koX KOivfj fier avTcov rov Be ^Apdrov Tov KKpoKopivOov.
"*

4 (f)v\d(Ta€iv

avTO}v

utt'

^avTO
kol

e^oLTO,

i/jb/SaXoiv ev6v
KareipcovevaaaOaL

B6-

^LKVwviav irropOec

rrjv

Kal KaTecf)OeLp€ kol irpocreKddrjro rrj iroXei rpel<; iyKapT€povvro<; rov ^Apdrov Kal Biap.rjva<^, Aviiyovov iirl tS) 7ropovvTO<; el Be^erai rov irapaBovvai tov ^A/cpoKopivOop' dXX(o<; yap ovk ^

1^

i/SovXero ^oi^delv.

XLIL Ol

fxev ovv 'A^afot avveXy^XvOore^i eh Alyiov eKsl Tov^Aparov eKdXovv. ijv Be KivBvvo<^, TOV K.Xeo/jLevov<; 7rp6
'

Kal KaTel^ov ol iroXlTai, BeofievoL Kal 104. irpoijaeaOai, to aco/jua rcov TroXe/nlcov 6771)9 optcov BieXdetv.

ov (l)daK0VTe<;' e^rjpTrjVTO Be avrov Kal yvi>alKe
pvva<; Kal 7rapa/j,v67jad/j,evo<; avTOix; e^iTrirevaev iirl ^

T7JV dioiK€7v

OdXaTTav, suggested

Cleomenes, xix. 3

96

:

e')(^ci}v

by

voiely.

BeKa

Sintenis,

(j^lXov;

with

Kal rov

comparison

of

1^

ARATUS

XLI.

2-XLII. 2

everything as though they are to render an account Moreover, he privately sent Tripylus to Aratus, and after^yards Megistonoiis, his stepfather, promising to give him, besides many other things, a yearly pension of twelve talents, thus doubling the amount which Aratus received annually from Ptolemy ; for he sent six talents each year to Cleomenes demanded, however, that he Aratus.^ should be proclaimed leader of the Achaeans, and together with them should have the keeping of Aratus made answer that he did not Acrocorinthus. control affairs, but rather was controlled by them whereupon Cleomenes, thinking himself mocked, at once invaded the territory of Sicyon, ravaged and laid it waste, and encamped before the city three months. All this while Aratus held out patiently, and debated with himself whether he should accept Antigonus as an ally on condition of handing over to him Acrocorinthus for on any other terms to Aratus.

;

!

Antigonus was unwilling to give him help.^ XLII. Accordingly, the Achaeans came together at Aegium and invited Aratus thither. But there was danger in his trying to get there, since Cleomenes was encamped before Sicyon. Besides, the citizens tried to detain him, beseeching him not to go and

him expose himself while the enemy were near; and presently the women and children were clinging to him and tearfully embracing him as a common father and preserver. Nevertheless, after encouraging and comforting them, he rode out to the sea, accompanied by ten friends and by his refusing to let

^

222 *

Ptolemy

III.,

surnamed Euergetes, king

of

Egypt 247

—

B.C.

Cf the Cleomenes, xix. 3 .

f.

97

PLUTARCH'S LIVES vlov

iirl

veaviav ovra'

tjSt]

ttXoicdv,

eTTificivre^;

Tr)v iK/cXrjaiav,

eylr7)(f)iaavT0 /cat

3

67r€fjiylr6

TO)v

aWo)v

XL III.

iTT'jreL's

rwv OdXarrav

fiera

rol
avrov fiera

icf)^

ol? at

')(p7]fjLaTa

^LopivOioi ')(aXe'rr o}<^ hi^jpiraaav avrov Kal

KXeofiivcL Bcopeav eSojKav.

Tft)

Tov

Bvvd/jL€a)(;

irdvv

irapahihovai rov 'AKpoKopivdov.

ojxrjpwv.

rd re

TTjv oLKLav

S6va<;,

Acyiov irapeKOfjuiaOrjo-av

ev y xaXeTv rov ^Avriyovov

Se koX rov vlov "A/oaro? 7r/30?


rri
kol Trapop/jLOvvrayv €Ket

el<;

8'

^Avriyovov Trpoaiovro^ i]8r] jxera {^je Be Trefoi;? Sia/ivpLov; MukgBe ')(^L\iOV(i kol rpiaKoaiov
Brj/jLLovpyMv et?

TLrjydf;,

n

"Aparo<;

XaOcov

rov<^

avro)

Kara

TroXepbiov;, ov

^

Oappcov rov Avriyovov ovBe Triarevcov ^laKeBoaiv. jjBec yap rjv^q/juevov eavrov

i^ (OV eKeivovi

/caK(o<;

/cal

iTroitjcre

rrpcoTijv el\7]-

(jiora fieyi(Trr]v vTToOecrtv t?}? TroXtreta? rr)v tt/qo? '

2

Avrtyovov rov iraXacov ex'dpav. dXXd opcov drra-

palrr}rov eTrcKeLfievrjV dvdy/cijv /cal rov /caipov, (L BovXevovaiv ol BoKovvre<; dp^ecv, ix^oopeL tt/oo? to ^

BeLvov.

6

Be

Trpcorrjv

Kal

3

Kal

kolvo)^,

dirdvrrjatv

raXXa

w?

rf?

avrw Trpoaiovra

e(j)paa€, rov(; fiev dXXov<;

rbv^Aparov /jL€rpL(o<;

Avriyovo<s,

eKelvov

iBe^aro

7recp(t)fievo<;

Be rfj

dvBpo<;

rjairdaaro Kal irepl rrjv

n/ifj

irepirro)^,

dyaOov Kal vovv

e^ovro^; ivBorepco tt)? ^(^peia^ irpoariydyero. Kal yap rjv 6 "Aparo<; ov fiovov ev irpdyixaai

98

ARATUS

xLii.

2-xLiii. 3

Vessels were lying son, who was now a young man. at anchor off the shore, and upon these the party were conveyed to Aegium, where the assembly was

Here it was voted to call in Antigonus and hand over to him Acrocorinthus.^ Aratus even sent sitting.

Antigonus with the other hostages. At were indignant they plundered his property and made a present of his house to Cleomenes. XLIII. And now, as Antigonus was approaching with his forces (he was followed by twenty thousand Macedonian footmen and thirteen hundred horse), his son to

this the Corinthians

;

company with his High Councillors,^ went meet him at Pegae, eluding the enemy. had no very great confidence in Antigonus, and

Aratus, in by sea to

He

For he knew that

put no trust in the Macedonians.

own

power had been a consequence of the harm he had done to them, and that he had found the first and the chief basis for his conduct of affairs in his hatred towards the former Antigonus. ^ But seeing how inexorable was the necessity laid upon him in the demands of the hour, to which those we call rulers are slaves, he went on towards the dread ordeal. But Antigonus, when he was told that Aratus was coming to him, gave the rest of the party an ordinary and moderate welcome Aratus, however, he received at this first meeting with superlative honour, and afterwards, finding him to be a man of worth and wisdom, drew him in closer intimacy to his

rise to

;

himself.

For Aratus was not only helpful in large under^ 2 ^

In the spring of 223 B.C. Cf. the Cleomenes, xix. 4. A body of ten men, chosen as admirers of the general. Antigonus Gonatas. See the note on xxxiv. 1 .

99

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

aWa

koI axoXd^ovrL ^aaikel ovtlvovv 8l6, Kaiirep avyyeveadat irap iirixapL^. (ov V60<; ^AvTiyovo'^, co? Karevorjae rrjv ^vauv

fi€yd\oi<;

0)(j)eXi/JL0<;,

rov dvBpof! fMTjSev dpyov ek (piXlav ^aaiXiKrjv /cal MafceSovcov ovaav, ov pLovov W.')(^cLtoiv,

dWa

Twv

avv

avTW

4 iKelv(p BcereXer

irdvrcov

koL to

pidXiara

^

'X^pcopLevo^i

cnjpLelov d7re/3aiveu &)? o

^609 eVl Twv lepcjv eBei^e. Xeyerai
kol

top koX t6t€ TToXe/jLicoTaTa fjL€V ovv 7rapijv6y/c€ to pr]6ev, ovBe dXXco^ ttoXv vifjLcov iriGT6(D<=; lepol
/xduTLv

pLLo,

eliTeiv

TTipieXfi

7r6pL6)(^opL6ua<;'

Ta')(y irpo^ tcl 6)(6i(7Ta avveiaiv et? aKpav <;

5 Xoyio-fiw ')(^p(t)pL€vo(;. iirel Be vaTcpov ev ^copovvTL Tw TToXe/jifp avvayaycdv 6 ^AvTiyovo<; kcFTiaaiv

ev K^opivdo) KoX TToXXov'i v7roBe^^6/i€vo<; tov ^'ApaTov irrdvco KaTexXivev eavTov, koI /leTo, fiLKpov alTi]aa<; irept^oXaLov i^pcoTrjaev el Boxel KdKeivco y^v)(0^ elvai, tov Be Kal irdw piyovv (f>i]aavT0
Trepte^aXov ol TratSe?, tov "ApaTOV dvapLvrjadevTa twv lepoiv eKelvcov yeX(o<; eXa^e, Kal BiyyecTO tw jBaatXel TO arj/j,€Lov Kal ttjv irpoayopevaiv. dXXd TavTa fiev eTrpdy^Orj '^povoi^ vaTepov. XLIV. 'Ei/ Be Tah Tlvycil'^ B6vTe<^ Kal Xa^ovTe<; opKOvs evdv<; e/ddBi^ov eirl tov<; iroXep.iov^;. Kal a6eiar}<^ dfKJyoTepov^ opiov

Tore

Br)

irepl

Tr)v

^

lOO

ttoXlv dycope<;

TravTwv fiaXiara Coraes

rjaav,

ev

Trecppay/ievov

and Ziegler, after Reiske

:

irdyTa.

ARATUS

xLiii.

3-XLIV.

I

takings, but also more acceptable than anyone else companion in the king's leisure hours. There-

as a

fore, although Antigonus was young, as soon as he perceived that Aratus was naturally well fitted to be a king's friend, he continually treated him with greater intimacy than anyone else, whether of the Achaeans, or of the Macedonians in his following and thus the omen proved true which the god had given to Aratus For it is related that as he in his sacrificial victims. was sacrificing a little while before this, a liver was found which had two gall-bladders enclosed in a single coil of fat ; whereupon the seer had declared that Aratus would soon enter into close friendship with what he most hated and fought against. At the time, then, Aratus paid no heed to the utterance, since in general he put little faith in victims and divinations, and trusted rather to his reasoning Later, however, when the war was going powers. on well, Antigonus gave a feast in Corinth, at which he had many guests, and made Aratus recline just above himself. After a little while the king called for a coverlet, and asked Aratus if he too did not think it cold and when Aratus replied that he was very chilly, the king ordered him to come nearer so that the rug which the servants brought was thrown over both of tliem together. Then, indeed, Aratus called to mind his sacrificial victims and burst out laughing, and told the king about the omen and the But this took place at a later seer's prediction. ;

;

;

time.

XLIV. At Pegae Antigonus and Aratus exchanged oaths of fidelity, and straightway marched against And there were conflicts the enemy at Corinth. about the city, Cleomenes being well fortified, and

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Tou KXeofi6vov<; kol twv KopivOlcov 7rpodvfJLco<;.

oiv

(f>i,\o<;

avTOV,

iv

^Apdrov

dfjivvofievcov

^

tovtw

Be

Kpi(jroTe\r)<; 6 ^Apjelo^;

Biairep^Trerat,

Kpv(j>a

7r/30?

d7roo-T7]acov rr]v iroXtv, el
^RTTiBavpov e^ ^laOjxov TrXo/oi? Ko/jit^ofievov rd^o'^, ol fiev ^Apyetoc 'iTpoe^avaaTdvre<; eireOevTo rot? roO KXeofjuevov^ koI KaikKXemav

et9

Kara et?

Tr]v

he

dfcpoiToXiv, 6

ravra, koI Selaa^

KX€0/ievr]<;

irvdop^evo^; 1041

KaTaa\6vTe^ ol TroXepioi TO "Apyo^; diroKoyfrcoaLV avrov r?}? OLKaBe acorr]pLa<;, €KXc7rQ)v rov AKpoKopivOov en vvkto^ ejSorjpur)

^

Koi irapeXOoov puev eU "Apyo<; e(j)Or] zeal TLva rwv iroXe picov eTroirjaev, oXlyq) Be va-repov ^Apdrov iTpoepop,evov koI tov /Sacri-

3 dec.

Tpoirrjv

Xeo)?

perd eh Mapriveiav.

eiTK^aLvop.evov

e-)(C£>p7](jev

Bvvdpeco^; direK tovtov rot? p.€v

rrj^

'A%aiot? TToXiv at iroXeL^ diraaaL 7rpoae')(^d)pr]aav, '"Avriyovo^i Be tov AKpoKopivQov irapeXa^eVi "A/jaro? Be aTpaTr}yb<; aipedel<; vtt' ^Apyeiwv eTretaev avTov^ AvTiyovcp ra re twv Tvpdvvmv KOL TO, TOiV irpoBoTcov ')(^pi]paTa Bcopedv Bovvai, 4 TOV Be ^ApicFTopa^ov iv Ke7%pea?9 aTpe^XcoaavTef; KaTeirovTiaav, €(f)^ (p kol pudXia-Ta /caKco'i rjKovaev 6 *'ApaT09, ft)? dvOpcoTTOV ov irovrjpov, dXXd kol Ke')(pr)p.evov eKeivw Kal ireireiapievov dcfyeivac tijv dp)(riv Kal TTpoaayayelv rot? 'A;^a£ot? ti]v ttoXiv, ^

^

irepuBdiv irapavopico^; diroXXvpLevov. "HSr; Be Koi tS>v dXXcov eKeivw Td<; alTLa
XLV.

I02

ARATUS

xLiv.

i-xLv.

i

the Corinthians defending themselves with ardour. Meanwhile, however, Aristotle the Argive, who was a friend of Aratus, sent secretly to him and promised to bring his city to revolt from Cleomenes if Aratus would come thither with soldiers. So Aratus, after informing Antigonus, took fifteen hundred men and sailed from the Isthmus to Epidaurus with all speed. ^ But the Argives, revolting prematurely, attacked the garrison of Cleomenes and shut them up in the

and Cleomenes, learning of this, and fearing enemies got possession of Argos they would cut him off from a safe return home, abandoned Acrocorinthus while it was still night and went to citadel,

that

if his

He succeeded in getting into Argos first, routing some of the enemy on the way but shortly afterwards Aratus came up, and Antigonus showed himself with his forces, and Cleomenes therefore retreated to Mantineia. Upon this the cities all came over to the Achaeans again, Acrocorinthus was handed over to Antigonus, and Aratus, having been chosen general by the Argives, persuaded them to make a present to Antigonus of the property of the As for Aristomachus, tyrants and of the traitors. he was tortured at Cenchreae and then thrown into the sea for which deed, more than any other, Aratus was reproached, on the ground that he had allowed a man to be lawlessly put to death who was not wicked, but had cooperated with him, and at his persuasion had renounced his power and attached his city to the Achaean League. ^ their aid.

;

;

XLV. for

Presently, too,

men began

whatever else was done, ^

as, for

to blame Aratus instance, that the

Of. the Cleomenes, xx. 3 f. Cf. chap. XXXV.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ^AvTL'y6v(p Bcopeav eBcoKav, wairep Kcofirjv rrjv rvp')(o jxevov he avve^copyjcrav uvtm ^(^ovaaVy TOP ^

Siapirda-avTi

O

ifi^aXelv

(ppoupav

dWro

iyjr7]c))L(TavT0

Be

TTpecTJSevetv

irpo^

'ypd(j>6LV

fir]

dWov

MaKcBoviKi^v, jSaaiXeL

aKovro^

/jirjBe

'Avriyovov,

re fcal /niadoBoreLv rjvayKd^ovTO rov<; Ma/teSoi^a?, OvaLa<^ Be Ka\ jro/iiTrd^ koX dyoiva'^

2 Tpe6LV

iro*AvTiy6v(p crvvereXovv, dp^a/ievcov rcbv^Apdrov ^ \iT(ov Kol Be^afievcov rfj ttoXcl top Avriyovov vir

^€vi^6/jL€Vov, yTLMvro irdpTcov eKelvov, dyvoovvre^ on Td<; 7]VLa<; ifceivrp irapaBeBcoKax; Kal TTJ pvpLT) Trj<; /3aaiXiKrj<; ecpeX/co/jLevo^ e^ovo-ia^

^Apdrov

ovBevo^i

rjv

rj

/x6vr}(;

(fxavr)^

3 T'qv irappt^alav e^oucr?;?.

en

Kvpio<;, e'iTLa
iirel (f>av€pco<;
TroXXd

TOiV TTpaTTOfjievayv eXvirei rov "Aparov, axnrep to ^ Trepl T(i)v eLKovcov 6 jdp AvTLyovo<; Ta9 fiev rSiv iv "Apyei rvpdvvcov KaTal3e/3Xrjfji,€va<; dvearrjcre, ra? Be rwv eXovrwv rov AKpoKopivOov ecrrwo-a? dverpeylre ttXtjv yuta? T779 eKelvov Kal iroXXd irepl eBoKei Be TOVTcov Bey]del<; 6 "Aparof; ovk eiretaev. ^

4

Kol rd rrepl ^iavriveiav

aOai Tol^ 'A%aiOi9.

ov'X^

'EXXrjvtKojf; Bi(pK7J-

Kpan]aavTe<; yap avrcov Bi" €vBo^oTdrov<; Kal irpcorov;

^Avnyovov tou? /nev direKreivav, tmv B' dXXcov tou? fiev diriBovTO, Tov<; S' et? MaKeBoPLav direa-retXav iv 7r€Bai<;^

Be Kal yvvalKa^; 'qvBpairoBiaavTO, Tou Be (Tvva-)(6evT0<; dpyvpiov to rplrov avTol BieiXovro, Td<; Be Bvo fioipa<; evei/iav toI<;

BeBepuevovf;, iralBa^i

^

104

iv TTfBais Sint.', followed

by Ziegler

:

ire'Jots.

ARATUS

XLV.

1-4

Achaeans made a present to Antigonus of the city of Corinth, as if it had been an ordinary village that they allowed the king to plunder Orchomenus and put a Macedonian garrison in it that they decreed not to write or send an embassy to any other king against the wishes of Antigonus; that they were forced to furnish supplies and pay for the Macedonian troops and that they celebrated sacrifices, processions, and games in honour of Antigonus, the fellow-citizens of Aratus leading the way and receiving Antigonus into their city, where he was the For all these things men blamed guest of Aratus. Aratus, not knowing that, since he had entrusted the reins to the king and was dragged along in the wake of the king's power, he was no longer master of ;

;

;

anything except his tongue, which it was dangerous for him to use with freedom. At any rate Aratus was plainly annoyed at many acts of the king, and especially at his treatment of the statues in Argos for those of the tyrants, which had been cast down, Antigonus set up again, while those of the captors of Acrocorinthus, which were standing, he threw down, that of Aratus only excepted and though Aratus made many appeals to him in the matter, he could not persuade him. It was thought also that the treatment of Mantineia by the Achaeans was not in accord with the Greek spirit. For after mastering that city with the aid of Antigonus, they put to death the leading and most noted citizens, and of the rest, some they sold into slavery, while others ;

;

off into Macedonia in chains, and made slaves of their wives and children, dividing a third of the money thus raised among themselves, and

they sent

giving the remaining two-thirds to the Macedonians.

105

PLUTARCH'S LIVES .5

Kal ravra jjlIv ea)(^e top t% afjLvpr]<; Kal yap el Seivov dvSpa^ ofioc^vKov^ Kal auyyev€L
Ma/ceB6(Ti„ vo/jlov

Kal GKXrjpov} Kara Mairep akyovvri rep 6vp.(p Kal ^Xeyp^aivovTi OepaireLav Kal dvaTrXijpcocriv '7rpoa(f)erd Be imstcl ravra nrpa^Bkvra irepl rr)V povTcov. itoXlv ovr eh KaXrjv our eh dvayKaiav earl OidOai Tft) Apdrcp 7rp6<paai,v. rcov yap ^A)(^aia)V rrjv itoXlv rrap Avnyovov hwpeav XaBovrwv koI iv avdyfcai^ yXv/cv yiverai

^ifjLwvihrjv,

^

6

^

KaroiKi^eiv eyvwKoroov avrcx; 0LKiarr)<; alpedel^ Kal (Trpar7jyo<; cov iylr7](l)Laaro prjKen KaXelv

MavrLveiav, dXX' ^Avrtyoveiav, o Kal P'expi vvv Kal Sokcl Bl eKelvov rj fiev epareivrj

KaXelrai.

Mavrlveia iravrdrraaiv e^aXTJKi^OaL,

Biap^evet Be 7roXt9 eTTMvvpo^; rcov diroXeadprcov Kal dveXovrcov TOL"? rroXiras, XLVI. F.K rovrov K\eop.ev7]<; pev rjrrrjOeh r)

peydXrj rrepl ^eXXaalav e^eXiire^ rrjV ^Trdpr'iiv Kal dTrerrXevaev eh AXyvirrov, Avri701/09 Be iravra rd BUaia Kal
^Apdro) 7re7roir}K(o<; dve^ev^ev eh MaKeBovtav, 104£ KdKet vo<J(i3v TjBri tov BidBo')(^ov tt}? ^aaiXeia^; ^lXlttttov,

ovttci)

irdvv p^etpaKLov ovra, irepirwv

eh TieXoiTovvqaov ^Apdrw pdXtara

irpoGe^eiv

eKeXevae Kal Bc^ eKelvov rah iroXeaiv evrv)(^6lv 2 Kal yvwpiadrjvai roh A'^awh' Kal pevroi Kal ^

Koi (TK\Tip6v

with Bergk {Pod. Lyr, Gr.

iii.*

p. 530): koX

oh (TK\rjp6p. * The repeated treacheries of the Mantineians towards the Aohaeans-are related at length in Polybius, ii. 57 f. 2

Homer, 106

Iliad,

ii.

607.

ARATUS It

is

true that this

XLV. 4-XLV1. 2

came under the law of

^

reprisal

;

a terrible thing to treat men of the though same race and blood in this way, out of anger, still " in dire stress even cruelty is sweet," as Simonides for

it is

when men, as it were, give satisfaction and healing care to a mind that is in anguish and inflamed. But the subsequent treatment of the city by Aratus was neither necessary nor honourable, and cannot says,

be excused. For after the Achaeans had received the city from Antigonus as a present and had decided to colonize it, Aratus himself was chosen to be the founder of the new settlement, and being then general, got a decree passed that the city should no longer be called Mantineia, but Antigoneia, and this is its name down to the present time. And so it was " due to Aratus that the name of " lovely Mantineia 2 was altogether extinguished, and the city continues to bear the name of him who destroyed and slew its former citizens. ^ XLVI. After this, Cleomenes, having been defeated in a great battle at Sellasia,* forsook Sparta

and

sailed off to Egypt, and Antigonus, after having accorded to Aratus fair and kindly treatment in every way, led his army back to Macedonia. There, being now a sick man, he sent Philip, his successor in the kingdom, who was still a stripling, into the Peloponnesus, and urged him to attach himself to Aratus above all others, and through him to deal with the cities and make the acquaintance of the Achaeans.

m

• The old name of the city was restored adrian. Pausanias, viii. 8. 12. * In 221 B.C., cf. the Cleomenes, xxviii. ff.

by the Emperor

107

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TrapaXa/SoDV avrov 6 "A/jaro? ovrco^ BieOrfKCP ware TToWr}^ /JL€V €vvoLa<; 77^09 avrov, TroWrjf; 8e tt/oo? Ta9 'EXXr]PiKa<; irpd^ei^ (jicXorifita^ Kal 6pfirj
XLVII.

TeXevTijaavTO'^ Be 'Avriyovov /caraAlrcoXol tmv 'A^aicoi^ hud rr]v paOvfiiav {e6ia0evr€<; 'yap dX\orpLaL<; aco^eaOaL X^P^'' Kal To2<s ^laKeBopcov o7rXot9 avTOV<; virearaXK ore's iv dpyia iroXky Kal dra^ia Birjyov) eireOevro roi<; Kara HeXoirovvijaov irpdypaar Kal rr^v fjuev Tiarpewv Kal Av/jbalcov Xerfkaa-lav oBoi) Trdpepyov
e7roL7](Tavro, rrjv Be

Meaai]V7]v ip.fiaX6vr€
2 60VV.

0I9

e'^'

avrw

arparr)yia
reXevrQ)(Trj
avro<;

yprj/ievofi

dp^et-v /ler eKelvov TrpoeXajSev rj/jLcpai^ rrevre rr}v Kal dpxv^ €V€Ka rov ^orjOrjaat, MeaarjvLOi^;.

avvayaycov

rov<; 'Axatov<; roh re acop^aaiv dyvKal ral<; BiavoiaL^ €KXeXvpevov<;

/jLvdarov
rov

r/rrdrat irepl Ka(f)va<;' Kal earparrjyrjKevaL Bo^a^ ovrw<; av irdXiv diTriijLpXvvdri Kal irpor^Karo rd Trpdyfiara Kal Ta9 iXiriBa';, coare 7roX\dKL
OvpiKcorepov

Alr(oXov<; 7rapaaxovra<; dvex^aOai Kal rrepLopdv MCTTrep

Kco/jLd^ovra
4 TroXXrjf;

daeXyeiaf;

iv

Kal

rrj

IIeXo7rovv7']afp per a avOi^i ovv

Opaavri]ro<;.

opeyovre^ eh MaKeBovuav iireaTTcovro Karrjyov cttl rd
KaL

^

^

108

In 221 B.C. In 220 B.C.

See the Cleomcnes, xxx. See the Clemnenes, xxxiv.

1.

.

ARATUS

xLvi. 2-xLvii. 4

And

indeed Aratus did take the prince in hand, and so as to send him back to Macedonia full of great goodwill towards his patron and of ardour and ambition for the conduct of Hellenic

managed matters

affairs.

XLVII. But upon the death of Antigonus

^

the

Aetolians, despising the Achaeans on account of their slothful ways (for now that they were accustomed to save themselves by other men's prowess and had taken shelter behind the Macedonian arms, they were living in great inactivity and lack of discipline), proceeded to interfere in the affairs of Peloponnesus 2 and after plundering the territories of Patrae and Dyme on their way, they invaded ;

Messenia

and ravaged

it.

At

this

Aratus was

incensed, and seeing that Timoxenus, who at that time was general of the Achaeans, was hesitant and dilatory, since his term of office was just about to

he himself, having been chosen to succeed Timoxenus, anticipated his term of office by five

expire,

days for the sake of giving aid to the Messenians. having assembled the Achaeans, who were physically and mentally unfit for war, he met with defeat at Caphyae. Then, being thought to have conducted the campaign with too much ardour, his purposes were once more blunted and he gave up the cause and his hopes for lost, so that oftentimes, when the Aetolians gave him an advantage, he

And

neglected it, and suffered them to revel, as it were, in Peloponnesus, with great boldness and wantonness. Once more, therefore, the Achaeans stretched out their hands imploringly to Macedonia, and

brought Philip down to take part in Hellenic affairs, above all things because his goodwill towards Aratus

i

109

PLUTARCH'S LIVES evvoiav avrov koX

itlcjtlv eXTr/foi^re?

evKoXfo irepX

irdvra y^p^^aeaOai kol ')(€ipoyj66i. XLVIII. Kal t6t€ irpwrov ^AireWov koX

Meya-

Xiov Kal Tivcop avXiKMV dWcov Bia/SaWovrcov TOP "ApaTOV avajreiaOeh 6 ^aaiXev^;, Kal avvrot? diro

rrj<^ iiavTia^ ardaecof;, Kxcllov^ eXeaOai arpaTrjyov 2 'Rir^parov. a)9 3' eKeivov fiev KaTa^povovfiivov T€X,e&>9 VTTO Tcov 'A^atojv, Tov Se ^Apdrov irap-

ap')(^aip€cridaa<;

^

eaTTOvSaae

tov<;

iylvcTo tcov '^prjai/jLcov ovSiv, eyvw Kal dvahiapLapTdvcDV tov TravTo^i 6 ^LXc7nro<;.

a/J-eXovvrof;

Kpovadfievo^i avOi<; cttI tov

Kal TCOV TTpayfidTcov

"ApaTov 6Xo
avTM

Trpo? evho^iav eirihihovTcov i^)jpTr)T0 3 CO? Bl* €K6lvov evBoKLficov

Kal

rjv

iKcivov,

re Buva/itv Kal

tt/jo?

tov dvBp6<;,

av^6/jievo<;.

iBoKci

T€ irdcTiv 6 "ApaTo^ ov jmovov Brj/jL0KpaTLa<;, dXXa Kal ^aaiXela^; dyadb
TTpd^eai TOV ^acrtXecof; eTre^aiveTO.

Kal yap

rj

AaKeBatfiovLOv<; dfiapTovTa^; /zerptoT?;? tov veavicTKOv Kal t) 7rpo<; Kpi]Ta^ ofjuXia, Bl rj<; oXrjv 7rpo
TTpoaijydyeTO TT^oo?

ttjv

vrjaov

r)/jL€pai<;

oXiyai^,

AltcoXov^ (TTpaTela yevofievrj

iv6pyo
tw

rj

re

OavfJLaaTOi^

^lXlttttcp Bo^av, ev^ov-

^

4 Xia^i Be Tcp

ApdTcp TrpoaeTiOet. /jLoXXov 01 ^aaiXiKol (f)9ovovvT€<;,

Kal Bid TavTa &)
ovBev iirepai-

vov Kpv<pa Biai3dXXovT€<;, dva(f)avB6v eXoiBopovvTO Kal irpoaeKpovov avTco irapd Tov
no

Cf. Pol^'bius, V. 50.

ARATUS

xLvii. 4-XLV111.

4

him led them

to

they would find him easy- tempered in manageable.

all

and

his confidence in

hope that things and

XLVIII. And now for the first time Apelles, Megaleas, and sundry other courtiers made false charges against Aratus to which the king listened, and johiing in the canvass made by those of the opposite faction, he favoured the election of Eperatus as general of the Achaeans. But Eperatus was altogether despised by the Achaeans/ and as long as Aratus gave little heed to public matters nothing went well. Philip therefore perceived that he had been entirely wrong. So he reversed his course, went back to Aratus, and was wholly his ; and since the progress of events now brought him increased power and reputation, he depended altogether upon Aratus, convinced that his repute and strength were due to him. And all the world thought that Aratus was a good guardian and tutor for a kingdom no less than for a democracy for his principles and character were manifest, like colour in a fabric, in the actions of the king. For instance, the moderation of the young prince in dealing with the offending Lacedaemonians, his engaging behaviour towards the Cretans, by means of which he won the whole island to obedience in a few days, and the astonishingly vigorous conduct of his campaign against the Aetolians, all added to the reputation of Philip for taking good advice, and to that of Aratus for giving it. For this reason, too, the royal courtiers were all the more envious of him, and since they could accomplish nothing by their secret calumnies, they took to ;

abusing and insulting him openly at their banquets, III

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TToXX?)? aa^eXyeia^ koX ^ay/jLoXoxi'Ci'^' avraf Be koI \lOoi<;

TO

fidWovre*; airtovTa eU

heliTvov

KareBlcj^av.

evOv^

6pyiade}<;

rrjv

avrov^

fiev

/aera

o-ktjvtjv

6

ol?

e^'

OtXtTTTro?

et^qfiiwaev

ecKoai

rdkavJOL^, varepov he Xv/ialveadai, ra irpdyixara Koi rapcLTTeiv BoKOvvTa<; direKreLvev.

XLIX.

'EttcI Be

roL<^

fxevo^

Tf]<;

/ji6yd\a<; i'7TL6v/jLLa
r)

rvxv^

evpoova-r]<s iiraLpo-

TroWd'i

irpdyp^aac

p,ev

dvec^ve

koL

e/A^uTo? /caKia, top irapd 105

S'

Kal dvaBvovaa, kol BiecfyaLvev avTOv to fJUKpov direyvfjLvov IBlO, TOP 'TTpCJTOV /JL6V V6(t)TepOV "ApUTOV

<^v(TLV a')(7)iJiaTL(Tiibv eKpLa^ofievT)

Kara rjdo^,

rjBiku irepl ttjv yvvai/ca Kal 'ttoXvv ')(p6vov iXdv-

Oavev

i(f)6(TTL0<;

o)v

koX

^evi^6/jLevo<;

vir*

avToov

tireiTa 7rp6<; Ta9 'K\Xr)ViKd<; e^eTpa^^veTO ttoXlTe/a9 KOL (fiavepo^ rjv tjBt) top "ApaTOP avro2


irapea^^^e.

dp)(^ijp

Be L'TTO^/a?

vaTepei ^oy]9a)P, 6 Be ^iXnriro^i Tepop

to,

M.€(T(Tr)PLaKd

crraaiaadprcop yap uutcjp 6 pep"ApaTO^

€\doi)P

et?

Tr)P iroXip

rj/nepa fiia irpo-

ev9u<;

olaTpov Ttpa

KaT dXXrjXwp ipe^aXe

toZ? dpOpMirot^, IBia piep ipcoTcop TOL'9 o'TpaTTjyov'; T(OP ^leaarjpioiP el popLOVi KaTCL Tcjp TToXXcop ovK e^ovaLPy IBia Be irdXip

Tou? 3 TO)P

ttoXXmp TTpoeaTcoTa^ el ')(^elpa^ KaTO, ck Be tovtov TvpappovPTCop OVK e')(ovaiP. To!)p

OappyjaapTe^ ol pep dp)(0PTe^ eireXap^^dpopTo tcop Bt]

pay coy COP,

112

iKulpoi Be

perd

tcop ttoXXcop iireX-

ARATUS

xLviii. 4-XLIX. 3

and once with great wantonness and scurrility and threw stones at him as he pursued they actually was going to his tent after supper. At this Philip was enraged, and for the nonce fined them twenty ;

afterwards, however, regarding them as a noxious and confusing element in his affairs, he put them to death. 1 XLIX. But soon, as the king's fortune flowed talents

;

smoothly on, he was lifted up by his success, and his inlierent developed many inordinate desires ;

badness, too, forcing aside the unnatural restraints of his assumed deportment and making its way to the light, little by little laid bare and revealed his In the first place he inflicted a true character. private wrong upon the younger Aratus by corrupting his wife, and was for a long time undetected, since he was a housemate and a guest of the family in the second place, he began to show hostility towards the civil polities of the Greeks, and it was presently clear that he was trying to shake off" First grounds of suspicion were afforded by Aratus. For there was factional his conduct at Messene. strife in the city, and Aratus was tardy in coming to its aid, and Philip, who got to the city a day before Aratus, at once goaded on the two parties against one another. In private he asked the generals of the Messenians if they had not laws to enforce against the common people, and again in private he asked the leaders of the common people if they had not hands to lift against the tyrants. Upon this the officials plucked up courage and tried to lay hands upon the leaders of the people, and they, coming to the attack at the head of their followers, ;

»

Cf. Polybius, v. 15

f.

113

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Tov
66vTe<;

^iXlttttov, kol avyKpovovTo<; en [laWov eavTol<^ Toi;? Mea<J^;^'tou9, eireXdoiv 6 "ApaTo<; auro'i re Bi]Xo<; rjv (pepcov ^apeco<^

7nKpa)<;

koI rov vlov

eiriTLfjiOiVTa

tm

^^LXiinrco kol XoiBopovfjuevov ovk €K(oeBoKei he 6 veaviaKO<; epav rov ^lXLttitov'

Xvaev. KaX Tore Xeycov elire irpo^i avrbv 009 ovBe KaXovaiv, dvecTT-qaev

eic

rov Oedrpov

rrjv

Be^idv e/jL^dXoov,

/cal

Ad

Ovacov koI ^IdcopLdrav rw re 3 6eo)p7](Ta)V rov roirov. ecm yap ov')(^ rjrrov evepKr}<; TTpoarjyep

eh rov

rov ^AKpoKoplvdov, Kol Xa^MV (ppoupdv yiverai BvcreK^LacTro^ rot? rrapoLKOvcnv. 'X^aXeirb^; kol dvaffd<; Be koX 6vaa^, ft)9 m-poarjveyKev avrw rd airXdyyva rod /3oo9 o /idvri
^apLw

4

,

^

A

precinct of Zeus, on the

Pausanias,

114

iv. 3. 9.

summit

of

Mt. Ithome.

Cf.

ARATUS slew the

officials

xLix. 3-L. 4

and nearly two hundred

citizens

besides. L. After this

outrageous deed of Philip's, and while he was striving more than ever to set the Messenians by the ears, Aratus reached the city. He showed clearly that he was indignant himself, and would not check his son when he bitterly reproached and reviled Philip. Now, it would seem that the young man was a lover of Philip and so at this time he told Philip, among other things, that he no longer thought him fair to look upon, after so foul a deed, but the most repulsive of men. Philip ;

made no answer

to him, although it was expected that he would, since in his anger he had many times cried out savagely while the young man was speaking, but as though he meekly submitted to what had been said and was a person of moderation and not above the ordinary citizen, he gave the elder Aratus his hand, led him forth from the theatre, and brought him to the Ithomatas,^ in order to sacrifice to Zeus and take a view of the place. For it is quite as well walled in as Acrocorinthus, and with a garrison in it is difficult of access and a hard place for its neighbours to take by force. Thither Philip went up, and offered sacrifice, and when the seer brought him the entrails of the ox, he took them in both hands and showed them to Aratus and Demetrius of Pharos, leaning towards each one in turn and asking them what indications they saw in the omens was he to be master of the citadel, or to give it back to the Messenians } Demetrius, with a laugh, replied " If thou hast the spirit of a seer, thou wilt give up the place but if that of a king, thou wilt hold the ox by both its horns," speaking darkly of Peloponnesus, ;

:

;

PLUTARCH'S LIVES vrjcToVy 00?, el

KopivOw, 5

TrpoaXd^oi rov ^Wcdfxdrav tm 'A/c^oeaoixevqv v'TTO')(^eipiov koX

iravTarraaiv

6 he ^'ApaTo<; eiri ttoXu [xev rjau'X^a^^f TaTreivrjV. Beofievov Be rov ^LXiinrov to (f)at,p6/jLevov Xeyeiv, **

**

rioXXa

Koi

TroWal

fjLeydXa,

^WKewv

elirev,

iJbev^^

eK7T€(f)VKaaL

w Be

^iKiinre, Kprjrcjv oprj Bofcorwy dfcpai kol

7^9*

Trj<;

elcrl

Be ttov

ttoWoX

KOI Trj<; ^AKapvdixop tovto fiev y^epaacot., tovto 8' evaXoi roTTOL davjiaaTa^ 6')(yp6Tr]Ta<; e^ovre's' d\')C ovBeva toutcov KaTeiX')](f)a<;, koI Trdyre^i 6 eKovaiO)^ croL iroiovcn to Trpoaracraofievov. Xyaral rydp €/jL(j)vovTai TTerpai'i kuI Kprj/jLvcjp irepiexovraLy daaiXel Be 7riareo)
TavTa ttjv IleXo'TT6vvr]aov. utto TOVT(t)V OpfldifieVO^ (TV TOaOVTO^ rjXLKLav TWV fiev cti tcov Be Kvpio<; rjBri Ka0eaTr]Ka<;.^ r)ye/jici)v, dvoLyet 7reXayo<;,

XeyovTO<;

avTov

tcl

/lev

TTapeBwKev 6 ^iXimro'^, " eTTicFTraadfjievo^,

6B0P

Loopev'^'

Aeupo

cnrXdy^va tw

fidvTet

eKelvov

')(eLpo<^

tolvvv,^^

Be

rr}?

" ecprj,

ttjv avTrjv

wairep eK^e^LaapLevo^ vtt avTov kol

Trjv TToXiv d^r)prifjievo<^.

LI. 'O Be

"ApaTd

diToppewv

rjBr] r?}?

avXrj
KUTCL /iiKpop eavTOP dpaicopLL^6iiepo<^ Ik Trj
KOL KaTepLeLPe,

2

BeBico^i

dpa7rXr)adr]pat Bo^i]^ ttoptjerrpaTTep. eirel Be ra? re i/aO? viTo 'Pcop^alcop diroXeaa'; aLG')(^LaTa kol 6Xa)<; diroTV')((bp Tal
pa?

(Top,

a<^' a)P eKelpo^

Kal

epaKL^tip

116

Tou? Meaarjpiovf; avOu^i e7rtX€ipt](Ta<{ Kal pur] Xadcop rjBUei, cjiapepco'i Kal tt)p

ARATUS

L.

4-Li. 2

if Philip added the Ithomatas to Acrocorinwould be altogether subject and submissive to

which, thus,

him.

upon

Aratus held his peace for a long time, but Philip's asking

"There

are

many towering

him

to express his opinion, said

O

lofty hills in Crete, Philip, citadels in Boeotia and Phocis

many

:

and ;

in

Acarnania, too, I suppose, as well inland as on its shores, there are many places which show an amazing strength but not one of these dost thou occupy, and yet all these peoples gladly do thy bidding. For it is robbers that cling to cliff's and crags, but for a king there is no stronger or more secure defence than These open up for thee the trust and gratitude. Cretan sea, these the Peloponnesus. Relying upon these, young as thou art, thou hast already made While he thyself leader here, and master there." was yet speaking, Philip handed the entrails to the seer, and drawing Aratus to him by the hand, said "Come hither, then, and let us take the same road," implying that he had been constrained by him and made to give up the city. LI. But Aratus presently began to withdraw from the court and little by little to retire from his When the king was about intimacy with Philip. to cross into Epeirus^ and asked him to join the expedition, he refused and remained at home, fearing' that he would be covered with ignominy by the ;

:

king's proceedings.

Philip lost his fleet

most shame-

fully at the hands of the Romans, and after utter failure in his undertakings, came back into Peloponnesus. Here he tried once more to hoodwink the

Messenians, and after being detected in this, wronged ^ In 215 B c. Philip had made an alliance with the Carthaginians against the Romans.

117

PLUTARCH'S LIVES X<^pav avTMv iiropOei, TravraTracriv 6 "Aparo^ Kal BcefiXTJeij fcal avrov,

tt/^o? rjSrj airearpdc^T^ Tcov -Trepl rr)v yvpaL/cwvcTiv aSifCTf/Lidrcov alado-

(j)epwv dviapax; avro^;, diroKpyrrroiJievo^

fievo^ Kol^

3 8e

5e

Tov vlov elS&ai jhp v/Spia/ievov irept^v, ovBev,

dfMvi'aadai

fir)

Bvva/Lievq).

dWo

fjLeyiarrjv

yap 6 (^lXltttto^ Bok6l kol TrapaXoycordryv juera^aXkcOai fierapoXT^v, ef ^pLepov /3aai\eo9<; Kal fieipaKiov a-(0(Ppovo<; dvrjp daeXyrj^ Kal rvpavvo^ to Be ovk i)v €fftiX779 yev6p.€vo^.

dpa

^vaem, a\X' Xpovov Bid

iiriBei^L^;

ev

p.€ra/3oXr)

dleia KaKia^ iroXvv

(p6/3op dyvo7)66i(Tr}<^.

LII. ''Ort yap rjv p.ep.iypevov alaxvvr) Kal TO Trpo? TOV "ApaTov avTou 7rdOo<; 'avr' ^

(TvvT60pap,p.€vov, iBrjXwaev iiTLOvfiSiv

oh

<^o/3ft)

apx^j^

eirpa^e irepl avTov.

yap dveXelv tov dvBpa Kal

vopLL^cov ovB'

dv iXevOepo^ eKeivov ^wvto^ elvai, purj rt 76 Tvpavvo^ rj ^aaiXeixi, ^ia ph ovBh eTrexeiprja-e, Taupiwva Be tmv aTpaTrjycbv Tiva Kal 4>iXwv eKeXevaev dBrjX(p TpoTTWTOVTO'iTpd^ai, p,dXiaTa Bed 4>app.d2 K(DV, avTov 6 Be p,r) rrapovTO^. 7roirj(rdp,€vo<; tov

"ApaTov

(j)dpp.aKov avTw BiBcoaiv, ovk o-vvijOp o^v Kal a(f)odp6v, dXXd twv 0€p/la<; re p^aXaKa^ TO irp^TOv ev T(p cr^p^aTt Kal ^rjxa klvovvtwv

dp,l3Xelav,

ecTa

ovtco^

KaTa

p^iKpov

eh

(jiOopdv

irepaivovTwv. oh p^rjv eXaOe ye tov "ApaTov dXX tt)? ovBev ^v6(f>eXo^ iXeyxovTi, irpaw^ Kal (ncoirfj TO 0)9 Bt] Tiva voaov kolvtjv Kal 3

irdOo^,^ BirivTXei.

voaMv,

avvijOt]

ttXtjv €v6<;

ye tcov


118

I

ARATUS

LI.

2-Lii. 3

them openly and ravaged their territory. Then Aratus was altogether estranged and filled with distrust of the king, being now aware also of the crime committed against his domestic life. At this he was sorely vexed himself, but kept it hidden from his son, who could only know that he had been shamefully abused, seeing that he was not able to avenge himself. For Philip would seem to have undergone a very great and inexplicable change,^ in that from a gentle prince and chaste youth he became a lascivious man and a pernicious tyrant. In fact, however, this was not a change of nature, but a showing forth, in time of security, of a baseness which his fears had long led him to conceal. LI I. For that the feelings which he had cherished from the beginning towards Aratus had an admixture of shame and fear, was made plain by what he For he desired to kill Aratus, did to him at the last. and thought he could not be a free man while Aratus In a violent lived, much less a tyrant or a king.

way, however, he made no attempt upon him, but ordered Taurion, one of his officers and friends, to do this in a secret way, preferably by poison, when the king was absent. So Taurion made an intimate companion of Aratus, and gave him poison, not of a sharp and violent sort, but one of those which first induce gentle heats in the body, and a dull cough, and then little by little bring on consumption. The thing was not hidden from Aratus, but since it was no use for him to convict the criminal, he calmly and silently drank his cup of suffering to the dregs, as if his sickness had been of a common and familiar However, when one of his intimate comtype. 1

Cf. Polybius, vii. 13.

