Plutarch Lives, II: Themistocles and Camillus. Aristides and Cato Major. Cimon and Lucullus

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OEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY

PLUTARCH'S LIVES II

THEMISTOCLES AND CAMILLUS

1 i ARISTIDES 1 1

AND CATO MAJOR CIMON AND LUCULLUS

1 i 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Translated by

BERNADOTTE PERRIN

.00

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at the

of Loeb

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PLUTARCH

(Plutarchus, c. A.D. 45iio, was born at Chaeronea in Boeotia in central Greece, studied philosophy at to Rome as a Athens, and, after

coming

teacher in philosophy, was given consular rank by the emperor Trajan and a procuraGreece by Hadrian. Married torship in and four sons, and father of one

daughter he appears as a man of kindly character and independent thought. Studious and learned, he wrote on many subjects. Most

been the 46 Parallel popular have always to be ethical Lives, biographies planned in pairs (in each pair one Greek

examples similar Roman), though person and one the last four lives are single. All are invaluable sources of our knowledge of the lives and characters of Greek and Roman statesmen or soldiers or orators. Plutarch's other varied extant works, about

many 60

in

Essays'

number, are known as 'Moral or 'Moral Works'. They are of

besides being of great high literary value, use to people interested in philosophy, ethics

and religion.

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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB,

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EDITED BY E. H.

WARMINGTON,

*

M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

FORMER EDITORS fT. E.

PAGE,

fW. H. D.

|E. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D.

C.H., LITT.D.

ROUSE,

L. A.

LITT.D.

POST,

PLUTAKCH'S LIVES II

47

L.H.D.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY

BERNADOTTE PERRIN IN

ELEVEN VOLUMES II

THEMISTOCLES AND CAMILLUS ARISTIDES AND CATO MAJOR CIMON AND LUCULLUS

H ;f>

ri^fi^iar''.',-...

i

VI

:

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MOMLXVIII

First printed 1914

Reprinted 192S, 1948, 1959, 1968

Printed in Great Britain

CONTENTS PAGE

PREFATORY NOTE

vii

ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES THEMISTOCLES

.

ix

....

x

.

1

CAMILLUS

93

ARISTIDES

209

MARCUS CATO

301

COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES AND CATO

384

CIMON

403

LCCULLUS

469

COMPARISON OF CIMON AND LUCULLUS

610

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES

623

,

PREFATORY NOTE As

in

the

between the

volume of

first

this series,

agreement

(Teubner, 1873-1875) and 1855-1857) texts of the Parallel

Sintenis

Bekker (Tauclmitz, has been taken as the

Lives

Any preference

basis

for

the text.

one to the other where they

of

and any departure from both, have been indicated. The more important ameliorations of the differ,

by collations of Codex and Codex Seitenstettensis (S),

text which have been secured Parisinus 1676 (F

a

)

The relative importance of explained in the Introduction to the No attempt has been made, naturally,

have been introduced. these first

MSS.

is

volume.

to furnish either a diplomatic text or a full critical

apparatus.

The reading which

the critical notes

and

also, unless

is

follows the colon in

that of the Teubner Sintenis,

otherwise stated in the note, of

the Tauchnitz Bekker.

Among

editions of special Lives included in this

volume should be noted that of Fuhr, Thendstokles und Perikles,

Berlin,

1880,

in

the

Haupt-Sauppe vii

PREFATORY NOTE series of

und

annotated texts

;

that of Blass, Thennstokles

Perikles, Leipzig, 1883, in

annotated texts

;

Cato, Leipzig, 1898, in the

editions bring

the Teubner series of

and the same

Fa and S

a basis for the text.

editor's Aristides und

same

series.

All these

into rightful

prominence as This has been done also by

Holden, in his edition of the Themistocles (Macmillan, 1892).

The

and have already appeared in my " Plutarch's Themistocles and Aristides" (New York, 1901), and " "Plutarch's Cimon and Pericles (New York, 1910), translations of the Themistocles, Aristides,

Cimon

and are reproduced here (with only

slight changes) of the consent the publishers, the generous by The translations Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons.

of the Camillus, Cato, and Lucullus appear here for All the standard translations of the the first time. Lives have

been carefully compared aud

utilised,

including that of the Lucullus by Professor Long. B.

NEW

HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, U.S.A. February, 1914.

Vlll

PERRIN.

ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK LIVES. VOLUME (1)

(2)

(3)

VOLUME (4)

VOLUME

I.

Theseus and Romulus. Comparison. Lycurgus and Numa. Comparison. Solon and Publicola. Comparison. II.

Themistocles and

(22) (7)

Paulus.

Comparison.

VOLUME

Demosthenes and Cicero.

(17)

Comparison. Alexander and Julius Caesar.

Aristides and Cato the Elder.

VOLUME Pericles

Comparison. Phocion and Cato the Younger.

(21)

VOLUME IX. Demetrius and Antony. Comparison. PyrrhusandCaiusMarius.

III.

and Fabius Max-

imus.

Comparison. (14)

Nicias and Crassus.

(11)

Comparison.

VOLUME (6)

IV.

(19)

Alcibiades and Coriolanus.

Comparison. (12)

VIII.

and Eumenes.

(18)

Cimon and Lucullus. Comparison.

(5)

VOLUME (15) Sertorius

Comparison. (13)

VII.

(20)

Camillus. (9)

VI.

Dion and Brutus. Comparison. Timoleon and Aemilius

Lysander and Sulla. Comparison.

(10)

VOLUME X. Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. Comparison. Philopoemen and Flamininus.

Comparison.

VOLUME V. (16) Agesilaiis (8)

and Pompey.

Comparison. Pelopidas and Marcellua. Comparison.

VOLUME

XI.

(24) Aratus. (23) Artaxerxes. (25) Galba. (26) Otho.

IX

THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES. (1)

Theseus and Romulus.

(2)

Lycurgus and Numa.

(3)

Solon and Publicola.

(4)

Themistocles and Camillus.

and Fabius Maximus.

(5)

Pericles

(6)

Alcibiades and Coriolanus.

(7)

Timoleon and Aemilius Paulua.

(8)

Pelopidas and Marcellus.

(9)

Aristides and Cato the Elder.

(10)

(11)

(12) (13)

Philopoemen and Flamininus. Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. Lysander and Sulla.

Cimon and Lucullus. and Crassus.

(14) Nicias

(15) Sertorius

and Eumenes.

(16) Agesilaiis

and Pompey

(17)

Alexander and Julius Caesar.

(19)

Phocion and Cato the Younger. Tiberius and Caius Agis and Cleomenes, and

(20)

Demosthenes and Cicero.

(21)

Demetrius and Antony.

(22)

Dion and Brutus.

(18)

Gracchus.

(23) Artaxerxes. (24) Aratus.

x

(25)

Galba.

(26)

Otho.

THEMISTOCLES

0EMI2TOKAH2 bs

TU>V

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I.

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parrav, aXXa

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par a

.

i^

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'


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vodeLa Sia rrjv e

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nva^

o

^repa

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eu yeyovortov

Karafiaivovras et? TO Kwocrapyes /ecu rovrov yuer' avrov.

11

THEMISTOCLES 1 I. In the case of Themistocles, his family was too obscure to further his reputation. His father was Neocles, no very conspicuous man at Athens, a Phrearrhian by deme, of the tribe Leontis and on his mother's side he was an alien, as her epitaph ;

testifies

:

" Abrotonon was

I,

and a woman of Thrace, yet

1

brought forth

That great light of the Greeks, Themistocles."

know

!

'twas

2

the mother of Phanias, however, writes that Themistocles was not a Thracian, but a Carian woman, -and that her name was not Abrotonon, but And Neanthes actually adds the name of Euterpe. her city in Caria, Halicarnassus. It was for the reason given, and because the aliens

were wont to frequent Cynosarges, this is a place outside the gates, a gymnasium of Heracles ; for he too was not a legitimate god, but had something alien about him, from the fact that his mother was a mortal, that Themistocles sought to induce certain well-born youths to go out to Cynosarges and exercise with him ; and by his success in this bit of cunning 1

one or more introductory paragraphs 2 Athenaeus, xiii. p. 576. biography have been lost.

It is probable that

of this

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oi>x virfpopwv,

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dp/jiocra-

Sintenis

shcnved atttntiveness.

1

and

THEMISTOCLES,

i.

a-n. 3

he is thought to have removed the distinction between aliens and legitimates. However, it is clear that he was connected with the family of the Lycomidae, for he caused the chapel shrine at Phlya, which belonged to the Lycomidae, and had been burned by the Barbarians, to be restored at his own costs and adorned with frescoes, as Simonides has stated. II. However lowly his birth, it is agreed on all hands that while yet a boy he was impetuous, by nature sagacious, and by election enterprising and prone to public life. In times of relaxation and leisure, when absolved from his lessons, he would not play nor indulge his ease, as the rest of the boys did, but would be found composing and rehearsing These speeches would be to himself mock speeches. in accusation or defence of some boy or other. Wherefore his teacher was wont to say to him "My boy, thou wilt be nothing insignificant, but something great, of a surety, either for good or evil." Moreover, when he was set to study, those branches which aimed at the formation of character, or ministered to any gratification or grace of a liberal :

he would learn reluctantly and sluggishly and that was said for the cultivation of sagacity or practical efficiency, he clearly showed an indifference far beyond his years, as though he put his confidence

sort,

to

;

all

in his natural gifts alone. Thus it came about that, in after life, at entertainments of a so-called liberal and polite nature, when

he was taunted by men of reputed culture, he was forced to defend himself rather rudely, saying that

PLUTARCH'S LIVES OVK

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THEMISTOCLES,

n.

3-6

tuning the lyre and handling the harp were no accomplishments of his, but rather taking in hand a city that

was small and inglorious and making

it

glorious

and

And

yet Stesimbrotus says that Themistocles was a pupil of Anaxagoras, and a disciple of Melissus the physicist but he is careless in his chronology. It was much younger man than Pericles, a Themistocles, whom Melissus opposed at the siege of Samos, 1 and with whom Anaxagoras was intimate. Rather, then, might one side with those who say that Themistocles was a disciple of Mnesiphilus the Phrearrhian, a man who was neither a rhetorician nor one of the so-called physical philosophers, but a " cultivator of what was then called " sophia or wisdom, although it was really nothing more than cleverness and practical sagacity. Mnesiphilus in politics received this " sophia," and handed it down, as though it were the doctrine of a sect, in unbroken tradition from Solon. His successors blended it with forensic great.

;

and shifted its application from public affairs to " It was this language, and were dubbed sophists." man, then, to whom Themistocles resorted at the very beginning of his public life. But in the first essays of his youth he was uneven and unstable, since he gave his natural impulses free course, which, without due address and training, rush to violent extremes in the objects of their pursuit, and often degenerate ; as he himself in later life confessed, when he said that even the wildest colts made very good horses, if only they got the proper arts,

What some story-makers breaking and training. to this, however, to the effect that his father disinherited him, and his mother took her

add

1

440 B.C.

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:

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THEMISTOCLES,

11.

6-m.

2

own

life for very grief at her son's ill-fame, this think is false. And, in just the opposite vein,, there are some who say that his father fondly tried to divert him from public life, pointing out to him old triremes on the sea-shore, all wrecked and neglected, and intimating that the people treated their leaders in like fashion when these were past I

service.

Speedily, however, as it seems, and while he in all the ardour of youth, public affairs laid their his Themistocles, and grasp upon impulse to win reputation got strong mastery over him. Wherefore, from the very beginning, in his desire to be first, he boldly encountered the enmity of men who had power and were already first in the city, especially that of Aristides the son of III.

was

still

Lysimachus, who was always his opponent. And it is thought that his enmity with this man had an altogether puerile beginning They were both lovers of the beautiful Stesilaiis, a native of Ceos, as Ariston the philosopher has recorded, and thenceforward they continued to be rivals in public life also. However, the dissimilarity in their lives and characters is likely to have increased their yet

variance. Aristides was gentle by nature, and a conservative in character. He engaged in public life, not to win favour or reputation, but to secure the best results consistent with safety and righteousness, and so he was compelled, since Themistocles stirred the people up to many novel enterprises and introduced great innovations, to oppose him often, and to take a firm stand against his increasing influence.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 3

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:

A.lytvrJT
THEMISTOCLES,

HI. 3-iv. 2

indeed, that Themistocles was so carried desire for reputation, and such an ambitious lover of great deeds, that though he was still a young man when the battle with the Barbarians at Marathon x was fought and the generalship of Miltiades was in everybody's mouth, he was seen thereafter to be wrapped in his own thoughts for the most part, and was sleepless o' nights, and refused invitations to his customary drinking parties, and said to those who put wondering questions to him concerning his change of life that the trophy of Now the Miltiades would not suffer him to sleep. rest of his countrymen thought that the defeat of the Barbarians at Marathon was the end of the It is said,

away by

his

but Themistocles thought it to be only the beginning of greater contests, and for these he anointed himself, as it were, to be the champion of all Hellas, and put his city into training, because, while it was yet afar off, he expected the evil that was to come. IV. And so, in the first place, whereas the Athenians were wont to divide up among themselves the revenue coming from the silver mines at Laureium, he, and he alone, dared to come before the people with a motion that this division be given up, and that with these moneys triremes be constructed for the war against Aegina. 2 This was the fiercest war then troubling Hellas, and the islanders controlled the sea, owing to the number of their ships. Wherefore all the more easily did Themistocles carry his point, not by trying to terrify the citizens with dreadful pictures of Darius or the Persians

war

;

1

490

B.

a

2

484-483 B.a ii

PLUTARCH'S LIVES KOI Seo? ov

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ols

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Fuhr and Blass with S

:

at.

elvai

THEMISTOCLES,

2-4

iv.

too far away and inspired no verj of their coming, but by making opportune use of the bitter jealousy which they cherished toward Aegina in order to secure the armament he desired. The result was that with those moneys they built a hundred triremes, with which they actually fought at Salamis 1 against Xerxes.

these were

serious

fear

And after this, by luring the city on gradually and turning its progress toward the sea, urging that with their infantry they were no match even for their nearest neighbours, but that with the power they would get from their ships they could not only repel the Barbarians but also take the lead in Hellas, " instead of " steadfast to he made them, hoplites 2 quote Plato's words, sea-tossed mariners, and brought <e down upon himself this accusation Themistocles robbed his fellow-citizens of spear and shield, and degraded the people of Athens to the rowingAnd this he accomplished in pad and the oar." triumph over the public opposition of Miltiades, as Stesimbrotus relates. Now, whether by accomplishing this he did injury to the integrity and purity of public life or not, let the philosopher rather investigate. But that the salvation which the Hellenes achieved at that time came from the sea, and that it was those very triremes which restored again the fallen city of Athens, Xerxes himself bore witness, not to speak of other For though his infantry remained intact, he proofs. took to flight after the defeat of his ships, because he thought he was not a match for the Hellenes, :

and he

left 1

Mardonius behind, as it seems to me, Law# iv. p. 706. B.C.

480

t

13

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

ol

[Jia\\ov

Stco^eo)?

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ovra

fcal

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alvi^d/jLevos

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THEMISTOCLES, rather

to

obstruct

their

iv.

4 -v. 4

pursuit than

to

subdue

them. V.

Some

say

that

Themistocles was an

money-maker because of

his liberality

;

eager

for since

he

entertaining, and lavished money splendidly on his guests, he required a generous Others, on the contrary, denounce his budget. great stinginess and parsimony, claiming that he used to sell the very food sent in to him as a gift. When Philides the horse-breeder was asked by him for a colt and would not give it, Themistocles threatened speedily to make his house a wooden horse thereby darkly intimating that he would stir up accusations against him in his own family, and lawsuits between the man and those of his own household.

was

fond

of

;

In his ambition he surpassed all men. For instance, while he was still young and obscure, he prevailed upon Epicles of Hermione, a harpist who was eagerly sought after by the Athenians, to practise at his house, because he was ambitious that many should seek out his dwelling and come often to see him. Again, on going to Olympia, he tried to rival Cimon his banquets and booths and other brilliant appointments, so that he displeased the Hellenes. For Cimon was young and of a great house, and they thought they must allow him in such extravabut Themistocles had not yet become gances in

;

famous, and was thought to be seeking to elevate himself unduly without adequate means, and so was charged with ostentation. And still again, as choregus, or theatrical manager, he won a victory with tragedies, although even at that early time this contest was conducted with great eagerness and 15

PLUTARCH'S LIVES dvedrjKe TOtavTrfv

Ov

yu.7)i>

aXXa

rot? TroXXofc

eKuarov TMV TroXtrw^ ,

TOVTO

e

&

eitijpfJLOTTe,

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TOVTO

\ejwv

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TO, d(T<pa\f] 7T6pl eavTov, coo-re TTOV KOI TT/SO?

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Trd\iv Se TTOTC

rot'

S

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6Wo?

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TIJV

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TQV VI. "PIS?; Se TOV M?;Sou KaTafiaivovTOS eirl T 'EXXaSa Kal TMV 'A0rivaiwv Bov\evojjiev(i)v Trepl ffrpaTTjyov, TOU? JJLZV aXXou? eKovTas e/co~Tr/vai rT/9 crTpaTijyLas \iyovaw eK7T67r\r)y[>L6Povs TOI TOV ^V(j)^f.iiBoV, $7)KlvbvVOV, ^TTlKV^riV O~ /naya)ybv ovTa beivov fjiev elireiv, /jLaXatcov $e

Kal Kal KpctTijcreiv eTribo^ov elvai TTJ TOV ovv /M
irapa TOV 16

TCL

THEMISTOCLES,

v.

4 -vi.

i

ambition, and set up a tablet commemorating his " Themisvictory with the following inscription tocles the Phrearrhian was Choregus Phrynichus :

;

Adeimantus was Archon." l However, he was on good terms with the common

was Poet

;

folk, partly because he could call off-hand the name of every citizen, and partly because he rendered the service of a safe and impartial arbitrator in cases of private obligation and settlement out of court and so he once said to Simonides of Ceos, who had made ;

an improper request from him when he was magis" You would not be a trate good poet if you should sing contrary to the measure nor I a clever magistrate if I should show favour contrary to the law." And once again he banteringly said to Simonides that it was nonsense for him to abuse the Corinthians, who dwelt in a great and fair city, while he had portrait figures made of himself, who was of such an ugly countenance. And so he grew in power, and pleased the common folk, and finally headed a success:

;

and got Aristides removed by ostracism. 2 the Mede was descending last, when upon Hellas and the Athenians were deliberating

ful faction

VI.

At

who should be their general, all the rest, they say, voluntarily renounced their claims to the generalship, so panic-stricken were they at the danger; but Epicydes, the son of Euphemides, a popular leader

who was powerful in speech but effeminate in spirit and open to bribes, set out to get the office, and was likely to prevail in the election so Themis;

should go to utter ruin in case the leadership fell to such a man, bribed and bought off the ambition of Epicydes. tocles, fearing lest matters

1

476 B.a

a

483-482 u.a

1?

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 2

avTOV

'EiTTCuveircu 8*

real

TO

TOV

Trepl

epyov ev rot? Tre^delav VTTO /3ao-Xe&>9 eVt KCLI vBaTO? aiTi]<Jiv. ep/jLrjvea yap ovra
aireKreivev

dpois Be

6Ti

7rpo(TTd
/cat

TO

eyLtto-TOArXeou?

TOV

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irepl

yap

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6t? TOL/5

ttTt/XOU9

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rov TOZ/

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'Ap/caSa

VII. Tlapa\.a{3(i)v Be TOU? TroXtVa? J)I^

Trjv

ap^v

e/jiftifid^eiv

evOvs

et?

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fJiev

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Baijuoviajv,

2

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RvpvjSidBjjv xa\

THEMISTOCLES,

vi.

2-vn.

2

Praise is given to his treatment of the linguist in the company of those who were sent by the King to demand earth and water as tokens of submission this interpreter he caused to be arrested, and had him put to death by special decree, because he dared to prostitute the speech of Hellas to Barbarian Also to his treatment of Arthmius of stipulations. Zeleia on motion of Themistocles this man was entered on the list of the disfranchised, with his children and his family, because he brought the gold But of the Medes and offered it to the Hellenes. the greatest of all his achievements was his putting a stop to Hellenic wars, and reconciling Hellenic cities with one another, persuading them to postpone their mutual hatreds because of the foreign war. To which end, they say, Cheileos the Arcadian most :

:

seconded

his efforts.

VII. On assuming the command, he straightway went to work to embark the citizens on their triremes, and tried to persuade them to leave their city

behind them and go as

far as possible

away from

But many Hellas to meet the Barbarians by sea. opposed this plan, and so he led forth a large army to the vale of Tempe, along with the Lacedaemonians, in order to make a stand there in defence of Thessaly, which was not yet at that time supposed to be medising. But soon the army came back from this position without accomplishing anything, the Thessalians went over to the side of the King, and everything was medising as far as Boeotia, so that at last the Athenians were more kindly disposed to the naval policy of Themistocles, and he was sent with a fleet to Artemisium, to watch the narrows. It was at this place that the Hellenes urged

PLUTARCH'S LIVES fpyeiaQui

3

T&V

/ceXevovrwv,

or irijdei, r&v vewv 9 aXXoi/9 i>7repeHa\\ov, ov/c d erepot? eirecrOai,, avvibajv TOV KIVOVVOV o i,

y

at'TO? re rrjv ap^rjv ra> Kol /careTrpavve TOVS 'A.0r)vaiov<;,

o-TOX\rj
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auroi? irapej;iv "

TOL?

et?

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E,X\,rjva<>.

V

TT/JO?

ra

TOV

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So/eel

at

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/ca

'

av&peia /jiev rwv 7ro\/jiia)V, ev'yvwfJLO^vvr) Be rayv avfjifjid'^wv Trepiyevo/nevovs. 'ETrel Se rat9 'A^erai? TOU /3ap{3apt/cov cno\ov

a>9

4

TO

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Se

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tco/AiaOels

TOV Tre^ov cnpaTov rat? vava~l air poa /Jia^ov iravraTracnv rjyovtievos TTjV KCITO, Odkar-rav aXfcrjv fiacriXews, 7rpoo-7Tpi{3a\ecr0ai )

Setcra^re? ot Ej)/9oet9, WVTCLL, Kpix^a Tfo 5

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20

Ti irapw^vvGV eV avTov,

THEMISTOCLES,

vn. 2-5

Eurybiades and the Lacedaemonians to take the lead, but the Athenians, since in the number of their ships they surpassed all the rest put together, disdained a peril which Themistocles at once to follow others, comprehended. He surrendered his own command to Eurybiades, and tried to mollify the Athenians with the promise that if they would show themselves brave men in the war, he would induce the Hellenes to yield a willing obedience to them thereafter. Wherefore he is thought to have been the man most instrumental in achieving the salvation of Hellas, and foremost in leading the Athenians up to the high repute of surpassing their foes in valour and their allies in magnanimity.

Now

Eurybiades, on the arrival of the Barbarian at Aphetae, was terrified at the number of ships that faced him, and, learning that two hundred ships more were sailing around above Sciathus to cut off his retreat, desired to proceed by the shortest route down into Hellas, to get into touch with Peloponnesus and encompass his fleet with his infantry forces there, because he thought the pow er of the King altogether invincible by sea. Therefore the Euboeans, fearing lest the Hellenes abandon them to their fate, held secret conference with Themistocles, and sent Pelagon to him with large sums of 1 money. This money he took, as Herodotus relates,

armament

r

and gave to Eurybiades. Meeting with most opposition among his fellowcitizens from Architeles, who was captain on the saered state galley, and who, because he had no money to pay the wages of his sailors, was eager to sail off home, Themistocles incited his crew all the 1

viii. 5.

21

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 6 uxrre

rov

TO Seirrvov dprrdaai (rvv^pafjibvras. errl

dOvpovvros

rovrw

/cal

8*

/3a/jeo>9

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ev Kiarr) Selrrvov

dprwv

/cal fcpewv, vrroQels

elprjrcev.

VIII. At*

8e

et?

ra o\a

Tore

>y6v6/j(,i>ai

/3ap/3dpwi> vavs rrepl [JL6^/d\r)v ^

ra o~reva

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rwv

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"Ecrrt rfv

Se

Fuhr and Blass with F a t> 22

:

THEMISTOCLES,

vn. 6-vin.

a

more against him, so that they made a rush upon him and snatched away his dinner. Then, while Architeles was feeling dejected and indignant over this, Themistocles sent him a dinner of bread and meat in a box at the bottom of which he had put a talent of silver, and bade him dine without delay, and on the morrow satisfy his crew otherwise he said he would denounce him publicly as the receiver At any rate, such is the of money from the enemy. ;

story of Phanias the Lesbian. VI 11. The battles which were fought at that time with the ships of the Barbarians in the narrows were

not decisive of the main issue, it is true, but they were of the greatest service to the Hellenes in giving them experience, since they were thus taught by actual achievements in the face of danger that neither multitudes of ships nor brilliantly decorated figure-heads nor boastful shouts or barbarous battlehymns have any terror for men who know how to come to close quarters and dare to fight there ; but that they must despise all such things, rush upon the very persons of their foes, grapple with them, and fight it out to the bitter end. Of this Pindar seems to have been well aware when he said of the battle of Artemisium :

"Where

Athenians' valiant eternal l Liberty's corner-stone."

sons

For verily the foundation of victory

set

is

in

radiance

courage.

Euboea above Hestiaea, a sea-beach stretching away to the north, and Artemisium

is

a part of

just about opposite to 1

VOL. IL

it

lies

Olizon, in the territory

Bergk, Frag. 77. 83

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ^copa? 'OX/^ooz;.

yevo/jLevrjs

77

vaov ov

e^et

KOI BevBpa Trepl aviw \L0ov \evicov TreTrijyaffiv real

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6

teal

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fj.eyav 'A/ore/uSo?

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real

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vefcpovs Kavorai Soxovai.

IX.

Twy

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t?

l

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'Apre/jiicriov

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24

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TreTrpay^evots <^povovvroyv.

e

vpi
Fuhr and Blasa with FaS

:

6

THEMISTOCLES,

vin. a-ix. 2

once subject to Philoctetes. It has a small temple of Artemis surnamed Proseoea, which is surrounded by trees and enclosed by upright slabs of white This stone, when you rub it with your marble. hand, gives off the colour and the odour of saffron. On one of these slabs the following elegy was inscribed :

" Nations of

all sorts

of

men from

Asia's boundaries

coming, Sons of the Athenians once, here on this arm of the sea, Whelmed in a battle of ships, and the host of the

Medes was destroyed These are the tokens thereof, ;

Artemis."

built for the

Maid

1

And a place is pointed out on the shore, with sea sand all about it, which supplies from its depths a dark ashen powder, apparently the product of fire, and here they are thought to have burned their wrecks and dead bodies. IX. However, when they learned by messengers from Thermopylae to Artemisium that Leonidas was slain and that Xerxes was master of the pass, they withdrew further down into Hellas, the Athenians bringing up the extreme rear because of their valour, and greatly elated by their achievements. As Themistocles sailed along the coasts, wherever he saw places at which the enemy must necessarily put in for shelter and supplies, he inscribed conspicuous writings on stones, some of which he found to his hand there by chance, and some he himself caused to be set near the inviting anchorages and 1

Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graeci,

in.* p. 4SO.

PLUTARCFI'S LIVES cturo? tVra?

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re,

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''E

a? T^

aTravrfjcrai TTpo rr)? 'ATTI/CT}?, wa-jrep aurol

Od\arrav eV 8'

'ApT/jiio-iov

vTraxovovTOS avrois,

e^o

aXXa

iracrav

/cal

T?}?

eVro? ,

4

rof

'Icrdjjibv e/9

o/jy?)

T?}?

tfaXarrav

TTpoSocrias

Kara

e/c

'laO/nov

rrjv

ical

QaXdrTr)?,

el^e rou? 'AQrivaiovs, a/xa

3e

Bvcr0v/Aia /cal rcarijtyeia ^e^ovw/Jievov^. pdev yap ov Sievoovvro /Avpidcri crrparov

TI,

rrjv

6

8'

TTO\IV

^

dvay/caiov ev rw frapovrat? vavalv, OL epfyvvai a^eVra? JJLOVOV

TroXXol ^aXevrw? I^KOVOV,

a>?

yur^re v'iKr)$

re rjpia

X. "Rv0a

8rj

ejuLt(TTOK\ri<;

aTropcov TO??

TO

26

avOpw-

THEMISTOCLES,

ix. 2 -x.

i

In these writings he solemnly watering places. enjoined upon the lonians, if it were possible, to come over to the side of the Athenians, who were their ancestors, and who were risking all in behalf of their freedom but if they could not do this, to damage the Barbarian cause in battle, and bring confusion among them. By this means he hoped either to fetch the lonians over to his side, or to confound them by bringing the Barbarians into suspicion of them. ;

Although Xerxes had made a raid up through Doris into Phocis, and was burning the cities of the The Fhocians, the Hellenes gave them no succour. Athenians, it is true, begged them to go up into Boeotia against the enemy, and make a stand there in defence of Attica, as they themselves had gone up by sea to Artemisium in defence of others. But

no one listened to their appeals. All clung fast to the Peloponnesus, and were eager to collect all the forces inside the Isthmus, and were building a rampart across the Isthmus from sea to sea. Then the Athenians were seized alike with rage at this betrayal, and with sullen dejection at their utter isolation. Of fighting alone with an army of so many myriads they could not seriously think and as for the only thing left them to do in their emergency, ;

namely, to give up their city and stick to their ships, most of them were distressed at the thought, saying that they neither wanted victory nor understood what safety could mean if they abandoned to the enemy the shrines of their gods and the sepulchres of their fathers.

X. Then indeed it was that Themistocles, despairing of bringing the multitude over to his views by 27

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ev Tpaya)Bia fjLrj^avrjv apa$, a")]^eta Bai/J,6via fcal

Xpil&jAOVS eirrjyev avTolv (rr^y^lov

TOV

TO

'

/cad'

avTw

r)fj,epav


fj,ev

\apftavwv

dtyavijs exeivai? rat? BpaKovTOS, 05 e/c TOV O-TJKOV So/eel yeveeQat,- Kal ra?

TrponOe/jievas a7rap)/a$ eupt,-

a-*/rai/(jTou?

ol

icpels,

TOU? TTOXXOU?, TOV S[liaTOK\60VS \6yOV ft>5

a7ro\e\oi7T6

2 7T/905

rr]V

rrjv

iroKtv

rj

0eo$

TW

0d\arrav aurot?.

TTuXiv e$r)iuLayd)'yi, \
v Sc

XP r (T t P 1

jl' <

p^ev aXXo

ra? vaO?' Sib KOL ryv deiav, ov^l $eu>r)v ov&e a"%T\iav Ka\elv TOV Oeov,

%vXivov ret^o?

f)

e

'

rfj

/j.rj

'

K0r]va ry 'AQ^vdtoV /jLeSeovcry, roi><; 3' ev rf\,iKia Trdwras epftaiveiv et? ra? rpujpeis, TrouSa? y

Be teal yvvaifca? Kal avSpaTroSa cra>eiv etcacTrov 3 &>?

/cal

KvpwBivTOs Be TOV

Svvarov.

ol 7r\elo~Toi

TWV 'AQrjvaiwv

yvvaiKas

Tpoi&viwv

vTToBexo/nevcov

(fricravTo

Brffjioaia,

teal

oTTco/ja?

1

TT}?

yeveas parents.

28

vTre

et? Tpoiffiva, fyiXoTifLws Trdvv

Kal yap Tpe^eiv

Bvo o/SoXot/?

e/cacrro)

TWV eifrr)-

Bi&ovTes,

\anftdv6iv TOU? TratSa? e^eivai

Madvig'a correction, adopted by Blass

:

THEM1STOCLES,

x.

1-3

any human reasonings, set up machinery, as it were, introduce the gods to them, as a theatrical manager would for a tragedy, and brought to bear upon them signs from heaven and oracles. As a sign from heaven he took the behaviour of the serpent, which is held to have disappeared about that time from the sacred enclosure on the Acropolis. When the priests found that the daily offerings made to it were left whole and untouched, they to

proclaimed to the multitude, Themistocles putting the story into their mouths, that the goddess had abandoned her city and was showing them their way to the sea. Moreover, with the well-known oracle he tried again to win the people over to his views, saying that its " wooden wall meant nothing else than their fleet and that the god in " this oracle called Salamis " divine/' not " dreadful nor " cruel," for the very reason that the island would sometime give its name to a great piece of good fortune for the Hellenes. At last his opinion prevailed, and so he introduced a bill providing " to that the be entrusted for safe l

'

;

keeping

city

Athena the

men

the patroness of Athens/' but that all of military age embark on the triremes,

after finding for their children, wives, and servants, such safety as each best could. Upon the passage

of this bill, most of the Athenians bestowed their children and wives in Troezen, where the Troezenians very eagerly welcomed them. They actually voted to support them at the public cost, allowing two obols daily to each family, and to permit the boys to pluck of the vintage fruit everywhere, and 1

Herod.,

vii.

141.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ,

ert

S'

uirep CLVT&V

TO Be tyifyKT/jLa Nitcayopas eypa^rev.

OVK

OVT03V Be

&)]jj,oa'i(i)v

^prjfiaTcov roi? *A.0r)-

pev t/^crt Tr)V e^ 'Apeiov irdyou fiovXrjv iroplaadav OKTO) Spa^/xa? kKaaiw TWV (TrpaTevofie.vwv aiTLwrdrrjv yevecrOat, rou ,

'Ap/crTOTe'X?79

ra? Tpirjpeis, KXetBrjfioS Be teal TOVTO TOV e/Ji!(TTOK\eovs TTotGLTai (Trpar^yrjfjia. ivovrwv jap tfi? HeipaLa rwv KOrjvaiwv, aTToXeardai, TO Topyovetov airo T^9 6eov TT\ripw6r}vai

*

/jii(TTOK\ea dyaX/Aaros' TOV ovv ^TLV Kal Biepevvtojuevov

TOV

dvevpia-iceiv

V7ropf)o-ai

5

Be

'E/fTrXeoucTT??

TO

Tot? Se

Oea/Jia,

ev

TrXry^o?

Tat?

TOVS ejjiftaiVOVTas TT)?

ei9

7roXca>? TO??

Oav^a

T%

TT/OOCT-

Ta? vavs

/uei/

TOX/XT??

OLKTOV

Trapeze,

yeveas ftev a\\rj TrpOTrea'novTwv, CLVTWV 5' a/cd/j,TTTWV TT/JO? olfAwyas Kal Bd/cpva yovewv 7repi/3o\a<; BiairepcovTcov

7ro\\ol

fjiev

e\eov el%ov Kal 6 Tot?

et9

eavTwv

Be TIS Kal OLTTO

rjv

vr\aov.

TWV TWV rjfjLepwv

TroOov
Trjv

CLTT

6a\aTTr) Kal Ty

Tra-Tpo?

ai'TOV fiovcao'iv

Tpiijpei

eju

ev ot? la'TOpelTai

TOV TlepiK\eov<;

30

T^

Bia yT/pa? vTroXenrofjiGvot,

OVK

KVWV dva-

va\a6ai

TJJ

THEMISTOCLES,

x.

3-6

The bill was besides to hire teachers for them. introduced by a man whose name was Nicagoras. Since the Athenians had no public moneys in hand, it was the Senate of A reiopagus, according to Aristotle, which provided each of the men who embarked with eight drachmas, and so was most instrumental in mano the triremes; but Cleidemus represents this too as ning He says the result of an artifice of Themistocles. that when the Athenians were going down to the Piraeus and abandoning their city, the Gorgon's head was lost from the image of the goddess and then Themistocles, pretending to search for it, and an thereby discovered everything, ransacking abundance of money hidden away in the baggage, which had only to be confiscated, and the crews of the ships were well provided with rations and ;

wages.

When the entire city was thus putting out to sea, the sight provoked pity in some, and in others astonishment at the hardihood of the step for they were sending off their fancies in one direction, while they themselves, unmoved by the lamentations and tears and embraces of their loved ones, were crossing over to the island where the enemy was to be fought. Besides, many who were left behind on account of their great age invited pity also, and much affecting fondness was shown by the tame domestic animals, which ran along with of their yearning cries of distress by the side A story is told of one masters as they embarked. of these, the dog of Xanthippus the father of Pericles, how he could not endure to be abandoned by his master, and so sprang into the sea, swam across the strait by the side of his master's trireme, ;

PLUTARCH'S LIVES et?

s"

ov Kol rb

Seifcvv/Jievov ci^pi

crrjf.La

XI. Tavrd re /cal

roi'9

rd&ov

Brj

vroXtra?

/cal

\nro6v [irfcras (nroOavelv

KOI

2,a\afMva,

rr)v

/jieyd\a rov

alcrOo/Aevos

SeSiora?,

eavrov

fj,r)

Si*

e/LUcrro/eXeou?,

TroOovvras

opyrjv

TM

'A/3t-

fiap/3dp(t)

dvarpe^rj ra Trpdy/jiara TJ}? yap rrpo rov TTO\/AOV

(e^oHTTpdfcicrTO VTTO el^

rot?

vuv KOI /ca\ov-

elvai \eyovcri.

eVt

6//(7TO/<:Xeou?),

xpovw

ypdtyei

p,e6ea"rw(7tv it^elvai,

KaTe\6ovcri Trpdrreiv /cal \eyeiv ra [Be\riara yitera rwv a\\o>v TroXirwv.

rfj

'EXXaSi 2

Eupf/3iaSou Be rrjv pev rjye^ovlav rwv veatv %ovros Sta TO TT}
avre\eyev (f)a
irov TO?*

rwv

o

TLeXoTrovvrjcrLwv,

ore KOI ra

rov yap " 'H

RvpufBidBov

@e/jtiar6/c\i<;,

TT/JO?

XeyOrjvai

avrov

el-

ev Tot?

dywa-i, roits Nat," eiTrev 6

" paTrt&vcri" " ciXXa TOU? a7ro\ei0e.vra<s ov e/iicrro/cXj}?, o~recj)avovcriv" eTrapa/^evov Be rr v fia/crypiav co? " fl.draov [lev, Trard^ovros, o eyLt^crTO/cX?}? <prj' afcovaov Be" 0av/j,d(ravro /ceXevcravros, 6 fiev elejjLicrroK\fj<; dvfjyev avrov eirl rov \6yov. cvtc TTOZ/TO? Be nvos, a>? dvrjp aTroXt? op6w<$ BiBdefcei TOU? e^ovra^ eyxaraXnTeiv /cal Trpoeadai, 7rpoei;avicrrafjLevov<;

3

&6/jiicrroK\f)<;

jjii'^fjiovevoi-ieva

t

THEMISTOCLES,

x. 6-xi.

3

faint and die is They say that the spot which straightway. "' " Mound is his this as out to Dog's day pointed

and staggered out on Salamis, only to

tomb. XI.

These were surely great achievements of Themistocles, but there was a greater still to come. When he saAv that the citizens yearned for Aristides, and feared lest out of wrath he might join himself to the Barbarian and so subvert the cause of Hellas, he had been ostracized before the war in consequence of hands of Themistocles, 1 he political defeat at the introduced a bill providing that those who had been removed for a time be permitted to return home and devote their best powers to the service of Hellas with the other citizens. along ^^ When Eurybiades, who had the command of the fleet on account of the superior claims of Sparta, but who was faint-hearted in time of danger, washed to hoist sail and make for the Isthmus, where the infantry also of the Peloponnesians had been assembled, it was Themistocles who spoke against it, and it was then, they say, that these memorable sayings When Eurybiades said to him, of his were uttered. " Themistocles, at the games those who start too soon get a caning," "Yes," said Themistocles, "but And when those who lag behind get no crown." Eurybiades lifted up his staff as though to smite him, Themistocles said " Smite, but hear me." Then Eurybiades was struck with admiration at his calmness, and bade him speak, and Themistocles tried to But on a bring him back to his own position. certain one saying that a man without a city had no :

business to advise

men who still had cities 1

of their

own

Cf. chap. v. fin.

33

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 6

TrarpiBas, 4

SefjLi(TTOK\f)<;

\6yov

"'H/jLets rot," elrrev,

olfclas

real

ouvres

eari

^

&>

emarptyas

rov

ra?

/j,ev

fjLo^dtjpe,

dt-

ra rei^y

d^vwv ii(7Tr

t

"

tcara\e\OL7rafjLev t ovtc eveica BovXeveiv, 7r6\i
rwv

vvv fiev

81

avrwv

vjuv

j3or/0ol

Trapecrracn

/3ov\o/jLvois,

P>f

f

al

'EA.A.7i>/Sct>i>,

at

/

el

/

aims

8' /

'T'-x

oevrepov Trpobovres, avriKa irevaerai TIS rLalwv, rov 8' 'Eiperpiea)? Treipw\L7rovr<; olyovrai. 7)/ia?

5

" "9H Xeyeiv TT/QO? avrov, yap" e
fjievov ri

/jid^aipav

fiev

e^ere,

icap^iav

Be

OVK

XII. Aeyerai S' VTTO nvwv rov fiev K\ea rrepi rovrwv drro rov /caracrrpw/jiaros TT}? i'ea>9 SiaXeyecrOai,

e/a?

airo

y\av/
ra)v

fca rot? KOL fjid\icrra rrpoaeOevro ry yva)/jLrj KOL Trapeaxevd^omo vav2 /jLa^rjaovre^. aXX' eTret rwv TroXe/uaw o re oroXo? rfj 'Am/cy Kara ro <&a\ripi/cov rrpocr-

eTTiicaOl^ovcrav Sto

avros

re

/SacrtXej;?

Kara/3a<; eVl Be Svvd/jLewv

rr/v

fjLera

Srj

rov rre^ov

Od\arrav

aflpovs

arparov rwv

totydv),

yevo/jievwv, e^eppvrjerav ol rov \6yot ruv '^\\^vwv Kal rrd\tv ol TLeXoTTOvvijcrioi Trpbs rov 'lo-0/jLov,

34

O/JLOV

THEMISTOCLES, to

3~xn. 2

xi.

abandon and betray them, Themistocles addressed

" It is true, speech with emphasis to him, saying thou wretch, that we have left behind us our houses and our city walls, not deeming it meet for the sake but of such lifeless things to be in subjection we still have a city, the greatest in Hellas, our two his

:

;

hundred triremes, which now are ready to aid you if you choose to be saved by them but if you go off and betray us for the second time, straightway many a Hellene will learn that the Athenians have won for themselves a city that is free and a territory that is When far better than the one they cast aside." ;

Themistocles said this, Eurybiades began to reflect, and was seized with fear lest the Athenians go away and abandon him. And again, when the Eretrian tried " Indeed!" said to argue somewhat against him, he, " what argument can ye make about war, who, like the cuttle-fish, have a long pouch in the place where

your heart ought to be

'

?

the story that while Themistocles XII. Some was thus speaking from off the deck of his ship, an owl was seen to fly through the fleet from the right and alight in his rigging ; wherefore his hearers tell

espoused his opinion most eagerly and prepared to do battle with their ships. But soon the enemy's armament beset the coast of Attica down to the haven of Phalerum, so as to hide from view the neighbouring shores then the King in person with his infantry came down to the sea, so that he could be seen with all his hosts and presently, in view of this junction of hostile forces, the words of Themistocles ebbed out of the minds of the Hellenes, and the Peloponnesians again turned their eyes wistfully towards the Isthmus and were vexed if any one spake ;

;

35

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ei

3

ris

aXXo

TI \eyot, ^a\erraivovre<j t eBo/cei Be TT}?

VVKTOS drro^wpelv real 7rapr)yye\\ero TrXoi)? rot? Kvj3epi>iirai$, evOa Brj fiapews epa)i> 6 @e/uc7TO/cX?7?, el rrjv drrb rov rorrov KOI rwv arevwv f/

Trpoe/jievot,

Kara

fiorjOeiav ol

TroAe*?,

E\\7;^69

6/3ov\Vro

ical

^La\vO^(roi>rai, crvveriOet rrjv irepl

rov ^LKIVVOV 7rpay/.iaT6iav. Be TO> pev
4

avrov

evi'ovs Be ra>

eyu-icrro/cXei /cat

ov

iraiBaywyos.

l~.ip%riv Kpvfya, /ceAeutra?

o

rwv

\eyLV, on,

f/

TOL*?

crKovras, KOI BiaxeXeverat

aural?, aXX' ev

c5

E\X?;i/a?

/-IT)

rapdrrovrau

rrapetvai

ra)v rre^wv

6We? zmQkcrQai KOI BiaffjQeipai rr/v vavriravra B* o He/?^? a>? ari evvoia?

Kr)i> BvvafJiiv.

\\eyjJLeva

Se^a/xei/o? -rot"?

%e(f)epe TT/?O?

aXXa?

TrXrjpovv

ava'xjdevras

ijSTj

KVK\W Trdvra 6

rov

Trpo?

e/zicrTO^XT}?

'P^Orjvaiwv crrparrjyos alpov/jievos ra /5a-

eayye\\t> TT^WTO? avru)

5

rwv TZKVWV

etcTre/JLTrei

rjcrdr),

ffyejULOvas

icad*

KOI

BiaKOcriats

r)crv)/iav,

Trepi(Ba\eaOai,

teal

Sia^wcraL

evdvs

reXo?

rwv VGMV, ra? rov rropov

ra? vijeovs,

/i6i^

S*

ev

OTTO)?

TOUTWI;

8e Trparrofievcov 'ApiareiSr)? 6 AvcriTT/OWTO? alcrOo/nevos TJKGV errl rrjv cricrjvijv fjud^ov

rov

e^tcrroArXeoL'?,

ou:

WA'

<^tXo?,

aXXa

/cat

&'

CKCLVOV e^aHTrpaKKT/jievos, wcrrrep eipr^rar rrpoe\-

6uvn o

36

5e

Be TO) rtjv re

e/jU(rrofc\L fypd^ei rrjv

aXXr;y

KVK\wcnv.

KoXoKayadlav rov d

THEMISTOCLES, of any other course

xn. 2-6

nay, they actually decided to withdraw from their position in the night, and orders for the voyage were issued to the pilots. Such was ;

the crisis when Themistocles, distressed to think that the Hellenes should abandon the advantages to be had from the narrowness of the straits where they lay united, and break up into detachments by cities, planned and concocted the famous affair of Sicinnus. This Sicinnus was of Persian stock, a prisoner of war, but devoted to Themistocles, and the paedagogue of his children. This man was sent to Xerxes " Themistocles the Athesecretly with orders to say nian general elects the King's cause, and is the first one to announce to him that the Hellenes are trying to slip away, and urgently bids him not to suffer them to escape, but, while they are in confusion and separated from their infantry, to set upon them and Xerxes received this as destroy their naval power." the message of one who wished him well, and was delighted, and at once issued positive orders to the captains of his ships to man the main body of the fleet at their leisure, but with two hundred ships to put out to sea at once, and encompass the strait round about on every side, including the islands in their line of blockade, that not one of the enemy :

might escape. While this was going on, Aristides the son of Lysimachus, who was the first to perceive it, came to the tent of Themistocles, who was no friend of his, as nav, through O whom he had even been ostracized, ^ I have said and when Themistocles came forth from *f

7

;

the tent, Aristides told him how the enemy surrounded them. Themistocles, knowing the tried nobility of the man, and filled with admiration for 37

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rore rrapovcnas aydfjuevos Xeyet TOV ^IXLVVOV CLVTO) Kal TTapeKd\t, TWV

Kal TCL

TTCpl

e^ovra /juaXXov, OTTCO? ev TO?? 6 pkv ovi> 'A/atcrretS?;? e

crdai TricrTiv

o-r

7 vav/jLa^(TW(rii>.

TOV? d'XXof? eV^et &e/j,tcrTOK\a Kal Tpnjpdpxovs eVt rrjv /JLU^V

TOV

en,

8'

O/AOJ?

airier TOVVTWV

crrpaTrapo-

e
^5 evavdp%ei rr)V KVK\wcriv, ware

ai^TO/AoXo?,

d7rayye\\ovcra 'EXX?7^a9 TOV KLV&VVOV.

TOL/?

XIII. ''A/xa rbv (TToKov

S' ?)fJ-epa

TTO7rT6va)i>

^? 7TOO&) a)?

8'

uvrep

/^era rr}?

6/?f67}
Tail/

TT/OO?

He/3^7? yu-e/' ai'ft) KatfijcrTO Kal Tr)V TTapdra^iv, ft)? vTrep

(f)rj(Tt,i>,

TO

'H^a/

SieipyeTai Tr}? 'ATT^/C:^?

Ka\ovjuei'(ov

cra//ei'O?, coz/

77

Kepdrwv, ^pvcrovv TroXXou?

ypa/A/jLaTeLS

epyov

TJV

TTJV

TTJV KKO
,

ft)?

Kal

eli/at

KTOv.

TOUTOU?

a/tta

/tev

vavap%ii8a

o^rtv, e

eXeyovro 8e

^Larrpeirai^.

TratSe?

Trepi(f)aves

&i
Trapaarr)-

arraypdifreadai, ra Kara

Trapa

38

dpuyKt^

'A/cecTToSwpo?, eV ^eOopiw Tr}?

Kal

fieya

Kal

Tr}?

/9acrtXea)?

/8foz/

dveXa^jfev irvp,

a/j,a

a

E e/c

8e

TWV

THEMISTOCLES,

xn. 6-xni. a

coming at that time, told him all about the Sicinnus matter, and besought him to join in this 7 desperate attempt to keep the Hellenes where the) were, admitting that he had the greater credit with them, in order that they might make their Aristides, accordingly, sea-fight in the narrows. his

bestowing praise upon Themistocles for his to the other generals and And while trierarchs inciting them on to battle. they were still incredulous in spite of all, a Tenian trireme appeared, a deserter from the enemy, in command of Panaetius, and told how the enemy surrounded them, so that with a courage born of necessity the Hellenes set out to confront the danger. XI 11. At break of day, Xerxes was seated on a high place and overlooking the disposition of his armament. This place was, according to Phanodemus, above the Heracleium, where only a narrow passage separates the island from Attica but accordafter

stratagem, went round

;

Acestodorus, it was in the border-land of " Horns." Here a Megara, above the so-called had for him at his command, throne set been gilded and many secretaries stationed near at hand, whose task it was to make due record of all that was done in the battle. But Themistocles was sacrificing alongside the admiral's trireme. There three prisoners of war were brought to him, of visage most beautiful to behold, conspicuously adorned with raiment and with gold. They were said to be the sons of Sandauce, When Euphranthe King's sister, and Artayctus. tides the seer caught sight of them, since at one and that same moment a great and glaring flame shot up from the sacrificial victims and a sneeze gave forth ing

to

39

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rov Qe/jLiarotcXea

,

KOL

pevaai Trvras a)pr)crrp Ato^ucro) Tr ovrco yap afjia (rcorrjpiav re KOI vi/crjv eaecrOai /cXeou?

&)?

rOV

KTT\ayei>rO<; B

3 TO4? "EXX77<JI>.

/^ja TO

eia)0v ev /LteyaXoi? ajwari,

fcal

fJHCTTO-

KOI Seivov, olov

/jLavrev/jia

Trpdy/uao rcov

rj

ot TroXXol TOZ^

KaTKa\ovvro

<<6i>r

yvTS

r

T&)

(0/jL(p

7rpo(Ta'ya

eucre,

ovv

Qvaiav

rrjv

avrjp

KOI

Oeov afia

TOL/?

vyxacrav,

w-?

ravra

crvvrekeaOrii'ai,

tXocrfl
KOI rypafjLjmdTWV OVK

icrropitewv Qavias o Aecr/3^09 etprj/ce. Be rov TrX^ou? TWV &ap[SapiKMv

XIV. Hepl

vewv AtV^vXo? (Baiov[jLvo<; ev

o TTQtrjTrjs

w? av

et'Sft)?

Hep ^77 Se, Kal yap ol&a, p^tXia? fiev wv rjye l 7rX?}6?o9* al 5' vTrepKOfMirot v

r

C-v

T

f

/

eKaroi> ot? rjcrav evrra

TWV 6' ovawv

KOL

&t,a/3e-

rpaywBia Hepcrats Xeyet

/i> C7

?

P->

coo

>/

rj

/

-v

e%et \oyo<>.

oyBoij/covra TO 7r TOU? avro TOU fjia^o/jLei'OV^ OKTwrcalSeKa el^ev, &v ro^orai crape? rj(rav, ol \onrol S' OTrXtTat. 2 Ao*et 5' oi)/<: r^rrov ev rov fcaipbv 6 TOI^ roirov o-vv&tov Kal o*TO;Xr}? ^ 'ArriAccoy e/carbv e/edarTi)

TTporepov

yu,^

ftapfiapi/cals 1

40

wi/

avrtTrpalpovs

Ta?

rpirjpeis,

tear aarrj <jai rj

Trjv

^> Fuhr and Blass with Aeschylus

:

recr-

Tat? eiwOvlav

THEMISTOCLES,

xin. 2 -xiv. a

its good omen on the right, he clasped Themistocles by the hand and bade him consecrate the youths, and sacrifice them all to Dionysus Carnivorous, with prayers of supplication for on this wise would the Hellenes have a saving victory. Themistocles was terrified, feeling that the word of the seer was monstrous and shocking; but the multitude, who, as is wont to be the case in great struggles and severe crises, looked for safety rather from unreasonable than from reasonable measures, invoked the god with one voice, dragged the prisoners to the altar, and compelled the fulfilment of the sacrifice, as the At any rate, this is what Phanias seer commanded. the Lesbian says, and he was a philosopher, and well ;

acquainted with historical literature. XIV. As regards the number of the Barbarian " The ships, Aeschylus the poet, in his tragedy of Persians," as though from personal and positive knowledge, o * says this :

/

" But Xerxes, and

I

surely

know, had a thousand

ships

In number under him Were twice five score

the count."

;

those of surpassing speed beside and seven so stands ;

l

The Attic ships were one hundred and eighty in number, and each had eighteen men to fight upon the decks, of whom four were archers and the rest men-at-arms. Themistocles is thought to have divined the best time for fighting with no less success than the best place, inasmuch as he took care not to send his triremes bow on against the Barbarian vessels until the 1

Verses 341-343 (Dindorf).

41

PLUTARCH'S LIVES wpav irapayzvecrOai, TO Trvev/na \au7rpbv ex 7re\dyov<; del KOI Kvaa Bia T&K>
OVK

aXtrei/et? oucra? KOL rcnreivoTepas,

e/3 \aTTTe vavs ra? Se /3ap/3a-

rat? re Trpvfjivais avecnwva'S

teal rot? /cara-

yovcrav 6 ra?

/xez>

EXX?7z^/ca
vtyopcxfyovs Kal ySa/jeta? e

Kal

irpocnrlTrrov

TrapeSibov

f

rot?

'l&\\r)criv

efj,icrTOK\i 3

TO

crvfji
vavapxos

o^ea)?

7rpO(r<})epofjLevois

Trpo (recover iv, co? opwvri /jid\i
'Apia/jievr)<;

vavv eywv

/j.eyd'X.'rjv

ret^ou? eVo^eue /cat rjKovrt^ev, dvrjp a wv Kal rwv /3aGrt/Ve'ft>? d$e\toD TrXe'oz/re?, &)? at ^e? avTiTrpwpOL TrpoaTrecrovcrai Kal crvveCLTTO

'

rot? rot?

TU7TTOI/T69

bopacri

/3a\ov Kal TO vavayicov

XV.

iveayjEQr\Gav,

ycCkKtopacriv

eVt-

avrwv Tpu^pov^ vTroGTavres

TT}?

(7(o/Aa

'ApTe/jiicria

et?

yu-er*

OaXaacrav

TT)^

aXA,a>f

yvwpicraaa

TT/OO?

TOUT&) TOU dywvos OI/TO?

'Ei/ Se

Kare^eiv Tre&iov a TroXXw^ TOP (JLVCTTIK Se TOV TrX^of? KOV e^ayovTwv "laK^ov. rwy ($>6eyyoiJiiv(i)V /cara /JLLKpov O-TTO 7^5 dvafapofievov i><po
(pwi'rjv

$aXaTT?7?,

1

42

TO

&)?

pidcrioi>

avQfXjJirwv O/JLOU

ncuayieus correction of Blass

:

THEMISTOCLES,

xiv. 2 -xv. i

hour of the day had come which always brought the breeze fresh from the sea and a swell rolling through the strait. This breeze wrought no harm to the Hellenic ships, since they lay low in the water and were rather small but for the Barbarian ships, with their towering sterns and lofty decks and ;

sluggish movements in getting under way, it was fatal, since it smote them and slewed them round broadside to the Hellenes, who set upon them sharply, keeping their eyes on Themistocles, because they thought he saw best what was to be done, and because confronting him was the admiral of Xerxes, Ariamenes, who being on a great ship, kept shooting arrows and javelins as though from a city wall, brave man that he was, by far the strongest and most just of the King's brothers. It was upon him that Ameinias the Deceleian and Socles the Paeanian

they being together on one ship, and two ships struck each other bow on, crashed together, and hung fast by their bronze beaks, he bore down,

as the

tried to board their trireme

but they faced him, smote him with their spears, and hurled him into the sea. His body, as it drifted about with other wreckage, was recognised by Artemisia, who had it ;

carried to Xerxes.

XV. At this stage of the struggle they say that a great light flamed out from Eleusis, and an echoing cry filled the Thriasian plain down to the sea, as of multitudes of men together conducting the mystic lacchus in procession. Then out of the shouting throng a cloud seemed to lift itself slowly from the earth, pass out seawards, and settle down upon the triremes. Others fancied they saw apparitions and

PLUTARCH'S LIVES teal

elBwXa KaOopav eBo^av evo7r\mv dvBpwv air'' ra? ^etpa? dve^ovrwv 77750 ra)V 'R'XXijviKwv ovs

Ala/ciBas elvcu 7rapafceK\riyua^? eVt rrjv

el'/ca^ov

eir^at? nrpo TT}?

2

ri>ft)T05

vavv ra

oyy \aj,/3dvei

i-e^

*

ol

fjcriv.

TO

dveOq/cev 'A-TroXXam aA.Xot rot? (3ap[Bdpoi<$

6'

7T\rj@o<; ev

a)?

/cal

elprjKe

dpdpevoi VI ftapfidpois evd\iov epyov XayLtTT porepov, avBpeia yuez> /cat 7rpo0v/^i'a

/ca\r)v

e/celvrjv

6^

TWV

Koivfj

e

GTva) Kara

Trepiftorjrov

oi5re

vavfjia^ricravTo^v,

XVI. MeTa

Be rrjv V

\

7T/309

vav^a^lav >/'<- Hep^/9 >

T"i]V

TO

(iTTOTev^iv

fiev eri t

\

eTre^etpei

ota

f/

Tot9 EXX?;yu,ei>09 'ApiareiBov \6yay eVo/etTO X^a^ TO %vy/j,a Tat9

eTrd^eiv

a9

JVM/JLTJP

Se teal Seivo-

yi>a)/JLrj

iretpv

TOI^

^Aa'iav

ev rfi EypcoTT?/ Se TOU 'ApiffreiBou /cat

yLtei/

t

ai/

rpv
rr)\itcovr(i)jf Bvvd/jiecov 1

44

(3ap/3dpq)

8e

KaTaK\ei(Tci)/.iev et9 icaraa-rriafOfjiev et9 dvdytcrjv VTTO Beovs ,

Scjy^TrjTi rf?

tcvpiov,

ovfceri

Fuhr and Blass with S

:

avBpa

Ka0ij/M

120

THEMISTOCLES,

xv.

i

-xvi. 2

shapes of armed men coming from Aegina with their hands stretched out to protect the Hellenic triremes. These, they conjectured, were the Aeacidae, who had been prayerfully invoked before the battle to

come

to their aid. 1

Now

the first man to capture an enemy's ship was Lycomedes, an Athenian captain, who cut off its figure-head and dedicated it to Apollo the Laurelbearer at Phlya. Then the rest, put on an equality in numbers with their foes, because the Barbarians had to attack them by detachments in the narrow strait and so ran foul of one another, routed them, though they resisted till the evening drew on, and thus " bore away," as Simonides says, 2 " that fair and notorious victory, than which no more brilliant exploit was ever performed upon the sea, either by

Hellenes or Barbarians, through the manly valour all who fought their ships, but through the clever judgment of Themistocles." XVI. After the sea-fight, Xerxes, still furious at his failure, undertook to carry moles out into the sea on which he could lead his infantry across to Salamis against the Hellenes, damming up the intervening But Themistocles, merely by way of soundstrait. ing Aristides, proposed, as though he were in earnest, to sail with the fleet to the Hellespont and break the span of boats there, "in order," said he, " that we may capture Asia in Europe." Aristides, however, was displeased with the scheme and said " Now indeed the Barbarian with whom we have fought consults his ease and pleasure, but should we shut up in Hellas and bring under fearful compulsion a man who is lord of such vast forces, he will

and common ardour of

:

1

Herod,

viii. 64.

a

Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Oraeci,

iii.*p. 423.

45

PLUTARCH'S LIVES (TKidBi

VTTO

Oedcrerai

^pvcrff

aXXa Travra

t

rrjv

ToX/ia>y KOI TTCLGIV

Bia rov KivBvvov eVayop^aWerat ra Trapei-

/3ou\ev(TTaL (3e\nov vTrep rwv o\cov " Bel ov rrjv ovaav ovv" etyrj, ^e<^vpav a) e/uteal

3

t

dvaipeiv, a\X' erepav, ettrep olov re, TTpo(TKaTa
r)/jid
K

TOV avOpwrrov

T^? EupcoTT^?. " et BOKCL ravra

"

o Hea/crTOAcXr?,

wpa GKOirev OTTCO?

4

tea /jn^avaaai Trvras a7raa77;cr6Ta rrjv ra^i(7rrjv etc

'Evret 5e ravra eSo^e, Tre/JLTrei riva TWV (3acn\iKWV evvov^wv ev rot? at'^/zaXajrot? dvevpwv, 'ApvaMiv oi>o/ua, (frpd^fiv /SaaiXel K6\evaas, on

rot?

"E*\\r)crt

fjiGi>

dvarr\lv

BeSoKrai rCo vavTLKct) Ke/cpaTTjTOV 'EXX^'crTro^roi' eVi TO

et?

ia KOL \veiv

Se TI-JV yetyvpav, Be/ucrro/cX/}? os /Sacr^Xew? Trapaivei (rirev&eiv rrjv

em

eavrov 6d\arrav fi7rotel

5

Tivas

teal TrepaiovcrOai, /ze^pi?

Siarpifias

eXXcret? TTo? T dfcovcras

TO??

Biwiv.

rav&

6

teal

Ara l

'AptcrTetSou

'jrepav ev

Hep^ou Svvd-

TlKaraiacrtv

et?

o\wv KivSyvov rcareffrrja'av. XVII. rioXewi^ fJLVOVvrr)V Alyivr)T&v

46

(f>r]<Tiv

'HpoSoTO?,

)

povr](Ti<;

e 7ro\\oaTrifjLopi(p T/}?

Biayo0vi(rdfjLvoi

crai

avro? KOL

ffVfjLfJid^oi^

@ep,iaroK\el

Be,

TOV Trept apicrrev-

Kaijrep

THEMISTOCLES,

xvi.

2-xvn.

i

sit under a golden parasol to view the spectacle of the battle at his ease, but he will dare all things, and, superintending everything in person, because of his peril, will rectify his previous remissness and take better counsel for the highest issues thus at stake. We must not, then," said he, " tear down the bridge that is already there, Themistocles, nay rather, we must build another alongside it, if that be possible, and cast the fellow out of Europe " " if in a hurry." Well, then," said Themistocles, that is what is thought for the best, it is high time for us all to be studying and inventing a way to get him out of Hellas by the speediest route." As soon as this policy had been adopted, he sent a certain royal eunuch whom he discovered among the prisoners of war, by name Arnaces, with orders to tell the King that the Hellenes had decided, since their fleet now controlled the sea, to sail up into the

no longer

Hellespont, where the strait was spanned, and but that Themistocles, out of destroy the bridge regard for the King, urged him to hasten into home waters and fetch his forces across he himself, he said, would cause the allies ail sorts of delays and postponements in their pursuit. No sooner did the Barbarian hear this than he was seized with ex;

;

ceeding fear and speedily began his retreat. This thoughtful prudence on the part of Themistocles and Aristides was afterwards justified by the campaign with Mardonius, since, although they fought at Plataea with the merest fraction of the armies of Xerxes, they yet staked their all upon tiie issue. XVII. Among the cities, now, Herodotus 1 says that Aegina bore away the prize of valour; but 1

viii. 93.

47

PLUTARCH'S LIVES VTTO

d/covT<}

ov

TO


errel

yap

airo TOV

TI~}V

{3ri)fjiov

irpwrov AaKG^ai/JLOVLOL

KciTayayovTes

fyrffyov

aTreBocrav

^(f eavrbv

8*

a-iri-

ejuucrTO-

Trjv ^rrdpTrjv CLVTOV

et?

]&vpv/3itio'r)

TOV

els

efyepov ol

eavTov

eVacrro?

fiev

fyaivev dpeTr), SevTepov Be

K\a.

7rpa)Teiov

dva%aypijcravT6s

JJLCV

efceivw

dvSpeias,

oroifiias dpiarelov eBo&av 6a\\ov teal TWV Kara T^V 7ro\tv dp/jLaTwv TO e&wpi]<javTQ KOI TpiaKoalovs TWV vewv

Be

TWV

2 a%/3t

Tia)v

et?

opwv TWV

\eyerai S' Kal irapeX-

avve};7re/j,"(lrav.

dyofj,eva)v

ej;f)s

TO (TTaBiov TOV

a

e^ucrro/eXecf?,

TWV awviGT&v TOL?

o~avTa<;

rjfiepav eicelvov

OeacrOaL

KOI

rot? t~evois e

Kvvew a/na Oavfjbd^ovTas KOI

fCpOTovi'Tas, wcrre

TT/OO?

TOV

Kapirov

aircrew

XVIII. Kal yap el Bel TeK/jbalpecrOaL

TWV

rjv

Bta

yap vavapy^os OVT6 TCOV IBitOV OVTe TWV atpeOels

r

(v

TT}?

Ty TCOI/

VTTO

d TT)?

TroXew?

ovBev

KOil'WV KCLTCL

1 TO eirave/Sd^XeTO KaO* fjv eKTr\elv ef 6/uLOV TroXXa TrpaTTwv irpdy^aTa KOI nravTOdv9p(d7rois 6/>uXwy /te^ya? elvai Bo/cfj Kal

fiaTL^ev, 6t?

virep

aXX'

TIJV rjfjiepav eKeivrjv,

Bvvao-0at. '

fTrave0ii\\fTO

every duty.

48

Fuhr and Bla83 with Fa S

:

aXAck

-rrav

THEMISTOCLES, among

individuals, all

xvn. i-xvm.

i

virtually awarded the first their envy made them

place to Themistocles, though unwilling to do this directly. withdrew to the Isthmus and question, taking their ballots

For when the generals solemnly voted on this from the very altar of the god there, each one declared for himself as first in valour, but for Themistocles as second after himThen the Lacedaemonians brought him down self. to Sparta, and while they gave Eurybiades the prize for valour, to him they gave one for wisdom, a crown of olive in each case, and they presented him with the best chariot there was in the city, and sent three hundred picked youth along with him to

And it is said serve as his escort to the boundary. that when the next Olympic festival was celebrated, and Themistocles entered the stadium, the audience neglected the contestants all day long to gaze on him, and pointed him out with admiring applause to visiting strangers, so that he too was delighted, and confessed to his friends that he was now reaping in full measure the harvest of his toils in behalf of Hellas.

XVIII.

And

sayings

indeed he was by nature very fond

we may judge from his memorable and doings. When, for example, the city

of honour,

if

had chosen him

to be admiral,

he would not perform

any public or private business at its proper time, but would postpone the immediate duty to the day on which he was to set sail, in order that then, because he did many things all at once and had meetings with all sorts of men, he might be thought to be some great personage and very powerful.

49

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 2

Be

T(Sz>

rrapd

TOU?

vefcpwv

ical

7rt
eKTrecrovras

6d\arrav,

rrjv

elBe

to?

TrepifeeifjLevovs

auras

arpeTrrovs,

pep elrrev 12

av yap OVK

cravrw'

el '

Se riz'a rayv Ka\cov ryeyovvT&v,

TT/JO?

avrta Ke^prj^evov TTporepov, vcrrepov

V7repr)(f)dv(o<;

Be QepaTrevoina Sia

" otye

r^v &oav, "*fl

d^orepoL

fAev,

S'

apa vovv

e\eye Be TOL? 'AOrjvaiovs ov rifiav avrbv ouBe 0avfj,deiv, aXX' coairep TrXardvq)

l

avrovs

yevofjLevrjs

Be %epi(f)Lov 7T/30?

Bo^av,

ri\\6iv

avrbv

d\\a Bia V a\\ ovr

ri-jv *

r'-\-\

^

enrev,

teal

etTro^TO?,

8t*

avrbv

7r6\iv,

av

>

ovre av

'Erepou 6e nvos rwv crrpari^Gyv,

4

TOV

K0\oveiv.

w? ou

co?

eBo^e TI

XptftTifJLOV BiaTreTTpaxGai ry TroXet, Opacrvvofjievov TOV @e/JLL(TroK\a xal ra? eavrov rat? TT/OO?

etceivov

eoprfj

irpd^eo'iv

dcr^oXicov re avry Be Trdvres /jLv

(rjjLV(i)v

elirelv \


5

/t?)

50

dvrnrapajBdkXovros,

rqv vcrrepaiav

e pier at

fjLe&rrj

/cat

ry

ecfrr)

a>?

\eyoucrav,

e/ceiwj

ev

ecrriv,

KOTrwBrjs

rwv Trapeafcevaeoprrjv Trpo? ravr

diro\avovtji

a"%o\d^ovre$' "

rrjv 5'

'A\?7^r} Xeyet?* aXX' C/JLOV pr) yevo/Aevr)?

A

OVK av

*/l'f' xa^ov

'

*

tjcrua'

yevofiei'ov, irov

av

fjre

roivvv,

vvv

u/itet?;"

v

i

etprj,

it

'

rare

rov Se vlbv

THEMISTOCLES,

xvai. 2-5

Surveying once the dead bodies of the Barbarians which had been cast up along the sea, he saw that they were decked with golden bracelets and collars, and yet passed on by them himself, while to a friend who followed he pointed them out and said " Help Again, to one thyself, thou art riot Themistocles." who had once been a beauty, Antiphates, and who had at that time treated him disdainfully, but afterwards courted him because of the reputation he had " " got, Young man," said he, 'tis late, 'tis true, but both of us have come to our senses." Also he used to say of the Athenians that they did not really honour and admire him for himself, but treated him for all the world like a plane-tree, running under his branches for shelter when it stormed, but when they had fair weather all about them, plucking and And when he was told by the docking him. Seriphian that it was not due to himself that he had " True," said he, got reputation, but to his city, " but neither should I, had I been a Seriphian, have achieved reputation, nor wouldst thou, hadst thou been an Athenian." Again, when one of his fellow-generals who thought he had done some vast service to the city, grew bold with Themistocles, and began to compare his own services with his, " With the Festival -day," said he, " the Day After once began a contention, saying ' Thou art full of occupations and wearisome, but when I come, all enjoy at their leisure what has to which the been richly provided beforehand ' True, but had I not come Festival-day replied So now," said he, first, thou hadst not come at all.' t( had I not come at that day of Salamis, where would " Of his son, who thou and thy colleagues be now ? :

:

'

;

:

5'

PLUTARCH'S LIVES evrpv
TTTWV

e\eye

TO49

avrw

yap "Fj\\

i^ev

B'

avrov, avrw Be KIVOV.

elvai ^copiov

on

Tiv,

efceivrjv

ir\elcrTov

/cal

exeivov

Trnrpda'Kfov

/JLCV

e/c\V

/crjpvr-

^prjcnov e^et* rcov Be dvyarepa TOV eTnei/cf) TOV

yeirova

avrov

p-vw/Jiivfcv

ri]V

rrjv

7T\ovaiov Trpofcpivas v fj,a\\ov

r)

tyrelv civBpa xprj/naTWV ev ^ikv ovv ^prj/jiara dvBpos. (f>rj

aTTOejiacri TOIOVTOS XIX. Yevopevos 8' CLTTO row Trpd^ewv

rot?

vOvs 67r%eLp6i ,

o>?

fjiev

TTJV

iroKw

Icrropel

eoTroyu-Tro?,

evavTLwOrjvai TOV? e^opovs, irapaKpovGd/Jievos.

ovo^a

\ovvrwv

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/J,ei>

Tft)

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Be /3ov\6/jievo<;

01 y

'E/c

01

e/5

%pOVOV

eTTt ircf

K T??

avi avTOV TOU?

virdp^eiv Tot? 'A^/^i^atot?.

yap

S'


Trpea-fieias eTT^/patydfievos' ey/ca-

Tlo\vdp-^ov Karrfyopovvros % Alytvrj? aTTocrraXez'TO?, rjpvelro KOL

afJLa

&>?

TWV ^Trapnarcov, on rei^i^ovcn TO

Kal

aarv, 2

&

eiceivwv

dvoi/coBo/jieiv teal

TO

o Kal
OVK rfiiK^aav dXX* a8?;X&>9 ^aXeTratVoi/re? direTrefJi-fyav. Be TOVTOV TOV Heipaia Kareo-Keva^e, Tr)v KaKe^ai/JboviOi,

ev
d\rj0e<;

THEMISTOCLES, lorded

it

xvm. f-xix.

2

over his mother, and through her over

himself, he said, jestingly, that the boy was the powerful of all the Hellenes; for the Hellenes

most were commanded by the Athenians, the Athenians by himself, himself by the boy's mother, and the mother by her boy. Again, with the desire to be somewhat when he offered a peculiar in all that he did, certain estate for sale, he bade proclamation to be made that it had an excellent neighbour into the Of two suitors for his daughter's hand, he bargain. chose the likely man in preference to the rich man, saying that he wanted a man without money rather than money without a man. Such were his striking sayings.

XIX. After the great achievements now described, he straightway undertook to rebuild and fortify the as Theopompus relates, by bribing the city, Spartan Ephors not to oppose the project but as He came the majority say, by hoodwinking them. with this object to Sparta, ostensibly on an embassy, and when the Spartans brought up the charge that the Athenians were fortifying their city, and Polyarch us was sent expressly from Aegina with the same accusation, he denied that it was so, and bade them send men to Athens to see for themselves, not for the only because this delay would secure time building of the wall, but also because he wished the Athenians to hold these envoys as hostages for his own person. And this was what actually happened. When the Lacedaemonians found out the truth they did him no harm, but concealed their displeasure and sent him away. After this he equipped the Piraeus, because he had noticed the favourable shape of its harbours, and ;

53

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TTjV

Tpotrov TWO. rot? 7raXaioLS /3a(Tt\vcri, 3

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TOV

SfjjJLOV

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vcrrepov

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54

KG\evbvT(s)v, KOLV t'/cct^o?

BoKi^ido'r}

TrepaL-

THEMISTOCLES,

xix.

2-xx 2

wished to attach the whole city to the sea thus in a certain manner counteracting the policies of the For they, as it is said, in ancient Athenian kings. their efforts to draw the citizens away from the sea and accustom them to live not by navigation but by agriculture, disseminated the story about Athena, ;

how when Poseidon was contending with her

for

possession of the country, she displayed the sacred olive-tree of the Acropolis to the judges, and so won the day. But Themistocles did not, as Aristophanes * the comic poet says, " knead the Piraeus on to the city," nay, he fastened the city to the Piraeus, and the land to the sea. And so it was that he increased the privileges of the common people as

against the nobles, and filled them with boldness, since the controlling power came now into the hands of skippers and boatswains and pilots. Therefore it was, too, that the bema in Pnyx, which had stood so as to look off toward the sea, was afterwards turned by the thirty tyrants so as to look inland, because they thought that maritime empire was the mother of democracy, and that oligarchy was less distasteful to tillers of the soil. XX. But Themistocles cherished yet greater deWhen signs even for securing the naval supremacy. the fleet of the Hellenes, after the departure of

Xerxes, had put in at Pagasae and was wintering made a harangue before the Athenians, in which he said that he had a certain scheme in mind which would be useful and salutary for them, but which could not be broached in public. So the

there, he

Athenians bade him impart it to Aristides alone, and if he should approve of it, to put it into execution. 1

VOL. n.

Knights, 815. r.

55

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Viv, 6 fAv Be/uo-roA-X?}? (>pa(r TM TO vewpiov e/47r/9>}crat StavoelaOaL TWV o

3'

'Ay9t
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TOV MT/SOU 7ro\e9,

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Bib /cat rov Kifjb&va

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rou

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re ra? vr}(rov<$ KOI ola /cat TT/OO? *AvS/otou9


56

apyvpiov

etVeti/ re

&vo yap rfKeiv Oeovs acrav elvai .

t)

avTov 'HyooSoro?

KOfjL

/cat

/cat

THEMISTOCLES,

xx. 2-xxi.

i

Themistocles accordingly told Aristides that he where it purposed to burn the fleet of the Hellenes but Aristides addressed the people, and said of lay the scheme which Themistocles purposed to carry out, that none could be either more advantageous or The Athenians therefore ordered more iniquitous. Themistocles to give it up. At the Amphictyonic or Holy Alliance conventions, the Lacedaemonians introduced motions that all cities be excluded from the Alliance which had not taken part in fighting against the Mede. So Themistocles, fearing lest, if they should succeed in excluding the Thessalians and the Argives and the Thebans too from the convention, they would control ;

the votes completely and carry through their own wishes, spoke in behalf of the protesting cities, and changed the sentiments of the delegates by showing that only thirty-one cities had taken part in the war, and that the most of these were altogether small ; it would be intolerable, then, if the rest of Hellas

should be excluded and the convention be at the mercy of the two or three largest cities. It was for this reason particularly that he became obnoxious to the Lacedaemonians, and they therefore tried to advance Cimon in public favour, making him the political rival of Themistocles. XXI. He made himself hateful to the allies also, exact sailing round to the islands and trying to

by

money from them. When, for instance, he demanded money of the Andrians, Herodotus says he made a speech to them and got reply as follows he said he 1

:

came escorting two gods, Persuasion and Compulsion and they replied that they already had two great ;

riii.

111.

57

PLUTARCH'S LIVES aurot? $eoi/9 /neyd\ov<; $vo, Tleviav 2

wv Kw\vea6ai

v<j)

8'

'Airopiav,

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iritcporepov

rov

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avrov Se %evov ovra

Ka,Te\Oelv,

teal

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fievov &i dpyvpiov.

real

co?

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\eyet, 8' OI/TCO?'

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f)

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f)

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*

avbp* lepav air KQavav eXOeiv eva \(pa~Tov eVel a TO),

A

3

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09

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/n,d\\oi>

/te^^rat /xera

THEMISTOCLES,

xxi.

1-4

gods, Penury and Powerlessness, who hindered them from giving him money. Timocreon, the lyric poet of Rhodes, assailed Themistocles very bitterly in a song, to the effect that for bribes he had secured the restoration of other exiles, but had abandoned him, though a host and a friend, and all for money. The song runs

thus l

:

"Come,

if

thou

Pausanias,

praisest

or

if

Xan-

thippus, Or if Leotychidas, then I shall praise Aristides, The one best man of all Who came from sacred Athens ; since Leto loathes Themistocles,

"The

liar,

cheat, and traitor, who, though Timocreon

was

his host,

By knavish moneys was induced not him back

to bring

Into his native lalysus, But took three talents of silver and went cruising off,

"

to perdition,

Restoring some exiles unjustly, chasing some away, and slaying some, Gorged with moneys yet at the Isthmus he ;

played ridiculous host with the stale meats set before his guests ' no ate thereof and prayed Heaven return of the day for Themistocles ;

Who

happy

'

!

Much more wanton and extravagant was the raillery which Timocreon indulged in against Themistocles 1 No attempt is made in the translations of Timocreon to imitate the metre of the original.

59

PLUTARCH'S LIVES avrov

rrjv fywyi-jv

fcal rqv KaraBiKrjv o ov ecrrtv

,

Moutra Tov&e rov /eXeo?

o

S*

rov

efJLiaToK\i)s airlav

eiroirjcrev et?

OVK apa

XXII.

e/Ai(rTOK\eov<s.

ecr^e

fjirjSi^etv,

co?

ravr

avrov Ti/AO/cpewv povvos MtfSoicriv 6p/cia-

\X* eVrt KO\\OI evrl KOI

ri

cVl

TipoKpewv

5 avyKaTa^rrifyLcraiJLZVov

ovv o

/ue

"EXXam?

OIKOS Kdi SlKCUOV.

O)?

\eyerai

av

Srj

iroinjpoi

OVK

eya)

fiova

aXXat aXco

TWV TTO\ITWV Sict TO
velv 7ySea>?

'

TroXXa/ft? f5 Trdor^ovre^; r)via&e Be TO vs TroXXoi)? /cat TO T?}? 'ApreyiiiSo? /epoi' elcrdfievos, rjv Trpocrrjyopevo-ev, a>? apLcrra 2 rff TroXei Kal TO?? "EXXT/crj /9oL'Xeuo"a ctei/o?, TrX^;/

crtoz^

tepov,

Se

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/cal

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60

ev

MeXtT?; TO ov vvv ra aw/jLara r&v davarovfjievwv ol KOI T0i>9 7rpo/3d\\ovcrt /cal ra i/jbdria T?}
KaOaipeOevrwv

THEMISTOCLES,

xxi.

4 -xxn.

2

after the latter's own exile and condemnation. Then he composed the song beginning "O Muse, grant that this song Be famed throughout all Hellas, As it is meet and just." :

It is said that

Timocreon was sent into

exile

on a

charge of Medising, and that Themistocles concurred in the vote of condemnation. Accordingly, when Themistocles also was accused of Medising, Timocreon composed these lines upon him :

alone, then, made compacts with the Medes, But there are other wretches too ; not I alone am

"Not Timocreon

brushless,

There are other foxes

too."

XXII. And at last, when even his fellow-citizens were led by their jealousy of his greatness to welcome such slanders against him, he was forced to allude to his own achievements when he addressed the Assembly, till he became tiresome thereby, and he once said to the malcontents " Why are ye vexed that the same men should often benefit you ? He offended the multitude also by building the temple of Artemis, whom he surnamed Aristoboule, or Best Counsellor, intimating thus that it was he who had given the best counsel to the city and to the Hellenes. This temple he established near his house in Melite, where now the public officers cast out the bodies of those who have been put to death, and carry forth the garments and the nooses of those who have dispatched themselves by hanging. :

'

A

portrait-statue

of

Themistocles

stood

in

this

61

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ev rS>

elfcoviov

fcal

rjfjbas'

vap

'ApiaroftovXr)? eri ov r^v ifrv%r]V /JLOVOV,

rrjs

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la)0(rav

&(T7rep 8vvd/j,ei

/3a/}66?

TT/JO? la-orrjra

AroXacri?

GLVCLI.

Os,

XXIII.

eh

.

jap OVK

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o e^o-

real

KOV-

rrjv

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TIJV

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rov /^arrtXea)? emSeiKvviJievos avr KOI Trapo^vvwv eVI TOU? EXX^^a? &>? Kal tt^aptcTToL'?. 6 Se TT)^ JJLCV 8erjcrLV d rov Tlaucraviov teal r^v Koivwviav oXfW9a7ret7ra.ro, ov&eva 5e TOU? Xo^ou? e^vejKev ovBe /careri]v 7rpaf;ii>, ei're iravaeo'OaL 1

ypd.fj./j.aTa

6a

Fuhr and Blass with F a S

:

TO

THEMISTOCLES,

xxn. 2-xxin. 2

temple of Arislohoule down to my time, from which he appears to have been a man not only of heroic but also of heroic presence. Well then, they visited him with ostracism, 1 curtailing his dignity and pre-eminence, as they were wont to do in the case of all whom they thought to have oppressive power, and to be incommensurate with true democratic equality. For ostracism was not a penalty, but a way of pacifying and alleviating that jealousy which delights to humble the eminent, breathing out its malice into spirit,

this disfranchisement.

XX 111. After he had been thus banished from the city, and while he was sojourning at Argos, circumstances connected with the death of Pausanias gave his enemies at Athens ground for proceeding The one who actually brought in the against him. indictment against him for treason was Leobotes the son of Alcmeon, of the deme Agraule, but the PauSpartans supported him in the accusation.

engaged in his grand scheme of kept it concealed from Thembut when he saw him thus banished from istocles his state and in great bitterness of spirit, he made bold to invite him into partnership in his own undertakings, showing him a letter he had received from the King, and inciting him against the Hellenes as Themistocles rejected a base and thankless people. the solicitation of Pausanias, and utterly refused the and yet he disclosed the proffered partnership propositions to no one, nor did he even give information of the treacherous scheme, because he expected either that Pausanias would give it up of his own

sanias,

while

treachery, at

first

;

;

1

About 472

B.O.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES aXXo>?

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avrov, ovo'evl

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rovrwv

el<;

dvevpeOeLcrai

crvv

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t

$

XXIV.

eKelvos

Kep/cvpav YipoaiffOojjiGvos SieTrepacrev, ovatjs av7U> Trpo? rrjv TTO\IV evepyecrias.

yap avrcov Kpni]?

etsr

TT/OO?

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n

1

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64

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no\e/j.iois 2

Fuhr and Blass with F a S Fuhr and Blass with S

avdyeiv

:

:

/cal

&yeiv.

THEMISTOCLES,

xxm.

2 -xxiv. 2

accord, or that in some other way he would be found out, since he was so irrationally grasping after such

strange and desperate objects. And so it was that, when Pausanias had been put to death, certain letters and documents regarding these matters were discovered which cast suspicion on Theinistocles. The Lacedaemonians cried him down, and his envious fellow-citizens denounced him, though he was not present to plead his cause, but defended himself in writing, making particular use of earlier accusations brought against him. Since he was once slanderously accused by his enemies before his fellow-citizens so he wrote, as one who ever sought to rule, but had no natural bent nor even the desire to be ruled, he could never have sold himself with Hellas to Barbarians, much less to

The people, however, were overpersuaded by his accusers, and sent men with orders to arrest him and bring him up in custody to stand trial foemen.

before a Congress of Hellenes. XXIV. But he heard of this in advance, and crossed over to Corcyra, where he had been recognized as a public benefactor of the city. For he had served as arbiter in a dispute between them and the Corinthians, and settled the quarrel by deciding that the Corinthians should pay an indemnity of twenty talents, and administer Leucas as a common colony of both cities. Thence he fled to Epirus, and

being pursued by theAthenians and Lacedaemonians, he threw himself upon grievous and desperate chances of escape by taking refuge with Admetus, who was king of the Molossians, and who, since he had once asked some favour of the Athenians and

PLUTARCH'S LIVES or

e/w
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rjtcfjLa^ev

el%ev avrov del KOI

opyijs

ev

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3

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66

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repa

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avr
rovs

'Acriav drrcipai.

Fuhr and Blass with S

:

THEiMISTOCLES,

xxiv.

2-4

had been insultingly refused it by Themistocles, then at the height of his political influence, was angry with him ever after, and made it plain that he would take vengeance on him if he caught him. But in the desperate fortune of that time Themistocles was more afraid of kindred and recent jealousy than of an anger that was of long standing and royal, and promptly cast himself upon the king's mercy, making himself the suppliant of Admetus in a way quite That is to say, he took peculiar and extraordinary. the young son of the king in his arms and threw hima form of supplication self down at the hearth which the Molossians regarded as most sacred, and as almost the only one that might not be refused. Some, it is true, say that it was Phthia, the wife of the king, who suggested this form of supplication to Themistocles, and that she seated her son on the hearth with him and certain others that Admetus himself, in order that he might give a religious sanction to the necessity that was upon him of not surrendering the man, arranged beforehand and solemnly rehearsed with him the supplication scene. Thither his wife and children were privily removed from Athens and sent to him by Epicrates of the deme Acharnae, who, for this deed, was afterwards convicted by Cimon and put to death, as Stesimbrotus relates. Then, somehow or other, Stesimbrotus forgets this, or makes Themistocles forget it, and says he sailed to Sicily and demanded from Hiero the tyrant the hand of his daughter in marriage, promising as an incentive that he would make the Hellenes subject to his sway but that Hiero re;

;

;

pulsed him, and so he set

sail for Asia.

67

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

XXV. Tavra e60/oacrro?

TOV

8'

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ev TOL<J Tlepl j3aori\das laropel

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,

VTTO

rore

o/3?7$et?

fcal

TO)

Kv(Bepvr]Trj,

KOI

a.7rei\Mv Kal \eycov, OTL fyevcroiTO Trpos TOU? re?,

aXXa

TroXXa

oi>TO)
fe>?

rwv

8e

TO

TO TrX^o?, TOV 'ETret

ra 8

KOI tcaTa-

OL'.V

dyvoovv-

'Vx^ ? avd\dfB>

avayKaaeie TrapaTrXevcrai

rail'

61?

XXVI.

KaTijyopiicroi,

8e

Xprj/JL

vTTKK\aTrevTa $ia

eVXet*

re

Seoyttei/o?,

fj,ev

'A^vatou?,

'ATta?.

T>}
/zey

Se

TWV

fyavepwv yevo/j-evcov

Srj/AOCTlOV

oi)8e

/cal

eOTTO/iTTO?

Tpiwv a^ia Ta\('ivT(ov

KaT7r\V(TV

y(T0TO TWV TOVTCLS avTov \aflelv, TroXXoi)?

TO,

xpri/jLacn TreiaQevTes ef

oiev avTov, 3 \aftecr6ai

TM

ava^ei^eiev eavTov

et?

KV/JLIJV

KCU

rrl

Oa\aTTr) Trapa^ 8e rou? yLtaX/crra

/tat Ilf^oSropoi; (?}i/ 7^/3 17 0>ipa TO KepSaiveiv airo Trai^ro? dyaTraicri, rot? ^?

68

THEMISTOCLES, XXV. But

it

is

xxv. i-xxvi.

i

not likely that this was /

so.

For

"

Theophrastus, in his work On Royalty/' tells how, when Hiero sent horses to compete at Olympia, and set up a sort of booth there with very costly decorations, Themistocles made a speech among the assembled Hellenes, urging them to tear down the booth of the tyrant and prevent his horses from

And Thucydides 1 says that he made across the country to the sea, and set sail

competing. his

way

from Pydna, no one of the passengers knowing who he was until, when the vessel had been carried by a storm to Naxos, to which the Athenians at that time were laying siege, 2 he was terrified, and disclosed himself to the master and the captain of the ship, and partly by entreaties, partly by threats, actually declaring that he would denounce and vilify them to the Athenians as having taken him on board at the start in no ignorance but under bribes, in this way compelled them to sail by and make the coast of Asia. Of his property, much was secretly abstracted for him by his friends and sent across the sea to Asia ; but the sum total of that which was brought to light and confiscated amounted to one

hundred talents, according to Theopompus, Theophrastus says eighty, and yet Themistocles did not possess the worth of three talents before he entered political life. XXVI. After landing at Cyme, and learning that many people on the coast were watching to seize him, and especially Ergoteles and Pythodorus, for the chase was a lucrative one to such as were fond of getting gain from any and every source, since 1

i.

137.

a

About 469

B.C.

69

PLUTARCH'S LIVES eTTLKeKrjpvyfjLGvwv avrca

raXavrMv

vrro

et? Alyds, KLO\LKOV etyvyev r jro\LO'/jidriov, VTTO TCCLVTWV dyvoovfievos ir\^v TOV %evov NiKoyevovs, o? AioXeroz; 7r\LO'Tr]v ovalav

TOV

/3acri\e&>?),

K6KTrjTO KCU TOt? CLVW 2 Trapa TOVTM Kpvn"TofJLevos ^/jiepa^ o\iyas " elra yuera TO SeiTrvov etc Overlap r/i/o? o TWV reicvwv TOV NiKoyevovs TraiBaywyos tc
OeotyoprjTOS dvetywv^crev

TaVTL'

NVKT! (wvv, VVKT\ ftovXjV, VVKT\

Kal

fjL6Ta

TavTa

KOi/jLrjOels

6

e/Lticrro/cX?;?

ovap

eSo^ev ISelv Spd/covTa KCLTO, rr}? yao~Tpo<; avrov Trepie\iTTQ[Jivov KOI TCpocravkpTTOVTa TO) Tpa^rfkw* 3 yevo/jLevov

8'

CLCTOV,

w?

ijtyaTO

TOV 7rpo(rwTTov,

7T6pi/3a\6vTa ra? TTTepvyas e^apai KCU KO/^L^IV elra TIVOS 6&oi>, KrjpVKeiov y^pvcrov 7rl

TOVTOV

crrrja-ai

/3e/9atw?

avrov

KOI ra/ja^T;? a7ra\\ayevTa. Ile/jL7rTai 8* ovv VTTO TOV Nifcoyevov? /uncivil- 125 (ra/jievov TI Toiovo'e? TOV /3ap/3apiKOV yevovs TO TCO\V KOI p.d\io~Ta TO \\epcnKov et? %r)\oTVTriav TTJV Trepl ra? yvvcuKas aypiov fyvcrei KCU ^a\eTr6v eaTiv. ov yap fjiovov ra? ya/jLerds, d\\a KCU ra? Setyu-aro?

4

ical

Trara
co?

VTTO yu.^SeJ'o? &iaiTCiO~6cU

OLKOi

ev B

rat? o&onropiats vrro a-K^va^ KVK\O)

JJLtV

avf(f>u>vr)fftv tv ^fTpy Fuhr and Blass a TQiAvbe Fuhr and Blasa with fj.(Tp(p. 1

70

opaadai fCaraKK\LO~-

ttXX'

with S

F aS

:

THEMISTOCLES,

xxvi.

1-4

talents had been publicly set upon his head by the King, he fled to Aegae, a little Aeolic Here no one knew him except his host citadel. Nicogenes, the wealthiest man in Aeolia, and well

two hundred

With acquainted with the magnates of the interior. him he remained in hiding for a few days. During this time, after the dinner which followed a certain sacrifice, Olbius, the paedagogue of the children of Nicogenes, becoming rapt and inspired, lifted voice and uttered the following verse

up

his

:

"

Night

shall speak,

and night instruct thee, night

shall give thee victory."

And

the night that followed, Themistocles, as bed, thought he saw in a dream that a serpent wound itself along over his body and crept up to his neck, then became an eagle as soon as it touched his face, enveloped him with its wings and lifted him on high and bore him a long distance, when there appeared as it were a golden herald's wand, on which it set him securely down, freed from helpless terror and distress. However that may be, he was sent on his way by who devised the following scheme for his Nicojrenes, O Most barbarous nations, and the Persians in safety. particular, are savage and harsh in their jealous Not only their watchfulness over their women. wedded wives, but also their boughten slaves and concubines are strictly guarded, so that they are seen by no outsiders, but live at home in complete seclusion, and even on their journeys are carried in tents closely hung round about with curtains and set

he

in

lay in

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rwv

errl

roiavrr)?

/caraSt'?

aTrrjvr]?

Kcnaa-

rwv

rrepl

avrov del

Trvv0avo/j,evoi<>

\eybvrwv,

e/co/jLi^ero,

roi$ evrvy^dvovcn Kal

on

dpfia/jiatfwv b

fjLiaroK\6i

rrp

'

yvvaiov 'EXXyviKov ayov&iv air

TLVCL

TMV eVt Ovpais

XXVII.

ovKv$i8r]s

ovv

JJL&V

Kal

Xapwi/

o

Aa/jLtyaKrjvos icnopovcn Tedi'Tj/coros He/^cu TOP vlov avrov TOJ jjLi
xal 'HpaK'h.ei&rjs,

avrov

d(j)(,Ke(T0ai

eri,

S'

a'XXot

TOV ^ep^rjv.

TrXe/oi^e?,

TT/OO?

roi? Se xpoviKols

SoKei /jictXXov 6 ov/cuStSry? crv^epeffdaL, Kaircep avrols drpe/jia (rvvrarro/j.evoi<;. 6 5' ovv

2 ovo*

1

@fjiLcr"TOK\ri^

vrvy%dvet,

yevofievos

avrb

Trap

'Apraftdvw

irpcorov

rb

Seivbv

rq>

f

\eywv, 'Et\\r]v

[lev

elvai, /3ov\ecrQat,

(Bacn\el rrepl /jieyia-rwv Trpay/jbdrutv Kal fjLa\iara

cnrovSdfav

d\\a & aXXoi? Ka\d' Ka\bv 3 KocrfAiv

Kal

(Tdo^eiv.

u/j,a?

eKeivos.

$e Trdai fjiev

ovv

TT/JO?

a

b

Se

rd \ev6epiav

fjidXiara 0avjj,deiv Kal Icrbrrjra \6yos' rjfjLiv Be 7ro\\a)v vbfJiwv Kal Ka\wv ovrwv Ka\\,icrro<; ouro? rifjidv /Sacr^Xea, Kal rrpoaKVvelv &)? eiKova 6eov rov rd rrdvra crw^oi/ro?. el fJiev ovv erraivwv ra t'jjaerepa TrpoaKWijcreis, e<m aoi Kal Oedcra&Oai ecrrt,,

Kal Trpoo-enreiv 72

el

S*

aXXo

rt,

THEMISTOCLES,

xxvi.

upon four-wheeled waggons.

4-xxvn. 3

Such a vehicle was

made ready for Themistocles, and safely ensconced in this he made his journey, while his attendants replied in every case to those who met them with enquiries, that they were conducting a Hellenic woman, fair but

frail,

to

one of the King's

courtiers.

XXVII. NowThucydides 1 and Charon of Lam psacus Xerxes was dead, and that it was his son Artaxerxes with whom Themistocles had his interview but Ephorus and Dinon and Clitarchus and Heracleides and yet more besides have it that it was Xerxes to whom he came. With the chronological data Thucydides seems to me more in accord, although these are by no means securely established. Be that as it may, Themistocles, thus at the threshold of the dreadful ordeal, had audience first with Artabanus the Chiliarch, or Grand Vizier, and said that he was a Hellene, and that he desired to have an audience with the King on matters which were of the highest importance and for which the monarch entertained the most lively concern. " O Stranger, Whereupon the Chiliarch replied different differ customs men's people honour different practices but all honour the exaltation and maintenance of their own peculiar ways. Now you Hellenes are said to admire liberty and equality above all things but in our eyes, among many failcustoms, this is the fairest of all, to honour the King, and to pay obeisance to him as the image of that god who is the preserver of all things. If, then, thou approvest our practice and wilt pay obeisance, it is in thy power to behold and address the Kin<j but if thou art otherwise minded, it will be needful relate that

;

:

;

;

;

;

1

L

137.

73

PLUTARCH'S LIVES dyye\oi$ 4

Xpfov

erepois

avrov.

T/&0S

jap ov rrdrpiov dvopos aKpoaaOai fir) crai/ro?." ravra 6 ("Je/ucrro/cX?}? aKovaas \eyei " 'AXX' eywye rrjv /3ao-Xe&>?, co 7T/OO? avrov' 'A/ora/3ai>e, (frrj^v Kal Bvva/j,iv

KOI

auro? re

7rel 6eu> TO) Si' e/^6

vfjierepois

ovrw So/eel, TWV vvv fSacn\ea TTpoaKwi^Qvaiv.

/j.eya\vvovTi Tlepcras

TrXeto^e?

&are rovro

av^^crwv

TO??

irelaofjiai

e/mirobcov ecrrco roi? Xoyot?, ou?

/jnjbev

" TtVa

5 j3ov\o/jLai, Trpo? e/CLvov etVeti/."

o

?&)^

)Ta/a^o?,

yap

l&icoTr)

civ"

S'

ov

ere ()wjt,ev;

Kal

eot/ca?."

yvwprjv

rrjv

"Tour* ovKer

aai

6

" Trvdoiro

etyrj,

T/?,

'Aprdftave, irporepo^ /?ao"tXe'a>?." '

Ovro)

/Jiev

6

Qavias

fyvjcriv.

o 6'

e^ rot? Ilept TT\OVTOV Trpocria-ropijae, Sta

^f o ^tXtap^o? el^e, TW /uu
'E/oerpt/CT}?,

rrjv TT/OO?

XXVIII. Kal

TW
o

rov

f

TOU

aiwirfj,

/3ao-fc\e
*

epwrrjcravros,

e/xtcrro^Xr}?

TT^OO?

o

fBacn\ea

rrpoo-rd^avros

epfOTrjarai,

/

/

epjjLrjvews

/SacrtXeO,

o5z/ elcnj-^Orj

eo~rrj

TrpocrKWijcras epjmrjveL

\

/cat

8*

'E-Tret

eurrev

Tt? ecrrt, ftf/TT

^A.Orjva'io*;

kiKO) eyoo

S^w^^et?, c5 TroXXa yu,*> vrXetw Se dyaOa KW\VKaKa, Tlepaai 6(j)L\ov<7L rrjv 8icoiv, ore rr}? 'EXXaSo? eV a vyas

u<* 'EXX^o)^

rrapea^e ra O'LKOL Kal tyuv. e/w.ol /^.ev oui^ rrdvra rrpirrovra ra??

yevofj.evr]<$

2

rt,

74

THEMISTOCLES,

xxvn. 3-xxvm.

2

thee to employ messengers to him in thy stead, it is not a custom of this country that the King give ear to a man who has not paid him obeisance." When Themistocles heard this, he said to him : " Nay, but 1 am come, Artabanus, to augment the King's fame and power, and I will not only myself observe your customs, since such is tlje pleasure of the god who exalts the Persians, but I will induce more men than do so now to pay obeisance to the King. Therefore let this matter by no means stand in the way of the words I wish to speak to him." " And what " shall I Hellene," said Artabanus, say thou art who hast thus come ? Verily, thou dost not seem to be a man of ordinary understanding." And Themistocles said " This, Artabanus, no one may learn before the King." So indeed Phanias says, and Eratosthenes, in his book " On Wealth," adds the statement that it was through a woman of Eretria, whom the Chiliarch had to wife, that Themistocles obtained interview and conference with him. XXVIII. That may or may not be so. But when he was led into the presence of the King and had for for

:

made him

obeisance, and was standing in silence, the King ordered the interpreter to ask him who he " I was, and, on the interpreter's asking, he said who thus come to thee, O King, am Themistocles the Athenian, an exile, pursued by the Hellenes; and to me the Persians are indebted for many ills, but for more blessings, since I hindered the pursuit of the Hellenes, at a time when Hellas was brought into safety, and the salvation of my own home gave me an opportunity for showing some favour also to Now, therefore, I may look for any sequel to you. :

75

PLUTARCH'S LIVES fjify

opals

o^aadai /jievov

real

KOI

TrapaireiaOai /jLvrjari/caKovvros opyr/v

Be TO 1/9

(7V

eo~ri,

re ^dpiv evuevws oia\\arro-

e'yU-Ol"?

evepy&r^aa

G^dpOV^ fudprvpa? 6efJLVO<$ 0)V vvv drro^prio-ai rals e^iais

Ilepcra?,

aperrjs

eTriBeifyv

7T/005

opyrjs.

JJLCL\\OV

crcoo-ei? [lev

3 aTToXet? S' 'EXX?;fa)z/ 7roXe'//.OZ> yevo/ievov" o

eTredeiacre ra>

e/Lii<7TOK\rj$

TT/OO?

r)

jap iKer^v

Xoyw

crov,

raOr' 12 Trpocr-

ifeoyevovs, KCU TO

ev

rov kw^wvalov Ato?, 7T/30?

TOV

yap

efcdrov

d/jL(j)OTpov<j elvai

'A/coucra?

5'

o

icplvaro, Kairrep

avrov"

4 r6\fjiav

eavroVy del

&>?

rol<;

re

ical \eyecrflai

Ilepcrr;?,

e/ceivtp

Qav^daa^ ro

fj-ev

ovBev dire-

^povr^fjia

/cal

fjbaKapicras Be Trpo?

eV* evrv^ia /jLeyLary, KOI

vroXe/^/oi?

J

0OV

TOl)

O^WW/JLOV 7T/90?

roiavras (ppevas Bibovai rov rovs dpiarow? e eav-

A.pifJidvLOV, OTTO)? e\avv(t)crt,

Ovaai re rot? 6eol<; \eyerat /cal ?rpo? Trocnv evOvs rpaTrecrOai KOI vvicrwp viro ^apa? Bid /jieacov rwv VTTVCOV /3of)(rai rpiv "'E^a) e/jii(7TOK\ea rov rcov,

XXIX.

"A/xa 8' rj/jiepa a-vyKd\eaa eojpa povros avrov, ^aXeTrca? BiaKi/j,evovs 1 ov5b Fuhr and Blass with F a S :

/cal

rca-

THEMISTOCLES,

xxvm. 2-xxix.

i

represent calamities, and I come prepared to the favour of one who benevolently offers reconciliation, or to deprecate the anger of one who But do cherishes the remembrance of injuries. thou take my foes to witness for the good I wrought the Persians, and now use my misfortunes for the for the satisfaction display of thy virtue rather than For it is a suppliant of thine whom of thine anger. thou wilt save, but an enemy of the Hellenes whom thou wilt destroy." After these words Themistocles

my

ceive

spoke of divine portents in his favour, enlarging upon the vision which he saw at the house of

how Nicogenes, and the oracle of Dodonaean Zeus, it to proceed to the namesake of the god, he had concluded that he was " Great thereby sent to him, since both were actually addressed. Kings," and were so On hearing this the Persian made no direct reply to him, although struck with admiration at the boldness of his spirit but in converse with his friends it is said that he congratulated himself over what he when he was bidden by

;

called the greatest good fortune, and prayed Arimanius ever to give his enemies such minds as to drive their best men away from them ; and then sacrificed betook himself to his and to the

straightway gods, midst of his slumbers, cups and in the night, in the " I have Themistocles for very joy called out thrice the Athenian." XXIX. At daybreak he called his friends together and bade Themistocles to be introduced, who because he saw that expected no favourable outcome, the guards at the gates, when they learned the name of him who was going in, were bitterly disposed and ;

:

77

PLUTARCH'S LIVES r

eri Se

avrov rV

fcal

ra)i>

elirev

crrevd^a? 2 /3a
aXX*

Pwavr<;

o

iXia-o^,

&>
/car

o

ere

a\\cov GiwTrwvrtov, 6

""O(/>t? "Et\\r)v

drpe/j,a o

Troj/aXo?,

ov n/r}v Sevpo tfyayev" eXOovros avrov KOL iraKiv irpocracnraaafjievo^ KOL irpocreiTrtov (f)i\oSat/jLcov

et9 o^jnv

o /3aai\ev<;,ijSii

TaKawra

o<j)eL\eiv

pev

efyrjvev

/co/jLLcravra

jap

avrw CLVTQV

a

7TLKr}pv^Oev TW ayayovri,' &) Se Tr\elw TOVTOJV VTricr^velro KOI Trapeddppvve KCU \eyeiv e&LSov Trepl TWV 'EXXr^j/i/cwz/, a to)?

3

TO

'O 8e e/xtcrTO/cX^? aTreKpivaro, TOP \6yov e vai rov dvQpa)7rov rot? TTOIKI\OL<; crTpoojjiaa'iv yap e/celva KCU TOVTOV KT6iv6jj,6vov JJLCV (T0ai TO,

i$r),

(TV(TTe\\OfJL6VOV Se KpVTTTeiV KOI

fyOetpetv oOev

rov

avrw ^povov

SCLV.

eVet Be, ^

eiKaala KCU \ap,j3dveiv eviavTov alrrja-d /JLCVOS KOI rrjv YlepauSa

/3a,(TXe'&>?

4
009

5t*

rfj

av-Tov, rot?

TCOV

fjiev

R\\rjviKcov

e/cro?

86av

Trpayfidrcov

&iei,\)(6ai,, 7ru\\(i)V Be fcatvorojjiovfjievw Trepl Tr)V av\i/v TGI/?
Kdipw, davov ecr%6 Trapa rot? SuvaroLS, KCUT

d\\wv

co?

KOI

Trapp^cria xpij(raa6ai, vrpo? avrov ovbev yap r]crai> at ri/j,al ral<$ eoiKvlai t;ivwv, aXXa KOI tfvvrjyeaiwv nal rwv OLKOL biaTpiffuv, ware

etceivcav

THEMISTOCLES,

xxix. 1-4

And besides, Roxanes spoke insultingly to him. the Cliiliarch, when Themistocles came along opposite him, the King being seated and the rest hushed in " Thou subtle said in an angry undertone silence, serpent of Hellas, the King's good genius hath brought thee hither." However, when he had come into the King's presence, and had once more paid him obeisance, the King welcomed him and spake him kindly, and said he already owed him two hundred talents, for since he had delivered himself up it was only just that he himself should receive the reward proclaimed for his captor. And he promised him much more besides, and bade him take heart, and gave him leave to say whatever he wished concerning the affairs of Hellas, with all frankness of speech. But Themistocles made answer that the speech of man was like embroidered tapestries, since like them this too had to be extended in order to display its patterns, but when it was rolled up it concealed and Wherefore he had need of time. distorted them. The King at once showed his pleasure at this comparison by bidding him take time, and so Themistocles asked for a year, and in that time he learned the Persian language sufficiently to have interviews with the King by himself without interpreters. Outsiders thought these conferences concerned Hellenic matters merely but since about that time many innovations were introduced by the King at court and among his favourites, the magnates became jealous of Themistocles, on the ground that he had made bold to use his freedom of speech with the King to their harm. For the honours he enjoyed were far beyond those paid to other foreigners nay, he actually took part in the King's hunts and in his household diver:

;

;

79

PLUTARCH'S LIVES KOI

fjLtjrpl rfj

aOai

$a<7Xeo>?

ekOelv KOI

ei? O^TLV

BiaKovffat

o~vv>t07]s,

Be


rcov fjLayitcwv eVel Be A?;-

real

5 \oyoiv rov /9acrtXea>? xeXevaavros. o ^rrapridrr)<$ aljrjaaaOai

Bcopedv K6\Kiiapiv, cbcrTrep ol elae\dcraL Sia

yrijcraro

TOV

TT)Z>

^no^ wv (3aan\ews " TT}? rta/oa? a^rdfjievo^'

elrre

rov

Avrrj

fjiev f)

ov eTTiKaXv^rei'
Xea>?

ejfce(f)a\ov,

'

KOI

BOKOVVTOS

drr

avrov,

o

fj,a\\ov

Be KOI TOU? vcrrepov al Tlep(Ti/cal rrpd^eis rat?

e/^tcrTOAcX*}?

ocra/ct?

dve/cpdOrjcrav,

KCII

7rayye\\(70ai, 7 ecroiTO Trap avry

eVetcre

Se^^et?

KOI

"

dvBpbs

E,\\rjvo
ypdtpeiv e/coo'Tov,

co? /JLCL^COV

BeijOeiev

1

avrov Be rov

e/i.tcrro/fXeoL'?.

efjiicrrofc\a (fraalv IjBr) ^eyav ovra KOL OeparrevoV7TO TroXXaiz/ Xa/ATT/ja? Trore rpaTretys avrw

"

1

'

'fl vrpos TOZ)? TratSa? eiTrelv fjieOa av, el fir) aTrwXo/AC^a." TroXet? 121 avrw rpels fj,ev ol irXeiaroi BoOijvat \eyova-iv dprov KOI olvov Kal o^rov, Mayvrjcriav KOL

/cov /cal

Mvovvra'

Bvo

S'

aXXa?

irpocrrl-

KvfyKrjvbs NedvO)]? Kal Kal Yla\ai(TKrj^riv et?

6

XXX. \ijviKas 1

80

aiTf

Kara/Baivovri, S' aurw eVl 6d\ar~rav

rrpd^ei'S

TraparefltiVij?

Bekker, Fuhr with

TT/QO?

ra?

Ylepa"r)
Fa S

:

EXdvrjp

THEMISTOCLES,

xxix. 4 -xxx

i

he even had access to the queenmother and became intimate with her, and at the sions, so far that

King's bidding heard expositions also of the Magian And when Demaratus the Spartan, being bidden to ask a gift, asked that he might ride in lore.

through Sardis, wearing his tiara upright after the manner of the Persian kings, Mithropaustes the King's cousin said, touching the tiara of Demaratus " This tiara of thine hath no brains to cover ; indeed state

:

thou wilt not be Zeus merely because thou graspest The King also repulsed Demaratus in anger at his request, and was minded to be inexorable towards him, and yet Themistocles begged arid obtained a reconciliation with him. the thunderbolt."

And it is said that later kings also, in whose reigns Persia and Hellas came into closer relations, as often as they asked for a Hellene to advise them, promised him

in writing, every one, that he should

than Themistocles.

influential at court

be more

And The-

mistocles himself, they say, now become great and courted by many, said to his children, when a " My children, splendid table was once set for him :

we should now have been undone, had we not been most writers say, and meat, namely and two others Magnesia, Lampsacus, and Myus are added by Neanthes of Cyzicus and by Phanias, these for his Percote and Palaescepsis namely bedding and raiment. XXX Now as he was going down to the sea on to deal with Hellenic affairs, a his commission

undone before." were given him

l

Three

cities, as

for bread, wine,

:

;

:

;

1

Thuc.

i.

13S.

81

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XXXI. 1

82

'II

Fuhr and Blass with F S il

Kw/xy

:

v6\ti city.

THEMISTOCLES,

xxx

j-xxxi.

i

Persian, Epixyes by name, satrap of Upper Phrygia, plotted against his life, having for a long time kept certain Pisiclians in readiness to slay him whenever he should reach the village called Lion's Head, and

take up his night's quarters there. But while Themistocles was asleep at midday before, it is said that the Mother of the Gods l appeared to him in a dream and " O said Themistocles, shun a head of lions, that And for this thou mayest not encounter a lion. service to thee, I demand of thee Mnesiptolema to Much disturbed, of course, be my handmaid." Themistocles, with a prayer of acknowledgment to the goddess, forsook the highway, made a circuit by another route, and passing by that place, at last, as night came on, took up his quarters. Now, since one of the beasts of burden which carried the equipage of his tent had fallen into the river, the servants of Themistocles hung up the :

curtains which had got wet, and were drying them The Pisidians, at this juncture, sword in hand, made their approach, and since they could not see distinctly by the light of the moon what it was that was being dried, they thought it was the tent of

out.

Themistocles, and that they would find him reposing But when they drew near and lifted up the inside. hanging, they were fallen upon by the guards and apprehended. Thus Themistocles escaped the peril, and because he was amazed at the epiphany of the goddess, he built a temple in Magnesia in honour of

Dindymene, and made

his

daughter Mnesiptolema

her priestess.

XXXI. When he had come

to Sardis

and was

1

Rhea, or Cvhele, Magna Mater, called also Dindymen^, from Mount Dindymon, in Phry^;a s

83

PLUTARCH'S LIVES dycov

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THEMISTOCLES,

xxxi.

1-3

viewing at his leisure the temples built there and the multitude of their dedicatory offerings, and saw in the temple of the Mother the so-called Watera maid in bronze, two cubits high, which he carrier, himself, when he was water commissioner at Athens, had caused to be made and dedicated from the fines he exacted of those whom he convicted of stealing and tapping the public water, whether it was because he felt some chagrin at the capture of the offering, or because he wished to show the Athenians what honour and power he had in the King's service, he addressed a proposition to the Lydian satrap and asked him to restore the maid to Athens. But the Barbarian was incensed and threatened to write a letter to the King about it whereat Themistocles was afraid, and so had recourse to the women's chambers, and, by winning the favour of the satrap's concubines with money, succeeded in assuagThereafter he behaved more circuming his anger. now even the jealousy of the Barfearing spectly, For he did not wander about over Asia, as barians. Theopompus says, but had a house in Magnesia, and gathered in large gifts, and was honoured like the noblest Persians, and so lived on for a long time without concern, because the King paid no heed at all to Hellenic affairs, owing to his occupation with ;

the state of the interior. But when Egypt revolted with Athenian aid, 1 and Hellenic triremes sailed up as far as Cyprus and Cilicia, and Cimon's mastery of the sea forced the King to resist the efforts of the Hellenes and to hinder their hostile growth and when at last forces began to be moved, and generals were ;

1

459 B.O.

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TroXu? Xoyo?, al/xa Tavpeiov ccfrifaepov Trpoaeveyev Mayvrjcria KaTecrTpe^re irevTe Trpbs rot? e^KOvra /3e/3t&)a;? ITT; /eat ra TrXetcrra TOUTCOZ^ ei^ TroXiretai? /cat r)y/j,ovLais. TTJV $ diTiav TOV Oavdrov Kal rbv Tporrov irvOofJ-evov /3acn\ea \eyovcnv ert f.taX\.ov Qav^daai TOV dvSpa teal rot? 0tXoi? avTov /cal ot/cetot? %p(t)fiei ov o

a>?

5'

evioi,

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,

XXXII. '

Au
raXXa

nXarwy 5'

/cai

6 0fXocro^>o? rL? 'nnrews dpia-Tov,

ovBevbs

diov yevo^evov

Fuhr and Blass with F a S ovS'

86

>
Blasa with F*S

:

:

/jivrj/jiovevei,.

Karefraivov

els

THEMISTOCLES,

xxxi.

3-xxxn.

i

despatched hither and thither, and messages came down to Themistoclcs saying that the King com-

make good

manded him

to

himself

the

his

promises by applying problem, then, neither embittered by anything like anger against his former fellow-citizens, nor lifted up by the great honour and power he was to have in the war, but possibly thinking his task not even approachable, both because Hellas had other great generals at the time, and to

especially because ful

for

Hellenic

Cimon was so marvellously

success-

campaigns yet most of all out of regard the reputation of his own achievements and the in his

;

that his trophies of those early days ; having decided best course was to put a fitting end to his life, he made a sacrifice to the gods, then called his friends together, gave them a farewell clasp of his

hand, and, as the current story goes, drank bull's blood, or as some say, took a quick poison, and so 1 died in Magnesia, in the sixty-fifth year of his life, most of which had been spent in political leaderon learning the cause ship. They say that the King, and the manner of his death, admired the man yet more, and continued to treat his friends and kindred with kindness. XXXII. Themistocles left three sons by Archippe, the daughter of Lysander, of the deme Alopece, namely Archeptolis, Polyeuctus and Cleophantus, the last of whom Plato the philosopher mentions 2 as a capital horseman, but good for nothing else. :

1

VOL.

