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IJ:'N~nlrTIlMIOr. A8HN BIOI\IOOHK
PXAIO:.Or.
::Yf :iTOVAAJ:nt
•ApIO. HIp)". mcray.
XpovOAoy.!
BY
JOHN
YLOS
HACKER ART BOOKS New York
1980
q
I
L _1...'--'''1 I
First PublJshed 1971, New York. ReIssued 1980 by Hacker An Books, New York ubrary of Congress Caralogue Card Number 79-91823 Inrernarional Srandard Book Number 0-87817-267-X
Pnnted In the United States ofAmenca.
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FO RI \\ 0 R() . . . • • • \'11 • • • J~TRODI ( n()~ . • • • • • • IX • \BHRI YJ \ rIO,:- . ..l • • • • PJCTORI \1 S )1 RCi' . • • · . . . X lJl \(;OR \ . . . . . . . . . • • • 1 \ ,OR \ OF C \I S.\R _\~D AL'CI S1TS . . . 28 \ ;OR \~O\lJO~ . • • • • • 37 • • • • • '" II h.lIl ! • • • '" ROPOLH I A.-ROPOLlJ: ~IYCI::S.-\E -\); SPRJ):G HOeSE A. \[Y=,EIO); . . . . . . . . . . _WHRODITE HEGDI0~E •-\='D :\PHRODITE OCRA~L-\ :\POLLO DELPHINIOS . . • .WOLLO HYPOAKRAlO • • .WOllO PATROOS •-\POlLO PYTHIOS . . • • • • • _-\RES . . . . . . . . . . • .-\RTE\1I .-\GROTER.-\. . • • .-\RTDll ARI TOBOliLE . • .-\RTE\!I BRAliRO='IA • .\ KLEPIEIO=' . . . . . . • • • .-\ KLEPIEIO): PRI=,G HOC E . .\THE='.-\, .-\RCHAIOS );AOS .
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14 • • • .-\THE='A :-':IKE • 15 • • • .-\THE=' . . . . • • • • • 1 0 • BALA.YEIA • • • • 191 • • • BOCLECTERI00: • • 196 CHALKOTHEQUE . . . . • • • • 198 • ElEC L'IO:-': . . . • • • 204 E):='EAKROUl'\OS·KALLIRRHOE . . . . 210 EPO. 'Y"IOC HEROES. . . 213 • • ERECHTHEI00: . . . . . . • • 228 EROS AND APHRODITE . . . . • • 233 - GY.\INA JU~l OF PTOlEi\IY . . . . . . . 242 HADRJAN, AQUEDUCT OF • • 244 • HADRJAi':, LIBRARY OF • • • • • • 253 fIADRIAi':', ARCH . • • • 258 HEKATO.\IPLDO, . • • • • • 261 HLPHAJ TOS . . . . • • • HERAKLE AI.EXIKAKOS . 274 278 • HLRAKlLS PANKRATES " • • • 281 HOROLOGION OF A DRONIKOS • • • 289 lLISSO ARLA . • • • •
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323 KODRO~, l\.LLL SAD BASILe. . . . 332 KRONO A 0 RliEA • • • • ••••• 335 •
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KYNOSARGl:. . . . . • • • . • • 340 • LATRlt E . . " .... 34{ • • • • • • LYKEIO " . . • • • L Y IKRATES ;\'IONU.\IEl\:T . • • ~IETROON IN THE AGORA . " ... 352 NIKIAS 110N ;\[ENT . . .. .. ( 35:: ) Y;\IPHE . . . . . 361 ODEION OF AGRIPPA " .. . . 365 • ODEION OF HERODES ATTlCUS r8 • • ODEIO OF PERIKLES . 387 • • OIKIA . . . . 392 • • • • • • OLY;\IPIEION. . . . 402 PALLADION . 412 • • • · . . . . . 41PAN . . . . . • • • • • 422 .. ... P NATHENAIC \VIAY . . . · . . . 429 P Al'\HELLENION . . • • 432 PA~TAINOS, LIBRARY OF • · 439 PA~THEON . . . . . . . .. • • PARTHE):ON . . . . . . , . · 444 · . 45 PERIBOLOS OF THE T\,\'El\'E GODS 462 • • • PHILOPAPPO ~IO~C~IEp.:T . 466 • P_ '\'X . . . . . . . 4-• • PO~IPEIO. ' . · . 4 2 • • PROPYLAIA .., 494 • • • • RO~L\ :\. '0 ACGeSTlJS 49 • • • • TADIC~1 . . . .. .... 505 • • • STO:\ OF ATTALOS . , ., STO:\ OF ATT:\LOS, 520 • E:\RLIER BeILDI~G . · . 523 • STO:\ OF EU~IENES. . · 5T STOA OF ZEU ELEUTHERIOS . , . · 534 • • • STOA \,\'ITH DINI lG·ROO~IS. THEATRE OF DIONYSOS . . , .., THOLOS . . . . . . . . . . . , ., 553 THRASYLLOS ;\101 L'~IENT. .., 56_ TRIPODS, TREET OF .., 566 ZEUS HYPSlSTOS. . . , 569 . . 5~ 3 . . . . . ZEUS PHRATRIOS. ..,
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S PPLE~I E T . .' . . JNDEX. . . . . . . . ., . .., .. ..... JNSCR IPTIO~S . . . . . ,
. . .' . ' . . . . in As th. hook IS puhltshcd simultancously In t....o )an!\ua!\cs .t was nccCSS,lr} ~lIjn!\ to secure the alphabetical order. These titles appear In it,llks.
~(lmc in~t.\nc{s
to include Ch.lpt {h adin
577 5 1 5
in Gircd,
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H ) I~ 1\ \\ () R \)
Th'ik,ll)fflll1t)\\ingLlpthL'I)!'IOIU\I \)ICIIO
\ltYOF '\N('\I;, rR')\II;1 , "\ '\1'u,tlnV(lunJtS I I , , ) I:.rntSI ,IS1WIl, nn IhL' ,gr "It cities of the allcit'lll \\ orld Ius Iwen \Vel ollle'\ III ,,'Itl"s '( II, t \le '/..elll 1'.1 II' , 011 " " ,'llltl '.11111 'lVL't)\ t Irt' k' llOll of th' (; 'mUll \rcluenlogicll InstilLl!l', ,\n L1nderl'lkin ¥ \ \ hich \1'10,. '\11'''110, ' ' . ' , . .'I'" I'L'0, tlwmt: SCIITt I \ llett I0, justilicltioll, for \thells sLlIlds in the foremost rank with her m:ln) spkndid huildings and monuments, \\ Ilnt:sse of imp rishable glon. The mod 'rn clpiLtI cit \, continuousl) growing upward and out w:ll'(l, impall" 10 som" of th . ,In ient Il1nnuments perpetually ch,lnging criteria and new fram's of ret'tn;nce, whil ' others m;linlain their pride of pLtce e\'l'n in their present surroLlndings and form well ni,'h unalterable focal points. Fortun'lteh it has prO\ed possible to win John '1'1':1\ los over \~Cll;'.l
\'lllE, ",
to
the project of the PIC'roIlT\!. \)ICI10NAltY 01'
an advantage which cannOI he ovelTSlimated, hcc;luse Mr. 'J'rav!os has :In incompar;,bk
kno\\'kdge of the ancient remains, both those which still stand abm ,
C
ground and those which h:lvL' Ix'cn un '
e;lrthed; and it is eXCiI\-ated remains in particular, thal must bc represent 'd in:1 pictori;11 dictionar), one aim or \\ htcb is
to
documellt the topography of
thens. This monumental work by John 'l'ravlos, shaped b) conditions
"asth difTcring from those obtaining in Rome, sen-es, I think, the caLIse of scholarly research as well as melling the demand
made upon a standard reference work. \~armesl thanks gO to 1\11'. 'l'r:lvlos for accomplishing a
great and difficult task. \Ve also gratefulh ;\ckno\Vkdge support from the SOCieL)
0
Friends of the Cnm'ln
.\rchaeological [nstitute (Theodor- \Viegand Ce, ellschaft) \\ hich has made puhl i ation of this t!ocumental'\ work possible.
Berlin, June 21 st 1970
I'IILT 1\lllt
t.
[
TRODUCTION
\"ith the establishmcnt of thc independcnt m() d ern G reek state and rani I I .h h .\ rc Iue logicll Socicl\' in I H3~ hrge scal .' ' " . cu ar y Wit t e foundation of the • . , ' . .• e eXC:1yatlons began in Athens . had be '11 1 uric I for ccnturies, not ani)' on th \ I' , t o uncover anCient monuments that _ . e 1 croJ 0 IS, blll also In the 1 0 ' 'rh . , w '1" put hsh':I trom time to time in variOl I I' ,. wer town. e results of thiS work IS arc laeo oglcal periodicals and I ' bl b gLlphs doling \\ ith both the topo<>r'lphy and th a so In nota e oaks and monob' .' e monuments of Athens Among th d' W I book. hrst publish'd in 1905 and re-published' 1931 . I ".. ese stu les ather Judeich's . In Wit 1 additions and co ' , I d . know[ 'd.~~c t f the ancient cin·. This book is a I . d 'II . rrectlons, IS a an mark In our . . , c asslc an WI always remall1 a v I bi 'd th' 'I eurac\' of its obs n'ations and the rich bib!' h': a ua e al to study because of , IOgrap y It contall1s Recent large scale ex r' h whos b ginning coincides exacth' with the appearanc f] d . I' . '. . cava IOns, owever, _ " e0 u ell' 1 s second edition have mad d' I . . SlOn ot the whole work necessan'. ' e a ra lea revlL
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Th most important ofth se" excavations for our knowledge of the t opograp h yo f t h e city ' was that of the Agora. _ . ' " . \1 so Import.1I1t \\ ere the eXCayatlOns at the keramelkos,ine th regIOn " 0 f t h e P nyx, along the whole north and . ' . outh, slopes of the AcropolIs, In the regIOn of the Olnnpieion a,n d near r:T • . , " "-0 Ionos H"IpplOS C lor the dIscovery of Plato s Academy. . t h e R oman A gora and .. . _ . Interestll1g . , smaller excavations took place on the Acro po ].IS, In In the Llbran' to these regular.' planned excavations we must al so no t e t h e tiC 'h arc h ' , ' .of Hadnan. In addltlon . . ' aeoI oglcal dlsco~'enes made by chan.ce .In the course of bUlldll1g operations, particularly during the last ten years. Thanks to thIS unprecedented bUlldll1g boom, new information has been gathered which allows us to understand the la\'-out of almost the whole of the ancient cit\,. In 1960 I published a general study on the deYelopment of the city-plan of Athens in which the lay-out of the city was given in various key periods of its history, from the establishment of the first settlers down to our own times. I haye always had in mind, ho\\'ever, the preparation of a special study referring principally to the area and the monuments of the ancient city from an architectural point of view and based on the results of the latest excavations and my own observations o\-er the last forty years. In the present book, Pictorial Dictiol/ary of AI/cimt Athms, I present all the new disco\'eries and the yarious theories that have been expressed about them as well as my own conclusions. I should like to thank most warmly the President of the German .\rchaeological Institute, Professor Kurt Bittel, and also my friend, Professor Emil Kunze, formerly Director of the German Archaeological Institute in Athens, for the honor which they did me in asking me to write this book as one of the series of Institute publications. The publication has been undertaken by the well known publishing house Ernst \\'7a smuth, Tubingen, and its director, :-fr. Gi.inther \'i'asmuth, a friend of arts and letters, has taken the greatest pains over the appearance of the book. I began collecting photographs, preparing plans and writing the text in 1965, but the time at my disposal wa limited because of other obligations. I was able to bring the work to completion, howeYer, through the strong support of my friend Professor Homer A. Thompson who obtained lea\'e of absence for me from my work at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens and at the same time an jl1\-itation to the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton for the academic year 1967-1968 where I finally finished the job. I should like to offer my warmest thanks to Professor Thompson and also to Professor Carl Kaysen, Director of the Institute at Princeton, for their support. .' . ~fy Greek text in its final form was handed over to an American archaeologist fot translatIOn Into Enghsh. On her personal request she wants to remain anonymous. The architecht]\[r. \\'. Hoepfner, took care of th German version. To both lowe many thanks for their trulj' accurate rendering of my Their success is not onh' to their knowledge of Greek but mainly to their knowledge of the topograph) and monuments ot .\thens .lI1d
te~r.
~ue
the related problems. ieaL ~ly thanks are also due to the present Director of the German l\rchaeolog Institute in ,,\th'.ns, Profe. o~ U. Jantzen, and most especially to the Editor of the .. lfbel/iscbe .I/illfilflllgm, !lLr. ). hmldt, tor hiS r ad} assistance. I am also obliged to the former members of the Institutc, 1111'. \'\'. Fuchs and ;\lr.G.l 'cumann.