119

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TO) B(D/jLaTL(p irapovTO^ avaiTTVcra^ hiaifiovy 186pto<;

"

eKeivov koX Oavfidaavro^;,

LIIL OuTco

Be

avTOv

TaOra,"

" ecTrev,

w

Te\€VTr)cravTO<; iv Aly[(p

Kal twv (TrpaTrjyovvTO<;, eKel (f>i\oTi/jLovjbLeva)v yeveaOai ra^a^

eTTTaKaiBeKaTOV

TO

A')(ai(bv

Kal

fjLPij/iara irpeiTOVTa ra>

VLOL avp,(popdv iiroLOVvro

/3tft)

fMTj

rod

dvBp6<;, ^ikvco-

Trap* avrol^ reOrjvaL

2 TO (TMfia. Kal Tou? fjuev *A^aiov<^ eireiaav ecfaevat, vojjbov Be 6W09 dp-^aiov /jLrjBiva OaTTTeadaL rei^^cov

evTo^y i(T)(ypd'i re ra> vofiw BeicriBaip^ovia^ rrpoaova7]<;, eTrefjL-xjrav /JL6V0C

rr)v

')(^prja/iov

eh

AeX(f)ov<; virep tovt(ov eprjao-

Ylvdiav,

rj

Be

rov

avTol^ dvaipel

TovBe'

povkevrj, ^iKucov, ^(odypiov alev *Apdrov, dfi,^ oalrj OaXiTj re Karoi')(p{xevoLO dvaKro<;

;

TO /Bapvvofievov to>S' dvept, Kal to ^apvvov >yaLr]<; eaj daej3)]pa Kal ovpavov r)Be Oa\daar]<;. cit)9

3 KO/jLiaOeLar](; Be ta)? jiavTeia^; oX re *A;^atot cruyu,7ravT€<; ol Xckvcoviol

pL€Ta/3a\6vTe
eh

eoprrjv ro irevOo'i evdv<;

Alyiov TOP veKpov vovPTe<;

VTTO

earecpavcD/jLepoi,

iratdvoiv Kal ')(opoiv

eh

rrjv

dprjyov, Kal tottop e^eXopuepoL irepioirrop 4 OLKiaTrjP Kal acoTrjpa

KaXelrat

p-^xpi'

7r6Xeco<;

toO

iroXiv cjairep

eKrjBevaap.

Kal

pvp ^Apdreiop, Kal Ouovaip avTM 1

120

rr]<;

e'/c

Kal Xev^ei/jLO-

In 213 B.C.

ARATUS

Lii.

3-Liii.

4

who was

with him in his chamber saw him and expressed surprise, " Such, my dear " are the Cephalo," said Aratus, wages of royal panions

spit blood,

friendship." LIII. And so he died,^ at Aegium, while general for the seventeenth time, and the Achaeans were very desirous that he should have burial there and

memorials befitting his life. But the Sicyonians regarded it as a calamity that he should not be buried in their city, and persuaded the Achaeans to surrender his body to them. They had, however, an ancient law that no one should be buried inside the city walls, and the law was supported by strong feelSo they sent to Delphi to get ings of superstition. advice in the matter from the Pythian priestess, and she gave them the following oracular answer :

—

" Would'st thou, O Sicyon, pay Aratus lasting honour for the lives he saved. And join in pious funeral rites for thy departed lord ? that the place

Know

which vexes or

is

vexed by

him Is sacrilegious,

be

it

in earth or

sky or sea."

When

the oracle was brought to them the Achaeans were all delighted, and the Sicyonians, in particular, changing their mourning into festival, at once put on garlands and white raiment and brought the body of

Aratus from Aegium into their city, amid hymns of and choral dances and choosing out a commanding place, they buried him there, calling him founder and saviour of the city. And the place is called to this day Arateium, and yearly sacrifices are made to Aratus there, one on the day when he praise

;

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Ouaiav, pavvLho^

Tr)v fxev,

aTrrjWa^e t% tvAaiaiov firjvo^, op 'A^r/AvOeaTTjpicjva, Kat ttjv Ovalav ttjv ttoXiv

fj

rj/jLepa irifjiTrTTj ^

valoL KokovcFLv

irpoaayopevovai, rrjv Be rov ^evkadai tov dvSpa BLapvr}p,ov€vov(Ti. 105' TTJf; fiev ovv iTpoTepa<^ 6 tov At6
fxrjvo^i

5

iv

'^cortjpia fj

^Apdrov, aTp6(piov ov^ 6\6Xev/cov, dWd fieaoTTop^vpov e;^coi^, /-teXr; Be rjBero 7rpb<; KiOdpav viro Tcov irepl TOV Atovvaov Te')(yLT(bv, kul avveirofiirevev 6

Kal TO)v

^v p.vaaiap-)(o^ e^i'-j^oovy

r]'yovpievo
cItu ec^eiireTO

V7)(^opovaa Kal TOdv

dXkwv

twv re iraiBwv

/SovXrj crTe(f>attoXitcov 6 ^ovXofievo^, rj

wv

€Ti Beiy/jiaTa /liKpd tol'^ r)/j,epai
eKXeXoLTracTLV.

LIV. 'AXXd yap

6 p,ev 7rpea^vT€po<; "ApaTO^; ^ioiaat Kal tolouto^ yeveaBai ttjv (f)vaLV laTopeiTar tov Be vlov avTOV p.iap6<; oiv (pvcreL

ovTco

Kal p,eT oipoTrjTO^ vfipiaTrj^; 6 ^IXlttito^ ov 6avaaiiMOi^iy dXXd p,avLKol<; efecrr^/cre tov Xoyia/jiov (papp^aKOL^- Kal 7rapeTpe\jrev ei? Beivd^ Kal dXXok6tov<; e7ri(popd<;, irpd^ewv aTOTTWv Kal avv alayvvrj 7ra6o)v oXedpucov opeyo/aevov, wdTe tov OdvaTOV avTW, Kaiirep ovtl veco Kal dvOovvTi, /jltj aXX' aTToXvcFLV KaKOiv Kal acoTrjpLav (Tv/uL(f)opdv, 2 yeveaOac. BiKa's ye p.r]V 6 ^lXltttto^; ov pe/jL7rTd<; Au ^evLO) Kal (piXio) t% dvoaiovpyia^; TavTrj^ TLvcov BieTeXeae.

KaTairoXe/jirjOeU piev

yap

vtto

'PcopLaicov iireTpe-xlrev eKeivoi^ tcl KaO^ avTov, €k-

122

I

ARATUS

Liii.

4-Liv. 2

—

freed the city from its tyranny the fifth day of the montli Daesius (which the Athenians call Anthesand terion), which sacrifice has the name Soteria, one on the day of the month when, according to the The first of these sacrifices records, he was born. was performed by the priest of Zeus the Saviour; the second by the priest of Aratus, who wore a

headband, not pure white but purple and white, and hymns with accompaniment of lyre were sung by the artists of Dionysus, and the gymnasiarch took part in the procession, at the head of the boys and young men of military age then followed the councillors wearing garlands, and all other citizens who desired. Of these ceremonial rites the Sicyonians still preserve slight traces, celebrated on the same days of the year, but most of them, owing to the passage of time and the pressure of other matters, have ;

lapsed.

LIV. Such was the life and such the nature of the elder Aratus, as history tells us and as for his son, he was deprived of his reason by Philip, who had an abominable nature and added savage cruelty He gave the to his wanton exercise of power. young man poisons which did not kill, but crazed, and thus made him a prey to strange and dreadful impulses, under which he grasped at absurd activities, and experiences not only shameful but destructive, so that death came to him, although he was young and in the flower of his life, not as a calamity, but ;

as release

from

evils,

and

salvation.

For

this

unholy

deed, however, Philip paid ample penalties to Zeus, the guardian of hospitality and friendship, as long as he lived. For after being subdued by the Romans and putting his fortunes in their hands, he was

123

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 7recr&)i/

Be rrj^ aWr](;

ap')(^r](;

/cat

ra^

vav<; irXrjv

irevre 7rd(Ta
avvTeXovvTwv. /cat 3

airoKreivwv Be ael tou? apiarovs (ppiKrjf; iveTrXrjcre Kal fiiaov; ev Be /lovov ev tt/oo? avrov.

avyyeveaTarov^ oXrjv rrjv ^aatXeiav

KaKOL<; evrv)(r]fia KTr}ad/uL€vo
roaovTOi
rrjv dpxv^ irapeBwKev, ov ov yv^atov, dXX^ VTToffXrjTov elvai (paaip, eK VvaOaiviov tivo<; TOVTov AlfilXio^; edpidfjid/c€(TTpLa<; ryevo/Jievov. fievae' Kal Karearpe^ev evravda t^? 'AvTiyovLKr}<;

Oarepcp

^a(TiXeia
^CKVCJVL

124

r)

BtaBoxV'

to Be ^Apdrov yevo<; ev ry KaO' rjfid^;.

fcal rfj YleXXijvr] Bcefieive

I

ARATUS

Liv.

2-3

stripped of most of his dominions, surrendered all liis ships but five, agreed to pay a thousand talents besides, gave up his son to serve as hostage, and only out of pity obtained Macedonia and its tribuBut he was for ever putting to death the taries. noblest of his subjects and his nearest kin, and thus filled his whole kingdom with horror and One piece of good fortune only was hatred of him. his, amid so many ills, and that was a son of surpassing excellence but this son he killed, out of envy and jealousy of the honour paid him by the Romans, and left his kingdom to his other son, Perseus, who was not legitimate, as we are told, but supposititious, the child of a sempstress, Gnathaenion.^ This king graced the triumph of Aemilius, and with him ended the royal line of the Antigonids whereas the descendants of Aratus were living at Sicyon and Pellene in my time. ;

;

*

See the Aemiliu^ Paulus,

viii.

6

f.

;

xxxiv., xxxvi.

125

I

ARTAXERXES

APTOSEPSH2 'O

I.

fiev 7r/3coTo? ^ApT0^ep^7j<;, t(ov iv IIep(Tai<;

paaiXewv

TrpaorrjTC koX ixeyaXo-^v^^ia 7rp(0Tevaa<;,

^laKpo^eip eTreKaXelro rrjp Se^tav fiei^ova ri)^ krepa^ ex^v, BiCp^ov Be rjv vio^' 6 Se SevTCpo^;, 01)

irepX

TciSe >ypd(f)6Tai,, ^Iptjficov eVt/cXT^^et?

in:

Aapelov yap kol Wapvad- 101' 6vjaTpo<; Tjv ifceivov. TtSo? iralBe^; iyevovro reaaape<^, irpea^vraTO^; fiev 'A/JTofepfr;?, /xer' i/cetpov 8e Kupo<;, vecorepoL Se koI ^O^d6pr)<;, 6 fxev ovv KOpo?

2 TOVT(ov^Oardv7j
drro

Kupou rov iroKaiov Tovvopua ea^j^v, eKeivw he ^aar Kvpov yap KaXelv

diTO Tov r]\iov yevkaOai

Ilepo-a? rov r)\Lov.

6 he ^ApT0^ep^r)(; ^ApaLKa<; eKaXelro' kultol Aclvcov ^-qalv on dXXa rov K.T7]aLav, el Kal raXXa fivdwv ^Odpar)<;. cLTTtddvcov Kal '7rapa(f)6p(ov e/jL^e/SXrjKev eh ra ^L^Xia TravToBairrjv irvXalav, ovk elKo^i eariv

Trporepov

dyvoelv TovvofJia rov /SaaiXews Trap' qj Bierpt^e Oepairevcdv avTov Kal yvvalKa Kal fitjrepa Kal TralBa^;.

'O

ovv K.vpo<; evrovov tl Kal a^oBpov ijjXiKia^ et;^ei/, drepo^ Be irpaoT€po<; eBoKei irepl irdvTa Kal rah opfialf; cpvaeL jxaXaK GOT epo<; elvat,. yvvalKa Be KaXrjv Kal dyaII.

evOv^ Ik

Orjv

/xev

7rpooTrj<;

eXa/3e puev rcov yoveaiv KeXevovrcov, €vXa^€

^ Artaxerxesl. 465-425 B.C. has become fixed in English.

128

The parallel form Artaxerxes

ARTAXERXES I. The first Artaxerxes,^ preeminent among the kings of Persia for gentleness and magnanimity^ was surnamed Longimanus, because his right hand was longer than his left^ and was the son of Xerxes the second Artaxerxes,^ the subject of this Life, was surnamed Memor, or Mindful, and was the grandson For Dareius ^ of the first by his daughter Parysatis. and Parysatis had four sons an eldest, Artaxerxes, and next to him Cyrus, and after these Ostanes and Oxathres. Cyrus took his name from Cyrus of old,* for who, as " they say, was named from the sun " Artaxerxes is the Persian word for sun. Cyrus ;

—

;

was at the

first

name

called Arsicas

as Oarses.

But

;

although Deinon gives

it is

unlikely that Ctesias,

he has put into his work a perfect farrago of extravagant and incredible tales, should be ignorant of the name of the king at whose court he lived as physician to the king's wife and mother and children. II. Now Cyrus, from his very earliest years, was high-strung and impetuous, but Artaxerxes seemed gentler in everything and naturally milder in his impulses. His wife, a beautiful and excellent woman, he married in compliance with his parents' bidding, even

if

2 =*

*

Artaxerxes II. 404-362 B.C. Dareius II. 424-404 B.C. Cyrus the Elder, 559-529 B.C.

129

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Be

KwXvovTwv

6

^aai\€v<; i/SovXevero

Tov yap a8e\(f>ov avTt)<; aTTOKTeiva<s KaKelvijv aveXelv, 6 he ^ApaLKa<; r^? fiijrpo^; Ifcerrj^; yei'6/jL6Vo
avTOV

he fjbrjrrjp rrjv avOpwirov. 77 TOV Kvpov fiaXXov (fnXovaa koI ^ovXofievrj Bcb /cal tov iraTpo^ voaovv^acrcXeveiv eKelvov. T09 Tjhr) /jLeTaiTe/jLTrTo^ airo OaXdaar)^ yev6fJLevo<^ iravTairaaiv dve/3aivev eveXiTL^; cov, 009 KaTetpyaSLacrrrjcrai

viTrjp)(e

(T/JL€vr]^ iKeLvr]
^PX^^'

'^^^

htdBo-^op avTOV d'Trohet')(6?jvaL

y^P ^^X^^

aaTi<;, o5 /cal B,ep^r]^ 6

evTrpeTTrj

Xoyov

rj

TraXaib^ i^PV^ccTo,

Trj<;

UapvArjfjia-

'

paTOv Bihd^avT0<;, 009 ApaUav jxev ISkottj, K.vpov Be PaaLXevovTL Aapeiw TeKelv?ov firjv eireiaev, dXX* 6 Trpea^vTepo^ direBeiX^V ^ciaiXev'^, 'ApTO^ep^7j<; fji€TOVO/jLaaOeL<;, K.vpo<; Be

Kol T03V

eirl

AvBLa
OaXdaar)<; aTpaTrjyo^.

in. ^OXlyay B' vaTepov e^rjXaaev eU IlaaapydBa<; (rdeiY} TTjv fiaaiXi/crjv

rj

TeXevTrjaaL Aapelov

6 /SaaiXev^;, oirw^; TeXe-

TeXeTrjv viro

tmv

ev Y\epaaL<^

ecTTL Be dedf; iroXefiLKrj^; lepov, fjv

lepicov.

dv T£9 CLKdaetev.

irapeXOovTa Tr)V fiev Xapelv Be fjv Kvpo^;

^AOrjvdv tov TeXovfievov IBiav diroOeadai, GToXrjv, dva-

6t9

tovto

Bee

6 iraXato^ €(f)6pei, irplv rj /SaacXev^ yeveaOai, kol gvkwv 7raXd9r)<; ifKpayovTa Tepfiivdov KaTaTpayelv kol iroTrjpiov eKirielv o^v-

el Be irpo^ tovtol^ erep' arra Bpwaiv, ydXaKTO<;. ^ tuvtu Bpdv ApTO^ep^ov dBrfXov eaTi T0t9 dXXot<;. 1

130

T^Kuv Bekker has

t4kol, after Coraes.

I

ARTAXERXES

ii.

i-iii.

3

and kept her in defiance of them for after the king had put her brother to death, he wished to kill her also. But Arsicas, throwing himself at his mother's feet and supplicating her with many tears, at last ;

obtained her promise that his wife should neither be killed nor separated from him. But the mother had more love for Cyrus, and wished that he should succeed to the throne. Therefore, when his father was now lying sick, Cyrus was summoned home from the sea-coast, and went up in full hope that by his mother's efforts he had been designated as successor to the kingdom. For Parysatis had a specious argument (the same that Xerxes the Elder employed on the advice of Demaratus ^), to the eflect that she had borne Arsicas to Dareius when he was in private station, but Cyrus when he was a king. However, she could not prevail, but the elder son was declared king, under the new name of Artaxerxes, while Cyrus remained satrap of Lydia and commander of the forces in the maritime provinces. ^ III. A little while after the death of Dareius, the new king made an expedition to Pasargadae, that he might receive the royal initiation at the hands of the Persian priests. Here there is a sanctuary of a warlike goddess whom one might conjecture to be Athena. Into this sanctuary the candidate for initia-

must pass, and after laying aside his own proper robe, must put on that which Cyrus the Elder used to wear before he became king ; then he must eat

tion

of a cake of figs, chew some turpentine-wood, and drink a cup of sour milk. Whatever else is done besides this is unknown to outsiders. As Artaxerxes ^

*

See Herodotus, Cf.

vii. 3.

Xenophon, Anab.

i.

1, Iff.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES fieWovTO<; acf>iK€To Tiaa(f)€pv7]<; 7rpo<; avrov aycov €va TOdv Upewv, 09 iv iraial K^vpov t^? vop.i^op.evq<; aycoyrjf; eTTioTaTr)'; 'yev6p,evo^ Koi hihd^a^ pi^ayeveiv avTOV ovhevo^ yrrov iBofcet Yleptrcov aviaadat prj a'Troh€i')(6evTO'^ eKeivov j3aai\ew^' hio /cal iriariv 4

Kari^yopeu he

ea^e KarrjjopMv Kvpov. \ovTO<; ivehpei)6LV iv

rw

lep(p,

koi

0)9 fxeX-

eirei,hav eKhvrjraL

^aaiXev^, eTTLrideaOaL koX Bia01 pev €k ravT7]<; t?)9 hLa/3o\y]<; T7JV avXXrjyjnv yeveaOat (pao-lv, ol he koX irapeXdelv Tov K.vpov 669 TO Upov Kol TTapaSoOrjvai p,eWovTa Be avrop Kpvirrop.evov vtto rov lepecot;. TTjv

iaOrjTa

<^6elpeiv avTOV.

6

TjSrj cLTroOvija/cetP rj p,7]T7]p 7repL(T')(0V(7a Tai9 ayKor \ai's KOLi T0i9 ^odTpvyoL'^ TrepteXi^aaa koi (tv\-

Xa^ovaa 6Bvpop,€vr}

rov eKeivov Tpd')(ri\ov 7rpo<; top avTi]<;, TToWa koi Trorvicopepr} TrapyTTjaaro

/cal Kare'Trep.y^ev

avOi<; eirl

OdXarrav, ovk dya-

TTCovra rrjv dp^r^v eKelv7]v, ovBe pep,vr}p,ivov T779 Bi.eaeo)<;,

dWd t%

avWrjy]r€0)<;,

koI

hi

opyrjv

irrl rrjv

^aaiXeiav. irporepov IV. "Ez^ioi Be (f)aaiv ovk dpKovpevov ol<; eXdp,jSavev 669 TO KaO^ rjp,epav Belirvov diTocrTrjvai airapyodvra p.dXXov

rj

el yap dXXo fjurjSev, XeyovTe^. XP^l^^^^ '^^^^ XaiijSdveiv oaa ^ovXoiTo twv avTT]<; 7rape)(^ovaa Kal BiBovaa. /xaprvpel Be tw ttXovto) Kal to piadocfjopiKov 7roXXa)(^66L Bid tmv (piXcov Kal ^evwv avrw irapa- lOL

l3a(TiXi(o<;, evrjOvj

dXXd

77

P'VTijp virfjpx^'

Tpe(p6p,evov,

ft)9

dOp6ov<; p,ev aevo(f)a)v etprjKev. ert Trjv irapacTKevrjv eiriKpyirTO-

yap ov avvrjyayev, *

132

Aiuih

i.

1,

6-11.

ARTAXERXES

iii.

3-iv.

i

was about to perform these rites, Tissaphernes brought to him a certain priest wlio had conducted Cyrus through the customary disciphne for boys, had tauglit him the wisdom of the Magi, and was thought to be more distressed than any one in Persia because For this his pupil had not been declared king. reason, too, his accusation against Cyrus

won

cre-

dence. And he accused him of planning to lie in wait for the king in the sanctuary until he should

garment, and then to fall upon him and say that Cyrus was arrested in consequence of this false charge, others that he actually made his way into the sanctuary and hid himself there, and was delivered into custody by the priest. But now, as he was about to be put to death, his mother clasped him in her arms, twined her tresses about him, pressed his neck against her own, and by much lamentation and entreaty prevailed upon the king to spare him, and sent him back to the sea-coast. Here he was not satisfied with the office assigned to him, nor mindful of his release, but only of his arrest and his anger made him more eager than before to secure the kingdom. IV. Some say that he revolted from the king because his allowance did not suffice for his daily For had no other resource meals, which is absurd. been his, still, his mother was resource enough, who gave freely from her own wealth all that he wished to take and use. And that he had wealth is proved by the mercenary troops that were maintained for him in many places by his friends and connections, as Xenophon tells us.^ For he did not bring these together into one body, since he was still trying to conceal his preparations, but in one place and another, put

off his

kill

him.

Some

;

133

PLUTARCH'S LIVES fievo<;,

2

a\Xa')(6dt Be dWou<;

^evo\oyouvTa<; irapovcra ra?

iirl

iroWaU Be

^acnXew^

€2)(^6.

vTroyfria^ d(f)j}p€i, /cat

OepairevTiKO)^

eypacfye,

rd

7rpo(f)d(T6(TL

rj

re

KOpo?

irap

alTov[ievo
fxev

avTOv, rd Be Tiaacpeppovf; dvTifcuTrjyopcov, Trpo? eKelvov avrw ^7]Xov kol dya)VO<; 6vto<;. 3

fJLrjTT^p

avTO<; del

009

Br]

^Wv

Be Tt? KoX fxeWrjai^ ev rfj (j)va€L rov ^aateineiKeLa ^aLvofxevrj rot? iroWol^. ev dp)(^fj Be Kol Trdvv ^rjXovv eBo^e rr]v ^Apro^ep^ov rov

Xeco<;,

Trpaorrjra, rjBlci) evTvy)(^dvea9aL, koI irepl to

6/jLcovv/jLOV

eavrov

re

ti/jlclv

7rape)(^(ov

kol '^api^ea-Oai

TO KUT d^iav v7rep/3dX\cov, KoXdaew^ Be 7rd(Tt]<; d(f)aLp5iv TO ecpv^pL^ov koX rjBofievov, ev Be t« Be)(e(T6aL ')(^dpiTa<; ou;^ tjttov toI<^ BlBovctlv

ff

TOt?

Xa/jL^dvouaiv ev tw BcBovai ^aivofievo^ ev^^^apa 4 Kal (f)L\dv6p(OTT0'^. ovBev ydp rjv ol;t&)? fiLKpov rt Tft>i^

BcBo/jbevcov o

fjurj

irpoaeBe^aro

7rpoOu/iQ}<;,

dWd

Kal poav filav

virepcpvij fxeyeOei, irpoaeveyicavTo^; " N^ rov IS^llOpav,^' elirev, ^D,p,iaov TLVo<^ avTw, *' ovTO<; 6 dvrjp Kal ttoKlv dv eK fJLLKpd^ '^^X^

/xeydXrjv TriarevOei^;.'^ V. 'EtteI Be dXXwv dXXa irpoac^epovrcov KaO^

TTOirjcreLe

6B0V avTOvpyo<; dvOpcoiro^ ovBev evpelv

TO)

Trora/jLO)

VTToXa^oov 'ApTofepfry? 'X^lXlov^;

Xd

Tov

irpocreBpafie

vBaro^

(f>idX7)v

BapeiKov^;.

eirl

Katpov (f)ddaa<; Kal ralv x^polv

irpoarjveyKev,

eire/xyjrev

avru)

"EvKXelBa Be

rw

r)a6el<;

6

XP^^V^ ^^^

AaKcovt, ttoX-

7rappr]aia^op.€V(p TTyOo? avTov avOaB(b<;, cKe" Xevaev elirelv rov ')(CXiap')(pv on Sot fxev e^eajiv

134

I

ARTAXERXES

iv.

i-v.

i

and on many pretexts, he kept recruiting-agents.

And

as for the king's suspicions, his motlier,

who

was at court, tried to remove them, and Cyrus himself would always write in a submissive vein, sometimes asking favours from him, and sometimes making countercharges against Tissaphernes, as if his eager contention were against him. There was, too, a certain dilatoriness in the nature of the king, which most people took for clemency. Moreover, in the beginning he appeared to be altogether emulous of the gentleness of the Artaxerxes whose name he bore, showing himself very intercourse, and bestowing greater honours and favours than were really deserved, while from all his punishments he took away the element of insult or vindictive pleasure, and in his acceptance and bestowal of favours appeared no less gracious and kindly to the givers than to the recipients. For there was no gift so small that he did not indeed, when a certain accept it with alacrity

agreeable in

;

Omisus brought him a single pomegranate of sur" By Mithra, this man would passing size, he said si)eedily make a city great instead of small were he :

entrusted with it." V. Once when he was on a journey and various people were presenting him with various things, a labouring man, who could find nothing else at the moment, ran to the river, and, taking some of the

water in his hands, offered it to him at which Artaxerxes was so pleased that he sent him a goblet of gold and a thousand darics. To Eucleidas the Lacedaemonian, who would often say bold and impudent things to him, he sent this word by his *' officer of the guard It is in thy power to say

i

;

:

135

PLUTARCH'S LIVES a fiovXec, i/iol Be kol Xeyeiv koI iroLelv.^' he Orjpa rivl Trjpt/Sd^ov hei^avro^^ avro) tov KavBvv icrx^cr/jLevov, })pcoT7ja€P 6 rt Bel iroielv. elirelv

2 ev

eKeivov Be ei7^6^'TO?, ""AXXoi^ avro^ evBvaai, tovTov Be ejjiol 5o?," ovrw'; eiroiy-jaev, elircop, " AlBco/ii, fiev, CO Ti^pl^a^e, aol tovtov, (fyopetv Be dirayo-

Tov Be TrjpL/Sd^ou

pevco.*^

yap ov

fit)

(j)povTcaavTO<; (jjv

Kal 7rapd<popo<;'), TOV re KdvBvv evBv^ eKeivov evBvvTO<; xal Bepaia '^^pvad kol yvvaiKela twv ^aaiXifcwv irepiirovijpo^, v7r6fcov(f)o<; Be

dWa

Oe/jbevou, 7rdvTe
fievTOL pa(Jikev<^ (TOi 3

Kal rd

-qyavdKTOVv (ov yap e^ijv), 6 " elire'

KareyeXaae Kal

')(^pvaia

co? /xaivo/jLevq).'^

aroXrjv /jL7)Bev6
fJieTe^ovTO<;

dXX^

AlBco/jll

yvvaiKl fcal ttjv Tpaire^r]^ Be r^? avTrj<^

cpopelv

rj

&)9

/xrjrpo^;

^aaiXeco<;

rj

/lev vir

avrov, T^9 Be /iir)rpo<; virep avrov, 'Apro^ep^r}<; Kal tou? dBeX(f)ov<; eVi rr]v avrrjv CKdXei rpdire^av, 'Oo-raev Be toI<; vrjv KOL ^O^dOpifv, v€(OT€pov<; 6vTa<;. ya/jL€T7]<;

fidXiara aaL<;

yvvaiKOf;, Kade^ojjievwv

Trj<;

Ke)(^apia/ievr]v oyjnv irapelx^

Tol
Hep-

%TaTeLpa<; dp/jud/ia^a yvfivr) TCJv TrapaTreraapdrcov del Trpocpepofievr} Kal BiBovcra rat? Brj/noriaiv dcnrdaaaOai avTrjv Kal irpoaeXOelv, 69ev rjyaTrdro rol<; 7toXXoI<; i) ^aalXeca. VI. Tbv /juevTOL Kvpov ol veayrepicTTal Kal ttoXvXa/nrpov dvBpa rfj yfrvxf? Kal 7rpdy/jL0ve
rj

r?)? yvvaifco<;

I

ARTAXERXES

v. i-vi. 2

what thou pleasest, but it is in mine both to say and to do." Again, when he was hunting once and Teribazus pointed out that the king's coat was rent, he asked him what was to be done. And when Teribazus replied, " Put on another for thyself, but give this one to me/' the king did so, saying, "

give this to thee, Teribazus, but

I forbid thee to Teribazus gave no heed to this command (being not a bad man, but rather light-headed and witless), and at once put on the king's coat, and decked himself with golden necklaces and women's ornaments of royal splendour. Everybody was indignant at this (for it was a forbidden thing) ; but the king merely laughed, and said '^ I permit thee to wear the trinkets as a woman, and the robe as a madman." Again, no one shared the table of a Persian king except his mother or his wedded wife, the wife sitting below him, the mother above him ; but Artaxerxes invited to the same table with him his brothers Ostanes and Oxathres, although they were his j uniors. But what gratified the Persians most of all was the sight of his wife Stateira's carriage, which always appeared with its curtains up, and thus permitted the women of the people to approach and This made her beloved of the greet the queen. I

wear

it."

:

common

folk.

VI. Nevertheless, restless and factious that affairs demanded Cyrus, a man

men thought who had

a

brilliant spirit, surpassing skill in war, and great love for his friends ; and that the magnitude of the empire

Acrequired a king of lofty purpose and ambition. cordingly, Cyrus relied quite as much upon the people of the interior as upon those of his own province and command, when he began the war. 137

PLUTARCH'S LIVES AafceBaifiovLoa eypacjye TrapaKaXcov fiorjOelv Kal ecprj BcoaeLV, av fiev av Be iTTTreh, avvwpLBa^' iav 8' aypov<; e'X^coai, KQifxa^' eav Be Kcop.a<;, TroXet?* fXLorOov Be toI^ (rrparevopevoL^i ovk apiOfiov, aWa pLerpov eaeaOai. pLeyaXrjyopcov Be irepl avrov TToWa Kal KapBiav €cf)r) rod aBe\(f)ov (f^opelv ^apvrepavKal cf)L\ocro(f)eLV pudWov Kal fiayeveiv ^eXTtov,

(TvveKTTefjLiTeLV

av8pa<;,

ol?

Trefol irapwoLv, Xttttov^,

3

olvov Be TrXelova Triveiv Kal (pepecv

eKelvov Be

VTTO BeiXia^i Kal puaXaKia^ ev piev rot? Kwi^yeo-ioi^: pLTjBe e(j) LTTTTOV, €V Bc TOt? KLvBvVOL<; pLTjBe eVl TOV

Opovov Ka6r)a9at.

AaKeBaip^ovioi piev ovv aKurd-

Xrjv TTpo? KXiapxov direaTeiXav vTrrjperetv Kupo) 4 TTiivra KeXevovTe<;. 6 Be K.vpo^ dve^aivev eirl

^ap/3apiK7]v re iroXXrjV e^c^v BvvapuLV Kal pLLado(j)6pou(; '^EXXr)va<; oXiycp r pia'X^iXLwv Kal pLvplcov diroBeovra^, dXXa<; eV aXXat? 7roiovpLevo<; ov pirjv e\ade ye eU 7rpo(f)daeL<; t% crT/oareta?. TToXvv 'X^povov, dXX TjKe jSaaiXel TLaa(^epvri<; avrdyyeXo^i' Kal ttoXu? 06pv/3o(; et%e rd /SaaiXeia, t/)? re Uapva-driBo^ rr^v irXeiarrjv alrlav rov TToXepiov (f)epopLevr/
6

rrjv

UapvaaTLv

Oovaa Kal

rj

fSooyaa,

TTOv Be al Berjaei^,

aavra

^rdretpa "

T(p iroXepitp irepcira-

Uov vvv at TriareL^ eKelvac ah e^eXop^evrj tov €7rtl3ovXev;

TroXepov Kal KaKcov ep7reiTXr)Ka^ rovrcov pLicrovaa rrjV ^rdreipav rj Ilapva-aTt<;, Kal
to5 dBeXcj^S

"

;

1

138

€k

Cf.

Br)

Xenophon, Anah.

i.

1,

9

;

2,

21

;

4, 3.

ARTAXERXES

vi.

2-5

wrote to the Lacedaemonians, inviting them him and send him men, and promising that he would give to those who came, if they were footmen, horses if they were horsemen, chariots and if they had farms, he would give them villages pairs and the pay of the if they had villages, cities soldiers should not be counted, but measured out. [e

also

to aid

;

;

;

;

Moreover, along with much high-sounding talk about himself, he said he carried a sturdier heart than his brother, was more of a philosopher, better versed in the wisdom of the Magi, and could drink and carry more wine than he. His brother, he said, was too effeminate and cowardly either to sit his horse in a hunt, or his throne in a time of peril. The Lacedaemonians, accordingly, sent a dispatch-roll to Clearchus ordering him to give Cyrus every assistance.^ So Cyrus marched up against the king with a large force of Barbarians and nearly thirteen thousand

Greek mercenaries,^

alleging one pretext after another for his expedition. But the real object of it was not long concealed, for Tissaphernes went in person to the king and informed him of it. Then there was a great commotion at the court, Parysatis being most blamed for the war, and her friends And above undergoing suspicion and accusation. all was she vexed by Stateira, wlio was greatly distressed at the war, and kept crying " Where now are those pledges of thine ? And where are the entreaties by which thou didst rescue the man who had plotted against the life of his brother, only to " involve us in w ar and calamity ? Therefore Parysatis hated Stateira, and being naturally of a harsh :

^

Cf.

barians

Xenophon, Anab. i. 7, 10, where the force of Baris said to have numbered one hundred thousand.

139

PLUTARCH'S LIVES papo
opyah

6 avrrjv avekelv.

fcal /jLvr]atKaKi,ac<;, iire^ovXevev iirel Be ^elvwv fxev ev tw iroXefio)

(TvvTeXeaOqvai rrjv iTnjBovXr^v eipyjKe, KTrjaia*; Be varepov, ov ovre dyvoelv rov 'X^povov elK6<=; ecrri irapovra TOif; irpd^eaiv, ovre eKcbv alrlav el^^v eV rod 'X^povov fieTaarrjaai to epyov, &)? iTrpaxOrj Bir^yovfJievO'^, ola irdax^t iToWdKL<; 6 \6yo<; avrov 7r/3o? TO /j,vOa)Be
VIL KvpM

Be irpoaiovrL ^rjiiai Kal \6yoi irpoaov fidx^aOat /SaaLXen)^ evdv^ eyvcok6to<; ovBe avvBpa/netv eh 'X,^lpa<; avro) cnrevBovTo^, dXX! ev Tiepcrai^ virojieveLv d^pi' av at BvvdjjL€i<; e/cel TravraxoOev avveXOcoo-c. Kal yap rd^pov

iiTiinov,

ft)?

opyvLMv BeKa /cal ^dOof; cacov eirl (TraBiov; Bid Tov TreBiov rerpaKoaiovt; eve^aXe' Kal rauTr)(; re irepielBe rov Kvpov evro^ irapeXOovra Kal Bct€vpo<s

ov fiaKpdv yevofievov. Trjpcfid^ov TTpcoTov roX/irjaavTO<; eiTrelv &)? ov

2 0vXa)VO<; auTrj<;

Be,

w?

(l)a(Ti,

Bel (^vyofjia^^lv ovBe MT^Sta? eKcrrdvra Kal Ba^ Kal 2,ovcrcov evBveaOai rfj UepaiBc,

JSvXmvo'^ dfjua

TToXXaTrXaaiav

fiev e^ovra Bvva/niv ro)v TroXefilcov, Be aarpdira^; Kal o-rparyyov^ Kvpou Kal (fjpovelv Kal fid^^aOai ^eXriova'^, wppurjae Biayw-

ljLvpLov<;

viaaadai 3

Kal TO Kovra *

140

r-qv ra'^i'O'Trjv. [xev

irpwTov

fjivpidat a/xa

e^aL(f)vr)^ KaTa(f)avel<; evevrj-

aTpaTOV BiaKeKoapLrnxevaL^ Xa/i-

Bekker and

Ziegler, after Corais

:

aWd.

ARTAXERXES temper and savage

in her

vi.

5-vii. 3

wrath and resentment, she

Deinon says that her plot was plotted to kill her. carried out during the war. Ctesias, however, says that it was accomplished afterwards^ and neither is it likely that he was ignorant of the time since he was at the scene of action, nor had he any occasion, in his narrative of the deed, to change the time of it on purpose, however often his story turns aside from the truth into fable and romance. I shall therefore give the event the place which he has assigned to it.^ Yll. As Cyrus proceeded on his march, rumours and reports kept coming to his ears that the king had decided not to give battle at once, and was not desirous of coming to close quarters with him, but rather of waiting in Persia until his forces should assemble there from all parts. For he had run a trench, ten fathoms in width and as many in depth, four hundred furlongs through the plain and yet he allowed Cyrus to cross this and to come within a short distance of Babylon itself.^ And it was Teribazus, as we are told, who first plucked up courage to tell the king that he ought not to shun a battle, nor to retire from Media and Babylon, as well as Susa, and hide himself in Persia, when he had a force many times as numerous as that of the enemy, and countless satraps and generals who sur;

passed Cyrus in wisdom and military skill. The king therefore determined to fight the issue out as soon as possible. So, to begin with,

by his sudden appearance with an army of nine hundred thousand men in brilliant *

See chap. xix.

*

Cf.

Xenophon, Anab.

1.

7,

14-17.

141

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Tou? iToXefiiovs aavvrd/cTOVi kol avoirXov^; TO Oappelv Koi Karacjypovelv 68ot7ropovPTa<; i^eirXij^e Koi avverdpa^ev, oio-re avv Oopv/So) koI ^ofi TToWfj fioXt-fi eh rd^iv KaOiaTaaOai tov 7rp(b<;,

^iCL

K.vpov' €iT6tTa

Toh'^EWrjaL

fcal a^^Bi^v iirdycov Oavfia evTa^La<; irapeL-^^e, Kpavyd^; drd-

(Ti'yfj

T?}?

cr/cipT^fMaTa koi ttoXvv Tdpa-)(^ov avroiv KOL BtacTTraafiov iv ttXi-jOcl roaovra) 7rpo(7S€)(o/jLe4 voi
Spe7ravrj(f>6pwv

ra pcofJuaXeMrara

irpo tt}? eavrov iv yeviadat, hiaKoy^ovra irplv X^P^''

^dXayyo^,

(h<;

Ta<; rd^ei'i

^ia

T7}9 elaeXdae(jo<^.

VIIL

Trjv he jj-d^V^ e/ceivrjv ttoXXcov fiev dirrjyyeXKOTCov, 'Bevocpcovro^i Be /jlovovovxI BeLKVvovTO<;

Trpdy/iaaiv, &)? ov yeyevT] /jLepoL<;, ecpcardpTO^; del tov uKpoaTrjv kol crvyKLvBvvevovTa Bia ttjv evdpyeiav,

kol

dXXa

yivofievoc<^,

e/jL7raOrj

2

roh

oyfrei,

ovK eaTL vovv expvT0<; eire^yjyelaOai, ttXtjv oaa Twv d^Lcov Xoyou iraprjXOev eiirelv eKelvov. 6 fiev ovv ToiTo^, ev w TrapcTd^avTo, Kovva^a KaXelTat Koi Ba/Si/Xwi^o? direx^L (iTaBiov^ 7revTaKoaiov<;. J^vpov Be

irpo

r?}?

fid^V^

K.Xedpxov rrapaKa-

XovvTO
&>

tov ^aaiXela^ opeyoKXeap^G " afxapTOVTO^; Be fxevov dvd^Lov elvai ^aatXeia'^ ; Kvpou /jueya t« Bvvai irpoiveTOi^ eh /leaa tcl Beivd KOL /jLT) i^vXd^acrOai tov klvBuvov, ovx Vttov ij/jtapTev, el fxrj Kal /idXXov, KXeapxo'i dvTLTd^ai ;

3

fii]

crv KeXeveL<^ fie

*

142

A nab.

i.

8.

ARTAXERXES

vii.

3-viii. 3

he so terrified and confounded the enemy, who were marching along in loose order and without arms because of their boldness and contempt for the king, array,

that

Cyrus could with

difficulty

bring

them

into

amid much tumult and shouting and again, by leading his forces up slowly and in silence, he filled the Greeks with amazement at his good discipline, since they had expected in so vast a host random shouting, and leaping, with great confusion and dissipation of their lines. Besides this, he did well to draw up in front of his own line, and over battle array

;

Greeks, the mightiest of his scythebearing chariots, in order that by the force of their charge they might cut to pieces the ranks of the Greeks before they had come to close quarters. against the

VIII. Now, since many writers have reported to us this battle, and since Xenophon ^ brings it all but before our eyes, and by the vigour of his description makes his reader always a participant in the emotions and perils of the struggle, as though it belonged, not to the past, but to the present, it would be folly to describe it again, except so far as he has passed over The place, then, where things worthy of mention. the armies were drawn up, is called Cunaxa, and it is five hundred furlongs distant from And Babylon. we are told that Cyrus, before the battle, when Clearchus besought him to remain behind the combatants and not risk his life, replied " What sayest thou, Clearchus ? Dost thou bid me, who am reaching " out for a kingdom, to be unworthy of a kingdom } It was a great mistake for Cyrus to plunge headlong into the midst of the fray, instead of trying to avoid :

dangers but it was no less a mistake, nay, even a greater one, for Clearchus to refuse to array his its

;

-43

PLUTARCH'S LIVES "

Kara rov paaCKea jxi] OeXi^aa^ rov<; EXX>;;'a9, aWa TTpoo-fjui^a^ tm Trora/xw to he^iov, &)? yu,^ KV/cXcoOeLTj.

Kovra KOI

Tr)v

yap cKK^aXetav i^ airavro^ Bico\6yov €)(^ovTa rod firjBev

TrXelcTTOV

6 Be fjivpiov^i 4 Tradelv oIkoi fxkveiv r)V KpciTLarov. araSiovf; cltto OaXdacTT]^ ev 6tt\ol<^ dva/Se/SrjKW'^

dvayfcd^ovTO^, aXX' ottw? K.vpov et? rov Opovov KaOicrrf rov /SaaiXetov, elra irepLaKOTroiv ')(^u)pav Koi rd^tv, ovk d(f)^ ^9 adiaeie tou r^ysfjiova KOI fitaOoBoTTjv, dX\^ iv tLvl Oeixevo^ eavrov dacpaXo)^ fiax^^Tai KaO' r]av)(^Lav, ojjLOIO<; rjv viro

/jL7]B€vb<;

irapovrwv eK^e/SXrjKori, to 1)9 irepl rcov oXcov Xoyta/jiov^ koI irpolefxevw rrjV rfjf; aTpar€ca<; 5 viroOeaiv. on yap ovBel^i dv hirepieLve rcop rerayBeov^; Tcov

fievwv Trepl /SacnXea tou? "EXX7)va<; efjureaovra^, (iiaOevTwv B' eKeivcDV /cal ^aaiXew^; (puy6vT0<; 77 Trecroi^TO? v7rP]p-)(^e Kvpo) vlkwvtl (Tco^eaOaL Kal Blo l3aat\ev€LV, ck tmv ireirpayixevuiv BrfXov eart,.

fidXXov evXd^eiav rj to toO Kvpov aiTLariov &>? rd irpdyfiara fcal K.vpov dTToXeaaaav. el yap avTO<^ eaKoireL /SacrtXeu?

TT]v K.X€dp)(^ov

6pdao<^ 6

OTTOV rd^a^i lov^ '^EXXrjva^ d/SXa^eardroi,^ XPV' aeraL iroXefiioL^;, ovk dv erepav e^evpev rj rrjv dTTwrdrco ')(^copav eavrov Kal rcop Trepl eavrov, dcj)* 779 oi^Te viKy]6eL<; auTO? rjaOero Kal Ku/oo? e4>dT] KaraKOTreU rj ')(p7](id/jLev6<; rfj KXedp^ov vUrj. KaiTOL K.vpo<; ro av[Jb(^epov ovk rjyvo^icrev, dXX eKel KXeapxov iKeXeve rdrreadai Kara /leaov. 6 S' avrct) fieXeiv eliroov ottw^ e^ci KdXXiaray ro

n

7

irdv Bie(jjdetp€v.

144

ARTAXERXES

viii.