Thuc. n.

i.

138.

e

J/eno, p. 93.

D

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rov

THEMISTOCLES,

xxxii.

1-4

One of his two oldest sons, Neocles, died in boyhood from the bite of a horse, and Diocles was He had adopted by his grandfather Lysander. several daughters, of whom Mnesiptolema, born of his second wife, became the wife of Archeptolis her half-brother, Italia of Panthoides the Chian, and Sybaris of Nicomedes the Athenian. Nicomache was given in marriage by her brothers to Phrasicles, the nephew of Themistocles, who sailed to Magnesia after his uncle's death, and who also took charge of Asia, the youngest of all the children. The Magnesians have a splendid tomb of Themisto-

market place and with regard to his is worthy of no attention when he says, in his Address to his Associates, that the Athenians stole away those remains and scattered them abroad, for he is trying by his lies to incite the oligarchs against the people and Phy larch us, too, when, as if in a tragedy, he all but erects a theatrical machine for this story, and brings into the action a certain Neocles, forsooth, and Demopolis,

cles in their

;

remains, Andocides

;

sons of

Themistocles, wishes

tumultuous emotion

;

merely to stir up even an ordinary person Diodorus the Topographer,

his tale

must know is fabricated. " On in his work Tombs," says, by conjecture rather than from actual knowledge, that near the large harbour of the Piraeus a sort of elbow juts out from the promontory opposite Alcimus, and that as you round this and come inside where the water of the sea is still, there is a basement of goodly size, and that the altar-like structure upon this is the 80

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OL6Tai $

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corrected by Bekker to ofts. Bekker lias a atAA' $ after Person. (

THEMISTOCLES,

xxxn. 5

And he thinks that the a witness in favour of his view

tomb of Themistocles. comic poet Plato when he says

is

:


Thy tomb is mounded in a fair and sightly place The merchantmen shall ever hail it with glad cry; It shall behold those outward, and those inward ;

bound,

And

all

the emulous rivalry of racing ships."

For the lineal descendants of Themistocles there also certain dignities maintained in Magnesia down to my time, and the revenues of these were enjoyed by a Themistocles of Athens, who was my intimate and friend in the school of Ammonius the

were

philosopher.

CAMILLUS

KAMIAA02 I.

Be

Tlepl

Ka/uXXou

<&ovpiov

TrapdBo^ov, ori TrXetcrra KaTop0a)cra<$

2 inrdrevae.

rovrov

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yu-ei/

Be

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77

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epicravros

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e^ovcrias

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/cal

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d\\a

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fir]

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3

&r)

CLKOVTI rto /jieaov

,

94

yeveaBai, tcaiTrep ev TO* vTrariKas dp^aipecria^ j> Se rat9 aXXat? fj

Brj/jio)

8e^a/u-e^;?

CAMILLUS TURNING now

to Furius Camillus, among the notable tilings that are told of him, this seems the most singular and strange, namely, that although in other offices of command he won many and great successes, and although he was five times chosen dictator, four times celebrated a triumph, and was styled a Second Founder of Rome, not even once was he consul. The reason for this lay in the political The common people, being conditions of his time. at variance with the Senate, strove against the appointment of consuls, and elected military tribunes to the command instead. These, although they always acted with consular authority and power, were less obnoxious in their sway because of their number. For the fact that six men instead of two stood at the head of affairs, was some comfort to those who were bitterly set against the rule of the few. Now it was at this period that Camillus came to the height of his achievements and fame, and he would not consent to become consul over a reluctant people, although during his career the city tolerated consular elections many times. But in the many other and varied offices which he held, he so conducted himself that even when the authority rightly I.

many

95

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kal TravroBaTrais yevo/neva^

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jjiev

rvjri

96

Kal rpvcfrats Kal 7ro\vr6\eiat<; dya\\ofivr)

CAMILLUS,

i.

3

-ii.

3

belonged to him alone, it was exercised in common with others while the glory that followed such exercise was his alone, even when he shared the command. In the first case, it was his moderation that kept his rule from exciting envy; in the second, it was his ability that gave him the first place with ;

none

to dispute At a time

it.

when the house of the Furii was not yet very conspicuous, he, by his own efforts, was the first of his clan to achieve fame. This he did in the great battle with the Aequians and Volscians, serving under Postumius Tubertus the dictator. Dashing ~ out on his horse in front of the army, he did not abate his speed when he got a wound in the thigh, but dragging the missile along with him in its wound, he engaged the bravest of the enemy and put them to flight. For this exploit, among other honours bestowed upon him, he was appointed censor, in those days an office of great dignity. There is on record a noble achievement of his censorship, that of bringing the II.

unmarried men, partly by persuasion and partly by threatening them with fines, to join in wedlock with the women who were living in widowhood, and these were many because of the wars likewise a necessary achievement, that of making the orphans, who before this had contributed nothing to the support of the state, subject to taxation. The continuous campaigns, ;

demanding great outlays of money, really required Especially burdensome was the siege of Veii

this.

call the people Veientani). This city was the barrier and bulwark of Tuscany, in quantity of arms and multitude of soldiery no whit inferior to Rome. Indeed, pluming herself 011 her wealth, and on the refinement, luxury,

(some

97

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drcpd^ovTi, TW iroXefJiw avvev%0ev ovBevbs TWV cnrlcrTwv TcvQtaQcii OavfiaTcav atria?

dTrooia ofiycrev.

98

i]v

/cal fj,ev

\6yov tyvcriKrjv e^oz/ro? dp%r}v yap wpa fjieTOTrcopivij, /cal TO

130!

CAMILLUS,

ii.

3 -in.

i

and sumptuousness in which her citizens lived she had waged many noble contests for glory and At this power in her wars with the Romans. time, however, she had been crushed in great battles, and had given up her former ambitious preBut her people built their walls high and tensions. strong, filled the city full of armour, missiles, grain,

and every possible provision, and confidently endured their siege, which, though long, was no less laborious and difficult for the besiegers. These had been accustomed to short campaigns abroad as the summer sea-on opened, and to winters at home but then for the first time they had been compelled by their tribunes to build forts and fortify their camp and spend both summer and winter in the enemy's country, the seventh year of the war being now For this their rulers were held to nearly at an end. blame, and finally deprived of tiieir rule, because they were thought to conduct the siege without energy. Others were chosen to carry on the war, and one of these was Camillus, now tribune for the second time. But for the present he had nothing to do with the siege, since it fell to his lot to wage war with the Falerians and the Capenates, who, while the Romans had their hands full, had often harried their territory, and during all the Tuscan war had given them annoyance and trouble. These were overwhelmed by Camillus in battle and shut up in their ;

fastnesses with great loss of

life.

And now, when

the war was at its climax, the calamity of the Alban lake added its terrors. It seemed a most incredible prodigy, without familiar For the season was cause or natural explanation. autumn, and the summer just ended had, to all III.

99

PLUTARCH'S LIVES eXrjyev ovr errou/Bpov ovre rrv6vuao~i vorioi? emo'tjXws yevofjLevov TroXXa? Be \iavas Trora/jLovs Kal vdfjiara rcavrobarra T/)? 'JTaXta9 eyovcrrj^ ra /j,ev eJ-eXnre Ko/juBfj, ra 8' dvr/ ecr^e ^Xtcr^yoco? /cat yitoXt?, ot oe rrora^oi rravres wcnrep del KOL\OL Kal rarreivol 8ta 6epov<$ eppvrjTO aav. ev eavra) Kal re\evr>jv, opecnv ev /etot? H>evov, drf ovSevbs airLov, rf\rjv el ri Oe ov, av%6fjievov emB)j\(i}^ SicoyKovro Kal Trpocriararo Tat9 vTrcopeiais Kal rwv dvwrnrw Xofiwv o/zaXw? erre^fravev, avev o~dXov Kal KXvSwvos e 3 Kal rrpwrov uev r]v rroi^vwv Qav^a Kal errel Be, rov Sieipyovros drrb ryj
/

8'

V

avrov Xbyos

Kovvn TOU? IV. Ota

rjv

ev

/^.

f

C^ V

\

rw crrparoTreBM rw TroXiopware /ca/cetVot? eKirvo~rov

QVTJIOVS, 8'

ev

rroXiorKLa

Bia

^pbvov

/j,f)Kos

e^ovarj Kal KoivoXoyias TOU? TToXe/uiovs, eyeyovei rivi PCO/JLULM 7T/3O? avvr]Qeia Kal rrapprjo-i'a rrpbs eva rwv rroXirwv, avOpwrrov e/JLireipov re Xoyiwv rraXaiwv Kal ri Kal TrXeov elBevai, rwv a\Xa)V drrb /za^Tt/cT/c CTTI Julias

&Kovvra. re

100

Kal

re

vroXXa?

rovrov ovv 6 'Payuaios,

KarayeXuvra T^?

&>9

TroXiopKLas, ov

rjKovae

ravr

CAMILLUS,

in.

i-iv.

i

observation, been neither rainy nor vexed by south Of the lakes, rivers, and streams of all sizes winds.

with which Italy abounds, some had failed utterly, others barely managed to hold out, and all the rivers ran low, between high banks, as was always the case in summer. But the Alban lake, which had its source and outlet within itself, and was girt about with fertile mountains, for no reason, except it be that heaven willed it, was observed to increase and swell until it reached the skirts of the mountains and gradually touched their highest ridges. All At first it was this rise was without surge or billow. a prodigy for neighbouring shepherds and herdsmen. But when the volume and weight of water broke away the barrier which, like an isthmus, had kept the lake from the country lying below it, and a huge torrent poured down through the fields and vine-

yards and made its way to the sea, then not only were the Romans themselves dismayed, but all the inhabitants of Italy thought it a sign of no small There was much talk about it in the evil to come.

army that was besieging

Veii,

so

that even the

besieged themselves heard of the calamity. IV. As was to be expected in a long siege requiring many meetings for conference with the enemy, it fell out that a certain Roman became intimate and confidential with one of the citizens of Veii, a man versed in ancient oracles, and reputed wiser than the The Roman saw that rest from his being a diviner. this man, on hearing the story of the lake, was over-

joyed and made mock of the siege.

He therefore

told

IOJ

PLUTARCH'S LIVES fiovov

e(j>r)

OavfJiacrra

eprjvo^evai,

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TOV

irapovra

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&>9

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131

CAMILLUS,

iv.

1-5

him

this was not the only wonder which the passing days had brought, but that other and stranger signs than this had been given to the Romans, of which he was minded to tell him, in order that, if possible, he might better his own private case in the midst of the public distresses. The man gave eager hearing to all this, and consented to a conference, supposing that he was going to hear some deep secrets. But the Roman led him along little by little, conversing as he went, until they were some way beyond the city gate, when he seized him bodily, being a sturdier man than he, and with the help of comrades who came running up from the camp, mastered him comThus pletely and handed him over to the generals. constrained, and perceiving that fate's decrees were not to be evaded, the man revealed secret oracles regarding his native city, to the effect that it could not be captured until the Alban lake, after leaving its bed and making new channels for itself, should be driven back by the enemy, deflected from its course, and prevented from mingling with the sea. The Senate, on hearing this, was at great loss what to do, and thought it well to send an embassy The envoys were to Delphi to consult the god. men of great repute and influence, Cossus Licinius, Valerius Potitus, and Fabius Ambustus, who made their voyage and came back with the responses of the gocl. One of these told them that certain ancestral rites connected with the so-called Latin festivals had been unduly neglected another bade them by all means to keep the water of the Alban lake away from the sea and force it back into its ancient bed, or, if they could not effect this, by means of canals and trenches to divert it into the ;

103

PLUTARCH'S LIVES a,7rayye\0evrcop &e rovrwv ol uev lepets ra rrepl Ta? Ovj/j,os e^capei TT/JO?

ra epya teal TO vBcop e^erperrev. V. 'H Be <7vyK\rjro<> els TO BeKarov eVo? TOV TToXejjiov KaTaXvcraaa ra? aXXa? ap^a^ SIKTO,Topa Ka/uXXoz/ aTr&ei^ev

avrw

ytto)

reXo? eu/eXee? \a/36vri Ta? vewv 6eas, r)v fj,r}repa

teal

2

av

Tavrrjv /jLoXicrTa

a?ro

Tt?

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els

rov

8'

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fcelvo<s

KopvrjKiov

7rpoa\6/iJi(:VO<;

TWZ/

Spw/nevwv

vo/jiicreiev

crrj/cbv

M.a-rovrav

elvau.

lepwv

/cat

yap

elcrdyovaai paTri^ovcnv,

e%e\avv overt, KOI ra rwv aSeX^coz; re/tva Trpo rwv ISiwv evaytca'X.L^ovTai, KOI Spwcri irepl rrjv Gvalav a Tat? Aiovvcrov rpofyols /cal TO?? Sia TTJV elr

7ra\\atcr)V irdOecn T^? 'IwoD? Trpocreoifce. Be Ta? eu^a? o Ka/i-iXXo?

eve/3a\e, Kal

re

Kal

3 evL/crjcrev. /^e^o?

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a?

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rrpos /cal

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f

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TOL/?

CAMILLUS,

iv.

5-v. 3

On receipt of these responses plain and dissipate it. the priests performed the neglected sacrifices, and the people sallied out into the fields and diverted the course of the water. V. In the tenth year of the war, 1 the Senate abolished the other magistracies and appointed Camillus dictator. After choosing Cornelius Scipio as his master of horse, in the first place he made solemn vows to the gods that, in case the war had a glorious ending, he would celebrate the great games in their honour, and dedicate a temple to a goddess whom the Romans call Mater Matuta. From the sacred rites used in the worship of this goddess, she might be held to be almost identical with Leucothea. The women bring a serving-maid into the sanctuary and beat her with rods, then drive her forth again ; they embrace their nephews and nieces in preference to their own children and their conduct at the sacrifice resembles that of the nurses of Dionysus, or that of Ino under the afflictions put upon her by her husband's concubine. After his vows, Camillus invaded the country of the Faliscans and conquered them in a great battle, together with the Capenates who came up to their aid. Then he turned to the siege of Veii, and seeing that direct assault upon the city was a grievous and difficult matter, he went to digging mines, since the region round the city favoured such works, and allowed their being carried to a great depth without the enemy's knowing about it. So then, when his hopes were well on their way to fulfilment, he himself assaulted the city from the outside, and thus called the enemy ;

1

396 B.O.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES a\\oi S' aS?7\ft>9 V7ro7ropv6uvoi Sid TWV VTTOVOe\a6ov eWo9 yevo/^evoi r//9 drcpas Kara TO T?9

epov, o /j,eyt
pa9

ev rfj TroXet /cal

r)V

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4

TOP

on KaraKO\ov6i](ravrt, Se TT}?

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u

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TO

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real

e'Sa^o?,

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TO,

5 \ov.

iepois

TOU? ev rot?

ra^v evTQiv

VLKTJV 6

rot?

dTrXdy^a d\Xa TavTa

KOjJLiaai TT^O? TOV iev laws eoucevai,

ci Ka. TT? TToeo)? tcaTci Kpa.TO<$ KOI TWV ayovTwv KOI fyepovrwv aTreipuv TLVCL

ir\o\jTOV, e(>optov 6 Ka/uXA,o? aTro r^}? arcpas TO, TrpaTToueva, TrpwTOv /iiev ecrraj? eSd/cpvaev, etra fiaKapKrOelf VTTO TCOV irapovTwv avecr-^e ra? " ZeO 6 ^eFpa? rot? #eot? KOL Trpocrev^oaevo^ etTrejmeyiaTe KOI deol ypr)crTa)v eVtcr /COTTON ^at TTQVY)pwv epywv, avTOi TTOV O-VVLCTTC 'Pwyaatot?, co? ov Trapd SIKTJV, d\\a /car' dvdytcrjv Kal fMerep^ofMeda Sva/mevtov n W H avBpwv / f \ f^ 5>> o apa Tt9, 7To\iv. et, /tat T)/UI> avTi^977, i

>

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1

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with

C aud S

:

man

away

to

made

their

CAMILLUS,

v.

their walls

while others secretly

;

3-6

way along the mines and reached unnoticed the interior of the citadel, where the temple of Juno stood, the largest temple in the city,

and the one most held

There,

it

is

said,

at

in honour.

this

very juncture,

the

commander of the Tuscans chanced to be sacrificing, and his seer, when he beheld the entrails of the victim, cried out with a loud voice and said that the god awarded victory to him who should fulfill The Romans in the mines below, that sacrifice. hearing this utterance, quickly tore away the pavement of the temple and issued forth with battle cries and clash of arms, whereat the enemy

were were

and fled away. The sacrificial entrails then seized and carried to Camillus. But

terrified

possibly this will seem like fable. At any rate the city was taken by storm, and the Romans were pillaging and plundering its boundless wealth, when Camillus, seeing from the citadel what was going on, at first burst into

he stood, and then, on being congratulated by the bystanders, lifted up his hands to the "O greatest Jupiter, gods and prayed, saying and ye gods who see and judge men's good and evil deeds, ye surely know that it is not unjustly, but of necessity and in self-defence that we Romans have visited its iniquity upon this city of hostile and lawless men. But if, as counterpoise to this our present success, some retribution is due to come upon us, spare, I beseech you, the city and the army of the Romans, and let it fall upon my tears as

:

own

head, though with as

little

harm

as

may

be."

107

PLUTARCH'S LIVES '

7

TeXevrrjcrai" raur* elirwv, KaOcnrep eerl e#o? eVeu^a/zeVo/9 /cat TrpocrKvv>](Ta<Tiv eVt ird\iv u

eavrbv

rou Trrcuyuaro?

etc

v%rjv

el-Trey, tw?

eV

(T
yeyovev avru)

evrv^ia

VI. kicLTropOrjcras 8e r^y TTO\LV eyva* TO aja\- 133 r/

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o

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et?

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e^fe

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:al

Trpoa-ev^ero

avTWV KOI

KOV rot? \a^ov(TL

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TO

8'

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(j)aaiv

2 /cal [jitv

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fca\eiv,

KOI ftovXerat,

/cal (rvytcaTaivei ical

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Te?

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a%ia

flav/jbaro?,

wv

CAMILLUS,

v.

7-vi. 3

With these words, as the Romans' custom is after prayer and adoration, he wheeled himself about to the right, but stumbled and fell as he turned.

The bystanders were confounded, but he picked himself

up again

from his

fall

and

said

"

:

My

granted a slight fall is my atonement for prayer the greatest good fortune." VI. After he had utterly sacked the city, he determined to transfer the image of Juno to Rome, in accordance with his vows. The workmen were assembled for the purpose, and Camillus was sacrificing and praying the goddess to accept of their zeal and to be a kindly co-dweller with the gods of is

!

Rome, when the image, they

say,

spoke in low

But tones and said she was ready and willing. 1 Livy says that Camillus did indeed lay his hand upon the goddess and pray and beseech her, but that it was certain of the bystanders who gave answer that she was ready and willing and eager to go along with him.

Those who insist upon and defend the marvel have a most powerful advocate for their contention in the fortune of the city, which, from its small and despised beginning, could never have come to such a pinnacle of glory and power had God not dwelt with her and made many great manifestations of himself from time to time. Moreover, they adduce other occurrences of a kindred sort, such as statues often dripping with sweat, images uttering groans, turning away their faces, and closing their eyes, as not a few historians in the And we ourselves might make past have written.

audible

mention

of

many

astonishing I r- OO

things

which

we

^,^-1,

109

PLUTARCH'S LIVES av

4 OVK

T/,?

eiKrj

a\\&,

Karacfrpovijcreiev.

Kal TO TTKJTeVttV

(T(j)6Bpa

Sid

ecrrt

7rt<7<j&aXe?

rot?

Kal TO \ICLV

rrjv

dv6pwjrivr]v

OVK e^ovaav ouSe Kparovcrav a\)C eKtyepofjLevrjv OTTOU pep 66? SeiaiSaLKal rvfyov, OTTOV 8' et? bXiyayplav TWV Oewv

dcrOeveiav

opov

KOI TrepifypovTja'W ayav a C

VII.

O

S'

r)

T?

,

fiov

avTOV /cal

aXXa

et? oytcov

TroXtTi/c?;?

o-o/3apa)
%vt;d/jLi>o<; 'PCO/AT;?,

TO

8e Ka/tiXXo? elVe /jLeyedei TOV epyov, 'Pwu,?? ere^

TTo\iv avTLTraXov

TCOV

/cat

evXdfteia

etre UTTO

raw

e^apOels KOI apx*!?

0pidfjL/36V(76

7ra%0ecrTpov, TO, re Kal TeOpnnrov VTTO-

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ovBevos TOVTO TTOLt'jCravTos

77ye//,o^o?

r?}?

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Tepov ouS' vGTepov. iepov 'yap rjjovvrai TO TOLOVTOV offlfta TO) {3aa-i\ei Kal iraTpl TWV Otwv eViTTfiK T Srj TOVTOV &ie(B\r)6ri TT/OO? TOU? vov. ou/c elQicrfjievovs evTpVffrdaQai,

pav

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ov Kal

Kal rou?

alilav

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3 evBaiuoviav 7ro\v
no

%copav

$v\a%bvTwv. yeyovws KOL

O/JLOU

Kal

b fxev ovv Brjuos

CAMILLUS,

vi.

4-vn. 3

have heard from men of our own time, things But in such matters not lightly to be despised. eager credulity and excessive incredulity are alike because of the weakness of our human dangerous, O nature, which sets no limits and has no mastery over itself, but is carried away now into vain

and now into contemptuous neglect Caution is best, and to go to no of the gods. extremes. VII. Whether it was due to the magnitude of his exploit in taking a city which could vie with Rome and endure a siege of ten years, or to the congratulations showered upon him, Camillus was lifted up to superstition,

thoughts far from becoming to a magistrate subject to the law, and celebrated he actually had four a triumph with great pomp white horses harnessed to a chariot on which he mounted and drove through Rome, a thing which no commander had ever done before or afterwards did. For they thought such a car sacred and devoted to In this way he. the king and father of the gods. incurred the enmity of the citizens, who were not vanity, cherished civil

:

accustomed to wanton extravagance. They had also a second grievance against him in that he opposed The tribunes himself to a law dividing the city. introduced a measure dividing the people and the Senate into two parts, one to remain and dwell there, and the one on which the lot fell to remove into the city they had captured, on the ground that they would thus be more commodiously bestowed, and with two large and fair cities could better protect their territory as well as their prosperity Accordingly the people, which was now become numerous and poor, welcomed the measure in general.

in

PLUTARCH'S LIVES real

awe^r)?

rot? Trepl TO ftrjua Qopvftois airwv Be /3ov\rj KOL TWV d\\a)v ol Kpd-

rjv f)

ov Btaipe&tv, aXX* dvaipecriv TTo\irct)V f rjyovuevoi rrjs Pa>/4?7? TroXirevecrOai. rou? 8^7,^tapteal

%ou?

4 tcarecfrvyov.

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ve/3a\\e ra>

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'H

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SiapTraadeicrr)?, err' o/c^^cra? evo^Xrjcrai, rot? avrov VTTO ra>i> Trapovrwv , eire \r)0r) TIS oo

e\a/3e TT}? GU^T}?, TreptelSev vcrrepov Be dvrjveytce Trepl

rovrwv

et?

J

K\rjTov t oi re /J.dvrt(i ijyye\\ov eVt rot? iepoi? 13

dewv VIII.

^r)
Be

rr}?

/3oi>X^9

a)(j)e\iav (%a\eTrov yap YJV} avd^acrrov arj yevecrOai, TOU? Be Xa/3oj/ra? avrovs
7rapa
Beicdrrjv 1

112

els

:

CAMILLUS,

vn.

3-vm.

i

with delight, and was for ever thronging tUmultuously about the rostra with demands that it be put But the Senate and the most influential of to vote. the other citizens considered that the measure proposed by the tribunes meant not division but destruction for Rome, and in their aversion to it went to Camillus for aid and succour. He,' dreading <j the struggle, always contrived to keep the people busy with other matters, and so staved off the For this reason, then, they passage of the bill. were vexed with him. But the strongest and most apparent reason the multitude hated him was based on the matter of the tenth of the spoil of Veii, and herein they had a plausible, though not a very just ground of complaint. He had vowed, as it seems, on setting out against Veii, that if he should take the city, he would consecrate the tenth of its But after the city had booty to the Delphian god. been taken and sacked, he allowed his soldiers full enjoyment of their plunder, either because he shrank from annoying them, or because, in the multitude of his activities, he as good as forgot his vow. At a later time, when he had laid down his command, he referred the matter to the Senate, and the seers announced tokens in their sacrifices that the gods were angry, and must be propitiated with due

why

offerings.

VIII. The Senate voted, not that the booty should be redistributed, for that would have been a difficult matter, but that those who had got it should, in person and under oath, bring the tenth thereof to the public treasury. This subjected the soldiers to

PLUTARCH'S LIVES \VTrrjpa /cal fBiaia Trepl TOVS cn-paTiwra?, dvOpw-

KCU 7ro\\d

wv

real

e/ce/crrjvTO

2 elcrcfrepeiv TOGOVTOV.

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TO)

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,

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'

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d\\a TTUVTWV oaov KpaTifpa 3

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fcal

TWV

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\evcrdpevai aa)fj.a

17

teal

yap


rou9 yvvai^l \eyea6ai TOV a^iov

4 valfca &rj{io(Tia

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apa

real

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ya\i]VTj 0a\d(Tcrr)<;

dpya\eov, to? GKeivoi? crvveTV^e TOTE Trap ovBev eXdovTas aTfoXeaOai Biatyvyeiv avOw dTrpoa7r6TT\ev(rav yap auroi? BOKIJTWS TOV KLvBuvov. Alo\ov vij<7ov
CAMILLUS,

vni.

T-4

vexations and constraints.

They were poor and yet were now forced to contribute a large share of what they had gained, Beset by their tumultuous yes, and spent already. complaints, and at loss for a better excuse, Camillus had recourse to the absurdest of all explanations, and admitted that he had forgotten his vow. The soldiers were filled with indignation at the thought that it was the goods of the enemy of which he had once

many

men, who had

toiled hard,

vowed

a tithe, but the goods of his fellow citizens from which he was now paving the tithe. However, all of them brought in the necessary portion, and it was decided to make a bowl of massive gold and send Now there was a scarcity of gold in it to Delphi. the city, and the magistrates knew not whence it So the women, of their own accord, could be had. determined to give the gold ornaments which they wore upon their persons for the offering, and these to eight talents weight. The women were rewarded by the Senate, which voted that thereafter, when women died, a suitable eulogy For it should be spoken over them, as over men. was not customary before that time, when a woman died, that a public encomium should be pronounced.

amounted fittingly

Then they chose three of the noblest citizens as envoys, manned with its full complement of their best sailors a ship of war decked out in festal array, and sent them on their way. Calm at sea has its perils as well as storm, it would

seem, at least so it proved in this case. Envoys and crew came within an ace of destruction, and found escape from their peril when they least expected it. Off the Aeolian isles, as the wind died down, some Lipariaii galleys put out against them, taking them

"5

PLUTARCH'S LIVES eK\nr6vros

5 Trvevuaro'S

ox?

\yarais.

teal rrpoia")(oiJiiv
e/i/SoX?}?

vavv

Be

rrjv

ava^fa^voi ap,a KO.I ra

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1

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\

J

>

et/co? rjv, ev

IX. Twv rov

Trepl

TToXe/io? ev

f-T)

l

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KOI Tipas ecr^ev, a?

'

war).

Be 87j/jLcip%wv avOis eTreyeipovrwv rov o 777309 4>aXt'avcou9 VOJJLOV,

SLOLKIO-JLLOV

Kaipw

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/j,ed*

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yvcti/jLrjv

/cal

rwv Trpayudrwv ^ye^ovo^ SeojAevwv

a>?

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2 real

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rracriv 7ro\i6p/cei,

/otou?

TO

real

et? yLtev

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rcare-

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Kal

crracrtd^eiv.

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X. OUTOJ? 5e 116

eTrieiKO)?

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del

warrep

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ra

e^w rperrovres.

iro\iOpKlas icarefypovovv ol

CAMILLUS,

VIH. 5-x. i

The enemy had sufficient regard to prayers and supplications not to run their vessel down, but they took it in tow, brought it to land, and proclaimed their goods and persons for for pirates.

their

adjudging them piratical. At last, and with ado, through the brave intercession of a single man, Timesitheus, their general, the Liparians were This man then persuaded to let the captives go. launched boats of his own, convoyed the suppliants on their way, and assisted them in the dedication of their offering. For this he received suitable honours at Rome. IX. Once more the tribunes of the people urged the passage of the law for the division of the city, but the war with the Faliscans came on opportunely and gave the leading men occasion to hold such elective assemblies as they wished, and to appoint Camillus military tribune, with five others. The emergency was thought to demand a leader with the dignity and reputation which experience alone could After the people had ratified the election, give. Camillus, at the head of his army, invaded the territory of the Faliscans and laid siege to Falerii, a strong city, and well equipped with all the munitions of war. It was not that he thought its capture would demand slight effort or short time, but he wished to turn the thoughts of the citizens to other matters and keep them busy therein, that they might not be able to stay at home and become the prey of seditious This was a fitting and sovereign remedy leaders. which the Romans used, like good physicians, thereby expelling from the body politic its troublesome sale,

much

distempers.

X.

The

Falerians, relying

on the great strength

of

117

PLUTARCH'S LIVES e^w^vpMaOai mcrrevrwv rd rei%y (fruXarrovrcov rot ? ev ifiariois Kara r>/v rro\iv dvacrrpeTOU9 Be TraiSa? avrwv et'? re ra &i8a(poirdv teal rrapd ra rei^r) rrepirra-

<&a\epioi TO) rravra^odev

ware

ovrev,

1

7r\rjv

rov SiSaa-Ka\ov KOLVW 'yap e~%pwvro ry $i$aEXX?^e9, ot QaXepioi, /3ov\6- 13

/cat yv/jLvacrojj.vovs VTTO

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TO epyov

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epy&v

xdpira? (aperf)

yap

ot/ceta

TOI/

OVK d\\orpLa Oappovvra crrpaniyov, ^pi]vaL arpareveiv), rrpoarera^e rols v-n rov fjiev av6pd>rrov Karapprjyvvvai, ra tfjidrta 118

CAMILLUS,

x.

1-4

their city at all points, made so light of the siege that, with the exception of the defenders of the walls, the rest went up and down the city in their garb of peace. The boys went to school as usual, and were brought by their teacher along the walls outside to walk about and get their exercise. For the Falerians, like the Greeks, employed one teacher in common, wishing their boys, from the very start, to herd with one another and grow up together. This teacher, then, wishing to betray Falerii by means of its boys, led them out every day beyond the city walls, at first only a little way, and then brought them back inside when they had taken their exercise.

Presently he led them, little by little, farther and farther out, accustomed them to feel confident that there was no danger at all, and finally pushed in

among the Roman outposts with his whole company, handed them over to the enemy, and demanded to be led to Camillus. So led, and in that presence, he said he was a boys' school-teacher, but chose rather to win the general's favour than to fulfil the duties of his office, and so had come bringing to him the city in the persons of its boys. It seemed to Camillus, on hearing him, that the man had done a monstrous deed, and turning to the bystanders he said " War is indeed a grievous thing, and is waged with much injustice and violence but even war has certain laws which good and brave men will respect, and we must not so hotly pursue victory as not to flee the favours of base and impious doers. The great general will wage war relying on his own na ive valour, not on the baseness of other men." Then he ordered his attendants to tear the man's clothing from him, tie :

;

VOL.

II,

E

119

PLUTARCH'S LIVES real fjLaffTiyas, OTTW? /co\dTOV Trpoo'oTrjV eXavvMcriv et9 rrjv TTO\.IV. "A/m 8e TWI> ^aXeptwz' rj&OriiJLevwv T^V TOV Si^acrKaXov TrpoSocriav teal rr^v /JLCV iro\iv, olov eTTt

et/co?,

ra?

teal

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ra

/cal yvvaifcwv eVl o/xo TruXa? CTLW ot8e^l \oyio-fjLU)

Trat^e?

crwTrjpa

TOV Be Oeov KOI ava/caTraTepa

Trpo7r^\aicL^ovre^,

SeSe/jievov real

yu,^ n-bvov rot? ryovevai TWV TraiSwv, rot? aAAo/? TroXtVat? Tav0* opwcri Oau/jid re /cat iroOov efjiTreaelv r?)? roO Ka^LttXXou

6 Xouz/re?, wcrre

d\\a

real

teal

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7 'Pco/^T/z/.

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t

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cravT<;

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eavTovs

5e r^ /3ov\yj

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CIVTOVS

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e

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XI. Oi Be crTpaTi&Tai SiapTrdcreiv cravTes TOVS ^aXe/Jiou?, a>?

'

7ravrj^dov ei?

/eevals ^epcrt, Karrjyopovv TOV Ka/uXXot' TOU? aXXof? TroXtra? a>? fucro&rjfiov /eal
a)d>e\nd rival f

*

*

roi? 7revr)(riv.

7Tpl TOV SlOLKiGfWV VOfAOV T2O

OL

eVet Se

roi'

CAMILLUS,

x.

4-xi.

i

arms behind his back, and put rods and scourges hands of the boys, that they might chastise the traitor and drive him back into the city. The Falerians had just become aware of the teacher's treachery, and the whole city, as was natural, was filled with lamentation over a calamity so great. Men and women alike rushed distractedly to the walls and gates, when lo there came the boys, bringing their teacher back stripped, bound, and maltreated, while they called Camillus their On this wise saviour, their lather, and their god. not only the parents of the boys, but the rest of the citizens as well, when they beheld the spectacle, were seized with admiration and longing for the In haste they held an righteousness of Camillus. assembly and sent envoys to him, entrusting him with their lives and fortunes. These envoys Camillus sent to Rome. Standing in the Senate, they declared that the Romans, by esteeming righteousness above victory, had taught them to love defeat above freedom not so much because they thought themhis

in the

!

;

selves inferior in strength, as because they confessed themselves vanquished in virtue. On the Senate's

remanding to Camillus the decision and disposition of the matter, he took a sum of money from the Falerians, established friendship with all the Faliscans,

and withdrew. XI. But the soldiers thought to have had the sacking of Falerii, and when they came back to Rome empty-handed, they denounced Camillus to the rest of the citizens as a hater of the common people, and as begrudging to the poor the enjoyment of their rightful booty. And when the tribunes once more put forward the law for the division of the city 121

PLUTARCH'S LIVES eTTt

av8i<s

TIJV

Ka/uXXo? TOU?

e/cdXovv rbv

TOV

6 Be

Trapprjaias

TrdvTwv

/xaXicrra

TTOXXOU?,

Brjfjiov,

ovBe

aire'xOeias

etydvrj

(freicrd/iievos

/Zl>O?

-fyrifyov

ouSeyiua?

e/cftia^o-

VO/JLOV

fJLGV

2 dTTe-^rj^icravTo, TOV Be Kd/j,i\\ov Bi opyrjs

KOI Sva-Tv^o-avro^ avrov Trepl TO, ol/ceia (rwv yap vi(ov d7re/3a\e TOV eTepov vocrrjcravTa) OIKTM TT}? 0/97?)? v
cocrre

a\\a

O?,

Sia

TrevOos

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rr}?

oiKovpei

KaOeipyiJLevos

/i-era

yvvaifcwv*

XII. 'O

fiev

6yK\r)/j,a

KOI Trap

ovv KaTijyopos fy Aev/cios Be

K\O7rf)S

SrJTa

avTW

Trepl

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ra TvpprjvL/ca

KOL Ovpai Tives e\eyovTO

<J>avrjvat,

TWV

ai^ttaXtTa)i/.

o

erjpedt,(TTo KOI avTOv TrpO(f)d(Tec0$ KCLT

2

ourw? ovv crvvayaywv TOVS re OVTdS, avTov dBiKcos err CLITICUS fj,rf Trepi'iBeiv otyKovTO,

KCU KarayeXarrTOv

VTTO

TWV

eVet 8* ol (f>L\oi (BovKevcrdyevo/jiei>ov. teal Sia\e%0evTs eaurot? aTreKpivavTO, rrpbs

T^V Kpicnv avTw

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ftorjOrjcreiv, Trjv

Be ty)j.dav 6(j)\6vTt a-vve/cTi&eLv, OVK dvao-%6fjLvo$ eyvco fjLeTCKTTrjvai, KCU (fruyeiv /c TT}? TroXcw? rrpb? 3 bpyrji'.

vibv

7rv\r)
122

daTracrd/jLevos ovv Trjv yvval/ca

67rl

r;? ofcas

Kel B&

rrporjei 7re<7Trj, /cal

<Tiwrr)

ical

TOV

\\

CAMILLUS,

xi.

i-xii. 3

and summoned the people to vote upon it, then Camillas, shunning no hatred nor any boldness of utterance, was manifestly the chief one in forcing the multitude away from its desires. Therefore, they did indeed reject the law,

much

against their will,

but they were wroth with Camillas, so that even when he met with domestic affliction and lost one of his two sons by sickness, their wrath was in no wise softened by pity. And yet he set no bounds to his sorrow, being by nature a gentle and kindly man, but even after the indictment against him had been published, he suffered his grief to keep him at home, in close seclusion with the women of his household. XII. Well, then, his accuser was Lucius Apuleius, and the charge was theft of Tuscan goods. It was said, forsooth, that certain bronze doors belonging to the booty had been seen at his house. But the people were exasperated, and would plainly lay hold of any pretext whatever for condemning him. So then he assembled his friends and comrades in arms, who were many in number, and begged them not to suffer him to be convicted on base charges and to be made a laughing-stock by his foes. When friends had laid their heads together and discussed the case, they answered that, as regarded his trial, they thought they could be of no help to him but if he were punished with a fine, they would help him pay it. This he could not endure, and in his wrath determined to depart the city and go into exile. Accordingly, after he had kissed his wife and son his

;

good-bye, he went from his house in silence as far There he stopped, turned himself about, and stretching his hands out towards

as the gate of the city.

123

PLUTARCH'S LIVES fcal

^elpa^ avareiva?

ra
rot? Oeols, el

p.1]

TT/OO?

TO KairiT(o\t,ov aXX' v(Bpei

BiKaicos,

Kal

(fidovtp 7rpo7rr)\aKt6/jievo$ wyLtatof? /j-eravorjaai Kal Trdcriv

avepovs

yeveaOai

Beofj-evov<;

avrov KOI '

XIII.

fiev ovv, warjrep 6 eVl TOI)? TroXtVa? /cal

'E/eeii>09

ftejmevos

pi]<J.r)v,

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f

'

eu^a? TOI) Ka/xtXXou Ta%v rqv Kal yeveaOai ri/uwpiav aura* ri^eiav,

aXA,'

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Kal roaovTOV ciywv (frOopov Kal KIV^VVGV a/^a Kaipos 67rl T^V 7r6\tv, etVe OVTCO avveXdova-rs, etre /rat

epyov

ecrrl

TrapafieXslv

fjirj

dperr^

JJLGT

d'%apicnov-

XIV. Tlp&rov

/Aev ovv eSo^e at^eLov yeyovevai V {jieydX,ov Trpooriovros r; 'louXtou rov TI/JLTJTOV )' fj,d\iara yap Brj 'Pcoyuaioi creftovrai Kal Bevv iepav TTJV TWV TII^YJTWV dp^t]V.

repov Be eintyavris

irpo fj.ev

TT}?

Ka/ztXXou

ovBe IK

^/PT^CTTO? elvai BOKOIV, Ma/3/co? 7T/30?

124

(frvyrjs

rij^ /3ofXr}?,

avr/p OVK Be Kal

eineiK^

KaiBiKios,

di'rj

CAMILLUS,

xn. 3-xiv.

i

the Capitol, prayed the gods that, if with no justice, but through the wantonness of the people and the abuse of the envious he was now being driven from his country, the Romans might speedily repent, and show to all men that they needed and longed for Camillus. XIII. After he had thus, like Achilles, 1 invoked curses upon his fellow citizens, he removed from out His case went by default, and he was fined the city.

thousand asses. This sum, reduced to our money, is fifteen hundred For the as was the current copper coin, drachmas. and the silver coin worth ten of these pieces was for that reason called the denarius, which is equivalent to the drachma. Now there is no Roman who does not believe that justice followed hard upon the imprecations of Camillus, and that he received a requital for his wrongs which was not pleasing to him, but painful ; For a great certainly it was notable and famous. retribution encompassed Rome, and a season of dire destruction and peril not unmixed with disgrace assailed the city, whether fortune so brought things to pass, or whether it is the mission of some god not fifteen

to neglect virtue that goes unrequited.

XIV. In the first place, then, it seemed to be a sign of great evil impending when Julius the censor For the Romans specially revere and hold died. sacred the office of censor. In the second place, before Camillus

went

into exile, a

man who was

not

conspicuous, to be sure, but who was esteemed honest and kindly, Marcus Caedicius, informed the military tribunes of a matter well worth their atten1

Iliad

i.

407-412.

125

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 2

yap

e
ev

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irapw^fjievr)

rfj

Kaff

68bv

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rdBe \yovo-r)
'Xpbvov

raur' dfcovTaXara? 7rpoa"Se^(T0ai,.^ ^Xiap^oi yeXwra KOL Tra&iav CTroiovv-

crai/re? o/

TO.

~al /xer'

XV. Oi

5e

a-vveftrj ra Trepl Ka/uX,\ov. FaXarat rov lLe\TiKov yevovs o

oKiyov

UTTO ir\r)0ov<$ \eyovrai rrv CLVT&V OVK ovcrav avrdp/crj Tpeffrav aTravras, eVt erepa? 6p/JLr>craf /jiVpidBes Be TroXXal vewv dv$p&v KOI fjLa-^ifJLWv, en Be KCLI yvvaucwv ciyovres, ol fiev eVl TOV fiopeiov *lKeavov VTrepfiaXovTe? ra 'PiTraia opr) pvrjvai KOI ra ecr^ara TT}? Eivp(t)7rr)<} teara2 cr-^elv, ol <5e yaera^u Tivppt'jV^ opovs KOI "A\7rea)v ISpvOemes eyyvs ^evwvwv KOI KeXro-

KaroifceLv

pia)i> jjuevoi

ouTO)?

%povov TTO\VV

Tore rrpwrov

apa

I

e

Oavfjidcrai

n

t

&

r*

o-^re 8'

olvov yevcrd-

'IraX/a? SiaKOfjuaOevros TO Tro^cta KOI TT/JO? rrjv '/I

if

t

(caLvorrjra T/;? t]bov^ eK(f>pove$ yevecruai

ra oVXa

yereas dvaX eVt Ta? "AXvrei? (f>epea6ai KOI ty^relv eKeivrfv yf)V, rj roiovrov Kaprrov dvaSiSa)cri, rrjv 8' a aKapwov rjyelaOai, KOI dv^/juepov. 'O 8* elaayaytev rov olvov rrpos avrovs teal 3 Trapn^vvas eVt rijv ^}ra\iav /j*d\i(rr(i /cal Trpwros a)crr

dpd/jLei 01

/cat

r

"Appwv \eyerai yeveadai Kat

126


fjiev

ov

Yvppr]vbs, dinjp eTri
TTOvrjpos, a-vfjL
roiavrrj

CAMILLUS,

xiv. 2-xv. 3

tion. He said that during the night just passed, as he was going along the so-called New Street, he was hailed by someone in clear tones, and turned, and saw no man, but heard a voice louder than man's saying " Hark thou Marcus Caedicius, early :

!

the morning go and tell the magistrates that within a little time they must expect the Gauls." At this story the tribunes mocked and jested. And a little while after, Camillus suffered his disgrace. XV. The Gauls were of the Celtic stock, and their numbers were such, as it is said, that they abandoned their own country, which was not able to sustain them all, and set out in quest of another. They were many myriads of young warriors, and they took along with them a still greater number of women and children. Some of them crossed the Rhipaean mountains, streamed off towards the northern ocean, and occupied the remotest parts of Europe others settled between the Pyrenees and the Alps, near the Senones and the Celtorians, and dwelt there a But at last they got a taste of wine, long time. which was then for the first time brought to them from Italy. They admired the drink so much, and were all so beside themselves with the novel pleasure which it gave, that they seized their arms, took along their families, and made off to the Alps, in quest of the land which produced such fruit, considering the rest of the world barren and wild. The man who introduced wine to them, and was first and foremost in sharpening their appetite for He was Italy, is said to have been Arron, a Tuscan. a man of prominence, and by nature not prone to evil, but had met with the following misfortune. in

;

He

was guardian of an orphan boy who was heir to 127

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 76 TTpCOTOV

TWV

TToXtTWZ' KOI 6 CiV fid^O-

tear* el&OS, OVOfJLO, AoVKOV fJLtoVOS. Trapa ru> "Appcovi, $Lairav et%e, KOI

OUTO?

/JL6VOV

veov

K 136

peipdiaov

rrjv oixiav, o\\a TTpocreiroLelro (rvvcov e/ceivw. KCU nrokvv ^povov e\dv0avG

OVK direkiTre Ka)<>

VTT

e/eeivrj?'

avrov r)$r)

rrjv ryvvaiKa

KOI

$ie(f)dapfjLevos

Se Troppco rov irddovs

d/ji(j)orepfi)V

ryeyovorwv KOI /u-^r' dfyelvai, rrjv eTndvp.iav /jLiJTe tcpvTTTeiv en ^vvafiivwv, o jjiev veavicricos eVe^etpet avpws aTrocrTracra? e%6iv TTJV avOpwirov, o S* 7rl Bifcyv e\du)v fcal KpaTov/jLevos 7r\yj0i avrjp TOV AoVKOV
TaXarwv rr]v

fjtcev et?

avrovs

teal

Kadr^yTJaaro

TT)?

a?

'IraXiav crrpareia^.

XVI. O/ S' efj,/3a\6vTs v0vs etcpdrovv TTJ<; ^wpa? OCTTJV TO iraXaiov ol Tvpprjvoi Karel^ov djrb TWV "AXTreeoy eV d^orepa^ rcaflrj/covcrav ra? t

KOI rovi>o^a fjiaprvpel ra> \6yw. ftopeiov OdXarrav 'ASpiav fcaXov&iv Tvppqvitcijs TToXeco? 'AS/o/a?, Trjv be TT/OO?

^aXacrcra?, rr]v p.ev

djro

a)?

jap

VOTOV KK\i/jievi]V dvrLKpv^ 'YvppyviKov TreXayo?. 2 Tracra 6' earl &v$p6(j)VTOs avrrj teal dpe^aaiv KOI TroXei? tcai /cardppVTOs irora/jLol^. orcrwKaiSefca AraXa? /cal jjueydkas KOL KareTT/OO?

re

fcal ^piifjuariarfjiov c'/oyaTtvco?

BictLrav Travrjyvpifca)?, a? ol FaXarat TOUV aXX
XVII. Ol 8e TaXarat Tore TT/JO? 7ro\iv Tvpprjol viBa KXoixnov arparevaavre^ eiro\i6pKOVv. Be KXovaivot, Kara
128

CAMILLUS,

xv.

3-xvn.

i

the greatest wealth in the city, and of amazing This Lucumo from his beauty, Lticumo by name. youth up hud lived with Arron, and when he came to man's estate, did not leave his house, but pretended to take delight in his society. He had, however, corrupted Arron's wife, and been corrupted by her, and tor a long time kept the thing a secret. But at last the passions of both culprits increased upon them so that they could neither put away their desires nor longer hide them, wherefore the young man made open attempt to remove the woman and have her to wife. Her husband brought the case to trial, but was defeated by Lucumo, owing to the multitude of his friends and his lavish outlays of money, and forsook the city. Learning about the Gauls, he betook himself to them, and led them on their expedition into Italy.

The

Gauls burst in and straightway the country which the Tuscans occupied of old, namely, that stretching from the Alps down to both seas, the names of which bear witness to the story. For the northern sea is called Adria, from the Tuscan city of Adria; the southern is called outright the Tuscan Sea. This whole country is studded with trees, has excellent pasturage for flocks and It had also herds, and an abundance of rivers. eighteen cities, large and fair, well equipped for

XVI.

mastered

all

profitable

commerce and

for

sumptuous

living.

These

the Gauls took away from the Tuscans and occupied But this happened long before the themselves. time of which 1 speak. XVII. At this time the Gauls had marched against the Tuscan city of Clusium and were laying siege to it The Clusians applied for assistance to the

129

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 7rpecr/3et9

TO 1/5

TT/OO?

CLVTMV

Trap

yevou? rpels dvBpes

<>a/3i,cov

ol

o

Be

rov

TOVTOVS eBe

VaXdrai $i\av6punrws Bid TO

ovo/^a, /cal Travcrdfjievoi rr}? Trpo? et?

rypd/j,/jLara

evBo/ctfjiOL /cal

2 fjLeya\as e^o^re? ev rfj TroXet. fjiev

/cal

eTre/ji^Orjaav

{3ap(3dpov<;.

ra

'

TT)?

rei


Xo70f?

ye\daa

r ,

yrv yewpyeiv Swd/jievoi, TroXXrjv Be a^toO^re? /cal /JLTJ j^eraBiBovre^ rjfjuv ovai /cal vroXXots fcal Trev^cri. ravra B* 6\ijrjv

fjiev

f

apa

/cal

u/za? rjBitcovv,

*A\/3avol

real

a>

^iBrjvarai

Ovijlot /cal l^aTrrivarai /cal Qvo\ov(TK(i)V' e^)' ou? vfjiels

P&>/uu(H, Trporepov

fjiev

'ApSeaTai, vvv Be 7ro\\ol QaXia/ccav /cal crrpaTevovres, eav /j,r)

/cal

V/JLLV TWV dyaOayv, dv^p \erj\arelre /cal /caracr/cdTrreTe ra? avT&v, ov^ev ovBe u/tei? 76 Beivbv ovBe dBi/cov

/jLeraBiBwaiv /col

4 TTOiovvres,

d\\a TW

d/CO\OV0OVVTS, O?

Trpecr/Svrdra)

TO) Kpe'lTTOVl

TO,

TWV VOJJLWV TWV ^TTOVWV

TOV 060V Kal T\eVTG)V yap TOVTOLS e/c ^ucrea)? evecrn 7r\eov e^eiv ra icpeiTTOva ra>z' vTroBe-

dp%6/jL6VO$ CITTO

ra

drjpia.

TO ^ijTelv ecfTepcov.

fcal

K\OVOVS Be TravcraaOe 7ro\iop/covKal FaXara? BiBdgrjTe /x?; /cal (f)i\oiKTipjjLova<; yevecrOai rot? VTTO

ol/CTeipovTes, &>?

E/c

TOV

130

TOVTWV TWV \oy(ov eyvcocrav

^pevvov

davfjifBaTW^

e%ovTa

t

'

ol /cal

7rape\-

CAMILLUS, Romans, and begged them

xvu. T-5

to send ambassadors in behalf with a letter to the Barbarians. So there were sent three men of the Fabian gens who were of great repute and honour in the city. The Gauls received them courteously, because of the name of Rome, ceased their attacks upon the city When they walls, and held conference with them. were asked what wrong they had suffered at the hands of the Clusians that they had come up against their city, Brennus, the king of the Gauls, burst into a laugh and said "The Clusians wrong us in that, being able to till only a small parcel of earth, they yet are bent on holding a large one, and will not share it with us, who are strangers, many in numbei and poor. This is the wrong which ye too suffered, O Romans, formerly at the hands of the Albans, Fidenates, and Ardeates, and now lately at the hands of the Veientines, Capenates, and many of the Faliscans and Volscians. Ye march against these peoples, and if they will not share their goods with you, ye enslave them, despoil them, and raze their cities to the ground not that in so doing ye are in any wise cruel or unjust, nay, ye are but obeying that most ancient of all laws which gives to the stronger the goods of his weaker neighbours, the world over, beginning with God himself and ending with the beasts that perish. For these too are so endowed by nature that the stronger seeks to have more than the weaker. Cease ye, therefore, to pity the Clusians when we besiege them, that ye may not teach the Gauls to be kind and full of pity towards those who are wronged by the Romans." From this speech the Roman envoys saw that there was no coming to terms with Brennus, and so they

their

:

;

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TO K\ou
TOVS

dvBpas

avrcov, eire rrjv eire rrjv eavr&v

exelvwv

6e\ovr^.

67riBei%aa0ai,

LTTTTOV

e^wv

e\i]\affev

KOI rcdXw Va\drrj TTO\V

/j,eja\a)

Trnpcopftapftufois d\Krjv tcara-

rwv K\ovaivc0v KOI /Lta^? irapa TO, et? TWV tPa/SUdi', KotVro? "Ayu,-

Be

fjS

/cat

rot?

err^e\0eli>

avTios

avSpl

TrpolirTrevovrt,

TMV a\\a)i>, dyvoyjOels ev dp%fj Bta TO rrjv avvo&ov o^eiav ryevecrOai KOI ra oir\a 7repi\djj,7rovTa Trjv 6 o^riv dTroxpVTTTeiv. co? 6' eTTticpaTrjcras rfj pd^r) KOI KaTaf3a\u>v ecrKvXeve TOV av9p<> rrrov 'yvu>pl<ja<$ o BpeWo? avrbv eirefiaprvpaTo ffeous, w? frapd 137 ra KOiva Kal vevofjaa-^ei a iraa-iv dv9pu>Troi<$ oaia t

teal

Sitcaia Trpea-fievrov jmev iJKOi>TO
elpyaa-fjievov.

r

K.\ov
aurot? wo-rrep

da^evoi^ yeyovevai KCL\ e^aiTwv eVt nfifopia rov avBpa KOI Trpofjyev aaa <j^oXaiw?. XVIII. 'E^ Be Pa>yu,77 TT}? /3ou\rj<; a-vva^deiarr)^ a\Xot, re TroXXot rov QalBiov Karrjyopovv, KOI Seo/jievois

7rpo
efrefji^rev

f

rwv

ol

lepiwv

/ca\,ov/j,voi

QijTiaXets

evfjyov

7rt0idovT<; Kal KeKevovres TO rwv rrerrpayayos r^v a-vy/c\rjrov ei? eva rov alnov vrrep

TOV?

r&v a\\wv tprjriaXeis

dGao~0ai. Tlofj,7ri\io<;

jmev eiprfvi] ?, GTTiyvco/jLOvas Be 1

aln&v, a-vvdirrovat.

132

at

crvv

Btxy

CAMILLUS,

xvn. 5-xvui.

i

slipped into Clusium, and emboldened and incited citizens to sally out against the Barbarians with

its

them, either because they wished to discover the prowess of those warriors or to display their own The Clusians made a sally, and in the fight which raged along the walls one of the Fabii, Quintus Ambustus, drove his horse straight at a stately and handsome Gaul who was riding far out in front of the rest. At first he was not recognized, because the conflict came swiftly to pass and his dazzling armour hid his face. But when he had conquered and unhorsed his foe and was stripping his arms from him, then Brennus recognized him, and called upon the gods to witness how, contrary to the general practice of all mankind, which was deemed just and hoty, he had come as an ambassador, but had wrought as an enemy. Then, putting a stop to the battle, he straightway let the Clusians alone, and led his host But not wishing to have it thought against Rome. that his people were rejoiced at the outrage, and only wanted some pretext for war, he sent and demanded the offender for punishment, and in the

meantime advanced but

slowly.

XVIII. When the Senate convened in Rome, many denounced the Fabii, and especially the priests called Fetiales were instant in calling upon the Senate in the name of all the gods to turn the curse of what had been done upon the one guilty man, and so to make expiation for the rest. These Fetiales were instituted by Numa Pompilius, gentlest and justest of kings, to be the guardians of peace, as well as judges and determiners of the grounds on which war could justly be made. 133

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Be /3ouX?}9

T}?

TO Trpdyua

/carrj yopovvrwv,

KOI

Oela

7rl

TWV

/cal

rbv Bfjuov di'veyKaaVtj<; oaoLa rov Qa/Siov

iepecov

ovrco Trepivftpicrav oi TroXXoi ra wcrre teal "%i\iap')(ov

/caTeyeXacrav,

TWV aSeX^wi^. KeXro! irvOo^evoi ravra KOL ^o-XeTr aTToBel^at, rov Qdftiov yu-era

ovBev efiTToBaiv 3 e%(Dpovv Travrl /cal

rr)v

teal

6u/jLoi>

eiroiovvro

TO

7r\r)0o<;

avrwv

7rapa

T^?

\a/j,7rporrjTa

(nrovBr)?,

T?}?

KCLI TT/JO?

rd^er

oi Be

e/c7r7rX?77 ttez'ft>i> /

rwv

BLO,

/xecrof,

/cal

re '^/oipav aTTo\w\evai irauav r;S?7 teal ra? evOus aTrokelcrdaL BOKOVVTCOV, Trap i\-

ovBev

e\d^l3avov e/c TWV TroXet? ra? 6771/9 7rape%Trapa

rjSi/covv

dypwv, aXXa

/cal

ouS'

efiowv eVl TT;/I/ 'Pw^v TropeveaQai 7To\eueiv 'Pcopaiois, TOJ)? S' aXXou? Xoi/? 4

teal

0t-

iTTiaraaOai.

TomuTT? Se ^pwfievwv c^rjjov

dycova,

rcov

op/^f)

ftapftdpwv

*x_t\iap%oi TOU? 'Pco/uaiovs eVt r 7T\i Oei fxev ov/c eVSeet? (eyevovro oi

l

ov/c

TerpaKKTuvpLwv Be

TOV
O7rXa)i\

TroXXou? eri

S'

e\d
roz^

yap dva-

Tore

e^T/yCteX^ro

ra

aurot? cure Ka\\Lepr)aacriv ovre a irpo KivBvvov teal ad^rj(f et/co? ^i; ovBevbs Be rjrrov eTrerdpaTrev rj iro\vapyia e'

5

TO, TTparToueva. /cairoi TrpoTepov ye /cal eXarro^a? dywvas etXoyro 7ro\\dfcis ou? Af^raropa? Ka\ov
ecrrlv et? eVtcrcjbaXr; /ca/pbv 6'^eXo?

yvwurj 6 Bltcrjv

134

yiti

dvvTrev6vvov dp^rjv ev ov% ^Kiara, Be e^ovcrav evTa/ereiv. 7T/)o?

/cal

CAMILLUS,

xviu. 2-6

The Senate referred the matter to the people, and although the priests with one accord denounced Fabius, the multitude so scorned and mocked at religion as to appoint him military tribune, along with his brothers. The Gauls, on learning this, were wroth, and suffered nothing to impede their haste, but advanced with all speed. What with their numbers, the splendour of their equipment, and

terror wherever thought the lands about their cities lost already, and their cities sure to follow at once. But contrary to all expectation the enemy did them no harm, nor took aught from their fields, but even as they passed close by their cities shouted out that they were marching on Rome and warred only on the Romans, but held the rest as friends. Against this onset of the Barbarians the military tribunes led the Romans forth to battle. They were not inferior in numbers, being no fewer than forty thousand men-at-arms, but most of them were untrained, and had never handled weapons before. Besides, they had neglected all religious rites, having neither sacrificed with good omens, nor consulted the prophets as was meet before the perils of battle. But what most of all confounded their undertakings was the number of their commanders. And yet before this, and on the brink of lesser struggles, they had often chosen a single commander, with the title of Dictator, not unaware how great an advantage it is, when confronting a dangerous crisis, to be of one mind in paying obedience to an authority which is absolute, and holds the scales of justice in its own hands. Moreover, their unfair treatment of Camillus their furious violence, they struck

they came.

Men

/

135

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TCI

rov

yap iv

TTpbs

jarj

KoXa/cevovras dp^eiv

fnyBe

ftepov yevopevov.

IIpoeX$6We9

ovv

CLTTO

rov *A\iav Trora/jibv r)v\LOV TTOppO) TOV (TTpaTOTreSoV TO) 0y/X/3pfSt evravOa Be TWV ftapfidpwv dycovicrdjAevot, &i dra^iav Kal TO fjiev dpicrrepov CTpaTTovro. epa? evQv<s /j,/3a\6vT<; et? rov Trora/jiov ol KeXrol irapa

t

7

(frdeipav TO Be Be^ibv v7rKK\2vav rrjv rov TreSiov TT/JO? TOU? Xo^of? r\riov

e/c

7re(7ov

UTTO

rovrwv

e/9

rrjv

TTO\LV

ol

T049 S* aXXot? direiTrovrwv TOI^ (frovov ecra)0r)a'av, TT/JO? al (j)vyal Sta vvfcrbs rjcrav, co? r;)? t TWJ/ eVe? irdvrwv 0.7700/^0/^6^779

XIX.

'Eyei'eTo

S'

77

^X^

At6T *

rpoiras

irepi rr)v Travo-eXrjvov, y Kal Trporepov fjfjbepa /j,eja

irdOos <7we/3^ TO irepl TOU9 4>ay8tov9' rpiatcocrioi e/c ToO yevov? avBpe? vrrb Tuppi]vcov dvypeOij-

yap

<JOLV.

eKpdrijae Be rr)V rj/uepav drro

Bevrlpa? Bia rov

ri]^

Tlepl 6 rjfjiepwv dirofipaBctiv, etre %pr; rlOeaOal 138

dyaOds dyvoovvn (JJVCTIV

Troiov/^eva),

?}/zepa9

2 erepwOi Bi,rj7r6pr)rai.

fiiav

oXiywv

t

609

ovcrav,

rfj 3' VTroKei/jievy ypa
7rapaBeiyfj,dra)v

136

rds Be <^auXa?,

d7rdo~rjs

TO

CAMILLUS,

xvin. 6-xix.

2

was in no slight decree fatal to discipline, since it was now dangerous to hold command without paying regard to the pleasure and caprice of the people. They advanced from the city about eleven miles and encamped along the river Allia, not far from its confluence with the Tiber. There the Barbarians came suddenly upon them, and after a disorderly and shameful struggle, they were routed. Their left wing was at once driven into the river by the Gauls and destroyed their right wing was less cut up, because it withdrew before the enemy's onset from the plain to the hills, from which most of them made their way back to the city. The rest, as many as escaped the enemy's hands, which were weary with ;

slaughter, fled by night to Veii.

They thought that Rome was lost and all her people slain. XIX. The battle took place just after the summer solstice when the moon was near the full, on the very day of a former great disaster, when three hundred men of the Fabian gens had been cut to pieces by the Tuscans. But the second defeat was so much 1

the worse that the day on which it fell is called down to the present time "dies Alliensis," from the river.

Now concerning " dies nefasti," or unlucky days, whether we must regard some as such, or whether Heracleitus was right in rebuking Hesiod for calling some days good and some bad, in his ignorance that the nature of every day is one and the same, this question has been fully discussed elsewhere. Still, even in what I am now writing, the mention of a few 1

390

B.O.

137

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rOVrO

pfJi(T6t6.

UV

rOLVVV '

bs,

co?

8' 'A.dr)valoi, rj

3

Ka\oixn,v Bvo \aftelv

eTTKpavecrrdra^, als row? "EXXf/^a? r/XevOepwo~ai>y Ti}v reTrepl Aev/erpatcal rrjv eirl Keprjoraw ravrris irporepov erecri 7r\iocriv rj StaKocriois, ore TOVTO 8' eo'craXou? eviKrjGav. Aarra/jivav Kal

au

7ra\.ii>

ev

^HapaOwvi, rpirrj

Tlepcrat. JJHJVOS

Bo^SpOyatw^o? e/cry fj,ev H\araial
eV

8*

viro

V


7T6/Z7TT77

vaioi KOI rrjv Trepl

01

/0/?;oi9.

Nd^ov eviKwv vav^a^lav,

17?

a-rpaT)]jei, rov BorjBpo/Jii)i'o<$ Trepl Trjv 7ravGe\r)vov, ev Be %a\a/jLLVi Trepl TO,? Xa/3/ot'a?

THUV ev TM Tlepl fjpepwv aTroBeBeiKTai. Be Kal 6 Sapjij\ia)v firjv rot? ftap vo")(e Kal jap 'AXe^az^S/oo? eVl co?

Trep

Ti/j,o\eovTOs TJTTWVTO

rfj

e(BoofJ,ri

LKeav

VTTO

(frOivovros, Trepl

T)V BoKel Kal TO "\\LOV d\Mvai, apy^\ia)vo<;?- &>? "E^oyoo? Kal KaXXtcr^e^? Kal Aa^acrr^? Kal 5 <5>uXap%09 l(TTop)JKaa-ii>. avdiraK.iv 8' o MerayeiTBoiwrot Tldve/jiov Ka\ov(Tiv, rot? EXvi(*)v, ov f/

\rjcnv OVK e/SBo/jir)

ev/jievr)s yeyove. Kal rr)v ev }Lpavwv

TOVTOV
'Avrnrdrpov reXea)? aTrooXovro, Kal irporepov ev XaipnveLa aa^o/jievoi, TT/OO? fyikiTrrrov r)rv)(riaav. Tr}? 8' avrrjs fj/mepas TavrrfS ev rw MerayeirvLMvi Kara rov avrov eviavrov ol yuer' ^Ap^iBd/jiov Bta/3ai/T6? 1

138

et?

^\ra\iav

VTTO

apyr)\ia>vos deleted

ra)v

by Bekker,

e/cel

(BapjSdpwv

after Reiske.

CAMILLUS,

xix.

2-5

examples may not be amiss. To begin with, then, it was on the fifth day of the month of Hippodromius (which the Athenians call Hecatombaeon) that the Boeotians won two illustrious victories which set the Greeks free that at Leuctra, and that at Ceressus more than two hundred years earlier, when they conquered Lattamyas and the Thessaliaris. Again, on the sixth day of the month of Boedromion the Greeks defeated the Persians at Marathon, on the third day at Plataea and Mycale together, and on the Moreover, it was about twenty-sixth day at Arbela. full moon of the same month that the Athenians won their sea-fight off Naxos, under the command of Chabrias, and about the twentieth, that at Salamis, as has been set forth in my treatise " On days." Further, the month of Thargelion has clearly been a disastrous one for the Barbarians, for in that month the generals of the King were conquered by Alexander at the Granicus, and on the twenty-fourth of the month the Carthaginians were worsted by Timoleon :

off Sicily.

On

this day, too, of Thargelion,

it appears Ephorus, Callisthenes, Damastes, and Phylarchus have stated. Contrarywise, the month of Metageitnion (which the Boeotians call Panemus) has not been favourable to the Greeks. On the seventh of this month they were worsted by Antipater in the battle of Crannon, and utterly undone before this they had fought Philip unsuccessand in fully at Chaeroneia on that day of the month the same year, and on the same day of Metageitnion, Archidamus and his army, who had crossed into Italy, were cut to pieces by the Barbarians there.

Ilium was

that

taken,

as

;

;

PLUTARCH'S LIVES KapfflBovioi Be

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teal

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ev rot?

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av

TOGOVTOV 2

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f

i\r)S

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ol ftdpftapoi, T>;? VIK.^ Kal irpo

140

TO??

CAMILLUS,

xix.

6-xx. 2

The Carthaginians

also regard with fear the twentymonth, because it has ever brought upon them the worst and greatest of their misfortunes. I am not unaware that, at about the time when the mysteries are celebrated, Thebes was razed to the ground for the second time by Alexander, and that afterwards the Athenians were forced to receive a Macedonian garrison on the twentieth of Boedromion, the very day on which they escort the

second of

this

And likewise mystic lacchus forth in procession. the Romans, on the self-same day, saw their army under Caepio destroyed by the Cimbri, and later, when Lucullus was their general, conquered Tigranes and the Armenians. Both King Attalus and Pompey In short, the Great died on their own birth-days. one can adduce many cases where the same times and seasons have brought opposite fortunes upon the same men. But this day of the Allia is regarded by the Romans as one of the unluckiest, and its influence extends over two other days of each month throughout the year, since in the presence of calamity, timidity and superstition often overflow all bounds. However, this subject has been more carefully treated in

my " Roman Questions." x XX. Now had the Gauls, after

this battle, followed hard upon the fugitives, naught would have hindered Rome from being utterly destroyed and all those who remained in her from perishing, such was the terror which the fugitives infused into the occupants of the city, and with such confusion and delirium were they themselves once more filled. But as it was, the Barbarians could not realize the magnitude of their 1

Morals, pp. 269

f.

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etc

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TU9 142

r

rat? Trapdevois, a?

crTta8a9

7rovGjj,dov
139

CAMILLUS, and

xx.

2-5

the excess of their joy, turned to distribution of the good things captured in their enemy's camp. For this reason the throngs who were for abandoning the city had ample time for flight, and those who were for remaining plucked up hope and prepared to defend themselves. Abandoning the rest of the city, they fenced the Capitol with ramparts and stocked it with missiles. But their first care was for their sacred things, most of which they carried away to the Capitol the fire of Vesta, however, was snatched up and carried oft by the vestal virgins in their flight, along with the other sacred things entrusted to their care. However, some writers state that these virgins have watch and ward over nothing more than the 'ever-living fire, which Numa the King appointed to be worshipped as the first cause of all things. For more motion than anything else in fire produces nature, and all birth is a mode of motion, or is All other portions of accompanied by motion. matter, in the absence of heat, lie inert and dead, yearning for the force of fire to inform them, like a victory,

revelry and

in

the

;

spirit,

and on

its

accession in any

manner

soever,

they become capable of acting and being acted upon. This principle of fire, then, Numa, who was an extraordinary man, and whose wisdom gave him the repute of holding converse with the Muses, is said to have hallowed and ordered to be kept sleepless, that which it might image forth the ever-living force Others say that this fire orders the universe aright. is kept burning before the sacred things by way of purification, as among the Greeks, and that other objects within the temple are kept hidden from the gaze of all except these virgins, whom they call

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kal

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a\\oi Be TOVTOVS

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crews.

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XXI. Ta

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144

'A\.8ivios

S and Livy,

v.

40

' :

CAMILLUS,

x*. 5 -xvi.

i

And a very prevalent story had it that the Vestals. famous Palladium of Troy was hidden away there, having been brought to Itab by Aeneas. There are some who say that it is the Samothracian images which are hidden there, and they tell the tale of Dardanus bringing these to Troy, after he had founded that city, and consecrating them there with celebration of their rites and of Aeneas, at the capture of Troy, stealing them away and preserving ;

them

until he settled in Italy. Others still, pretending to have larger knowledge in these matters, say that two small jars are stored away there, of which one is open and empty, and the other full and sealed up, and that both are visible only to the holy virgins. But others think that these knowing ones have been led astray by the fact that the virgins, at the time of which J am now speaking, cast the most of their sacred treasures into two jars, and hid them underground in the temple of Quirinus, whence that place, down to the present time, has the name of " Doliola," or " Jars." XXI. However that may be, these virgins took the choicest and most important of the sacred objects and fled away along the river. There it chanced that Lucius Albinius, a man of the common people, was among the fugitives, carrying off his wife and little children, with the most necessary household Wiien he saw the virgins goods, upon a waggon. with the sacred symbols of the gods in their bosoms,

way along unattended and in great he speedily took his wife, with the children and the household goods, down from the waggon, and suffered the virgins to mount upon it and make making

their

distress,

145

PLUTARCH'S LIVES nva TWV

et9

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KOI

'EXX^-'iStop

'

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ovv ev

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TO49

tov

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XXII.

Tptrrj

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o Byoeyi'O? aycov eVi rrjv Trb\iv TO

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6 IIoi'Tt/co?

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Pa)[Jirjv,

with

146

eKet all

TTOV KarwK^jjievrjv MSS. and editors

irepl

CAMTLLUS,

xxi. 2

xxn. 2

their escape to a Greek city. This pious act oi Albinius,and the conspicuous honourwhich he showed the gods in a season of the greatest danger, could

not well be passed over in silence. But the priests of the other gods, and the aged men who had been consuls and celebrated triumphs, could not endure to leave the city. So they put on their robes of state and ceremony, following the lead of Fabius, the pontifex maximus,and vowed the gods that they would devote themselves to death in their

Then they sat themselves down, country's behalf. thus arrayed, on their ivory chairs in the forum, and awaited their

XXII.

On

fate.

the third day after the battle, Brennus came up to the city with his army. Finding its gates open and its walls without defenders, at first he feared a treacherous ambush, being unable to believe that the Romans were in such utter despair. But when he realised the truth, he marched in by the Colline This was a little more than gate, and took Rome. three hundred and sixty years from her foundation, if one can believe that any accurate chronology has been preserved in this matter, when that of even later events is disputed, owing to the confusion caused by this very disaster. However, it would seem that some vague tidings of the calamity and capture of the city made their way at once to Greece. For Heracleides Ponticus, who lived not long after that time, in his treatise "On the soul, "says that out of the West a story prevailed, how an army of Hyperboreans had come from afar and captured a Greek city called Rome, situated somewhere on the shores

PLUTARCH'S LIVES OVK av ovv OavpAueydXijv 6 d\acr a av TrXacraariav ovra TOV '\\pa-

3 rr}V

.

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TlaTreipios

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rou? XotTTOu? dvypovv TrpoaTreaovres, teal TWV ocrot? eTTirv^ocev BtexpcovTO, Kal ra? oltcia^ uv e TroXXa? ayovres Kal
1

148

iqApovv with

S

:

l^epor.

CAMILLUS,

xxn. 3-6

Now I cannot wonder that so of the Great Sea. fabulous and fictitious a writer as Heracleides should deck out the true story of the capture of Rome with "

" Great Sea." But Aristotle the philosopher clearly had accurate tidings of the capture of the city by the Gauls, and yet he says that its saviour was Lucius, although the forename of Camillus was not Lucius, but Marcus. However, these details were matters of conjecture. When he had occupied Rome, Brennus surrounded He himself went down the Capitol with a guard. through the forum, and was amazed to see the men his

"

Hyperboreans

sitting

and

his

there in public state and

They neither

rose

up

to

meet

perfect silence. their enemies when

they approached, nor did they change countenance or colour, but sat there quietly, at ease and without fear, leaning on their staves and gazing into one The Gauls were amazed and peranother's faces. plexed at the unwonted sight, and for a long time hesitated to approach and touch them, regarding them as superior beings. But at last one of them, plucking up his courage, drew near Papirius Marcus, and stretching out his hand, gently grasped his chin and stroked his long beard, whereupon Papirius, with his staff, smote him a crushing blow on the Then the Barbarian drew his sword and head. After that, they fell upon the rest and killed him. slew them, made away with every one else they met, sacked and plundered the houses of the city for many days together, and finally burned them down and levelled them with the ground, in their wrath at the For these would not defenders of the Capitol.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES K.a\o\}WTU>v

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ovft vTrrjicovov,

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ofjioicos

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XXIII.

Be

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rot?

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eavrovs ol fiev TOO j3acri\l Trapa/AevovTes l, ol Be rrjv ^u>pav Trepiiovres /cal ra? /cw^a? erropOovv TrpocnrlTrai/re?,

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diro-

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iv

rrjv

(j)vy^v

/cal

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Bia\oyi(TfjLovs ov%l TO

fcal

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Be KCLI

TOU9

aXX* 3

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el

(JKOTTOVVTOS.

[lev Itcavovs ovras, evBeeis Be ToXyu-T]? 5t* aTreipiav /cal yuaXa/a'ap rwv o-rpaTfjywv, eveftaXe \6yoi>

TOU? veous irpwrov, a>? ov %pr) rrjv dvBpeiav KeXTWi^ vo/jLi^eiv, ovB crvre/3ij

et?

TO

i>iK.r)
rjyeicrdai.

Bia

Kivbvvwv

w

KeLvoi<$

a epya

ro)i>

Trapaa-^ovrwv, aXXa TU^? Ka\ov fiev ovv elvai KCLI

aTTMO'ao'dai

7r6\/jiov

d\\6
rov Kparelv Trepan, wcnrep TW Bia0apf)vai TO vitctopevov ov IM)V aXXa

/cal /3ap/3ap'/cov,

Trvpi,

TraOelv

CAMILLUS,

xxii.

6-xxin. 4

surrender at their summons, but when they were attacked, actually repulsed their foes from the ramparts with loss. Therefore the Gauls inflicted every outrage upon the city, and put to the sword all whom they captured, men and women, old and

young

alike.

XXI II. The siege lasted a

long time, and the Gauls began to lack provisions. They therefore divided their forces. Some remained with their king and watched the Capitol, others ravaged the country round about, falling upon the villages and sacking them, not all together in one body, but scattered about by commands and companies, some here, some

moved by

their successes to great confidence of nothing. The largest and best disciplined body of them marched upon the city of Ardea, where Camillus was staying since his exile. He lived in complete retirement and privacy, it is true, but cherished the hopes and plans not of a man who eagerly desired to escape the notice and hands of the enemy, but of one who sought to avenge himself upon them if occasion offered. Wherefore, seeing that the Ardeans were of sufficient numbers, but lacked courage, through the inexperience and effeminacy of their generals, he began to reason with the young men first, to the effect that the mishap of the Romans ought not to be laid to the valour of the Gauls, nor the sufferings of that infatuated people to the prowess of men who did riot deserve their It was victory, but rather to the dictates of fortune. there,

and the fear

a fine thing, he said, even at dangerous risks, to repel the attack of an alien and barbarous folk, whose

only

end fire,

mastery was, as in the work of the utter destruction of what it conquered. But in getting the

VOL.

II.

F

151

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Oappovcri Kai irpo9vfjLov(jLevoi^ avrols d/cLvBvvov ev Kaipw rr]V viKrjv vrape^eiv. Tourou? rou? \6yov ? rwv vewv Bea/.ivcov eVt roi>9 ap*%ovra<s yei teal TOU? TrpojBovXovs rwv'ApSearwv o KayiuXXo?. ft)? Se KaKeivovs crvveTreicrev, WTrXicre rou? eV rfKiKia Trdvras KOI a-vrel^e rov /cat

5

eWo?, ayvoelaOat. ySovXo/te^o? L/TTO eVet &e T^v %(*)pav eyyvs ovrwv. KOI

/8apet
oVre? y?ro

feponevtov ayueXw?

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KarecrrparoTre^eva'av,

rcoy dyo^eixav KOI ev rw TreStw

oXiycopw?

etc

Be

rovrov vv%

e7rrj\6e

aiwnri Karea^e TO (jrparoTreSov, irvdofjicvos ravra irapa rwv KaraarKOTrcov al 6 Ka/iiXXo? er)ye TOU? 'ApSeara?* /m#' r)(TV%Lav rov yuera^u TOTTOV Trepl vvfcra<; 7rpoae/jLi% rco yapaKi tcpavyfj re 7ro\\f} icai rat? cdXTTiy^L iravra^oOev etcrapdrrwv dvOpwTrovs KaKcos VTTO fJLe9r]^ /ecu yu-oXfc? e virvwv dvafyepovTas TT/)O? TOZ^ OopvjBov. TCOI^ 6 6\iyoL /lev ovv dvavrityavTes ev rw (f)6/3(t) KOI SiacrKevaad/jLevoi, TOI)? 7re/?t ro^ KayttiXXo^ w ar^a'av, &<J'T d/jivv6/j,voi ireGelv TOU? Se crroi'? ert Kparovfjizvovs VTTVW /ecu d'ivw fjieOvoucriv

ayrot?

/cat

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eire\avvovre^

iTTTreis Biecfr

XXIV. 'H

Se (pr'juij TCI^V Biayye\\ova'a rrjv irpa^Lv eVl ra? TroXet? e^e/caXeiro TroXXou? rwz^ ez> r)\iKia (rvvicrTa/Jievovs, /jLd\K7ra Be Pay/Jialcov

Bia
e/e

rr}?

eV

r)TO

'AXta

fid^rj^

ev

Kara tr^a? avrovs,

CAMILLUS,

xxni. 4-xxiv.

i

in the present case, if they were bold and zealous, he would find occasion to give them a victory without

any danger. After gaining the support of the young men, Camillas went to the rulers and councillors of Ardea, and when he had won them over also, he armed all who were of age for service and kept them together within the walls, that they might not be perceived by the enemy, who were near. These had scoured the country round about, and encamped in the plain, without care or concern, and heavily encumbered with their abundant booty. When night

upon them, putting an end to their and silence reigned throughout their camp, Camillas, acquainted with this by his scouts, had

fallen

carousals,

Passing quietly over the intervening space, they reached the camp about midnight, and with shouts and trumpet blasts on every hand confounded the men, who were scarcely brought to their senses by the din, heavy as they were with drunkenness and sleep. A few of them were sobered by fear, armed themselves, and made resistance to Camillus and his men, so that they fell led forth the Ardeans.

fighting but most were still mastered by sleep and wine when they were fallen upon and slain without A few only ran from the camp, under their arms. cover of darkness, and when day came, were seen straggling about the fields, but horsemen pursued them and cut them to pieces. ;

XXIV. Rumour

quickly carried news of this exneighbouring cities, and called to arms many of those who were of age for service, particularly the Romans who had made their escape from the battle on the Allia, and were in Veii. These ploit to the

'53

PLUTARCH'S LIVES " Olov rjyGjmova

'ApSeara? fjLCKTiv,

2

rr}? 'Pco/zry? o

e/cocr/jLrja-e

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r)

rot?

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8e

6

e/ceivovs

yap

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/ceXevovai

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ovv euXa/3eta? Kal Ka\otcayadia<; TOV Kd/j,i\\ov eOav^aaav. r)v S' aTropia rov ravra BiayyeXoOi/ro? et? TO KaTTtTwXtoir /JLO\.\OV S* oXca?

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XXV.

fiivios,

Kal

Be

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rt?

ev rot? veois Vlovnos

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yu,^

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Ko-

Bo^rj^ B

Be

avrfj KOILI^WV ryv [lev a\\rjv 6Bov a8ea>9 8ir)\0v, eyyvs Be ri}<; UTT*

154

CAMILLUS,

xxiv. i-xxv.

i

<e Of what a lamented among themselves, saying leader has heaven robbed Rome in Camillus, only :

The city which to adorn Ardea with his victories bore and reared such a hero is dead and gone, and we, for lack of generals, sit pent up within alien walls, and see Italy ruined before our very eyes. Come let us send to Ardea and demand our own general, or take our arms and go ourselves to him For he is no longer an exile, nor are we citizens, now that our country is no more, but is mastered by the enemy." So said, so done, and they sent and asked Camillus to take the command. But he refused to do so before the citizens on the Capitol had They were preserving the legally elected him. !

!

!

country, as he thought, and if they had commands for him, he would gladly obey, but against their wishes he would meddle with nothing whatsoever. This noble restraint on the part of Camillus was much admired, but it was hard to see how the matter could be referred to the Capitol. Nay rather, it seemed utterly impossible, while the enemy for held the city, a messenger to elude them and reach the acropolis. XXV. But there was a certain young man, Pontius Cominius by name, who was, in spite of his ordinary He volunteered birth, a lover of glory and honour. to attempt the task. He took no letter with him to the defenders of the Capitol, lest this, in the event of his capture, should help the enemy to discover the purpose of Camillus but under the coarse garments which he wore, he carried some The greater part of his journey pieces of cork. ;

was made by daylight and without fear but as night came on he found himself near the city. ;

155

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ijBrj cr/corato?, ^vrel Kara yecfrvpav OVK TOV rroTa/nbv Trepaaai TWV fiapftdpwv irapa-

yev6fj.evo$ rjv

2 (f)v\aTTovTcov, Trjv p.ev ecrQrJTa

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ovBe ftapelav, rot? /col (rvv7riKOv<)a)v TOO

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\drrwv

del TOU? e^/OTyyopora?, TO??

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rot? fcal

3

r)

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teal

e

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teal

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TOV KaTTiTcoXiou teal TreTpa KVK\(O Tro\\r) KOI KOI TO <j>v\aTT overt

avryv op0ios

6

KCLTCL TO TOU? az/Spa? KOI

\ayapcoTaTov. eavTOv eV Te\ei ej; ovo/jiaTOs, dva\rjcf)0el^ e^copei Trpos TOU? TWV 'Pw/Aaicov. Ta%v Be o? Be

yw,oXi?

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Trjv

KOI

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dp^jv,

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Trapa

T/l? y?ou\r)? d7rrjyyei\6 rot? e'a> 'Pco/iatot?.

XXVI. ^KeLvwv tcofjievos o

K^//itXXo?

Be Be^afjLevwv irpoOvfjiw^ rjBrj /nev ei>

oVXo

KdTeXafie, TrXetoi/a? Se crvvrjyev diro TWV 1 r$ Bekker supplies eV with Bryan. I

56

d
CAMILLUS,

xxv. i-xxvi.

r

He

could not cross the river by the bridge, since Barbarians were guarding it, so he wrapped his light and scanty garments about his head, fastened the corks to his body, and thus supported, swam across, came out on the other side, and went on towards the city. Always giving a wide berth to those of the enemy who were watchful and wakeful, as he judged by their fires and noise, he made his way to the Carmental gate, where there was the most quiet, at which the Capitoline hill was most sheer and steep, and which was girt about by a huge and jagged cliff. the

Up this he mounted unperceived, and finally reached, with great pains and difficulty, the sentries posted where the wall was lowest. Hailing them, and telling them who he was, he was pulled up over the wall, and taken to the Roman magistrates. The Senate quickly convening, he appeared before it, announced the victory of Camillus, about which they had not heard, and explained to them the will and pleasure of his fellow-soldiers. He exhorted them to confirm Camillus in his command, since he was the only man whom the citizens outside would obey. When the Senate had heard his message and deliberated upon it, they appointed Camillus dictator, and sent Pontius back again by the way he had come, wherein he repeated his former good fortune. For he eluded the enemy's notice and brought the Senate's message to the Romans outside the city. XXVI. These gave eager welcome to the tidings, so that when Camillus came, he found twenty thousand men already under arms. He collected 157

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ical

Trapecrfcevd^ero

ypedf) BiKTarayp

KOI

TT/OO?

6

rrjv

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Ka/uXXo9 TO

Bev-

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'

ol iro\e[JLioi Beiicvvovcriv &)? ovr diropevros ovre afSaros dv6pa)7roi9 dvd\wrov, f) rroXe/jLiwv f/ XT^TTTO? ecrri SiSacr/covTcov. evl Trpoa/Brjvai pdBiov, ovBe ?roXXot9 Kad*

aXXa

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pa)^ Kal

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XXVII. Toiavra TOV VTreorrrjcrav

ol

fjieaas vv/cras 1

158

ODrw

.

.

.

FaXaTat

7rpo^u/x&)9,

Kal

iri/3dvr? a/xa TroXXot

vo\e/j.lois

eva

TroXX?) Be /cat

deleted by Bekker, after Reiske.

CAMILLUS, still

xxvi. I-XXVH. i

more from the allies, and made preparations Thus Camillas was chosen dictator

for his attack.

the second time, and proceeding to Veii, he himself at the head of the soldiers there, and collected more from the allies, with the purpose of attacking the enemy. But in Rome, some of the Barbarians chanced to pass by the spot where Pontius had made his way by night up to the Capitol, and noticed in many places the marks made by his hands and feet in clambering up, and many places also where the plants that grew upon the rocks had been torn away, and the earth displaced. They advised their king of At this, and he too came and made inspection. the time he said nothing, but when evening came, he assembled the nimblest men and the best mountain-climbers of the Gauls and said to them " The enemy have shown us that there is a way up to them of which we knew not, and one which men can traverse and tread. It would be a great shame for us, after such a beginning as we have made, to fail at the end, and to give the place up as impregnable, when the enemy themselves show us where it can be taken. For where it is easy for one man to approach it, there it will be no difficult matter for many to go one by one, nay, they will support and aid one another Gifts and honours greatly in the undertaking. be given to every shall befitting his valour for

put

:

man."

XXVII. So spake their king, and the Gauls About midnight eagerly undertook to do his will. a large band of them scaled the cliff and made 159

PLUTARCH'S LIVES UCTCL

aXXa aa\\ov


Kal

OVCTi

aTrOTO/JLOLS

e/j,v6uvoi

%a\TTol
TO?? UTjV

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60

CAMILLUS, their

way upward

in

xxvn. 1-5

silence.

They climbed on

over places which were precipitous and rough, but which yielded to their efforts better than they had expected, until the foremost of them reached the heights, put themselves in array, and had all but seized the outwork and fallen upon the sleeping watch. Neither man nor dog was aware of their approach. But there were some sacred geese near the temple of Juno, which were usually fed without stint, but at that time, since provisions barely sufficed for the garrison all

fours

alone, they were neglected and in evil plight. The creature is naturally sharp of hearing and afraid of every noise, and these, being specially wakeful and restless by reason of their hunger, perceived the approach of the Gauls, dashed at them with loud the garrison. At once cries, and so waked all

now that they were detected, spared no noise, and came on more impetuously to the attack. The defenders, snatching up in haste whatever weapon came to hand, made the best Manlius first of all, a man of shift they could. the Barbarians,

consular dignity, mighty in body and exceeding stout of heart, confronting two of the enemy at once, cut off the right hand of one of them with his sword as he was lifting his battle-axe, and dashing his shield into the face of the other,

tumbled him backwards down the cliff. Then taking his stand on the wall with those who ran to his aid and formed about him, he repulsed the rest of the enemy, who had reached the top in no great numbers, and showed no prowess to match their daring. So the Romans escaped out of

their peril.

At break of day, they

cast the

161

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XXVIII.

ra

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Trepl l? 1

/j.eyd\r)v 2

iro/ja

162

deleted by Coraes and Bekker. 1 edd., including Sintenis

MSS. and

:

vfpl.

CAMILLUS,

xxvn.

5 -xxviii.

3

the watch down the cliff among the enemy, but voted to Manlius a meed of victory which did him more honour than service. They collected for him the rations which each man of them received for one day, namely, half a pound of native spelt, Roman weight, and an eighth of a pint of wine, Greek measure. XXVIII. After this, the case of the Gauls was less hopeful. They lacked provisions, being shut off from foraging through fear of Camillus, and disease lurked among them. They were encamped amid ruins, where a multitude of corpses had captain of

been cast at random, and besides, an air made dry and acrid by vast quantities of ashes which wind and heat sent flying abroad, made breathing But what most of all affected them was hurtful. the complete change in their

mode

of

life.

They

had come all at once from regions of shade, where easy refuge could be had from the heats of summer, into a land which was low lying and had an unnatural climate towards autumn. Then there was their long and idle sitting down before the Capitol, they were now whiling away the For all these reasons seventh month in its siege. the mortality was great in their camp so many were the dead that they could no longer be ;

buried. All this,

however, brought no relief to the besieged, for famine increased upon them, and their ignorance of what Camillus was doing made them dejected. No messenger could come from him because the city was now closely watched

163

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 7ro\iv atepiftws VTTO TWV ftap[Sdpwv. ovT(o irpaTTOvcnv a/zc^orepot? eyivovTO o\6yot Bid T&V TT po(>v\dtca)V TO TrptoTov 4 evTvy^avovTwv elra, o>? eBo^e TO?? Tr)V

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ait oSva a^evos

164

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C

:

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Bekkur and Sintenis1

.

CAM ILL US, by the Barbarians. such a plight,

xxvin. 3~xxix.

i

Wherefore, both parties being compromise was proposed, at first by the outposts as they encountered one another. Then, since those in authority thought it best, Sulpicius, the military tribune of the Romans, held a conference with Brennus, and it was agreed that on the delivery of a thousand pounds of gold by the Romans, the Gauls should straightway depart out of the city and the country. Oaths were sworn to these terms, and the gold was brought to be weighed. But the Gauls tampered with the scales, secretly at first, then they openly The pulled the balance back out of its poise. Romans were incensed at this, but Brennus, with a

in

mocking laugh, stripped off his sword, and added it, belt and all, to the weights. When " What means this ? " " What else," Sulpicius asked, said Brennus, " but woe to the vanquished?" 1 and a

the phrase passed at once into a proverb. Some of the Romans were incensed, and thought they ought to go back again with their gold, and endure the siege. Others urged acquiescence in the mild injustice. Their shame lay, they argued, not in giving more, but in giving at all. This they consented to do because of the emergency ; it was not honourable, but it was necessary. XXIX. While they were thus at odds in the matter, both with the Gauls and with themselves, Camillus led his army up to the gates of the city. On learning what was going on, he ordered the rest of his army to follow in battle array and deliberately, 1

Vae

victia I

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rwv dpicrrwv erreiybuevos evOvs eTropevero 2 TOU?

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66

CAMILLUS,

xxix. 1-5

while he himself, with the flower of his men, pressed These all on, and presently came to the Romans. made way for him, in decorous silence acknowledging him as their dictator. Thereupon he lifted the gold from the scales and gave it to his attendants, and then ordered the Gauls to take their scales and weights and be off, saying that it was the custom with the Romans to deliver their city with iron and not with gold. When Brennus in wrath declared that he was wronged by this breaking of the agreement, Camillus answered that the compact was not legally made nor binding, since he himself had already been chosen dictator and there was no other the agreement of the Gauls had therelegal ruler fore been made with men who had no power in the ;

Now, however, they must say what they wanted, for he was come with legal authority to grant pardon to those who asked it, and to inflict punishment on the guilty, unless they showed At this, Brennus raised a clamour and repentance. began a skirmish, in which both sides got no further than drawing their swords and pushing one another confusedly about, since the action took place in the heart of the ruined city, where no battle array was But Brennus soon came to his senses, and possible. led his Gauls off to their camp, with the loss of a few only. During the ensuing night he broke camp and abandoned the city with his whole force, and after a march of about eight miles, encamped along the Gabinian way. At break of day Camillus was upon him, in glittering array, his Romans now case.

of confidence, and after a long and fierce battle, routed the enemy with great slaughter and took Of the fugitives, some were at once their camp. full

167

PLUTARCH'S LIVES OL

TOU9 & Oeovres

XXX.

7rept

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with S

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168

fcarayy6~\J\.ovcra 6eov rco Kou-

ere

and adorned.

CAMILLUS,

xxix. 5-xxx. 3

pursued and cut down, but most of them scattered abroad, only to be fallen upon and slain by the people of the surrounding villages and cities.

XXX. So

strangely was Rome taken, and more delivered, after the Barbarians had held it seven months in all. They entered it a few days after the Ides of July, and were driven out about the Ides of February. Camillus celebrated a triumph, as it was meet that a man should do who had saved a country that was lost, and who now For the brought the city back again to itself. citizens outside, with their wives and children, accompanied his triumphal chariot as it entered the city, and those who had been besieged on the strangely

still

and had narrowly escaped death by starvacame forth to meet them, all embracing one another, and weeping for the joy that was theirs. The priests and ministrants of the gods, bringing Capitol,

tion,

whatever sacred objects they had either buried on the spot or carried off with them when they took to flight, displayed them, thus preserved in safety, to the citizens, who caught the welcome sights with delight, believing in their hearts that the gods themselves were now coming back to Rome with them. After Camillus had made sacrifices to the gods and purified the city, in the manner prescribed by those who were versed in such rites, he restored the existing temples, and erected a new one to Rumour and Voice, 1 having sought out carefully the spot where by night the voice from Heaven, announcing the coming of the Barbarian host, had fallen upon the ears of Marcus Caedicius. 1

Ara Aii

Locutii.

169

PLUTARCH'S LIVES XXXI. XaXeTTw? aev ovv teal ao\t,<; at r&v ai fa^ortfjiia rov Kalepwv dvKa\v7rrovro r&v Kal TTOVW fjii\\ov 7ro\\(p iepofyavTwv ft>? Be

XP

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170

CAMILLUS,

xxxi. 1-3

XXXI. Owing to the zeal of Camillas and the abundant labours of the priesthood, the sites of the temples were at last uncovered, but it proved a And since the city had also grievous undertaking. to be built up again from a state of utter destruction, the multitude were overwhelmed with despair of the task, and shrank from it. They were bereft of all things, and for the present needed some rest and repose after their sufferings, instead of toiling and wearing themselves out on a task for which they had neither means nor strength. And so it was that insensibly their thoughts turned again to Veii, a city which remained intact and was equipped with all things needful. This gave opportunity for mischievous agitations to such as were wont to consult only the people's will and pleasure, and ready ear was given to seditious speeches against Camillus. He had an eye, it was said, only to his own ambition and fame,

when he would deprive them of a city that stood ready to receive them, and force them to pitch their tents among a mass of ruins, while they rebuilt what had become a monstrous funeral pyre. He wished not merely to be a leader and general of Rome, but to thrust Romulus to one side and be styled its founder.

The Senate,

therefore,

fearful

of this clamour,

suffer Camillus, much as he wished it, to his office within a year, although no other

would not

lay down dictator had served

more than six months. Meanwhile the Senators, by dint of kindly greetings and persuasive words, tried to soften and convert the people, pointing out the sepulchres and tombs of their fathers, and calling to their remembrance the shrines and holy places which Romulus, or Numa, 171

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 4 ftacriXewv

TUV ev

emOeidvas

ev TT/OCOTOJ? S

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irpoa-fiid^ecrOai,

XXXII.

ovv (3ov\r)v irpoOelvai 7ro\\a /JLCV avrbs Bie^rj\de Trapaiea\wv VTrep T>)9 Trar/otSo?, TroXXa Se iea\ rcov a\\cov 6 /SouXoytte^o?" reXo? Be rbv Trpcorov \ej6Lv JIX^/JL^JV KGVKLOV Aov/epi]Tiov dva-

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fj,yd\rj

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(frwvfj

/eal

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TO

e'/ce-

CAMILLUS,

xxxi.

4-xxxn.

2

or some other king, had consecrated and left to their care. Among other signs from Heaven, they laid chief stress on the newly severed head that was found when the foundations of the Capitol were dug, showing, as it did, that the place where it was found was fated to be the head of Italy ; also on the sacred fire of Vesta, which had been kindled anew by her If they should quench and virgins after the war. extinguish this again by their abandonment of the city, it would be a disgrace to them, whether they saw that city occupied by immigrants and aliens, or abandoned to flocks and herds. Thus did the Senators remonstrate with the people, both individually in private, and often hi the public assemblies. They, in their turn, were moved to compassion by the wailing complaints of the multitude, who lamented the helplessness to which they were come, and begged, now that they had been saved alive as it were from a shipwreck, in nakedness and destitution, that they be not forced to piece together the fragments of their ruined city, when another stood all ready to receive them. XXXII. Accordingly, Camillus decided that the question should be debated and settled in council. He himself spoke at great length, in exhortation to preserve their common country, and every one else who wished did likewise. Finally, he called upon Lucius Lucretius, to whom custom gave the first vote, and bade him declare his opinion first, and then the other senators in the order due. Silence fell, and Lucretius was on the point of beginning, when it chanced that a centurion with a squad of the day watch passed by outside, and calling with a loud voice on the man who led with the standard,

PLUTARCH'S LIVES /cd\\icrTa

yap evrav&a KaOeBeicrQai

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174

vpoTpfTOfj.fvwv

with S

:

TO

%v\ov

(f)v\arTOv.

CAMILLUS,

xxxn. 2-5

bade him halt and plant his standard there, for that was the best place to settle down and stay in. The utterance

fell

at the crisis of their anxious

for the uncertain future,

and Lucretius

thought with a

said,

devout obeisance, that he cast his vote with the god. The rest, one by one, followed his example. Then the inclinations of the multitude were marvellously changed. They exhorted and incited one another

and pitched upon their several sites, not by any orderly assignment, but as each man found it convenient and desirable. Therefore the

to the work,

city was rebuilt with confused and narrow streets and a maze of houses, owing to their haste and Within a year's time, it is said, a new city speed. had arisen, with walls to guard it and homes in which to dwell. Those who had been deputed by Camillus to recover and mark out anew the sacred places, found them all in utter confusion. When they came to

the shrine of Mars, in their circuit of the Palatium, they found that it had been demolished and burnt by the Barbarians, like the rest, but as they were clearing away and renovating the place, they came upon the augural staff of Romulus, buried deep in a The augural staff is curved at great heap of ashes. one end, and is called lituus. It is used to mark off the different quarters of the heavens, in the ceremonies of divination by the flight of birds, and so Romulus had used this one, for he was a great diviner. But when he vanished from among men, the priests took this staff and kept it inviolate, like

175

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOVTO

Brj

Tore TWV

a\\wv aTroXeoXoT&w

avev-

POVTGS BiaTretyevyos rrjv ? dtBiov avry f

/

Trjv crcoTrjpiav TOV arj/jieiov j3/3aiovvTO<>. XXXIII. OUTTGI) 8e rf}9 vrepl raOra

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176

%peiav eBoKi/^aae,

teal

o

CAMILLUS,

xxxn. 5-xxjcm. 3

any other sacred object.

Their finding this at that the rest had perished, gave them more pleasing hopes for Rome. They thought it a token that assured her of everlasting safety. time unscathed,

when

all

XXXIII. They were not yet done with these when a fresh war broke upon them. The Aequians, Volscians, and Latins burst into their territory all at once, and the Tuscans laid siege to The military Sutrium, a city allied with Rome. pressing tasks

tribunes in

command

of the army, having

encamped

Mount

Marcius, were besieged by the Latins, and were in danger of losing their camp. Where-

near

fore they sent to Rome for aid, and Camillus was appointed dictator for the third time. Two stories are told about this war, and I will give the fabulous

one

first.

say that the Latins, either as a pretext for war, or because they really wished to revive the ancient affinity between the two peoples, sent and demanded from the Romans free-born virgins in

They

marriage. for

The Romans were

in

doubt what to do,

they dreaded war in their unsettled and un-

restored condition, and yet they suspected that this for wives was really a call for hostages disguised under the specious name of intermarriage. In their perplexity, a serving-maid named Tutula, or, as some call her, Philotis, advised the magistrates to send her to the enemy with some maid-servants of the comeliest sort and most genteel appearance, all arrayed like free-born brides; she would attend to the rest. The magistrates yielded to her persuasions,

demand

chose out as

many

maid-servants as she thought meet

177

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ra? ov

effdfJTi real %pvcra) irapaBovvai rot? Aarivois Trdvv TroppQ) rr)? 7roXe&>9 cTTpaTOTreBevovcrt. Be Ta9 j^ev aXXa9 ve\ecr0at, ra ey-^etpiBia 1

elre

Tovrov\av

et're

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&(T7Tp rjv GvyKeifJLtvov avrfj Trpo? TOU? o\irwv elSoros. ov&evos aXXou rwv 'it

81

o KOI

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CAM1LLUS,

xxxiii.

3-7

her purpose, arrayed them in fine raiment and gold, and handed them over to the Latins, who were encamped near the city. In the night, the rest of the maidens stole away the enemy's swords, while Tutula, or Philotis, climbed a wild fig-tree of great height, and after spreading out her cloak behind her, held out a lighted torch towards Rome, this being the signal agreed upon between her and the magisHence trates, though no other citizen knew of it. of the city it was that the soldiers sallied out tumultuously, as the magistrates urged them on, calling out one another's names, and with much ado getting into rank and file. They stormed the entrenchments of the enemy, who were fast asleep and expecting nothing of the sort, captured their camp, and slew most of them. This happened on the Nones of what was then called Quintilis, now July, and the festival since held on that day is in remembrance of the exploit. For, to begin with, they run out of the city gate in throngs, calling out loudly many local and common names, such as Gaius, Marcus, Lucius, and the like, in imitation of the way the soldiers once called aloud upon each other in their haste. Next, the maid-servants, in gay attire, run about jesting and joking with the men they meet. They have a mock battle, too, with one another, implying that they once took a hand in the And as they feast, they struggle with the Latins. sit in the shade of a fig-tree's branches. The day is called the "Capratine Nones," from the wild figtree, as they suppose, from which the maid held forth her torch this goes by the name of capri/icus. for

;

But others say that most of what

is

said

and done

at this festival has reference to the fate of Romulus.

179

PLUTAKCH'S LIVES Kara ravrrjv yap a^avicrd^vai real

8' eviot, vo/jiL^ovcriv,

&><;

Kal rrjv

rj/j,epav CLTTO

rrjv rj/jiepav

avTov

0ve\\rjs a e/eXen/reco? rfKiov

TOV TOTTOV vuivas

jap aiya rcdirpav ovo^d^ovcnv o Be 'PwyLtuXo? rj$avLcr0ri SrjfjLijyopwv irepi TO r^? alybs eXo? Trpocrayopeuo/jLevov, &>? eV rot? irepl

K\rjd>ji'ai, rrjv

e/ceiVQV jeypaTrrat.

XXXIV.

Tov

S'

erepov \6yov ol TrXeicrroi rwv

UTTOcrvyypatyecov ^OKip.d^ovre^ OVTO) \eyovan>. BiKTarajp TO rpirov 6 KayutA.Xo9 Kal

TO

/jL6Ta

VTTO

T0)i>

%i\idp'%wv crTpaTev/jia

TWV AaTivcov Kal TwvQvoXov-

CTKWV, rji'a-y/cdcrOij Kal rou? OVK ev o')pq TOJV ITO\L2 T&v, aXX' 7/87; 7r;/3i/TOTa9 KaQoifkicrai. 7Tpie\6u>v Be fiaKpav TrepioSov irepl TO M.dpKiov 0/505

\a0ajv TOVS TroXe^tou? tSpvcre TTJV
tcaTOTTLv

3

povv ^uXot? 7roXXot9 Kal Bie
eyvwKOTes eTepav oiKodev Kal Tvpprjvwv TrpoirBe^o^evoi, TOVTO 8' al(T06{jivo$ 6 Ka/xtXXo? Kal j3otj@iav. TraOeiv oirep eTroirjaev avro? TOU? TroXe- 147 eaTrevBe KVf\a)crdfjLevo^ TrpoXaftelv TOV 4 Kaipov. 6Vro? Be TOV 7repi(f)pdy/j,aTO
Bvva/jiiv,

afjia

TreptjJieveiv

Be

/j,yd\ov KaTiQvro^ diro TWV opwv a/za 1

80

CAMILLUS,

xxxin. y-xxxiv. 4

For on this same day he vanished from sight, outside the city gates, in sudden darkness and tempest, and, as some think, during an eclipse of the sun. The " " from day, they say, is called the Capratine Nones the spot where he thus vanished. For the she-goat goes by the name of capra, and Romulus vanished from sight while haranguing an assembly of the people at the Goat's Marsh, as has been stated in his Life. 1

XXXIV. But most

writers adopt the other account

of this war, which runs thus. Camillus, having been appointed dictator for the third time, and learning that the army under the military tribunes was besieged by the Latins and Volscians, was forced to put under arms even those of the citizens who were exempt

from military duty by reason of advancing years. Fetching a long circuit around Mount Marcius and thus eluding the enemy's notice, he planted his army securely in their rear, and then by lighting many

made known his presence there. The besieged Romans at once took heart and purposed to sally out

fires

and join

battle.

But the Latins and Volscians

re-

fenced themselves in with a great wooden palisade, and barricaded their camp on all sides, for they now had a hostile force in front and rear, and were determined to await reinforcements from home. At the same time they expected aid from the Tuscans also. Camillus, perceiving their design, and fearful of being himself surrounded by the enemy as he had surrounded them, made haste to improve his opportunity. The enemy's barricades were of wood, and a strong wind tired within

their trenches,

*

Chap, xxvii.

181

PLUTARCH'S LIVES l rrapacrKevacrduevos Kal irepl Trvpo{36\a rov opdpov e^ayaycov rrjv Bvva/JLiv rou? [lev aXXou? CKeXevae xprjaOai /SdXecri Kal Kpavyfj /ca$' erepov /zepo?, avros Be TOI>? TO rrvp afyrjcreiv yu,eXXoz>Ta9 e(ov oOev elot)0ei /judXtcrra TrpodTTiTrreiv 6 a^e/io? ,

W

xdpatci

TWV

TToXeyLttcoi*

e^eTn-rrre,

\afj/rrpov

rov

rrjv wpav. eVel re r/X^o? avrjeu Kal TO

ave^eve

avve
TV

aaKOS a<>ova

v Be Tr}? (f)\oyos ev v\r) TTVKVVJ teal fiacri ^uXti/ot? dvarpa
ovBev

fjLevw,

a/co?

ovBe

Kal

KVK\W

c^earripiov e^oi/T6?

ot

^

Aarlvoi TrapeaKevaiT/jievov, &>? 7rX?}pe9 r/S?; TO arparoTreSov vrvpos, eV o\i>yov crv
rov

%paKos

TOI?

rovrwv Be

ev

Kara\L(f)0evTa<;

Bie(f)@eipe tot

TO TrOp,

TO*

fte^yot

crrparoTreSfo

ou KcnacrfiecravTes ol

Ta xprj/jtara Bo'ipTraaav. TeyovoTwv Be rovrayv a7ro\i7ra)V

XXX V.

TOI>

efrl

rov

viov

rwv av6pu)Trwv Kal 7ro\e/jLLa)v eve/3a\e.

^prjfjidrwv avrbs et? rrjv rrjv JLlicav&v rrokiv e

rwv

Kal

Kal rrpoaayayo^evo^ TOU? QVO\OV(TKOV<; evdus crrpanai' Trpo? TO ^ovrpiov, ovrrw ra cv firjKora T0t9 ^ovrpivois TreTrvcrpevos, aXX* w? KtvBvvevov(Ti Kal 7ro\iopKov/Jievot,<> VTTO ru>v ol B' erv^ov ijBr) rrjv 2 prjvwv 0orjdfj(7ai, arrev^wv. TroXti/ avrol TO?? TrapaBeBwKores, TToXeyutot? fjiev rr]V

vvpo&6\a conjecture Sintenis

182

J ,

and edd.

of

Sintenis 2

;

irvph

vo\\k MSS.,

CAMILLUS,

xxxiv. 4-xxxv. a

blew down from the mountains at sun-rise. Accordhe equipped himself with fiery darts, and leading his forces out towards day-break, ordered part of them to attack with missiles and loud cries at an opposite point, while he himself, with those appointed to hurl fire, took his post where the wind was wont to smite the enemy's trenches with the greatest force, and awaited the propitious moment. When battle had been joined and the sun rose and the wind burst forth with fury, he gave orders for an onset, and scattered no end of fiery darts along the The flames speedily found food in the trenches. crowded timbers of the wooden palisades and spread The Latins had nothing at hand in all directions. with whicSi to ward off or quench them, and when at length their camp was full of fire, they were huddled ingly,

together into a small space, and at last forced to dash out against an enemy who were drawn up in Few of full battle array in front of the trenches. them made their escape, and those who were left behind in the camp were all a prey to the fire until the Romans put it out and fell upon their booty. XXXV. This business dispatched, he left his son Lucius in command of the camp to guard the captives and the booty, while he himself invaded the enemy's He captured the city of the Aequians, country. brought the Volscians to terms, and straightway led He was not yet apprised his army towards Sutrium. of the fate of the Sutrians, but thought they were still in peril of siege by the Tuscans, and so hastened to relieve them. But they had already surrendered their city to the enemy, and been sent off in utter

VOL.

ii.

Q

183

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TrdvTcov erSeet? eV

fiovov o

//iartot?

^

o$ov OVTL TO) Ka/ztXXw

fjuera

o Se

re

Ka/uXXo? avros

7rpo
iraL^wv KOI

eavrwv ru^a?.

irrivTwv 6&up6/jLevoi ra?

T^

o-v/rti/

7rtK\a-

TOU? 'Pw/xatof 5 opw^ e/t^uo/ze^coi/ avrois ^ovTpivwv BarcpvovTas Kal &vaavacr')(TovvTas l

TO??

eirl

TroieiaOai,

eyvw /JLIJ a\X* ev0v
yeyevrifjuevois,

3 TiLiwpias

avaftoXrjV,

"Zovrpiov

Ifcetvrjs rr)?

TTOI/? ev&aifJLOva

fipepas, Xoyt^o/iez/o?

KOI TrXovaiav 7r6\LV

TT}?

TTI

a
TO

dvdpw-

aprt,

^>OTa? /cat /jnfieva TWV jro\ep,Lwv ev avrfi /jLrjSe irpocr^e-^o^vov^ e^wOev, e/c\e\vfjbevov$ iravTaTracri Kal a^>uXaTou? evprjaeiv opOws f

\oyia a /xez/o?. Bie\0(ov,

ra

ov

Tei^r) /caraXa/Scoz/' ycal

ez> oit'ft)

4 ra?

olic'ias.

povov

*ya/3

aXXa Kal Trpbs

%copav e\a6e

e'^uXaTre 70/3 ovbeis, aXX'

GVVOVGICLIS r)crav eV/teSacr/zez/Ofc Kara 7rel Be rjcrOovro TOL/? 7roXe//,tof5

BtKivro

Kparovvras

rjSr;,

oura)

7T\rj(T/jLOvr}^

Kal

fji0r)s,

6p/jLrj(7ai

rrjv

rat? TruXou? yevo/jievos Kal

fjLO^Or^pS)^

VTTO

0)9

TroXXou?, aXX' eV ra??

aurou? rot? TroXe^ttot?. TroKiv r)fj,pa fjiia St
vwv

vovs tnro\a(B.lv Bia Ka/iiXXoi'. XXXVI. 'O 8* aTro TOVTCOV

OVK

eXarroz/a

Sveiv.

184

/cat

OpiafJiftos

Koa^o

Kal jap TOU? Trdvv

avrut

CAMILLUS,

xxxv. 2-xxxvi.

i

destitution, with nothing but the clothes on their As Camillus came marching along they met backs. him, with tneir wives and children, all lamenting

Camillus himself was filled with their misfortunes. compassion at the sight, and noticed that his Romans too, with the Sutrians hanging upon their necks hi supplication, were moved to tears and anger at their He therefore determined to make no postponelot. of his vengeance, but to march straight upon Sutrium that very day. He reasoned that men who had just taken a prosperous and opulent city, leaving none of their enemies in it, and expecting none from without, would be found wholly relaxed in discipline and off their guard and he reasoned correctly. He not only passed unnoticed through the city's territory, but was actually at its gates and in command of its For not a man of walls before the enemy knew it. them was on guard, but they were all scattered among And the houses of the city drinking and feasting. even when they perceived that their enemies already had the mastery, they were so sluggishly disposed by reason of satiety and drunkenness that many did not so much as try to flee, but awaited there in the houses the most shameful of all deaths, or gave themselves up to their enemies. The city of Sutrium was thus twice captured in a single day, and it came to pass that those who had won it, lost it, and those who had first lost it, won it back, and all by reason

ment

:

of Camillus.

XXXVI. The triumph

decreed him for these brought him no less favour and renown than his first two had done, and those citizens who had been most envious of him and preferred to ascribe all his successes to an unbounded good fortune rather

victories

185

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rivl

fjid\\ov T) $>i dperrjv KaTWpOwcrOat,, r]]'dyKa^ov at Trpa^et? T/} SeivoTrjTi Kal TO> Spa2 (TTripiw TOV dv^pbs aTroSiSovai, Tr)V So^av. r)v Se

TWV

avr

ia/jaojieixov

Kal

MaXXto?,

Ma/j/co
KeXrou?

TOJ)?

VVKTOS

l

CLTTO

eTreOevro

6

aicpas ore Kal SiA TOVTO

TI]<$


TToXtrwu ^at /u-); Swd/jievos rov KttyiuXXoi' aTTo TOU (3e\ricrTov rpoTrov rfj 3 7rape\0eii', inroOeaLV TVpavvi^os cVot^Varo KOH^V 148 l crvvrjOr}, S^/jbaywyctyv rovs TroXXou?, TO?

eli/ai

TOJZ/

CTTL

TOU? SaveicrTds, TOU?

rat

ware

TroXXoi;?

icw\vwv ciyeaOai rwz>

d'tropwv

TToXtrwi/ 4

8'

TT/OO?

ra^u

afyaipovTOZ/ VO/JLOV,

irepl

avrov

pacrvvofMevovs

Tapdrrovras rrjv djopdv. eVe/ ^t' Karao-r 7rl ravra SiKTarcop Kowz^ro? KaTTiTwXi^o? et? r^f elpKTTjv eW/SaXe TOI^ MaXXtov, o 8e Stjfjios ov TOVTOV yu-ere/SaXe T?)^ ecrOrjra, Trpdjaa ryivbfievov ejrl a v {up opals /ieyaXaj? ral Brj/uocriais, SetVacra

,

TCW Oopvftov f) cruyKXrjros eK&\evcrev TOV MaXXtoz^. o 6' ovBev rjv d

dXXa

ao/Sapcorepov eSij/naywyet, Trokir. alpovvrai &rj

rov KayiuXXoz/. tcrayo/zeVwi^

8e

Kara

TCOZ>

TOV

MaXXtou

rj /jLeydXa rou? Karriyopovs ejB\a7TTev 6 7ap TOTro?, e'(^)' ot/ y8e/9?;/ccb? o MaXXto? 1 5ia vu/crbj with S :

1

86

CAMILLUS,

xxxvi. 1-5

than to a native valour, were forced by these new exploits to set the man's glory to the credit of his

and energy.

ability

Now

of

all

those

who fought

him with hatred and envy, the most conspicuous was Marcus Manlius, the man who first thrust the Gauls

down the upon the

named the

cliff

when they made

their night attack had been sur-

Capitol, arid for this reason

Capitolinus. and since

This

man

aspired to be chief in

he could not

in the fairest way Camillus in the race for glory, he had recourse to the wonted and usual arts of those that would found a tyranny. He courted, that is, the favour of the multitude, especially of the debtor class, defending some and pleading their causes against their creditors snatching others from arrest and preventing their trial by process of law. In this way great numbers of indigent folk soon formed a party about him, and their bold and riotous conduct in the forum gave the best citizens much to fear. city,

outstrip

;

To quell their disorder, Quintus Capitolinus was made dictator, and he cast Manlius into prison. Thereupon the people put on the garb of mourners, a thing done only in times of great public calamity, and the Senate, cowed by the tumult, ordered that Manlius be released. He, however, when released, not mend his ways, but grew more defiantly seditious, and filled the whole city with faction. did

Accordingly,

Camillus

was

again

made

military

tribune.

When Manlius was brought to trial, the view from the place was a great obstacle in the way of his For the spot where Manlius had stood accusers. 187

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOU? KeXrou?, v

TT/^O?