~
I
IRODU( flO
But if low thanks to the German Institute for reali/ing the puhlication of this work, lowe a more special d bt of gratitude- to th G re k \rchacological ~erdce .lOd to the \rchaeological Society of Athens which n rou h prm id d not onh the permission but also the means for conducting excavations and imestigatiom t "ariou arch.1 ologic.ll sites in \thcn.. Ther also allowed me to usc in m\ stud) the results of excavations conduct d b\' ,.uious colleagu s as ,\ ell a, the right to republish photographs of archaeological discoveries. :\mong th se colkagu', .lr' included successi\'e Directors of the .\cropolis, Messrs. 1. ~Iiliadis, .t". Platon and G. Dontas, th Dir ctor of the '\;ational \rchaeological i\1u eum, Mr. B. Kallipolitis, the Director of the Epigra. phicll "Ius urn, \lrs. K. Pepp.l·Delmousou, and the Ephors of the Third "\rchaeological District of Athens, "lr.Ph.:tanopoullos and the .:\llsses B.Philippaki, .\.Andriomenou, and O.Alexandri. To all of these I give mv mo t especial thanks. For providing photograph for publication I am further grateful to the Trustees of the Briti h .:\Iuseum, to the Berlin .:\Iu. urn, to the .\merican School of Classical Studies, to the former Director of the Agora Excavations, "fr. H,"\. Thompson and to :\1iss •\lison hantz. In the List of Illustrations the source of each photograph is noted, and the names of the archaeologists and photographers who were so kind a to giYC me prints from their personal files arc recorded. A great man) of the photograph come from the im aluable collection of the German Archaeological Institute, and a certain number have been prodded by the Director of the Kc.rameikos Excavations, \Ir. F. Willemsen, and his colleagues the architects :\Iessrs. G. Gruben and W·. Hoepfn r, \\hom I would speciall) thank. The text of the Dictional:.> consists of eighty chapten in which are included monuments, temples, sanctuaries and yarious other buildings of anciem Athens that haye been disco\ ered and can be certainh'. identified, or which I think can be identified. Other topic, of which there is a large number, are simply memioned or noticed briefly with bibliographical references in the chapters dealing \\ ith the topography of.\thens in general..-\ a result the reader will ha\'e to look up these topics in the general index at the end of the volume which is the work of :\fis E. Brandt and ~1iss A. Kokkou. In each chapter and for each special topic bibliographical references arc gi\·en. These refer mainl) to recem studies, but an exception has been made for certain old books that comain Yaluable information as well as for those that hare extensi\'e earlier bibliographies.•-\s a basic principle we haye tried to include those pll blications which describe and identify the monument immediately after their disco\·ery. In the difficult task of compiling the bibliograph) I haye receiyed im aluable assistance from :\[iss .-\. Kokkou. he has also willingly assi ted me in the whole process of publication of the pres or book. ~
Athens, April 1970
J. TR \\ LQ,
J\BIIREVI/\TIO .\A \gor., Guide
\ rch~H') It)g ischl't' \ n;rl'i~tl'r
The \ t helll.t n \ g:or;t, .t\ G II ide to I he 1 "C.l\.\1 ion ,\ltd \Iuseum, .Athens 1962
\llInic.lll .Iourn"l of \rchaeology \ llIertc.1l1 .I ou rn.d of Ph iInlogy :\tilleilungen des Deulschen ,\rchaologischen InSlituls .\thenische Ableilung ' \PZ)\OYLXC(" \ 'V:X),S:X7{X e:; '" , \ V::(),OX7"X :X!.O '_\01jVW\) \nnali dell']nslitulo di Corrispon\nn.,11 d ,ll'lnSlltUIO denza \rcbeologica \nnuario della cuoia i\ rcheologica di \nnu.ulo \lene ,\nrike Denkmaler, berausgegeben \nrD nk. yom Kaiserlieh Demseben Arehaologischen Institut, Berl in 1891-1931 Anzeiger der Akademie der \\issenAnz\\ i n schaften, \\ien, Phil.-hist. Klasse Atti del settimo congresso inrernazioAtti nalc di Archeologia Classiea, I 1ll, Roma 1961 Arehaologisehe Zeitung .\Z Bulletin of the Archaeological InstiB '\I.\ tute of America BAC"EISTLR, Denkmaler A. BAI"'EISTER, Denkmaler des Klassischen l\ltertums, I-III, l\IunehenLeipzig 1885-1888 Bulletin de Correspondance llelleBCH OIque Bu!letino de!l'lnstitutO di CorrisponBdI denza Areheologica ]. D. BEAZLEY, Attic Black-Figure BEAZLEY, AB\' Vase-Painters, Oxford 1956 E. BEULE, L'Acropole d'i\thenes, BECLE, Acropole I-II , Paris 1853 -1854 R. BOil"', Die Propylaen der AkropoBOilS, Propylaen lis zu Athen, Berlin-Stuttgart 1882 C. BOTTlCIIER, Bericht ubet die CnBOTTICIIER, Cntertetsuchungen auf der Akropolis ,'on suchungen Athen im Fnihjahre 1862, Berlin 1863 A. BRccK"'ER, Der Friedhof am BRCCKSER, Friedhof Eridanos bci der J lagia Triada zu Athen,Berlin 1909 Annual of the British School at Athens BSA Papers of the British School at Rome BSR Bulletin de la Societe Royale des LetBull. Lund tres de Lund E. BUSCIIOR, Die Tondacber der BUSCIIOR, Tondiicher Akropolis, I IT, Berlin Leipzig 1929 bis 1933 S. CASSO'"', Catalogue of tbe AcropoCASSO,"" Acropolis lis Museum , II , Cambridge 1921 ,'vfuseum . CAVVAD'A')-KAWI RAl')
Akropolis
P. CAVVADJA~
-
G.
hAWI RAU,
Die
Ausgrabung der Akropolis yom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890, Athen 1906 rC:\ll.z·~ rjUVeJ.Eu('n<; TeW
-, P.E),WV 'rl}C; ev
, AO'hn,~ , i\pZ"'lO),('Y'x'ij~' 8.,.~,pd"'~ repry.c; . A VTWVL'jU Kep a t.Lo1tf.Ju).,),Ol), ,i\ O'ij'J~' 1953
~
U lcd. CQ
(.Iassica <:l J\Jcc.Jiacvalia The Classical Quarterly
eVA
Corpus Vasorum AntlqulJrUm
Cunnus, Abhandlungen L C,' llfJUS, Gesammehe Abhandlungen,] II, Berlin 1894 Cunn us, Stadtgeschichte E. CURTlLS, Die StadtJ.leschicht< \(,n Alhen, Berlin 1891 DEJ,OR\IE, GymnaslOo J. Du,on"c, Gymnasion. (tude sur les monuments consacrcs a I'e-due Ilion en Grece, Paris 1960 ~zi;: .
',i..\ FI.'1.~rJ ) ,f)Y~z'.J') 'A -' LJ,Z)::!.'J'J
DCUB"'ER, Feste
L. Dcun"cR, Attische Feste, Berlin 1932 DICKI"S, Acropolis G, DICKI"S, Catalogue of the i\CroMuseum polis [useum, I, Cambridge 1912 DINS~tOORJ Architecture \X'. B. DISS"OOR, The Architecture of Ancient Greece, London 1950 DOPapers Dumbarton Oaks Papers \X'. DORPFELO, Alt-Athen und seine DORPFCLO, Alt-Athen Agora, I-Il, Berlin 1937-1939 ~I e:yc{)"-f) (E)~)\-'1\J !'y".~ 'EYXIJxi fJ T:'l. tod ':J. 'Eyxux),orrcu8e:LCI. J. M, ED"O"DS, The Fragments of Eo"o"os, C. A. F. l\ttic Comedy, I-II!, Leiden 1957 bis 1961 , J\ PX""o ),OylX'r,"E'CP'r,fL"P'~ ' , Ecp'r,IL, Festschrift \\'. ]udeieh zum ,0. GeFestschrift ]udeich burtstag uberreieht "on ]enaer Fteunden, W'eimar 1929 Aus Antike und Orient. Feslschrift Festschrift chubart \'C chubart zum 75. GebuTtstag, Leipzig 1950 Antike Griechische Theaterbaulen, FIECIITER) Das Das Dionysos-Thealer in ;\then: Diom'sos-Theater , Heft 5, E. FrEcHTER, 1. Die Ruine, Stuttgart 1935, Hefr 6, R.I1ERBIG, II. Die Skulpturen ,'om Buhnenhaus, Stuttgart 1935, Hefr 7, E. FIECHTER, Ill. Einzelheiten und Baugeschichle, Stuttgart 1936, Heft 9, E. FrEcHTER, IV. Nachtrage, StuTtgart-Koln FRAZl.:.R)
Pausnoias
FuF GaR GINOU\'ES,
B;dancutikc
GO,,"E, Thucydides
GRAINOOH.
j\ug-ustc
GRAINDOJ{,lladricn
GnAINoon, t Icro,1c Atticus GH.AtSDOIt,
Traj.lI1
Tih\.'rc-
1950 J. G, FRAZER, Pausanias's Description of Greece, I -VI, London 1898 Forsehungen und Fortschritte Greece and Rome R. GINoud:s, Balaneutikc. R cherehes sur Ie bain dans I'antiquite grecque, Paris 1962 A. W', GOM"E, A Historical Commelltary on Thueydides, 1 lII, Oxford 1950 -1956 P. GH1\l~OOR. J\thcncs
I.e Caire 19T
SOliS
.\lI~lIstC.
,
P. GRAI!"\DOR, \rhcnc~ $OUS ll.tdrlcn.
I.e Caire 1934 . P. GR\t"UOR, 'Cnmilli.trd;tir ;lOtl~~C, t lCrode \!ticlls et '.1 f.lmilk, I.e (.It \930 , P. C;R.\I"nOR, \thi.'ncs d Tibcrc a Tr.tjan, I.e e,ire 193\
n
.\BBRE
RB' H
1\1 0: " :\fVlholo~y
H\\\ BEBF R DH.
Pon"-
s ulptur Hu L, \thens
Greek. Roman and Bynntine Studies J.E.II. RRISO 1. DL G. \ I RRAII. :\fythology .lnd 1\[onuments of \ncient \thens, I.ondon 1890 Il.1ndbuch der k1.,ssischcn l\llertul11s\\ issensch,1ft R.l h lILRnry. \Itattische Porosskulptur, \\ ien 1919 I. T. [lILt. The \ncient City of Athens, London 1953
I u:nBUH~, '.Axp6;-;oAI~ ~. I.\Kllll [ j I1~, 'II 11 [UKr,VCXLX1} '\Xp67tOAI~
TWV '\O"l)vwv, '.\O'ijvCXI
1962 Inscriptiones Graeeae IG F. JACOBY, Die Fragmente der GrieJ \cOBY, F. G.H. chischen Historiker Jahrbuch des Deutschen ArchilOlogiJdI schen Instituts The Journal of lIelien ic Studies JH Journal International d'>\rcheologie JIAN • • umlsl11atlque Journal of the Royal Institute of BriJournal RIBA tish \rchitects The Journal of Roman StudIes JRS JUDEICH, Topographie \\ . J L'OEICII, Topographie von ,-\-then, J\lunchen 1931" LEAKE, Topography \\ . 1\1. LEAKE, The Topography of Athens, London 1841 ;\Lo\RTI"', L'agora R. 1\IARTIK, Recherches sur l'agora grecque grecque, Paris 1951 \'f. A. ::\lcDoNALD, The Political ::\IcDo".uo, Meeting Places leeting Places of the Greeks, Baltimore 1943 :\ldI 1\litteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts :\lemIstVen. l\femorie. Istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti ;\lusB Le Musee BeIge :\1YLo"As,l\lycenae G. MYLONAS, Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age, Princeton 1966 OIKO. 'O'UOES, The A.N. OIKO"O~fIDES, The Two AgoTwo Agoras ras in Ancient Athens, Chicago 1964 OJh. Jahreshefte des Osterreichischen Archaologischen Instituts in \X'ien Op:\rch. Shifter utgivna av Svenska Institutet j Rom. Opuscula Archaeologica PB Excavations of the Athenian >\gora. Picture Books. Princeton IIA[JAnA:-;';oIIOY1\O~,A. IIAIIAl'IANNOnOY1\Ol:'E;-;lyp~,,,?,,,l IIAAAlO~, , ApzaLe
- ,€V '\0'r,VCJ.I~" , A PZ'OWJII PCJ.X-rIXOC,7r,~
II pcxx-:. 'Ax?:/).