3-7

Greeks over against the king, and to keep his right wing close to the river, that he might not be surrounded. For if he sought safety above everything else and made it his chief object to avoid losses, it had been best for him to stay at home. But he had marched ten thousand furlongs up from the sea-coast under arms, with no compulsion upon him, but in order that he might place Cyrus upon the royal throne and then, in looking about for a place and position which would enable him, not to save his leader and employer, but to fight safely and as he pleased, he was like one who, through fear of instant peril, had cast aside the plans made for general success and abandoned the object of the expedition. For had the Greeks charged upon the forces arrayed about the king, not a man of Ihem would have stood and had these been routed and the king his ground either slain or put to flight, Cyrus would have won by his victory, not only safety, but a kingdom. This ;

;

clear from the course of the action. Therefore the caution of Clearchus rather than the temerity of Cyrus must be held responsible for the ruin of Cyrus and his cause. For if the king himself had sought out a place to array the Greeks in which their attack would be least injurious to him, he could have found no other than that which was most remote from himself and his immediate following, since he himself did not know that his forces had been defeated there, and Cyrus could take no advantage at all of the victory of Clearchus, because he was cut down too And yet Cyrus well knew what was for the soon. best, and ordered Clearchus to take his position But Clearchus, after accordingly in the centre. telling Cyrus he would see to it that the best was done, ruined everything. is

145

PLUTARCH'S LIVES IX. 01 fiev yap "FjXXr}ve<; oaov ifiovXovro tou? ^apfidpovf; evLKWv zeal 8ia)K0vr€<; iirl irXelarov irpoifkdov Ki^yoo) he yevvalov Xititov, aairop.ov he Ka\ v^pLcrrrjv eXavpovri, TlaaaKav KaXovfievov, o)? 2

Kjijala^ (ptjaiv, avre^i'jXaaev 6 Kahovaicop ap^wv Aprayepar]<; jieya $oo)v, **'I2 to KoXkiaTOv ev YlepaaL<; 6vop,a Kvpov Karata-^vvcov, dhcKGOTare dvhpoiv Koi d(f)pove(TTaTe, KaKov<; fxev "EWr}va<; €pxV f^CLKrjv ohov dycop cttI rd Uepacov dyaOd, heaTTOTrjv he creavTOV koi dhe\cf}Ov iXiri^uyv dvai-

aov

09

fivpid/ci^ /jLvpLOv<; hovXov<; ex^c avTL/ca he TreLpday irporepov yap diToXel^; evravOa rrjv aeavrov KecpaXrjv rj 6ed3 aacruaL to /SaaiXeo)'; ravra elircov Trpocrodirovy 6 he Ooopa^ crTepeo)? i^rjKovTiaev eir avTov. p7](7€iv,

KpeiGGOva<^.

dpreax^, kol ovk erpwOr] puev 6 KOpo?, eKpahdvOrj he TTj^ 7rX7]yrj<; lax^pd^ irpoaTreaovarj'^. diroaTpeyjravTO'i he rov lttttov tov ^Aprayepaov ^aXcov 6 KOyoo? ervx^, real hitjXaae irapd Tr]v KXelha hid TOV rpaxv^ov rrjv alxp^^v. 4 Tov fxev ovv KpTayepar^v diroOavelv viro tov ^

Kvpov ax^hov dirai'Te^; 6p.o\oyovac' irepl he t?}? avTov Kvpov TeXeuTr}? eVel 'B^evocjiwv d7rXco<; Kal avPTo/jL(o<;, iCT-o)?

UTC hrj fir) irapcov avTOf;, elirev, ovhev Ta Aeipcopo^ Ihia Kal irdXiv Ta

KcSXveL

l^Tfjalov hLeXOsLV.

X.

r]alv

^epaov

ovv 6 pev Aeivwv otl tov 'A/jTa-

ireaovrof; elaeXdaa^; /3iaL(Of; 6

KOpo?

et?

Toy? '7TpoT€Tayp,€Vov(! TOV ^ao-LXeo)
J46

ARTAXERXES

ix.

i-x.

i

IX. For the Greeks were victorious to their hearts* content over the Barbarians, and went forward a very great distance in pursuit of them but Cyrus, riding a horse that was higli-bred, but fierce and hard ;

name was

Pasacas, as Ctesias tells us), course by Artagerses, commander of "O the Cadusians, who cried with a loud voice thou who disgracest the name of Cyrus, that noblest name among the Persians, thou most unjust and senseless of men, thou art come with evil Greeks on an evil journey after the good things of the Persians, and thou hopest to slay thine own brother and thy master, who hath a million servants that are better men than thou. And thou shalt at once have proof of this for thou shalt lose thine own head here With before thou hast seen the face of the king." these words he hurled his spear at Cyrus. But the breastplate of Cyrus stoutly resisted, and its wearer was not wounded, though he reeled under the shock of the mighty blow. Then, as Artagerses turned his horse away, Cyrus htirled his spear and hit him, and drove its head through his neck past the collar-bone. Thus Artagerses died at the hands of Cyrus, as but as nearly all writers are agreed in saying regards the death of Cyrus himself, since Xenophon makes simple and brief mention of it,^ because he was not present himself when it happened, there is to guide (his

was met in

full

:

;

;

no objection perhaps to my recounting, first what Deinon says about it, and then what Ctesias says. X. Accordingly, Deinon says that after Artagerses had fallen, Cyrus charged furiously into those drawn up in front of the king, and wounded the king's horse, and that the king fell to the ground ; but ^

Anah,

i.

viii.

26 f.

147

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ava^a\6vro<; avrbv iir* dWov X-mrov Ta')(v Kal ***H ^aaiXeVy /le/nvTjao rr}? rj/iepa'; ravTr)<;' ov jap a^ia XrjOrj<; iari," ttoXlv o KO/jo? ev(T€Laa<; to) ltttto) Kare^aXe tov ^Apro^ep^rjv.

elTTovTOf;,

7rpo<;

8e rrjv rpLrrjv eiveXadiV Buaavaa')^6Tr)(Ta^ 6

^aaiXevf;, Kal ^eXriov iari

eliroov

rov<; 7rap6vra<; co? avTe^i'jXavve rw Kvpq) TTpoirerct)'; Kal airepiaKeTTTco^ eU ivavria ^iXr) Kal ^dXXet /juev avrb^; clkovtiw, ^dX^€pofiev(p. Xovcn Be ol irepl avTov. iriirTei he 6 KO/oo?, &)? firj

irpo'^

^rjv,

evLoi Xe'yovai, TrXrjyelf; vtto tov ^aGLXew<^, he erepol rive^, Kapo<; dvOpMTrov irard^avTOf;, 'yepa<; ehcoKe r?}? irpd^ew^ TavTr)<^ 6 ^aaiXem

pukv ft)?

o)

dXeKrpvova ')(pvaovv eirl h6paro<; del irpo t?}? ra^ew? ev rat? aTpareiai^ Kopii^et,v' Kal yap avrov<; rov<; Kapa^; dXeKrpvova^ ol Wepaai Sid Tou? X6(povf;, oh Koa/iiovaL rd Kpdvrj, irpoaTjyopevov.

XL

TToXXd

'H

he "KjT-qaiov hir)yr)cn<;, &)? eTrirefiovri rocavrrj rt? ecrrt. avvr6/i(o
KO/DO? diTOKTeiva^ Aprayeparjv rjXavvev eU avrov Ilttttov, Kal avTo
^aaiXea tov T€p0i

aicoTTjj'

(pddveo he fiaXoov ^Apialo^ 6 l^vpov

^aaiXea, Kal ovk eTpcoaC' ^aaiXev<; he a0e
148

b

ARTAXERXES

x.

i-xi. 2

Teribazus quickly mounted him upon another horse, '' this day, for it deserves O king, remember saying, " not to be forgotten whereupon Cyrus again plunged But at his third in and dismounted Artaxerxes. assault, the king, being enraged, and saying to those who were with him that death was better, rode out ;

who was rashly and impetuously the missiles of his opponents. The rushing upon king himself hit him with a spear, and he was hit by the attendants of the king. Thus Cyrus fell, as some say, by a wound at the hands of the king, but as sundry others hav e it, from the blow of a Carian, who was rewarded by the king for this exploit with the privilege of always carrying a golden cock upon his spear in front of the line during an expedition for the Persians call the Carians themselves cocks, because of the crests with which they adorn their helmets. XI. But the narrative of Ctesias, to give it in a much-abbreviated form, is something as follows. After he had slain Artagerses, Cyrus rode against the king himself, and the king against him, both without a word. But Ariaeus, the friend of Cyrus, was beforehand in hurling his spear at the king, though he did not wound him. And the king, casting his spear at Cyrus, did not hit him, but struck and killed Satiphernes, a trusted friend of Cyrus and a man of noble birth. But Cyrus threw his spear at the king and wounded him in the breast through the cuirass, so that the weapon sank in two fingers deep, and the king fell from his horse with the blow. Amid the ensuing confusion and flight of his immediate followers, the king rose to his feet, and with a few companions against

Cyrus,

;

149

PLUTARCH'S LIVES oXiycov, €v (Tiov

oh

Kr^^crta? ^v, \6(f)op riva irXr)r](TV)(^a^€' K.vpop Se toi<; rroXe-

real

KaraKa^aov

eveLkovjjLevov 6 liriro^ i^ecpepev viro Ovfiov fiaKpdvy t^St] (tkotov^ 6vto<; dyvoovfievov vtto twv

fxioL^

kol ^rjrov/nevov vtto tojv (j^lXcov. iiraLvIkyj kol iJbeaTO<=; wv opfxrjf; koX rfj " '^^iaraaOe, irevidpdaov^ Bie^rjXavve ^omv, Tovro he XPO^''^ TiepaicTTl iroXXaKi^ avrov

3 iroXefiicdv

pofievo^

Be

^ocovTO<;, ol

pev e^icrravTO irpocrKwovvre^y dirorod J^vpov. kol rj ridpa

iTiiTTei he tt}? K€<paX7]
7rapaTpe)(0)v V€avia<^ IT e/acr?;? ovop/i ^iLOptSdrrj^; aKOvria) ^dXXei rov Kp6Ta<^ov avrov irapd top 4

6(f)OaXp,6v, dyvooiv octtk;

rpavp,aro<; eK^aXovro^

Kvpo
koI

etrj.

ttoXv Be alpu rov

L\t.yyidaa<; koI

6 p,evX'TT'no<^

KapwOeh

vireK^vycov eirXd-

^ero, rov S' i^LTnTeLOv irlXov diroppvevra XapL^diei rov rov J^vpov ^aX6vro<; aKoXovOo^ a'ip,aro<; irepinrXeco. rov Be K.vpov i/c rrj
%aXe7rft>9 kol

/jl6Xi<;

eir

evvov-^ol rive
dXXov

i'TTe'^eipovv 5 dBvvdrQ)<; B' e)(ovra

'lttttov

dvaOeaOai kol

a-co^eiv.

kol Bl avrov Trpo6vpiOvp.evov ^aBi^etv v7roXa/36vre<; rjyov, rw p>€v acopart Kap-qpapovvra Kal acpaXXop^evov, ol6p.evov Be vlkclv dfcovovra roiv (pevyovrcov dvaKaXovpevcov Kvpov

paaiXea Kal ^eiBeadai

Beop^evcov.

ev

Be

rovrw

K.avvL0L rive^ dvOpwiroi KaKo^ioi Kal dnopoi Kal raireivcav vjrovpyijpdrcov evcKa rfj rov /SacrtXeo)?

arparLU rrapaKoXovdovvre^ ervxov avvavapLixOevo)? Be /^oX^? ft)? (piXoL^ roU rrepl rov Kvpov^

6 T69

ARTAXERXES

xi.

2-6

among whom

also was Ctesias, took possession of near by and remained there quietly but Cyrus, enveloped by his enemies, was borne on a long distance by his spirited horse, and since it was now dark, his enemies did not recognize him and his friends could not find him. But lifted up

a certain

hill

;

by his victory, and full of impetuosity and confidence, he rode on through his foes, crying out, "Clear the way, ye beggars!" Thus he cried out many times, in Persian, and they cleared the way, and made him their obeisance. But the turban of Cyrus fell from his head, and a young Persian, Mithridates by name, running to his side, smote him with his spear in the temple, near the eye, not knowing who he was. Much blood gushed from the wound, and Cyrus, stunned and giddy, fell to His horse escaped and wandered the ground. about the field, but the horse's saddle-cloth, which had slipped off, was captured by the attendant of the man who had struck Cyrus, and it was soaked with blood. Then, as Cyrus was slowly and with difficulty recovering from the blow, a few eunuchs who were at hand tried to put him upon another horse and bring him to a place of safety. But since he was unable to ride and desired to go on his own they supported him and led him along. His head was heavy and he reeled to and fro, but he thought he was victorious because he heard the fugitives saluting Cyrus as king and begging him to spare them. Meanwhile some Caunians low and poverty-stricken men who followed the king's army to do menial service chanced to join the party about Cyrus, supposing them to be friends. But when at last they perceived that the tunics feet,

—

—

15^

PLUTARCH'S LIVES avvelBov ra iirLOoipaKihia (pocviKa, XeuKoi'^ XP^' ^aaiXiKMv aTravrcov, eyvaxrav TroXe-

fjievwv TOiv

opra<;.

fiLovf;

eh ovv

i^OTTLdOev fiakelv rbv

iyvvav

irepl TTjv

efcelvwv iToX/nijcrev Kvpov clkovtIw.

ayvoMv t^? he

dvappayelarj^i irecroDV 6 tivl XiOw tov T6Tpco/j,evov

(f>\el3o<;

Ki)y309 afia iraieL 7rp6
roiovro
(TLOV

XII. "KBtj Be auTOV reOvyKoro*; 'Apraavpa^ 6 fiaacXico^^ 6(f)6aX/jL0<; eTV)(ev 'iiriTfjd wape^eKavvwv. yvcdpiaa^ r)pd)Tr)a€

Tov,

Q)

" ;

evvov'X^cp 2

tou? evvov'X^ov; 6Xo
UaplaKa,

"

elirev'

KOTa

ovu

tov

0^%

KXaL6L<; irapaKaOrjixevo^

;

o Be

co

'JipTaavpa, Kvpov reOprjdavfidaat; ovv 6 'ApTa(rvpa<; tw fiev Oappelv irapeKeXevaaro Koi (jyuXdrreLV opa<;,

rbv veKpov, av70
tt/jo?

tov 'Apro-

Trpdyfiara, kukco^ he Kal TO aa>/xa hia/cet/Mevov vtto t6 hLyjrr)<; koI ^ep^rjv,

drceyvwKOTa

fiev ijhrj to,

TOV TpavfiaTO'^, x^lpcov ^pdl^eu cw? avTO
€7re/jL(f)6rjaav.

avTO) he fJUKpov diroXei-

TTOVTL TOV TeOvdvai hid to

152

hiyjrrjv

XaTtfiap^dvT)
ARTAXERXES

xi.

6-xii. 3

over their breastplates were of a purple colour, whereas all the king's people wore white ones, they knew that they were enemies. Accordingly, one of thenij not knowing who Cyrus was, ventured to smite him from behind with his spear. The vein in the ham of Cyrus was ruptured and he fell, and at the same time struck his wounded temple against a stone, and so died. Such is the story of Ctesias, in which, as with a blunt sword, he is long in killing Cyrus, but kills him at last. XII. When C3TUS was now dead, Artasyras, the king's Eye,^ chanced to pass by on horseback, and

recognizing the eunuchs as they lamented, he asked the trustiest of them, ^' Who is this man, Pariscas,

by whom thou sittest mourning.^" And Pariscas answered " O Artasyras, dost thou not see Cyrus Astonished at this, then, Artasyras bade dead.''" the eunuch be of good courage and guard the dead body, but he himself went in hot haste to Artaxerxes (who had already given up his cause for lost, and besides was physically in a wretched plight from thirst and from his wound), and joyfully told him that with his own eyes he had seen Cyrus dead. :

At

first the king promptly set out to go in person to the place, and ordered Artasyras to conduct him thither; but since there was much talk about the

Greeks, and it was feared that they were pursuing and conquering and making themselves masters everywhere, he decided to send a larger company to see where Cyrus lay. So thirty men were sent, with torches. Meanwhile, since the king was almost dead with thirst, Satibarzanes the eunuch *

A

confidential officer of high rank, a Superintendent of

the Realm.

VOL. XI.

F

^53

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 6 evvov)(o^ irepiOecov i^rjret ttotov'

TO

ov yap elx^

vScop, ovBe r)v iyyu<; to a-Tparo'rrehoV' fjLoXi^ ovv iiTLTvy)(^dv6L Twv KavvLcov eKeivwv rayv KaKO^iwv evo<s ev aaKiw (^aiikcp hcec^Oapixivov 'X^odpiov

vBcop Kol iTOvripov 6)(ovro(;, ocrov oktco KoruXa<;'

Kol XajSwv TOVTO KOL Kop,Laa<; tm ^aaiXel hihoaaiv. eKiTLOvra he airav rjpoorijaev el fir) irdvv ^ftr^e6 he co/JLOcre tov<; 6eov<; jjirjre paivet TO ttotov. olvov r]hew<^ ovT(o<; ircoTrore ireirwKevai /JLijre vScop TO KOv^oTarov Koi /cadapGorarov, "''HcTTe," e
XIIL

he TouTft) irpoarfKavvov ol rpidKOvra

'Ei^

Xa/jLTTpol Kol dveXiTicnov

7rept')(^apeU,

dvayyeWovre^ avTW

rrjv

Koi irXi^deu rwv (jvvTpe-)(ovT(i)V iraXiv 7rpo<; avrov koX crvvicTTa/jLe' v(ov eOdppei, kol Kari/Satvev drro rod Xocpov (pwrl TToXXo) /cat

ijSrj

7r6/)tXayU.7ro/x6i^09.

Kara

direKoiTT) rrjv

evTV')(^iav.

Bi]

Koi

K€(f)aXr)v

nva t)

vofiov

K€(j)aXrj

ft)?

Be

tw

Be eirearr]

ve/cpw,

Ylepawv %elp rou crcoiiaro<;, eKeXevae

aura) KoinaOrivai'

rj

koI

Be^id t?}?

KOfiT]*;

Bpa^dfjL.evo's ou(T7]<; /3a0eia<; Koi XaaLWs eireBeLKwe ol Be TOt? d/jLcpiBo^ovaiv ert fcal (fievyovaip.

eOau/jia^ov Kal irpoaeKvvovv, oyare

Tayy

jxvpidBa<^

eTTTdirepl avrov yeveaOau kol o-vveLaeXdaai irdXiv et? TO arparoireBoV' i^eXrjXuKeL Be, ft)? o KT/yo^/a?

inl rrjv fjLd^rjv reacrapdKOVTa fjbvpidaivol Be TTepl Aeivcova kol s.evocjiwvra iroXv irXeiova^^ cfyrjalv,

yeveaOai Xeyovai Ta? veKpoiv

154

6

KT?;cria?

ixep-axriP-^va'^.

€vaKLo-)(^LXlov<;

dpiOfiov Be dvevex^Ofjval

ARTAXERXES

xii.

3-xiii.

3

ran about in quest of a drink for him for the place had no water, and the camp was far away. At last, then, he came upon one of those low Caunians, who had vile and polluted water in a wretched skin, ;

about two quarts in all this he took, brought it to the king, and gave it to him. After the king had drunk it all off, the eunuch asked him if he was not But the king altogether disgusted with the drink. swore by the gods that he had never drunk wine, or the lightest and purest water, with so much "Therefore," said the king, "if I should pleasure. be unable to find and reward the man who gave thee this drink, I pray the gods to make him rich :

and happy." XIII.

And now

the thirty messengers came riding

up with joy and exultation

in their faces, announcing king his unexpected good fortune. Presently, too, he was encouraged by the number of men who flocked back to him and formed in battle array, and so he came down from the hill under the light of many torches. And after he had halted at the dead body of Cyrus, and its right hand and head had been cut off (in accordance with a law of the Persians), he ordered the head to be brought to him and grasping it by the hair, which was long and bushy, he showed it to those who were still wavering and These were amazed, and made disposed to fly. obeisance to the king, so that very soon seventy thousand men were about him and marched back with him to their camp. He had marched out to the battle, as Ctesias says, with four hundred thousand men. But Deinon and Xenophon say that the army which fought under him was much larger. to the

;

As

to the

number

of his dead, Ctesias says that

it

PLUTARCH'S LIVES <^»7
Trpo? rov ^Apro^ep^rjv,

avTw

he Bi(T/jLvp[cov

ovK eXarrof 9 (f)avrjvaL tov<; K6t/JL6V0V<;. ravra fiev ovv ex€L Siafi(f)ta^T]Tr]a-LV' €K€lvo Be rov Krrja-Lov Xa/jLTTpov 7]Brj yjrevcTfia, to Tre/iKpOfjvaL (pdvat, Trpo? TOv
Kai TLVwv aXkcoV'

6

yap

Hevocfycov

rjiriararo

cvvhiaTpijBovTa fiaaiXel Krija-LaV fxeiJLvrjTai yap avTOv KoX Tol<; fii/3Xioi<; Tovroi<; evTerv^qKoofi hrfko^ eajLV ovk av ovv eXdovra koI \6ycov

ToaovTwv epfirjvea yevofievov 7rapi)tcev avcovv/iov, ^aXlvov Be rov ZukvpOlov utvofia^ev. aXXa BaiKT7j(TLa<;, cw? eoiKC, (f)iX6ri/io<; wv koX /JL0PL0)<; 6 ovx iv

V'^TOV (fftXoXaKcov kol (ptXoKXeapxo'i aei TLva<; Birjyijaei, ')(^a>pa<; eavrw BlBcoaiv, iv al?

rfj

rroXXa kuI /caXa

yevofjievo<s

Kal

rr]<^

fie/jLvrjcreTaL

KXea^a^oy

AaKeBaL/jLovo<;.

XIV. Merd

Be rrjv fid^V^ Ba)pa /caXXtara jiev koI p^eyicrra to) ^Aprayeparov TraiBl rov viro Kvpov, /caX(b<; Be koI KrrjaLav Kal T0U9 dXXov<; erifirjae. top Be l\.avviov eKelvov e^avevpcov, o? eireBcoKe to daKiov, ef ciBo^ov Kal TrevrjTO^ evTt/iov Kal irXovaiov eTrolrjaeV' rjv Be t£9 iTTifieXeia Kal irepl ra<; rojv e^aiiaprovrcov Blkulcocret?. ^Ap^aKifv fiev yap riva ^IfjBov ev rfj A^a^?; 101^ Kal irdXiv eKelvov 7re(76vro<; 7rpo<; Kvpov (pvyovra fjLerao-rdvra, BeiXCav Kal /laXaKLav Karayvov<;, ov rrpoBoaiav ovBe KaKovoiav, eKeXevae yvfivrjv dvae^eTreji-^e 7rea6vro<;

Xa^ovra

rropvrjv TrepLpdBrjv eirl

rjfjLepa<; oXrjf;

iv

dyopa 1

156

rov rpax^jXov

irepL^epeiv-

Anab.

ii.

1.

7-23.

erepov Be

Be*

irpof;

ARTAXERXES

xiii.

3-xiv. 2

was reported to Artaxerxes as nine thousand, but that he himself thought the slain no fewer than twenty thousand. This matter, then, is in dispute. But it is certainly a glaring falsehood on the part of Ctesias to say that he was sent to the Greeks along with Phalinus the Zacynthian and certain others. For Xenophon knew that Ctesias was in attendance upon the king, since he makes mention of him and had evidently read his works if, then, Ctesias had come to the Greeks and served as an interpeter in so momentous a colloquy, Xenophon would not have left him nameless and named only Phalinus the Zacynthian. 1 The truth is that Ctesias, being ;

prodigiously ambitious, as it would seem, and none the less partial to Sparta and to Clearchus, always allows considerable space in his narrative for himself, and there he will say many fine things about Clearchus and Sparta. XIV. After the battle, the king sent the largest and most beautiful gifts to the son of that Artagerses who fell at the hands of Cyrus he also gave generous rewards to Ctesias and others, and when he had found out the Caunian who had given him the skin of water, he raised him from obscurity and poverty to honour and wealth. There was much watchful care also in his punishment of those who had gone wrong. For example, in the case of Arbaces, a ;

Mede, who had run away to Cyrus during the battle, when Cyrus fell, had changed back again, the king pronounced him guilty, not of treachery, nor even of malice, but of cowardice and weakness, and ordered him to take a naked harlot astride his neck and carry her about in the market-place for a whole And in the case of another man, who, besides day. and,

157

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Tft)

/jL6TaaT7]vaL yfr€vaa/JL6vov

Kara^aXelv Bvo tmv

Pe\6vai<; Be fcal ^ouXofievo^i Bofcelv KOI \eyeiv 7rdvTa<; avOpcoirov^ &)? avTo<^ aireKTovoi Kvpov, ^lidpiSaTrj re rw j^aXovn irpcoro) Kvpov

iTpoaera^e hiairelpai rpial

7ro\€fiLO)v,

3 rr]V y\6i)TTav.

Swpa Kal Xejeiv

efeVe/x-v/re 0)9

"

TouTOt?

iretov

ol6fJ^€Vo<;

Kvpov

ere

nfia

ttlXov

6

i/ceXevae roix; SlSovtw;

on

tov i^iiTav^U6
/3aaL\6v^

evpcbv

Ka/309, i/(/)' ov rrjv lyiwav irXrjyeU 6 Kvpo<; eireae, Kol avrov Bcopeav alrovvro<;, eKekevaev elirelv tov'^

on

BiB6vra<=;

ravra

**2ot

BlBcoaLV I3aa-i\€ij<; evay^

yeXiwv Bevrepela' ifcelvov Be 4

6 fiev

av

7rpo)ro<;

yap

kpracrvpa'i, fxer

K.vpov reXeurrjv airrjyyeiXa^.^^

rrjv

ovv ^li6 piBdrr]^ dirrfKOe aiwirf) Xvirovpievo^' Kdpa kolvov 7rddo
n

TOV Be dOXiov

Karea^e.

Biacj^OapeU

yap

vtto rSiv irapovrcov, co?

eoiKev, dyadcbv, Kal dvaTrecaOelf; evOv^ dvniroLeladai Tcop virep avrov, ovic rj^iov rd BoBevra /xiadov evayyeXicov ex^tv, aXX' yyavdfcrei, fxaprvpofievo^;

Kal

/Socov

on Kvpov

auTO? direKTovoL, kol

ravra

ttjv

ovBeU erepo^, dX)C

Bo^av

dBlKO)<;

diroare-

Be

aKovaa'^ o ^aaLXev<; cr(f)6Bpa Kal rrjv Ke(f)aX^v eKekevaev diroTefieLV Trapco^vvOr) " 5 rov dvOpaoTTOV. Mr] au irapovaa B' rj /jirjrijp, " ovrco rov Kdpa rovrov, w /SaaiXev, 7€," elirev, TOV oXeOpov d7TaXXd^7]<;, dXXd Trap* efiov rov pocTO.

diroXriy^erai pLLaOov mv roX/jLa Xiyetv.^^ iirLTpe^jravrG^; Be rov fiaaiXe(o<; eKeXev(T6 701)9

d^Lov

eVl

58

r6i)v

njJiwpLOiV

^

Ilapvaari
ARTAXERXES

xiv. 2-5

going over to the enemy, had lyingly boasted that he had slain two of them, the king ordered that his tongue should be pierced with three needles.

Moreover, believing, and wishing all men to think, and say, that he had killed Cyrus with his own hand, he sent gifts to Mithridates, the one who first hit Cyrus, and ordered the bearers of the gifts to say "This is thy reward from the king because thou didst find and bring to him the trappings of the horse of Cyrus." Again, when the Carian, from whom Cyrus received the blow in the ham which brought him down, asked that he also should receive :

gift, the king ordered its bearers to say: "The king gives thee these things as a second prize for good tidings for Artasyras came first, and after him thou didst come, with tidings of the death of Cyrus." Now, Mithridates went away without a word, although he was vexed but the wretched Carian, in

a

;

;

common feeling. That is, he was corrupted, it would seem, by the good things which he had, and led by them to aspire at once to things beyond his reach, so that he would not deign to take the gifts as a reward for good tidings, but was indignant, calling men to witness and crying in loud tones that it was he himself, and no one else, who had killed Cyrus, and that he was unjustly robbed of his glory. When the king heard of this, he was vehemently angry and gave orders that the man should be beheaded. Whereupon the king's "O mother, who was present, said to him King, do his folly,

gave way to a

:

not let this accursed Carian

but leave reward for his daring words." So the king consigned the man to Parysatis, who ordered the executioners to

him

I

to

me, and he

off so easily,

shall receive the fitting

159

PLUTARCH'S LIVES avOpwirov 6(f>daX/xov'^

K€tv

Sexa crrpelSXovv, elra tou? i^opv^avra^ ei? ra wra Oepfiov ivryj-

e'^'

x^^^ov

r]fjLepa
e&)9 aTToddvr).

XV. Ka/cw?

^e aTTcoXero koI ^liOpL^drij^; fier

oXtyov x^ovov €K

yap

eirl

T>}9 avTrj<; d^eXrepiUf;. KXydel*; BeliTvov evOa kuI /5acrtXe«9 Kal t^9 /jLtj-

T/309 evvovxoi Traprjaav, r)icev eadrjTU fcal %/)fo-a) 2 K€KO(Tfir]/jLevo^ oU eXa^e irapd ^acnXew
ajov

"

BupcifM6V0^ Tcov

YlapuaaTLSo^ evvov^f^v '129 KaXrjv fiev iaOrjrd aoi ravryjv, w MiOpLSdra, 6 f3acnX6v<^ SeSoyKC, KaXd Be arpeTrrd koI y^eXia' TToXXov Be d^io<; 6 aKivdKi']'^. tj jxaKdpiov ere Kal irepi^XeTTTOv aTraai TreTroiyKev.^' 6 M.L6piBdTri^,

*'

Tt Be ravrd

r)Br]

Be fieOvcov

iaTcv,'* elirev,

"

w

fiei^ovcov yap eyo) Kal KaXXiovcov l,7rapap.L^r} ^aaiXel ttjv rj/iepav eKelvrjv d^iov ifiavrov irap" 3 eayov^ Kal 6 XirapafiL^rji; iirifMeLBidaaf;, ^Oovo^ ;

**

ewel Be ^aaiv MidpiBuTa/' elirev "^XXrjve^ olvov Kal dXijdetav elvai, tl Xafiirpop, w rdv, 7] /jLeya, irlXov evpelv lttttov irepippvepra Kal " TovTov dveveyKelv ; ravTa Be ovk dyvocov to dXrjOe^ eXeyev, dXXd l3ovX6fji€vo<; €KKaXv\jrai 'irpo<; T0U9 7rap6vTa<; vireKLvei rrjv Kov^orrjTa rov dvOpcoTTOv XdXov Kal aKparov^ yeyovoTO<^ Blcl top ** 4 oIpop. elirep ovp /jltj KaTaa^f^v' "T/jLeL<^ /xep, 6 tl Kal ^ovXeade, iriXovf; XeyeTe ^Xvdpov^' iyo) Be fxev ovBeL^, 0)

Xeyco BiappijBijp viro Tavrrj^ dprjprjaOat, ov yap a)9 ^ApTayeparjf; tjkopYivpop T^9 %e^/0O9. Tiaa Kepop Kal ^dTaiop, dXXd tov fiep o^OaXfxov vpLLP

i6o

ARTAXERXES

xiv.

5-xv. 4

him and rack him 011 the wlieel for ten days, then to gouge out his eyes, and finally to drop molten brass into his ears until he died. XV. Mithridates also came to a miserable end a little while after, owing to the same folly. For being invited to a banquet at which eunuchs of the king and of the queen-mother were present, he came decked out with raiment and gold which he had received from the king. And wlien the com|:)ftny were at their cups, the chief eunuch of Parysatis " said to him how beautiful this :

Mithridates,

which the king gave thee, and how beautiful the collars and bracelets Costly, too, is

raiment

is

!

thy scimitar. Verily the king has made thee happy in the admiring eyes of all men." Then Mithridates, now flushed with wine, replied "Sparamizes, what do these things amount to.^ Surely my services to the king on that day were worthy of greater and more beautiful gifts." Here Sparamizes smiled at him and said " There's no grudging them to thee, Mithridates but since, according to the Greek maxim, there is truth in wine, what great or brilliant :

:

;

exploit was it, my good fellow, to find a horse's trappings that had slipped off, and bring them to the In saying this, Sparamizes was not ignorking.'*" ant of the truth, but he wished to unveil Mithridates to the company, and therefore slyly stirred up his

vanity when wine had made him talkative and robbed him of self-control. Accordingly, Mithridates " Ye threw away constraint and said may talk as about and such nonsense ye please horse-trappings but 1 declare to you explicitly that Cyrus was slain :

;

by

this

make

hand of mine for I did not, like Artagerses, a futile and an idle cast of spear, but I ;

161

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rov Si Kpordcpov tv^oov kol SieXdrov Kare/3a\ov avhpa' koX reOvrjKev utt' e'/ce/5 vov Tov Tpav/iaTO<;.*^ ol /nev ovv dWoi to reiVo? fjbiKpov rjfxaprov,

oa<;

rov ^\l6pihdrov kol

i]h7)

T€9

eh

TOLVy*

Kol

" ecjirjf

io-Olcofjiev

T6f,

tt]v fca/coSaifiovlav opcov-

Trjv yrjv e/cv^pav'

Xoyov^

6 8'

MiOpiSdra,

eanodv avTOv
rw

TTivwfxev iv

irapovTi

TOV ^acriXew^ haifiova irpoa/cvpovvr] Kad' r)fjLd<; idaco/iev.^^

Be /le/fou?

XV L

'E/c TOVTov TTJ ixev YLapvadTiSc (f)pd^ei TOV \6yov o evvovx^^y €fC6Lvrj Be ^acnXet- ^aai\eu
e/SovXeTO

yap ^ap^dpov<;

"EiX\7]va<; co? iv

Tah

diravTa'; ireireladaL koX

i^eXdcreac koI

(TV/jL7rXoKat<;

KOL XajBcov TrXrjyrfv eTpcodr] pev avTo^;, e/ceKeXevaev ovv rov MtOptBdTijv Teive Be e/ceivov. Bov^i

2

diToOavelv GKa^evOevTa. To Be aKaipevdrjvac toiovtov iaTi' 7re7rotr]p,eva^ e(f>app,6^€iv Ty]v

ecTa

(r/cd
Bvo

dXX7]Xat<^ Xafi6vT€<;, et?

erepav KaTaKXivovau rov KoXa^6p>€vov vtttiov Tr)v erepav e7rdyovTe<; Kal avvapp.6t,ovTe<;,

ware 7r6Ba<;

Kal ra? ')(^elpa^ e^co Kal roi'? diroXa/jL^dveaOai, to Be dXXo ocop^a irdv

ttjv KecpaXrjv

d7roK€Kpv(f)6ai-, BiBoaatv eaOLeLV

tw

dvOpcoTrcp, kclv

irpoapLd^ovTai KevTovvre^ rd opfiara' (payovTL Be TTielv fxeXL Kal ydXa avyK€Kpap.€Vov iyyeovGLV eh to aTOfia Kal Kara tov irpoadnrov fjLT)

OeXrj,

3 KaTa)(^€Oucnv. criv

t62

elra

7rpb<;

tov rjXiov del arpecpov

ivavTLa rd ofipara, Kal

jjLVLOiv

TTpoaKaOTjpjk-

1(

I

ARTAXERXES

xv. 4-xvi. 3

narrowly missed his eye, struck him in the temple, pierced it, and brought the man down and it was of that wound that he died." The rest of the company, then, who already saw the end of Mithridates and his hapless fate, bowed their faces towards the and their host said " ;

My good Mithridates, and drink now, revering the good genius of the king, and let us waive discourse that is too ground

:

;

let us eat

weighty

for us."

XVI. Afterwards the eunuch told the matter to Parysatis, and she to the king; and the king was incensed, as being openly convicted of falsehood, and likely to forfeit the fairest and most For he wished that pleasing feature of his victory. all Barbarians and all Greeks should be fully persuaded that w hen he and his brother had charged and grappled with each other, he had given and received a blow, being only wounded himself, but He therefore gave orders that Mithridates should be put to death by the torture of the boats. Now, this torture of the boats is as follows. Two boats are taken, which are so made as to fit over one another closely in one of these the victim is laid, then the other is laid over the flat upon his back first and carefully adjusted, so that the victim's head, hands, and feet are left projecting, while the rest of his body is completely covered up. Then they give him food to eat, and if he refuse it, they force him to take it by pricking his eyes. After he has eaten, they give him a mixture of milk and honey to drink,

killing his brother.

;

;

pouring it into his mouth, and also deluge his face with it. Then they keep his eyes always turned towards the sun, and a swarm of flies settles down 163

PLUTARCH'S LIVES aTTOKpinrrerai to irpoawTTov. oaa iroielv ava'yKoiov icrriv i(76iovTa6opa
ttXtjOo'^

ivTo^

irav

he ITOLOVVTO^

4 acofia SiaSvofiivcov ei? to, evTo^;, otuv yap rjhjj 6 TedvriKa)<; (f)avepo(; y avOpwiro^, a^aipedeiar)<; TTj^ iirdvo) aicd4)r]^

opcocn ttjv fiev

aapKa

KaTeZrj-

(TirXdyxya tolovtwv Orjpiwv ovtco^ kcTfxov'^ icrOiovTwv koI Trpoairec^VKOTcov. 6 MidpihaTTjf; eTTTaKaiheKa i^jxepa^ 0eLp6/x€Vo
fjLoXi^i

direOave.

XVIL

AotTTo?

5'

rjv Tfj

TTJV /C€
UapvacLTiBi

ctkottcx; 6

kol ttjv %et/)a tov

Kvpov

cb? ovv avTo^ Ma(Ta0dT7)
2 iirL^ovXr}^ TpoTTov

Td

T6

dXXa

7]

ITapucraTf? avveOrjKev.

OvjJLoao^o'^ yvvrj koI SeLvrj

rjv

KV^eveiv

^aaiXel irpo tov TroXe/MOV 7roXXdKL<; avv€KV^€ve' jieTa he tov TroXefiov BtaXvdeccra tt/jo? avTov ovK ecfieuye tcl^;
^

164

ARTAXERXES his face and hides inside the boats he does when men eat and drink,

upon

it

xvi. 3-xvii. 3

completely.

And

since

what must needs be done worms and maggots seethe up from the corruption and rottenness of the excrement, devouring his body, and eating their way into

For when at last the man is clearly dead his vitals. and the upper boat has been removed, his flesh is seen to have been consumed away, while about his entrails swarms of such animals as I have mentioned In this way Mithridates are clinging fast and eating. was slowly consumed for seventeen days, and at last died.

XVII. And now there was one mark left for the vengeance of Parysatis the man who had cut off the head and right hand of Cyrus, Masabates, an eunuch of the king. Against this man, then, since he himself gave her no chance to get at him, Parysatis concocted a plot of the following sort. She was in general an ingenious woman, and greatly addicted to playing at dice. For this reason she frequently played at dice with the king before the war, and after the war was over and she had been reconciled

—

with him, she did not try to avoid his friendly overtures, but actually joined in his diversions, and took part in his amours by her cooperation and presence, and, in a word, left very little of the king for For she hated Stateira Stateira's use and society. above all others, and wished to have the chief influence herself. So, one day, finding Artaxerxes trying to amuse himself in a vacant hour, she challenged him to play at dice for a thousand darics, allowed him to win the game, and paid the money down. Then, pretending to be chagrined at her loss and to seek revenge, she challenged the king to play 165

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kelv

eKekevaev avOi^; ef «/3%^9

Trepl

evvovyov

KaK€ivo<; virrjKovae. iroLrjcrdfievoi ^e irevre fiev ifcdrepov vire^eXeaOaL rov
4 Scafcv^evcrar

Gvv6rjKa<;

iriaTordrov^, Ik he rcop Xolitwv ov av 6 vlkwv eXrjrai, Sovvat rov rjTrdy/jLtvov, iirl tovtoi^ Ikv-

^evov. (T(f)6Bpa St) yevofiivr] Trpo? rw Trpdyfxari Kol airovhdaaaa irepl rrjv TratStdv, ev he ttco? avrfi Koi toov kv/Scov ireaovrwv, vi/cijcracra \ap0dvet Tov Maaa^drrjV' ov yap rjv ev roU vTre^TjpT]Koi TTplv ev VTroyjfia yeveaOai ^acriXea 5 fxevoL^, eyx^eipiaaaa rot? eirl tmv ti/jlo)Trpoaera^ev eKheipai ^covra, kol to p,ev acopa irXdyiov hia Tptwv aTavpcov dvairy^ai, to he hepfia yevofxevwv he tovtcov kol y^wpX^; hiaTraTTaXevcrat. 0a(Ti,Xea}<; ;)^a\e7rw? <^epovTO<^ kol Trapo^vvofievov ** 'H? 7rpo<; avT7]v, elpcovevopievr) jxeTCL yeXcorof;, ** el koi paKdpio^, el ')(aX6Traivei<; r)hv<;,^' e(j)aaK€v, hca yepovTa rrovrfpov evvov)(ov, iyo) he '^iXlov; etcKv^evOelaa hapeiKov<; (Tlmttc!) kol aTepyo).^^ ^aauXeu? ixev ovv e(f) ot? €^>]7raT}]0i] jxeTajjLeXopevo'^ r^avxi'Civ rjyev, 97 he ^TUTetpa Kal Tryoo? raXXa (fyavepcjf; rjvavTLOvro Kal tovtol^ ehvax^patvev, co? avhpa^ evvovxov<; Kal ttio-tov^ ^Sa,cnXel htd Kvpov d)pL(b<; Kal 7rapav6/j,ci)
TOV

7rpdyfjLaT0<;

picbv

6

eTTep^ylrev

ev TreSa^? hehepevov^,

he'))6rjvai

(f)Tjaiv

avTOv TOV KXeapxov 6 KxT^cxta? otto)? KTevo<; eviToprjcreLe. TvyovTa he Kal Tr]peXi]aavTa ttjv re ttj Xyoei'a Kal tov haKTvXiov rjadrjiat Ke^aXrjv 166

I

ARTAXERXES

xvii.

3-xviii.

i

a second game, with an eunuch for the stake, and the king consented. They agreed that both might reserve five of their most trusty eunuchs, but that

from the rest the loser must give whichever one the winner might select, and on these conditions played their game. Parysatis took the matter much to heart and was in great earnest with her playing, and since the dice also fell in her favour, she won the game, and selected Masabates for he was not among And before the king those who had been excepted. suspected her design, she put the eunuch in the hands of the executioners, who were ordered to flay him alive, to set up his body slantwise on three stakes, and to nail up his skin to a fourth. This was done, and when the king was bitterly incensed at her, she said to him, with a mocking " What a blessed laugh simpleton thou art, to be incensed on account of a wretched old eunuch, when I, who have diced away a thousand darics, accept my loss without a word." So the king, although sorry that he had been deceived, kept quiet in the matter, but Stateira openly opposed Parysatis in other things, and above all was angry with her because, for the sake of Cyrus, she was cruell}'^ and lawlessly putting to death eunuchs and others who were faithful to ;

:

the king.

XVII I. Now, when Clearchus and his fellowgenerals had been completely deceived by Tissaphernes,^ and, contrary to solemn oaths, had been seized and sent up to the king in chains, Ctesias tells us that he was asked by Clearchus to provide him with a comb. Clearchus got the comb and dressed his hair, and being pleased at the service ^

Cf.

Xenophon, Anab.

ii.

5.

167

PLUTARCH'S LIVES avT(p

hovvai

AaKehaifJLOVi 'y\v(f)r)v iv

2

av/x^oXov (piXia^ Trpo? tov<; koI OLK€Lov
avyyevel^i

rfj

iv

he

acppajlSi KapvdTiBa<; 6pxov/jLeva<;.

aula rw K\€dp-)(^M tov<; avvar par loot a<^ dcjiaipelaOai koX Karava\iaKeLV,oki>ya tm KX€dp)(^(pSi86vTa<; dir avrcof. IdaaaOai Be koX tovto r]aiv 6 KTrj(Tia<;, rrXeiova ra Se

Tre/jLTro/ueva

hehefxevov^

Tw KXedpx^

3

ire/jLTreaOac Siairpa^d/ievo^;, IBia he

erepa roi? (TTpaTLOiTaK; hlhoadar koI ravra fiev vTrovpyrjaac Kol irapacry^elv ')(^dpLTL kol yvoo/jLTj t^? Uapvadnho^;. 7Te/x7ro/jL€Vov he KaO' rj/jiepav tw KXedp)((t) KwXrjvo^ eirl tol<; aiTloi<;, irapaKoXelv

avTov Kol hihdaKeiv

&)?

')(^pr)

fjLLfcpov

eh to

€fi/3a\6vTa [jLaxaLpiov diroKpv'^avTa

Kpea<;

irefJL'^av

xal

ev rfj /3aaL\eco'^ cofiorrjrL to reX-o? fit] irepLihelv avTOv yevo/jLevov avTo
aai, fiacjikea he tt} /xev fi7]Tpl TrapaLTOv/ievj] KTelvat Tov KXeap^ov o/jLoXoyfjcrai koI ofiocraL'

fiT)

TrecadevTa he avOt^; viro

aaTiv iiTL^ovXevaaL

aaaOac

tyjv

Sraret/ja? diroKTeivac ex he tovtov ttjv Hapv^TaTeipa koX (TvcTKevd-

Tr]<;

4 7rdvTa<; ttXtju Mei'coi^o?. ttj

(jyap/jbaKeiav

kut

avTrj
ovk

el/coTa

Xeycov, dXXa ttoXXtjv dXoyiav e^ovTa r^? alTLa<;, el heivov epyov ovtco^ ehpaae kuI Trapefcivhvvevaev T) Y{apvaaTi<^ hta KXeapxov, dveXelv ToXfirjaaaa Tr]v

yvrjalav ^aaLXe(o<; yvvaiKa koX Teicvwv kolvcd-

^aatXela Tpe(po/jL€vo)v. dXXa TavTa fxev dhyXov cw? eTTiTpayrphetTai ttj KXedp^ov Kal yap dvatpeOevTCOv (prjal tmp aTpafiv^p^r}. Tr)ywv Tou? p.ev dXXov^ vtto kvvcop aTrapdTreaOai

5 vov enl

OVK

i68

I

ARTAXERXES

xviii.