TT}? yopas a7ro rov KaTrtrwXtou T O.UTO? OLKTOV T04? 6pW(7lV

KL(T dyayvcov,

KCLl

Ba/CpVOJV

7rl

/i/ot?

rw

I'oLtft)

TWV

diropeiv Kal TTO\-

Bi/crjv,

^T;T'

d
aveols TO

re/cLtotot?

^prjcra crOai

6

rr}V

Ta

V7T/JiL^iV7J(TK

WGT6 TOU? Kpivovras

dva(Sd\\ea6ai

/cat

^tvvaevov^ ev

Trpa^ect)? oixirj^ 8ia TOI* TOTTOZ/.

Tr}?

6 Ka/uXXo? /juerrfyayev e% TO BiKaar^ptov els TO YleT7j\ivov a\ov<$ o re BLCOKCOV crv/Ji
KaTTjyopia

TT} t}

/cat

rot? Kpivovcri, Trape-

^vr]^ TWV yeyovoTwv d^iav dva\aT0t9

7TL

7TapOVO~lV d&LKrjfJLCLGLV.

aXou? a?

MaXXto?

TO KaTTtTcoXto^ Kal Ka-ra T^? 7reT/oa? axr^e/? TOV OLVTOV TOTTOV ecr^e /cat TWV evTV^ea'TaTcov epycov Kal o

oiKiav CLVTOV KaTaa-Kd^lravTes lepov Mo^Tai^ Ka\ovai, /cal TO \OLTTOV /j,r)8eva

T&V iraTpLKtwv

eirl

TT)<;

KCITOI/CIV. C

XXXVII.

O

Be

Ka/xfXXo?

eirl

/ca\ovfjivos TraprjTeiTO, yeyovcbs pev f)\iifia<s Trpoaca teal TTOV TIVCL Kal $>0bvov SeS/co? xai

jv

eVt

0^77

/cal

Tocravry

Be (j)avepa)TaTrj TWV OITLMV rjv dppwGTKi TO?* eTvy)(av yap vocrwv irepl Ta? r]/jLepal v TI

1

1

88

cra\a#e?7-

with S

:

CAMILLUS,

xxxvi. 5-xxxvn. 2

when he fought his night battle with the Gauls, overlooked the forum from the Capitol, and moved the hearts of the spectators to pity. Manlius himself, too, stretched out his hands toward the spot, and wept as he called to men's remembrance his famous struggle there, so that the judges knew not what to do, and once and again postponed the case. They were unwilling to acquit the prisoner of his crime when the proofs of it were so plain and they were unable to execute the law upon him when, owing to the place of trial, his saving exploit was, so to speak, in every eye. So Camillus, sensible of all this, transferred the court outside the city to the Peteline Grove, whence there is no view of the Capitol. There the prosecutor made his indictment, and the judges were able to forget the man's past services in their righteous anger at his present crimes. So then Manlius was convicted, carried to the Capitol, and thrust down the rock, thus making one and the same spot a monument of his most fortunate actions and of his greatest misfortunes. The Romans, besides, razed his house to the ground, and built there a temple to the goddess they call Moneta. They decreed also that in future no patrician should ever have a house on the Capitoline hill. XXXVII. Camillus, called now to be military tribune for the sixth time, declined the honour, being already well on in years, and fearful perhaps of the of men and the resentment of the gods which envy often follows upon such glorious successes as his. But the most manifest reason was his bodily weakness, for it chanced that in those days he was sick. The people, however, would not relieve him of the ;

189

PLUTARCH'S LIVES nnrevovros avrov cv rot?

/xr;re

djwai oelaOai, ^ov\Gvo/j,evov

Be /JLOVOV /cal

TTpocTTaTTOVTOS, rjvdy/cacrev VTroffTfjvai rr)V arpaTrjyiav /cal //,$' e^o? TO>Z> avvap^ovTwv AevKiov

TOV

<&ovpiov

TroXe/uou?. Ovo\ovorffOt 3

TW^

(rrparbv ayeiv evOvs eVt TOU? /cal OVTOI S* rfcrav TlpaivecrTivoi,

/JL6TCI

TroXXr}? Sf^a/xew? ir^v

av/ji/jLa-

iropOovvres. e%e\6wv Be /cal TrapacrTpaTOTreSevaas rot? TroXeyittot? auro?

%t^a

iov

'Pay/iiaiwv

Be

Aev/ciov

TOV 7ro\/jiOi> TO crWyLta

rpifteiv

Beijcreie

TOV

TT/JO?

ffvvei;opfj.wvTo<;

xpova),

KCLV

el

pcocra?

avvapyovTos roz/

KLi'Svvov

aKaTaa^eTW^ KOI

ayua T(VI &OKTJ /caropOwfjia /cal

vewv dvBp&v a/co)V

KiV(p TrapaTa^ai

TTJV

Bvvajjitv,

ai>TO<;

Be

Bia Trjv acrOeveiav V7re\i(j)0ij ytier' o\iy(ov ev T& TOV Be Aev/ciov Tr/ooTTtTw? ^prjaa4 (TTpaTOTreBa). lAa^rj /cal a<pa\evTOS, alaOofjievo^ TTJV J TCOV *Pa>/jiat(i)v ov /caTecr^ev avTov, d\\

TTJ

K T?? <7TiaSo? ctTTijura /zera TCOV orraBwv eVt ra? TruXa? TOV %dpa/cos, Bia TWV cfreva)6ovfjLevo<$ et? TOW? BictJKOvTas, wcrTe TOU? vs dvaGTpefyeiv /cal a-vvaKo\ov6eli>, TOU? Be TTpocr(j)6pojjLevov$ e^coPev i(TTacr0ai irpo ainov avvavTri^eiv, TrapeyyvwvTas aXX/y'Xoi? //.^ TOV (TTpaTiyyOV. TOTS fJLV OVV 5 d7TO\6L7r(T0aL OI/TW? aTrerpaTrovTO TT}? Stcofea)? ot /cal

8'

uo-Tepaia Trpoajaya^v TIJV ^vvayav 6

190

CAMILLUS,

xxxvn. 2-5

office. He had no need, they cried, to fight in the ranks of the cavalry or the men-at-arms, but only to counsel and ordain and so they forced him to undertake the command, and with one of his colleagues, Lucius Furius, to lead the army at once These were the Praenestines against the enemy. and Volscians, who, with a large force, were laying waste the lands of the Roman allies. Marching forth, therefore, and encamping near the enemy, he himself thought it best to protract the war, that so, in case a battle should at last be necessary, he might be strong of body for the decisive struggle. But ;

Lucius, his colleague, carried away by his desire for glory, would not be checked in his ardour for battle, and incited the same feelings in the inferior officers

of the army. So Camillus, fearing lest it be thought that out of petty jealousy he was trying to rob younger men of the successes to which they eagerly aspired, consented, with reluctance, that Lucius should lead the forces out to battle, while he himself, on account of his sickness, was left behind in the camp with a few followers. Lucius conducted the

and was discomfited, whereupon rashly Camillus, perceiving the rout of the Romans, could not restrain himself, but sprang up from his couch and ran with his attendants to the gate of the camp. Through the fugitives he pushed his way to their Those of his men who had passed him pursuers. into the camp, wheeled about at once and followed him, and those who came bearing down on him from outside, halted and formed their lines about him, exhorting one another not to abandon their general. In this way, for that day, the enemy were turned back from their pursuit. On the next day, Camillus battle

191

PLUTARCH'S LIVES aurou? re vitea tcard, tcpdros %dpatea \a/ji/3dvei, avvziGrfza-wv rot? IK Be (peuyovGi Kal BiacfiOeipas rou? rrKelcrrovs. rOVTOV TTvQo/JLeVOS TToX-LV ^dTpLdV V7TO T'v p f)J] >M V KOI TOU? airavTas 6Wa?, r^v ptv TTO\\>]V KOI teal crvvdifras f^d^rjv

rov

teal

L>

ftapeiav

Sfm/teco?

T/}?

et?

'Pcojjirjv

d7re<JT6i\ev,

auro? Be TOU? aK^a^ovTa^ //-aXt
avrwv, TOU?

TOU?

teal

icpaTrjcras Be dTre/creivev.

XXXVIII.

'EtTraveXOutv Be /iera 7ro\\wv \av-

r

paiv et?

P(i)jLir)v

/zr;

e

e

fjbev

eVedei^e

(froftrjOevTas

(fypoi'L/j,(.ordrov
daOevetav

teal

arrdvrwv

7r)pa?

7776-

ej^Treipiav teal ro\/j.av e^ovTOf, aXX' eXoeiceivov atcovra KOI voaovvra yu-aXXo^ ?'} TWV

ev

rou?

r)\tKia

KOI

Beo/jLevovs

(nrovBd^ovra^

oib teal Tov(TK\ai>(t)V d^eardvai \eyoap%6iv. fAevwv e/ce\evov eleven TOP Ka/iiXXo^ eV avrovs 2 eva rwv irevre avcnpa'Trjywv jTpoae\oi~ievov. o Be, Kairrep inravTWV /3ov\o/jiv(ov teal BeojAevcov, eacra? TOV? aXXoi"?, TrpoaeiXero Aev/ciov Qovptov ovBevbs r

av TrpoaBofcrjaavTOs. TOV Ka/u'XXoL'
aXXa

dvBpbs dvrl
teal

192

yap

KOI rt

rrjv

rrjv

009

TJV

BtaywvicraafiaL

evayxos KOL Buarvxija'as (BovXofJievos,


3

etcelvos

eoi/cev,

alcr^vvrjv

o

Trapa Trpodv-

irepl rrjv fjbd'fflv'

aTrotcpv^at

TTJV

aTraXXa^ai

rov

avrwv rovrov Trporjyev. ol Be Touapapriav eTravopOov/jievoi, Travovp-

/SaSi^or/TO? GTT avrous rov KayLttXXof TO TreBiov dv6pair rov w? ev elprjvrj yewpyovvrwv rjBrj

vefjiovrwv

eVe7rX?;cjat',

ra?

Be

TruXa?

CAMILLUS,

xxxvn. 5-xxxvin. 3

led his forces out, joined battle with the enemy, defeated them utterly, and took their camp, actually bursting into it along with those who fled to it, and After this, learning that the slaying most of them. city of Satricum had been taken by the Tuscans, and its inhabitants, all Romans, put to the sword, he sent back to Rome the main body of his army, comprising the men-at-arms, while he himself, with the youngest and most ardent of his men, fell suddenly upon the Tuscans who held the city and mastered them, expelling some and slaying the rest. XXXVIII. He returned with much spoil to Rome, having proved that those citizens were the most sensible of all who did not fear the bodily age and weakness of a leader possessed of experience and courage, but chose him out, though he was ill and did not wish it, rather than younger men who craved and solicited the command. They showed the same good sense, when the Tusculans were reported to be on the brink of a revolt, in ordering Camillus to select one of his five colleagues as an aid, and march out against them. Although all the five wished and begged to be taken, Camillus passed the rest by and selected Lucius F'urius, to everyone's surprise. For he was the man who had just now been eager to hazard a struggle with the enemy against the judgment of Camillus, and had been worsted in the battle. But Camillus wished, as it would seem, to hide away the misfortune and wipe away the disgrace of the man, and so preferred him above all the rest. But the Tusculans, when once Camillus was on the march

against them, set to rectifying their transgression as craftily as

of

men

they could. The.r fields were found full the soil and pasturing flocks, as in

tilling

193

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rou? TreuSa? ev rot? SiSa
/jLavOdvovras, roO B

4

oue

TOVTWV

cru^eiSoTe?.

a-TLv

/jiev

Se

Se

eVt

TT;J;

e/ceXevcre

Trpo?

iri,-

Trparro/jLeifwv

OVK eiryei TW Ka/itXXw

T?)^

TTpoSocria

rry rr/z/


opytfv /cal auro? d^eOrjvai re rr)i> 7ro\iv airias

TrapairelcrOat teal

rrjv

//eraXa/Set^ tVoTroXtreta?.

avrai

ovv eyevovro

XXXIX. MeTa ev

ry

Be

ravra KIKIVVIOV Sro

TroXet rrjv /JLeyd\Tjv arda-iv eyeipovros, rjv 6

eVracrta^e

TT/JO?

rrjv crvyK\rjrov /Sta^oyue^o?

VTrdrwv KaOicnap.evwv TOV erepov

TrdvTO)*; e/c

elvai teal rjpe&rja-av,

rd<;

8'

vTrariKas

dp-

eXeaQfjisai BiextoXvcrav ol TTO\\OL.

2 KCLI

TWV

Trpay/jidrcDv 8t*

dvap^ia^

(frepofjievwv

Tapa%ds diro^eiKwrai BiKTarcop

6

e?

Ka-

/3ov\rjs aKovTi ra> 8?;/zft) TO rerapatTO? WZ^ 7rp60UjjLO
TOV,

OuS'

aTTo 7ro\\a)i> teal /neydXwv dycovcov vrpo? avrov, a)? avrwv 1 BiaTreTrpay/Jievo^ ev crrparrj-

ifkeiova per* /aeT '

194

TWV TraTpLKiwv

ev vroXtTetat?, /cat

avroav 8iair*Trpay/j.evos edd., including Sintenis 1 , fj.fr' O.VTUV with C.

and S;

CAMILLUS,

xxxvin. 3~xxxix. 2

times of peace their gates lay wide open their boys were at school conning their lessons and of the people, the artizans were to be seen in their work;

;

;

shops plying their trades, the men of leisure sauntered over the forum clad in their usual garb, while the magistrates bustled about assigning quarters for the Romans, as though they expected and were conscious of no evil. Their performances did not bring Camillus into any doubt of their intended treachery, but out of pity for the repentance that followed so close upon their treachery, lie ordered them to go to the Senate and beg for a remission of its wrath. He himself also helped to make their prayers effectual, so that their city was absolved from all charges and received the rights of Roman citizenship. Such were the most conspicuous achievements of his sixth tribuneship. XXXIX. After this, Licinius Stolo stirred up the great dissension in the city which brought the people into collision with the Senate. The people insisted that, when two consuls were appointed, one of them must certainly be a plebeian, and not both patricians. Tribunes of the people were chosen, but the multitude prevented the consular elections from being duly held. Owing to this lack of magistrates, matters were getting more and more confused, and so Camillus was for the fourth time appointed dictator by the Senate, though much against the wishes of the He was not eager for the office himself, people. nor did he wish to oppose men whose many and great struggles gave them the right to say boldly to him " Your achievements have been in the field with us, rather than in politics with the patricians ; :

'95

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 1

vvv Bia (f)06vov eKeivwv yprjfjievos vrr avrwv, OTTO)? Kara\,vaei6 rbv BIJ/JLOV la"%vo"a<; rj Kara\v9eLrj 77 3

ov p,r]V a\\a 7ret/3o>/zez/o? a^vveiv firj Kparrfcra^. rot? TrapoiHTi, rr]v r)/j,epav yvov$, ev fj vo^oOeTelv ol Stf/JLapxoL Sievoovvro, Trpoeypatye

TaXoyov

/jLTKd\ei rov

ST}/AO^ e/c rf)
/ca-

ay o pas

TO Tre^Lov /J-eyaXas tyi/jiias aTrei\wv KCLTO, rov vTraKovaavTos. TWV Be Brj/^dp^cov eiceWev av

et?

4

teal

arpaTia^

firj

Trd\iv avravidTafJievwv rat? avreiXai? KOI SIO/JLVVfj-evwv Trevre {JLVpiaGiv apyvplov ^///ztcocreti/, el

^

Travcrairo rov brfaov rov vopov afyaipovfjievois Kal

^ij^ov, etre Setcra? (frvyrjv erepav KOI Karaa)9 avSpl rcpecrftvrrj KOI Kareipyacr/jLevo) fjieydXa pr) rrperrova-av, elre rov 8ij/j,ov rrjv /3iav rr)V

olKrjv,

oixrav jitjBe

rat?

KCLI

SvcrvLrc'rjrov

/SouXo/tez^o?,

8'

e?}9

v7rep{Ba\ea-6ai

Tore

^yue/jat?

fjiev

fjurj

vTre^a^prjo'ev

(7/c^'v^ayLte^o?

ap-

l^wfjiocyaro rrjv dp%ijv. pwcrrelv f

H

5

Be (rvyKXrjros erepov BiKrdropa fcarecrrrjo'e'

lvos aTToSet^a? 'iirrrap-^ov

avrbv rbv i]ye^6va

crrdcrews %r6\cova irap^Kev emtcvpwcrat, rov

rbv fj,d\iara \vrrovvra rovs rrarpitcLov<$. 8' OUTO? fjujBeva rr\e0pwv TrevraicocrLwv TrXeiova ^copav K6Krr)(70ai. rore pev ovv \afj,7rpbs 6 SroXcof eyeyovet, rfj -v/rj/^w /cpar^cra^' b\iyw S' vcrepov auro? kakw /ce/cr^/zeVo? oa^v e^ei \vev erepovs, KOI Kara rbv avrov vb^ov Ke\evcr6

f

XL. T7ro\ef7ro/ie^9

Be TT}? rrepi ,

o

r)

rwv vrrariKwv

^aerru>rarov r>? l

196

rr\elcrra

150

CAMILLUS,

xxxix.

2-xu

i

it is through hate and envy that they have now made you dictator they hope that you will crush the people if you prevail, or be crushed yourself if you fail." However, he tried to ward off the threatening evils. Having learned the day on which the tribunes intended to propose their law, he issued proclamation ;

making it a day of general muster, and summoned the people from the forum into the Campus Martius, with threats of heavy fines upon the disobedient. The tribunes, on the contrary, for their part, opposed his threats with solemn oaths that they would fine him fifty thousand silver drachmas if he did not cease V trying to rob the people of its vote and its law. Then, either because he feared a second condemnation to exile, a penalty unbecoming to a man of his years and achievements, or because he was not able, if he wished, to overcome the might of the people which was now become resistless and invincible, he withdrew to his house, and after alleging sickness for several days, resigned his office.

But the Senate appointed another dictator, and he, after making Stolo himself, the very leader of the sedition, his master of horse, suffered the law to be It was a most vexatious law for the enacted. it prohibited anyone from owning more hundred acres of land. At that time, then, Stolo was a resplendent figure, owing to his victory at the polls but a little while after, he himself was found to be possessed of what he forbade others to own, and so paid the penalty fixed by his

patrician, for

than

five

;

own

law.

XL. There

remained, however, the strife over the consular elections,which was the main problem in the dissensions, as it was its first cause, and gave 197

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ITpay

TOV TOU9

par a

TJJ

/3ov\fj Trapecrye Biafapopevrj 717)09

dyye\iai irpoaeirearov

Bfj/jLOV,

avQis

CLTTO

Xacro-/79 fjuvpLacri

2

a/Jia Be

i/etz>.

crac^e??,

KeX-

'ABpiaTiKrjs apavras 6avroXXat? eVt rrjv 'Pco/^Tjv \auT>}9

rw \6y(o

KCLI

ra epya rov TroXe/zou

Tropdov^evr)^ r^? ^coyoa? /fal TCOV av6pa>6Voi? /i^ paftiov rjv et? r?)^ 'Pcoyu,^^ /cara-

Traprjv TTCDV,

ava ra oprj cr/ceSavvvfjievcov. OUTO? o KaT7rav(T6 TI-V craa-iv, KOI rauTO rot? TroXXofc ot KpdricrTOi real rfj (3ov\r) TO Brj/uLoriKov e"\ovro irdvres etc jAias 71^0)^77? StKraropa TO Tre/iTTTOi' Ka/AtXXo^. o 8' ^v ^tei' crtyoSpa yepwv KOL jjuxpov cnreXeiirev oySotf/covTa t-V?; yeyovevctf cvvopwv Be rrjv dvdyKTjv KOI TOV Kii'Bvvov, cure VTTorifjirjcriv eiTrcov, &>? irporepov, OVT 7rpo
3

o~Ta?

rrjv

CT parity Lav

KdTeXeye

TOI/?

fjia%?jcro-

Be T?)? TO>^ fBapftdpwv d\Krj$ TIJV ovcrav, a? apapiicw$

rrrjv ev Ta? /za^atpai? Kal cvv ovBe/jLLJ,

KOI Ke$a\as BieKOTrrov, e%a\rcev(TaTo xpdvr) TO?? TiXeto-TOi? oXoaiB^pa Kal Xeta Tat?

4 /jbd\i(TTa fj,ev

&>? ii7ro\i<j6aiveiv r) KardyvvcrOai Ta? ^ta^atpa?, TO?? Se Ovpeols KVK\W TrepLrjpfjLocre \e7riBa ^a\Krjv, TOV v\ov Ka& avro T? 7rX?;7a? GTeyovros' avTovs Be TOU? err par LOOT as eBi-

TrepHfiepeLais,

TO? XLI.

Kara<j)opd
'AvL&va 198

TTorajubv

a-rparoTreBov

fiapv

CAMILLUS,

XL.

the Senate most concern in

i

XLI.

its

i

contention

with

But suddenly clear tidings came that the people. the Gauls had once more set out from the Adriatic strong, and Avere marching on With the word, the actual deeds of war kept The country was ravaged, and its population, pace. all who could not more easily fly to Rome for refuge,

Sea,

many myriads

Rome.

This terror put an the city, and brought together into conference both the rich and the poor, the Senate and the people. All with one mind chose scattered

among the mountains.

end to the dissension

in

Camillus dictator for the fifth time. He was now little of old, lacking eighty years but recogquite ;

nizing the peril and the necessity which it laid upon him, he neither made excuse, as before, nor resorted to pretext, but instantly took upon him the mand and went to levying his soldiers.

com-

that the prowess of the Barbarians lay swords, which they plied in true barbaric fashion, and with no skill at all, in mere

Knowing

chiefly

in their

slashing blows at head and shoulders, he had helmets forged for most of his men which were all iron and smooth of surface, that the enemy's swords might He slip off from them or be shattered by them. also had the long shields of his men rimmed round with bronze, since their wood could not of itself ward off the enemy's blows. The soldiers themselves he trained to use their long iavelins like fj to thrust them under the enemy's swords spears, and catcli the downward strokes upon them. XLI. When the Gauls were near at hand, being *t

encamped on the

Amo

and encumbered with untold 199

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Xe/'a9

/car a

VCLTCY]^ /laXa/o^? KOI crvyiBpvae 7roXXa9 e^ova^, ware TO pev Tr\eiarrov aTro/cpvirreadai, TO 8' opw^evov Borcelv VTTO Beovs

Bvvafjiiv tfXtcret?

2 et? %&>pta Tr)v

TrpocrdvTrj

/caTeiXetaOai.

Bo^av avT&v o Ka/ziXXo? av^eiv

TavTrjv

Be

{BovKo/jievos

ov Trpocn]fjLVve TWV VTTO TroBas TropOovfjLevwv, TOV ^dpafca (frpaJ;d/jLei>os rjpe/Aei, ftexpi ov

dXXa TOU?

eV TTyooi/Oyttat? eatceBacr/Aei'Ovs KareiBe, TOU? S' eV TOO crTpaTOTreBo) Tracrav wpav ep/mTrXa^evov^

/iei>

Tore

e

VVKTQS 6Tt

e/ATroBoov elvai

TOV<}

rot9

69 TOIV KaiaTa^voi^ KOI evdv<j

Xtra9 Afat

eVe^to^Ta?, /caT6{3i/3a%V opdpov rou? /cat

ov% wcnrep

Trpo9v/jiovs,

:al

BOKCOV, 0X1701/9

ovv TOVTO TWV

4

ol ftdpfiapoi Trpocre-

aroXyLtou? (/>a^eVra9.

KeXrw^

a^iav

nrap

(rvvy0r)

OTT-

iraperaTTev ev roi? eTrnreBois, TroXXoi/?

dverpe-^re TO,

eTr^eipetcrdaL

TrpoaTriTrrovTes ol ^iXot /cat Trpty ?; \af3elv Koa^ov KCLI Sia/cptOfjvai KCLTO, KIVOVVTZS ai)rou9 ^at {Bia^ojjLevoi TT/OO? TO

Xo^of9 avvTV^ov aTaKTOVS r/vdyfcaaav /nd^eaOat. reXo9 5e roO Ka/>aXXou TOU? 07rXtra9 eirdyovTOs, oi irevBov,

oi

Be

rot?

vaaols aTrawrwvTes KOI ra

rat9 TrXtjyaLS virofyepovTes eK6Lva)V criBijpov p,a\aKov OVTO,

f^eprj

TOV

KOL XCTTTO)? e\r\auivov, wcrre KOL iTrovaat, ra?

200

CAMILLUS,

XLI.

1-4

plunder, Camillas led his forces out and posted them in a gently sloping glade with many hollows, so that the largest part of them were concealed, and the part that could be seen had the look of shutting themselves up in hilly places out of fear. This opinion of them Camillus wished to strengthen, and therefore made no defence of those who were plundered even at his very feet, but fenced in his trenches and lay quiet, until he saw that some of the enemy were scattered abroad in foraging parties, while those in the camp did nothing but gorge themselves with meat and drink Then, while it was yet night, he sent his light-armed troops forward to hinder the Barbarians from falling into battle-array and throw them into confusion as they issued from their camp. Just before dawn, he led his men-at-arms down into the plain and drew them up in battle-array, many in number and full of spirit, as the Barbarians now saw, not few and timid,

had expected. To begin with, it was this which shattered the confidence of the Gauls, who thought it beneath them to be attacked first. Then as they

again, the light-armed folk fell upon them, forced them into action before they had taken their usual

order and been arrayed in companies, and so compelled them to fight at random and in utter disorder. Finally, when Camillus led his men-at-arms to the attack, the enemy raised their swords on high and rushed for close quarters. But the Romans thrust their javelins into their faces, received their strokes on the parts that were shielded by iron, and so turned the edge of their metal, which was soft and weakly tempered, so much so that their swords quickly bent up double, while their shields were pierced and

201

PLUTARCH'S LIVES KOI (BapvvecrOat, rwv vcrcrwv e ^Qi(JTa^voi TWV IBiwv OTT\COV

L

Bio teal

5 KOfJLevwv.

eTreipwvro rot? e/ceivwv ava-rpe^ecrdaf, vacrovs l ol Be 'Pwfjialoi yv/jbvovjjiei'ovs opwvres

KOI <)vos

JLCV

/col

roi/?

r^Brj

rot?

rv TTOU<;

rcoi>

r&v a\\wv Travra^ocre rov yap \6<pov
Be

TO Be crrparoTreBov L\r)([)i, Ka^LtiXXo?, Oapaelv a(>paKTOv e%o^re? ySecrav ov 6

Bia

rb

rrjv i^oL^rfv erecriv vcrrepov rpta-KaiBe/ca \eyovcri T>)? 'Poo/jays aXcouew?, KOI /3eavrrjs fypovrjfjia Kara rwv KeXrw^ eyye-

Tavrrjv

cr 6
'Pw/xa/ot?

fiapovs,

a>?

'

OLTO? riymvia-Or)

yap Qve\npavwv rr)?

a-rpareias

TO)V

Be

ra)

2

Trpo?

TOZ>

with S '

>

202

Bfjaov

la^vpbv

e

Kal ffia^oaevov etc BIJJJLOTWV virarov l^ai irapa rov KaOearwra vofJiov, dvn TT}? /3oi'X?79 Kal rbv Ka/^^XXoz^ OVK rfi vlicy

:

yv/j.vous.

x a ^ fir ^ re P os Sintenis re pas.

rrjv

d/jua^el Trpoa-^copijcracrav '7TO\LTLK(OV 6 fJieyiCTTOS UTTeXetTTeTO

^aXeTTcorepo? tcovra

TeXeuraiO?. ei\ev ev irapepyco

Ka/ztXXa)

TroXiz'

1 ,

now supported by

S:

CAMILLUS,

XLI. 4-xLii. i

weighed down by the javelins whicli stuck in them, Therefore they actually abandoned their own weapons and tried to possess themselves of those of their enemies, and to turn aside the javelins by grasping them in their hands. But the Romans, seeing them thus disarmed, at once took to using their swords, and there was a great slaughter of their foremost ranks, while the rest fled every whither over the plain the hill tops and high places had been occupied beforehand by Camillus, and they knew that their camp could easily be taken, since, in their ;

overweening fortify

confidence,

they

had

neglected

to

it.

This battle, they say, was fought thirteen years after the capture of Rome, and produced in the Romans a firm feeling of confidence regarding the Gauls.

They had mightily feared these

Barbarians, instance, as they felt, in consequence of sickness and extraordinary misfortunes, rather than of any prowess in their conquerors. At any rate, so great had their terror been that they made a law exempting priests from military service, except in case of a Gallic war. XLI I. This was the last military exploit performed by Camillus, for the capture of Velitrae was a direct sequel of this campaign, and it yielded to him without a struggle. But the greatest of his civil contests yet remained and it was harder to wage it now against a people which had come back flushed with victory, and bent on electing a plebeian consul, contrary to But the Senate opposed their the established law. demands, arid would not suffer Camillus to lay aside

who had been conquered by them

in

the

first

203

PLUTARCH'S LIVES airodecrOai

rrjv

2 fie\Tiov eirl

virep

&>?

dpxtfv,

fieydX.qs eovcrlas

/jLa-)(rjcro/j,eva)V

dv

eVet

Be

apMTTO/cparias.

TT)?

KOI

Icr^vpa^

/JLT

TJ}? eiceivov

TOV Ka/uX,A,ou real dyopds V7rr]perrj<; Tre/u^^ei? irapa rwv

TT??

a,KO\ovOelv

06pv/3os, olo? OVTTCO,

KOI

aird^wv, Kpavyrj Be

r&> GcojjiaTi TTpoariyev o>?

teal

dyopdv, TCOV O)00VVT(i)V ttTTO TOU

Ka,Tea")(6

T)]v

7Tpl TOV K.dfJ,L\\OV ro? TOI' Srj/jiocriov, TCOV Be Tro\\a)v /cdrcoOev e\Keiv 7riKe\ev(>/jLvwv, diropov/jievos rot? TTCLv irpo^KaTo, TOU? Be /3oyTr)V fiev (ipx^] v povcn Xeura? dva\a/3a>v eftdBi^ev eVt TTJV dvjKXrjrov. 3 KCU irplv ela-e\0elv /J,eracrTpa$>el? et? TO KcnriToo\i>oi>

7T/50?

ev^aro rot? Oeols KarevOvvai ra irapovra Ka\\LGTOV TeXo?, L'7TOCT^O uei'O9 VdQV

TO

/

iBpixraaQai

MeyaXou TT^OO?

B*

rfjs

dywvos

ev

rapa^rj^ Karacrrdcnj^ TTJ


Ta? evavTias yvut^a^, fcal

VTreiKOvcra

t

yevo-

0/^0)9 evLicrfaev BtMM xal ra>

BiBovaa TWV virdrwv rov erepov UTTO TOV TT\IJTavTa 8' &)? T$ /3ov\fj apxaipecridcrai. BoKovvra TOU biKraTOpos dveiirovTos ev TO> BijfMro, Trapa^pri^a pev, oloi> etVo?, r)B6jj,evoi Trj /3ov\fj Bl,r)\XdTTOVTO KOL TOV Kd[jLL\\OV OlKdBe KpOTW 8' Kal /3of) TrpoeTrei-LTrov. T-TJ vcrTepaia avve\-

4 6(iv<s

f

6ovT<; cbcrTrep

e^ri^icravTO

eKK\rjcriav

204

fjiev

ev^aTO

5 ffacrOai, rjfjiepav

Oyu,o^ot'a? iepov, Kd/jLi\\o<$, et? Trjv dyopdv Kal Trjv CLTTOTTTOV eVt Tot? yeyevr^evoi^ iBpvTT}?

Be /faXouaez^at? AaTtVat? fjiiav Tat? 7rpoa0evTa$ eoprd^eiv TeTTapa<$ t irapav- 152

CAMILLUS,

XLII.

1-5

his office, thinking that, with the aid of his great power and authority, they could make a better fight But once when in defence of their aristocracy.

Camillus was seated in state and despatching public business in the forum, an officer, sent by the tribunes of the people, ordered him to follow, actually laying hands upon him as though to hale him away. All at once such cries and tumult as had never been heard before filled the forum, the friends of Camillus thrusting the plebeian officer down from the

and the multitude below ordering him to drag the dictator away. Camillus, perplexed at the issue, did not renounce his office, but taking the senators with him, marched off to their place of meeting. Before he entered this, turning to the Capitol, he prayed the gods to bring the present tumults to their happiest end, solemnly vowing to build a temple to Concord when the confusion was tribunal,

over.

In the Senate there was a great conflict of opposing views, but nevertheless, the milder course prevailed, concession was made to the people, and permission given them to elect one of the consuls from their own body. When the dictator announced this to the people as the will and pleasure of the Senate, at once, as was to be expected, they were delighted to

be reconciled with the Senate, and escorted Camillus On the following to his home with loud applause. day they held an assembly and voted to build a temple of Concord, as Camillus had vowed, and to have it face the forum and place of assembly,

commemorate what had now happened. They voted also to add a day to the so-called Latin festival, and thereafter to celebrate four days, and that all

to

205

PLUTARCH'S LIVES KOI

0u6iv

Se

T&V VTTO jj,ev

CK

Ka/uXXof

crre^avij^opeiv

8'

dp-^aipeaicov KareardOricrav VTraroi

Ma/)/<:o?

At/itX/o9 ex TraTpiKLwv, Aevtcios Se Se^rio? /cat TOUTO Tre/ja? at Ka&yi/jLOT(ov TrpcoTO?.

IJLI\\OV 7rpd;6is ea")ov. XLIII. 'Kl^ ^6 TO) KCLTOTTIV IviCLVTti)

vocros

/jL7re
ov 7repi\r)7TTbv

rfj 'Pay/Ap

TOL/? TrXetfTTou?.

ovve/ca

aXXo? fiaiov<}

<w?

/cal

dv9pMTT(i)v oz;Se

/JLCV

d\\ov

LOV reXeiorrTGS, &>? el

wpaios,

crv/jbTravres

exeivov TOV ^povov

206

rov

Sie(f)0ip, rwv 'ETeXe^T>?
dpiQjjLU)

dvidaas ol

Trj

Se

voaq*

KCLT*

CAMILLUS, Romans their

XLII.

5~xun.

i

at once perform sacrifices with garlands on At the elections held by Camillas,

heads.

Marcus

Aemilius was chosen consul from the and Lucius Sextus first consul from the This was the last public act of Camillus. plebeians. XLIII. In the year following, a pestilential sickness visited Rome, carry ing off an incalculable number of the common people, and most of the magistrates. Camillus also died at this time, and he was full ripe for death, if any man ever was, considering his years and the completeness of his life yet his loss grieved the Romans more than that of all those who perished of the plague at this time. patricians,

;

207

ARISTIDES

API2TEIAH2 6

rwv Be Bij/j,(ov 'AXwTreKrjQev. avrov \oyou Bidcfropoi
ft>
rrjv

2

ol

Trevia GVVTOVU>

KaTa$iu>GavTQ<s KOI fjuera reKewrrjV aTroXiTro^ro? Ovyarepas Svo TTO\VV

ev

%povov ai/e/cSoTou? &i aTropcav ryevofjievas' Trpo? oe TOVTOV rov \o
pdret, *XU>PLOV &a\.rjpoi ^trfcn jLvcocrKeiv 'ApicrreiSov ryvo/j,evov, ev w redaTrrat, KOI reK^pLa r/}?

TOV OLKOV eviropias ev pev rjyeiTai rjpxev

r)v

6

1

Tft)

icvdfjiw

TWV ra /^ejtara n/jL^aTa

TTJV

\a /ceKTij/jievayv, ov<$

Trpoa-Tjjopevov, erepov Be TOV

ov&evl
rwv

Trevrfrwv,

d\\a

rot? e^ OLKWV re fjL6yd\(ov /cal BLO, yez'Of? oyfcov eirufcOovwv ocrrpciKov eTTifyepea-Oai- rpuiov Be KOI re\vralov OTL viKrjs dvadrj/jLara :

ev &LOVIHTOV

f

2IO

&

KaTaXe^onrev,

ol /cal

Blass, adopting Sintenis' conjecture

:

ARISTIDES I.

ARTSTIDES,

the son of Lysimachus,

to the tribe Antiochis,

As regards it

that he

the

deme

belonged Alopece.

death he left behind a long time were marriage because of their indigence.

and that two daughters

not sought

to

his substance, stories differ, some having passed all the days of his life in severe

poverty,

him

and

in

at

his

who

for

contradiction of this story which so many Demetrius of Phalerum, in his writers give, "Socrates," says he knows of an estate in Phalerum which belonged to Aristides the one in which he lies buried, and regards as proofs of his opulent circumstances, first, his office of Archon Epom/mous, which only he could hold who obtained it by lot from among the families carrying the highest propertyassessments (these were called Pentacosiomedimni, or

But

in

Five-hundred-bushellers) second, his banishment in for no poor men, but only men from great houses which incurred envy because of their family prestige, were liable to ostracism third, and last, the fact that he left in the precinct of Dionysus as offerings for victory some choregic tripods, which, even in our day, were pointed out as still bearing the inscription : " The tribe ;

ostracism,

;

211

PLUTARCH'S LIVES evtfca,

Tour!

/lev ovv,

daOevecTTaTov

KaiTrep elvai SOKOVV

effTi.

/ecu

yap

'Ei7ra/jt,iva)vBa<;,

ov

avdpwjrot, yivcoo-Kovcriv ev Trevla KOL rpa-

o\\fj KOL (3ia>cravTa, /cal TlXdrwv 6 i\OTi[JLOvs dveSe^avro ^oprjjia^;, 6 /j,ev

avkrjTals

rr)V

5 irepl

6

dvSpdaiv,

Be

KVK\IOIS

Traicrl

rovrw pev Atwi/o? rov Sf pax over iov

Xoprjyrjcras,

SaTrdinjv Trapexovros, 'QTrajAewtovS He\07ri$av. ov yap ecrn rot?

dfCrjpVKTOS (frfawv

KOL

Swpea?

aCTTTOIvSo?

TroXe/zo?,

Ttt?

7T/JO?

aXXa ra?

TTapa

et?

KOI Tr\eove%iav dyevveis ^yovfievoi teal raTreivds, 319 oaai ^>L\oTifJiLa^ rtz^o? aKep^ovs e^ovrai /cal Xa/t7T/30T7;TO? OVK aTTtoQoVVTai. TTafamo? /JLCVTOI Trepl rov rpLTroSos aTrofyalvei, 6 TOV Aij/jiiJTpLov o/LLcovv/jLia Sityev(T/jLevov' UTTO yap TWV M^8t^WI/ 6/5 Tr]V T\VTr]V TOV (Tiafcov 7ro\eiJLOV Svo povovs 'A^crretSa?

o?,

ai VLKwvras, (bv ovBerepov eivai TOV avrov, d\\a TOV fjbev E,VO(j)i,\ov roz^ Be j^povw 7roXA.ro veutTepov, a>? eXey-

6Wa

TO, ypd/JL/JiaTa Tr}? /iter' ^vfcXeiBijv

KOI

Trpoa-yeypa/jL/iievos

ov ev rot? M^St/co?? ouSet?, eV 5e TO?? SiBd<7Ka\ov 7

To

212

/j,ev

ypafj,-

6

ovv TOV HavaiTiou /jf.\Tiov

e

dvaypd-

ARISTIDES, Antiochis was victorious Archestratus was Poet."

Now

;

i.

3-7

Aristides was Choregus

;

argument, though it seems very weak. For both Kpaminondas, who, as all men know, was reared and always lived in great poverty, and Plato the philosopher, took it upon themselves to furnish munificent public

strong,

this

is

last

really very

performances, the first, of men trained to play the flute, the second, of boys trained to sing and dance but Plato received the money that he spent thereon from Dion of Syracuse, and Epaminondas ;

Good Pelopidas. relentless war against from

men wage no

savage and the gifts of friends, but while they look upon gifts taken to be stored away and increase the receiver's wealth as ignoble

and

mean, they refuse none which promote an and splendid munificence. However, as regards the tripods, Panaetius tries to show that Demetrius was deceived by identity From the Persian wars, he says, down of name. to the end of the Peloponnesian war, only two Aristides are recorded as victorious choregi, and unselfish

of them is identical with the son of One was the son of Xenophilus, and Lysimachus. the other lived long afterwards, as is proved by the inscription itself, which is written in the character used after Eucleides, 1 as well as by the last name, Archestratus, of whom there is no record during the Persian wars, while during the time of the Peloponnesian war his name often

neither

appears as that of a choral poet. This argument of Panaetius should be more closely 1 In 403-402 B.C., when Eucleides was Archon Eponymous, the Ionian alphabet was officially adopted at Athens.

213

PLUTARCH'S LIVES OTTO)?

%X ei

^ ovrpaKM

T$

'

Tra?

7ei'O9 Xoyov virep vofJLi^onevo? vrreTTiTrrev OTTOV KCU

fj

K\eovs 8

^vva^jiiv

f)

ta<7/caXo9,

on

TO

o rot>9

7roXXou9

kdpwv

6 Tiepi-

typoveiv

e'So/cet

Ti?

KOI /jurjv ap^ai egwcrrpaKia-OTj. 76 TOZ^ *Apio-Tei$rjv o 'I^o/Ae^eu? ou Kva^eurov, el Se teal etz^at

7re/9TT09,

O>VTO<;

6

T/oto? yjpa(f), Kal irdvv TTiOavov ecrriv eVl So^j; roaavrrj Kal KaTopOtefJiacri Trfkucovrois d^

%L

dperi]v

9 vovres.

r)
d\\c), L$r)v,

Karcov' Kal ,

Sia TrXovrov 6Tvy)(avov ol yap 6 ^ev Ary^r/oto? ou

d\\a

yap

JJLOVOV

/cal

exeivfo tyialv ov

povov

rrjv oliciav

d\\a Kal

VTTO fjiev rov Kara7ro\LTiav fiera rovs rvpdvvovs eratpo9 yevo^evo^, tyXcoaas Be Kal flavjudaas //-aXtcrra rwv 7ro\iTLKWV dvbpwv AvKovpyov TQV AaKeSatjjioviov, ij-^aro fj,ev dpLCTTOKpariKrj^ 7roXTta9, eV^e S' avTiTacfao^vov vjrep rov e/j.i(TTOK\ea rov NeotfX60i/9. evioi JJLZV ovv ra9 avrovs Ka avvrecofjievovs CLTT

II. *Api
crr^cr a nevov rrjv

TT'pay fjian

Kal \6y
$i,a(fjepeo'(}ai 777)09

viro

214

aXX;/Xoi'9,

ARISTIDES,

i.

7-n. 2

examined as to its validity ; but to banishment in ostracism every one was liable who was superior to the common run of men in reputation, or lineage, And so it was that Damon, the or eloquence. teacher of Pericles, was ostracized because he was thought to be rather ext' aordinary in his wisdom. 1 Furthermore, Idomeneus says that Aristides obtained the office of archon, not by lot, but by the election of the Athenians. 2 And if he was made archon after the battle of Plataea, as Demetrius himself has written, it is certainly very credible that in view of such a reputation and such successes he there won, he should be deemed worthy,

as

for his valour, of an office which for it obtained for their wealth.

men who drew

lots

In fact, Demetrius is clearly ambitious to rescue not only Aristides, but also Socrates from what he deems the great evil of poverty, for he says that Socrates owned not only his house, but also seventy minas out at interest with Crito. was an intimate friend of that II. Aristides Cleisthenes who set the state in order after the He also admired and expulsion of the tyrants. emulated, above all other statesmen, Lycurgus He therefore favoured an the Lacedaemonian. aristocratic form of government, and ever had opposed to him, as champion of the people, ThemisSome say that even tocles the son of Neocles. as boys and fellow-pupils, from the outset, in every

word were 1

and deed, whether serious or trivial, they one another, and that by

at variance with

Pericles, iv. 2.

a

From 508 B.C. to 487 B.C. the archons were elected by the Assembly ; after 487, they were once more chosen by lot. VOL.

n.

H

2I 5

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rrjv

KOI

fj,ev

OVCTCtV

TTCLVOVpyOV

ev%epvj KOI 7rapd/3o\ov

KOL

iip

yLter'

O^UTr/TO?

7U

ISpv/jLewtjv ev r\6ei (frepo/jievrjv, rrjv 1 real vrpo? TO Bi/eaiov drevtj, i^euSo? Be teal

Trdvra paBia)?

o'

Kal aTrdrrjv

ovB*

ev

TratSta?

TIVL

'

o

crOai 3

avrcov.

Keio? e^ epaon/cr)? dp%y}s
re

t'Sea

Keto?,

Sr^crtXeft)

/cal

rov 7ratSo9 a7ro6ecr6ai eyyv/jivacrafjievov$

'O

4

^

^evei 7/o> o? floppy creo/mro? TTO\V TWV ev \ai-iTrp or aro<$, a^t^OTepou? epacrOevras ov eveyfceiv TO Tra^o? ouS' a^aa \rfyovri

e%0pav copa

/cal

<j)^crl

rrjv etceivy

TT/JO?

/u,^ oSi^ QeiJLicrTOK\r}<s et?

eavrov el%e

i

kraipeiav KOL ^vva/Jnv OVK evfcarairpos rov elirovra

7rp6/3\r]fjLa

ware KOI

avTov ap^en> 'Adrjvaiwv, avirep tcro? y KOL " " rovrov airadi et9 M^SlTTOTe," elirelv, KaOicraifjii TOV Opovov, ev

Kau eavrov

wai/rep ooov uoiav epaoi^e cia fjiev ov ^ov\6^evo^ crvvaBi/ceiv

Trpwrov

\v7TY)pos eivai /JLIJ TO)V (fiLXcov ^vva/JLiv OVK oXi/you? 7raipovcrav a^Ltcelv e^vXarrero, fjiova) rw rj

UTTO

1

arevri

Classen.

216

MSS. and

editors, including Sintenis

* :

arevei after

ARISTIDES,

ii.

2-5

very rivalry their natures were straightway manifest, the one as dexterous, reckless, and unscrupulous, easily carried with impetuosity into any and every undertaking the other as established on a firm character, intent on justice, and admitting no falsity or vulgarity or deceit, not even in any sport whatsoever. But Ariston of Ceos says that this enmity of this

made

;

which came to be so intense, had its origin affair. They were both enamoured of Stesilaiis, who was of Ceian birth, and in beauty and they of person the most brilliant of youths cherished their passion so immoderately, that not even after the boy's beauty had faded did they as though they had lay aside their rivalry, but, merely taken preliminary practice and exercise in theirs,

in

a love

;

that, they presently engaged in matters of state also with passionate heat and opposing desires.

Themistocles joined a society of political friends,

and so secured no inconsiderable support and power. Hence when some one told him that he would be a would only be good ruler over the Athenians if he " Never may I fair and impartial to all, he replied sit on a tribunal where my friends are to get no But more advantage from me than strangers." Aristides walked the way of statesmanship by himself, on a private path of his own, as it were, because, in the first place, he was unwilling to join with any comrades in wrong-doing, or to vex them by withand, in the second place, he saw holding favours that power derived from friends incited many to do wrong, and so was on his guard against it, deeming :

;

217

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Xeyew dfywv Oappelv TOV

Kal BtKaia TrpaTTeiv Kal

dyaObv TroXir^v.

Ov

III.

d\\d, 7TO\\a

UTJV

Tro\iTelav

eviarafjievov TTOV teal auro? ra

Be

KO\OVWV

rrjv

eteeLvov

TOV

KlVOV/jLeVOV

KOI

7ra/?a/3oX&>9

Se/jiicrTOK\eov<j

77/209

iracrav

KOI BiaKoirTovTOS, 320 /u,ev

d/AWo/jLevos,

Bvva/jnv

^dpurt,

ra

TWV

7ro\\a)v av%o/jievr)V V o

e/ttcrro:X7}9,

evia

T&V

2 eicelvov 7TOT6

av{A(f)p6vTa)i>

ev

Tracriv

TOV

rbv

BTJ/JLOV

l(r%vpbv

fcpareiv reA,O9

TTpaTTOVTOS

ejJLt,O'TOK\OV<;

dvTiKpovaas Kal

TW

f)


Tl

Be

TWV

Trepiyevofjievos ov /care-

dirb '

OVK rj

e<jTi

Kal

awTvjia

(S)e/ucrTO/eX,ea

Bijfjiov

avTWV TO 3

Kal avTOV

dvTi\oyias

Bfj/jiov,

7rpo
ryva)/j,r]v

avTrjv

t9

Kal

eTcepwTav alv0op.evo<s ex TCOV \6ycov TOV Bi

y

W r)

eTepwv elcrefape ra9 TT/OO? avTov o

o~vaTi,.

Be Tt9 e(j)aiveTO ai>Tov Trapa ra9 ev

Tro\iTela />teTa/3oXa9 e7raipo/j,ei'ov s

over?)?

d<7Vfj,<popov aTrecTTTj

TroXAa/a? Be Kal

3lS

TO ftdpaOpov

et?

eKparer //eXXo^T09 Be TOV TrpoeBpov

(f)i\oveiKias,

TOV

i A.6i~jvaiwv rrd<^a
Trd\iV Be ypd'^a^ Tiva

e/jL/3d\oiev.

TOV

TO??

77

7rpo
evcrTaOeia, ya^re rat9 re ra? Bvarjfj,epi,a$

xal Trpdcos e^ovTOf, Kal

o

AR1STIDES,

n. s-in. 3

right that the good citizen should base his confidence only on serviceable and just conduct. III. However, since Themistocles was a reckless

it

and opposed and thwarted him in every measure of state, Aristides himself also was almost compelled partly in self-defence, and partly to curtail his adversary's power, which was increasing

agitator,

through the favour of the many to set himself in opposition to what Themistocles was trying to do, thinking it better that some advantages should escape the people than that his adversary, by preeverywhere, should become too strong. vailing Finally there came a time when he opposed and defeated Themistocles in an attempt to carry some Then he could no longer really necessary measure. hold his peace, but declared, as he left the Assembly, that there was no safety for the Athenian state unless they threw both Themistocles and himself On another occasion he himinto the death-pit. self introduced a certain measure to the people, and was carrying it through successfully, in spite of the attacks of the opposition upon it, but just as the presiding officer was to put it to the final vote, perceiving, from the very speeches that had been made in opposition to it, the inexpediency of his measure, And oftentimes he withdrew it without a vote. he would introduce his measures through other men, that Themistocles might not be driven by the spirit of rivalry with him to oppose what was expedient for the state. Altogether admirable was his steadfast constancy amid the revulsions of political feeling. He was not unduly lifted up by his honours, and faced adversity with a calm gentleness, while in all cases alike he

219

PLUTARCH'S LIVES xprjvat,

TrarpiSi rrape^eiv eavrbv ov dXXa KOI 0^9 irpoiKa KOI

rfi

fjiovov,

4 dfjuadl

oOev,

7ro\irev6p.evov.

o>5

eoi/ce,

TWV

els

VTT

ev TO) dedrpq)

Ov jap

Sotcelv Sitcaios,

SaOeiav

aXX* elvai 6e\eit

a\.o/ca

ra et?

a>
'Apia-TeiBrjv,

aperr) ? Tavrrjs 1

IV.

Ov

KOLL TTyOO?

JJLOVOV

7rpo9 evvoiav KOI

B

6pyr]V KOi 7T/90? Si/caicov

7TOT6

SltOKCOV

1

G^O pCLV la^VpOTaTO ^ T)V dvTKTTfjvai. \ey6Tai jovv

e^OpOV

V

St/taCTT^t^),

Karriyopiav ov /3ov\o/jieva)v dfcoveiv rov OVTOS TWV SiKacrTCOv, aXXa TTJV ^}rr)
eV

alrovvrcov

,

2

vofjLifj,wv'

avrov, a/'aTrrycra? TO) OTTCO?

Trd\iv

TV%OI TCOV ISiWTats Svai, rov

d/covaOeir}

Se

Kplvwv

teal

erepuv \eyovros, w? vroXXa rv6i rov 'Api& '^ya^e," 6 avriSiKOs XeXu^r rj/ccbs "Aey 1

,

yap,

OVK

TI ere

i

fJiaXkov, e/uLavTw,

Sifta^co."

avrov,

220

aXXa

/cat

TreTroiijtce'

TWV

eVt/ueX^r^?

aipeOels *

KCLKOV

ov

Se

Br)fj,o(ria)v

/JLOVOV

TOU? Trpo avrov

croi

rou?

ARISTIDES,

in. 3

iv.

2

considered it his duty to give his services to his in country freely and without any reward, either money, or, what meant far more, in reputation. And so it befell, as the story goes, that when the verses

composed by Aeschylus upon Amphiaraiis were

recited in the theatre

:

"He

wishes not to seem, but rather just to be, And reap a harvest from deep furrows in a mind From which there spring up honourable counsell

lings,"

the spectators turned their eyes on Aristides, of such feeling that he, above all men, was possessed excellence. IV. It was not only against the inclinations of his was a most good-will and personal favour that he

all

strenuous champion of justice, but also against those At any rate a story is of his anger and hatred. in told, how he was once prosecuting an enemy court, and after he had made his accusation the judges were loath to hear the defendant at all, and demanded that their vote be taken against him but Aristides sprang to his feet and straightway seconded the culprit's plea for a hearing and the ;

And again, when he was usual legal procedure. on serving as private arbitrator between two men, one of them saying that his opponent had done Aristides much injury, "Tell me rather," he said, " whether he has done thee any wrong ; it is for thee, not for myself, that I am seeking justice." When he was elected overseer of the public revenues, he proved clearly that large sums had been embezzled, not only by his fellow-officials, but also by 1

Seven against Thebes, 592

ff.

(Dindorf).

221

PLUTARCH'S LIVES aTreBeLfcvve fJ,d\lO~Ta

A to

vsvocrfyicriAivovs, fcal

KOI

xeipbs ov

avrip, rf)$ Be

o
Tro\\a

TOV 06/UCTTO/eXea'

cvvayaya)v vroXXou? eVt

TOZ>

ev rat? evOvvais SICOKOOV KNOTTY}*

TUV TrpaiTMV

Se

ev rfj TroXet

fjibvov a<j>el0rj TT}? ^Vy/xta?,

eVl

KOL {BeXTicrrcav, ov

aXAa KOL

7raX.iv

avrrjv SiOLKrjcriv aTreBei^Orj. ovfjLevos Be rwv irporepwv fjiera^eXeiv Trjv

evBiSov?

fia\aK(t)T6pov Koiva K\e7rTovcriv OVK

eavrov,

avry

fcal

roi?

ra

I'lpecrxe

e^eXey^wv

ap^wv

TrpocrTrot,-

ovS* dx:pi/3o\o-

TWV

4 yOVfJLVO<$, WC7T6 KaTCLTTl /ATrXcLfjieVOVS

Srj JJLOG IWV

TOV 'A/OicrretS?;^ real Be^iovadat rov vTrep avrov, (nrov'&a^ovTas ap^'>VTa fj,e\\bvTwv Be jfeLpOTovelv

alpedfjvai. n

TOi9

'

/

A /I

ttt/j~\

Ore

Ac7?;7YUOt?'

^

e

/>>/!

yuev 70/0,

e
raXc5? uya?y $IP% irpovTrrjXafcia'dijV' eirel Be 7ro\\a TWV K.OIVWV KaraTrpoel/jLai rot? K\e7rrovcn teal

5

]

av /xacrro?

eti/at rfj

iKrj,

auro?

So:co TroXtr???.

vvv

fjia\\ov

Tififj

<7vvd%0o/jiai, S'

V/JLLV,

rj

rfj

Trap' Oi?

ra Br^oaLa TO ^api^eaO ai TavTa B* elTroov teal Ta? /cXoTra? 321 Tot? TTOvrjpois" TOU? /xe^ TOTC fiowvTas virep avTOv /cal Tepov eari TOV

]

(rco^eiv

eTrecrTO/jiicre,

Bifcaiov aTTo

222

TW^

TOV

S'

{3e\Ti<7Ta)V ejratvov

a\r}0tvov

/cal

ARISTIDES,

iv.

2-5

those of former years, and mistocles

particularly

"The man was

hand had no control."

by The-

:

clever, but of his

For this cause, Themistocles banded many together against Aristides, prosecuted him for theft at the auditing of his accounts, and actually got a verdict against him, according to Idomeneus. But the first and best men of the city were incensed at this, and he was not only exempted from his fine, but even appointed to administer the same charge Then he pretended to repent him of his again. former course, and made himself more pliable, thus giving pleasure to those who were stealing the common funds by not examining them or holding them to strict account, so that they gorged themselves with the public moneys, and then lauded Aristides to the skies, and pleaded with the people in his behalf, eagerly desirous that he be once more elected to his office. But just as they were about to " vote, Aristides rebuked the Athenians. Verily," said he, " when I served you in office with fidelity and honour, I was reviled and persecuted but now that I am flinging away much of the common fund to thieves, I am thought to be an admirable citizen. For my part, I am more ashamed of my present honour than I was of my former condemnation, and I am sore distressed for you, because it is more honourable in your eyes to please base men than to guard the public moneys." By these words, as well as by exposing their thefts, he did indeed stop the mouths of the men who were then testifying loudly in his favour, but he won genuine and just praise from the best citizens. ;

223

PLUTARCH'S LIVES V.

'.Evret

Be

Aar*?

6Tn@ivai

epyo) Se

,

VTTO

kapeiov

7refA
'AQrjvaioi,?,

Bi/crjv

on

\oytp

^.dpSeis

Karacnpityaadai TO 1/9

f/

EX-

iravrl l

yu>pav

rrjv

ro9

i^atoi?

pep 2 real

eVl

Sefca

rbv

el'xev a^LwfJia

Sevrepo?

Svvd/jLet,

rwv

eiropQet,,

MiXr^aS?;?, 80^77 &e KOI Tore

'A/06<7Tet8?;?.

rjv

yua%^5 ryvw/jLy rrj M.i\TidSov 7rpocr6efj,evos ov /jiiKpav eTToirjcre poTTijv /cat Trap' rjfiepav (rrparrjyov TO /cparo? e^ovros, co? TrepirjXQev Trepl TT}?

ai)Tov

ap^rf,

77

TrapeScofce

(Twdp^ovTa^, OTL TO ireiOecOaL Kal UKO\OV9eiv rot? eu (frpovovcriv OVK ala^pov, a\\a cjj,v6v rot/?

ea"TL real crwrripiov.

veifciav Kal

T>

'Ez^

/j,ta

I

aTrepicTTTdo'Ta) rijs et^ovaias

%aipeLV jap ewv e/cao-ro?


TOV

<jbtA,o-

avrovs dyaTrdv

Kparicnrj %pc0/j,evovs, epptocre TOV

yva)/jir) rfj

3

OVTCD Se irpavvas TTJV

irpOTpe-^rdfjievo^

p%eiv e/cevp 8e rfj l^d^y

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TrovrjcravTOS

/jieaov

Kal

rj

T&V

TO Trap

'A.0t]vaia)v

7r\Gicnov

evTavOa

fiapftdpwv a /cal

Trap

a^oi;?

o T6

crTOK\fjs teal 6 'ApicTTetS^?* o pev yap 4 r)v, o S' AvTio^uSo^' eVet Se Tpe^ru/jLevot, '

i>6/3a\ov et? Ta? vav$ /cal vr}GU>v eu>pwv, aXX' VTTO TOV

/3ap/3dpov
OVK eul Kal T^9

224

^aXacrcr?;?

io~Q)

7T/oo9

TOI/?

ARISTIDES,

Now when

v.

1-4

on being sent by Darius Athenians for burning Sardis, but really to subdue all the Hellenes, put in at Marathon with all his armament and went to V.

ostensibly

to

Datis,

punish

the

ravaging the country, then, of the ten generals appointed by the Athenians for the conduct of the war, it was Miltiades who enjoyed the greatest consideration, but in reputation and influence Aristides was second. By adopting at that time the opinion of Miltiades about the battle to be fought, he did much to turn the scale in its favour. And since each general held the chief authority for a single day in turn, when the command came round to him, he handed it over to Miltiades, thereby teaching his fellow-officers that to obey and follow men of wisdom is not disgraceful, but dignified and salutary. By thus appeasing the jealousy of his colleagues and inducing them to be cheerfully contented in the adoption of a single opinion (and that the best), he confirmed Miltiades in the strength which comes from an unrestricted power. For each of the other generals at once relinquished his own right to command for a day in turn, and put himself under the orders of Miltiades. In the battle, the Athenian centre was the hardest pressed, and it was there that the Barbarians held

ground the longest, over against the tribes Leontis and Antiochis. There, then, Themistocles and Aristides fought brilliantly, ranged side by side ; for one was a Leontid, the other an Antiochid. When the Athenians had routed the Barbarians and driven them aboard their ships, and saw that they were sailing away, not toward the islands, but into the gulf toward Attica under compulsion of their

225

PLUTARCH'S LIVES a7ro/3iao/ji6i'ovs,

(fro

find evres pr) TTJV TTO\IV

ra)v d/jLvvo/jiercov, Tat? fiev evvea TT/QO?

5 ev Be

TO dcrrv

MapaOwvi

yu,era

/cal

TT}?

Karrfwaav eavrov

ep-rjfJLOv


av0>i/j.epov '

(f)v\rj<$

KOL

rwv

OVK e^evaaTO

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%uS?i/

fjiev

o-Kr)vcLL<$

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wv

S6av, d\\a

dpjvpov Kal ^pvaov irapovros,

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rat?

TI-JV

/cal

a\\wv

ecrOfjros

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rot? rf^wKoai o-Kaffreaiv vTrap-

auro? el'

%pr]/j,dT(i)i>

Oi'jeiv

eTreOv/^rja-e

ovr a\\ov

rives e/ceivov \a0ovTes a)$>e\r)6ricrav

r)V KOI KaXXta? o BaBov^os. TOUTW yap Ti9, co? eoitce, r&v

eirea-ev

ot?;$el?

/3ap/3dpa>v nrpoa/SacrtXea Bid rrjv KO/J,^V Kal TO 7rpo(TKVi>ij(Tas Be Kal Xa./3o/ze^o?

e'Bei^e

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6 Be

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p,ev

ypv

dvei\6TO, TOP

oltilas \ejtcr0ai, (JKWTTTOVTWV et? o KaXXta? evpev. TO

^pvcriov 'ApMTTeiBrjs Be rrjv eTraivvfjiov Kaurot ija-lv 6 ^aX^pei/? A?7 a^T/)to? /

dvSpa ev

fJiiKpov

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(ITTO

TOP TOTTOV, ev

dp^at, rov

TOV Qavdrov /xerd

ev

Be

Tat?

fierd /jLev Ha/ d^TTTriBtjv, e^' ov Map IlXaTatacrti/, ouS' OfJubvvjjLOV 'ApiaTeiSrjv ev irdvv

226

ARISTIDES,

v.

4-7

wind and wave, then they were afraid lest the enemy find Athens empty of defenders, and so they hastened homeward with nine tribes, and reached But Aristides was left the city that very day. behind at Marathon with his own tribe, to guard Nor did he belie his the captives and the booty. and gold lay about in reputation, but though silver all sorts of raiment heaps, and though there were and untold wealth besides in the tents and captured utensils, he neither desired to meddle with it himelse to do so, self, nor would he suffer any one although certain ones helped themselves without his knowledge. Among these was Callias the Torchbearer. 1

Some Barbarian, it seems, rushed up to this man, hair and the supposing him to be a king from his long headband that he wore, made obeisance to him, and taking him by the hand in suppliant fashion, showed him a great mass of gold buried up in a sort of pit. Callias, most savage and lawless of men, took up the but the man, to prevent his betraying the gold From this circumstance, matter to others, he slew. they say, his descendants are called by the comic " in or " ;

poets

Pit-wealthies,"

Laccopluti,"

allusion to the place Aristides at once

where

Callias

sly

found his gold.

received the office of Archon

And

yet Demetrius of Phalerum says that it was a little while before his death, and after the battle of Plataea, that the man held this office. 2 But in the official records, after Xanthippides, in whose year of office Mardonius was defeated at Plataea, you cannot find, long as the list is, so much

Eponymous.

1 One of the highest officers at the celebration of the 8 479-478 B.C. Eleusinian mysteries.

227

PLUTARCH'S LIVES t?

ev

1 \a/3eiv ecm, pera Be QalviTTirov, eft ov eviKwv, evOvs 'Apio

MapaOwvi fjid^v

dvayeypaiTTai. VI. Tlaawv Be TWV

Trepl

avrbv

BtKaiocrvvr} fjuakiara TOtsTroXXot?

Sia

TO

dperwv

aia 0rja iVTT

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Koivordrrjv vTrdp^eiv. 2

rvpdvvwv ovbels eij\a)crei>, d\\d YloXiop/crjral Kal 322 Kepavvol Kal Nt/eaTope?, zvioi S' 'Aerot Kal

3

e^aipov irpocrayopevofJievoi,, rrjv airo TT? eoiK6, /na\\ov rj Kalroi TO CLTTO T?}? dperrj^ S6av dyarra)i>r^. Oeiov, & y\i^ovraL
rpLwv ovrcov, a TreTrovOacrtv

ol 7ro\\ol Kal Tt/^r}?, r]~\,ovv avrovs Kal (jLaKapi^eiv eoiKacn Kara TO d(f)Qaprov Kal dt$ioi>, eKTr\r)TTecrQai Be Kal BeBievat, a TO Kvpiov Kal BvvaTov, dyafrav Be Kal

TO Oelov, %rj\ou Kal

vnrirov. 3

Bekker, Hercher, and Blass with 2 &v KO\ Hercher and Blass with S

\oyifcff8ai Blass

deity.

228

(f)6(3ov

:

Fa S :

:

*a-

uv.

Xoy'i&aQai rb Qflov reasoning about the

ARISTIDES,

v. 7-vi.

3

name Aristides whereas immediately after Phaenippus, in whose year of office the victory at Marathon was won, an Aristides is recorded as

as the

;

archon. 1 VI. Of

all

his virtues, it

was

his justice that

most

impressed the multitude, because of its most continual and most general exercise. Wherefore, though poor and a man of the people, he acquired that most Idngly and godlike surname of "The Just." This no kings or tyrants ever coveted, nay, they rejoiced " " to be surnamed Thunderbolts," or Besiegers," or " " " 2 and some Hawks," Eagles," or Conquerors," cultivating the reputation which is based on violence and power, as it seems, rather than on virtue. And yet divinity, to which such men are eager to adapt and conform themselves, is believed to have three elements of superiority, incorruption, power, and virtue and the most reverend, the divinest of these, For vacuum and the ultimate elements is virtue. '

;

and great power is expartake of incorruption hibited by earthquakes and thunderbolts, and rushing tornadoes, and invading floods but in fundamental justice nothing participates except through the ;

;

exercise of intelligent reasoning powers.

Therefore, considering the three feelings which entertained towards divinity, envy, fear, and honourable regard, men seem to envy and felicitate the deities for their incorruption and perpetuity to dread and fear them for their sovereignty and power but to love and honour and revere them

are generally

;

;

490-489 B.O. Demetrius Poliorcetes; Ptolemy Ceraunoa} Nicator; Pyrrhus Aetos ; Antiochus Hierax. 1

2

Seleucus

229

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 4 Kal

KaTa

creiSeaOai

OVTW

Kaiirep

dXXa,

BiKaio&vvijv.

TTJV

Sia/ceifAevoi, r?}?

pev dOavacrias,

YJV

r)

ov Se^erat, teal rr}? SvvdfAecos, ^9 ev /ceirai TO TrXeto-roi/, eTTiOvfjuovcri, rr)v

r)fj,Mv 1

Tv%7)

rfj

B

aperrjv, o /JLOVOV

r]fjilv t

ecrrl

TWV Oeiwv ayaQwv

ev vcrrepa) TiOevrat,, /car&j?

TOP ev

Kal

Svvdfjiei

Ti>%rj yiieyaXr? teal

fiev &iKa
fTTl

T1 a)" 1

Vll.

*

?'

A

r

7;

ap^y

rj

^

'

D

"

\

ovv Apicrreiorj crvvepr) TO Trpwrov

o

[jud\iGTa

fjLev

TOV

e/iiaro/cXeou?

U? TroXXou? SLaBiSovros,

ra BtKaa-Ttjpia

TO>

-rjBrj

typovwv r}-)(OeTO

w?

(Biov

dSi/cia 0iipia)Br].

&'

Bia Trjv eTTcovvfAiav varepov ,

efi

(frpovovvres,

(frdovel-

\6jov

et?

2 <*>$

icpiveiv

'Apia-TeiSiis dvypr)-

airavra Kal

Be TTOV KOL 6

teal rcov fjieylaTwv

Si/cd-

ejrl Ty dfywv avTov

Brj/j,o<;

rot? ovo/j,a /cat Bo^av virep rou?

Covert,

teal

crvve\BovT<$ et?

daTV

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ovo/jia

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T

T?}?

yLto?,

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e'/caXetro

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ej-ocrTparcHr-

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(SapvTepas Taireivwais Kal Ko\ovcri<;,

rjv

Be <j)0ovov 'jrapafjivOLa <$>i\dv0p(i)Tro<s, et? dviJKeaTOV ovBev, aXX' et? ^-rdcfraaiv CTCOV BGKO, TIJV TT/OO? 1

2

230

rv\ri Reiske, Hercher, and Blass with aS : SiaStSovros Hercher and Blass with

TTJ

F

Fa S

:

ARISTIDES,

vi.

4-vn. 2

for their justice. And yet, although men are thus disposed, it is immortality, of which our nature is not capable, and power, the chief disposal of which is in the hands of fortune, that they eagerly desire ; while as for virtue, the only divine excellence within our reach, they put it at the bottom of the list, unwisely too, since a life passed in power and great fortune and authority needs justice to make it divine by injustice it is made bestial. VII. Now, to resume, it befell Aristides to be loved at first because of this surname, but afterwards to be jealously hated, especially when Themistocles set the story going among the multitude that Aristides had done away with the public courts of justice by his determining and judging everything ;

and that, without any one perceiving it, he had established for himself a monarchy, saving And besides, the only the armed body-guard. people too must by this time have become greatly elated over their victory they thought nothing too good for themselves, and were therefore vexed with those who towered above the multitude in name and So they assembled in the city from all reputation. the country round, and ostracized Aristides, giving in private,

;

to their envious dislike of his reputation the fear of tyranny.

name

of

Now

the sentence of ostracism was not a chastiseof base practices, nay, it was speciously called a humbling and docking of oppressive prestige and power; but it was really a merciful exorcism of the spirit of jealous hate, which thus vented its malignant desire to injure, not in some irreparable evil,

ment

231

PLUTARCH'S LIVES CTrel 8* \VTTOVV d7TpeiBo/j,evov BvcrfjLeveiav. ijp^avTo Tives dvOpcoirovs dyevveis KOI Trovrjpovs

3 rb

v jroftak\eiv r

TW

TrpdyjiaTi, Te\evTalov aTravTwv

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&>? ovv o BiecrTaGLa&v. TO oarpaKov KOI 877X0? r\v

Svvdfjievoi

ei-epov

ia6%evT<;


o-Tacreis

669

e/carepa?

ravTO

rov

a^of?

KCU ra? avvayayovTe^ TOV

etc 4 'T7re/)/3oXo^ eocrTpaKicr0fjvaL TTapecncevacrav. Be TOVTOV Bva"%epdvas 6 Brjfio^ to? KaOvftpicrjuevov

TO Trpdj/jia KOI

^Hy

TrpOTre'Tr'rjXaKicrjjLevov

Be TOLOVTOV, a>? TVTTO)

(frpdcrai,,

dcfrij/ce

irav-

TO

ocrTpa/cov \a{3cov eVa<7TO9 Kal fypd^a^ ov e'/9ou\TO fieTacrTrjO'aL TWV TTO\ITWV, efyepev et? eva, roTTOV

TT}?

dyopa? ol B

J

KVK\W

TrepiTrecfrpay/jievov

ev

ap%ovTes TrpWTOv

ftev

TO crv^Trav ev TCLVTW TWV oaTpaKwv el
e^aKia-^tXicov eXriVro^e? ol <$>epoi>Te$ eTreiTa rwv TJV o e^ocrTpaKia'^Lo^'

eteacTTOv IBia Sevres

Kaprrov-

avTOV.

Tpa(f)OfjLifa)v

Tiva TWV

elev,

TOV VTTO TWV Se/ca,

TO,

l

ovv Tore T&V oo-Tpd/cwv Xeyerai 323

dypa/ifjidTcov

dvaBovTa T&

/cal

Trai/reXco?

dypoiKwv

'ApicrTeiBr) TO oaTpa/cov 0)9 evl

TWV

TV%6vTcov irapaKaX.eiv, 6Va>9 *A.picrTelBr]v eyypd6 ^eie. TOV Be Oav/jLacravTO? Kal TrvOojAevov, JMJ TI 1 a tyipovTfs Blass with F S :

232

ARISTIDES,

vn.

3-6

but in a mere change of residence for ten years. And when ignoble men of the baser sort came to be subjected to this penalty, it ceased to be inflicted at 1 all, and Hyperbolus was the last to be thus ostracized. It is said that Hyperbolus was ostracized for the Alcibiades and Nicias had the following reason. greatest power in the state, and were at odds. Accordingly, when the people were about to exercise the ostracism, and were clearly going to vote against one or the other of these two men, they came to terms with one another, united their opposing factions, and effected the ostracism of Hyperbolus. The people were incensed at this for they felt that the institution had been insulted and abused, and so

they abandoned

it utterly and put an end to it. of procedure to give a general outwas as follows. Each voter took an ostrakon, line or potsherd, wrote on it the name of that citizen

The method

whom

he wished to remove from the city, and brought it to a place in the agora which was all fenced about with railings. The archons first counted the total number of ostraka cast. For if the voters were less than six thousand, the ostracism was void. Then they separated the names, and the man who had received the most votes they proclaimed banished for ten years, with the right to enjoy the income from his property. Now at the time of which I was speaking, as the voters were inscribing their ostraka, it is said that an unlettered and utterly boorish fellow handed his ostrakon to Aristides, whom he took to be one of the ordinary crowd, and asked him to write Aristides on it. He, astonished, asked the man what possible 1

About 417

B.C.

Cf. Nicias, xi., Alcibiades, xiii

233

PLUTARCH'S LIVES avrbv

/ca/ebv

'A/otcrrei%7?

TreTroirj/eev,

" QvBev"

ov8e yiyvcocrfcco rbv avOpwrrov, aXX' evoTravra^ov rbv Atreaiov dtcovwv" ravra

rbv ^ApicrreL^v arcoKpivauQai eyypdtyai Se rouvofia rut oarpare w

dffovcravra

fiev

ovbev,

fcal

ra? ^etpa? dvareivas rrjv

evavriav,

a>?

rbv ovpavbv ev^aro

TT/JO?

eoireev,

rut

ev^v

'A^iXXet,

reaipbv 'AQrjvaiov? /eara\a(3eiv, 65 dvay-

rbv

Srjfjiov

'ApiareiSov avrjadrjvat.

VIII. /cat

S' erei Eeptov Sid TP/T Boiwrta? 6\avvovro$ eVl

craz^re?

roi' ,

vopov

"^rj(j)

yuaXtcrra

icravro

(f)o/3ov/JievoL

rol<$

rot?

rbv

TroXe/itot?

Sia^deipr]

/ecu

TroXXou? rroz^ TroXtTw^ TT/JO? ftdpftapov, OVK opOcos aro^a^o/JievoL rov al vrpo roO SoyyU-aro? TOUTOU 09 76 Trporpeirwv T^/y

KOL

f/

irapo^vvcov real

eXevdepiav,

fj,icrTOK\eov<$

irdvra

rarov '17? fjievcov

a-rpar^yovvTOs

EXX^z^a? Soy/ma

rovro,

avrotcpdropos,

vSo6crvveftovXevev, rbv nroiwv e^OiGrov. crwrvipiq Koivfj

crvverrparre eirl

[Jiera

rovs rb

yap rwv

Kal

d7ro\iTreZv irepl

rrjv

^a\a/Mva

E>vpv/3id$r)v

at,

fiov'kevo-

/3ap/3api/cal

rpujpeis vv/crayp dva^Oeiaai KOI Trepi(3a\ovarai rov re Tropov eV KVK\W real ra? vrja-ovs rcarel^ov, ovSevbs vrpoeiSoTo? rr)v KVK\W(TLV rjreev 6 'ApiBia rwv air* Alyivr)? 7rapa$6\a)<;

234

ARISTIDES,

vn. 6-vni. 2

" None whatever," wrong Aristides had done him. was the answer, " I don't even know the fellow, but I am tired of hearing him everywhere called 'The Just.' On hearing this, Aristides made no answer, but wrote his name on the ostrakon and handed it back. Finally, as he was departing the city, he lifted up his hands to heaven and prayed a prayer '

the opposite, as it seems, of that which Achilles made l that no crisis might overtake the Athenians which should compel the people to remember Aristides.

VIII. But in the third year thereafter, 2 when Xerxes was marching through Thessaly and Boeotia against Attica, they repealed their law of ostracism, and voted that those who had been sent away under it might return. The chief reason for this was their fear of Aristides, lest he attach himself to the enemy's cause, and corrupt and pervert many of his fellow-citizens to the side of the Barbarian. But they much misjudged the man. Even before this decree of theirs, he was ever inciting and urging the Hellenes to win their freedom and after it was passed, when Themistocles was general with sole powers, he assisted him in every undertaking and counsel, although he thereby, for the sake of the general safety, made his chiefest foe the most famous of men. Thus when Eurybiades wished to abandon Salamis, but the Barbarian triremes, putting out by night, had encompassed the strait where he lay round about, and had beset the islands therein, and no Hellene ;

knew of this encompassment, Aristides came over to them from Aegina, venturously sailing through the 1

Iliad

i.

407-412.

3

480

B.O.

235

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rro\(JLiu>v vecov 7rl

3

rrjv cncrjvrjv

avrov

el

,

rov

craxfrpovovfAev,

"

elrrev,

"'H/iet?,"

/JLOVOV

ei;(a

e\0a)i'

icai vv/crbs /JUO"TOK\OV
Sfe/CTrXeucra?*

w

/cevrjv

fcal

apycov

/cal

rrjv

tfSr)

KCU pevot,

crwcrai

67T61

KOI VVV

'EXXaSa,

rrjv

(TTpaTijywv, eyai (76

apl
(TTeVol<$

crv

fiev

VTrovpycov KOI dVfjL^ovKevwv, TTwOciVOfJiai ^LQVOV a'TTTedOai TWV S'

T7)V

Ke\evovra Biavav/jia^eLV ev Kdl

Ta^L(TTrjV.

(TOl

TWV

(TVfJL-

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fjLavwv

elvai

Kal

5 XeXetTrrat."

"

OVK av

TOVTO 7T/90?

fJL
TT/?O?

ravra

/3ov\6/jLtiv,

I^LOV

w

(frvyrjs

6

yap oSo? ov

e/iucrTo/cXr}? elirev

'A/otcrrefc^,

Kpeirrova yeveaOai,

ere

epyois" d/jia S' avrw fypdcras rr)V eavrov KaracrKevaaOeldav airdrop TT/OO? f3dp/3apov, 7rapefcd\i, ireiOeiv rov Rvpvfii Si$dcnctv,

009

d/jLrj%av6v

eVrt

avrov 6 o^ei'

Se

KO\r)V dp-^T]V afJil\\(t)^VO^ V7rp/3d\\(T0(U

TO??

/cal

rara

Treipdaofjiai

eV

LC/>'

crwOrjvaL

a\\ov

TTLCTTIV.

TW av\\6yw rwv crrpar^ycov u TOV KopivOiov

TT/OO?

pe&Keiv avrov, Trapovra yap <Jiw7ravy avrelirev o 'AptcrretSi;?, 009 ou/c av eaicoTra pr) \eyovros ra apiara rov &[jLL(rroK\eov
236

ARISTIDES,

viii.

2-6

enemy's ships. He went at once by night to the tent of Themistocles, and called him forth alone. " Themistocles/' said he, "if we are wise, we shall

O

at last lay aside our vain

and puerile contention, and

begin a salutary and honourable rivalry with one another in emulous struggles to save Hellas, thou as

commanding

general, I as assistant counsellor, since I learn that thou art the only one

at the very outset

who

has adopted the best policy, urging as thou

dost to fight a decisive sea-fight here in the narrows as soon as may be. And though thine allies oppose thee, thy foes would seem to assist thee for the sea round about and behind us is already filled with hostile ships, so that even our unwilling ones must now of necessity be brave men and fight. Indeed, no way of escape is left." To this Themistocles " I should not have wished, O Aristides, to replied find thee superior to me here but I shall try to emulate thy fair beginning, and to surpass thee in my actions." At the same time he told Aristides of the trick that he had contrived against the Barbarian, ;

:

;

and entreated him to show Eurybiades convincingly, inasmuch as he had the greater credit with that commander, that there was no safety except in a So it happened in the council of generals sea-fight. that Cleocritus the Corinthian declared to Themistocles that Aristides also was opposed to his plan, since he, though present, held his peace. Aristides at once replied that he would not have held his peace had not Themistocles counselled for the best but as it was, he kept quiet, not out of any goodwill to the man, but because he approved of his ;

plan.

237

PLUTARCH'S LIVES IX. Ot

ovv vavapvoi TO*V 'EXX^wz; ravr opwv rrjv ^vrrdX-eiav, SaXa/ztVo? ev TO) Tropw KelraL vrjcros

/Jiev

'Apia-TetBrjs B

errpaTTOV. rj

irpo TT}?

ov

fjLeydKrj,

dvBpwv

TToXt/uwz'

jjLe&Trjv

ovaciv,

TOL/?

KOL

fjLa^i/jLO)rdrov<;

TCOV

iroXn&v

Trpocre/Ji^e rfj

KOL ftd'xyv irpbs TOI/? (Sapftdpovs aTreKreive Trdvras, TT\^V oaoi ra)i> eVtev Be rourot? rjcrav Jj\ct)crav.

2

ovo/ua Sai/Sau/c^? rpels TraiSe?, aTrecrretXe 77/009 TOI^ (B)eyu-t(7ro;Xea i

v@u
01)5 /rat

Xeyovrcu

Kara

TL

\6yiov,

ILvfypavri&ov K6\ev(7avTOS,

rov

fjiavrews

kiorvcrw tcadrot? O7r\0i? iravra-

to/jbrja-rf]

rrfv Be vrjcrl^a tepevOrjvai. 6 ApicrTeiSrjs Tre/oicrTeA^a? e^rjBpeve rot? '

Tiva TCOV vewv KOI TT/XetcTTO? d)@tcrfjio$ TO KaprepwTarov eoifce irepl rov TOTTOV exeivov yeveatiai' Bib KOI rpoTracov earrjicev ev 6

yap

fjid^ri^

^vrra\eia.

rfj

Mera

8e

r^

pdyriv 6

e/iicrroArXf)? aTroTreipa)-

rov 'ApicrreiBov tcaXov [j.ev eivai KOL TO aurot? epyov e\eye, /cpelrTOv Be TO \aj3eiv ei> TT; EupcoTT?; T//Z/ \\criav t dvaTT\ev<javTa<; ei? 'EXXr/crTro^ro^ rP/^ l eVet teal TO, ^evy/jLara &Laico'^ravTa<s. GTeiBrjs dvaKpaytov TOVTOV [Jiev eKeXeve rov \6yov tcara/BaXeiv, crKorrelv Be KOI tyirelv, oVco? TTJV ,Bov eic T?}? 'EXXaSo?, TaylaT^v K/3d\a)
M

fjbi] 1

238

KaTatc\eicr6el<; drropia (j)vy>)
pera Fa S rb :

ARISTIDES,

ix.

1-4

IX. While the captains of the Hellenes were acting on this plan, Aristides noticed that Psyttaleia, a small island lying in the straits in front of Salamis,7 C7 was full of the enemy. He therefore embarked in small boats the most ardent and the most warlike of the citizens, made a landing on Psyttaleia, joined battle with the Barbarians, and slew them

save the few conspicuous men who were taken Among these were three sons of the King's sister Sandauce, 1 whom he straightway sent to Themistocles, and it is said that, in obedience to some oracle or other, and at the bidding of all,

alive.

Euphrantides the seer, they were sacrificed to Dionysus Carnivorous. Then Aristides lined the islet all round with his hoplites, and lay in wait for any who should be cast up there, that no friend might perish, and no foe escape. For the greatest crowding of the ships, and the most strenuous part of the battle, seems to have been in this region. And for this reason a trophy was erected on Psyttaleia. After the battle, Themistocles, by way of sounding the deed they had now Aristides, said that performed was a noble one, but a greater still remained, and that was to capture Asia in Europe, by sailing up to the Hellespont as fast as they could and cutting in twain the bridges there. But Aristides cried out with a loud voice and bade him abandon the proposal, and seek rather with all diligence how they might most speedily expel the Mede from Hellas, lest, being shut in and unable to make his escape, from sheer necessity 1

Cf. Themistocles, xiii. 2.

239

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rpaTrf) TT/OO? a/jLvvctv U7T* dvdyfcr)?,

SvvdfjLCi)<}

irakiv Apvafcyv evvov%ov 6

TTefjLirei

T&V

e/c

al'%iJLa\(t)TCi)v /cpixfia,

/ceXeucra?, OTL 7T\eiv eVl

ra?

typdaraL vpa<;

OVTW

e/ucrTO/eX?}9

TW ut

r

TOU?

'EXX7/i/a?

avTo?

diroa-rpe^reie

/3acrtXea /SouXoyueyo?.

X.

TOUTOU

'E/c

He/o^?

/xez>

7re/oi^>o/9o?

TOl' l Se roO crrparov TO ^oKif^corarov KOI vTreXeiTrero, Tptd/covra /jivpidSas

MaoSowo?

a?r'

tV^upa? r^?

Trepl

TO Tre^o

r/

/cat EXX?;cri ypdtywv roiavra' " 2 NeviKij/care OaXacrcrioLS ^uXoi? %epcralovs dve\avveiv aXXa 6p(i)TTov<; ov/c emarTafjLevovs KMTrrjv erraXco^ 77}, tca\ov Be TO i/uv TrXareta /t^ 77

rot?

BoiWTiOV Tre^iov dya0ol$ iTTTrevcri KOI o7rX(,rat9 va ya)VL(Tacr0ai" TT/JO? Se 'A^/^atou? eireiM^rev ISia ypd/jL/jiaTa teal Xo7ou? Trapd /SacrfXew?, r^ re TTO\LV avTOi
3

Ot Se Aa/ceSaifjioviot, nrvQopzvoi raura SetVaire? enre^'^av 'Adrfva^e Trpecrfieis, To>v 'A6riva[(*)V, OTTOJ? iralSas p,ev Kal yvvaircas

^irdpTrjv aTTOcrretXajcri, rot? Se irpeafivTepois Icr^ypd jap Trap' avTwv \afij3 dv&iriv TOV brjfJLov aTroXcoXe/vora /cat rjv diropla Trepl 2 ov jbTjV aXXa T&H' ct)av /cat Trv TTO\LV. 4 T7i> et?

rpo^a?

F

aS : SOKI/JLVTCLTOV Blass with 8 /cal TTJV Hercher and Blass with 1

240

FaS

:

ARISTIDES,

ix.

4-x. 4

he throw this vast force of his upon the defensive. So Themistocles sent once more the eunuch Arnaces, 1 a prisoner of war, bidding him tell the King that the Hellenes had actually set out on a voyage to attack the bridges, but that he, Themistocles, had succeeded in turning them back, wishing to save the King.

X. At this Xerxes grew exceeding fearful, and hurried straight to the Hellespont but Mardonius, with the flower of the army, to the number of ;

hundred thousand men, was left behind. was a formidable adversary, and because his confidence in his infantry was strong, he wrote three

He

" Ye have threateningly to the Hellenes, saying with maritime timbers landsmen conquered your who know not how to ply the oar but now. broad is the land of Thessaly and fair the plain of Boeotia for brave horsemen and men-at-arms to contend in." But to the Athenians he sent separate letters and proposals from the King, who promised to :

;

give them much money, and of the Hellenes, if only they would cease fighting against him. When the Lacedaemonians learned this, they took fright ; and sent an embassy to Athens, begging the Athenians to despatch their wives and children to Sparta, and to accept from her a support for their aged and infirm for great was the distress among the people, since it had so recently lost both land and city. However, after listening to the embassy, on motion of Aristides, they answered rebuild

their

make them

city,

lords

;

1

Cf. Themistocles , xvi.

2

f.

241

PLUTARCH'S LIVES inreKplvavTO

ypdtyavros,

Oav/Liaa-rrjv ,

irdvra TT\OVTOV

Aa/ceBai-

xpelTTov ovoev taaacif, opyi^eaBat B iois,

on

el

^p^/jbdrmv wvia

teal

rrjv irevlav /col

cnropiav rrjv vvv

rrjv

irapovcrav 'AQijvaLois fiovov opwcn, TT)? S' dperfjs KOL TT}?
'EXXaSo? dywvi^ea'dai ravra ypdtyas 'AyOfcrretS^? KOI TOU?

virep r^5 5

i9

KK\r)aiav Trapayaywv,

TT)V

fjiev

tce\va6

ocrov

tr

/.

f(

i/

rjMov oetfa?, TTopevrjrai

TT}?

'V

VTTO

TWV 'EX-

rot? Be irapa WLapB&vLov rov *

\

A^/Ji

rrjv

>'/!'

urrep

ovu

yrjv

Se^aivro av irpo

'AGrivcuoi &

\

ovu

\r)VO)V e\.v9epias. r/~*

sp

ecm

OVK

a>9

<j)pdeiv,

*A -\ 7TA,?;c70?

TOCOVTOV

?

ay owro?,

>

it

Tropeiav, ^AOrjvaloi

/

f(

I

9^,

Tavrrjv

7ro\ii/)cr overt

r>)? SeS^w/ze^? ^copa ^ KOI KOL /caTaKe/cav^evcov lepwv" eri Be 1

uvre/)

6 rjasfi'qfieveov pa<;

pv/cevcraiTO M?;Soi9 'Eyu,/3aXoi'T09 3e

17

T^

MapSoviov TO Sevrepov eh %a\afuva BieTrepaaav. '

,

avdis

Be

e/9

irefJiOels

e/9

avTo<$ eveicei Ka TO;

iQov 7

Be

o*]ev. 242

7T/009

ravra

Ta e aKovaavres

o

r?9

rrjv

AR1STIDES,

x.

4-7

with an admirable answer, declaring that they could be tolerant with their foes for supposing that everthing was to be bought for wealth and money, since their foes could conceive of nothing higher than these things but they were indignant at the Lacedaemonians for having an eye only to the penury and indigence that now reigned at Athens, and for being so unmindful of the valour and ambition of the Athenians as to exhort them to contend for Hellas merely to win their rations. ;

When

Aristides

had made

this

motion

and

had

introduced the waiting embassies into the Assembly, he bade the Lacedaemonians tell their people that there was not bulk of gold above or below ground so large that the Athenians would take it in payment for the freedom of the Hellenes and to the messengers of Mardonius he said, pointing to " As the sun long as yonder sun journeys his appointed journey, so long will the Athenians wage war against the Persians in behalf of the land which has been ravaged by them and of the ;

:

temples which they have defiled and consumed with fire." Still further, he made a motion that the priests should solemnly curse all who came to a parley with the Medes or forsook the alliance of the Hellenes. When Mardonius for the second time invaded Attica, again the people crossed over to Salamis. Aristides, who had been sent as envoy to Lacedaemon, inveighed against their sluggishness and indifference, in that they had once more abandoned Athens to the Barbarian, and demanded that they go to the aid of what was still left of

Then

Hellas.

On

hearing

this,

the Ephors, as long as

43

PLUTARCH'S LIVES [lev rjv

eBoKOvv rrai^eiv KOI paQvuetv eoprdVVKTOS Be
e/cacrro? eTrrd Trepl

tyav OVK elSoTayv

avrov

e L\wra<$

TWV 'AOyvaicdv.

elftev, ee7re/it-

eVet Be Trd\Lv

eyKa\,a>v 6 'ApicrretS^? TrpoerjKQev, ol &e vvv 7eXo)Ti \T]pelv avrov G^CLCFKOV /cal /cadevBeiv, fjBrj
rou? ^e^ou? (^ez/ou? jap etcaKovv TOVS TTe/ocra?), icaipov ecfrrj rrai^eiv avrov? 6 'ApicrreiBijs, avrl ro!)i> TroXe/ucoz; TOU? ^/Xof? e^arrar&vras. ravP ol Trepl rov 'ISo/xe^ea \e tyrjcfiicr/jLari rov 'ApicrreiBov rrpecrftevrris OVK auro?, d\\a KL/JLWV Kal 't^avOircrro^ Kal M.vpa)CTTL

Kara

8 ov

XI. Xetyooro^^^et? Se crrpar'rjyo^ avroKpdrwp ryv jjidj(rjv, Kal r&v* K6r)vaiwv O dva\a/3a)i>, r\Kv et? ITXarat Ilaucraja'a? 6 TOU crvfAiravros (rvve/JLi^ev e^wv TOVS 2<7rapridra$, TWV a\\cov 'EXX^z'wi/ erreppei TO TrX^^o?.

lirl

Se ftapftdptov TO yu-ev oXoz^ T/}? crrparoTreBeias rov 'Ao"a)7ro^ Trora/wv TrapeKrerauevr) ? 1

Trapa

ovSels

r}V

opos Bia TO jjieyeOos, Trepl Be

T9

a?ro-

CTKtvds Kal ra Kvpioorara TeZ^o? rrepiefypd^avro rerpdycovov, ov rwv rr\evpwv effda-rrj fjLTJKO^ rjv

BeKa crraBicov. f/

ovv Kal TO?? EXX?;(7fc Koivfj 6 'HXet09 e/navrevaaro, Kal TrpoeiTre Kal duvvo/jLevois /JLTJ

Tlavo-avia [lev

244

ARISTIDES,

x. 7-xi. 2

was day, publicly disported themselves in easyfor it was their festival of the But in the night they selected five Hyacinthia. thousand Spartans, each of whom had seven Helots to attend upon him, and sent them forth without the knowledge of the Athenians. So when Aristides came before them with renewed invectives, they laughed and said he was but a sleepy babbler, for that their army was already in Arcadia on its march against the "strangers" (they called the Persians strangers). But Aristides declared they were jesting out of all season, forasmuch as they were deceiving their friends instead of their enemies. This is the way Idomeneus tell the story. But in the decree which Aristides caused to be passed, he himself is not named as envoy, but Cimon, Xanthippus, and Myronides. XI. Having been elected general with sole powers in view of the expected battle, he came to Plataea at the head of eight thousand Athenian hoplites. There Pausanias also, the commander in chief of the whole Hellenic army, joined him with his Spartans, and the forces of the rest of the Hellenes it

going festival fashion

;

]

Now, generally speaking, kept streaming up. there was no limit to the encampment of the Barbarians as it lay stretched out along the river but round their baggage Asopus, so vast was it trains and chief headquarters they built a quadrangular wall, whereof each side was ten stadia ;

in length.

To Pausanias and all the Hellenes under him Tisamenus the Eleian made prophecy, and foretold victory for them if they acted on the defensive and 1

Spring of 479

B.C.

245

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 3

'ApMTTeiBov Be Trep^avTOS etouais KCU

OVOVTCLS

'Av&poKpdrei,

ijpcocriv

iSw, KOI TOV KivSvvov ev lv 4

ra
TreSiG)

TO)

Kopa?.

yd

ISia 7roiov/j,evov$

ra? Aa/^ar/jo? ra? 'EXei/criwa? tcai ouro? o xprja-ju-os avev^0el<^ airopiav ol

TO) 'ApicrreiSr) 7rape2)^V.

yap

ftev

ijpoje^,

ap^yerai TlXaraiewz/ rjcrav, TO TWV ^(ppayiTi&cov WIA^WV avrpov ev efce\ev

Oveiv,

TOV KiOaipwvos

/copv(f)f)

Oeptvas

ecrriv,

(fcacn,

fjua.

et? Sucr/za? rfkiov

ei> w tcai pavTeiov KOL TroXXol tcaTefyovro

TTpa/^/jLi>oi>,

rrpoTepov, w?

ot? teal

r)i>

TOJI^

\wpiwv, ovs vv/ji<j)o\?l7rTOVs Trpocrijyopevov. TO Be T?}? 'EXeucrii/fcct? A?^?^T/)09 TreBiov, KOI TO

ITTI

5

/

\

r?;^

'

jJLa^rjv

vaiots

VLKTJV

aveKa\LTo Kara

'

'

'

"

ev ioia %ft)/3a Trotof/aez'Oi? rot?

BiBoadai,

teal fjieOicrrtj

iraKiv

roi'9 VTTVOVS VTTO

avTov, 6 TL TO?? "EXX^crM/,

L7Tiv,

et?

TOV 7r6\e/AOV. o cnpcnriyo

TOV Ato? roO Brj

"Avpiov

rrpaTTeiv Beoo/CTai 6t?

(TTpaTiav a-nd^o^ev, w SecnroTa, Kal KL KaTOL TO TOt? ftapBdpOl? 6

6^60^ <j)dvaL Bia/jLapTaveiv CLVTOVS TOV avTodi yap elvai Trepl Ttjv ra Trv^o^p^cTTa /cal fyTovi'Ta? dvevprfaeiv. TOVTWV evapyw? TCO 'Api/AVija'Ty tyavevTwv %eyp6-

TOV

246

oti/

ARISTIDES,

xi.

3-6

But Aristides sent did not advance to the attack. and received from the god response that the Athenians would be superior to their foes if they made vows to Zeus, Cithaeronian Hera, Pan, and the Sphragitic nymphs paid sacrifices to the heroes to Delphi

;

Androcrates, Leucon, Pisandrus, Damocrates, Hyp sion, Actaeon, and Polyidus; and if they sustained the peril of battle on their own soil, in the plain of When this oracle Eleusinian Demeter and Cora.

was reported to Aristides, it perplexed him greatly. to whom he was to sacrifice were, it was and the true, ancient dignitaries of the Plataeans cave of the Sphragitic nymphs was on one of the peaks of Cithaeron, facing the summer sunsets, and in it there was also an oracle in former days, as they of the say, and many of the natives were possessed oracular power, and these were called nympholepti, But the plain of Eleusinian or " nymph-possessed." Demeter, and the promise of victory to the Athenians if they fought the battle in their own territory, called them back, as it were, to Attica, and changed

The heroes

;

the seat of war. At this time the general of the Plataeans, Arimnestus, had a dream in which he thought he was accosted by Zeus the Saviour and asked what the Hellenes had decided to do, and replied " On the morrow, my Lord, we are going to lead our army back to Eleusis, and fight out our issue with the Barbarians there, in accordance with the Pythian Then the god said they were entirely in oracle." error, for the Pythian oracle's places were there in the neighbourhood of Plataea, and if they sought :

them they would surely find them. All this was made so vivid to Arimnestus that as soon as he awoke VOL.

II.

I

247

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rd%i(7ra /jLereTre/jL^fraro TOI>? e/jLTreipordrov? Kal Trpeafivrdrovs rwv TroXirwv, peP wv SiaXe70/iei>o? Kal avvBiaTropwv evpev, on, rwv 'Tcrtwp 7r\7)criov VTTO TOP KiOaipwva mo? laiiv a/j^ato? Trdvv l Aij/jirjrpos 'EXevcrm'a? Kal Kop?;? irpocraovv 7rapa\a/3a)v TOV 'Apiev9ij<$ fjyev 67ri rbv TOTTOV, ev^vecrrarov OVTCL Sia ra? V7ro)peia<s rov KiQaipwvos a$>L7nra TTOIovaas ra KaraXtfyovTa KOI crvyKvpovvra rov TreSiov TT/OO? TO lepov. avrov 8* TJV Kal TO rov

'AvSpOKpdrovs fjp&ov eyyvs, aXcret, TTVKVWV Kal BevSpwv irepLe^o/JLevov. OTTO)? 8e

8 crva-Kiwv

e'XX,47re? e^rj TT/OO? rrjv e'XTTtSa T?)? viKrjs o

Tot?

eSo^e

Tl\araiev(TLv,

ra

eiVoi/To?, dve\elv

Kal vjrep 9

Tavrrjv

ovrw

rrjv

TT)?

/JLCV

a-vrefirj

TT^O?

'Api/jLvrfarov

r^v 'Am/c^v opia

%wpav

'EXXa^o?

rrj?

eTTibovvai TO?? 'Adrjev ol/ceia Kara rbv

ovv rrjv (f)L\orifiiav rwv H\araiea)v TrepijSorjrov yeviaOai,, wcrre Kal

'AXegavSpov ijBr] ftacriXevovra T^?'Acr/a? vcrrepov TroXXot? 6T6CT4 rei^i^ovra IlXaTa^a? dvenrelv 'O\vfj,7ndcriv VTTO Ktjpv/cos, on ravrrjv 6 fia&iXevs H\arat,6V(Ti rr}? dv$paya0la<; Kal rfjs

T?

Tot?

rw

MrB(,KO)

7ro\ejLW

rrv

'^av

r)cnv

ev

7reSa)Kav Kal

7rapeo"%ov

XII.

''

A6r)valoi,<$

1

248

Be

Teyedrai

irepl

wcnrep dei, AaKe^aifJiovLwv TO %6vTa)V Kepas, avrol TO evayvvjjiov ira.w omitted by Bekker, now found in S. rj^iovv,

326

ARISTIDES, he

summoned the

fellow-citizens.

oldest

xi.

6-xn.

i

and most experienced of

his

By conference and

investigation near Hysiae, at the

with these he discoverd that foot of mount Cithaeron, there was a very ancient temple bearing the names of Eleusinian Demeter and Cora. Straightway then he took Aristides and led him to the spot. They found that it was naturally very well suited to the array of infantry against a force that was superior in cavalry, since the spurs of Cithaeron made the edges of the plain adjoining the temple unfit for horsemen. There, too, was the shrine of the hero Androcrates hard by, enveloped And besides, in a grove of dense and shady trees. that the oracle might leave no rift in the hope of victory, the Plataeans voted, on motion of Arimnestus, to remove the boundaries of Plataea on the side toward Attica, and to give this territory to the Athenians, that so they might contend in defence of Hellas on their own soil, in accordance with the oracle. This munificence of the Plataeans became so celebrated that Alexander, many years afterwards, when he was now King of Asia, 1 built the walls of Plataea, and had proclamation made by herald at the Olympic games that the King bestowed this grace upon the Plataeans in return for their bravery and

magnanimity

in freely

bestowing their territory upon

the Hellenes in the Median war, and so showing themselves most zealous of all. XII. Now with the Athenians the men of Tegea came to strife regarding their position in the line. They claimed that, as had always been the case, since the Lacedaemonians held the right wing, they 1

331-330 B.O.

249

PLUTARCH'S LIVES avrcov

TOVS

7roXX<^

6

Trpoyovow?

T&V

B&

dyavaKTOvvTwv

"

'A/5tcrTet8^9 eiTre'

Trepl

evyeveias

KCLlpOS OV

/cat

BLBftHTl,, 7T/909

'AQyvaicov

Teyedrais aev o dvBpaya0Las 8'

7rapu>v

0)

^TrapTlCLTai, f/ real roi'? aXXou? EXX7;^a? \eyo/ji6v, OIL rrjv dperrjv OVK dtyaipeirat, TOTTO? ovSe SiSwcriv r)v 6' av u V^lds,

rd^iv aTToScore TreipacrojjLeOa Kal (j)u\drTOVT
d\\d

o-jacrfacroi/Te?,

ouS'

avSpas dyadovs o dycov Beimel r n 'f f OTTOGOV rot?

fj,a%ovfjLvoi, rot?

aXX* 'EXXaSt Trape^ovres' &>? OLTO? /cal TroKiV Kal dp^ovra Kal ISicorrjv / >/.' 1> f?~\ 1 raur aKovI^XMJCTLV a^o? etrrt.

7raiv(r6/jLevoi,

TOU? Trare/oa?,

rfj

01 trvveSpoi Kal rjye^ove^ dTrebe^avro rou? iov^ Kal Odrepov avrot? Kepas aTrebocrav. XIII. OI/CTT;? Se /nerewpov T?}? 'EXXaSo?

/jLa\i(TTa

TOi? 'Adrjvaiois

rwv Trpay/ndTwv

OIKWV eirL$>avwv e^ovrcov, dvSpes e fjLeyd\wv Tre^re? UTTO roi) TTO\/JLOV Kal Trdcrav ajjia TW TrXoura) T^I/ e*> T^ &uva/jLiv

avr&v Kal So^av

ol^oaevrjv opcov-

Kal ap^ovrwv, avvri\6ov et? oiKiav Tivd TWV eV nXarcuat? Kpixfra Kal crvvwfj-ocravTO KaraXvaeiv TOV &~ JJLOV el Be arj ir], \v^iav&l(jQai ra Trpdy/jLara Kal rot?

re?,

2

eTepwv

Ti/jiw/JLevcov

Ylparrofxevcov Se rovrcov ev
ijSij

Kal 250

Bt,e(f)dapf^V(t)v, cfrofirjOels

TW

crrparoTreSft) 6 'A/ot-

aladofjievo^

TOV Kaipov, eyvm

/XT;T*

cdv

ARISTIDES,

xn. I-XHI. 2

themselves should hold the left, and in support of their claim they sounded loudly the praises of their The Athenians were incensed, and ancestors. " To Aristides came forward and made this speech argue with the men of Tegea about noble birth and but we declare bravery, there is surely no time now to you, O Spartans, and to the rest of the Hellenes, that valour is not taken away from a man, nor is Whatsoever it given him, by his position in the line. post ye shall assign to us, we will endeavour to maintain and adorn it, and so bring no disgrace upon the We are come, not contests we have made before. to quarrel with our allies, but to do battle with our not to heap praises on our fathers, but to show foes ourselves brave men in the service of Hellas. It is :

;

;

this contest which will show how much any city or On captain or private soldier is worth to Hellas." hearing this, the councillors and leaders declared for

the Athenians, and assigned to them the other wing. XIII. While Hellas was thus in suspense and Athens especially in danger, certain men of that city who were of prominent families and large wealth, but had been impoverished by the war, saw that with their riches all their influence in the city and their reputation had departed, while other men now had the honours and offices. They therefore met together secretly at a certain house in Plataea, and conspired to overthrow the democracy or, it their plans did not succeed, to injure the general cause and betray it to the Barbarians. Such was the agitation in the camp, and many ;

had already been corrupted, when Aristides got wind of the matter, and, fearful of the crisis that favoured the plot, determined not to leave the

PLUTARCH'S LIVES dfi\ov/j,vov TO Trpdy/jia

iLr)6*

arrav

KKa\V7rret,v t

dyvoov/jievov et? ocrov eKjSrjarerai tr\r}do<s o rbv rov Si/caiov %r)TMv opov dvrl rov 3 o,tfT&>

Svo

nva<$

77

fjiev,

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e/c

ol? TrpcoTOt?

Kol TOVTCOV

Trpoejpdcjjrj, ot

Kpiais

rj

KOI

7r\i(7Tr)v aliiav el^ov, Atcr^ti/?;? ActfjLTrrpevs Kal

w^ovro fyevyovTes e/c rov aXXou? a(j)iJK, Oapcrrjaai,

ap^eu9, ,

TOU?

S'

teal fj,Tayvwvat, rot9 eri \avddveiv olovTrenrtov &)? peya SiKaaTrjpiov e^ovcn rov

r9

a7ro\vcrao'6ai,

alrl

rpi^i /3ov\ev6fjievoi.

XIV. Mera ravra

Ma/oSoi'to?, (

eSoKei* $La
row }L\\r)vwv

7T\r)V M.eyapea)v.

TO

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Kara rd%os

TT/JO?

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rot?

eViTreSoi?

Sib /cat /ca/cco? eiracr^ov VTTO

ecrrparoTreSevovro, rrjs

aTreTreiparo, rrjv

aOpoav avrols e<^el? KaOe^o^evoi^ VTTO rov rov Ki^atpw^o? ev ^a>/?tot? o^upo??

avrovs Kal rrpoa(3o\a<$ ovv eirefjiirov

Hav&avLav

ftoriO

ou Svvd/jievoi Kaff avrovs VTroa-rfjvai rb r&v ravra Tlavcravia? a.Kovcovt fSapftdpwv 7r\fj0o<;. ij&rj Be Kal Kadopwv aTTOKeKpufJi^ivov aKOvrta/nda>9

rwv val ro^ev/jidrwv 7T\ij0et rb arparoTre&ov rwv Meyapecov Kal avvecrra\iJbevovs avrovs els o\iyov, avro9 252

IJLCV

ajJbr'^avQ^

f)V

TT/JO?

/TTTrora?

apvveiv 327

ARISTIDES,

xin. 2-xiv. 2

matter in neglect, nor yet to bring it wholly to the light, since it could not be known how many would be implicated by a test which was based on justice rather than expediency. Accordingly, he arrested some eight or so of the many conspirators. Two of these, against whom the charge was first formally brought, and who were really the most guilty ones, Aeschines of Lamptrae and Agesias of Acharnae, The rest he released, affording thus fled the camp. an opportunity for encouragement and repentance to those who still thought they had escaped detection, and suggested to them that the war was a great tribunal for their acquittal from the charges made against them, provided they took sincere and righteous counsel in behalf of their country. XIV. After this, Mardonius made trial of the Hellenes with that arm of his service in which he

thought himself most superior. He despatched all his cavalry against them as they lay encamped at the foot of Cithaeron, in positions that were rugged and These, to the rocky all except the Megarians. number of three thousand, were encamped the For this reason they suffered rather in open plain. severely at the hands of the cavalry, which poured in tides against them, and found access to them on every side. Accordingly, they sent a messenger

him come to their aid, since they were unable of themselves to withstand the host of the Barbarians. Pausanias, on hearing this, and seeing at once that the camp of the Megarians was as good as hidden from view by the multitude of the enemy's javelins and arrows, and in haste to Pausanias, bidding

that

its

defenders were huddled together in narrow own part had no way of rendering

quarters, on his

253

PLUTARCH'S LIVES dpeTrjs

3 rot? 8'

Kal


el

Bij

Tives eKovTes dvaoeJ;aivTo

Trpoaycovicrao'dai, /cal [SorjOyjcrai, rot? Meyapevcri.

TWV

8'

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TWV

VTrep

roi9

VTT*

Kal

Tovrwv

Be

(0v

l

avrw ro^ora?

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o^ew? Siao-Kevacrafievwv Kal TrpocrMaatcrrio? 6 rwv (BapjSdpwv

Spo/jbM,

re ^auyuacrro? peyeOei re <w? KareiSev, 7re/3tTTO9, IVOLVTIOV eVfcrTpe^a? TOV 'ITTTTOV et? auroi/? i]\avve. T0)v 8' dvaa^o/juevcov Kal crviJi(:$a\6vTwv rjv dycov Acaprepo?, cb? Trelpav ev TOVTO) TOV TravTO? Xa/AeVel Se TOevOeis o ITTTTO? roz/ Ma5 SavovTcov. ,

dvrjp d\/cfj

KaXXei

/cal

crto^aros

Kal ire(TU)V U'TTO /3a/)0f? TCOI> OTT\WV aUTO? T6 SvCTKLVrjTO^ TjV dva(j)6pLV Kal TOi? 7riKi/nev<)i,s Kal ov IJLOVOV ffrepva KOI K6(f)a\rfv, aXXa Kal ra ,

Kal %a\K(p teal criBrfpw KaTaTre^payTOVTOV fjiev y TO Kpdvos V7re veKpwv TOV rr\r)0ov<;

yvia

xpvaw

fievos,

6

)

6\iyoi 1

254

yap

ol TreaoyTe? rjaav,

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Hercher and Blass with F a S

:

TOVTWV.

ARISTIDES,

xiv.

2-6

them aid against horsemen, since his phalanx of Spartans was full-armoured and slow of movement but to the rest of the generals and captains of the Hellenes who were about him he proposed, in order to stir up their valour and ambition, that some of them should volunteer to make contention for the succour of the Megarians. The rest all hesitated, but Aristides, in behalf of the Athenians, undertook the task, and despatched his most zealous captain, Olympiodorus, with the three hundred picked men of his command, and archers mingled with them. These quickly arrayed themselves and advanced to the attack on the run. Masistius, the commander of the Barbarian cavalry, a man of wonderful prowess and of surpassing stature and beauty of person, saw them coming, and at once wheeled his horse to ;

face

them and charged down upon them.

Then

there was a mighty struggle between those who withstood and those who made the charge, since both regarded this as a test of the whole issue between them. Presently the horse of Masistius was hit with an arrow, and threw his rider, who lay where he fell, unable to raise himself, so heavy

armour and yet he was no easy prey to Athenians, though they pressed upon him and smote him. For not only his chest and head, but also his limbs were encased in gold and bronze and iron. But at last, with the spike of a javelin, through the eye-hole of his helmet, he was smitten to the death, and the rest of the Persians was

his

;

the

body and fled. The magnitude of was known to the Hellenes, not from the multitude of those they slew, for few

abandoned their

his

success

255

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kal yap eavTOu? eKeipav erri r& Kal WTTTOU? Kal rjjjbiovov^y olfiwyfjs re Kal K\av0fjiov TO rre&iov everrifJLrr\acrav, &>? avBpa

fiapfidpwv. MacrjcTTtft)

rrpwrov dperf) Kal Bvvdjj,ei fierd ye Boviov avrbv

7roXt>

XV. Mera

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drpe^a

vwv

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"

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yap

v/.uv

eet

MapBovios avpwv, ov%

tepols Kal \oyioi
rov arparov

256

VTT

vBe 0dpcrov<;, aXX' dAral Acivreis etcewov

elpyovcn fzd^r]<;, Kal Kal Kara7r\rj-

e^ei, ^vaOv/Jbia TroXXrj

ARISTIDES,

xiv.

6-xv. 3

had fallen, but from the grief of the Barbarians. For they shore their own hair in tribute to Masistius, and that of their horses and mules, and filled the They felt that they plain with their wailing cries. had lost a man who, after Mardonius himself, was by far the first in valour and authority.

XV. After this cavalry battle, both sides refrained from further fighting for a long time, since only as they acted on the defensive would victory be so the soothsayers interpreted the sacrifices theirs but if they attacked, alike for Persians and Hellenes, At last Mardonius, since he had supplies defeat.

remaining for only a few days, and since the Hellenes were ever increasing in number as fresh bodies joined them, impatiently determined to wait no longer, but to cross the Asopus at daybreak and attack the Athenians unexpectedly. During the evening he gave the watchword to

commanders. But about midnight a

his

solitary

horseman quietly

approached the camp of the Hellenes, and falling in with the outposts, ordered that Aristides the Athenian come to him. He was speedily obeyed, and then said " I am Alexander the Macedonian, and I am come at the greatest peril to myself, out of my good-will toward you, that no suddenness :

frighten you into inferior fighting. surely give battle on the morrow, not because he has substantial hope or even courage, His soothbut because he is destitute of provisions. sayers, indeed, are trying to keep him from battle by unpropitious sacrifices and oracular utterances, while his army is full of dejection and consternation*, but he must needs boldly try his fortune, or sit

of attack

Mardonius

may

will

257

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rj

ecr^aT^v

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4

ravra

/

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viro/jieveiv f

1

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^

/4-

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ravra

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XVI.

/eoa/,ft>

'Ei/

TOI/

rourft)

5',

&>9

'H^oSoro?

icrTopel,

TIavaravias 'ApfcrreiS?? Trpoaecfrepe \6yov, d^toyv TOU? A.6r]valov 9 em TO Se^tou /jLerard^ai /cal 2 '

Kara rovs Tlepaas awr IT arrival, /3e\.riov ydp dycomelcrdaL TTJS re pdyys e'yu,7ret/3ou9 yeyovoras KOI rq> iTpoveviicriKevai OappovvTas, avra) Be irapa< TO evtovvjLov, OTTOV TWV ^\\ivw ol

Bovvai

e/ji6~\.\ov. '

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Ol

3

fiev

bracketed by Bekker, omitted by Blass. fieTTaat Kal MISS., Siuteuis , Coraes, Bekker:

258

1

323

AH1STIDES,

xv. 3~xvi. 2

and endure extremest destitution." When he had told him this, Alexander begged Aristides to keep the knowledge to himself and bear it well Aristides in mind, but to tell it to none other. replied that it was not honourable to conceal this from Pausanias,* since it was on him knowledge O still

the supreme command devolved, but that should not be told the other leaders before the battle though in case Hellas were victorious, no man should remain ignorant of Alexander's zeal After this conversation, the king and valour. of the Macedonians rode off back again, and Aristides went to the tent of Pausanias and told him all that had been said. Then they summoned the other leaders and gave them orders to keep the army in array, since there was to be a

that it

;

battle.

XVI. At this juncture, as Herodotus relates, Pausanias sent word to Aristides, demanding that the Athenians change their position and array themselves on the right wing, over against the 1

where they would contend better, he they were versed already in the Persian a previous style of fighting, and emboldened by the left wing, where the Medising victory over them Hellenes were going to attack, should be intrusted to himself and his Spartans. The rest of the Athenian generals thought it inconsiderate and annoying in Pausanias to leave Persians,

said, since

;

the rest of his line in the position assigned, while

he moved them, and them only, back and forth Helots, and put them forward where the

like

1

ix.

46.

259

PLUTARCH'S LIVES '

6 8*

7rpo/3a\\6/J,evo<;'

auTou?

SiajAaprdveiv rrputiqv

fj-ev

3

pvvvovro, vvv

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TOV? "A^i/atou?, etVe TO??

260

avro-

Kaicelvo*; ev0v$, elre

ARISTIDES, fighting

xvi.