RA RALBI rSCIlEK,
l.\TIONS Dedications RI3Phl1.
•
tOlec
RE RF.A Re\ Phil. Rhl\l Rour'RT, Thymelc Ross•. \ufsatze SBJ Ieidelherg
S131\1unchen
SEG
Paull's Reolencyelopadie der class;schen Alterrumswissenschaft. Neue Bearbeitung Revue des (,tudes Anciennes Revue de Philologie, de Lltterature et d'i Iisroirc Anciennes Rheinisches Museum fur Philologle F. RourRT, Thymcle, Paris 1939 L. Ross, Archaologische Aufsatze, 1-11, Leipzig 1855-1861 Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der \,(,issenschaften. Phil.hist. Klasse Sitzungsberichte der Akademie def \i;'issenschaften zu Munchen. Phil.hist. Klasse Supplementum Epigraphicum GraeCU1TI
Tp.\ Y.\O~,
L.D. CASKEY, H.N. FOWLER, J.M. rATO"", G. P. STE\ C'"', The ErechIheum, Cambridge C\lass. 192J. STUART - . RE\'ETT, The Antiquities of Arhens, I-IV, London, 1762 bis 1816 Classical Studies Presented to E. Capps on his Se\ entierh Birthday, Princeton 1936 Studien zur Kunst des OSIens, J. Strzygo\\'ski zum sechzigsten Geburtsrage von seinen Freunden und Schulern, \\ ien-Hellerau 1923 Studies Presemed to D.l\L Robinson, I-II, Saim Louis 1951-1953 C. STYRE'IWS, Submycenaean tudies, Lund 196I. T p.\ y_\ O~ IIo),:::oo 0!J.!.%1t E:;Ej,!.~!.C;
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STE\'ENS-PATON. The Erechtheum STUART-RE\ETT
Stud. Capps
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Uni\ crsit\", of California. Public.1tions in Classical \rchaeology C. \\ ACII,\IUTIt, Dte Stadt \th n im \\ ACIIS\lUTII, Arhen _\lterthum, I-II, Leipzig 1 -4-1 90 O. \\ ALTER, Athen, \kropolis, \\ ien \\ ALTER, J\kropolis 1929 \\ILGAND, Poros'1'1 t. \\ IEGA'D, Dic archaischc POf(lS\rchitektur ,\rchiteklur der \,-ropolis zu \th n, Cassel Leipzig 1904 \'fREDE, J\fauern \\ . \\ RLDE, \ttische ;\f.lUern, \th n 1933 \X'YC' I II IU I Y, Tcstinloni,l R.E. \\ \CIII RI t\, I,ter.lt\ .lIld 1 pigraphlc.ll Testimoni." The \thenI.ln \gor.• III, PrInceton 19 -
University of California
) ,OyLX"fj!; - 'J'~. / :(l.LPSLClC; , IIp'ZxTLXOc ' A x'Z/) r,ILl'l~ 'AO r,v<7,v Revue Archcologique A. E. RA Bll SGIII K. Dedications
[tOm the Athenian Acropolis, Camhridge, Mass. 1949 Revue Beige de Philologie et d'His-
Ztll J II,
Sl,ldion
'\.CXpICJ,1)PLOV d~ \. K. 'Op),2VSOV, 1 4, 'AO'ijVCXI 1965 1968 It ZlIlLH , \u~&r.lhullf"cn .llll P,\tl:-. ~
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15
!)culschcs Arcluologl\chcs In"tltulll1 Athen
Drawing: by J.Travlos
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Photo Alison Frantz AT-5 Drawing by]. Travlos
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74 75
76 77
78 79 80
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84
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PhO[, :M. Vcrnardos, J. Travlos Archive Phot. !\.t. Vcrnardos, J. Travlos Archive Photo M. Vcrnardos, ].Travlos Archive
Photo Alison Frantz AT-129 DAI, Ath. Ihu. 597 DAI, Ath. Bau. 591 Drawing hI' ].Travlos
Drawing by J.Travlos Photo M. VClnardos, J.l'ravlos Archive 50 Photo M. Vcrnardos, J.1 ravlos Archive 51 Phoc. M. VcrnarJos. J.Travlos Archive 52 Ph. ~{avr(Jpoullos Collection 53 M. Barbie du Bocagc. Rccucil de c:lrtcs gcographiqucs c.lc l'ancicnnc (,fecc, 17')0 54
P. Ari~tophron Collection
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P. Arisrophron Collection Third Archaeological District uf Athens
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94 ASCS, AK 1266 ASC5, AK 1271 Drawing by J.Travlos 97 Agora Excavations ~b 311 9M Drawing by ].Travlos 99 OA1, Ath. Bau. 99 100 DA1, Alh. Var. 47 101 OAI, Alh. Var. 45 . 102 Drawing by ].Travlos Phot. M. Vcrnardos, J.Trnvlo s i\rchlvc 103 Phot. f\l. Vcrnanlos. J.Travlo s Archive 95 96
104 105 106 107 108 10') I 10 III
Agora Exc:tvations 8 174
J. 'J'r;:lVlo~ Archive Drawing by J.Travlos . Phot. ]\1. VcrnarJos, J.'J'ravlos Archl\c Pho£. 1. Vcrnllrdos. J. Tr,lVIQs Archive Phot. f\I. Vcrnardo~. J. Tr.tvIO~ Archive Photo L. Benak IS
112 113 114 115
Phot. I.. Bcn:tkill DraWing hy J. Travlo'i DraWing by J. Travl()~ Agura I.. xcavalions LXXIX 32 116 DraWing by J Travlos 117 Agora Excavations XXXVII 62 118 Photo 1. Vcrnardos. J. Travlos Archive 119 PhOto M. Vcrnardos. J. Travlf)S Archive 120 Fplgraphical Museum 121 1:.pigraphlcal.Museum 122 Epigraphical Museum 123 Agora Excavations 83 167 124 Agora Excavations LVII 82 125 Agora Excavations 4-269 126 Dtawlng by ].Travlos 127 Drawing by J. Travlos 128 Agora Excavations 5-151 129 Agora Excavations 4 268 130 Drawing by]. Travlos 131 Third ArchaeologIcal DIstrict of Athens 132 Photo Alison Frantz AT-272 a 133 Phor. J\lison Frantz AT-272b 134 Epigraphical Museum 135 OM, Atb. Bau. 651 136 Photo .M. Vernardos, J. Travlos Archive 137 Pbot. j\L Vemardos, J. Travlos Archive 138 Agora Excavations XLVII-26 139 Agora Excavations XLVIlI-64 140 Redtawing from Hesperia 28, 1959, p. 57 141 Redra" ing from Hesperia 28, 1959, p. 61
142 143
144 145 146
147 148 149 150
151 152 153
154 155 156 157 158 159
Agora Excavations LIII-51 Agora Excavarions LlII-48 Agora Excavations L-93 Agora Excavations LIX-47 i\gora E..'Xcavadons XLVnI-63 Agora Excavations I-51 Agora Excavations I-52 Agora Excavations 83-87 Agora Excav~ltions 83-343 Agora Excavations 82-622 Agora Exca\cadons 82-599 Agora Excavations 82 600 Drawing by]. Travlos Photo f\l. Vcrnardos, J.Travlos Archi\'c Drawing by ]. Travlos J. Travlos Archive J. Travlos Archive Stuart-Revert, T, Chapt. II, PI. I Phot. l\r. Vcrnardos, ]. Tra\'los ,\n.:hivc
160 161 Sr~latliche Musccn Berlin 162 ~(;l,ltliche Musccn I3crlin 163 ~tuart-Rc\'cu, I, Ch,'pt. 11, PI. 111 164
16S 16(.
167 16M 169
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219 220 221 222 223 224
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225
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226 227 228 229 230
J. Threp..adc
231 232 233
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259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268
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287
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322 323 324 325 326
327 328 329 330 331
332 333
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l\gora Excavations XL \ J[ 13
334 335
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336
Dr.\\\Ing by J. Tra.los
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337
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4~5
499
IlAI, Ile~e 1')3" Phot,~. Mcletzis J. Miliac.lis Archive l. Mlliac.lis Archive First ArchaeologICal District
500 501
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502 -fJ3 504 505
Drawing by J.Travlos I'h Ot. M. Vcrnardos, J.Travlos Archive Phot.:-"I. Vernardos. J. Travlos Archive Drawing by J. Travlos
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Agora Excavations 80 266
507
J. Threpsiades Collection
508
Drawing by J. Travlos
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Agora Excavations 83-598
515
Agora Excavations 83-631
Agora Excavations 5-317
516
Agora Excavations 80-347
454
l\gora Excavations 5-316
517
Agora Excavations 80-345
D.\!, "cr. 9 03, b
455
Drawing by J. Travlos
518
Agora Excavations 80-346
0.\1, Ker. 5954
456
Drawing by J. Travlos
519
OAI, Ath. Bau. 108
D.\!, "er. 6166
457
Agora Excavations 5-189
520
Drawing by J. Travlos
395
D.\l, Ker. 217
458
.\gara Excavations 5-145
396
Photo j lanmb,l
459
Redrawing from .\JA 14, 1910, p. 479
521 ].Travlos Archive 522-523 Greek Archaeological SeC\'ice
39~
Phor. Ilanmbal
Drawing by]. Travlos
525
PhOto D. Harissiadis
0.\1, Ker. 6063
DraWing by J. Trados Phot.:\1. Yernardos, J. Travlos ,\rchive
524
39
460 461 462 463
J.Travlos c\rch,,-e Photo l\l. \'ernardos, J. Trados .\rchive
526
Photo S. l\lelerzis
527
Photo '-:. Tombazis
528
Photo S. Meletzis
529 530
j. Trados Archive Drawing by J. Travlos
531
Phor. K Tombazis
532 533
J. Travlos Archive
534
J. Travlos Archivc
535 536 537
J. Travlos Archive Orawll1g by]. Travlos Photo fl.!. Vernardos, J. Trados Archive
538 539
OAt, Akr. 606 PhOL l\f. Vcrnardos, J TrJvlos \rchi\tC
540
DraWing by J. Travlos
541 542 543 544
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S·l5
J. "l'rados
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Drawin~ by J.TrO\·los
451
Photo f\1. Vcrnardos,
Thlru \rchacologlcal District of _\[h~ns
452
Stuart·Revert,
391
Drawm,g by J. Tra\'los after drawin~5 of kcramcikos J·.xC;l\,,\tions
453
3')2 393 394
r,
Archive
Chapt. IV, PI. VI
399
DAI, Ker. 8052
400
Phor. ,\Iison Frantz AT-103
401
Photo .\hson F ranrz AT -84
464
402
Photo .\hson Frantz AT -85
465
403
Photo Alison Franrz AT -86
466
1. l\liliadls .\rchive 1. f\IIliadis \rchi"e 1. ,\IIhadis \rchive
467
I. :\Iiliadis Archive
468
1.
469
f\gora Excavations XLH 7
470 471
DraWing by J. Travlos Agora Excavations LXVII-55
472
Drawing by J.Trados
473
DraWing by J. Travlos
474
/\gora Excavations 00 184
475 476 477
J)rawin~ by J. Travlos J\gora Excavations X X X I X 6 Agora Excavations XXXVIII 50
478
Agora Excavations XXXIII -95
479 480 481 482
Drawin~ by J.Travlos . X VI 85' Agora 1-~xcava[lons.. Agora Excavations 5 252 Agora l·.xcavallons 5 ·307 Drawing by J.Travlo s
404
0.\1, Ker. 6310
405
0.\1, Ker. 6308
406
Ph"r. Ahson Frantz AT -253
407
DAI, Ker 8516
408
DAI, Ker. 6178
409
0.\1, Ker. 5956
410
Ph"t. \Iison Frantz AT-98
411
Ph"" Alison \·ranrz AT 37
4\2 413 I .pl~raphical l\1 useum 414 DAI, Ker, 5811 415 416
Di\1, Ker, 472 Photo Ilannihal, j.Travlos /\rchlvc
417 41 fS
Drawin~
hy J.Travlos P.)\ ri"ltophron Collection [)rawln~
421
by J.Travlos P.t\ri~tophron Collection ali(Jnal Museum
422 423
'ati(JOal Museum IlCiI 51, 1927, PI. VIII
424 425 426
'ational Mu,",cum Agora I :xc<1vations 7 246 Agora I ~xcavations 7 250
427
Drawin!! hy j.Travlo'j
419 420
483 484 485 L1H6 .IM7 4MH "HC)
liliadis Archive
,46 5.17
Agora l~xC;lvatiQns (1) 152
548 549
Agor;t Agora Photo AW>fa .\gnra
liliO SSI SC;l Sc;]
LxcavatiollS 5 230 FxC,lVatiollS 5 229 . I \rchivc I VcrnilrUOS, J.·I COl'" ll!'o l.xGt\.tllOns 01) llil I.xcav"tion<; X I' 71
Drawing by J. Travlos
.\rchi\·c
0" 50<' • • \gor;l [ ·.XCil.\".ltIons 0' ... "'J Photo \1. YcrniHdos, .1. Tradlls \n:hiH~
nr.l\\"in~ h\
j. Tr.ldo~
~ \gom 1· ,Cot \.•ttions I ,'\. 1\. 5 Dr.lwing hy
J. J.
frJ.do"i.