1-5

rendered, gave Ctesias his ring as a token of friendship which he might show to his kindred and friends in Sparta and the device in the seal was a group of dancing Caryatides. Moreover, as Ctesias says, the provisions sent to Clearchus were seized by the ;

soldiers in captivity with him,

who consumed them

freely and gave only a small part of them to Clearchus. This hardship also Ctesias says he remedied, by getting more provisions sent to Clearchus, and a separate supply given to the soldiers ; and these

he says he rendered and performed to please and at her suggestion. He says further that a flitch of bacon was sent to Clearchus ever}* day to supplement his rations, and that Clearchus earnestly advised him that he ought to bury a small knife in the meat and send it to him thus hidden away, and not allow his fate to be determined by the cruelty of the king but he was afraid, and would not consent to do this. The king, Ctesias says, at the solicitation of his mother, agreed and swore not to kill Clearchus but he was won back again by Stateira, and put all the generals to death except Menon. It was because of this, Ctesias says, that Parysatis plotted against the life of Stateira and prepared the poison for her. But it is an unlikely story, and one that gives an absurd motive for her course, to say that Parysatis thus risked and wrought a dreadful deed because of Clearchus, and dared to kill the king's lawful wife, who was the mother by services

Parysatis,

;

;

him

of children reared for the throne. Nay, it is quite evident that he add^ this sensational detail out of regard for the memory of Clearchus. For he says that after the generals had been put to death, the rest of them were torn by dogs and birds, but that

169

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Koi opvecov, TW he K\€dp)^ov veKpw OveWav avefiov yi]<; 6lva 7ro\X7]v ^epovaav lirixoicjai kul eTTLfcpvylrai to ctco/xo.* cfyoivifccov Se tlvcov hiaaira-

dXao^ ava^vvai ^aaiXel avhpa Oeol^ (piXov

pevTcov oXlyo) '^povco OavfjiacrTov

KoX KaTaaKidaaL tov roirov, ware Koi (7(f)6Spa

/jbera/jieXeiv,

dvr}p7]KorL tov

009

KXiap^ov.

XIX. 'H S' ovv TlapvaaTL^;, /jLL(tov<; re 7rpo<; ttjv ^TCLTeipav i^ «p%^? v7roK€Lp,evov kuI f^^XoTfTr/a?, opcaaa ttjv /xev avTrj^; hvvajiLV alhovpievov ^aaLXewf; /cat Ti[io)VTO<^ ovaav, T7]v S' eKelvri^ epcoTi, Kal irlaTSi fii/Saiov Kal la')(ypdv, iirefiovXevaev iiirep Ta)v 2 fieylcTTayv, co? oieTO,

Trapa^aXXo/xevT]. Oepdrraivav et%e TTKTTrju koi Bvva/jLevrjv irap^ avTrj fieyiaTOv ovofia Tiyiv, fjv 6 fiev Aelvcov VTrovpyrjaai tt}

^apixaKeia K.TijcTLa';.

ovo/jid^ec

(pijal, avyyvojiac Be fjuovov dicovaav 6 tov Be Sovtu to (pdpfiaKOv ovto^ fxev

BeXtrapar,

^e Aelvcov lS>leXdvTav.

ck

he T?7? TTpocrdev v7royjria<; Kal Sia(f)Opd<; dp^dixevai

irdXiv ei? to avTO (pocTav Kal avvSemvelv dXXt']Xai<;, o/xco^; tw BeSiivai, Kal (pvXdTTeaOai, rot? diTo TMv avTMv ixpcovTO. avT0L
yiveTai he fiiKpov ev Uepcrat'^ Td)/iaT0
opvidiov, m irepiThiuTrXecov Tr^yueX^?

Kal hpoaw pvvTdKrj<^.

Tpe€-

tovto

(prjaiv 6 IvTTjaia^ fiLKpa fia^aLplhi K€)(ptafMevr)

tm

<pap/jidKcp KaTCi OdTepa Trjv YlapuaaTiv hiatpovaav eKfid^at, Tw 6T€pM fiepei to ^dpfiaKov Kal to fxev d^pavTov Kal KaOapov eh to aTo/xa ^aXovaav

70

I

ARTAXERXES

xviii.

5-xix. 3

in the case of Clearchus, a blast of wind carried a great mass of earth and heaped it in a mound which covered his body upon this some dates fell here and there, and in a short time a wonderful grove of trees sprang up and overshadowed the place, so that even the king was sorely repentant, believing that in Clearchus he had killed a man whom the gods loved. XIX. Parysatis, accordingly, who from the outset had a lurking hatred and jealousy of Stateira, saw that her own influence with the king was based on feelings of respect and honour, while that of Stateira was grounded fast and strong in love and confidence she therefore plotted against her life and played for what she thought the highest stake. She had a trusted maidservant named (xigis, who had most influence with her and assisted her in preparing the poison, according to Deinon, although Ctesias says she was merely privy to the deed, and that The poison was actually given by against her will. a man named Belitaras, according to Ctesias Deinon After a period of disgives his name as Melantas. sension and suspicion, the two women ^ had begun ;

;

;

again to meet and eat with one another, although their mutual fear and caution led them to partake of the same dishes served by the same hands. Now, there is a little Persian bird which has no excrement,

but is all thought to

of fat inside; and the creature is upon air and dew the name of it is "rhyntaces." It was a bird of this species, according to Ctesias, that Parysatis cut in two with a little knife smeared with poison on one side, thus wiping the poison off upon one part only of the bird the undefiled and wholesome part she then put into her full

live

;

;

^

i.e.,

Parysatis and Stateira.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES avrrjv eaOleiv, Sovvac Be rfj ^rareiparo irecpap/xay6 he AeLvcov ov rrjv Uapvcrarcp, dX\a top

4 fievov

M.€\dvTav re/ivovra rw /jLa')(^a(pLa) rd (pap/iaaKpewv riOevai Kara rrjv Xrdreipav.

(TOfxeva rcdv

ovv

rj yvvr} fierd ttovcov /jLeydXwv airapayfiSiv avrrj re (rvvrjaOdvero rov /cukov

diroOvrjaKOvaa fcal

S'

Koi ^aaiXet irapea^ev vTroyp^iav Kara rrj'^ /jLr)Tp6<;, 6 elBoTi TO 6r)pL(t)h€
ovK eBcoKcv, aXV varepov avT7J<; rov oIkov d(j)edrivai vvxro^, alaOofievo<; KoX Xo^op v^eU crvvrjpTTaae kol KaTeyvco 6 Odvarov. dTToOvrja-KOVcn, Be ol
Berjdeicrr]^ et?

oi/TO)? direOave, ttjv Be

dXXo €t9 Be €0)9

fiev

ovBev ovre

^afivXwva

Ylapvaariv 6 'Aprofe^f?;? KaKov ovre eTroLrjcrev,

elire

^ovXo/jl€P7]v e^eTrefjiyjrev elTToov,

ovk oy^reaOai BaySuOLKiav ovrco^ ^^X^^' rrjv

eKeivT] irepiearLv avTo
Xwva.

XX.

rd

Kard

puev 'ETrel Be rov<;

Kvprp avvava0dvra<; ''RXarrovBdaa^ Xa^elv 6 ^aaiXev^; ovBev rjrrov Kal rrjv ^aaiXeiav Kararj Kvpov irepiyeveaOat (TX^^^ oy^ eXa/Sev, dXXd Kvpov rov r]yep,6va Kal Xr]va
rov^ avrcJov (Trparr)yov
I

ARTAXERXES

xix. 3-xx. i

own mouth and

ate, but gave to Stateira the poisoned Deinon, however, says it was not Parysatis, but Melantas who cut the bird with the knife and placed the flesh that was poisoned before Stateira. Be that as it may, the woman died, in convulsions and great suffering, and she comprehended the evil that had befallen her, and brought the king to suspect his mother, whose fierce and implacable nature he knew. The king, therefore, at once set out upon the inquest, arrested the servants and table-attendants of his mother, and put them on the rack. Gigis, however, Parysatis kept for a long time at home with her, and would not give her up at the king's demand. But after a while Gigis herself begged to be dismissed to her own home by night. The king learned of this, set an ambush for her, seized her, and condemned her to death. Now, the legal mode of death for There is a broad poisoners in Persia is as follows. stone, and on this the head of the culprit is placed ; and then with another stone they smite and pound

part.

they crush the face and head to pulp. It was manner, then, that Gigis died but Parysatis was not further rebuked or harmed by Artaxerxes, except that he sent her off to Babylon, in accordance with her wish, saying that as long as she lived he himself would not see Babylon. Such was the state of the king's domestic affairs. XX. Now, the king was no less eager to capture the Greeks who had come up with Cyrus than he had been to conquer Cyrus and preserve his throne. Nevertheless, he could not capture them, but though until

in this

;

they had lost Cyrus their leader and their own commanders, they rescued themselves from his very palace, as one might say, thus proving clearly to the

173

PLUTARCH'S IJVES Kol aiTo^i]vavTer]v kol yvvoLKa'^, ra he rucfiov koX aXa^oveiav, iracra fiev rj 'EWa? e^eOapp-qae kol Karecf^povrjae tcop ^apjSdpcdv, AaKeSat/jLovLOL^ Be kol heivov ecpalvero vvv ye BovXeLa<; e^eXeaOai tov<; ttjv Aaiav fJLrj KaTOLKOVvra^ EtWTjva^ jjurjhe iravaac vpoirrfkaKifxara 2

aWa

'

^'

^Ofxevov; vtt' avTOiv.

hid

elra

iTpdTTOVTe<^ 3

Tov

irporepov he hid ©l/jb^pcovof;, he TroXe/jLouvre^;, ovhev

AeprcvWuhov

rep ^aaiXel o he TrepaicoOel^; vavalv

d^ioXoyov, ^AyrjaLXdw

TToXe/jLOV eirerpey^av.

eh ^Aaiav evOv<; rju evepyo<; kol ho^av el^^e fieydXrjv Kol Tiaacpepvrjv Trapara^dfievo^; ivLKTjcre xal tovtcov he yevojjievwv av/nrd<; TToX-et? dcplarr]. (ppov7](Ta<;

6

\\pT0^ep^7)<; ov rpoirov avrol^

TToXefJ^yreov, eTrefiyjre Ti/xoKpdrtjv

^EXXdha

ean

tov 'Vohiov

et?

iroXv fco/iii^ovra, hihovai Kol hia(f>OeLpeiv tou? TrXelarov ev ral^; iroXeai huvafievov; KeXevaa'^, kol iroXepiov 'KXXrjvLKOv Tr)V

'X^pualov

tov he TifjLOKpdTov<^ AaKehaijiova. KOi Tcov fieyiarcop iroXecov avviOTafievcdv kol t^}? YleXoTTovvijaov hiarapaTtov Ay yf a iXaov e/c tt}? T0/jLevr]<;, fiereTrefiTrovTo ore hr] kul (paaiv avTov 'Acrta? ol dp^ovTe<s, diriovTa 7rp6<; tou? LXov<; elirelv co? TpL(T/jivploL<;

4 Kivelv iirl rrjv

TUVTa

TrpdTTOPTO'i

^

T0^6Tai
TO

yap

UepcriKov

vofiia/jLa

to^ottjv

eTriarjixov

el^xev.

XXI.

'Efe/5aA,e he Kal t/}? ^aXarrry? AaKeKovcovt, tm ^AOrjvaiw pueTa apva-

hai/jLOVLovi

^d^ov 174

(7TpaT)]ya)

'^pycrdfievo'i'

6

yap Kovcov

I

ARTAXERXES

xx.

i-xxi.

i

world that the empire of the Persians and their king abounded in gold and luxury and women, but in all else was an empty vaunt. Therefore all Greece took heart and despised the Barbarians, and the Lacedaein particular thought it strange if now at they could not rescue the Greeks that dwelt in Asia from servitude, and put a stop to their outrageThe ous treatment at the hands of the Persians, war they waged was at first conducted by Thimbron, and then by Dercyllidas, but since they accomplished nothing worthy of note, they at last put the conduct of the war in the hands of their king, Agesilaiis. He crossed over to Asia with a fleet, went to work at once, won great fame, defeated Tissaphernes in a

monians least

pitched battle, and set the Greek cities in revolt. This being the case, Artaxerxes considered how he must carry on the war with Agesilaiis, and sent Timocreon the Rhodian into Greece with a great sum of money, bidding him use it for the corruption of the most influential men in the cities there, and for stirring up the Greeks to make war upon Sparta. Timocrates did as he was bidden, the most important cities

was

conspired together against Sparta, Peloponnesus and the Spartan magistrates sum-

in a turmoil,

It was at this Agesilaiis home from Asia. we are told, and as he was going home, that " The Agesilaiis said to his friends king has driven me out of Asia with thirty thousand archers " ; for the Persian coin has the figure of an archer stamped

moned

time, as

;

upon it.i XXI. The king also expelled the Lacedaemonians from the sea, employing Conon the Athenian as his commander alonff For Conon «3 with Pharnabazus. *

Cf. the Agesilaiis, xv. 6.

175

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Bierpi^e /jl€v ev Kvirpo) jjuera rrjv iv Alyo<^ iroravavfia^Lav, ov rrjv aa^akeiav a'^airoiv, aXKa

fjiol^i

rrjv 2

T03V

TTpayixarayv fiera^oXyjv, oxTirep ev

rre-

\dyei rponrjv, Trepifievoov. opcou Be fcal tou? eavTOV \oyicr/jLOv<; Buvdp€co<; fcal rrjv ^aaCKew^; hvvajJLLV avhpo^ ep,^povo^ Seofievrjv, eirep'^ev einKoi rauTTjv aToXrjv jSacnXel irepl o)v Bieuoelro. €K6\ev(T6 Tov KOfxL^ovTa /jLciXLara fiev diroBovvai Bid Zrjvcovo<; tov Kpi]TO<; rj YloXv/cpiTov tov Mev-

Balov TOVTCJV

8'

fiev

971/

3 Bid TTjV

TOV

KTTjaLov tov laTpov. €7rL(TToXr)v

Ti-qvwv opxv^'^l'^*

av Be ovtol

Be UoXvKpiTO<; laTpo^'

Xa^oov

Trapwai,

/htj

XeyeTai Be

6 K.Tr]aLa<; TrapeyypdyjraL tol^ vtto

eireaTaXpevoi^ ottco^; kol KTTjalav diToaTeiXr) irpo'^ avTov, &)? w^eXipov ovTa Tal<^ Koi^oji^o?

eirl OaXdaajj irpd^eaLv. 6 Be KTr]crLa<; avTOV d(f)' eavTov ^acnXea (pijal irpoaOelvai ttjv XeiTOvp-

4

yiav avTW TavT^v. 'AX,X-' eVel KpaTrjaa^ Trj irepX KvlBov vavjua-^ia Bid ^apvapdtov Kal K6vcovo<; dcpeiXeTO ttjv Ka-

Td OdXaTTav irdaav

6/jlov

dp-^r)v A.aKeBaip.oviov<^ , iirearpeyjre ttjp

'EXXdBa

irpo'^

aujov, waTS Kal '

TTji/

TrepijSoTjTOV elpi]vy]v

^pajSevaai

tol<;

^

5 Trjv

eV AvtuXklBov

EjXXrjac 6 Be

7rpoaayopevo/ji€Pr)V.

*AvTaXKLBa<; XirapTiaTr)^ tjv, AeovTO<; f/09, Kal a7rovBdaa<; ^acnXel Bie-rrpd^aTO Td<; ev Aaia TToXei^ KXXr] iBa^i dirdaa's Kal v}]aou<;, oaau ^

'

I

TrpocTKvpovcnv 'Acrta, irapelvai AaKeBaLfiovLOv; avT(p KeKTr)a6ai (popcjv viroTeXeU, elprjvr]^ yevo/JL€VT)<;

Tot? "EXXrj(TLv,

v/SpLv Kal irpoBoaiav oi/Bel^i

176

uKXeeaTepov

el

Bel ttjv tt}?

eiprjvrjv

-rjveyKe

KaXeiv,

'179

'EX.X,a5o9 7r6Xe/jLO<;

reXo? T0Z9 KpaTrjOelcri.

10!

ARTAXERXES

I

xxi.

1-5

passed the time at Cyprus, after the sea-fight at Aegospotami,^ not satisfied with mere safety, but awaiting a reversal in the course of affairs, as he would And seeing that his own a change of wind at sea. and the king's force a needed force, plans military needed a sagacious leader, he wrote a letter to the king explaining his purposes. This letter he ordered the bearer, if possible, to give the king by the hand of Zeno the Cretan or Polycritus the Mendaean (Zeno was a teacher of dancing, and Polycritus was a physician) but if these were not at court, by the hand of Ctesias the physician. And it is said that Ctesias, on receiving the letter, added to the suggestions which Conon made to the king a request to send Ctesias also to him, as likely to be of service in matters on the sea-coast. Ctesias, however, says that the king of his own accord conferred upon him ;

this

new

duty.

But after Artaxerxes, by the sea-fight which Pharnabazus and Conon won for him off Cnidus, had stripped the Lacedaemonians of their power on the sea, he brought the whole of Greece into dependence upon him, so that he dictated to the Greeks the celebrated peace called the Peace of Antalcidas.^ Now Antalcidas was a Spartan, son of Leon, and acting in the interests of the king he induced the Lacedaemonians to surrender to the king all the Greek cities of Asia, and all the islands adjacent to and Asia, to possess them on payment of tribute peace was thus established among the Greeks, if the mockery and betrayal of Greece can be called peace, a peace than which no war ever brought a more inglorious consummation to the defeated. ;

1 *

405 B.C. Of. the A Icihiades xxxvii. 2. In 387 B.C. Cf. the Agedlails, xxiii. 1

flf.

177

PLUTARCH'S LIVES XXII. Alo Koi tol;? dX\ov<; ^irapTiaTa^ aei ^heXvTTOfievo^ 6 Wpro^ep^^]^, koX vofxi^cov, w? (f)7]ai,

Aeivcov, dvdpcoTrcov diravTcov dvaiheardrov^

AiraXKiSav

elvai, Tvv

VTreprjydTrrjcrev 619 II e'/ocra?

Kai irore Xa/Scov eva tmu dvOiPcbv koi /3dyfra 'AvraXKiSa* koI

dva^dvra.

2 7rdvT€<; iOavfiaaav rr/v (f)LXo
TOP Aewvihav koi top K.aXXi KparlSav.

6 fxev 'yap

"

<J>eu *Ayt]aLXao<^, 00? eoLKe, irpo<; top eliroPTay 61TOV 01 'EX\aSo9, AdKWPe^T /jLyhi^ovaLP tjimp T?}?

"

"

*'

ol Mr}8ofc XaKo'PL^ovcn ; Ot* /jidXXop,^' eiTrep, Tou Be p/]p,aTO
ovk dc^elXep, dXXd

alcr')(^vpy]P

d-TToyXecrap

Be

Bo^a

rrjv jxep rjyefiopiap ep Aev/cTpoL<; dycopiadp^epoi KaKO)<;, r)

T'79

^irdpTrj^ TrpoaTTcoXero rat? ofioXo-

yiaL
3

"AxPt' /^€P OUP €7Tp(OT€V6P T) ^TTapTrj, ^6V0P eTTOieiTo Kal (pLXop oopo/Jia^ep eavrov top ^ApTaXKiBap' eVel Be r)TTr)9r]aap ep Aev/CTpoi<;, Taireipd 7rpdTroPTe<; eBeoPTO

fjuep ')(^pr}/.tdTcop

aiXaop eh ALyvTrrop

kol top 'A777^

i^e7r€/j,-\lrap,6

Be

AptuXkI-

'

Ba^

4

top

TrapUKuXcop

7r/?09 ApTo^ep^rjp 6 B' outco^ ^^1~ eirapKeaai Tot? AaK€BaLpopiOL] Be 77/309 TOP jBaaiXea Kal ^iafiTjpia^ 6

dpe/3t]

.78

i

I

ARTAXERXES

xxii.

1-4

this reason Artaxerxes, although he held other Spartans in abomination, and conalways sidered them, as Deinon tells us, the most shameless of all mankind, showed ^reat affection for Antalcidas when he came up to Persia. On one occasion he actually took a wreath of flowers, dipped it in the most costly ointment, and sent it to Antalcidas after supper; and all men wondered at the kindness.^ But Antalcidas was a fit person, as it would seem, to be exquisitely treated and to receive such a wreath, now that he had danced away among the Persians For the fair fame of Leonidas and Callicratidas.

XXII. For

Agesilaiis, as it would appear, when someone said to him: '^ Alas for Greece, now that the Spartans are medizing," replied, *^ Are not the Medes the " rather spartanizing ? However, the wittiness of

the speech could not remove the shame of the deed, and the Spartans lost their supremacy in the disastrous battle of Leuctra,2 though the glory of Sparta had been lost before that by this treaty. So long, then, as Sparta kept the first place in

Greece, Artaxerxes treated Antalcidas as his guest and called him his friend but after the Spartans had been defeated at Leuctra, they fell so low as to beg for money, and sent Agesilaiis to Egypt, while Antalcidas went up to Artaxerxes to ask him to supply the wants of the Lacedaemonians. The king, ;

however, so neglected and slighted and rejected him that, when he came back home, being railed at by his enemies, and being in fear of the ephors, he starved himself to death. Ismenias the Theban also, and Pelopidas, who had ^

*

Cf. the Pelopidas, xxx. 4. In 371 B.C. Cf. the Agesilaiis, xxviii. 5.

179

PLUTARCH'S LIVES @r]l3aL0<;

Kal IleXoTrtSa?

rJS?;

rrjv

iv A€VKTpot<;

outo? ^ev ovhev ala^pov €7roLrj(T€V' ^lafiT}Via<; 8e irpoaKwrjaat K€\ev6/jL€vo<; i^e/SaXe irpo auTov ^(^cipba^e tov Sa/CTu\Lov, elra Kvyfra^ avelXero Kal irapka^e Bo^av irpoaKvvovv5 TO?. Ti/jLayopa Be tw 'AOrjvaiW Sia Br)\ovpi8o<; TOV ypa/j^fiareo)^ elaTrefjLyjravri. ypafi/jLariBLov airopprjTov rjaOeh fivpiov; re Sap€iKou<; eBcoKC, koI ryd\aKTO<; ^oeiov Beop.ev(p Bi daOeveiav oyBotj-

fxdxn^

aXA-'

v^viKr}K(£><^.

Kovra Pov<;

TraprjKoXovOovv ere Be

dfjueXyecrdaL

KKivqv Kal arpco/jbaTa Kal

tov<; arpoovvvvra^; eire/jL-

ov p.e/JiaOrjKOTCJV 'RWijvayv virocTTpwvvvvai, Kal (f)op6L<; tol"? KOfii^ovTa<^ avrov fie'X^pt co?

yjrep,

6 Oa\d(T(T7j
irapovn Be Belirvov

exovra.

Xap^Trporarov, ware Kal tov dBe\(f)ov TOV ffaaiXeco^y ^OaTavrjv, "^fl Ti/jLayopa" (jydvai, " ov yap iirl pLifjbe/jLVTj(To TavT7]<; T?79 Tpaire^t']^' tovto Kpol<^ ovTco aoi K6K0(Tfji,r}/jL€vr] TrapaKCLTai.^^

€7re/JL7r€T0

5' r)v 6v€LBLa/jL0<;

eh

TrpoBocriav fidXXov

Tifiayopov

V7r6fjLvr]ai<;. ^

fxev

ovv Bid

rj

')(^dpiTO<;

ttjv BcopoBo-

KLav KOrjvaloi OdvaTOV KaTeyvcoaav, XXIII. 'O Be *ApTo^ep^T]<; ev uvtI iravTODv

(op

eXvirei tov<; "KXX-)]va
TtSo? avveinOefxevT)^. TToXifP firjTpl

^(^povov

Kal

ov yap evipLeive Ty opyy

^a(7iXev<^,

/jLeT€7re/jL\fraT0,

^ •

-

'

i8o

6

dXXd

vovp

fxep

BirjXXdyr)

ttj

opwp exovaav

Cf. the Pelopidas, xxx. 1-3. Cf. the Pelopidas, xxx. 6 f. Cf. the Agesilaiis, x. 3 f.

1

I

ARTAXERXES

xxii. 4-xxiii.

i

just been victorious in the battle of Leuctra, went up to the king.^ Pelopidas did nothing to disgrace himself; but Ismenias, when ordered to make the

obeisance to the king, threw his ring down on the in front of him, and then stooped and picked it up, thus giving men to think that he was making With Timagoras the Athenian, howthe obeisance. ever, who sent to him by his secretary, Beluris, a secret message in writing, the king was so pleased that he gave him ten thousand darics, and eiglity milch cows to follow in his train because he was sick and required cow's milk and besides, he sent him a couch, with bedding for it, and servants to make the bed (on the ground that the Greeks had not learned the art of making beds), and bearers to carry him down to the sea-coast, enfeebled as he was. More-

ground

;

over, during his presence at court, he used to send so that Ostanes, the

him a most splendid supper, brother of the king, said

"

:

Timagoras, remember

no slight return which thou must make for such an array." Now this was a reproach for his treachery rather than a reminder of the king's At any rate, for his venality, Timagoras was favour. condemned to death by the Athenians.^ XXIII. But there was one thing by which Artaxerxes gladdened the hearts of the Greeks, in return for all the evils which he wrought them, and that was his putting Tissaphernes to death, their most hated and malicious enemy. ^ And he put him to death in consequence of accusations against him which were seconded by Parysatis. For the king this table

;

it

is

did not long persist in his wrath against his mother, but was reconciled with her and summoned her to court, since he saw that she had intellect and a lofty

181

PLUTARCH'S LIVES fcal (^povr^fia /SacriXe/a?

ovarj^ 2

i/x7ToB(i)V

aWr)Xoi<;

Si*

a^Lov, aLTLa<; Be firjSepitd^ rjp

Xvirrjaovaiv.

rj

vTroyjrovTat crvvovTa Be tovtov nrdvra

ifc

vTrovpyovaa jBaaiXel, koI rw 7rpo<; CTrparre BvaKoXaivecv 6)(^ovaa

TTpo? %«/Oiz^ fXTjBev

€tl

€K€lvo<;

oiiv

TO BvvaaOat irap avrth koX Tvy')(^dv6iv ciTrdvTwv, ycrdero rrj^i 6T€pa<; tmv Ouyarepcov, 'Aroaar]^, €p(ovTo<; epcora BeLvov, iir iKpvTTTO fxevov Be Bl vrjv

ov^ 7]KiaTa kol Ko\d^ovTO<^ to

ifcel-

7rdOo<;,

a)
(^aaiv evLoi, Kairoi yeyevt^fxevrif; yjBt] 7rpo<; rrjv 3 irapOevov OfiiXia'^ avrfo XaOpaLa<;. &)? ovv vTrcioirrevaev rj Ylapvaari^;, rrjv nralBa /idXXov 77 irpo^

4

repov rj(T7Td^€To, /cat tt/qo? tou Apro^ep^rjv eirijvei TO Te KdXXo<; avrrj^; fcal to rj6o<;, 0)9 ^aaiXi,K7]<; Kal tcXo? ovv yrj/u-ac ttjv Koprjv /uLeyaXo7rp€7Tou<;. eireLae Kal yvijalav diroBel^aL yvpal/ca, ^atyoeii/ edaavTa Bo^a^ '^XXi]v(ov Kal v6fiov<;, UepauL^ Be VOpLOV aVTOV V7T0 TOV OcOV Kal BlKaiCOTrjV al(T')(pC)V Kal KaXoiv diroBeBeiyiJievov. evtoi fievTOL Xeyovaiv, a)v earl Kal 'Hpa/cXet'S??? o Ku/tafco?, ov fii'av /jLOVOV tmv OvyaTepwv, dXXd Kal BevTepav, "A/irj(TTpLV, yrj/jLttL TOV ^ApTo^ep^ijv, irepl rj<; oXiyov

vaTcpov dirayyeXov/jLev. t7]v B^ "AToaaav ovtqx; rjydTrrjaev 6 rraTrjp avvoLKovaav ware dX(f)ov KaTato ao)p.a Bva')(^epdvaL /nev iirl oTiovv, ev^opLevo^i Be irepl auT/)? t^^ TTpoaKvvrjaac jlloi'tjv Oeojv eKelvrjv, Tat? X^P^^^

vepir]6evT0<^ 5

TovTO)

"^pa

avTrj<^

/JL7]B'

dew ToaavTa avTov KeXevaavTO<; coaTe tcl /xeTa^i) tov lepov Kal tmv jBaaiXeicov eKKalBeKa crTaBia ^^ucroO Kal dpyvpov Kal T779

775?

dylrd/jLevo<;,

irepL-y^rai tov<;

7rop(pvpa^ Kal

I«2

Bcopd

Te

Tjj

craTpd7ra<; Kal (piXov;

I'ttttcov

ipurXr^aOrivaL.

I

ARTAXERXES

xxiii.

1-5

worthy of a queen, and since there was no longer any ground for their suspecting and injuring one another if they were together. After this she consulted the king's pleasure in all things, and by approving of everything that he did, acquired influence with him and achieved all her ends. She perceived that the king was desperately in love with one of his two daughters, Atossa, and that, chiefly on his mother's account, he was trying to conceal and restrain his passion, although some say that he had When, already had secret intercourse with the girl. accordingly, Parysatis became suspicious of the matter, she showed the girl more affection than before, and would speak to Artaxerxes in praise of her beauty and her disposition, saying that she was At last, then, she pertruly royal and magnificent. suaded the king to marr}'^ the girl and proclaim her his lawful wife, ignoring the opinions and laws of the Greeks, and regarding himself as appointed by Heaven to be a law unto the Persians and an arbitrator of good and evil. Some, however, say, and among them is Heracleides of Cyme, that Artaxerxes married, not one of his daughters only, but also a second, Amestris, of whom we shall speak a little later.^ Atossa, however, was so beloved by her father as his consort, that when her body was covered with leprosy he was not offended at tliis in the least, but offered prayers to Hera in her behalf, making his obeisance and clutching the earth before this goddess as he did before no other M'hile his satraps and friends, at his command, sent the goddess so many gifts that the sixteen furlongs between her sanctuary and the royal palace were filled with gold spirit

;

and

silver

and purple and horses. *

Chap, xxvii.

4,

183

PLUTARCH'S LIVES XXIV.

UoXejjLOv Be

7rpo<;

/uL€V

Alyu7rTLov<; Bia

^apvafid^ov koI ^\
ifju^aXoDV

koX

Be

0fiL')(\d)B7-)

et?

'x^copav

koX

tcov

fjLVpLoi
Tpa-^vTr^ri diro airopov

Be koX

fjurfKot^ koX toiovKapiTO)V ayovov, TOL^ dWoL<s aKpoBpvoL'^ rpecpovaav dv6pd}7Tov<; TToXe/jLLKOv^i Kal 6v/jL0€LBei<^, eXaOe /ji€ydXaL<^ d-no-

d7rL0L<;

ovBev yap iBooBiXapL^dveiv ovBe e^coOev iTrcLcrdyeaOai, ra Be vTTu^vyia puovov KareKOirTov, ware ovov Kecj^ato Be Xrjv /zoXt? Bpa-^ficov e^yjKOVTU covlov elvai. ^aaiXiKov BeliTvov e^eXetcpdr)' Kal rSiv lttttcov oXiyoL irepLTjaav en, tou? Be dXXov<; iaOlopra

2 piai^ /cat kivBvvol<^ TrepiTreacov. pLOV rjv

Karavt]\(t)Keaav.

'EvravOa irpcoTTj Bi

T-rjpiSa^o^;,

dvrjp

dvBpayaOiav rd^ei

iroXXaKi^; puev

iv

yevo/ievo^, iroXXaKLf;

Be d7roppi(j)el<; Bid KOV(f)6T7jTa Kal rore raTretvd irpdrrcov Kal TrepLOpcofievof;, ecrwae ^aaiXea Kal ovtwv yap Bvelv iv rot^ KaBov3 Tov arparov.

aioi^ j3aaiXe(ov, Bevov7o<^,

eKarepov Be

evTV')(a)v

%ft)/)i9

(rrpaTOire-

tw ^Apro^ep^j} Kal

<j)pdaa'^

TTcpl cov Bievoelro irpdrreiv,

e^dBi^ev avTo<; Trpo? TOV erepov rcov KaBovalcov, Kal 7rpo<; rov erepov e^rjTrdra Be eKdrepov Kpv(f)a rov vlov eTrefiirev.

eKdrepdy Xeywv

co?

drepo^; iTTiTrpea^everaL tt/oo?

irpdrrcov eavrw Kal avfi/naxi'dv ouKovv, el aw^povel, -x^prjvai irporepov ivTvyydveiv eKeivw, avrov Be avfjurpd^eiv diravTa,

TOV ^Apro^ep^rjv

cj)t,Xiav jjlovco

4 TOVTOi^ eTTeicrOrfcrav dficporepoi,

184

Kal (pOdveiv dXXi]-

I

ARTAXERXES XXIV. In

the

war

xxiv. 1-4

which

and

Pharnabazus

Iphicrates conducted for him against Egypt he was unsuccessful, owing to the dissensions of these commanders against the Cadusians, therefore, he ;

made an

expedition in person, with three hundred But the thousand footmen and ten thousand horse.

country which he penetrated was rough and hard to traverse, abounded in mists, and produced no grains, although its pears and apples and other such treefruits supported a warlike and courageous population. Unawares, therefore, he became involved in great For no food was to be got in the distress and peril. country or imported from outside, and they could only butcher their beasts of burden, so that an ass's head was scarcely to be bought for sixty drachmas. Moreover, the royal banquets were abandoned and of their horses only a few were left, the rest having ;

been consumed for food. Here it was that Teribazus, a man whose bravery often set him in a leading place, but whose levity as often cast him down, so that at this time he was in disgrace and overlooked, saved the king and his For the Cadusians had two kings, and each army. of them encamped separately. So Teribazus, after an interview with Artaxerxes in which he told him what he purposed to do, went himself to one of the Cadusian kings, and sent his son secretly to the Each envoy, then, deceived his man, telling other. him that the other king was sending an embassy to Artaxerxes to secure friendship and alliance for himhe should, therefore, if he were wise, self alone have an interview with Artaxerxes before the other did, and he himself would help him all he could. Both kings were persuaded by this argument, and :

VOL.

XI.

G

^^5

PLUTARCH'S LIVES vofii^ovTe<; 6 fiev rw TrjpL^d^a) avveTre/jLylre irpea^ei^, 6 he to) iraihl rod Trjpt^d^ov. hiarpi,-

Xof? /S?}?

he yevofxevT]^ viro-^iaL Kal

Sta^oXal Kara rov

Tr]pL^dl^ou Tft) 'ApTo^ep^rj irpoaeimTTOV' avTo
KahovaLov<; dyovTe<;, iyevovro he arirovhal Kal elpyjvrjy fieya^ ol)V 6 Trjpl^a^o<; ijhr] Kal Xa/xTrpo? due^evyvve fxera rov ^a(TL\e(o<;, eTTiheiKW fxevov irdaav Tr]v heiXlav Kal rr)v [laXaKiav ov Tpv^y}<^ Kal TroXureXeto.?, oxjirep Tou?

7r/309

ol

dfjL(f)OTepov<;

TToWol vofxi^ovdiv, €Kyovov ovaav,

dWd

/jL0)(^9r)-

pa<^ <j)vaeo)<; Kal dyevfov^ Kal h6^ai<; irovt^pal^ 6 e7ro/jLev7)<;. ovre yap ')(pvao<; ovre Kavhv^ ovre 6 rwv fjLVpiwv Kal hLa)(i\Lcov raXavrcov TrepiKeLfxevo^ del TW l3aatXeco<; aco/jLarL Koafjio^ eKelvov direKcoXve TTOvelv koI TaXaiirwpelv, wcnrep ol TV)(6vTe<;, dXXd rrjv re (j)aperpav ivrj/jL/jLevo<; Kal rrjv TreXrrjv (f)ep(ov avTO'i e^dhc^e 7r/?coT09 ohovi; opeivd^ Kal TrpoadvreL^, dTToXiTTwv rov Ilttttov, Mare rov? dXXov<; TTTepovadai Kal (TweTriKovcjiL^ea-dat rrjv eKeivov TTpoOvfiiav Kal pco/iirjv 6pa)VTa<;' Kal yap hiaKoaicov Kal irXetovcov arahicov Karrjvvev '^/iepa<; eKd(TTr]<; TTopeiav.

XXV.

'ETret he

eU

(jraOfiov Kare/Sr]

^aaiXcKov

irapaheiaov^i e^ovra 0av/j,aarov
rov TTapaheiaov ^vXi^eaOat ra hevhpa Koirrovra^, 6kTrevKTjf; fx-qre Kvirapirrov
/j>7]re

186

ARTAXERXES

xxiv. 4-xxv. 2

each thinking that he was anticipating the other, one sent his envoys along with Teribazus, and the other with the son of Teribazus. But matters were delayed, and suspicions and calumnies against Teribazus came to the ears of Artaxerxes he himself also was ill at ease, and repented him of having put confidence in Teribazus, and gave occasion to his rivals to malign him. But at last Teribazus came, and his son came too, both bringing their Cadusian envoys, and a peace was ratified with both kings whereupon Teribazus, now a great and splendid personage, set out for home with the king. And the king now made it plain that cowardice and effeminacy are not always due to luxury and extravagance, as most people suppose, but to a base and ignoble nature under the sway of evil doctrines. For neither gold nor robe of state nor the twelve thousand talents' worth of adornment which always enveloped the person of the king prevented him ;

;

from undergoing toils and hardships like an ordinary soldier nay, with his quiver girt upon him and his shield on his arm he marched in person at the head of his troops, over precipitous mountain roads, ;

abandoning his horse, so that the rest of the army had wings given them and felt their burdens lightened when they saw his ardour and vigour; for he made daily marches of two hundred furlongs and more. XXV. At length he came down to a royal haltingplace which had admirable parks in elaborate cultivation, although the region round about was bare and treeless and since it was cold, he gave permission to his soldiers to cut the trees of the park for wood, And when they sparing neither pine nor cypress. ;

187

PLUTARCH'S LIVES VOVVTCOV Be Kol

(f)€LBofjL€VCOV BlOL TO,

KoXXrj KOl

TO,

fieyedrj, Xaficov ireXeKw avro^ oirep rjv fjuiyLarov /cal KaXkKTTOv rcov ^vrwv e/coyjrev. ck Be tovtov

^vKi^ofxevoL KOL

ivv/CTepevaav. aiTolSakcbv

o/jlov

tl

ev/jLapoi)
dyaOov
koI B6^a<^ Karacppoveia-Oai Bia

aTvx^iCLV Kol

avrjpei, Bl

Be

tTTTrou?

avBpa<;,

3 eiravrfkOe.

V7royjrLaL<;

TToWa TTvpa TTOiovvTa firjv aXXa ttoXXou? kuI

ov

TTjv

el^^

cLTTOTev^LV

Toix;

irpoiTOV^'

TYj^

rrjv


/cal

7roWov
opyrjv, TrXeiova^ Be (poffovfievof;.

r)

ev jxev

yap

BeOua (f>oviK(M)TaT6v eanv ev rat? Tvpavvlaiv XXewv Be Kal irpaov Kal avviroTTTOV rj dappaXeoBlo Kal rcov Orjplcov ra driOdaevTa Kal T^9. ra Be yevvala TTiarevovra ixdXXov Bid to Oappelv ov (pevyei Td<;

Bvae^rj/jLepcoTa ylro(j>oB€rj Kal BeiXd,

(f>LXo
XXVI. 'O

Be 'ApTO^ep^r)(;

ijBrj

irpea^vrepo^

0)V

rjaOdvero tol'9 vlov<; dyodva irepl t?]^ fiaaiX€La
yap

evyvQ)p,ov€<; rj^lovv,

Q)<;

eXa^ev auro?, ovtq)?

diToXiTreZv irpea^ela Aapelo) v€a)TaT0<; 'n;)^09 6^v<;

wv Kal

rrjv

dpxvv-

o

Be

Kal

ISiaio^ et^e puev TO ^aaiXeiov ovk 6XLyov<; a-7rovBaaTd<;, TjXTn^e Be fxaXiaTa KaTepydaeaOai tov iraTepa TCt)v Trepl

^

2 Bid

AToaar]^. eKelvrjv ydp edepdirevev t09 Kal ya/j.rj(ropevr}v avix^aaiXevaovaav avT& fiCTa Ti-jv

T^9

TOV 7raTpo<; TeXevTrjv. rjv Be X6yo<; otl Kal iXdvdavev avTy TrXrjaid^cov. dXXd tovto

f(wi^T09

i88

ARTAXERXES

xxv. 2-xxvi. 2

hesitated and were inclined to spare the trees on account of their great size and beauty, he took an axe himself and cut down the largest and most After this the men provided thembeautiful tree. selves with wood, and making many fires, passed the night in comfort. Nevertheless, he lost many and brave men, and almost all his horses before he reached home. And now, thinking that his subjects despised him because of the disastrous failure of his expedition, he was suspicious of his chief men ; many of these he put to death in anger, and more out of For it is cowardly fear in a tyrant that leads to fear. most bloodshed ; but bold confidence makes him

So also among gracious and mild and unsuspicious. wild beasts, those that are refractory and hardest to tame are timorous and fearful, whereas the nobler sorts are led by their courage to put more confidence in men, and do not reject friendly advances.

XXVI. But

Artaxerxes, being

now advanced

in

years, perceived that his sons were forming rival parties among his friends and chief men with reference to the royal succession. For the conservatives thought it right that, as he himself had

received the royal power by virtue of seniority, in like manner he should leave it to Dareius. But his youngest son, Ochus, who was of an impetuous and violent disposition, not

only had

many adherents

courtiers, but hoped for most success in over his father through the aid of Atossa.

among the

winning For he sought to gain Atossa's favour by promising that she should be his wife and share the throne with him after the death of his father. And there was a report that even while his father was alive Ochus had secret relations with Atossa. But Artaxerxes 189

PLUTARCH'S LIVES /jLev

rjyvoyjaev 6 'ApT0^ep^r}<;' ray^v Be Povkofievo^i

i/CKpovaat

avra

iX7rlho<;

tiJ?

Kvpw

rov

To\/jLj]aavTo<;

^O^j^oi^,

avrov

OTrco?

firj

TroXep^oc

ra Kal

av6t<; KaraXd/Scoai rrjv ^aaiXelav, aveTOP Aapelov jSaaCXea TrevrrjKoarov €to<; yeyovora, koI Trjv KaXov p^eviqv Kirapiv op9r]v v6p,ov Be oVto? iv Uepaai^ Bcopeav (pepeLv eScoxe. aiTelv TOP avaBeixOevra Kal BtBovai, top dpaBeu^apra Trap to alTrjOep, apirep fj Bvputop, fJTrjaep 'AcnracTLap 6 Aap£Lo<^ ttjp p^dXiaTa (jirovBaaOelaap VTTO Ku/JOf, TOTe Be rco /SaaiXel iraXXaKevto yevo<; air 'Iwwa?, Tjp Be 't>(i)/<:aU op.€P7]P. eVel iXevOepcop jopecop Kal tsO pap,p.eP7j Koap.Uo<;. ayo)ve<^

hei^e

3

4

Be

Kvpov

BeiTTPOVPTO^ elarj^OT] pLeO' eTepcop yvpai-

^0PT0<;

dXXai TrapaKaOe^op^epai TrpocTTralavTov Kal aTTTop^epov Kal aKcoTTTOPTOf; ovk

ar;5w9

epeBe'XppTO

Kcop,

al

p}.p

ra? <jiLXo
,

eKelprj

Be

irapa ttjp kXlptjp 6L(7T)]K€L aiwrrfj Kal l^vpov KaXovPTo<; ou)(^ vmjKove' ^ovXopepwp Be irpoa'' dyeip TOiP KaTevpaaToop, OlpLco^eTaL piipTOL tov" 09 dp ipLol Trpoaaydyrj to,'; ')(^elpa<;" Tft>i^," elirep, eBo^ep ovp d')(^apL<; roi? TrapouaiP elpai Kal dypoi5 /CO?, o Be KO/309 i)a9el'=; iyeXaae, Kal elire irpo'i ''^ TOP dyay OPT a ra? yvvalKa^, Apa 7]Brj avpopa<^ OTL pLOL pLOPrjp TavTTjp iXevOepap Kal dBidc^Oopop " i]K€L<;

pbepc^

Kop,l^(op

avTjjt

;

Kal

CK Be tovtov 7rp0(jeZ)(^ep dp^dTraacop eaTep^e Kal

pidXiaTa

edXw Be K.vpov iTe(T6pT0<; aocprjp TTpocrrjyopevcrep. ip T7J P'd'X^T] Kal BiapTTa^opepov tov dTpaTOTTcBov.

XXVIL

'

TavTTjp 6 Aap€io
Cf. Xenoplion,

190

Anab.

i.

10.

2; Plutarch,

rjPLacre

top

Pericles, xxiv. 7.

ARTAXERXES

xxvi. 2-xxvii.

i

was ignorant of this and wishing to shatter at once the hopes of Ochus, that he might not venture upon the same course as Cyrus and so involve the kingdom anew in wars and contests, he proclaimed Dareius, then fifty years of age, his successor to the throne, and " gave him permission to wear the upright kitanis," as the tiara was called. Now, there was a custom among the Persians that the one appointed to the royal succession should ask a boon, and that the one who appointed him should give whatever was asked, if it was within his power. Accordingly, Dareius asked for Aspasia, who had been the special favourite of She Cyrus, and was then a concubine of the king. was a native of Phocaea, in Ionia, born of free Once when Cyrus parents, and fittingly educated. was at supper she was led in to him along with other women. The rest of the women took the seats given ;

them, and when Cyrus proceeded to sport and dally and jest with them, showed no displeasure at his But Aspasia stood by her couch friendly advances. in silence, and would not obey when Cyrus called her and when his chamberlains would have led her " to him, she said Verily, whosoever lays his hands ;

:

upon

me

shall rue

the day."