2-5

But Aristides declared wrong they had contended

was to be hottest.

that they were utterly

;

with the Tegeans, but a little while back, for the occupation of the left wing, and plumed the mselves on being preferred before those but now, when the Lacedaemonians of rivals their own accord vacated the right wing for them, and after a fashion proffered them the leadership among the Hellenes, they neither welcomed the nor counted it gain reputation thus to be won, that their contention would thus be, not with men of the same tribes and kindreds, but rather with Barbarians and natural enemies. Upon this the Athenians very willingly exchanged posts with the Spartans, and the word passed from lip to far through their ranks that their enemies lip would attack them with no better arms and with no braver spirits than at Marathon, nay, with the same kind of archery as then, and with the emulously

;

same variegated vesture and gold adornments to " while cover soft bodies and unmanly spirits we have not only like arms and bodies with our ;

of that day, but that greater courage born of our victories and our contest is not alone for land and city, as theirs was, but also for the trophies which they set up at Marathon and Salamis, in order that the world may think that not even those were due to Miltiades only, or to fortune, but to the Athenians." The Spartans and Athenians, then, were busily but the Thebans engaged in exchanging posts heard of it from deserters and told Mardonius. He, at once, whether through fear of the Athenians or out of ambition to engage with the Lacedaemonians,

brethren

which

is

;

;

261

PLUTARCH'S LIVES <j)i\OTi{jLOv/jL6vos,

Ilep
dvmrape^rjye

Se^iov, TOU? Se

"EXX^a?

avr> Kara TOU? 6 yevo/Jievrjs Be

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3 viov.

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1 Blass, adopting the conjecture of Sintenis

6 :

ARISTIDES,

xvi. 5 -xvn.

3

counterchanged his Persians to the right wing, and ordered the Hellenes with him to set themselves

When this change in his against the Athenians. enemy's order of battle was manifest, Pausanias returned and occupied the right wing again, wherealso resumed his own left wing, just he stood at the beginning, facing the LacedaeAnd thus the day came to an end without monians. The Hellenes, on deliberation, decided to action.

upon Mardonius

as

change their camp to a position farther on, and to secure a spot where there was plenty of good water, since the neighbouring springs were defiled and ruined by the Barbarians' superior force of cavalry. XVI I. Night came on, and the generals set out to lead their forces to the appointed encampment. The soldiers,

follow

in

however, showed no great eagerness to close order, but when they had once

abandoned their first defences, most of them hurried on toward the city of Plataea, and there tumult reigned as they scattered about and encamped in no order whatsover. But it chanced that the Lacedaemonians were left alone behind the others, and that too against their will. For Amompharetus, a man of a fierce and venturesome spirit, who had long been mad for battle and distressed by the many postponements and delays, now at last lost all control of himself, denounced the change of position as a runaway flight, and declared that he would not

abandon his post, but stay there with his company and await the onset of Mardonius. And when Pausanias came up and told him that their action had been formally voted by the Helleues in council,

263

PLUTARCH'S LIVES teal

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fiwo/teyo?

ou/c

drcaXXiepei,

ra9 daTTiSas Trpo ovs drpifjia fcaOe^ecrdai Kal Trpoazyjciv avr(p, a TWV vroXeyLtta)^ dfjivvo/jiivov^t avros Be

AaKe>ai/jLovLoi<;

7

7rd\iv e&^ayid^ero. Kal irpoaeTTLTrrov ol Be /cal /5eXo9 e^t/cvelro Kal Tt9 -tjBr) ev TOVTW Be Kal TCOZ^ ^TrapTiarwv.

264

I

329

ARIST1DES,

xvn. 3-7

Amompharetus picked up a great stone and threw it down at the feet of Pausanias, saying that was his personal ballot for battle, and he cared not a whit for the cowardly counsels and votes of the rest. Pausanias, perplexed at the case, sent to the Athenians, who to wait and

were already moving off, begging them make the march in company with him,

and then began to lead the rest of his troops toward Plataea, with the idea that he would thus force Amompharetus from his position. At this point day overtook them, and Mardonius, who did not fail to notice that the Hellenes had abandoned their encampment, with his force in full array, bore down upon the Lacedaemonians, with great shouting and clamour on the part of the Barbarians, who felt that there would be no real battle, but that the Hellenes had only to be snatched off as they And this lacked but little of coming to pass. fled. For Pausanias, on seeing the situation, though he did check his march and order every man to take post for battle, forgot, either in his rage at Amompharetus or his confusion at the speed of the enemy, to give the signal for battle to the confederate For this reason they did not come to his Hellenes. aid at once, nor in a body, but in small detachments

and straggling, after the battle was already joined. When Pausanias got no favourable omens from his sacrifices, he ordered his Lacedaemonians to sit quiet with their shields planted in front of them, and to await his orders, making no attempt to repulse their enemies, while he himself went to sacrificing again. By this time the horsemen were charging upon them presently their missiles actually reached them, and many a Spartan was smitten. And then it was ;

265

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ISea

t>v

re

KaXXiarov 'EXXT^toy

KOI

aa)jj,aTi

ev etcetva) ro> crrpara) yevecrOai \eyovcn,

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8

"E*viOi Be <paai TO>

^a\\ofJLevoL

KOL

Ylavcravia

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XVIII.

QVQVTI

teal

&.va(j)opa)V

ak\a TOV

ovv 6 TlavcravLas TO?? Trapov-

/jLavTecos ITT

a\\oi<$ lepeta KCLTO,-

TO 'Hpaiov evos, Kal Ta? p^etpa? dvaa"%a)v la "Hpa Kal Oeols aXXot?, o'l ,

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f

yr)v eypvo'iv, el

/JLY)

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aXXa SpdcravTas ye

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266

iepa Kal VLKIJV 6 [jidvTis epae.

Kai

ARISTIDES,

xvn. y-xvui. 2

that Callicrates, said to be the fairest of the Hellenes to look upon, and the tallest man in their whole army, was shot, and, dying, said he did not grieve at death, since he had left his home to die for Hellas,

but at dying without striking a single blow. Their experience was indeed a terrible one, but the restraint of the men was wonderful. They did not try to repel the enemy who were attacking them, but awaited from their god and their general the favourable instant, while they endured wounds and death at their posts.

Some say that as Pausanias was sacrificing and praying, a little to one side of his line of battle, some .Lydians suddenly fell upon him and rudely hurled away the sacrificial offerings ; and that Pausanias and his attendants, being without weapons, smote the intruders with the sacrificial staves and wherefore, to this day, in imitation of this goads ;

onslaught, the ceremonies of beating the young warriors round the altar at Sparta, and of the procession of the Lydians which follows this, are duly celebrated as rites. XVI II. Then, in distress at this state of affairs, while the seer slew victim after victim, Pausanias turned his face, all tears, toward the Heraeum, and with hands uplifted prayed Cithaeronian Hera and the other gods of the Plataean land that, if it was not the lot of the Hellenes to be victorious, they might at least do great deeds before they fell, and show to a certainty that their enemies had marched out against men who were brave and who knew how While Pausanias was thus calling on the to fight. gods, right in the midst of his prayers, the sacrifices showed themselves propitious and the seer announced

267

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eTTa/JLvvovras

'EXXaSo9,

rs

:

268

330

ARISTIDES,

xvin. 2-5

Word was at once passed all along the victory. line to set themselves in motion against the enemy, and the phalanx suddenly had the look of a fierce beast bristling up to defend itself. The Barbarians then got assurance that their contest was to be with men who would fight to the death. Therefore they made a rampart of their wicker targets and shot their arrows into the ranks of the Lacedaemonians. These, however, kept their shields closely locked together as they advanced, fell upon their foemen, tore away their wicker targets, and then, smiting the Persians in face and breast with their long spears,

they slew many, who nevertheless did great deeds of courage before they fell. For they grasped the long spears with their naked hands, fractured them for the most part, and then took to short-range fighting with a will, plying their daggers and scimetars, tearing away their enemies' shields, and locking them in close embrace and so they held out a long time. ;

were quietly awaiting But when the shouts of those engaged in battle fell loud upon their ears, and there came, as they say, a messenger from Pausanias telling them what was happening, they set out with speed to aid him. However, as they were advancing

The

Athenians., meanwhile,

the Lacedaemonians.

through the plain to his aid, the medising Hellenes Then Aristides, to begin bore down upon them. with, when he saw them, went far forward and shouted to them, invoking the gods of Hellas, that they refrain from battle, and oppose not nor hinder those who were bearing aid to men standing in the van of danger for the sake of Hellas. But as soon as he saw that they paid no heed to him, and were

269

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6

bracketed

in Sintenis 2

;

Blass reads

S, after Herclier, thus agreeing

270

rfj

/cal

ye-

/^u^/rj.

auTot?

ayyeAo9 ra re'i^ri Kara-

els

rb nnSov

with Herodotus

viii.

6

with

135.

ARISTIDES,

xviii.

5~xix, 3

arrayed for battle, then he turned aside from rendering aid where he had proposed, and engaged with these, though they were about fifty thousand in number. But the greater part of them at once gave way and withdrew, especially as the Barbarians had also retired, and the battle is said to have been fought foremost and most chiefly with the Thebans, whose influential men were at that time very eagerly medising, and carried with them the multitude, not of choice, but at the bidding of the few. XIX. The contest thus begun in two places, the Lacedaemonians were first to repulse the Persians. Mardonius was slain by a man of Sparta named Arimnestus, who crushed his head with a stone, even as was foretold him by the oracle in the shrine of Amphiaraus. Thither he had sent a Lydian man, and a Carian besides to the oracle of Trophonius. 1 This latter the prophet actually addressed in the Carian tongue but the Lydian, on lying down in the precinct of Amphiaraiis, dreamed that an attendant of the god stood by his side and bade him be gone, and on his refusal, hurled a great stone upon his head, insomuch that he died from the blow (so ran the man's dream). These things are so reported. Furthermore, the Lacedaemonians shut the flying Persians up in their wooden stockade. Shortly after this it was that the Athenians routed the Thebans, after slaying three hundred, their most eminent leaders, in the actual battle. After the rout was effected, and more might have been slain, there came a messenger to the Athenians, telling them that the Barbarian force was shut up and besieged ;

1 According to Herodotus, viii. 135, Mys the Carian visited the shriue of the Ptoan Apollo, overlooking Lake Copais.

271

PLUTARCH'S LIVES OVTW

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Coraes and Bekker insert after this verse the pentameter s A^M aTl jrt'0oM eI/ot folltncing the bold impulse of their spirit', found in the Palatine Anthology, vi. 50. 1

fvr6\fjLca i|/ux

272

:

>

ARISTIDES, in their stockade.

xix

3-6

So they suffered the Hellenes

in

them to make good their escape, while they themselves marched to the stockade. They brought welcome aid to the Lacedaemonians, who were front of

altogether inexperienced and helpless in storming walled places, and captured the camp with great Out of three hundred slaughter of the enemy.

thousand, only forty thousand, it is said, made their escape with Artabazus. Of those who contended in behalf of Hellas, there fell in all one thousand Of these, fifty-two were three hundred and sixty. Athenians, all of the Aeantid tribe, according to Cleidemus, which made the bravest contest (for which reason the Aeantids used to sacrifice regularly to the Sphragitic nymphs the sacrifice ordained by the Pythian oracle for the victory, receiving the expenses therefor from the public funds) ninety-one were Lacedaemonians, and sixteen were men of Tegea. Astonishing, therefore, is the statement of Herod1 otus, where he says that these one hundred and fiftynine represented the only Hellenes who engaged the enemy, and that not one of the rest did so. Surely the total number of those who fell, as well as the monuments erected over them, testifies that the success was a common one. Besides, had the men of three cities only made the contest, while the rest sat idly by, the altar would not have been inscribed as it was ;

:

"Here

did the Hellenes, flushed with a victory

granted by Ares Over the routed Persians, together,

for Hellas

delivered,

Build

them an

liverer

altar

of Zeus, Zeus as De-

known." 1

ix. 85.

273

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Tavrrjv rrjv f^d^rjv e/jLa^ecravro ry rerpdBi rov Bo^Spo/xfwz^o? io~ra/utevov /rar' 'AO^vaiovs, Kara Be BoftoTou? rerpdBi rov Tlave^ov fy6Lvovro<s fj 331 /cal vvv en rb E,\\TJI>IKOI> ev H\araiai e^evOepiw y

'

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77

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d^OeaOai.

prjOevrwv Be

rovrwv 1

tTf'p?

Bekker has

ture of iluretus.

274

ouSerepcf.

neither city, adopting a conjec-

ARISTIDES,

xix. 7

xx 3

This battle was fought on the fourth of the month but Boedromion, as the Athenians reckon time according to the Boeotian calendar, on the twentyseventh of the month Panemus, 1 the day when, down to the present time, the Hellenic council assembles in Plataea, and the Plataeans sacrifice to Zeus the Deliverer for the victory. We must not ;

wonder

at the apparent discrepancy

between these

dates, since, even now that astronomy is a more exact science, different peoples have different be-

ginnings and endings for their months. XX. After this, the Athenians would not grant the Spartans the highest meed of valour, nor allow them to erect a general trophy, and the cause of the Hellenes had certainly gone at once to destruction from their armed contention, had not Aristides, by abundant exhortation and admonition, checked his fellow-generals, especially Leocrates and Myronides, and persuaded them to submit the case to the Hellenes for decision. Thereupon, in the council of the Hellenes, Theogeiton the Megarian said that the meed of valour must be given to some third city, At unless they desired the confusion of a civil war. this point Cleocritus the Corinthian rose to speak. Every one thought he would demand the meed of valour for the Corinthians, since Corinth was held in But to greatest estimation after Sparta and Athens. the astonishment and delight of all, he made a proposition in behalf of the Plataeans, and counselled to take away contention by giving them the meed of valour, since at their honour neither claimant could take offence. To this proposal Aristides was first to 1

About August

1,

479

B.C.

275

PLUTARCH'S LIVES virep

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Ta8* av0ij/jLp6v. Hercher and Blass, following Stephanas, and favoured by F aS :

276

(j5i

ARISTIDES,

xx.

3-5

agree on behalf of the Athenians, then Pausanias on behalf of the Lacedaemonians. Thus reconciled, they chose out eighty talents of the booty for the Platac.-ans, with which they rebuilt the sanctuary of Athena, and setup the shrine, and adorned thetemple with frescoes, which continue in perfect condition to the present day; then the Lacedaemonians set up a trophy on their own account, and the Athenians also for themselves. When they consulted the oracle regarding the sacrifice to be made, the Pythian god made answer that they were to erect an altar of Zeus the Deliverer, but were not to sacrifice upon it until they had extinguished the fire throughout the land, which he said had been polluted by the Barbarians, and kindled it fresh and pure from the public hearth at Delphi. Accordingly the commanders of the Hellenes went about straightway and compelled all who were using fire to extinguish it, while Euchidas, who promised to bring the sacred fire with all conceivable speed, went from Plataea to Delphi. There he purified his person by sprinkling himself with the holy water, and crowned himself with Then he took from the altar the sacred fire laurel. and started to run back to Plataea. He reached the place before the sun had set, accomplishing thus a thousand furlongs in one and the same day. He greeted his countrymen, handed them the sacred a little fire, and straightway fell down, and after In admiration of him the Plataeans gave expired. him burial in the sanctuary of Artemis Eucleia, and inscribed upon his tomb this tetrameter verse :

" Euchidas, to Pytho running, came back here the selfsame day." 277

PLUTARCH'S LIVES '

6

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'EAAa'So?

:at 7rpo/3ouXou? ajecrOai Be Trevraer^pLKov a^/wva ra>v elvai Be crvwra^iv 'IZXXrjviKrjv /j,vpia$ fi>ev 6epiwv. aaTTiBas, %I,\LOVS Be tTTTrou?, vaus B* eKarov eVi rbv 7T/30? fiapfidpovs irokefjiov, ITXaTate?? al tepou? dfalcrOai ry 6ew acruXou?

TT}?

'EXXaSo?. KvpwOevTcov Be TOVTGW

virep TT}?

2

ol Tl\araiel<; vireBe- 332 rot? Trecrovai KCU Kei/Aevois avroOi TWV V evayi^eiv /cad' eKacrrov eviavrov. /cal

Tovro

f*>expi>

vvv Bp&cri rovBe l rov Tpoirov /AT/Z^O?, 09 ecrn Trapa

rov

Mai/jLa/CTTjpiwvos

'A\a\/cojjiei>ios, rf] e/crrj evrl

Be/ca Tre/unrovcri

^? TrporjyelraL fjiev a//.' rj/jiepa ey/ce\ev6ijLvo<s TO TroXe/JLitcov, eirovrai

TTTJV,

8'

ci

fMVppirt^ fiearal KOI <7Teca*>a)/.iaT&>z> /cal TaOpo9 Kal %oa9 oivov /cal yaha/cros ev d e\aiov re /cal pvpov /cpcoo-crovs veavicTKOi

e\ev6epor Bov\a> yap ovBcvbs Hercher and

lilass

with

Fa S

:

e^ecrri

TOVTOV.

rwv

ARIST1DES,

Now

xx. 6-xxi. 3

regarded by most as Artemis, and but some say she was a daughter of Heracles and of that Myrto who was daughter of Menoetius and sister of Patroclus, and that, dying in virginity, she received divine honours among the For she has an altar and Boeotians and Locrians. an image built in every market place, and receives preliminary sacrifices from would-be brides and is

Eucleia

so addressed

is ;

bridegrooms. XXI. After this, there was a general assembly of the Hellenes, at which Aristides proposed a decree to the effect that deputies and delegates from all Hellas convene at Plataea every year, and that every fourth year festival games of deliverance be celethe Eleutheria ; also that a confederate brated Hellenic force be levied, consisting of ten thousand shield, one thousand horse, and one hundred ships, to prosecute the war against the Barbarian ; also that

the Plataeans be set apart as inviolable and conthat they might sacrifice to Zeus the Deliverer in behalf of Hellas. These propositions were ratified, and the Plataeans undertook to make funeral offerings annually for the Hellenes who had fallen in battle and lay buried there. And this they do yet unto this day, after the On the sixteenth of the month following manner. Maimacterion (which is the Boeotian Alalcomenius), they celebrate a procession. This is led forth at break of day by a trumpeter sounding the signal for battle ; waggons follow filled with myrtle-wreaths, then comes a black bull, then free-born youths carrying libations of wine and milk in jars, and pitchers of oil and myrrh (no slave may put hand to

secrate,

n.

K

279

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Sidxoviav

etceivrjv TrpoudtyacrPat SLCL TO uTrodaveiv inrep eXevOepias' ercl TTCLCTL dv&pas ra)v Yl\arai(t)v o dp^wv, a> rov d\\ov %p6vov

irpl

rrjv

4 rot"?

B

ovre (ri&rjpov diyeiv e^ecrriv ovd* erepav eadrjra fjs dva\.a/3eiv, rore ^irwv

rov

apd/Jievos re vBpiav CLTTO

rou? ra^oi;? Trpodyei elra \a/3a)V vbcop diro


T?}? 7roXea>?.

yLtecrr;?

auro? a7ro\ovei re ra? TT?;Xa9 teal ravpov ei? r^v irvpav crcfid^as Au' teal 'Rppfj

teal

'

dyaOovs avopas

TOI)?

errl

TOL?

vTrep

TO SeiTrvov KOI

rr}?

rrjv alfJLOKOvpiav.

/cparrjpa Kepdcras OLVOV teal ^ea/zet'o? eVi" UpOTrivay rot? avBodw rot? virep T^?

\eyet,'

rwv 'EXX^fo)^ aTroOavovo'L"

ravra

ovv GTL KOL vvv Sia(f)v~\.dTTov(riv oi llXaraet?. XXII. 'E?rel 8' dva-^wprjcravras et? TO darv

TOU9 *A9r)vaiou<$

6

'AyOicrTetSr/?

rrjv Bij/jLOKpariav aTroXa/Selv,

ewpa ^^rovvra^

a^a

^v

CL^LOV rjyov-

Sid rrjv dv^payaOiav eVtyLteXeia? TOV

OVK eri pdciov Icr^vovra TO?? oVXot? /aya (ppovovvra Tat? VLKCLL^ K/3iacr6)jvai, ypdfai KOIVTJV elvai rrjv Tro\ireiav Kal rov$ e^ 'A6r]i>aia>v rcdvrwv 6"

e/>6i(7TO/cX6ou? $e 7T/30?

2

uXeu/xa rfj

7ro\ei

Ovov

280

/cat

To

yvMfjurjv d7r6ppt]rov, /cal

aw>rr\piov,

aKovcrai

Kal

&)e'-

Ke\V(rav


ARISTIDES, XXL 3-xxn.

a

any part of that ministration, because the men thus honoured died for freedom) and following all, ;

the chief magistrate of Plataea, who may not at other times touch iron or put on any other raiment than white, at this time is robed in a purple tunic, carries oil high a water-jar from the city's archive chamber, and proceeds, sword in hand, through the midst of the city to the graves there he takes water from the sacred spring, washes off with his own hands the gravestones, and anoints them with myrrh then he slaughters the bull at the funeral pyre, and, with ;

;

prayers to Zeus and Hermes Terrestrial, summons the brave men who died for Hellas to come to the banquet and its copious draughts of blood ; next he mixes a mixer of wine, drinks, and then pours a " I drink to the libation from it, saying these words men who died for the freedom of the Hellenes." These rites, I say, are observed by the Plataeans :

down

to this very day.

XXII. After the Athenians had returned to their own city, Aristides saw that they desired to receive He thought the more popular form of government. the people worthy of consideration because of its sturdy valour, and he saw also that it was no longer easy to be forced out of its desires, since it was

powerful in arms, and greatly elated by its victories. So he introduced a decree that the administration ot the city be the privilege of all classes, and that the archons be chosen from all the Athenians. Themistocles once declared to the people that he had devised a certain measure which could not be revealed to them, though it would be helpful and salutary for the city, and they ordered that Aristides alone should hear what it was and pass judgment on

281

PLUTARCH'S LIVES <j>pdcravTO$ Be rat 'ApHTTeiBr} Co?

TOV

BiavoeiTai TOV vavaTaOfjiov

\rjvwv

,

OVTCO

yap

rovs 6

e/jLTrprj&at,

TWV 'EX-

ecrecrOaL /jueyiarov^ KOL Kvpiovs '

AOrjvaiovs,

'ApKTTetS?;?

(py]

et?

rrape\6u>v

irpd^ew^,

rfjs

rjv

TOV

&C/JLI-

*

dSi/c evai. i/ccorepav repav arfv fjujr aKovcravres ol 'AOrjvaloi Travaao-Oai TOV OVTW ^kv o S?}yu,05 crTOK\ea Trpoaeragav.

Be

OVTCO

<^>tXoSt/C
TO)

TTtCTTO?

SljfjLO)

rjv

O CLVrjp

KOI /Se/3ato?.

XXIII. 'Evrel 8e crTpaTijybs eKTre^Oel^ /HCTO, KtyLtw^o? eVt TOV 7r6\fMOV ewpa TOV re Ylavcravlav KOI TOU? aXXou?

aovTas

TWV

auro? T Trpao)? A:ai TCw<; OJJLL\MV KCLL TOV Kifjiwva Trape-)(wv evdpfjioa-Tov avrols KOI KOLVOV ev rat? frr/oaretat? e\aOe T&V AaiceSaievyvco/uiocrvvr)

KOI

Be

Tro\iTeia>

TTJV

f)y[i,oviav

2 TrapeXo/^fc^o?. TrpoarfyiKels yap 6Wa
trvvrjV Kal Trjv Kt/zwi'o? eTTieiKeiav ert /JLa\\ov r] TOV Havcravlov rr\eove%[a /col (BapvTri<$ TroOeivovs

rot? re

eTTOiet,. 1

^ap dp^ovcri

TO>V ffv/n/jid^wv del

op7>}? eveTvy-^ave /cal r/oa^ew?, TroXXoi/9 e/c6\a^e TrX^yat? >} aiB^pdv /JLCT

TOU?

re

dytcvpav

eTUTiOels t}vdyKa^ev earTavat, Bi o\rjs rr}? rj/jiepas. S' ou/c 7;^ \afteiv ovBe ^opTOv ovSe

3 CTTiftaBa Kprjvr)

7rpo(re\0elv ,

282

dXXa

oiiBeva

vBpeuo/itevov

/j,daTiyas

e

rrpo

TWV

ARISTIDES,

xxn. 2-xxni. 3

So Themistocles told Aristides that his purpose to burn the naval station of the confederate Hellenes, for that in this way the Athenians would be greatest, and lords of all. Then Aristides came before the people and said of the deed which Themistocles purposed to do, that none other could be more advantageous, and none more unjust. On hearing this, the Athenians ordained that ThemisSo fond of justice tocles cease from his purpose. 1 was the people, and so loyal and true to the people was Aristides. XXIII. When he was sent out as general along with Cimon to prosecute the war, 2 and saw that Pausanias and the other Spartan commanders were offensive and severe to the allies, he made his own intercourse with them gentle and humane, and induced Cimon to be on easy terms with them and to take an actual part in their campaigns, so that, before the Lacedaemonians were aware, not by means of hoplites or ships or horsemen, but by tact and diplomacy he had stripped them it.

was

of the leadership. For, well disposed as the Hellenes were toward the Athenians on account of the the reasonableness of justice of Aristides and Cimon, they were made to long for their supremacy still more by the rapacity of Pausanias and his The commanders of the allies ever met severity. with angry harshness at the hands of Pausanias, and the common men he punished with stripes, or by compelling them to stand all day long with an iron anchor on their shoulders. No one could get bedding or fodder or go down to a spring for water before the Spartans, nay, their servants 1

Cf.

Thenwtodes, xx. 1-2.

478 B.a

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOU?

aTrri\avvov.

Trpoaiovras

&v

virep

roO KOI

crvvayaytov TO Trpocrwrrov o

OVK

a^oXd^eiv ouS' rJKOVcrev. TOUTOU Trpoaiovres ol vavap^oi KOI o"rpa- 333 TWV EAA,?;y&>z/, /j,d\icrra Se Xtot /cat

efyri

*E/e

r

rr^yol

'

t

Ae(r/3ioi, TTJV

rbv

r)jfjLOviav

TraXat real

GTrei

Apt,a~reiSr)i>

/ecu

TrpocrayayecrQcu d7ra\\ayf)vat,

^eo/xe^ou?

^TCLra^aaQai

diroKpivafJievov S' CKGLVOV TO??

valov<$.

/tei;

avrow TO Te avayicalov evopav KOI TO epyov Be SelffOai 5 7rd\iv TTCjOi

rrjv TTLO-TIV, o irpay^jdev

fjLTa(3a\e(r9ai

TO!'

yopav

TOU?

OVK edcrei

Trepl

Qv^dvnov

efji/3d\-

\ovcriv et? TTJV rpirjprj rov Ilavo-aviov, ovaav ev fjiecrw Xa/So^re?. a>? Se KCITI&GOV e^avecrrrj Kal

TOU?

ai'S/oa?

^T'

\6yois

SIKCUOI>,

TroXXou?, OUTCO? ot KOL TOV XtOV 'A.VTO,-

OvXldS^V

^djjLlOV


TWV

TOU? 'A^T;-

TT/JO?

e/

opyrjs ^TretX^crev

eTTLBei'^eiv

aXX'

OVK et?

et?

Ta?

T^Z/

avrov vavv

t'8ta?

irarpioas, aTrievat Kal dyairdv rrjv avvaycoVLdafjiivrfv TV^TJV ev UXaTarat?* eKeivrjv yap eri e///3eySX7;:oTa?,

K\evov avrov f/

TOU?

EXX7;^a?

alcr^vvo /ieWu?

/A^

1

d^iav 6

&LKr)v

Trap

avrov'

TeXo?

6"

W%OVTO Trpo? TOU? 'A^r/iWou?. "Ev^a 5^ /cat TO (frpovrjpa T^? ^Trdprrj? a f 8i5a{au Hercher and Blass with F S .

.

.

Xtffcn KO! StSo^cu

:

ITOT'

ARISTIDES, armed

with

approached.

had

it

in

xxin. 3-6

would drive away such as these grounds Aristides once to chide and admonish him, but

goads

On

mind

Pausanias scowled, said he was busy, and would not listen. Subsequently the captains and generals of the Hellenes, and especially the Chians, Samians, and

came to Aristides and tried to persuade assume the leadership and bring over to his support the allies, who had long wanted to be rid of the Spartans and to range themselves anew on the side of the Athenians. He replied that he saw the urgency and the justice of what they proposed, but that to establish Athenian confidence in them some overt act was needed, the doing of which would make it impossible for the multitude to change their allegiance back again. So Uliades the Samian and Antagoras the Chian conspired together, and ran down the trireme of Pausanias off Byzantium, closing ' O in on both sides J When of it as it was putting out before the line. Pausanias saw what they had done, he sprang up and wrathfully threatened to show the world in a little while that these men had run down Lesbians,

him

to

not so much his ship as their own native cities; but they bade him be gone, and be grateful to that fortune which fought in his favour at Plataea it was because the Hellenes still stood in awe of this, they said, that they did not punish him as he ;

deserved. And finally they went off and joined the Athenians. Then indeed was the lofty wisdom of the

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 7^0 ycrOovro

o>
rq> fxeyedei rot"?

avTv etcovcriws

TTJV

rjye/Jioviav

KOI

7re///7roi>T9

TOV aipovfjievoL

Q-wfypovovvTas e^eiv /cal rot? eOecnv rou? TroXt'ra? 77 TT}? 'EXXaSo?

XXIV. Ot

''EXXr^^e? ereXovv

S*

rtva

JJLGV

KOA

TOV ra^drjvai Be (3ov\6/ji6voi Kara ITO\IV TO /JieTpiov riTr)<javTn Trapa rwv vaiwv 'AicrTL$'rv, KOI Trocreraav avrw re fcal 7rpocr68ov<$ eTricrKe-^rdfjievov opicrai TO /car'

7ro\fjLOV,

2 d%iav

etcda-TW

/cat

/cvpios

eV avTw rkvris fj,ev

ov

6

Svva/j,iv.

KOI Tporrov


TO,

erj\0V

t

errl

d\\a

Kpovov

(3iov,

ovrw?

ydp

oi

Tra\aiol

ol

'AOyvaicov TOV CTT 'ApLaTei&ov (j)6pov Tivd TT}? 'EAAttSo? 6vo/JLd%ovT
rjv et?

J-ijfeovTa

Ta\dvTO)v \6yov TOVTM Be OrjKev o\iyov Betv TO TPLTOV

TaXavTa /JLOV

/cal

fjiepo<$'

/cal '

TeTpa/cocnwv

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[lev

eire-

e^afcocna ydp

Qov/cvBiSr)? (frrjcrlv dp^ofjievov TOV 7ro\erot? 'AOrjvaioi? diro TWV

Trpocnevai

Ylept,K\eov
286

T>)?

KCU jjiovov /caOapws KOI &iKaiw<$ ) Trdcri /cal a/o^toStct)? TTJV e7Tiypa(f>r)i> ?

TOV

TLVCL

Trpdy/jiaTa rrdvTa 67ravrj\06 Be rreve-

ARIST1DES,

xxiii.

6-xxiv. 3

When Spartans made manifest in a wonderful way. they saw that their commanders were corrupted by the great powers entrusted to them, they voluntarily abandoned the leadership and ceased sending out generals for the war, choosing rather to have their citizens

discreet

and true

to their ancestral

customs than to have the sway over all Hellas. XXIV. The Hellenes used to pay a sort of contribution for the war even while the Lacedaemonians had the leadership, but now they wished to be So they asked the assessed equably city by city. Athenians for Aristides, and commissioned him to inspect their several territories and revenues, 1 and then to fix the assessments according to each member's worth and ability to pay. And yet, though he became master of such power, and though after a fashion Hellas put all her property in his sole hands, poor as he was when he went forth on this mission, he came back from it poorer still, and he made his assessments of money not only with purity and justice, but also to the grateful satisfaction and convenience of all concerned.

Indeed, as men of old hymned the praises of the age of Cronus the golden age, so did the allies of the Athenians praise the tariff of Aristides, calling it a kind of blessed happening for Hellas, especially as, after a short time, it was doubled and then again trebled. For the tax which Aristides laid amounted to four hundred and sixty talents but Pericles must have added almost a only ;

2 this, since Thucydides says that when had a revenue of the Athenians war the began And after six hundred talents from their allies.

third to

1

478-477

B.O.

ii.

13.

287

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ol Sr/fjiaycoyol Kara fjuicpov et? %I\.LO)V /cal rpiaKocrlwv Ta\dvTQ)v Kd\aiov dv>]yayov, ov% OVTW TOV TroXe/iou Sia {IT}KO<; /cal TV)(as BaTravrjpov yevojjievov Kal TroXureXoO?, to? TOV Bfj/juov et? oia-

Kal Kara<7Kva^ Kal lepuv Trpoayayovres. Meya 8' ovv ovoj^a TOV 'ApifTTeiSov Kal 6aveVt TTJ SiaTa^et, TWV fyopwv o KaTaye\av, a>? OVK

aXXa

TOV e-naivov,

OV\CLKGV

d[ivv6/jLVO<; TYJV 'ApiffTeiOov

w yap l

etVo^ro?

TTOTC

TOV

^v r)yelcr0ai /LueyLfTTrjv (TTpaTrjyov TO ytvcoKal 7rpoai(70dv6cr0ai TO, /3ofXeuyLtar " " TOUTO

dvayKalov

/ie^," eiTreiv,

,

Ka\ov

?,

Be Kal o~TpaTrjyiKbv d\ij-

ra? %elpa<s eyKpaTeia"

Tcepl

XXV. O f

8'

Kal

/a?

Gfji/3a\a)V

v&Tepov

Be

wpKicre

'A/oicrretS^?

w/jiocrev

vTrep

eVt rai? dpals

TWI> eoircev,

et9 TTJV

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rou? /JLV-

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eyKpaT-

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Tr]v GTTiopKiav

ftev

TWV ^Ad^vaiayv,

eKeXeve

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ei?

rou? eavTov 2

KaO^ o\ov %pYja6ai rot? Trpdy/nacn. TOV TOVTOV eo<^/3a(TT09 <J)r)(Ti avBpa Trepl TO.

(7vp(j)epei '

o

Kal 1

TOVS TroXtra?

a/c/oa>?

6Vra

a ykp Hercher and Blass with F S lawTiv Heroher and Blass with F a S avrbv. :

ei

9

:

288

Bi/caiov ev

334

ARISTIDES, death of

xxiv. 3~xxv. 2

the demagogues enlarged and at last brought the sum total up to thirteen hundred talents, not so much because the war, by reason of its length and vicissitudes, became extravagantly expensive, as the

it

little

by

Pericles

little,

because they themselves led the people off into the distribution of public moneys for spectacular entertainments, and for the erection of images

and sanctuaries. So then Aristides had a great and admirable name for his adjustment of the revenues. But Themistocles is said to have ridiculed him, claiming that the praise he got therefor was not fit for a man, but rather for a mere money-wallet. He came off second best, however, in this retort upon the plain speech of Aristides, who had remarked, when Themistocles once declared to him the opinion that the greatest excellence in a general was the anticipation of the plans of his enemies: "That is indeed needful, Themistocles, but the honourable thing, and that which makes the real general, is his mastery over his fingers." XXV. Aristides did, indeed, bind the Hellenes by an oath, and took oath himself for the Athenians,

mark

casting iron ingots into afterwards, when circumstances, forsooth, compelled a more strenuous sway, he bade the Athenians lay the perjury to his own charge, and turn events to their own advantage. And in general, as Theophrastus tells us, while the man was strictly just in his private relations to his fellow-citizens, hi public matters he often to

the

sea

his imprecations

;

but

289

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

T?;? real

TroXXa Trpd^ai

KOivols

TOI?

TT/JO?

frjv V7rodeo~iv

1 vraT/uSo?, &>? crv^vr)^ KCU dSiKias Beo/mevrjv.

yap ra

xprffjuard (j)r)
va^e

A^Xou

etc

/3ov\evofj,e-

Trupd ra? GvvQr}Ka<$,

Ko/j,i
larrjyov/jL6i>a)v,

eiTreiv

eicelvov,

a')?

/cat

2

ov

:al TeXo? a-vpfyepov Se TOUT' ecrTt. TO ap%6t,v avQptoTTWv Toerovraiv /caTa<7T?;cra9

3 &L/caiov [lev, t?

auTo? ev/Aii>e

Tr/t'

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TOV

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TO)V

CLTTO

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o

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T^V

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e^dpol Oavdrov

&v eypdtyavro 4

frevia real Tr)v CLTTO

rf)

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TOLOVTOV

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TOV

lave

TOVTCD

ev Tot? "RXkrjcri.'

OIKOV e^eiv

TOV?

TT/OO?

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KCLT

eVet

fAeTpicos Karrjyopi^crav, elirov Tiva

'Apt<7T6/S7?^,"

ra

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TTO)?

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el/cos eo-ri

/cal

TU>V

a\\cov

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TroXXa

avTOV 5 Xau/cco?." 1

al

o Be

a5t/ci'at

'

Kal

290

7ra/3* VIM,V

KaXX/a?

1>to/j.fvr)v 2

TU>

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opcov eVl

TOUTW

a Blass, favoured by F S bracketed by Sintenis 8 .

:

ARISTIDES,

xxv. 2-5

policy which his feeling that this required much actual injustice. For instance, he says that when the question of removing the moneys of the 1 confederacy from Delos to Athens, contrary to

acted

in accordance

country

with the

had adopted,

the compacts, was being debated, and even the Samians proposed it, Aristides declared that it was unjust, but advantageous. And yet, although he at last established his city in its sway over so many men, he himself abode by his poverty, and continued to be no less content with the reputation he got from being a poor man, than with that based on his trophies of victory. This is clear from the following story. Callias the Torch-bearer was a kinsman of his. This man was prosecuted by his enemies on a capital charge, and after they had brought only moderate accusations against him within the scope of their indictment, they went outside of it and appealed to the judges as follows: "You know Aristides the son of Lysimachus," they said, " how he is admired in Hellas what do you suppose his domestic circumstances are when you see him entering the public assembly in such a scanty ;

cloak as that ? Is it not likely that a man who shivers in public goes hungry at home, and is straitened for the other necessaries of life ? Callias,

however,

who

is

the richest

man

of Athens (and

his cousin at that), allows him to suffer want his wife and children, though he has often

with

had man, and many times reaped advantage influence with you." But Callias, seeing

service of the

from his

1

454

B.C.

391

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rovs

Si/cao-Tas Kal

avrov eXpVTd? eVaXet Trpo?

/jLapTvptjcrcu

TOV

^aXe-Trw?

BiKaards,

TOI>?

on

TT/DO?

d

'ApiaTeiBrjv,

7roXXa/a9

avrov TroXXa KOI BiSovTos /cat Seopevov \aftelv OVK reiaev drroKi,v6JLevo<;y a>? ia\\ov aur Bia ireviav fjieja typoveiv rj KaXXta Sia TT\OVTOV TrpocnJKd' TT\OVTU> fjiev jap ecrri TroXXou? tSeti^ re Kal Katcws

ev

^pwfievov^, Trevlav 6e epovri

ov pabiov evrv^elv alcr'xyveaOat, 8e ravra &e TOV 6 Trevlav rou? a/covaia)^ Trevofj-evov^. ryevvaLO)? '

ry KaXXta

Apicrreibov

aKOVovrwv,

irpocr/iJiapTVpijo-avTOf ovo? ou/c

elvai /3ov\6/jL6vo^

relv to?

KaXXta?.

raOra

ow

TT\OV-

fj

x

Alcr^ivTj^ 6 Tl\a.TO)v Be TMV jjueyd/itez>

^(otcpaTLKos dvayeypafa. \WV SofCOVVTOOV KOI OVO[JLa(TTWV

'A0rfvrj(Tl

fJLOVOV

a%iov \6yov TOVTOV a,TTo$aivei rbv avSpa" 0eyLttffroK\ea fiev jap KOL Kt/iw^a /cal Y\.epiK\ea crrowv Kal xprj/jbdraiv Kal $\vapia<; TroXX?}? e/t7r\fjcrai Tr)v ir6\iv, 'ApicrTeiSrjv Be TroXiTevaacrOai Trpo? dpenjv.

Me7aXa T?}?

avrov Kal rd

S'

eTrieiKeias

a-r^ela.

6fJLicrroK\ea

TT/OO?

jdp avry

xprja-dfiievos

irapd iracrav Ofiov rrjv TroXireiav e%0pq> Kal Si eiceiyav e^oaTpaKicrOefa, eVet rrjv avrrjv o dvrjp ev atria jevopevos TT/JO?

7ro\iv,

OVK

e/jLvya-ifcdKrjo-ev,

7ro\\a)v

l

KarrjjopovvTdJV

ovr

eiire 1

292

p.tv

n

olv

/ioi/o?

a\\wv

e

'Apio-reiBrjs

ovr'

1

av\ov,

rrjv

aXX' 'AX/e^at'cofo? Kal

ovS

dire\avcrev

Hercher and Blass with

FaS

:

/*

e

ARISTIDES,

xxv. 5-7

that his judges were very turbulent at this charge, and bitterly disposed toward him, summoned Aristides and demanded his testimony before the judges that though often proffered aid from him and importuned to accept it, he had refused it, with the answer that it more became him to be proud of his poverty than Callias of his wealth for many were ;

be seen who use wealth well or ill, but it was not easy to find a man who endured poverty with a noble spirit ; and those only should be ashamed of poverty who could not be otherwise than poor. When Aristides had borne this witness for Callias, there was no one of his hearers who did not go home preferring to be poor with Aristides rather than to be rich with Callias. This, at any rate, is the story told by Aeschines the Socratic. And Plato l maintains that of all those who had great names and reputations at Athens, this man alone was worthy of regard. Themistocles, he says, and Cimon, and Pericles, filled the city with porches and moneys and no end of nonsense but Aristides squared his politics with virtue.

to

;

There are also strong proofs of his reasonableness This to be seen in his treatment of Themistocles. man he had found to be his foe during almost all his public service, and it was through this man that he was ostracized ; but when Themistocles was in the same plight, and was under accusation before the city, Aristides remembered no evil ; nay, though Alcmeon and Cimon and many others denounced and persecuted the man, Aristides alone did and said

no meanness, nor did he take any advantage of 1

Gorgiaa, pp. 518

f.,

526.

293

PLUTARCH'S LIVES tocnrep ovB* evrj/JLepovvri

,

XXVI. Tlovrw

'Apia-reiBijv OL fiev ev

K7r\evcravra irpd^ewv evetca A.0r]vr](Tt, ytfpq>> n/JLto/Jievov KOI

(j)a
ol S'

,

Be

Te\evrrja-at,

vrporepov

V7TO

r)V

7TO\t,TO)V.

K/OaTy009

S'

O

Toiavrd TIVCL Trepl rr}? TeXeur^? rov a^S/oo? eiprjfce. a yap ryv e/JiicrTOK\eov<; fyvyrjv (frrjcrtv wcnrep ier aura rov Sfj/juov avafyvaai, vrX^^o? GTVKQTOU?

ot

apicrrov^

KOI

SwaTwrdrovs

dv&pa? SicoKovres V7ref3a\\ov rw fyOovw TWV TTO\- 335 2 \&v 7raipo/jiV(i)v UTT' euru^ta? teal 8vvd/4w<;. ev rouroi?

/cal

(frdvrov

rov

d\wvai

'ApKTTeiSrjv

^Afji(j>Lrpo7r^dev

SaypoSotcias, Ato-

Karrjyopovvros,

&>?,

ore TOW? (fropovs erarre, irapcl rwv 'Icovwv xpijfiara \a/36vTO
'IcovLav

ypa
ovre

->/r?;^)fcr//,a,

ypd
elaOoas eTrieitccos TtapariOecrOai rovs i&ro-

Kaiirep

/cal

povvras. 3

Ol

S*

O\\OL Trdvres, CB? eVo? elirelv, ocroi, r& a ry B^JULW irepl roi>? (rrparrjyovs r>jv n*ev

/JUCTTOK\OV
$ea-/j,a /cal rrjv

ra KCLI

rov ITa^T/TO? eV T&5 Si/caa-rrjpiqy Odvarov, dv\6vavrov eVt rov /S^'/iaro? tw? ^XtV/cero, Kal 7ro\\a roiavra (rvvdyovan Kal dpvXovaii', 'ApiBe rov /.tev ej~ocrr paicicr JJLOV

TO?

Be roiavrrjs ouBafiov

294

ARISTIDES,

xxv. y-xxvi. 3

his enemy's misfortune, just as formerly he did not grudge him his prosperity. XXVI. As touching the death of Aristides, some say he died in Pontus, on an expedition in the public service others at Athens, of old age, honoured and admired by his countrymen. But Craterus the Macedonian tells something like this about the death After the exile of Themistocles, he of the man. as it were, and says, the people waxed wanton, ;

produced a great crop of sycophants, who hounded noblest and most influential men, and

down the

subjected them to the malice of the multitude, now exalted with its prosperity and power. Among these he says that Aristides also was convicted of bribery, on prosecution of Diophantus of the deme Amphitrope, for having taken money from the lonians when he was regulating the tributes and, further, that being unable to pay the judgment, which was fifty minas, he sailed away and died But Craterus furnishes no somewhere in Ionia. documentary proof of this, no judgment of the court, no degree of indictment, although he is wont to record such things with all due fulness, and ;

to

adduce

his authorities.

All the rest, as I may venture to say, all who rehearse the shortcomings of the people in dealing with their leaders, compile and descant upon the exile of Themistocles, the imprisonment of Miltiades, the fine of Pericles, the death of Paches in the court

room, he slew himself on the rostrum when he saw that he was convicted, and many such a case, and they put into the list the ostracism of Aristides, but of such a condemnation as this for bribery they make no mention whatsoever,

PLUTARCH'S LIVES XXVII. Kal

ecrrlv avrov Karaa-Kevdaai rrjv KOI ra? ai)Tu> fjirjft vrdri. Ovyarepas i&Topovcrtv e/c rov Trpvraveiov TO
i-ieuToi

i>v/jii>o<;,

ov

ra
acn

oOrjvai Sr)/Jioo'ia, TT}? 7ro\6ft)9 eyyvaxyr)? ical nrpOLKa rpia"%i\ias KaTpa tyTjfpio-a/jLevrjf;, Aucrt/^a^ft) Be TCO viS) fj,ev

efcarov apyvpiov real yrjs rocravra iT\edpa ire87)^09, aXXa? 8e &pa%/j,a<;

(frvrev^evT)? eSco/cev 6 2 recrcrapa? 6t9 rj/jiepav

TO

"^nj(f)icr/jia

flvyarepa

aTrera^ev, 'A\/cien, 8e AVGIypdtyavTOs. e/cdarriv

a TTO\Lir6vro^ co? ravrrj crirrfaiv OGIJV teal r

HoXv/cpirrji/

(frrjai, real

)

'QXvjmTTioviKais 6 S^/u-o? e^T/^tcrar 8' o ^a\rfpev^ KOI 'lepayvv/JLOS 6 'PoBio? '

6 ILOVGLKOS

TO 76

x

Kal ApicrroTe\r]<;

'A/9crTOTeXoi>9 Oereov)

laropovcri M.upTa)

rpi&TJv 'Apiarei&ov ^.(o/cpdreL

yvvai/ca 3

(e/

Ilepl evyeveias /3tj3\i,ov ev Tot?

/j,ev

erepav e^ovri, 8ia ireviav Kal

Ovya-

ry

cro(j)M
TWV

dvay/caicov evBeo-

fjv ovv TOVTOVS icavws ev Tot9 vrepl ^(OKpdrovs dvreiprjKev 6 Se ev TW ^(OKpdrei <pr)crl fAvrj/Aoveveiv 'ApicrreiBov OvyarpiBovv ev /zaXa Trev^ra Avcri/JLa^ov, 09 eavrbv jj,v 2 e/CTTii'dKiov TWOS oveipoKpnitcov Trapa Trpos

fJLevrjv.

TO Be

aK^eov fjLrjrpl

Kal rov

rj ,ey/JLVOV Ka eo [jievos /ocr/c6. ravrr]^ dBe\
rfj

o 1

296

and Blass with Fa S Hercher and Blass with

r6 yt Hercber

:

rJ.

FS

:

ARISTIDES,

xxvii.

1-3

XXVII. Moreover, his tomb is pointed out at Phalerum, and they say the city constructed it for him, since he did not leave even enough to pay for And they tell how his daughters were his funeral. married from the prytaneium at the public cost, the city bestowing the dowry for the marriage and voting outright three thousand drachmas to each daughter, while to Lysimachus his son, the people gave one hundred minas in silver, as many acres of vineyard land, and besides this a pension of four drachmas per diem, all in a bill which was brought in by Alcibiades.

And

further,

Lysimachus

left

a

daughter, Polycrite, according to Callisthenes, and the people voted for her a public maintenance, in the style of their Olympic victors. Again, Demetrius the Phalerean, Hieronymus the Rhodian, Aristoxenus the Musician, and Aristotle (provided the book "On Nobility of Birth" is to be ranked among the genuine works of Aristotle) relate that Myrto, the granddaughter of Aristides, lived in wedlock with He had another woman to wife, Socrates the Sage. but took this one up because her poverty kept her To a widow, and she lacked the necessaries of life. these, however, Panaetius, in his

has

made

work on

Socrates,

sufficient reply.

And the Phalerean says, in his " Socrates," that he remembers a grandson of Aristides, Lysimachus, a very poor man, who made his own living by means of a sort of dream-interpreting tablet, his seat being near the so-called laccheium. To this man's mother and to her sister, Demetrius persuaded the people to give,

by formal decree, a pension of three obols per

297

PLUTARCH'S LIVES dvrl Tpio)j36\ov Bpa%fjiT]v e/carepa

Kal ovSev

ecrri 6avfJLCL
OUTW

fypovricrat, '

ev a
OTTOV OvyaTpi&rjv A-pHrroyei7rv06fjLvoi TdTTeiva Trpdrreiv

St'j/jioi',

TOVOS ev Atf/JLV

^wpiov teal

e/9 epvi]v GTreS&Kav.

^/J^CTTOT^TO? K(pepova'a

teal

298

en

775


iro\\a KOL

teaO*

ARISTIDES, diem

;

though afterwards, he himself, as he

legislator,

xxvn. 3-4 in

his

capacity of sole

says, assigned a

drachma

instead of three obols to each of the women. It is not to be wondered at that the people took such thought for families in the city, since on learning that the granddaughter of Aristogeiton was living humbly in Lemnos, unmarried because of her

poverty, they brought her back to Athens, consorted her with a well-born man, and gave her the estate

Potamus for her dowry. For such humanity and benevolence, of which the city still gives illustrious examples even in my own day, she is justly admired and lauded. in

*99

MARCUS CATO

MAPKO2 KATON I.

MdpKw

Be

Kar&w

fyacnv cnro Tovcr/cXov TO

yevos elvai, Biairav Be KOI (Blov

crpareiwv

^aftivovs.

irepl

dyvcixTTcov yeyovevai teal

rrpb ra>v

%iv

7roXtT6ta9 eV ^wptot? Trarpyoi^ TO>V Se irpojovwv iravraTracnv

/cal rrjs

SOKOVVTCW at>ro?

rov Trarepa Mdpicov

a>9

a
o

Karty^

avSpa

/cal

Karawa

rov irpoTraTrcrpaTKOTL/cov TTOV apiffreltov TroAAatft? rv^elv (f>r)cn KCU irevre eiraivel, /cal

LTTTTOVS ev fid^ai^

rov

etc

aiTo\a(3elv

elwObrwv 8e TU>V

2 ayaOiav.

a.7ro/3aXo^ra rrjv

brj/jLOcriov

Si

'Pay/jLaicw

rou?

dvSpCLTTO

ov/c

avrwv

Si?

dv0pa)7rovs,

wcrrrep

yopevov, auro9 e\ey

/cal

tcaivovs

rov

/caivbs

rrpocrayopeveiv Kara>z/a

elvai

77^009

epyois $e rrpoyovwv /cal dperais e/caXetro Be r&> rpirw rwv ovo~ 7ra/A7raXato9. /cal

&6%av,

fidrcov

Trporepov

varepov Be rov

ov

Kdrwv,

Kdrwva

aXXa

*n?9 Bwd/jLecos e

ecr%' 'Pw/xatof yap rov eprreipov /cdrov fyvcriv.

*Hv 302

Be

TO /iev elBos VTrbrcvppos

/cal

336

MARCUS CATO THE

I.

family of Marcus Cato,

it

is

said,

was of

Tusculan origin, though he lived, previous to his career as soldier and statesman, on an inherited His ancestors estate in the country of the Sabines. but no note for of men whatever, commonly passed Cato himself extols his father, Marcus, as a brave

man and good and

He

soldier.

father, Cato, often

also says that his grand-

won

prizes for soldierly valour, received from the state treasury, because of his

price of five horses which had been under him in battle. The Romans used to men who had no family distinction, but were

bravery, the killed call

coming into public notice through their own achieve" new men," and such they called Cato. But he himself used to say that as far as office and distinction went, he was indeed new, but having regard to ancestral deeds of valour, he was oldest of His third name was not Cato at first, but the old. Afterwards he got the surname of Cato Priscus. ments,

for his great abilities. is

wise and prudent,

As hair,

The Romans

call

a

man who

caius.

for his outward appearance, he had reddish and keen grey eyes, as the author of the well-

PLUTARCH'S LIVES o

o>9

TO

7rot7/cra?

7riypafjL/jLa.Ti,Gv

ov/c

YLvppov, TravBa/ceT'rjv, y\avfco/jijAaTOV, ovBe

Oavovra TlopKiov

et9 atBrjv Qepcrefyowr)

Trjv Be rov
Be^erai.

real Biairy a/0%^9 crvvrpotyov 76702^0x05 TTCLVV %pr)a"TiKr}v el")(e, KCU vrpo? la-^vv 4 ^al 7T/90? vjteiav o/xaXw? o-vveo-rwaav. TOV 8e \6yov, axTTrep Sevrepov crcoyita /tat rcoi' l 01) fiovov TWV dvajKauwv opyavov dvBpl TaTre/yw? ^iwa-o^evw fjurfS* aTTpd/crw^, e^jprvero KOI Trapeo-Keva^ev ev rat? TrepioiKia-i KCti/mais teal TOi? TTOXt^I/tOt? Kd(TTOT CrVV^lKtoV TOt? SeO^eVoi? /tai Trpwrov aev a/y&mcrTr/? eli'ai &OKMI> 7rp60u/j,o<>,

(rwtypovi

Kal

elra

KOI (TTpareiais

ptjTcop

Iicav6<;.

avrovpyia

cur

etc

Se

TOUTOU

rot? ^pw^evoi^ /care^aivero ySa/oo? rt ;al Kal i/7/yCta 7re/9t avrov ijdovs irpajfjidTcov /jieyd\(ov ov yap {JLOVOV, 5 TroTUTeta? Seo/jievov rjye/jLOVifcfjs. a>?

eoi/ce,

jjLiff&apvias

KaOapov eavrov eVl ra?

jrapel^ev, aA,V ouSe dyaTrwv ediaivero ryv cnro TOIOVTCOV dyojvwv, TTO\V Be /jid\\ov ev r

al rou?

dywva?

a>? /jLyi(TTOV

rat9 77^09 TOL/9 TroXe/A/oL'9 :al rat9 crrpareiais /SofXo/A6^O9 V&OKl/JLLV eTL fJL6lpuKlOV WV 6 rcoz/

TO a)jj.a /xearov evavriwv eix

ai)T09

eTTTa/caiBeKa

a-Tparevcracrflai

yeyovws

304

l

rrjv

trrpaTeiav irepl bv 7re(f)\eye TTJV '}ia\Lav.

Hercher and Kouoy.

err)

Blass,

*Avvij3a<>

with Bekkcr

:

MARCUS CATO, known epigram stand

ill-naturedly

i.

3-6

gives us

to

under-

:

Red-haired, snapper and biter, his grey eyes flashing defiance, Porcius, come to the shades, back will be thrust by their Queen.

His bodily habit, since he was addicted from the first to labour with his own hands, a temperate mode of life, and military duties, was very serviceHis able, and disposed alike to vigour and health. a second body, as it were, and, for the discourse, use of a man who would live neither obscurely nor idly, an instrument with which to perform not only this necessary, but also high and noble services, he developed and perfected in the villages and towns about Rome, where he served as advocate for all who needed him, and got the reputation of being, first a Thencezealous pleader, and then a capable orator. his character forth the weight and dignity of revealed themselves more and more to those who had dealings with him they saw that he was bound to be a man of great affairs, and have a leading For he not only gave his services place in the state. in legal contests without fee of any sort, as it would seem, but did not appear to cherish even the repute won in such contests as his chief ambition. Nay, he was far more desirous of high repute in battles and campaigns against the enemy, and while he was yet a mere stripling, had his breast covered with honourHe says himself that he made his able wounds. first campaign when he was seventeen years old, at the time when Hannibal was consuming Italy with very

;

the flames of his successes. 1 1

217

B.O.

305

PLUTARCH'S LIVES avrov

S* ,

TW

Be

r&

TrpocrooTrq)'

TGI/?

7T/50?

7

ev

ras

/Ji^ais rj pep

S& TTO&l fJLOVUJ-OV KOI

\6yov

6"

/cal

d-rreiXf)

7ro\e/j.iovs e^prjTO,

/cal ra SiSda-Kcav, OTI TroKKaKis TOiavra rov ^t'^ou? fj,a\\ov Kara7r\r)TTeraL TOU? ev 5e rat? Tropeiats auro? e/3a evavriovs. al Oepdirwv et? ewrero ra ra oVXa, (pepcov

biairav avra> KO/JLI^COV, c5 \eyerat /jurf SvcrKO\avai ftr)$e /jLe^^faffdai Trapadevri apiarov SeiTTvov,

rj

dXXa

/cat


auro?

ra

(TVfjLTrapaaKevd^eiv CLTTO TWV crrpavScop S' eirtvev e yei'6/jivo<{ epycov.

/cat

t

,

jr\r)V

etTrore

St^/yVa?

l

alnj
r)

r?^?

tV^uo?

TrepityXey vSi&ovcnis eVtXa/Sot 337

fii/cpov5 olvdpiov.

II. fj,vr)

avrov rwv dypwv Koupiov TOV rpl?

Hi> 8f ir\r]criov

Mawou

r}

yevo-

eVl ravrrjv (rvve-^w^ jSabi^wv KOI row re 'Xwpov rrjv f^tKporrjra /cat TO \ITOV, evvoiav ekdfijBave rov d

7rav\is.

on

'Pa)/jiaia)V /j,eyicrTO<; yevo/jbevos /cal ra rwv eOvwv V7rayayo/jivo<; /cal

rara

TOUTO TO a/ca7rr

/cal

2 BpidpfBovs.

Hvppov

toi$iov atTO9

ravrrfv rrjv eirav\iv wfcei

evravOa

pa

/juera

rpels

eV^a/oa avrov e-fyovra yoyyv\i8a SeiTrvov &iv ovSev %pv(rlov dpicel tyaro <prjcra<$ roiovrov, avry pevroi rov ^pvcriov fyeiv /cd\\iov ravQ* o K.dra)V elvai TO VIKCLV TOU? %ovras. 1

306

aur+iffsitv Blp.sa,

TT/OO?

with Bekker

:

p

MARCUS CATO,

i.

6-n. 2

In battle, he showed himself effective of hand, sure and steadfast of foot, and of a fierce countenWith threatening speech and harsh cries he ance.

would advance upon the foe, for he rightly thought, and tried to show others, that often-times such action On the terrifies the enemy more than the sword. march, he carried his own armour on foot, while a attendant followed in charge of his camp With this man, it is said, he was never wroth, and never scolded him when he served up a meal, nay, he actually took hold himself and assisted in most of such preparations, provided he was free from his military duties. Water was what he drank on his campaigns, except that once in a while, in a single

utensils.

raging thirst, he would call for vinegar, or, when his strength was failing, would add a little wine. II. Near his fields was the cottage which had once belonged to Manius Curius, a hero of three triumphs. To this he would often go, and the sight of the small farm and the mean dwelling led him to think of their former owner, who, though he had become the greatest of the Romans, had subdued the most warlike nations, and driven Pyrrhus out of Italy, nevertheless tilled this little patch of ground with his own hands and occupied this cottage, after three Here it was that the ambassadors of triumphs. the Samnites once found him seated at his hearth

cooking turnips, and offered him much gold but he dismissed them, saying that a man whom such a meal satisfied had no need of gold, and for his part he thought that a more honourable thing than the possession of gold was the conquest of its possessors. Cato would go away with his mind full of these ;

307

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOV dVTOV rrd\iV OtKOV etyopwv Kal %(opia Kal OepdiTovTas Kal Biairav 7rerei,ve rrjv avrovpyiav Kal irepieKOirre rrjv 7ro\vre\eiav. ev6vfJLOV}JLVO^ amf)l, KOL

3

<&a/3Lov

Be

M.ai/jLOV

eXo^ro? erv^e

o

rrjv

Tapavrivwv

7ro\iv

Kdrwv

VTT*

crrpaTeuo/Aevos avrw KOjjii&fj fjLeipdfciov wv, Nea/o^w Be TLVL TIvOayopiKcov ^evy xpricrd/Aevos eaTrovSacre \6ywv /AeraXa/Selv. aKovcras Be ravra fJLev

TOV dvSpos,

ol? /ce^T/rat /cal H\dr(i)i> rrjv a\oyv ^.eytcrTOV KCLKOV &6\eap, Be rfj "^v^y TO trw/^a Trpwrrji', \vcriv Be l KaOapjJiov ot? /^aXicrra ^wpi^ei Kal a(piffT7fa tv aitTrjv TWV rrepl TO crw/^a eri yttaXXoz/ rjyaTrrjcre TO XtToi/ Kal rrjv eyxpareiav. }

i

'

4 aX,Xa>? Be 7ra<

Betas \eyerai, Kal Troppco CLTTO

TO prjropiKov M^e^dr/vai. ra jAevrot, avyypdfj,Kal Boy/jtacriv 'EXX?; viKols Kal BiaTreTroLKikrai,' Kal a Kara \e%iv ev Tot? d7ro
Hz/ Be TIS dvrjp evTrarpiBrj^ fjiev ev Tot? yua o~Ta 'P'&) i-iaiwv Kal Bui'ar6<j,dper^v Be vo{j.ein]v fjie

III.

alcrOdvea-dai

Beivos,

ev/JLevrjs

Be Kal

0pe^aL Kal

trpoayayev OUTO?

el^ev o^opovvra ywpia Tot? Trvdofievos Be rrjv avrovpyiav Kal Biairav avrov Trapa rwv OLKCTCOV Kal Oav^daa^ e^rjyov/jievcov, ori 1

308

Tj\jK/ay eArj\o;cu>s

Hercher and Blaas with S

:

fi\iittas.

MARCUS CATO, things,

n. 2-111. i

and on viewing again

lands arid servants and

mode

of

his life,

own house and would increase

the labours of his hands and lop off his extravagancies. 1 Fabius Maximus took the city of Tarentum, a mere who was then it chanced that Cato, stripling, served under him, and being lodged with a certain

When

Nearchus, of the sect of the Pythagoreans, he was When he heard eager to know of his doctrines. this

man

holding forth as follows, in language which "

the greatest Plato also uses, condemning pleasure as " the chief incentive to evil," and the body as detriment to the soul, from which she can release and purify herself only by such reasonings as most do wean and divorce her from bodily sensations," he fell still more in love with simplicity and restraint. Further than this, it is said, he did not learn Greek till

and was quite well on in years when he took to reading Greek books then he profited in but more from oratory somewhat from Thucydides, Demosthenes. However, his writings are moderately embellished with Greek sentiments and stories, and many literal translations from the Greek have found

late in life,

;

among his maxims and proverbs. There was at Rome a certain man of the highest birth and greatest influence, who had the power to discern excellence in the bud, and the grace to cultivate it and bring it into general esteem. He had a farm This man was Valerius Flaccus. next to that of Cato, and learned from Cato's servants

a place III.

of their master's laborious and frugal

He was amazed

to hear 1

them

tell

how

of living. Cato, early in

way

209 B.O.

39

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rrpwit }ikv t? ayopav fSaBi^eL 2 Seo/jLevot,?, 7rave\0a)V 8' et?

KOI rrapicrrarai rot? TO ^(apLov, av fj,ev rj

%iu(i>v, e^w/jiiBa \aftu>v, Qepovs Be yvjjivbs epyaadrwv ol/cerMV eaOiei, rov avrbv aprov Ka0ij/jivo
K6\vcre K\rjdrjvat, TT/OO? TO Sel-rrvov. IK Se rovrov %pa>fjivo<; teal Karavowv ripepov aarelov 77^09, wcnrep vrov acr/crfo-eco? Kal KOI 7Ti,(j)avov
3 rwv,

atyaadai ovv

Kal TOV

ev

rij<;

ev6v<;

TOU?

(j)i\ov<;

rwv

e/craro

a-vvrjyopLwv,

TI^/TIV

Kare\6wv

TroXtreta?.

avros

fiev

$ia

Ova\\piov

'Pco/jirj

/cal

0av/jLaara$ 7ro\\rjv

Be

Svva/jiiv avra> Trpocr-

riOevros ^L\iap^ia<; erv%e Trpayrov, elra erafjiievex rovrov Be \a/j,7rpb<; tov ijBr) Kal Trepityavr} ?

4
1

avrw ry Ova\\epiw v a/o^a?,

Twv

rcepl

Ta?

vrraros re

/ACT'

/j,
crvvege-

exeivov Kal rca\iv

Be Trpecrftvrepwv 7ro\ira)V

Trpocreveifjiev fjLejicrrrjv

eavrov,

e^ovn

evBo^ordrtp

Bvvafjiiv, /JLO\,\OV

{lev

ovri

Kal

Be rov rporrov

fiiov co? Kd\\ia~ra TrapaBeuy/jLara Bio Kal ^KrjTTiwvi ru) fieydXri), vero

avrov Kal rov 5 Trpode/Aevos.

ovn rore, TT/OO? Be rtjv 4>a/3tou Bvra/Jiiv avraipovn Kal (j)0oi'elcrdai Borcovvn, reap ov&ev eTronj
rov ev Aifivy 310

338

MARCUS CATO,

HI.

1-5

the morning, went on foot to the market-place and pleaded the cases of all who wished his aid then came back to his farm, where, clad in a working blouse if it was winter, and stripped to the waist if it was summer, he wrought with his servants, then sat down with them to eat of the same bread and drink of the same wine. They told Valerius many other instances of Cato's fairness and moderation, ;

quoting also sundry pithy sayings of his, until at last Valerius gave command that Cato be invited to dine After this, discovering by converse with with him. him that his nature was gentle and polite, and needed, like a growing tree, only cultivation and

room to expand, Valerius urged and at last persuaded him to engage in public life at Rome. Accordingly, taking up his abode in the city, his own efforts as an advocate at once won him admiring friends, and the favour of Valerius brought him great honour and influence, so that he was made military tribune first, and then quaestor. After this, being now launched on an eminent and brilliant career, he shared the highest honours with Valerius, becoming consul with him, and afterwards censor. Of the elder statesmen, he attached himself most closely to Fabius Maximus, who was of the highest reputation and had the greatest influence, but this was more by way of setting before himself the character and life of the man as the fairest examples he could follow. In the same spirit he did not hesitate to oppose the great Scipio, a youthful rival of Fabius, and thought to be envious of him. When he was sent out with Scipio as quaestor for the war in Africa, 1 he saw that the man indulged in 1

VOL.

ii.

204

B.O.

L

gll

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rfj o-vvtfdei 7ro\vre\ia XpcD/jievov TOV avBpa Kal fcara^opriyovvra rot? (TTpaTevnaaiv a^et^co? 6 TCOV ^pt^/j-UTOiv, eTrappijcrid^eTO irpos avTov, ov TO

ecopa

TT}?

elvai

BaTrdvrjs ueyicrTOV

<})d/j.evos,

evre\tav rwv rpv^a*; TW irepiovrt,

dXX*

cm

SiafyOeipei TTJV irdrpiov '

real

1780^9

l7TOl>TO
Tp7TO[l,eVCDV.

r?)?

TOV ^.K^TTiMVOf,

Sev BeoiTO ra/iiiov \iav dfcpi/Sovs TrXryo-tcrTto?

TOV 7r6\/jLov fyepo/jLevos, Trpd^ewv ydp, ov 7 TWV, rfj 7r6\et \6yov 6cf)ei\iv, (nrri\0ev o e/c St/feXta?, Ka\ yitera TOV Oa/St'of Karaffowv ev TW d/J,vd)JTO)V V7TO TOV ^.KriTriwvos Kal Starpt/Sa? aurov 7ra\ai(TTpais KOI OeaTpois, bxnrep ov

8

TO?,

aXXa

vai

Brj/jLap-^ov^

avTrcp

iravrjiyvpi^ovTos, e^eipjdcraTO CLVTOV a^oi/ra? el
dX^et? ev

eV

at xaTriyopiai <pavw(Tiv.

TTJ

TriBeiJrd/jLevos,

avvelvai

TOV

TrapacrKevfj

Kal

iX.oi
(fiavels

ov&a/jLov

o

fjiev

7TO\e/JLOV 7781;?

Be

fj^ev

TU>

ovv TTJV

eVt


et? TO, cnroi' Bata Kal fj^jdXa ej;7r\vo~6v eVl TOV TroXe/nov. IV. Tw oe KUTCOVL TroXXr/ JJLCV CLTTO TOV \6yov To, Kal 'Pcu/uaZo/^ avTov ol vroXXot TT)? SiaiTrjs ,

Trpo&rjyopevov, rjv

cv

avTov Kal

o

oe

ySt'o?

7repi@6rjTo
f)

fJLa\\ov fjiev

yap

TW

\eyeiv OCIVOTIJS TrpoviceiTo TO?? vzois dycaVKT/jia KOivov fj&rj Kal Trepio~7rov&a(TTOv, 6 oe TIJV irtiTpiov

avTovpyiav

vTro/Aevcav KCLI oelTrvov ac^eXe?

Kal apicrTOV aTTVpov Kal

XiTr;i/

eadrJTa Kal Srjao-

TIKTJV do-Tra^o/Aevos oiKTjaiv Kal TO

312

/j>rj

Belo~Qai

MARCUS CATO,

m.

5-iv.

i

his wonted extravagance, and lavished money without stint upon his soldiery. He therefore made bold to tell him that the matter of expense was not the greatest evil to be complained of, but the fact that he was corrupting the native simplicity of his soldiers, who resorted to wanton pleasures when their pay exceeded their actual needs. Scipio replied that he had no use for a parsimonious quaestor when the winds were bearing him under full sail to the war; he owed the city an account of his achievements, not of its moneys. Cato therefore left Sicily, and joined Fabius in denouncing before the Senate Scipio's waste of enormous moneys, and his boyish addiction to palaestras and theatres, as though he were not commander of an army, but master of a festival. As a result of these attacks, tribunes were sent to bring Scipio back to Rome, if the charges against him should turn out to be true. Well then,, Scipio convinced the tribunes that victory in war depended on the preparations made for it showed that he could be agreeable in his intercourse with his friends when he had leisure for it, but was never led by his sociability to neglect matters of large and serious ;

import

;

and

sailed off for his

war

in Africa.

The influence which Cato's oratory won for him waxed great, and men called him a Roman Demosthenes but his manner of life was even more talked about and noised abroad. For his oratorical ability only set before young men a goal which many already were striving eagerly to attain but a man who wrought with his own hands, IV.

;

;

as his fathers did,

breakfast, a

frugal

humble dwelling,

and was contented with a cold dinner, simple raiment, and a one who thought more of not 313

PLUTARCH'S LIVES paXXov 2 GTcdvios

rjv, rjBr)

VTTO fjL6yeOov<;

oi>

ff

Tore

TO TT}?

tcKTTJ
TroXirem? TO Kadapov

$>v\aTTOVcrri<$,

aXXa TW Kparelv

TToXXwz/ Kal dvOpoiTcwv irpo^ TTO\\CL e@r] Kal fiicov TrapaBeiy/jbaTa TravTO^aOfjieVTJ^.

lKOTW
Toi9 /j.ev aXXou? UTTO TWV irovwv OpavoKal yLtaXatrcro/te^ou? UTTO 1 TWV rjSovwv 6pa)VTs, eicelvov Be I/TT' apfyoiv dr^TTrjTov, ov JJLOVOV ,

3

ecu?

Ti vcos Kal
Kal 7ro\iov

rj&ij fieO*

a0\rjTrjv viK7j
Tjv,

d\\a

inraTeiav Kal

Kal yepovTa

Qpla^ov,

eyxapTepovvTa Ty

wa-Trep

Ttigei

yap ovBewoTe fyrjcn fyopecrai T\o~Tepav CKaTov Spax/j-wv, TTIGLV Be Kal

rr}?

TTO\Vo~Tpa-

Kal vTraTevcav TOV aiiTov olvov rot? epydBe irapaffKevd^ecrOai Trpbs TO Selirvov ej; dyopas do~crapia)V TpiaKOVTa, KOI TOVTO Sia ra? 7r6\iv, OTTW? Icryvoi TO o-w/na 7rpo<; TTJV 4 (TTpaTiaepa)v ovB' GDpaicov, aXX' epyariKwv Kal crrepewv, olov ITTTTOKO/J-COV Kal ftoiyXaTwv, BeoKal TOUTOU? Be Trpeff^vrepovj Beiv dTToBiBoaOai Kal /JLIJ /36(TKiv d 6'Xa>9 Be fjLijBev evcovov elvai TWV irepiTTwv, a\X* ov Tt? ov BeiTai, KO.V dcraapiov 1

3M

iirb

Heroher and Blase with 8

:

KC& v

MARCUS CATO,

iv.

1-4

wanting the superfluities of life than of possessing them, such a man was rare. The commonwealth had now grown too large to keep its primitive the sway over many realms and peoples had brought a large admixture of customs, and the adoption of examples set in modes of life of every sort. It was natural, therefore, that men should admire Cato, when they saw that, whereas other men were broken down by toils and enervated by pleasures, he was victor over both, and this too, not only while he was still young and ambitious, but even in his hoary age, after consulship and triumph. Then, like some victorious athlete, he persisted in the regimen of his training, and kept his mind integrity

;

unaltered to the last. He tells us that he never wore clothing worth more than a hundred drachmas that he drank, even when he was praetor or consul, the same wine as his slaves that as for fish and meats, he would 1 buy thirty asses' worth for his dinner from the public and even for the city's sake, that he this stalls, might not live on bread alone, but strengthen his body for military service that he once fell heir to an embroidered Babylonian robe, but sold it at once that not a single one of his cottages had plastered walls ; that he never paid more than fifteen hundred drachmas for a slave, since he did not want them to be delicately beautiful, but sturdy workers, such as grooms and herdsmen, and these he thought it his duty to sell when they got oldish, instead of feeding ;

;

;

;

them when they were

useless

;

and that

in general,

he thought nothing cheap that one could do without, but that what one did not need, even if it cost but a 1 The as corresponded nearly to the English penny.

315

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 7TO\\OV

KTCL(T0ai &

VOfJLi^etV

ve/AO/jieva fj,d\\ov

V. Taura

S' ol /Aev

dv&pos, ol S' a>9

TCt


paivopeva Kal aaipo/jLva. els fjuKpoXoylav eriOevro TOV

TCL

?}

7rl

Siopdoocrei

Kal

cr

TWV a\\wv evSorepw (Tva-reXXovros eavrov a TO

2

(T/ceiv

arei/oO?

/xrjBev

avOpcoTrw

vrj/jia

r?}?

O>5

VTT

eVt 7^/00)5 eXavveiv

fcal

TOfc?

ayav

OLKT(IL<;

ij&ovq

TT/OO?

eytaye

xpeias tr\eov vTrdp^eiv. BiKaiocrvvT]*;

^prja'TOTrjra

rrjs

TTOV

eTTiXafjLftdvovcrav

teal

nOe/jiai,

6pa)/46v

TW SiKaiw

7T(f>VKafJLev,

ore Ka

Ai

TrXoL'crta?

icaiToi

7T\arvrpnv VO/JLW

pev

rrjv

TO-

yap

dv6 pwirovs fiovov

TT/JO?

Trpbs

Kal 339

avOpwrrov olopkvov KOU'(O-

Be

euepyecrta?

wv

ra)v

airoppel T?}?

yap imrcav aTretpriKOTwv Kvva)v ov crKV\aKiat

inro

/JLOVOV,

teal

a>rov uxiTre

/c

^

%p6vov rpotyal Kal

d\\a Kal

*

'O rot?

TOV

Se

eyKaprepova-as, aTreXucrev Kal a^e'rou?, wv /jbiav (fracrl KaTa(3ai-

TToi^ot?

ve(JL
vovcrav a<* eavTrjs irpos ra e/07a TO?? dvdyovcn,

ra? dfjid^as vTro^vyiots et? aKpoTroXiv Kal Trporjyel(j9aL KaOdirep e Kal Gwe^opfjuMcrav, 4

r)r/

/cat

rai^ 8e Kt'//,ct>i;o9 TeXeur?)? e'-v/r^^tcra^TO. LTTTTcav, at9 'OXuyu,7Tta T|0t9 VtKrj(T6, Kal Taal

/J^xpi

316

MARCUS CATO,

iv.

4 -v. 4

penny, was dear also that he bought lands where crops were raised and cattle herded, not those where lawns were sprinkled and paths swept. V. These things were ascribed by some to the man's parsimony but others condoned them in the belief that he lived in this contracted way only to correct and moderate the extravagance of others. However, for my part, I regard his treatment of his slaves like beasts of burden, using them to the ;

;

uttermost, and then, when they were old, driving them off and selling them, as the mark of a very mean nature, which recognizes no tie between man

and man but that of necessity. And yet we know Law that kindness has a wider scope than justice. and justice we naturally apply to men alone but when it comes to beneficence and charity, these often flow in streams from the gentle heart, like water from a copious spring, even down to dumb ;

A

kindly man will take good care of his horses even when they are worn out with age, and of his dogs, too, not only in their puppyhood, but when their old age needs nursing. While the Athenians were building the Parthenon, they turned loose for free and unrestricted pasturage beasts.

such

mules as were seen to be most persistently One of these, they say, came back to the

laborious.

its own accord, trotted along by the side of fellows under the yoke, which were dragging the waggons up to the Acropolis, and even led the way for them, as though exhorting and inciting them on. The Athenians passed a decree that the animal be maintained at the public cost as long as it lived. Then there were the mares of Cimon, with which he

works of

its

won

three victories at Olympia

;

their

graves are

317

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Tr\t]criov el
r&v

crvvrpofiovs real

rpufjpet,

rfj

7TO\IV 6 rjv

SrjfJiOS

Kvi/o?

a>
^\pi

tevvas St

jAvrj/jidrcov.

crvv)]6eis

d\\oi re

rrakaios

rov

et?

rrapav^dfjievov,

ore

rrjv

e'eXe7rei>,

a-fj/jua

Ov yap

5

eiceivov

yevopevovs real t^dvOnnros o

7Tl TTJS

a/Cpa?

vvv Kakovcnv.

vTroSij/jiacriv

r\

GKevecri rot?

%pr](TTOv, Koirevra KOI KararpiftevTa rat? dTroppiTrrovvras, aXX' el Sia /JLIJ$V /teXeTT;? eve/ca rov
aXXo, eya>

/nev

ovv ov&e

etc

%(*)pa<;

{3ovv

av epydrrjv Sid

TI

ye Trpecrfivrepov avpwirov, avvrpbfyov KOI Stair*]*; crvvi]6ov<$

dTTO&oifjirjv,

fJLri

Trarpt'So? /jLeOiGrd/Jievov dvrl Kep/Jbdrwv axprjGTOv ye rot? (jovovpevois wcnrep rot? e/c

6 crKovai yevijaofjievov.

6

e

KaTwi/ axjTrep veavi-

TOVTOL? KCLI rov 'irrrrov, c5 rcapd ra? frr/oare/a? vrrarevwv e^pr^ro, rjcrlv ev 7ro\et ro vavXov 'Iftrjpia fcara\i7reiv, 'iva firj rfj avrov \oyia^rat. ravra (lev ovv eire fj^ya\oevofjievo?

eVt

Tfrv%ia<; etre fJLLKpoKoyLa^ Oereov,

e^ecm r&

irel-

dovn

%pr)(7Qai \oyia~ /aw. VI. TT)? S' a\\rjs eyKpareias vrrepfyvw*; OCLV/JLO,
eavry fjLYjva

KOI

rols

rrvpwv

rj

rrepl

rpels

avrov ov rr\iov

'Am/covs

t?

fjieSi/Avovs,

rov et?

KpiOwv rot? vrro^vyioi^ e\arrov 2 rpiwv rjfjLi/jLeSifjivcov. C7rapj(iav Se \aftcov 2apS6va, rwv rrpo avrov crrparrjywv elwQorwv Se rrjv

rj/jiepav

MARCUS CATO,

v.

4 -vi. 2

near the tombs of his family. Dogs also that have been close and constant companions of men, have often been buried with honour. Xanthippus, of olden time, gave the dog which swam along by the side of his trireme to Salamis, when the people were abandoning their city, honourable burial on the promontory which is

day Cynossema, or Dog's Mound. should not treat living creatures like shoes or pots and pans, casting them aside when they are bruised and worn out with service, but, if for no other reason, for the sake of practice in kindness to our fellow men, we should accustom ourselves to mildness and gentleness in our dealings with other I creatures. certainly would not sell even an ox that had worked for me, just because he was old, called to this

1

We

much

less an elderly man, removing him from his habitual place and customary life, as it were from his native land, for a paltry price, useless as he is to those who sell him and as he will be to those

who buy him. But Cato, exulting as it were in such things, says that he left in Spain even the horse which had carried him through his consular

campaign,

that he might not tax the city with the cost of its Whether, now, these things should transportation. be set down to greatness of spirit or littleness of is an open question. VI. But in other matters, his

mind,

self-restraint was beyond measure admirable. For instance, when he was in command of an army, he took for himself and his retinue not more than three Attic bushels of wheat a month, and for his beasts of burden, less than a bushel and a half of barley a day. He received Sardinia as his province, 2 and whereas his predecessors 1

Cf.

Themisiodes

x. 6.

2

198 B.C.

319

PLUTARCH'S LIVES KOI

Srjfjioo-iois

(TKrjvM/jLacri

Ttot?, 7ro\\fj

teal K\ivai<$

Kal

Be OepaTrela Kal (f>i\wv TrXrjdei KCL\

BaTrdvais Kal TrapacrKevals ftapvvbvaTTicrTOV eVot^cre TTJV Biatyopav vre\La<;. 8a7rai/?7? fjuev yap 6t? ovSei> ov&e-

Trepl Beljrva

TWV, r?}?

eKeivos

ILia?

TrpocreBeijOrj

TroXecr^

auro?

eVe^otra

&rjiJLocria<s,

avev

8e

rat?

evyov<;

iropev operas, el? Be ijKoXovOei Srjfjioarios e&dfjra Kal airov&tlov ev && rouroi? 3 avT

VKO\OS Kal d(j)e\r)<; rot? VTTO xeipa (fraivoavOis dvraTrebiBov rqv ae/ai'OT'rjra Kal wv ev TW SiKaiw Kal j3dpo
our&>5

fievos,

TO rot?

rfjs

VTrep

f)
Kal avdeKaa-TOS,

Trpoa'Tay/^ao'iv

wcrre yLt^SeTrore

op6io<;

r^v

o/3epci)Tepav

VII. Totaur?;!; 5e rti>a (fraiverai Kal o TOV dvSpbs ISeav e^eiv eu%api<; ydp a/na Kal Setvo? 771^, rjSvs Kal KaTa7r\rjKrLKo<;, (})L\oo-Ka)/jLfj.(ov Kal avGTr]pbs, dTro^dey/narLKO ; Kal o tlXdrtov TOV ^wKpaTrjv fyrjcrlv e^ Kal aaTupiKov Kal vfipHrrrjv rot? e evBoOev <77rov8>]S Kal irpay1

elvai KIVGVVTWV TO!? 34 Bd/cpva 2 aKpowfJievois Kal TTJV KapBiav GTpefybvTwv. oOev ov/c oI5' OTI TT7rbv6a(Tiv ol T

oi irpocreoiKevai TOV Karcoi/o?.

ov

fjirjv

d\\d Tavra

,

fiev ol? yuaXXoi/ t'Sea?

l

\6ywv

alcrddveaOai TrpocnJKei BiaKpivovcriv, Be TWV d'jrofjLvr^povevofJbevwv /3pa%ea ypdoi TM \6yay TTO\V fjbd\\ov

iKcov

i/cwy

Blass with S

:

^TJ

1

MARCUS CATO,

vi.

a-vn. 2

were wont to charge the public treasury with their and apparel, while they oppressed

pavilions, couches,

the province with the cost of their large retinues of servants and friends, and of their lavish and elaborate banquets, his simple economy stood out in an in-

He made no demands whatever upon the public treasury, and made his circuit of the cities on foot, followed by a single public officer, who And yet, carried his robe and chalice for sacrifices. though in such matters he showed himself mild and sparing to those under his authority, in other ways he displayed a dignity and severity which fully corresponded, for in the administration of justice he was inexorable, and in carrj'ing out the edicts of the government was direct and masterful, so that the credible contrast.

Roman power never

its

inspired

subjects with greater

fear or affection.

VII. Much the same traits are revealed in the man's oratory. It was at once graceful and powerful, pleasant and compelling, facetious and severe, senSo Plato says of Socrates l tentious and belligerent. that from the outside he impressed his associates as but within he was full rude, uncouth, and wanton of earnestness, and of matters that moved his hearers to tears and wrung their hearts. Wherefore I know not what they can mean who say that Cato's oratory most resembled that of Lysias. However, such questions must be decided by those who are more capable than I am of discerning the traits of Roman shall now record a few of his famous oratory, and sayings, believing that men's characters are revealed ;

I

1

Symposium

,

p. 215.

321

PLUTARCH'S LIVES voj-iovai, rcov av TO VIII. MeXXct)^ 7TOT6 TOI^ 'PtofJLCLLUlV Br/fJiOV 0) fjievov d/caipws eVt o"TO/zer/3ta9 KOL " XaXe7roi> aTroTpetreiv, rjp^aro TWV Xoycov ovrcof eviot,

e/jL
i

fjbev

OVK

w

ea-Tiv,

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'^ ^aXeTrov euvai

2 7rXeto^o9

t'%#L>9

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/So09.

fj

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T?}9

;

'^ TTOMV, ev >

cro^t/i/vai

TOI;? 'Pfjo/.taiov^'

ou

Be

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\

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ecpr)

yaarepa \eyeiv ura

TroXtrat, Trpos

eyovaav" A

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eiteva

TreiOerai,, a-v \mcavT a, S' eirerat,

roi? ayov
av

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V7TO

n Be

Ovrw

T7}9

yvvatKOKpaTias Bid\ey6/jLvos

" II ay-

"

T69," elirei avBpwiroi TWV yvvai/cwv ?t9 ^e Trdvrwv dvOpooTrcov, rjfJL&v Be at 1

,

3

TOVTO

jiev

ovv

ecmv

etc

TWV yap

aura) TroXXa roD u/ou Bid rijs " 'AOrjvaioi pep yvvai," elireL', ^\X/JVMV, eya) Be 'A0r)vai(DVi e/^ov Be

dov

Be

o

f/09,

cbcrre

crv,

d>6iBea'0c0

T^9 e^ovcrias, 5i' rfv dvor}TO<s wv TrKelcrTOV 'EXXrjvwv Bvvarai." 4 Tov c)t" Brj/jiop o Kdrwv <$>?] rwv Pa)fj,aLwv ov fjiovov rat? Troptyvpaii, aXXa /cat ro?9 e-3

,

TavTvjv /xaXtcrra ySaTrrofcrf^, ^ Wot ravTCL fJiavOdvovcri oi/Tco? o/ ot9 az^ o Trap' VJJLMV

5 7rape/cd\ei

322

B'

avrovs,

el^ev

erraivos

apery *ai

Kal

err^rat." a(0(j)po-

MARCUS CATO, much more by

vn.

2-vm.

their speech than, as

5

some think, by

their looks. VIII. He

once wished to dissuade the Roman people from insisting unseasonably upon a distribution of corn, and began his speech with these words " It is a hard matter, my fellow citizens, to argue with the belly, since it has no ears." Again, inveighing against the prevalent extravagance, he " It is a hard matter to save a said city in which a :

:

fish

sells

for

more than an

ox."

Again, he said

the Romans were like sheep for as these are not to be persuaded one by one, but all in a body blindly follow their leaders, " so ye," he said, " though as individuals ye would not deign to follow the counsels of certain men, when ye are got together ye suffer yourselves to be led by them." Discoursing on the " All other men rule their power of women, he said wives ; we rule all other men, and our wives rule us." This, however, is a translation from the sayings of Themistocles. 1 He, finding himself much under his " son's orders through the lad's mother, said Wife, the Athenians rule the Hellenes, I rule the Athenians, thou rulest me, and thy son thee. Therefore let him make sparing use of that authority which makes him, child though he is, the most powerful of the Hellenes." The Roman people, Cato said, fixed the market value not only of dyes, but also of behaviour. " " as For," said he, dyers most affect that dye which they see pleases you, so your young men learn and practice that which wins your praise." And he exhorted them, in case it was through virtue and temperance that they had become great, to ;

:

:

1

Themistodes, xriii

4.

323

PLUTARCH'S LIVES /jieydXoi,

yeyovacrt,

TO

^elpov, el 6 dfcpaa-ia j3a\\ea0ai TT/OO? TO jSi\Tiov' 7T/3O?

KaKia,

real

itcavws

yap

ij

(jieydXovs CLTT eiceivwv yeyovevai. TOI>? Be TroXXaKLS ap^eiv GTTOvBd^ovTas e<j)rj KaOdirep dyvoovvras rjreii> TropeveaOai, TTJV 6Bbv del /juera pa^ov^wv 6

eVert/xa Be Tot? vroXtrat? rot;?

TrXavvjflaHrw.

fjurj

ri>Vi yap,

^

it


" -v-v* "5 TTO\A.OV TO ap-^eiv agiov

9 *

^"

1

fj.r)

* rj

ToO ap^eiv d^iovs rjyelcrOat," irepl Be ^0pa)V TLVOS niV^/ow? fcal aSo^w? ftiovv " " 'H TOVTOV BOKOVVTOS /jLiJTrfp," (f)ij, /cardpav, OVK evvijv, rjyelrai TO TOVTOV itTrep 7>?9 aTroTOV C 7 \17TIV. 7T7rpaKOTa TOV? TTaT/JWOU? TroA-Xou? rayv

.-V^fvN'^V

I

6Wa9

dypovs Tra/oaXtou?

'

\

7riBeiffvvfji6i>os

TrotetTO davfjid^eiv &>? ia"%vpoTepov T?}? ' * ' N /, A A '> -\ ^

A

>'

u?

re

TOU

/3a(ri\.ecos

irpoare'

e

iry^X^TQ? U7rep^)fco? tt TrpwTwv d^L\\a KOI cnrovBr) Trepl CLVTOV ri

eyiveTo, 8

8r)A_o?


aX\a

t'<j6opa)yLie^o?

/cat

TWOS " 'A\A.a

elirovTos Be

/cat *

Karwv

6

^y

uXaTTo/zero? CIVTOV.

$tXo/?/3w/tato?,"

"E(rT<w,'

TOVTO TO fypov 6 ovBeva Be TWV ev ffapKO(f)dyov
rj

epitcea

'Ayu-tX^a^

17

Hercher and Blass with F a S a

^?j 3 <^TJ

Blass with F a 8

:

I)

>

roi' :

/x^.

juV

a
F aS

:

MARCUS CATO, make no change

vin.

5-8

the worse but if it was through intemperance and vice, to change for the better; these had already made them great enough. Of those who were eager to hold high office frequently, he said that like men who did not know the road, they sought to be ever attended on their way by lictors, lest they go astray. He censured his fellow citizens for

;

for choosing the same men over and over again to high office. "You will be thought," said he, "not to deem your offices worth much, or else not to

deem many men worthy of your offices." Of one of his enemies who had the name of leading a

and disreputable life, he said " This man's mother holds the wish that he may survive her to be no pious prayer, but a malignant curse." Pointing to a man who had sold his ancestral fields lying near the sea, he pretended to admire " This him, as stronger than the sea. man," said " has drunk down with ease what the sea found he, it hard to wash away." When King Eumenes paid a visit to Rome, the Senate received him with extravagant honours, and the chief men of the city strove who should be most about him. But Cato clearly looked upon him with suspicion and alarm. "Surely," some one said to him, " he is an excellent man, and a friend of Rome." "Granted," said Cato, "but the animal known as king is by nature carnivorous." He said further that not one of the kings whom men so lauded was worthy of comparison with Epaminondas, or Pericles, or Themistocles, or Manius His Curius, or with Hamilcar, surnamed Barcas. disgraceful

:

PLUTARCH'S LIVES avr&

9 Bdprcav.

$'

eXeye rovs

vv/cTos

etc

1

e*)(6pov<; $>6oveiv,

dvLcrrarai

fcal

r&v

ort

IBicov

rot? Sr) yuocr Lois iQvvlav r/jet? eXo- 341

wv o /j,V TroSaypi/cbs r)V, 6 Be rrfv K
/jiV(t)v Trpecrfieis,

o

Kara>v

etTre Trpeafteiav virb 'Pco/jLaiwv aTrocrreX-

TroSa? yu-^re K6(f>a\r)V ^re /capSiav be ra>v eg 'A^atia? <j)vyd&wv evTev)(6el<s Sia Ylo\v/3iov VTTO ^/crjirtcovos, co? TroXu? eV r^ (rvyK\yJTw Xo^yo? eyivero, T&V pev Si86i>Tcov tcdOobov avrois, rwv 8* evKTrajLLevcov, avaaras 6 KaT&>i> ""Qajrep OVK e^oi/re?," eiTrev, "6 Trpdr-

Xecr^at

yu-T/re

2 e%ov(rav.

Tcofiev

irrrep

Ka0^e9a

e'

rrjv rj/jiepav O\TJV irepl

Trorepov UTTO

'A%cua

ve/cpo(f>6pa)v

rwv

yepovricw

Trap*

/ca06$ov TO?? avSpdcriv, 6\iya<; ol Trepl rbv Ho\.v/3iov Bia\nr6vr r?}?

r^

crvy/c^rov elaeX-deiv, OTTW? a? eirexeipovv et? irporepov el^ov ev 'A^a^a ri/j,a<; ol \dj3oiev, Kal rov Karw^o? aTreTreipcovro 6 3e ftetSfca
ea,

/3ov\cr0ai 7rd\i,v et? TO TOU TO 7ri\iov e/cel KOI

rrjv

7T I XeX?7 CTfJLGVOV.

Tou? 1

326

(frpovlfjLovs

e\eye

fia\\ov

virb rwv d<j)pova<; ^t Kuirrby Hercher and Blass with F a SD

dtypovwv

TI

TGI)?

:

UTT

<$)povip,wv

MARCUS CATO,

vui. 9 -ix.

4

enemies hated him, he used to say, because he rose every day before it was light and, neglecting his own private matters, devoted his time to the He also used to say that he public interests. preferred to do right and get no thanks, rather than to do ill and get no punishment and that he had pardon for everybody's mistakes except his own. IX. The Romans once chose three ambassadors to Bithynia, of whom one was gouty, another had had his head trepanned, and the third was deemed a fool. Cato made merry over this, and said that the Romans were sending cut an embassy which had neither feet, nor head, nor heart. His aid was once solicited by Scipio, at the instance of Polybius, in behalf of the exiles from Achaia, and after a long debate upon the question in the Senate, where some favoured and some opposed their return " Here we sit all home, Cato rose and said day, as if we had naught else to do, debating whether some poor old Greeks shall be buried here or in Achaia." The Senate voted that the men be allowed to return, and a few days afterwards ;

:

Polybius tried to get admission to that body again, with a proposal that the exiles be restored to their former honours in Achaia, and asked Cato's opinion on the matter. Cato smiled and said that Polybius, as if he were another Odysseus, wanted to go back into the cave of the Cyclops for a cap and belt which he had left there.

Wise

men, he

said,

than fools from wise

profited more from fools for the wise shun the ;

men

327

PLUTARCH'S LIVES *

TOVTOVS eKeivwv aywa/ma
fir}

TW

pel^ou Be pey^ovrov Be virepTra^vv " " HoO S' civ" rotovrov rfj awfJLO, e(j>rj, ov TO /mera^v \aifjLov KOI /3ovryevoiro %pr)cniJLOv,

TroSa? ev 5 TO?

17

(Jid^ecrOai, KIVOVVTOS,

akaX-d^cvTOS.

"

TTOLV

/3a)vwi>

VTTO TT}?

Be


riva

yaarpos Kare^erai /3ov\6/^evov

Bvvacr0ai

e<j>rj /x/;

TCOV

;

avrw avvelvai %rjv /ter*

dv6pu>-

TTOV r?}? 6

KapBlas rrfv vjrepwav evaicr6r)TOTepav e^ovro^. rov 8' e/ow^ro? e\eye rrjv ^vyrfv ev aXXorpito crwjJiaTi rjv. /jLerafjie\r)0>}vaL B

ev

Travrl

rw

eVt

TW

yStco

yvvai/cl

r/oet?

Trio-revcrai

\6yov

aTropprjrov,

erepav Be TrXevaaf OTTOV Bvvarbv rjv Tre^eixrai, rrjv Be rpLTijv, ori plav rj/jLepav aBidderos efieive. ?rpo? Be Trpeo-fiurriv vrovrjpevofjievov f

'"AvOpwTre"

elire,

TroXXa e^ovri

TO) yrjpci TO, al&xpa prj 7 Trjv drro rr)? /ca/f/a? ala^vvrjv" Trpo? Be

ev Bia/3o\f} /uev
Kal ^ta^ofjievov *H fjieipdrciov" OVK oiBa, irorepov ^elpov ecrTLv o tcipvrjs

vo/uiov elcrcfrepovra '

elirev,

o 7pa^>ei?

TTielv

r)

B' VTT

dvOp<JL>7rov fiefiicoKOTO?

/

\/dcreXyM^

,f

enrev, d/couct? ra yap\C>\ \-\' L

/

Kal

>/

TT/OO? ere /uot fJMj(r) ecrri'

\

KCU,

fcatca paBiws Kal \eyeis ev^epax;, ' ' V V' ' >'/!'' be Kai \eyeiv a^oe? /cat aKoveiv ar^c/e?. TO v Tail' d7rojjLV7]fj,ovv^dTcov yevos TOLOVTOV

ecrnv.

328

r)

v

MARCUS CATO,

ix.

4-7

mistakes of fools, but fools do not imitate the He said he liked to see successes of the wise. blushes on a young man's face rather than pallor, and that he had no use for a soldier who plied his hands on the march, and his feet in battle, and whose snore was louder than his war-cry. " Where can Railing at the fat knight, he said, such a body be of service to the state, when

everything between its gullet and its groins is A certain epicure wished to devoted to belly?" he excused himself, saying but his society, enjoy that he could not live with a man whose palate was more sensitive than his heart. As for the lover, he said his soul dwelt in the body of another. And as for repentance, he said he had indulged once in it himself but thrice in his whole life when he entrusted a secret to his wife once when he paid ship's fare to a place instead of and once when he remained walking thither To an old man who was intestate a whole day. " Man, old age has steeped in iniquity he said do not add to them of its own enough disgraces the shame of vice." To a tribune of the people who had been accused of using poison, and who was trying to force the passage of a useless bill, he said " Young man, I know not which is worse, to drink :

;

;

:

;

:

your mixtures, or to enact your bills." And when he was reviled by a man who led a life of shameless " 1 fight an unequal battle debauchery, he said to abuse calmly, and utter listen with you: you while for me it is unpleasant to utter it glibly it." it, and unusual to hear Such, then, is the nature of his famous sayings. :

;

329

PLUTARCH'S LIVES X. rov

"TTraro?

rwv

errap^Lwv

(frofjievq)

fj,erd

r)V

'Ez^ro?

evravOa

KaXovcriv. rcov

eOvwv,

B'

TCL

arpana rwv

7ro\\r)

QXaKfcov

Be

Qva\\epiov

'lanraviav

avrw rd

'Pcofialot

Karacrrpe8* oiKeiov^evw $ia Xoywv ftapftdpwv eVeTrecre, KOI JJLGV

Bio TCOV eyKivSvvos TJV atV^/ow? eK^iaaOijvai,. 2 71;? Ke\T/3r;pa>z> eTre/cdXeiro avfifia^uav. alrovvKLVCI)V TCOV 8' /3o^^ta? biatcocr

T%

/jiicrdov,

ol

/JLEV

aXXot

Trai/re?

OVK

GTTCHOVVTO 'PwyLtatou? ftapftdpois GTUKovpLas \oyi}(rai jJLLcr66v t o Be Kdrcov ovSev 1 rcov VLKWVTCLS /JLV yap aTroBwcreLv Trapa ov irap avrwv, r)TTw/j,evcov Be /Mjre , oTrcuTOVfievovs ecrecrOdi /JLIJTC TOU? cnraiTovv-

elvai,

ra?.

ravrrjv Be rrjv /*dxrl v Kar ^ Kpdros

Ivi/crjore,

raXXa irpov^cDpei Xa/i-Trpw?. IloX^to? /j,ev ye (firjcri TWV eVro? Batrto? Trora/jLOv 7ro\ewv rj^epa

3 KOL

TO, Tefyr) K\6V(rai>TO<> avrov TrepiaipeOrjvai' 7rd/x7TO\\ai, 6' rfcrav avrai KCU ye/jbovcrai ^ayju^wv auro? Be (frrjcriv 6 Kdrcov 7T\eiovas dvBpwv.

pia

el\rj(j)evai,

TroXet?

wv

'

Bitfyayev rjfiepcov ev

Kal rovro Kofjmos OVK ecrriv, etVe/j a>? rerpaKoaiai TO vrX^o? fjaav. 4 Toi$>e\ri6elcriv en Kal \lrpav dpyvpiov

avBpa

Trpoa-Bievei/Jiev, elTrcov

a>9

Kpelrrov

ecrj

wyLtatwy dpyvpiov rj ^pvcriov 0X1701;? erraveXOeiv. et? S' avrov GK r)v aXtcrAro-

ovSev e\6elv \f-yei ir\rjv oaa TreTrcoKev " "

Kal OVK

1

irapci

33

alrtwfAai," Hercher and Blasa with F a S

(frrjai, :

a

r;

TOL/?

342

MARCUS CATO,

x.

1-4

X. Having been elected consul 1 with Valerius Flaccus, his intimate friend, the province which the Romans call Hither Spain was allotted to his charge. Here, while he was subduing some of the tribes, and winning over others by diplomacy, a great host of Barbarians fell upon him, and threatened to drive him disgracefully out of the province. He therefore begged the neighbouring Celtiberians to become his allies.

On

their

demanding two hundred

pay for such assistance,

all

talents

his officers

thought it intolerable that Romans should agree to pay BarBut Cato said there was barians for assistance. should they be victorious, nothing terrible in it they could pay the price with the spoils taken from the enemy, and not out of their own purse, whereas, should they be vanquished, there would be nobody ;

In this battle left either to pay or to ask the price. he was completely victorious, and the rest of his campaign was a brilliant success. Polybius indeed says that in a single day the walls of all the cities on

and they were very many, this side the river Baetis and full of warlike men were torn down at his command. And Cato himself says that he took more cities than he spent days in Spain, nor is this a mere boast, since, in fact, there were four hundred of them.

His soldiers got large booty in this campaign, and he gave each one of them a pound of silver besides, saying that it was better to have many Romans go home with silver in their pockets than a few with gold.

But

the booty "

in his

fell

Not that

I

own

he says that no part of what he ate and drank. he says, " with those who

case,

to him, except

find fault," 1

195 B.O.

331

PLUTARCH'S LIVES etc

rovrwv,

Trepl a/oer?}? rot? dplcrTois

r
5 fyiKapyvpwrdroi'S 8*

rj

irepl

au\A.aer#at KCU M ov <j>t\apyvpia
Tr\ovaiwrdroi<s

Tot9

Trepl

d\\a KOI

aiirov,

Tra^ro?

KaOapov?

TOV<S

aurbv e
'Trepl

\^/j,aro<;.

eVl o-rpareia?
Be

rjcrav CLVTCD.

Trevre

rovrcov e?9

rjyopacre ra)is al^/jLaXcorcov rpLa TOV Se Karwi/o? alaOojuievov, Trplv 6/5 \0eiv, dTrrjy^aro. TOU? Be TraiSa? o Kdrwv /jLevos els TO Brj/ji,6
XI.

"l^rt

S'

OVTOV

StarpiftovTOS

e^dpos uv KdTopOovvTi teal ra? 6

^KrjTTicav cva-rrjvat

KCLL

/jieyas,

StaSovo?. ^ KareTravcre TTJV /

ev

'Ij3rjpi,a

/3ouA,o//ei/09

'

(TTreutra?

S'

&>?

rov v Harwi/o?. OIT\LTMV irevre KOI irevraKO\

\

,

ap^v

Be \afta)v crTreipas crLovs /TTTret? TrpOTro^irov^ tcarea-rpe^raro

pev TO

e^a/coa-iovs Be rwv r)vrofjLo\r}K:6Ko/jLicrd/jLevos direKreivev. e
Aa/ceravwv eOvos, 2

TWV

rov ^KriTTiwva KcneipwvevbfJievos oi/rw? e(pr] *Pa)fjLT)v eceadai, fjLeyio'Trjv, rwv p,ev ev&o%wv

rrjv /ecu

fieyd\a)V T& rr}? dperfjs Trpcorela fjurj fjieQievTwv TOt9 d(T7)fjLOTepoi<;, rwv 8' axnrep auros ecrn BrjjAOTiKwv dfii\\wfiiv yevei ov /AIJV dX\.d rfjs Bo^rj TTporfKOvras. rfj

teal

o~vyK\rjrov tyrjtyio-afMevrjs tCLvelv

rwv

BiMKrj/jiei'WV VTTO

332

firjBe

dp-^rj

avrov /Jid\\ov rj rr)? Karwi/o? 86^779 ev dfrpa^ia teal o"^oX^ jMirrjv

TO) ^KrjTTidyvi rfjs

dfaXovGa

d\\drretv Karw^o?, 77 JJLCV

/JLrjBev

MARCUS CATO,

x.

4 -xi. 2

seek to profit by such a case, but I prefer to strive in bravery with the bravest, rather than in wealth with the richest, and in greed for money with the And he strove to keep not only himself, greediest." but also his associates, free from all taint of gain. He had five attendants with him in the field. One of these, whose name was Paccus, bought three boys for his own account from among the public prisoners, but finding that Cato was aware of the transaction, or ever he had come into his presence, went and hanged himself. Cato sold the boys, and restored the money to the public treasury. XL While Cato still tarried in Spain, Scipio the Great, who was his enemy, and wished to obstruct the current of his successes and take away from him the administration of affairs in Spain, got himself appointed his successor in command of that province. Then he set out with all the speed possible, and brought Cato's command to an end. But Cato took five cohorts of men-at-arms and five hundred horsemen as escort on his way home, and on the march subdued the tribe of the Lacetanians, and put to death six hundred deserters whom they delivered up to him. Scipio was enraged at this proceeding, but Cato, treating him with mock humility, said that only then would Rome be at her greatest, when her men of high birth refused to yield the palm of virtue to men of lower rank, and when plebeians like himself contended in virtue with their superiors

and reputation. However, in spite of Scipio's displeasure, the Senate voted that no change whatever

in birth

be made in what Cato had ordered and arranged, and so the administration of Scipio was marked by inactivity and idleness, and detracted from his own,

333

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 3 Sifj\0V, 6 Se

TWV

f

jr\.ei<JTOL

Kdrcov

orav

eh

\oi7rbv

TOV /3iOV

0pia/j,/3eva-a<;

Trpbs aperijv,

//.r;

i]$ovr)V

et?

ov%, axnrep ol

aXXa

ra? aicpas KOI

TT/OO?

TIJJCLS

/ecu

TWV KQIVWV

aTTldOlV, OVTCO KOi Kare\va-e Trjv aperr}v, TTpWTOV CLTCTO^kvOl^ 7TOXtT/a9 Kal KOI 80^9 a^> ere/oa? a/JY*5s crvvreivas eavTOV eV yLtecrw Trapel^e teal <j)i\ot
al

XII. Tifiepia) fiev ovi> ^efJLTrpwvlw ra KaVlcrrpov vTrarevovri, irpecr^evwv awy/careipyda-aro, Ma^t&> 8' 'A/ctXt&) ^iKiapx&v err* TOV fiejav crvv6J;r)\0ei> et? 'PwyLtatou? a >? ov&eva erepov f

'Avvi/Sav.

jap

Trjv

(j[)s,

eOvrf re TrayUTroXXa

fidpwv vTTtJKoa

ireTToirj/jLevos,

Pa>//,atot5 &>? fJLovoL?

2 ovaiv.

air t'av

aXXa

evTrpeTrrj

ovv

en, TT/OO? TOI)

A:at

/JLa^ip^a ftap-

eTrrjpTo

avTov a

TroXeyuoy

/

,

/i.ei'T;

Se

6

ocr?;i;

Tot'9' EXX?7i>a? eX.evOepovv, ovBev &eop,evov<$, /cal e\ev0fpov<; Kal av-rovo/JLovs %dpiTi TTJ a7ro QiXiTnTov Kal Ma/ceSo^coi/ i/ewcrrl Ste/S?; yotera ^L'm/xea)?.

el^e 3

'Acrtai/,

/cal /jLerewpos r/v

^at crd\ovv6v<;

ekwttrt

T&V SrjfjLa'ywywv MaVto? eVl ra? TroXet?.

fiacrCkiKa'is VTTO

TT pea,Sets

6

TrXetcrra TCO^ vewrepi^ovTwv TITO?

334

Kal ra

343

MARCUS CATO,

xi.

3-xn. 3

rather than from Cato's reputation. Cato, on the Most men who other hand, celebrated a triumph. 1

more for reputation than for virtue, when once they have attained the highest honours of consulship and triumphs, straightway adjust their future lives to the enjoyment of a pleasurable ease, and give up But Cato did not thus remit their public careers. strive

and dismiss his virtue, nay, rather, taking up the public service and honour and reputation, he girt his

like

men athirst

all

first

for

anew, and friends and

loins

held himself ever ready to serve his fellow-citizens, either in the forum or in the field. XII. And so it was that he assisted Tiberius Sempronius the consul in subduing the regions in Thrace and on the Danube, acting as his ambassador ; and as legionary tribune under Manius Acilius, he marched into Greece against Antiochus the Great, who gave the Romans more to fear than any man For he won back almost all of after Hannibal. Seleucus Nicator's former dominions in Asia, reduced to subjection many warlike nations of Barbarians, and was eager to engage the Romans, whom he deemed the only worthy foemen left for him. So he crossed into Greece with an army, making the freeing of the Greeks a specious ground for war. This they did not need at all, since they had recently been made free and independent of Philip and the Macedonians by grace of the Romans. Greece was at once a stormy sea of hopes and fears, being corrupted by her demagogues with expectations of Accordingly, Manius sent envoys to royal bounty. Most of those which were unthe several cities. settled in their allegiance Titus Flamininus restrained 1

194 B.O.

335

PLUTARCH'S LIVES v rot? eo")(v avev -rapayjis /ecu KaTerrpdvvev, &>? Trepl exeivov yeyparrrai, Kdrwv Be Kopivdiov? KOI

Oarpet?,

en

8'

Aiyiels TrapecrTrj&aTo.

IlXeicrToi> Be y^povov ev 'A^'i/at? BieTpitye.

4

\eyTai

^.ev

\rjlf l(TT\

avrov fyepeadai Xoyo?, ov

Tt
TOV

CLTTCV,

ft)?

TWV 7ra\aia)V A.6 rfvaiwv

rr}?

7T/OO?

Srj/jLOV

fy]\Ct)V

'

T

^

dperrjv

re TroXew?

TO /caXXo? ~at TO /jLeyeOos TySea)? yeyovci)? \M f >' *>/)' '-V A f TO o ovfc ah.rjues ecrriv, aAAa 01 epfirfvew^ evervye t

V

'

'

Tot? 'A$//i>ai'ot?, Svvrjdels av auTO? elrrelv, e^^evajv Tot? TraT/oioi? /cat /carayeXiov raw TO, 'E\-

Be

5 \rjviKa

(Blvov

redavfjiaKorwv. lloarou/Aiov yovv *AXIcrTOpiav '\L\\rivLcnl ypd-tyavra KOI &vyalrovfjievov eireaicw^rcv

a-vyyvajjji-rjv,

el

TWV

et7rct>^,

SoTeov etva'

'

dvayKa(T0i<% vtri^eive TO epyov.

Ta^o? avrov Kal TTJV yap auTO? e^efape TO^ ep/nrjvea fjMfcp&s Kal Bid 7ro\\wv d7rayye\\iv TO S' o\oi/ oteaOai ra prj^ara Tot? Be fa]Gt, TCI)? A.6rjvaiov? TO T7/9

pdcre
a

a7ro ^etXewv, Tot? Se 'Pwyu-afcot? a?ro

XIII.

'A^Tto^o? e/x^/oa^a? Ta TW (TTparoTreBa), Kal Tot? avrotpveai rwv TOTTWV epvpatri 7rpoa(3a\Mi> yapaKco/jiara Kal Siaret^La-fjiara, Ka0tj
ep/jiOTTv\a$

8'

crrevd

ai TravraTracnv

ireyivaxTKOv o

Be HepcriKiiv efcelinjv 7repLij\ucrtv Kal KvaXwcriv o

336

MARCUS CATO,

XH. 3-xni.

i

without ado, and quieted down, as I have written in his Life, but Corinth, Patrae, and Aegium were brought over to Rome by Cato. He also spent much time at Athens. And we are told that a certain speech of his is extant, which he addressed to the Athenian people in Greek, declaring that he admired the virtues of the ancient Athenians, and was glad to behold a city so beautiful and grand But this is not true. On the contrary, he as theirs. dealt with the Athenians through an interpreter. He could have spoken to them directly, but he 1

always clung to his native ways, and mocked at those who were lost in admiration of anything that was Greek. For instance, he poked fun at Postumius Albinus, who wrote a history in Greek, and asked Cato said they might the indulgence of his readers. have shown him indulgence had he undertaken his task in consequence of a compulsory vote of the Moreover, he says the Amphictyonic Assembly. Athenians were astonished at the speed and pungency of his discourse. For what he himself set forth with brevity, the interpreter would repeat to them at great length and with many words and on the whole he thought the words of the Greeks were born on their lips, but those of the Romans in their ;

hearts.

XIII. Now Antiochus had blocked up the narrow 2 pass of Thermopylae with his army, adding trenches and walls to the natural defences of the place, and sat there, thinking that he had locked the war out And the Romans did indeed despair of Greece. But Cato, calling utterly of forcing a direct passage. to mind the famous compass and circuit of the pass 1

Chapters xv-xvii.

*

191 B.C.

337

PLUTARCH'S LIVES KaT&>*>

vovv

et?

e^coSeucre

ftaX-OfJievos

vvrcrcop,

eVel 8' ai>6) dva\a/3oov yiieyoo? rt T% arpancts. rrpoe\6ovrwv 6 KaOoSrjycov cu^/xaXwro? e^evrecre TT}? 68oO /tat 7r\avu>fjLvos ev TOTTOIS aTropois /au /cpii/jivai&ecri &eiv?]v aOv^iav KOI fyoftov eveipydo-aro rot? arpaTitoTais, opwv o Kdrwv rbv KIV^VVOV c/ceXevae TOU? aXXovs airavras arpe/j-elv Kal Trepu3 /jbeveiv, CLVTOS Se Aev/ctov Tiva MaA,Xtoi>, dv&pa 2

Seivov opeLftarelv, 7rapa\a(BtoV e^wpei 7rapa/3o\(i)s ev acreXr;Vw ^UATTI /cat 1

teal

TrdyoLS dvarerajjievois SiaaT

o^ews" /fal dadfieiav e^ovcrrj^, et? drpaTrov, a>? (povTO, Kara) Trepaivovcrav eVt TO a-rparoTreBov TWV Tr6\f-^iwv eOevro (TTjueia 7T/30? Tivas evaKoTTOv? Kepatas vjrep TO ovrw &e TraXiv iirav4 Ka\\i$po/J,ov dve^ovcras. \06vres oTrtVft) T>7^ (TTpariav dve\a/3ov, 7T/909 Ta (Trj/jLeia Trpodyovres rj-fyavTO uev drpaTrov Kal KarearrjaavTO Tr)v Tropeiav, r?}?

Kal TraK.iv

OVK

7ri(TTaUVCi)V OV

Tvy%avov T&V

rjv

UTropia Kal

CTVVOpWVTWV OTi

irdX.efJiiwv

yeyovores.

tf&rj

Se Sie-

\afjnrev rjjAepa, Kal <j)6oyyr/s Tt? e&o^ev eiraKOvaai, Taj^a &e Kal KaOopav 'QXXrjviKov %dpaKa Kal 5

7rpo(f)V\aKijv VTTO TO

(TT^cra?

evrav9a

rrjv

Kpyavw&es. OUT<W? ovv ITTIcnpaTiav 6 Kdrwv eKe\evaei>

v~w 7rpocr\0eiv avev rwv d\\(av rovs ol?

del

ina-rots

erjro

Kal

Se Kal Trepicrrdvrwv

MSS.

;

correction of Coraes.