Dr.\\\ ill.~ In I'IJ.\ los \gur.l 1 ,,,".\\ .HHlllS '\. '\. \"11 '> \gC.,H.1 1 X(.\\.UiOll"i. I.XX 89
P IeTOR IAL SOURCES 54 5
h\ J. lr.l\lo!. goca l' , ,.tl<>OS 82 160
D01\\IO"'-
5 6 Dca\\ inlor 0' J."1 r." I",
611 612 613
olo~Kd.1 DI"rnct ot \then ...
61~
61,
~62
Dr \\ inJ,t 0' J. / r.n I", J. Tr ,los \rehl\ e rlrsc \rehA ologlcal Di . . tnct of \then ... hr,t \reha. olo~ical Ol'tllct of \then, ) l~t \rcha~oIOAlcal Dl,trict of \thcn ...
563
I Ir~t \rchaeologlcJ.1 Di"trict of Athc..:n"
~ S'"
'<;9 560 ~61
Ilrst \reh
56~
Dra\\ing by J.Trados '6<; Agora bxel\ .,tlons 8~ ~98 '66 Photo \Iison Funtl \ I 2 56- D.\!, \kr. 112 56 Phor. S. :--lcleCZIs 569 •\~CS, A 1-.. 397 5-0 ASCS, AK 305 5'1 D.\I, Hege 2366 • 5-2 Photo .\lIson Funtz \ T ~ 573 Photo Ahson Frantz AT 185 57~ Photo S. iIlcietzis 5-5 Photo HannIbal 5-6 Dra\\lOg by J. Tuy!os 5~- Drawing by J. Tra\ los 5-8 Agora Excavations LX;"I \' 13 5-9-580 ~ational Museum 5 1 .\gora ExcaYations LIY-100 582 Agora Exca....tions XLYII -58 583 Drawing by J. Trav!os 5 4 Drawing by J. Travlos 5 5 Drawing by J. Trav!os 5 6 DAI, Ath. Bau. 586 5 7 DAI, Ath. Bau. 612 588 Epigraphical Museum 5 9 Photo Alison Frantz AT-220 590 Drawing by J. Trav!os 591 Hesperia 1, 1932, p. 99 592 Drawing by J. Travlos 593 Drawing by J. Trav!os 594 Hesperia I, 1932, p. 114 595 Drawing by J. Travlos 596 DraWIng by J. Travlos 597 Hesperia 5,1936, p. 152 598 Hesperia I, 1932, p. 147 599 Drawing by J. Travlos 600 Hesperia 12, 1943, p. 278 601 DAI, "at. Mus. 5136 602 Drawing by J. Travlos after drawings of Keramclk<x I-=.xcavations 603 0\1, Ker 6173 604 DAl, Ker. 6175 605 0.\1, Ker. 1977 606
DrawlOg bv 1 ./ ravlos after drawings of Kerotmeiko l.xcavations
607
DrawlOg by J. Travlos .fter drawings of Kcrameiko~ f .xcavations
(,1)8
ASCS, AK 817
6(:FJ
ASC, AK 818 DAJ, Akr. 386
610
616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 62~
625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655
656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666
lIesperi" 11, 1946, p. 8·1 Ile'peri,1 5, 1936, p, 442 Drawing by J, Travlos Dr.l\\ing by J. Travlos Photo .\Iison I'rantz .\ r 11 Photo S, Melet]1S Drawing by J. Travlos Drawing by J. Travlos Ora" ing by J. Travlos Photo S. lclews Photo Ailson Irantz \T 63 .\gora Excavations 11 89 DraWing by J. Trav!", lIesperia 15, 1946, p. 1 ]) \1, \kr. 685 D \1, l\kr. 1090 \ntDenk. I, 1891, PI. 26 Photo ".. TombaLls ZIller, radion, PI. II Drawing by J. Trav!os Ziller, . radion, PI. IV Ztller, Stadion, PI. I Photo S. :--leletzis Sruart-Revete, III, Chapt. \'Il, PI. I DAI, Ath. Bau. 411 Dra,,;ng by]. Trav!os Agora Exc.vations 80-59 Drawing by J. Travlos Drawing by J. Travlos OM, Ath. Bau. 164 \gora Excavations XLI\'-48 Agora Excavations L\'I-48 \gora Excavations 83·389 Agora Excavations 80 68 Drawing by J. Trav!os Agora Excayations LV-63 ,\gora Agora Agora Agora Agora Agora
Exc.vations Excavations Excavations I::xcavations Excavations Excavations
L \' II 66 LV-56 81 111 81-112 LXIV 68 81-239
Agora Excavations 81-246 Agora I::xcavations 812~1
E. Dod\\ ell, Views and Dc~cClptions of Cyclopian or Pclasgic Remain" in Greece and Italy, London 1834, PI. LXX] Agora Excavations 80-460 Drawing by J. Travlos Agora excavations LXIV 34 Agora Excavations LX 83 Photo M.Vemardos, J.Trav!os \rchive Drawing by J. Travlos Drawing by ],Travlos DAI, Ath. Bau. 629 Agora I 'xc,, vallons ~ X" \'1 II 8S DraWing by ].Travlos DraWing by J,Travlos
667 Agora hxcavation. 5 2')5 668 Agar. Excavation. 5 296 669 Drawing by J.Travlo, 670 Agora Ioxcavations 85 528 671 Agora I.xcav.cions I V 16 672 Agora Lxcavations XXX 18 673 Drawing by J. Tr.vlos 674 Hesperi. 23, 1954, p. 44 675 Agora Excavations LVIII 64 676 DAI, lIege 1906 677 Drawing by J. Travlos 678 DraWing by ].Tr.v!os 679 1'hot. M. Vernardos, J Travlos Archi,e 680 Photo M. Vernardos, J.Tra,los Archive 681 DAT, Ath. Bau. 613 682 DAI, Ath. Bau. 614 683 Photo Hanniba! 684 Pbot. Alison Frantz AT-292 685 Drawing by J. Travlos 686 DrawlOg by J. Trav!os 687-688 E. Fiechter, Das Dionysos-The.ter, Heft 5, p. 43 689 Phor. Alison crantz AT-293 690 Phot, M.Vernardos, J.Travlos ArchIve 691 l\gora Excavations 7-511 692 Drawing by J. Travlos 693 DraWing by J.Travlos 694 Agora Excavations 8-89 695 Drawing by J. Travlos 696 Agora Excavations 7-507 697 Drawing by J. Travlos 698 Agora Excavations 8-107 699 Drawing by J. Travlos 700 Agora Excavations XXXIX-50 701 Agora Exc...rions XXXIX--48 702 .\gora Excavations XXYJI-89 703 DraWIng hy J. Travlos 704 Photo S. Meletzis 705 ,\.\ 1938, p. 66 706 Drawing by J.Travlos -0" Sruart-Re,ete, II, Chapt. 1\-,1'1. I 708 709
710 71 J 712 713 714 715
Stuart-ReYCte, II, Chapt. IV, PI. III Le Roy, Les fUlnes des plus beaux monuments de la Grecc, I, Paris 17-0. PI. X Drav"ng by J.Traslos J. Travlos Arch"'e ).,ationa! ;'.[useum
720
J. Tras los Archiye Drawing by J. Travlos Hesperia 1, 1932, p. 19~ ...\ncicnt l\l.lrblcs in the Hnti,h \(u ...cum. IX, London 1842,1'1. >:11 llespena I, 19'>2, p. 1% lIespen., I, 1932, p. 198 ,\gor.. EA~" .nions "'\ r ·t3 lIesperia 7, 19 B, p. 616
721 722
Draw I11g \" J Tr,n 10' Dra" 109 by 1, Tr." los
716
717 718 719
1
•
1 Butldins- of the west side of the .-\gora in the 2nd cemury after Christ. Restored drawing. •~GORA: . The
part of .-\thens where the whole life of the city was concentrated, the focus of political, commerCIal, SOCIal and administrati\-e activity, was called the Agora. 1Iuch written information about the Agora has c~me down to us, both in the ",-orks of ancient authors and in inscriptions; the verr best description is that ot Pau anias, written around the middle of the 2nd century after Christ, which furnishes a guide for recognizing and identifying the buildings which have been brought to light. The location of the .-\gora north of the Acropolis and the Areopagus was established in the last century b J various small-scale exca\-ations undertaken by the Greek Archaeological Society (1859-1912) and by the German .-\rchaeological Institute (1896-189-). Chance finds also contributed information and the most important of these came from a trench opened up for the Athens-Piraeus railroad in 1891. The American School of Classical rudies has uncovered the whole _Agora, carrying our systematic excavations from 1931 until the present with an interruption of six !-ears during the war, at first under the direction of Theodore Leslie Shear (1931-1940), later directed by Homer A. Thompson (1946-1967), and by Theodore Leslie Shear, Jr. since 196 . Although the excavated buildings are in a most ruinous state, it has been possible not only' to reconstruct t·he plans and to identify them with certainty but also to establish the history and the topography of the whole area. Recent excavation have produced e,'idence to show that the Ite was chosen for the Agora at the beginning of the 6th century B.C. in the time of Solon and that it continued to exist in the same spot for about eight hundred and fifty years until the Herulian destruction in 26 7 after Christ. The earlier Agora, founded by Theseus after the S)'nolktsIJlOS, was a much simpler affair without a definite plan and was probably located below the Acropolis and the Peripatos on the northwest ide of the hill. This is the Old .\gora about which .\pollodoros (Harpokration, ITriVO'1/10; ',!rFQOOITTj) states: "The Athenians called the Aphrodite established in the neighbourhood of the Old c\gora Pandemos, because there in olden times the whole people (the Demos) met ior their assemblies which they called agorai." According to Pausanias (1, 22, 3) the shrine of \phrodite Pand mos wa founded by Theseus and, in my opinion, it was located in front of the entrance to the .\cropolis, fig. 5..\ - for the Prytaneion, which according to tradition was founded by Theseus (Thucydidc s II, 15, 1 3; Plutarch, Tbmlls 24), Pausanias fixes its site with sufficient precision, referring to it twice in his rour through \then:. first he sa\'s that it is near to the shrine of Aglauros and to the "\nakeion (1, 18, 1 3); sccondh he s;l\ ~ that it is at the b~ginnjng of the Street of Tripods (r, 20,1). This means that the Old l\gora_e:-.tmdcd fro~l th shtine oL\ph~o dite Pandemos as far as the I::.leusinion (p. 198) on the lower north slope ot the \cropohs and the street which has been dic,covered there; this street branching ofT from the Panathcnaic \\ a\ rna) be identified, in m! opinion. with the Street of the Tripods .