The

guests therefore

thought her a graceless and rude creature. But Cyrus was delighted, and laughed, and said to the man who had brout^ht the women " Dost thou not see at once that this is the only free and unperverted woman thou hast brought me } " From this time on he was devoted to her, and loved her above all women, and called her The Wise. She was taken :

when Cyrus fell in the battle at Cunaxa and camp was plundered.^ XXVIl. This was the woman for whom Dareius

prisoner his

191

PLUTARCH'S LIVES iraTcpa' hva^rfka

TO oLKoXacTTOv,

yap ra ^ap^apiKa

cocTTe

BeiV(o<; irepl

fiovov rov TTpoaeKJdovTa

p,rj

aWa

KOI diyovra 7ra\\aK7j<; paaCXew^, kol top iv TTopeia irpoe^ekOovra koI Sie^eXdaavra Ta<;

ah

ap.d^a
KaiTOL

"

Tr)v fiev

Kop,L^ovTai,,

Kroaaav

yvvacKa irapd top

Oavdrm KoXd^eaOaL.

el^ev

eponTi, 7roLr}
e^rjKovTa 3e Kai rpiaKOGiai 7rap€Tpe(f)0VT0 KdXkei Bia(f>€povaaL ttoKou prjv Koi alrrjdelf; eKetvrjv XaKiSe^;. vofjiov,

dWd

i\ev6epav ecjiijaev elvai koX Xapb^dveiv i/ceXevae fiovXo/jLevrjv,

dfcovaav Be

fir)

fiid^eadai.

fiera-

Be rr)? 'Ao-Tracrta? Kal irap^ iXTTiBaf; Tou ^acri\eco<; €\op,ev7)<; rov Aapelov, eBwfce jiev

'7rep.(f)0€iar]<;

dvd\Kr}
vir

3 d(f)eLX€TO,

tt}?

yap

^AprepiBo^; r?}? iv '^K^ard-

^KvaiTLV

KaXovaiv, lepeiav dveBet^ev avrrjv, oirco^; dyvr) Bidyrj top eiriXoL'Trov ^iov, olopevo^ ov ^aXeir^v, dXXa /cal fierpiav tlvcl Kal voL
rjv

TTaiBia p.ep,iyp,evr]v ravrrjv Xij'sjreadaL Biicqv -rrapd

Tov TratSo?.

o 8' rjveyKev ov /j,€TpL(o<;, eir

tt}? ^Aa-7TaaLa<; 7repL7radr)<; yeyovco^;, eire

epcorc

v^piaOai

Kal Ke')(Xevda6aL vopi^cov vtto tov 7raTp6<;. 4

KlaOopevo^ ert TO,

B'

avTov

ovtco<;

paXXov i^eTpd^wev, Ka9^ avTOv.

rjv

e-x^ovTa Tr)pLl3a^o<:

ev Tol
Be ToiavTa.

irXeiovcov ovcrcov

^aaiXel OvyaTepcop oop^oXoyrjae ^apva^dl^w pep

^Awdpav 192

Bcoaeip yvpacKa, 'FoBoyovpi]p Be 'OpovTrj,

ARTAXERXES

xxvii.

1-4

asked, and he gave offence thereby to his father for the Barbarian folk are terribly jealous in all that pertains to the pleasures of love, so that it is death for a man, not only to come up and touch one of the royal concubines, but even in journeying to go along And past the waggons on which they are conveyed. yet there was Atossa, whom the king passionately loved and had made his wife contrary to the law, and he kept three hundred and sixty concubines also, ;

who were of surpassing beauty. However, since he had been asked for Aspasia, he said that she was a free woman, and bade his son take her if she was willing, but not to constrain her against her wishes. So Aspasia was summoned, and contrary to the hopes

of the king, chose Dareius. And the king gave her to Dareius under constraint of the custom that prevailed, but a little while after he had given her, he took her away again. That is, he appointed her a priestess of the Artemis of Ecbatana, who bears the name of Anaitis, in order that she might remain chaste for the rest of her life, thinking tliat in this way he would inflict a punishment upon his son which was not grievous, but actually quite within bounds and tinctured with pleasantry. The resentment of Dareius, however, knew no bounds, either

because he was deeply stirred by his passion for Aspasia, or because he thought that he had been insulted and mocked by his father. And now Teribazus, who became aware of the prince's feelings, sought to embitter him still more, finding in his grievance a counterpart of his own, which was as follows. The king had several daughters, and promised to give Apama in marriage to Pharnabazus, Rhodogune to Orontes, and Amestris

193

PLUTARCH'S LIVES kol rot? fiev aXkoi<; TrjpijSd^a) Se "A/xriaTpLV. eScoKe, TrjpL/Sa^ov 8e i-y^revo-aro yij/jia<; avTO TT^pc^d^cp rrjv ^'Afirjarptv, dvr

"Aroaaav

kol ratiTravraTracn hv(Tp6va)<; 7r/309 avrov o 'Yr}pil3a^o<^ eayev, ovhe dWco<; arda IPO's 0}V to 1)60^, aXX* dv(t)p,aXoroL<^, vvv he irpocncpovayv /cal aKopaKi^o-

5 V€coTdT7]v

ryv

ovhepLiav ecj>ep€v

pLevo^;

iirei he

eveyvrjaev.

w?

eyrjpev,

epa(j6e\
eiprjrai,

epLp,e\(o<; pbera^oXi]!',

KOL Tip,(op€vo<; r)v e'Tra-)(6ri<; viro TO Ko\ov6pL6vov ov TaiTeivov ovhe

Tpa^v

/cal

dyepw^ov

dWd

')(avv6Tr]T0
r)av)(^alop,

dWd

ei%e.

XXVIIL Wvp ovv eirl irvp eyeveTO tw veavLcr/cq) irpocyKeipeva 6 Tr]pL^a^o<; del /cal Xeycov &)? ovhep ovivrjaLV v(f>'

/ciTapi<;

r)

avTMV

pLT)

dhe\(j)OV hid

(ppouelv,

el,

tov

piev

yvvaL/co)VLTt,ho<; evhvopievov tol<; he iraTpo'^i ovt(o<; epLTrXrjKTOv rjOo'^

Ti]<;

TTpdyp^aai, tov

dfiepaiov

2 hiaho-^r^v

irepl tjj /ce<pa\fj toi'9

opOovcrOat T0t9 irpdy-

KaKelvov d^eXTepa

piaaL,

/cal

eaTcoaa

^7]T0vvTa<;

oteTai ^e^aiov

€)(^ovto<;,

6

VTrdp'X^eiv.

yap

avTw

'RXXr]vi/cov

Trjv

%a/3ti/

yvvaiov tov d'yjrevaTov ev HepaaL'i yjrevcrdp.evo'; vopiov ov hr) TTOu 7ricrT09 eaTi ra? irepl twv p.eylGTWV opioXoyia'^ epTrehcoaeiv. ov TavTO S' eliai TO

TV^etv

purj

^acnXeia^i'

IhidiTrfv /3iovv

/SacriXel

1

194

'^XV

^D.)(pv

/cdKeivw to aTepeaOau t^9 yap ovheva KcoXvaetv

puev

pbaKapiw^, exeivw

^aaiXeveiv dvdy/crjv

Chap,

xxiii. 2ff.

7)

^

8'

djr ohehetypiev ay

p/rfhe ^f]v eivai.

cf. chap. xxvi. 2.

ARTAXERXES

xxvii. 4-xxviii. 2

He kept his promise to the other two, but broke his word to Teribazus and married Amestris himself, betrothing in her stead to Teribazus his But soon he fell youngest daughter, Atossa. enamoured of Atossa also and married her, as has been said,^ and then Teribazus became a downright Teribazus was at no time of a stable foe to him. And so, uneven and precipitate. but disposition, when he would be at one time in highest favour, and at another would find himself in disgrace and spurned aside, he could not bear either change of fortune with equanimity, but if he was held in to Teribazus.

honour his vanity made him offensive, and when he from favour he was not humble or quiet, but harsh and ferocious. XXVIII. Accordingly, it was adding fire to fire

fell

when Teribazus attached himself to the young prince and was forever telling him that the tiara standing ^ upright on the head was of no use to those who did

own efforts to stand upright in of state, and that he was very foolish if, when his brother was insinuating himself into affairs of state by way of the harem, and his father was of a nature so fickle and insecure, he could suppose that the

not seek by their affairs

succession to the throne was securely his. Surely he whom regard for a Greek courtesan had led to violate the inviolable custom of the Persians, could not be trusted to abide by his agreements in the most important matters. Moreover, he said it was not the same thing for Ochus not to get the kingdom and for no one would for Dareius to be deprived of it ;

hinder Ochus from living happily in private station, but Dareius had been declared king, and must needs be khig or not live at all. 19s

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Ka66\ov

3

fiev

ovv

iaa}<;,

to Xo(f)6KX€Lov,

rax^^cL ireiOo) TOiv /caKCJV ohoLTropel"

Xeia ^dp rt?

»?

"^opeia kolI Kardvrrjt; eVl to

^ovKovTai he /H6V0V. direiplav twv /caXcov to t^?

ol irXelcrTot Tci /cal

dyvoiav ov

^ov\6'

<^av\a firjv

hi

dXXa

Kal to tt/jo? top '^D,')(^ov Tov Aapelov 3eo9 virodeaiv Ta> T}]pi.^d^o) irap€?%€• KvTTpoyeveia S' ov TrdjiTrav dvaiTio';, 7) TO

/jL6yedo<;

T^9 ^Aoriradla^;

XXIX.

d(palp€at<;.

^E7reS(OK€V ovv kavTov

Kal TToXXcov T(p

dp')(rj<;

7]Br)

tm

Trjpi^d^o)'

crvvtaTa/jLevcjv, €vvov)(o<; iSrjXcoae

BcLcnXel TTjv iTn^ovXrjv Kal tov Tpoirov, elScof; OTL vvKTo^ iyvcoKaaLv iv tw OaXdfiui

dKpt^a)<^

KaTaKei/Jievov dvaipelv avTov i7reLa6X66vT€<;. aKOvaavTt Be Ta> ^ApTO^ep^rj koI to irapihelv klvBvvov T7)Xlkovtov, dfxeXrjGavTa t^? BLa^oXrj<^, Beivov ehoKei, Kal to irtaTevo-av p,r}8evo<; eXey^ov yevo-

outoj? ovv eiroier tov p,ev eKeXevae rrapelvai Kal irapaKoXovOelvy avTo<; Be tov OaXd/xov tov OTncrdev T^? kXlvt]^; tolxov eKKo^jra^; Kal Ovpcoaa^ kutevaTdar]<^ Be tt]<; CKoXvyfrev avXaia ra? 6vpa^. ft>pa9 Kal <^pd(javT0
2 p,evov

BeivoTepov.

evvovy^ov

3

iK€bvoi<;

elBev eairao-pevovf; to, eyx^i-P^Bia Kal irpoacjiepofievov^, 1

ttjv

avXaiav viroXa^cov

Ftom an unknown

p. 315.

196

Ta%u

play,

Nauck,

Trag.

ai^e^^coyor/cre^'

Graec, Frag}^

1026

ARTAXERXES Now, perhaps says,^ that

it

—

is

xxviii. 3-xxix. 3

generally true, as Sophocles

''Swiftly doth persuasion unto evil conduct its

way"

make

;

smooth and downward sloping is the passage to what a man desires, and most men desire the bad through inexperience and ignorance of the good. However, it was the greatness of the empire and the fear which Dareius felt towards Ochus that paved the way for Teribazus although, since Aspasia had been taken away, the Cyprus-born goddess of love was not altogether without influence in the for

case.

XXIX.

Accordingly, Dareius put himself in the

hands of Teribazus in the conspiracy,

and presently, when many were an eunuch made known to the

;

king the plot and the manner of it, having accurate knowledge that the conspirators had resolved to enter the king's chamber by night and kill him in bed. When Artaxerxes heard the eunuch's story, he thought it a grave matter to neglect the information and ignore so great a peril, and a graver still to believe it without any proof. He therefore acted on this wise. He charged the eunuch to attend closely upon the conspirators meanwhile he himself cut away the wall of his chamber behind the bed, put a doorway there, and covered the door with a hanging. Then, when the appointed hour was at hand and the eunuch told him the exact time, he kept his bed and did not rise from it until he saw the faces of his assailants and recognised each man his

;

But when he saw them advancing upon him drawn swords, he quickly drew aside the

clearly.

with

197

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TO

eZ?

€VTo<;

Kpd^cov.

o'iKTjfia

6(j)6evT€<;

'irpd^avTe<; Se

ra? 6vpa<; iir^ppa^e

fcal

ovv ol

/jurjOev,

(T<^ayel'i

dTre^aipovv

vir'

avTOV, Bia Ovpwv,

(jivyfj

Kol Tou? Trepl Tov TrjpL/Sa^ov i/ciXevov aTroxcopelv 4 CO? (j)avepou
TToWoy? direKTeive

rSiv /3acrtXea)? Bopv(f>6p(ov koX rw hi /jboya d/covTiq) irXrjyeh iroppcoOev eireae. Aap€L(p jxerd rcov reKvwv dva^Oevrc Ka6iaa
ov irapcov avTos, dXX* SLKacrrd<;, irepcov Karrjyoprja-dvTwv, eKeXevaev v7rr]p6Ta<; ttjv exdarov ypa^\rap,evov<^ diro^aaiv 009 avrov eirave-

^aaiXeiov^

5 veyKslv.

d7ro(f)r)va/JL€V(ov

Be Trdvrwv

o/jlolq)^

koI

KarayvovTcov rov Aapeiov Odvarov, ol fiev vTrrjperai avXXa^6vTe<; avrov eU oXiC7]iia irXr^aiov dirTfyayov, 6 Be By/jbto^ KXrjOeU rJKe fiev ^vpov e%&)z/, cS

Td<;

K€(j)aXd<;

dirorefJivovaL

twv

KoXa^ofievcov,

TOV Aapelov e^eirXdyrj kol dvexd>peL iTpo<^ Ovpa^ dTTOpXeTTwv, &>; ov Bvvr)a6/jLevo<; ovBe

IBoDV Be rd
6 ToX[xr)acov avr6')(^eLp

yevkaQai PaaiXeay^i. e^coOev Be Tcov BiKucTTCJV direiXovvTCdv /cal BiaKeXevofieveov

dvao-Tpe\jra<; Kofirjf;

koI

rfj

erepa

%ei/3l

avrov Kal Karayayoov

Bpa^d/ievo^; tt)?

drrerefie

rw ^vpM

rov rpd'xrfXov. ^¥iVLOi Be (^aai rr)v

Kpiaiv yevkaOai ^aaiXew^; rov Be Aapelov, &)9 KareXa/ju/Sdvero roU eXeyxoi<;, eirl aro/jLa ireaovra BelaOai /cal iKereveiv rov Be vir 6pyr]<; dvaardvra Kal

avrov

7

rrapovro^;,

GiraadjJievov rov d/ctvd/€t]v rvirreiv eo)? direKreivev*

198

ARTAXERXES

xxix. 3-7

hanging, retired into the inner chamber, closed the door with a slam, and raised a cry. The murderers, accordingly, having been seen by the king, and having accomplished nothing, fled back through the door by which they had come, and told Teribazus and his friends to be off since their plot was known. The rest, then, were dispersed and fled but Teribazus slew many of the king's guards as they sought to arrest him, and at last was smitten by a spear at Dareius, together with his long range, and fell. children, was brought to the king, who consigned him to the royal judges for trial. The king was not present in person at the trial, but others brought in the indictment. However, the king ordered clerks to take down in writing the opinion of each judge and bring them all to him. All the judges were of one opinion and condemned Dareius to death, whereupon the servants of the king seized him and led him away into a chamber near by, whither the executioner was summoned. The executioner came, with a sharp knife in his hand, wherewith the heads of condemned persons are cut off; but when he saw Dareius, he was confounded, and retired towards the door with averted gaze, declaring that he could not and would not take the life of a king. But since the judges outside the door plied him with threats and commands, he turned back, and with one hand clutching Dareius by the hair, dragged him to the ground, and cut off his head with the knife. Some say, however, that the trial was held in the presence of the king, and that Dareius, when he was overwhelmed by the proofs, fell upon his face and begged and sued for mercy but Artaxerxes rose up in anger, drew his scimitar, and smote him till he ;

;

199

PLUTARCH'S LIVES elra et? rrjv av\r]v irpoeKOovra rov ''\{\lov irpoa-** KVvrjcraL kol elirelv' Kv^paiveaOe aTrtoz^re?, w Tlepcrai, koI Xeyere rot? d\\oL<; otl toU aOea/xa KoX irapdvo/ia hiavor^OelaLV 6 fie
XXX. reXo?. TT/^o?

'H

fi€v

Be ^H;;^©?

VTTO

ovv 67rc^ov\rj toiovtov €
Trj<; ^A.t6(T(J7}<;

en

i7raLp6/j,€vo<;,

Be

i(f>o-

^

jSelro Twv piev yvrjaicov top vito\olitov ApLdairijv, * Tcov Be voOcov Kpadprjv. 6 pev yap ^Apidcr7r7]<; ov Bia TO irpea^vrepo^ elvai rov "tl^ov, 7rpao<;

Be /cal dirXovf; /cal (j)i\dvOpco7ro
\ev6Lv VTTO

€)(€iv eBo/cei

2

Kal pdXtcrra rep irarpl

7rpoa(f)LXr)<;

wv ovK eXdvOave rov ^flx^v. eTTL^ovXevcov ovv dp(j)OTepOL
rfj

pev

rfj

Be

copLorrjri

t^9

(f)vcreco<;

KaKovpyia Kal VTreirepi'^e yap

tt/^o?

rov

BeLv6r7)rL tt/jo? rrpo'^ avrov ev-

rov ^Apidairrjv. vov^ov^; Kal ^tX-ou? fiacnXea)<; direiXd^; riva<; del Kal X6yov
eXey^eiv Be Kal 200

^rjrelv

e^aBvvarcov Bed

yrjpa<;

ert

ARTAXERXES

xxix. 7-xxx. 4

him; then, going forth into court, he " obeisance to the sun and said Depart in joy and peace, ye Persians, and say to all whom ye meet that those who contrived impious and unlawful things have been punished by great Oromasdes." XXX. Such, then, was the end of the conspiracy. And now Ochus was sanguine in the hopes with which Atossa inspired him, but he was still afraid of Ariaspes, the only legitimate son of the king remainsons. ing, and also of Arsames among the illegitimate For Ariaspes, not because he was older than Ochus, but because he was mild and straightforward and humane, was deemed by the Persians worthy to be

had

killed

made

:

Arsames, however, was thought to have and the fact that he was especially dear to wisdom, his father was not unknown to Ochus. Accordingly, he plotted against the lives of both, and being at once wily and bloody-minded, he brought the cruelty

their king

;

of his nature into play against Arsames, but his For he secretly villainy and craft against Ariaspes. sent to Ariaspes eunuchs and friends of the king, who constantly brought him word of sundry threatening and terrifying utterances implying that his father had determined to put him to a cruel and shameful Since they pretended that these daily redeath. ports of theirs were secrets of state, and declared, now that the king was delaying in the matter, and now that he was on the point of acting, they so terrified the prince, and filled his mind with so great trepidation, confusion, and despair, that he drank a

deadly poison which he had prepared, and thus rid When the king was informed of the himself of life. manner of his death, he bewailed his son. He also suspected what had caused his death, but being 201

PLUTARCH'S LIVES fiaWov /jLciXicTTa

oOev

ol

rjaird^ero top *Apad/jLr]v, koI Brj\o<; i]V TTiarevcov eKeivw /cal 7rappr]<Tia^6/jLevo<;. irepl

tov

^Q.')(^ov

ovk dvelSaXovro

rrjv

dW'

^ApTrdrrjv vlov Trjpt^Sd^ov irapaTrpa^LV, aKevdaavT6<; aTreKreivav Bl* eKeivov tov dvOpcoirop. 5

^v

fiep

ovp eVl

poTTrj<^ /jLiKpd<;

6 ^Apro^ep^rj^ Std to

avrw rov irepi TOP ^Apad/iiTjv irdOovi ouhe oXljop dpTeayev, dX>S

tyripa<; ijBrj

evdv<;

Tore* irpocnreaopro^ he

VTTO

Xuttt;?

fcai

Bv(Tdu/jLia<;

aTreafiecrOr),

pidtaa^ /jL€P ipevrjKOPTa koX Tcaaapa eTi], ^acLXevaa^i he hvo koX e^rjfcoPTa, Sofa? Be 7rpao<^ elpai Kol (f)L\v7n]Koo<; ov^ rjKiaTa hid top vlov 'H^oi^ wfjLoryTL Koi fiLaKpopia irdpTa^ virepPakofiepop,

202

ARTAXERXES

xxx. 4-5

unable by reason of his age to search out and convict the guilty one, he was still more wellaffectioned towards Arsames, and clearly made him his chief support and confidant. Wherefore Ochus would not postpone his design, but set Arpates, a son of Teribazus, to the task and by his hand slew Now Artaxerxes, by reason of his age, the prince. was already hovering between life and death and when the sad fate of Arsames came to his ears, he could not hold out even a little while, but straight;

of grief and despair. He had lived ninety-four years, and had been king sixty-two, and had the reputation of being gentle and fond of his though this was chiefly due to his son subjects Ochus, who surpassed all men in cruelty and blood-

way expired

;

guiltiness.

203

GALEA

rAABA2 T. 'O jiev ^AOrjvalofi ^l
cf)i.\i]Sovov, OTTco?

rat?

€7rt9v/xi,ai<; '^(^oprjyLav eTn^rj-

TrapaSoXcorepov, ol Be TrXelaroi, KaOdrrep epp^p^evov aoijxa, to gt par loot lkov d^iov(7iv Ihla firjSeTTore ')(^pct>[ievov opfifj avyKivelaOai 2 rfi Tov arpaTTjyov. Bio Kal llauXov Al/jLlXiov T(x)v

dy(i)VL^y]TaL

Xiyovai

rrjv ev

XaXid<;

kol

MaKeBovla

Bvvajjbiv

olov

7repLepyia<^y

dvdirXeoov, nrapeyyvrjaai

irapaXa^ovra

hiaarparriyovaav,

rrjv %et/9a TToietv kroi-

Kal rrjv /jid)(acpav o^eiav e/caarov, avrw Be Tcov dXXcov /xeXijaeiv. 6 Be HXdrwi' ovBev epyov opoiv dp^ovTO^ dyaOov koI arparyp/ou aTpand^; lirjv

3

(TQ)(f)poi'Ovar]<;

fit)

/jLr]Be

6/j,07raOovat]<;,

Treidap'X^LKriv dperijv 6p.0iw<; rfj

dXXd

^aaiXiKy

rrjp

vo/jLL^(ov

(f)V(J6(D<; yevvaia'^ koL t^o^?}? (piXoaocpov BecaOai, fidXiara rfo Trpdfp kol (f)LXav6pd>7r(p to dv/ioeiBe
pLeTa

TTjv

Ne/3Ct)z^o?

TrapaBeiy/iaTa tov ^

With

Plutarch's

Galba; Dion Cassius, "

2o6

TeXevTijv e^^i p.apTvpia Kal

p.^iBev elvai

^o^epdoTepov dirai-

GaJha may be compared Suetonius, 1-9 ; Tacitus, Hist. i. 1-45.

Ixiv.

GALEA

1

I. Iphicrates the Athenian used to think that the mercenary soldier might well be fond of wealth and

fond of pleasure, in order that his quest for the

means

to gratify his desires

might lead him to

fight

with greater recklessness but most people think that a body of soldiers, just like a natural body in full vigour, ought to have no initiative of its own, but should follow that of its commander. Wherefore Paulus Aemilius,as we are told, finding that the army which he had taken over in Macedonia was infected with loquacity and meddlesomeness, as though they were all generals, gave out word that each man was to have his hand ready and his sword sharp, but that he himself would look out for the rest.^ ;

^ Moreover, Plato sees that a good commander or general can do nothing unless his army is amenable and loyal and he thinks that the quality of obedience, like the quality characteristic of a king, requires a noble nature and a philosophic training, which, above all things, blends harmoniously the qualities of gentleness and humanity with those of ;

high courage and aggressiveness. Many dire events, and particularly those which befell the Romans after the death of Nero, bear witness to this, and show plainly that an empire has nothing more fearful to 2 3

See the Aemiliiis, xiii. 4. e. g. Republic 376 C.

Cf.

207

PLUTARCH'S LIVES B€VTOL<;

')(^pco/j,6VT]<;

4 arpaTi(orLKij<;

'AXe^dvSpov

Kal aXoyoif;

opfial^; ev rjyefiovia

Ar]^dBr]^

SvvdfjL€Q)<;.

reXevTijaavTO^:

eiKa^e

fiev

rrjv

yap

Ma/ce-

Bovcov (Trparidv eKT€TV(f)\co/JLevq) rw K.vKXco7ri, TToXXa? Kivovfievrjv opcov Kt,vr}aei
7rapa(j)6pov<;'

KareXd/jL^avev, et? iroWd BtaaTrco/jLevijv d/jba Kal eavrfj aufMiTLTrrovaav, ov^ 'jroWa')(^o6 ev av6i<; ovTco<;

viro

avroKal aKokaaia^ tov

tcov dvayopevo/nevayv

(f)iXap-)(^ia<;

Kparopwv, Q}^ (TTpaTiWTLKOv

(j)L\o'7r\ovTLa<^ Bi dXkrjkcov

WGirep i'fKov^ rov^i Kairoi Aiovvaio<; ^epalov dp^avra (derraXcov BeKa firjva^, elra ev6v
5 Tjye/jLova^; eKKpovovTO';.

.

dXX^ TO

r}v

p.r}

ye Trapa/jLvdla rot? KaKco^ irda^ovat fxia dXX^

Bet]Or]vai Blk7]<; €Tepa<; eTrl tol*? alTiov^,

opdv avTOv<; v^' eavTWV <j)ov€vo/J,€vov<;, TrpcoTOv Be Kal BiKaiOTaTa irdvTwv tov BeXedaavTa Kal Bl-

Bd^avTa TcaovTOv iXirl^eiv eirl iieTa^oXfj Kaiaapo9 oaov avTO<; vwia'^eTO, KdXXcaTOV epyov Bia^aXcov T(p fxiadS), Tr)V diro ^epwvo<; diroaTaalav TTpoBoaiav yevofxevrjv. II.

Nv/jL(l)iBLo<;

eXprjTai, 'Nepo)vo<; ^

208

An

yap

^a/Stvof;

wv

eir a

p-)(^o^ ,

TiyeXXivov direyvwdTo iravTdTraai Kal

fieTCi

tT;?

avXrj^^,

wairep

eirel

to,

BrjXo<;

tjv

allusion to the provorb l}Ay b i\\os iKKpoverai.

GALBA

I.

3-II.

I

show than a military force given over to untrained and unreasoning impulses. Demades, indeed, after Alexander had died, likened the Macedonian army to the blinded Cyclops, observing tlie many random and disorderly movements that it made but the Roman Empire was a prey to convulsions and dis;

asters like those caused

by the Titans of mythology,

fragments, and again in many places collapsing upon itself, not so much through the ambition of those who were proclaimed emperors, as through the greed and licence of the soldiery, which drove out one commander with another as nail drives out nail.^ And yet the Pheraean ^ who ruled for ten and was then promptly killed, months Thessaly was called the tragedy-tyrant by Dionysius, with scornful reference to the quickness of the change. But the house of the Caesars, the Palatium, in a shorter time than this received four emperors,, the soldiery ushering one in and another out, as in play. But the suffering people had one consolation at least in the fact that they needed no other punishment of the authors of their sufferings, but saw them slain by one another's hands, and first and most righteously of all, the man who ensnared the soldiery and taught them to expect from the deposition of a Caesar all the good things which he promised them, thus defiling a most noble deed by the pay he offered for it, and turning the revolt from Nero into treachery. II. It was Nymphidius Sabinus, prefect of the court guard along with Tigellinus, as I have already stated,^ who, when Nero's case was altogether desperate, and

being torn into

many

* Alexander, tyrant of Pherae. See the Felopidas, xxiv.XXXV. * Probably in the lost Life of Nero.

209

PLUTARCH'S LIVES airohpacroiievo^ eh Atyvirrov, eireiae to o-TparLcoTLKov, ft)? /jLr]K6Ti 7rap6vTO<;, aXX' 7/S?/ 7re^6J^70T09, 2

avTOKpciTOpa rdX/Sav avayopevaac, koX Scopeav vired^ero Kar dvSpa tol^ au\iKOi<; Koi arparr)yt,Kol<; 7T pocrayopevo/jLevoif;

Bpax/^a<; €7rTaKi(T)(^L\ia<; irevTaKoaia<^, toI<s 8e Ikto^ crTparevop.evoi<; TrevrtjKovra xal SiaKoaLa<; evrt )(^i\bai<;, 6a ov dfi7]')(^avov rjv (Tvvayayelv fi?] TrXelova pLvpiuKt,'; KaKa rrapa-

Nepcov irapeax,^. tovevOv^; fiev dirooXeae Nepcopa, /xer oXiyov he

3 a')(^6vTa nrda-iv dv9p(OTT0L<; o)V

ro

yap

TdX^av Tov p.ev yap &)? XrjyjropievoL irpor^icavTO, rov Be /jlt) Xanj^dvovTe^i aTreKTeivav. elra tov TocrovTOV BcoaovTa f^^rowre? ecpOrjaav ev TaU diroardaeai koi irpoBoaiai^ dvaXd>aavTe^ auTov^ a)v TJXiTcaav. rd p.ev ovv KaO^ eKaara rj rv)(^ovTe
airayyeXXeiv aKpi^oi)^ Tr}<; irpayBe d^ia Xoyov roi<; rSdV Kaiadpwp epyoL^ koX rrdOeau avfjLTreirrcoKev, fiaTLKrjf;

ovBe

l(jTopia<^ earlv, ocra

irapeXQelv, XovX7rLKio
IIL FaX/Sa?

p,a TOV \epoviO)v oIkov, avTO'^ €(f)p6vei pel^ov eVt

KdrXov auyyevela, 7rpcoTevaavTO(; dvBpb^ dpGTTJ Kol Bo^y TMV KaO' eavTov, el koI to Bvva2 aOai p^aXXov €kcov eTepoL^ TraprJKev. rjv Be tl kol TT)

Acfiia Trj KaL(Tapo<; yvvaiKl KOTa yevo<; irpoo-y]Kcov o raX/3a<7, Kal Bid tovto At.^La
Plutarch uses the Greek word drachma for the correRoman denarius, a silver coin about equivalent to

sponding

210

GALEA

II. -i-iii.

2

was clear that he was going to run away to Egypt, persuaded the soldiery, as though Nero were no longer there but had already fled, to proclaim Galba emperor, and promised as largess seventy-five hundred drachmas apiece for the court, or praetorian, guards, as they were called, and twelve hundred and fifty drachmas ^ for those in service outside of Rome, a sum which it was impossible to raise without inmore evils upon the flicting ten thousand times world than those inflicted by Nero. This promise was at once the death of Nero, and soon afterwards of Galba the one the soldiers abandoned to his fate it

:

in order to get their reward, the other they killed because tliey did not get it. Then, in trying to find

someone who would give them as high a price, they destroyed themselves in a succession of revolts and treacheries before their expectations were satisfied. Now, the accurate and circumstantial narration of these events belongs to formal history but it is my duty also not to omit such incidents as are worthy of mention in the deeds and fates of the Caesars. III. That Sulpicius Galba was the richest private person who ever came to the imperial throne, is generally admitted moreover, his connection with the noble house of the Servii gave him great prestige, although he prided himself more on his relationship to Catulus, who was the foremost man in his time in ;

;

virtue and reputation, even if he gladly left to others the exercise of greater power. Galba was also somehow related to Livia, the wife of Augustus Caesar, and therefore, at the instance of Livia, he was made the franc. But a Roman writer would reckon by sestertii, the sestertius being worth about a quarter of the denarius.

211

PLUTARCH'S LIVES viraTO^; €k TlaXaTiov TTporjXOe. Xeyerav 5e Kol arparevfjiaro^ iv Tepfiavia Ka\(o<; ap^ai Koi

(T7)<^

avv

A.L^vrj'i dvOv7raTo<; yev6fJievo<^

TO he evKokov avTOV

oXiyoif; iiraive-

koI ^eidirepLTTOV alriav cayev avTOKpdropo^ yevo/juipov fiLKpoXoyiag, fjv eodXov

Orjvai.

rfjf;

BcaLTrjf;

BcoXov iv Zairdvai^ koi

Tiva

eurafta?

Bo^av

3 eirefx^Or] Be

€€pe

vvo Neyowro?

kul

acD(j)po(Tvpr)<;.

^Ifirfpia^ dp^o^v, ovttcd

(po^eladai tol'? iv d^ico/iacTi pueydiKeivw Be kol (pvarec Bokovv-

BeBi,BayfJL€VOV

Xov<;^ Tcov ttoXltcop.

TTpdw yeyovevai irpoaeriOei iriarLv evXa^eia^

TL

TO

yrjpa^;.

IV. 'EtTcI Koi

dypL(o<;

dXXo

^

Be, TCOV dXlT7]p[(0V iTTlTpOTTCOV COyLtCO?

ra?

i7rap)(^La<;

iKeivco Bta(j)opovvTO}v,

elxev ovhev ^orjdelv, avTa> Be tm (j>av€po<; elvai avvaXycjv kol
dvaiTVorjv Tiva kol Trapa/jLvdlav pL€voi<; fcal ircoXovpevoL';

tol<;

KaTuBcKa^o-

Trapea^^e' kuI iroLrjpdTcov

^epcova yivopievcov kol TroXXaxov rrepL(f)epop,ev(ov Kol aBopLevcov, ovk iKcoXvev ovBe auvrjyavdKreL 6t9

Tot? iTTLTpoTTOL^;' 6^' ot? eTL pLoXXov rjyaTTCLTO viro 2 TCJvdvdpcoTTCov. KOi ydp rjv ijBrj avvrj6r}<^,eTO(i6yBoov i/celvo Tr)v dpxv^ ^X^^ ^^ ^ 'Iovvio<; OvlvBi^ i-rrave(TT7J li^epcovt,

fxev

FaXaTta?

ovv Kol irpo

cov

aTpaTrjyo^;.

XeyeTai

tt}? ipL(j>avov^ drro<jTd<jeoi)<;

ypdpr

fxaTa TTpo^ avTov d(fiLKea6ai irapd tov OvlvBlko<;,

oh ^

'

fJirjTe

TnaTevaai pijTe firjvvaat

fcal

KaTeiwelv,

fieydxovs Coraes and Bekker have fieydKoiSy after Reiske. iirel

212

Sint.* corrects to iK€i {there),

GALEA consul

^

by the emperor.

2-iv. 2

III.

We

are told also that he

commanded an army in Germany with distinction, and that when he was pro-consul of Africa,^ he won such praise as few have done. But his simple and contented way of living, the sparing hand with which he dealt out money, always avoiding excess, were counted unto him, when he became emperor, as parsimony, so that the reputation which he bore for moderation and self-restraint was an insipid sort of thing. By Nero he was sent out as governor of Spain,^ before Nero had yet learned to be afraid of citizens who were held in high esteem. Galba,

however, was thought to be of a gentle nature, and his great age gave an added confidence that he would always act with caution. IV. But when, as the nefarious agents of Nero savagely and cruelly harried the provinces, Galba could help the people in no other way than by making it plain that he shared in their distress and sense of wrong, this somehow brought relief and comfort to those who were being condemned in And when verses were court and sold into slavery. made about Nero, and men circulated and sang them freely, he did not put a stop to it nor share in the displeasure of Nero's agents wherefore he was still more beloved by the inhabitants. For he was by this time well known to them, since it was in the ;

eighth year of his governorship that Junius Vindex, It is said, a general in Gaul, revolted against Nero. indeed, that even before the open rebellion Galba received letters from Vindex, and that he neither put any trust in them nor gave accusing information 1

In 33 A.D.

*

In 45 a.d.

»

In 61 a.d.

ai3

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 0)9

rcov

erepoL

rjye/jLOVtfccov

oaov en

avToi<;

ti]v irpH^LV,

avrol^ Kal hiec^deipav

e'iTLaToKa<;

ypacf)€i(Ta
^9 varepov jxera-

a^6ur€<; M/jLoXoyrjcrav auTMV ovSev r)TT0V r) e'/ceta\X eTreihr] \a/jL7rp(b
Tov

TToXe/jLov €K(j)7]va^ 6 OvlvBl^ eypayjrera) TdX^a irapuKaXcov avahe^aaOai rrjv rjyefxovLav Kal 7rapaax€LV iavrov lcr-)(^upa> arofian ^i^tovvti /ce<pa\i]v, TaZ9 VaXajLai^; Sixa /jLvpid8a<; dvSpoov ODTrXta fM€vcov i)(^ovaai<; dX\a<; re irXeiova^; OTrXicrai

huva[jievaL^yTrpov67]Ke ^ovXrjv Tot9 <^iXoL<;. a)v ol fiev

KapahoKOvvra riva KLvrjaiv r) Kal (f>opav e^eu irpo^ tov vewrepiapLov Tlto<; Be OvivLO<^ 6 TOV aTpaT7]yLK0v TdyfiaTO<; rjye/jLcbv ^ elirev "^D, VdX^a, Tiva Tpoirov ^ovavTolf; XeveaOe ; to yap ^rjTelv ^epwvi el tticttoI fxevov009 ovv v'Trdp)(0VT0<; fiev, ovK r]87] jjLevovTwv eaTLV. ov Brj irpoeTeov ttjv tov Ovli/BcexOpov Nep(wi^09 KO^ (piXiav, rj Kal KaTrjyoprjTeov ev6v<^ avTov Kal TToXe/JLrjTeov, otl ae /BovXeTai 'Fcofialov^i e)(eiv

rj^iovv irepifieveLv 4 'Fot)/x7j

dpx^ovra jxaXXov 7) Nepcova Tvpavvov.^^ V. 'E/c TOVTOV Trpoypd/jL/jiaTi, jjuev ihrjXaycrev 6 r^jjLepav ev y Ta9 KaTOL fiepo^i aei<; dTToBcoa-eL toI<; heo[xevoL<;, XaXid Be

TdXfia<;

irpoeKirecroiKTa OvfjLwv

iirl

itXyjOos

TOV tov

eXevOepco- 1055

Kal

?/x>7

dvOpcoirwv rjOpoLae irpo-

vecoTepia/bLov.

ovic

ec^Orj

yovv

/S?;/iaT09 yev6fi6vo<;, Kal 7rdvTe
eirl

rjyopiav, KaT7]ynp7](Ta<; Be tov Nep(ovo<;, Kal dv7)pr]fjLevcov *

214

dvBpwv

avTo7s suggested

by

vtt

avTov

T(av

tol'9 eirKpaveo'Td-

Sint.^ for the avrSs of the

MSS.

GALBA

IV.

2-v. 2

about them, although other provincial governors sent to Nero the letters written to them, and thus did all they could to ruin the enterprise of Vindex and yet they afterwards took part in it, and thus confessed that they had been false to themselves no less than But after Vindex had openly declared to V^index. war, he wrote to Galba inviting him to assume the imperial power, and thus to serve w hat was a vigorous body in need of a head, meaning the Gallic provinces, which already had a hundred thousand men under Then arms, and could arm other thousands besides. Galba took counsel with his friends. Some of these ;

thought

best for

it

him

ment Rome would

set

to wait and see what moveon foot in response to the

but Titus Vinius, the captain of the " O Galba, what praetorian guard, said to them counsels are these? For to ask whether we shall remain faithful to Nero means that we are already unfaithful. Assuming, then, that Nero is an enemy, we surely must not reject the friendship of Vindex

revolution

;

:

;

we must

denounce him and make war upon him because he wishes the Romans to have thee as their ruler rather than Nero as their or else

at once

tyrant." V. After this, Galba issued

day on which he would

an edict appointing a grant individual manu-

who

desired them, and gossip and brought together a multitude of men who were eager for the revolution. At any rate, no sooner was Galba seen upon the tribunal than all with one voice hailed him as emperor. However, he did not at once accept this

missions to

rumour

all

flying all abroad

appellation, but after

denouncing Nero, and bewailing men who had been put to

the most illustrious of the

215

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TO 1^9

6\o(f>vpd/jL€vo<;i

a}fjLo\6yrj(r€v

linZwaeLv

rfj

irarpihi ttjv eavrov irpovoiav, ovre K^acaap ovr avroKparcop,
'Vcofiaicov 6vopa^6/jL€vo<;. "Otc S' 6p6o3^ 6 OvivBi^

e^eKoXelro top Takfiav

iirl

KaX XeXoyio-fiivcof; ttjv rjyepLoviav, ein--

aTco(Taro fidprvpi tw Nipcovc. irpocnTOLOvpevo^ yap eKeivov /caTa(f>poveLv kol irap^ ovSev rjyelaOai djjba tm irvOeaOai rd irepl TdX/3av (erv^^ Be X€Xovfievo<; koI dpLarSiv) dverpeyjre r^i^ 4 rpdire^av. ov firjv dXXd avy/cXTjTOV ^p'r](|)laa|JLevr|<; iroXepaov top TdX^av avro^ re iral^eiv koI OpaavveaOat Trpo? rou? <^i\ov^ ^ovXofjLevo^, ov (j^av-

rd VaXarcov,

Xrjv

€(f)7)

irpoppTjaiv i/jLTreTTTcoKevai Xoyiafiov Beo-

fiivo) ')(^p7]/iidT(DV

avTw- Kol rd

fjtev

TaXarcov, orav

yevMvrai, XacpvpaycoyijaeaOai, r] Be TdXJSa irdpearLV ovaia 'y^prjaOai kol TrcoXelv rjBrj 6 TToXe/JLLOV ire(^rjv6ro<;. ovro^ re Brj rd FaAySa ttiviTO')^eipLOL

irpda-Keiv CKeXeve, /cal FaX/Sa? dKovaa^y oaa Nepa)vo<; rjv cv ^l^rjpia Krjpvrrcov evpiaKe ttoXXov^ wpodv/jLorepovf; 0DV7]rd<;. VI. *A(j)icrrafievcov Be ttoXXcov rod Ne/owi^o? koI Trdvrcov emeLKW'^ tm TdXfia TrpoarLOe/jLevcdv, fiovo^ KXa}BLo<; MdKpo<; ev Ai^vtj koX Ou€pyLVio<; 'PoO^o? ev

VaXarla rod

Fep/iiaviKov arparevjj,aro<; rjyov-

avrol Ka9^ €avT0v<; errparrov, ov rrjv avrrjv 2 aipeaiv exovre^;. dXX* 6 jxev KXcoBio^, ev dpirayal<; fxevo^i

rrpayfidrwv yeyovob<; fcal KOI irXeove^iav, BrfXo^ fjLTjre

a^ievai

rrjv dp'^-qv

(f)ovoL<;

rjv

ev

dvBpwv

rw

BvvaaOai

Bi (o/jLorrjra

jjirjre

Kare^eiv

7r€pi(f>ep6fi€vo<;,

OvepyivLO'^i Be ray/judrcov eTnararcjv Bwarcordreov iToXXdicL'^ avrov dvayopevovrcov avroKpdropa Koi

2l6

GALEA

V.

2-vi. 2

death by him, promised to devote his best powers to the service of his country, taking as his title, not Caesar, nor Emperor, but General of the Roman

Senate and People. Now, that Vindex acted wisely and well in calling upon Galba to be emperor, was convincingly proved For though he pretended to despise by Nero. Vindex and to regard matters in Gaul as of no moment, as soon as he learned what Galba had done Nero had just taken his bath and was at breakfast he overturned his table. However, after the Senate had voted Galba an enemy, Nero, with a desire to jest and put on a bold countenance with his friends, said that an excellent idea had occurred to him in the property of the Gauls would his need of money not fall to him as spoil of war until after they should be subdued but Galba's estate was ready to be used and sold at once, now that Galba had been declared So he ordered the property of a public enemy. Galba to be sold, and Galba, when he heard of it, put up at public sale all that Nero owned in Spain, and found many readier buyers. VI. Many were now falling away from Nero, and almost all of them attached themselves to Galba ; only Clodius Macer in Africa, and Verginius Rufus in Gaul (where he commanded the German forces), acted on their own account, though each took a

— —

:

;

Clodius, whose cruelty and greed had led him into robberies and murders, was clearly in a strait where he could neither retain nor give up different course.

command while Verginius, who commanded the strongest legions and was often saluted by them as emperor and strongly urged to take the title, declared

his

VOL. XI*

;

jj

217

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ^la^Ofiivcov ovT€ auTO? €cf)r) \7]yjrea0aL rr)v rjyefioviav QVT€ ak\(p irepLoy^eadaL hihofjuevr^v, ov av /xr] rj 3 crvy/c\7jT0<; eXrjrai.

raura top TaX^av ov

fjuer-

eOopvfiei to TvpodTov iirel Be ra OvepjLVLov Kol OvivBiKo
pLcof;

T)yefi6va<;, oiairep i]vt-6^ov<; Kparrjaai, 'X^aX.ivcop

hvvr]6evTa<;,

eppa^av,

el<;

koi

/jlt]

fid^rjv i^eveyKovra fieyaXijv crvvOulvBlko^; eavrov ave\.ovTO<; iwl

TaXarcov ireaovaL, hirjXde X070? 0)9 ^ov\o/jL6vcov TTavTcov iirl VLKT} roaavTTj top Ovephiap.vpioL<;

iraXiv rt-jv rjye/jLOvlav rj ylviov avahe^aaOai 4 fjLera^aXovpivwv tt/jo? Nepcova, Tore Brj iravrdTtaai '7r€pL(f)o^o(i yev6pevo<^ 6 FdXfia^; eypa-^e toJ

Ovepyiviw, Trapa/caXcov KOLVoirpayelv kol Bia
Tojp dvay/caLcop BterpL^ep. Vir. '^H^' Be 6epo<; ijBrj, koi Ppa')(^u irpo BeiX7]<^ ^k€P diro 'Pa)/x?7? "I/ceA.09 dpr}p direXevOepo^ e^Bop^alo^. top TdX/3ap dpaTraveaOaL KaO^ 'rrv06/j.€Po<; Be

eauTOP e^dBi^e (7VPt6pw<; iirX to Bcop,dTiop avTov, Kal jBla TCOP da\a/j,7j7r6X(op dpoL^a<; koi irapeXOoop 2 dirrjyyeiXep otl koi ^copto<; €TL tov Nepcoi/O?, ovk OPTO^ Be (^apepov, to aTpdTevpba irpMTOP, eZrct o Bi]po
dWd

GALEA

VI.