338

Ko\wvo1s

(hills)

avrov ddpocov

Bckker,

adopting

the

MARCUS CATO,

xm. 1-5

which the Persians had once made, took a considerable force and set out under cover of darkness. They climbed the heights, but their guide, who was a prisoner of war, lost the way, and wandered about in impracticable and precipitous places until he had filled the soldiers with dreadful dejection and fear. Cato, seeing their peril, bade the rest remain quietly where they were, while he himself, with a certain Lucius Manlius, an expert mountain-climber, made his way along, with great toil and hazard, in the dense darkness of a moonless night, his vision much impeded and obscured by wild olive trees and rocky This, peaks, until at last they came upon a path. they thought, led down to the enemy's camp. So they put marks and signs on some conspicuous cliffs which towered over Mount Callidromus, and then made their way back again to the main body. This too they conducted to the marks and signs, struck into the path indicated by these, and started forward. But when they had gone on a little way, the path failed them, and a ravine yawned to receive them. Once more dejection and fear were rife. They did not know and could not see that they were right upon the

enemy whom they sought. But presently gleams of a man thought he daylight came, here and there heard voices, and soon they actually saw a Greek outpost entrenched at the foot of the cliffs. So then Cato halted his forces there, and summoned the men These soldiers of Firmum to a private conference. he had always found trusty and zealous in his service. When they had run up and stood grouped about him, 339

PLUTARCH'S LIVES *

elrrev

*AvBpa

Kai rrvOeaOai, rives oi rrpo(f)v\drroi>res ovroi,

aov 7r\r)0os avrwv, rt?

a\\wv

6 rcov

rrb-

BtdKoafJiOS

rj

KOI rrapao~Kevri, //.$' 179 vTTOfjLvovo~av 7;/za9. 6 TO 8' epyov aprrayfJLa Bel ra^of? yeveaOat, KOI TO\KOL Xeoi/re? avo7r\OL Oappovvres eVl TCi fj rov 0Tjpifi)v /3a8fc^'oi'<7t." ravra elirovro^ avrodev opovcravres, wcnrep el^ov, oi l Kara TMV opwv e9tov eirl ra? 7rpo(f)v\aKa<;' KOI 7rpopovovroi ra? virepftoXas AITO)\WV elcnv povvres rd%i
,

k^atcocnoi \oydBes, /carcKfrpovricras T^? oXtyorr^ro? dfia Kai TT)? oXiywpias evdix; eirrjyev a^a crd\-

Kai

dX.a\ay/j,a), Trpwro? oi 5' &>? elBov diro ,

(frevyovres et?

o-Tracra/uei/o?

rwv TO peya

Kprjfivwv

2

KaTe7ri/jL7T\aa~av Tapa^rj^ diravra^. XIV. 'Ez/ TOUTW Be Kai rov Maviov

Ta

7T/009

BiaTei^i(T/jLara

fiia^o/jLevov

Kai

Tot?

Trpocr/SdXXovTOS aOpoav rrjv Bvva/j,iv, 6 e/9 TO cnofJ-a \L6w TrXrjyels eKTivarrov

avrov TWV oBovrwv direarpe^e rov LTT7repia\yrj
OTTLCTCI),

f

> C- \

2 fiepos

f

/

\

f T-)

/

-v

-V

V

rrep drropovs Kai dfirj-^dvov^ rfjs (frvyf)*; 6801/9 rr\dva
3 airavras Sintenia a per' avrov Blass with S : fie-rfc. C ; Bckker reads Siravra, with Sintenis 1 and Coracs.

with

340

MARCUS CATO,

xm. 5~xiv.

2

"

he said I must take one of the enemy's men alive, and learn from him who they are that form this advance guard, what their number is. a -id with what But disposition and array their main body awaits us. the task demands the swift and bold leap of lions :

fearlessly rushing all

unarmed upon the timorous

beasts on which they prey." So spake Cato, and the Firmians instantly started, just as they were, rushed down the mountain-side, and ran upon the enemy's

Falling upon them unexpectedly, they threw them all into confusion and scattered them in one of them they sei/ed, arms and all, and flight delivered him over to Cato. From the captive Cato learned that the main force of the enemv was encamped in the pass with the king himself, and that the detachment guarding the pass over the mountains was composed of six hundred picked Aetolians. Despising their small numbers and their carelessness, he led his troops against them at once, with bray of trumpet and battle-cry, being himself first to draw his sword. But when the enemy saw his men pouring down upon them from the cliffs, they fled to the main army, and filled them all with confusion. XIV. Meanwhile Manius also, down below, threw his whole force forward into the pass and stormed the enemy's fortifications. Antiochus, being hit in the mouth with a stone which knocked his teeth out, wheeled his horse about for very anguish. ?^ Then his army gave way everywhere before the Roman onset. Although flight for them meant impracticable roads and helpless wanderings, while deep marshes and steep cliffs threatened those who sentinels.

;

/

*

ml

341

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TTM/jiara /cal ra? 6\t
ravra Bid TWV GTev&v avvwOovvres a\\i]\ov<$ (froftqy TrXrjyfjs viBijpov 7roXe tua>i> avrovs Bie0ipov. O Be Kdrcov del aev T*9 rjv, a>? eoifce, /cal

teal

/

f

eirjs teal rrjv avriKpvs fieja-

jKQ)fj,(i)v

OVK Tr\elcnov Be rat? irpd^ecn ravrai^ oyicov 3 Trepiredeuce, /cai r]cri, rot? IBovcrw avrov rore BiwKOvra /cal iraiovra rou? TroXe/Atou? irapa,

o$>ei\eiv Kdrcova ru> Brffj,w rooaov Kdrwvi, TOV Brjfiov, avTov re Mdviov rov viraiov 6epfJLOv cnro rfjs VIK^ en


/j,r)Bev

(rovTovt

Oep/jiS)

7Tpi7r\aKVTa TTO\VV %p6vov dcnrd^ecrOai

OUT' av auro? ovd* o ra? a/iot/9a? rat? KaTCOVOS evepyecrLais. fierd Be rrjv pd^ijv evflvs et? Pwfjirjv e7rejji,7rTO rwv rjywviv jjievwv avrdyyeXos'

Kal fiodv

VTTO

o-y/ATra? BrifjLo^

4

real Bie7r\6V(T rj[Jt>epa

c~apa<$ CLTTO

%apds,

Bpevrecriov et'Tu^w?, fjiLa 8' eieeWev et? Tdpavra /cal recr-

/^ev et?

BieXdcras

aXXa?

0a\dcr(Tr)<; VLKTJV.

co?

e'^crcocrete

/cal

oBevcras d(j)i/cero

Tre/xTrrato? /cal

et?

Tryowro?

rrjv ftev 7roXti> eveTrXrjo-ev evfypo-

Kal Ovcnwv, <$>povr)fJLaTOs Be rov Brjuov a>? 77)9 Kal Oa\dcr
MARCUS CATO,

xiv. 2 -xv. i

slipped and fell, still, they poured along through the pass into these, crowding one another on in their fear of the enemy's deadly weapons, and so destroyed themselves. Cato, who was ever rather generous, it would seem, in his own praises, and did not hesitate to follow

up

achievements with boastings pompous in his account of says that those who saw him

his great

equally great,

is

He

very

this exploit. at that time pursuing the

enemy and hewing them

convinced that Cato owed less to Rome also that the consul Manius than Rome to Cato himself, flushed with victory, threw his arms about him, still flushed with his own victory, and embraced him a long time, crying out for joy that neither he himself nor the whole Roman people could fittingly requite Cato for his benefactions. Immediately after the battle he was sent to Rome as the messenger

down,

felt

;

own triumphs. He had a fair passage to Brundisium, crossed the peninsula from there to Tarentum in a single day, travelled thence four days more, and on the fifth day after landing reached Rome, where he was the first to announce the He filled the city full of joy and sacrifices, victory. and the people with the proud feeling that it was able to master every land and sea. XV. These are perhaps the most remarkable In political life, features of Cato's military career. he seems to have regarded the impeachment and conviction of malefactors as a department worthy of his most zealous efforts. For he brought many of his

prosecutions himself, assisted others in bringing theirs, to begin prosecutions, as

and even instigated some VOL, n.

M

343

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 2 a)S

7rl

V OVV

^K^TTitava rovs irepl Tleri\\iov. CUT* OLKOV T f4yd\OV VTTO TroBas

7roir]cr/j.evov fj,rj

uTTOKrelvaL BvvrjOels OV

avrov

ifcr)

7repie{3a\

Srj/jLocrtov,

rjv

Aeyerai,

KOI

Be

TraT/305

e^dpov

ay o pas

/xera

Se^ia)cra
Karqyopatv cruo-ra?

^prj^drwv TTO\\U>V vryoo? TO OVK e^wv eVet^o? d,7ro\vcra(T0ai KOI

Sedfjvai

3

ra?

d^KC" AevKiov Se rov T&JJ'

/jLera

TOVTOV

veaviaKW

TJTI/UICOKOTI,

SiKrjv

rrjv

Kal

elirelv,

rcov

7rtK\rj(Tt

/uoXt?

Kal

Stj-

rivl

TTopevo/Jiivw 6

dTravrijcras

on ravra

yoveucriv evayu^eiv, OVK apvas ovS* ep^ovs, a eyOptav Sdrcpva KOI KaraBL-ca^. ov /JLIJV ouS' avros TroXtretrt

ev rfj \afBrjv 4

d0a>o<j,

TrepirjV

TTapda-^oi,

rot?

KLv&vvevwv Biereket.

e^9f>ol<j t

ev

fj

Kal TO

CCTTLV ev

l

e^

OTTOV

errf

Kal

fyvyelv

BiKas,

fjiiav

Be

Kal oyBoiJKOvra

/jivr]/jLOVv6fji6i>ov

eiTrev,

a>5

aXXoi? fieftiutKora dv0 paiTrois ev aXXoi? Kal TOVTO Trepan OVK e7ronj
dywvwv, recrffdpwv S* a\\wv eviavrwv epoviov FaX/5a Kar^yoprja-ev evevijKOvra Kiv&vvevei ydp CDS o Nearwyo els yeyovcos enj. TV Te\evra.iai> Hercher auu Blass with F a S rt\tvraiav.

rcov

OovTcov 5

nva

Kpivonevos

\eyerai ydp o\iyov a7ro\t-

TO>^ TrevrrJKOvra

Te\.evraiav

aXV

1

344

:

34:5

MARCUS CATO,

xv

for instance Petillius against Scipio.

25 That great man,

however, trampled the accusations against him under foot, as the splendour of his house and his own inherent loftiness of spirit prompted him to do, and Cato, unable to secure his capital conviction, dropped the case. But he so co-operated with the accusers of Lucius, Scipio's brother, as to have him condemned to pay a large fine to the state. This debt Lucius was unable to meet, and was liable to imprisonment. Indeed, it was only at the intercession of the tribunes that he was

therefore

at last set free.

We are also told that a certain young man, who had got a verdict of civil outlawry against an enemy of his dead father, was passing through the forum on the conclusion of the case, and met Cato, who " These are the sacrifices greeted him and said we must bring to the spirits of our parents not lambs and kids, but the condemnations and tears of their enemies." However, he himself did not go unscathed, but wherever in his political career he gave his enemies the slightest handle, he was all the while suffering prosecutions and runningrisk of condemnation. It is said that he was defendant in nearly fifty cases, and in the last one when he was eighty-six years of age. It was in the course of this that he uttered the memorable " It is hard for one who has lived saying among men of one generation, to make his defence before those of another." And even with this case he did not put an end to his forensic contests, but four years later, at the age of ninety, he impeached Servius Galba. Indeed, he may be said, like Nestor, :

;

:

345

PLUTARCH'S LIVES T&

Tpiyoviav

fiiw &>9

yap,

^KTJTTLCOVI

rat? Trpd^ecri Kare\0etv.

ical

\e\KTat, T>

fjieydXa)

TroXXa

Bieptcrd/uevos ev rfj TroXtreta BieTeivev els ^LKTJirifava TOV veov, 09 TJV etceivov Karcl Trourjcriv

Hav\ov TOV

vl 0)1/09, fto? Be

XVI.

T?}?

o

uTrareta?

8'

Kdrwv

Tlepcrea real Ma/ce-

KCLTOTTIV

7rapijyyei\e.

erecri

Be

/copvtyrj

KOI rpojrov Tiva 7roXfcTeta9 e7r4reXetft)O't9, aXKrfv re e^ovaiav e^ovcra Kal rrjv Trepl rd rjQrj KOI ecrrt

rifir}?

dgeTaa-iv.

cnrdcrif]^

rj

dp-^rj

ovre yap ydjuov ovre TraiSoTrouav

crv^Trocnov wovro Beiv a/cpirov /cal dve^eTacnov, to? eicacrTOS eTTlQufLias /cal ?r/)oatpecrea)9, dfyelcrOat,. TTO\V Be /JLCL\\OV oi/re

Siairav ovre

VOfJU,()VT
'/}

Tat9 VTTCLldpOlS Kal 7TO\l-

rpoTrov dvBpbs evopaaQai, (j>v\aKa

cra)(f)povi,
Kal KO\a(TT7]V rov /nrjBeva Kal TrapeK/Saiveiv TOV

f)Bovd
e

^coptov Kal (TWijOr) /3iov rjpovvTO TWV KaXovfjLev TrarptKicov eva Kal TWV Brj/jiOTiKwv eva. Be TOVTOVS Trpocrrjyopevov, e%ov(riav e^oz^ra? d9. Ti/jLTJfjiaTa TWV ovatwv \afi(BdvovTe<s irovv, Kal r
TO,

r9

TTO-

re BvvdfjL6ts

rj

Ato Kal TW 346

KaTcovi,

nrpos

TTJV

irapayyeXiav

MARCUS CATO,

xv. 5-xvi. 3

to have been vigorous and active among three For after many political struggles with generations. Scipio the Great, as told above, he lived to be

contemporary with Scipio the Younger, who was the Elder's grandson by adoption, and the son of that Paulus Aemilius who subdued Perseus and the Macedonians. 1 XVI. Ten years after his consulship, 2 Cato stood This office towered, as it were, for the censorship. above every other civic honour, and was, in a way, the culmination of a political career. The variety of its powers was great, including that of examining Its into the lives and manners of the citizens. creators thought that no one should be left to his own devices and desires, without inspection and review, either in his marrying, or in the begetting of his children, or in the ordering of his daily life, or in the entertainment of his friends. Nay, rather, thinking that these tilings revealed a man's real character more than did his public and political career, they set men in office to watch, admonish, and chastise, that no one should turn aside to wantonness and forsake his native and customary

mode

of

life.

They chose

to this office

one of the

so-called patricians, and one of the plebeians. These officers were called censors, and they had authority to degrade a knight, or to expel a senator who led

an unbridled and disorderly

life. They also revised property, and arranged the citizens in lists according to their social and political There were other great powers also conclasses. nected with the office. Therefore, when Cato stood for it, nearly all

the

assessments

1

of

In the battle of Pydna, 168

B.C.

2

184 B.C.

347

PLUTARCH'S LIVES oi

viardfjievoi cr^eBbv

Trp&TOi TWV

teal

TOV<J

(rvyfcXrjTifeoyv.

fiev

yap

'

o <j)66vo
TrpOTfrfXaicL^eaOai

iravr

t

d

evyeveiav

air itpxfis d$6j;a)v et? TTJV atcpav 4 jnv dvaifiaoJievwv, oi 66

TI^V

KCU TWV TraTpiwv

r^v

e(f)O/3ovi>TO

ev e^ovcria

ical

fcSiai,Tr)o-ti'

rov

aixyrrjpi'av

8vva

real

\a\GTrr]v

dv&pos, ecrofievrjv.

av^povrjcravre^ KOI TrapacrKevduavTes cirrd

810

3>
e\irlai fcal

8' o Kara)^ ouSe/uay eVSiaXX' avriKpvs aTreiXwv re rot?

Tovvavriov

5 Se6/Avov.

eiTLeiKeiav,

diro rov /9?;/Aaro9 KOI /ceKpaya)? /jijd\ov

el

cruH^povovcri,

/JLT)

TOI>

d\\a TOV

ijStcrrov,

BpoTdTOV alpelffOai TWV larpwv elvai

KOL

TWV

Tra-rpiKiwv

eva

jap oleaOai

crtpo-

rovrov Be avrov 3>\dfCKOv

Ova\-

\epiov

yuer' eiceivov

/cal rrjv

{jLakaKiav uxrTrep vbpav rifjivwv fcal diro-

Kaio)V Trpovpyou

exacTTov

apai

n

Tronjaeiv,

JJLOVOV TYJV Tpvcjwjv

TWV

a\\wv opav

S'

/ca/cw? /3ia6/j,evov, OTL

TOU?

'

6

ap^ovra^ Se&oiKev. OVTUI

apa j&eyas

i}v a>?

KOI fjLeyd\wv a^o? BrjfjLayayyaw 6 '^wfjiaiwv wcrT6 /Jir) o/3r](}>'ii>ai rrjv dvdracriv teal TOV oyxov rov dv&pos, d\\a TOVS ^Set? e/ceivov? /cal TT/JO?

348

MARCUS CATO, the best

3-6

influential

men

of the

The men noble parentage among them were moved by

senatorial

of

known and most

xvi.

party united to oppose him.

jealousy, thinking that nobility of birth would be trampled in the mire if men of ignoble origin forced their way up to the summits of honour and power;

while those who were conscious of base practices and of a departure from ancestral customs, feared the seventy of the man, which was sure to be harsh and inexorable in the exercise of power. Therefore, after due consultation and preparation, they put up in opposition to Cato seven candidates the office, who sought the favour of the multitude with promises of mild conduct in office, supposing, forsooth, that it wanted to be ruled with a lax and indulgent hand. Cato, on the contrary, showed no complaisance whatever, but plainly threatened for

wrong-doers in his speeches, and loudly cried that the city had need of a great purification. He adjured the people, if they were wise, not to choose the most agreeable physician, but the one who was most in earnest. He himself, he said, was such a physician, and so was Valerius Flaccus, of the patricians. With him as colleague, and him alone, he thought he could cut and sear to some purpose the hydra-like luxury and effeminacy of the time. As for the rest of the candidates, he saw that they were all trying to force their way into the office in order to administer it badly, since they feared those who would administer it And so truly great was the Roman people, well.

and

worthy of great leaders, that they did not and haughty independence, but rejected rather those agreeable candidates who, so

fear Cato's rigour

349

PLUTARCH'S LIVES airavra Troitjo-eiv BOKOVVTCLS rov Kar&>z/o
%dpiv

e\e<j6a,L /Ltera

Trpoa-rdrrovros aKpotopevos. XVII. Tlpoeypatye JJLCV ovv o Kara)!/ rfjs avytc\r)Tov

rov

crvvapj^ovra fcal <$>\dKKOv, e'fe/3aXe

ACVKLOV

(f)L\ov

Be

Ova\\epiov aXXou? re crwxyovs KOI Aevtciov KoiVrtor, rr}?

/3ov\r)
VTTCLTOV

7rra TTpoTepov eviavTols
fiev

Q'h.ajjuvivov rov :aTa7roXe/A^crai/T05 2 alriav Be rfjs eV^oX^? etr^e Toiavrrjv.

<>i\L7nrov.

peipaKiov 346

eV TT)? TraiBi/cfjs wyoa? eraipovv az/eiX^ft)? o Aeu/cto?

aei

7re/3t

avrov et^e

/cat

auveTT^yero (rrparrj-

ywv eVl TTpcoTcov Trap' /juev

ovv

ev Be crv/jLTTOGiw

avry

rjyov/jievos

/ecu


oltceicov.

vTraTitcfjs

rivl TO fieipatciov, wcnrep

avyKaraKetfjievov a\\r]v re

KO\aKiav

e/clvet,

1 ev o'lvw paBio)? dyo/Aevov, KOL avdpcoTTov > \ V-\ it /) war , avTov ouro)? ekeyev c/ea? ova"r]$ 977, >

OIK.QI

o-e,

o~<paTT6ju.evov"

>/

I

j f

/

>/

ov reOea^evo^ nrporepov

/jiovoj^d^ayv

fjirjo-a 7T/305

3

>

r/

/caiTrep

6

Be

eTTiOvfjL&v

Aeu/ao?

"

IBeiv

a

dvri(f)i\o(f>povov-

'AXXa TOVTOV ye %dpiv," eiire, " /JLTJ fjiot Kardfceiao \v7rov/jLevo<$, eya) yap IdcrojAai." /cal ei^a TWV eVt davdrw Kara/cpiTwv el$ TO

fjievos

350

d^Or/vat

KOL

rbv

&ydpwirov Blass

with

F a SC

VTnrjpeTrjv :

irp^J

rbv

&vdptaicov.

MARCUS CATO,

xvi.

6-xvn. 3

it was believed, would do every thing to please them, and elected Flaccus to the office along with Cato. 1 To Cato they gave ear, not as to one soliciting office, but as to one already in office and issuing his

decrees.

XVII. As censor, then, Cato made Lucius Valerius his colleague and friend, chief senator.

Flaccus,

He also expelled many members of the Senate, This man had been including Lucius Quintius. consul seven years before, and, a thing which gave him more reputation than the consulship even, was brother of the Titus Flamininus who conquered 2 King Philip.' The reason for his expulsion was the following. There was a youth who, ever since his boyhood, had been the favourite of Lucius. This youth Lucius kept ever about him, and took with him on his campaigns in greater honour and power than any one of his nearest friends and kinsmen had. He was once administering the affairs of his consular province, and at a certain banquet this youth, as was his wont, reclined at his side, and began to pay his flatteries to a man " I love who, in his cups, was too easily led about. " that so he when there much," said, once, you was a gladiatorial show at home, a thing which I had never seen, I rushed away from it to join you, although my heart was set on seeing a man " Well, for that matter," said Lucius, slaughtered." "don't lie there with any grudge against me, for I will cure it." Thereupon he commanded that one of the men who were lying under sentence of death be brought to the banquet, and that a lictor with an axe stand by his side. Then he 1

184 B.O.

a

At Cynoscephalae,

198 B.C.

351

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 7re\Kvv

Trapaa-Trjvai, TrdXiv r}pouTrj(re TOV

vov, el (BovXerat TVTTTO/nevov OedcracrOat. TO? Be /3ov\
Ol

fjLv

ovv

7?y/9&>?

ravra Kdrcova

7T\elcrToi,

v avTov TOV

Sia\6ya>

la-ropova-t,

TOV

KOI o


Birjyovp-evov ev 6 Be TreTroirjxev

TOV d (jytja-i Ta\drrjv TOV oe Aevtciov ov 81? vTrrjpeTOV KTelvai TOV avQpco1 TTOV, dX\? avTov l&ia %ei/?t, teal TavTa ev \6y(p

Xov eivai

'E/c/3\77$eWo? ovv TOV Aev/ciov T-^? /3ouX?}? VTTO TOV Karcoi'O?, 6 d&e\(f)bs avrou ^a/oew? fyepwv eirl TOV Sijjbiov rcaTe(j)vye KOI TTJV alriav exeXevev eiTrelv TOV KaTwva TT}? e/c/3o\^5. etVo^ro? Be KOI Biiyytiaafievov TO av^Trocnov eire^eipei fiev o Aev/cio*; dpveia-fiai, TrpoKoKov^evov Be TOV Kara)KOL rore fjiev d^ia 6 vos et? opia/jiov dvBvTO. TraOelv KaTeyvooa-Qr)' 6eas S' 01/0-779 ev OeaTpw Trjv VTraTifcrjV %(t>pav Trape\6(t)V Kal TroppWTarw TTOV Ka6e(jOe\s ol/CTOV ecr^e Trapa rw Brj[j,(a, Kal ftowvT6? rjvdyKCLcrav avrov /JLTe\@iv, a>9 rjv BvvaTov Kal OepaTrevovTes TO erravopdovfjievoL

5

/JL6VOV. 1

"A\\ov

Be /5oi/Xr}9

ee@q\ev

vTraTevcreiv

ovTa, ^\avl\\Lov, OTL Trjv avTov yvvaLKa pav opoMTrjs TT}? fluyaTpos KaTe^)'i\rj(TV. avTW B (f)rj Trjv yvvaltca yLt^SeVore 7T\rjv yei'O/iJievr)s TrepiTrXaK^vat, Kal fjLTa TratBias elireiv

avTov 1

352

&>?

/j.afcpis CCTTI TOV Hercher and Blass with F a SC

lv \6ytf

:

MARCUS CATO,

xvn. 3-7

asked his beloved if he wished to see the man The youth said he did, and Lucius ordered smitten. the man's head to be cut off. Tin's is the version which most writers give of the affair, and so Cicero has represented Cato himself as telling the story in his dialogue " On Old Age." l But Livy 2 says the victim was a Gallic deserter, and that Lucius did not have the man slain by a lictor, but smote him with his own hand, and that this is the version of the story in a speech of Cato's.

On

the expulsion of Lucius from the Senate his brother was greatly indignant, and appealed to the people, urging that Cato state his reasons for the expulsion. Cato did so, narrating the incident of the banquet. Lucius attempted to make denial, but when Cato challenged him to a formal trial of the case with a wager of money upon it, he declined. Then the justice of his punishment was recognized. But once when a spectacle was given in the theatre, he passed along by the senatorial seats, and took his place as far away from them as he could. Then the people took pity upon him and shouted till they had forced him to change his seat, thus rectifying, as far as was possible, and alleviating the situation. Cato expelled another senator who was thought to have good prospects for the consulship, namely, Manilius, because he embraced his wife in open For his owr. day before the eyes of his daughter. part, he said, he never embraced his wife unless it

by Cato,

thundered loudly and it was a pleasantry of his to remark that he was a happy man when it thundered. ;

1

Caio Jl/awr,

12, 42.

3

xxxix, 42

353

PLUTARCH'S LIVES XVIII. "Hvey/ce

Be

riva

Kdrcovi

TU>

fcal

arav, avrov TOP

dvrjp dfyatpedels VTT

yap olov TOVTO qviacre

ITTTTOV

<j>vj3p[(OV *A.(frpLKav

^akicrTa

Be

TOU?

Troifjcrai,.

rfj

irepiKOTrfi

rrj<;

/lev atyeXecrOai, vevocnjKOTwv SiefyOapuzvwv inr avrrjs TMV TTO\\MI>, d&v2 varov rjv, KVK\U> Se Trepuav rjvdy/ca^ev ecrOfjTos,

avTiicpvs

TJV

teal

rcov Trepl

KoafJiov jvi>aiKiov, CTKCVCOV

&v e^dcrrov TO

Tij&rj/jia

Spa^/tta? ^i\i'a^

KOI TrevTCLKOGias V7rep{3a\\.v, airoTi[JLacr6aL rrjv TO

auTOi? Ltetora? /oa? elvai.

TTpocrer i IJLTJ ere

^tX/ot?, OTTW?

TO?? /cal

/cal

TGI/? evcrra\el^

'i&wv

e\drrova

3
fiapvvo/jLevoi real

Ta?

Tat?

\novs opwvres

re\ovi>ra<; et?

rjcrai>

real

rpels

TO

ovv avrw %a\7rol

TWV

diro

Srj/iiocriov fjiev

a.7ra-

ol

Ta?

Sid rrjv rpvcfrrjv vTro/LLevovres, ^aXevrot 7rd\iv ol TTJV rpv^rjv dTTOTiOe^evoi Sid

el(T(j)opd<;

6

au

tcalots.

o

Sr)

7T\ovrou
1

'Apicrrwva KT^fJievov^

4

OavfJid^eiv, ore

fjiaXKov

T&V dvajKaicov KOL Tra? Be 6

354

TOU? rd Treptrrd KeTOU? fJLCLKapiovs rj

rjyovvrai

xprjcri/LLayv ev7ropouv-ra<s.

erraXo? alrov/jLevov TWO? rwv

MARCUS CATO,

xvm. 1-4

XVIII. Cato was rather bitterly censured for his treatment of Lucius, the brother of Scipio, whom, though he had achieved the honour of a triumph, he expelled from the equestrian order. He was thought to have done this as an insult to the memory of Scipio Africaims. But he was most obnoxious to the majority of his enemies because he lopped off extravagance in living. This could not be done away with outright, since most of the people were already infected and corrupted by it, and so he took a roundabout way. He had all apparel, equipages, jewellery, furniture and plate, the value of which in any case exceeded fifteen hundred drachmas, assessed at ten times its worth, wishing by means of larger assessments to make the owners' taxes also larger. Then he laid a tax of three on every thousand asses thus assessed, in order that such property holders, burdened by their charges, and seeing that people of equal wealth who led modest and simple lives paid less into the public treasury, might desist from their extravagance. As a result, both classes were incensed against him, both those who endured the taxes for the sake of their luxury, and those no less who put away their luxury because of the taxes. For most men think themselves robbed of their wealth if they are prevented from displaying it, and that display of it is made in the superfluities, not in the necessaries of life. This, we are told, is what most astonished Ariston the philosopher, namely, that those possessed of the superfluities of life should be counted happy, rather than those well provided with life's necessary and useful things. Scopas the Thessalian, when one of his friends asked for something of his which

355

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Trap avrov ri roiovrov, o

CTTOi?

arj cr(j)6Bpa fjv %prfcriaov

ovBev air el rwv dvayKal uyv eya> rouroi?," teal ^pTjaLfitav " evBaifJiwv Ka\ TrXoucno? el/Jii, rot? dxprfKOI TTeyOfTTOt?." OWTftJ? O TOV TT\OVTOV

ivy, KOL Xeyovros,

TrdOei

ovSei'l

&>
"

^fcrt/ccG

crf^yu-yLtei'o?

etc

rf]?

KOI Oupaiou 5o^>7? eVettroSto? eariv.

XIX. Ou

aXXa TWV eyKaXovvrwv e'Xa^/crra Kdrwv en paXXov eTrereivev, tnro-

/t^;^

o

is o^erou?, ol? TO irapappeov V7ro\ajjL/3dvovTS d-nrfyov et? otVta? iJTrov^t dvaTpeirwv Be /cal

ocra

irpovftaivev 6t? TO Srjfjiocriov Se Tot? fjiiadols pyo\aj3ia$, ra

T?


Be T\r) Tai? Trpdaea-iv eVl Ta? eV^aTa? ekavvwv MV avrui TroXu avvfyOri yo-icro?. 04 TifJids. dcf) Se

Ta?

rwv lepwv yevrj/nei'as

eV

TITOV a-varavres

TOZ^

vrept

rfj /3ov\fj

yeyevrj/jievas eVSocrei?

real

Brj/JLOffLmv epywv /cal rwv

d\vcnre\co^,

6pacrvrdrov<s roi>

rrapai^vvav KaTcoi/a ral

ev

avrov ev re :at fjucrOc

e\vaav

SIJJJLW

KOIVWV

VTTO

TO

rrpocrKa\e-

rj,ia)aai Sv&l

rjvavri(jt)0>](jav t rjv eVeZi/o?

rwv

a>?

^/Jidp^wv TOU?

ra\dv-

e'/c:

ry dyopa 1 TrapeSaXe teal Hop/cia /SacrtXi/crj TrpocnjyopevOr]. Qauverat Be Oav^a^r^ drroBe^dfjievo^ avrov /3ov\evrtjpiov

di'Bpidvra yovv rrjv rifjL7)TLav 6 S/}/LIO?. vaw Tr}? 'T^ieta? erreypa-^rev TO)

ev 1

TTopwfa

RaffiXiK^i

irpoff-nyoptvOr)

MSS., and now S. fftv Bckker

356

Cf. (a,?7(i

Sintenls with the better

Livy 39, called).

dvaOels ov TO,?

44.

347

MARCUS CATO,

xvm. 4 -xix.

3

was of no great service to him, with the remark that he asked for nothing that was necessary and " And useful, replied yet my wealth and happiness are based on just such useless and superfluous Thus the desire for wealth is no natural things." adjunct of the soul, but is imposed upon it by the :

false opinions of

the outside world.

XIX. However, Cato paid not the slightest heed to his accusers, but grew still more strict. He cut off the pipes by which people conveyed part of the public water supply into their private houses and gardens he upset and demolished all buildings that enroached on public land he reduced the cost of public works to the lowest, and forced ;

;

the rent of public lands to the highest possible All these thing brought much odium upon figure. him. Titus Flamininus headed a party against him

which induced the Senate to annul as useless the payments which he had authorised for temples and public works, and incited the boldest of the tribunes to call him to account before the The Senate also people and fine him two talents. strongly opposed the erection of the basilica which he built at the public cost below the council-house in the Forum, and which was called the Basilica outlays and

Porcia. Still,

it

appears that

the people approved

of

At any rate, his censorship to an amazing extent. after erecting a statue to his honour in the temple of Health, they

commemorated

in the

inscription

357

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ovoe ft>9

"'Or*

civ

Tt9

OpLa^ov TOV

TOV

TroXireiav

'Pcofjiaiwv

Tr)v

rrjv

fjLeTapd(rei

eyKK\i/jievr)v

KOI peTrovcrav eVl TO ^elpov ri/jLrjrrjs yevojMevos Xprja-rals dyayyals /cal craMppocriv eQia-pols KOI o\5a
on

7ro\\o)v dBo^wv dv&pidi'Ta<$ 1

OVK 6yet "

Ma\\o^ yap,' e fyreicrOai, Sta ri [iov dv$pia<$ ou Kelrai, 5 TL Kelrai'" TO 8' o\ov ov& 7raivov/j,evov ereelvos

TOV dyaOov TroXtV^z/ vTropeveiv,

el

yiVOLTO TO) KOIVW. Kairot. l 7r\elcrra Trdvrwv eavrbv

yu-r;

rj

TOVTO

e

TOU9 d/jLaprdvovrd ? TL irepl TOV 6\y%OfJi,evov$ \eyeiv (prja-iv, 0)9 OVK avTol^' ov yap KaTft)i69 elcrr KCLL

09 76

evia 6

:at

1

fjLi^jLel<j6aL

TWV

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UTT'

Se

ov

y

avrov Trparro/^evcov OVK

T^

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avTov ev

axnrep ev TrXw Kal 7roA,Xa/a9 /z.^ vrapo^TO?

eVtcr^)a.Xe
KvBepvTJrrjv,

Sid

Kaipols

a oij VTrepTiOeaOai TO, 7rXetcrT?/9 a^a cnrovor^. Trapd TWV d\\wv avrw fjiapTVpelTai' //.eya ya/o eo"xev ev TTJ vroXet /cal ^ta TOZ/ yStov /tat Sm TOI^ \6yov Kal Sid TO yrjpas d^iu>fj.a. XX. Feyoz'e 5e Aral TraTrjp dya0o$ Kal rrepl 1

358

Kdiroi conjecture of Blass

:

MARCUS CATO,

xix. 3 -xx.

i

upon it, not the military commands nor the triumph of Cato, but, as the inscription may be translated, the fact " that when the Roman state was tottering to its

fall,

he was made censor, and by helpful

guidance, wise restraints, and sound teachings, And yet, before this time restored it again." he used to laugh at those who delighted in such honours, saying that, although they knew it not, their pride was based simply on the work of statuaries and painters, whereas his own images, of the most exquisite workmanship, were borne about in the And to those who hearts of his fellow citizens. expressed their amazement that many men of no fame had statues, while he had none, he used to " I would much rather have men ask why say In short, I have no statue, than why I have one." he thought a good citizen should not even allow himself to be praised, unless such praise was beneficial to the commonwealth. And yet of all men he has heaped most praises upon himself. He tells us that men of self-indulgent " We lives, when rebuked for it, used to say ought not to be blamed we are no Catos." Also that those who imitated some of his practices and did " left-handed Catos." Also it clumsily, were called that the Senate looked to him in the most dangerous :

:

;

helmsman, and often, if was not present, postponed its most serious These boasts of his are confirmed, it business. is true, by other witnesses, for he had great authority in the city, alike for his life, his eloquence, and crises as seafarers to their

he

his age.

XX. He was

also a

good

father,

a considerate

359

PLUTARCH'S LIVES yvvaiKa

dvrjp ovo* ?

^/??/
irapepyw fie\CLav.

KaXa)S 17

real

n

xpijfJLarMrrrjs

fjLLKpbv

per a%et pier dfjievos rrjv rotavrrjv imo6ev olo^ai Beiv Kal irepl rovrcov ocra

X

L

^'eX^etp'

TrXovaiwrepav

a^orepa^ &X eLV


eyrj/Aev,

ftdpos

/JLCV

cvyeveo-repav

t'^ovjjievo^

KOI

oyuoto)?

fypovrma, ra?

yevvatas aiSovfjievas TOL aiG^pa fjia\\ov 2 elvat, 77/005 ra /ca\a rot? ryeyafjLrjfcocri. rj

vratSa rot?

aAXo

eVet

JJLCV

B

rov

ay ton aroi? e\

ev Trpoatpepetv ra? ^e?/?a?. riOecrOai TO ya/j^ertjv ayaOov elvcu

OVK

<pai>\ov ev

rj

ejraivw rj

TO

Koi

2,wKpdrov<; ovSev Q av n-aCpiv rov TraXaiov TT\IIV OTI yvvaiici

crvyK\rjTiKoi>'

7raicrli>

yevo/j-evov Be rov Trpaws SiereXeare. ov&ev r/v epyov OVTCOS avayKalov, el fjurj n, $rj/j,6(riov, &)? fj,rj Trapelvai rfj yvvaitcl \ovovarrj TO 348 avrrj yap erpetyev ftpecpos Kal (TTrapyavovcrr]. ya\a/CTi' TroXXa/ci? Be Kal ra TWV Sov\cov teal

dpia TW /iacrTro Trpocnej-ievri evvoiav e/c T/}? crvvTpotyias TT/OO? rov vov. Be rjp^aro avvievcu, TrapaXaficvv avros ypd/Ji^iara, Kairoi yapizvra Bov\ov eZ^e ypa/j,/jiaTroXXoi/? BiBda/covra XtXcoi'a, ovofJia ricrrrjv OVK rj^lov Be rov viov, w? (frrjcriv avros, 4 vratSa?. VTTO 8ov\ov KaKw? aKOveiv r) rov WTO? dvarelvecrOai fJiavQdvovra fipdBtoi , ovBe ye yua^/j/mTO? TW BovXa) xdpiv o(f)L\iv, aXX* rrj\LKOvrov 1

auro? 360

fiev

r)v

ypa/.i/Jiari(rrrj
auTo? Be

MARCUS CATO,

xx. 1-4

husband, and a household manager of no mean talent, nor did he give only a fitful attention to this, as a matter of little or no importance. Therefore I think I ought to give suitable instances of his conduct in these relations. He married a wife who was of gentler birth than she was rich, thinking that, although the rich and the high-born may be alike given to pride, still, women of high birth have such a horror of what is disgraceful that they are more obedient to their husbands in all that is He used to say that the man who honourable. struck his wife or child, laid violent hands on the holiest of holy things. Also that he thought it more praiseworthy to be a good husband than a great senator, nay, there was nothing else to admire in Socrates of old except that he was always kind and gentle in his intercourse with a shrewish wife and stupid sons. After the birth of his son, no business could be so urgent, unless it had a public character, as to prevent him from being present when his wife bathed and swaddled the babe. For the mother nursed it herself, and often gave suck also to the infants of her slaves, that so they might come to cherish a brotherly affection for her son. As soon as the boy showed signs of understanding, his father took him under his own charge and taught him to read, although he had an accomplished slave, Chilo by name, who was a school-teacher, and taught many boys. Still, Cato thought it not right, as he tells us himself, that his son should be scolded by a slave, or have his ears tweaked when he was slow to learn, still less that he should be indebted to his slave for such a priceless thing as education.

He

was therefore 361

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Bdfcrijs, avrbs Be yvpvacrrtfs, ov /JLOVOV a ovB' OTT\O jjia^etv ovB* iinreveiv BiBdo-Kcov rbv vlov, d\\a KOI rf) %et/3t rrv% rraieiv KCLI icav^a /cal

dve^eaOai /cal ra Bivu>Br) /ecu rpaj(vvovra TOV Trorafjiov Siaviixo/Aevov a-rro^id^eadaL. teal ra? tcrropta? Be a-vyypdifrat, tfirjcrlv avros IBi'a

\frv%os 5

KOI /j,eyd\ois ypd/A/jLacriv, OTTO)? olicoOev v TW Trai&l 7T/3CK /jL7ripiav TOJV ira\a,io)v KOI TrarpL-

ra 8' alcr^pa rcov prjfjidrto rov TratSo? Trapovros r) evkafielGPai fjTTOV iepwv irapBevwv, a? 'EartaSa? Ka\ovcn'
wv

w($>e\elaOai'

e'#O9 elvai' teal

6

yap

TrevOepol

KOI yv/jivtoo-iv. era JJLVTOI Trap TO *}L\\r)vwv yv/jLvovcrtfai /jbaOovres, avrol Trd\iv TOV /cal fjierd yvvaucwv rovro rrpdaaeiv dva7T7r\ijKCLCTI Toy? 'EXXt7^a?. Ovrco Be tca\ov epyov eh dper^v rCo Kdrcovi TT\drrovrt KOI Br]fjiioi>pyovvri rov vlov, errel ra TT}? evfyv'iav rrpoOv^ia^; r)v a/me/ATrra KOL Bi

iTOKKvnv r

vm'-)Kovev rj ^v%t'], ro Be crw/ia {JLokaKwrepov e
KOI

rijv TTyoo?

FLepcrea fjid^v rjywvicraro

Tlav\ov crrparr/youvros. eK/cpovcrdevros 1

irev6fpol

ya/mfijois

jecture of Sintenia

362

elra

inro 7T\r)yfj$

:

7}

/utevroi,

Bi

rov

vyporrjra

rfjs

Hercher and Blass, adopting the conirev6fpois yaij.,8pol.

MARCUS CATO,

xx.

4-7

himself

not only the boy's reading-teacher, but tutor in law, and his athletic trainer, and he taught his son not merely to hurl the javelin and fight in armour and ride the horse, but also to box, to endure heat and cold, and to swim lustily through the eddies and billows of the Tiber. His History of Rome, as he tells us himself, he wrote his

out with his own hand and in large characters, that his son might have in his own home an aid to acquaintance with his country's ancient traditions. He declares that his son's presence put him on his guard against indecencies of speech as much as that of the so-called Vestal Virgins, and that he never bathed with him. This, indeed, would seem to have been a general custom with the Romans,* for even fathers-in-law avoided bathing O with sons-in-law, because they were ashamed to uncover their nakedness. Afterwards, however, when they had learned from the Greeks their freedom in going naked, they in their turn infected the Greeks with the practice even when women were present. So Cato wrought at the fair task of moulding and fashioning his son to virtue, finding his zeal their

blameless, and his spirit answering to his good natural parts. But since his body was rather too delicate to endure much hardship, he relaxed somewhat in his favour the excessive rigidity and But his son, austerity of his own mode of life. although thus delicate, made a sturdy soldier, and

fought brilliantly under Paulus Aemilius in the battle against Perseus. 1 On that occasion his sword either was smitten from his hand or slipped from his 1

Pydna, 168

B.C.

363

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 7T/509

TMV

avvi]6d)v t

TOU?

et? /cat

dvevpe

p,eyd\r)

ev

TroXXot?

TroXXw

eveftaXe.

S'

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rbv TQTTOV

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re

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8

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fjivo<;

et?

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Oev

et?

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?;

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T/}?

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n

Bnr\ov rj KaOevSeiv teal cr(f)6Spa rot? 6 }Ldrwv e^aipe, rrpaorepovs re rwv e vofjii^wv

Kal

7T/3O?

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olo^vos Seof^evcov VTTVOV rof? drro\e\avKora<;. 8e rd f^eyiara pa&iovpyeiv a^poSicricov eveica rov<$ Sov\ovs era^ev

(opKTfjLevov

^Oyu-t'cr/xaro?

6/jLi\elv

rat? Oeparrau'ia-iv, erepa Be yvvaifcl /ArjBeva

364

7r\rj-

349

MARCUS CATO,

xx. 7 -xxi. 2

moist grasp. Distressed at this mishap, he turned to some of his companions for aid, and supported by them rushed again into the thick of the enemy. After a long and furious struggle, he succeeded in clearing the place, and found the sword at last among the many heaps of arms and dead bodies

where friends and foes alike lay piled upon one another. Paulus, his commander, admired the young man's exploit, and there is still extant a letter written by Cato himself to his son, in which he heaps extravagant praise upon him for this honourable zeal The young man afterwards in recovering his sword. married Tertia, a daughter of Paulus and a sister of the younger Scipio, and his admission into such family was due no less to himself than to his Thus Cato's careful attention to the education of his son bore worthy fruit.

a

father.

XXI. He owned many domestics, and usually bought those prisoners of war who were young and still capable of being reared and trained Not one of his slaves ever like whelps or colts. entered another man's house unless sent thither by Cato or his wife, and when such an one was asked what Cato was doing, he always answered that he A slave of his was expected either did not know. to be busy about the house, or to be asleep, and he was very partial to the sleepy ones. He thought these gentler than the wakeful ones, and that those who had enjoyed the gift of sleep were better for any kind of service than those who lacked it. In the belief that his slaves were led into most mischief by their sexual passions, he stipulated that the males should consort with the females at a fixed price, but should never approach any other woman. 365

PLUTARCH'S LIVES /jiev ovv en 7revr)<; wv /cal a-rparevoovBev eBvcr/coXaLve rwv irepl Biairav, 7T/30? aLcr^icrrov cnretyaive Bid yacrrepa

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real

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pera TO

TOL/? d/j.e\6CTT6pov vTrovpyrjaavTCLS on ovv 4 <7K6vd(TavTas. del Se Tiva crrdcnv e^eiv TOU?

Xou?

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KOI

T'TJV OjJLOVOiCLV

77

Siatyopdv TT/QO? d\\ij dVTWV KOI SeSoiKCOS. TOU?

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roi?

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el /carayvcocrdelev.

5

oe

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crvvrovcarepov fropicr/jLOV rjyelro Siaycoyrjv r/ TT/OOCT-

yewpyiav fj,a\\ov S*

et?

d
ra? T07TOU? l

%d)pav

Trpdy/LLaTa

/cal

fieflata

dffropfids e/craro \i/j.vas,

v^ara

aveifjievovs, KvafyevaLv epya e^ovaav avrotpvel? vofias /cal

wv avr> VTTO 6

rov Ato?,

Co?

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eraaTO

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rcov

Be

auro?, (3\a(Brivai $vva-

rw

fcal

aveHT/jLcov e

vavrucos TOP rpojrov

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7 eVt tcepBecri /jLeyd\ot,^. 1

tpya

-rrlffffia,

ductive land.

366

x
with S

:

epyuTijffiav x.uf>av t pro-

MARCUS CATO,

xxi.

3-7

At the outset, when he was still poor and in military service, he found no fault at all with what was served up to him, declaring that it was shameful for a man to quarrel with a domestic over food and drink. But afterwards, when his circumstances were improved and he used to entertain his friends and colleagues at table, no sooner was the dinner over than he would flog those slaves who had been remiss at all in preparing or serving it. He was always contriving that his slaves should have feuds and dissensions among themselves harmony among them made him suspicious and fearful of them. He had those who were suspected of some capital offence ;

trial before all their fellow servants, and, convicted, put to death. However, as he applied himself more strenuously to money-getting, he came to regard agriculture as more entertaining than profitable, and invested his He capital in business that was safe and sure.

brought to if

ponds, hot springs, districts given over to fullers, pitch factories, land with natural pasture and forest, all of which brought him in large profits,

bought

and " could not," to use his own phrase, " be ruined by Jupiter." He used to loan money also in the most disreputable of all ways, namely, on ships, and his method was as follows. He required his borrowers to form a large company, and when there were fifty partners and as many ships for his security, he took one share in the company himself, and was represented by Quintio, a freedman of his, who

in all their ventures. In security was not imperilled, but only a small part of it, and his profits were large.

accompanied this

way

clients

his

his entire

367

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

&

ol

dpyvpiov

/3ou\o/jLevoi
ewvovvro

elra rovrovs da-Kijcravres KOI oi$d!;ai>res t rov K.drcovo<$ yaer* eviavrov d'rreoLSOVTO.

TroXXou? 8e

Karel-^ev 6 Karon*,

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6

o9,

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aXXa

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a^o^porepov av^pa KOI Oelov

r/>7

rov Karw^o?, ort dav^aarov

So^av, 09 airokeirret, 7T\eov

elireiv erokfjirjare TT/JO?

ev rot? Xoyot? o TTpoaeO^Kev ov Tra XXII. "HS?; Se avrov yepovros TOI^

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f)$

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368

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a)?

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real

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ol Trepl

Awyevri rov KaraBiK^v nva irapair^crQ-

rwv

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real

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ifKOov

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tci]\Cov

/cal

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e/9 e/CTrX?;a>

^eipovfJi^vos

epcora

MARCUS CATO,

xxi.

y-xxn. 3

He

used to lend money also to those of his slaves it, and they would buy boys with it, and after training and teaching them for a year, at Cato's Many of these expense, would sell them again. boys Cato would retain for himself, reckoning to the credit of the slave the highest price bid for his boy. He tried to incite his son also to such economies, by saying that it was not the part of a man, but of

who wished

widow woman, to lessen his substance. But that surely was too vehement a speech of Cato's, when he went so far as to say that a man was to be admired and glorified like a god if the final inventory of his a

property showed that he had added to

it

more than

he had inherited.

XXII. When he was now well on in years, there came as ambassadors from Athens to Rome, 1 Carneades the Academic, and Diogenes the Stoic philosopher, to beg the reversal of a certain decision against the Athenian people, which imposed upon them a fine of five hundred talents. The people of Oropus had brought the suit, the Athenians had let the case go by default, and the Sicyonians had pronounced judgment against them. Upon the arrival of these philosophers, the most studious of the city's youth hastened to wait upon them, and became their devoted and admiring listeners. The charm of Carneades especially, which had boundless power, and a fame not inferior to its power, won large and sympathetic audiences, and filled the city, like a rushing mighty wind, with the noise of his praises. Report spread far and wide that a Greek of amazing talent, who disarmed all opposition by the magic of his eloquence, had infused a tremen1

155B.G.

369

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Seivbv

/j,/3eft\r)Ke

Trepl (f)i\o
ov TWV aXXcoi/

TO?? veots, vfi

ravra

yLVOfjieva,

TO?? pev a'XXot?

iipe
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eVel V

TT)

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8e

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?

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eyvw ~

5

Kal 7rape\0oov t? T^I/ (TvyK\rj- 350 ap^ovaiv, OTL irpecr/Seia TTO\VV %povov aTTpaKTO? dvSpwv, 01 Trepl O? ov {Bov\oivro paS/a)? nreiOeiv ^vvavrau' Beiv ovv rr)V ra^ia"rir)v yv&vai TI Kal tyrifyia-aa-Oai Ta? Trepl T?;? irpecrjSeias, OTTW? OVTOL /jiev eVt 6/c

TT}?

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dp^owrwv co? Trporepov aKOVwcrt. XXIII. TaOTa 8' 0^%, &>?

evioi

vofjii^ovart,

Kapved&rj $>v(TX epdvas eirpa^ev, aXX' oXw?
o? 76 Kal HtWKpdrri TTi^eipelv,

co

(j)i\ori^LLa
velv T*}? 7rar/3iSo9, Kara\i>ovTa

370

\d\ov Kal

rpoTry Bvvarbs

ra

edfj

ftiaiov

rvpavKal

rjv,

MARCUS CATO,

xxn.

dous passion into the youth of the city, in consequence of which they forsook their other pleasures and pursuits and were "possessed" about philosophy. The other Romans were pleased at this, and glad to see their young men lay hold of Greek culture and consort with such admirable men. But Cato, at the very outset, when this zeal for discussion came pouring into the city, was distressed, fearing lest the

young

men,

by

giving

this

direction

to

their

come to love a reputation based on mere words more than one achieved by martial

ambition, should

And when the fame of the visiting philosophers rose yet higher in the city, and their first speeches before the Senate were interpreted, at his own instance and request, by so conspicuous a man as Gaius Acilius, Cato determined, on some decent pretext or other, to rid and purge the city of them all. So he rose in the Senate and censured the magistrates for keeping in such long suspense an embassy composed of men who could easily secure deeds.

anything they wished, so persuasive were they. " to make " We up our minds one ought," he said, way or another, and vote on what the embassy

proposes, in order that these men may return to their schools and lecture to the sons of Greece, while the youth of Rome give ear to their laws and magistrates, as heretofore." XXIII. This he did, not, as some think, out

of personal hostility to Carneades, but because he was wholly averse to philosophy, and made mock of all Greek culture and training, out of patriotic He says, for instance, that Socrates was a zeal. mighty prattler, who attempted, as best he could, to be his country's tyrant,

by abolishing

its

customs,

371

PLUTARCH'S LIVES evavrias TO??

VOJJLOIS

Soa? e\Kovra tea '

2 TOU?

TroXtra?.

TTJV

8*

yrjpdv (f)rj(n 'Trap' avrw TOI?? A*,8ou irapa Mt^ft) %pr]&oiJLvov<$ rat? /cat S//ca? epovvras. rov Be TraiSa Bia-

7ri(rK(it)7rTci)V f/

eV

a)?

re^ai? (Bd\\wv

ra

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rov yrjpw, olov

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Ke^pijraL

(pcovfj

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/cal

(

a7ro\ov(TL PM/uiaLoi TCL Trpajfjiara 'EXX?w/ca)^ avair\i(70ivre^. dXXa

TTpo/jLavTevcov, co?

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3

rj

avrou

rr]V

Kvr]v,

V

>varip,av

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re

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'O

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aXXa

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rou? larpevovras ev KOL TOV 'iTTTTOfCpdrOV*;,

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ov

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eavrov irapaa^elv, e\eje KOIVOV op/cov TOVTOV larpaiv aTrdvrwv, fcal ir

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r)^

vytaiveLV

eavrov 37*

/Av avTOs, vyiaivovTas Se

TOI>?

MARCUS CATO,

xxm. 1-4

and by enticing his fellow citizens into opinions to the laws. He made fun of the school contrary V of Isocrates, declaring that his pupils kept on studying with him till they were old men, as if they were to practise their arts and plead their cases before Minos in Hades. And seeking O to prejudice his son against Greek culture, he indulges in an utterance all too rash for his years, declaring, in the tone of a prophet or a seer, that Rome would lose her empire when she had become infected with Greek letters. But time has certainly shown the emptiness of this ill-boding speech of his, for while the city was at the zenith of its empire, she made every form of Greek learning and culture her own. It was not only Greek philosophers that he hated, but he was also suspicious of Greeks who practised medicine at Rome. He had heard, it would seem, of Hippocrates' reply when the Great King of Persia consulted him, with the promise of a fee of many talents, namely, that he would never put his skill at the service of Barbarians who were enemies of Greece. He said all Greek physicians had taken a similar oath, and urged his son to beware of them all. He himself, he said, had written a book of recipes, which he followed in the treatment and regimen of any who were sick in his family. He never required his patients to fast, but fed them on greens, or bits of duck, pigeon, or hare. Such a diet, he said, was light and good for sick people, except that it often causes dreams. By following such treatment and regimen he said he had good health himself, and kept his family in

good health. 373

PLUTARCH'S LIVES XXIV. Kal

Trepl ye TOVTO fyalverai yeyova><$ OVK Kal jap TTJV yvvaiKa Kal TOV vlov avrbs Be r&> trco/^art TT/JO? eve^iav KOI eVl

dve/AecrrjTOS'

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avrov. rjv ovv ev rov irpdyfJiaro^

OLKLO,

Kai Trore TOV yvvaiov pacrvrepov Trapa TO Sw/jidriov Bo^avros 6 veavias eiTre ov$ev, e/u/5Xe-^a? Se TTW? TTiKporepov Kal SiaTp

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rb

3 el

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evprjKa KrjBecrT^v eirtrijo'eiov, el

T?}9 f)\iiclas

TTTO?

(TTi,

fj,r)

^

S'

TrpoTepov

aoi" vr)

(frrjcriv,

Ata ra

raXXa yap ov fJiefjiBva-^epaiVOLTO' ovv 6 Be fo>9 Trpecr/SuT?;?." o~(f>6Spa

SaXco^to?

K\eve raOra

Tr)V Koprfv

w

(fipoi'TL^eiv

Kal BiBovai

irpoaupelTai, TreXaTiv ovcrav

Kal Beofjivt]v r^? exeivov

374

TOV

VV^'KO.

ou8e /^eXXet

avTov

KrjSeftovla*;, ovSeftiav

6

351

MARCUS CATO,

xxiv. 1-3

XXIV. Such presumption on

his part seems not gone unpunished, for he lost his wife and his son. He himself was well confirmed in bodily health and vigour, and long withstood the assaults of age. Even when an old man he was prone to indulge his sexual appetite, and at last married a wife when he was long past the marrying age. This was the way it came about. After the death of his wife, he married his son to the daughter of Aemilius Paulus, the sister of Scipio, but he himself, in his widowhood, took solace with a slave girl

to have

who

secretly visited his bed.

Of

course, in a small

house with a young married woman in it, the matter was discovered, and once, when the girl seemed to flaunt her way rather too boldly to his chamber, the old man could not help noticing that his son, although he said nothing, looked very sour, and turned away. Perceiving that the thing displeased his children, Cato did not upbraid or blame them at all, but as he was going down in his usual way to the forum with his clients, called out with a loud voice to a certain Salonius, who had been one of his under-secretaries, and was now in his train, asking him if he had found a good husband for his young daughter. The man said he had not, and would not do so without first consulting " Well " I have found his patron. then," said Cato, a suitable son-in-law for you, unless indeed his age should be displeasing in other ways no fault can be found with him, but he is a very old man." Salonius at once bade him take the matter in ;

charge and give the maid to the man of his choice, since she was a dependant of his and in need of his kind services. Then Cato, without any more VOL.

ii.

N

375

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ava/3o\r)v

TOV

yd/jiov

avTos

7roLrjcrd/j.vo(;

4 rrapOtvov airelv eavrw. etVo?, 6 Xoyo? e%eiT\ri%e

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Kal TO /JLCV TrpwTov, TOV avOpwirov, rroppay CLVTOV

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rj

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/le/A^o/ievo?

f)

eVayerat.

o

/JLrjTpviav '*

/9o^o*a?

}Lv<$j[jiT]o'ov"

ra rrapa

eiTrev,

^/jcor^cre

\e\vrr rj/jievos

VTT

Karw^ dva-

8e

"

TOVS TOV

a>

KOL ^^TTTOV o Be 7rXetoi/a? e/jLavrw re vrat^a? TT} TTdTpuBl TOLOVTOVS dTfiO\i7TLV." TaVTTjV

yap dyaaTa

Be

TI]V

JJLOI

yvco/jirjv

aTpaTOv

TOV

o~ov

rrpoTepov

'AOiji'dicov

rot? evr)\ifcois rraicrl TTJV

eLTretv

<pacri

Tvpavvov *Apyo\iBa

ecro-a\ov avrw \eyovo~i KOI yrfpavTi Be ra5 Karam yiveTai vra??, TrapwvvfJLiov drro TT}? //.T^T/OO? eOeTO

^?

et;

'locfrcovTa

6 yeveaOai. c5

6

Be

7T/oecr/3uT6/309

L'/O?

eTe\evTr)o-e

avTOV TroXXa/a? ev rot? /Sto Karo)i/ co? dvBpbs dyadov yeyovoTos, 5e at ^>t\ocro^)&)9 Xeyerat r

jivrjTai

eveyfceiv

7

ra

Kal

Tro\iTLKa

fj,ev

/j,r]Bev

a/i/SXuTepo?

VTTO 7^7pft)? vrpo?

yiav

avTrjv

TO

Brj/jLocrta,

TI/o?,

\enovp-

Trjv 7ro\iT6Lav rjyov/uevos, ovB' a>
^iKijrrifDv

376

St'

ov ydp, a>? yeveaOai. Me'reXXo? o vcTTepov KCU

MARCUS CATO,

xxiv.

3-7

ado, said that he asked the damsel to wife for himself. At first, as was natural, the proposal amazed

the man, who counted Cato far past marriage, and himself far beneath alliance with a house of consular dignity and triumphal honours but when he saw that Cato was in earnest, he gladly accepted his proposal, and as soon as they reached the forum ;

the banns were published. While the marriage was

in

hand, Cato's

son,

accompanied by his friends, asked his father if it was because he had any complaint to make against him that he was now foisting a step-mother upon him.

" Heaven forbid

my

!

" son," cried Cato,

all

your conduct towards me has been admirable, and I have no fault to find with you but I desire to bless myself and my country with more such sons." However, they say that this sentiment was uttered long before by Peisistratus, the tyrant of ;

Athens, who gave his grown up sons a step-mother the person of Timonassa of Argolis, by whom he is said to have had lophon and Thessalus. Of this second marriage a son was born to Cato, who was named Salonius, after his mother's father. But his elder son died in the praetorship. Cato often speaks of him in his books as a brave and worthy man, and is said to have borne his loss with all the equanimity of a philosopher, remitting not a whit because of it his ardour in the public service. For he was not, like Lucius Lucullus and Metellus Pius in after times, too enfeebled by old age to serve the people, regarding the service of the state nor did he, like Scipio as a burdensome duty Africanus before him, because of envious attacks in

;

377

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Bo^av avrov (f)06vov drrocrrpafyels rov CK fjLTa/3o\r/<; erroirjcraro rov \OLTTOV fiiov

irpbs rrjv BTJ/JLOV

8 TeXo?

aTrpay/jiOcnjvrjv,

eTreicre

T
d\\\

fed\\t(7Tov

axnrep Atovvaiov yyeladau TTJV

vrd
rvpavviSa, Ka\\icrTov auro? eyyrfpafJLa Trjv \irelav 7roir]crd/j,vo<; avaTravarecnv e%pr)TO

TTO-

KOI

OTrore

TO* (rvvrdrrea'dat: a%o\d%oi, @i{3\La KOI TW yewpyelv. XXV. ^vverdrrero fjuev ovv \6yovs re iravroSctTrovs /cat IcrTopiw yewpyla Be Trpocret^e veos Ti KOL Sia ryv xpeiav ((f>r)al jap fj.ev wv K%pr)a0cu JJLOVOL^ TTopHT/jLols jCMpyia KOI Tore Be Biaywyrjv KOI Oewpiav avry ra KCLT* dypbv irapefye. real a-vvrera/craL ye

TratSiat?,

yecopyifcov, ev

KOL

w

Trjprjaews

/cal Trepl

OTroo/^a?

TrKaicovvTwv <7Kva<Tia
yeypafav, ev iravn,

2 \OTijj,ov/Jivos Tre/JiTTO? elvaL /cal t'Sto?. KOI TO Bei7rvov ev aypy a-^ri,\ecrTepov e/cda-rore

yap rou? *

TWV aypoyeirovwv

fcal

rjv

^>t-

Be

Kd\et

Trepi^captDv

KOI (rvvBifjyev

l\ap)s, ov rot? r)\iKiav fiovois rjBvs wv avyyevecrOai teal bs, d\\a teal rot? veois, are Brj Tro\\(0v avvriOeis

e/JLTreipos

Trpayfjidrcav

yeyovcos,

TroXXot?

Be

KOI \6yois dgloi? d/corjs evrerv^riKa)^. 3 rrjv Be rpdire^av ev rot? /nd^Lara <$>i\07roibv teal 7ro\\rj /j,ev eixfrrj/jLLa TWV rca\wv rjyelro' teal dyaOayv TrdXiTwv e'jreia'ijyero, 'TroXX.rj B* r)v

TWV

a'xpricnwv /cal Trovrjpwv, fjL^re eTraivw TrdpoBov virep avrwv rov aTWl^O? 6t? TO GV/jLTTOCriOV BlBoVTOS.

dfjivrjcrria

XXVI. 373

"Etr^aTO^ Be rcov TroXirevjudrcw avrov

MARCUS CATO,

xxiv. 7-xxvi.

i

upon his reputation, turn his back upon the people and make leisure his end and aim for the rest of his life but rather, as someone persuaded ;

Dionysius to regard his sovereignty as his fairest winding-sheet, so he held public service to be the fairest privilege of old age. For recreation and amusement, when he had leisure therefor, he resorted to the writing of books and to farming. XXV. He composed speeches, then, on all sorts of subjects, and histories, and as for farming, he followed it in earnest when he was young and indeed, he says he then had only two ways poor, of getting money, farming and frugality, but in later life he was only a theoretical and fancy farmer. He also composed a book on farming, 1 in which he actually gave recipes for making cakes and preserving fruit, so ambitious was he to be superior and peculiar in everything. The dinners, too, which he gave in the country, were quite plentiful. He always asked in congenial country neighbours, and made merry with them, and not only did those of his own age find in him an agreeable and much desired companion, but also the young. For he was a man of large experience, who had read and heard much that was well worth repeating. He held

the table to be the very best promoter of friendship, at his own, the conversation turned much to the praise of honourable and worthy citizens, greatly to the neglect of those who were worthless and base. About such Cato suffered no table-talk, either by way of praise or blame.

and

XXVI. The

last of his public services is 1

De

supposed

re rustica.

379

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kap^rjSoi/o? avdaTacriv otovrat yeyovevai, rG> epyw re\o9 emOevTos TOV veov ^LKTJTTLMVOS, 352 ov\fj Be Kai ot){Ar) ad\i(TTa rfj Kar&wo? dpa-

rrjv

ev

rov

7r6\fj,ov

TTPO?

alria^ TOiaa&e.

e'

KaoSowou?

Kar&>z/

KOL

TOV ra?

TOV

r?}?

fjLerd

rr)v VTTO iLKyTriwvos

Ko\ov6evTs.

evpwv Se

rjrrav, d(f>ai-

rrjv 7r6\iv

ov%, &>? (povro raTreiva Trpdrrovcrav,

'Pco/j,aiot, KtcaK(t)/jivr]V real

d\\a TroXX^ Se

8'

rfy dp%ri$ KOI jSapet Sacr/AW ^prujLaTwv

pecrei re

2

6 /AGV jap eyy6vi
Sia^o/oa? Trpo^dae^.

Stjjuov ^>tXo? a?r' ap^r)?, ol

TT\OVTWV

evav$pov(rav QTT\WV

fiev

ye/uoucrav,

r)

Be

/jLe&rrjv /cal

/ecu

7rapacrKvr)s Tro/jucmjpiov ou&ev eVt rourot? <j>povovcrav,

ra

ov

'

(Zero

Kai

yiaacravdcrcrov

Trpdy/jLara

&pav e^eiv TiOeaBai Kai Siairav, a\\' el KaTa\ifaovTai TToXtv avtoOev e^Opav Kai ftapv6vjjiov r)vt;ri/jLevt]V

aTrtVra)?, 7rd\Lv

3 KIV&VVOIS ecrecrOat.

Saa-Ke

TYfV

o"v/ji(f)Opal

oaov

/3ov\i]V,

ra^ew? ovv to?

at

avoia<;

OVK

aTrapvcracrai,

dcr0ve
direpydaaaOaL, Kivel(jOai rot? NoyuaSt/coi? Be Kai , elpijvrjv

380

Trporepov

^ap^]^>oviwv ov TOCTOVTOV

rr)?

eV TO??

tVot?

uTrocrr/oe^o? eSifjrrai

Kiv&vvevovcnv

efjLTreiporepovs

ij^rj

rovs

Be

real

T?;? Su^ayLtea)?

KOL

TT/OO?

(nrovBds

&

Trpoava'Pw/xatou?

ovo/jia

TOV

MARCUS CATO,

xxvi. 1-3

to have been the destruction of Carthage. It was Scipio the Younger who actually brought the task to 1 completion, but it was largely in consequence of the advice and counsel of Cato that the Romans undertook the war. It was on this wise. Cato was sent 2 on an embassy to the Carthaginians and

Masinissa the Numidian, who were at war with one another, to inquire into the grounds of their quarrel. Masinissa had been a friend of the Roman people from the first, and the Carthaginians had entered into treaty relations witli Rome after the defeat which the elder Scipio had given them. The treaty deprived them of their empire, and imposed a grievous tribute upon them. Cato, however, found the by no means in a poor and lowly state, as the Romans supposed, but rather teeming with vigorous fighting men, overflowing with enormous wealth, filled with arms of every sort and with military supplies, and not a little puffed up by all this. He therefore thought it no time for the Romans to be ordering and arranging the affairs of Masinissa and the Numidians, but that unless they should repress a city which had always been their malignant foe, now that its power was so incredibly grown, they would be inAccordvolved again in dangers as great as before. ingly, he returned with speed to Rome, and advised

money city

the Senate that the former calamitous defeats of the Carthaginians had diminished not so much their

power

as

their

and were

foolhardiness,

likely

to

not weaker, but more expert in war their present contest with Numidia was but a prelude to a contest with Rome, while

render them in the end ;

peace and treaty were mere names wherewith to *

140 B.C.

z

150 B.O.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 7ro\eaov

Ketcrdai,

/jL\\ij
rfj

tcatpov

vovro?.

XXVII. GVKCL

rwv

n/oo? TOUTOJ?

(fiacrl

rbv KoVwz'a KOI v rfj elra Qavua-

K/3a\cv

AifivKwv eVtTT/Se?

J3ov\f], rrjv rr'iftevvov dva/3a\6jjievov

Gavratv TO fieyeOo? Kal TO /taXXo? etVe/, &>9 ravra fyepovua %wpa rpiwv rjfjiepwv TT\OVV 77 aTTe^et Tr}9 'Pto^?. eKelvo 8* ^77 #a! ftiaiorepov, TO 7re/9t iravros ov B^TTOTC Trpdy/jLaros
K.ap^rjB6va

SteTeXet \eycov

ael

2

elvat,"

^JLTJ

V

6

aTro^aivojuevos'

iro\\a yap,

Ka/o^Soi^a elvai" vftpei TOV ^TIIJLOV opwv

77877

VTV%ia,v Kal (ppovrj/ma

rfj

ovra

8e

7ri/ca\ov/j,evo<;

"

/cal

yLtoi

Si'

TOVVCLVTIOV

NacTt/ca?

co?

Ao/fet

eoucev,

7r\rj/jL/j,\ovvra

/cal

ftov\Tj Bva/cdOeKTOV VTTO Svvd/j,ea)$ OTTT;

Kal rrjv Tro\t,v okrjv pe^reie Tat? appals (Biq crvve^eXKo/Aevov, e(3ov\ero TOVTOV yovv rbv (j)6j3ov wcnrep )(a\.ivbv eTriKelcrOai l

rfj

dpao-vrrjn rwv rro\\wv, e\arrov

Icr^yeiv Kap%r]>ovlov<; rov rov Kar /JLCL^OV B 3 TO)

Se

KaTwi^i

ry

auTO

TOUT'

Kal

B^/JLCO

ael vtjovcrav

VTTO

uerv,


Kal

Seivbv

(T(f)a\\o/jLeva)

ra Tro\\a

vvv

Kal

iravrdrcao'i

TOU? dveKelv T?}? rjyeuovias (f)6{3ov$, dva(f)Opa<; avrois OiKodev duaprias drroKiTrovras. 7T/3O9 Ta? Ovrco /iiev e%epydcraa6ai \eyerai rov rplrov 4 l re\evralov 6 Kdrcov eVl KaSoviovs TroXeeTTiKpe/JLacrdat,

382

fj,rj

MARCUS CATO,

xxvi.

cover their postponement of war

3-xxvn. 4 till

a

fit

occasion

offered.

XXVII. In addition to this, it is said that Cato contrived to drop a Libyan fig in the Senate, as he shook out the folds of his toga, and then, as the senators admired its size and beauty, said that the country where it grew was only three days' sail from Rome.

And

in

one thing he was even more

savage, namely, in adding to his vote on any question whatsoever these words " In my opinion, Carthage must be destroyed." Publius Scipio Nasica, on the contrary, when called upon for his vote, always ended his speech with this declaration " In my :

:

He saw, proopinion, Cartilage must be spared." bably, that the Roman people, in its wantonness, was already guilty of many excesses, and in the pride of its prosperity, spurned the control of the Senate, and forcibly dragged the whole state with it, He whithersoever its mad desires inclined it. wished, therefore, that the fear of Carthage should abide, to curb the boldness of the multitude like a bridle, believing her not strong enough to conquer Rome, nor yet weak enough to be despised. But was precisely what Cato dreaded, when the people was inebriated and staggering with its power, to have a city which had always been great, and was now but sobered and chastened by Such its calamities, for ever threatening them. external threats to their sovereignty ought to be done away with altogether, he thought, that they might be free to devise a cure for their domestic failings. In this way Cato is said to have brought to pass the third and last war against Carthage, 1 but it had

this

Roman

1

151-146

B.C.

383

PLUTARCH'S LIVES B

/zeXXo;>To? e7 ayS/oo?, 09 rjv rore JJLCV

reXo? Se

epya

ereXevrrjcrev, airo-

7rd\e/jL6Li>

rov

irep

o-rparevo/Jievos /ecu

roX/z?;?

a7ra y ye\\.O[jievo)v Se TOVTWV et? TOP Kdrtovd (acriv el'JTetv i

arre^eiKwro KOI TOU? aywva?.

TT/)O?

i

'Pwfjirjv

nrvvOavo-

olo? Triirvvraiy rol 8e
fj.ev

ovv rr)V airofyaaiv ra^v Si* epycov ^.KrTriwv o 5e KaT&>z>

o

eva

yeveav

/j,ev

viov

etc

TT}?

7riyafj,i)0ei(Tr)<;,

eva

a>

e

K rov re\evrrjcravTO^ vlov. KOI GTparrjywv, 6 S' e^ avrou yevo[lev er\vrrj(7 r)v Se TraTTTro? ouro? fj,vo<$ Ma/3/co? virdrevcrev. TOU (f)L\oo'6(j)ov Kara)^09, az^Spo? apery real Bo^rj viwvov

ro)v KCLT CLVTOV

[APKETEIAOY KAI KATQNO2 I.

TOVTWV T&V a^iwv 353 0X0? 6 TOVTOV /?t'o? oXw TW darepov is OVK evOewprjrov e^eu rrjv oiacfropav

Teypa/jL/^evwv Be KOI irepl ,

et

8e

wcnrep

Set

/cara

eVo?

>}

fAepos TTJ try^Kpiirei ypafyrjv eKarepov, TO et?

3*4

Tro\iTeiav

/J,ev

KOL

ef;

ov

MARCUS CATO,

xxvn. 4-5

no sooner begun than he died, having first prophesied man who was destined to end it. This man was then young, but as tribune in the army, he was 1

of the

giving proofs of judgment and daring in his engagements with the enemy. Tidings of this came to Rome, and Cato is said to have cried on hearing

them "

:

Only he has shadows."

wits,

but the rest are fluttering

2

This utterance of Cato's, Scipio speedily confirmed by his deeds. Cato left one son by his second wife, whose surname, as we have already remarked, was Salonius and one grandson by the son who died before him. Salonius died in the praetorship, but the son whom he left, Marcus, came to be consul. This Marcus was the grandfather of Cato the philosopher, who was the best and most illustrious man of his ;

time.

COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES WITH MARCUS CATO Now that I have recorded the most noteworthy things in the careers of these men also, if one compare the entire life of the one with that of the other, it will not be easy to mark the difference between them, obscured as it is by many great resemblances. And even if, in our comparison, we analyse each life, as we would a poem or a picture, we shall find that the rise to political power and repute in consequence 1

149 B.C.

*

Odyssey, x. 495.

385

PLUTARCH'S LIVES aperfj ical SvvdfjLei rrpoe\6elv d,<>oTeoi<$ tcoivov 2 eari. <j)aiveTai 8* 6 /j,ev 'ApHTTeiSr)? OVTTW Tore

fieyd\wv ovcrwv TWV

en

/cal


KOI

A0rjv&v

teal

rat? overlain

7ri/3a\(bv Brjfiayco-

oyaaXot?

errparr}y ois erfL^)avr]
Tifjuj/jia

TO yap

Tore irevraKQaiwv

TO Be Sevrepov TpiaKOcrtutv, ecryaTov Be KOI TpiTov Karco^ e/c TroXt^^? re /jLifcpas teal 5iUT7;9 dypoi/cov SoKovarjs (pepcoi' dcfrrjtcev eavrov

3 $LaKooria)v 6 8e

cbcnrep et9 7re\ayo
cpyov ovo~av eVl TO yovs,

real

Trpocne/Jiiv^v apyjovras teal

fifjfAa

d\\d

ovS* CLTC dporpov avTOvpyov? dva

rjye/jLovcov,


7T/309 76^7;

fjieyd\a teal TT\OVTOV<S teal

i/oyua? teal eldicrjjLei'rjv, teal BS oyteov ij&r] ical Bvva/miv evrpvfy&crav rot? <

4 apyjeLv

OVK

d^toucriv.

8

r>v

O/AOIOV airo

^

Keteni/Aevy /xeTpia (rrevTe yap rj Tpiwv ra\dvTWV ovaiav avTW yeveaOai \,eyov(nv ore

teal

teal

vs

teal

^epovlovs FaX/^a?

teal

Ko'ivriovs

dfJLL\\a(j9ai irepl 6p/jir}Tijpiov

vTrep II.

TWV

eyjovra rr\r)V

<$>a)Vip>

Trappier ia

StKaitov.

"ETA

S'

fiev

'Apicrreio'rjs

ev M.apa6cavt fcal

ev

,

o'evTepos

Be

TL/JL^T^

ercTa

feal

inrep(Ba\QiJLvo<$.

386

teal

fjirjv

'AptcrTeiSiis

fiev

ev

ARISTIDES

AND CATO,

i.

i-n.

i

of innate excellence and strength, rather than of But in inherited advantages, is common to both. the case of Aristides, Athens was not yet great when he rose to eminence, and the leaders and generals with whom he dealt were men of moderate and uniform fortunes. The highest assessment of property in those days was five hundred bushels of grain, the second three hundred, the third and last two

hundred. Whereas Cato, coming from a little town and from ways of life deemed rustic, plunged headlong into the boundless sea of Roman politics when they were no longer conducted by such men as Curius, Fabricius, and Atilius, nor welcomed as magis-

and leaders poor men who had mounted the rostrum after working with their own hands at the plough and the mattock, but were wont to have regard rather for great families and their wealth, largesses, and solicitations, while those who sought office, such was now the power and arrogance of the It was not the people, were wantonly handled. same thing: o to have Themistocles for a rival,* who was trates

no illustrious family and had only moderate possessions (he is said to have been worth three, or, at most, five talents when he entered public life), as it was to compete for pre-eminence with such men as Scipio Africanus, Servius Galba, and Quintius Flamininus, having no other advantage than a tongue of

which spoke boldly for the right. II. Besides, at Marathon, and again at Plataea, Aristides was only one of ten generals, while Cato was elected one of two consuls out of many competitors, and one of two censors over the heads of seven of the foremost and most illustrious Romans,

who

stood for the office with him.

Furthermore,

387

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ovBevi

TWV KaTop0a)udTO)v

76701/6 TT/OWTO?,

aXXa

e^ei TOV Ma/oa^c5i^o? TO ?}9 Be rfjs ^LaXa/u^o?, eV Se 'ApicrTeiBrj Be teal TWV Bevrepeicov ^ijr ovat, ^axpdvai Kal 'A/xetz/tat ^at KaXX,t-

2

Tlavaaviav, teal

Kvvaiyeipoi, BiaTrpeTrws dpiGTeva-avres

djwcrr Kara)^ 8' ov povov auro? VTrarevwv errpwTevcre KOI %eipl /cat yvw/j,?] Kara TOV 'IftrjpiKov TToXefjiOv, d\\a /cal e/Jyu-oTTia? virarevovros erepov rrjv Trepl ev eKeivoiS rot?

eV a/'avreracra?

W

tcKTias

ftacri\el TrepLarrjaas

tea

TrpoGO) fiovov opwvrt,

Kara VMTOV rbv

7ro\efJLOV.

VIKJ] TrepLtyavws epyov ovcra TT}? 'EXXa^o? T?;^ 'Acrtaz/ /cat

yap

rj

ovv

rjTTrjTOi,

jeyovacTiv

' ,

VTTO r

irepl Be rrjv iroXireiav

e^ocrTpaKLcrOels Kal Kara)!/ B\

/jii,o"roK\eov<$,

BwaTwraroi

o'iirep

r)
ev

Kal aeyicrroi, TTCLGIV, &)? evro? elirelv, dvrnrdkois %pu>fjLevos Kal i^e^pi yrjpoos wcnrep d6\r)TTjs dywvi^o^evo^ aTrrcora BieTrjprjcrev 4 kavTov. TrXetcrra? Be Kal fyvyioi' Br)fj,oaias BiKas Kal Sjco^a? TroXXa? aev etXe, Trdaa^ S' aTre^vye, TOV fiiov Kal Bpacrrrjpiov opyavov 7rpof3\rifJLa wv rov ^-oyov, w BiKatorepov av Ti? v) Tv^rj e*X, Kal Baiuovi TOU dvBpos TO prjBev TraOelv Trap' d^iav dvaTiOeir). peya yap Kal 'A^icrroTeXet TO) 354 Pa)/jLr)

388

ARISTIDES Aristides

AND CATO,

was not the foremost man

n.

1-4

in

any one

of

but Miltiades has the chief honour of Marathon, Themistocles of Salamis, and at Plataea, Herodotus l says it was Pausanias who won that fairest of all victories, while even for second honours Aristides has such rivals as Sophanes, Ameinias, Callimachus, and Cynaegeirus, who displayed the Cato, on the other greatest valour in those actions. hand, was not only chief in the plans and actions of the Spanish war during his own consulate, but also at Thermopylae, when he was but a tribune in the army and another was consul, he got the glory of the victory, opening up great mountain passes for the Romans to rush through upon Antiochus, and swinging the war round into the king's rear, when he had eyes only for what was in front of him. That victory was manifestly the work of Cato, and it not only drove Asia out of Hellas, but made it afterwards accessible to Scipio. It is true that both were always victorious in war, but in politics Aristides got a fall, being driven into a minority and ostracised by Themistocles. Cato, on the contrary, though he had for his antagonists almost all the greatest and ablest men in Rome, and though he kept on wrestling with them up to his He was involved in old age, never lost his footing. countless civil processes, both as plaintiff and defendant as plaintiff, he often won his case, as defendant, he never lost it, thanks to that bulwark and efficacious weapon of his life, his eloquence. To this, more justly than to fortune and the guardian genius of the man, we may ascribe the fact that he was never visited with disgrace. That was a great his victories,

;

ix. 64.

389

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOVTO

Trpoa-efjLapTvprja-ev

ypdfywv Trepi avToi) ficra rrjv TeXevnjv, ro?9 aXX0i9 o dvrjp KOI TO iriOavov el^v.

on

TT/OO?

III. "On fjiev Brj T% TroXiTiKrjs avOpwiros apeTrjs ov KTOiTai TeX-Giorepav, ofjLO\oyov^evov ecm' rav6 TTOf /JLOptOV Oi TT/XetO-TOt T^ OlKOVO/JLlKrjV OV T?7?

TlOevrai'

fjiiicpov

teal

yap

rj

OIKWV

TroXt?

TL

KOL K
OTTOV teal A.vfcovp
KLcras

Bi(j>6ap/jLevov irvpl aiSijpov 0e/Avos awrot? ol/covoyu.ta?

ou

d7r?;XXae TOU?

(frwvra KOI V7rov\a 7repie\(t)v, OTTO)?

Trpovvorjcre,

3

O~LOV

V7ropijo~(t)(ri,

TOV aTropov

GvvoiKOv eVl

real

TWV

avTOV

ftLov

OVOV

Ti

T/9i>-

TOV TT\OVTOV

avayicaitov KOI

dvecmov KCU

KOii'covia TroiXireia? IACL\\OV

KOL VTrepoyKov ^>o^r)6ei^.

/JLV K.O.TCOV

a\X,a ra

7roX,tra?,

/cat (j)\y/jia[,vovTa

TOV ir\ov-

fyaiveTau TOIVVV o

0auA.OT/309 OIKOV 7TpOCTTaT^9 KCLI yap avTO9 rjv^rjae TOV

Kal

KOI yewpyias ere/oo9, TroXXa Kal

%pijcri,/j,a

'

TOVT(ov (7VVTadjLvof

AicTTeiSrs Be TT


ITT W^OTT 01,0V Kal TTacri /JidX\OV

4 fjuevots

390

(txfreXifjLOV.

KaiToi

TroXXa

(09 rj

irevia

olrco(f)06pov

TOt9 KKTfj'

/j,ev

ARISTIDES

AND

CATO,

11.

4-111.

4

which was paid Aristotle the philosopher by Antipater, when he wrote concerning him, after his death, that in addition to all his other gifts, the man had also the gift of persuasion. III. Man has no higher capacity than that for conducting cities and states, as is generally adBut the ability to conduct a household mitted. enters in no small degree into this higher political tribute

For the city is but an orcapacity, as most believe. ganised sum total of households, and has public vigour only as its citizens prosper in their private When Lycurgus banished both silver and lives. gold from Sparta, and introduced there a coinage of iron that had been ruined by fire, he did not set his fellow citizens free from the duty of domestic economy. He merely removed the swollen and feverish wantonness of wealth, and so provided that all alike might have an abundance of the necessary He did this because, and useful things of life. better than any other ancient legislator, he foresaw that the helpless, homeless, and poverty-stricken citizen was a greater menace to the commonwealth

who was rich and ostentatious. Cato, then, was no whit less efficient in the conduct of his household than in that of the city. He not only increased his own substance, but became a recognized teacher of domestic economy and agriculture for others, and compiled many useful precepts on these subjects. Aristides, on the other hand, was so poor as to bring even his righteousness into disrepute, as ruining a household, reducing a man to beggary, and profiting everybody rather than its And yet Hesiod l has much to say by possessor. than one

1

Works and Days,

309.

391

PLUTARCH'S LIVES KOI

KOI

tprjK

oltcovofjiiav

dpylav ft>9 ev Se KOL 'O/xr/peo

XeXotSo pt]Kev,

rrjv

epyov Se pot ov 77

a\\d

re Tpecfrei

<j)i\ov

ay\aa

T

alel vfjes eirripeTfioi
a/jbe\ovvTa
ov 7/>,

ou? e^ ttSt/aa?.

rov rarov,

co?

rov\aiov

01

rot?

eVro?

8'

ovTftx;

/3\a/3pcoTaTOV,

%p?;cr^o?, avrov erepoL<; /j,ev i&iayv a/^T/Sr;?, aXX* eoi/ce ravrp ecrri

TO> 'Apicrreibr)

\eyovcriv,

7019

/cat

TO TroXirifcov,

ovBe

avTW Karw^o?

6 TCHprjv

larpoi

(TcojLaros elvai rot?

Trpolfca

6

Be KOI

eiTrep, &>? oi

rot?

Ovyarplots

ov&e

o6ev o Kard\.i rrrea'OaL Trpovvorjaev. 04^09 a^/ot yevovs rerdprov crrparr)-

VTTCLTOVS rfj

coyLt?;

irapel^e'

T^9

yap

'Apto Tet8ou roO -

8'

yeveas

/ecu "

KOI TOVTO)V

rj

TroXAr) /cat a7TO/)o?

TT evict

rou9

rare/5aXe Triva/cas, 701)9 8e 877r<29 fjioaiw ^6t/oa9 epdvo) Bi evSeiav vTre^etv rjvdytcacrev, ovSevl be \a/j,7rpbv ovBev ov& a^uov eiceivov ,ez>

6/9

dyvprifcovs

TOV a^S/309
yap alcr^pov ov&afAOV

JJLGV

$i

avTrjV,

d/cpacrias,

392

%6i; irevia

aXX

OTTOI;

ARISTIDES

AND CATO,

HI. 4-iv.

i

way of exhorting us to righteousness allied with domestic economy, and abuses idleness as a source of injustice

;

Homer

also says well

:

" Labour I never liked, Nor household thrift, which breeds good children. But ships equipped with oars were ever my delight, Battles and polished javelins and arrows," l implying that the men who neglect their households the very ones to live by injustice. Oil, as physicians tell us, is very beneficial when externally applied, though very injurious when used internally. But the righteous is not so. He is not helpful to others, while heedless of himself and his family. Indeed, the poverty of Aristides would seem to have been a blemish on his political career, if, as most writers state, he had not foresight enough to leave his poor daughters a marriage portion, 2 or even the cost of his own burial. And so it fell out that the family of Cato furnished Rome with praetors and consuls down to the fourth generation, for his grandsons, and their sons after them, filled the highest are

offices

of state.

Whereas, though

Aristides

was

foremost of the Greeks, the abject poverty of his descendants forced some to ply a fortune-teller's 3 trade, and others, for very want, to solicit the public bounty, while it robbed them all of every ambition to excel, or even to be worthy of their great ancestor. IV. Possibly this point invites discussion. is is

Poverty but only when it sloth, intemperance, extravagance, or

never dishonourable a

mark of

in

itself,

ff.,

Palmer's translation.

1

Odyxsey, xiv. 222

2

Aristides, xxvii. 1.

*

Aristides, xxvii. 3.

393

PLUTARCH'S LIVES dvSpl Se craxfrpovi

,

Si/cairn real

airdcrais

dvbpeiw

fcal &>

/cal

rat? aperai?

/cal SijfJiocrivovTt,

avvovaa ueaXo'ruta? ecrrl

/cal

ov yap e&Ti TcpaTTeiv fieydXa ov&e 7ToXXot9 oeo/jievois ILi/cpwv,

TroXXwy avTov Beopevov. fieya & et9 Tro\iTeiav etyoo'iov ov^l TrXovTos, aXX avTapiceia, Tto LLTlSeVOS ISia TWV TfGQiTTWV SelffOai 7TO09 OV1 I

I

I

da^o\iav dyovaa TWV Sij/jLOcricov. ydp a7rXw9 o #eo9, dvd pcoirii'rjs 8' d
o5

OeioTaTov. 7T/9O?

eve^iav

a>9

t

%peta, TOVTO yap crw^a TO 355

rj

/ce/cpa/jievov our'

o~0fjros

OVTG

ourco /cal

vyiaivwv

CLTTO

TWV TU^OVTWV

Bel 8^

Btoi/ceirai.

XP a

T ?7

o 76 GVfJLfJLeTpov e^eiv rrjv fcrrjaiv TroXXa crvvdywv, 0X^70^9 8e ^pa>yuei/o9 ou/c eartv avTapicris, aXX' etre yu,^ Semw, r>}9 Trapacr/cevfjs a)v ^

&>9

ov/c opeyerat,

fidraios,

etr*

opeyerai, fju/cpo\oyia

KO\OVWV T^V djroXavcriv a0\io
ai^

7rv0oi/ji/r]v'

a,7roXau TroXXa KKT7]/jievos dpKtiorOai, peTpiOLs; el Be et

yLtei*

\ajjL7rp6v ecrTiv, wcrirep eaTiv, dpTw irpocrTv^ovTi /cal Trlveiv olov

TO)

/cal

OepaTTOVTes ol/cia?

oi/re rai'o9

394

olvov

re

epyaTai

/cal

TTL-

"jrop^vpas ovev ovr KeKovLaevr^, ovBe

afuos eveiirov

TOV

ARISTIDES

AND CATO,

iv.

1-4

When, on the other hand, it is the thoughtlessness. handmaid of a sober, industrious, righteous, and brave man, who devotes all his powers to the service of the people, it is the sign of a lofty spirit that harbours no mean thoughts. It is impossible for a man to do great things when his thoughts are busy with little things nor can he aid the many who are in need when he himself is in need of many things. A great equipment for public service consists, not ;

in wealth,

but in contented independence, which

private superfluities, and so puts no hindrance in the way of serving the commonwealth. God alone is absolutely free from wants but that is the most perfect and god-like quality in human excellence which reduces man's wants to their For as a body which is well tempered lowest terms. and vigorous needs no superfluous food or raiment, so a healthy individual or family life can be conA man should ducted with the simplest outlays. make his gains tally with his needs. He who heaps up much substance and uses little of it, is not conIf he does not need it, he tented and independent. and is a fool for providing what he does not crave if he craves it, he makes himself wretched by parsimoniously curtailing his enjoyment of it. Indeed, I would fain ask Cato himself this (< If wealth is a thing to be enjoyed, why question do you plume yourself on being satisfied with little " But if it be a fine when possessed of much ? to eat ordinary bread, and to thing, as indeed it is, drink such wine as labourers and servants drink, and not to want purple robes nor even plastered houses, then Aristides and Epaminondas and Manius Curius and Gaius Fabricius were perfectly right in turning

requires

110

;

;

:

395

PLUTARCH'S LIVES edcrapres

yaipeiv 5 xptitfiv

cme^OKL^a^ov.

rrjv

ov jap

Krr\criv YJV

wv

rijv

dvay/calav dv-

6pa)TT(0 yoyyv\i,$a<> rf^tcrrov o-ty-ov TreTroirj/jLevy teal

avrov ravras a\(j)ira, real

ypdcfreiv

d

e^rovTL, /jiarrovcnjs d/xa TT? rocravra irepl aaaapiov 6pv\elv dv Tt9 cpyaaias rd^iaTa 175

fieya yap TO eureXe? /cal ort r?}? eVt^y/xtct? d/jia /cal rfjs (>povavrap/ces, &io /cal rovro 6 rt'So? aTraXXarret roov TrepiTTwv. 7T\ovcrio
yevono.

KaXXtou

Sitcy rov 'AptcrTet^^i/ elirelv, Treviav Trpoa-rfrcei, rot? dfcovcriajs ala"\yveaOai Trevofjievois, rot? 8', wcTTrep auro?, e/tofcrt&)?, ey/ca\-

fyaaiv ev

rfj

a>9

ye\oiov ? /jieydXois irpdyfiaa-i fieya 7rpo
XtoTTi^ecrOat,.

rrjv 'Apio-reiBou Treviav,

'ApicrTeiSov

Trpwra rwv

rd AcaXXicrra

/cal

\ajjL7rporara

/cal

epywv eariv, o Mapadcav, al OXaratat. /cal ov/c a%iov S/JTTOV rj ^aXayut?, 7rapa/3a\eiv T&> Sep^ rov 'AVTLO%OV /cal rd TrepiaipeOevra rwv ']/3r)pt,Kwv TroXewv rei^rj rat? rocravrais pv ev yfj, roaavrais 8' ev Oa\dcrarrj 'EXXsi/viKoov

2 rreaovaais fivpidcriv ev ol? 'AptcrTelSijs epyw /lev ouSe^o? eXetVero, So^?/? Se /cal crrefydvwv, axTTrep dfjieXei rot? fj.a\\ov

396

TT\OVTOV

/cal

&eo/j.ei>o(,$,

on

^prj/^drwv, v$ij/caro /cal Trdvrwv rovrcov

ARISTIDES

AND

CATO,

iv.

4 -v. 2

what they scorned to was not worth while for a man who, like Cato, esteemed turnips a delectable dish and cooked them himself, while his wife was kneading bread, to babble so much about a paltry copper, and write on the occupation in which one might soonest Great is the simple life, and great its get rich. independence, but only because it frees a man from their backs on the gaining of use.

Surely

it

Hence it the anxious desire of superfluous things. was that Aristides, as we are told, remarked at the trial of Callias l that only those who were poor in spite of themselves should be ashamed of their those who, like himself, chose poverty, poverty And surely it were ridiculous to should glory in it. suppose that the poverty of Aristides was due to ;

when, without doing anything disgraceful, but merely by stripping a single Barbarian, or seizing So a single tent, he might have made himself rich. his sloth,

much on this head. V. The military campaigns of Cato made no addition to the Roman empire, which was already

;

but those of Aristides include the

great great

fairest,

and most important actions of the Greeks, namely, Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea. And certainly Antiochus is not worthy to be com-

most

brilliant,

pared with Xerxes, nor the demolition of the walls of the Spanish cities with the destruction of so many myriads of Barbarians both by land and sea. On these occasions Aristides was inferior to no one in actual service, but he left the glory and the laurels, as he did wealth and substance, to those who wanted them more, because he was superior to all these things also. 1

Aristides, xxv. 5.

397

PLUTARCH'S LIVES B*

'70)

ov pe /Ji
veiv del Kal rrpa)rov Kairoi (f>rfo-lv ev nvi

TO

warrep

Xoy&) TO erratvelv avrov drorrov elvai' TeXetorepo?

XoiBopeiv

Be fiat Sofcei Trpo? dperrjv rov 6

eyKWfJLid^ovro^

TO

3 Seo/jLevo?.

eawrov TOVTO TTOIOVVTWV d^iXorLp-ov ov fjLiicpov et? KCU Tovvavriov e
yap

7ro\\d/ci<;

erepcov

yttT/8'

/cal

6

975

Trdvv

TToXX?}?

ra Tiva 4

iravrd-rracriv,

/AW a7rij\\aKTO

Trjv

Be

6

^ev

'ApicrTeiBr)?

/jLerefyev.

/jLeyicrra crv/jLTrpdrrtw /cal

/cal

ye

rpoTrov

(TrparriyLav avrou

Ta? 'A^^ya?, Karaji;

S'

Bopvfopwv dvTnrpdrTwv

dverpe^re Kal BieXvp/jvaro rrjv eVl vs avrov crrparrjyiav, ev rj rov drjrrtjrov 'Avvifiav KaOelXe, TeXo? Be ^^avwfJLevo^ del nvas vrro"fy*ias Kal Bt,aj3o\ds avrov fj,ev (Jiev

?

TroXeco?, TOJ^

5* dBe\(j)bv

raBifcr) rrepieftdXev.

VI. /cal


Hi> rolvvv TrXetcrroi? o Kara>i/ erraivois del o-wfypoavv^v 'Api-

AraXXtcrTOf?

ffreiBrjs

fj,ev

aOiKrov

a>?

Kal

d\r)6a><;

Kadapav

enjpij&ev, avrov Be rov KaTwi'o? o Trap* d^iav a/Jia Kal reap &pav yd/j,o<; ov fiiKpav ovSe cfiavXrjv rovro Sia/3oX^ KarecrKeBacre. 7rpea/3vrr)v els

ydp

rjSrj

vvfji^r)

rocrovrov

rraiBbs

evrj\ a tcm

emy^fjLaL

Brj/jt,oo~ievovro
398

rratBl

Koprjv

Kal

yvvaixl vmjperov Kal

rcarpos ov$ajj,ov

356

ARISTIDES

AND CATO,

v. 2 -vi.

i

For my own part, I do not blame Cato for his constant boasting, and for rating himself above everybody else, although he does say, in one of his speeches, that self-praise and self-depreciation are But I regard the man who is often alike absurd. lauding himself as less complete in excellence than one who does not even want others to do so. Freedom from ambition is no slight requisite for the gentleness which should mark a statesman and, on the contrary, ambition is harsh, and the greatest fomenter From this spirit Aristides was wholly free, of envy. whereas Cato was very full of it. For example, Aristides co-operated with Themistocles in his greatest achievements, and as one might say, stood guard over him while he was in command, and thereby saved Athens while Cato, by his opposition to Scipio, almost vitiated and ruined that wonderful campaign of his against the Carthaginians, in which he overthrew the invincible Hannibal, 1 and finally, by perpetually inventing all sorts of suspicions and calumnies against him drove him out of Rome, and ;

;

brought down on his brother's head a most shameful condemnation for embezzlement. VI. Once more, that temperance which Cato always decked out with the fairest praises, Aristides maintained and practised in unsullied purity whereas Cato, by marrying unworthily and unseasonably, fell under no slight or insignificant It was surely quite indecent censure in this regard. ;

that a

man

of his years should bring

home

as step-

mother to his grown-up son and that son's bride, a girl whose father was his assistant and served the Whether he did this merely for public for hire. 1

At Zama, 202

B.C.

399

PLUTARCH'S LIVES a\\

enre TT/JO? ^ovrjv TCLVT eTrpa^ev eir* opyf/ Bid Tr)v eraipav d/jLvvo/jievo? rov V'LQV, ala"^vvr}v w S' auro? e^et KCU TO epyov /cal 77 Trpo^aai^. TO Xoyw Kareipctyvevo/uevos p-eipdieiov, e^ptjcraro

OVK

rjv

a/U?$77?.

el

yap /3ov\eTO vratSa? dyaflovs eSet,

\aftelv


e\dv6avei'

veyyvw yvvaiKL KOI Trav,

ov

400

evret

paorTa

8'

rcoivj

e(f)ropd0ri

ireicreiv,

crvyKoifjLU)^vo^

TrotijcraadaL

ya-

irevOepov,

ARISTIDES

AND CA TO,

vi.

1-2

his own pleasure, or in anger, to punish his son for objecting to his mistress, both what he did and what led him to do it were disgraceful. And the sarcastic reason for it which he gave his son was not a For had he wished to beget more sons as true one. good, he should have planned at the outset to marry a woman of family, instead of contenting himself, as long as he could do so secretly, with the society of a low concubine, and when he was discovered, making a man his father-in-law whom he could most easily persuade, rather than one whose alliance would bring him most honour.

401

CIMON

KIMON Tle/JiTroXTa? o

I.

[JLCLVTIS

erraXta? a? Botw-

/c

Tiav "O(j>e\rav rbv ySacr^Xea KOI TOU? L/TT' avrw Xaou? /carayaycov yevos ev$OKifj,r)
01^ TrXetcrroi dvB KCU yevov? (frvaei fjid^i^oi KaTava\(i)0ii
TOU?

/3a/3ySa/oou?.

ot

//.ev

roi)

2 XetTrerat ^e TTCU? optyavos yovecov, ovofj,a irapwvvfjuov Qe neptTroXra?, TroXu 8/;

eavratv rt

AcaXXet /cat ^L^T}? (frpovrf/Aan TOU? avrov vTrepaiptov veovs, aXXw? 8' d o-(t)fjuiTO<;


TO

^09. r

TOUTOU

Pa)//,ato?

Xatpwz/eta

crireipa^

r^yefJiwv

Bia^LfjLa^oua"rj^

epacrOels

apri

iraiBiKrjv rfkiKiav 7raprj\\a'%oTos, a>? ou/c e Treipwv KOI SiSovs, ST}XO? ^i> oi)/c dcfregofjievos ^ta?,

aTe

S/) /fal TT;?

Tova"r)s 3

TOVTO

KOI Sia /jLiKporrjra

$r)

opys

TJ/JLCOV

TreTroirjfjLevos,

T&V

iro\\ovs

evKa

rore \vrrpa Trpar-

real irevlav Trapopwi^evr]^.

SeBicos o Ad/jitov, Kal

crvi'ia'rrj

404

TrarpiSos

rrjv

eeouefe

ri\iKiwrwv TLvas rov \a0elv, aXX*

Trelpav avrrjv TO)

eV ot

CLVTOV,

ov

479

CIMON PEIUPOLTAS the seer, who conducted King with his subjects from Thessaly into Boeotia, left a posterity there which was in high The greater part of repute for many generations. them settled in Chaeroneia, which was the first city Now the most of they won from the Barbarians. this posterity were naturally men of war and courage, and so were consumed away in the Persian invasions and the contests with the Gauls, because they did not spare themselves. There remained, however, an I.

Opheltas

orphan boy,

who

Damon by name,

Peripoltas by surname, beauty of body and

far surpassed his fellows in

vigour of spirit, though otherwise he was untrained and of a harsh disposition. With this Damon, just passed out of boy's estate, the Roman commander of a cohort that was wintering in Chaeroneia fell enamoured, and since he could not win him over by solicitations and presents, he was plainly bent on violence, seeing that our native city was at that time in sorry plight, and neglected because of her smallness and poverty. Violence was just what Damon feared, and since the solicitation in

had enraged him, he plotted against the man, and enlisted against him sundry companions, a few There were only, that they might escape notice.

itself

405

PLUTARCH'S LIVES yevopevoi Trp6o~a)Tra vvKros,

^plovrai

epmovres

aWd\
fiev

ra

Be

aKparov dfjL rj/jiepa rrpoa-rriTTrovcn r> 'Pw/xat&> Kar dyopav Ovovn, Kal Kara/3a\6vres avrov re Kal rwv Trepl avrov 4

OVK

eK rrjs TroXew? perea-rrjcrav.

6\f,yov
yevo-

rapa^fj^ 17 rwv Xaipwvewv f3ov\r) o-vve\6ovaa Odvarov avrwv Kareyvco' Kal rovro Be

/jLevrjs

T)V

vTrep T^9 TToXeco? aTT o\oyrj /j,a rrpos TOI>? P
fjLatovs. eo~ri,

Benrvouvrwv

Koivfj

ol

Trepl

rov

Adfitova

aTrecrcbaEav avrov
Be

i

ras

Trepl

riva

iri

.

Trpd,

rwv yeyovortov

Be ryv rropeiav Kal ovrwv e^eraaiv Troir)Trpocr^drcov

adpevos evpe

rrjv

Gmo~rrio~a<;

fjia\\ov 6

rrb\iv ovBevbs

alriav,

aXXa

Kal TOU? eavrov. rov Be

o~vvrjBiK'r)fj,evr)v

dva\afta)v drrrfyaye jj,eF X^crTetat? Kal KaraBpofiats rropdovvra rrjv Kal rfi Tro\ei TrpoaKeifievov vTrrjydyovro Trpecr/3eiol

Kare\06vra Be d\ei(f>o/J,evov ev

TTO\VV Be xpovov elBa)\a)v nvwv ev rq> TOTTW TrpoKai ffrevayficov e^aKovojuevwv, co? ol \eyovo~i, T
Ovpas

TOV olovrai 7 %eo8et9
(Biacrw^ovrai

406

yap

rwas TOU?

o-fyeis

5'

evioi,

Kal fywvas rapa-

diro rov yevovs

^d\i
avrov

CIMON, sixteen of

them

in all,

i.

3-7

who smeared

their faces with

soot one night, heated themselves with wine, and at

daybreak

fell

upon the Roman while he was

ficing in the market-place, slew him, together many of his followers, and departed the

sacri-

with

city. During which followed, the council of Chaeroneia met and condemned the murderers to death, and this was the defence which the city afterwards made to its Roman rulers. But in the evening, while the magistrates were dining together, as the custom is, Damon and his men burst into the townhall, slew them, and again fled the city. Now about that time l it chanced that Lucius Lucullus passed that way, on some errand, with an army. Halting on his march and investigating matters while they were still fresh in mind, he found that the city was in no wise to blame, but rather had itself also suffered wrong. So he took its garrison of soldiers and led them away with him. Then Damon, who was ravaging the country with predatory forays and threatening the city, was induced by embassies and conciliatory decrees of the citizens to But soon, return, and was appointed gymnasiarch. as he was anointing himself in the vapour-bath, he was slain. And because for a long while thereafter certain phantoms appeared in the place, and groans were heard there, as our Fathers tell us, the door of the vapour-bath was walled up, and to this present time the neighbours think it the source of alarming Descendants of Damon's family sights and sounds.

the

commotion

(and some are

still

living, especially 1

VOL. n.

74 B.C.

near

Stiris in

(?)

O

407

PLUTARCH'S LIVES aio\iovT6vov aaf3o\u>

Trepi ^Teipiv,

TO

Bia

'

cLcrrvyeiroves 6We? 'Op-%ofjivioi TOI? Xaipa)vevo~iv efjaadwcravTO 'Pay/Mii/cov
'E-Trel

fcal

Bid(f)opoi

TO T^? 7roXe&)9

TWV TJV

7rl

et?

T^

2 TTOVTO),

T^

ovofjia

KareveyKODv eSiwfce

<j)6vov

TOV AayLtcovo? dvyprjuevcov, 77 Se Kpi
VTTO

'EXXaSa ol Xe70^T?

r

Pa)/j,aioi

(TTpaTrjyovs

i/7reyo TT}
7roXe&)9 eVe/taXoO^To

SteTre/i,-

Aou/couXXou fjiapTvpiav, "/pdtyavTos Be TOV

a-Tparrjyov

TT/ao?

Aou^ouXXo^

eiceivos efJiapTvpr^cre

Ta\r)6ri, KOI Tr)V SLKTJV o/TO>9 aTreffrvyev

f)

TroXt?

Kiv&vvevovcra Trepi TWV /zeyicrT&M'. etcelvoi /j,ev OVV OI TOT6 O~CO0VT<> LKOVa TOV AoVKOV\\OV \i6lvriv ev dyopa Trapa TOV kibwcrov dvecrTTj&av, r)fjiel<$ &', el fcal TroXXat? yXifclais Xe^Tro/xe^a, T^V fjLev yjapiv olo/jL0a SiaTeiveiv KOL TT/OO? 77//.a? TO 1)9 3 ^0^ 6Wa?, eiKova Be TTO\V Ka\\Lova v elvai TT}? TO o-wfjia fcal TO TrpoawTcov TJ]V TO TJ00S KOI TOV TpOTTOV

yap

a TTJ ypafifj TWV Trapa\\r)\a)v (Slwv 7rpd%i
ovo*

av avTOs

eVeti^o? rj^iuxre /Jiio~0bv \a/3eiv

KOI 7T7r\a(T/u,6vrjv vrrrep avTOv "QcrTrep yap TOU? TO, Ka\a

X

(

'P lv

^V

%yypa(j)ovvTas,

Sirfyijcriv.

teal

av

Tro\\r)v e

Trpoo-fj

TL

fjLifcpbv

auTot? Sucr^epe?, u^iovfjiev /z^re Trapa\iTrelv TOVTO TeXect)? fJLrjTe ega/cpiftovv TO fj,ev yap alo-%pdv, TO S*

408

nvopolav Trape^eTaL

TVJV

o-fyiv

OI/TO)?,

eVel

CIMON,

i.

7-11.

4

" Phocis, Aeolians in speech) are called Asbolomeni," or " Besooted," because Damon smeared himself with soot before he went forth to do his deed of murder. II. But the Orchomenians, who were neighbours and rivals of the Chaeroneians, hired a Roman informer to cite the city by name, as though it were an individual person, and prosecute it for the murder of the Roman soldiers who had been slain by Damon. The trial was held before the praetor of Macedonia (the Romans were not yet sending praetors to Greece), and the city's advocates invoked the testimony of Lucullus. Lucullus, when the praetor wrote to him, testified to the truth of the matter, and so the city escaped capital condemnation. Accordingly, the people who at that time were saved by him erected a marble statue of Lucullus in the market-place beside that of Dionysus. And we, though many generations removed from him, think that his favour extends even down to us are now living; and since we believe that a portrait which reveals character and disposition is far more beautiful than one which merely copies

who

form and feature, we deeds into our parallel

incorporate this man's und we shall rehearse them truly. The mere mention of them is sufficient favour to show him and as a return for his truthful testimony he himself surely would not deign to accept a false and garbled narrative of his career. demand of those who would paint fair and graceful features that, in case of any slight imperfection therein, they shall neither wholly omit it nor yet emphasise it, because the one course makes the In portrait ugly and the other unlike its original. shall

lives,

;

We

409

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ov teal

di>a7r\yjp(oreov 5 -rd?

K

S'

afitj^avov, a

ecrrt, fjia\\ov S' fcra>9

KaOapov dvbpos

7rtBeij;ai ftiov, ev rot? fcaXois

wajrep

T09

7ra$0'-<9

rj

d\ij0etav.

TTJV

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rat? Trpd^ecriv a/^a/m'a? yu-aXXoi/

wcnrep aiSov/jbevovs vTrep

rj

Set irdvv

KOI

Icrropia

rfj

TIVOS

dperrj^

ovTas ov

avdytCTj? /ral tcfjpas

TT

KdKias po6 v fjiws

TrepiTrays,

aXX

T?)? dvOpwrrivTrjs

KCL\QV o

et

perrjv III. 'O T&)

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yap

ow

8*

d/ji(j)OTpOL

Trpdoi Be

AOVKOV\\O<;

eSo/cet

CTKOTTOVO-IV

Ktyuco^t Trapa/SXrjreos elvat,.

rd

7ro\e/jiiKol

KCU TT^O? TOW? /3a/?/9a/30U? \a/jL7rpoi >

TroXiTtfcd /cal /jidXia-ra

TWV

cfrdaewv dvaTrvorjv rat? irarpicn e/cacrro? Se rt? avrwv aTijaavres rpoTraia /cal ovre yap 'EX2 VIKCLS dvekopevoL Trepiftoijrovs. \rivwv KtyLtwi/o? oure 'Pw/zatft)^ AOVKOV\\OV irpoouSet? oi/TO)

T/)o? e^o)

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&.IOVVO-OV,

M^Sou? (TTOV

7rpor)\0i>,

/cat

*Apyxe^tou9

?'}

'lacrcwo? epyov d

K TO)V TOT KOLVOV

areXe9

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e

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410

480

CIMON,

ii.

4-m. 3

like manner, since it is difficult, nay rather perhaps impossible, to represent a man's life as stainless and pure, in its fair chapters we must round out the truth into fullest semblance ;* but those trans^res^ sions and follies by which, owing to passion, perhaps, or political compulsion, a man's career is sullied, we

must regard rather

as shortcomings in

some

particu-

excellence than as the vile products of positive baseness, and we must not all too zealously delineate them in our history, and superfluously too, but treat lar

them

as though we were tenderly defending human nature for producing no character which is absolutely good and indisputably set towards virtue. III. On looking about for some one to compare with Lucullus, we decided that it must be Cimon. Both were men of war, and of brilliant exploits against the Barbarians, and yet they were mild and beneficent statesmen, in that they gave their countries unusual respite from civil strifes, though each one of them set up martial trophies and won victories that were famous. No Hellene before Cimon and no Roman before Lucullus carried his wars into such remote lands, if we leave out of our account the exploits of Heracles and Dionysus, and whatever credible deeds of Perseus against the Aethiopians or Medesand Armenians, or of Jason, have been brought down in the memory of man from those early times to our own. Common also in a way to both their careers was the incompleteness of their campaigns. Each crushed, but neither gave the death blow to his antagonist. But more than all else, the lavish ease which marked their entertainments and hospitalities, as well as the ardour and laxity of their of Posway living, was conspicuous alike in both.

411

PLUTARCH'S LIVES v 8* icrcos Kal aXXa? rivas 6/1016ov )(a\errov e/c TT}? BirjyrjcreQ)? crvvayayeiv. IV. KL/AWV 6 MiXridSov yu^T/oo? TrvKrjs, yevos /OCITTT;?, Ovyarpos *Q\6pov rov f

nyra?, a?

cw?

/3a(Ti\e(t)s,

eV rot?

avrbv

'A/^eXaof /cat .iu>va eaAJievois

tcrro-

Bio teal

ovKvBi&r]$ 6 ieropiKos rot? 7re/o< Kt/A&)i/a /cara yevos irpoa/jKcov *Q\6pov re rrarpos

prjrai.

rjv, et?

2 /cat

rof rrpoyovov ava$>epovros

ra ^pvcr&ta

r\evrf)crai,

fj^ev

rov

rfj

^Kairrfj v\y (rovro

8'

Kal eart

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<povv0el<; exel, 'ArriKrjv v roi? KifKoveiois 8?i>cvvrai rrapa

avrov rwv Xei^rdvcov

'Ei\7riviKris

aXXa

ev

rrjv ofju&vvfuav,

rrjv Hpa/c?;^ e/cefcrrjro.

^(wpiov)

pa/ny? 8'

rrepl

TT}?

KL/JLWVOS

et?

r^

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rdfyov.

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f-iev

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tw, Kifjitov Be /neipaKiov Travrdrracrii'

p,era

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en

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ov

8t'

evtjOtidv

(fracri

KodXepov

rrpocrayo-

^rija-i/n/Spnro^ 8' o Hacrto? Ofjiov ri ^povov rco Kifjifovi ytyovws

4 pevdrjvm.

avrov avrov ovre

/jLouaiKtjv

eK8i,8a%0>}vai,

412

oure a\Xo

Beivorrjros

re

n

Kal

fJLdOtijJLa

rwv

CIMON, sibly we will not

in. 3-iv.

4

may omit still other resemblances, but it be hard to gather them directly from our

story.

Cimon was the son of Miltiades by Hegesipyle, of Thracian stock, daughter of King Olorus, as it is stated in the poems of Archelaiis and Melanthius addressed to Cimon himself, That explains how it was that the father of Thucydides the historianand Thucydides was connected with the family of Cimon was also an Olorus, who referred IV.

a

woman

his

also

name back to how it was

in Thrace. 1

that of the common ancestor, and that Thucydides had gold mines And it is said that Thucydides died

in Skapte Hyle, a place in Thrace, having been murdered there but his remains were brought to Attica, and his monument is shown among those ;

of Cimon's family, hard by the

tomb of

Elpinice,

Cimon's sister. However, Thucydides belonged to the deme of Halimus, the family of Miltiades to that of Laciadae.

Now

who had been condemned

to pay a and confined till payment should be made, died in prison, and Cimon, thus left a mere stripling with his sister who was a young girl and He unmarried, was of no account in the city at first. had the bad name of being dissolute and bibulous, and of taking after his grandfather Cimon, who, they say, because of his simplicity, was dubbed Coalemus, And Stesimbrotus the Thasian, who was or Booby. of about Cimon's time, says that he acquired no nor any other liberal and education, literary that he distinctively Hellenic accomplishment; lacked entirely the Attic cleverness and fluency

Miltiades,

fine of fifty talents

Thuc.

iv. 105.

413

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ris 6'X&>? d-TTTyXXa^cu, KOL rw Tporrw TTO\V TO ryevvalov KOI aXr^e? VVTrdp%eiv, KOI fjba\\ov elvai He\07rovi'i](Tiov TO a-^fia T?}? ^f^ 7!? T0 ^

dv&pos, <$>av\ov, dfco/jL^rov, TO, /iey<7T*

Kara TOV

dyaQov,

ravra yap

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ecrrt

TOt? U7TO TOV

7TIV. 5

"Ert

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d&e\f}.

i^eo?

KOI

evrarcTov 7T/30?

real

TIVCL

jeyovevai

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d\\a

teal

YloXvyvwrov e^auapTeiv TOV ^wypdfyov Sid TOVTO (fracriv ev TTJ Yleicnai'aKTeiw rore Tloi/ciXrj

tca\ovfj,evrj,

TpwaSa? TO 6

wv aiTiav ecr^e 7r\yjcri,d^LV ovS* aXXw? rr/z/

ydp

TT}?

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Be vvv CToa,

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ev el/covi Tf9 'EXTTt^tV??. fiavavcrwv ou8' a?r'

d\\a

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7T/50?

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AVTOV yap 7

SaTrdvaKTi,

Oewv

vaov<$

dyopdv T6

KeKpoTciav Kocrfjn]^ rffiiOewv dperais. etrl 8' o? Trjv 'Ei\TriviK?jv ov icpvfya TO> KLUCOVI, (fravepws

$6

yrj^ia^evriv

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evyeveias vvfjifylov dTropovaav eVei Be KaXXt'a? uf*iov

T/}?

T&V evrronwv Ti? TOV epacrQels irpoa-^]\0e Trjv VTrep 7raT/>o9 KdTuo'LKrjv CKTiveiv eVoi^o? wv TT/DO? TO 'AOijvrjo-iv

Brjfjiocriov,

avTi]v

W KaXXta 414

T

rret.crOtjj'aL '

GvvQiitiacn, TTJV

fcal

TOP

CIMON, that in speech was much nobility and of the man's spirit was " Plain, unadorned, in of

;

iv.