•
AGORA
Th • gora of Th sem, where building ",ent on continuously until the end of the 7th century B.C., comprised th follo\\ ing shrino and public buildings. To the west of the\cropolis, between the Lnneapylon and the r opagus: the shrine of .\phrodlte Pandemos and its precinct where the Assembly of the People met, the hrin . of Bl.lllt , of Den1Lter Chloe, of Ge Kourotrophos, the Kyloneion and probably the Bouzygion; the f mous court of the _\r opagus was on the hill of the same name. To the north of the Acropolis and in the area around the Elcusinion, belo,I' the age-old revered shrines of Apollo, of Zeus, of Aglauros and the Anakeion, w r th mor important ci, ic buildings such as the Prytaneion where the perpetual fire was kept and where ambassadors and those rendering the state great services dined at public expense. 'X'e learn from Aristotle (A/h. Pol. 3, 5) and Suidas (iiex('il') that the buildings in which the nine archons were housed were close to the Prnaneion. Thus the Archon Basileus had his headquarters in the so-called Boukoleion which was near , the Prytandon; the Archon was in the Prytaneion, the Polemarch in the Epilykeion, and the remaining six archons, the The mothetae, in the Thesmotheteion which was also used as a state dining-hall. In the Panathenaic procession the Panathenaic Ship followed a route which shows, in my opinion, that there were important public buildings n ar the Elcusinion; the entire procession went right around the Elcusinion, according to ancient tradition, in order to pass in front of the most important public buildings of the Old Agora, fig. 540. W'ith the continuous deyclopment of the city, especially after the union with Eleusis around the end of the 7th century B.C., the power of the Athenian tate was definitely established. The needs of the capital city multiplied and its boundaries were expanding continuously. Because of this increase in the power of the city and because of the new needs of the administrative bodies the Agora ,,'as moved or, to put it more precisely, was extended to the north by alan; later on Peisistratos and his successors contributed to it, constructing new buildings. The most important administrative buildings were put up in the time of Kleisthenes to\vard the end of the 6th century B.C. The new Agora occupied the spacious level area east of the Kolonos Agoraios, between the Areopagus and the Eridanos river, that is to say the area where the oldest cemeteries of the city lay, those of ~Ircenaean, Submycenaean and Geometric times, figs. 5-17. From prehistoric times on this ,,'as the place where the _\thenians came together to celebrate fe tivals and to hold contest in honour of their heroes and ancestors . .\t the beginning of the 6th century B.C. the Athenians in talled their official ci\"ic centre in this area which \\'as free of other buildings. Here for centuries the Athenians continued to hold athletic, dramatic, musical and equestrian contests in honour of the dead and of the gods. By far the most important festival celebrated in the Agora ,,-as the Panathenaia, probably founded in the time of Theseus in honour of the patron goddess of the city, Athena Polias. Pherecydes reports (Marcellinus, T'da Thucydidis 3 in Jacoby, F. G. H. I, pp. 59-60) that Hippokleides, who served as archon in 566 565 B.C., founded the Panathenaia. He is referring, doubtless, to the Greater Panathenaia which Peisistratos and his sons made • famous, elevating it into one of the greatest religious festi,'als; on this account one tradition attributed the founding of the Greater Panathenaia to Peisistratos himself (Schol. Aristeides, PallalbenaiCIIs, \"01. III, p. 323). During the celebration of that great festival the procession crossed through the Agora by its principal thoroughfare which started at the Dipylon and ended up in front of the Propy laia. The section of the road inside the Agora ser\"ed as the dromos where various races and equestrian events were held, and for this reason the Panath l1aic \'Vay is often simply referred to under the name of Dramos. Himerios refers to the Dromos (Oralio, III. 12) and I believe that three inscriptions found on the Acropolis refer to the construction and repair of th' Dromoo (Raubitschek, Dedications, pp. 350-358, nos. 326-328). The first inscription, fig. 18, is dated to 566 565 B.C., i.e. in the archonship of Hippokleides when the Greater Panathenaia were celebrated for the fir~t tim' .1I1d th athletic contest was introduced (Emebius, J herol!)lllli CbrOlll(OIl, cd. Ilelm, p. 102; S, ncellm, ld. Dindorf, p. 454, line 8). The prizes for the victors in the Panathlnaic conte~ts were Panathenaic amphorae fill d"l\ ith ad. and the earliest Panathcnaic amphorae have beln indepenckntlr dated to the decade 570 560 B.C., fi~. _3 (Be.lll I. Il'r, p. 89, no. 1). The Dromos of the Agora mu~t have begun a little to the north of the Peril olo~ oi the '1'"1\ ch Gods, fi~. 5, in front of the J Ierms and it ended Jlear the Eleusinion. The~e, at an, ratc, arc the limits ~h 'n In Xenophon (Illp/Jarc!JlClIJ III, 2) in describing the anthippasia held in the .\gOL1. Various mOJlUIll nt~ comm '-
3 •
•
!l10rallng \Ietolle Jlllilt hOI l e\lllt ,tlll :tJlIhippa ia and tit apllb:ttt «Jnle I t'J'Jd at dthlr end (Jf the Dro!l10 , fl· .24 27. '1 hl ()Jthl tra, '" hilll ",a appr"ximalth ill tllt rniddll of tLl \WJr:t '",a' u'ed f'Jr dramatic and mu ietlllJntc t ; ",,,,,dlll 'rand talld Wtre ' l l Ill' arl,und il ('Jr tl e pu l:t ',r . 'J f l (Jrehe tra '~'a~ conIdend to h on 01 the mo t COli picu(JU ~pot~ and the fir t tatue trl ad'irn tLe AWJra "'ue , up ncar it III 510 13.< ,the talUl III llarrnodlo and \ri \(Jgeiton wh(J were h(IO(Jund a the liblrattJr ,,(tid: dn. 'I h pnnup I buJldlllg lJ1 the 1 l. ~ \ 'ora until the time (Jf the h:r Ian de'lructi(Jn 'here a f'J II 'J ' ': 'In the no th Ide, thl: 'tar o! the Twch e (Jod5 and an(Jther <mailer altar prcJbahl~ dedie:ttcd to l\iakrJ ,In tha rCi!:i'Jn lal the 1 cokorion which ma}, puh:tp', be identi lCd ",nh thl. rcJund building, 18 m. in dlametcr, f'Jund ,,'h~n a tnnlll lor II \tnCll Piraeu railroad wa (Jpened up. On the we~t ide:, in 'Jrder fr(Jm n'Jftf. \(J (JU h, wcre th hrlne 01 /..( l.!euthello, the: tempIL of Apollo Patroo~, the temple (Jf the. IrJthcr (Jf the ()(J( ,tf,e B(Jli .eutUJOll...I ( f c Pry tan ikon on the site later occupied hy the Tholos. 1 inally, (10 the '(Juth ~idc 'here the hrine 01 '1 hl. eu and thl. famous l.nncakrouno'. The boundaries (J( the AgcJra S'luare were marked bl' in'cribed marble tllal dattd cIrca 500 13'<-' (Agora 1 5510, 5675, 3226, 7(39). (.If theee, the first and la~ c~rrying he in cnptteJn I /".!'l~ lilll ri: WI>}'!";, fig'. 20 22, were found in situ in the area in front (Jf the Th(JI(JS and arc the be t e\ idence for the location (A the Agora at that period, if not earlier. \tter he withdrawal of he PersIans the destroyed buildings of the Agora were repaired and in the time (J I Imon ~tatcly new buildings '.\ ere constructed according lCJ a well thought out plan, the first stage of which '~ a omplued around the end of the 5th century B.C., fig. 29. In the second half of the 4th century B.C., par ICJlarl~ a the time whtn L} k(Jurgos the orauJr was in charge of the state finances (338-326 B.C.) architectural acti·. it~ CCJn inue:d and ne\\- buildings and temples went up, fig. 30. The transfer of the .\sse:mbly of the Pcople lIJ the Pn:_ x and, in Pcrikles' time, the construction of the The:atre and the Odeion on the south side of he \cwp(Jli for the dramatic and mu,ical contests bear ';"Jtness to the: fact that as early as the end of the 6th clntur~ H.C. lack of space had begun to be a probkm in the l\gcJra due to the cOntJl1UOUS growth of the city and the corre: ponding increa'e in admini tra ive departments. The process of freeing the Agora frelm conge tion continued in he time (Jf L~ kourgos ;"hen the athlctic conte's were transferred to the ncw)y b- ilt Panathenaic tadium erected f(Jr the purpo'e. PossibJ~ at the 'arne timc the e'luestrian contests were transferred (J pc old Hippodrome which was I(JCated, accordmg teJ ancient authors, in the district called Halipedon in - hat i nrJw called. cw PhalcrcJn, In lIc1kni tic time' arcJund the middle (Jf the 2nd ccntJr B.C., tpe Athenian l\gora assumed is final form Hh the con~truction of new building and great stoa . 'I he plan (A' the. \gora became much more c1ead:. dellned, fig. 31. The various buildings were arranged awund a grta open pace forming an irregular 'luare. t thi p'Jint it should be noted that the north side of the .\gora, including the LOa of the Herms and the LOa P(Jlkile, ha n(Jt ct been excavated, J f(JVle\'er, it is certain that the neJnh ide lies just ro the nonh of the railroad line bel" he p~e ent-da} h,JU e ; it< p(lsition can be fixed b~ the line of an extrcmcly ancient wad which. runs ea -we tin fremt of the stoas' a cctiCJn CJf this road ha oeen found on the north side of the 'luare Perl t~1 (I" ::;20) In R'Jman times the ~Ian of the l\gCJra remained e entiall, unch:tnged. The damage done by u!~ in 8iJ B C. did lI(J seriou~l~ af ect the Agora and the building :tnd temples put up h: the Roman cmperor were placed in th" tree 'pace m the J\gora cluare. In Roman times the J\gora lor all it 5plc~did appearance, hg. 3~, had IIJ t It (lfiginal character:t the cit, ic centre. \\ ith its magnificent huilding , heaulltul garden and a multllude (Jt ta ue , the .\gcJla om tituted a ru" mu cum (Jf the ancient glor CJ! the cit). In 2(J7 \./) the J Icrulian imader l.t fire (CJ the Agora and de twyed the monumcnt ; a hule later th th nian u cd th" architectural b!'JCk of the destr(J\e:d building as building material for a ne ..... utI wall, tht' Late Roman I (JltillcatICm \\ all r'J the: north IJf rhe: \c;(Jpolis (p. J(,)). The area la} de olatc or about a hundr d lear and ,rc,und4()(J .J) the(J,mna ium(J! If' (,Iant wasoui!lInthcmiddlcofth gora 'luare,ft .3-.lnm diae\-al lime rhe ultlre area ·a covere:d b~ pri arc h(Ju e: . I,irc w III on Hhl/UIIO rrul tlOn 10 rhllt part {) the city and betore (he beginning of the cxca\ation in J~3J rhe arc ",a oecupl d b mor than thre hundred and It
t h(Ju c which had betn built in the cClllld half of the J~th ,
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To gra hi . pp. 62 63,2 - 2 6,296 299; . BR 'HR, H. ria. uppl. " 1949, pp.53 54; '-:-"r ")")''f- ' __ ")?'. , '-. HE LJ::\, T" . nmoma. pp. __ J, T, I \1.\(1-, 11 ~j)a" p . 24. 2 '-29, 34; l\RH.·, L'agora :recqu, . 256-261; Or 0 0 l!Dh, The T,\ 0 .\goI I ,p . \'II-XIX, 1-'0; H. ,\. THO IP~O.·, ,\rchaeo· log\' I', 196", p. 30"-'06; R. E. \\ YCHERLEY, :\rchaia .\~or.l, Pho nix 2 , 1966, pp. 2 --293. JVDEl H,
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1929 . -3-<.6; JCDErCH, Topo.2:raphie, pp. 62, 2 5; w· " ?")' ?")\ "YCHERLEY, T e-nmoma. pp. __ -t-__ :>; l' . -,O'\T.-\~, IT'!axT. 1960, pp. 4-9; Or1'O.'O '!DE , The Two .-\go' ras, pp. 1-14; R. E. W'YCHERLEY, Pho nix 20, 1966, P . 2 '6, 2 9-290' L. BE'CHI, Annuano, • '.~. 29 30, 196 - 6 , pp. -1- - -J_ . PRYT.-\.~
ElO.