2-vii. 2

that he would neither assume the imperial power himself, nor allow it to be given to anyone else whom These things greatly disthe senate did not elect. turbed Galba at first but presently the armies of Verginius and Vindex in a manner forced their leaders, like charioteers who had lost control of the reins, into the crash of a great battle, and Vindex, after the loss of twenty thousand Gauls, died by his own hand, and a report was current that all the soldiers desired Verginius, in view of the great victory he had won, to assume the imperial power, Then indeed or they would go back again to Nero. Galba was all alarm, and wrote to Verginius inviting him to join in efforts for the preservation alike of the empire and the freedom of the Romans. But after this he retired with his friends to Clunia, a city in Spain, and spent his time in repenting of what he had done and in longing for his habitual and wonted freedom from care, rather than in taking any of the ;

steps now made necessary. VII. It was now summer,^ and shortly before sunset there came from Rome a freedman named Icelus, who had made the journey in seven days. Having

learned that Galba was reposing by himself, he went in hot haste to his chamber, opened the door in spite of the chamberlains, entered, and announced that while Nero was still alive, but in hiding, that the army first, and then the senate and jieople, had proclaimed Galba emperor, and that a little while afterwards it

was reported that Nero was dead Icelus himself, however, as lie said, had not believed the report, but had gone and seen the dead body where it lay, and then had set out on his journey. This announcement ;

1

Of 68 A.D.

219

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 3

Tavra aTrayyeWofieva

"kafiirpov ripe rov TaXfiaVf

Koi (TvviBpa/jLe ttXyjOo^ avhpwv prjKOTcov utt' ^v aTTiarov,

dWd

TtTO?^ UTTO d(piKero rd Bo^avra ovro^ oLTrayyeWcov. Ovivto<;

TT porj')(6r)'

')(pvaov^

eiri

avTOv ^e^aico^. koI Bvalv

Ovpa^ CKredap-

KaCroi

to ra'i^o?

r)fi€paL<;

varepov^

arparoTreBov

fieO^

erepcov

avyK\rjT(p Kad^ e/caarov fiep ovv eh rd^vv evrifiov TO) B BaKTvXiovi t€ direXevOepoi eB(OK€ koI Map/ciavo^i 6 "lyteXo? rjBrj

KoXovfjuevof;

el-)(€

rfj

ttjv Trpcorrjv iv tol^;

direXevdepoL^

Bvpufiiv.

VIII. 'Ez/ Be *Va>firj 'Nvfi(f)LBLo<; Xa^tvo<;, ovk Kara fiiKpov, dWd avWrj^Brjv 6/iov, r}pefJLa kol irdvra ir paypara (pepcov ireptrjveyKev et? eavrov, o)? TdXjSav p,eu ovra irpecr^vrrjv Kal p,6Xi^ el<; P(t)p,r]v i^apKecFovra (^opdBrjv Kop^icrOrjpaL Bid yrjpa^' 7]v ydp ercov rpicov kol ejBBopLrJKOvra' rd Be avTodi arparevp^ara, Kal TrdXai tt^o? avrov

exovra Kal vvv evo<; i^Tjprrjp^eva povov, Bid TO T^9 Bcoped^ p.eyeOo<; evepyertjv cKelvov rjyelaOai, 2 VdXpav Be y^peco^eiXerriv. ev6v<; ovv TiyeXXlvcp p,ev TO) avvdp-xpVTi irpoaera^ev aTToOeaOai to €vv6(o<;

eBeiiTvi^e tov<; ^i(f)0^, vTroBox^-^ Be 7roiovp.evo<; virariKOVf; Kal rov<; r)y€pLoviKov^, en to VdX^a irpoaTidel'^ ovopa rat? KXrjaecriv, ev re tw (jTpaTOireBcp 7roXXov
irapeaKevaae Xeyeiv cu? irepTTTeov aLTOvp,evov<; eirapxov elcrael NvLL
VoX^av

A

3

oe *

2SO

Yj

avyKXr)To<; et? Tiprjv eirpaTTev avrov

varepov supplied by Coraes, after

Amyot.

GALEA

VII.

2-viii. 3

highly elated Galba, and there came running to his door a multitude of men who had gained complete confidence as the result of Icelus' report. And yet the messenger's speed was incredible. But two days afterwards Titus Vinius with others came from the camp and reported in detail the decrees of the senate. Vinius, accordingly, was advanced to a position of honour, and as for the freedman, he was allowed to wear the gold ring, received the name of Marcianus instead of Icelus, and had the chief influence among the freedmen. VIII. But at Rome Nymphidius Sabinus was forcing the entire control of affairs into his own hands, not slowly and little by little, but all at once. He thought that Galba was an old man and would hardly have the strength to be carried to Rome on a litter, by reason of his age, for he was in his seventythird year moreover, he knew that the soldiery in the city had long been well disposed towards him ;

and were now devoted to him alone, regarding him as their benefactor because of the large gifts which he promised, but Galba as their debtor. Straightway, therefore, he ordered his colleague Tigellinus to lay down his sword, gave receptions at which he

men who had been

consuls or in high the name of Galba to his invitations), and instigated many of the soldiers to declare that a deputation ought to be sent to Galba demanding that Nymphidius be made prefect for life without a colleague. Moreover, the senate did much to enhance his

banqueted

command

(although he

still

affixed

* Titos after this name the words iroWa rwv, deleted by Coraes and Bekker, are retained by Sint.* with indication of a lacuna (TroAAa . . , ^uv),

221

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kal hvvaiiiv, avaKoXovaa evepyerrjv kuI avvrpey^ovaa Ka9^ rj/juepav eVl 6vpa<^ kol 7ravTo
Twv B' VTrdroyp oiKera^; B7)jjLoaiov
o^rjpidTodv

dpoi^al^ eiTLra-

yyvovcFL rd^i 7rpo7ro/j,7rd<; tcop ypafMuaTT](f)6pcov, ov ixerpiw^ i^yardKrrjaep ore fir] rrap' avrov Kal a(f)payiBa Kal arpariciorai; \a^ovre^ di>e7refiyjrav, Xeyeraucal ^ovXevaaaOaL irepl ro)v virdrwv, elra rrjv opyrjv diroXoyTjaafievoL^; Kal SerjOelaiv rd) Be B}]fi(p ')(^apL^6fievo'^ ovk eKcoXve rov dvrjKe.

uWd

rrapa-TTiirrovra

rcov

Nepcovo^;

dTrorvfiiravi^eiv.

ovv rov fiovofid-)(ov dvBpidat Nepcoi/o? eXKopevoi^ viro^aXovre^ ev dyopa, Bie(f)Oeipav, ^Attoviov Be riva rcov KarrjyopiKOiv dvarpeyjravre^; dfid^a^ Xidocpopovf; eTrijyayov, dX\ov<; Be BteaTracrav TToWou?, eviov^ firjBev dBiK0vvra<;, ware Kal 'WavpLKOv, dvBpa rcov dplarcov Ka\ ovra Kal Bo-

^ttIkXov

Kovvra,

fiev

7rpo<; ri]v

avyK\y]rov

elirelv

on

cfio/Selrai

ra)(v ISsipcova ^Tjrr]acoaiv. IX. Ovrco Be TTpoadycov 6 Nvfi(f)LBio(; eyy vrepco ral
fiT)

\eyea6ai rod fierd Ti^epiov dp^avros. iyvcoKei ydp 6 rd'io<;, &)? eoiKe, rrjv reKovaav avrov en *

222

Caligula.

GALEA

VIII.

3-1X. I

honour and power, giving him the title of benefactor, assembling daily at his door, and allowing him the privilege of initiating and confirming all their decrees. This raised him to a still higher pitch of boldness, so that within a short time those who paid court to him were filled, not only with jealousy, but also with fear. When the consuls provided public servants to carry the decrees of the senate to the emperor, and gave to these the diplomas, as they were called, sealed with their official seal (in order that the magistrates of the various cities, recognising this, might expedite the supply of fresh vehicles for the journey of the couriers), he was vexed beyond all bounds because the decrees had not been sent under his seal and in charge of his soldiers, nay, it is said that he actually thought of proceeding against the consuls, but put away his wrath when they excused themselves and begged for forgiveness. Again, in his desire to gratify the people, he would not prevent them from beating to death any follower of

Nero who

fell

into their hands.

Accordingly, they under statues of Nero that were being dragged about in the forum, and killed him Aponius, one of Nero's informers, they threw to the ground and dragged waggons laden with stone over him and many others, some of whom had done no wrong, they tore in pieces, so that Mauricus, who was justly deemed one of the best men in Rome, told the senate that he was afraid they would soon be searching for a Nero. IX. Thus coming in his hopes nearer and nearer to his goal, Nymphidius was not averse to having it said that he was the son of the Caius Caesar ^ who succeeded Tiberius. For Caius, as it would appear, while still cast Spiculus the gladiator

;

;

223

PLUTARCH'S LiVeS wv ovk

fxeipaKLov

deiBi]

rrjv

ovaav,

o^jrip

i/c

cLKecFTpia^ eTTLfXLaOiov KaA-XtVra*, Kaicrapo<; 2 6\ev6ep(py fyeyevT^fJievT^v.

€VTev^L<^ avTr)
alriav he

yeveaeco^;,

aX,V

rjv

7)

S*

oltt-

irpo^ Vdiov

eotKC, vecorepa ttj^ Nv/jxpLBiov

Mapriavov rov

ea'X^ev i/c

/jlo-

vo/jid)(^ov yeyovevat, t?}? Nu/xc^tSia? ipaaOeicrr]^ hid ho^av avTOv, Kal fiaXXov iSofcei Ka9^ ofMoiorrjra aXX,' o/jioXoycov ye 3 Tr)? tSea? eKeivw 7rpoat]K€tv.

elvai /Jbrjrpo^ epyov /lev avrov jiiovov rrjv Nepcovo^ iiroielro KardXvaLV, dOXa he avrrj^ ov vo[ii^(ov l/cavd KapirovaOai, Td
')(^pt]/jLaTa

KOi TO ^TTopct) Tov ^epwvo^ avyKaOevheiv, rod ve/cpov Trj<; 7rvpd<; en Kaco/jbevov

ov €v6v
ev ya/xeT?}? et%6 rd^eu koX TioTTTraiav Trpoatjyopevev, iirl ttjv htahoxv^ irapKaX rd jxev avro
t%

Sid TO)v

cf)LXcov vTreipyd^ero, fcal yvvaifccov tivcov avT(p Kol avyKXrjTCKcov dvhpoiv /cpv(f)a avXXa/jL^avofjiivcov, €va he tmv <j)iXa)V, TeXXLavov, eh 'l/Srjpiav

eirefjL'^ev

X. To) e;^a)yDet

KaraaKe^^opevov. he TdX^a perd

iravra.

ti'^v

OvepyivLO<; he

Nepwi^o? reXevTrjV

'Fov(f)0<^ dp.(pi,/3oXo<;

cov €TL (^povTiha 'jTapel-)(e, firj rw hvvdpew
adXfo yevop,evi]V aTTOcrrariKM TaXarlav diraaav, viraKovaai rot? irapafcaXovffcv avTOV eirl Tr]v dp^^jvovhevo<; ydp rjv ovopLa fxel^ov, ovhe el%6 ho^av ovheU ocn]v o Ovep'Pcop^aicov r]yep,ovia<^, ev

2

224

105

GALEA

IX.

i-x. 2

a young man, had been intimate with the mother of Nymphidius, a woman of comely appearance and a daughter of Callistus, Caesar's freedman, by a hired sempstress.

was

But

would seem, Nymphidius, and it was

this intimacy, as it

later than the birth of

believed that he was a son of Martianus, the gladiator (with whom Nymphidia fell in love on account of his fame), and his resemblance to Martianus was thought to favour this connection. But although he certainly admitted that Nymphidia was his mother, he took to himself sole credit for the overthrow of Nero, and thinking himself insufficiently rewarded for this by the honours and wealth which he enjoyed, and by the company of Sporus, Nero's favourite (whom he had sent for at once, while Nero's body was yet burning on its pyre, and treated as his consort, and addressed by the name of Poppaea), he aspired to the succession in the empire. Some secret steps to this end he himself took at Rome through the agency of his friends, and certain women and men of senatorial rank secretly assisted him, and one of his friends, Gellianus, he sent to Spain to keep an eye

upon matters there. X. But everything went well with Galba after the death of Nero. Verginius Rufus, it is true, who was For besides comstill hesitating, gave him anxiety. manding a large and most efficient army, Verginius had the added prestige of his victory over Vindex and his subjugation of all Gaul, which was a large part of the Roman Empire and had been in the Galba therefore feared that Verthroes of revolt. ginius might listen to those who invited him to take For no man's name was greater the supreme power. than that of Verginius^ and no man had a reputation 225

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rot? 'VcofJbaLwv TTpayfiaat koX TakarLKWV rroXe-

ryLvio<;, CO? fieyicTTT) poirr}

Tvpavviho^ jicov

i^

OjjLOv

aTraWayf]

tt/3^7}9

')(^a\eiTrj<^

yevo/xevo^i.

dXX^

\oyi(T/jLOL
€fl/jieVQ)V

eKelvo^i

€(f)v\aTT6

kXttjtw TTjv aipecTiv tov avTOKpdropo^,

tote

toI<;

cFvy-

rf)

KaiTOi

(f)a-

Neyowz^o? TeXefr?}? yevopLevrj^; to re V€pd<; ye wXrido^ €V6K€LT0 Tft) Ov6pyLVi(p TTaXtV, Kol TCJV tt}?

Ti9 Tcov iv rrj (JKrjvfj airaadfievo^; to eVeXeue toz^ Ovepyiviov SexeaOai rrjv rjye/ioiirel Se ^d^io<; OvdXrj<; 3 viav rj TOP (jih-]pov. '^iXidp-)(^ci)V ^L
dp-xayv evo^ Tdy/iaTO<; MpKcoae irpcjTO^; eh VdX^av, ypd/jL/j-ara r]Kev diro ^VdijjLYjf; irepl 0)v 7) avy-

Kol

A:\77TO? 8'

ovp

€-\jrr)(l)i(TaTo,

^j^aXeTTw? fiev kol /jloXl^, eireiae

TOj)? (TTparLcoraf;

dveiirelv kol

'OpSediviov Bvi'a/jLLV

avroKpdropa rov VdX^av avTOv hid^oy^ov^XdKKov

TTefx-ylravro'^

eSe^aro.

auTO?

kol

d7n]vrr}(je

7rapaSov<;

eKeivw rrjv

rw VdX^a irpoaw

')(^oo-

povvTi, Koi avvavearpec^ev, ovre 6pyrj<; ovre Ti/x^? 4 einSyjXov Tvy)(^dv(DV. atTio^ he tov /jl€V auTo? 6 VdX[3a<; alhovp.evo<^ tov dvhpa, tov he ol (jiiXoi Kal fidXicTTa OvLvio<^ TtTO?, VTTO (pdovov TOV OvepyivLov ol6pLevo<; fiev /coXoveiv, rjyvoeL Be dpa tw

Ovepyiviov ')(prjaT(p haifJiovL avvepywv, rjBrj tov dvBpa TToXefKov koX KaicMv, oda tov<; dXXov; y)yeKaTea')(ev, €/cto<; ei? ^lov dfcv/jiova kol y7]pa<; €Lpi]vr)<; fcal r)av)(La<; fieaTov vireKTiOepbevw,

fi6va<;

XL

KrjV, ol

VdXjBav Be

irepl

^dpl^wva, rroXiv VaXaTi-

irapd Trj<; avyKXijTOv TT/oecr/Sei? evTV^^ovTe^ TjaTrd^ovTO, Kal irapeKdXovv eTTit^avfjvai tw Byj/JLO) 6 Be Ta? Te dXXa^ Trapelx^v TToOovvTi Ta)^€co<;. €VTev^et<^ Kal avvovaLa<; avTol<; <^LXav6pd)7rov^ Kal

226

I

GALEA

X.

2-xi.

I

his, since he had exercised the greatest influence in ridding the Roman state alike of a grievous But in the present crisis tyrant and of Gallic wars. he was true to his original resolves and maintained the senate's right to choose the emperor. And yet

equal to

Nero's death was known for certain, the mass of his soldiery were insistent again with Verginius, and one of the military tribunes in his tent drew his sword and ordered Verginius to choose between

when

But after Fabius imperial power and the steel. Valens, commander of a legion, had led off in taking the oath of allegiance to Galba, and letters had come from Rome telling of the senate's decrees, he succeeded at last, though with the greatest difficulty, in persuading his soldiers to declare Galba emperor ; and when Galba sent Flaccus Hordeonius to succeed him, Verginius received that officer, handed over his army to him, and went himself to meet Galba as he advanced, and turned back in his company witliout receiving any clear mark either of his anger or esteem. This was due, in the one case, to Galba himself, who had a wholesome respect for Verginius, and in the other to Galba's friends, especially Titus Vinius. Vinius was jealous of Verginius, and thought to block but without knowing it he was aiding the his career ;

man's good genius, which was now removing him from all the wars and miseries which encompassed the other leaders, and bringing him into a calm haven of life, and an old age full of peace and quiet. XI. At Narbo, a city of Gaul, Galba was met by the deputies from the senate, who greeted him and

begged him to gratify speedily the eager desire of In his general interviews the people to. see him. and meetings with them he was kind and unassuming, 227

PLUTARCFl'S LIVES Tcpo^ T€ Ta<; eaTid
8r}/j,0Tifcd<;,

(TKevr]<;

TMV

l>s€pcovo<;

ovhevl 2

6

'X^pao/jLevo'i

avTW

Ni'/i-(/)L8io?

eKeivwv,

dWa

iTpoaeirefJiy\r€v,

rot? eavTov Trdcnv,

evSoKL/jL€L, fieyaXocppcov

dvijp koi Kpeirrajv direi-

poKokla^

Ta-)(y

(f)aiv6/jL6vo
pLevroi

to,

ravra koI drv^a koi TroXcrt/cd Brj/iaycoylav diTo^aivwv

fcal KO/jbyfroTrjra

'^evvala Ovlvio<;

fieydXcop dira^Lovaav roh Nepcoz/o?

avTr]V, eTTELae xprjjjLacri re y^prjcrOai

KoX irepl rd^ Kfi<;

viToho')(a^

TToXureXeta?.

fXLKpov

koi

firj

^eiheaOai r^? paatXi-

6Xa><;

ataOrjaLV aurov

Kara

viTo T(p OiJLvicp yevrjaofxivov irapel-^ev 6

TTpea-^VTTjf;.

XII. ^Hv Be OviVLO<; dpyvpiov Trap'

ovTLvovv tjttwv,

fiev ea'^drcof;

koX

evo^o<; he

tol^;

koI

irepl

en yap o)v veo<; Kal yvvalKa<; d/jLapT7]/jLacnv. aTparev6pLevo<; viro KaX/3ia lo) Xa^Liw rrjv Trpcorrjv arpareiav aKoXaarop

ovaav

rrjv

yvvaiKa rov

irapeiarjyaye vvKTcop eh to arparoireSov ev eaOrjTL aTpaTLWTiKfj Kal BiecjiOetpev ev rot? r^yejjbovo^

2 dp'X,eiOL<;,

a

TrpLyKLTria

KaXovat

TOVTO) Be Tdlo^i K^alaap eBrjcrev

3

'Voyfialoi,.

aurov

eirl

eKeivov Be

BeiaTToOavovro^ evrv^la '^prjadpievo'^ direXvOrj. TTvcov Be irapd KXavBiw Kaiaapt Trorrjpiov dpyvpovp Be 6 Katcrap ry varepaia vcjielXero' irvdopLevo^ irdXiv avrov errl Belirvov exdXeaev, eXdovn Be i/ceXevcrev eKeivw fjirjBev dpyvpovv, dXXd xepafiea irdvra 7rpoa avrw, Kal Bwdfievc;

228

I

GALEA

XI.

i-xii. 3

and when he entertained them, though there was an abundance of royal furniture and service at his command, which Nymphidius had sent him from Nero's palace, he used none of it, but only what was his own, thus winning a good repute, and showing himself a man of large mind who was superior to Vinius, however, by declaring to him vulgarity. that this dignified, simple, and unassuming course was merely a flattery of the people and a refinement

of delicacy which thought itself unworthy of great things, soon persuaded him to make use of Nero's riches, and in his receptions not to shrink from a And in general the aged regal wealth of outlay. man let it be seen little by little that he was going to be under the direction of Vinius. XII. Now Vinius was to the last degree and beyond all compare a slave of money, and was also For when addicted to loose conduct with women. he was still a young man and was serving his first

campaign, under Calvisius Sabinus, he brought his commander's wife, an unchaste Moman, by night into the camp in the garb of a soldier, and had commerce with her in the general's quarters (the Romans call them " principia "). For this offence Caius Caesar put him 'in prison but on the death of the emperor he had the good fortune to be released. While he was at su})per with Claudius Caesar, he ;

purloined a silver drinking-cup, and Caesar, learning of it, invited him to supper again the next day, and when he came, ordered the attendants to set before him no silver plate at all, but only earthenware. This misdeed, it is true, owing to the comic turn M'hich Caesar's moderation took, was thought worthy of laughter, not of anger ; but what he did when he had

229

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ixeyiarov inl ^PVI^ct^tv, eirpaTre, rpayiKcov iraOwv KOI avjji(^opwv fJLeydXwv rol<; fiev alriav, rot? Be TrpocfyaaLv Trapea-)(€v.

XI I L 'O yap Nvfi(j)LSio<; €v6u<; eiTav6\66vro
Kol Twu hopv(f>6pwv eirap^ov a'Trohehel)(daL Ko/3vrfkLov AcLKwva, to Be av/nTrav elvat rov Ovivlov Kpdro^, avrw Be /irjBeTrore rov TaX^a arrjvai 7r\r)aiov iyyeyovevaL fiyBe ivrvyelv

avTOv

v(f)op(o/iev(ov

2 pv/3)]0r)'

koX

IBiciy ttclvtodv

BtacfyvXarrovrcov,

Kol (Twayayoiv tou?

riyefjuova^i

iOo-

rov arpa-

avrov elvai Trpea/Surrjv eTTieiKi) fierpLOV, eXdy^icrra Be rot? avrov viro Ovivlov kol Ad/C(ovo
revfiaro^

ecprj

VaXjBav

jjuev

Kal

eV;\^e

Tt^eWti^o?

la')(vv ev rol^ irpdy/jLaa-i Krrjaa-

fjLevov^, Tre/xTrreov dlvai 7rpo<; rov rjyefjLova irpea^ei^ OLTTo arparorreBov rov<; BiBd^ovra
on

3

Bvo /jl6vov<; rovrov^ drroaKevaadpevo^ rfBirov irapearai rrdat Kal TTo9eiv6repo<^. eirel Be ravra Xeycov OVK eireiOev, aXX" droirov eBoKet Kal dXXoKorov rjyeiJLOva itpea ^vrrjv , coairep cria<^

pbeipaKLOv,

^eiv,

erepav oBov

ol<;

dpn

yevofxevov e^ovrj jjufj, pvO pi-

')(^prj(7eraL
rpairo/jLevo^;

eypacpe ru>

VdX^a

BeBLrropievo^, vvv ptev o)? virovXa Kal /lerewpa TToXXd T?}? 7roXea)9 exovo-rj^, vvv Be KXcoBlov MdKpov ev Al^vt) rd ai,rr}yd KaTe)(^eLV, avOi^ Be

rrapaKivelv rd VeppiavLKa rdypuara, kol irepl rcov ^vpla KallovBala BwdpLecov opuoia irvvOdveaOai,

ev

230

I

GALEA Galba under

XII.

3-X111. 3

and was most influential with was partly a cause and partly a pretext for tragic events and great calamities. XIII. For Nymphidius, as soon as Gellianus had come back to him, whom he had sent to be a sort of spy upon Galba, heard that Cornelius Laco had been appointed prefect of the praetorian guard, and that Vinius was all powerful with Galba, while Gellianus had never stood near him or seen him in private, but had been looked upon with suspicion and distrust by everyone. Nymphidius was therefore much disturbed, and calling together the officers of the army, told them that Galba himself was a well-meaning and moderate old man, but did not follow his OM'n counsels in the least, and was badly directed by Vinius and Laco. Therefore, before these men had succeeded in secretly acquiring the power which Tigellinus had held, a deputation should be sent to the emperor from the camp, to inform him that if he would put away from his company of friends only these two men, he would be more acceptable and welcome to all on his arrival. But this speech of Nymphidius did not convince his hearers nay, they thought it a strange and unnatural thing to dictate to an aged emperor, as if he had been a youth just tasting power, what friends he was to have or not to have. Nymphidius therefore took another course, and wrote to Galba messages intended to alarm him now, that there was much hidden distemper and unrest in the city, now, that Clodius Macerwas holding back the grain supplies in Africa; again, that the legions in Germany were mutinous, and that like news came concerning the forces in Syria and Judaea. But since Galba gave

him

his control

in financial matters,

;

—

231

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 4 rov Se

VdXpa

irdvv rov vovv 7rpoaexovro
avTw

/jLy]h€

he eKeivcp koX tt^ctto?, dirr]
M.cOpi,BdT7]<; 6

dWa

ttoWoI KareyeXcov, Kal

IlovTt,KO<; iTTLcrKCOTrrcov Tr)v

(pdXaKporrjTa kuI puaaorrjTa rov FdXfia vvv €(pr] riva hoKelv elvat 'Fa)/uiaiOL<;, 6(^6 evTa he cpaveladat rcov 7)iiepo)v

rovTcov

a<;

KaXelrat K-alaap,

XIV. "Rho^ev ovv

irepl

Kpdropa Tov NvfKplhtov. dp)(Ci)v

T0U9 fiev

vcf)*

ct/jlov

KoX

he

eairepa^

rrjv

avro-

rcov

%iX£-

yevo/j,evr)<;

eavrw arpaTKora^ auvayaycov

ifcaKt^e

eK€Lvov<; ev oXiyco

XP^^V Toaavra^ TpeTTOfievov^ Kar ovheva XoyL-

dXXd haip,ov6^ tivo<; eh irpohoaiav eXavvovro^,,

ovhe aipeaiv dpieivovwv,

avrov
eh

dvaheiKvveiv

tt/jcoto?

^AvTcovio^ 'Ovcopdrof;

auTQV, eKUKL^e he

TyOOTra?

fieora*;

7rapayay6pTa
7rap€fi/3oX7]v

6vecho<;.

vvKra<;

i/c

Trpohoala^;

TO, jiev

irpoija Trpoc^acrei? ^X^^^ '^^ Nep(ovo<; eyKX7]/LLaTa' vvv he TdX^av irpohihovai,, rlva <^6vov jjLr)Tpo^ €yKaXovvTa<; rj acpayrjv yuvatKo^;, rj iroiav alBovfjb€vov<; OvfjbiXrjv po<;;

iyKaraXiTrelv, TTyowro?

6va(t)jjLe6a,

aapa

rpaycohiav rov avroKpdroiirl tovtol^ vTre/jLeLvafiev

dXXd

Nu/x0f8tcr)

TreicfOevTe^

iyKareXLTTe Kal irecfievyev irorepov ovv Nepcovi TdXfiav

i^yLta?

3 AXyviTTov.

232

17

'*'AXV ovhe eKelvov

ort

eh eiri-

Kal tov eK Ni;/i,^t5/a? eXofievoi Kat&)9 tov e'f 'Aypnr-

tov eK Ai^ia
I

GALEA

XIII.

4-XIV. 3

no heed to him whatever and put no confidence in his reports, he determined not to wait before

And yet Clodius Celsus of his attem})t. Antioch, a man of good sense, who was well-disposed and faithful to him, tried to dissuade him, saying that in his opinion not a single precinct in Rome would give Nymphidius the title of Caesar. But many ridiculed Galba, and especially Mithridates of Pontus, who scoffed about his bald head and wrinkled face, and said that now the Romans thought him a great personage, but when they saw him they would regard all the days in which he had borne the title of Caesar as a disgrace to them. making

was decided, therefore, to bring Nymcamp about midnight and proclaim him emperor. But when it was evening, the leading military tribune, Antonius Honoratus, calling together the soldiers under his command, reviled himself, and reviled them for changing about so often in so short a time, not according to any plan or choice of better things, but because some evil spirit drove them from one treachery to another. In the first instance, he said, they had an excuse in the crimes of Nero but now, if they were to betray Galba, what charge of murdering his mother or

XIV.

It

phidius into the

;

slaying his wife could they bring against him, or feelings of shame that their emperor should " Nay, appear in public as musician or tragic actor } not even with these provocations would we consent to abandon a Nero, but we had to be persuaded by Nymphidius that Nero had first abandoned us and fled to Egypt. Shall we, then, sacrifice Galba after Nero, and choosing the son of Nymphidia as our Caesar, shall we slay the scion of the house of Livia,

what

233

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TTLVT]^

aveiXofiev;

Be8paK€, TifjLwpol

dyaOoi

tovtw

eiriOevTe^

Slkjjv

TdX^a

mv 105

Se (f)v\aK€
fcal ttkttoI (f)avco/i€v;^^

Tavra

Xiyovri, tu> ^f'^^^PX^ Trpoaedevro vraz^re?

dWov^

koI tou?

ol aTparLOiTai,

veiv

r)

fiev Nepcovo^;,

TrapeKoXovv

rfj 7Tpo<;

TrpoaLovre^; ififie-

tov avro/cpdropa iriarer

4 KoX TOL/? 7r\6L0v<; /jLeriaTrjcrav.

dp0€iar)<; Be ySo%, €LT€ TreiaOeh 6 Nu/x^tSio?, w<; (f)a(7Lv evLOi, KoXelv avTOv ijBrj tov<; crrpaTLcora^;, etre TrpoXa^eiv cnrev-

Bcov

TO

TToWo)

0opv/3ovv €Ti Kol TTporjei,

\6yov

yeypajjbjJLevov virb

Btard^ov, viro

nvd

ko/jll^cov

iv

(ftcorl

^ifiXicp

KtyycovLov Bdppcovo^;, ov

i/c/jie-

IBcov Be

5 neXeTrjKeL 7r/)o? rov<; aTpaTid)Ta<^ eLTrelv.

rod arparoTreBov ra? TruXa? xal rd relxv ttoXXoi)? ooirXia p,evov<^ eBetcre' xal irpoaiwv rjpdiTa ri ^ovXovrai kol tlvo<; tceXevKeKXeiaixeva^

irepX

aavTO'^ ev oitXol^ yeybvaaiv.

irapd TrdvTCOv

fit.a<;

<^cov?]^,

yivdxTKeLV, KdK€LPO<; o/aocre 6 TOv<; eirofievovf; eKeXeve.

diravTdKJr)^

5'

avT(£t

VdX^av avroKpdropa ')(^cop(x)v

tmv

e7r€V(j>^/jLei

Kal

Be irapd Td<; TruXa?

irapevTwv avrov elaeXOelv fieT dXiywv aOro? dKovTL^eraL ^oyxxi' '^^^ ravrrjv fxev eBt^aro irpo avrov Ovpew XeTTTL/iio^, dXXcov Be yv/nvoU ^Lcpeatv i7n(f)€po/jL6va>v

(puycov Kal

Bi(o)(^Oel<;

ev

olfcrjfiari

arpartcoTOV a^drrerai, xal top veKpov eU fieaov eXKvaavTe<^ Kal 7repi^aX6vTe<; KiyKXlBa Oea/ia tol<; ^ovXo/jL€POL<; fieO' rj/jLepav TrapeaxoV' XV. OvTOi Be TOV Nu/i^iStou KaTa(JTpey\ravro<;

6

TdXffai

«34

TTvOofjievo^y

Kal twv avvaypiOTOjv avrov

GALEA

XIV. 3-xv.

i

we have

slain the son of Agrippina ? Or, shall punishment on Nymphidius for his evil deeds, and thereby show ourselves avengers of Nero, " but true and faithful guardians of Galba ? So spoke the tribune, and all his soldiers took his side, and visiting their fellow-soldiers, exhorted them to maintain their fidelity to the emperor and they brought over the greater part of them. But now loud shouts arose, and Nymphidius, either because he was convinced, as some say, that the soldiers were already calling him, or because he was anxious to win over betimes the element that was still unruly and mutinous, came up in a glare of lights, carrying in his hand a speech written out for him by Cingonius Varro this he had got by heart to deliver But when he saw the gate of the to the soldiers. camp closed and a great number of men under arms along the walls, he was struck with fear and drawing near, he asked what they meant, and by whose command they were under arms. One cry came to him from the lips of all, and this was that they acknowledged Galba as emperor, whereupon he also, as he joined them, shouted in approval, and bade his followers do the same. But after the soldiers at the gate had permitted him to enter with a few followers, a lance was hurled at him. This weapon was received in the shield which Septimius interposed, but others assailed him, with drawn swords, whereupon he fled, was pursued, and was cut down in a His dead body was dragged forth, soldier's hut. surrounded with a paling, and exposed to public

as

we

inflict

;

;

;

view

all

day.

XV. Such was the violent end of Nymphidius, and when Galba learned of it, he ordered such of his 235

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kekevaa^ aiToOavelv ocroi fir] Bt avrwv evOix; airWavov, iv oU rjv KaX KLyycovw; 6 tov \6yov ypdyjra^ koX vojjLL/JL(0(;,

el

'MLOpiSdrrj'; 6

Koi

Tloz^rf/co?,

Si/caL0)<;,/jLr)B6 Sr}/iOTiK(t><;

eSo^e

/irj

dvrjpTjKevaL

ovk da^/jLov<;. erepov yap irpoaeSexoPTO irdvTe^, e^airaTon-

KpLa6(o<; dvBpa
irpo

rjyefiovLaf; (7')(rjfia

avvrjOw^ viro tmv iv dp')(fi Xeyofievcov, ert fidXXov Tjvlacrev avrov^ dprjp viraTiKO^ Kal 'Nipwvi TT^CTTO? diToOavelv KeXevadel^;, Il€Tpd)vio<; Tovp7nXLav6<;. MaKpov^ yap iv At^vrj hid Tpe/3covLov^ Kal ^ovT)]tov iv Fepfjiavla Bid OvdX6VTO<;

2 /JL6V0L

8e

dveXdiv irpocpaatv elx^v iv oirXocf; zeal arpaTOTriBoi^ 6vTa<; (j)o/3)]0f]vat. TovpiriXiavov Be, yepovra yv/ivov Kal dvoirXov, Xoyov /leTaXajSelv ovBev CKCoXvev, €L Ti?

r)v iirayyeXXeraL fxerpcoTTjTa TOLf» epyrp (pvXd^eiv cfieXXe. iirel Be fiev ovv TOtavTa
Trpdyfxaaiv 3

Tavra

irevre Kal elKoai d'Trel'X,€. r^? TroXecw? irepl araBiov^y iveTvyyavev aKoafiia Kal 6opu/3o) rcav iperoyv rrjv oBov irpo '(arexovTcov Kal TrepiKexvp^eV(ov iravraxoOev. ovroi Be rjaav ov<; et? ev rdyfia 4 Nepcov GvXXox^<^ci^ direcprjve arparicoTa^' Kal Tore 7Tap6vTe<; iK^e^aicoaaaOat tj]v arpareiav ovT o(f)$P]vat TOt? diravrcbaLV OUT d/covaOijvai, irapieaav rov avTOKpdropa, aXX' i0opu/3ovv jSofj iKeivov ar)/jLeLa rat rdy/jLari, Kal x<^P^v alTovvTe<;. Be vnepTidefxevov Kal irdXiv elirecv ^ KeXevaavro^y

TTpoaLcov

1

MaKpov

Mctwpwj/a ^

(as in xiii. 3), Tpe^ocylov,

and Tpe&wviavov

TTpaynaaiv

of the

Sint.^ has

suggested by Sint.' for

MSS.

jpiixfxaaiv

{in his

letters),

after

Emporius. ^

236

TfdKiv flirflv

Bekker has

irapfiKeiv (yield), after

Coraes.

I

GAI3A

XV. 1-4

fellow-conspirators as had not at once taken their own lives to be put to death. Among these was

Cingonius, who wrote the speech for Nymphidius, and Mithridates of Pontus. But it was held to be illegal and despotic, even though just, to put to death without a trial men who were not without

For everyone expected a different mode of government, being thoroughly deceived, as is And usual, by assurances made in the beginning. people took it still more amiss when Petronius Turpilianus, a man of consular dignity who was distinction.

Nero, was ordered to take his own life. For in having Macer taken off in Africa at the hands of Trebonius, and Fonteius in Germany at the hands of Valens, Galba could excuse himself with the fear faithful to

they inspired as commanders of armed forces. But there was no reason why Turpilianus, a helpless old man and unarmed, should not have a chance to defend himself, if the emperor was really going to observe that moderation in his dealings which he promised. Such, then, was the censure to which these acts exposed Galba. Moreover, when, in his approach to the city, he was distant from it about five-andtwenty furlongs, he fell in with a disorderly and tumultuous crowd of seamen, who beset his way and

encompassed him on all sides. These were men formed into a legion and given the title of soldiers. And now they were there to enforce their just rights as soldiers, and would not suffer the emperor to be seen or heard by those who came to meet him, but with tumultuous shouts demanded standards for their legion and regular When Galba put off their demand and quarters. told them to renew it at another time, they declared

whom Nero had

237

PLUTARCH'S LIVES dpvr)(Tea)<;

ava^oKrjV elvai ^daKovre^

rr/v

(T')(rj[ia

r)
he
ol

ov ')(pr]aTOV ovhe

ataiov 7roiovvTe<; rw VdX^a tov oImvov elaiovri, hid TToWov (povov Kal veKpoiv roaovrcov et? rrjv

dX\! el Kui ti<; avrov Kare^povei irporekol yepovro^; opco/xevov, Tore irdai, daOevov^ pov TTokiv.

Kal (f)ol3ep6f; eyevero. l^ovX6pevo

XVL

K.dvov

TTOVTOf;.

eiraiveaa^

Kal

av\t^aavTO<^ avrw irapd 106C ijv 6 Kdvo<; euhoKifj-ov/jievov)

yap

helirvov {uKpoapia he

dirohe^dfievo^i

eKeXevaev

avro)

TO yXcoaaoKOfjiov Kal Xa/Scov ')(^pv(Tov^ Tiva^i eirehwKe to) Kai^ft), ^rjaa's eK tmv Ihiwv, ovk KO/jLiadPivaL

2 eK

TMV

hr]/jioaLO)v

')(api^€(70ai.

ra? he hwped^

d<;

ehcoKe tol<; irepl aKrjvrjv Kal TraXalcrTpav, Ne/3ft)z^ diraLTeladai <jvvt6v(o^ KeXevaa^; 7r\^]v tov heKdTOV fiepov^,

elTa

(dvr]\(t)Keaav

fxiKpa

yap

ol

Kal

yXia-^pa

irXelaToi,

KOfiL^ofievo^;

twv Xa/SovTcov,

Kal aaTvpiKol toI<^ ^lol^ dpdpcoTroi) Tou? TTpia/nevovi irap' avTcov rj Xa^6vTa<; otiovv tov he eKeivwv efeV/oaTre. 3 dve^rjTeL Kal Trap dXXa iroppco e)(0VT0'^, Trpdy/iaTOf; opov ovk e
vepLOfxivov Kal TTpolovTO^ eVl ttoXXou?,

238

avTO^

fxev

I

GALEA

XV. 4-XVI. 3

that the postponement was merely a way of refusing their demands, and were incensed, and followed

along

with

unremitted

shouts.

Some

actually

drew their swords, and then Galba ordered his horsemen to charge upon them. Not a man of them stood his ground, but some were done to death at once in the rout, and others as they fled, nor was it a happy and auspicious omen that Galba should enter the city through so much slaughter and But whereas many had so many dead bodies. before this despised him and looked upon him as a weak old man, now all regarded him with shuddering fear.

XVI. And now, in his desire to display a great change from Nero's immoderate and extravagant manner of giving, he was thought to fall short of what was fitting. For example, after Canus had played on the flute for him at a banquet (now Canus was a performer of high repute), he was loud in his praises and ordered his purse to be brought to him and taking from it a few gold pieces, he gave them to Canus, with the remark that the gift was made from his own, and not from the public moneys. Again, he ordered that the gifts which Nero had made to people of the theatre and palaestra should be demanded back again with strictness, all but the tenth part and then, when he got only slight and grudging returns (for most of the recipients had squandered their largess, being men of a loose and improvident way of living), he had a search made for such as had bought or received anything whatsoever from them, and tried to exact it from these. The business had no limits, but was far extended and it gave the affected many emperor himself a bad ;

;

;

239

PLUTARCH'S LIVES (pOovov Be koI jjugo^ el')(ev Ouiuio<;, w? Tot? fiev dWoLq airaaiv avekevOepov irapexf^v rjBo^et,

Tov

KoX fiiKpoXoyov, avTo^ Be XP^I-^€vo<; KOI XafjL^dvwv ircivra koI TmrpdaKcov.

7)^6 {Mova

d(Tot}Tco<;

4

yap 'HaloBo<;

fiev

dp^ofxevov T6 irlOov koX \rj
Beiv, 6 Be Ovlvio<; opcov daOevfj

rov rd\/3av iveirifJufKaio

tt}?

tvxv^> ^? ^/^^ M^^

Be (f>divovarj(;. dp)(o/jLevr]<;, dfjua 'O Be irpeajSvTi]';

XVn.

Trpcora rov Ovlvlov kukm^^ 6pOo}<^

olov

2

7rpo7}peLTO

TO

koX yepovra

rjBiKelro

Bioifcovvrof;,

BLa^dWovTO<^

r)

rd

fiev

d Be avrb^ K(o\vovto^'

ra? Ko\d(T€L
irepl

6 Be 8?}yLio? eKporei, fcal Bt dyopd<; avrcjv dyojievwv e/Sua kuXtjv fjuev elvai Kal 6eo(j)L\r] TrojbtTrrjv, dirairelv Be Kal 6eov<; Kal dv9 pMirov^ rov BiBdaKa-

\ov Kal TraiBaycoybv rrj<^ rvpavviBo^ TcyeWlpov. e^OdKei Be 6 yevvalo<^ irpoeiXTjcfico'; dppaj3a)ac 3

peyd\oi
on

1X7]

TTpoeBLBov

roLovrov ovra

elra TovpirLXiavof; fxev, rov rjye/jLova e/xLaet, [jLi]Be

fiiaovfievo<;,

dWo

Be

yLt>;Se

ev fieya

(7vvaBiK7]aa<;, drreOavev 6 Be Kal 7roLr]aa<; d^cov davdrov Nepcova Kal yevo/xevov roLOvrov eyKaraXiTTCDV Kal irpoBov^; irepLrjv, fxeya BlBay/xa ^

240

Works and Days^

366.

b

GALEA

XVI. 3-XV11. 3

name, and brought envy and hatred upon Vinius as having made the emperor ungenerous and sordid with everybody else, while he himself used money lavishly, taking everything that was offered and For Hesiod ^ bids men to selling freely. " Drink without stint at the beginning and end ot the cask,"

and so Vinius, seeing that Galba was old and feeble, sated himself with the good fortune which he thought was just beginning and at the same time was soon to end. XVII. But the aged emperor suffered injustice not

when

Vinius, as at first, administered affairs when he brought into odium or prebut also badly, vented wise measures set on foot by Galba liimself as, for instance, in the matter of punishing the adherents of Nero. For Galba set out to kill the bad ones, among whom were Helius and Polycleitus and And the people applauded Petinus and Patrobius. the act, and shouted, as the culprits were dragged through the forum to their doom, that it was a goodly procession indeed, and acceptable to the gods, but that gods and men alike demanded justice on the tutor and teacher of the tyrant, namely, Tigellinus. That worthy minister, however, had won the

only

;

protection of Vinius betimes, by means of large advances. Again, Turpilianus, who was hated merely because he would not betray nor show hatred to Nero in spite of all that emperor's crimes, but apart

from this had participated in no one serious offence, was put to death whereas the man who had made Nero worthy of death, and betrayed and forsook liim when he had come to that pass, was left ahve — a great ;

241

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 4

Tov fJLrjhev airpa/CTOV elvai aveXiTLaTov tol<; SLSoucnv.

ipaaOeU

d€d/jLaTo<;

6

irapa

OvLvi(p

ov86vb<;

'Vco/xaicov

/xTjSe

yap ovtm co?

Sr]/j,o^

tov

airayofievov, ovSe iravadpevo^ ev nracTL dedrpoi^ kol crraS^ot? aLTOv/ji€vo<; eKelvov, iireTrXyJx^V ^tdypafjufiari rod avroKparopo^ TtIhetv

TiyeWtvov

yeWlvov T09

')(^p6vov

ifcelvovf;

5 pLTjSe

en

ov ttoXvv

p,ev

VTTO

Be

(f)di,vdSo(;

^tcoaeadai (f)daKovvocTov

Trapacrovfievov

TvpavviK}]v iroielv

hairavcopevov, Biaypiaii>€LV

fit]

d^QoTOV Bt'jpLov KaTayeXoovTe^ 6 p,€V TtyeXXlvo^; edvae awTTqpia koI TrapeaKevaae Xapurpdv ecTTiao'iv, 6 Be OvLvio
r^yepioviav.

pikvov Se

BeliTvov

eKcopaaev o)? eKelvov, OvyaTepa XVP^^ ovaav. kol irpovnTiev dycov 6 Ti,yeXXLVo<; avTrj irevTe koX exKoai puvpidBa'^

KpdTopo<;

pLeTCL

Tr)v

dpyvpiov, Kol Tcov TraXXa/clBcov Tr)V dyeXapyovaav exeXevae tov ireptBepaLov Koapiov d
TovTov Ka\

Topieva BiaffoXr)v el^^v,

to,

pLeTpL(o<;

(w? to, 7rpo
irpaT-

TaXdTa^

eBoKovv yap ov
ol

piev

ovv iroXXol Bed TavTa

tt/oo?