4-7

his outward bearing there truthfulness; thatthe fashion rather Peloponnesian,

a great crisis brave and true,"

as Euripides says of Heracles, 1 a citation may add to what Stesimbrotus wrote.

which we

While he was still a youth he was accused of imAnd indeed in proper intercourse with his sister. other cases too they say that Elpimce was not very decorous, but that she had improper relations also with Polygnotus the painter, and that it was for this reason that, in the Peisianacteum, as it was then called, but now the Painted Colonnade, when he was painting the Trojan women, he made the features of Now Polygnotus Laodice a portrait of Elpinice. was not a mere artisan, and did not paint the stoa out of zeal for for a contract price, but grati c the welfare of the city, as the historians relate, and as Melanthius the poet testifies after this fashion " He at his own lavish outlay the gods' great fanes, and the market ,

:

Named

Cecropia, adorned

;

demigods' valour his

theme." there are some who say that Elpinice did not with Cimon in secret intercourse, but openly rather, as his wedded wife, because, on account of her poverty, she could not get a husband worthy of her high lineage ; but that when Callias, a wealthy Athenian, fell in love with her, and offered to pay into the state treasury the fine which had been imposed upon her father, she consented herself, and Still,

live

Cimon

freely gave Elpinice to Callias to wife. 1

Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag., 473.

415

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

Ov

a\\a

fJLijv

teal

teal

fjLvrj/jiovevei 777)09 TOI>

9 to?

dirov^a^o^vwv

SaXa/Ufia?

yevei

TWOS

Mz/>?(7Tpa9

irepl

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rS>

yap 'Acrrepta?

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yvvaitca
o

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irai^wv Si avrov. 8>}Xo9

Kt/zeoz'a vrr'

:al

'laoSi/crjv rrjv ^upVTTro\ 7T/305 dvyarepa rov MeyaK\eovs, Kara vbfjiovs

GVHtftiuMjaaav 6

8'

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rat?

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eVt

yeypafji/jievais

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OLTTO

yeyovevai rov rporrov rot?

eltcd^cov. *

\

/

-v

>/

aXXa rravra rov

o

.

yevvaia rov

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cov

ovBe

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r6\fJLrj

e/uo-ro/cXeou?, Si/caio-

yevecrOai, Kai rat? dTToSewv dperals eicelvwv

oaov ev rat? rro\iri,Kal<s v7rep(3a\ea-0ai Kai rro\efjiwv djreipos. ore yap rov

Mrf&wv

e/jii
erreiOe

Kai rr)V ^copav eK\irr6vra 2!aXa/i^O9 ev rat? vaval ra orr\a rrjv

r%

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416

CIMON,

iv.

8-v. 3

However, it is perfectly apparent that Cimon was Asteria, of a Salagiven to the love of women. minian family, and a certain Mnestra are mentioned by the poet Melanthius, in a sportive elegy addressed And it is to Cimon, as wooed and won by him. clear that he was even too passionately attached to his lawful wife, Isodice, the daughter of Euryptolemus and grand-daughter of Megacles, and that he was too sorely afflicted at her death, if we may judge from the elegy addressed to him for This was composed the mitigation of his grief. by the naturalist Archelaiis, as Panaetius the philoso/

*

pher thinks, and his conjecture

is

chronologically

possible.

V. All other traits of Cimon's character were admirable and noble. Neither in daring was he inferior to Miltiades, nor in sagacity to Themistocles, and it is admitted that he was a juster man than either, and that while not one whit behind them in the good qualities of a soldier, he was inconceivably their superior in those of a statesman, even when he was still young and untried in war. When the Medes made their invasion, and Themistocles was trying to persuade the people to give up their city, abandon their country, make a stand with their fleet off Salamis, and fight the issue at sea, most men were terrified at the boldness of the scheme but lo Cimon was first to act, and with a gay mien led a procession of his companions through the Cerameicus up to the Acropolis, to dedicate to the goddess there the horse's bridle which he carried in his hands, signifying thus that what the city needed then was not knightly prowess but sea-fighters. After he had dedicated his bridle, .'

;

417

PLUTARCH'S LIVES KOI \a/3a)V

ere

TWV

TOV vaov

irepl

/epe/jta-

7rpO(rvufjLros Trj Oew, /careOaXacrcrav, OVK 6X(/ycu9 &PX*} ro ^

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l

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KOI

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re

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KOI

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Troa-co/jievov

real

7ro\\d

supplied by Stephanas, and confirmed by S supplied

418

ls.

;

Bi*

Bekker

482

CIMON,

v.

3-vi. a

he took one of the shields which were hung up about the temple, addressed his prayers to the goddess, and went down to the sea, whereat many were first made to take heart. He was also of no mean presence, as Ion the poet but tall and stately, with an abundant and curly head of hair. And since he displayed brilliant and heroic qualities in the actual struggle at Salamis, he soon acquired reputation and good will in the city. Many thronged to him and besought him to purpose and perform at once what would be worthy of Marathon. So when he entered politics the people gladly welcomed him, and promoted him, since they were full to surfeit of Themistocles, to the highest honours and offices in the city, for he was engaging and attractive to the common folk by reason of his But it was Aristides, gentleness and artlessness. son of Lysimachus, who more than any one else furthered his career, for he saw the fine features of his character, and made him, as it were, a foil to the cleverness and daring of Themistocles. VI. After the flight of the Medes from Hellas, Cimon was sent out as a commander, 2 before the Athenians had obtained their empire of the sea, and while they were still under the leadership of Pausanias and the Lacedaemonians. During this campaign, the citizen-soldiers he furnished on expeditions were always admirably disciplined and far more zealous than any others and again, while Pausanias was holding treasonable conference with the Barbarians, writing letters to the King, treating the allies with harsh arrogance, and displaying much wantonness of says,

1

;

1

480

B.C.

478-477

B.U.

419

PLUTARCH'S LIVES l OJKOV dvorfrov v/3piovro<$, v7ro\afATrpa&j? rovs dbiKov/jievovs KOI
e\a0ev ov

aXXa 3

Si*

orr\wv

\6yw Kal

rrjv

tf0i

TrpocreriOevTO jap ol TrXetcrroi TWV etceivw re /cal 'Apia-TeiSy rrjv ^a\e7rorr]ra

rov Tlavaaviov /cal

Tourof?

a/jia

/j,r)

TrpocrijyovTo

epoi>T<;.

ol &

Kal rot?

e<J)paov, co?

Kal rapaTTO/jLevT)? \\avaaviav. 4

7779

'EXXaSo?, dvaKa\elv rov

Aeyerai 5e irapOevov TLVCL Bv^avriav eirufcav&v yovewv, ovo^a KXeovitrrjv, eV ala-^vvr} TOV Tlavcramou /jLTa7Tfj,7ro/jLvov, Tou? fiev yoveis VTT* dvdyKal (j)6/3ov TrpoecrOat rrjv TralSa, rrjv Be irpo TOV Bco^ariov SerjOeicrav dve\ecr6aL TO Sid (7/COTOU9 Kal <7tW7T7)9 TT) K\ll>rj 7T pOGlOlMJCL rov Ylavcraviov KaQev&ovros, e/jLTrecrelv Kal dva-

5 rpetyat

TO \V)(yiov aKovcrav rov

&'

VTTO rov

l rapa^Oevra Kal arfacra^vov TO ov, W9 rivos err avrov e^dp<>v

tfdl Kara(Ba\elv rrjv rrapOevov, eK 8e TT}? drroOavovcrav avrrjv OVK eav rov Ylavaaviav (rvdeiv, aXXa vvKrw el&w\ov avru> rwo~av et9 rov VTTVOV 0/3777 \eyeiv roBe TO rjpwov

77X7777)9

81^779 acrcrov

fidXa rot KaKov dvSpdcriv o

ffTraffdfUVOv

42O

with S

:

CIMON, power and

silly

mildness those

vi.

pretension,

2-5

Cimon received with

who brought

their wrongs to him, treated them humanely, and so, before men were aware of it, secured the leadership of Hellas, not by force of arms, but by virtue of his address and For most of the allies, because they character. could not endure the severity and disdain of Pausanias, attached themselves to Cimon and Aristides, who had no sooner won this following than they sent also to the Ephors and told them, since Sparta had lost her prestige and Hellas was in confusion, to recall Pausanias. It is said that a maiden of Byzantium, of excellent parentage, Cleonice by name, was summoned by Pausanias for a purpose that would disgrace her. Her parents, influenced by constraint and fear,

abandoned their daughter to her fate, and she, after requesting the attendants before his chamber to remove the light, in darkness and silence at length drew near the couch on which Pausanias was asleep, but accidentally stumbled against the Pausanias, startled by lamp-holder and upset it. the noise, drew the dagger which lay at his side, with the idea that some enemy was upon him, and smote and felled the maiden. After her death in consequence of the blow, she gave Pausanias no peace, but kept coming into his sleep by

night in verse

"

phantom form, wrathfully uttering

this

:

Draw thou nigh

to thy

doom

;

'tis

evil for

men

to

be wanton."

At

this

outrage the

allies

were beyond measure 421

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rov 6

avrov.

o

Trpo? TO

%Tro\i6pKrj
Ktyu<wi>o?

eKTrecrwv

5'

Ru^avriov Kal rw

rov

i'Kvo/jiavreLov 64? 'HpdK\(,av, real

dvaKa\ov/jLevo$ opytjv.

S* et?

77

TWV

rrjv

rijs K.\OVLKT]<; Traprjrelro

\0ovcra ra^ew? e(f)ij avrov ev ^Traprrj yevo-

O"\ITIV

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ft)? OIK, TT)V /JL\\OV(TaV Te\vr/)V. ravra fiev ovv VTTO Tro VII. KtyLtwf Se, TWV avfjifjid^wv ^S?7 irpocrKe-

JJL6VOV, alviTTOfJievr],

aura), crrparrjyo^ et? fypatcrjv

t?

7r\eucre,

Ylepawv avSpas eV^o^oy? Kal cryy/5acrtXea>9 'Hto^a iroXiv rrapa r

eVo^Xet^ rot? TTpWTOV (JLV OVV CLVTOVS fidxy TOV<> Hepaa? evi/crjcre KOI fcareK\iKet,/ji6i>rji>

2 TOt*

7roTa/z<w /care^ovra^

TQTTOV

T^

crev et?

6K61VOV

TTO\LV'

"

KXX^CTt.

eTreira

TOI)?

y

o^ey auTOt? e^oira O-^ 7roia)v Kal rrjv -%wpav Trapa^vXdrTwv aTraaav et? ToaavTrfv cnropiav rovs 7ro\iopicovp,evov^ Karecrrr)yoa/ca?,

o~ev,

Mare

yvovra ra

l&ovrr)v rov /3ao-fXeo)? crrparrjyov arcoTT pay para rfj rroXeu rcvp evelvau Kal

(rvvSia(f)0Lpai fjiera rwv
3 eavrov.

ov&ev

dio\oyov

GD
d\\o rwv 7r\ei<jrwv

o-vyKararcaevrwv,

rrjv

Be

ovcrav Tot?

422

'AO^vaiois.

Kal

TOU?

%ct)pav

CIMON,

vi. 5-vii.

3

incensed, and joined Cimon in forcing Pausanias to give up the city. Driven from Byzantium, and still harassed by the phantom, as the story goes,

he had recourse to the ghost-oracle of Heracleia, and summoning up the spirit of Cleonice, besought her to forgo her wrath. She came into his presence and said that he would soon cease from his troubles on coming to Sparta, thus darkly intimating, as it

seems, his impending death.

tale

is

At any

rate, this

told by

many. VII. But Cimon, now that the

allies had attached themselves to him, took command of them and sailed to Thrace, for he heard that men of rank among the Persians and kinsmen of the King held possession of Eion, a city on the banks of the Strymon, and were First he harassing the Hellenes in that vicinity. defeated the Persians themselves in battle arid shut them up in the city then he expelled from their homes above the Strymon the Thracians from whom the Persians had been getting provisions, put the whole country under guard, and brought the besieged 1

;

to such straits that Butes, the King's general, gave up the struggle, set fire to the city, and destroyed it his And family, his treasures, and himself. was that though Cimon took the city, he gained no other memorable advantage thereby, since most of its treasures had been burned up with the Barbarians but the surrounding territory was very fertile and fair, and this he turned over to the Athenians for occupation. Wherefore the people permitted him to

with

so

it

;

1

476-475

B.C.

423

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Ty rovs \i6lvov$ o Bfj/jLos avaOelvai prjcrev, wv eTriyeypaTrrcu TO> /J,ev 4 *Hi>

fca/ceivoi

apa

iraiaiv

eV

rd\aKdp^t,oi, oi TTOTC

'Hiow,

2,Tpv/j,6vo
aWcova icpvepbv

\ifjiov T*

T'

SvcrfjiV(0v evpov

a^l


M^ ooa?,

eTrdyovres "Aprja

a

Be Bevrepw*

1

avr evpycrir]<; fjiaX\.6v

T?

ra'S'

teal

t'Sooif

/jLeydXwv

/cal eTrecrcro/z.ez/wz; e

Trepi %vvols Trpdy/jiaa-i

dfji(f)l

a

Srjpw

e

5 TO) Be

TTore rrja-Se

rjyeiro

ov 7ro0^

f/

IT 0X7709

^dOeov Tpwl/cbv

OjLo<;

(>r

'ATpeiSya-i,

ayu,'

Me/e-

e? TreSiov

kavaayv

Trv/ca

ovra

fio\eiv.

OUTCO? ovSev dei/ces A.6rjvaioio~i Ka\ei
424

CIMON,

VH.

3-5

dedicate the stone Hermae, on the the inscription

first

of which

is

:

(i

Valorous-hearted as well were they

who

at Ei'on

fighting,

Facing the sons of the Medes, Strymori's current beside,

and

Fiery famine arrayed, against them,

Thus

first

"

despair

for foes

finding

gore-flecked

Ares,

that grim exit,

;

and on the second " Unto their leaders :

reward by Athenians thus hath been given Bent-fits won such return, valorous deeds of the brave. All the more strong at the sight will the men of the future be eager, Fighting for commonwealth, war's dread strife to maintain ;" ;

and on the third " With the

:

Atridae

of

old,

from

this

our

city,

Menestheus

Led

men

his

to

the plain Trojan called and

divine.

He, once Homer asserted, among well-armoured Achaearis,

Marshaller was of the fight, best of them all who had come. Thus there is naught unseemly in giving that

name

to Athenians

;

Marshallers they both of war and of the vigour c

01

men. 425

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TaOra

Kaiirep

ovBa/jiov

Br)\ovi>ra

TI/JLIJS

V7rep{3o\i]v

VIII. TOt9

rore

dv6p(jL>7rois.

ovre

TO

K///,a>z/o9 eBotcet,

e%eiv

jap

e/j,LcrTOK\ris

TWOS ovre Mi\Tid8r]
rore

a(/>etV

iv

w

dywvia-d/jiei'os,

""Orav yap"

"

etyrj,

TO vs ftap-

Mi\rtd8r), viK^cry^

Bid Ti^a(T0ai fJLovos dlov." TO \\ifjiwvos vTreprjydTrrjo-av epyov ; 17 OTi TWV [Jiev CL\\WV ar parity OVVTCOV inrep TOV /JLTJ

Tore

2 fidpovs,

rl

KCU

TOivvv

TraOeiv ^/JLVVOVTO TOL? TroXeyLttof?, TOVTOV Be teal TTOiijcrai /ca/tco? rjBvvyjOrja-av eVt rrjv e/ceivwv avrol crTpa-revcravTes, Kal TrpocreKTijcravro ^copa? avTi]v 3

re rrjv 'Hiot'a, Kal rrjv 'A/u. OLKiaavre^ ; "SliKiaav Be Kal ^rcvpov eXoi^ro? Kt/z,wz^09

atrta?

AoXovre?

TOiavrris.

ca/covv

rrjv

e'^

vr^crov,

epydrat tcaKoi 7%' \r}l6/j,evoi Be rrjv 0d\aacrav TraXaiov, reXeurw^re? ouBe rwv elcnrXeovTwv irap avrovs KOL %pu>}JLevwv dTrei^ovro ^evcoi', dXXa eTTaXoi;9 Tivas e^Tropov^ irepl TO KT/;
4 opfjLicraiJLevovs

eiret Be Bia
Bpdvres CK TWV

roXect>9 'A/AifiiKTVOviKijv,

rd

^prj/uLaTa TWI>

ov /3ov\o-

TTO\\WV crvveKTiveiv, aXXa

'xovras KOI BtrjpTraKOTas djroBovvai

OVTWV,

eicelvoi

BeicravT<;

tce\evovTes r

rrjv

426

jro\i,v

Trefjiirovcn rj/cetv

VTT

K\ev-

ypd/jLjuLara

perd rwv vewv

CLVT&V

CIMON,

viii.

1-4

VIII. Although these inscriptions nowhere mentioned Cimon by name, his contemporaries held them to be a surpassing honour for him. Neither Themistocles nor Miltiades achieved any such, nay, when the latter asked for a crown of olive merely, Sophanes the Deceleian rose up in the midst of the

assembly and protested. His speech was ungracious, but it pleased the people of that day. " When/' said he, " thou hast fought out alone a victory over the Barbarians, then demand to be honoured alone."

Why, then, were the people so excessively pleased with the achievement of Cimon ? Perhaps it was because when the others were their generals they were trying to repel their enemies and so avert but when he led them they were enabled to ravage the land of their enemies with incursions of their own, and acquired fresh territories for settlement, not only Eion itself, but also Amphipolis. They settled Scyros too, which Cimon seized for the following reason. Dolopians were living on the island, but they were poor tillers of the soil. So they practised piracy on the high sea from of old, and finally did not withhold their hands even from those who put into their ports and had dealings with them, but robbed some Thessalian merchants who had cast anchor at Ctesium, and threw them into prison. When these men had escaped from bondage and won their suit against disaster

;

the city at the Amphictyonic assembly, the people of Scyros were not willing to make restitution, but called on those who actually held the plunder to The robbers, in terror, sent a letter give it back. to Cimon, urging him to come with his fleet to seize the city, and they would give it up to him.

427

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 5

7rapa\a@a)V 8* OVTW rrjv vfjaov o Ki/jiwv TOV<; AoXoTra? e^Xacre /cal TOV Klyalov 7TVv0av6fjLvos >e TOV ira\aLov Stjaea TOV e A.0r)vwv et? ^tcvpov, avrov fjiev '

'

B6\w Bia 8

S*

fyoftov VTTO Au/co/Ar;Soi;9

TOV

TOV Tafyov avevpeiy.

teal

/BaviXews, eairovSaae

Bereft)? \etyava yap ^pTjcr/io? 'AOrjvaiois TO, K\evcov avafconi^eiv et? acrru /ral TL^LCLV co? rjpwa

rjv

aXX' yyvoovv OTTOV

tcelrai,

rore

a TOV ev@ep,ei>os 6 teal

et?

rdXXa

T^

co teal

et9 rrjv

avTov

Si*

avTOV Tpi^prj

TO,

ocrra

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KOG/JLijcras

eTwv cr^eSov TeTpaKoaiwv. avrbv rj&ea)? o Sr}yu,o? eo")(ev.

/j,d\i(TTa rrpbs

"E^ez^ro

7

K.ipwv

CT1]KOV

8'

et
fJLvtffiriv

avTov

real

TYJV

TWV

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Trapara^eo)?

K\^pa}(T

TWV

TOV aywvos,

deaTWv, co?

Be

p,ev

ov/c

Ki/jLotv yttera

TWV

/epiTa
crvcrTpaT/)ya)i> Trpoe\9u>v els TO

BeaTpov e crTroi'&ds, OVK

ra? vevofJLio-fjLeva^ aurou? aTreKOelv, a)OC o/o/fwcra? r]vdyKao~e Kadlcrai

TO>

Beat

teal icplvai Betca

8

o

/J,ev

Ttjv

428

ovv

6Wa?,

dywv KOL

drrb
&ia TO TCOV KpiTwv d^icofia

vTrepefiaXe.

vi/ctjcravTOS

Be

TOV

CIMON,

viii.

5-8

In this manner Cimon got possession of the island, drove out the Dolopians, and made the Aegean a free sea.

On learning that the ancient Theseus, son of Aegeus, had fled in exile from Athens to Scyros, but had been treacherously put to death there, through fear, by Lycomedes the king, Cimon For the eagerly sought to discover his grave. Athenians had once received an oracle bidding them bring back the bones of Theseus to the city and honour him as became a hero, but they knew not where he lay buried, since the Scyrians would not admit the truth of the story, nor permit any search to be made. Now, however, Cimon set to work with great ardour, discovered at last the hallowed spot, had the bones bestowed in his own trireme, and with general pomp and show brought them back to the hero's own country after an absence of about four hundred years. This was the chief reason why the people took kindly to him. But they also cherished in kindly remembrance of him that decision of his in the tragic contests which became so famous. When Sophocles, still a young man, entered the lists with his first plays, Apsephion the Archon, seeing that the spirit of rivalry and partisanship ran high among the spectators, did not appoint the judges of the contest as usual by lot, but when Cimon and his fellow-generals advanced into the theatre and made the customary libation to the god, he would not suffer them to depart, but forced them to take the oath and sit as judges, being ten in all, one from each tribe. So, then, the contest, even because of the unusual dignity of the But judges, was more animated than ever before.

429

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOV

Xeyerat

hlcr^vKov

KOI /9a/je&>9 eveytcovTa ^povov ou TTO\VV \\0/jvrjat,

btayayelv,

etr'

oi^eadat, Si

opyl/v et?

OTTOV

IX. ^LvvSenrvfjcrai Se

raJ

KL/JLCOVL

(frrjcriv

aTTaat peipaKiov r)K.wv e/9 'A^^va?

trapa Aao/jLeSovri,' 7raiveli>

acrai,

Xtou

ra)v
teal

l

7raparc\r)flevTOS

6 "\wv

etc

KCU acravTos

rou? irapovra^

yap a&eiv ov&e Kidapi^iv, TTO\IV Be

K\eov*s' e/celvov

1

OVK ar

Set; LOOT epov

&>?

ov

jj,ev


fJLeya\rjV Kal 2 7r\oua-Lav e-rrLcrraadaf rovvrevftev, olov etVo? eV iroirjorcLL

rov \oyov pvevTO? eVl ra? vrpa^et? roO

TTOTW,

jLVvjLovevoMei'wv

/rat

rcov

ev &t,\0ii> (rrpaT^y^/jia cro
a>?

ot

TW

(Tv/jL/jLa^oi,

T<MI>

teal

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Bu-

Kt/xcoi/t

v, 6 i

3

T?)I'

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Siavo/jLrjv &>? CLVLCTOV.

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avrovs

eXecrdai

KaraXiTrwcTiv,

'Hpo^i^TOf ^e TOU

e

rrjv

TCOI^

IJ

jJuepCSeoy etce-

erepav,

TJV

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o"v/jL/3ov\vcravTo<; at-

ra \]epcrwv fjia\\ov

rj Tlepcras, rbv avTcn eXa/3o/', AOrjvaiois Se TOVS aTreX-tTTOv. Kal Tore /JLCV 6 KLUWV aTrrj

pelaflai

elvai SoKwi'Siavo/j-evs, T/^eVTos,

to

43

clrravros

TWV

fiev (rv/^/jid^wv

Bekker corrects, after Schafer,

48

CIMON,

vni. 8-ix. 3

Sophocles came off victorious, and it is said that Aeschylus, in great distress and indignation thereat, lingered only a little while at Athens, and then went off in anger to Sicily. There he died also, and is buried near Gela. IX. Ion says that, coming from Chios to Athens as a mere stripling, he was once a fellow-guest with Cimon at a dinner given by Laomedon, and that over the wine the hero was invited to sing, and did sing very agreeably, and was praised by the guests as a cleverer man than Themistocles. That hero, they said, declared that he had not learned to sing, nor even to play the Ivre, but knew how to make a 1 city great and rich. Next, Ion says, as was natural * o over the CUDS, the conversation drifted to the exploits of Cimon, and as his greatest deeds were being recounted, the hero himself dwelt at length on one particular stratagem which he thought his shrewdest. Once, he said, when the Athenians and their allies had taken many barbarian prisoners at Sestos and Byzantium and turned them over to him for distribution, he put into one lot the persons of the captives, and into another the rich adornments *

*

of their bodies, and his distribution was blamed as But he bade the allies choose one of the unequal.

and the Athenians would be content with whichever one they left. So, on the advice of Herophytus the Samian to choose Persian wealth rather than Persians, the allies took the rich adornments for tht-mselves, and left the prisoners for the Athenians. At the time Cimon came off with the lots,

reputation of being a ridiculous distributer, since 1

Cf Themistocles .

,

ii.

3.

43 1

PLUTARCH'S LIVES xpvcra /cat paviaKas Kal o-rpeTrrovs KOI Kal Tropfyvpav ^epOfJLevwv, TWV 8' 'A0?;4

vpva v fy'Ckoi

Xprj/jLarcov

Kal

oliceloi

KarafiaivovTes

AfSta9 e\vrpovvro fjLeyakwv efcaarov, wcne T& KI/JLWVI recrodpwv Kal

<&pvyias

/c

/Arjvwv rpo(f)as eh Ta? vavs virdp^au TroKeu ^pvalov OVK o\iyov e/c rfj

X. "HS?7

8'

tfd\\tov

a)(f)\TJcr0ai, TCOJ'

re

o

evTropwv

K^cov

a Kakws diro TWV

(TTpaTrjyLas

KOL TrpoaerL

T&V \vrpa)v

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7ro\e/jiicov

e

eh

yap dypwv TOU? (^pay/jiov^ dfyelXev, %evoi<s Kal TWV irokiT&v rot?

iva

Kal rot?

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Trap* avro) \irbv /lev, Kad* i}/j,pav, e^>' eTToielro /3ov\6fJ
2 pova,

TO!?

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o

rwv

Trevtjrcov

6

el%ev dirpdyw? (T\p\u^a)V

Biarpotyrjv

BrjfjLOcriois

.

cnrdvrwv

d\\a TWV

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TO) ftovXofjievw

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crvvrjOei,^ ,

et

rt?

d/jL7re%6fjLevoi

(Twrv^oi

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avrov 3

ra

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e^Sew?,

Kal TO avrol Kal

wv TWV acrrwv

tfaXw?,

Birj/jLei/Bero -rrpo?

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efyaivero Koiii^ovTes afyOovov Trapicrrd/jiei'Oi T0t9 Kop.'fyois ra)v Trei'rjrwv ev dyopa criWTrfj TWV KepfAaricov vej3a\\ov et? cre/Livov.

432

ol

ifjidrta' 8'

vo/jna/jia

CIMON,

ix.

3-x. 3

the allies had their gold anklets and armlets and and jackets and purple robes to display, while the Athenians got only naked bodies illBut a little while after, the trained for labour. friends and kinsmen of the captives came down collars

from Phrygia and Lydia and ransomed every one them at a great price, so that Cimon had four months' pay and rations for his fleet, and besides that, much gold from the ransoms was left over for

of

the city. X. And since he was already wealthy, Cimon lavished the revenues from his campaign, which he was thought to have won with honour from the

enemy, to

still greater honour, on his fellowtook away the fences from his fields,

his

He

citizens.

that strangers and needy citizens might have it in their pow er to take fearlessly of the fruits of the land ; and every day he gave a dinner at his house, r

simple, it is true, but sufficient for many, to which any poor man who wished came in, and so received a maintenance which cost him no effort and left him But free to devote himself solely to public affairs. Aristotle says 1 that it was not for all Athenians, but only for his own demesmen, the Laciadae, that he provided a free dinner, ffe' was constantly attended by young comrades in fine attire, each one of whom, whenever an elderly citizen in needy array came up, was ready to exchange raiment with him. The These same folpractice made a deep impression.

lowers

also

carried with

them a generous sum of

money, and going up to poor men of finer quality in the market-place, they would quietly thrust small change into their hands. To such generosity as this 1

Coiisi.

of Athens, xxvii.

3,

433

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ra?

a)v

'xelpas.

Brj

'A/9^Ao^Ot<> eOlKe

real

Kparivo? 6 tccofjUKO*; ev TOVTCOV

/JLe/JLVrj(T0aL BlCL

Ka/y&>
dpuarw TWV T\.ave\\^vwv \nrapov

irdvr*

irpo rov

alwva Trdvra o-vvLarreLv. \{,TTCOV /3e{3r)K

5

en

Tolvvv

Yop
ra

pev

6

Aeoi/rt^o?

KTaaQai

^pijfjLara

f.iev

Be a)? TLJJLWTO, Kptrta? Se rail' ev rat? eXeyeiais eir^erar

S'

'ApKeaiXa rov

Katrot Afyav ye rov

aXXou

yivwcTKO/jLev ev

yevo/mevov rj eBeiTTVi^ev 6

rov

^pwro, TpiaKovTa

^KOTra&wv, p,
yuej/

vLKas

(frrjcri

co?

on

rovs

'S.Trapridrrjv '

drf

ov<

rot?

Ej\\rjcnv ovo/jLacrrov evov<s ev rat? yvfAVOTraiSiais 48

Be Kt^tcoi/o? dfyOovla Kal rrjv TraXaidv rwv ^AO^vaicov (j)t\oei'iav Kal fyiKavOp >)7riav vrrepe(Ba\ev. 01 p,ev ydp, e
f

.....

1

/cat rrvpos evavcriv yprj^ovcnv /* V V 9 ^V eoioa^av, o ce rrjv fiev oi/ciav rot? rrpvravelov aTroSet^a? tcoivov, ev 8e r %to/oa KapTrayv eroijuwv arrap"^a^ Kal ocra wpai Ka\a (f)epov(ri, XpfjaQai Kal \ajj,/3dveiv arravra rot? %evoi<; 7rape%(i)v, rporrov riva rrjv tVt The lacuna can only be conjecturally filled. a t'Sioa^av Bekker corrects, with Schafer, to

'^'^

434

f-

'

'

'

CIMON, with the words Yes,

3-6

seems to have referred

Cratinus

"

x.

I

in

his Archilochi,

:

I, the public scribe, divine, the rarest host that lives,

too hoped, Metrobius,

Along with man

In every way the best of all Hellenic men, With Cimon, feasting out in joy a sleek old age, To while away the remnant of my life. But he Has gone before and left me."

And again, Georgias the Leontine says that Cimon made money that he might spend it, and spent it

And Critias, one that he might be honoured for it. of the thirty tyrants, prays in his elegies that he may

have " the wealth of the Scopadae, the great-mindedness of Cimon, and the victories of Arcesilaus of

Lacedaemon."

And yet we know that Lichas the Spartan became famous among the Hellenes for no other reason than that he entertained the strangers at the boys' gymbut the generosity of Cimon surnastic festival passed even the hospitality and philanthropy of the Athenians of olden time. For they and their city is justly very proud of it spread abroad among the Hellenes the sowing of grain and the lustral uses of spring waters, and taught mankind who knew it But he made his home not the art of kindling fire. ;

in the city a general public residence for his fellow citizens, and on his estates in the country allowed

even the stranger to take and use the choicest of the ripened fruits, with all the fair things which the seasons bring. Thus, in a certain fashion, he 435

PLUTARCH'S LIVES K/3oi>ou 7

uvOoXoyovfuLevrjv KOIVWVICLV et? rov ftiov 01 Be ravra KO\a/celav o^\ov teal

avdis /carrjyev.

elvai 8ial3d\\ovTS VTTO TTJS aXX?;9 rov dvBpos Trpoaipeaew dpiaro/cpa-

AaKO)ViKf)S ovcnjs, 09 76 fcal e/ucrro/cXet BOVTO<> eiraipovn rrjv Brj/^o/cpariav IJLGT 'ApicrreiSov, teal irpos '(f)id\Tr}v vaiepov xdpiri, TOV S^/JLOV KaiaKvovra rrjv % 8 'Apeiov irdyov fiov\r)V Bi^ve^Orj, \r)jj,/jidTcov 8e a'XXou? 7rX?)i/ 'ApicrTeiBov /cal TOI)? Tra^ra? dmTn/XTrXa^eVou? opwv, avrov KOI dOiKrov etc rfj TroXireia /cal

Trepa TOV avreftaive

/cal

Trdvra Trpoi/ea

\eyovra Sid reXou?

KCLI

Trpdrrovra

Ka6apo)<$

/cal

Trapecn^e.

i ye TOL 'Poicrdrcrjv TLVCL {BdpjSapov djroacrtXew? e\0elv /aera xprj/ndrayv 7ro\\a)V

et?

'A #7^0,9,

(fravrwv

Trapd

viro

GTraparTo/jievov ?rpo?

K//xco^a,

rwv

CTVKO-

real

Oelvat

av\iov avrov ^>iaXa? Svo, rrjv 6{A7r\r](TdiAevov AapeiKcov, rr]v Se

rrjv

dpyvpeiwv

GWV

real

/ca7a(j)vyeiv

l&ovra Be rov Kt/zwi'a KOL rov dvOpaiTrov, irorepov alpelrau Kipcova

9 TTvOecrOai, jjLicrdwrov

"

rj

OVKOVV"

(f)i\ov e^eiv'

fydvai,

rov Be

" ravr

<$>i'}(Tavro<$

amSi

/nerd

yap avrols orav

$>i\ov

creavrov

Bew/jiat,

XI. 'E-Tre! S* ol cri/yLtyLta^ot rovs (f)6pov$ CTtXovv, dvBpas Be /cal vavs
436

rwv (SapjBdpwv

fcai

JATJ

Bio%\ovv-

CIMON, restored to

human

age of Cronus,

i. 6-xi. i

life the fabled the golden age.

communism of the Those who slan-

derously said that this was flattery of the rabble and demagogic art in him, were refuted by the man's political policy, which was aristocratic and Laconian.

He actually opposed Themistocles when he exalted the democracy unduly, as An'stides also did. Later on he took hostile issue with Ephialtes, who, to please the people, tried to dethrone the Council and though he saw all the of the Areiopagus ;

except Aristides and Ephialtes filling their purses with the gains from their public services, he remained unbought and unapproached by bribes, devoting all his powers to the state, without recompense and in all purity, through to the end. It is told, indeed, that one Rhoesaces, a Barbarian who had deserted from the King, came to Athens with large moneys, and being set upon fiercely by the public informers, fled for refuge to Cimon, and deposited at his door two platters, one filled with silver, the other with golden Darics. Cimon, when he saw them, smiled, and asked the man whether he preferred to have Cimon as his hireling or his friend, and on his replying, " As my friend," " Well then," said Cimon, take this money with thee and go thy way, for I shall have the use of it when I want it if I am thv friend." XI. The allies continued to pay their assessments, but did not furnish men and ships according to allotment, since they were soon weary of military service, and had no need of war, but a great desire to till their land and live at their ease. The Barbarians were gone and did not harass them, so they neither rest

i

437

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ro>v,

ovre ra? vav$ 7r\ijpovv OUT' avSpas atre01 u(v aXXot (rrparrjyol TWV \0rjvalwv CLVTOV? ravra Troielv Kal TOI>? vTrdyovres Si/cat? KOI '

crreXXof,

'

2

7rax&f] rrjv dp"^rjv teal \VTrrfpdv e Be TTJV evavriav 6$ov ev rfj arparijjLa Tropevo(3iav pev ov&evl TWV 'Ej\\ijva)v Trpoarjye, Se \apfSdv(i)V irapd rwv ov j3ov\o/j,ev(iyv

vavs Kevds, eVet/'Of? eta Se\eaTrepl rd oiKela SLaTpifieiv, real ^prj^ana-rd^ d7ro\euovs etc 7ro\eVTTO rpv(f)ij
dvd pepos TroXXoz)? eaftiftd^wv

'AOrjvaicov

SiaTrovwv 3

a"X,o\f)

rat?

(Trpareiais

ev

Kal

o\iya) %p6v(p rot?

Trapd rcou crv fM^d'^wv atcrOoL^ Kal xpij/jLa&i, SecrTrora? avrwv TWV SiSovrwv eTroirjcre. ir\eovTa<; ydp Kal Bia p^et/oo? e^ovra? del rd O7r\a Kal Tpefyofjievovs Kal dcrKovvras CK

avTwv da-Tpareias

l

eOia-Oevre^

Ko\aK6i>iv, e\a6ov dvrl BOV\OL yeyovorcs.

XIT. Kat

/jirjv


o/3elcr0ai f^fjid^cov uTroreXet?

avrov ye rov

Kal

/j,eyd\,ov /8a<7i\ew5

Kal crvvecrTeiXe TO
ovSels

,

,

d<j)i(rrrj

ra fjLev eiropOei, Kai Karecrrpe^eTO, ra Se Kal Trpoat/yero rot? "EiXXrjcriv, axrre rrjv 'Acrtai'

a

1

na^fXta?

TTavrdrracrL

the correction of Reiske, adopted by Sintenis

The MSS., including must be referred to the Athenians.

and Bekker.

438

have trrparfias, which So Coraes.

S,

CIMON,

XL

MIL

i

manned their ships nor sent out soldiers. The rest of the Athenian generals tried to force them to do this, and by prosecuting the delinquents and punishing them, rendered their empire burdensome and vexatious. But Cimon took just the opposite course when he was general, and brought no compulsion to bear on a single Hellene, but accepted money from those who did not wish to go out on service, and ships without crews, and so suffered the allies, caught with the bait of their own ease, to stay at home and become tillers of the soil and unwarlike merchants instead of warriors, and all

through their foolish love of comfort. On the other hand, he made great numbers of the Athenians man their ships, one crew relieving another, and imposed on them the toil of his expeditions, and so in a little while, by means of the very wages which they got from the allies, made them lords of their own paymasters. For those who did no military service became used to fearing and flattering those who were continually voyaging, and for ever under arms and training, and practising, and so, before they

knew

it,

they were tributary subjects instead of

allies.

XII. And surely there was no one who humbled the Great King himself, and reduced his haughty For he did not let him go spirit, more than Cimon. quietly away from Hellas, but followed right at his heels, as it were, and before the Barbarians had come to a halt and taken breath, he sacked and overthrew here, or subverted and annexed to the Hellenes there, until Asia from Ionia to Pamphylia was

VOL. n.

p

439

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 2 HepcriK&v O7r\a>v epr)/j,$)(rai. rovs TrvOo/jievos 8 /3a(TtXe&>9
TroXXat? e(f>eSpvei,v Trepi TIa/jL(j)v\iav, KOI &OV\Qavrols dir\ovv teal dvefiiftarov oX&>? LTTO (f>6(3ov rrjv eVro? XeXt8<Wa>v iroir\cra
/jivo
rav,

a>pfir)(TV

apas

rpirjpea-i,

OLTTO

KviSov

TT/JO?

{lev

/cal

ra%o?

air

VTTO

aptcrra

He/xtcrTO/cXeou? /career tcevaajjievcus, etcevos e rore Ka 7roirj(TV auras KOI BidjSaaLv rot? eBoj/cev, co? av VTTO iroXkwv oirXirwv Trepiaycoyrjv

3 irpoa-^epoivro rot? TroXe/uof,?. eViTrXeucra? Se TroXet ra>^ Oatr^Xtrwz/, 'EXX^w^ /zez/ ovrwv, ov Be^o/jievcov Be rov crroXov ov&e fiovXo/jievwv d<j)icrra(T0ai /9acrtXea)?, rrjv re ^wpav /carco)? ol Se Xtot Kal ljrpocre(3a\\e rot? refyeaiv. TOW? QaarfXiras e/c TrXeoz/re? avrq>, TT/OO? 3e

nra\aiov


'Ov,

apa

e^ovres, a/ma /Jiev rov ~K.Lp.wva 5e roevovre<; virep ra rei-)(rj

TTpocncei/jLeva

rot? oia-rols

4 rot? OacTT/Xtrat?. reXo? 5e OTTO)? 5e/ca rd\avra 8o^re?

e^yye\\ov l

Siij\\af;v

d/coXovdwai

avrovs, /cal

<7U-

(rrparevcao-iv eVt TOU? (Sapftdpovs. "Ecj^o/309 yttei' GUI/ Tidpavarijv (frycrl rwv ftacn\IKWV vewv ap%i,v /cal rov rre^ov ^epevBdrrjir, KaXXto-^e^? 8' 'Apto/JLdvSrjv rov Twfipvov Kvpicorarov ovra rr}? Su^a/Aea)? irapa rov QvpvfjieSovra

rat? vavcrl

Trapop/jLeiv,

EXX77O~t rrpo0v(jLov,

ov/c

aXXa

ovra

/JLa^eadat, rols

TrpocrSexo/jLevov oySoij-

Kovra vavs QoivLdcras diro KvTrpov TTpoarr\eev Corals and Bekker give S^XAa^a?', as does S, referring to the Chians as reconciling the two hostile parties.

440

CIMON,

i.

3-4

entirely cleared of Persian arms. Learning that the generals of the King were lurking about Pamphylia with a great army and many ships, and to

make them

wishing

afraid to enter at

all

the sea to the west

of the Chelidonian isles, he set sail from Cnidus and Triopium l with two hundred triremes. These vessels had been from the beginning very well constructed for speed and manoeuvring by Themistocles but Cimon now made them broader, and put bridges between their decks, in order that with their numerous hoplites they might be more effective in their onsets. Putting in at Phaselis, which was a Hellenic city, but refused to admit his armament or even to abandon the King's cause, he ravaged its territory and assaulted its walls. But the Chians, who formed part of his fleet and were of old on friendly terms ;

with the people of Phaselis, laboured to soften Cimon's hostility, and at the same time, by shooting arrows over the walls with little documents attached, they conveyed messages of their success to the men of Phaselis. So finally Cimon made friends with them on condition that they should pay ten talents and join him in his expedition against the Barbarians.

Now

Ephorus says that Tithraustes was comroyal fleet, and Pherendates of the but Callisthenes says that it was Arioinfantry mandes, the son of Gobryas, who, as commander-inchief of all the forces, lay at anchor with the fleet off the mouth of the Eurymedon, and that he was not at all eager to fight with the Hellenes, but was waiting for eighty Phoenician ships to sail up from

mander of the ;

1

About 467

B.C.

441

PLUTARCH'S LIVES $Qr\vai /3ov\6[jLevo<; o /3ide(r6ai TrapeaKevacr/jLevos, av eKo

ravra<;

ol Be Trpwrov /Jiev, o>
et?

&e

epo/JiV(i)v

&)? 8'

i&TOpel

*

&.6r]vaia)v

t&avoBriijLos,

Kara yovv rqv

7rpd%0rj Tr)V

TT}?

Tpicucocriais. epyov OaXarrav ov$ev VTT CLVTWV

SvvdfjLews

d7ro(TTpe
'yijv

vavalv,

e^/caocrtat?

KOI

"Eo9, TrevTTjKovra

Be 6

TWV

a^tov,

aXV

e^eTTurrov

evOvs ol

Karetyevyov et? TO Tre^bv 6771)9 vov, ol Be Kara\afjL^av6fJLevoL Biefydelpovro real

o> KOI BTJ\OV e&riv, on 7ra/x7roXXat al TreTrXrjpca/jLevat TO?? ftapfidpois vfjes rjcrav,

rwv vewv. ore Be

'

ol A.0rjvaloi.

XIII. Twv Be ire^wv eTriKarafidvTcov TT/OO? rrjv 6d\acrcrav fieya fiev epyov efaivero TM KL/JLGWI, TO (3id%a6ai rrjv airoftaaiv KOL cLKpria-i Kal 7roXXa7r\ao~tot5 eTrdyeiv vas, o/ta)?

opwv Tot?

Be

pco/jiTf

ftapfidpots,

TW

/ecu

Kal

eTrrjpfjievovs

(f)povij^ari,

TrpoQv/jiovs

TOU?

aTreftifta^e

Karct,

TOV tcparelv ^wpelv

o/mocre

oTrXtVa? dywvt,

vavfia^iav 2 Kpavyri? KOL Bpopov 7rpoo~(>epo/jLevov
s eTrecrov.

442

TTJV

iro\\w

S'

dy&vi

en

CIMON,

xii.

s-xin. 2

Cyprus. Wishing to anticipate their arrival, Cimon put out to sea, prepared to force the fighting if his enemy should decline an engagement. At first the enemy put into the river, that they might not be forced to fight but when the Athenians bore down on them there, they sailed out to meet them. They ;

hundred ships, according to Phanodemus hundred and fifty, according to Ephorus. Whatever the number, nothing was achieved by them on the water which was worthy of such a force, but they straightway put about and made for shore, where the foremost of them abandoned their ships and fled for refuge to the infantry which was drawn up near by those who were overtaken were dehad

six

;

three

;

stroyed with their ships. that the Barbarian ships

were very of course, stroyed,

Whereby

numerous indeed,

made

still

also

it

is

plain

which went into action since,

though many,

escape and many were detwo hundred were captured by the their

Athenians. XIII. When the enemy's land forces marched threateningly down to the sea, Cimon thought it a vast undertaking to force a landing and lead his weary Hellenes against an unwearied and many times more numerous foe. But he saw that his men were exalted by the impetus and pride of their victory, and eager to come to close quarters with the Barbarians, so he landed his hoplites still hot with the struggle of the sea-fight, and they advanced to the attack with shouts and on the run. The Persians stood firm and received the onset nobly, and a mighty battle ensued, wherein there fell brave men of Athens who were foremost in public office and eminent. But after a long struggle the Athenians

443

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rot"?

3

elra

KTivov,

j3ap/3dpov
re Kal crKrivas rravroBaTrow

avrovs

rjpovv

^p

KL/AWV cT wcrrrep ud\rjrr]S Beivos rj/juepa &vo rcaOrjpriKtoS dy(i)Vicrp,ara t Kal TO /JLW ev Tre^o/jLa^ia, TO S* ev T\Xaraial(; vavici ,

7rap\rj\v0a)S rpoTraiov, i Kal Ta? oy&orj/covra <$>oivi(rcra.<j f

at T?}? icevai

'T>pw

ytia^r;? d7re\L<j)0'rj(rav,

&ta

7rv06/j.evo<;

el&orwv /3e/3aiov

7rpoa-{36/3\rj-

rd^ov

OVTTCI)

/zet^bro?

Trepl TT}?

en 4 yLteTCO/3&)?

diruikecrav ol

%OVTCi)V'

KOI

f]

Ta? raO? aTracra?,

TrXetcrTOfc

/cat

a-vvSietpOdpTjcrav.

Ta7Tta>o-e T

yvaijjLrjv

rovro TO rov

epyov

e

ITTTTOV

fjiev

@a\d
^pojjiov

eVSov

del

8e

R\\rjvi/cr)s

rrj<;

Kvavecov

dire

Kal

vrjl KOI ^a\K/ji(36\a) pr) TT\IV. KatVot Ka\\icr0vr]$ ov (frrjcri, ravra rov ftdpftapov, epyy 8e TTOIGLV Sia (>6/3ov e/eeivrjs, Kal fiaKpav OUTO)? a7ro(JTr\vai

fiaKpa 5

TrevTij/covra vavcrl

rptdfcovra

fjiovais

\\t&ovio)v Kal 6 irapa

*E,(f)id\Trjv

/j,r)Scv

lepi/c\ea eireKeiva 7T\evcrai

a^Tot? vavriKov dTravTrjaai,

TWV fBapftdpwv.

ev

Be Tot? ^^t'o-yuao-fz/, crvvdrjKcov a

a o-vvrjyaye Kparepos, dvrlypafya t.

444

cfracrl

8e

Kal

CIMON,

xin.

2-6

routed the Barbarians with slaughter, and then captured them and their camp, which was full of all sorts of treasure. But Cimon, though like a powerful athlete he

had brought down two contests in one day, and though he had surpassed the victory of Salamis with an infantry battle, and that of Plataea with a naval battle, still went on competing with his

own victories. Hearing that the eighty Phoenician triremes which were too late for the battle had 1 put in at Hydrus, he sailed thither with all speed, while their commanders as yet knew nothing definite about the major force, but were still in distrustful For this reason they were all the more suspense. panic-stricken at his attack, and lost all their ships. Most of their crews were destroyed with the ships. This exploit so humbled the purpose of the King that he made the terms of that notorious peace, by which he was to keep away from the Hellenic sea-coast as far as a horse could travel in a day, and and Chelidonian was not to sail west of the Cvanean j isles with armoured ships of war. And yet Callisthenes denies that the Barbarian

made any such

terms, but says he really acted he did through the fear which that victory inspired, and kept so far aloof from Hellas that Pericles with fifty, and Ephialtes with only thirty, ships sailed beyond the Chelidonian isles without encountering any navy of the Barbarians. But in the decrees collected by Craterus there is a copy of the treaty in its due place, as though it had actually been made. And they say that the Athenians as

1

Hydrus

known.

is

the

Syedra

is

name

in the MSS. , but no such place the most probable correction.

is

445

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Bta ravra rovs *A.0r}vaiov<> lBpv
teal

povrcos. TLpa0evT(t)i> Be

re TO,

d\\a

rwv

al^fjLa\(ora)v \a
xprj/jiacriv 6

TO

Brjfios

T6o?

voriov

epp(t)cr0r^, ical

rfj

teaT
einroprfo-as TT}? arpareia^. \eyerai Be teal paKpcov rei^wi't a axeX?) Ka\oucri,
roTrof?

0fjL\ia)criv et?

TWV epywv

eA.a>8efc<

teal

epeicrOrjvaL

e/jLTrecrovrcov

Bia

\idois jSapecri rwv e\(*)V TnecrdevTtov, eiceivov xprj/jiara Tropi^ovros real 8 BiBovros. 7T/)WT09 Be rat? \yo/jLvai<; eXevdepiois acr^aXco?, %d\i,Ki Tro\\fj

teal

y\a
teal

BiaTpiftais,

cu

fJLiicpov

inrepfyvws r)ya7rr]drjo'av,fea\\(t)7rt(T

va-repov

TO acrrv t

rrjv

TrXardvois teara(f)VTV(Ta<;, rrjv S' 'A.KaBrjfjii,av e dvvBpov KOI av^fjirjpd
dyopav

[lev

tcaOapols

XIV. \ovro

teal crvcrteiois 'E-Tret

rrjv

Be

Trepnrdrois. rives ovtc

rwv Heptrwv

XeppovrjGov eteXnreiv,

d\\d

efiov-

teal TOI)?

dvwfiev eiretea\ovvTo rcaratypovovvTef rov o? /ACT' 6\Lya)v TravrdTraai rpiqpcov 'AOrj6/c7r7rXeu/coTO?, opurjcras eV auTOi/? recreiceivwv e\a@ev, (rapcri fj^ev vavcrl rpiffteaiBetea Ta
2

IK,

Trdcrav
Be

rfj

TroXet rrjv Xepp6i>r]croi>. '

rovrov Qaalovs pev dtroGravras K6r)vaiu>v teal

rpidrcovra vav<$ eXa/3e tearavav/jLa^rja'as rpets teal ra xpvcrela ra teal rrjv 7r6\tv e%e7ro\i6ptC7)o~

446

CIMON, also built the altar of

xiii.

6-xiv. 2

Peace to commemorate

this

event, and paid distinguished honours to Callias as their ambassador. By the sale of the captured spoils the people was

enabled

meet

to

various

financial

demands,

and

constructed the southern wall of the Acropolis with the generous resources obtained from that expedition. And it is said that, though the " building of the long walls, called legs," was completed afterwards, yet their first foundations, where the work was obstructed by swamps and especially

it

marshes, were stayed up securely by Cimon, who vast quantities of rubble and heavy stones into the swamps, meeting the expenses himself. He was the first to beautify the city with the socalled " liberal and elegant resorts which were so excessively popular a little later, by planting the market-place with plane trees, and by converting the Academy from a waterless and arid spot into a well watered grove, which he provided with clear

dumped

'

running-tracks and shady walks. XIV. Now there were certain Persians who would not abandon the Chersonese, but called in Thracians from the North to help them, despising Cimon, who had sailed out from Athens with only a few triremes all told. 1 But he sallied out against them with his four ships and captured their thirteen, drove out the Persians, overwhelmed the Thracians, and turned the whole Chersonese over to his city for settlement. And after this, when the Thasians were in revolt from Athens, 2 he defeated them in a sealight, captured thirty-three of their ships, besieged and took their city, acquired their gold mines 1

466

B.G.

8

465

B.

a 447

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Trepav 'Atf^atoj? Trpocrcfcr^araro /cal ^copav, ,

779

rrape\a/3ev.

Be paBiax; eTriftrjvai, Ma/ce8oz>tas real ore/JLecrdai 7rapaa"%6v, a>? eBotcei, /xr; air lav ecr^e Bcopois VTTO rov /3a<7jXea>? *A\edvBpov (TV^TreTrelarOai, KCU SLK^JV etywye rwv

3

e^Opwv (TvaravTCDv eV avrov. ovBe 'iva

6cro"<xXa>^, TrXoucrta)^

/ceBaifjiovicov,

aurot? TifJLCLV

4

1

/cat

yu-^ou/uero?

vre\eiav "Tr\OVTOV y

ovrwv, axnrep ere

\a^avw(iiv, aXXa Aa-

/cal

OepaTrevtovrai

d7r6\oo
dyaTrwv

/cal craxftpocrvvrjv, 979

d\\Ci TT\OVrL^(M)V

\fJLiwv rrjv TTO\IV d
rrjv

Trap

ovBeva Trpo-

ttTTO

T(WZ>

7TO-

Be TT}? rrjv 'EX?rt-

fjLvrjO'deis

6 ^Trjcri/jifipOTOs


V7Tp rov Kt/Aw^o? rov ne/oi/cXeof? o

yopwv

"Tpavs

Beo/jLvr)v e\0elv eVl ra? (ouro? 7a/o 77 p rail' /cari)-

rov

(T<j)oBp6raTos),

"

B

fJieiBidaavra J

co? R\7rivi/cr), ypavs, a> rr)\i/cavra BtaTrpdrrecrdat TT pay par a'" TrXrjv ev ye ry Bi/crj Trpaorarov ryevecrOai ru> Kt/ifcm /cal

7T/9O?

el,"

T^I/


tcarijyopiav

a-nat;

dvaa-rfjvai

JJLOVOV,

wcnrep d^>ocrLovp,evov. XV. 'E/cetV^p yu-ei' OLV airefyvye rrjv BLKTJV ev Be /cal crwerfj \OLTrfi TroXtreta Trapwv fjuev eicpdrei crreXXe rov Brj/jiov ZTTifiaivovra rot? dpiGrow /cal rrjv nraaav et? eavrbv dp%i)v /cal Bvvaa>? Be 7rd\iv eVl crrpareiav e^eTrXeucre, reXeco? oi7ro\\ol /cal crvyyeavres rov KaOearw-

ra 448

^ T?79 7ro\ireta<; KOCT/AOV ,

>

/

ra r

CIMON,

xiv. 2 ~xv. i

on the opposite mainland

for

Athens, and took

possession of the territory which the Thasiaiis controlled there. From this base he had a good opportunity, as Macedonia and cut off it was thought, to invade a great part of it, and because he would not consent to do it, he was accused of having been bribed to this position by

King Alexander, and was actually

prosecuted, his enemies forming a coalition against him. 1 In making his defence before his judges he said he was no proxenus of rich lonians and Thessalians, as others were, to be courted and paid for their Lacedaemonians, whose services, but rather of

temperate simplicity he lovingly imitated, counting no wealth above it, but embellishing the city with In the wealth which he got from the enemy. mentioning this famous trial Stesimbrotus says that Elpinice came with a plea for Cimon to the house of Pericles, since he was the most ardent accuser, and that he smiled and said, " Too old, too old, But at Elpinice, to meddle with such business." the trial he was very gentle with Cimon, and took the floor only once in accusation of him, as though it were a mere formality. XV. Well then, Cimon was acquitted at this trial. And during the remainder of his political career, when he was at home, he mastered and constrained the people in its onsets upon the nobles, and in its efforts to wrest all office and power to itself; but when he sailed away again on military service, 2 the populace got completely beyond control. They confounded the established political order of things and the ancestral practices which they had formerly 1

463

E.G.

*

462

B.C.

See chapter,

xvii.

449

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 2

fypwvTO rrpOTepov, XOVTO T?)<; ej; 'Apeiov rrdyov ftovXrj? ra? TT\IJV

6\iya)V

dirdcraSj

fcal

Kvpiovs eavTovs TroujcravTes els afcparov Kpariav eveftaXov rrjv irciKiv, tfSrj KOI TCOZ/ 7TO\\(t)V Bwa/UL6VOV KOL T

TOV eTravrev, yavaKTOvvros tytift)z/O9, a>? TW TrOTrrXaKi^ecrOaL TO dLwfJLa TOV avveSpiov, /ecu TreipwfJLGvov 7rd\iv dvw ra? tea

eVl

dvatca\elcr0ai KOI Trjv eVl

K\i(T0evov<; eyeipeiv /cal TOV Kare06a)V a-vviarrd/JLevoi, dpiO'TOKpaTiav, 3 ^ij/Jiov e^rjpeOi^ov, Keivd T ra Trpo? ri] dvaveov/Jievoi KOI AaKtovia/jibv 7TiKa\ovvTes.

a

fcal

ra Ev7roXt8o9 BtareOpvXrjrat,

Trepl

Kt

rf

QTl aTre/cot/^ar*

el 8*

av

e

dfji\&v KCU fjieQva-KOfjLevos Toaavras rocraura9 viKas evLtcrjcre, &fj\ov on avrov KOL 7r/}o<je^oi>TO9 ouSels" ai' cure TTporepov ovre TWV

XVI. *Hvi,ev ovv dir ye TraiBcov TMV oi&vpwv TOV erepov lov tovo/jiCKTe, TOV S' eTepov 'HXetoz/,

etc

yvvaitcos

Bio 7roXXa/a9 TOV HepitcXea TO aurot9 yevos oveiou^etv. AtoSa>/309 6' o YlepirjyijKal TOVTOVS foiarl fcal TOV TQ'ITQV TWV

45

CIMON,

xv. i-xvi.

i

observed, and under the lead of Ephialtes they robbed the Council of the Areiopagus of all but a few of the cases in its jurisdiction. They made themselves masters of the courts of justice, and plunged the city into unmitigated democracy, Pericles being now a man of power and espousing the cause of the

And

populace.

so

when Cimon came back home,

and

in his indignation at the insults heaped upon the reverend council, tried to recall again its jurisdiction and to revive the aristocracy of the times of

Cleisthenes, they banded together to denounce him, tried to inflame the people against him, renewing the old slanders about his sister and accusing him of being a Spartan sympathiser. It was to these calumnies that the famous and popular verses of Eupolis about Cimon had reference

and

:

"

He

was not base, but fond of wine and

sloth, And oft

he home,

And But

if,

'Id

full

of

sleep in Lacedaemon, far from

leave his Elpinice sleeping

though

full

all

alone."

of sloth and given to tippling, he

and won so many victories^ had he been sober and mindful of his business, no Hellene either before or after him would have surpassed his exploits. XVI. It is true indeed that he was from the first He actually named one of his a philo-Laconian. twin sons Lacedaemonius, and the other Eleius,

yet took so it is

many

cities

clear that

the sons whom a woman of Cleitor bare him, as Pericles often Stesimbrotus relates, wherefore reproached them with their maternal lineage. But Diodorus the Topographer says that these, as well

451

PLUTARCH'S LIVES %ecr(ra\ov

viwv

e

2 HLvpV7rTO\ejiiov TOV

yeyovevai

'ItroSt/o??

MeyaK\Ov<;.

T&V AaKeSaifAoviwv 7/87;

t]vt;r)6ri 8' *

Kal

\fJiOVVT<JL>V

VTTO

TU> (*)eyLU<7To/cXe

TOVTOV OVTCL VSOV

V

A0

t'j

ol Kpareiv fiovXo/uevcov. S' AOrjvaioi TO irpwTov rj&ews eaapwv ov /juicpa TT}? eicelvov evvoias rwv ^Trapriarwv airo\avovTT/OO? r9* av^avo/jL6voi
pa\\ov

ia"%veiv

teal

'

(TVfifJLa\iKa TroXvTrpay/uovovaiv ov/c rj^dovro 3

KCU %dpiTi, TOV

TO,

Ki/Acoi'o?.

yap

7r\elcrra

eiceivov

rot? o-fyu/ia^ot?, /ce^aptcryLteVa)? Be rot? enreira $vvaT(i>Tepoi O/J.I\OVVTOS.

/JLOVLOIS

yevo-

Kt/xw^a rot? ]S7ra/3Tiara9 OVK KOI yap ripe/ma jrpo0ovov 4 rotouTOt." eavry crvvrjye Bva fiiveidv Tiva irapa rcov 7ro\LTO)v. Kal TOV

[j,evoi

r

)

C

H

S*

ovv layycracra /J>d\ia-ra alrlav ecr^e Toiavrrjv.

/car*

1

TeTapTOv TO? VTTO

a-eiff/jLov

ero? ev

p,6yicrTov

Brj

TMV

T

rrporepov aiv ev(i>\t,a6 r)

avrov

'Ap%i&dfjLOv TOV

&ia/3o\(*)V

tro\\(>l^ Kal

TCOV

TavyeTMV

aTreppdyrjaav, avrij 8 TroXi? 6\r) ffwevvOr) rr\r)v OLKIWV Trez/re, ra? GevT(t>v

aXXa?

Kopv&ai

Tives

rjpei^rev o

Bekker adopted Niebuhr's correction to Tr
CIMON,

xvi.

1-4

as the third of Cimon's sons, Thessalus, were born of Isodice, the daughter of Euryptolemus, the son of Megacles. And he was looked upon with favour by the Lacedaemonians, who soon were at

enmity with Thernistocles, and therefore preferred that Cimon, young as he was, should have the more weight and power in Athens. The Athenians were glad to see this at

no slight which the Spartans showed him. While their empire was first growing, and they were busy making alliances, they were not displeased that honour and favour should be shown to Cimon. He was the foremost Hellenic statesman, dealing gently with the allies and acceptably with the Lacedaemonians. But afterwards, when they became more powerful, and saw that Cimon was strongly attached to the Spartans, they were displeased thereat. For on every occasion he was prone to first,

since they reaped

advantage from the good

exalt

Lacedaemon

will

to the Athenians, especially

when

he had occasion to chide or incite them. Then, as Stesimbrotus tells us, he would say, " But the Lacedaemonians are not of such a sort." In this way he awakened the envy and hatred of his fellowcitizens.

At any rate, the strongest charge against him arose as follows. Archidamus, the son of Zeuxida-

When

mus, was in the fourth year of his reign at Sparta, 1 a greater earthquake than any before reported rent the land of the Lacedaemonians into many chasms, shook Taygetus so that sundry peaks were torn away, and demolished the entire city with the exception of five houses.

The

rest

were thrown down by the

earthquake, 1

464

B.C.

453

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 5

Be }A
*Ei>

r&v veavicTKwv \eyerai

e
rov

creia-jjLov

veavicrtcovs,

\aywv axnrep

fjurcpov irpo TGI/? fj,ev

irapatfravrjvai, KOI rjcrav

a\,rj\ifj,jj,voi,

TratSta? e/cBpa/Aeiv KOI SiMtceiv,

rot?

8'

v7ro\i
Ta^i) $r) cruviStiyv airo rov irapbvros rov jne\\ovra KivSvvov 6 'Ap^tSa/^o?, KCLI rot/? TroXt'xa? 48 /c rwv OLKicov ra nfjaayrara opS)V /le/'Of?


6/ce\V(T

rrj

cr
vew, w? 7ro\/jLLO)v 7ri6vro)V, OTTW? on, a rwv 6 jr\wv aQpoit^vrai TT/JO? avrov. /cal pbvov ev TO) Tore tcaipa) rr)v ^LTrprrjv crev. ol yap eiXeore? eV rwv dypwv Travra^oOev &>? dvapTraabfJievoL rovs r

7

rwv

*5LirapriaTu>v.

a)7r\icr/jievovs

o

Be teal crvvre-

evpovres dve^iitp^crav eVl ra? TroXef? TTo\e/j,ovv, ru>v re TrepioL/ccov dva-

OVK 6\iyov
et?

'A^Va?

real

MecrcrrjvLajv a/JLa rot?

ovv ol AatceBaL/jiovioi, TIepiK\,ei$av Beojuevoi f3or)6elv, ov tyrjcri enl rot?

8 ev <poivifciBi

o~rparidv

eTrcureii'.

'E(/)/aXTOf Be

K(o\vovro<;

em av KelcrOai

ical

^Trdprrjs, Kt/z&)m avgrj
454

V

7rarr)0i}vai ^>7/
K/otrta?

TO rr/i^

varepw Qe^evov rov

<^po^yu,a TT}?

T/}?

CIMON, It is said

that while the

were exercising together

xvi.

5-8

young men and youths

in the interior of the colon-

little before the earthquake, a hare made appearance, and the youths, all anointed as they were, in sport dashed out and gave chase to it, but the young men remained behind, on whom the gym-

nade, just a

its

nasium fell, and all perished together. Their tomb, even down to the present day, they call Seinmatias. Archidamus at once comprehended from the danger at hand that which was sure to follow, and as he saw the citizens trying to save the choicest valuables out of their houses, ordered the trumpet to give the signal of an enemy's attack, in order that they might flock to him at once under arms. This was all that saved For the Helots Sparta at that crisis. hurriedly gathered from all the country round about with intent to despatch the surviving Spartans. But finding them arrayed in arms, they withdrew to their cities and waged open war, persuading many Perioeci also so to do. The Messenians besides joined in this attack upon the Spartans. Accordingly, the Lacedaemonians sent Pericleidas to Athens with request for aid, and Aristophanes introduces him into a comedy as " sitting at the altars, 1 pale of face, in purple cloak, soliciting an army." But Ephialtes opposed the project, and besought the Athenians not to succour nor restore a city which

was their rival, but to let haughty Sparta lie to be trodden under foot of men. Whereupon, as Critias says,

Cimon made

his

country's

increase

of

less

account than Sparta's interest, and persuaded the 1

Lysistrata, 1137 S.

455

PLUTARCH'S LIVES (TVfjLTO<;

dvarreiaavra

rov

a TTO\\WV orr\Lrwv. teal

rov \6yov,

c5

Trapa/caXtov

6

jjidXiorra

^]re

rov?

rrjv

rrjv

XVII.

'Evret Se ftorjQrfcras rot?

Sia KopivOov ryv arpartav ayow, e avTU) Trp'tv evrv^etv rot? (rrpdrevfjia' KOL yap dupav tcoa\\orpiav OVK elcrLevai Trporepov rj TOV '

elcrayayovri, TO

tyavras KVplOV "K\V
a)

'AXX' OV% L'yU.et?," Kt/Zft)!' }L\ewvaiwv KOI Meyapeayv ra? Ad^apre,

7ruXa9 Kotyavres,

KOi

d\\a

Karaa-^ia-avTe^ elcreftid-

yuera rwv O7r\a>v di;ioi>i>T6<; avewyevai irdvra rot? /xei^ov SwaiJievots" ovra) [lev eOpacrvvaro TT/DO? rov KopivQtov ev Seovn, teal

aaaOe

2

Oi 8e AaKe&aiiJLovioi TOU? Ka\ovv eVt Tou? ev '[dto/jir)

'A.0rjvalpvs

M.ffa"r)viovs

e\6ovru>v ^e r^v roX/JLav KOI rrjv irpor^ra SetVa^re? arrerre^i-^ravro JJLOVOVS etA.a)Ta?,

teal \a/j,-

rcov

ol e 77^09 opyrjv vewrepicrrds. drrekObvres i^tf rot? XaKcovi^ovat (fravepcos e'^aXerrau>ov t KOI rov K.ljj,wva [UKpas 7Ti\a/36/jLevoi (TV fjLfjLd^wv

&)?

7rpo<j)d.(T(i)^

et? err) Serca-

yap

arrcLGi rot?

r)v

e^warpcLKiaav ^povov rerayfxevov e

456

rocrovrov

TOVTW rwv AaK$ai/jLoviwv, a>? e CLTTO a)Kea)V eva)aravres,

ev

C1MON,

xvi.

8-xvn. 3

people to go forth to her aid with many hoplites. And Ion actually mentions the phrase by which, more than by anything else, Cimon prevailed upon the Athenians, exhorting them "not to suffer Hellas to be crippled, nor their city to be robbed of its yokefellow."

XVII. After he had given aid to the Lacedaemowas going back home with his forces through the Isthmus of Corinth, when Lachartus upbraided him for having introduced his army before he had " conferred with the citizens. People who knock at " do not in before the owner bids said he, doors," go " " And to which Cimon replied, them yet you Corinthians, O Lachartus, did not so much as knock at the gates of Cleonae and Megara, but hewed them down and forced your way in under arms, demanding that everything be opened up to the Such was his boldness of speech to the stronger." Corinthian in an emergency, and he passed on through o with his forces. Once more the Lacedaemonians summoned the Athenians to come to their aid against the Messenians and Helots in Ithome, and the Athenians went, but their dashing boldness awakened fear, and they were singled out from all the allies and sent off as dangerous conspirators. They came back home in a rage, and at once took open measures of hostility against the Laconizers, and above all against Cimon. Laying hold of a trifling pretext, they ostracised him That was the period decreed in all for ten years. 1 nians, he

;

cases of ostracism. It

after

was during freeing

this period that the

the

Delphians 1

Lacedaemonians, from the Phocians,

461 B.O.

457

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Tavdypa KaraGrparoTreBevaavrcov

'AOtivalot aev

rwv avrov 4

wv dfjivvecrOai rovo/3rjdicra, rwv e%dpwv avrov Karaco? /j,evov

Kal

rfj

djrrjyopeva'e

a-vvrapd^ai 7ro\i

rot?

rr)V

(TrpaTrjyois

d\ayya

fir)

^e^ecrOai

rbv

rov *Ava(f)\varTiOV Kal TWV a\\wv eraipwv, oaoi rrjv rov \aKO)vi^eiv aiTiav ecr%ov, eppwfiedya>vLcracr0ai TT/JO? rou? TroXe/utou? Kal epywv aTTciKvcraa-Oai rrjv alriav TT^O? TOV? 5 o/ Se \a/36vTS avrov r^v rnavo rn\lav 6f9 rov

eOevro'

Kal per oVre?

av

d\\rf~\,cov

eirea'ov, e<^*

(rvardi'Te

avrwv iroOov

TTO\VV

0*9 rjTidOricrav d$Lxa)$

'

re? rot?

St

A.0r)vaioi,<$.

odev ov&e T> jrpbs

TTO\VV %povov eve/jLii>av, rd [tev eiraOov ev ue/jLvrjuevoi, rd Be rov Kaipov
6 \afjL(3avofJLevov. err par Lav

yap

veviKrjfjieroi,

Yl\07rovv?i<7La)v

eV

ev

Tavdypa 49 Ka\ovv

avrovs

TOV Ktyueoi^a* Kal Karrj\0e TO avTW HepiK\ov<>. ovrw rare Kal

458

IJL&V

rjcrav

at

Bia^opai,

uerpioi

8'

ol

K

CIMON,

xvii.

3-6

1 encamped at Tanagra on their march back home. Here the Athenians confronted them, bent on fighting their issue out, and here Cimon came in arms, to

join his own Oenei'd tribe, eager to share with his fellow-citizens in repelling the Lacedaemonians.

But the Council of the Five Hundred learned of this and was filled with fear, since Cimon's foes accused him of wishing to throw the ranks into confusion, and then lead the Lacedaemonians in an attack upon the city

;

so they forbade the generals to receive the

As he went away he besought Euthippus of Anaphlystus and his other comrades, all who were

man.

specially charged with laconizing, to fight sturdily against the enemy, and by their deeds of valour to dissipate the charge which their countrymen laid at their door. They took his armour and set it in the midst of their company, supported one another ardently in the fight, and fell, to the number of one

hundred, leaving behind them among the Athenians a great and yearning sense of their loss, and sorrow for the unjust charges made against them. For this reason the Athenians did not long abide by their displeasure against Cimon, partly because, as was natural, they remembered his benefits, and partly For because the turn of events favoured his cause. they were defeated at Tanagra in a great battle, and

expected that in the following spring-time an armed force of Peloponnesians would come against them, and so they recalled Cimon from his exile. The decree which provided for his return was formally proposed by Pericles. To such a degree in those days were dissensions based on political differences of opinion, while personal feelings were 1

467

B.C.

459

PLUTARCH'S LIVES teal

Trpo? TO KOIVOV eva)'dK\r)TOi

(f)i\OTifiia

(rvfjt
Be

fj

TrdvTwv eTTiKparovcra TCOV iraOwv rot?

TraTpi&os VTre^copei Kaipols. o Kt/*ft>i> Kare\Oa)V jxev ovv e'Xvae TOV irokefjiov KOL &iij\\aj*e ra? TroXei?' TT)?

XVIII. Eu$i)?

rovs

opow

elpijrrj<;

^Kd^vaiov^

ayeii' ^rj ^vvafjievovs, a\.\a KLvel
rat?

crrpareiai^

/3ov\ofjLevov<j,

'iva

r/

j

rot?

jL(vi(Dv 7roejLwv

atrta?

prwv a^Y9 2

Sio^Xwcri

EX,\7;cri

/jirjBe

ra? vaval

Tr^pl

tea

Kara

CTTia'Tra'tavTat

7r\rfpov SiaKocrias Tpujpeis &)? eV ALJVJTTOV KOI KvTrpov av9t,s eKa-Tparevcrojjievo^, afjia, /j,ev f/A-

av TO?? TOL>?

a?ro

TTyoo? Tou? ftapftdpov 9 dywai /3ov\6'A^/'a/ou?, a/^a 8' tofaXeicrdat Si/caiws

TCOI/

8e

(frvaei

Kt'yLta)^.

avrov,

Tat?

ebo/cei etc

evTropias eis

aTrvTwv 6Wo? 6Va/9

TrapecrKevao'fjLej'cov

(rrparou irapa 3

7roXe/u'a)i>

Be

KVVCL

T)}?

^at'O'li/

u/cXa?}?

7a/3

TOV

et^ez^

6

6 v [Jbov jjLei>t]v vXafcreiv Trpo?

*

(^>tXo?

tea

rrjv

e'er?;

fuLe/juy/ievov

dfyelcrav

/eal

8e Bvcr/cpiTOV TT}? o'-v/rea)? over?)? 6 DocreiSwi'/aTT;?, {jLavriKos dvrjp Kal crvvijdr)? rfo covi, (frpd^ei ,

ovro)

QdvaTQv av-rw

Siaipcov

KVMV i

460

TTpon^jjiaii'eLV rrjv

dv^pajTrw, S' OJ)A:

ai

TT/JO?

01^

xvn. 6-xvm. 3

CIMON,

moderate, and easily recalled into conformity with the public weal. Even ambition, that master passion, paid deference to the country's welfare. XVIII. Well then, as soon as Cimon returned from exile he stopped the war and reconciled the rival cities. After peace was made, 1 since he saw that the Athenians were unable to keep quiet, but wished to be on the move and to wax great by means of military expeditions also because he wished that they should not exasperate the Hellenes generally, nor by hovering around the islands and the Peloponnesus with a large fleet bring down upon the ;

city charges of intestine war, and initial complaints from the allies, he manned two hundred triremes. His design was to make another expedition with them He wished to keep the against Egypt and Cyprus. Athenians in constant training by their struggles with Barbarians, and to give them the legitimate benefits of importing into Hellas the wealth taken from their

natural foes. All things were now ready and the soldiery on the He point of embarking, when Cimon had a dream.

thought an angry bitch was baying at him, and that mingled with its baying it uttered a human voice, saying

"

Go

:

thy way, for a friend shalt thou be both to my puppies."

me

and

The vision being hard of

interpretation, Astyphilus of Posidonia, an inspired man and an intimate of Cimon's. told him that it signified his death. He analysed the vision thus a dog is a foe of the man at whom it bays ; to a foe, one cannot be a friend :

1

450

B.C.

461

PLUTARCH'S LIVES r\vrr)
(f)0)vf)<;

4

MijBwv crparbs "\\\r)ariv fJLEra

lL/J,iKrai.

B

Ovcravros

Aiovvaq)

rov

lepeiov, /jLvp/Jir)K<;

&*

OJAOV

real

ftapfidpois

TCLVTrfV TTJV otylV CIVTOV 6 pavris ttTrere/ie fj^ev

atVaro?

TO

7ro\\ol XayaySai/o/'T65

Trrjyvv/jLevov

Kara

TO)

TO r/S?;

fjurcpbv etfrepov

rov \HifJLwva Kal rov vroSo? rcepl rov jjLeyav &d/crv\ov rrepierr\arrov evrl TTO\VV ^povov \avOdvovres. ayaa Be 7ra>5 o T6 Kt/zwi/ rw yivo^ei'w TTpoo-ecr^e KOL Trapijv o 6vri]5 rjye/jiovias Kard\V(7LV, Kal /jid\tcrra on rov e/uicrro7Tvv6dvero &6%av elvai Kal cvvajuv ev AcXeou? TTyoo?

t

.

.

TO?? ftap&dpois fieydXrjv, vTro^eBey/jievov f icivovvri rbv R\\rjviK,bv rroXe^ov 6

fjii(rroK\f]<;

fiev

ovv ou%

ij/cicrra

\eyerat

'EXX7;i;t:a? rrpd^eis drroyvovs, &>? ou/c

ai; vrrepK/yu-w^o? fia\6fjivo<; ryv i>rv%Lav teal dperrfv, Ka)v r\evrr)vai, K.L/JLWV Be /j.eyd\a)v erraij 'Oyuei^o?

KUTT/JOV crfve^wt' TO dyojvwv ical Trepl " vavriKov 7re/ji^rev et? KfJLp,wvos av&pas diropprjrov nva pavrelav 7rot,r)crojj,evov<; rrapd r&

a/9^a?

'

1

IT
462

fa\d either ird\iv is a corruption (vcpl . or words have fallen out. .

.

CIMON,

xvin.

the mixture of speech the Mede, for the army a mixture of Hellenes and Bar-

any better than by dying indicates that the

of the

Medes

3-6

enemy

is

;

is

After this vision, when Cimon had sacrificed to Dionysus and the seer was cutting up the victim, swarms of ants took the blood as it congealed, barians.

it

brought

little

by

little

to

Cimon, and enveloped

his great toe therewith, he being unconscious of their work for some time. Just about at the time when

he noticed what they were doing, the ministrant came and showed him the liver of his victim without a head. But since he could not get out of the expedition, he set sail, and after detailing sixty of his ships to go to Egypt, with the rest he made again for Cyprus. After defeating at sea the royal armament of Phoenician and Cilician ships, he won over the cities round about, and then lay threatening the royal enterprise

Egypt, and not in any trifling fashion, nay, he in mind the dissolution of the King's entire supremacy, and all the more because he learned that the reputation and power of Themistocles were great among the Barbarians, who had promised the King that when the Hellenic war was set on foot he would At any rate, it is said that it take command of it. was most of all due to Themistocles' despair of his Hellenic undertakings, since he could not eclipse the good fortune and valour of Cimon, that he took his in

had

own

life.

1

But Cimon, while he was projecting vast conflicts and holding his naval forces in the vicinity of Cyprus, sent

men

to the shrine of god to

answer from the 1

Ammon some

to get oracular

secret

question.

Cf. Themistocles, xxxi. 4.

463

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 7
ovo'els

yap

VTrep

wv

e

aurot? 6 0eo? e^rjvey/cev, aXX' apa T&> TrpocreXOelv exeXevcrev airikvai rou? OeoTrpoTrov^ avrov jap r/S?/ rbv KtyLtwrn Trap' eavru) rvy^dveiv OVTCL. ravra aKovcravTZS ol OeoTrpoiroi rcare-

%pr)(T/uLbv

7rl QaXaacrav &v 'EXX^oji/,

ryevofievoi Be ev TW arparoo TOT Trepl AtyvTrrov ty,

eirvOovTO reOvavai rov Kt/xtoi/a' /cal ra? TT/oo? TO fiavTeiov avdyovres eyvwaav rj rrjv re\evrr)V rov dvBpos, a>? ijBrj jrapa

XIX.

'ArreOave

TrXetcrrot

Be

Tro\iopKwv Kmoi>,

re\evrwv Be TOU?

ev0v<>

diroTrKeiv

KO\

avrov'

(Tvvej3rj

(TVfjL/jLd%a)v

Be

o>9

ol

acriv

e/c

avrov etceXevaev dTroKpv^rafjLevov^ rbv Odvarov

e'cr^e.

rcbv

eviot,

\eyovo~i, vocnjo~a<$'

0eol
jjnjre

Trepl

r&v

alcrdo/jLevfov

TroXe/nitov

acr^aXco?

o~rparrjyovfjLevov<;

fAijre

aurou?

VTTO

rpitcovra. 2

Mera

8e rqv eiceivov re\evrrjv TT/^O? i^ev TOU?

ftapftdpovs ovBev en \afJLirpov VTT ovo'evbs eTrpdrwv 'EiXX-rfvcov, d\\d rpaTrevres '%0ri (rrparrjyov V7TO Brjfjiayayy&v /cal Tro\e^OTroiwv eV* d\\ij\ov<$, ov&evbs ra? xeipas ev /^ccreo 8iacr^6vro<;, crvveppdyrjarav

t?

rbv

7ro\e/-iov, dvaTrvorj /nev rot? (Bacn-

yevo/jLevoi,
TrpdynacTL

ra 464

49

CIMON,

xvin 6-xix. 3

No one knows what they were sent to ask.y nor did the god vouchsafe them any response, but as soon as the enquirers drew nigh, he bade them depart, saying that Cimon himself was already with him. On hearing this, the enquirers went down to the seaand when they reached the camp of the Hellenes, which was at that time on the confines of Egypt, they learned that Cimon was dead, and

coast,

on counting the days back to the utterance of the oracle, they found that it was their commander's death which had been darkly intimated, since he was already with the gods. XIX. He died while besieging Citium, of sickness, as most say. 1 But some say it was of a wound which he got while fighting the Barbarians. As he was dying he bade those about him to sail away at once and to conceal his death. And so it came to pass that neither the enemy nor the allies understood what had happened, and the force was brought back in safety " under the command of Cimon," as

Phanodemus

says,

" who had been dead

for thirty

days."

After his death no further brilliant exploit against the Barbarians was performed by any general of the Hellenes, who were swayed by demagogues and partisans of civil war, with none to hold a mediating hand between them, till they actually clashed together in war. This afforded the cause of the King a respite, but brought to pass an indescribable destruction of Hellenic power. It was not until long afterwards 2 that Agesilaiis carried his arms into Asia and prosecuted a brief war against the King's 1

Thuc.

i.

112.

a

396-394

B.C.

465

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOU
e?rt

\afji7rpov

rat?

0a\d? crrpar^yov^ ov^ev ov&e /zeya Spdo-avres,

'EAA-T/w/ceu?

ere/oa?

(rrdaea'i

ap^s

vireve^Oivre^t ev jiecrais rat?

01)8'

teal

real

W^OVTO rovs

ITTTTO? TT/OO?

iwv crra&Lcov eWo?

a><j)0r)

6a\dcrar) rerpaKoa-o-TparrjyovvTOs Ktyu-w^o?.

"Ort /xez^ ot't' e/
Ktrtet? -rdfynv Tiva

w?

o pijrwp

7%

(frrjariv,

Kt/iwi/o?, ev \oifiq> KOI

dfyopia

rov Oeov Trpocrrd^avro^ avrofc fj,rj djjieXelv KtaXX' &)? Kpeirrova aefBeaOcu /cal yepaipeiv. ,

yuey o

466

CIMON,

xix.

3-4

And even he could generals along the sea-coast. perform no great and brilliant deeds, but was overwhelmed in his turn by a flood of Hellenic disorders and seditions and swept away from a second empire. So he withdrew, leaving in the midst of allied and friendly cities the tax-gatherers of the Persians, not one of whose scribes, nay, nor so much as a horse, had been seen within four hundred furlongs of the sea, as long as Cimon was general. That his remains were brought

home

to Attica,

testimony in the funeral monuments to this But the people of Citium day called Cimonian. also pay honours to a certain tomb of Cimon, as Nausicrates the rhetorician says, because in a time of pestilence and famine the god enjoined upon them not to neglect Cimon, but to revere and honour him as a superior being. Such was the Greek there

is

leader.

467

LUCULLUS

AOYKOYAAO2 I.

T&> 8e AovKov\\(p TraTTTTO? oe

Oelos

7T/JO?

7riK\r)0ei<;.

TWV

Se

fjieupaKLOv

wv,

auro?

Trplv

v

o

fj,ev

Trarijp

ka

rj&

fJ>r)T*ip

17

craxfipova)?.

ert

o

yovecov

Ke/aXia Se

fjicv rjv

MereXXo?

/jLtjrpos

8'

ap%jjv

o TLVCL

KOI TToXtreta? a^aa-Oat, irpwrov epyov etroirjcraTO TOV rov Trarpo? Kanjyopov icplvai ^epovi\iov avyovpa, \a^cav dSi/covvra Srjjjiocria. KOI TO \afj,7rpov

/col

'Pwyuatot?,

ecfxivj]

wcnrep

apiffrelav

&ta

rrjv

<jTo/iaro?

auro:? avev 7rpo? veovs /3ov\ovro TO?? d&iKOv<Tiv 7ri<J)vofjivovs opav wcnrep Oripiois evyeov firjv d\\a /teyaX?;? irepl i/et? (TKi>\afca<}. .

<7eco?

eBo/cei Be teal a\A.&>?

OVK dyevves elvai TO

TT;?

ware L

Tivas Kal

/ca

direcfrvyev 6

irecrelv,

Xto?.

'O 8e Aou/coiA,\o
3

tfa-tcrjTO

eKarepav y\corrav, WCTTC KOI 7rpdei<; rjv

470

dvay pd^cov

eWti'ft)

Kal \eyeiv

t/

SuXXa? Ta? avrov

TrpoaecfxowiGev a>?

o'l'i'-

Kal StadrjcrovTi. rrjv icropiav a^etvov. yap OVK eVt TTJV xpeav povijv e/i/zc.? avrov

LUCULLUS IN the case of Lucullus, his grandfather was of consular rank, and his uncle on his mother's side was Metellus, surnamed Numidicus. But as for his parents, his father was convicted of peculation, and his mother, Caecilia, had the bad name of a dissolute woman. Lucullus himself, while he was still a mere youth, before he had entered public life or stood for any office, made it his first business to impeach his father's accuser, Servilius the Augur, whom he found wronging the commonwealth. The Romans thought this a brilliant stroke, and the case was in everybody's mouth, like a great deed of prowess. Indeed, they thought the business of impeachment, on general principles and without special provocation, no ignoble thing, but were very desirous to see their young men fastening themselves on malefactors like high-bred whelps on wild beasts. However, the case stirred up great animosity, so I.

a

man

sundry persons were actually wounded and and Se vllius was acquitted. Lucullus was trained to speak fluently both Latin and Greek, so that Sulla, in writing his own memoirs, dedicated them to him, as a man who would set in order and duly arrange the history of the times that

slain,

than himself. For the style of Lucullus was not only businesslike and ready the same better

;

VOL. IL

Q

471

PLUTARCH'S LIVES real

Trpo^e^o? o Xoyo?, Ka9d-nep

fjiV

dyopav

tWo?

4

Be

Te^^VAra)?,

aXXa

\yo/Ai]v

ij&rj

d
,

dyopd?

TT}?

K.OL 49:

ravrrjv

rr/z/

K

etc

Suit otav ev (f)i\ocro(f)ia

Kara\vcra<;

8'

eV

TO

6ewp^TiKOi>

Kdipw

teal

/coXoucra? TO

TT}? Trpo? HO/XTTIJLOV $ia(f)0pa
avrov

nei>

ovv

KCU

ravra \eyerai' vkov ovra

TT}? (f)i\o\oyia$

8iKo\6yov

auo?, d/novoria

e/JLjj,\ij

TravrdTracriv wairep

dvairavea-Oai,

5 (f)i\6n/jLOv

e/CTo?

r^

Acal

e\evGepiov eVl TW /caXw ert ^at jjieipaKLov wi>.

TTpeafivTepos

:al

Ti]V

/3oXouo? TreXayo? w? Sita-rpolBei,

yevo/JLvo
Trai&eiav

TWV aXXwv

o

Kctl

TT/^O?

irepl

rot? elprj^evois

TT/QO? 'QpTijaiov rov *Liaevvav TOV iaropiKov CK TraiSm?

et? (TTTOvSrjv TrpoeXdovcn'is OLio\oytj(raL, Trpooirj/jia

et?

(TiKOV

VTVelv

o

teal

rt

\6yov 'lL\\r)viKov re

ai^

7r6\/jLOV.

Xa%/7 TOVTWV, TOV KCLL 7T(t)$

o K\rjpo
Tf? ICTTOpia TOV 6

6/9

Map\6yOV

SiCKTw^erai

MapatKOV

TT}? ^e Trpo? TO^ dSe\(f)bv O.VTUV KfjLT)piCtyp

OIKV

/cat

yap

TToXfyUOl/.

\ldpKOV evvoias

OVTOOV /JLU\l(7Ta 'Poi/jLaiOl TOV

jjivrmovevovcri.

7rpecr/3vTpos

yap wv

avTov \aftelv dpxrjv /novo? OVK r}(9eX?;f7^, d\\a TOV e/ceivov Kaipbv dvapeivas OVTCOS eTrrjydyero 41*

LUCULLUS,

i.

3-6

was true of many another man's in the Forum. There, " Like smitten tunny, through the billowy sea dashed/'

it

although O outside of the Forum it was " Withered, inelegant, and dead."

But Lucullus, from his youth up, was devoted to the genial and so-called "liberal' culture then in And vogue, wherein the Beautiful was sought. when he came to be well on in years, he suffered

mind to find complete leisure and repose, as were after many struggles, in philosophy, encouraging the contemplative side of his nature, and giving timely halt and check, after his difference his

it

with Pompey, to the play of his ambition. Now, as to his love of literature, this also is reported, in when he addition to what has already been said was a young man, proceeding from jest to earnest :

with Hortensius, the orator, and Sisenna, the historian, he agreed, on their suggestion of a poem and a history, both in Greek and Latin, that he would treat the Marsic war in whichever And it of these forms the lot should prescribe. would seem that the lot prescribed a Greek history, for there is extant a Greek history of the Marsic in a conversation

war.

Of his many

are

affection

for his

proofs, but the

brother

Marcus there

Romans dwell most upon

Although, namely, he was older than he was unwilling to hold office alone, but waited until his brother was of the proper age, and thus gained the favour of the people

the

first.

his brother,

473

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOV

UXTTC

Srj/jiov,

GVV

e/ceivqy

fj,r)

irapwv dyopavo/jios

aipeOi]vat. II.

Neo?

wv

fjia\\ov ye

ev TO)

Mapa-iKW

Seij/nara

Trapecr^e

5'

ToX/Ar;?

fj,V

/j,rjv

TroXe///*)

KCU

avTov 8S evarddeiav

TroXXa

avveaecos,

KOLI

Si^XXa? TrpoarjydyeTO, Kal ^pco/xei/o? air 7rl ra TrXetVrr;? a%ia ffTrovSrjs StereXecrezr wv rjv 2 /cal &' exeivov Trepl TO voyncr^a TT pay par eta. f)

yap

eVovr?;

TO vrXetcrTO^

^llOpl&aTLKQV

v Yle\O7rovv)]a'(D Trepl TOV

7rO\.fJLOV,

Kal

AOVKOV\\IOV

aTT*

e/ceiuov Trpoa'rjyopevdij, /cal SiereXecrev eVl vrXet(TTOV, U7TO TO)V (TTpaTlWTlKWV ^peitoV V TO) 7TO\/jL(t)

\an$avov 77)5

dfJLOi/3r)V

Ta^elav.

etc

TOVTOV

vavfcparovvTCDV, e^eire^i^rev eV Kal Aifivrj? rov A.OVKOV\\OV agovra vavs etceWev. fjv /nets ovv aK^rj ^et/^wfo?, e'^e8e rpicrlv 'EXX^n/eot? /jLvoTrdpwcri Kal i? 'Poo\a/cat? Trpo? yue^a TreXayo? /cal 7roX.e/.tta5, Travra^oa-e TW KpaTeiv 7ro\Xa? ou /u^ aXXa 7rapa/3aXXo/i6^09. l Kprjrrjv Kardpas (aKeiwo-aro Kal Kara\a(Bu>v eK Tvpavvi&wv (rvve^ayv KOI Taparrofjievov^ dveXafte, Kal Karea-rtjaaTO rrjv 7TO\efjLLa)V

3

Trjs [lev

SuXXa?

eV Tat? 'A.fiijvaK, TrepiO/jLevos 8e rrjv dyopav IK T>)? $aXaTT?;? VTTO

eTriKparwv 6

,

7ro\iTeiav 4 &eo/j,ev(i)v

Kal TOV

474

ydp, OK eoiKev,

Srj/Jiov

avrbv

6i?

Te v6} TVTTOV Ttvd

OTTO)?

LUCULLUS,

i.

6-n. 4

to such an extent that, although in absence from the city, he was elected aedile along with his brother.

Though he was but a young man in the Marsic he gave many proofs of courage and underIt was, however, more standing. owing to his constancy and mildness that Sulla attached him to II.

war,

1

himself and employed him from first to last on business of the highest importance. Such, for Most instance, was the management of the mint. of the money used in Peloponnesus during the Mithridatic war was coined by him, and was called Lucullean after him. It remained current for a long time, since the wants of the soldiery during the war gave it rapid circulation. Afterwards, at Athens, Sulla found himself master on land, but cut off from supplies by sea, owing to the superior naval force of the enemy. He therefore despatched Lucullus to 2 Egypt and Libya, with orders to fetch ships from there. Winter was then at its worst, but he sailed forth with three Greek brigantines and as many small Rhodian galleys, exposing himself not only to the high sea, but to numerous hostile ships which were cruising about everywhere in full mastery of it. However, he put in at Crete and won it over to his

He also made Cyrene, and finding it in confusion in consequence of successive tyrannies and wars, he restored it to order, and fixed its constitution, reminding the city of a certain oracular utterance which the great Plato had once vouchsafed to them. side.

They asked him,

it would seem, to write laws for them, and to mould their people into some form of sound government, whereupon he said that it was hard to be a lawgiver for the Cyrenaeans when they 1

90-89

B.C.

87-86

B.C.

475

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ovBev yap dvOpcoBOKOVVTOS, Trpdacreiv Bu
ev

TTOV

5

vo/j,o9eTOVvTi AovKOuXXfi) Trpdovs Trapeo~%6v. *&KeWev S' dva^Oel ^ eV AlyvTrTov TCI TrXetcrra 1

7ricj)avevT(i)r, TKatyiov aTrefSaXe Trei.paTWV Be 8iacro)^a? xaTt'iyeTO Xa/^Trpco? et? 'AXedTrrjVTrjcreydp avTco crvfjiTras o
KaTa7r\eovTi, Kal TO (jLeipdiaov o TC 6av[Jia
/xe'z'o?

6

/3acri\el

eKTrpeTTO)^'

Xetot? eBcoKev, ovBev6$ TTW ^evov rrpoTepov rjye/noi avToOi KaTa*)(0evTO<s. BaTrdvrjv Be xal oi>% ocrrjv eBibov rot? aXXot?, aXXa. TTpa7r\rji> eKelvw Trapefyev, ov Trpoo'Lefj-evw TCOV dvayKaiwv rr\eov ovBev ovBe B(~pov \a(3ovTi, KaiTrep oyBot'j-

dia

Tre^i^avTO^ aura). \eyT(n 493 aXXo Me'^<j5' dva^rjvai /nrfr^ v ev Alyi>7TTu> Kal 7repi/3o^Tft)v LCTTO-

KGVTa Ta\dvTcov

TV

Tpv(f)(Ji)i>To<>,

KpaTOpa III.

ov%,

a)? at*ro?,

o~Kr)vovvTa

eV viraLOpw TOV

irapa

rai?

7r

'E?re< 5' avreXtTre T//V 6 rTroXe-

?rpo? TO^ vroXe/xoz' aTroSetX^/cra?, etceivw Be

vavs aj(pi K.v7rpov TTO/XTTOI)? 7rapea")(, Kal TTf.pl TOV eKTrXovv avTov d
476

LUCULLUS,

n. 4-in.

i

were having such good fortune. In fact, nothing is more ungovernable than a man reputed to be prosperous and, on the other hand, nothing is more receptive of authority than a man who is humbled by misfortune. This was what made the Cyrenaeans at that time so submissive to Lucullus as their law;

giver.

From thence he set sail for Egypt, but was attacked by pirates, and lost most of his vessels. He himself, however, escaped in safety, and entered the port of Alexandria in splendid style. The entire Egyptian fleet came to meet him, as it was wont to do when a king put into port, in resplendent array, and the youthful Ptolemy, besides showing him other astonishing marks of kindness, gave him lodging and sustenance in the royal palace, whither no foreign commander had ever been brought before. The allowance which the king made for his expenses was not the same as others had received, but four times much, and yet he accepted nothing beyond what was actually necessary, and took no gift, although he was offered the worth of eighty talents. It is also said that lie neither went up to Memphis, nor sought out any other of the famous wonders of Egypt this he held to be the privilege of a leisurely and luxurious sight-seer, not of one who, like himself, had left his commander-in-chief encamped under the open sky alongside the battlements of the enemy. III. Ptolemy abandoned his alliance with Rome, out of fear for the outcome of the war, but furnished Lucullus with ships to convoy him as far as Cyprus, embraced him graciously at parting, and offered him a costly emerald set in gold. At first Lucullus as

;

477

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TO fJiev Trpwrov 6 AovKov\\os TraprjTeiTO, Bei^avros Be rr)V y\V(frr)V rov /3aai\eo)S eiicova, ovcrav IBiav

Opos 2

eo(3)'i0ri

0d\arrav.

Bi(0(racr0ai,

/JLIJ

rravrdrracriv

e%-

Kara eTTifiovXevQeir) tVet Be Tr\fj0o$ ev TrapaTrXco vewv etc

drrorr\elv

vofuadels

TWV Trapa\iwv Tro\ewv ddpoicras, 7r\r)V oaot, Tretpari/cwv /juereL^ov dBifcrj/jidTwv, els Trjv Kvjrpov SitTrepacrev, evravOa irvvOavofjievos rou? TroXe/uou? 3 avToOi rijv wpav ava^vwv. eira TT\OU (fravevros e^aTTLvrjs Karacnrdcras Ta? i/au? dvi'^dt], Kal //,#' f

rj/uepav fj^ev iKfrei/Aevois TrXecoz/ TCH? TaTreivols, VVKTWP S eTraipo/jievois

iarioLS Kal

1

e
Kwov?

els

'PoSov

'PoBitov Be vavs avru> TrpocrTrapaa-^ovra)^ eTreicre Kal KviBiov? rcov {3acn\iKcov aTraX-

\ayevras eVl Sa/iiof? orvcrrpaTeveiv. eK Be XI TOU? ftacri\LKOv
eKelvov rov %povov ijBt] Be Kar TO Ylepya/jiov e/cXeXoi7rco? Kal avveyo? els Tlirdvrjv. eKel Be Qi/Ji/BpLOV Kareavrov eK 7779 Kal 7ro\iopKovvros, els Ti}V 6d\arrav dfyop&v Gvvrjye Kal f^ereTre/^Trero rovs

'E.rvy%ave

Travra-^oOev aro\ovs Trpbs aurov, dvBpl roXfJLrjrf) Kal veviKrjKori rq> Ofyu./9/ot'a (TVfJL-rT\eKecrOai Kal 5 7ro\fjLiv d7reyv(i)K(t)S. o Be ravra crvvopwv, vavO)

478

Be \ei7r6jjievos irpbs AOVKOV\\OV e T&5 o-ToX&) BeofjLCVos Kal crvve%e\elv e

LUCULLUS,

in.

1-5

declined to accept it, but when the king showed him that the engraving on it was a likeness of him-

he was afraid to reject it, lest he be thought to have sailed away at utter enmity with the king, and so have some plot laid against him on the voyage. As he sailed along, he collected a multitude of ships from the maritime cities, omitting all those engaged self,

in piracy,

and came at

last

to Cyprus.

Learning

lay at anchor off the headlands and were watching for his coming, he hauled all his vessels up on land, and wrote letters to the cities

there that the

enemy

requesting winter quarters and provisions, as though he would await the fine season there. Then, when the wind served, he suddenly launched his ships and put out to sea, and by sailing in the day time with his sails reefed and low, but in the night time under The Rhodians full canvas, he came safely to Rhodes. furnished him with more ships, and he induced the people of Cos and Cnidus to forsake the royal cause

and join him in an expedition against Samos. Without any aid he also drove the royal forces out of 1 Chios, and set the Colophonians free from their tyrant, Epigonus, whom he arrested. It happened about this time that Mithridates abandoned Pergamum and shut himself up in Pitane. Since Fimbria held him in close siege there by land, he looked to make his escape by sea, and collected and summoned his fleets from every quarter for this purpose, renouncing all engagements in the field with a man so bold and victorious as Fimbria. This design Fimbria perceived, and being without any fleet of his own, sent to Lucullus, beseeching him to come with his, and assist in capturing the 1

8fl

B.C.

479

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kal 7ro\uict)TaTOV jSaa-iXewv,

009

TO aeya

yur)

teal

Sid 7ro\\a)V dywvtov Ka< rrovcov ^LMKO/JLevov ad\oi> eK(j)vyoL 'PaijLtaiovs, WliOpi$q'rr)S et? Xa/Sa? ij/ewv

Kal ycyai>o)S eWo9 dpKvcov, ov X7/$eWo9 ovoeva T^? SO^T;? olcrecrOat, 7r\eov r) TOV e/jiTTo&tov rfj (frvyfj 6 crravra teal $ia8L$pda-KOVTOs 7ri\al36/.ivov' v&

eavrov T?}?

e^ewa^vov

fxev

TO Karopday/Jia, Ta
T/)?

7^79,

vif

CKCIVOV

0a\drTijs elpyo/jievov d Trepl

u\

Xaipwveiav vvvovfuevas dpicrreia^

ev

djro rpoTTOU TCOV \yo/Liei>cov, d\\d Travrl &r)\ov, Co?, et Qi/jL/SpLa rore Treiadel^ 6 Aou/coi;XXo9 ov

MV
Trepii'iyayev eKelcre

rov

\ifjieva

rw

ras vavs Kal crvveTrepas av el^ev 6

o"ToX<w,

Kal 7 rjcrav.

aXX' elre ra

7T/309

*v\~\av SiKata

Trpecr-

ftevwv irpo Travrbs ISiov re Kal KOIVOV povTos, LT TOV <& i/j,Bpidv fjiiapov ovTa Kal yeyevrj/uievov

vay%o$ dvSpbs


Kal

Sid cf)L\ap%iav 7rpo/3a\\6/jii>os, etVe KaTa $r) Tiva Tvyr\v Sdrov Kal
Trepicfreicrd/jLevos

aXXa Mt^iSaTT/ 8

Oeia

avTos TOV Trapecr^e

Kal

KaTayeXdcrai Trpwrov fiev e vavs eVi(/)am
77/009

/nev

TeveBw vavko^ovvTa 1

K7T\V(rai

Trapaa-Kevy avrbs TOV Reiske, Coraes, Bekker avrov. fjiei^ovt,

:

480

LUCULLUS,

in.

5-8

and warlike of kings, that the great which they had sought with so many toils and struggles might not escape the Romans, now that Mithridates was in their grip arid fast in the meshes of their net. If he should be captured, Fimbria said, no one would get more of the glory most

hostile

prize

than the man who stood in the way of his flight and seized him as he was running off. " Driven from the land by me, and excluded from the sea by you, he will crown us both with success, and the

much heralded

exploits of Sulla at

Orchomenus

and Chaeroneia will cease to interest the Romans." And there was nothing absurd in the proposition. It is clear to everyone that if Lucullus, who was close at hand, had then listened to Fimbria, brought his ships thither, and closed up the harbour with his fleet, the war would have been at an end, and the world freed from infinite mischief. But, whether lie ranked the honourable treatment of Sulla above every consideration of private or public advantage, whether he regarded Fimbria as a wretch whose ambition for command had recently led him to murder a man who was his friend and superior or

t/

or whether it was by some mysterious officer, dispensation of fortune that he chose to spare Mithridates, and so reserved him for his own for whatever reason, he would not listen antagonist, to the proposal, but suffered Mithridates to sail off and mock at Fimbria's forces, while he himself, to begin with, defeated the king's ships which showed themselves off Lectum in the Troad. And again, catching sight of Neoptolemus King in wait for him at Tenedos with a still larger armament,

481

PLUTARCH'S LIVES eVe-TrXet irpo e7Tt/3eyS?/A:d>?, 779

dvi]p

T&V ak\a>v,

'

evavdp^ei

vvov
6d\acr<ji(Dv dycovaiv

eTreXavvorros Be poOiw TOV NeoTTToXe^QV KOL K6\vcravTO<; e/9 e/J./3o\r)V ayayeiv 494 rbv Kv/3pviJT7)v, Scicra^ 6 Aa/jLayopa? TO /3a

9 e/jLireipoTaTOS.

/cal

crtXt/c^? OUA:

Tpa^vTr)Ta TOV

TT)Z^

eYoX/^cre &v pTreaelv di'TiTrptppos,

e/c 7repia
McraaOai'

ttTroaT/oe^a? Ke\evo"V eVl TrieaOeicns evTavOa TY)<;

/cal

,

are

rot? 6a\aTTevovcrt, Trjs va)$ /uepeai 7rpoi\a)v Trpoafyepofjievwv, r^

6

eyKeXevcd/Jievos

AOVKOV\\OS

eTTLGTpefyeiv

ical

TroXXa Spdaas a%ia \6yov TpeTTCTai TO 1)9 al KCtTaSiooKei TOV NeoTrroXcyLioz/. IV. 'E/eet^ez; ^e SvXXa 7re/?l Xeppovrjcrov /JL\\OVTL Siafiaiveiv crv/j,/3a\wv TOV re tropov da(j)a\i) Trapel'xe Kai TTJV CTret

e

aviOrftcwv

GTpaTiav

yevojjLevwv

TO\dvTois Ta")(6ev

efyfucoae,, Trpocr-

avTW ra re ^/o^/iara raura Trpd^ai

vofucr/uia Ko^rat, rrapajjivOiov

TL Sofcei TJJS

ra?9 7r6\eo-iv, ov p.6vov ^al Trpaov et9 OWTW /3apv VTrrjpeTrj/jui 7rapacr%a>v eavTov. dvrifcpv} a<^e<7TWTa9 e'/5ouXero

%aXe7TOT7;T09 yeveaOai

KaOapov real

/cal Sifcaiov,

arKvOpwTfov

2 MtTuX^i/atoi/9 t

Maptoz^ 1

482

x

5'

/cal

Si^XXa

aXXa

e^ij/jiapTOV, &>9

Mdptov with Sintenis* and Coraes

:

LUCULLUS,

in.

8

iv.

2

he sailed out against him in advance of the rest, on board of a Rhodian galley which was commanded by Damagoras, a man well disposed to the Romans, and of the largest experience as a sea-fighter. Neoptolemus dashed out to meet him, and ordered his steersman to ram the enemy. Damagoras, however, fearing the weight of the royal ship and her rugged bronze armour, did not venture to engage head on, but put swiftly about and ordered his men to back water, thus receiving his enemy astern, where his vessel was depressed. The blow was harmless, since it fell upon the submerged parts of At this point, his friends coming up, the ship. Lucullus gave orders to turn the ship about, and, after performing many praiseworthy feats, put the enemy to flight and gave close chase to

Neoptolemus. IV. From thence he joined Sulla at the Chersonesus, where he was about to cross the strait into Asia ; l he rendered his passage safe, and

After peace had assisted in transporting his troops. been made, Mithridates sailed away into the Euxine,

and Sulla laid a contribution of twenty thousand Lucullus was commissioned to talents upon Asia. collect this money and re-coin it, and the cities of Asia felt it to be no slight assuagement of Sulla's severity when Lucullus showed himself not only honest and just, but even mild in the performance The of a task so oppressive and disagreeable. Mitylenaeans too, who had revolted outright, he wished to be reasonable, and to submit to a moderate penalty for having espoused the cause of Marius. But when he saw that they were possessed by an 1

84

B.C.

483

PLUTARCH'S LIVES eVtTrXeucra? e/cpdrrjare pd^r) real tcaTe-

vovvTa
K\eiaev

ets

ra

Tefyv), /cal Tro\iopiciav crvcyrrjadfjievo^ rj/jiepas

/j,ev

Se

real

\e\r)66rw<s

<pavpu)s et? 'E\aiav, KOI Trepl Trjv ir6\iv

3 v
7rel S' drd/crax; ical eveSpav ^cnj-^a^ev. Opdcrovs o>? eprj/jiov dpTTCKro/jtevoi TO crrparoTreBov ol M.iTV\rjvaioi irporj\0ov, 7ret(T7recra)V avrols e\.a/3e re TrayLtTroXXou? ^a>i/ra? teal TWV

fjiera

irevraKOcriuvs cnriKTeLvev, Be

/cal

$; ^tXiaSa? ^Xacraro \eiav.

4

TWV

Be

Trepl

rrjv

aXXr/y

TTJV

'IraXiav

dvapL6fj,riTov

fca/c&v,

a

rore

ZuXXa? KCU MO/CMO? afyOova KOI TravTO&cnra

rot? irapeixov, ov Trdiw /jLerea^e 6eia nvl rv^rj Trepl ra? ev 'Acrta Trpa^et? /9paSwa5. ov /urp eKcLTTov TI irapa !SuXXa T(OI> a\\wv (friXwv

dv@pct)7roi<;

0~X

l> >

d\\a

TrjV re efceivw

ypa(j))jv, Si?

<w?

eLprjrai,

evvoiav dveOrjice,

rwv /cal

rov TrruSo? eypatyev u So/eel rovro Trpwrov

eTrirpoTTov /cal

Staifiopa?

OITIOV

KOI

ovo~i /cal

V. 'OX^/ft) S' varepov vTrdrevcre yuera Map/cot/ /cal

eftSofjLTj/coo'Trjv

^v\\av Korra Trept 17

diroOavelv

eic^^v ?rpo? rat? e/carov 6\u/jL7rid&a. rr;^

s dvaKivwvrwi' TOV Map/to? avrov ov TreTravaOat, aXX' bib tea* \a%cov rwv eTrap^iMv o .

Aovrcov\\os

rrjv

eVro? "A\7reo)v FaXaTi ov/c

484

LUCULLUS,

2-v.

iv.

i

he sailed against them, conquered them and shut them up within their walls. After instituting a siege of their city, he sailed away in open day to Elaea, but returned by stealth, and evil spirit, in battle,

When the quietly in ambush near the city. Mitylenaeans sallied forth in disorder and with the confident expectation of plundering his deserted camp, he fell upon them, took a great number of them alive, and slew five hundred of those who offered resistance. He also carried off six thousand slaves, besides countless other booty. But in the boundless and manifold evils which Sulla and Marius were bringing upon the people of Italy at that time, he had no share whatever, for, as some kindly fortune would have it, he was detained at his business in Asia. 1 However, Sulla accorded no less favour to Lucullus than to his other friends. His memoirs, as I have said, Sulla dedicated to Lucullus in token of affection, and in his will lay

appointed him guardian of his son, thereby passing Pompey by. And this seems to have been the first ground for estrangement and jealousy between these two men both were young, and burning for ;

distinction.

V. Shortly after the death of Sulla, Lucullus was consul along with Marcus Cotta, about the

made

hundred and seventy-sixth Olympiad. 2 Many were now trying to stir up anew the Mithridatic war, which Marcus said had not come to an end, but merely to a pause. Therefore when the province of Cisalpine Gaul was allotted to Lucullus, he was displeased, since it offered no opportunity for great But what most of all embittered him was exploits. 1

84-80

B.C.

2

74B.c.

485

PLUTARCH'S LIVES avrov

2 fjidKicrra S*

rrapw^vvev,

ft>
v$oKi/j,a>v TIoyLtTr^fco? ev '}/3rjpta

aXXo?

rravaafrOai,

ouSet?

rov

eVt'S'/^

'IjS'rjpiKbv

Or^aeffOai crrparrjybs errl Miflpiodrrjv. Sio /ecu xprj/jLara alrovvros avrov KOI el

/jirj

Tre/ATToiev,

a0e
'l/3r)piav teal

aTra^ot ra? Suz/a/^et?, a-vveirpa^ev o TrpodvfjLorara Tre^drjvat, ra ^p^/iara rj&Tivocrovv Trpo^ddew^ e/eelvov ^> 3 e7rave\9etv evr'

e/ceivcp

jjLerd

irdvra yap av TroXew? irapovri, 7ap 6 /cparwv Tore airavra. KOI \eyeiv

vTrarevovros avrov' yevrjcrecrOcu

rd

Tocravrr)? crrparta?.

TT}? rat

r^? TToXtreta? TW Trpo? xdpw KOI Trpdrreiv Ke^>7709 e^Opav

KOV\\OV el%, fB$e\vTToiJLvov 4 jjuecrrov

nvd

irpos

Aou-

rov

ftiov

avrov

epcorav teal vftpews real ovra. rovrov /JLCV ovv avriKpvs

Koivrov, d\\ov Srjjuiaywyov, erravaS^XXa rroKirevfJLacrL /cal rapdrreiv K rov rd rrpdyfjuara rreipaiu^vov ISia re TroXXa Trapa/jLvdov/jievos /cal

AevKiov 8e

crrdvra rot?

vovOer&v

aTrecrrrja-e rfjs rreipas /cat

icarecrropecre

vocrifj,aro<;

VI.

'Ez/

TOUTW

5*

o

rrjv

Kt\tKiav

'O/craouto? rjyyeXOrj reOvrj/cu)^. crTrapywvrcov 7ro\\o)V TT/OO? rrjv errap~)(la>v /cal KeQrjyov

be a>
Suvarcorarov ovra BiaTTpd^aa'dat, Beparrevovrwv, KtXtri'a? ov rro\vv el^e Xa/9ot ravrrjv, eyyvs ova?)^ KaTTTraSo/cta?, aXXoj; ovoeva rre^O^creaBai, TroXe-

avrrjs

\6yov,

486

fjuev

6 A.ov/cov\\o<;

oio/j.evo<;

S', el

495

LUCULLUS,

v.

i

-vi.

i

the reputation which Pompey was winning in Spain. If the war in Spain should happen to come to an end, Pompey was more likely than anyone else to be at once chosen general against Mithridates. Therefore when Pompey wrote home requesting money, and declaring that if they did not send it, he would

abandon Spain and Sertorius and bring his forces back to Italy, Lucullus moved heaven and earth to have the money sent, and to prevent Pompey from coming back, on any pretext whatsoever, while he was consul. He knew that all Rome would be in Pompey's hands if he were there with so large an army. For the man who at that time controlled the course of political affairs by virtue of doing and saying everything to court the favour of the people, Cethegus, hated Lucullus, who loathed his manner of life, full as it was of disgraceful amours and wanton trespasses. Against this man Lucullus But Lucius Quintus, another waged open war. popular leader, who opposed the institutions of Sulla and sought to confound the established order of things, he turned from his purpose by much private remonstrance and public admonition, and allayed his ambition, thus treating in as wise and wholesome a manner as was possible the beginnings of a great

distemper. VI. At this time there came tidings of the death of Octavius, the governor of Cilicia. There were many eager applicants for the province, and they paid court to Cethegus as the man best able to further their designs. Of Cilicia itself Lucullus made little account, but in the belief that, if he should get this province, which was near Cappadocia, no one else would be sent to conduct the war against

487

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Mi&ptSdrrf, iracrav ecrrpefye 2 vTrep rov fir) irpozcrOai rrjv eTrap^iav erepcp. /cal re\evra)v epyov ov crefjivov ovS* eTraiverov, aXXa>? 6"

dvvcri/jiov

VTre/jieive

7T/90?

irapa

rrjv

T?

Tlpai/cia

TO TeXo? e/c eavrov (^VCTLV.

rjv OVO/JLO,

7wv

e<^>

avdy/crjs

TT}?

wpa

KCLI \afjLVpiq

ci\\a Kpeirrwv aveSrjv eraipovcrr]^ v aTrovSas teal 7rpoo-\a{3ova-a rfj \onrfj ^dptTi TO ev TT)

Bia/3o/]T(i)V

ovSev

TroXet,

TO-

KOI

elvai

Tt?

(f)i\,6Taip6$

fjiev

Spacmjptos

Be /cal Kefiijyov dvOovvra Tore Kol (frepovra rrjv iro\iv v7rr)ydyTO &)?

fjueyia-rov.

KOI

avvrjv

epwvri-,

T}?

r]

iravraTraaiv

TroXew?

BvvafJLt,?'

TL S^/jiocria K.e0ijyou

ovBe

els

eKelvrjv

ovBe

yap

cnrovSd^ovTos

/^rj

TlpaiKias firj K\evova"r)<; irapd Kedrjyw. ovv vireKOwv Scopot? o Aou/couXXo? KOI Be TTOV KOL TW AOVKOV\\W (rjv

ravrrjii

opdaOai

fjueyas

yvvai/cl 0*0-

ffapa fcal TT'avrjyvpiKfj /ucr^o?), evdvs el%e TO^ /cal avrw eTrctLverrjv KeOrjyov irpo/jLVwjJLevov / c, O.' C\V fr r^iXitaav. CTTCL o arra^ erv^e ravTT^, ovoev en \\paiKiav ovBe Kedrjyov eSei 7rapaKa.\eiv, dXXa o/aaXco? e/eeivq) fyepovres eve^eipiaav TOV TiKov TroXe/JLOV &>
/

>

rf

V

Biairo\e/jLr)0)ji>at

en

2epTO)ptft)

dTreipij/eoTOS

488

yr

Bwdfievov,

7rpoa7ro\fj.ovvTO<;,

578?;

>

Sia yijpas, ovs

>/

mo/jiTrrjiov fjLV

MeTeXXou JJLQVOVS

CLV

&

LUCULLUS,

vi.