D. LEn, I1 Pritaneo e la Tholo di .-\tene, .:\nnuario 6 -, 1923 2+, pp. 1-1 ; J. CH.-\RBOXXE.-\L·. Tholos et Pryrao'e, BCH +9,1925, pp. rl-1-2; JCOElCH, Topo raphie, pp, 296-29 ; E. \'.-\XDERPOOL. Tholo and Prytanikon, Hesperia 4, 1935, pp..r0-4-2; \\YCHERLEY, Testimonia pp. 166-r4; Tp.H.\O~, Iloi.£Ooo,uV!ll, pp. 24, 2 , 36. OLO~'
AGORA
JCDEICR, Topographic; DORPFELD, .:\It-,-\then; H ..-\. THo, IP'OX, Buildin s on the \\-est ide of the Agora, Hesperia 6, 19T, pp. 1-226; R. :\L-\RTlX, Les edince de la bordure occidentale de l'.-\.gora d'.:\thenes, BCH 66 6-, 1942 43, pp. 348-359; E. Y.-\.XDERPOOL, The Route of Pausanias in the :\thenian Agora, He peria 18,1949, pp. 128-13""; J. TRWLQ , The \\'e t ide of the Athenian Agora Restored, Hesperia uppl. ,19+9, pp. 382-393; R. . YOL'XG, An Industrial Di trict of Ancient Athens, He peria 20, 1951, pp. 135-2 ; . lARD.', L'agora grecque; HILL, .-\then ; R. E. WYCHERLEY, The ~Iarket of Athens, GaR 3, 1956, pp.2-23; \\YCHERLEY, Testimonia; . P.-\.Rxrcld PVDELKO, Agora, \\'arszawa 195"7; H .•\.. THO.IP ox, The Athenian Agora, Acta Congre sus \laddgiani, I, Copenhagen 1958, pp. 341-352; id., :\thcOlan Twilight: . D. 26--600, JR 49, t 959, pp. 61 -2; R. E. \lYCHERLEY, Pau anias in the Agora at \then, GRB 2, 1959, pp. 23-44; Tp\L\O~, I!oi.F-",)olw
.\gora G lItlc; OIKO '0. I IDE , The Two .\gora, pp. 51 111; \. \.,,1- R fRO I, .\god..•\thenama torg och de utgra"ning, \nnale \cademiae Regiae cien. tiarum Lp alien i 12, 196 , pp.65 101; R. L \'\ y, LHERLI Y, The \gora of Pencle . Joumal of Hi tori cal tudie I, 196 , pp. 2~r6. T., . l/hullon ..'1 ora: I. L B. H RRl n.', Portrait .culpture (19'3); II. • L THO.IP 0.', Coin from the Roman through the \'enetian Period 1954); III. R. E. \\ YCHERLEY. Literan and Lpl.~raphical Te. ti· monia 19:>- ; 1\'. R. H. Ho\ ·UXD. Greek Lamp.; and their :'urYi"al (J 95 j; \-. H.:'. ROB!. "0', Potten of the Roman Pcnod, Chronolog\ (1959); \"1. C. GR. XD. JOl'\X, Terracottas and Plastic Lamp of the Roman Period (1961); \"11. J. PERLZWEIG, Lamp of the Roman Period. First to eyenth Centun' after Christ (1961); \'Ill. E. T. H. BR.-\XX, Late Geometric and Protoattic Pottery, :\Iid Eighth to Late eventh Cen, tury B. C. (1962); IX. G. C. .IILE>, Islamic Coins (1962); X. :\1. L -\XG - :\L CRO>BY, \\ eights, . leasure and Token (1964); XI. E.B.H,-\RRbOX, Archaic and .-\rchaistic ~culpture (196-). Picture BOIl": 1. B. P.-\.R1'E>-L. T.-\LCOIT. POt- and Pan. of Clas.ical Athens (19'1 ; 2. H. A. THO. tP>O.',
The toa of .-\ttalo II in .-\thens 19-9); 3. D.Bl'RR THO.IP';ox. . Iiniature ~culpture from the .-\thenian .-\gora 19'9: +. :\1. L.-\.'G, The Athenian Citizen (1960; 5. E.B.H.-\RRbOX, _:\ncient Portraits from the :\.theruan .:\gora (1960' ; 6. \'. R. GR,-I.CE, .:\mphoras and the .-\ncient \'\ine Trade fl961 j ; - • •\.FR. 'TZ. The :\Iiddle Ages in the .\th nian .\;ora (1961 : '-'. R. E. GRISWOLD-D. Bl'RR THO.IP,OX, Gard n Lor of Ancient .-\thens ~ 196 ~ ; 9. J. PERLZ \ EI(,. Lamps from the .-\thenian .:\gora (196+ ; 10. B. D. :\IERIIT. In>cri ' tion from the .-\thenian .-\gora ~ 1966); II. :\L L -\XG. \\'aterwork in the .:\thenian .:\gora (196 ~ ,
-
Hupma 1, 1932 - 3" 1969. Hfspma .5'l/ppl. 1. 19T - 11, 196-. PRLHI TORle GR.-\.\
rs
T.L. HEAR, Heperia 4,19'-. pp. 'lu 320::. 1l)3l'. pp.21-23; 9,1940, pp.r-1-2()1; fL\.THO.IN"-. Hespena 1-, 19+ , pp. 154-158. lb.' I()b; _I. ,t):_, pp. 104-10 ; 22, 19';3, pp. 3' '9,41 42, r -4 , - '195+, pp. 5- 58: LD. Towx'L';D, II 'r n,124. 19"-, pp.1 --219; 1.\·ER\IFlLI:. j.TR\\Llh.ll' r.l '''. 1966, pp. '5-- ; _ lYRL,ll , '-.ubn1\ cel1.l .1n _III h '.
.-
t\CORt\
(; EO~I F I'R Ie (; R '\VI'.S
D.13VRR. llcsperi'l _, 1933, pp, .. _ .5,1; T. L. SIIEAR, Hesperi'I .. 1936. pp, 23 31; 6,1937, pp. 364368; R. S. Ym'NI;. l.atc Geometric ;"l\'e~ and a Seventh C 'ntur\ \\'cll in the \gora, \lesperLI Suppl. 2, 1939;
II. \. '1'110\11"0:-1, II'speri'l 16, 19-17, pp. 196 197; R. S. YIWNI., \n \;ad!' Geometric Gra\c ncar the l\thenian \gom, I lcsperia 18, 19-1-9, pp. 275 297; C. \". Bllt;1 '. Two .\thenian G ra\ c Groups of abom 900 B.C.. lI'speria 21,1952,pp. 2 7 9 29-1-; E. BRA N, Late C 'om 'tric Grayc Groups from the ,\thenian gara, Hesperia _9, 1960, pp. -1-02--1-16.
5
p. 100; J. 'f'1I111'.I'SIADES E. VANDERPOOL, IC},T. 18, 1963, p. I 11, I'I·.IU~CIIOI IS\lA
J.
CARCOI'INO, I :ostracisme alh~nien, Paris 1935 2 ; IARIIN, I:agora grcCtluc, pro 325 327; R. E. \' YCIIEIILEY, JI IS 75, 1955,pp. 117 lli!; \X1ye IIJRLEY, Te5tirnonia, pp. 163 165. 51'OA POI KILl.
J
DEICII, Topographic, pp. 336 -338; T. 1.. SIII.AR, A Spartan Shield from Pylos, '1:''fI1i1. 1937, pp. 140 143; J. TR>\VLQs, Hesperia Suppl. 8, 1949, p. 388; H. \. TIlO~1 pso , Hesperia 19, 1950, pp. 327 329; R. L. \\!YClIERLEY, The Painted SlOa, Phoenix 7, 1953, pp .
...\ RCllA lC G R£\ \' I,::'
R. S. Ym'Nc, H speria Suppl. 2, 1939, pp. 11,21-33; id., Hesperia 20, 1951, pp. 67-134. COL TESTS
20-35; \\!YClIERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 31 45; Agora Guide, p. 64; L. II. JEI'FERY, The Battle of Oinoe in the Stoa Poi kile: A Problem in G reek A rt and lliston. ,
;\1. COLLIGNON, Course d'apobate sur un bas-relief
BSA 60, 1965, pp. 41-57. STOA OF TILE lJ ER illS
attique, BCH 7, 1883, pp.458-462; TIL. IlmloLLE,
J UDEtCII, Topographie, pp. 336, 369-370;
BCH 15,1891, pp. 369-373; T. L. SHEAR, Hesperia 4,
'!;r:TdUXflOl 'h'IJIWi,
1935, pp. 379-381; A. W. PICKARD-CA~IBR1DGE, The
J. TRAVLOS, lIesperia Suppl. 8, 1949, p. 388; \\''Y HER-
Theatre of Diom'sus in Athens, Oxford 1946, pp. 10,
LEY, Testim Ilia, pp. 102-108; Agora
15; B, D. i-IERITT, Hesperia IS, 1946, p. 176, 10.24;
J.
RACBITSCHE[.., Dedications, pp.350-358; l\IARTIN, L'agora
grecque,
pp. 202-223;
II. A. THO~IPSON,
athenaea, JH
J. J\.
DAVISO ,l'\otes on the Pan-
78, 1958, pp. 23-41; P. E. CORBETT,
Burgon and Blacas Tombs, JII
80, 1960, pp. 52-60;
'1'1' \ r.\O~, f/oi.wl)OII/%,}, pp. 36-40; I I. A. THO~IPSO "
The Panathenaic Fesrival, AA 1961, pp. 224-231; id., Elq'f':ULflt TU'E"; Til:; I.UT'..!fiu::, nTJlI tj'.!(:)(t)I' t'i~ T(i.;
(l!!x,da::,
'.IO';I'IJ~, 'J~':TfTl/lJi~ T/I~ (1)tJ.oaOrl%IJ~ EXOMI~ TOll }[W'f:Tl-
1963/64, pp, 276 284; R, R IIOLLOWAY, Music at the Panathenaic Festival, Archaeology
aT/II"o" ',·IO'/l'wV
19, 1966, pp. 112-119. KI~RAMElKOS
BOUN DARY S1'ON F.
T. L. SHEAR, llesperia, 9, 1940, p. 267; WYCllERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 221-224.
•
ACORA BOUNDARY STO "S 'f. L.SIIEAR, Hesperia 8,1939, pp.205 206; \X!YCIII'.RLI,Y, Te5timonia, p. 218; J I. A. THOMPSON, Ilesperia 37, 1968, pp. 61 63. I'liRIRRIIA T"RIA \X!YUJERLEY, Te5timonia, 1'.218; 11. A. 'l'1I0!'oII'SO , Ilespcria 22, 1953, pp. 46 47; TI'A l'AOl,;, IIII)., ",11I1l/x",
Al'vl 60/61, 1935/36, pp. 308-309; uide, p. 65;
TIIREpSIADES-E. VA 'DERpOOL, JT(!(i~ Toi~ 'E(!ltai~,
IdT.
18,
1963,
II '·Ult·%O:T./UUl' HI
pp. 99-114; :T(!omV:Ta, ,.. lIhJ"Ol
Hesperia 22, 1953, pp. 49-51; \,'YCIlERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 80-81;
J. F.CR01'oIE,
~.
K(JnL\N()r.lII~,
1966.
L :.OKOR lOI
J l'DEICII, Topographic, pp. 338-339; \\'Y IIERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 108 113; TI'.\1'.\()~, llo}.£O<)0I',x,J, p. 41; O. 13RO EER,
otes on Three j\thenian Cult
Places, '1:''1'111. 1960, pp. 62-67; C. N. ED~IONSON, The Leokoreion in Athens, J\lnemosyne 17, 1964, pp. 375 378; R. E. \\1) CIIERLEY, The Leokorion and Dyskolos 173, M nemosyne 18, 1965, pp. 282284. •
T'I'RA IT-S LAY" RS
13. D. 1\11,1\1'1 T, I lesperia 5, 1936, p, 355, O. 1; E. BUSCIlOR, Die T} rannen-Morder, SBMi.incheo 1940, lleft 5; G. 13,,"AL""IS, ZU der Tyraooenmordergruppe des Krilios und NesiOles, OJh 33, 1941, PI'· 25 28; Ii. VANDERPOOL, Hesperia 18, 1949, p. 133; Ii. LANI;1.0rz, lkrncrkungell :ru der '\ufstelluog der T} rannelll11(jrdergruppe, Gyml1,\~illm 58, 1951, .1'1" 20 26; O. \"V\I.TI II, ZurT,ranncnm6rd 'rgruppe,OJh 40,1953,pp. 126 143; \\\'1 m.RI.FY, Testimonia, pp. 93 98; K. S( IllJN( ", Die .\lIfstcllung der b id 0 Tyranllenrniirdcrgruppen, [),IS .\ltcrtum 5, 1959, pp. 142 152; .\. RlJ~11'1 , Zu den 'l\ mnncnmijrdern, F tschrift Ii, \'. !t'rcklin, \\ ald~.lsscll 1964, pp. 131-151.