TTjv r^yepboviav dirrjxPdvovTO, tov<; Be (TTpaTicoTa^; Tr)V

Bcopedv prj KopL^op.evov<; ev dp^fj pev

iXwU

aX,V

oaov

irapriyev

242

6i^,

el

fcal

purj

ToaovTov,

GALEA

XVII. 3-XVI11.

2

show that Vinius could do anything any expectation for those who gave him enough. For there was no spectacle on which the Roman people had so set their hearts as that of Tigellinus dragged away to punishment, and in all the theatres and circuses they would not cease demanding him, until they were quelled by an edict of the emperor in which he declared that Tigellinus was wasting away with consumption and had not much longer to live, and advised them not to exasperate the government or force it to be tyrannical. Then, in mockery of the dissatisfied people, Tigellinus offered sacrifices for his preservation and prepared a splendid feast and Vinius, rising from object-lesson to

and

fulfil

;

beside the emperor, afterwards went to a drinkingbout in Tigellinus' house, leading his daughter, who was a widow. Tigellinus pledged her health with a gift of twenty-five myriads of money, ^ and ordered the governess of his concubines to take the necklace

from her own neck and put it about hers. The necklace was said to be worth fifteen myriads. XVIII. After this, even the reasonable measures of the emperor fell under censure, as, for instance, his treatment of the Gauls who had conspired with Vindex. For they were thought to have obtained their remission of tribute and their civil rights, not through the kindness of the emperor, but by purchase from Such were the reasons, then, why most of Vinius. the people hated the government but the soldiers, though they had not received their promised largess, were led on at first by the hope that Galba would give them, if not the whole of it, at least as much as ;

*

See the note on Chap.

ii.

2.

243

PLUTARCH'S LIVES J^epcov eBa}K€v, aTroSooaovTO^. eVet Be fi€/jL(j)Ofi€vov^ aKOV(Ta<; a(f)r]K6 (pcovrjv rjjefiovi fiejaXq) irpe-

TTOvaav, elircov elwOevau KaraXeyeiv err par loot a<;, ovK dyopa^eiv, irvOo/xevoi^ tovto heivov elarjXOe 106 iSoKei yap ovtc fuao<; /cal ayptov 7r/)o? avrov. avTo<; arroGTepelv /j,6vo<;, vofiodeTelv koI

dWa

BiBdcTKeiv Tou?

'AXXa TO

3

Kai

-^

fxev

atS(W9

Ti<;

yLte^'

avrov avroKpdropa^.

iv 'Voi/xr)

dpa

tt/jo?

rv^Xov

rjv

en

Trapovra rov

KLvrjfjLa,

TdX^av

d/jL^XvTrjTa Kal jxeXkr^aLV eveiToieL ro) vecorepia/jiw,

Kal TO

/xrjBefjiLav dp')(r]v

ifKpavfj iiera^o\i)<^ opd-

a6ai avveareXke Kal (TvveKpvmev d/xw^ ye Tr}v

hvapLeveiav

Ovepyiviw

avrcov.

yevofievoi,,

t6t€

ol 3'

he

irporepov

ovre^; virb

tto)?

vtto

^Xukkw

Tepfiaviav, /leydXcov fiev d^LOVpre^; avrov^; Bid TrjV iid-)(r}v f)V ifiax^cravTO tt/OO? OutvBiKa, Be dTraprjyoprjToi TOtV7]0e<; irepl

evrvxiav errevxpiievcov rco avroKpdropi FaX/Sa, BieOopv^rjaav ol ttoXXoI ro Trpcorov, elra rat? " El eKeivoov dvrecpcovovv 677 L/jLev6vr(ov €vx(^t<^ d^LO<^.^^

XIX. Toiavra Be erepa Kal ro)v vtto TtyeXXLVo) rayfxdrcov v^pi^ovrcov 7roWdKL<;, eirefJiiTero ypdjifiara rco TdX^a irapd rcov eirLrpoTTcov 6 Be (po^TjOel^; ft)9 ft^ fxovov Bid ro yr}pa<;, dXXd Kal ^

Th

ixiv

Reiske.

244

Coraes and Bekker have twu

fxey,

the correction of

GALEA

XVIII. 2-xix.

i

Nero had given. When, however, Galba heard that they were complaining, he spoke out as became a great emperor, and declared that it was his custom to enroll soldiers, not to buy them whereupon they began to cherish a dire and savage hatred towards For they thought that he was not only him. defrauding them himself, but laying down the law ;

and giving instructions for succeeding emperors. But the agitation at Rome was still smouldering, and at the same time a certain respect for Galba's presence blunted and delayed the spirit of revolution, and the absence of any manifest occasion for a change repressed and kept under cover, somehow or But the other, the resentment of the soldiers. which had served under formerly Verginius, army and was now serving under Flaccus in Germany, thinking themselves deserving of great rewards on account of the battle they had fought against Vindex, and getting nothing, could not be appeased by their officers. Of Flaccus himself, who was physically incapacitated by an acute gout, and inexperienced in the conduct of affairs, they made no account whatever. And once at a spectacle, when the military tribunes and centurions, after the Roman custom, invoked health and happiness upon the emperor Galba, the mass of the soldiery raised a storm of dissent at first, and then, when the officers persisted in their invocation, cried out in response, " If he deserves it."

XIX. The command of

legions also that were under the Tigellinus frequently behaved with similar insolence, and letters on the subject were sent to Galba by his agents. So the emperor, fearing that it was not only his old age but also his

245

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Sia rrjv airaihiav KaTa(f)povovfievo'^, iffovXevero iralSa OeaOat rwv i7ri(f)av(ov rtva veaviaKov fcal 2 EluSoxov airohel^ai t^9 ap-xrj^. rjv 3e Map«:o9 "OOcov, dvTjp yevei fxev ovfc a(^avrj<^, Tpv(f>r] Be koI ^i\'t]SovLaL
Bo^av dXXo aejJLVvvwv airo tT;? jvvaLK6<;, oi^ofid^ec TToXXuKL^;, ovT(o<; y€yovot}<; irepL^orjTO^ ev 'Fco/jLtj Slo, tov rToTTTrata? yd/jLov, 7^9 i]pa fxev 6 ISepcov KpiaTTLVcp crvvovarj^y

yvvacKa Kal

en

S'

alEovp,evo<; rrjv

eavrov rov

rrjv /jLrjrepa c^o^ovjievo^ vcpijKe

3

"06(ova ireipodVTa rijv Yloiriraiav. (hiXw Se rra "OOcovL Kal avfx^Korfj Slcl ttjv dacoriav exP^TO, Kal aKco7rT6fi€vo<; vir avrov iroXXaKt^ eh fitKpoXoyiav Kal dveXevOepiav e)(^aipe. Xeyerau he TTore fivpo) T(x)v iroXvTeXcov rov ')(pLaa/jL€Vov Nepojz^o? Kal tov "Odcova Kara/3pe^avro<;, eKelvo<; irdXiv rfi varepaia Ee)(^6fievo(; avrov dfia ttoXXw Kal j^pvaov^^ irpo^aXelv a<j>v(o ')(^o6ev dpyvpov<; act)Xrjva<;, wairep vScop ro fivpov eK^eovra^ Kal

4

KaraKXv^ovra^ dXXa rijv ye YloiTTTaiav irpofjuotX^vaa^ Tft) ISiepau'i,, Kal Bia(j)d6Lpa<; ral<^ et? .

€Kecvov iXiTiaLv, eireiaev aTroarrjvai rov dvhpo^. eX0ova7]<; Be irap^ avrov w? yafierfj<; ovk rjydira

aXX' 7]a)(^aXXe ijLeraBiBov<;, ovBe avrr]<; w? <^acn, rfj ^rjXorvTrla ttJ? noTTTrata?. Kal yap dnroKXelaai rov ISlepwva Xeyerai /jltj rrap6vroai-povaa fj.ere)(cov,

d')(Oo/ievr]<;,

5

TO

246

TrX/jajjiLOv,

etVe,

a>9

cpaaiv evioi, j3apvvojj,ev7}

GALEA

XIX.

1-5

childlessness that brought him into contempt, j)lanned to adopt some young man of illustrious family and appoint him his successor. Marcus Otho, now, was a man of good lineage, but from his very childhood corrupted by luxury and the pursuit of And as Homer often pleasure as few Romans were. " the husband of fair-haired calls Paris Helen," giving him a dignity borrowed from his wife, since he had no other title to fame, so Otho was celebrated at

Rome

for

his

marriage with

Poppaea.

With

Poppaea Nero was enamoured while she was the wife of Crispinus, but since he respected his own wife still and feared his mother, he put Otho up For because of to soliciting her favours for him. Otho's lavish prodigality Nero made an intimate friend of him, and was well pleased to be rallied by him often for parsimony and meanness. Thus, we are told that Nero once anointed himself with a costly ointment and sprinkled a little of it upon Otho whereupon Otho, entertaining the emperor in his turn on the following day, suddenly brought into play gold and silver pipes on all sides of the room, out of which the ointment gushed freely, like so much water. But as for Poppaea, Otho corrupted her with hopes of Nero's favour and seduced her first himself, and persuaded her to leave her husband. However, after she had come to live with him as his wife, he was not content to have only a share in her favours, and was loth to give Nero a share, while Poppaea herself, as we are told, was not displeased For it is said that she at the rivalry between them. would shut out Nero although Otho was not at home whether it was that she sought to keep his pleasure in her from cloying, or whether, as some

I

;

;

247

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rov l\aLaapo<;

ydjuLOv, epaarfj Se /jLt) (fyevyovcra to (^iXaKoXaarov. eKLvhvvevaev "Odcov aiToOavelv kol irapaKoyov tjv on ovv rrjv yvvalKa koX aSe^cprjv a7roKT€Lva<; Bia rov noTTTrata? yd/xov ec^eiaaro rov "Odoovo^. XX. l^eveKav he ely^ev evvovv Katceivov rov 'NipMva iTeiaavTO<; Koi nrapaiveaavro'; €^€7r€p.(f)dr) AvairavMv arpaniyo^; iirl rov ^D.Keav6v. kol irapecT'xev eavrov ovk a^apiv ovSe eVa;^^^ tol'^

'^pijaOai

Slcl

virrjKooiffy €68ft}9 (j)V'yTJ(; vTroKopta/Jua kclI irapaKo,2 \vfjL/jia rrjV dp^^rjv avrw Se^ofiiin-jv. dirocrravrofi

Be

rd\/3a

TT/DWTo?

avro)

^

7r/?ocre;5^co/37/a-e

rwv

Tjye/jiovcov, kol (pepcov 6a ov elx^^ ^^ iKTrayfiaat kol Tpaire^ai^ dpyvpov koX ')(^pva6v eSoy/ce KaTaKo-yjraL TTOiovfievo) v6/jiiapa, koI t6)v oIk€t6!)v iBuyptjaaro

rov<;

eld La fievov<; nrepl Bi'airav rjye/jLOVL

i/jLfjLeX(o<;

kol to, a\Xa irLaro^; rjv avTW, Kal VTTOvpyelv. BiSov^ irelnav ovBevo
elvar koX /SaBl^ovrt rrjv oBov diraaav 7roWd<; avvo')(^ovfX(vo^ BiereXeaev. rjjJLepa^ €(p^ €v Be rfi avvoBia /cat rrj avvrjOeia rov Oviviov i^eOepd-rrevaev o/jliXlo, kul BcopoL^;, fidXiara Be Twv TTpcoTeiwp v(f)i€/jLevo<; avrS to ye /ner ixelvov BvvaaOai Bi* eKeliov el^e ySeySa/o)?. to5 Be dvTrdvra to?? e7ri
3

^

avT^ Coraes and Bekker, after ^

348

Du

Soul

Cf. Tacitus, Annals, xiii. 45

f.

:

avrSs.

»

GALEA

XIX. 5-xx. 3

from a marriage with the emperor, but was not averse to having him as a lover, out of mere wantonness. Otho, accordingly, came into and it was strange that although peril of his life his own wife and sister were put to death by Nero on account of his marriage with Poppaea, Otho himself was spared.^ XX. But Otho had the good will of Seneca, by whose advice and persuasion Nero sent him out as governor of Lusitania to the shores of the western Here he made himself acceptable and ocean. say, she recoiled

;

pleasing to his subjects, although he knew that his office had been given him to disguise and mitigate When Galba revolted, Otho was his banishment. the first of the provincial governors to go over to him, and bringing all the gold and silver that he had in the shape of drinking-cups and tables, he gave it to him for conversion into coin, presenting him also with those of his servants who were qualified to give In suitable service for the table of an emperor. other ways he was trusted by Galba, and when put to the test was thought to be inferior to none as a man of affairs and during the entire journey of the emperor he would travel in the same carriage with ;

him

for

many days together. Moreover, amid the common journey he paid court to

intimacies of the

Vinius, both in person and by means of gifts, and, above all else, by yielding to him the first place, he got his aid in holding securely the place of influence next to him. But in avoiding envy he was superior

he gave his petitioners every aid without any reward, and showed himself easy of access and kindly to all men. But it was the soldiers whom he was most ready to help, and he advanced many of

to Vinius, for

VOL. XI.

I

249 ^^

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ra jiev alrov/jLevo<; airo rod avroKpdra 8e top Ouivlov /cat tov<; anrekevdepovf; irapaKoXcdv "IksXov koI ^KaiaTiKov ovtol yap

7]y6fjLovia<^,

4 TO/30?,

rjaav iv hvvdfiei /judXiara tojv irepl rrjv avXrjv. 6adKL<; Se rov TdX/Sav elaria, rrjv 7rapa(f)v\dTTovaav del airelpav iSeKa^e 'X^puaovp ifcdarw

avrov

Biavificov, ot9 Tifiav

eSo/cei

KarairoXLTevo-

fM€VO<; KoX Br)^aycoycov to (TTpaTLWTLKOv. 'AXX' ovv fiovXevo/jievov ye rod TdXfia irepX BiaB6')(ov rov "OOwva Trapeicrrjyev 6 Ovlvio^,

XXL

ovhe TOVTO iTpolica irpdaactyv, dXX"

eiri

ydfiro

Trj<;

OvyaTp6<;, OfioXoyia^ yevofievrj^; yajxelv avrrjv rov "OOcova TralSa rov TdX^a kol hLdho)(^ov dirohei-

XOevra r^?

6 Be

r)ye/j,ovLa<s.

FaX/Sa? del

fiev r^v

S?}\09 irpo Tov IBiov TO KOLVov TiOefievo^ kol ^rjTCJV ov)( 2

avTM OeaOau tov

r}Bi(TTOV,

dXXd

'Pco/jLaLOi<;

dv eVl tol<; IBloc<; 'X^pi^fxadL jmovov eXeaOai tov "OOcova KXrjpoVOfJLOV, dKoXaCTTOV €lB(b
kl(T)(lXl(ov

o9ev

o^Xrjiiacn

fjbvpidBcov

tov

dKovaa
vTrepedcTO

Boxel Be

ttjv

Ovlvlou

BidOeaLV.

firjS'

^e^aiTTKr/jLevov.

(TiWTrfj

koI

diroBei^a'^

S'

7rpaa}
avTov

viruTov Kol (Twdp-^^ovTa tov Ovlviov eTTiBo^of; r]v €Tov
r]Beco<;

elx^ 'tov "06(ova Trap' ovtlvovv

dXXov dvayopevO fjvac.

XXIL

KaraXa/jifidveL ^

250

S*

avTov

See the note on Chap.

ii.

ctl

2.

fieXXovTa

I

GALBA them

to places of

XX. 3-XX11.

I

command, sometimes asking the

the emperor, and sometimes support of Vinius, and of the freedmen for these were the most Icelus and Asiaticus And as often as he influential men at court. entertained Galba, he would compliment the cohort on duty for the day by giving each man a gold piece, thus showing honour to the emperor, as it was thought, while really scheming for the support and favour of the soldiery. XXI. So, then, while Galba was deliberating upon a successor, Vinius suggested Otho. And yet not even this was done for nothing, but as a return for the marriage of his daughter. For it had been agreed that Otho should marry her when he had been adopted by Galba and declared his successor. But Galba always showed clearly that he placed the public good before his private interests, and in the present case that he aimed to adopt, not the man who was most agreeable to himself, but the one who would be most serviceable to the Romans. And it does not seem that he would have chosen Otho merely as the heir of his own private fortune, since he knew that he was unrestrained and extravagant and immersed in debts amounting to five minions. ^ Wherefore, after listening to Vinius calmly and without a word, he postponed his decision. But he appointed himself and Vinius consuls for the following year, and it was expected that on their accession to office he would declare his successor. And the soldiery would have been glad that Otho, rather than anyone else, should be so declared. XXII. But while the emperor was hesitating and deliberating, he was overtaken by the dis-

appointment getting

from

tlie

;

251

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kcu jSovXevofievov eKpayivra ra TepfjuaviKa. KOivfj yap a7ravre<; ol arparevo/JLevoL rov TaXfiav ijjilaovv ovK diroSiBovra rr)v Bcopedv, lSla<; Se eKelvoL irpo^d(T€t<; eiroLovvTO

Ovepyivtov re'Vov^ov direppifi-

fiivov dTL/iico<; koI Takarwv tou? TroXefirjaavra'^ 2 av7o2<; Bcopecov Tvy'^dvovra<;, oaoi he fir] Trpoa-

iOevro OvlvSikl KoXa^ofievov^;, a> povo) rov FdXffav X^P''^ elBevat koX np^dv reOvrjKora koI yepaipeiv Brjp.oaiOL<; ivayLcrpLol^, 009 inr^ i/celvov ^Vwpbaiwv 3 dTToBeheiyp^ivov avroKparopa. tolovtcov dva^avBov rjBr) Xoycov iv t5> arparoTreBa) irepL^epop.evodv rj vovp,r}via rov irpcoTov /jL7jv6<;, fjv Ka^\avovapia<; KaXovar tou Be ^Xukkov avvayayovTOfi avTov<; eirl rov opKov ov e6o<; iarlv

€7rrj\0ev

XdvBa<;

opLVveiv virep

rov

TdX^a

rov avroKpdropo^;, ra? piev elKova^; poaeXd 6vT€
it

eairaaav, avTol Be 6p,6aavre<^ virep crvytcX^rov fcal elra roi? '^yep^ovL'Vwiiaiwv BieXvOrjaav. BeBoLKevai Kol<^ co? rrjv Trapiararo dvap^^av " Tl dTroaraaLv. Xeyei Be ri? ev avTOL<;' Trdaxo-

4 Brjpov

crvaTpariMTai, purjT dXXov r)yepi6va iroiovTOP vvv ovra cf)vXdTT0VT€<;, axmep ov TdX^aVy dXX! oXco? dp^ovra koI to dp^eaOat 5 (f)6vyovT€
pievoL purjTe

6

T^9

erepw^

TipLTjTov /cat

VeppLavia'^

TpU virdrov

Kaiaapi Tpoirov

tlvcl

1

252

r]yovpLevo^y

7raTp6<;

yevopuevov koX

re

KXavBiw

avvdp^avTO<;, avro^; re ttjp

See Chap.

iv. 3.

I

GALEA orders

which

broke

XXII.

out

1-5

among

the

troops

in

Germany. For the soldiers in all parts of the empire had a common hatred of Galba because he had not given tliem their usual largess, but those in Germany made special excuses for themselves out of the fact that Verginius Rufus had been cast off in dishonour; that the Gauls who had fought against them were getting rewards, while all those who had not joined Vindex were being punished and that to Vindex alone Galba showed gratitude by honouring him when he was dead and giving him the distinction of public obsequies, on the ground that Vindex had proclaimed him emperor of the Romans.^ Such arguments as these were already circulating ;

openly in the camp, when the first day of the first month came, which the Romans call the Calends of January. On this day Flaccus assembled the soldiers that they might take the customary oath of allegiance to the emperor but they overturned and pulled down all the statues of Galba which they could find, and after swearing allegiance to the senate and people of Rome, went to their quarters. Then their officers began to fear that their lawless spirit might issue in revolt, and one of them made this speech " What is wrong with us, my fellow soldiers ? We are neither supporting the present emperor nor It is as though we were setting up another. averse, not to Galba, but to all rule and obedience. Flaccus Hordeonius, indeed, M'ho is nothing but a shadow and image of Galba, we must ignore, but there is Vitellius, who is only a day's march distant from us, and commands the forces in the other ;

:

Germany. in a

His father was censor, thrice consul, and Caesar, and

manner the colleague of Claudius

253

PLUTARCH'S LIVES viT* evicov

\oihopov fiivqv

ex^v

')(^pr)(TT6Tr]T0^

TOVTOV eKofievot

SeL^co/iiev

Kvairavwv

fcal

^l^rjpodv

Treviav helyfia Xa/jurrpov

Kal fieyaXocjjpoauvrjf;.

(pepe,

avOpcoiroKi iraaiv &)? afxeivov^

avro-

iafjuev

Kpdropa 6

alpelaOai.'^ TaOxa TOiv /nev rj^rj irpoaiefjievayv, rcov

7rpoai€fxev(ov, el?

vire^eXOwv

yeiXe

tw OviTeXkUp

irap^

avT(p.

a7]/jLaio
5'

ov

uTnjy-

vvkt6<;, eaTLwpuevwv ttoWcop rod Be \6you hLaireaovro^ €l<; ra

arparevfiara irpwTo^ d/3io^ Oud\r)<;, rjyefJLcjv rdyfiaro^;, ry varepaLa fiera lirirewv cvyyoiv

ei/o?

i\daa<; avTOKpdropa rov

OviTeWiov

Trpoaelyrev.

Ta? /iiev ep^irpoaOev r}pL€pa<; iBoKei BicoOeladaL Kal dvaBveaOat, to fieyeOo^ ri}? dpx^'i 4>o^ovfjL€VO^, Tore he (f)aaiv olvov BidirXewv Kal Tpo<^% ovTa fiea'^jjiPpivrj^ irpoeXOelv Kal viraKovaav

7 6 Be

8

VepfiaviKov ovofxa Oefievcov avrw, to he Kaiaaprx; ou irpoahe^dpLevov. €v6v<^ he Kal to jieTO, ^XdKKov

aTpdTevuaroi)^ Ka\ov<; eKeivov^ KalB7j/jLOKpaTiKov<;

eh (TvyK\r)T0V opKov^ dcpevTe^ cojioaav OviTeWUp Tw avTOKpdTopi TTOiYjaeiv TO TrpoGTaaaofievov. XXIII. OuTCt) fxev dvrjyopevOrj OvlTeX\io<; avTOKpdTcop ev Tep/iavia. vecoTepiapov

6

Td\l3a<;

ttvO 6 fJLevo<; he top eKel

ovkcti

tjjv

eio-Troirjatv

yivcoaKojv he tmv (plXcov evinv^ puev virep AoXo/SeXXa, tov<; he TrXeiaTOV^ virep "OOcovo^^ dp')(^aLpe(T(d^ovTa'^, wv ovheTepov ehoKLfiatev avT6<;, a
dve^dWeTO.

Kpdaaov Kal 2 dvr}p7]Kei, €u(j)via

254

^Kpi/3a)VLa<; eKyovov, ov<; ev Trj irpo^ iraaav

veaviav

^e'pwv dpeTtjv

TO KoapLLov Kal avaTijpov e/jLcpavecrraTa

GALEA

XXII.

5-XX111. 2

Vitellius himself, in the poverty with which some reproach him, affords a splendid proof of probity and Come, let us choose him, and so show

magnanimity. the world that we know how to select an emperor better than Iberians and Lusitanians." While some of the soldiers were already for adopting this proposal and others for rejecting it, one standard-bearer stole away and brought tidings of the matter by night to Vitellius, as he was entertaining many guests. The news spread swiftly to the troops, and first Fabius Valens, commander of a of horselegion, rode up next day with a large body men and saluted Vitellius as emperor. Hitherto Vitellius had seemed to decline and avoid the but on this day, office, fearing the magnitude of it as they say, being fortified with wine and a midday meal, he came out to the soldiers and accepted the ;

of Germanicus which they conferred upon him, though he rejected that of Caesar. And straightway the army with Flaccus also, casting aside those fine and democratic oaths of theirs to support the senate, took oath that they would obey the orders of title

Vitellius the emperor. XXIII. Thus was Vitellius proclaimed

emperor in and when Galba learned of the revolution there he no longer deferred his act of adoption. Knowing that some of his friends favoured the selection of Dolabella, and most of them that of Otlio, neither of whom was approved by himself, he suddenly, and without any previous notice of his intention, sent for Piso (whose parents, Crassus and Scribonia, had been put to death by Nero), a young man in whose predisposition to every virtue the traits of gravity and decorum were most conspicuous then

Germany

;

;

PLUTARCH'S LIVES e^ovra' koX Kare/Saivev vov

et?

Yiaiaapa

aTToSei^cov

to arparoTrehov eKelKairoi

koI SluSo^^^ov.

[MeyaXai fiev €vOv<; i^iovrc BioarjfMiat iraprj/coXov0OVV, ap^afievou Se ra fiev Xeyeiv iv tCo arparo-

ra 8e avayiVGoaKeiv, rocravrdfCLf; ifipovrrja-e Kol Kari]GrpoL'^€, kol too-oOto? 6p,0po<; Koi ^6(f)0^ i^e'y^vQ-q eU to arparoTrehov Koi rrjv iroXiv, co? TreSo),

KardhrfKov elvai

/jlt)

Trpocne/jLevov firjSe eTratvovv ro

ovk in dya6a>

Zaifjboviov yivofievrjv

3 OTLV.

GKvOpMTTa

ToO T€

he

(pOilffj

ra

Se koi

r}V

/xrjhe

Tore 8(op6a<; avTot<;

Heiawvo^

hoOeicrr]^;.

ol

Trapovre^ edavfiacrav rfj T€Kfiat,pOfJL€VOL KOl TM 7rpO(Tft)7rCt) TO TrjXi-

Kavrrjv X^P^^ dve/jLTrXijKrco^, ov he')(^ofX6Vov,

TToXXa

rr]v elairoir}-

rcov arpariooTOiv virovXa kol

Mairep

arjfjiela

TT]^ iX7riBo<;

rfj

rrjv

fjLr]V

dvaia6t]Tco^

av rod "O0o)vo<;

iTrecjiabreTO

fiopcjiT}

irtfcpo)^

fcal

dirorev^LV (pepovro^;,

avv 779

opyfj

tt/o&jto?

a^ico^et? fcal rou TV^elv iyyvTarco yevofxevo^ to ixrj TV')(€lv eiTOielTO o-rj/xeLov ex^ou^ dfia koX KaKO4 voia'^ Tjv

Tov TdX(3a 7rpo<; avrov. oOev ovSe d(j)o^o<; TOV yueXXoi^T09, dXXa kuI tov IleLCTcoi'a

Trepl

SeBiw<; KOL TOV

OviVLw

TdX/3av Trpo/SaXXofievo^ kol tw

^aXeTrati^coi' dirijei ttoXXcov iraOcov ttX?;/)/;?.

ovSe yap to iXiri^ov eKXiirelv ovBe dTrayopevaai TTavTdiraaLV etxov ol Trepl avTov ovre^ del fidvTei^

KoX ^aXSaLoi, iV%uy9i^o/xei'09

€t9

Tw

Ta

fjidXicrra Se

TrpoeLirelv

TlToXejjLalo^

7ToXXdKL<;

009

ovfc

diroKTevel Nepcov avTov, d\Xd reOvtj^eTai TrpoTepo^;, avTo^ he irepieaTai, kol dp^ei'Pco/JLalcov (eKelvo yap

256

I

GALBA

XXIII.

2-4

he went down to the camp to declare him Caesar and heir to the throne. And yet as soon as he set out, great signs from heaven accompanied him on his way, and after he had begun to pronounce and read his address to the soldiers, there were many peals of thunder and flashes of lightning, and much darkness and rain pervaded both the camp and the city, so that it was plain that the act of adoption was inauspicious and was not favoured or approved by the heavenly powers. The soldiers also were secretly disloyal and sullen, since not even then was their largess given to them. As for Piso, those who were present at the scene and observed his voice and countenance were amazed to see him receive so great a favour without great emotion, though not without appreciation whereas in the outward aspect of Otho there were many clear signs of the bitterness and anger with which he took the disappointment of his hopes. He had been the first to be thought worthy of the prize, and had come very near attaining it, and his not attaining it was regarded by him as a sign of ill-will and hatred on Galba's part towards him. Wherefore he was not without apprehension for the future, and fearing Piso, blaming Galba, and angry with Vinius, he went away full of various passions. For the soothsayers and Chaldaeans who were always about him would not suffer him to abandon his hopes or ;

up altogether, particularly Ptolemaeus, who much upon his frequent prediction that Nero would not kill Otho, but would die first himself, and that Otho would survive him and be emperor of the Romans (for now that he could point to the first part of the prediction as true, he thought that Otho give

dwelt

257

PLUTARCH'S LIVES dXr]06(; aTToSetfa? rj^iov 5'

ovx rjKLara

fi'}]he

Tavra

aTreXiTL^eiv)'

avvaxOofxevoi Kpvcpa koI avv-

ol

TrXetaroL €7rLaTevoPT€<; co? a')(^dpiaTa ireirovOoTi. Se rcov irepi TiyeWlvov /cat Nufi(f)i8tov ev Ti/jifj yeyoi'OTcov aireppLfxixevoi rare koI Taireiva irpdrTOVT€
avTov KoX avvT^'yavuKTovv

KOI rrapco^vvov.

XXIV. 6 jxev

'Ei^ Be rovTOL<;

OTTTLcov,

Xovvrai

6

OverovpLO<; Kal^dpl3L0<;, Be Tea(Tepdpio<=i' ovtco yap /ca-

ol BiayyeXcov koX BioiTTrjpwv virrjpeaia^

T€XovPT€
fieO'

Mv'OdMvo^cLTreXevOepofi'Ouo/ia- 106

em(f)OiT(av tov<; fiev dpyvpiw, tov<; Be iXirla-L Biecjydecpev ijBtj (7aOpov<; 6vTa<; koI BeofiGvov; irpocTTOf;

ov yap

(f}daeco<;.

r/v

rj/juepcov

reaadpcov epyov

vyiaLvovTO<; o-rparoTreBov /jueraaTrjo-ai ttlo-tlv, oaai /juera^u

2

Trj<;

yap

eKTT)

elaTTOirjaew^ eyevovro Ka\

dvTjpeOrjaav,

f)v

Tri<; cr
dyovcrc 'Pcofialoi irpo

Be/caoKTO) KaXavBoiv ^e^povaplcov. 'EKeirr) yap ewOev evdv<; 6 /jlcv FaX/Sa? eOvev ev YlaXariw ro)v (plXcov ivapovTwv, 6 Be 6vt)i<;

dfxa t&> Xa^elv et? rd<; ')(elpa<; rov rd airXdy^^a Kal TrpoaiBelv ov Bl alviy/jLcov, dXX^ dvTt-Kpvs €(f)r] arjiiela fxeydXri<; Tapa)(rj<^y Kul fxerd BoXov klvBvvov Sk Arec^aX^? eiTiKeifxevov ^Ofi^pLKio<;

iepeiov

TO)

avTOKpdropi, /jlovovov^I tov "OOcova rov Oeov

3 %e
TOV

BeiKW/xei ^

»S8

irapaBiBovro^.

VdX^a, Kal oi<;

viro

January 15th

Trpocrelx^

iraprjv toI<s

rov ^Ojx^pLKiov.

yap oiriadev

Xeyop.ei'OLfi

/cal

Oopv^ov/jLepra

(a.d. xviii. Cal. Feb.), 68 a.d.

I

GALEA

XXIII. 4-XXIV.

3

Above all, should not despair of the second part). Otho was encouraged by those wlio secretly shared his resentment and chagrin on the ground that he had been thanklessly treated. Moreover, most ot the adherents of Tigellinus and Nympliidius, men who had once been in high honour, but were now cast aside and of no account, treacherously went over to Otho, shared his resentment, and spurred him on to action.

XXIV. Among these were Veturius and Barbius, " the one an '^optio," the other a " tesserarius (these are the Roman names for scout and messengery In company with these Onomastus, a freedman of Otho's, went round corrupting the soldiers, some with money, and others with fair promises. The soldiers were already disaffected and wanted only a pretext for treachery. For four days would not have sufficed to change the allegiance of a loyal army, and only so many days intervened between the act of adoption and the murder, since on the sixth day after the adoption (the Romans call it the eighteenth before the Calends of P^bruary i), Galba and Piso were

slain.

On

that

day,

shortly

after

dawn, Galba was

sacrificing in the Palatium in the presence of his friends ; and as soon as Umbricius, the officiating

had taken the entrails of the victim in his hands and inspected them, he declared not ambiguousl}'^, but in so many words, that there were signs of a great commotion, and that peril mixed with treachery hung over the emperor's head.

priest,

Thus the god all but delivered Otho over to arrest. For Otho was standing behind Galba, and noted what was said and pointed out by Umbricius. But 259

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kol XP^^'^ aiiei^ovn 7ravro^a7ra<; viro ^OvofiaaTO^ aireXevOepo'^ rjKeLV Kai TrepLfxeveiv avrbv oXkoi tou? apxi^TiKTova<;.

0€ avrui

Seov<; TrapacTTa^; €(f)r)

rjv

he

avfi^oXov /catpov,

4 Tov ^Od(Dva

iraXaiav

TOt?

tt/oo?

op eScL airavri^aai, el7r(av

arpaTLooraLf;.

icovrjfiivo^

on

ovv,

^ovXerai ra viroTrra dirrjXOe, koI Bta t^? Tt^e-

ol/cLav

Bel^at Tot9 7r(oXr]raL<;,

plov KaXovfiipTj^ oLKca^i KaTa^a
r^? 'IraXta? ohol irdaai reXevTcoaiv. ^EjvravOa tov<; 7rp(t)T0v<; eKhe^apevov^

rerfi-qiMevai

XXV.

avTov Kal

avrofcpdropd

'TTpocreLTTOVTa^;

TrXeiov; rpiwv koI eXKoai yeveadai.

ov Kara

rr^v

rod

cr(OfiaT0<;

(f)aat

fiaXuKLav kol O^jXvrrjra

StaT€0pv/jL/ii€vo<;,

dXXd

Beivd

Kol

cLTpeiTTO^,

direheiXiaaev.

7rap6vTe<;

ov/c

etcoVy

T^ ^^v^y 2 TO,

7r€pu6vre
/ult)

Sto, Kaiirep

dXXd roh

cov

lTafio<;

^Icj^ecn

tt/jo?

ol

3e

yv/xvoh

avrou to ^opelov i/ceXevov atpeadai,

Trapacpdeyyo/jbepov 7roXXdKi<; diroXcoXivat koI tou? 6pov^ e'JTiTa')(yvovTO<;.

e^rjKovovydp evioi

6av/jLd^ovT€<; fxaXXov rj raparrofievoL Bid rrjv oXiyoTTjra rcov d'TroTeroX/jbrj/jLevcov. <j>epopev(p he

ovTco

St*

irdXiv 3

dyopd^ dirTjvrrjaav erepoL Toaovroi, Kal

Kara rpeh Kal rerrapa<; dXXot

TrpoaeTri-

elra avvavearpe^ov diravre^^ dvaKaXovfievoi l^auaapa Kal yvp.vd rd ^L(f)7) Trpolaxopevot.

Xa^ov.

he ^^Xidpxcov 6 rrjv (pvXaKrjv e)(a)v rod arparoirehov MaprLaXi<;, w? <^aaL, /jltj avv€ih(t)<;, CKirXayeh he rw dirpodhoKrirw Kal ^oQrjOeh 260

rcov

GALEA as

he stood there

XXIV. 3-xxv. 3

in confusion

and with a countenance

changing to all sorts of colours through fear, Onomastus his freedman came up and told him that the builders were come and were waiting for him at his house. Now, this was a token that the time was at hand when Otho was to meet the soldiers. With the remark, then, that he had bought an old house and wished to show its defects to the vendors, he went away, and passing through what was called the house of Tiberius, went down into the forum, to where a gilded column stood, at which all the roads that intersect Italy terminate. XXV. Here, as we are told, the soldiers who first welcomed him and saluted him as emperor were no

more than twenty-three.

Therefore, although he

in spirit to match the weakness and effeminacy of his body, but was bold and adventurous in presence of danger, he began to be afraid. The

was not sunken

who were there, however, would not suffer to desist, but surrounding his litter with their swords drawn, ordered it to be taken up, while Otho soldiers

him

urged the bearers to hasten, saying to himself many For he was overheard times that he was a lost man. by some of the bystanders, and they were astonished rather than disturbed, owing to the small number of those who had ventured upon the deed. But as he was thus borne through the forum, he was met by as many more soldiers, and others again kept joining the party by threes and fours. Then all crowded around the litter, saluting Otho as emperor and At the camp, brandishing their drawn swords. Martialis, the military tribune in charge of the watch at the time, who was not privy to the plot, as they say, but was confounded by their unexpected 261

PLUTARCH'S LIVES i<j)r)/c€v

elaekOelv.

avreirecrev.

ol

he

^evofievw

ivTO^

ovhel^;

yap dyvoovvT€<; ra irparroiieva

TOi? elhoai KOI avvecTTwaiv

etc

TrapaaKevrj'; efjure-

KaO' eva kol 8vo airopdhe^;, viro Zeov fiev OviVLo<; Kal KoLKwv Kal TO)v uTreXevdepcov evioi yvpiva to, pLe'X^ofievoL

he rLeia-cov ft(^?7 TTpola^oiiievoL TrapeaTTjaav, 6 TTpoeXOcov TOL^ (puXaTTOvat ttjv avXrjv hopv(jj6pot<; 5 eveTvyx^ve. tov h' ^iXXvpiKOV TayfiaTO^; ev ttj

KaXovfievr) TraaTahi ^t-^lravia crTpaToirehevovTO^ direaTdXr] Mayofo? KeXcro?, dvrjp dyado^, irpoKaTaXr]yjr6/jievo<;.

XXVI. ^ovXevofievov he tov VdX^a TrpoeXOelv, Kal OvLVLOv fxev ovk eoiVTO^, KeXaov he Kal AaK(oi'0<; TrapopfidiVTwv Kal acjiohpoTepov tov Ovlvlov KaOaTTTO/mevcjov, 6pov^ hirjXde ttoXu? w? dvrjpr]fjievov TOV "OOcovn^ ev tw aTpaTOirehw' Kal /meTa fjLLKpov

M(f)dr)

^lovXi,o
"Arri/co?

tmv ovk

darj/jLOJv

tw ^l<J)€L tov Kaiaa-

ev TOi<; hopv
Kal /Socov dvrjprjKevai TToXefiiov odcrdpbevo^ he hia tcov irpoeaTcoTwv 6 he 2 ehcL^e tco VdXfia to ^L(f)0<; rjfjLayfjuevov. " ** 7rpoa(f)€p6/jLevo
po<^

fiXeyjra
avTov,

TOV he dvdpdiiTOv

262

Tt?

ae,'^ elirev,

Trjv iriGTiv

"eKeXevae ; Kal tov

elirovTO'^

lOQl

I

GALEA appearance and

And

terrified,

Otho was

after

XXV. 3-XXVI. 2

permitted them to enter. no one opposed

inside the camp,

him. For those who were ignorant of what was going on, scattered about as they were by ones and twos, were designedly enveloped by those who knew and were privy to the plot, and so gave in their adherence, at first through fear, and then under persuasion. News of this was carried at once to Galba in the

Palatium and the priest was still standing there with the entrails in his hands, so that even men who were altogether indifferent and sceptical about such matters were confounded and filled with wonder at the divine portent. And now a motley crowd came Vinius and Laco streaming out from the forum and some of the freedmen stood at Galba's side brandishing their naked swords Piso went out and held conference with the guards on duty in the court and Marius Celsus, a man of worth, was sent off to secure the allegiance of the Illyrian legion encamped in what was called the Vipsanian portico. ;

;

;

XXVI. And now, as Galba purposed to go forth, and Vinius would not permit it, while Celsus and Laco urged it and vehemently chided Vinius, a rumour sj)read insistently that Otho had been slain in the camp; and after a little, Julius Atticus, a soldier of distinction among the guards, was seen rushing up with his sword drawn, and crying out that he had slain the enemy of Caesar and forcing his way through the crowd about Galba, he showed him his sword all stained with blood. Then Galba fixed his eyes upon him and said, " Who gave thee " ;

thy orders

was

?

his fidelity

Whereupon the man

replied that

it

and the oath that he had sworn, at 263

PLUTARCH'S LIVES opKov ov Mfioae, koI tou irXYfOov^ eiTL^oo)VTO
Ad

^ov\6/jL€vo<^.

3

Ovaai

fcal

^avrjvai

€/jL^a\6i'T0^

Sk

€69

Tot<;

TroXtraf?

TTjv

wairep TpoTraia Trvevfiaro^, diTi^vTqae T€iu TOP "OOdiva Tov crTpaT€v/jiaTO
dyopdu,

(fi^fiy

ola

/cpa-

he ev

irX-qOev ToaovTW, twv fxev dvaaTpe<^eLVt twv he irpoievaL, tcov he Oappelv, tcov he diriaTelv ^ooovTcov, Koi TOV (f)op€Lov, KaOdirep ev /cXvhoyvi, hevpo

KCLKel hia(f>epo/jLevov fcal ttvkvov dirovevovTO^, €(f)aL~

vovTO TrpcoTOv 4

tTTTret?,

etra oirklTaL hia t^? Ylav-

\ov

^a(Ti\LKrj<; '7rpoa(f)ep6/uievoL,

oTOC

eirl

pna ^wvf) fxeya tcov ^ocovre^ eKirohoov laTaaQai tov lhicoTr,v. [xev ovv TToWcov hp6/jL0(; rjVy ov (j>vyfj aKihvapievwv, Td<; (ttocl^ kol tcl fieTewpa t7]<; dyopd<;, Oeav *AtiWlov he KaTdXajJbpavovTwv. wairep Bepye\LQ)vo(; eiKova FdX/Sa TrpocrovhiaavTO^, dp)(7]v TOV TToXejjLov TToiTjadpLevoL irepir^KovTiaav to

(popelov

00?

5'

ov/c

eTV^ov

ea7racr/jievot(} tol<; ^[(pecriv.

avrov,

Trpoaqyov ovhe

ijfivve he ovhel<;

vTreaTT] rrXyv €v6<; dvhp6<;, ov fiovov tjXlo^ eTrechev ev fjivpidat ToaavTai<; d^iov t?)? 'F ay /xaLcov rjye5 /jLOVia<;'

Xe/jbTrpcovio^;

rjv

A7]vao<;

eKaT0vrdp-)(rj<;,

ovhev Ihia y^prjaTOV viro FdX/Sa TreTrovOco^;, tw he KaXw KOI Tft) v6[i(p ^orjOaw irpoecrTT] tov (popeiov.

Kol TO KXiiixa irpo)TOV, m KoXd^ovaiv eKarovrdpTOU? irXrjycou h€o/jL6vov<;, eTrapd/iievof; Toh ')(aL kol hce/ceXevero (^eiheaOai tov €7ri(f)epofi6VOi<s ejSoa avTOKpdropo'i.

264

eirecTa

av/xTrXeKOjjuevcov

avrw

I

GALEA

XXVI. 2-5

which the multitude cried out that he had done well, and gave him their applause. Then Galba got into his litter and was carried forth, wishing to sacrifice But to Jupiter and show himself to the citizens. when he was come into the forum, there met him, like a change of wind, a report that Otho was master of the army. Then, as might be expected in so great a crowd, some cried out to him to turn back, others to go forward some bade him to be of good courage, others urged him to be cautious and so, while his litter was swept hither and thither, as in a surging sea, and often threatened to capsize, there came into view, first horsemen, and then men-atarms, charging through the basilica of Paulus, and with one voice loudly ordering all private citizens ;

;

out of their way. The multitude, accordingly, took to their heels, not scattering in flight, but seeking the porticoes and eminences of the forum, as if to get a view of a spectacle. Hostilities began with the overthrow of a statue of Galba by Attilius

and then the soldiers hurled javelins at the and since they failed to strike it, they advanced upon it with their swords drawn. No one opposed them or tried to defend the emperor, except one man, and he was the only one, among all the thousands there on whom the sun looked down, who was worthy of the Roman empire. This was Sempronius Densus, a centurion, and though he had received no special favours from Galba, yet in defence of honour and the law he took his stand in front of the litter. And first, lifting up the switch with which centurions punish soldiers deserving of stripes, he cried out to the assailants and ordered them to spare the emperor. Then, as they came to Vergilio,

litter;

265

PLUTARCH'S LIVES to ^i(f)o<; i^fjuvvaro ttoXup y^povov, ra? lyvva<^ eireae, XXVIL Tov he FdX/Sav, aTroK\i6€VTO<; rov (jiopeiov irepl rov Kcvprlov KaXovfievov Xclkkov, CKfcuXLaOevra reOcopaKLo-fievov ervirrov einhpafjiova7ra(7afi€vo<;

eo)? TV(^6el<;

he rrjv a^ayrjv irporeiva^, "A/aare," elirev, TovTO ra> Sij/nw 'Pco/j-aicov dpieivop iari.^^ 2 TToXXa? p,€v ovv eXajBe 7rXr]ya
"

el

hefcdrov Tayparo^^. evLoi he Tepepriov, ol Se Ae/caviov laropovcnv, ol Se ^d^Lov (PdjSovXoVy ov kul (f)acrii'

3

diroicoylravTa

rrjv

Ke^aXrjv

KopLi^eLV

Ipanw auXXa/Sovra, Sid Tr]v ylriXorrjra Xrjirrov ovaav erreira rcov avv avTco ovtc ecuvTwv, dXX eicc^avrf Trdcri iroLelv

rco

Svcnrepi-

KpvTTTeiv Tr)V dv-

SpayaOiav, TrepiTreLpavra irepl Xoy^V^ fcal dvaTrrjXavTa irpea^vrov irpoawiTOv, dp'X^ovro^ T€ Koapiov KOL dp^Lepew<; kol virdrov, Sp6p,(p al ^dK^ai, ttoXXukl^; peraaTpecpo')(^cope2v, coairep Kal fievov, KpaSaivovra rrjp Xoy^V^ aip^ari fcarappeopLevrjv.