1-4

Mithridates, he strained every nerve to keep the And province from being assigned to another. finally, contrary to his natural bent, he was driven by the necessities of the case to adopt a course which was neither dignified nor praiseworthy, it is true, but conducive to his end. There was a certain woman then in Rome, Praecia by name, whose fame for beauty and wit filled In other respects she was no whit better the city. than an ordinary courtesan, but she used her associates arid companions to further the political ambitions of her friends, and so added to her other charms the reputation of being a true comrade, and She thus one who could bring things to pass. And when Cetheacquired the greatest influence. gus also, then at the zenith of his fame and in control of the city, joined her train and became her lover, political power passed entirely into her hands. No public measure passed unless Cethegus favoured it, and Cethegus did nothing except with Praecia's This woman, then, Lucullus won over by approval. gifts and flatteries, and it was doubtless a great boon for a woman so forward and ostentatious to be seen sharing the ambitions of Lucullus. Straightway he

had Cethegus singing his praises and suing for But as soon as he had obtained Cilicia in his behalf. this province, there was no further need of his soliciting the aid of Praecia, or of

matter, but

all

Cethegus, for that

were unanimous and prompt in hands the Mithridatic war, assured

putting into his that no one else could better bring

phant

close.

Pompey was

still

it

to a trium-

engaged

in his

war

with Sertorius, Metellus had now retired from active service by reason of his age, and these were the only

489

PLUTARCH'S LIVES AOVKOV\\W irepl errou]craro 5 o-rparijyias ov a\\a d/JL(picr/3r)rovvra<;. [Jir)V Korra? 6 avvapvwv avrov TroXXa \nrapr)
/j,era

teal rrporro\fjirio-wv

(TWTTa yiJievov f

'A.aiav'

e/cel

VTT

Be rrjv

ird\ai ,

rwv

avrov

Sieftaivev

et?

a\\rjv

7rapeXa/9e r/ou^at? Bie^doporcov

/cal

Be Qipftpiavwv \e fyo/JLeva>v Kal

Sea avvrjOeLav dvap^ia^ BvafjLera'^eipLffTWV
2 VQTWV.

Qifjiftpiov

avrov

re

rbv VTTCLTOV Kal CTTparrjyov dvypriKOTes rov ^L^plav SuXXa. TrpoBeBw /cores,

avQdSeis jjbev avdpwnoi teal Trapdvo/jLOi, ^a")(jm,oi Be Kal r\tffjiove5 eVearpetye, rare Trpcorov, a>? eoi/ce, 7reipa)/jL6vov<; ap^ovros d\r)6ivov Kal rjyefJLOvo^' aXXa)? 8' e^{iaya)yovvro 3

Ta

TT/SO? ijBovrjv e0L%6/jivoi

rwv iroXefuwv ourw? ^X e> ol vroXXol rwv acxpicrrtov,

Be

a-rpareveaOai. Miflpt-Bdrr)*;, KO/JLira^r)^

ev

KOI <jo/3apo? eVi 'Pwytuuou? dvacrras BiaBvvd/j.ei, \a/JL7rpa Be Kal rravr^yvpiKfi rrjv elr' eKTreawv Karaye\d(rr(i)s Kal vovOeri)ore ro Bevrepov TroXe/jieiv 6ei<>, fJL\\ev, et? d\r)0t,vt]v Kal rrpay^ariKriv o-vvecrre\\e ra? BvvdTTapaGKev^v. dcfreXoov ydp ra rravrobarra ra? 7ro\vy\a)a(Tov
490

T

with S

:

5*'.

LUCULLUS, men who

vi.

4-vn. 4

could be regarded as rivals of Lucullus in

this command. Cotta, however, colleague in the consulship, after fervent entreaties to the Senate, was sent with some ships to guard the Propontis, and to protect Bithynia. VII. With a legion which he had raised himself in 1 Italy, Lucullus crossed into Asia, and there assumed command of the rest of the Roman forces. All these had long been spoiled by habits of luxury and greed, and the Fimbrians, as they were called, had become unmanageable, through long lack of discipline. These were the men who, in collusion with Fimbrius, had slain Flaccus, their consul and general, and had delivered Fimbrius himself over to Sulla. They

any dispute about his

were self-willed and lawless, but good fighters, hardy, and experienced in war. However, in a short time Lucullus pruned off their insolent boldness, and reformed the rest. Then for the first time, as it would seem, they made the acquaintance of a genuine commander and leader, whereas before this they had always been cajoled into doing their duty, like crowds at the hustings.

On the enemy's side, matters stood as follows. Mithridates, boastful and pompous at the outset, like most of the Sophists, had first opposed the Romans with forces which were really unsubstantial, though brilliant and ostentatious to look upon. With these he had made a ridiculous fiasco and learned a When therefore, he thought to go salutary lesson. to war the second time, he organized his forces into a genuinely effective armament. He did away with Barbarous hordes from every clime, and all their discordant and threatening cries ; he provided no 1

74 B.C.

Cf.

Cimon,

i.

5.

491

PLUTARCH'S LIVES o>?

\d(f)vpa

rwv

Tiva

rwv Kparovvrwv, OVK ovra,

K6KTr]fjL6va)v

KOA Ovpeovs

rf\avvero 'Pay^aifca

t<*7

e/jiftpiOels

IAGV 7rrj-

rj

r)6poi%ev ITTTTOU?, rrz^wv Se /JLVpidSas 66?
rwv eKarov en

5e Trpo? [jLvpinis e%aKi.o"%t\iov<$ avev 5 (f)6pa)V

Te0pL7T7ra)i>'

'

ravra

TJV

Be

ov 7ra\\aKiBci)v teal '

KOL

OTT\(*)V

fte\
teal

papTva-d/Aevos eve.(3a\ev et9 7r6\ea)i>

av9i<s

ovov TOVTWV,

ov

uTroSe^o/^e^a)^

dcTyu-e^tw? '

a\\a

teal

Acriav o\t^v VTTO-

rrjv

^TTpoaOev voat]jndra)V el^ev, dfpoprjra VTTO 'Pay/jLa'itccdv ^avetarwv real r\a)6

vwv

'

ou? vcrrepoi'

wcnrep A/OTruta?

/jiev

apTTa^ovras avrwv o

AOVKOV\\OS

rr)v

rpo^v

%rj\a
fji6Tpia)Tpov
VIII. \elro

*Qy

Be Trepl

y^povov

ravra AOVKOV\\OS V

avrov

/eaipov

Korra? irapecncevd^ero Bdrijv.

ev

Qpvyia

OVK eV rat?

olofJLevos,

co?

f^rj

fjid^ecrOai

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o

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2
492

eliai

MiQpiKal 7To\\atv d7rayye\\6vr(ov ij$r) Aov-

KOV\\OV IJLOVUV

/cat

eyziv rbv

eVtoi/ra,

Opia^Qov

AOVKOV\\O<; avrov, S' a/za Kal /card

7rX^7el?

LUCULLUS, more armour

vn. 4-vin. 2

and set with precious saw that these made rich booty for the victors, but gave no strength whatever to their wearers instead, he had swords forged in the Roman he collected fashion, and heavy shields welded horses that were well trained rather than richly caparisoned, and a hundred and twenty thousand footmen drilled in the Roman phalanx formation, and sixteen thousand horsemen, not counting the scythe-bearing, four-horse chariots, which were a hundred in number and further, he put in readiness ships which were not tricked out with gilded canopies, or baths for concubines, and luxurious apartments for women, but which were rather loaded down with armour and missiles and munitions of war. Then be burst into Bithynia, and not only did the cities there receive him again with gladness, but all Asia suffered a relapse into its former distempered inlaid with gold

stones, for he

;

;

:

condition, afflicted, as it was, past bearing by Roman money-lenders and tax-gatherers. These were afterwards driven off by Lucullus, harpies that they but then he were, snatching the people's food merely tried, by admonishing them, to make them more moderate in their demands, and laboured to stop the uprisings of the towns, hardly one of which was ;

in a quiet state.

VIII. While Lucullus was thus occupied, Cotta, thinking that his own golden opportunity had come, was getting ready to give battle to Mithridates. And when tidings came from many sources that Lucullus was coming up, and was already encamped in Phrygia, thinking that a triumph was all but in his grasp, and desiring that Lucullus have no share in it, he hastened to engage the king. But

493

PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Kal Kara Od\arrav

avravBpa

^Ilcav

Korra

et?

KTOVVTWV,

KOI

^wpelv irapop^wvTe^ ax; epr]p,ov MtOpiSaTOV (Baaikelav, /ecu /za-

rrjv

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Xa\KrjB6va

ovv ol rbv A.OVKOV\\OV d

/lev

Trpocrci)

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Be

KaTaK\eia6e\s

Be

3

e^Kovra

7rebi>?

a-/cd(f)rj,

el

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fjirj

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6 \6jO
KOI

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rou?

crvv avru) ^ov\evadfjLevo^ tca/CM
KOVKOV\\OS

cr&aai 'PwfAalov

'Ap^eXaov

77

fjiev

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row

8e

Se TT/OO?

errparity ijcravros, elr

Trept

TCL

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TWV

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aTrocrra^ro? Kal

crvGrparevovros, Siafteftaiovfievov cxpOevra AouKOV\\OV ev TLovrq) irdvrwv OfJiov Kparrjcreiv, OVK $ei\6repos

elvat,

icevov<;

5

%iv.

Kal Taur*

rwv KVV^MV, WCTTC avr&v

el'jrcnv

Girl

Midpi$drr)v Trpofjye ,

iovs.

Kal

/caracrra9

tTTTret?

S' et? eiro^riv

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TO

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ttavfida-as r}^

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ov 'Eeprajpios el; 'Ifirjpias direcrrd\KeL Bdrrj fjiera Svvdfj(os (rrpari^yov, avro) Kal TrpOKoKov^evov Karearri fiev els a>9 Bia/jLayovp.ei>o$, rjBrj Be ocrov OVTTW S',

6 fjLevwv, air

494

ovBefjuas 67rt0ai/oO? ytteraySoXr)?, aXX'

LUCULLUS,

viu.

2-6

he was defeated by sea and land, lost sixty vessels, crews and all, and four thousand foot- soldiers, while he himself was shut up in Chalcedon and besieged there, looking for relief at the hands of Lucullus.

Now there were some who urged Lucullus to ignore Cotta and march on into the kingdom of MithridateSj assured of capturing it in its defenceless condition. This was the reasoning of the soldiers especially, who were indignant that Cotta, by his evil counsels, should not only be the undoing of himself and his army, but also block their own way to a victory which they could have won without a battle. But Lucullus, in a harangue which he made them, said that he would rather save one Roman from the enemy than take all that enemy's And when Archelaiis, who had held possessions. command for Mithridates in Boeotia, and then had abandoned his cause, and was now in the Roman army, stoutly maintained that if Lucullus were once seen in Pontus, he would master everything at once, Lucullus declared that lie was at least as courageous as the hunter he would not give the wild beasts the slip and stalk their empty lairs. With these words, he led his army against Mithridates, having thirty thousand foot-soldiers, and twenty-five hundred horsemen. But when he had come within sight of the enemy and seen with amazement their multitude, he desired to refrain from battle and draw out the time. But Marius, whom Sertorius had sent to Mithridates from Spain with an army, came out to meet him, and challenged him to combat, and so he put his forces in array to fight the issue out. But presently, as they were on the point of joining ;

495

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOV depos vTroppayevTO? Kara!pep6/jLVov, Trjv Be

7

TO

l

<$

p,e

%poav dpyvpw BiaTrvpw

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'Orpya? a-v/AJSfjvai TO TrdQos. 'O &e Aou/touXXo? ovoe/iuas elvai av9 p(*)7rivris TrapaaKevr)^ ovSe TT\OVTOV /jLevas

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TWV

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TO T/}? TrapecrKevaa/Lievrj^ Tpo(j)r/<; 7T\ij0os Trpo? TO TMV Tpefic/uLevwv, eyvco Tpiwv TI Tcro~dpwv rj/jiepcov eTTi\ei^rovTa crlTov TO 1*9 TroXe/utov?. KOI TcoKv fjia\\ov et'^eTO ToO xpovpVj /cal (Tvvriyev et? TOV %dpaKa 7rafM7T\rj6^ al-rov, &>? iv d(f)86voi$ Sidycov avTos ecfteBpevoi TCILS eiceLi wv etra

IX.

avvOel^

'EZ;

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Be

ev Ty Trep d^rj'

yap avbpwv Kal BeKa vewv /SouXo/ze^o? ovv \a0elv TOV Aou-

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ecrTeprjvTO.

KOV\\OV, evOvs

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vvrcTa 8v(T(f>avfj Kal

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vei. T?? voTepav fyrov eKivei* Kal avTiKpvs a^i fj/jiepa Trepl TO TM? \\Spao~Teias 1

viroppayevros

496

with S

:

a

0/905

LUCULLUS,

vin. 6-ix. i

with no apparent change of weather, but on a sudden, the sky burst asunder, and a huge, flame-like body was seen to fall between the two armies. In shape, it was most like a wine-jar, and in colour, like molten silver. Both sides were astonished at the sight, and separated. This marvel,, battle,

all

they say, occurred in Phrygia, at a place called Otryae. But Lucullus, feeling sure that no human provision or wealth could maintain, for any length of time, and in the face of an enemy, so many thousands of men as Mithridates had, ordered one of the as

captives to be brought to him, and asked him first, how many men shared his mess, and then, how much food

he had left in his tent. When the man had answered these questions, he ordered him to be removed, and questioned a second and a third in like manner. Then, comparing the amount of food provided with the number of men to be fed, he concluded that within three or four days the enemy's provisions would fail them. All the more, therefore, did he trust to time, and collected into his camp a great abundance of provisions, that so, himself in the midst of plenty, he might watch for his enemy's distress.

IX. But in the meantime, Mithridates planned a blow at Cyzicus. which had suffered terribly in the battle near Chalcedon, having lost three thousand men and ten ships. Accordingly, wishing to evade the notice of Lucullus, he set out immediately after the evening meal, taking advantage of a dark and rainy night, and succeeded in planting his forces over against the city, on the slopes of the mountain range

497

PLUTARCH'S LIVES f

Bvvafjiiv.

TI-JV

O

Be AoutfOfXXo?

&o>a?

rjjdirrice uev ourc e/ATrecrcov acrvvet? TOU? TToXe/uoL'?, fcaOi^ei Be TOV (rrparbv

/cal

Ttjv

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f p>

oo(t)v

wv KOL

Si

ev TOTTW tcara

KO^/JHTIV

/

/

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j

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apiara TreyvKOTi, KCU TMV ^wpiwv, ay wv ava^Koiov r}V rot? y\.iOpi&a,TiKol<$ ra

eTTLTrjoeta (froirav.

Bib KOI. 7repC\,a(Ba)v

ry Siavola

rb fieXXov OVK a7T6Kpv\lraro roi'? crrpaTtcoTa?, riXX' TO a-TpaTOTreSov /cal airo ra)i> afjia TO) Oe&Oai

epywv

(rvvayayaiv

yeveaOat,

CLVTOVS

TO 3

K.V&KIIVOV*} Be MtOpiSaTrjs Be/ca fj&v e/cyrjs crrpaTOTreSot? Trepi\a[B(i)Vj Tat? Be vavatv etc Oa\da-cn]^ TOV airo T^? rjTrelpou Bieipyovra TI^V TTO\IV evpnrop

ra TOV KuvBvvov evOap&ws Kal evetca 'Pw/jLaitov eyrw/coVa? asyvoovvTas Be oirf) Aov/couXXo? eitj Kal TO) Tr/ao?

Trepl

avTOV

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GTpaTOTreBeia Kal aTTOTTTO?, a VTTO TWV Mi0piBaTiK(ov e yap auTOt? TOU? 'Pcoyuatou? ava) Tr /caTa
TI

<pacrav,

Kal MijBcpv, Tiypdvov eTTiKOVpLav" ol 8' e^eTrXr^crcro/'To TOCTOVTOV TroXejjLOV TrepLKe^v/jLevov /u^S', el TrapayevoiTO

5

Ov

fj,rjv

aXXa

-

TTyocuTO? II>

498

TOU AOVKOV\\OV

LUCULLUS,

ix.

1-5

by day-break. Lucullus got wind of departure and pursued him, but was well satisfied not to fall upon the enemy while his own troops were in disorder from their march, and stationed his army near the village called Thracia, in a spot best suited to command the roads and regions from which, and over which, the army of Mithridates must get its of Adrasteia, his

Seeing clearly, therefore, what necessary supplies. the issue must be, he did not conceal it from his soldiers, but as soon as they had completed the labour of fortifying their camp, called them together, and boastfully told them that within a few days he would give them their victory, and that without any bloodshed. Mithridates was besieging Cyzicus both by land and sea, having encompassed it with ten camps on the land side, and having blockaded with his ships by sea the narrow strait which parts the city from the mainland. Although the citizens viewed their peril with a high courage, and were resolved to sustain every hardship for the sake of the Romans, still, they knew not where Lucullus was, and were And disturbed because they heard nothing of him. yet his camp was in plain sight, only they were These pointed the deceived by their enemies. Romans out to them, lying encamped on the heights, and saidt -" Do you see those forces ? It is an army \of Armenians and Medes which Tigranes has sent to assist Mithridates." They were therefore terrified ^to see such hosts encompassing them, and had no hopes that any way of succour remained, even if Lucullus should come. However, in the first place, Demonax was sent in to them by Archelaiis, and told them that Lucullus

499

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ^OVTWV 5' aTfia TOVVTWV KOI TWV auTov TWV rrapovTwv 7ri Trapriyopia a/jieva \eyeiv, fjice TraiBdpiov al'^aXwTOV IK T TfwQavO^kvWV S' avTWV, 7TO\fJLLCOV aTToBeBpaKOS. TTOV \eyoi TOV AOVKOV\\OV elvai, rcare-yeXa

Trapovcriav.

avrovs olo^&vov. ecn']/j,r]V6 rfj

8'

to?

ecapa

^ipi TOV ^dpa/ca TWV

'Pcofj-aitov, ol S'

6 dveOdpcniaav. r^9 Se Aacr/cuXtr^So? \ifivr)<; dfcaTLOis eTrieitcoa? v/jL6ye@(7i, TO

AovKovX\.o
o

Trpo? Trjv

ra?

.ve(3t{3cL(T.v.

9d\aTTav oVou?

Kal

Siayaywv

e%(*)p6i

e\a9ov Be

KOL Trapei(T)*j\9ov els T^V rrokiv. X. "Eoi/ce Se KOI TO Oelov eTriOappvvai rou? K.vfytcr]vov}? eveaTwcnris ol fJLev i]rropovv /Soo? /ze\aiwr]<s 7T/90? Tr)v Ovcriav Kal GTaiTi

TW

/3co/jia)

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vo/j,rjv ,

jjiev

ev

rj

$

lepa Kal

el^ev, wcnrep Tr)

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rdXXa

/car*

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&

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2 avTYjV.

ovap

8'

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epya @av/j,acrTa NiKwviBov rod @e
LUCULLUS,

ix.

5 -x. a

was arrived. They disbelieved him, and thought he had invented his story merely to mitigate tlieii anxieties, but then a boy came to them, who had escaped from his captivity with the enemy. On their asking him where he thought Lucullus was, he laughed at them, supposing them to be jesting. But when he saw that they were in earnest, he pointed out the Roman camp to them, and their courage was revived. Again, Lucullus drew out on shore the of the sizable craft which plied the lake largest Dascylitis, carried it across to the sea on a waggon., and embarked upon it as many soldiers as it would hold, who crossed by night unobserved, and got safely into the city.

X. It would seem also that Heaven, in admiration of their bravery, emboldened the men of Cyzicus by many manifest signs, and especially by the following. The festival of Persephone was at hand, and the people, in lack of a black heifer for the sacrifice, fashioned one of dough, and brought it to the altar. Now the sacred heifer reared for the goddess was pasturing, like the other herds of the Cyzicenes, on the opposite side of the strait, but on that day she left her herd, swam over alone to the city, and And again, presented herself for the sacrifice. the goddess appeared in a dream to Aristagoras, the " Lo, here am I, and I bring the town-clerk, saying Pontic trumpeter. Bid the the fifer against Libyan While the citizens therefore be of good cheer." :

Cyzicenes were lost in wonder at the saying, at daybreak the sea began to toss under a boisterous wind, and the siege-engines of the king along the walls, the wonderful works of Niconides the Thessalian, by 501

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 3 KOI

Tardy ta irpwrov

aire$ri\ovv TO fie\\ov elra TO fjLeyeQos TO, T a\\a

etcpayels airio-TOS

ftpa^el TOV %v\ivov Trvpyov e/caTov Trrjx&v Sia(Ti
icrTopeiTcu Se

/j,opi
TWV

xal

6Wa

u-v/ro? '

ev

J

7roXX,ot9 KaQ' VTTVOV o<j>0r)vai TTJV A.6rjvav I &) peo/jLevrjv KOL vTrofyaivovadv TI TOV TreTC\ov os, .

Trepl

\eyovcrav, a>9 apricot rj/eoi /SorjOrjcracra KOI crTr)\r)v TLVCI SoyfjictTa ical ypdjj,-

TOVTWV e^ovaav eSei/cvvov 'iXiet?. Be, a%pi pev inro TWV eavTOv

XI. MidpiBaTrjv

(eya/ao/z,ez'O9 rjyvoei TOV ev rco o~TpaeSo) \ifJLov, rjviwv Kvtyfcrjvol o'latyevyovTes

TO ev

piwv,

at?

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KOI

av6pw7ro<$>ayLWv, are 87) /j,r) Oearpucws ytt^S KTlfC&S A.OVKOV\\OV TToXe/AOU^TO?, d\\d, TOVTO

TO \eyofjLevov, et? Trjv yacrTepa eva\\ofjievov teal diravTa 7rpay/j.aTevo-

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2 fjievov.

Sib KOL (ppovpiov TI 7ro\iopxovvTO<; avTOv ^p^tjaaQai
BiOvviav rou?

[lev

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TO? fjKev et? TO o~TpaT07reSov, Trpcol' Se OVTOS dva\af3iDV o~Treipas Sexa KOI rrjv KCLl

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LUCULLUS,

x.

3-xi. 2

their creaking and cracking showed clearly what was about to happen then a south wind burst forth with incredible fury, shattered the other engines in a ;

short space of time, and threw down with a great shock the wooden tower a hundred cubits high. It is related, too, that the goddess Athena appeared to many of the inhabitants of Ilium in their sleep, dripping with sweat, showing part of her peplus torn away, and saying that she was just come from And the people of Ilium assisting the Cyzicenes. used to show a stele which had on it certain decrees and inscriptions relating to this matter.

XI. Mithridates, as long into ignorance of the vexed that the Cyzicenes stand his siege. But his

him

as his generals deceived famine in his army, was

should successfully witheager ambition quickly he perceived the straits in which

ebbed away when his soldiers were involved, and their actual cannibalism. For Lucullus was not carrying on the war in any theatrical way, nor for mere display, but, as the saying is, was "kicking in the belly," and devising every means for cutting off food. Accordingly, while Lucullus was laying siege to some outpost or other, Mithridates eagerly took advantage of the opportunity, and sent away into Bithynia almost all his horsemen, together with the beasts of burden, and those of his foot-soldiers who were disabled. On learning of this, Lucullus returned to his camp while it was still night, and early in the morning, in spite of a storm, took ten cohorts of infantry and

and started in pursuit, although snow falling and his hardships were extreme. Many of his soldiers were overcome with the cold and had his calvary,

was

to be left behind, but with the rest VOL.

IT.

he overtook the

R

53

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TICOTWV, rot? 3

8'

aXXoi?

Trepl

Tov'PvvSarcov Trorajxbv

KaraXaftwv rou? TroXf/uou? rocravrrfv rpOTT^v eTTOvrjcrev, ware ra?
y

^

/

,

,

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XII. Aou/fOL'XXo? 8e irpwrov Trape\0u>v aireX-avo'ev rjSovijs Kai

54

et?

K.V&KOV

LUCULLUS, enemy

at the river

xi.

2-xu.

Rhyndacus and

i

inflicted

such a

that the very women came forth from Apollonia and carried off their baggage and

defeat upon

them

stripped their slain. Many fell in the battle, as it natural to suppose. Six thousand horses and fifteen thousand men were captured, besides an un-

is

number of beasts of burden. All these followed the train of Lucullus as he marched back past the camp of the enemy. Sallust says, to my amazement, that camels were then seen by the Romans told in

for the first time.

He must

have thought that the

who conquered Antiochus before who had lately fought Archelaiis at

soldiers of Scipio

and those Orchomenus and Chaeroneia, were

this,

unacquainted with the camel. Mithridates was now resolved upon the speediest possible flight, but with a view to drawing Lucullus away, and holding him back from pursuit, he dispatched his admiral, Aristonicus, to the Grecian sea. Aristonicus was just on the point of sailing when he was betraved into the hands of Lucullus, together ~ with ten thousand pieces of gold which he was carrying for the corruption of some portion of the Roman army. Upon this, Mithridates fled to the sea, and his generals of infantry began to lead the army away. But Lucullus fell upon them at the >

captured a vast number of them, and slew twenty thousand. It is said that out of the whole horde of camp-followers and fighting men, not much less than three hundred thousand perished river Granicus,

in the campaign.

XII. Lucullus, in the in triumph,

first

place, entered Cyzicus

and enjoyed the pleasant welcome which

PLUTARCH'S LIVES eireira vavriKov efyiprvero rov 'EXet? Be TptodSa Kara\Y]<jirovrov GTmropevo/AGvos. ev ecrKij/'oxre /JLGV rq> iGpy TJ}? 'Ac/jyooStTT;?, ls Be vvKrwp e'So/cet r^v Oeav opav

avry Kal \eyoucrav

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rot Se KCLI TOL/?

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Kal

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5

TroXXot pel' ovv Bi(f)0dprjaav ev Be Tot? d\ovcnv Kal Map^o? o irapa ^epraypiov crrparrjyos' t

506

LUCULLUS,

xii.

1-5

was his due then he proceeded to the Hellespont, and began to equip a fleet. On visiting the Troad. he pitched his tent in the sacred precinct of Aphrodite, and in the night, after he had fallen asleep, he thought he saw the goddess standing over him and ;

saying

"

:

dost thou sleep, great lion are near for thy taking."

Why

?

the fawns

Rising up from sleep and calling his friends, he narrated to them his vision, while it was yet night. And lo, there came certain men from Liuin, with tidings that thirteen of the king's galleys had been seen off the harbour of the Achaeans, making for Lemnos Accordingly, Lucullus put to sea at once, captured these, slew their commander, Isodorus, and then sailed in pursuit of the other captains, whom these were seeking to join. They chanced to be shore, and drawing their up on land, they fought from their decks, and sorely galled the crews of Lucullus. These had no chance to sail round their enemies, nor to make onset upon them, since their own ships were afloat, while those of their enemies were planted upon the land and securely fixed. However, Lucullus at the best of his last succeeded in disembarking soldiers where the island afforded some sort of access. These fell upon the enemy from the rear, slew some of them, and forced the rest to cut their stern cables and fly from the shore, their vessels thus falling foul of one another, and receiving

lying at anchor close to vessels all

Many of the perished, of course, and among the captives there was brought in Marius, the general sent from the impact of the ships of Lucullus.

enemy

57

PLUTARCH'S LIVES jap

teal

Tep6(})0a\fjLOs,

Traptfjye\TO

rot?

v0vs eiTiTrXeovcriv VTTO AOVKOV\\OV

aTi(jL>Tais

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/cal

777309

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2

ev /u-uou/Ae^o? ^.a^oOpoLKr) v Kadvcrreprjcre' Mt,@pi&drr)v Be

/cal

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K(v\.v|ra9 jpafifjiaTa teal /jija\i)yopijo-as,

508

LUCULLUS,

xii.

5-xni. 4

He

had but one eye, and the soldiers orders from Lucullus, as soon Lucullus as they set sail, to kill no one-eyed man. wished Marius to die under the most shameful Sertorius.

had received

strict

insults.

XIII. These things done, Lucullus hastened in For he expected pursuit of Mithridates himself. to find him still in Bithynia under the watch and ward of Voconius, whom he had dispatched with a fleet to Nicomedeia that he might intercept the

But Voconius was behindhand, owing king's flight. celebration of, the to his initiation into, and mysteries in Samothrace, and Mithridates put to sea with his armament, eager to reach Pontus before He was overLucullus turned and set upon him. taken, however, by a great storm, which destroyed some of his vessels and disabled others. The whole coast for

many days was covered

with the wrecks

As for the king himself, the merchantman on which he was sailing was too large to be readily beached when the sea ran so high and the waves were so baffling, nor would it answer to its helm, and it was now too heavy and full of water to gain an offing accordingly, he abandoned it for a light brigantine belonging to some pirates, and, entrusting his person to their hands, contrary to expectation and after great dashed upon

it

by the

billows.

;

hazard, got

safely

to

Heracleia in

Pontus.

And

happened that the boastful speech of Lucullus to the Senate brought no divine retribution down upon him. When, namely, that body was ready to vote so

it

three thousand talents to provide a fleet for this war, Lucullus blocked the measure by writing a letter, in which he made the haughty boast that

59

PLUTARCH'S LIVES dvev

/cal

SaTrdvrjs

rocravr^

Trapacr reeves

rdis ra>v GV fjLfJid'xwv vavcrl MiOpi&drrjv e/c/SaXet 6a\drrris. real rovro VTrrjp^ev avrw rov TT}
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XIV. Tlo\\wv Se AOVKOV\\(I) Trapaivovvrcov dva^d\\eaOai rov TroXe^iov, ov (j)povrL
jjLeSi/j,vov,

Be

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/cal

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pas rov

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ayei

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LUCULLUS,

XIIL 4-xiv. 3

without any such costly array, but only with the ships of the allies, he would drive Mithridates from the sea. And this success he gained with the For it is said that it was assistance of Heaven. owing to the wrath of Artemis of Priapus that the tempest fell upon the men of Pontus, who had plundered her shrine and pulled down her image.

XIV. Though many now advised Lucullus to suspend the war, he paid no heed to them, but threw his army into the king's country by way of Bithynia and Galatia. 1 At first he lacked the necessary supplies, so that thirty thousand Galatians followed in his train, each carrying a bushel of grain upon his shoulders ; but as he advanced and mastered everything, he found himself in the midst of such plenty that an ox sold in his camp for a drachma, and a man-slave for four, while other boot) had no value at all. Some abandoned it, and some destroyed it. There was no sale for anything to anybody when all had such abundance. But when Lucullus merely wasted and ravaged the country with cavalry incursions, which penetrated to Themiscyra and the plains of the river Thermodon, his soldiers found fault with him because he brought all the cities over to him by peaceable measures he had not taken a single one by storm, they said, nor given them a chance to enrich themselves by " at this " plunder. Nay," they said, very moment we are leaving Amisus, a rich and prosperous city, which it would be no great matter to take, if its siege were pressed, and are following our general into the desert of the Tibareni and the Chaldaeans 7

;

1

73 B.C.

5"

PLUTARCH'S LIVES aXXa ravra

4

OVK av

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LUCULLUS,

xiv.

3-6

But these grievances, to fight with Mithridates." not dreaming that they would bring the soldiers to such acts of madness as they afterwards performed, Lucullus overlooked and ignored. He was, however, more ready to defend himself against those who denounced his slowness in lingering there a long while, subduing worthless little villages and cities, and allowing Mithridates to recruit himself. " is the " That," he said, very thing I want, and I am sitting here to get it. I want the man to become powerful again, and to get together a force

with which it is worth our while to fight, in order that he may stand his ground, and not fly when we Do you not see that he has a vast approach. and trackless desert behind him ? The Caucasus, too, is near, with its many hills and dells, which are sufficient to hide away in safety ten thousand kings

who

decline to fight.

And

it

is

only a few

Armenia and over Armenia there sits enthroned Tigranes, King of Kings, with forces which enable him to cut the Parthians off from Asia, transplant Greek cities into Media, sway Syria and Palestine, put to death the successors of Seleucus, and carry off their wives and daughters into captivity. This king is a kinsman of days' journey from Cabira into

He will not be content Mithridates, his son-in-law. receive him as a suppliant, but will make war If we strive, therefore, to eject Mithriagainst us. dates from his kingdom, we shall run the risk of drawing Tigranes down upon us. He has to

long wanted an excuse for coming against us, and could not get a better one than that of being compelled to aid a man who is his kinsman and a king. Why, then, should we bring this to pass,

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XV.

77

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LUCULLUS,

xiv. 6-xv. 3

and teach Mithridates, when he does not know it, with what allies he must cany on war against us Why help to drive him, against his wish and as a last resource, into the arms of Tigranes, instead of giving him time to equip himself from his own resources and .'

get fresh courage ? Then we shall fight with Colchians and Tibareni and Cappadocians, whom we have often overcome, r ather than with Medes and

Armenians."

XV. Influenced by such considerations as these, Lucullus lingered about Amisus, without pushing the When winter was over, he left siege vigorously. Murena in charge of the siege, and marched against 1 Mithridates, who had taken his stand at Cabira, and intended to await the Roman onset there. A force of forty thousand footmen had been collected by him, and four thousand horsemen on the latter he placed his chief reliance. Crossing the river Lycus and advancing into the plain, he offered the Romans A cavalry fight ensued, and the Romans battle. ;

Pomponius, a man of some note, flight. having been wounded, was taken prisoner and led into the presence of Mithridates, suffering greatly from his wounds. When the king asked him if he would become his friend provided he spared his life, " Yes, indeed, if you come to Pomponius answered terms with the Romans otherwise I must remain your enemy." Mithridates was struck with admiration for him, and did him no harm. Lucullus was now afraid of the plains, since the took to

:

;

superior in cavalry, and yet hesitated to go forward into the hill country, which was remote, woody, and impassable. But it chanced that certain

enemy was

1

72

B.C.

515

PLUTARCH'S LIVES cnrrfkaiov KaTa(j)vy6vT<$, Te/uSfiOpO?

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TOi? TT/ocoTOi? aTrai^Tr/cra? 1

5,6

LUCULLUS,

xv.

3-7

who had taken

refuge in a sort of cave, were the elder of them, Artemidorus, promised to serve Lucullus as a guide, and set him in a place which was safe for his camp, and which had a fortress overlooking Cabira. Lucullus put confidence in this promise, and as soon as it was

Greeks,

captured,

and

He passed night, lit his camp fires and set out. safely through the narrow defiles and took possession of the desired place, and at daybreak was seen above the

enemy, stationing

his

men

gave him access to the enemy and safety from their assaults

if

if

in positions which he wished to fight, he wished to keep

quiet.

Now

neither

commander had any

intention

of

hazarding an engagement at once. But we are told that while some of the king's men were chasing a stag, the Romans cut them off and confronted them, whereupon a skirmish followed, with fresh accessions At last, the king's men continually to either side. were victorious. Then the Romans in their camp, beholding the flight of their comrades, were in distress, and ran in throngs to Lucullus, begging him to lead them, and demanding the signal for battle. But he, wishing them to learn how important, in a dangerous struggle with the enemy, the visible presence of a prudent general is, bade them keep quiet. Then he went down into the plain by himself, and confronting the foremost of the fugitives, bade them stop, and turn back with him. They obeyed, and the rest also wheeled about and formed in battle array, and in a short time routed the enemy and drove them to their camp. When he came back, however, Lucullus inflicted the customary disgrace upon the fugitives. He bade them dig a twelve-. 5*7

PLUTARCH'S LIVES a(t)(TTOi<; fcal

XVI

bpv^ai

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KCLTO,

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rat?

LUCULLUS,

xv. 7-xvi.

4

foot ditch, working in ungirt blouses, while the rest of the soldiers stood by and watched them. XVI. In the camp of Mithridates there was a

Dandarian prince named Olthacus (the Dandarians a tribe of barbarians dwelling about Lake

are

Maeotis), a man conspicuous as a soldier for qualities of strength and boldness, of a most excellent judgment, and withal affable in address and of insinuating

manners. This man was always in emulous rivalry for the precedence with a fellow prince of his tribe, and so was led to undertake a great exploit for The Mithridates, namely, the murder of Lucullus. king approved of his design, and purposely inflicted

upon him sundry marks of disgrace, whereupon, pretending to be enraged, he galloped off to Lucullus, who gladly welcomed him, since there was much After a short probation, talk of him in the camp. Lucullus was so pleased with his shrewdness and zeal, that he made him a table companion, and at

member

of his council. the Dandarian thought his opportunity had come, he ordered his slaves to lead his horse outside the camp, while he himself, at mid day, when the soldiers were lying around enjoying their rest,

last a

Now when

He thought no one to the general's tent. would deny entrance to a man who was an intimate of the general, and said he brought him certain messages of great importance. And he would have entered without let or hindrance, had not sleep, the For it Lucullus. destroyer of many generals, saved chanced that he was asleep, and Menedemus, one of went

chamberlains, who stood at the tent-door, told Olthacus that he had come at an inopportune time, since Lucullus had just betaken himself to rest after his

SI9

PLUTARCH'S LIV ES r

5

rocrovrwv BeBwKoros eavrov. eirel S' OVK real Kw\vovro<$ elcre\6vKe\evovros, dXX* (f)rj creaOai rrepl rrpdynaros dvayKaLov real fj,6yd\ov t

(Bov\o[Jievos, eiTro^v

\ovrcov\\ov 6

ijSjj

777)0?

opyrjv

6

dvayKaiorepov rov (TO)dTretoaaro rov avdpwirov 502

fjLijBev

a/i^orepai? rat? ^epaiv. o Be Beiaas vrov ^dpcLKos, teal \a/3a)V rov LTTTTOV Li7r^ et? TO MiOpiSdrov arparorrebov dirpaKro^. dpa Kal rot? 7rpdy/j,a(Tiv 6 Katpos warirep /cal rrjv aw^ovcrav Kal rrjv draipovaav

XVII.

rovrov Swprarto? /j,ev eVt cirov (JLera Be/ca cnreipwv Kal KaraVTTO MevdvSpov, rwv MiOpi&drov arpa'E/c

erre^Orj l<;

rr)
Oevros 'ABpiavov fiera Buvdpecos, OTTW? CK Trepiovaia^ 6%(ocriv 01 arpariwrai alrov, ou Trepieibe MiaXV aTrecrreiXe Mei^e/ia^o^ Kal @pi$drr)opav &>? ov rocraurrjv ovcrar, 1

d\\d

fJiLKpaVy

7rpoaKKpovKor(i)v

crrpa-niywv, 'ABpiavos Be

3

Xayu.Tr/30?

arreipia

rojv

Traprj/Jiei^ero

TO arparoireBov TroXXa? Kardywv d/nd^as airov Knl \a(>vpct>v yefjiovaas, ware BvaOv/^iav fiev avrw, rapajfyv Be Kal $>6jBov d/n>j^avov e^rrea-e'tv eBeSoKro p,ev ovv /jbrjKeri, TO?? <7Tpcma>TCU?. /jLeveiv

eirel

crffrerepa

520

Be

irpoe^eTTe^Trov

ol

/3aai\tKol ra

%pifaara KaO^ t]av)(iav t TOU?

8'

aXXof?

LUCULLUS,

xvi.

5-xvn. 3

OHhacus watching and many hardships. did not retire at the bidding of Menedemus, but declared that even in spite of him he would go in, since he wished to confer with the general on urgent business of great importance. Then Menedemus got angry, declared that nothing was more urgent than the preservation of Lucullus, and pushed the man away with both hands. Then Olthacus, in fear, left the camp, took horse, and rode off to the camp of Mithridates, without effecting his purpose. So true is it that in active life, as well as in sickness, it is the critical moment which gives the scales their saving or their fatal inclination. XVII. After this, Sornatius was sent with ten cohorts to get supplies of grain. Being pursued by Menander, one of the generals of Mithridates, he faced about, joined battle, and routed the enemy his long

with great slaughter. And again, when Adrian was sent out with a force to procure an abundance of grain for the soldiers, Mithridates did not look on idly, but dispatched Menemachus and Myron, at the head of a large body of cavalry and footmen. All these, it is said, except two, were cut to pieces by the Romans. Mithridates tried to conceal the extent of the disaster, pretending that it was a slight matter, and due to the inexperience of his generals. But when Adrian marched pompously past his camp, convoying many waggons laden with grain and booty, a great despair fell upon the king, and confusion and helpless fear

upon

his soldiers.

They decided,

there-

remain where they were no longer. But when the king's servants tried to send away their own baggage first, and to hinder the rest from going, the soldiers at once got angry, pushed and forced fore, to

521

PLUTARCH'S LIVES KCO\VOV, JjBrj Kal Trpo? opyrjv 7rl a)0ov/j,voi Kal fiia^ofjievoi TOL /uv OTTOV KOI %ov, avrovs Be direatyaTTov. 6 crrparriyos ovBev erepov Trepl

e^wv

rj

TVJV

avrov aTrcoXero Sia ravrrjv, 'E^yuato? 8e

dvrriS KareTrarrjOri Trepl ra? TruXa?. 4 AUTO? 8* o Mt^ptSaTT;?, oure OTraSou

ovre

TrapaiAeivavTOS

ITTTTOKO/JLOV

irecrev

avrw,

rtz^o?

crvve^e-

rov arpaTOTreSov rot? TroXXot? ava-

airo

ovtf ITTTTOV

//.e/UYyttez/o?,

T&V (SacriKiKwv

cras,

aXX' o^e TTOU KaTL^tov avrov ev TW

rr?

T/ooTr/?

6

6

eu^oOo?

f

o)v

i7T7rov

5 Trapecr^v.

-tj^r)

aL'To?

yap avrov

f

ol

Pa)/i,atot

KOI ra^et //.ev oi)/c aTreKlirovro rov \afieiv avrov, aXX' rf\6ov eyyitrra TOVTOV, (f)i\oKOI fjiiKpn\oyia arpan^Ti/cr) TO irkovTia & TToXXot? aywcri Kal fieyaXois KLV&VVOLS K /jiaKpov dtjpafjLa 'Pw/aaLOf? a^e^Xero AOVKOV~\,\OV aTTeaTepriGe VLKwvra rwv eTTifteijjieifoi'

6 rjv

TOV

fjiev

ev

yap

avBpa

C^LKTM

tTTTTO?,

TT}?

rj/jiiovov

Stco^ew? o v7reK(j)ep(i)v Be TU>V TO ^pvaiov

TOV /SacrtXea)? etr' UTTO TavTOTTapeicrTrecrovTOS, eire TOV /SacrtXew? eVt-

KO/jLt,%6vT(i)v /jiera^v

Kal

cryXXeyo^Te?

TO

%pvcriov

7 Bia/na^OfievoL Trpos dXX?;Xou<; KaQucrTeprjcrav.

ov TOVTO

fJLovov ,

avTcov a7re\avo- TT}? TrXeoj/e^'a? /cat TOV eVt TOJV aTropp/jrcov

aXXa

rov ya
Kal Kal

/u,6z/

ayeiv

LUCULLUS,

xvn. 3-7

their way to the exits of the camp, and there plundered the baggage and slew the men in charge of it. There it was that Dorylaiis, the general, with nothing else about him but his purple robe, lost his life for that, and Hermaeus, the priest, was trampled to death at the gates. Mithridates himself, with no attendant or groom to assist him, fled away from the camp in the midst of the throng, not even provided with one of the royal horses but at last the eunuch Ptolemaeus, who was mounted, spied him as he was borne along in the torrent of the rout, leaped down from his ;

and gave it to the king. Presently the Romans, who were forcing the pursuit, were hard upon him, and it was for no lack of speed that they did not take him. Indeed, they were very near doing so, but greed, and petty soldier's avarice, snatched from them the quarry which they had so long pursued in many struggles and great dangers, and robbed Lucullus of the victor's prize. For the horse which carried the king was just within reach of his pursuers, when one of the mules which carried the royal gold came between him and them, either of his own accord, or because the king horse,

The purposely sent him into the path of pursuit. to plundering and collecting the gold, fought with one another over it, and so were left behind in the chase. Nor was this the only fruit of their greed which Lucullus reaped. He had given orders that Callistratus, who was in charge of the king's private papers, should be brought alive to him, but his conductors, finding that he had five hundred pieces of gold in his girdle, slew him. soldiers fell

523

PLUTARCH'S LIVES vTrefaa-fjievov

a7reKTivav.

ov

fjirjv

aXXa

TOuro/9 fiev eTreTpetye TOV %dparca 7rop0r)
XVIII. Ta TO,

fypovplwv

Be Kdfteipa \aj3uv real

TWV a\\wv

7r\6lcrra Orjcravpovs re fjieydXovs evpe

crvyyevwv TOV ySacrtXe'o)? KaOeipyfJievwv, o*? reOvdvdi SOKOIKTIV ov Gwniplav, aXX* Kal Sevrepav Tivayevvrfcriv 77 Aovtcov\ed\(o 8e KOI dBeXcf)*} TOV 2 \ov %a/H? irapea")(v. Nucrtra crwTrjpiov a\
TOV KivBvvov Kal KaO^ ^av^iav ai Trepl QapvaKeLav a$e\<j>al Kal CLTTftiXoVTO,

aura? CK

WlO pl&CLTOV

rr)? (frvyrj?

eV

TTefl^raVTO^

BaK^iBrjv evvov^ov. r\aav Bvo TOV (3a<Ti\ews,

Be fjiTa 7ro\\a)V dBe\<j)al re

'Pto^dvrj Kal

Sraret/oa, irepl TeaaapaKOVTa 6Trj TrapdevevofievaL, Kal yaperal Bvo, yevos 'Iw/'tSe?, ^epeviKri /AGP CK Xtof, MovijjLtj Be MtX7
Xoyo? eV Tois

TOV /3acri\ews TreipwvTOt avTrjv Kal

f/

Ei\\rjo-t,v,

/jivpiovs

OTI

irev-

ov yd/meow eyevovTO avvdrjKai Kal avTrj /3acri\icrcrav dvrjyopevcrev. avT-rj

irapa TOV a\\nv ^povov avLapws el^e Kal Trjv

TOV

o-co/iaro? evjj,op(f)Lav, co?

dvBpbs avTy, (frpovpav Be fiap/Sdpcov a /uLOV Kal OLKOV irpo^evYi^acrav, Troppw Be TTOV }? 'EXXaSo? aTTWKLcrp,evri rot9 eXTTKrOelaiv dyaOol? ovap avvecrTi,, TWV 8' d\)j&iva)V ev CLVT

524

503

LUCULLUS,

xvii.

7-xvin. 3

However, Lucullus allowed such

soldiers as these to

plunder the enemy's camp. XVIII. In capturing Cabira and most of the other strongholds, he found great treasures, and many

which many Greeks and many kinsfolk of the king were confined. As they had long been given up for dead, it was not so much a rescue as it was a resurrection and a sort of second birth, for which they were indebted to the favour of Lucullus. Nyssa, a sister of Mithridates, was also But captured and her capture was her salvation. the sisters and wives of the king who were thought prisons, in

;

to be at farthest remove from danger and quietly hidden away in Pharnacia, perished pitifully, since

Mithridates paused long enough in his flight to send Bacchides, a eunuch, to compass their death. Among many other women, there were two sisters of the king, Roxana and Statira, about forty years old and unmarried and two of his wives, of Ionian families, Berenice from Chios, and Monime, a Milesian. The latter was most talked of among the Greeks, to the effect that though the king tempted her virtue and sent her fifteen thousand pieces of gold, she resisted his advances, until he entered into a marriage contract with her, sent her a diadem, and greeted her with the title of Queen. But her marriage had been an unhappy one, and she bewailed that beauty which had procured her a master instead of a husband, and a guard of Barbarians instead of home and family, dwelling as she did far, far away from Greece, where the blessings for which she had hoped existed only in her dreams, while she was bereft of the real blessings to which she had been wonted. ;

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 4

Kal

rov TSaK^iBov rrapayevofjievov Kal avrals drro6vi](jKeiv, a>? efcdarr) BoKoirj paarov elvat, /ecu d\V7rbrarov, rrepLcrrrdr& r pa^\w
rrpocrrd^avros

'

rw

Be

ajreppi^re irpocrirTvaacra, BaAr^t 5 c(f)ayr)V Trapecr^ev. rj 8e Bepevi/crj KV\IKCL tcov

XaySoucra,

rr)S

/jLrjrpbs

avrrj

Trapova-rjs fcal

KOL avve^ZTriov pev Seoyu-e^?, yLtereSco/ce. Tepai, y'jp/cecre Se 77 rov (^ap/nd/cov Suva/ui*;

TO

T^V Be Bepei'iKi^v ov% oaov eBet TTiovcravovic d7rrf\\a%ev, d\\d BvcOavarova-a rov Ba/c^iSoy cnrevBovros drrerrviyrj. \eyerai Be teal TWV dydjj,a)v dBeXffrwv ereeivwv rrjv fj.ev eVaTroXXa /cat \oiBopovcrav eicmelv TO pwjjLevrjv
dcdevecnepov

6

d^oet
(TtojjLa,

(f>0ey^afjiv^v our' dBe\
on

Trepl

dyevves, aXV eTrcuvoixrav rov rov o-w/iaro? KivBvveixov OVK

avr&v, d\\a Trpovvot^crev e\ev6ep ravra /nev ovv drroOaveiv. ovra Kal fyi\dv6 pwrrov r)via rov A.OV-

XIX. 'EXacra?

^' d^pi TaXavpa)/', evOev r)fj,epa rrpbrepov rerdprrj e(j)0aKt Mi0piBdrr)s et? 'A/ojieviav TT/OO? 'Yiypdvrjv rrefyevya)?, drrorperrerai. Karacrrpe^rd^JLevo^ Be XaXSatow? ffal Tifta Kal ri]v fjLiKpav 'ApjjLeviav TrapaXafiwv Kai

pia

Kal

errefji^re

2

S'

?roX6i9

Trapacrrrjcrd/jLevos,

r)K6 7T/309 'A/ucroj>

526

"ATTTTIOV

Trpbs'Yiypdvrjv e^airwv MiftpiBdrrjv,

en

rro\LopKov^ivnv>

LUCULLUS,

xvni. 4-xix. 2

And now

Bacchides came and ordered them all whatever manner each might deem easiest and most painless. Monime snatched the diadem from her head, fastened it round her neck, and hanged But her halter quickly broke in two. " O herself. cursed bauble," she cried, "couldst thou not serve me even in this office ? " Then she spat upon it, hurled it from her, and offered her throat to But Berenice, taking a cup of poison, Bacchides. shared it with her mother, who stood at her side and begged for some. Together they drank it off, and the force of the poison sufficed for the weaker body, but it did not carry off Berenice, who had not drunk enough. As she was long in dying, and Bacchides was in a hurry, she was strangled. It is said also that of the unmarried sisters, one drank off her poison with many abusive imprecations on her brother but that Statira did so without uttering a She rather single reproachful or ungenerous word. to die, in

;

when

own

life

was at hazard, he had not neglected them, but taken measures to have them die in freedom under no insults. Of course these things gave to Lucullus, who was naturally of a gentle

had and

commended her

humane

brother because,

his

pain

and

disposition.

XIX. Lucullus pushed on in pursuit as far as Talaura, whence, four days before, Mithridates had succeeded in escaping to Tigranes, in Armenia then he turned aside. After subduing the Chaldaeans and the Tibureni, he occupied Lesser Armenia, reducing its fortresses and cities, and then sent Appius to Tigranes with a demand for Mithridates. ;

He still

came to Amisus, which was Its success in holding out against the siege.

himself, however,

527

PLUTARCH'S LIVES o crrpaTrjyo^ e/jiTreipia

KaXXt'/m^o?

TJV

7rapacrKvf/s

wv varepov

eSo)K

/ecu

SeivorrjTi Travovpyias, oa"i]v

SiKrjv.

rore

S'

VTTO

AovKovXkov

e^o? el^ev aTrdyeiv KOI avaTraveiv TOU? ev eKeiv TraoaSaXo^TO? alcviBicos KOL

TO? OV TToXu

X6309

wpav

TOO etre

ee 3

ouSei?

yu-ei/o?.

dXXa

ft)?

77

TTpieo"xev,

paa-Tcovrjv

70/9


ol

dva&pap,ov(Ta TroXX?; ra

p,ev

7T/309 dpTrayrfv, o Se

\v/j,evrjv rrjv iro\Li> l

(vyrs eauray rwv e

efipovri^e

Trapecncev

(TTpaTitoTai,

Aou/coyXXo? oiKTeipwv e^coOev

efioijOei,

oftevvvvat Trape/caXet, ^rf^evo^ ,

aXX'

e^atTOuyLteVcoi/

ra

a-TroX-

Trpos TO TrOp

avry

Trpocre-

p^yLtara Aral

oVXa Kpovovrwv, ew? 4

a>?

avrrjv ye TTJV TTO\IV e^aiptjcronevos TOV

01

^e

TOvvavTiov eirpa^av. Travra yap e^epeuVTTO \a/j,7rd8cov KCU fravra^ov (/)c5? t avTol ra TrXetcrr

\ov, wcrre ro^ A.OVKOV\\OV elaekOovra /ze^' Aral

(rr)fj.epov

Taipei rr/y rdvSpbs

5 OTA crwcrai /3ov\^0el
528

7/ue-

SaKpvtXou? eiTrelv, Si^XXay {latcapicras fj,d\icrTa 17877 ra?

ft>9

rfj

LUCULLUS, this

xix.

was due to Callimachus,

its

2-5

commander, who,

acquaintance with mechanical contrivances his power to employ every resource which the siege of a city demands, had given the Romans the For this he afterwards paid greatest annoyance. the penalty. But at this time, he was simply outgeneralled by Lucullus, who made a sudden attack at just that time of day when Callimachus was accustomed to draw his soldiers off from the ramparts and give them a rest. When the Romans had got possession of a small part of the wall, Callimachus abandoned the city, first setting fire to it with his own hands, either because he begrudged the visitors their booty, or because his own escape was thus For no one paid any attention to those facilitated. who were sailing away, but when the flames increased mightily and enveloped the walls, the soldiers made Lucullus, out of pity ready to plunder the houses. for the perishing city, tried to bring aid from outside against the fire, and gave orders to extinguish the flames, but no one paid any heed to his commands. The soldiers all clamoured for the booty, and shouted, and clashed their shields and spears together, until he was forced to let them have their way, hoping that he could at least save the city itself from the flames. But the soldiers did just the opposite.

by and

his

Ransacking everything by torch-light and carrying about everywhere, they destroyed most of

lights

the houses themselves. When Lucullus entered the he burst into tears, and said to his friends that he had often already deemed Sulla happy, and on that day more than ever he admired the man's good fortune, in that when he wished to save Athens, he had the power to do so. " But upon city at daybreak,

529

PLUTARCH'S LIVES " 8','*

e(j)tj,

TOVTOV

So^av nj)v aXX'

MO/UL/JLIOV

Ov

%rj\(aTrjv

yevofievov els

rrjv

6 Sai/Jitov Trepiea-r^ffev." e/c

TWV Trapoi'Twv

dva\a/Ji{3dveii>

CTreiparo rr)v 7r6\iv. KCU TO fjiev irvp op/Spot, /carea-fieaav e/c TIVOS Oeias Tv%rjs irepl rrjv a\w<Jiv avrrjv crv/jiTrecrovTes, ra Se TrXetTra TWV a,7ro\w\6rcov auro? ert Trapwv dvwKoSo/jLrjcre, real TOVS

eSe^aro, KOI TWV a\\a)v TOU? /3ov\o/m,evovs, eiKoau KCLI 6 eicaTov crraBiayv

rjv S'

^wpai' TrpoGopicras.

rj

'

aTroi/co?, ev eVetVot?

P^O^vaiwv

ev ol? i^Kfjia^ev

rj

rot?

Bvva/^is CLVTWV KCLI /ca

OaXacrcrav, oiKiaOeiaa. rrjv 'ApiffTtw^o?

apa

KCLI

Sta TOVTO 7ro\\ol T

Tvpavvi&a (BovXo^evw

avrov KO.TU)KOVV teal /jLT6i)(ov r?}? ol? arvyetfrj ra* ol/ceia /ca/ca a7ro\av(Tai TOJV a\\or piwv\ aXXa TOU? ye ,

ra? CLVTWV SiaKOorias 7

6

AOVKOU\\O
eKaarw

rore KOI Tvpavviaiv pr/Va
avTov

a/uL(f)ieo-a<;

e^rjrijcraro real

pwaev, ave\ev6ep(s

A-aXw?

rfj

Xafiaw a 7nj\ev@e-

Scopea

AOVKOV\\OS avSpa Sia

i

xprjcrd/j.ei'OS.

ov

TraiSeiav ecnrov-

yap rj^iov ^acr^vov SovXov yeveadai Trporepov, etr' a depov. dfyaipecris yap rjv rr}? v7rap)(ov(Trj^ &or
teal

Spa^/j.a(f eTTt^oi/? ajreareiKe. 6 ypaim/maTiicbs eaXa>* Moy-

f)

LUCULLUS,

xix.

5-7

"

who have been so eager to imitate me," he said, his example, Heaven has devolved the reputation of Mummius." However, as far as circumstances allowed, he endeavoured to restore the city. The fire, indeed, had been quenched by showers which fell providentially just as the city was captured, and most of what the soldiers had destroyed he rebuilt himself before his He also received into the city those of departure. the Amisenes who had fled, and settled there any other Greeks who so desired, and added to the city's domain a tract of a hundred and twenty stadia. The city was a colony of Athens, founded in that period when her power was at its height and she controlled the sea. And this was the reason why many who wished to escape the tyranny of Aristion l at Athens sailed to Amisus, settled there, and became citizens. In flying from evils at home, they got the benefit of greater evils abroad. But those of them who survived were well clothed by Lucullns, and sent back home, with a present of two hundred drachmas apiece. Tyrannic the grammarian was also taken Murena asked to have him as prisoner at this time. his own prize, and on getting him, formally gave him his liberty, therein making an illiberal use of the For Lucullus did not gift which he had received. think it meet that a man so esteemed for his learning should first become a slave, and then be set at To give him a nominal liberty was to rob liberty. him of the liberty to which he was born. But this was not the only case in which Murena was found to be far inferior to his 1

commander

in nobility of conduct.

Tyrant of Athens when the city was besieged by

Sulla,

87 B.O.

S3'

PLUTARCH'S LIVES XX. AOVKOV\\O? 'Acrta TroXei?, OTTW?,

avrov,

%OVTO?

aw

Be

TperreTaL rrpb? TO.? 7ro\euiKO)v epywv TLVO? aeTda Biter)?

ev

T<WI>

real

TTO\VV %povov evSefj TTJV errap^iav ovcrav apprjToi, teal aVtcrrot Bvcrru^iat, Karei^ov, VTTO TMV re\a)va)v KOI rwv SaveicrTtov irop6ovfjievr]v 9eo-ua)v,

eVfc

KCU avSpaTroBi^ofjLevriv, Trnrpdo'Keiv IBia ^ev

Ovyarepas re ,

Be

reXo?

3

el?

5'

rjv TrpoaOerois Bov\eveiv, ra Be Trpo rovrou %a\eKOI KijK\iBe
vrraiOpoi, Kav/J,aros 8'

vioi's

S^/tocrta

avSpiavras dvayfca-

ypa(f)ds, iepovs

avrois

,

TrapOei'Ovs,

7rr)\ov

fiev

jjiev

v/3(,/3a%ouev(i)V creicra^OeLav Botcelv

BovXeiav roiavra

/zez/

Tro\.ecriv

0X170)

ev i]\iw, ^vj/ov$

Trdyov, a)crre TTJV elvai teal elptjvrjv.

r)

AOVKOV\\O? evputv ev ral? %povw Trdvrwv aTT^'XXa^e rov?

tca/cd

Tlpwrov uev yap efcaroa-rrjv eVe'Xeucre KOL arj el? TOV? TOKOV? Xoytecr$ar Bevrepov Be TOV? aaicpoTepov? TOV dp^aiov TOKOV? dTrtKotye' TO Be TP'ITOV teal aeyicrTOv, era^e TWV TOV XP eay ~ 7T\eov

<j)i\.Tov rrpoa-6B(i)v T^V TrovcrOai TOV Baveio~r^v 4

TeTapTi^v

aepiBa tcapTOKOV Ke(f)a\aifo war* ev e\aTTOvi o~vj'd-^ra? ecrTeprjTO TOV rravTo?' Ypovrp TTpaeTia? Bia\v@)}vai ra XP ea 7raVTa Ka^ 6

Be

e^evOepa? aTroBoOrji'ai, Tol? Bea-TroTai?. TOVTO KOIVOV Bdveiov e/c TWV Bicrnvpi(t)i> Ta\dvT(ov, ol? TYJV 'A&cav e^rfuirixrev 6 SuXXa
532

Be

LUCULLUS,

xx.

1-4

XX. Lucullus now turned cities in Asia, 1 in

his attention to the order that, while he was at leisure

from military enterprises, he might do something furtherance of justice and law. Through long lack of these, unspeakable and incredible misfortunes were rife in the province. Its people were plundered and reduced to slavery by the tax-gatherers for the

Families were forced to sell and money-lenders. their comely sons and virgin daughters, and cities their votive offerings, pictures, and sacred statues. At last men had to surrender to their creditors and serve them as slaves, but what preceded this was far worse, tortures of rope, barrier, and horse standing under the open sky in the blazing sun of summer, and in winter, being thrust into mud or ice. Slavery seemed, by comparison, to be disburdenment and Such were the evils which Lucullus found in peace. the cities, and in a short time he freed the oppressed ;

from

all

of them.

the first place, he ordered that the monthly rate of interest should be reckoned at one per cent., and no more in the second place, he cut off all interest that exceeded the principal third, and most important of all, he ordained that the lender should receive not more than the fourth part of his debtor's income, and any lender who added interest to principal was deprived of the whole. Thus, in less than four years' time, the debts were all paid, and the properties restored to their owners unencumbered. This public debt had its origin in the twenty thousand talents which Sulla had laid upon Asia as a contribution, and twice this amount had been paid back to the money-lenders. Yet now, by In

;

;

1

71-70

B.C.

533

PLUTARCH'S LIVES r/Sr;

5

rot? rotfot? et?

TakdvTwv. GKelvoL /&V ovv

o>?

Sa)$Ka Seiva

/j,vpidSas

Treir

TOV AOVKOV\\OV KdTeftbwv, ffdl avicrraaav eV CLVTOV eviov<$ TWV Svvd/jievoi, icai vroXXou? uTro^p TWV TroKiTevop.evwv. o Se AovKovX\o<; ov

ev 'Pwjir

IJLOVOV

VTTO

TWV eu TreTrovdorwv

a\\a

ical

rat?

rou?

XXI.

rjyaTrdro

B^/JLCOV,

aXXat? eVap^tat? TroOeivos 7776/^6^05

TOIOVTOV

rjv,

rv-

8e K\to8to?, o TrefLfyOels TT/OO? o KXaJS^o? dBeXtybs T/}? Tore 50! (TvvoiKOvar}^ Trpwrov /JLCV VTTO ra)i'

"ATTTJVO?

Tiypdvrjv

(rjv

AOVKOV\\
Se

obrjycov KVK\OV TIVCL KCU OVK dvayKalav /cal TroXvtj/nepov 6So avw ^coyoa? dyo/Avos, /j,r)vvcravTO$ aurca rrjv ei>0iav 6$ov direXevOepov ^vpov TO yevos, CK^at ao(f)i(7TiKf)$, e/cetyr/? TT}? yua/cpa? $pd(ras 7ro\\a TO?? /3ap/3dpoi$ dywyols, KOI Si* rj/Jiepcov o\iywv TOV l&v<j)pdTr)v Tcepdcras

vTioeiav r)/ce TTJV evrl Tiypdvqv avTOv /teXefcr^el? Trepi/Jieveiv (aTrriv yap TWV V QoiVLKrj TTO\eWV /JLV WKl(ti(TaTO TWV TOV wdCTTtoV, WV i5 Y)V pfll'iOV

2 et?

teal

6 Ztapfiirjvos Be ffpvcf)a

KOV\\OV

yap 534

r?}?

TWV

TopSuyvfj*;

/3acn\6v
SeSovXay/jievayv

?rpo? CLVTOV vTrecr^eTo TJJV ev TW TrapovTi

Aov-

j3oij&eidv, ov/c

tt^acr^ero?

77

TWV 'Appevicov d

LUCULLUS,

xx. 4-xxi. 3

reckoning usurious interest, they had brought the total debt up to a hundred and twenty thousand These men, accordingly, considered themtalents. selves outraged, and raised a clamour against Lucullus at Rome. They also bribed some of the tribunes to proceed against him, being men of great influence, who had got many of the active politicians into their debt. Lucullus, however, was not only beloved by the peoples whom he had benefited, nay, other provinces also longed to have him set over them, and felicitated those whose good fortune it was to have such a governor.

XXI. Appius Clodius, who had been sent to Tigranes (Clodius was a brother of her who was then the wife of Lucullus), was at first conducted by the royal guides through the upper country by a route needlessly circuitous and long. But when a freedman of his, who was a Syrian, told him of the direct route, he left the long one which was being trickily imposed upon him, bade his Barbarian guides a long farewell, and within a few days crossed the Euphrates

and came

to Antioch by Daphne. 1 Then, being ordered to await Tigranes there (the king was still in subduing some cities of Phoenicia), he gained over many of the princes who paid but a hollow obedience to the Armenian. One of these

engaged

He also promised the enslaved cities, when they sent to confer with him secretly, the assistance of Lucullus, although for the present he bade them keep was Zarbienus, king of Gordyene.

many

of

quiet.

Now

the sway of the Armenians was intolerably

The great Antioch on the river Orontes. Daphne was the name of a grove near the city consecrated to Apollo. 1

VOL. n.

S

535

PLUTARCH'S LIVES f

rot? 'EXX779

dXXa ^a\emY

avrov TO

(frpovrjjua

/cal yuaXttrra rov rpayi/cbv KOI vrrep-

ev TUV 7Tpl dVTOV,
ap^dfievos jap diro (JiiKpas e^i/?; TroXXa xare-

yeyovevat SOKOVVTCOV. KOI

KarafypovoviJLevT)S eXTTtSo? teal

rrjv

Tldpdwv,

co?

aXXo?

ouSet?,

'}L\\r)vwv Se T^?y MecroeVeTrX^cre, TroXXoi)? yttei' e/c KtXi/cm?, TroXXoi)? 5' e'/c KaTTTraSoA'ta? a^acrTracrroi;? fcaroie/civrjcre 8' e^ T)#WZ> ^at "Apafias TOU? aTTelvuHTGV,

CTayaycov ical irXrfaiov l&pvaas, OTTO)? rat? efiTTOptai^. (3ci(Ti\els; Be

6Keiv(i)v

TroXXot /zep rjaav ol OepaTrevovres avrov Tea-crapes Se, ovs del Trepl avrov el-^ev w&Trep ^ Bopv(popov<;, Irrrrorr) fiev e\av*vovri y

irapaOeovras

ev yjLrwvla KOIS,

vTL

Ka9r]/jievw

Se

/cal

67r?;XXa7/ieVat9 St* rat? %epcriv, orrep eSoKei f.id\tara rwv elvai SouXeta?, oloz/ a?ro-

rrepieorrwras

rrjv e\ev6epiav /cal rb awfjia ra rrape^ovrwv rraOelv eroi/jLorepov 77 Troirjcrai.

6

/cvpiro

Taurt;i/ /jLevroi rr)V rpaymbiav ov% VTrorpeaas ovS' K7r\ajel<; O^ATTTTIOS, &)? erv^e \6yov rrpwTOV, avrucpvs rjiceLV ecfrrj Midpi&dr'rjv dird^wv offreikofjievov rot? AOVKOV\\OV 0pidjA/3oL<; rj /car ay

yeXwv

Ttypdi'Tj

iroXe^ov,

tcaircep ev $ia%vcrei

rov

ware

rov Tiypdvijv,

TrpocrcoTrov /cal yLtetS^a/zart

rrerrKacrfJievw rreipayievov d/coveiv

rwv

\6ycov,

fir)

\a9elv TOU? rrapovras rj\\oui)^evov rfj rrapprjcria rov veavicrtcov, (frcovfjs a^eBov e\ev6epas d/covovra 536

LUCULLUS,

xxi.

3-6

Above all else, the spirit of grievous to the Greeks. the king himself had become pompous and haughty in the midst of his great prosperity. All the things which most men covet and admire, he not only had in his possession, but actually thought that they For though he had started on existed for his sake. his career with small and insignificant expectations, he had subdued many nations, humbled the Parthian power as no man before him had done, and filled Mesopotamia with Greeks

whom

he removed in

great numbers from Cilicia and from Cappadocia, and settled anew.

He

also

removed from

their

wonted

haunts the nomadic Arabians, and brought them to an adjacent settlement, that he might employ them in trade and commerce. Many were the kings who waited upon him, and four, whom he always had about him like attendants or body-guards, would run on foot by their master's side when he rode out, clad

and when he sat transacting busiThis ness, would stand by with their arms crossed. attitude was thought to be the plainest confession of servitude, as if they had sold their freedom and in short blouses,

offered their persons

to

their master

disposed for

suffering rather than for service.

Appius, however, was not frightened or astonished pomp and show, but as soon as he obtained an audience, told the king plainly that he was come to take back Mithridates, as an ornament due to the at all this

triumph of Lucullus, or else to declare war against Tigranes. Although Tigranes made every effort to listen to this speech with a cheerful countenance and a forced smile, he could not hide from the bystanders his discomfiture at the bold words of the young man. It must have been five and twenty 537

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Sia rrevre teal

ry

'AvrTrto)

rocravra yap

Be vftpicrev.

arreKpivaro

cftacri-

fjiev

ovv Kal

\lLOpLBaTrjv,

rrporfcreaOai

/i?)

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ov

er&v

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7 \evcre, /zaXXoi>

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dp^ovras dfivveWai.

opyi^o/jievos, OTL fla&iXea povov avrov, /BacriXewv ev rfj eTnaroXfj 7rpoarrjy6pv
ovS* auro? dvri,ypd(j)a)v avro/epdropa TrpocTelirev. Swpa T&>'A7r7U&) XafjiTrpd, Kal JJLTI \a(3ov-

eTreyu-^e 8e

TO?

a\\a

7r\LQ) 7rpocre@r)KV.

OVK zOekwv &OKIV ey^Bpa /juiav

etc

Tivl

rovrwv

6

"

SiwOela'dat,

ra \oi7rd, Kal

a7re7re//,"v/re

Bia

ij\avve ?rpo? rov avroKpdropa.

XXII. Tiypdvijs

Se M.i0pi$drr]v irporepov /mev ovSe ov8e l^elv rj^iuxTGv irpocreiTreiv oiKelov avBpa

/5acrtXeta? CKTreTrrcoKora rrjXiKavTrjs, aXX' dri/jia)^ real

TTOV

dcaraTO)

TrepietSev avrov rpoev
V7rpi]<j)di>c0s

TIVCL

vocrepois'

avrov

2 yLteT67re/u,i|raTO

\6ywv

yevo/Jievoyv

et?

ra

/SacrtAeta.

Kal

drcopprjrwv ra? vrpo? aXXr/Xof? 506

uTro^'a? eVl KaKw rwv
eOepdrrevov

'M.rjrpoSwpos 6

Kal TroXf/Lta^r;?, jjievos,

3 Xeeo?.

ware

538

dvrjp elrrelv

CLK^TI Se <^Xt'a
rrarrjp

rovrov,

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a>? eoiKev, 6

vrro

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64?

rov

Tiypdvrjs rrefjifyOevra

MiOptBdrov

TT/OO?

avrov

LUCULLUS,

xxi.

6-xxn. 3

That years since he had listened to a free speech. was the length of his reign, or rather, of his wanton However, he replied to Appius that he tyranny. would not surrender Mithridates, and that if the Romans began war, he would defend himself. He for addressing him in his King only, and not King of Kings, and accordingly, in his reply, would not address Lucullus as But he sent Imperator. splendid gifts to Appius, and when he would not take them, added more besides. Appius finally accepted a single bowl from among them, not wishing his rejection of the king's offers to seem prompted by any personal enmity, but sent back the rest, and marched off with all speed to join the

was vexed with Lucullus letter with the title of

Imperator.

XXII.

Up

to this time Tigranes

had not deigned

Mithridates, nor speak to him, though the man was allied to him by marriage, and had been Instead, he expelled from such a great kingdom. had kept him at the farthest remove possible, in to see

disgrace and contumely, and had suffered him to be held a sort of prisoner in marshy and sickly regions. Now, however, he summoned him to his palace with marks of esteem and friendship. There, in secret strove to allay their mutual conference, they suspicions at the expense of their friends, by laying the blame upon them. One of these was Metrodorus of Scepsis, a man of agreeable speech and wide learning, who enjoyed the friendship of Mithridates in such a high degree that he was called the king's This man, as it seems, had once been sent father. as a

an ambassador from Mithridates to Tigranes, with On this request for aid against the Romans. 539

PLUTARCH'S LIVES " z,v 6 /3or)0iv eirl 'Paj/Aaiovs ripero' MrjrpoBcope, Tt fJLot 7Tpl TovTcov Trapai-

Beo/jievov

avros,


'

veis; LT

Kafceivos etVe TT/OO? TO

MidpiBdryv

Trpecr/BevTrjS efyr)

K\eveiv,

TauT*

yopeveiv. 4

(TGo^ecrOai

Ttypdvov

fj,rj

a)?

avfjup

ftovXouevos, w?

Be <7v/ji(3ov\o<> aira-

e^i'jveytcev 6 Ttypdvr)?

T& Mt-

OpiBdrr) /cal /careiTrev a)? ovBev epyaaofjievw rbv M^TpoSwpov dvi'j/cecrTOV. o B evuvs avrjprjTO' KCLI

rbv Tiypdvijv cl^ev, ov rravre\w<; ovra rr)? o~vfji<j)opa<;

rw

TT/OO?

Oevra. teal

rovr

avrbv

e^Oei,

alriov,

rov ^Ai6pi\

nakai yap uTrouXa)? 6i% rrpbs rbv eu>pd9rj rwv aTropptjrcov avrov

fidrwv a\6vrwv, ev 0^9 a7ro\cr0ai Biareray/mevov.

771^

civBpa, ypa/j,-

teal

MrjrpoBcopov eOatyev ovv 6 Tt-

TO acoyua, /jLrjBe/uiids 7roXuTeXeta9 ov ^covra TrpovBcoKev.

e/9 vercpbv 5

'ETeXe^T^o-e Se rrapa rq> Tiypdvrj o prjrcop,

Bia Trt?

avrbv

i?

el

Bet

/cal

rovrov

/cal 'Ayu^i/jLvrf/jirjv

rivd

'A^^a9.

\eyerai yap SeXeiVeta^ T?)I^ eVt

Ovyarepa, Tiypdvy Be Gwoucovcrav ev Bia/3o\f] ra^v, /cal rfjs TT/^O? TOU? EXX^^a? f/

yeve
elpyo/JLevov dTTOKapreprjcrai' ra^rjvat Be Kal TOVTOV evrifjuos VTTO T?}? KXeoTraTpa?

eTTf/zt^ia?

540

LUCULLUS,

xxn. 3-5

" But what is occasion Tigranes asked him your " own advice to me. Metrodorus, in this matter ? Whereupon Metrodorus, either with an eye to the interests of Tigranes, or because he did not wish Mithridates to be saved, said that as an ambassador he urged consent, but as an adviser he forbade it. Tigranes disclosed this to Mithridates, not supposing, when he told him, that he would punish Metrodorus :

But Metrodorus was at once put past all healing. out of the way. Then Tigranes repented of what he had done, although he was not entirely to blame He merely gave an for the death of Metrodorus. impulse, as it were, to the hatred which Mithridates For he had long been already had for the man. secretly hostile to him, as was seen from his private papers when they were captured, in which there were directions that Metrodorus, as well as others, be put to death. Accordingly, Tigranes gave the body of Metrodorus a splendid burial, sparing no expense upon the man when dead, although he had betrayed him when alive. Amphicrates, the rhetorician, also lost his life at the court of Tigranes, if, for the sake of Athens, we

may make some mention when he was exiled from

of

him

too.

It is said that

his native city,

he went to

Seleucia on the Tigris, and that when the citizens asked him to give lectures there, he treated their invitation with contempt, arrogantly remarking that a stewpan could not hold a dolphin. Removing thence, he attached himself to Cleopatra, the daughter of Mithridates and wife of Tigranes, but speedily fell into disfavour, and, being excluded from intercourse with Greeks, starved himself to death. He also received honourable burial at the hands of

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rrepl %a(f)dv, e/cei rt

^wpiov ovrw /ca\ov-

/jivov.

XXITI. AOVKOV\\0<$ evvoiiias, vroXX?}? TT/?O?

rj&ovrjv teal

teal Travrjyvpecriv

$6 rrjV 'AfTiaV TTOXX*}?

& elprjvys %dpLV

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r}/jLe\r)a~ev,

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fJLZV

ov&e

dXXo,

aywcnv ad\rjra)v

KOI fjLovofid%a)v iv 'E0eyi al 8' dfjLi/36fjivai Aovtcov\\6id re ra? 7roXe9, rjyov 7ri Tifjif) rov dvftpos, real TT}? T^/I,^? ifiiova 2 Tr)V dkrjOwrjv euvoiav aura) 7rapi%ov. eirel 8' "ATTTTiO? re r}Ke KOI TroXe/i^reo^ ?rpo? Tiypdwrjv diver o, Trapr^Oev avQis ei? rfo^rov, /cal TOU? e

\ov Be TOU? /azre^oi'Ta? avrr^v vroXXou?

Aca?, ot

3

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/zef ai'eXo^re? TCOI^ ^ivcoTrewv, rrjv

Se 7roX/y e/jLTrpijcravTes Bia VVKTOS ecfrvyov. alaOoo Aou/couXXo? /cat rrapekOaiv et? r^i' rrb\iv '

avruv aTrercreive, rots S'

aXXot? direBw/ce ra

ol/cela

KCU

&a

TT}? 7roXe&)? eirefjie\rj6ii yLtaXtcrra T^V roiavrrfv eB6/c6L TWO, Kara rou? VTTVOVS elrrelv rrapao*^nv.

crrdvra' 4

"

UpoeXOe, AovKov\\6, {ii/cpov rjicei
eKeivrfv

rrjv

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/cal

Toy? K7r\eovra<; rwv KI\LKU>V Sico/caiv opa rrapa rov alyiaXbv dvSpidvra Kelf-ievov, oi> e/ ol KtX^e? OVK e. (fipd^ei ovv Ti?, a>? Auro\v/cou rov /cricravros rr v ^LVCOTTTJV 6 dvSpia? t

LUCULLUS,

xxn. 5-xxin. 4

Cleopatra, and his body lies at Sapha, as a place in those parts is called. XXIII. Lucullus, after filling Asia full of law and order, and full of peace, did not neglect the things which minister to pleasure and win favour, but during stay at Ephesus gratified the cities with processions and triumphal festivals and contests of And the cities, in response, athletes and gladiators. celebrated festivals which they called Lucullea, to do honour to the man, and bestowed upon him what is sweeter than honour, their genuine good-will. his

But when Appius came, and it was plain that war must be waged against Tigranes, he went back into Pontus, put himself at the head of his soldiers, and laid siege to Sinope, or rather, to the Cilicians who were occupying that city for the king. These slew

of the Sinopians, fired the city, and set out to But Lucullus saw what was going on, made his way into the city, and slew eight thousand Then he of the Cilicians who were still there. restored to the citizens their private property, and ministered to the needs of the city, more especially on account of the following vision. He thought in his sleep that a form stood by his side and said " Go forward a for Autolycus is little, Lucullus come, and wishes to meet you." On rising from sleep, he was unable to conjecture what the vision meant but he took the city on that day, and as he pursued the Cilicians who were sailing away, he saw a statue lying on the beach, which the Cilicians had not succeeded in getting on board with them. It was the work of Sthenis, and one of his masterWell then, some one told Lucullus that it pieces. was the statue of Autolycus, the founder of Sinope.

many fly

by night.

:

;

;

543

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 5

8'

Aeyerat

AirroXf KOS yevecrdai rwv eVl erraXta? 'H/oa/eXet (rvcrrparev-

o

e/c

7rat9* eiceWev S'

Kal OX07/&) T^V

fiev

airoirXewv d/na

vavv

diroXecrai,

Xeppovtfcrov Kara TO Ka\ov-

Try?

507 erapcov TT/JO? T?Z> 6 TOU? Su/oou9 r^v Tro\iv ^vpoi jap avrrjv CLTTO 'S.vpov yeyovores rou 'ATroXXw^o?, co? \eyerai, TWZ>

TaOr* CLKOVWV

o

xVou/couXXo? a

Trapaive(jea)S' irapfjvei Se Sia ra)V v oi/rco? d^LOTTtcrrov r}
e/ceivos /x^8ef

e/Saiov, a>?

o

Ti

az^

d7ro
Sia

TU>V

oe Mi^ptSaTTfi/ re Aral Tiypdvrjv Kvicaoviav KOI KikLKiav ocrov OVTTCO Btaftifid-

et?

'

iav, (0 :v/j,a%

TOV 'Appeviov,

el

c

i

P&)yLtato9,

OLK^CL^OVTI

fjiev

OVK

e

roi9 e/ceivov ra Trap' avrov (TwfJTTTev, \eor0ai S' eacra9 /c:at (jWTirvai vvv eirl \7Ticriv

ap^erai TroXe/tou TO 49

8vva/J,evoi
XXIV.

avacrrYjvai

CITTO-

pr

avj/caTa/3d\\(ov eavrov. 'E7TiS?; e /cat Ma^a/9>79 o

ex wv T v BOO*TTO/)OI/ 67re/ii|ri av xpvarwv ^iKiwv, Seo/Jievos 'Payfiaitov dvara rat crv/ji^a^os, ij$r) olo
rov 544

Trporepov

7ro\eaov Trepas

e^eu'

^

LUCULLUS, Now

Autolycus

is

xxm.

said to

5~xxiv.

i

have been one of those

who made an expedition with Heracles from Thessaly

On his against the Amazons, a son of Deimachus. voyage of return, in company with Demoleon and Phlogius, he lost his ship, which was wrecked at the place called Pedalium, in the Chersonesus but he himself escaped, with his arms and his companions, and coming to Sinope, took the city away from the These Syrians who were in possession of Syrians. the city were descended, as it is said, from Syrus, the son of Apollo, and Sinope, the daughter of ;

Asopis.

On hearing this, Lucullus called to mind the advice of Sulla, in his Memoirs, which was to think nothing so trustworthy and sure as that which is signified by dreams. Being informed now that Mithridates and Tigranes were on the point of entering Lycaonia and Cilicia, with the purpose of invading Asia before war was actually declared, he was amazed that the Armenian, if he cherished the design of attacking the Romans, had not made use of Mithridates for this war when he was at the zenith of his power, nor joined forces with him when he was strong, but had allowed him to be crushed and ruined, and now began a war which offered only faint hopes of success, prostrating himself to the level of those who were unable to stand erect. XXIV. But when Machares also, the son of Mithridates, who held the Bosporus, sent Lucullus a crown valued at a thousand pieces of gold, begging to be included in the list of Rome's friends and allies, Lucullus decided at once that the first war was finished. He therefore left Sornatius there 545

PLUTARCH'S LIVES avrov

<j)v\atca

TWV HOVTLKWV

drrekiTre

2 aTpaTLO)TO)V et;aKia"%i.\La)v, avros Be fivpiovs fiev dycov teal Bio"%i\iov$ 7rebu9, tTTTret? Be

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fj,fta\LV

avTov

et?

eOvrj

fivpidSas tTTTrewv TroXXa? KOI fiadecn [lev Trora/i-ot?, del Be Karavupofjevois opecrt, 3 7repie%o[jievriv, wcrre TOU? /mev (rrparicora^ ouS' aXXeo? 6Wa? eura/crou? CLKOVTCLS eTreaOai /cal ev Be 'Pa>yU,/7 Kara/3odv KOI Sia-

rou? Brj/jiaywyov^, GO? iroXe/jLov e/c Aou/couXXo? ovBev rr}? Seo/jLevrjs, aXX' UTre/3 rou KaraOeo-Oai rd o?rXa yu-?;S 4 /leva? aTTo rwv KOIVWV KIV&VVWV. ovrot pev ovv 7TO\/jiov

BiMKei,

e^eipydcravro

^povw

rrjv

avTWV

vTrodecriv

Aou-

Aroi'XXo? S^ cru^TOi/co? oSeucra? eVt /cal

Kariovra TTO\VV

evpwv, r)a"%aX\ev, w? /tareta? eao/jLevt^

ap

rj/jiepa

/cal

6o\epov

VTTO

avru> Kal TrpayiropO^ela Kal Trrj-

Biarpiflfjs

crvvdyovTi

dp^duevov 8' a<^>' ecrvre/oa? "%&Las. TO pevjjia Kal fjieiov^evov Sid TJ} KolKov irapea^ev ofyOrjvai TOV

ol S' eTTL^^pioi vri Tropy /jLiKpd? 8iaaQeacrdfjievoi ,

Kal Tevayu&VTa TOV povv

TTpoaeKiivovv TOV AOVKOV\\OV,

&>?

eV

o\iydKi<;

TOVTOV av^^e^r}KOTO^ irpoTepov, etceiveo & exov
546

LUCULLUS, as guardian of Pontus,

xxiv. 1-5

with

six

thousand

soldiers,

while he himself, with twelve thousand footmen and less than three thousand horse, set out for the second war. 1 He seemed to be making a reckless attack, and one which admitted of no saving calculation,

upon warlike nations, countless thousands of horsemen, and a boundless region surrounded by deep rivers and mountains covered with perpetual snow. His soldiers, therefore, who were none too well disciplined in any case, followed him reluctantly and rebelliously, while the popular tribunes at Rome raised an outcry against him, and accused him of seeking one war after another, although the city had no need of them, that he might be in perpetual command and never lay down his arms or cease enriching himself from the public dangers. And, in time, these men accomplished their purpose. But Lucullus advanced by forced marches to the Euphrates. Here he found the stream swollen and turbid from the winter storms, and was vexed to think of the delay and trouble

would cost him to collect boats and build But at evening the stream began to subside, went on diminishing through the night, and at daybreak the river was running between lofty banks.

which

it

rafts.

The natives, observing that sundry small islands in the channel had become visible, and that the current near them was quiet, made obeisance to Lucullus, saying that this had seldom happened before, and that the river had voluntarily made itself tame and gentle for Lucullus, and offered

him an easy and

speedy passage. 1

69 B.O.

547

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 6

ovv

pr)(r[jLVO<;

ie{ijae

/caipw

rq>

rrjv

(TTpa-ridv Kal yiverai (rrf^elov avTW xprjcrrbv a/ua TTJ $ia(Bdcrei.

/uSo?,

/3oe? lepal

rjv fjid\i(jTa

ftapoi

ri/uwcri,'

dewv

vepovrai Ylepaias 'A/ore-

ol

Trepav ILv^pdrov j3dp-

^paivrat Se ra? /Soucrl aXXco? Se n\d'Covrai Kara r

QVG'LCLV

JULOVOV,

>

6TOi,

^apdy/jbara

fyepovcrai

T>}?

deou

Kal \ajBelv e^ avrwv, orav SerjdaHTiv, ov irdvv pabiov (TTIV ovBe /jLixpas TT pay pare las. ,

7

TOV arparov SiaftdvTOS rov EvffipdTT/?O? TWO, Trerpav iepav r^? deou v eV O.UTT}? eart], Kal KaTa/3a\ov(ra rrjv Kcf)d\r)v, axTTrep at Beer/Ay KaTaretvo^evai, Ouaai eduae Be rep AovKovXXa) 7rapecr)(ev avnjv. rovrcov ,

8

fjiia,

e^dovcra

T) EiV^pdry ravpov Sia/3arrjpaL. KaKeivrjv avrou rifv fifjiepav vjvXi&aTO, rfj 8' vcrrepaia KOI 508 rat?

e'(e?}5

Trpoijye

Sia

TT}?

S&x^r/z/r;?,

ov&ev

avrw Kal d\\a

TOI)? dv0pa)7rov<$ Trpoa"%wpovvTa<s

ou? TTJV crrpariav da/jievovs, ra)v crrpaTicoTcov fypovpiov rt SOKOVV G

\ov TO (ppovpiov

fjfjilv

eKKOTrreov eVri," Set^a? TOP

" Tavpov dirwdev ovra, Tavra

5'

aTro/reirat

rot?

arvvreLvas Be rrjv iropeiav Kal TOV Tiyptv a? eve(3a\ev et? Trjv 'Appeviav. t,"

XXV.

Tiypdvrj

Trjv

S*,

a)?

6

dyyei\as

Ka\rfv, ovBels aXXosr e^pa^ev,

Ka0f)(TTo TrepiKaiofjLevos

548

7T/3Q3T09

tfBrj

rep

aXX*

LUCULLUS,

xxiv. 6-xxv.

i

Accordingly, he took advantage of his opportunity and put his troops across, and a favourable sign accompanied his crossing. Heifers pasture there which are sacred to Persia Artemis, a goddess whom the Barbarians on the further side of the Euphrates hold in the highest honour. These heifers are used only for sacrifice, and at other times are left to roam about the country at large, with brands upon them in the shape of the torch of the goddess. Nor a slight or easy matter to catch any of them are wanted. One of these heifers, after the army had crossed the Euphrates, came to a certain rock which is deemed sacred to the goddess, is

it

when they

and stood upon it, and lowering its head without any compulsion from the usual rope, offered itself to Lucullus for sacrifice.

to the Euphrates, in Then, after passage.

He

also sacrificed a bull

acknowledgment of his safe encamping there during that

day, on the next and the succeeding days he advanced through Sophene. He wrought no harm to the inhabitants, who came to meet him and received his

army

gladly.

Nay, when his soldiers wanted

take a certain fortress which was thought to contain much wealth, "Yonder lies the fortress which we must rather bring low," said he, pointing " these nearer to the Taurus in the distance things Then he went on are reserved for the victors." by forced marches, crossed the Tigris, and entered Armenia. XXV. Since the first messenger who told Tigranes that Lucullus was coming had his head cut off for

to

;

his pains, no one else would tell him anything, and so he sat in ignorance while the fires of war were

already blazing around him, giving ear only to those

549

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ovra

Trvpi, \6yov
^apiv,

AOVKOV\\OV arparrjjoVt

TT^O? 'E^ecrco Tiypdvrjv

el

009

/jieyav

vTroarairj teal /nrj (frevywv evOvs e 'Acrta? 2 T
Travis^ ecm 7ro\vv cLKparov eve'yKelv OVT Biavolas Trjs rv^ovcrr)<; ev 6VTU^]/j,acrt Ko-rf)vai TWV \o^i(T[JLWV. Trpwro? 8' avru) TO

TO?

Trapprjaias.

AOVKOV\\OV avv ,

f

3

AOVKOV\\M

yap evGvs eVt TOV

rpia-^iXioL^, 7rebt?

/ceXevaOels TOV

&

rou?

eire/m^dr) iTTTreva-t

fj,ev CTT parriyov

B

ayeiv

d\\ov<; KaraTrarrjcrai.

T%

GTpaTids rj uev rj&r) KareTWV Be crKOirwv aura) l^evyvvev, 17 TOV 7re\avvovra (Bdpftapov, e fypaedvrwv Kal OUK ev Ta^ei TrpoaTreacav J(wp\<$ ovTa<$ aev KaOLcrTaTO Trjv /cal auro? $e

Be eri Trpocryei.

Be Trpecr/SevTrjv e7re/j,tye

e%aKoo~iovs> OTrXtra9 Be /cal tyiXovs ov 4 TToXXro 7r\eiova$, AceXeucra? 771)9 7rpocre\06vTa rot? TroXefttoi? /neveiv, ea>9 av Trv6r)Tai rou9 yuer' ai)Tov KaTecrTpaTOTreBevKOTas. eySoi/Xero yaez^

^e^rtXto9 TavTa Troielv, e/3ida0r} WiOpofiap^dvov Opacrews eTreXavvovTos

ow// o

e\0eiv.

/cal

yevojjievrjs yu,a^r;9

B* IITTO

TOV

et9 %et/?a9

o

%dvrjs eTreaev dywvi^o/ij.evos, ol S' aXXot CLTfc^kovTO 7T\r)i> okiywv aTravTes. 5

'E/e

KepTa,

550

TOVTOV Tiypdvrjs /jLeyd~\,r]v

iro\iv

p,ev

K\i7ra)V

e/CTKTjjievrjv

TiypavoavTOV,

UTT'

LUCULLUS,

XXY. 1-5

who flattered him and said that Lucullus would be a great general if he ventured to withstand Tigranes at Ephesus, and did not fly incontinently from Asia at the mere sight of so many myriads Which only proves that it is not every man of men. who can bear much unmixed wine, nor is it any ordinary understanding that does not lose its reckoning in the midst of great prosperity. The first of his friends who ventured to tell him the truth was Mithrobarzanes, and he, too, got no very He excellent reward for his boldness of speech. was sent at once against Lucullus with three thousand horsemen and a large force of infantry, under orders to bring the general alive, but to trample his men under foot. Now, part of the army of Lucullus was already preparing to go into camp, and the rest was

coming

up,

when

his

scouts

told

still

him that the

Barbarian was advancing to the attack. Fearing enemy attack his men when they were separated and in disorder, and so throw them into confusion, he himself fell to arranging the encampment, and Sextilius, the legate, was sent at the head of sixteen hundred horsemen and about as many light and heavy infantry, with orders to get near the enemy and wait there until he learned that the lest the

main body was safely encamped. Well then, this was what Sextilius wished to do, but he was forced into an engagement by Mithrobarzanes, who boldly charged upon him. A battle ensued, in which Mithrobarzanes fell fighting, and the rest of his forces took to flight and were cut to pieces, all except a few. Upon this, Tigranes abandoned Tigranocerta, that great city which he had built, withdrew to the 55*

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rov Tavpov

777)09

ave^wpfjcre

ewravOa

crvvfjye,

^povov

ov

KOI

ra?

Aov/cov'hXos Be Bioov? Movpijvav

KOI TrepiKo TOV Tiypdvijv, ^e^riXiov Be Trpo? 'Apdftcov X ^P a /^GjdXrjv aveiptovra eVo^Xr?croznra

6 Trpocnovcrav-

ofjiov

Be ^e^rl\LO<; /^ev ir\ei-

avXwva,

/cat,

fcaipov

crrevoTropov

GT

Trapaa")(ovTO

KOI (frevyei JJLGV auro? TcypdvTjs Trpoe^evo^ rrjv aTToa/cev^v airaaav, airoOv^dKovan Be 7ro\\ol teal '

akiGKOvrai raw KPJJLGVIWV. XXVI. OvTO) Be TOVTWV TTpo^wpovvrwv apas o AOU/COUXXO? 7TOpeV6TO 7T/909 T\ypCLVOK6pTa, KOL TrKeioves

TrepicTTpaTOTreBevcras eTroXioptcei rr)i> 7ro\tv. rjcrav 8' eV avrfj 7ro\\ol JJLEV E\A,?7i/e? T&V dvacrrdTCdv K K.I\IKLCI<;, TroXX.ol Be fBdpjBapoi ro?9 "}L\\r)(Tiv f/

7re7rov00T<;, 'ABiaj3>]vol KOI 'Aaa-vpioi /col TopBvrjvol teal KaTTTra&o/ce?, wv KaracrKa-^ra^ ra? Be e/cel KaTOiKelv /coyutcra9 TrarpiBas, avrov^ 2 rjvdyKaaev. r)v Be KOI xprjfjLdrcov r) ?roX,i9 yLtecrr?; teal dva.Orjfjid'Twv, Travros IBiwrov KCU Bvvdcrrov ojjiOia

avjjL
AOVKOV\\O
\iopicei 6

TL
3 /xe^09.

Tre/jLTTcov /cal

ypd/n/nara

/nrj

(rvvaTneiv

yopv 5S 2

LUCULLUS,

xxv. 5 -xxvi. 3

Taurus, and there began collecting his forces from Lucullus, however, gave him no time every quarter. for preparation, but sent out Murena to harass and cut off the forces gathering to join Tigranes, and Sextilius again to hold in check a large body of Arabs which was drawing near the king. At one and the same time Sextilius fell upon the Arabs as they were going into camp, and slew most of them and Murena, following hard upon Tisrranes, seized his opportunity and attacked the king as he was passing through a roug! and narrow defile with his army in long column. Tigranes himself fled, ;

1

abandoning all his baggage, many of the Armenians were slain, and more were captured.

XXVI. Thus successful in camp and proceeded

struck

his

campaign, Lucullus

to Tigranocerta, which to besiege. There were

city he invested and began in the city many Greeks who

had been transplanted,

like others, from Cilicia, and many Barbarians who had suffered the same fate as the Greeks, Adiabeni,

Assyrians, Gordyeni, and Cappadocians,

whose native

Tigranes had demolished, and brought their inhabitants to dwell there under compulsion. The city was also full of wealth and votive offerings, since every private person and every prince vied with the king in contributing to its increase and adornment. Therefore Lucullus pressed the siege of the city with vigour, in the belief that Tigranes would not endure it, but contrary to his better judgment and in anger would descend into the plains to offer battle and his belief was justified. Mithridates, indeed, both by messengers and letters, strongly urged the king uot to join battle, but to cut off the enemy's supplies cities

;

553

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TroXXa Be TaiX?79 TIKWV Trap* avrov KOI crvcrrpa- 50J revcov eBeiro rov /SacrtXea)? fyvXdrreaOai Kal

aj^a^ov Trpay/jia ra 'Pwaaiwv 6VXa. errel Be Kal rd ye Trpwra 7Tyoaa>9 i]Kove rovrwv.

(frevyeiv a>9

4

Travcrrpanq pev avr) (rvi>rj\6ov Kpp,ei-ioi teal TopSvrjvoi, Travarparia Se M/;Sov9 Kal A.$ta/3rjvov<$ ayovre? ol fta(Ti\el<$ irapr^crav, fjicov Se vroXXot '

/JLV OLTTO

rr}?

eV

QaXdcrcrrjs "Apa,8es,

J$a/3v\5)i>i

TroXXol Se a?ro T?}? KacrTT/a? 'AX^ai/oi

Arat

"I/S^e?

'AX/Sat'ot? irpocroiKOvvres, OVK 6\iyoi Be rwv Trepl rov 'Apd^rjv vefMo^evwv dftacriXevroi ^apiTi Kal e\7riSd)v Se Kal Bctipois 7ricr0VTes aTr^vrrjcrav,

dpdcrovs Kal ftapftapiK&v aTreiXwv

ra

(TVfjLiroo-ia

rov (3acn\ew<$,

fBov\ia, rrapeKiv^vvevcre

JJLCV

/jiecrra fiev rjv

ra

/zecrra 8e

vTrevavriovpevos rf) JVOO/JLTJ Kal MtdpiSdrrjs
fjirj

fjberda-%01

r^9

iravrl r

(rvfjb-

o Ta^tXry? airoOavelv TT}? /ta^?, e&oKei Be

SO^T;?,

Bva^opwv,

/^eydXou

avrov 6 aXX* e^co/jet to?

\eyerai,

Trpos Tou? (f)i\ov<s, or i TT/JO? AOVKOV\\OV avrwf fjiovov, ov 7T/30? diravra^ o dyobv ecroiro TOV? P<w(Jiaiwv Grparrjyovs ev ravrw yevo/j-evovs.

Kal ov Travrdiracnv TJV ro Opdvosavrov ov& a\oyov, Wvr] rocravra Kal /SacrtXet? Kal (j>d\,ayyas OTrXtraji/ Kal jjivpid&as Ircrckwv arroro^ora? ^.ez^ 7/3 Kal crtyevo'ovijras BtcriTnrel^ Be TrevraKicriJLvpLovs KOI irevrjyev, /jLVpiov? Kal pvpioi KardraK(,cr%i\[ov<;, &v eTrraKia-^iXioi

6 /SXeTrot'TO?.

(fcpaKroi rjaav,

w? Ao^/couXXo? eypatye

crvyK\ijrov, OTr\ir&v Be,

554

rwv

/JLCV

TT/QO?

rrjv

i9 cnrelpas,

rwv

LUCULLUS,

xxvi.

3-6

with his cavalry ; Taxiles also, who came from Mithridates and joined the forces of Tigranes, earnestly begged the king to remain on the defensive and avoid the invincible arms of the Romans. And Tigranes gave considerate hearing to this But when the Armenians and Gordyeni joined him with all their hosts, and the kings of the Medes and Adiabeni came up with all their hosts, and many Arabs arrived from the sea of Babylonia, and many Albanians from the Caspian sea, together with Iberians who were neighbours to the Albanians and when not a few of the peoples about the river Araxes, who are not subject to kings, had been induced by favours and gifts to come and join him and when the banquets of the king, and his councils as well, were full of hopes and boldness and barbaric then Taxiles ran the risk of being put to threats, death when he opposed the plan of fighting, and Mithridates was thought to be diverting the king from a great success out of mere envy. Wherefore Tigranes would not even wait for him, lest he share in the glory, but advanced with all his army, at

first

advice.

;

;

lamenting to his friends, as it is said, that he was going to contend with Lucullus alone, and not with all the Roman generals put together. And his boldness was not altogether that of a mad man, nor without good reason, when he saw so many nations and kings in his following, with phalanxes of heavy infantry and myriads of horsemen. For he was in command of twenty thousand bowmen and slingers, and fifty-five thousand horsemen, of whom seventeen thousand were clad in mail, as bitterly

Lucullus said in his letter to the Senate

one

hundred and

fifty

thousand heavy

;

also of

infantry,

555

PLUTARCH'S LIVES *

(frdkayyas o~vvTeTay/j,evcov, irevTe/caiBe/ca oBoTTOiovs Be /ecu yefapcoTas /cal /caTTOTafJLWV Kal V\OTOfjLOVS KOl TWV a\\COV

els

,

ov VTrrjpeTas Tpier /JLVpious KOI 7revTaKt,cr-%i\iovs, Tols /JLa%ofj,evois eTriTeTay^evoi /caroiriv o

01

ap,a fcal pw/Jirjv Trapefyov.

XXVII.

'11? 8' v7Tp/3a\(i)v teal /careiSe

Karer)

TO

v ev

TOV Tavpov a

rrpbs rot?

Tiypavorceprois

rwv

crpdrev/jLa

'PwfjLaiwv,

6

TToXet

/3dp/3apos o'/uXo? o\o\vyrj teal KpoTw rrjv o^nv eSe^aro, KOL TOLS 'Pw/u-atot? a?ro TWV ret^wy aTTi\.ovvres ebeiKwaav rovs 2 'Apfjieviovs' AOVKOV\\W Be GKOTTOVVTI irepl r^? Tfi

ol

ayeiv

/lev

7rl

Tiypdvijv edo-avra

crvi>e/3ov\evov, ol

8e

rr,v

/xrj

TOO~OVTOVS /^S' dvcivai TToXe/JLious o 6' el'Trwp e/carepovs f^ev OVK

TTO\iopKiav.

d/Lt<
ndv.

/cal

Ka\a)s Trapaiveiv &iel\6

arpae^ovra 7ro\iop/ci,as drreXLnrev, avrbs Be eiKovi crrreipas dvaXaftwv, ev

Movpijvav

Tre^ou? eVl rrjs /cal

Teaa-vapas

rrjv

/lev e^a/ci(T^iX[ovs

at? ov 7T\eioves rjaav /uLvpiwv OTrXtrcoy, /cal rovs

aTravras 3

/cal

cr^evBovijras v

v

Kcu

/cal

t

irapa TOV Trora/aov ev irebiw /neya\a) Karaa-rparoTreBevcras Travrdiracn /u/epo? e
TWV TWV

/cal

ol

rols /co\a/cevov(Tiv avrbv Biarpifttjv /juev

yap

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ol

S*

virep

\a<$>vpwv ev TraiBia Bij3d\\ovro K\i)pov Be a-Tparrjywv real /3acri\ewv e/cacrro? yrelro Trpoaioov avrov JJLOVOV yevecrdai TO epyov, e KG LVOV

556

LUCULLUS,

xxvi.

6-xxvn. 3

whom

were drawn up in cohorts, and some in phalanxes ; also of road-makers, bridge-builders, clearers of rivers, foresters, and ministers to the other needs of an army, to the number of thirty-five thousand. These latter, being drawn up in array

some of

behind the fighting men, increased the apparent strength of the arrny. XXVII. When Tigranes had crossed the Taurus, deployed with all his forces, and looked down upon the Roman army investing Tigranocerta, the throng of Barbarians in the city greeted his appearance with shouts and din, and standing on the walls, threateningly pointed out the Armenians to the Romans. When Lucullus held a council of war, some of his officers advised him to give up the siege and lead others urged him not to his army against Tigranes leave so many enemies in his rear, and not to remit the siege. Whereupon, remarking that each counsel by itself was bad, but both together were good, he divided his army. Murena, with six thousand footmen, he left behind in charge of the siege while he himself, with twenty-four cohorts, comprising no more than ten thousand heavy infantry, and all the horsemen, slingers, and archers, to the number of about a thousand, set out against the ;

;

enemy.

When

he had encamped along the river in a great he appeared utterly insignificant to Tigranes, and supplied the king's flatterers with ground for amusement. Some mocked at the Romans, and plain,

others, in pleasantry, cast lots for their spoil, while

each of the generals and kings came forward and begged that the task of conquering them might be entrusted to himself alone, and that the 557

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 4 Be

KaOe^eaOat,

avrbs

6

elvat,

" Et

dpvXovfiievov

TroXXol

el

Trdpeicnv

&'

fjt,ev

n

Be

/SouXo/zez/o?

Tiypdviys Capias

TO

eZ-Tre

Oearijv.

KCL\

Kal 005

o>?

crrpaTiwrai, oXi/yot." Kal rore pep ourft)? elpwvevojjievoi KOI Tr $iTe\ecrav. a^a S* ^epa Aou/couXXo?

Be

fcal

eo>

[iev

TrorafjLov rb ftapftapiKov crTpaTevp^a'

TOV

Bvva/miv

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TOV

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pev/J,aTo$ aTTO(JTpo<$>'i)v ,

f)

p.d\icrTa Trepdcn^ov r)V, Kal crTrev^wv eSo^ev

dir

Syva/Jtiv

5

rft)

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Tou? a/xa^ou?,"

ye\a)Ti

ou%

Kal

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av"

e<^>r

*'

o/oa? cfrevyovTas ; elTrev,

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a)

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TWV 7rapa\oy(ov,

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\a^dvovaiv

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77

ra

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OTT\WV

Kal {3a$i6vTa)i> ij \eyOVTOS Tl TOV KaT(i
avTij

6 7T/30? TOL/? TToXe/.UOL'?."

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<

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o ot

TO KaQlaraffOai, ySacrtXea)? /xe^ avTOV TO /J,6(rov TGJV &e KepaTCov TO fiev dpiaTepov TO> A.oiaj3r}V(p, TO Be Beiov ra> M.rjB(a ,

51

LUCULLUS,

xxvn. 3-6

king would sit by as a spectator. Then Tigranes, not wishing to be left behind entirely in this play of wit and scoffing, uttered that famous saying :

"If they are come as ambassadors, they are too if as soldiers, too few." And so for the while But at they continued their sarcasms and jests. daybreak Lucullus led out his forces under arms. Now, the Barbarian army lay to the east of the river. But as the stream takes a turn to the west at the point where it was easiest to ford, and as Lucullus led his troops to the attack in that direction first, and with speed, he seemed to Tigranes to be So he called Taxiles and said, with a retreating. " Don't laugh, you see that the invincible Roman

many

;

"O

hoplites are taking to flight?'' King," said " I could wish that some marvellous Taxiles,' thing O fall to your good fortune ; but when these are merely on a march, they do not put on shining raiment, nor have they their shields polished and their helmets uncovered, as now that they have stripped the leathern coverings from their armour. Nay, this splendour means that they are going to fight, and are now advancing upon their enemies." While Taxiles was yet speaking, the

might

men

first

the

eagle river,

came

in sight, as Lucullus wheeled towards and the cohorts were seen forming in

maniples with a view to crossing. Then at last, as though coming out of a drunken stupor, Tigranes cried out two or three times, " Are the men coming " And so, with much tumult and conagainst us ? fusion, his multitude formed in battle array, the king himself occupying the centre, and assigning the left wing to the king of the Adiabeni, the right to In front of this wing also the king of the Medes.

559

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ou Kal TWV KaracfrpaKTcov ev Trpordyfiart, TO 7T\l(TTOV TjV. AovKovXkw S ^u-eXXoim Siaftatveiv TOV Trora7 e'('

ra)V rr)v

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jye/iiovtov

TWV

ovaav

fiiav

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"'70) 7/?/'

6^77,

rr)i>

" teal

Tavrrjv ev

'PwyLiatoi? rrjv t;//,e/oav." fjv Se irpo

iroLi](T(i)

XXYIII. Tavra rov re Trorafibv

Kal Qappelv Kal TT^WTO? eVt

8* CLTTCOV

8te/5atz/e

OwpaKa

TOL/?

e^wi'

aibrjpovv Se efye<j)o\iS(i>TOV aTroo-TiX/Sovra, KpocnTcoTrjV Se ^i(j6o? avTo9ev viro^aivcov yv/.w6v, co? , TO Seov 1 eKi 7roX,6/LfctoL'5

rjyeiTO,

2

avvaipeiv ITTTTOV,

r^v

/J.EV

%u>pav

^Laro^evcrifjiov

rco

>7

livr)v VTTO

\6(f)(i)

Tivl Ti]V avco

Tr\aT6iav eovTi, irocraaiv Be ov paKas fJ>ev lirirel^ Kal FaXara?, 01)5 el^ev, \evcrev K vrXay/ou 7rpO(T(j)pofj,evovs -TrapaKpove-

TOVS KOVTOVS. fjLia yap d\Kri aXXo S' ov$ev ovO' KaTa(f)pdKT(ov KOVTOS' rot? 7roXe/ito? ^prjcrOai SvvavTai Bid Coraes, Sintenis and Bekker, after Reiske

3 <7$at rat? fJLa^aipai^

;

.,

2

including

S.

(rwaipelv Coraes

(S)

and

Reiske's.

560

ffvi>atpr}
and Bekker, after Reiske

MSS.

:

,

a

;

suggestion

of

LUCULLUS,

xxvn. 6-xxvm. 3

horsemen were drawn up. As Lucullus was about to cross the river, some of his officers advised him to beware of the day, which the greater part of the mail-clad

was one of the unlucky days the Romans call them " black days." For on that day Caepio and his army perished in a battle with the Cimbri. 1 But Lucullus answered with the memorable words " Verily, I will make this day, too, a lucky one for the Romans." Now the day was the sixth of :

October.

XXVIII. Saying this, and bidding his men be of good courage, he crossed the river, and led the way in person against the enemy. He wore a steel breastplate of glittering scales, and a tasselled cloak, and at once let his sword flash forth from its scabbard, indicating that they must forthwith come to close quarters

with

men who

fought with

long range

and eliminate, by the rapidity of their onset, the space in which archery would be effective. But when he saw that the mail-clad horsemen, on whom the greatest reliance was placed, were stationed at the foot of a considerable hill which was crowned by a broad and level space, and that the approach to this was a matter of only four stadia, and neither rough nor steep, he ordered his Thracian and Gallic horsemen to attack the enemy in the flank, and to parry their long spears with their missiles,

own

short swords.

mail-clad

horsemen *

B.C. 105.

(Now the is

sole resource of the

their long spear,

and they

Cf. Camilhis, xix. 7.

561

PLUTARCH'S LIVES real (TK\fjp6rr)ra

arcevfjs,

TT}
aXX* ey/cara)-

atro? Be Bvo a7r6Lpa<; dva\a/3a)V rj/uiXkaro Trpo? rbv \6fyov, eppco^ei'ca^ eTTOf-ievcov rcov orrpariarwv Bia TO /cd/ceivov ev TO?? eoLKacriv.

ois

opav Trpwrov fca/coTraOovvra

07rX,oi?

8*

yevofjievos

rov %wplov " Ka/uL6v" 4 teal

etTTO)^

Tre^bv

"

w

TO??

eTrrjye

iceXevcras firjSev eri ^pijaOaL rot? vcrcrols,

8ia\a/36vra KOI

r

fjirfpov^,

ov

ecTTiV.

KOI

crra? ev

real

/JLeya

vevitcrffca/jLev,

e(f)rj,

TOVTO

avw

a ^QVd yvfiya e'cSe^ae

fJirjv

a\V

e/e

iraiG.iv

n

Kara-

ra)v

Tavrrjs TT}?

ov yap eSe^a^ro rou? 'Pw/xatof?, /cal (frevyovres aia^icrra Trdvrwv evewcrav eafrou? T6 teal TO 1)9 WTTTOU? /Sapeis 6Wa?

ra

TWI/

OTrXa

Tre^coy

e/cetvov? /jLa^rj^,

^ afyaros

o

ware

TTyOt^

fjbrre

ap^aaOal

rpav/j-aro^

o
Ta?

Tocrai/ra?

(frevyomcw ov yap 51 eyivero, /JLO\\OV Be (Bov\oiJievu>v (frevyeiv eSvvavTO TTVKvonjri /cal (BdOei rwv rd^ewv IH^

avrwv

fj,7roBi6/iLevoi.

Tiypdvrjs

^

&PXV ^

r

b\iywv

KOivwvovvra

rfjs

e
avrrjs

/cal

TU^?

rjSr]

e^eXacra? ev rbv vtbv bpwv

B*

Trepiea-Trdoraro TO

BidBrjua TT)? /ce(^aX^? fcd/ceivw Ba/cpvcras <j(t)%eiv eavrov, OTTO)? Bvvarai, /caff erepas 6 Ke\evaa
562

6

Be veavias

ava^aaaQai

r&v

Be TraiBajv

rw iricnordrw

/j,ev

OVK

v\dr-

LUCULLUS,

xxvui. 3-6

have none other whatsoever, either in defending themselves or attacking their enemies, owing to the weight and rigidity of their armour in this they are, Then he himself, with two as it were, immured.) cohorts, hastened eagerly towards the hill, his soldiers following with all their might, because they saw him ahead of them iri armour, enduring all the fatigue of a foot-soldier, and pressing his way along. Arrived at the top, and standing in the most conspicuous day is ours, spot, he cried with a loud voice, "The " With these the day is ours, my fellow soldiers words, he led his men against the mail-clad horsemen, ordering them not to hurl their javelins yet, but taking each his own man, to smite the enemy's legs and thighs, which are the only parts of these mail-clad horsemen left exposed. However, there was no need of this mode of fighting, for the enemy did not await the Romans, but, with loud cries and in most disgraceful flight, they hurled themselves and their horses, with all their weight, upon the ranks of their own infantry, before it had so much as begun to fight, and so all those tens of thousands were defeated without the infliction of a wound or But the great slaughter began the sight of blood. at once when they fled, or rather tried to fly, for they were prevented from really doing so by the ;

!

closeness and depth of their own ranks. Tigranes rode away at the very outset with a few attendants, and took to flight. Seeing his son also in the same plight, he took off the diadem from his head and, in tears, gave it to him, bidding him save himself as The young man, best he could by another route. however, did not venture to assume the diadem, but gave it to his most trusted slave for safe keeping.

563

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TLV

ouTo? aXou?

eBayvev.

Kara TV%VV TMV

\wrov /cal TO BidBrj/jLa yevecrflai TOV Tiypdvov. \eyeTat Be TWV [iev 7re^a>v VTTCO Be/ca rcov 8' iTTTrecov 6\iyovs ,

e/carov

7TVT. c)i(TO(o^ ev r auT?;9 r?9 fji^rj^ i^ro^o? 0ea)V ypa
7

Ile/ol

TOV

TOICLVTTJV

r)\iov.

^Tpdftwv B\

r

rou? 67r\a>v.

Pa>/uat'ou?

alo")(yvecr6ai

fcal

dvBpaTroBa TOLavra BerjA/outo? 5' eiprjKev, a>? ovBejrore aTToBeovres roaovra)

Karaje\dv eavrcov

CTT'

yap

or^eBov

ovB' el/cocrrov,

fjLepos ol viKwvres TWV 'Pto/uLaLaiv 6' ol Ben oraroi arpar'rjyol

e\arrov eyevovro 8

pkvwv.

KOI

TrXelcrra ?roXe/>toi? WyCttX^/core? eTrrjVOW /zaXtcrra

TOV A.OVKOV\\OV TO BvO /3a(Tl\l$ TOU? 7Tl(j)aV6a-rarou? KOI {.leyiaTovs Bua~l rot? evavTitoTaTOi*;, ra%et KOI fipaSvTrjn, KaTaaTpaTrjyrjcrai,. MtQpiBdrr]V fjiev yap dK^d^ovra %povw KOL Tpi(Bf)

KaravaXwae, Tiypdvrjv Be rw airevcrai cr ev 0X170^9 T)V TrooTTOTe r^yefjLOi'Wv TTJ B*

XXTX.

Ato v, TT)

ical

Trapaycoyy

TTOWTOV S 64

jjiev

/cal Mt^ otSar7;9 ov crvveTeivev evrt (TWi]9ei TOV Aovxov\\ov ev\a/3eiq /

Tro\efjLri(Teiv

olofievos,

d\\a KaO

o\/7ot9 TMV 'Apuevicov evTv^tov

LUCULLUS,

xxvm. 6-xxix.

i

This slave happened to be captured, and was brought to Lucullus, and thus even the diadem of Tigranes became a part of the booty. It is said that more than a hundred thousand of the enemy's infantry perished, while of the cavalry only a few, all told, made their escape. Of the Romans, on the other hand, only a hundred were wounded, and only

five

killed.