J\GORA
LI:. '.\ 10
T.... r\o~, llohOt)oJuX1i, p. 40; R. E. \\ YLIIFRLEY, L n lon, Hesp ria 34, 1965, pr. ~2 76; \. Pre Ki\RDC:\ IBRInGI-, The Dramatic Festi\ .lIs of \thens, Oxford 19 )8 2 , pp. 25 42. .\L I.\R 01 / f l:, \(,OR \10:'
R. ,'nLLwHL, Hesperia 2,
1933, pp. 140-148; H . .-\. THO\lPSO', Hesperia 21, 1952, pp. 91-93; \\"YCHFRLEY, Testimonia, pp. 122 124. G R L.\ T D R r\ I
H ..-\. THO~IPSON, Hesperia 6, 193 7 , pp. 3 4; R. S. YOUNG, Hesperia 20, 1951, pp. 253-267; H. A. THmWO:
TRIANGULAR SIlRJ1'.L
G. LILO/'-;J)J., '\ hfth Century IJieron Southwest of the Athenian \gora, Hesperia 37, 1968, pp. 123-133. SO TJlWLST POLNTAJ1'. JlOUSL
11. A. TIIO~[P;'ON, Hesperia 24, 1955, pp. 52 54; 25, 1956, pp. 5253. HLLIAJA
H. ,\. TUO~IP;'O/,-;, I[}.r. 16, 1960, id., Hesperia 35, 1966, pp. 40-48.
Xfjov.
pp. 17-19;
;-'flNT
H .•\. THmrp,ON, Hesperia 23, 1954, pp. 45-48; 24, 1955, p. 59; \'V'YCHERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 160-161; H. A. TUOMPSON, Hesperia 29, 1960, pp. 343-344. NYlIPHAIO
SOUTH\\ bST TL \IPLL
H .•-\. THO~IP 0 ,Hesperia 21, 1952, pp. 90-91. CInc OFFICES
H. _\. THmIP;,oN, Hesperia 17, 1948, pp. 151-153; G. P. STEVE1\S, A Tile tandard in the \gora of Ancient Athens, Hesperia 19, 1950, pp. 174-188; H .•-\. THo~IP 01\, Hesperia 21,1952, pp. 90-91. TRATEGEfO.'-J
H. A. THo~IPsoN, Hesperia Supp!. 4, 1940, pp. 114121; R. . YOU~G, Hesperia 20, 1951, pp. 183-18~; \\. B. DIK-1100R, Hesperia 23, 1954, pp. 294-296;
H. A. THmlP ON, Hesperia 24, 1955, pp. 54-55; \\'YCHERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 174-177.
2 View of the Agora area before excavations began in 1931.
H. A THOMPSON, Hesperia 24, 1955, pp. 57-59. BE.\IA
T. L. SHE-\R, Hesperia 7, 1938, p. 324; \'('YCHERLEY, Testimonia p. 46. ROUI D FOUJs:TAIJs: HOUSE
T. L. HEAR, Hesperia 6, 193 , pp. 354-356; H. _-\. THOX1P;,O , Hesperia 21,1952, pp. 102-104; \\'. BI1\DER, Der Roma-Augustus ilfonopteros auf der Akropoli in Athen und sein typologischer Orr, tuttgarr 1969, pp. 107-110. Js:ORTHEAST 'TO.-\.
T. L. SHEAR, Hesperia 8, 1939, p. 213; H .•-\, THmJP,>01\, Hesperia 20, 1951, pp. 53-56.
-
\ (.c)l( \
,
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111
1956. \'le\\ from the Hill of the
~\
mphs
"(,ORA
I
t
4
y[TEPOEI\I\AAIKOI T.1I01 VnOMYKHNAIKOI TAIIOI rEOMETPIKOI TA.OI nEPIBOl\ot TAGlON
~
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8 7
ACDP061TH n",NAHMQ! rH KO YPOTPOG>Or .6.HMHTHP XI\OH KYf\nNEION BOyzyrlON ArPAYI\O[ ANAKEION GEIMOlDO?ION EI\EYIINION npYTANEION BOYKOI\EION Enll\YKEION 9EIMOGETE10N HAlAlA
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5 Thc AKora and the Acrop()lJ~ 111 thl: 6th CClitUIV ll.(, l. J .llC IldJ.ldll' gt.I\C, 2. ~Ubl1l\CLll.ll',111 gt.I\C" >. t, lImetriC graves 4. (,ravc enclo~urc 5. II Inu Il: 6. Aphrodltl: 1'.llldcIllO' 7. (;c J-...oul
lh Cl'llIUII 1\'(, 21. \II,ll of the T\Ioclvc God~ 22. LenkorJoll 2~. ~hrlllC o( Zl:U~ 4. I'cl1lpk 01 '\1'0110 S, I\'lllpk 01 !Ill' \llIthcl 1,1 thc (,od 26, Old Bt,u!cutcrJoll 27. Prytal1lkoll 2H. Bound,II I 'lPm' of the Agot.1 lJ. I'rl.1I11'uI.ll ,hlltll' ,0. I'hl"C ""1 31. Lnncakrount, ~2, l)rolno~ 3~. OIL he'lI,1 ~4. 1') I,lilt ,1.11'['1".
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6 Rock-cut :\Iycenaean chamber tomb found on the north slope of the Areopagus. Section and plan.
7 ,\Iodcl of the chamber
lOrn
b, fig, 6. Agora
1\1,,,,
\(,O/tA
11
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((I
101\"
1'''111 till' Ch.l111hll l"mh. Ii". 6.
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rh lhlll1h
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\)I.lI1H.l\.",ll,12111
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\gclt'a \Iu'.
\GORA
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11 Geometric cremation burial of a
12 \mph",a, 0.71S m. hi ",, g' ,fa \Ill
II
'altlw \\ oman found on the
('>llI,lIl1lng
Iht
,,,hl'~ "f
Ihl
\\' ~Iore of the Areoragu~. \lOul1d 850 B.e.
!>Ulll'li 1'''''>11 ,lIhl
oth"
1'\lll'"
11"111
ill<
!>1111t1. II".
II.
, (, U It ,
13
found ,n the amphora from the
gLl\
e, II ,g. 11.
\gora \1 liS.
• 14 ( L,y chc", 0.445 lll. IOllg. I
'v,
model
gJ ,lI1.1IICS
1111 ,he hd.
'gilL' i\lllS. I' 27<>4<>" .,"d b.
14
\(,OH \
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15 17 (,c()mctnc gravc of a woman. 'J he graVl:, 1.81 Th()I()~. I,nd of 8th c. H.c' Agora 1\1 U~.
0.64 111., \\.1~ In
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Inscription recording the construction of the Dramos in the Agora, 566 B.C. Width above: 0.45 m. W'idth below: 0.475 m. Thickne s 0.24 m. I-Icight: 1.33 m. Reconstructed by A. Raubitschek. Epigraphical ,\rus. 6214,6215,6224,6226.
19 Inscription recon.llng the repaIr "I' the IJromos in the Agora; 0.675
0.365 m. l.ptgt".plllcal :\Ius. 6212.
1(.
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20 '\gota J 7039. \\ idth 0.326
:l2 Hflllnd "V ,I
11
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tll/Il ot Ihe
rlllllld
1// fI/lI,
21
Ill.
gor.1 ('\(':0',1
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J
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\gom I 5510. \\ ,dth 0.318 m.
I'I/IIHII/I II/Ill',", "I Ihl' (h"I",
to Ihl ,oUlh "I Ih" Olll. BUlh .lIl
d,lIed '"
(hl h"lIlll!.l1l 'l"lll ,h\'\\ll 11111,.2\)
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on
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26 Relld of apobatcs contest on an Inscribed base, 4th c. B.C., 0.95 ><.0.50111.,0.39111. hIgh. Found In 1933 In the Late ROl11an FortificatIon \'( all, south of the Stoa of Attalos. Agora :-'Ius. S 399.
27 Rellef of apobates COllleSt on a base, 0.K4 111. west of the Acropolis. Acropolls "Ius. 1326.
0.-(,111.,0.40111. hIgh. I nd olthL .Jlh
Co
H.C . I ound in 1880
GOR
28 The western part of the anCI nt uty with the A~()ra, 1. Delman ("lie 11. P,II,lIe (;atl' Ill, ~,lCtl'd Gate V. Eriai Gate XIV, Olpylor1 above the (,at,~ XV, Mdltlde~ (;atl',
(.,lIl'
I\' I
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4-. Temple of Zeus Phratrlos and Athena Phtarria 48. Temple of Apollo Patroos 49. Eponymous Heroes 50. Bouleuterion propylon 51. \Iiddle Sma 52. Last Buildin~ 54. Temple of Aphrod", Oural1l.l 55. Ilcllenistic Building 56. \I etroon S-. South Stna II 58. "'toa of \tlalll 'lj. B
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,\GORi\ OF CAESAR AND AUGUSTUS a~OR
C l' . R. L) At'Gt"H" is usually called the Roman Agora to distinguish it from the Agora f th Gr k p riod xca\'at d b\ .\mcrican archaeologists, Since, however, its special purpose was to serve tradin~ c ntre, it should be called the commercial Agora or, more precisely, the commercial section of the • gora. That i~ to sa~, ~ince the commercial district has ,not b:en found anywhere in the American Excavations of the _ gora, w th r fore con. ide r that the ca. tern ~Ide ot the Agora IS not defined by the Stoa of Attalos but that th .\gora xtended farth r to the cast, as far as the Horologion of Andronikos, Only on this assumption is it possihle to account for the fact that there was so much free. pace available for the construction of the Roman .\gora and other public bUlldlI1gs such as the Horologion of Andronikos, the Agoranomion, the public ~
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latrin, and th Librar~ of Hadrian, fig. 39. The ar a ,,-her the Roman Agora was built is without doubt e"tremely important. It is situated near the Old .'\gora founded by Theseus (pp. I 2); the \, hole region comprising the Old Agora and the Agora founded by olon and the area later occupied by the Roman Agora must have been a single indivisible unit, fig, 28, until at least a late as the 2nd centur! B,C. when the Stoa of Attalos was built. From the earliest times, in fact, there was probably a pecial section, to the north of the Old gara and near to it, to serve the commercial needs of the city and there too were other public buildings and lawcourts, Here too, in this area around the Roman Agora, were probably the shrines mentioned by Pausanias (1, 18, 4-5) such as the shrine of Sarapis, the temple of Eileithyia, and the place where Theseus and Peirithoos were supposed to have made their covenant, This entire region was also called the Agora, as we learn from a great many passages in ancient authors mentioning the special sections where different kinds of victuals were sold, Howe\-er, it may be that ju t as the western part of the A.gora was customarily called the Kerameikos so the eastern part also had its own name. \\e identify the eastern part of the Agora as Eretria, the namc handed down by Strabo (X, 447). Before the excavations of the Roman Agora only the monumental Doric propylon, the Gate of Athena Archegetis, was vi ible, figs. 40-41. \-ery early on, howe\'er, the discovery was made that this ,,-as the entrance to a large rectangular colonnade, the columns of which appeared in the cellars of the houses \\'hich covered the whole area. C. Botticher conducted a mall-scale excavation in the southwest corner of the building in 1862. In 1 90 the Greek Archaeological ociety began sy tematic exca\'ations and found the southeast corner and the eastern propylon. The excavations were continued in 1931, 1942, and 1955, and finally in 1965 and 1966 the excavations were resumed and the clearing of the southern half of the building "'as completed. The building is 111 m. long; the width was originally estimated at 87 m. on the assumption that the Gate of Athena :\rchegetis was on the axis of the peristyle. After the most recent excavations the width \\'as found to be 98 m. and consequently the Doric propylon is not on the axis of the peristyle. The plan of the Roman Agora was simple, a great open-air rectangular court, surrounded by a colonnade behind which were stoas or rooms used for shops. In the centre of the south side of the colonnade a small fountain house is preserved and also a stair connecting the Roman Agora with the higher stre t level in back. The foundations and the walls are made of rectangular blocks of Piraeus poros; the steps, st) lobate, column drums of the peristyle and the antae are of grey-blue H ymettos marble, and the remaining architectural m mbers ar~ white Pentelic marble. The careful workmanship and the total absence of mortar in the joints date the bUlldlIlg t~ eat~y ~oman times. This date is confirmed by the imcription on the architra'T of the Doric propdo n . From the lIlSCrIptlon (1. C. 112 3175) we learn that the donors were (aefar and, after 27 B.C., . \ugustus,
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grandson, who was adopted by Augustus and held the title of Caesar from 12 B.C. to hi< dCcnptlOn . . . an d t h e statuc 01- I.UCIUS . ( aesar hay e both \ ,\I1l~hed . Inng since , we know from 17th century c l ' d ' h h I ' . . ' . rawlIlgs an notices t at t IS was t le acrotenOl1 cro\\ nl11g thc I Cdlll\Ult ot the propylon. During the reign of Hadrian varIOUS repal'· .... d one anlI pro)a) I I I\ at . rs ",etc pen tyle was paved in marble . In 1966 I'r was d'I covere d t Ilat two 01: the
. coult\,lrd ot" th' tI 1" 'time thc entire . . . I a\ I11g slab, bore I1lSCnpliOns 01 the
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\GOR \ OF C \E .\R \r-;O \LGlJ TLS
29
2nd century after Christ on their lower surface.. Contemporan' with the repairs of 126 127 .-\.D., the Emperor Hadrian decree regulating the ale of oil (I. G. IP 1100) was in. cribed on the northern door jamb of the central entrance of the Doric propylon.It i. not kno,\'n exactly when the buildin~ began to fall into ruin. After the destruction of the main .-\gora b\· the Herulians in ?6- .-\.D, and the con. truction of the Late Roman Fortification \\ all the life of the cit~ wa. re triered to the area '\'ithin the new circuit wall. ["rom that time on the ciyic centre and adminitrati\'e building: ,'ere eddentl\' transferred to the ar a of the Roman .\gora and the LibrarY• of Hadrian, It j a :trikin~ 'act that from that nme until the middle of the 19th centun, the market. • place of .-\them wa. located in precisel, rhe same place and the life of rhe city continued to be concentrated rhere.