Tov S' "OOoava, tt}^ Ke^aXi)^ Kop^iaOeiaTj^, dva" OvSev iari touto, o) avarpaKpayelv Xeyovaiv 4 Ticorat, Tr]v lleia(ov6
oXiyov Se

rj/ce

Kop.iLop.evr]'

rpwOel^;

yap

e(f)€vyev

Kal Kara8io}')(0€i<; vtto MovpKov rLvo<; rw lepw tt}? 'Ecrrta?. direacpdrirpo'^ drrea^dyrj rero Se Kal Ovlvio^ 6p,oXoya)v kolvcovo^ yeyoievat eirl Tov VdXpav avvodpoaia^;' e^oa yap Tr}
diroOp^cTKeiv irapd ti]V "Odcoi'o
266

dXXd

I

GALBA

XXVI. 5-XXV11. 4

quarters with him, he drew his sword, and fought them off a long time, until he fell with a wound in the groin. XXVII. The litter was upset at the place called Lacus Curtius, and there Galba tumbled out and lay in his corselet, while the soldiers ran up and struck at him. But he merely presented his neck to their " Uo swords, saying your work, if this is better for the Roman people." So, then, after receiving many close

:

wounds in his legs and arms, he was slain, as most writers state, by a certain Camurius, of the fifteenth Some, however, ascribe his death to Terenlegion. tius, others to Lecanius, and others still to Fabius Fabulus, who, they say, cut off Galba's head and was carrying it wrapped in his cloak, since its baldness made it difficult to grasp ; then, since his companions would not suffer him to hide his deed of valour, but insisted on his displaying it to all eyes, he impaled on his spear and thrust on high the head of an aged man, who had been a temperate ruler, a high priest, and a consul, and ran with it, like a bacchanal,^ whirling about often, and brandishing the spear all dripping with blood. But Otho, as they say, when the head was brought " This is to him, cried out nothing, fellow-soldiers ; show me the head of Piso." And after a little it was brought to him for the young man had been :

;

wounded and tried to escape, and a certain Murcus ran him down and slew him at the temple of Vesta. Vinius also was slain, and he admitted himself a party to the conspiracy against Galba by crying out that he was put to death contrary to the wishes ot *

So the Bacchanals with the head of Pentheus (Euripides,

Bacchae,

lloSfi'.).

267

PLUTARCH'S LIVES yap KoX TOVTov

Ke^aXrjv a7roT€fi6vTe<; koX

Tr)v

Aa/cojyo? iKOfJLiaav rrpo^ rov 'OOcova Bcopea^ al^

009 Be (prjaiv

5 Tovvre^i,

eiTTa

yap

A p')(jiXo')(o^

vsKpcop ireaovrcov,

,

ov<;

i/iidpy]ra^ev

firj

avve(J)ayfrd-

iroalv, ')(l\ioi ^ovrJ€<; ia/jiiv,

TToWol rov (^ovov

Tore

oi/TO)?

he kuI

fcaOaifMciaaoPTe'i eweBeLKvvvTO Kal Scopea^ yrovv Pi^Xia hih6vTe<; tm

fievoi,

')(€lpa<;

"OOcovi.

varepov

elicoai

^i(\)rj

yovv

Kal

eKarov

eupeOyaau

tmv

eic

6 dva^7]T7]aa(;

ypa/nfiarlcov, 01)9 d7ravra<; direKreivev.

OuiTeXXio
Be

/cal

Kal iroXMdpLO<; Ke\cro9 6^9 rrjv Trape/ifioXijv. Xcov avTov KarqyopovvTcov on tov<^ crrparLa)Ta<; eireiOe tw TdX^a jSorjOelv, Kal rov irXyjOov^ aTTOKTivvveiv jSowvTO'^, "OOcov ovK e/SovXero' ofiov/jievo^

Be dvTiXeyeiv avrov elvaL

diroKTevelv

ov^ ovrco^ €(f)r} rax^(>^^ yap a Bel irporepov eKirv-

OeaOai irapa rov (jjuXdrreiv,

dvBp6<;. eKeXevaev ovv Brjaavra^ Kal irapeBooKe toU fidXiara marev-

ofJievoL^.

XXVIII. Eu^L'9 Be ^ovXr] (TvveKaXetTO. Kal KaOdirep dXXoL yeyovore^ t) decov dXXcov yeyovoTcov (TVveXOovre^ cojjlvvov opKOV virep rov "Oda)Po<;, ov avTO^ 6/jL6cra<; ovk eTrjprjcre' Kal Kalaapa kol ^e/3aaTov dvrjyopevov, erL rcov veKpcov aKecpdXcov ev Tal<; V7raTi,Ka?
Tat9 Be Ke(})aXaL<;

'X,py](Tdai, T'qv fiev 1

268

Oviviov

rfj

Bergk, Lyr. Gr. Frag,

0)9

ovBev el^op eTi

Ovyarpl Bca^LXicov ii.*

p. 398.

GALEA

XXVII. 4-XXV111. 2

However, they cut off his head, and Laoo's and brought them to Otho, of whom they

Otho. too,

demanded

largess.

And

as Archilochus says

^

that,

Only seven lay dead on the ground, where we But we who slew are trod their bodies under foot. '^

a thousand," so in this case, many who had no part in the murder smeared their hands and swords with blood and showed them to Otho, as they presented him with written petitions for largess. At any rate, a hundred

and twenty were afterwards discovered by means of these petitions, all of whom were sought out and Marius Celsus also came put to death by Vitellius. There many denounced him for into the camp. trying to persuade the soldiers to defend Galba, and the majority clamoured for his death, but Otho did not wish it; however, since he was afraid to oppose them, he said he would not put Celsus to death so quickly, since there were matters about which he must first question him. He therefore ordered that he be fettered and kept under guard, and handed over to those in whom he put most trust.

XXVni. A

senate was at once convened.

And

they were now other men, or had other gods to swear by, they united in swearing an oath to suj^port Otho an oath which he himself had sworn in Moreover, support of Galba, but had not kept. they gave him the titles of Caesar and Augustus, while the dead bodies, all headless in their consular And as for robes, were still strewn over the forum. the heads, when they had no further use for them, that of Vinius they sold to his daughter for twentyas if

—

269

PLUTARCH'S LIVES KOI

irevTaKoaicov Bpa^/JLcov airehovro, rrjv Be Uetacovofi rj yvv^ eXafiev Ovepavia BerjOelaa, rrjv Be TaXfia tol<; Uarpo^lov Bou\ot<; eBoypijaavTO. 3 Xa^6vT€<; Be eKelvoi kol irdvra rpoirov aiKiadfievoL fcal

KaOv/Spiaavre^ enpLyjrav y

Kaiadpcov

Ko\a^o/uievov<;

KaXelrai.

^ecrcrcopLov

tol/? vtto tcjv

Oavarovaiv

to Be

crco/jLa

6 Be totto?

rov

VdX^a

TipLaKO^ 'KX/3iBL0(; dvelXero, rov "OOcovof; emTpe\jravro(;' eOayjre Be vvkto^ ^ApyeLO<; direXev6epo<;.

XXIX. ToiavTa rd

/card rov TdX/Sav, dvBpa

jeveL fi-qre TrXourco ttoXXmv d7ToXei<^devTa 'Vw/j^aicop, o/jLOv Be irXovrco /cal yevei Trpcorev(ravra irdvTcov tmv KaO^ avrov, nrevTe avroKpa/ii7]Te

efi^icoaavra fxerd rifi7]
B6^r}<;,

7)yepovLai<;

Mcrre

if'Traicovaa<^

paa')((iiv

rfj Bo^rj

auro/cpdrcop koI rfj OvlvBi,ko<; efiiraToX/jurj, Kivrfpa koI vecorepicy/xov

ovofxa

avTOv Xeyop^evrjv rrjv d-noGTaaiv eirolrjae iroXefiov 3 €/j,(f)vXLOv, dvBpo<; riyefiovLKOv Tvxovaav. odev ov')(^

eauTW rd Trpdyp-ara XapL^dveiv, dXXd paXXov eavrov olofievo's BiBovat TOi
4 K.dfitXXo<^

a><;

%Kr)7riwv rjpx^

TMV Tore

'Pco/jLaicov.

^^a/3pLKL0<; kol v7repet7r6fievo<; Be

i<cu

Tw

TOiv ottXwv Kul TO)v arparev/jidyi'jpci, dxpt' Tcov OLKparo^ yv /cal apx^i^o'; avroKpdrcop, OvLvito ^

270

Ka9e \ €7u

"Nf pwva.

ruv yap «.T.A. Bekker, after Coraes

:

GALBA

XXVIII. 2-xxix. 4

hundred drachmas that of Piso was given to answer to her prayers and that of Galba was bestowed upon the servants of Patrobius. They took it, and after heaping all manner of insult and outrage upon it, cast it into a place called Sessorium, where those under condemnation of the emperors are put to death. The body of Galba was five

;

his wife Verania in

;

taken up by Priscus Helvidius, with the permission of Otho and it was buried at night by Argivus, a freed man. XXIX. Such were the fortunes of Galba, a man surpassed by few Romans in lineage and wealth, and both in wealth and lineage the foremost of his time. During the reigns of five emperors he lived with honour and high repute, so that it was by his high repute, rather than by his military power, For of his partners in that he overthrew Nero. the task, some were by all men deemed unworthy of the imperial dignity, and others deemed themBut to Galba the imperial title selves unworthy. was offered and by him it was accepted and by simply lending his name to the bold measures of Vindex, he gave to his revolt (as his rebellious agitation was called) the character of a civil war, because it had acquired a man who was worthy to rule. Wherefore, in the belief that he was not seizing the conduct of affairs for himself, but rather giving himself for the conduct of affairs, he set out with the idea of commanding the petted creatures ;

;

of Tigellinusand Nymphidius as Scipio and Fabricius and Camillus used to command the Romans of their time. But being gradually weighed down by his and camps, indeed, he was an years, in arms " " but of a severe and ancient type imperator

h

;

271

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Ei6

Kat KcLKwvL KoX TOi? aTre\evdepoi<; iravra

to,

Trpdy/iara iraXovat irapexf^v eavrov, olov Nepayv irapel^^e tol<; aTrXrjaTOTdroLf;, ovheva ttoOovvtu rrjv

dp')(r)Vi

Odvarov

27a

oLKreioavTa^; Be

direkiTTev.

tov<;

7roWov<; tov

GALEA

XXIX. 4

just as Nero put himself in the hands of his most insatiate favourites^ so Galba put himself in the hands of Vinius and Laco and their freedmen, and they made merchandise of everything, so that he

behind him no one who wished him still in power, but very many who were moved to pity at left

his death.

273

OTHO

oeQN I.

O

Be veoarepo^ avTOKpdrcop afjb r^jxepa irpoK.a7rLT(oXL0v eOvae- Kal KeXevaa^

eU TO

ekOoov

Mdpiop l^eXaov Kol

d')(6rivai

avrov rjairdaaTO koX irapeKaXeae Trj<;

irpo^

hte\e')(6ri
alria^ iTriXadeaOat fiaXkov rj tT;? d(j)ea€(o
fJLTjT

dvaia6)]Tco<;,

aXXa

^7]aavT0<; avro

Tov rpoirov BiBovai to eyKXrjjjia vlo-tlv, iyKCKXi]adai yap on VaX^a /Se^aiov eavrov irapeaxev,

w X^P^^

ovEe/jLuav cocfieiXev,

rjydaOr^aav ol 7rap6vT€<;

2 dfji(p0T6p(DV Kal TO (TTpaTKOTiKov eTTrjveaev.

iv Be

avyKXtjTQ) iroXXa Btj/jlotlko, Kal (f>tXdvOpa)7ra BiaX6^^6t9, ov fiev avTO<; viraTeveiv ^P^^^^ rjfjLeXXe,

TovTov

yu.e/009

Ovepyivlo) 'Pov^w,

evet-fMev

viro

dTToBeBeiyixevoL^

^€pcovo<;

eTT^prjae tcl^ v7raTe[a<;. 3 TjXiKLav 7rpo7]KOi'Ta<;

rj

rj

TOL
VaX^a

Be

iraaiv

lepwavvai^; Be tou? KaO^ Bo^av eKoafirjae. rot? Be

Ne/Jcoi^o? (fivyovcn Kal KaTeXOovaiv eirl VdX^a (jvyKXr]TiKol<^ TTCLcnv direBcoKev 6a a /irj ireTrpapieva Twv KTrj/iidTcov eKdcTTOv ^ e^evpicFKev. oOev ol

inl

TTpWTOl KOL KpdTKTTOL TTef^pLKOTe'^ TTpOTepOV '

€xd(TTov Coraes fKcurrov of the MSS.

276

and Bekker, after Stephanus, :

kKdarutv,

0)9

for the

OTHQi I. At daybreak the new emperor went forth to the Capitol and sacrificed ; then, having ordered Marius Celsus to be brought to him, he greeted that officer, conversed with him kindly, and urged him to than forget the cause of his imprisonment rather to remember his release. Celsus replied in a manner that was neither ignoble nor ungrateful, saying that the very charge made against him afforded proof of his character, for the charge was that he had been whom he had received no loyal to Galba, from

special

favours.

Both speakers were admired by

present, and the soldiery gave their In the senate Otho spoke at length in a approval. For part of kindly strain and like a popular leader. the time during which he himself was to have been consul, he assigned the office to Verginius Rufus, and all those who had been designated as future consuls by Nero or Galba he confirmed in their

those

who were

appointment. To the priesthoods he promoted those who were preeminent in age or reputation. Moreover, to all the men of senatorial rank who had been exiled under Nero and restored under Galba, he restored whatever portions of each man's property he found to be unsold. Wherefore the citizens of highest birth and greatest influence, ^

With

who

before this

Plutarch's Otho may be compared Suetonius, Otho ; 15 ; Tacitus, Hist. i. 46 ii. 49. Ixiv. 10

Dion Cassius,

—

—

277

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ovK avhpo^y SaL/jL0V0
aXXd

a(f>vci)

iyevovTO

rivo<; rj Tlocurj^ rj TraXafivaiov rot? irpdy/iacrtp i'm'JTeTTrwKOTO';,

Tai<^

ekiriai,

7rpo<; ttjv

rjye/jLOviav

wairep hiafieihtMaav.

IL

'0/jbov Be 'Pa)/xatOf9

ovSe

ovT(o<;

TiyeWlvov. avTO)

rw

(pKeicoaaro

iravTa^ ovhev €V(f)pav6V

eXekrjOei fxev

yap

(po^cp t:^? Ko\dcr€co<;

2 Srj/jLoaLOV

avrov

irpo*;

&>?

to.

irepl

^St) Ko\a^6/M€vo<;

rjv &)?

%p€09

dirrjreL

kol

TroXi?,

voaTj/xaaiv dv>]KeaTOL<; ady/juaro^, avid<; re ra? dvoaLov<; /cal dpprjTov<^ iv 7;

7r6pvat<; koI dKaOdpTOi<; eyKvXLvBrjaeLf;, al? €TL irpoaecTiTaipe Bva9avaTovvTO<; avrov to

yvvat^l

d/coXaarov CTTOiovvTo

iiriSpaTTOjuevoVy iaxdrrjv rtficopiav TToXXcbv dpjd^ia davdrcov 01

Kal

(T(0(f)povovvT€<;.

rfkiov 3

opcov

ttoWoj)? oyLto)? jov Kal roiovTov<; Bi avrov o eTrefiyfrev ovv eir

Tjvia Be tov<;

fjLerd

toctovtov;

avrov ovx op(ovra<;. "OOcov 669 TOL'9 TTepl ^Lvoeaaav dypov<^' Birjrdro,

irXolcov

irapopixovvrwv, Kal rov ye TreficfyOevra

dTTcorepo). ireideLv e'7re-)(eLpt^(Te

Bfopa

fxev

irapeLvar

eBwKSV ovBev

ercel

yap

(o^

^ev^6fxevo<; ')(pvaL(p iroXXo)

firj

ireiadevrL Be

rjrrov, eBerjO^i Be virojJLelvai

€(o<; av diTO^vp-qraL ro yeveiov Kal XajBoov avro^ eavrov eXaifiorofirjaev. IIL Ovrco Be Tft) B/]ficp rrjv BLKatordrrjv rjBovijv

diroBovf;

6

Kataap,

avro<;

lBia<^

roU

e^Opa^ ovBevl

Be 7roXXoL
roTrapdirav i^ofxevo^ OVK e^evye ro irpcorov ev roh 6edrpoL
278

OTHO

I.

3-III.

I

had felt a shuddering fear that it was not a man, but some genius of retribution or avenging spirit, that had suddenly fallen upon the state, became more cheerful in their hopes for a government which wore a face so smiling. II. But nothing so gladdened all Romans alike, and won their allegiance to the new emperor so much, as his treatment of Tigellinus. Men were not aware that Tigellinus was already punished by his very fear of that punishment which the city was demanding as a debt due to the public, and also by and besides, there were incurable bodily diseases those unhallowed and unspeakable grovellings of his among the vilest harlots, for which his lustful nature ;

panted, clutching after them as his life painfully these were looked upon by reasonable men as extremest punishment and an equivalent of many deaths. Nevertheless it vexed the common people that he should see the light of day after so many good men had been robbed of that light by him. Accordingly, Otho sent a messenger to fetch him from his country estate at Sinuessa for he was staying there, where vessels lay at anchor, that he might fly to more distant parts. He tried to bribe the messenger with a large sum of money to let him go, but failing in this, he made him gifts nevertheless, and begged him to wait till he had shaved ; and taking the razor he cut his own throat. III. And now that the emperor had given the people this most righteous gratification, he did not still

ebbed away

;

;

his own private grievances against any soever, and in his desire to please the multitude did not refuse at first to be hailed in the theatres by the name of Nero, and when statues of Nero

remember

man

i

279

PLUTARCH'S LIVES p(ovo^ 2

eU

tovfjL^ave^;

K\ov^io<; Be 'PoO^o?

oU

TrpoOe/Jbevcov

ifccoXvae.

ov/c

et? ^XjBripiav (f)r)al K0/iiia6rjpai

tou? jpafifxarr)Oerov ovo/jta Trpoayeov firjv ypajiifjLevov e^ovTa tco tov"06wvo^. TOf? TT/OcoTOf? Kol KpariaTov/jLara,

(popov^f

TO

eKTre/jLirovai

Tov

ToiavTTjv Be

l^€pci)vo<;

TTJi;

rjy€/jL0VLa<;

dWa

Kardaraaiv avru)

\a/jLj3avovar]<;, ol iJbLa6o(f)6poi ^j^aXeTroi;?

irapelx^ov

eavTov^, diTLaTelv irapaKeXevofJievoL kol (fyvXdrreaOai koX KoXoveiv rou<; d^LoXoyov^, clt dX7]6oi<; 3

(po^ovfievot Bl evvoiav, etre 7rpo(j)dcr€L y^pctifjievoL ravTT) TOV rapdrreiv /cal TroXe/moTroielv. l^piairlvov he Trefxy^avTO^ avrov Trjv eTrraKaiSeKdrrjv

arrelpav ^flcrTLa
TOV K^pidTTLVov

TjKeLv BtavoovfJL€Vov,

dXXd

TT)V

/cXrjTOV eTTLX^LpeLVTrpdy/jiaat. v€Q)T€pot<;,Kal

avy-

rd oirXa

ov Kataapi irapaKOfii^eaOai,. tov Xoyov ttoXXmv dirTO/jbevov kol irapo^vvovTO';, ol fiep iweXafiBdvovTo tcov dfia^Mv, ol Be tov<; evi-

4 /card KaLaapo<;,

Be

aTafxevov^ eKaTOVTdp')(a<; Bvo /cat tov J^pcaTTLvov avrov direKTeivav, 7rdvT6
5 7rdvTa<s dveXelv tou? KatVa/?o? TroXe/xlov;.

ovv TToXt?

ft)9

1

280

rj

fiev

avTLKa BtapTrayrjaofievrj Oopv^ov Of. Chap, viii 4

I

OTHO

III.

1-5

were produced in public, he did not prevent it. '^ ^ Moreover, Cluvius Rufus tells us that diplomas," were sent to such as couriers are provided with, Spain, in which the cognomen of Nero was added to the name of Otho. However, perceiving that the men of highest birth and greatest influence were

Otho gave up the practice. But while he was placing his government on this basis, the paid soldiers began to make themselves troublesome by urging him not to trust the influential citizens, but to be on his guard against them and It is uncertain whether their restrict their power. displeased at this,

them to be really apprehensive for him, or whether they used this pretext for raising disturbance and war. And so, when the emperor sent Crispinus to bring back the seventeenth legion from Ostia, and while that officer was still getting the baggage together at night and loading the arms upon the waggons, the boldest of the soldiers all began to cry out that Crispinus was come on no good errand, and that the senate was attempting to bring about a revolution, and that the transportation of the arms was an act of hostility, not of service, The notion prevailed with great to the emperor. goodwill led

numbers and exasperated them some attacked the waggons, others killed two centurions who opposed them, as well as Crispinus himself; and then the whole body, putting themselves in array and exhort;

ing one another to go to the help of the emperor, marched to Rome. Here, learning that eighty senators were at supper with Otho, they rushed to the palace, declaring that now was a good time to take off all the emperor's enemies at one stroke. Accordingly, the city was in great commotion, VOL.

XI.

k:

281

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TToXvv, iv Be rot<; ^aaiXeioi^; rjaav htaBpofiai,

eT-x^e

Kal Tov "OOcova

Beivr) KareXd/jL/Savev aTropia.

(f)o-

^ovfievo^ yap virep tcov avBpMV avTO<; r)v (f)0^€po<; iK€LVOi<;, Kal TTyOo? auTOv dvr]pTr]fievov
dvavSovf; koI TrepcBeeU, iviov^ Kal /nera

6 yvvatKcov r)KOVTa<; iirl to helirvov.

direaTeWe

dfia Be tov<;

toI<;

aTpancoTai^ BiaXeyeadai Kal irpavveiv Kekevaa^, dfia Be tol/? KeK\rj-

i7rdp-)(ov<;

fievov<; d(f>r]K6'

dvBpa<s dva
rcov juLLadocjiopcov diOovfJievodv et? tov dvBpwva Kal TrvvOavofievcov tl yeybvaaiv ol KaLaapo
fjLioi.

T0T6

fiev

ovv opdb^ dirb

r?;? K\ivri<^

irapi^yoprjaa^; Kal BerjOel^ Kal fiTjBe adfjuevo^ /jloXi^ direTre/ii'yjrep avTov<;'

iroWa

BaKpvwv

(j)€i-

ttj B^

vcrTepala BcoprjadfjLevof; diTavTa<; KaT dvBpa ')(^L\iaL<^ Kal BiaKoaiat<; Kal irevTrjKovTa Bpa)(fiaL<; elarjXOev et? to 8

aTpaToTTeBoVy Kal to fxev irXrjdo^ iirrjveaev, co? avTov evvovv Kal irpbOvfiov, oXiyov^ Be Tiva^

7r/30?

ovK

eir

dyadw

avTOv

rrjv

Oeiav,

r/^LOv


Bia^dXXovTd^

Kal ttjv €K€lvcov evGTacrvvayavaKTelv Kal o-vyKoXd^etv.

fieTpioTrjTa

eiratvovvTdiv Be ttuvtcov Kal KeXevovToyv, Buo fio-

vov^ irapaXa^div, ol<; ovBeU e/jieXXev d^deadai KoXaaOelatv, dTrrjXXdyr). IV. TavTa ol fJLep dyaircovTe'^ 'IjBr) Kal maT€vovTe<; eOav/ia^ov ttjv ixeTa^oXrjv, ol

S'

Kala TToXiTcvjiaTa

7]yovvTO,

282

7rp6
tov

Kaipov

avay-

OTHO

III.

I

5-iv.

in the palace expecting to be plundered at once and a dire perthere were runnings to and fro For while he had fears plexity fell upon Otho. about the safety of his guests, he himself was an object of fear to them, and he saw that they kept ;

;

upon him in speechless terror, some them having even brought their wives with them

their eyes fixed

of

But he sent the prefects of the guard with orders to explain matters to the soldiers and appease them, while at the same time he and they dismissed his guests by another door barely succeeded in making their escape as the soldiers, forcing their way through the guards into the great hall, asked what was become of the enemies of Caesar. In this crisis, then, Otho stood up on his couch, and after many exhortations, and entreaties, and not without plentiful tears, at last succeeded in sending them away but on the following day, after making a gift of twelve hundred and he went into the camp. fifty drachmas to every man, There he commended the great body of the soldiers for their goodwill and zeal in his service, but said that there were a few of them who were intriguing to no good purpose, thereby bringing his moderation and their fidelity into disrepute, and he demanded that they share his resentment against these and All his hearers assist him in punishing them. approving of this and bidding him to do as he wished, he took two men only, at whose punishment no one was likely to be distressed, and went away. IV. Those who were already fond of Otho and put confidence in him admired this change in his behaviour, but others thought it a policy forced upon him by the situation, wherein he courted popular to the supper.

;

;

283

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ^r}/jLayci)yovvro<;

avrov Bia top

iroXefiov.

rjhrj

yap

'j^yyeWero ^6^ai<j}<^ OvireXXLO^i a^iwfia koI hvvafjLLV avTOKpuTopo^ a.i>€L\r)(f)co<;' Kal irrepo^opot, (Tvvex'^'i

€(f)OLTcop

foi/T69, erepoL he

riKCL

^

aei tl irpoa^wpelv eKeivw ^pd-

ra HavvovLKa koI

tcl

AaXfia-

Kal ra irepX M.v(jiav a-Tparev/jLara Brj\ovpre<;

2 'ppijaOaL fjuera

tmv

-t^yefJLovwv

"OOwva.

Ta')(y

he

Kal irapd MouKtavov ypit/jL/jLara kol irapd OveaireaLavov (piXca, rov /nev iv ^vpia, rod he ev

d(f)LK€TO

^lovBaLa fi€yd\a<; huvdfiei^ exovrcov.

vcf)'

o)v iirat-

pofievo^ eypay^rev OuireWiw Trapaivwv (npaTiwTLKCL ^povelv, ft)? ')(^pi][jLaTa iroWa B(oaovro<; avrov

Kal TToXtv, iv y ^ccaaerat paarov 3

Kal rjBiarov

^lov fied^ 'qav')(ia^. avreypay^re he KaKetvo^; avra> Kareipwyevofxevo^ 't^crvx^ Trpcorov e'/c he rovrov hce-

TToWd pxda^rjjxa

Kal daeXyrj j^Xevdov ^ovre^ dWr]Xoi,
peOi^o^evoi

dfJL(f)orepoL<;

Kal

oveihi-}

jxaXaKLa^ Kal

Xoihopovvro^. direipia^;

daayria'^

iroXefKov

yap

Kal rcov

eirl irevia XP^^^ irXijOov^ epyov rjv el-Trelv orrorepw jielov avrcov fierearc. 4 'Erj/ieicop he Kal (^avraafMdrwv ttoXXcov Xeyojievwv, rd /juev dXXa (f)7J/jLa^ dheairorov^; Kal d/xcfyi-

irpodOev

^6Xov<; el^ev, ev he KaTTLTcoXiw Nlktj<; e^eardiar]<; apfiari ra? '^vCa^ 7rdvT€
X^Lpwv, wdirep Kparelv /leaoTrora/jila

284

v)]aq)

/jlt)

hvvafievr]<^,

Kal rov ev

Tatov Kalaapo^; dvhpidvra

OTHO

IV.

1-4

favour because of the war. For already there were sure tidings that VitelUus had assumed the dignity and power of emperor and swift couriers were continually coming with accounts of ever new accessions to him, although others made it clear that the armies in Pannonia, Dalmatia, and Mysia, with their leaders, adhered to Otho. And quickly there came also friendly letters from Mucianus and Vespasian, who were at the head of large forces, the one in Syria, the other in Judaea. Otho was elated by these, and wrote to Vitellius advising him not to have more than a soldier's ambitions, in which case he should be rewarded with a large sum of money, and a city, where he could live in the utmost ease and pleasure and be undisturbed. Vitellius also wrote to Otho in reply, at first in a somewhat dissembling manner ; but afterwards both got excited and wrote one another abusive letters filled with shameful insults not that either brought false charges, but it was foolish and ridiculous for one to storm the other with reproaches applicable to both. For as regards ;

;

effeminacy, inexperience in war, and multiplicity of debts incurred in a previous state of poverty, it were hard to say which of them had the prodigality,

advantage.

There were many reports of signs and apparitions, most of which were of uncertain and dubious origin but everybody saw that a Victory standing in a chariot on the Capitol had dropped the reins from her hands, as if she had not power to hold them, and that the statue of Caius Caesar on the island in ;

^ 5€ supplied b}^ Sint.^ after Schaefer lacuna before '4repoi.

;

Bekker assumes a

285

PLUTARCH'S LIVES firjre aeicTfjLOu y6yop6ro<; /j.i]T6 7rvev/jiaT0<; d<j)* ea5 Trepan; fieraaTpacpevTa tt/jo? Ta<; avaToXd<;' 6 (f>a(TL

Ta9

(TVfJL^rjvaL TT€pl

r)/x€pa(; eKeiva
iv al^ ol irepX

Oveairediavov

ifi<^avo)<^ rjhrj ruiv

Xa/i^dvovTO.

Kol TO irepl rov Svfi^ptv Be

TTTco/jia r)v fxev

eiroiovvro ol

(TTjfielov

yap Oipa

irpayfJLaTwv dvre-

ttoWoI

avfjL-

fio)(^dr)p6v.

irepl rjv /jbaXiara ol Trorafiol ttXtj-

Oovaiv, ahX ovTTco toctovto^ VP^^l Trporepov, ovhe diTOiXeae roaavra Kal BcecfjOetpev, virepxvOeh koX KaTafc\vaa<^ ttoXv fiepo^; rr}? TroXeo)?, TrXelarov he ev w rov eirl irpdaei BtaTrcoXovai alrov, co? BeivrjV diTopiav rj/jLepcbv av^i^cbv KaTa(T')(elv. Be rd<; "A\7r€L<; V. 'Evret KaTe^ovre^

rjBii

poa^iyyeXkovTO K^eKiva^i Kal Ovd\i]<^ OvLreWla) ar parity ovvTe<;, ev 'Fcofiy AoXo/SeWa^;, evirarpLIT

irapelx^ TOt? /jit.aOo^6poL<; eKetvov /xev ovv, etre aurbv etre dWov BeBoLK(i)<;y et? ttoXiv 'Akvvlov irapeiTefiy^e irapadappvva<^. KaraXeywv Be tmv evreXeu (TweKBrjB7j<;

dvjjp,

vTroyjrLav

vecorepa (ppovelv.

era^ev ev tovtol<; koI Aev/ciov rov OvcTeXXiov 0VT6 irpocrdeU ovBev ovre d(j)eXoi)v r](; 2 el-x^e Tfyu,?)?. Be Kal r?}? fi7jTp6<; eTre/jueLO-')(^vp(o<; OvireXXiov tov Kal rrj^ yvvaiKo^;, oirco^i X/jOtj /JL0V<;

dBeX(j)6v,

/jLTjBev

(f)o/3i']crovTai

irepl

avTcav.

t^? Be

^Pcofirff;

(jyvXaKa ^Xaoviov ^a/Slvov, dBe\(j)ov OveaTveaiavov, KareaTijcrev, etre Kal rovro Trpd^a^ eirl tl/jlt} Ne/?&)z^o9 {irap' eKeivov yap elXr)(f)ei, ttjv dp-)(riv 6 ^a^lvo<^, dcpelXero Be rdX^a
Xov evvocav eveBeiKwro Ove<77reaiav& Kal iriarLv 3

av^ddv ^ajSlvov. Auto? fiev ovv ev l^pL^lXXa), iroXeL

286

ti}(;

'IraXta?

OTHO

IV.

4-v. 3

the Tiber, without the occurrence of earthquake or wind, had turned from west to east, which is said to have happened during the time when Vespasian was at last openly trying to seize the supreme power. The behaviour of the Tiber, too, was regarded by most people as a baleful sign. It was a time, to be sure, when rivers are at their fullest, but the Tiber had never before risen so high, nor caused so great It overflowed its banks and ruin and destruction. submerged a great part of the city, and especially the grain-market, so that dire scarcity of food prevailed for many days together. V. And now, when word was brought to Rome that Caecina and Valens, who were in command with Vitellius, were in possession of the Alps, Dolabella, a man of noble family, was suspected by the Otho praetorian soldiers of revolutionary designs. therefore sent him away (through fear of him or of someone else) to the town of Aquinum, with words And in his selection of the men of encouragement. in authority who were to accompany him on his expedition he included also Lucius, the brother of Vitellius, without either increasing or diminishing his honours. He also took strong measures for the safety of the wife and mother of Vitellius, that they might have no fear for themselves. Moreover, he appointed Flavius Sabinus, a brother of Vespasian, prefect of the city, either because in this way also he could honour the memory of Nero (for Nero had bestowed the office upon Sabinus, but Galba had deprived him of it), or rather because, by advancing Sabinus, he could show how he favoured and trusted

Vespasian. Well, then,

Otho himself

tarried behind at Brixil-

287

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Tov ^HpiSavov

Trepl

(Trparrjyovf;

a7r6\ei(f>6r),

Be

Maptoi^ re KeXaov koI 106S '^ovr)T(oviov TlavXivov 6tl re FdWov koX '^irovpi-

rwv hwdfiecdv

efeTre/x-v/^e

vav, di'hpa^ ipE6^ov<;, y^prjaaaOai Be prj Suvr)d€vra<; eirl Tcov Trpay/iidrcov q)<; Trpoypouvro Tot? eav-

TMV

Si dra^iav koX OpaavTrjra rcov ov ydp rj^lovv erepcov dfcoveiv, ft)9 Trap avTOiv tov avroKpdropo^; to dp^eiv €Xovto<;. r)v jxev ovv ovhe ra iSiv irokepi^iwv vyiaivovTa iravrdiraaiv ovBe ')(eLpoi^6ri roi? 7]yep,o(TiVy aXV ov eixTr\7)KTa kcli aolSapd Sid Trjv avrijv alriav, firjv dX)C iK€LVOL<; efxireLpia je 7rap7]v rod pLd')(ea6ai Kol TO KdpLveLV ^ iOdSe^ 6vre<^ ovk. e^evyov, ovroi he fiaXaKol puev rjaav viro axo\^]<; Koi hLairr}^ diroXefjLov, rrXelcrrov 'X^povov ev dedrpoL^; kol iravrjyvpeai kol irapd aKrjvrjv ^efftcoKoref;, v^pei Be KOL KOfiirq) €7ra/JL7reX€iv e,8ov\ovro, TTpoaTronjaa-

\oyicr/ioL<;

4 (TTpaTL(OT(ov.

5

aOat

rd
Kpeirrove^ d'7ra^iovvre<;, ^irovpiva^ Trpoa^ta^ofievo^ avrov<; eKivhvvevae fiiKpov eXOovra's dv6 eXetv avrov. v^peo}<; Be kol ^Xaa^rnxia^ ovBefitd^i €(f>eL(Tavro, irpoBorrjv koi Xvpuecava rcov Katcrct/oo? evLoi Be Koi KULpcbv Kol irpayixdrwv Xeyovre<^.

ovx

dSuvaroL ^epeiv.

<^?

fiedvaOevre^i eij)6Biov

rjBi-j

6 Be

vvKro^ rjXOov

alrovvre^' elvai

eirl

yap avroU

rrjv

7r/309

aKrjvrjv

Kaiaapa

/SaBiareov, otto)? e/celvov KarTjyopi^crcoaLv.

VL

'

rd rrpdy/nara kol ^Trovpivav ev TrapavTLKa XoiBopia irepl UXaKevrlav yevo/xevr} rwv arpartcorcov. ol yap OvlreXXiou roL<; reiy^eaL flvTjae Be

ra>

vpoa^dXXovre^ e)(Xeva^ov *

288

rov<; "Od(ovo<; ecTTcoTa?

rb Kdfxveiv Bekker, after Coraes

:

rov Ka^veiv.

OTHO

V.

3-vi. I

lum, a town of Italy on the river Po, but sent his on under the command of Marius Celsus and Suetonius Paulinus, besides Gallus and Spurina. These were men of distinction, but were unable to conduct the campaign according to their own plans and wishes, owing to the disorderly and For these would arrogant spirit of their soldiers. not deign to obey other officers, since, as they said, they had made the emperor their commander. It is true that the enemy's troops also were not altogether in condition, nor under the control ot their officers, but fierce and haughty, and for the forces

same reason. Nevertheless, they were certainly experienced in fighting, and being accustomed to hard labour, they did not shun it whereas Otho's men were soft, owing to their lack of employment and their unwarlike mode of life, having spent most of their time at spectacles and festivals and plays, and they wished to cloak their weakness with insolence and boasting, disdaining to perform the services laid upon them because they were above the work, not because they were unable to do it. ;

When Spurina tried to force them into obedience, he came near being killed by them. They spared him no abuse nor insolence, declaring that he was betraying and ruining the opportunities and the cause of Caesar. Nay, some of them who were drunk came at night to his tent and demanded for a journey, for they must go, they said, to Caesar, in order to denounce their commander. VI. But Spurina and the emperor's cause were

money

helped for the time by the abuse which his soldiers received at Placentia. For when the troops of Vitellius assaulted the walls, they railed at the 289

PLUTARCH'S LIVES irapa ra^ eiTd\^eL<;, (tk7]vl/cov<; /cal 7ruppt')(iara XeyovT€<:, 6t9 he djoiva koI p^d')(^r]v dvhpwv ovic dv iK<^av(h^ 2 Kara^dvra^. ovro)
iroWcov Trpoaax^evrcov eKpdrrjaap Tov XTTovpiva, Kal ^6v(p TToXXo) Tov^ evavTiov;' diroKpovad/jLevot hierrjpi-jaav evho^ov iroXiv Kal Tcav ^IraXoiv ovhe/JLtd^ ^ttov dvOovaav. ^Haav he Kal rd dXXa tcjv OuItcXXlov arparr)
/itj-^avyj/jidTcov

ol

3

/C0T09,

Kal 4

(Ti

(TCi)fiaro<;

jjieyaXov,

VaXaTiKO)^; dva^vpiat,

'X^eiptaiv irecrKevaa^evo^;, arjjJLeiOi^ 'lE*co/j.aLKOL
irapeireixTTOV

hiaXeyofievo^;.

avrw Xoydhrjv

tTTTTO) KeKoa/jLTj/nepyv

eTTKpavM^.

Kal

Kal dp^ou-

rrjv

yvvalKa

l7nTel<;

o^ovfievrjv ^d^Lov he Ovd-

Xevra rov erepov aTpaT7]jov ovre dpirayal

iroXe-

ovre KXairal Kal hcopohoKiai irapd avijufid'^wv iveTrl/iiTrXacrav ')(pr)fiaTt^6/jLevop, dXXd Kal ihoKei hid rovTO ^paheo)<; oEevcov vareprjaac t^9 Trporeol he rov K^eKivav alrLoiiVTai, Girev5 pa<; fid'^rj';. hovra tt^v vlkijv eavjov yeveaOai irplv eKelvov fxicov

290

OTHO

VI.

1-5

soldiers of Otbo who manned the ramparts, calling them actors, dancers, spectators at Pythian and Olympian games, men who had never known or

seen a campaign or fighting, and thought highly of themselves because they had cut off the head of a defenceless old man (meaning Galba), but would not openly enter a conflict and battle of men. Otho's soldiers were so disturbed by these reproaches, and so inflamed, that they threw themselves at the feet of Spurina, begging him to use them and command them, and pleading excuse from no danger or toil. And so, when a fierce assault was made upon the walls and many siege-engines were brought to bear

upon them, Spurina's men prevailed, repulsed their opponents with great slaugliter, and held safe a city which was famous and more flourishing than any in Italy.

In other ways, too, the generals of Vitellius were more vexatious than those of Otho in their dealings with both cities and private persons. One of them, Caecina, had neither the speech nor tiie outward appearance of a Roman citizen, but was offensive and strange, a man of huge stature, who wore Gaulish trousers and long sleeves, and conversed by signs even with Roman officials. His wife, too, accompanied him, with an escort of picked horsemen she rode Fabius a horse, and was conspicuously adorned. Valens, the other general, was so rapacious that neither what he plundered from the enemy nor what he stole or received as gifts from the allies ;

could satisfy him. Indeed, it was thought that this rapacity of his had delayed his march, so that he was too late for the battle at Placentia. But some blame Caecina, who, they say, was eager to win the 291

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ekOelv, dWoL<; re /jLiKpoT6poL<; TTepiirea-elv d/iapr^fiaai Koi /jLd^rjv ov Kara Kaipov ovSe yevvalax; (Tvvdy^aL, jJUKpov iravra rd irpdy/jbara Bia(j)0€i'

paaav

avTOt<;.

VII. 6

'ETrei

yap

KeKLvaf; eVl

d7roicpov
K.p6jii(ovr)v cjp/jL7]aev,

TiXaKevria^ erepav itoXlv jxev "Kvvlo^

koi fieydXr^v, irpo}TO<^ Trpo? Tl\aK6VTiav ^irovpLva /3o^]0cov, ax; 7]K0V(T6 KaO' oBov TOL/? U\aK€vrivov(; irepiyeyovevaiy KLvhvveveiv he tou? ev Kpeficovr], fier^'^yayev eKel TO arpdrev/jia koi /carea-r paroTriSeuae ttXt}aiov Tcov 7roXe/j,i(ov' eireiTa koI tmv dXXcov tov 8e KeKLva e/cacTTO? i/SoijOei rut arparrjya). evSau/jLova

FttWo?

2

Xdaca ')(^copLa koI vXooSrj TToXXovf; oirXira^, tTTTret? he irpoe^eXdaai KeXevaavro^, kclv 107'

Xox^'O'avTO'; et9

avpd-ylrcoatv

ol TToXe/jLtoL

Kara

fiLKpov dva')(copeLV

Kol dva^evyeip, d)(pt, dv v7Tdyovre<; ovrw^ ifi^dXcoaiv avrov
dyaOoh

jievo^

4

TTJ

axoXjj 7rpoa^or]07]aa<; aWiav ea^ev evheeaTepov ol he T^9 ho^ri<; aTpaTT^yrjaaL hi evXajSeiav. TToXXol TCOV (TTpaTicdTOiV KOI TTpohoaiav ev€KdXovv avTw, Kal Trapco^vvov tov "OOcova, /xeyaXr]-

292

OTHO

VI.

5-vii.

4

victory himself before Valens came^ and so not only mistakes, but also joined battle

made other minor

inopportunely and without much spirit, thereby almost ruining their whole enterprise. VII. For when Caecina, repulsed from Placentia, had set out to attack Cremona, another large and prosperous city, first Annius Gallus, who was coming to the help of Spurina at Placentia, hearing upon the march tliat Placentia was safe, but that Cremona was in peril, changed his course and led his army to Cremona, where he encamped near the enemy then his colleagues ^ came one by one to his aid. Caecina now placed a large body of men-at-arms in ambush where the ground was rough and woody, and then ordered his horsemen to ride towards the enemy, ;

and

they were attacked, to withdraw little by retreat, until they had in this way drawn their pursuers into the ambush.' But deserters brought word of all this to Celsus, who rode out with good horsemen to meet the enemy, followed up his pursuit with caution, surrounded the men in ambush, and threw them into confusion. Then he summoned his men-at-arms from the camp. And apparently, if these had come up in time to the support of the cavalry, not a man of the enemy would have been left alive, but the whole army with Caecina would have been crushed and slain. As it was, however, Paulinus came to their aid too slowly and too late, and incurred the charge of sullying his reputation as a commander through excessive caution. But most of the soldiers actually accused him of

little

if

and

treachery, and tried to incense ^

Celsus, Paulinias,

and Spurina

Otho against him,

(v. 3),

although Spurina

is

not mentioned further.

293

PLUTARCH'S LIVES yopovvrc's

&>?

veviK-qKorwv avrcov,

r/}?

Be

vlkt]<;

ovK eVl TTOLV iTpoe\6ovar]<^ KaKia tmv arpart^yMV. 6 3e "OOcov ov-^ oi/TO)? iiriaTevev avTol^ co? efiov\eTO fiT) hoKelv airLarelv. eTre/x-yjrev ovv Tcriavov eirl ra (TTpaTevfiara rov aS€\(pop koI UpoKXov Tov eirap^ov, o? el%ei^ ^P7
he. r]V

o T/.r^az^o?.

ol Se irepX rov

Ke\-

aov Kal YlavXlvov aXXw? ec^eikKOvro av/jb^ovXcov ovofxa Kal (f)iX(ov, e^ovaiav koX hvvap.Lv ev rot'; rjv he Oopv^onhrj TTpdyfiaai /j.7]h€p.iav e^ovre^;. Kol ra rrapa rot? TToXepbioL^i, fiaXiara he rot? vtto r(p OvdXevrr /cal rr)? irepl rrjv evehpav fJ^cixv^ dirayyeXOeiaq'^ i')(^a\e7ratvov ore p,r) irapeyevovro firjhe ij/jLVvav dvhpoiv rocrovrcov diroOavovrojv, fjLoXif; he vretcra? Kal iTapairrjadpievo<; 6)pp.rjp,evov<; avrov<; ^dWeiv dve^ev^e Kal avvfj^lre rot? Trepl

KcKLvav,

VIIL 'O hy'OOcov 7rapay€v6p.6VO<; et? BrjrpiaKOV eh rb arparoirehov (ean he iroXlxvi] ttXtjo-lov ro BrjrptaKov) e/SovXevero irepl rrj<; Kal Tiriavo), Kal irpoac^drov T/}? PLKT]^, hiaywvLaadOai Kal pirj Kadrjadai rrjv aKfjbrjv d/ji^Xvvovra r/)? huvdp,e(o<; Kal rrepifxevovra OvireXXiov avrov eK TaXarla^; eireXdelv 2 IiavXlvo
Kal TIp6f<X