Antiochus the philosopher makes mention of this Concerning Gods," and says that the sun never looked down on such another. And Strabo, another philosopher, in his " Historical Commentaries," says that the Romans themselves were ashamed, and laughed one another to scorn for Livy also has requiring arms against such slaves. remarked that the Romans were never in such infor the ferior numbers when they faced an enemy victors were hardly even a twentieth part of the vanquished, but less than this. The Roman generals who were most capable and most experienced in war, praised Lucullus especially for this, that he outgeneralled two kings who were most distinguished and powerful by two most opposite tactics, speed and For he used up Mithridates, at the height slowness. of his power, by long delays but crushed Tigranes by the speed of his operations, being one of the few generals of" all time to use delay for greater achievement, and boldness for greater safety. XXIX. This was the reason why Mithridates made no haste to be at the battle. He thought Lucullus would carry on the war with his wonted caution and " battle in his treatise

;

;

/

indirectness,

At

first

and

so

marched slowly

to join Tigranes.

he met a few Armenians hurrying back over

the road in panic fear, and conjectured what had

565

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 6$ov evTTOirj/AevoiS Kal 7repi(j)6l3oi<; d TO 7ra#o9, elr* 37677 irKeiovwv yvfivfov /jLevcov

2

real

cnravTwvTwv TrvOopevos rnv ffTTav

TQV Tiypdvrjv. evpcov Be iravrwv eprjjAQV KOL TdTreivov OVK av9v(Bpiaev t a\\a /tara/3a? feat (Tw8aKpv(ra<; ra KQIVO, Tradr) OepaTreiav re rrjv kiro^kvr\v avTO) /3a(n\iKr)v 7T/305

TO fie\\QV.

OVTOi

e'8a),ve

/JLV

Kal Kareddppvve

OVV

(Tuvr/yov.

Be

TToXet

TOt9 TiypavofcepTois TOU? ftapftdpovs GTacnacrdvTwv teal TO) AovKOv\\fo rrjv TTO\LV ev&iSovTwv Trpofffia3 \(t)V el\' Kal TOU9 fiev iv rrj iroXei Qrjcravpous

wv

rfj

7T/3O?

7rape\d/j,/3ai>e, TTJV Se TTO\LV StapTrdcrai TrapeSajtce

Tot?

fiera

(TT/DcmcoTa;?,

TOW a\\cov

j^prujLarcov

QKTaKia")(i\ia rdXavra vo/jLicriJiaTos e^ovcrav. yu>Be TOVTWV OKraicoo-La^ Bpax/mas tear* av&pa yol? 4 Sievi[JiV airo TMV \a
Aiovvaov re^vtrMv, rjOpoifcei, /jieX\,a)v

vov VTT

01)9 o Tiypdvrjs TTavra^oOev airo^QiKvvvai TO /career /cevacr/jLe-

avrov Oearpov, e^ptjaaro TOUTO^V

TOU9 dywvas

real

Ta? 9

6 els

<j)6Bia,

/cal

6ea<$ TCOV cTriviKiwv.

avrwv TWV /3ap/3dpwv

TT/OO?

TOL/? 8'

o ctot&)9 /

TOU9

cocrre (Tweftri /mas r/vajKacrfjievou^ KaToiicelv, 7ro/Ve<9 BiaXvdeio-ijs 7ro\Xa9 dvotKi^eo-Oat nrakiv J

avrwv olicijTOpas, v(f) wv ^9 o Aourou\Xo9 Kal Krio-rrj^ ^yaTrdro. 51 Tlpov^wpei, Be /cal TaXXa Kar a^lav ravSpl rwv a?ro BiKaiocrvvtjs Kal <$L\ai>0 pwirias i TOi/9

5

566

LUCULLUS,

then presently, when he had learned defeat from more unarmed and wounded

happened of the

xxix. 1-5

fugitives

;

whom

he met, he sought

And though he found him

to find Tigranes.

destitute of

all things humiliated, he did not return his insolent behaviour, but got down from his horse and wept with him over their common sufferings. Then he

and

gave him his own royal equipage, and tried to fill him with courage for the future. And so these kings began again to assemble fresh forces. But in the city of Tigranocerta, the Greeks had risen up against the Barbarians and were ready to hand the city over to Lucullus so he assaulted and took it. The royal treasures in the city he took into his own charge, but the city itself he turned over to his soldiers for plunder, and it contained eight thousand talents in money, together with the usual valuables. Besides this, he gave to each man eight hundred drachmas from the general spoils. On learning that many dramatic artists had been captured in the city, whom Tigranes had collected there from all quarters for the formal dedication of the theatre which he had built, Lucullus employed them for the contests and spectacles with which he celebrated his victories. The Greeks he sent to their native cities, giving them also the means wherewith to make the journey, and likewise the Barbarians who had been compelled to settle there. Thus it ca*ie to pass that the dissolution of one city was the ;

restoration

of

many

others,

by reason of their

recovering their own inhabitants, and they all loved Lucullus as their benefactor and founder. And whatever else he did also prospered, in a way worthy of the man, who was ambitious of the VOL.

II.

T

567

PLUTARCH'S LIVES fjiaXXov rj TCOV eVt rot? etceivwv [lev jap ovrc real Tr\el(JTOV

tyv^s

rj/jiepov

77

/cal

{3ap/3dpov<>.

6\iyov

rj

ravra

B*

eVtSet^t?, OTT\
TreTraiSevfjievrjs

AOVKOV\\OS rare

o

TV^IJ /xeret^e,

%<w/ot9

KOI yap

'Apd/3a>v

r\Kov 7T/305 CLVTOV ey%ipi%ovT<;

ra

/3aa-i\is


eOvos Trpoa'e^Mpei' TO Be ropBvr/vwv ovroy 8t,eQr)Kv, wcrTe (BovkecrOai ra? TroXe^? e/c\c-

6 ^Gyffcrjvwv

TTOVTCLS

aKO\ov6elv

K6iva>

TTCIL&COV

/juera

/cat

yelp o TU>V TopSvJivwp /BacTiXev^, Mcnrep eiprjTai, 'ATTTTIOU Kpv(j>a AovtcovXXay Biei\e/CTO rrepl Si TTJV S*

<jwaiTu>\ovTO 1

efJifBaKelv.

Tiypdvov TVpavvuBa jBapwofjievo^' avTOv KOI yvvij

aTrea-^dyr), /cal Trat^e? Trplv

rj

'Paj/zatof?

et?

TOVTCOV ov/c rujLvrmovricrev o

a\\a

Trape\9a)v et? TTJV ropBvrjvwv ra^>a? TrpovOeTO TOV Zapftnjvov, teal rrvpav ecrdfjTi, real %pvcru) KCU rot? diro Tiypdvov /co(T/j,rfcra<; atT09 rrapcSov vtyrjtye, /cal %oa? eTrtfveyfce /ULCTCL $i\wv fcal oltceLcov TOV a^Spo?, eralpov eavTOv /cal 'PcafiaLcov crv/ji/j,a')(ov 8 eVeXeucre Be fcal [wrj/Aeiov arco

^pr

avTw yevecrOar Kal

dpyvpos

criTOV

8'

TrayLtTroXXa yap evpeOirj, /cal ev rot? TOV Z
aireKeiVTO /jivpidBes Tpiafcocriai

OX7T6 Kal TOV<$ CTTpOLTlCOTaS

AOVKOV\\OV 568

0av/jLd%eo~0ai,

ft)^6eXiCT^af

OTI

Bpa^rjv

Kal TOV fjiiav

e/c

LUCULLUS,

xxix.

5-8

that is consequent upon righteousness and humanity, rather than of that which follows military For the latter, the army also was in no successes. slight degree, and fortune in the highest degree, but the former were the manifestations responsible of a gentle and disciplined spirit, and in the exercise of these qualities Lucullus now, without appeal to The kings of the arms, subdued the Barbarians. Arabs came to him, with proffers of their possessions, and the Sopheni joined his cause. The Gordyeni were so affected by his kindness that they were ready to abandon their cities and follow him with their wives and children, in voluntary service. The reason for this was as follows. Zarbienus, the king of the Gordyeni, as has been said, 1 secretly stipulated with Lucullus, through Appius, for an alliance, being He was oppressed by the tyranny of Tigranes. informed against, however, and put to death, and his wife and children perished with him, before the Romans entered Armenia. Lucullus was not unmindful of all this, but on entering the country of the Gordyeni, appointed funeral rites in honour of Zarbienus, and after adorning a pyre with royal raiment and gold and with the spoils taken from Tigranes, set fire to it with his own hand, and joined the friends and kindred of the man in pouring praise

;

ilbations

an

upon it, calling him a comrade of his and Romans. He also ordered that a monu-

ally of the

ment be erected to his memory at great cost for many treasures were found in the palace of Zarbienus, ;

including gold and silver, and three million bushels of grain were stored up there, so that the soldiers were plentifully supplied, and Lucullus was admired 1

ni.

2L

569

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOV

SijfAoa-iov ra/jiieiov SLUIKCL TOV TTO\/.LOV.

XXX. Xeco?

'QvravOa

r)tce

jjt,r)

\a/3wv avTov

t'

Trapa TOV \\dp9wv

teal

Trpecrfteia Trap

avTov a?

avrou /3ao~i-

(frtXiav rrpo-

rjv S' dapevw raOra tcaXov/jievov /cal o-v/JL/JLa^iav. TO) AovKOv\\
TOV

TOV Hdp6ov,

Trpecrfteiav TT/^O?

CIVTOV

eTrajJL^OTepi^ovTa

aiTovvTa

/cpixfia

TTJ

o'l

KaTe^dopaffav

yvoo/Ar)

KOA,

fiiaOov

TOV cyvfjifjia^aau T> Tiypdvy

ovv TavO* o AOVKOV\\OS eyvw KOI dvTayayi'ta-Tas aT coairep cn, oe r^? TldpO cov KOL i'i/a^eco?

2 TI^V MeaoTTOTa/LLiav.

co?

/mev

Trape\6eLv

eV

avrovs,

KO\.OV

TTO\/ULOV (f)^rj Ka,T(i7ra\aLO'ai teal Bia Tf>iu>v

TOV 3

r)\iov

/ne~/i(TTQ)v

"F-jTre/jityev

TjyefJLOcriv

ovv

r}y/jLOVta)V

TWV

VTTO

a//TT7/ro?

teal

TLovTov rot? Trepl

ei?

emaTei\a^ ayeiv

etcel

TTJV

Trpo? avTov, co? e/c TT}? TopSurjvrjs dvafirjcro/jtevos. Be teal Trporepov ^ teal ol yaXeTrot? Ypcf)u,evoi r r / > ^ z /)/ bvcrTreiuecri rot? crT/3aTi&)Tat? Tore TravTG\w<$

A

avTWV

Trjv dtco\ao-iav, ovSevl

vs ovB* dvdy/cijs

xal fjLVovo-LV,

TpoTrw evpo^evou 7rpocrayayeo-6ai

(3owvTa<$,

G)
ovB'

a\X* ol^rjcrovTai TOV

aTroXnroi/Te?.

raura

TIovTov Aov/cov\\oi'

avToOi eprj/mov

diray
570

TT/QO? e/eel Trpoo-Sieffrdeipe

LUCULLUS, for

xxix. 8-xxx. 4

not taking a single drachma from the public

treasury, but

making the war pay

XXX. Here

for itself.

he received an embassy from the

king of the Parthians also, inviting him into friendly This was agreeable to Lucullus, and in his turn he sent ambassadors to the Parthian, but they discovered that he was playing a double game, and secretly asking for Mesopotamia as reward for an alliance with Tigranes. Accordingly, when Lucullus was apprised of this, he determined to ignore Tigranes and Mithridates as exhausted alliance.

and to make trial of the Parthian power by marching against them, thinking it a glorious thing, in a single impetuous onset of war, to

antagonists,

throw, like an athlete, three kings in succession, to make his way, unvanquished and victorious, through three of the greatest empires under the

and

sun.

Accordingly he sent orders to Sornatius and his commanders in Pontus to bring the army there to him, as he intended to proceed eastward from Gordyene. These officers had already found their soldiers unmanageable and disobedient, but fellow

now they

discovered that they were utterly beyond

control, being unable to move of persuasion or compulsion.

them by any manner

Nay, they roundly swore that they would not even stay where they were, but would go off and leave Pontus undefended. When news of this was brought to Lucullus, it demoralised his soldiers there also. Their wealth

and luxurious

had already made them averse to and desirous of leisure, and when

life

military service

they heard of the bold words of their comrades in Pontus, they called them brave men, and said

PLUTARCH'S LIVES avTov? a7re/cd\ovv Kal fiifji^reov avTov? yap avTois dia

(pa
dvarrava-ew?

XXXI.

TOLOVTWV &e /cal TrovrjpoTepwv cri, \oywv b \OVKOV\\OS rrjv e?rt lldpOovs crrpa-

a(f>rJK6v, av@i<s

S'

^Xwpcof raw Treblwv eK "^rv^por^ra TOV depos

rjOvjurjcre

TOV

at

ov

2 VGTepitovo'iv. rj

eVl TOV Tiypdvrjv eftdSi^e rbv Tavpov v7Tp/3a\a)V

teal

6epovs dv/jid^ovTos.

/urjv

Tyot? dvaTO\.fJLr)(TavTa<;

a8ew?

d\\a Karafids Kal

eTrbpOet,

ra?

teal

/ceo/bias,

TW Tiypdvrj alTOV e^aipwv auro? piav.

TT)V

(f)o/3eLTO

rjv

rot? TroXeyato^? 7TepieaTr]crev CLTCO-

TOV %dpa/ca OVK KLVl

'XtilpaV

teal

fid^v avTov? TropOwv ev o

efidSi&v

eV 'Apra^ara

OTTOV

Kal ira2Se? avTw

ftav ikeiov

TOV

Be TrpoKaXov/jLevos el?

eTrel

dvao-Ta?

SI?

eV* avrbv rovs 'ApyLte^toy?

,

ya/j,Tal yvvaiKe?

rjcrav,

TO

Tiypdvov

VIJTUOI

Kal

OVK av olb^evo?

TOV Tiypdvrjv. 'Avvi{3av TOV KapfflS

Trporfcrecrdai

AeyeTat

8'

teaTaTToXe/jLiiOevTO?

Trpb?

^ApTa^av TOV

vrrb

'Pwfjiaiwv,

'Ap/jieviov

/j,TavTa

d\\a)V re 7ro\\wv

Kal $io'd(7Ka\ov avTco yeveaOai Kal

TTJ?

arraTov Kal 7i

572

'Xprja'i-

x&pa? KaTafjiaOovTa

TOTTOV ev(f)V6-

dpyovvTa Kal

Trapopco/Jievov

ryStcrroz/

oXea)? ev avru> 7rpou7ro ypdtyacr@ai., Kal f

LUCULLUS,

xxx. 4 -xxxi. 3

example must be followed in Gordyen6, for many achievements entitled them to respite from toil and freedom from danger. XXXI. Such speeches, and even worse than these, coming to the ears of Lucullus, he gave up his expedition against the Parthians, and marched once more against Tigranes, 1 it being now the height of summer. And yet, after crossing the Taurus, he was discouraged to find the plains still covered with their their

unripe grain, so

much

later are the seasons there,

owing to the coolness of the atmosphere. However, he descended from the mountains, routed the Armenians who twice or thrice ventured to attack him, and then plundered their villages without fear, and, by taking away the grain which had been stored up for Tigranes, reduced his enemy to the straits which he had been fearing o for himself. Then he challenged o them to battle by encompassing their camp with a moat, and by ravaging their territory before their eyes but this did not move them, so often had they been defeated. He therefore broke camp and marched against Artaxata, the royal residence of Tigranes, where were his wives and young children, thinking that Tigranes would not give these up ;

without fighting. It is said that Hannibal the Carthaginian, after Antiochus had been conquered by the Romans, left him and went to Artaxas the Armenian, to whom he

gave many excellent suggestions and instructions. For instance, observing that a section of the country which had the greatest natural advantages and attractions

up a plan

was lying

for

idle

and neglected,

lie

drew

a city there, and then brought Artaxas 1

68 B.O.

573

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOV Aprd^av 7rayayovTa Set^ai, /eal 7rapopjj,f)(rai, TOV ol/CLcrfiov. TjaOevTO? Be TOV /3acrXea)9 Aral SerjdevTOS, OTTW? auro? 7ria-Tarrjcrr) TOV epyov,

4 737309

fieya TI KOI Trdy/caXov ^prjfia TroXew? draa-Trjvai,

Kal yevofievrjv

CTTCOVV/JLOV

TOV

(3aari\6a)
T?? TOV AOVKOV\\OV (3a$l%ovTO<$ OVK TCTapTrj TrapecrTpaTOTri&evcre rot? 'Pa>eV fjL(7(p Xaficov TOV 'Apcraviav TTOTCLJAOV, ov e% dvdyKYjs $ia/3a,Tov rjv rot? 'Pw/^atoi? T^V eV 5 'A/ora^arcoi/ Tropevo^evoL^. Ovaas Be ro?9 6eol<$ AOVKOV\\OS, co? ev j(epcr\v ovarrjs TT}? v ,

TOV (TTpaTov ev ScoBe/ca o-Treipais rat? S' aXXat? eVtTTa7/^e^at? TT/JO? , TWV TToXe/JLiwv. TroXXol ryap rjcrav /cal X-o^aSe? dvTi7rapaTTay/jiei>oi,, irpo CLVTWV iTTTTOTO^OTai MapSot /cat \oy%o6poi TWI^ %evwv 6 Tiypdvi]s yLtaX/.crra "I/??;pe?, ol? ou /x^z> GTrpd^Ot] 6 eTricTTevev co? /Aa^/icoTaTOt?. S'

TL

Xa/juirpov

TWV

air

^wfjiaiwv

iTnrevcri

TOU?

Tr

vTre/jueivav, aXX' e^arepcocre 7recr7racraz'TO a"%icr66VTes

eTTLOVTas (f>vyf)<;

avTwv, fiixpa Se rot? SiaTrXrjKTicrdfAevoi

ov%

Trpos TrjV oiwf-LV. a/jia &e

TW

TOL/TOU?

TWV

irepl TOV Tiypdvrjv e^iTTTracra/LLevajv IBwv \dfjiTT POTATO, /eal TO Tr\ri6o<$ 6 AovArofXXo? ebeiae. al TOU9 tez^ /TTTret? a?ro 7 '

7T/3COT05 S'

aUTO? aVT(7Trj TOt?

avTOV

overt /ACTO,

e\6elv

(fro/Sijcras

574

TWV

TpOTTaTrjVOlS KCLT

dpia-Tcav, /eal Trplv et?

eVpe^aro.

rpiwv

8' oyLtoO

Trapa-

LUCULLUS,

xxxi

3-7

and showed him its possibilities, and urged him to undertake the building. The king was delighted, and begged Hannibal to superintend the work himself, whereupon a very great and beautiful city arose there, which was named after the king, and proclaimed the capital of Armenia. When Lucullus marched against this city, Tigranes to the place

could not suffer

head of

it

quietly, but put himself at the

and on the fourth day encamped over against the Romans, keeping the river Arsania between himself and them, which they must of Therenecessity cross on their way to Artaxata. upon Lucullus sacrificed to the gods, in full assurance that the victory was already his, and then crossed the river with twelve cohorts in the van, and the rest disposed so as to prevent the enemy from For large bodies of closing in upon his flanks. horsemen and picked soldiers confronted him, and these were covered by Mardian mounted archers and Iberian lancers, on whom Tigranes relied beyond any other mercenaries, deeming them the most warlike. However, they did not shine in action, but his forces,

after a slight skirmish with the

Roman

cavalry, gave

way before the advancing infantry, scattered to right and left in flight, and drew after them the cavalry in

On the dispersion of these troops, Tigranes rode out at the head of his cavalry, and when Lucullus saw their splendour and their numbers he was afraid. He therefore recalled his cavalry from their pursuit of the flying enemy, and taking the lead of his troops in person, set upon the Atropateni, who were stationed opposite him with the magnates of the king's following, and before coming to close Of three quarters, sent them off in panic flight. pursuit.

575

PLUTARCH'S LIVES So.vet

fiaaiXewv aLcr^Lara

(frvyelv

6

c

rr)?,

8 [J,aLQ)v

dvaa%6fjievos. SL

teal

fjMKpas avrovs,

6'X>/9

ov&e rrjv Kpavyr/v rwv Po>fyevo/j,evr]s

VVKTOS, ov

Be rrjs fjLovov

Sico^ecos

Kreivovres

d\Xa KOI faypovvTes Kal %pyj/jtaTa KOI \elav ayovres Kal (frepovres airelirov ol 8e

l

6

TWV

\rj(f)dr)vai

XXXII. real

Aioui'o?

arpe^ecrOai

TOVTOV AOVKOV\\O$

avw Trpodyetv

OVK

ra

fiapeis,

Be

rat?

/JLCV

eV^yae^o? Kara-

Stevoeiro /cal

(Bdpfiapov a)pa & Icni/JiepLa^ av sXirlaawri ^eifjiwves eVe-

rrjv

r

$>6ivo iru>pivris

ev

Trporepa

rf)

/JLCV

TroXe/jiiwv.

'E/c

T60appr}KO)$

Trecrov

ev

ev Se ravrrj yvapifjLWTepovs Trecrelv /cal

,

7r\elcrra

fjiev

aldpiaw

Trd^vrjv

KaTavlfyovres,

7ri
/cal

Trdyov, v(f> ov %a\eirol fjiev V)<JCLV ol Trorajnol roi? tTTTTOt? irivta-Oai StoL -v|rf^/5oT?;ro? vTrep/SoXrjv, ^a\7ral 3' avTMV ai Siafidaei? eicpri'yvvp.evov 2

rov KpvcrrdXXov Kal Sia/coTrro^ro? ra vevpa ra)i> 'ITTTTCOV rfj Tpa%vTr)TL. rr}? Se ^copas 77 7ro\\rj ovcra Kal crrevoTropos Kal eXa>8^9 del aurou?, %iovo<$ avamiinra^vQV^ ev Kal KaKws ev TOTTOLS vorepols 5

o&oLTTopiaL?

ov

rw TIOVVTO,

Trpwrov ,

Kal

ovi>

perd

rrjv p.d^rfv i]vav~

Kal

rou? %LXidp%ov<;

Seofievoi,

ejreira Oopv/Bwoearepov crvvicnd-

Kara

OTrep elvat, boxel 3

vroa9

A.ovKov~\X(p

aKijvd<; truyLt/SoX-oi^

VVKTOS dTrocrraTiKws

KaLroi TroAAa Trpooreknrdpei AOVKOV\
576

LUCULLUS,

xxxi. 7 xxxn. 3

kings who together confronted the Romans, Mithridates of Pontus seems to have fled most disgracefully, for he could not endure even their shouting. The pursuit was long and lasted through the whole night, and the Romans were worn out, not only with killing their enemies, but also with taking prisoners and getting all sorts of booty. Livy says that in the former battle a greater number of the enemy, but in this more men of high station were slain and taken prisoners. XXXII. Elated and emboldened by this victory, Lucullus purposed to advance further into the interior and subdue the Barbarian realm utterly. But, contrary to what might have been expected at the time of the autumnal equinox, severe winter weather was encountered, which generally covered the ground with snow, and even when the sky was clear produced hoar frost and ice, owing to which the horses could not well drink of the rivers, so excessive was the cold, nor could they easily cross them, since the ice broke, and cut the horses' sinews with its jagged Most of the country was thickly shaded, edges. full of narrow defiles, and marshy, so that it kept the soldiers continually wet they %\ ere covered with snow while they marched, and spent the nights ;

uncomfortably in damp places. had not followed Lucullus for battle

when they began

to

Accordingly, they

many days after the object. At first they sent

him with entreaties

to desist, then they held more tumultuous assemblies, and shouted in their tents at night, which seems to have been And yet Lucharacteristic of a mutinous army. cullus plied them with entreaties, calling upon them to possess their souls in patience until they had their tribunes to

577

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ov

rrjv

ev '

e^OLarov, rov Avviftav \eywv, epyov dvarpetywo'iv. w? B' OVK eTreiOev, aTrrjyev aurou? OTTtcra) real /car* aXXa? V7rep{3o\d<; $ie\0a>v rov Tavpov et? r^y \eyofAevrjv MirySow/c/)^ fcareftaive, ^a)pav irdfjifyopov fjbal d\eeivr)v Kal TroXiv ev avrfj /j,yd\r]v Kal TroX.vdvO pwirov %ovcrav, ol

r)v

IJLCV

(Sdpfiapot,

NicriftLV,

ol

S'

''EXX^i/e?

'*

4

Kwrioyziav el%ev

fiev

d^icofjiari,

ejjiTreipiq

o

^/LvyBovtfcrjv

Kal

d8e\(f)bs

Tiypdvov Tovpas,

Be Kal SeworrjTi /uL^^aviKfj KaAAtyLta^o? 'Afjiicrbv irXelcrra Trpajfjiara Aov-

Trepl

Kal Traaav ISeav 5

Tavrrjv

7rpo<7"rj
TroXiopKias

eTrayayaiv

0X170)

xpovw Kara Kpdros \a{jL/3dvei Trjv Trb\iv. Kal Tovpa fjuev eawrov ey^eipiaavrL <j)i\avdpco7rco<; fJLe
aXX' eKe\V ev vfie^ovra rov rrvpbs, ,

&LKTJV

dvaKaXvtyeiv ov

Tre'Sat? co

KO^L^ecrOai

rrjv 'A/jiia"rjvwv

ae/Xero ()i\oriJLLav avrov eiretLV TT/JO? TOW?

rrb\iv

xa

^/)7ycrTOT^To?

XXXIII.

rv^v

Me?i

rovSe
rt?

av

crvo-rparrjyeiv. S' wcTTrep TTvev/jiaros eViX/Troz/TO?

rrjv

errofjievriv

evrevOev

rrdvra Kal rravrdiraa-iv miKpovcov perrjv Kal fJLaKpoOvjJLiav ^yfi6vo<s dyadov, $6%av Be Kal %dpiv ov&e/jiiav al rrpd^eis eo-^ov, d\\d Kal rrjv rrpovirdp^ovcrav 771)9 r)\6e Bvcrdrrofta\6iv. fidrrjv TrpayoH' Kal Siatyepo/jievo ? 2 rwv S' alricov avrbs ov^l rrjv eXa^iarrjv el? rovro rrapea")(eVi OVK wv 1

578

LUCULLUS,

xxxn. 3-xxxin. 2

taken and destroyed the Armenian Cartilage, the work of their most hated foe, meaning Hannibal. But since he could not persuade them, he led them back, and crossing the Taurus by another pass, descended into the country called Mygdonia, which is fertile and open to the sun, and contains a large and populous city, called Nisibis by the Barbarians, Antioch in Mygdonia by the Greeks. The nominal defender of this city, by virtue of his rank, was

but its actual deGouras, a brother of Tigranes by virtue of his experience and skill as an engineer, was Callimachus, the man who gave Lucullus most trouble at Amisus also. But Lucullus established his camp before it, laid siege to it in every way, and in a short time took the city by storm. To Gouras, who surrendered himself into his hands, he gave kind treatment but to Callimachus, who promised to reveal secret stores of great treasure, he would not hearken. Instead, he ordered him to be brought in chains, that he might be ;

fender,

;

punished for destroying Amisus by fire, and thereby robbing Lucullus of the object of his ambition, which was to show kindness to the Greeks. XXXIII. Up to this point, one might say that fortune had followed Lucullus and fought on his side but from now on, as though a favouring breeze ;

had

failed him, he had to force every issue, and met with obstacles everywhere. He still displayed the bravery and patience of a good leader, but his

undertakings brought him no new fame or favour; indeed, so ill-starred and devious was his course, that he came near losing that which he had already won. And he himself was not least to blame for this. He was not disposed to court the favour of the common

579

PLUTARCH'S LIVES crrpariatriKOv, KOI irav TO TT/JO? rjbovrjv rov dp^ofjLfvov yivojjievov dp%fjs dri^iav KOI KardXvuiv f)yov/j,e]>o
elvai rre(f>VKU>s,

a\\a

rcdv-

d^LOVS 7T/909 dUTOV ravra yap vTrdp^ai AOVKOV\\W Katca 3 fjyovjjievos. \eyovcTLv ev TTCLCTL rot9 aXXoi? dyaflols' KOL yap /cal /caXo? teal SetJ/o? eiTreiv KOI Lare9i]vai crrparKtiras Trpbs avrbv evOvs ev dp^rj rov 7T/9O? Ku^t/c^t) Kol 7rd\iv irpos 'A/xtcra), vas e^r}? ev ^dpa/ci Siayayeiv dvaytca4 oOevras. rjvlwv 8' aurou? /cal ot \OITTOI r TToeyuta ie^eifjiaov Trapa rot9 Kara
fjLT^Sevb^

-r

&6

7TO\tV

OI/TW Se Aou/cofXXo?. / '' \ eveowtcav airo TV;? rw/t^? '

aurot? ra?

/JLeyicrras

reis,

(f>06vw

ot

rov AOVKOV\\OV at (f)i\o7r\ov-

UTTO <j6tXa/o^ta?

e\KovTOS rov iroKe^ov KCU /movovov /careev ravrw KtXi/ctap, 'Acrtay, RiQvviav, Ha(f)\ayoviav, TaXarlav, Tlovrov, 'Apfieviav, ra t &e :at T Tiypdvov /SacrtXe^a "

>P.

^

>O

>

"

'

wcnrep e/covcrai rovs pa
5 icararro\iJir)(Tai (fyacriv

ov

fJid\Lcrra

rreicrOevres

BiaB6^ov<; ry AOVKOI>\\M aavro Se teal rwv vr^ avray (rrparevo^evaiv TTO\- 515 XoL/9 d
580

LUCULLUS,

xxxin. 2-5

and thought that everything that was done command only dishonoured and undermined one's authority. Worst of all, not even with men of power and of equal rank with himself could he despised them all, and he readily co-operate thought them of no account as compared with himself. These bad qualities Lucullus is said to have He was tall and had, but no more than these. handsome, a powerful speaker, and equally able in the forum and the field. Well, then, Sallust says that his soldiers were illdisposed towards him at the very beginning of the war, before Cyzicus, and again before Amisus, because they were compelled to spend two successive winters in camp. The winters that followed also vexed soldier,

to please one's

;

They spent them either in the enemy's among the allies, encamped under the open sky. Not once did Lucullus take his army In their into a city that was Greek and friendly.

them.

country, or

disaffection, they received the greatest support from the popular leaders at Rome. These envied Lucullus and denounced him for protracting the war through love of power and love of wealth. They said he all but had in his own sole power Cilicia, Asia, Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Galatia, Pontus, Armenia, and the regions extending to the Phasis, and that now he had actually plundered the palaces of Tigranes, as if he had been sent, not to subdue the kings, but to strip them. These were the words, they say, of Lucius Quintus, one of the praetors, to whom most of all the people listened when they passed a vote to send men who should succeed Lucullus in the command of his province. They voted also that many of the soldiers under him should be released from military service.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES

XXXIV. veTat,

Tourot? Be

Ttj\ifcovTOi
TO fJLakiara A.ovKov\\q) Bieipyacr/iievov ra? TIoTrX^o? KXa>S/o?,

AOVKOV\\OV yvvaLKOS

/cal

v^piarrj^

dvrjp

o\Lja)pia<; aTracr?;? KOI 0pacrvTr)TOS. d8e\(f)6$,

TJV

TJV

real

Be

Sia-

0Lpeiv ea")(v aiTiav aKoKaaroraTriv ovcrav. 2 Tore Se TO) A.OVKOU\\O) a-uarpaTevcov ov% ocr?79 CLVTOV rj^iov Tifjufjs ervy^avev rj^iov Be TT^OCUTO? elvai, teal

7ro\\)v dTroXeiTropevos Sia TOV rpojrov

viroiKovpei rr)V

<&i/jL/3piav?)i>

crrpaTiav KCU Trapa)-

Kara TOV AOVKOV\\OV, \6yovs OVK

aei?

ou

aKOwras

OVTOL


pi](TTOvs et?

TOV

rjcrav,

teal

oft?

irporepov

TOV

avTov e\e<j9ai a-TpaTrpyov. rjBeco^

eSe%oi>TO

teal

VTTCLTOV

Sib teal TOV

(^>i\ocrrpaTict)T^v

Trpocrrjyopevov, dyava/CTeiv irpocriTotovfLevov virep avTOiv, el Trepan ovBev ecrrat 7ro\e awv t

teal

TTovtov,

Trdcav Be

d\\a

iravTl

yrjv 7r\ai'(t)/jievot

pev eOvei

KaTaTptyovcn TOV

{3iov

ovBev a^iov etc Ti)\LK.avrri<; fapo/Lievoi a\\a ra? AOVKOV\\OV TrapaTre/ATrov teal tcajj,tj\ovs

4
oVre?

IjBrj

ol

eKTrwfJidTWV j(pvuwv teal Be

Bia\i0(t)v

aTpariwrai Bf)/j.o<$ TTOV /^era yvvaite&v teal T&KVWV tcd0t]VTai TIo/^Trrjtov

yijv ev&aifjiova Kal

TroXa? e^oz're?, ov MiOpiBdTrjv Tiypdvrjv et? ra? doiKrjrovs jJL/3a\6vTes eprjovBe rr/9 *Acrta? ra /3aori\ta KaTappityavTes, /A'.'a?, teal

d\\a 582

(frwydcrw dvQptoirois Iv 'Ifiijpia teal Bpaire-

LUCULLUS,

xxxiv. 1-4

XXX

IV. To these factors in the case, so unfavourable in themselves, there was added another, which most of all vitiated the undertakings of Lucullus. This was Publius Clodius, a man of wanton He violence, and full of all arrogance and boldness. was a brother of the wife of Lucullus, a woman of

the most dissolute ways, whom he was actually accused of debauching. At this time he was in service with Lucullus, and did not get all the honour which he thought his due. He thought a foremost place his due, and when many were preferred before him because of his evil character, he worked secretly upon the soldiers who had been commanded by Fimbria, and tried to incite them against Lucullus, disseminating among them speeches well adapted to men who were neither unwilling nor unaccustomed to have their favour courted. These were the men whom Fimbria had once persuaded to kill the consul Flaccus, and choose himself for their general. They therefore gladly listened to Clodius also, and called him the soldier's friend. For he pretended to be incensed in their behalf, if there was to be no end of their countless wars and toils, but they were rather to wear out their lives in fighting with every nation and wandering over every land, receiving no suitable reward for such service, but convoying the waggons and camels of Lucullus laden with golden beakers set with precious stones, while the soldiers of Pompey, citizens now, were snugly ensconced with wives and children in the possession of fertile lands and prosperous cities, not for having driven Mithridates and Tigranes into uninhabitable deserts, nor for having demolished the royal palaces of Asia, but for having fought with wretched exiles in Spain and

583

PLUTARCH'S LIVES " TL ovv, GL Bel TroA.e/XT/craz'Te?. iravcraaQai (rrparevofjievovs, ov^l TOLOVKOL crcouara Ta \oi7ra KOL ^/ruya?
\Td\ia

ev

Tft>

.'/

*t


ft)

/^ KaKX-icrro^ eivai oofcei KOCT^O^ ' *

rcov crrpaTevofjLevwv TrXouro? 5

*

'

o

;

Toiaurai? alricus TO AOVKOV\\OV o-rpdrev/jia eVi Tiypdvrjv r)ico\ov6ricrev OUT' Midpi^dr'rjv avOts e% 'Ap^z^ta? et? IToi/Toz-' oi5r'

SiatfiOapev

eVl

{i{3a\6vTa Kol rrjv apy/rjv avaka^Qdvovra, irpo-

rev

Be

yei^wva

iroiovfjLtvoi

Trepl

rrjv

oaov OVTTCO HO/JLTT^LOV d\\ov TWV reJLOv&v Aovfcov\\co Bierpifiov,

rjv

XXXV.

rj

'E-Trel $6 Mi6pi$drr)s tfyyeXro <&d(Bi,ov eVl ^aypi'dnov /cal Tpidpiov fi

elirovro 8* a)?

eroifjiov

apTrdcrai TO

vircrjfia,

Trplv ei

771/9 6 dXr).

\eyovTai
ev ol? efcaTovTap^oi, & elKocn /cal TrevTriKovTd, ^i\iap^oL Tecrcrapes' TO Be crTpaTorreSov el\e M.L&pi&aTrjs. 2 ejreXdcDV Be AOVKOV\\O$ oXiyais v<jrepov r;/ze/oai? cLTro9avelv,

eKCL~ov

TpidpLOV 7T/00?

fJLV

V7TO

TO)V

d\\a Ta 3 yfiyvirraaOai "

yttera

Tiypdi'Tjv

^TOV^VQV /XT)

6e\ovTOs

Trepi^ &VOVTOS

TroXXr)? Bvvdfjiecos,

eyvw

ijBr)

7rpli>

avve\9elv 7rd\.iv aTtavTri<jai Kal BtaTT/OO? TO^ Tiypdvrjv. Tropevo^evw 8' 6Sov ol

ra? ra^et?, 534

(TTpaTlWTWV

opyrjv et;erc\6\fse. M.i0piSdTOV Be

co?

LUCULLUS,

xxxiv. 5~xxxv. 3

" runaway slaves in Italy. Why, then," he would " if our are never to come to an end, campaigns cry, do we not reserve what is left of our bodies, and our lives, for a general in whose eyes the wealth of his " soldiers is his fairest honour? For such reasons as these the army of Lucullus was demoralised, and refused to follow him either against Tigranes, or against Mithridates, who had come back into Pontus from Armenia, and was They made the trying to restore his power there. winter their excuse for lingering in Gordyene, expecting every moment that Pompey, or some other commander, would be sent out to succeed Lucullus.

XXXV. But when tidings came that Mithridates had defeated Fabius, 1 and was on the march against Sornatius and Triarius, they were struck with shame But Triarius, who was and followed Lucullus. ambitious to snatch the victory, which he thought assured, before Lucullus, who was near, should come It is said that up, was defeated in a great battle. over seven thousand Romans fell, among whom were a hundred and fifty centurions, and twenty-four tribunes and their camp was captured by Mithridates. But Lucullus, coming up a few days afterward, hid Triarius from the search of his infuriated soldiers. Then, since Mithridates was unwilling to give fight, but lay waiting for Tigranes, who was coming down with a large force, he determined to anticipate the junction of their armies, and march back to meet But while he was on the way Tigranes in battle. thither, the Fimbrian soldiers mutinied and left their ranks, declaring that they were discharged from ;

1

67 B.O.

585

PLUTARCH'S LIVES teal

crpareias

fiy/ceri,

erepois

ap-^eiv,

ro>

Aovrcov\\(p

rwv

aTroo'eSeiy/jievcov

n

ovBev ovv eariv o

rwv

Trepiitov raTretz/o?

4 8*
AOVKOV\\O$ Kara

Trap* d^lav o

dvri/3o\a)v

vTre/jieivev,

KaO* eva KOL

KCU SeSa/cpv/jievos, ecnt,

1

ol

aTTTo/jievos.

S'

tceva teal

<'

fjLd
novov

wv

rwv a\\cov
eav

TroXe/it'ot?

fiovo? rjiricrraTO TrXovreiv. Seo/jbevwv

Se ya^Set9

eV

r^>

eKJBia

%p6v(j>

rovry

dvdy/cr}? rov AOIHCOV\\OV, 5 rot? /3ap{3dpois rrjv

ovv

irpodywv

avrovs TT/JO?

Oepof 516

Trapa^elvai TO

crvveOevTo

Qifjiftpiavol

eice\evov,

ov fiyp d

/early

rj

irpoecrdai

%u>pav a7ro\.i(j)devTa. OVK6TI

aXV

/j,d%7jv,

avvel-

et

KOI

irepiopwv iropOovfJievrjv VTTO Tiypdvov rr]v KaTTTraSo/ciav teal irdkiv v MidptSdTrjv, ov a^ro? eVecrTaX/cei rf) dya7rcoi>,

ypdcfrwv

/caTaTT6'7ro\e/jLr)a-0ar

Trapr/aav 6

avry

Trpayjutdrcov,

Kal

Trpo? rrjv SidOecriv

<9

$?)

/3e/3aicos

y

1

586

rwv

Ocpovs X?;yo^ro9

Kal xfip6s

S

:

teal

aXXa

TOQ-OVTO 7TpirjV TrjS 6/9 TOV

daeXyetas, wcrre rov

7T/oe(T/3et9

rwv ev

%oju,evcov.

Trapovres ecbpabv ouS' avrou /cvpiov, vovfjievov Kal TrpOTrriKaKi^op.evov VTTO TtoV, Oi9

ol

rov

Tr

o-rparico-

LUCULLUS,

xxxv. 3-6

by decree of the people, and that Lucullus no longer had the right to command them, since the provinces had been assigned to others. Accordingly, there was no expedient, however much beneath his dignity, to which Lucullus did not force himself to service

resort, entreating the soldiers man by man, going about from tent to tent in humility and tears, and actually taking some of the men by the hand in sup-

But they rejected his advances, and threw empty purses down before him, bidding him fight the enemy alone, since he alone knew how to However, at the request of the get rich from them. plication.

their

other soldiers, the Fimbrians were constrained to agree to remain during the summer; but if, in the meantime, no enemy should come down to fight Lucullus was them, they were to be dismissed. obliged to content himself with these terms, or else to be deserted and give up the country to the He therefore simply held his soldiers Barbarians. together, without forcing them any more, or leading them out to battle. Their remaining with him was all he could expect, and he looked on helplessly while Tigranes ravaged Cappadocia and Mithridates resumed his insolent ways, a monarch whom he had reported by letter to the Senate as completely subdued. Besides, the commissioners were now with him, who had been sent out to regulate the affairs of Pontus, on the supposition that it was a secure Roman And lo, when they came, they saw that possession. Lucullus was not even his own master, but was

mocked and

insulted

by

his soldiers.

These went so

outrageous treatment of their general, that, at the close of the summer, they donned their far in their

587

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ra O7r\a teal \ovvro TOU? 77877

cnracrdfjievoi

ras

fjia\aipa<; Trpoe/ca-

TTCLpovras, ttXX' a\a\dj;avTS Be KOI

/jirjBajLiov

TToXe/uoi"?.

a

rov ^dpa/cos, pdfievoi TreirXrjpwcrOai rov %povov, ov a trai/re? aTre^Mprjcrav etc

rc5

Aov/covXXw Trapa/Jicveiv. Tou? S* aXXof? Ka\,i $ia

to?'

778*7

ypa/nfj.drayv -yap aTroSeSef/CTO roO Trpo?

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Ka\ Tiypdvrjv iro\eiJiOV (TTparrfyos "^apiTi TOV Sijjjiov KOL KO\.a/cia ra>v SrjfAaycoycov, eVet rfj fcal

/3ov\f)

apicrTOi<s aBi>/ca

rot?

Trdcr^i

Aou/couXXo? ov 7ro\fj,ov &ia$6%ov<;, d\\a /3ov

\a/ji{3dva)v,

ovSe

a\\a TWV i

/ca

XXXVI.

TT}? err parrjy/a?

Trd0\wv T^? GT parrjy ias

Trapa^wpev

erepois.

"Ert Be /jLa\\ov e^dvr) TO ovre yap rot? eKe Trapovai ve/AecrrjTov. A.ovtcov\\o$ ovre rijLoyias rtov ev

Ti/j,r)s

6

ovB* eia riva TLofiTrrjlo^ fiao'ifeiv TT/OO? Trpocre^eiv ot? eVet^o? eypafa KOI

avTov ov$

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rwv

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2 /xe/^ovo? Bvvd/jiea)?.

avvayayeiv avrovs' rf)<;

z/&>5

FaXarta?

'

aXX'

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(/>o/3epo5

fcal TrpocreLTrov

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/ecu

Trapcov CLTTO O/JLW? Be e'Bo^e rot? t'Xo4? teal crvvrj\9ov ev KW/JL?) TLVI

Biaypd/jL/jLara

Ctrl

rot?

irpeafivrepos [lev (bv 6 rjv TO HO^TTIJIOV /j^el^ov airo 7r\ei6vwv teal Bvelv 0pidjjb/3a)V. pdfiftoi 8'

LUCULLUS,

xxxv. 6-xxxvi. 2

armour, drew their swords, and challenged to battle an enemy who was nowhere near, but had already withdrawn. Then they shouted their war cries, brandished their weapons in the air, and departed from the camp, calling men to witness that the time had expired during which they had agreed to remain with Lucullus. The rest of the soldiers Pompey summoned by letter, for he had already been appointed to conduct the war against Mithridates and Tigranes, 1 because he won the favour of the people and flattered their leaders. But the Senate and the nobility considered Lucullus a wronged man. He had been superseded, they said, not in a war, but in a triumph, and had been forced to relinquish and turn over to others, not his campaign, but the prizes of victory in his

campaign.

XXXVI. But to those who were on the spot, what happened there seemed still greater matter for wrath and indignation. For Lucullus was not allowed to bestow rewards or punishments for what had been done in the war, nor would Pompey even suffer any one to visit him, or to pay any heed to the edicts and regulations which he made in concert with the ten

commissioners, but prevented it by issuing counter-edicts, arid by the terror which his presence with a larger force inspired. Nevertheless, their friends decided to bring and y o the two men together, o so they met in a certain village of Galatia. They

greeted one another amicably, and each congratulated the other on his victories. Lucullus was the elder man, but Pompey's prestige was the greater, because he had conducted more campaigns, and celebrated 1

66

B.C.

589

PLUTARCH'S LIVES Trporjyovvro 3

Kal rov ye TlofjLTrrjtov fiiafcpav o&bv SL& rorrwv dvvSpcov Kal avxfjuipwv oSevcravTos ra? Bd(pi>a<; rjpas

AOVKOV\\OV

ro?9

eiceivov

cj)drov<;

rat?

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Kal

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ol

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paj3So(j)6poi,

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et?

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TO)

jap ozm r?V GKCLVOV crTpaTr)
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ueyiCTTOV' 009, el rovro fiera TMV avra), rr(\iKoinwv ovrwv Kal TOO'OVTWV, ias, eVf/teXeta9, crweaetos, SiKaiocrvvi]?,

'Pwuaiwv rjye/AOvia rbv RvfppaTrjv d\\a ra ea^ara Kal TTJV "TpKa- 517 viav 0d\arrav, rcov ^ev d\\wv eOvwv Tiypdvrj TrporjTTij/jsevwv, TTJS Se \\dp6wv Svvdjjieais ov^ ocrrj Kara Kpdacrov e^efyavrf TOGavTrfs Kal Kara AovKOV\\OV overt]? ovo' 6/zota)9 crvveGTworris, aXX' iiir OVK av el^ev

rj

6 TT}? 'Acrta9 opov,

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avrov 59<>

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TrarpiSa /SXai/rai ueit^ova

Si'

erepcov.

LUCULLUS, two triumphs.

xxxvi. 2-6

Fasces wreathed with

carried before both

commanders

in

laurel

were

token of their

victories, and since Pompey had made a long march through waterless and arid regions, the laurel which wreathed his fasces was withered. When the lictors of Lucullus noticed this, they considerately gave Pompey's lictors some of their own laurel, which was fresh and green. This circumstance was interpreted as a good omen by the friends of Pompey for, in fact, the exploits of Lucullus did adorn the command of Pompey. However, their conference resulted in no equitable agreement, but they left it still more estranged from one another. Pompey also annulled the ordinances of Lucullus, and took away all but sixteen hundred of his soldiers. These he left to share his triumph, but even these did not follow him To such a marvellous degree was very cheerfully. Lucullus either unqualified or unfortunate as regards the first and highest of all requisites in a leader. ;

Had this power of gaining the affection of his soldiers been added to his other gifts, which were so many and so great, courage, diligence, wisdom, and justice, the Roman empire would not have been bounded by the Euphrates, but by the outer confines of Asia, and the Hyrcanian sea for all the other nations had already been subdued by Tigranes, and in the time of Lucullus the Parthian power was not so great as it proved to be in the time of Crassus, nor was it so well united, nay rather, owing to intestine and neighbouring wars, it had not even strength enough to repel the wanton attacks of the Armenians. ;

Now my own opinion his country

is

that the

harm Lucullus

did

through his influence upon others, was For his greater than the good he did her himself.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES yap ev 'Apaevia

7 TO,

YLdpOwv

rpoTraia

7T\r)criov

Tiypai oKepra Kal Nicriftis teal TT\OVK TOVTWV 7ToXu9 l>$ 'PtojLilJV KOAUjQels Kal TO /cal

T09

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rbv A.OVKOV\\OV OVK a^poffvvrj Kal /JUiXaKia rwv nrdX-ejjLiwv, aurov Be To\[Ar) Kal SeivorrjTi Trepiyevopevov.

a\\a ravra pev

XXXVII.

'O

vcrrepov.

AOVKOV\\OS

Be

et?

az/a/9a?

/careXaySe rbv dBe\(f)bv fiev Trpayrov VTTO Vaiov Me/iyUtou Karrjyopov^evov e'(/)' ot?

ra/JLievwv eTTpage cKeivov 8* aTTOvovro^

TroXXa

609

2

/JLOV

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^>f\at9 Tco\\f}

TOV

avTov

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ol

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Kal

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592

eavrqv OVK 6VKara(pp6vijTO
ev Be

LUCULLUS,

xxxvi. y-xxxvu. 3

trophies in Armenia, standing on the borders of Parthia, and Tigranocerta, and Nisibis, and the vast wealth brought to Rome from these cities, and the display in his triumph of the captured diadem of Tigranes, incited Crassus to his attack upon Asia he thought that the Barbarians were spoil and booty, and nothing else. It was not long, however, before he encountered the Parthian arrows, and proved that Lucullus had won his victories, not through the folly and cowardice of his enemies, but through ;

his

own daring and

ability.

This, however,

is

later

history.

XXXVII. Now when Lucullus had returned to Rome, he found, in the first place, that his brother Marcus was under prosecution by Gaius Memmius under the administration of was acquitted, but Memmius attack upon Lucullus, and strove

for his acts as quaestor Sulla. Marcus, indeed,

then turned his

He charged to excite the people against him. with diverting much property to his own uses,

him and

needlessly protracting the war, and finally persuaded the people not to grant him a triumph. Lucullus strove mightily against this decision, and the foremost and most influential men mingled with the tribes, and by much entreaty and exertion at last persuaded the people to allow him to celebrate a triumph 1 not, however, like some, a triumph which was startling and tumultuous from the length of the procession and the multitude of objects displayed. Instead, he decorated the circus of Flaminius with the arms of the enemy, which were very numerous, and with the royal engines of war and this was a great spectacle in itself, and far from contemptible.

with

;

;

1

06

B.C.

593

PLUTARCH'S LIVES irrnkwv o\iyoL rrofirrfj rwv re Kara
7rapKojiLLcrdr)(rav,

avrov re M-idpiBdrov xpvai-os

A:oXocr
teal

elicoai [lev e/CTTW/JLCLTCOV

Ovpeos Ti? StaXt^o?, KOL

apyvp&v Gicevwv, ^pvawv

KOI 07T\(DV Kdl

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irevniKovra Seoucra?

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Ke^ayveu^evov

eina

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vo/Aio~/jtaTO
eftBojATJ/covra

ev Se SeXrot? dvaypaffral rcov VTT

avrov

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ifiri SeBojuevcov Trpbs rov Treipart/coi'

7ro\/jiov Kdl rot? evrt TOV Brj/jLoaiov ra/jtetov, KOL OTL (TTaTicoTr)? eVacrro? eW/cocn'a? Kal

eVl TOUTO^? TYJV re e\a/3ev. elaTiaae XayLtTrpw? Kal ra? , a? OVLKOVS Ka\ovcri. XXXVIII. T?}9 Be KXcoSta? a7r Kal Trovrjpds, ^epov'Ckiav e ovBe TOVTOV evrv^'fj ya/j,ov. ev ydp ov Trpocrfjv avrw T&V KXcoSta?

iro\iv

fjiovov,

pav

tj

rwv

c/jioiws

dBe\(f)(oi' &ia/3o\rf'

ovcrav /cal

tfrepeiv alBovfjievos

raXXa

Be

aKoXaarov

Kdrcova, reXo? Be aT

'EXTri'Sa? Be 6av/jiacrrd^ rfj /3ov\y Co? (f^oucTT;

rov 594

rov avBpa rovrov dvriray/Jia rrpos rr)v rvpavi'iBa Kal r^9 dpicn-OK parlay

Tlo/jLTrrjtov

LUCULLUS,

xxxvii. 3-xxxvin. 2

But in the procession, a few of the mail-clad horse-

men and

ten of the scythe-bearing chariots moved along, together with sixty of the king's friends and A hundred and ten bronze-beaked ships generals. of war were also carried along, a golden statue of Mithridates himself, six in feet height, a

adorned with precious stones, of silver vessels, and thirty-two litters of gold beakers, armour, and money. All this was carried by men. Then there were eight mules which bore golden couches, fifty-six bearing ingots of silver, and a hundred and seven more bearing something less than two million seven hundred thousand pieces of silver coin. There were also tablets with records of the sums of money already wonderful

twenty

shield

litters

paid by Lucullus to Pompey for the war against the and to the keepers of the public treasury, as well as of the fact that each of his soldiers had received nine hundred and fifty drachmas. To crown all, Lucullus gave a magnificent feast to the city, and to the surrounding villages called Fid. XXXVIII. After his divorce from Clodia, who was a licentious and base woman, he married Servilia, a sister of Cato, but this, too, was an unfortunate For it lacked none of the evils which marriage. Clodia had brought in her train except one, namely, the scandal about her brothers. In all other pirates,

respects Servilia was equally vile and abandoned, and yet Lucullus forced himself to tolerate her, out of regard for Cato. At last, however, he put her

away.

The Senate had conceived wondrous hopes that in him it would find an opposer of the tyranny of Pompey and a champion of the aristocracy, with all 595

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rro o?79 KOI po ua%ov eyKare\irre Kal Trpoij/caro rrjv ecre Sva-Kade/crov 77877 /cat vocrovaav opwv TT

fjiyd\r)<;,

wv

evioi, /xetTTO?

rov filov 3

eW\ w

80^77? Kal Trpo? TO pacrrov

/ecu fJLa\aK(jora'Tov

/c

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dycovwv Kal 'TTovwv oi'K evrv^ecrrarov reXo? 01 /LlV jap CTTtUVOVO'lV aVTOV T7)l> \afBoVTWV. Tocravrrjv fAeTa/3o\ijv, TO Maptou nrdOos yu?) ,

o? eVt Tat? K.ifj,/3pi/cais vlicais teal TOL?

Kal peydXois e/eeivoiq KaropdcD/macriv ov/c aurov dvelvat, n/Jifj roaavrrj tyfkwrov, dX)C dTrXrjaria ^0^779 Kal dp%fj$ veoi? dv^pdai yepwv dvn'ndXirevofj.evo^ et? epja Betvd Kal

Seivorepa TMV epycov e(K6i\e' (3&\Tiov 6' av KiKepcova yrjpacrat, fj,erd Kal IJLevov ^KrjTrLwva 4 NojJLavriav, elra Travad^evov elvai yap Tiva Kal

KaTa\V(Tiv TWV 'yap dO\rjTIKWV dya>va>v TOU? TTO\.LTLKOV^ ovSev rjrrov aKfifjs Kal wpa? 7ri\t,7rovcn]s eXey^ecrOau. ol Be Trepl rov Kpaffaov Kal Tlo/ATrrjiov e^\6va^ov TOV A.OVKOV\\ov et? ffiovrjv dfyziKora Kal 7ro\vre\,ei,av aurov, ov TOV rpvtyav p,a\\ov TO? Tt]\LKOVTOi<; rjKiKiav 6Wo? ?; Toy TroKireveaOai Kal TroX-LTLKYi^ TrepioBov

XXXIX.

"EcTTt

5'

ovv rov AOVKOV\\OV @LOV,

KaOdrrep dpy/aias KWfjiw^ias, dvayvwvai, ra fMev trpwra TroXtTeta? Kal crrparrjyias, ra S* vcrrepa VTOTOU? Kal Seirrva Kal povovovyl Ktouovs Kal Xa/XTraSa? Kal TraiSiav arraaav. ei<$ rrai&Lav yap rlOe^ai Kal oiKo$o/j,a
LUCULLUS,

xxxvin. 2-xxxix. 2

the advantage of great glory and influence but he quitted and abandoned public affairs, either because he saw that they were already beyond proper control and diseased, or, as some say, because he had his fill of glory, and felt that the unfortunate issue of his many struggles and toils entitled him to fall back upon a life of ease and luxury. Some commend him for making such a change, and thereby escaping the unhappy lot of Marius, who, after his Cimbrian victories and the large and fair successes which were so famous, was unwilling to relax his efforts and enjoy the honours won, but with an insatiate desire for glory and power, old man that he was, fought with young men in the conduct of the state, and so drove headlong into terrible ;

Cicero. deeds, and sufferings more terrible still. say these, would have had a better old age if he had taken in sail after the affair of Catiline, and Scipio, too, if he had given himself pause after adding Numantia to Carthage for a political cycle, too, has a sort of natural termination, and political no less than athletic contests are absurd, after the full vigor Crassus and Pompey, on the of life has departed. other hand, ridiculed Lucullus for giving himself up to pleasure and extravagance, as if a luxurious life were not even more unsuitable to men of his years than political and military activities. XXXIX. And it is true that in the life of Lucullus, as in an ancient comedy, one reads in the first part of political measures and military commands, and in the latter part of drinking bouts, and ;

banquets, and what might pass for revel-routs, and For I must torch -races, and all manner of frivolity. count as frivolity his costly edifices, his ambulatories

597

PLUTARCH'S LIVES tearaaKevds p,a\\ov

pvSrjv

KrJTroi,

teal

ryv

eicelvos

ravra

Tr)s rpvcfrrjs e^ot/criy?, ol

Trepl

dpiQ/AOvvrai. Neaz^ TTO\LV

real

&ia$po/j,a<;

ra

&

Gvvfjye

rjOpoiKti TTO\VV OTTOV KOL vvv,

TWV ftacrikLKwv

eri Trepl

TT\OVTM

rat

rwv (TTpcneiwv,

Boaiv TOiavr^v 3 rot?

et?

bv

KaTa%pw/j,vos,

Xa/jiTrpov CLTTO

\iavol

dvSpidvras (nrovBijv, a?

avaXoD/jLacnv,

KOI

\ovrpwv

/cal

Tavras ra? re^m? fAeyaXois

/ecu

TrepiTrdrcov

>ypa(f)d
KOL

em-

AovKOvX-

ev rot? TroXfreXecrTa-

ev TO?? TrapaXtot? KCLI

pya, \6 avrov (jieydKois opvy/jiacrt KCU

l^Ovorpo^ov^

T
Kal &iaiTa<$ eVaXtou? KTL^OVTOS, 6 Srwi'/co? Tovftcpwv 6eaad[JLVo$ Hepgrjv avrov e/c 4 rrjfievvov 7rpo(T^y6pvcrv. r)LOL Siairai Kal Karacr/coTral 7repieXi(rcroi>Tos

KOI /cal

fcaraa/ceval irepLTrdrwv,

ev

al?

o

AOVKOV\\OV, on apiara StaOel? T^V eirau\iv doiK^TOv rov

efjiefi^x-ro

e.

"

ye\dcra<; ovv

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ei

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Trepl

0ea<$ /cal

XP$

'

Tlvl

av e^rj, Bcoaeiv, elra /neO* r)/j,epav , TOV 8e e/farov avrov, oTroawv Beoiro. jo-avros etce\ev(7e \aftelv St? rocravraf' et? 6 Kal ^Aa/e/eo? o 598

LUCULLUS,

xxxix. 2-5

and baths, and

still more his paintings and statues (not to speak of his devotion to these arts), which he collected at enormous outlays, pouring out into such

channels the vast and splendid wealth which he accumulated from his campaigns. Even now, when luxury has increased so much, the gardens of Lucullus are counted among the most costly of the As for his works on the seaimperial gardens. shore and in the vicinity of Neapolis, where he sushills over vast tunnels, girdled his residences with zones of sea and with streams for the breeding of fish, and built dwellings in the sea, when Tubero the Stoic saw them, he called him Xerxes in a toga. He had also country establishments near Tusculum, with observatories, and extensive open banqueting halls and cloisters. Pompey once visited these, and chided Lucullus because he had arranged his country seat in the best possible way for summer, but had made it uninhabitable in winter. Whereupon Lu" Do cullus burst out laughing and said you suppose, I have less than cranes and storks, that sense then, and do not change residences according to the " A praetor was once making ambitious seasons ? plans for a public spectacle, and asked of him some purple cloaks for the adornment of a chorus. Lucullus

pended

:

replied that he would investigate, and if he had any, would give them to him. The next day he asked the praetor how many he wanted, and on his replying that a hundred would suffice, bade him take twice that number. The poet Flaccus 1 alluded to this when 1

VOL.

IT

Epist.

i.

6,

45

f.

599

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ov vofjii^ei 7r\ovTov, ov yu?) ra 7rapopa)/jiva fcal \av6dvovTa 7r\eiova TWV
Kal 2

eavrov. 6 jovv IIo/xTr^to? evBoKifjiijae VOG&V TOV jap larpov /ci'^Xrjv avrov \aj3eiv K\t>cravTo<;, oiKerwv OVK av evpeiv

wpa ,

OVK

TOV IdTpOV 3

a\X' o^rwv re iravTO-

Treptrrw? SiaTreTrovrj/jLevwv tyXwrbv dve\ev6epoL^ TTOLOVVTOS

Tre/jifJidrwv

Kij(\r)v

?}

Trapa AOVKOV\\W crnevoeKeWev, aXX' CLTrwv

el'acre XaySeti'

"

QvKOVV, 1 firj A.OVKOV\\OS " OVK civ %r)(Tv; a\\o TL Trapacricevdcrai IIoyLtTr^to? TO)V eVTTOpicTTCOV K\VCT. }LaTWV 8' T)V CLVTW 5191 <jbtXo? Kal otKeios, OVTCO 8e TOV {3iov avTOv Kal TTJV Siairav e^vcr^epaivev,

wcrre,

veov

TWOS

8ov\fj \6jov 7ra^n Kal paKpov eureXeta? Kal (raxfrpocrvvr)'? &i\66vTO<;, " Ov " 6 Karwv TravcrT]"

K/Jacro-o?,

%wv

5'

'

Karcoi/;

evioi B

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ev

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Karcoz^o? Se ov \eyovaiv.

XLI. 'O fJiVTOL AOVKOV\\0<$ OU% r)$6/uiVO
fjiovov,

f/

EXX7;^a? dv6p(i)Trov<s avaftdv-ras et? 'Pw^rjv 7rl 7roXXa9 rj/Aepas, TOU? 5' oVrw? 'EX\tjvLKov TL TraObvTas, alo~%vvO'0ai Kal

yap

ecTTiav

600

LUCULLUS,

xxxix. S-

lie said that he did not regard a house as wealthy in which the treasures that were overlooked and unobserved were not more than those which met the eye. XL. The daily repasts of Lucullus were such as Not only with his dyed the newly rich affect. coverlets, and beakers set with precious stones, and choruses and dramatic recitations, but also with his arrays of all sorts of meats and daintily prepared dishes, did he make himself the envy of the vulgar. A saying of Pompey's, when he was ill, was certainly very popular. His physicians had prescribed a thrush for him to eat, and his servants said that a thrush could not be found anywhere in the summer season except where Lucullus kept them fattening. Pompey, however, would not suffer them to get one from there, but bade them prepare something else that was easily to be had, remarking as he did so to his physician, "What must a Pompey have died if a Lucullus were " And Cato, who was a friend of his, not luxurious ? and a relation by marriage, was nevertheless much offended by his life and habits. Once when a youthful senator had delivered a tedious and lengthy discourse, all out of season, on frugality and tem" Stop there you get perance, Cato rose and said !

;

!

wealth like Crassus, you live like Lucullus, but you talk like Cato." Some, however, while they say that these words were actually uttered, do not say that they were spoken by Cato. XLI. Moreover, that Lucullus took not only pleasure but pride in this way of living, is clear from the anecdotes recorded of him. It is said, for instance, that he entertained for many successive days some Greeks who had come up to Rome, and that they, with genuinely Greek scruples, were at last ashamed to accept his invitation, on the ground

U2

6o1

PLUTARCH'S LIVES o>
/eXfjcriv,

ai'TOU? Ka9' rjjmepav

Si

2 dva\.icrKOfjLevQ)V rov ouv

AOVKOV\\OV "

rocrovrwv elrrelv fiei-

Vive-rat fjiev TL rovrcov Bidcravra rrpos aurou?r * " 17 ^ LA, A,/? ye?* icai oi a> avbpes ra i/yLta?, 7r\el(TTa yiverai $ia AOVKOV\\OV." eirel Be fjib >/

>

\

BeiTTVovvTos
avTOv

p>

fjiia

SelTrvov,

-\

-v

rpdire^a KOI

rjyavaKTet

/jLerpiov irape-

Ka\eaas TOP ewl

rov Se cfrija'avTOS, OVK yero [Jiri&evos KeK\t]fjLevov TroXureXou? " OVK avrbv Berja'eo'Oai " TL \eyeis; elirev, y rovray reray/jievov olKerrjv.

co?

*''

on cnj/jLpov irapa AOVKOV\\W Senrvel AOVKOV\3 Xo?;' ovros Be Trepi TOVTOV, a>9 et/co?, ev Ty iroXct \6yov

TTO\\OV,

Trpoar)\6ov

CLVTM

KCLT

dyopav

(T^o\r)v ayovri Ki/cepcov KCU Ilo/xTr^o?, o fiev ev rot? /jLaXiG-ra (^tXo? wv tcai avvi]6r)s, Ylofjurrjiw 5' rjv [jiV e/c Trjs (rTparrjyias Biacfropa TTpo? avrov, ela)dei(Tav Be ^prjcrOai, /cal BtaXeyeaOai. 7ro\\aKi<; 4 eTTieitccos aXXrJA-ot?. acrTracra/xe^o? ovv 6 Ki/cepcov

avTov

rfpwrrjcrev, OTTCO? e^et Trpbs

real ,C &>? apicrra, " *

rrapa

croi

rr^fiepov

"

evrev^iv rov Be

Trapa/caXovvros evrvy-

ourco?, OTT&K ecrrt aoi rrapeBe rov AOVKOV\\OV

d^iovvros OVK efyacrav BiaXeyeadat, rot? al/cerais, iva ixrj ri rr\eov Ke\evcrrj yevecrOai rwv avrm 5 yivo/JLei>wv, rr\r)v rocrovro {JLOVOV alrov/nevro crvve^ojprjcrav ei-nelv TT/OO? eva rwv oiKerwv evavriov Kal yueraXaySetf emrpttyeiv, ovB*

rj/jLepav

elcov

eteeivwv, ort, rijfxepov ev rqi

A7r6\\(t)vi Benrvtfcroi'

rovro yap rt? ei%e rwv rro\vre\wv olicwv 602

ovo/j,a.

LUCULLUS,

XLI.

1-5

that he was incurring so much expense every day on their account; whereupon Lucullus said to them

with a smile, " Some of this expense, my Grecian most of it, howfriends, is indeed on your account And once, when ever, is on account of Lucullus." ;

he was dining alone, and a modest repast of one course had been prepared for him, he was angry, and summoned the servant who had the matter in charge. The servant said that he did not suppose, since there were no guests, that he wanted anything very costly. " " What said the master, " dost thou sayest thou ? " not know that to-day Lucullus dines with Lucullus ? While this matter was much talked of in the city, as was natural, Cicero and Pompey came up to him as he was idling in the forum. Cicero was one of his most intimate friends, and although the matter of the command of the army had led to some coolness

between him and Pompey, still they were accustomed and friendly intercourse and conversation with one another. Accordingly, Cicero saluted him, and asked how he was disposed towards receiving a " Most excellently well," said Lucullus, petition. and invited them to make their petition. " We " to dine with desire," said Cicero, you to-day just as dined have would by yourself." Lucullus deyou murred to this, and begged the privilege of selecting a later day, but they refused to allow it, nor would they suffer him to confer with his servants, that he might not order any thing more provided than what was provided for himself. Thus much, however, and no more, they did allow him at his request, namely, to tell one of his servants in their presence Now that he would dine that day in the Apollo. this was the name of one of his costly apartments, to frequent

603

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOVTO

teal

e/eacrT&>

yap,

(r/cevrjv

&>?

eoitce,

KOI ^oprjyiav IB Lav KOI trapaware TOVS Bov\ov<; d/cov-

Bei7rvov,

Y]V ri/jLtj/jia

eXeX^et TOVS avBpa?.

crecrcxfiicr^evos

eicacFTOV flx ev

>

ias, OTTOV /3ov\erai Benrvelv, eibivai,

'A7r6\\Wl>C

ovv vfipiaTiKcos e%pr)TO KaOdirep oVrco? at^aXwrft) KOL

XLII.

aia

^7rovor)(i 8'


fcal

/caTaa-Kevijv.

/caXco?

KOi TCOV

TO,

yap TroXXa r}

re

/cal

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/cal

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rr}?

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fJLVid&WV Kdl TOT6 TOCTOVTOV TOU? irepl rbv TlojjiTnJLOv ev &a7rdvr}<$ TO ra^o
7T6VT6

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Tavra

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/cal

KocrfJiw

TO SeiTrvov eloodei Be ^eiirvelv ev

yevecrffat, Bel

6

TI

TTOLOV

/cat

real

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a

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2 7roXXa/c/9 Be et?

TGI/?

e<7T/a /cal

rot?

604

o~vveo"^o\a^ev auro? rot?

(f)i,\o\6yois

/cal

rot?

avveTrpaTTev OTOV BeoivTO' /cal 0X0)9 TrpvTaveiov 'EXX^w/toi' o ot/co? TJV avrov

dfyitcvovfjievoi*;

Trcrav ical

/cal

TrepiTraTOVS

els

'PcoyLt?;!/.

<$L\oao$>iav Be

{lev rjcnrd^eTO /cal Trpo? Traarav evjJievr]S

oi/ceios,

iSiov

Be T^? 'A/caS^/zaa? ef

LUCULLUS,

xu. 5~xLii. 2

and he thus outwitted the men without their knowing For each of his dining-rooms, as it seems, had a it. fixed allowance for the dinner served there, as well

own

and equipment, so that on hearing where he wished to dine, knew just how much the dinner was to cost, and what were to be its decorations and arrangements. Now the usual cost of a dinner in the Apollo was fifty thousand drachmas, and that was the sum laid out on the present occasion. Pompey was amazed at the speed with which the banquet was prepared, notwithstanding it had cost so much. In these ways, as its his

special apparatus

slaves,

then, Lucullus used his wealth wantonly, as though it were in very truth a Barbarian prisoner-of-war. XLII. But what he did in the establishment of a library deserves warm praise. He got together many books, and they were well written, and his use of them was more honourable to him than his His libraries were thrown open acquisition of them. to all, and the cloisters surrounding them, and the study-rooms, were accessible without restriction to the Greeks, who constantly repaired thither as to an hostelry of the Muses, and spent the day with one another, in glad escape from their other Lucullus himself also often spent his occupations. leisure hours there with them, walking about in the cloisters with their scholars, and he would assist their statesmen in whatever they desired. And in general his house was a home and prytaneium for the Greeks who came to Rome. He was fond of

philosophy, and well-disposed and friendly towards every school, but from the first he cherished a particular and zealous love for the Academy, not

all

605

PLUTARCH'S LIVES 3 epcora

%i}\ov ecr^ev, ov rfjs yea? TO?? Kapvedbov dv0ovo"r)
teal

Kalrrep Sia ^tXtoyo?,

Beivbv

/ra!

aXXa '

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4 TfLticepwv

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a 52

,

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6

TO??

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el-netv

1

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ye 7rdyfca\<>v eVou?TOV i>7re/3 TT}? Kara\/]-

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av 5

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Aou/cofXXo?, dXXa T/;V UTre/) TOI) /neyicrTos Kal TrXelarov SiivcurOat <^i\orifjLiav Kal a)? ovre aKiv&vvov our' dvvBpiGTOv ovaav, d(j)

tee

Kpdcrcra) teal

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6

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dTo<; ,

606

COO'T6

Tlo/jLT

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avrov

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oi rrjv

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TToXtTem 7rpoaipe
TT)? eV

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eKO)\vcre

ftacri-

riva

TO/"?

1

LUCULLUS,

XLM. 3-6

New Academy, so-called, although that school the time had a vigorous representative of the doctrines of Carneades in Philo, but the Old Academy, which at that time was headed by a persuasive man and powerful speaker in the person of Antiochus of This man Lucullus hastened to make his Ascalon. friend and companion, and arrayed him against the disciples of Philo, of whom Cicero also was one. Indeed, Cicero wrote a noble treatise on the doctrines of this sect, in which he has put the argument in sup" " into the mouth of Lucullus, port of apprehension and carried the opposing argument himself. The book is entitled " Lucullus." 1 Lucullus and Cicero were, as I have said, ardent friends, and members of the same political party, for Lucullus had not withdrawn himself entirely the

at

from

political

life,

although

he

lost

no time

in

leaving to Crassus and Cato the ambitious struggle for the chief place and the greatest power, since he saw that it involved both peril and ignominy. For those who looked with suspicion upon the power of Pompey, made Crassus and Cato the champions of the senatorial party when Lucullus But Lucullus would still declined the leadership. go to the forum in support of his friends, and also to the Senate, whenever there was need of combating some ambitious scheme of Pompey's. Thus, the dispositions which Pompey made after his conquest of the kings, Lucullus made null and void, and his nroposal for a generous distribution of lands to his

Lucullus, with the co-operation of Cato, prevented from being granted. Pompey therefore soldiers,

1

Academicorum Priorum, Liber Secundus, qui

inscribitur

Lucullua.

607

PLUTARCH'S LIVES /cal

Kpacrcrou

Kat
Tot/?

ci KOI crTpaTKDTtov Kvpaxrai TCL irepl TOV KaTcova /cal \.OVKOV\\OV e/c/3a\6vTa

TT}? a/yo/oa?. '

7

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Be

irporfjov ol

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ev

roi?

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d\\a KOI irapavriKa

,

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6

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Kal

etc

TT}?

TeOvdvai,

auro/zara)?

Tr^ywv

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yap UTT' CLVTMV tivypr/aQat. TWV TrapeaicevaKO XLIII. Taura Brj Kal /md\\ov dirtjye r/}? reta? TOV AOVKOV\\OV. eVel Be Ki/cepwv e'^e T>}5 7TOX6O)?

Kal

KaTCOV

6fc?

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NETTCO? Be Ko/J^^/A ouBe vbtrov TrapaXX-d^ai TOV Aouyijpws (frrjcrlv KOV\\OV, aAXa t^apfJidKOL^ VTTO TIVOS TWV dirofjLapaivofievrjv.

2

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Be

Bod^vai jjiev, &)? dyaTTMTO yu-aXXoi^ 6 Ka UTT' avTOV, TOiavTrjv e%eiv BuKovvra TTJV Bvvafj.iv, eKCTT^jaai, Be Kal KaTaK\vcraL TOV \oyi(r/.i6v, &CTT

608

LUCULLUS,

XLII.

6-xLin. 2

took refuge in an alliance, or rather a conspiracy, with Crassus and Caesar, and by filling the city with his armed soldiery and expelling from the forum the partisans of Cato and Lucullus, got his measures ratified.

As these proceedings were resented by the nobles, the partisans of Pompey produced a certain Vettius, whom, as they declared, they had caught plotting So the man was exagainst the life of Pompey. amined in the Senate, where he accused sundry other persons, but before the people he named Lucullus as the man who had engaged him to kill Pompey. However, no one believed his story, nay, it was at once clear that the fellow had been put forward by the partisans of Pompey to make false and malicious charges, and the fraud was made all the plainer when, a few days afterwards, his dead body was cast out of the prison. It was said, indeed, that he had died a natural death, but he bore the marks of throttling and violence, and the opinion was that he had been taken off by the very men who had engaged his services. XLIII. Of course this induced Lucullus to withdraw even more from public life. And when Cicero was banished from the city, and Cato was sent out to Even before his Cyprus, he retired altogether. death, it is said that his understanding was affected and gradually faded away. But Cornelius Nepos says that Lucullus lost his mind not from old age, nor yet from disease, but that he was disabled by drugs administered to him by one of his freedmen, Callisthenes that the drugs were given him by Callisthenes in order to win more of his love, in the belief that they had such a power, but they drove him from his senses and overwhelmed his reason, ;

609

PLUTARCH'S LIVES rrjv ovalav &(,OIKIV rov d&e\(f)6v. l ev aKp.fi drreOave, Ka6direp av f-irjv avrov Kal T>?9 TroXtreta? reXevrijrrjs arparriyias

avrov

aXX*

ov

y

o

&>?

Sfj/uos

r]j(0e<j6r)

els

dyopav

KOI

crvveSpa/j.6,

VTTO

TWV eifyei'earaTwv

KCU TO

e^ta^ero Ocnrreiv ev TCO 7reSt&) rov Kal *2,v\\av eOcityev. ovSevos 8e rovro Trpoa-SofcrjcravTOS, ovBe paSias ovarjs TT}? OTTOV

6

aSeX^o? avrov

^eo/iei'O?

/
Trapau-

CTreicrev

ev TO) Trepl TovcrK\ov dypq> rov vetcpov 7ro\vv S' ouS' atTO? Trpocrefiico

jV(T0ai.

KOI

yevo

KIMQNO5 KAI AOYKOYAAOY 2YrKPISIS I. MaXfcrra S' a^ r? euSat/uiOViareie rov re\ovs 521 AOVKOV\\OV, ort Trpb r/}? ^era/3oXf;

rr}?

TroXtreta? ereicraivero rot?

TO rrerrpw^evov, e(f)dij rrpoarro9aviav ev vo
f

aKfjLi]v

exovrwv

ereXevrrjcrev,

lievToi Kal (rrparrjywv, ovSe rcov orr\wv Kal 1

610

&i>

errl

crrparoTreBov

OVK drreip^KM^ 01)8' d\vwv, rwv Grparrjyiwv Kal

supplied by Reiske.

LUCULLUS, so that

XLIII. 2-1. 2

even while he was

still

alive, his

brother

However, when he died, property. the people grieved just as much as if his death had come at the culmination of his military and political services, and flocked together, and tried to compel the young nobles who had carried the body into the forum to bury it in the Campus Martius, where Sulla also had been buried. But no one had ex-

managed

1

his

and preparations for it were not easy, brother, by prayers and supplications, succeeded in persuading them to suffer the burial to take place on the estate at Tusculum, where prepations for it had been made. Nor did he himself long survive Lucullus, but, as in age and reputation he came a little behind him, so did he also in the time of his death, having been a most affectionate pected

and

so

this,

his

brother.

COMPARISON OF LUCULLUS AND CIMON I.

his

ONE might deem Lucullus especially happy in end, from the fact that he died before that

constitutional

change

had come, which

fate

was

His already contriving by means of the civil wars. country was in a distempered state when he laid down his life, but still she was free. And in this For respect, more than any other, he is like Cimon. Cimon also died before Greece was confounded, and while she was at the acme of her power. He died, however, in the field, and at the head of an army, not exhausted or of a wandering mind, nor yet 1

About 57

B.O.

611

VOL.

II.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES TpOTraiwv eiraOXov

iroiovfjievos euor^ta?

waTrep H\dr(ov eVtovaoTrTet rou? 3

KOL TTOTOVS,

TOV 'Opea, Tot9 ev fteftiWKocrL fydo~KovTas airoKeladai 76/00.9 ev aoov fJLeOrjv alajviov. tr^oX?) /JL&V ovv /cal Trepl

Xoyof? jfiovrjv TIVCL KOA, Oewpiav e^o^ra? evTrpeTrea-rarov av$pl Trpea/Svrrj /cal 7T67rav/jiev(0 iroKe^wv teal vroXtreta? irapa-

r)(rv%ia teal Si,aTpi/3r) Trepl

fjivOiov TO 8'

e<^)' r)<$oi'ijv,

co?

reXo?, '

ra? /taXa? Trpd^eis

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rjBt]

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a^ia

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teal

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e

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Kal 5

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TOt9

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t

?)

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t'TTO

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TTJ Ktyti&)^09

KOV\\OV 7rapa/3a\LJ', 6

o/jLoiwcrai

VOTiti) Tefyei, TTJS a:/J07ToXeC09, O

tfO-l

/AV T) aaTpCLTTlK^V. a^' rj/uepav

Sairain^ TroXXot'9 0X170^9 TpVTaS

ilTTO

LUCULLUS AND CIMON,

i.

3-6

feastings and revellings the crowning prize arms and campaigns and trophies. Plato 1 banters the followers of Orpheus for declaring that for those who have lived rightly, there is laid up in

making for

Hades a treasure of everlasting

intoxication.

Leisure,

no doubt, and quiet, and the pursuit of pleasantly speculative learning, furnish a most fitting solace for a man of years who has retired from wars and But to divert fair achievements to pleasure politics. as their final end, and then to sport and wanton at the head of Aphrodite's train, as a sequel to wars and fightings, was not worthy of the noble Academy, nor yet of one who would follow Xenocrates, but rather of one who leaned towards Epicurus. And the more astonishing, because, contrariwise, Cimon seems to have been of ill repute and un-

this is

in his youth, while Lucullus was disand sober. Better, surely, is the man in whom the change is for the better for it argues a more wholesome nature when its evil withers and its good ripens. And further, though both alike were wealthy, they did not make a like use of their wealth. There is no comparing the south wall of the Acropolis, which was completed with the moneys brought home by Cimon, with the palaces and sea-washed Belvideres at Neapolis, which Lucullus built out of the Nor can the table of spoils of the Barbarians. Cimon be likened to that of Lucullus the one was democratic and charitable, the other sumptuous and

restrained

ciplined

;

;

The one, at slight outlay, gave daily susmany the other, at large cost, was prepared for a few luxurious livers. It may be said,

oriental.

tenance to

;

1

Republic,

ii.

p. 363.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES xprj/j-drcov.

eVotet

el

Ata

vrj

fir)

o

%p6vos' ciBrjXov yap, el Kal Kiuwv drro rwv irpd^ewv Kal arparrjyiwv et9 diroXeaov fcal drroXirevrov yfjpas a$et? irpay/jidrwv

av e^p^craro aojBapa teal TT/OO? Stairy KOI jap <j>t,\07roTr)<; Kal TravrjyvptKos Kal ra TT/JO? 9 irpoeLal Be Trepl ra? Tr/oa^et? prjrcu, Sm/3e/3X77/-ta>o?.

avrov

eri /jid\\ov

rjBovrjv

1

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dveLfJievr)

rovs

drywvas

KOI \1J0)]V el


dya)vi6/JLevo<;

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Karop0(0(rei,<;

TWV ^eipovwv Tttfc?

jovv Kal AOVKOV\\OS e Kal crTparrjywv, ovK av 6

raro? Kal (^tXo/Aeya^oraro? evpelv Kal ravra j3o\r)v 67T* avrov. II.

'Ez>

fjioi

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Soxd

Sia-

Trepl

Be rot? 7roXe/ifro4? OTL

Kal Kara OdX-acraav dyaOol jeyowcnrep Be ra)i> d0\i]ra)V roi/? ^fxepa fjLia 7rd\r) Kal TrayKpariM are^avove6ei nvl TrapaBo^oviKas Ka\ovcnv, ovrco ev rjfjiepa fiua Tre^byLta^ta? Kal

real

Kara


va(Tiv dya)vi(TTai $r/\ov

a/j,a

rpOTraia)

ICTTIV e%eiv

2 Kal

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fjiev

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dp^ovar) TWV

a-v/jL/jLa^wv

7ro\/uLicL)v, 6 8'

aXXoi?

rj

irarpi^, Kt/zcoi/ Be rfj Kal 6

TrepieQtjKe.

irpocreKTrjvaTo ra

7rapa\a/3a)v Kal TWV a-va/JLa^Mv ap^eiv Kal TWV 7ro\efJii(ov Kparelv eiroirjare, Ilepcra? /j.ei> dvayKacras r)rrrj- 52! eirofjievriv

Be

614

LUCULLUS AND CIMON,

1.6-11.2

indeed, that the difference in state was due to the For it is at least possible that

difference in time.

Cimon

also,

if

he had retired after

his active

cam-

paigns to an old age which knew neither war nor politics, might have led an even more ostentatious

and pleasure-loving life. He was fond of wine and given to display, and his relations with women, as I have said before, 1 were scandalous. But success in strenuous achievement, affording as it does a higher pleasure, gives public-spirited and ambitious natures no time to indulge the baser appetites, which are At any rate, if Lucullus also had ended forgotten. his days in active military command, not even the most carping and censorious spirit, I think, could have brought accusation against him. Thus much concerning their manner of life. II. In war, it is plain that both were good fighters, both on land and sea. But just as those athletes who win crowns in wrestling and the pancratium on a single day are called, by custom, " Victorsextraordinary," so Cimon, who in a single day crowned Greece with the trophies of a land and sea victory,

among

may justly have a certain pre-eminence And further, it was his country generals. conferred imperial power upon Lucullus,

which whereas Cimon conferred it upon his. The one added his foreign conquests to a country which already ruled her allies the other found his country obeying others, and gave her command over her allies and victory over her foreign foes, by defeating the Persians and driving them from the sea, and by persuading the Lacedaemonians voluntarily to ;

1

See Cimon,

iv. 8.

615

PLUTARCH'S LIVES eKovras eKO-rrjvat.

3 rreicras

el

roivvv

fieyiarov

epyov rjyeaovos evrrei6eiai> epydcraaQai SL AOVKOV\\OS fjiev vrro rwv crrpariwrwv Kt/z&>v

,

8'

vrro

rwv

(rvfji/jid^cov

fcare-

eOav-

1

Trap ov

fjuev

o

rovTO)v

yap airiar^crav, TT/^O? ov Se j,ev wv a<j)v er\.dv, VTTO

air o\ei<j) dels

o

Travri\6ev,

erepot? TTOL^CTCOV TO TTpoa-rarTo/jievov TOVTOIS auro? SiSou? TO 7rapdjye\/u.a rpLa ra TTCLVTWV Sfcr/coXcoraTa OfJLOV rfj TToXet, 7T/?0? fJLV

Trapa 4

rwv

be

MeyaXa?

TOf? rjye/jLOVi'av,


TT^OO?

TOIVVV

KaraXveiv rjye/Aovias KCU KaracrTpefpeo *Acriav traaav d-reXets eyevovro rwv irpd^ewv, /j.ev

Be

Ka6cnTa% Sia

rrjv

rv^v

o

ereXevT^a-e yap ov Tra^TeXw? di>

(rrpaniycov Kal evTjfiepcov rov 8* ^e\otTO rijs Trap* avrbv airias, elV rjyvorjcrev etV OVK edepaTrevae Ta? eV T< Kal Ae/i-vret?, a< wv et? 5 avre^eta? TrporfKOev. TOVTO ye Kal rf KQLVOV ecrri' Kal yap eKelvov VTnjyayov re OL TroXtTat Kal reXevrwvres Tt?

avrov SeKa erwv, w?

6 \\\drwv, <^)?;cr/i' aKoixjwcnv. al yap dpiGTO/cpaTiKal (f)vcrLS 6\iya TO?? TTO\\OL^ crvvcl&ovcri Kal vrpo? fj&ovrjv e^ovcrt, ra Be TroXXa rrpoa^La^o/JievaL rw Karevdvveiv ^tacrrpe^o/jbevovs din&a-iv, warrep ol

Kicrav, iv

TT}? (frcovfjs

fjM]

rwv larpwv

Bea/Jioi, 1

616

tvfoias

Kairrep els with S

:

ra Kara

tftvoiav,

vcnv

LUCULLUS AND CIMON,

n.

3-5

Granted that it is the relinquish the command. most important task of a leader to secure prompt obedience through good will, Lucullus was despised by his own soldiers, while Cimon was admired by the allies. His soldiers deserted the one the allies came over to the other. The one came back home abandoned by those whom he commanded when he set out the other was sent out with allies to do the commands of others, but before he sailed home he himself gave commands to those allies, having successfully secured for his city three of the most difficult objects at once, namely, peace with the enemy, leadership of the allies, and concord with the Lacedaemonians. ;

;

Again, both attempted to subvert great empires to subdue all Asia, and both left their work Cimon through ill fortune pure and unfinished simple, for he died at the head of his army and at the height of his success but Lucullus one cannot altogether acquit of blame, whether he was ignorant or would not attend to the grievances and of, complaints among his soldiery, in consequence of which he became so bitterly hated. Or perhaps this has its counterpart in the life of Cimon, for he was brought to trial by his fellow citizens and finally 1 ostracised, in order that for ten years, as Plato says, not hear his voice. For aristocratic they might natures are little in accord with the multitude, and seldom please it, but by so often using force to rectify its aberrations, they vex and annoy it, just as physicians' bandages vex and annoy, although they bring the dislocated members into their natural

and

:

;

1

Goryias, p. 516.

617

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ayovres ra? irapapOprja-eLS. ravrrjs a7ra\\afcreov T?)? atTias e/cdrepov. III.

IIoXi; 8' o

rov

yu-ri)

re

AOVKOV\\OS

Tavpov

JJLCV

ovv u

7rporj\de rq> TroXe-

i>7rep(3a\a)v

crrparoTreSy

'Pw/uaicov 7T/3WTO9, KOI rbv Tiypiv $ia/3as KOL ra fta
'Yiypavofcepra 2

Kdfteipa KOI

/ecu

^ivioTrTjv

/cal

/carcupXe^as, KOL ra fxev ftopeia dcriSos, ra 8' ewa /J<e%pi M^S/a?, ra Be

Nt
vorov

real rrjv

epvOpav 6d\acr(Tav

rwv 'Apa/BiKwv fSacn\ewv, Se ra? ^vvdjJLei^ rwv (Bavikitov, aTroXet^^et? Be rov rd cru>fjiara \a/3eiv, wcnrep Orfpiwv et? real #Xa? acrri/5et? teal dftdrovs aTroSiSpaa-Kovrwv. rcKfMjpiov be /^eya* Tlepaai, (Jiev ydp Sta

3

ov&ev /neya TreTrovQores VTTO KtyLtw^ "

a>9

dvrerdrrovro T049 EA,X?7crt, /ecu T^Z/ 76 &vva/jiiv avrwv ev AlyvTrrw Kparrjaavres pav, Tiypdvov Be /cal ^liOpiBdrov /jLerd Aov/cov\\ov ovSev aXXo epyov eyevero, dX)C 6 fiei> dff6evr)<$ real a-vy/ce/eo/jL/jLevos VTTO

rwv

7rpa)ra)v

dy&vwv

'

a7ra% eroXyu-^cre Bel^ai TlofiTrrjicp ri-jv Svva/jiiv > rov xdpaicos, a\Xa fyvywv et? ^ocnropov 4 /careftrj /cdfcel Karecrrp\lre, Tiypdvr)? S' auro? eavrov yvjjivov teal dvo7r\ov (fcepcov vTrepp^e lloyu,TTTJLW, fcal TO 8t,d8r)fJ,a rtjs /ce<j)a\r)<; d
/3o\a

618

T%

rjydTrrjcre

yovv diroKa^ftdvwv rd

ySacriXeta?

a>5

d$>r]pi]iJLi>os

CTVJJ,-

irporepov.

LUCULLUS AND CIMON, position. Perhaps, then, both this count.

come

n. 5-111.

off

4

about alike

on

But Lucullus was much the greater in war. was the first Roman to cross the Taurus with an army he passed the Tigris and captured and burned III.

He

;

the royal cities of Asia, Tigranocerta, Cabira, Sinope, and Nisibis, before the eyes of their kings he made his own the regions to the north as far as the Phasis, to the east as far as Media, and to the south as far as the Red Sea, through the assistance of the Arabian he annihilated the forces of the hostile kings kings, and failed only in the capture of their persons, since like wild beasts they fled away into ;

;

and trackless and impenetrable forests. Strong proof of his superiority is seen in this, that the Persians, since they had suffered no great harm at the hands of Cimon, straightway arrayed themselves against the Greeks, and overwhelmed and 1 destroyed that large force of theirs in Egypt whereas, after Lucullus, Tigranes and Mithridates availed nothing the latter, already weak and disabled by his first struggles, did not once dare to show Pompey his forces outside their camp, but fled away to the Bosporus, and there put an end to his as for Tigranes, he hastened to throw himself, life while unrobed and unarmed, at the feet of Pompey, and taking the diadem from off his head, laid it there upon the ground, flattering Pompey thus not with his own exploits, but with those for which Lucullus had celebrated a triumph. At any rate, he was as much delighted to get back the insignia of his royalty as though he had been robbed of them before. Greater therefore is the general, as is the deserts

;

:

;

1

454

B.C.

See Thucydides,

i.

109

f.

619

PLUTARCH'S LIVES ovv a-TpaTrjyos, axrTrep d0\r)Tijs, 6 TW eavrov dcrOevea-Tepov irapaSovs rov avTiiraKov. "Ert Tolvvv Ktyao>z> fj,ev avvTGTpifjLiJievriv rrjv /SatrtXea)? Bvva/uuv KOL TO Hepa'cov fppovrjfjLa avveKOL diravcrroL^ r/rrat? GTCI\[JLVOV /jieyakais VTTO jLLO"TOK\eovs KOI Tlavo-aviov KOL KOI KOTCOV tea TrorTTrevtoV rat? -vruat9 ra evi/crjo'e, e/c

6

7ro\\)v

7r\tj0i ra.9.

Kal p,e
8'

KOV\\OV

A.OVKOV\\(I> Be Tiypavrj^ a?;TT7;T09 523

dyci)va)V

ov&

cocrre

elvai rrjv

Kpiaw, eVet Kal TO

eoi/cev ev/jieves yevefrOcn,

TW rrjv

620

rw

SCLI/JLOVLOV

a

d

KaropOovv, a (frvXarrecrOai ^pyj Trpofjujvvov, wcrre Trapa TMV Oewv -^fj<po^ avrols Kal Oeiois rrjv vaiv

8'

/Jiev

%/?>)

LUCULLUS AND CIMON, athlete,

who hands over

his

in.

4-6

antagonist

to

his

successor in a weaker plight. still further, Cimon made his onsets of the king had been broken, and the pride of the Persians humbled by great defeats and incessant routs at the hands of Themistocles, Pausanias, and Leotychides, and easily conquered the bodies of men whose spirits had been defeated

Moreover, and

when the power

beforehand and lay prone. But when Tigranes encountered Lucullus, he had known no defeat in many battles, and was in exultant mood. In point of numbers also, those who were overpowered by Cimon are not worthy of comparison with those who united against Lucullus. Therefore, one who takes everything into consideration finds it hard to reach a decision. Heaven seems to have been kindly disposed to both, directing the one as to what he must perform, and the other as to what he must avoid. Both, therefore, may be said to have received the vote of the gods as noble and god-like natures.

621

A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF

PROPER NAMES Acestodorus, possibly the Acestodorus of Megalopolis, of unknown date, author of a work "

On

Cities."

Achaia, a province in the north of Peloponnesus, seat of the Achaean League (280-146 B.C.). In 167 B.C., the Romans deported

1000 Achaeans to Italy, where they were held for seventeen years. Among them was the historian Polybius. The name Achaia was afterwards given to the whole of southern Greece as a Roman province. Acharnae, the largest deme, or township, of Attica, some eight miles to the north of Athens. Adiabene, the western province of Assyria, lying along the Tigris river Aeolian Isles, a group of islands lying between Sicily and Italy .

(Lucania). Aeschines the Socratic, a disciple of Socrates, and author of Socratic dialogues.

Agesilaiis, king of B.C.

Sparta 398-361

Albania, a country lying between Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus mountains, to the east of Iberia. an "insignificant stream, Allia, joining the Tiber about eleven miles above Rome, from the east.

Amisus, a city of Pontus (or Paphlagonia), on the southern shore of

the Euxine Sea, some one hundred miles east of Sinope. a Libyan divinity, identified with Zeus and Jupiter. His most famous oracle was in an oasis of the Libyan desert. Amphiaraiis, a mythical seer and prophet, king of Argos, who perished in the expedition of the Seven against Thebes.

Ammon,

Anaxagoras, of Clazomenae, in Ionian Asia Minor, influential at Athens as an advanced thinker from about 460 to 432 B.C., when the enemies of Pericles secured his banishment. Andocides, an Athenian orator, He prominent 415-^90 B.C. betrayed the oligarchical party, incurring

its

hatred,

and vainly

win the favour of the democratic party. Andros, the most northerly island of the Cyclades group, S.E. of Euboea. Anio, a large river of Latium, in the Apennines, and rising joining the Tiber about three miles above Rome, from the east. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria 223-187 B.C. Antiochus the of philosopher, Ascalon, pupil of Philo in the school of the Academy, a friend of Lucullus, and a teacher of Cicero. He died in 68 B.C. tried to

Antipater, regent of Macedonia after the death of Alexander (322 B.C.), victor over the confederate Greeks at Crannon, in . 322 He died in 319.

623

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES Araxes,

a

large

river

rising

in

Armenia, and flowing east into the Caspian Sea. Arbela, an Assyrian town near which (at the village of Gangamela) Darius suffered final defeat at the hands of Alexander, in 331 B.C. Archelaiis, of Miletus, the natural philosopher, said to have been a pupil of Anaxagoras, and a teacher of Socrates. Archidamus, king of Sparta from 361 to 338 B.C., when he went to the aid of the Tarentines in Italy,

and was

killed in battle.

Archon

Eponymous, the first of the board of nine archons at the Athens, so called, after Roman conquest, because the year was registered in his name. with HarAristogeiton, slayer, the of Hipparchus, modius, brother of the Athenian tyrant The two in 514 B.C. Hippias, " " were afterwards tyrannicides honoured as patriots and martyrs. Arist9n of Ceos, head of the Peripatetic school of philosophy at Athens about 225

B.C.

(pp.

9,

217).

Ariston the phi^sopher (p. 355), of Chios, a Stoic, pupil of Zeno. Jn his later life he taught doctrines of the Cynic school.

He

and

flourished

about

260

B.C.,

is often confounded with Ariston of Ceos. Aristoxenus the musician, a pupil of Aristotle, and a philosopher of the Peripatetic school. Armenia, a country lying north of Mesopotamia and Assyria, between the upper Euphrates and Media. Artaxata, the ancient capital of Armenia, on the river Araxes. See Tigranocerta. Artemisia, queen of Halicarnassus, vassal of Xerxes, who distinguished herself in the battle of Salamis. a mythical personage, Asopis, mother of Mentor by Heracles.

624

Atilius, M. Atilius Regulus, consul for the second time in 256 B.C.,

when he was defeated and taken prisoner by the Carthaginians. Atropatene, a province of Media, to the east of Armenia. Attains, the name of three kings of

Pergamum,

in

Asia Minor.

B Bithynia, a country of N.W. Asia Minor, lying east of the Propontis, and along the coast of the Euxine Sea. Boedromipn, the third month in the Attic calendar, corresponding nearly to our September.

Brundisium, an important city on the eastern coast of Italy (CalaIt bria), with a fine harbour. was the natural point of departure from Italy to the East, and was the chief naval station of the Romans in the Adriatic Sea.

Cabeira (or Cabira),a city of Poiitus, in the northern part of Asia Minor. consul in Caepio, Q. Servilius, 106 B.C., receiving the province of Gallia Narbonensis, where, in the following year, on the 6th of October, his army was utterly annihilated by the Cimbri. Callisthenes, of Olynthus, a relative and pupil of Aristotle, author of a Hellenica, or History of Greece, from 387 to 357 B.C. He accompanied Alexander the Great as historian of the expedition, the end of which he did not live to see. Cappadocia, a district in eastern Asia Minor, south of Pontus, ami north of Cilicia. Carneades, of Cyren6, head of the Academy at Athens in 156 B.C. (when he was one of an embassy of philosophers to Rome) and until his death in 129 B.C. He was famous for the persuasive force of his eloquence.

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES Chaeroneia, a town commanding the entrance from Phocis into celebrated for the Boeotia, battles fought in its neighbourhood. Here Philip of Macedon defeated the allied Greeks in 338 B.C. Chalcedon, a city of Bithynia, at the entrance of the Euxine Sea, opposite Byzantium. Chaldaeans, a general name for the inhabitants of Babylonia. "

Charon of Lampsacus, a

logo-

grapher," a predecessor of Herodotus, who wrote a history of Persia in annalistic form. Chelidonian a group of Isles, islands off the coast of Pamphylia, in southern Asia Minor. Chersonese (i.e. peninsula), here (p. 447) of the Thracian Chersonese, extending in a S.VV. direction into the Aegean Sea west of the Hellespont. Cilicia, a country in southern Asia the Minor, extending along Mediterranean between Pamphylia and Syria. Cimbri, a northern tribe which, joining with the Teutones, invaded southern Europe. They were at last annihilated by Marius in 101 B.o. Citium, a town on the southern coast of Cyprus. Cleidemus, the oldest annalist of Athens, who flourished during the closing years of the fifth and the first half of the fourth century B.C. Cleisthenes, the Athenian aristocrat who introduced the democratic reforms which followed the expulsion of the tyrants in 510 B.C. Cleitarchus (Clitarchus), a historian

who accompanied Alexander on his expedition to the East, and wrote a rhetorical history of it. He was the son of Deinon.

a city nearly midway between Argos and Corinth in

Cleonae,

Peloponnesus.

games

were

territory.

The celebrated

Nemean In

its

Cnldus, a Dorian city in the S.W. of Caria, in south-western Asia Minor. Colchis, a district at the eastern extremity of the Euxine Sea,

north of Armenia. Colophon, one of the Ionian Asia Minor.

cities

of

Corcyra, an island in the Ionian the opposite Sea, Epeirus, modern Corfu. Cos, an island off the S.W. coast of Caria, opposite Cnidus.

Crannon,

a

town

in

central

Thessaly, the seat of the wealthy family of the Scopadae. Craterus the Macedonian, a halfbrother of Antigonus Gonatas, the king of Macedonia (pb. 239

who compiled historical documents, such as decrees and B.C.),

other published inscriptions, on of the bearing history Athens. " " Critias, one of the thirty tyrants (404-403 B.C.), like Alcibiadea a follower of Socrates, author of tragedies, and elegiac political subjects.

poems on

Cronus, the father of Zeus, identified with the Roman Saturnus. Curius, Man ius Curius Dentatus, consul in 290 B.C., in which year he brought the long war with the Samnites to a close and reduced the revolted Sabines. In 275 B.C., he defeated Pyrrhus at Beneventum. He celebrated

two triumphs

in 290,

and one

in

275.

two

islands at the mouth of the Bosporus, at the entrance into the Euxine Sea, the clashing Lsles of mythology. Cyme, an Aeo ian city on the coast of Asia Minor, S.E. of Lesbos. Cyrene, a Greek city on the northern coast of Africa, in commercial relations with Carthage, Greece, and Egypt. Cyzicus, a city on the southern shore of the Propontis, in Mysia, strongly situated on the neck of a peninsula.

Cyanean

Isles,

625

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES D

father of Cleitarchus the historian of Alexander's expedition. Demetrius of Phalerum, regent at

Athens B.C.,

a

history,

persistent friend of Eome. river flowing through

Eurymedon, a

in southern Asia Minor, into the Mediterranean.

Pamphylia,

Cassander 317-307 voluminous writer on politics,

poetry,

and

monuments of Attica. Dion, of Syracuse, an ardent disciple of Plato, master of Syracuse after the expulsion of Dionysiua II, assassinated in 353 B.C. Dodona, a town in Epeirus, seat of the most ancient oracle of Zeus.

E Elaea, an Aeolic city of Asia Minor, the port for Pergamum. Epaminondas, Theban general and statesman, friend of Pelopidas, fell in the battle of Mantineia,

362 B.C. Ephesus, one of the twelve Ionian cities, in Lydia, Asia Minor, at

mouth

of the river Cayster.

Ephors, five chief magistrates at The Sparta elected annually. first Ephor gave his name to the year, like the Athenian Archon Eponymous. Ephorus, of Cym6, pupil of Isqcrates, author of a highly rhetorical history of Greece from the " " down to Dorian Invasion 340 B.C., in which year he died. of the philoKpicurus, founder

626

B.C.

Eumenes, king of Pergamum in Asia Minor from 197 to 159 B.C., and like his father (Attains I), a

for

philosophy. Diodorus the Topographer (Periegetes), of Athens (probably), a contemporary of Alexander the Great, wrote on the denies and

the

named from him, born in Samos, 342 B.C., died at Athens, 270 B.C. Eratosthenes, of Cyrene, librarian most distinat Alexandria, as and guished geographer chronologist, a writer also on philosophy and ethics, 275-194 sophical school

Damastes, of Sigeium in the Troad, a historian contemporary with Herodotus, and author, besides many other works, of a genealogy of the Greeks who fought at Troy. Deceleia, a mountain citadel of Attica, about fourteen miles from Athens towards Boeotia. of Deinon Colophon, (Dinon), author of a History of Persia,

C. Fabricius Luscinus, Curius and Atilius a representative of the sterling virtues of the more ancient times, ambassador to Pyrrhus at Tarentum after the disastrous battle of Heracleia, 280 B.C., consul in 278 B.C., censor in 275, with the severity of a Cato.

Fabricius, like

G Gabinian way, Via Gabina (earlier called Via Tiburtina), leading eastwards from Rome to Tibur (Tiyoli).

Galatia, a district in central Asia

Minor.

Gordyene, a district of southern Armenia, lying east of the river Tigris.

Gorgias,

of

Leontini

in

Sicily,

famous for his eloquence, came on an embassy to Athens in 427 age, life

B.C.,

when

sixty

years of

and spent the rest of his that and neighbouring

in

cities, amassing great wealth as a paid teacher of rhetoric. Granicus, a river of Troas, flowing north into the Propontis.

Hamilcar, placable

surnamed

enemy

Barcas,

of the

im-

Romans,

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES father of Hannibal, and founder the Carthaginian empire in Spain, died in '229 B.C. Hecatombaeon, the first month of the Attic calendar, corresponding nearly to our July. a name given to the Helots, original inhabitants of Laconia of

who had lost both land and freedom. They were state slaves. See Perioeci. Heracleia (p. 423), called Pontica, to distinguish it from the many other cities of the same name, a of

Bithynia (or Phrygia Minor) on the southern shore of city

the Euxine Sea. Heracleides, called Ponticus from his birth n Heracleia Pontica, a pupil of Plato and Aristotle,

and a learned and voluminous writer on almost all possible Cicero thought him subjects. superstitious and uncritical. Hieronymus the Rhodian, a disciple of

Aristotle,

by

about

flourishing

300 B.C. Little him, though he

is

known about

is

often quoted

Cicero.

Hippocrates,

name,

and

the second of that the most famous

physician of ancient times,

460-

357 B.C.

Hyrcanian Sea, another name for from the the Sea, Caspian province of Hyrcania to the S.E. of

it.

I

Iberia, a country east of Colchis,

between the Euxine and Caspian Seas. the Ides,

fifteenth

Roman month

in

day

of

the

March, May,

the thirJuly, and October; teenth in the other months. Idomeneus, of Lampsacus, a pupil and friend of Epicurus (342of biographical 270 B.C.), author " The Socratics," and works on

"

The Demagogues."

Ino, daughter of Cadmus, and wife of Athamas, the king of Orcho-

menus

in

Boeotia.

After

her

death she waa worshipped as AcLeuqcthea, a sea goddess cording to one of the many myths connected with her name, she became mad with jealousy of a female slave, and slew her own son. See Plutarch, Roman Questions, 16. Ion, of Chios, a

popular poet at between 452 and 421 author of a prose work " entitled Sojourns," in which

Athens

B.C., also

he recounted his experiences with

famous men

of his time. the celebrated Attic orator and rhetorician, 436-338

Isocrates, B.C.

the great hero of the Argonautic expedition, husband of Medeia.

Jason,

Lamptrae, name

of two demes, or townships, in S.E. Attica. a island in the large Lemnos, northern part of the Aegean

Sea.

Leucothea. See Ino, Lycaonia, a district in central Asia between Galatia and Minor, Cilicia.

Lycurgus, the semi-historical lawgiver of Sparta, where he was honoured as a god. Lysias, the Attic orator, 458-378 B.C.

M Maeotis, Lake, the modern Sea of Azov, N.E. of the Euxine Sea. Maimacterion, the fifth month of the Attic year, corresponding nearly to our November. Mardians, a tribe on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. Marsi, an ancient people of central Italy, akin to the Sabines. After their defeat in 89 B.C., they were admitted to the Roman citizenship, with the other Italians.

627

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES llelanthius, an author of tragedies and elegiac poems, contemporary

with Cimon at Athens. Melissus,

natural of

a

famous

philosopher, a

disciple led the against

of

Samos,

Parmenides,

Samians

who

successfully

the month in March, May, July, and October, and on the fifth day of the other months. Numantia, a city in the northern

part

of

Metellus Pius, Q. Caecilius, obtained the surname of Pius for persuading the people to recall his father, Metellus Numidicus,

banishment. He was a general under Sulla, and consul with him in 80 B.C. He died about 63 B.C.

after a Afri-

by Scipio

siege

canus, in 134 B.C.

Pericles.

Mesopotamia, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers above Babylonia. Metageitnion, the second month of the Attic calendar, corresponding nearly to our August.

taken

Spain,

memorable

O Oropus, a town and district on the northern and eastern borders of Attica and (respectively)

much

Boeotia,

in

dispute

be-

tween Athenians and Thebans. Orpheus, the mythical singer of Thrace, and one of the Argonauts.

from

successful

Mithridates,

the

Pontus bearing

sixth this

king

of

name, com-

monly known

as Mithridates the 120-63 B.C., the most Great, formidable enemy of the Romans in the East. Mitylene the largest city of Lesbos, off the N.W. coast of Asia Minor. Mygdonia, a district in the N.E. of

Rome,

between 150 and 110

the (or Naucrates), rhetorician, a pupil of Isocrates. He composed models of funeral orations for men of note. Neanthes, of Cyzicus, a voluminous writer of history, who flourished about 240 B.C. He belonged to the school of Isocrates. Roman bioCornelius, Nepos, grapher and historian, a conand friend of Cicero. temporary Nicomedeia, capital of Bithynia, at the N.E. corner of the Pro-

Nausicrates

Mygdonia

(Q.v.).

Nones, the ninth day before the Ides of the Roman month, falling therefore on the seventh day of

flourishing B.C.

Parthia, in the time of Lucullus, a vast realm to the east of Armenia, Assyria, and Mesopotamia. Peisistratus, tyrant of Athens in

560 B.C

,

and during seventeen

of

the thirty-three years thereafter. Pelopidas, Theban general and bosom friend of statesman,

Epaminondas,

killed

in

battle

364 B.C.

an (or Pergamus), ancient city of Mysia, in Asia on river the Caicus. Minor, After 283 B.C., it was the seat of

Pergamum

the Attalid dynasty. the name of those inhabitants of Sparta who kept their lands and personal liberty, unlike the Helots, but who did not exercise the rights of citizen-

Perioeci,

ppntis.

628

Rome. Pamphylia, a country on the south coast of Asia Minor, between Lycia and Cilicia. Panaetius, of Rhodes, the Stoic ph losopher, chief founder of the Stoic school at

Mesopotamia.

Nisibis, the chief city of

Pagasae, a city in S.E. Thessaly, at the head of a gulf of the same name, famed in story as the port from which Jason set Bail with the Argonauts. Palatium, the Palatine hill of

ship.

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES Perseus (pp. 347, 363), the last king of Macedonia, son of Philip V. He graced the triumph of Aemilius Paulus in 167 B.C., and died at Rome several years later. Perseus (p. 411), the famous Argive hero, son of Zeus and Danae, slayer of the Gorgon Medusa. Phalerum, the ancient harbour of Athens, before Themistocles fortified the Peiraeus. Phanias, the Lesbian, of Eresos, the most distinguished pupil of Aristotle after Theophrastus, a prolific writer on philosophy and a historical romancer. history,

Phanodemus, annals,

a

after

Cleidemus

writer of Attic the manner of

(Q.V.).

Pharnacia, a city of Pontus, on the southern shore of the Euxine. N.E. of Cabeira. Phasis, a river of Colchis, flowing into the Euxine at its eastern end. Philip (p. 139), of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great, secured the leadership of Greece in the battle at Chaeroneia, 338 B.C. Philip (p.335), Philip V of Macedon, father of Perseus, from 216 B.C. his death in 179 a formidable of Rome. Philo (p. 607), the Academic, of till

enemy

Larissa, removed from Athens to Rome about 88 B.C., where he was teacher of Cicero, and where he died about 80 B.C. Phlya, a deme, or township, somewhere in the N.E. of Attica. Phrygia, a large province in western

and north-western Asia Minor. of Naucratis and Phylarchus, Athens, a Greek historian who flourished about 220 B.C., to whom Plutarch is much indebted in his Agis and Cleomcnet. Pitane, an ancient Aeolian city on the N.W. coast of Asia Minor. Polybius, the Greek historian of the Punic Wars, of Megalopolis, in Arcadia, born about 204 B.C., one of the Achaean exiles (see Acha (i) in 167. In Rome, he resided In

the house of Aemlllus Paulus, and became the intimate friend of the younger Scipio, with whom he was present at the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. Pontus, a large district in N.E.

Asia Minor, stretching along the

southern shore of the Euxine. Potamus, the name of a deme, or in eastern Attica.

township, Propontis,

the

intermediate

sea

between the Aegean and the Euxine. connected with the former by the Hellespont, with the latter by the Thracian Bosporus. Pydna, a town on the Thermaic gulf, S.E. of Macedonia. Pyrrhus, king of Epeirus from 295 till his death in 272 B.C. From 280 till 274 he was campaigning in Italy

and

Sicily.

Sabines, a people occupying the western slopes of the central in Italy. They were subdued by Curius Den290 B.C., and hi 268

Apennines, finally

tatus

in

became Roman citizens. Sallust, C. Sallustius Crispua, 8634 B.C. He was a partisan of

who made him governor Numidia, where he amassed

Caesar, of

wealth. He afterwards wrote histories of the conspiracy of Catiline and of the Jugurthine war. Samnites, inhabitants of Samnium, great

the

mountainous

central

Italy

district

lying

of

between

Latium and Apulia.

In 290 B.C. Curius Dentatus won the honour of putting an end to the Samnite

wars after they had lasted

fifty

years.

Samothrace, an northern part

island of the

in

the

Aegean

Sea. Scepsis, an ancient town east of the Troad, which in later times became subject to Pergamum, and a seat of learning.

629

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES Scopas, the Thessalian. See Crannon. surnamed Nicator, Seleucus, founder of the Syrian monarchy,

353-280 B.C. one of the Cyclades islands, S.E. of Attica, proverbial for poverty and insignificance. one of the greatest Sertorius, soldiers bred by the Roman civil Seriphus,

wars,

who

successfully opposed

the best generals of the aristocratic party in Spain from 82 in his assassination B.O. till 72. Sicyon, an important city in N.E.

Peloponnesus, about two miles south of the Corinthian gulf. Simonides of Ceos, one of the greatest lyric

poets

of

Greece,

556-467 B.O. Sinope, an important Greek city on the southern shore of the Euxine Sea, in N.E. Paphlagonia. a district of S.W. Sophene, Armenia. Sophists, a general name for paid teachers of rhetoric and philosopy, like Gorgias. Stesimbrotus, of Thasos, a sophist and rhapsodist of note in Athens during the times of Cimon and Periclen. Sthenis, of

Olynthus, a famous statuary at Athens, who flourished about 350 B.C. Strabo, the geographer (philosopher, p. 565), lived during the times of Augustus.

Minor through Cilicia and south of Armenia into Media. Tegea, an ancient city in S.E. Arcadia, of Peloponnesus. Tempe, a famous valley in N.E. Thessaly. Tenedos, an island about five miles west of the Troad, in the N.E. Aegean. Tenos, one of the Cyclades islands, S.E. of Attica. Thargelion, the eleventh month of the Attic calendar, corresponding nearly to our May. Themiscyra, a plain and city in Pontus, near the mouth of the river

Thermodon.

the most famous pupil of Aristotle, and his successor as head of the Peripatetic school at Athens. He was born at Eresos in Lesbos, and died at Athens in 287 B.C., at the age of

Theophrastus,

eighty-five.

Theoppmpus,

of

Chios,

a fellow-

pupil of Isocrates with Ephorus, historian of Greece from 411 to 394 B.C., and of Philip of Macedon

(360-336

B.C.).

Tibareni, a tribe on the northern coast of Pontus. Tigranocerta, the city of Tigranes, later capital of Armenia, in Mygdonia, west of Nisibis, just south of the Taurus. Tigris, the great river rising in Armenia and flowing between Mesopotamia and Assyria. Timocreon, of Rhodes, a lyric poet,

now known

chiefly for his hatred of Themistocles and Simonides of

Ceos.

Talaura, a stronghold in Pontus.

Tanagra, a town and

district

in

S.E. Boeotia.

Tarentum, a Greek

city

in

S.E.

surrendered to the 272 B.C., was betrayed into the hands of Hannibal in 212, and recovered by Fabius in 209. Taurus, a general name for the lofty range of mountains extending from Lycia in Asia Italy.

It

Romans

630

in

of rescued Timoleon, Corinth, Syracuse from its tyrant (Bionysius II) and the Carthaginians in 343 B.C., and became virtual master of Sicily, though without office.

He

died

in

Syracuse,

337 B.C. Troezen, a city in S.E. Argolia, of Peloponnesus. Trophonius, received worship and had an oracle in a cave near Lebadeia in Boeotia.

DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES the Stoic Q. p. 599), Aelius, a pupil of Panaetius, flourished in the century before

Tuberp

where he became a teacher, was patronised and praised by Cicero, and amassed wealth.

Lucullus, and could not have seen him playing Xerxes. The

may have come from Lucius Tubero, the relative and intimate jest

friend of Cicero, who cultivated literature and philosophy. Tusculum, an ancient city of Latium, fifteen miles S.E. of

Rome,

In the

Vesta, an ancient Roman divinity, identical with the Greek Hestia as goddess of the hearth and fireBide. The Vestals were her virgin priestesses.

Alban mountains.

became a favourite resort of wealthy Romans. Tyrannic the Grammarian, of Amisus in Pontus. He was taken to Rome by Lucullus, It

Xenocrates, of Chalcedqn, 396314 B.C., a pupil and disciple of became head of the Plato, Academy in 339 B.o.

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A.

Fairbanks.

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