.1l.\RI Rl'En, I, Chapt. I; \.I·\l"~CII~, '/:'1''''' I 3-, p. 13; BOTrlCHER, L mer uchun_cn, pp. 222 226;":. 1;:0\\\\ OI':'IL,ll~""!T. I 90, pp.ll-1 , I 'II, pp. --II; .\. '!>LUE,\'I'EI_, 1/~.. t%T. 1910, pp. 112-126; .\. (JP.\.'. .. .:,o_, lti.T. 5, 1919, Il'J'.!'J'.!T. P 16; P. GR\L" DOR, Etude ur .-\thenes ,ou' .-\u_u tc. III. I.e lar· che romain d'.-\thenes et la Tour de' Yem , .lu B 2 . ·1924, pp. 109-121; GR"'I~DOR, .\ugu Ie, pp. 1
19-; (1). ~l \11 " 1\ _ I i.t 13,193031, I/,,'.!,,'.!r. pp. 1 14; JU)J I< II, 'f opo 'raphie, pr· rl r4; BCH ~5. 1931, p.+66; \ \ 19·n, pp. 300 302; 1I. . ROBI o... The '1'0\\ er ot Ihe \'i ind and the Roman. larket-Placc, \J \ r, 19·n, pp. 291 0); I111.L. [hen, pp. 20:; 206; \J \ ~9, 19:;:;, p. 223; BCH 9,19,55, pp. 21 220; \. 111'\ ':'0_. 'f,'PiI" 1964, 1/Uf!lJf!r. pp.9 20; . II \ \111 , lei.t.20, 1965, X!.Ior. pp. 34-37.
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the Roman A~ora arc the ruins of a building which is customarill' called the "\goranomion 'yen thou~h there is no positive proof whatsoever for such an identification. The building stands 4.71 m. higher than the lel'el of the propylon and a broad stairway leads up to it, fig 47. The "'alls of this huildi ng arc or poras ashlar masonry; the main fa<;ade, on the west side, has three doorways \\'ith monolithic s 'micircular lintels, fi~. 46. The step on which the doors tand, the antae and the semicircular arch s arc or]" m rtian marble; the anta capitals and the entablature for the whole building arc of white Pentdic nurblc. _\C,OR
l"'O~1l0:-': Facin~ the ca~tcrn plOpl Ion
37
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Th ground plan of the buildin~ has not yet been ascertained, since both the cast and south sides lie concealed in une,cayated terri ron. Exca\'ation carried deep down inside the building has failed to reveal any traces of foundations, a di\'iding \\"all, or column bases. It is, however, possible to calculate the width of the fa<;ade, since the central doon\'ay must lie on the axis of the building. It is also known that there was an adjoining room on the north side of the building, but because of the great difference in floor levels there was no direct communication betw en the two. On II' one inscribed block of the entablature, no. 3, has remained in its original place. Three similar blocks, approximately twice as \\'ide, arc known, figs. 4 7 -48. Of these, nos. 2 and 4 were found near the building and no. 7, fig. , 50, is on the .\cropolis \\'est of the Parthenon. Since blocks nos. 2, 3, and 4 yield a continuous text, their places on the building can be determined. The position of no. 7 may also be exactly determined, for this block preseryes the end of the inscription. Furthermore, the order of the pryholes on the upper surfaces of the emicircuJar arches makes it possible to recover the order of the entablature blocks. The beginning of the inscription, now missing, would have contained the name of this building which was dedicated to Athena Archegetis and to the dil/i A'(r,tlsti as was the western propylon of the Roman Agora; it appears to ha\'e been an important public building of the mid-1st century after Christ. The identification with the .\goranomion, first proposed by P. Graindor in 1927, is based on another inscription which refers to the Agoranomion. The Agoranomion inscription is on a semicircular arch, fig. 51, which at first glance bears a close resemblance to the arches of the building under discussion. 1\e\'ertheless, a closer comparison of the profile and dimensions conclusively demonstrates that the Agoranomion inscription comes from another building. The semicircular arch with the Agoranomion inscription, 1. G. IF 3391 dated to 140-145 A.D., was found near the western propylon of the Roman Agora. Since the other two imcriptions (1. G. IF 3238 and 360?) associated with the Agoranomion "\\'ere also found at this spot, one should look for the Agoranomion there, in front of the Gate of Athena Archegetis along the road connecting the Roman Agora ,,'ith the main Agora.
H. DESSA LJ, Die rnschrift der A rkadenreihe am "Thurm der Winde", AM 7,1882, pp. 398 400; II. G. I.OLLlNG, lei,T. 1888, pp. 188 190; P. GRAt DOR, Antonin Ie Pieux et I'agoranomion d'Athcnes, RBPhil. 6, 1927,
pp. 754 756; )t'DFH II, Topographic, p. 3"'4: H. . ROBtNSON, A),\ 47, 1941, PI" 303 305; H. A. TIIO~tP'ON, Ilesperia 29, 1960, p. 34~.
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: B\ the nd of th 18th cmtun' scholars had located the sitt: of the :\cadem\, fig. 53, to th we t of th cit in th Out r K rameiko~ ncar Kalona. Hippios on the basis of informatIon prcscn'ed in anCient author. In tud ing th topograph\ of the .:\cadcm\ toda1" we ha,-c not onh- the anCIent texts but also concrete evidence, thank to the -cav,Hion, carried out b\ the private donor P, .\ristophron from 1929 to 1940; these excaution ~ r dir t d b\ K. Kourouniotl and spon.ored by the Academy of \then -, \fter a long inten al the c ca,·a· rion w r r. umed in 195~ and continued until the present, directed b\ Ph. _tavropoullos and financed b~ the Gr k Archa ological :: ocien', The .\cad m\ ,,-ith all of its various establishments occupied a large quadrilateral area, 450 300 metres, tig. 41-. .\t the nd of th 6th centur~ B.C. thi. area wa. apparently enclosed bv a wall which has been attributed to Hipparchos (_uidas, TO 'IrTOf!/.Ol· TEIXIOl'). 'othing of this early wall has been found, but the remain ofa 'en' much later pr cinct wall yield valuable information as to the extent of the Academy, even though it holds good onlv for later times. The remains of the ea. tern and. outhern line of thi later precinct "'all 'were dl covered n ar the church of St. Tryphon and a section of the ,,-e tern line of the wall, strengthened by buttre ses, has been found at the present-day Telephanou. t. 0:0 traces of the northern line of the wall have been found up until now; it hould follo,,- the south ide of an old rural lane, now called Aimonos St. Here we have a fixed point, for in December of 1966 a boundary stone was found In situ near the southeast corner of Aimonos and Tripoleos treet; the inscription on it dated circa 500 B,C. reads h6_'eo~ Ti; hE><ar5E,LlEla:, fig. 57. Thi boundary stone is of the greatest importance, because it is the first pi ce of incontroyertible evidence for the site of the .\cademy, it fixe the nor thea t corner of the site, and not only that, this inscription formally confirms the ancient name handed down by Diogenes Laertius (lII, -): Hekademeia from Hekademos the first settler who was worshipped there as a hero. The cult of Hekademo in this district does, indeed, seem to go back a long way in time. A .figure on a sherd of the econd quarter of the 6th century B.C., fig. 5 ,found in the Athenian .\gora, is identified by a dip into which has been restored to read H EKrl.[ JH.lIOE by Beazle\" (AB r -, p. T, no. 36); ".-irh rhe disco...-ery of the boundary tone this reading is all the more com,-incing. Furthermore, the wor hip of Hekademo i to be as ociated with the age-old shrines to which .\pollodoros refer (chol. ophocles, Oedipus CO/Of/ellS, 56, -0-+) and which, in my opinion, stood within a special good-sized sanctuary by the entrance to the .\cademy, The statue and altar of Eros dedicated by Charmos, the friend of Hippias, must ha,-e stood here and al 0 the altar of Prometheus and Hephaistos which was the starting point for the torch race. Other shrines and altars mentioned by ancient authors may have been in this area, uch as the altar of the ::\fuses, the shrine and altar of Athena specially venerated as the patron godde s of the Academy, and the tweh-e mOT/oi or sacred oli,-e tr es. and probably the altars of Zeus Morios or Kataibates, and of Hermes, and of Herakles. The excavations have shown that the area of the Academy was first settled in 0:eolithic times, a ,\-a. th cin of .-\thens. 0:eolithic, Early Helladic and Middle Helladic pottery has been found west of the precinct ,,-all of th Academy, where excavations reached a depth of 6 to 6.50 m. The richest finds were in the Early Helladic lenl where in 1955 the remains of a small apsidal house were found, fig. 52. Ph. Stanopoullos identified it a~ the house of Hekademos; near it was a building of the Geometric period constructed of sun-dried brick ,\'hich he called the" acred House" assuming that it had been built to inaugurate the cult in honour of the fir~t founders and heroes, fig. 62. Prehistoric remains have also been found in the region of the church of 'to Tn phon" h r there wa a considerable settlement in Middle Helladic and Late Helladic period.. \\ ithin the precinct wall of the Academy, the large gnnnasium comple" and a part of th . qu,ue penst\ I to th north have been excavated. The central section of the gymnasium compl x, fig.. 59-61, consi,ts of .1 I.lr~' rectangular court, with a rectangular area in the middle for the palaestra and an oblong r'~ 'r\ oir to the north for the athletes' baths. Oblong closed halls adjoined the court on the cast. south and ,,'cst sides; on th· Inn~1 tudinal axis of each of these halls a row of foundations for sguare ba~es sct at rcgular intcr\ .ds h.ls been f()un l. The e 1» e supported tables for the students, according- to a brilliant suggc,tion b\ I I. \. Thompson. Th~ room on the north side, with walls constructed entirel\ of poros, ale c'pccl,dh intl'restin~. The g\ I11t1.ls111111 is J
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43
dated to thc cnd of Ih Ilelltni~lic period or Ih' hl'l!;inning or Roman limes; many poros architectural blocks from classical buildings wen: used in ils consl ruCI ion. The large square perist \' It is dated to Ihe second half of Ihe 41 h cUltury B.C. ; only the conglomerate foundations for th columns h,\\'e been found up until now. During the exc~v~lions on Ihe northwe,t side (if the peristyle, fLlgments of tcrracOl!a metol es wilh paimed dccoration ~nd ~ntefixcs daung to the beginning of the second half of the 6th C'ntllr) B.C. \\'cre found, ligs. 54-55. Seventy small fragments of honorary decrees dating from the -tth cemur)- B.C. to Roman times wcre found scattered throughout the whole area of this building. R cent linds made by Ph. Stanopoullos include the writing tablets of the students, found ncar the section of the pr 'cinct \\'all with the buttresses. Among hundreds of slate tablets only twenty have letters inci~ed by a pointed instrum nt, J-ig. 64. nother important discovery in this area is a relief which has on one side Athena wearing a helmet and holding a spear, and on the other jV[arsyas with a youth. From time to time various strucrur s, wells, graves, and a great quantity of sculpture, fig. 63, have been found to the west of the Academy and on either side of the preselll-day road which leads to the Kephisos river. The region of Athens called the ;\cademy was at no time limited to the area \\'ithin the precinct wall. It was surrounded by gardens and gro\'es and in 3 8 B.C. Plato established his famous school in the district between the Academy and Hippios Kolonos and other schools and institutions were installed around about the gymnasium. The Academy enjO\'ed great fame throughout antiquity and was still flourishing in the time of the Emperor julian and during the whole period of the eo-Platonic philosophers until 529 A.D. when by decree of rhe Emperor justinian all the educational institutions in Athens were closed. The destruction of the Yarious buildings of the Academy began then and in the course of time the ruins were buried to a depth of 2-2.50 In. under the silt from the f.::ephisos.
FRAZER, Pausanias II, 1'1'.387-396; I I. KA~Tl'llnl1~, '/I %r.01J/lEW, 'E'P'I!l. 1922, PI'. 89-100; L. WEBER, Kerameikos-Kulte, AM 50, 1925, 1'1'.139-156; AjA 34,1930, p. 390; K. Ko)'PonOll'l'II~, Ufja%T. '.·I%a,). 5, 1930, Pl'. 420--424; jUDElCIJ, Topographie, PI'. 412414; II. A1'11:'1' O
NISS, The Riddle of the Early .\cadem), Berkele), Los Angeles 1945; 11. HERTER, Platons i\kademic, Bonner Universitiits~chriftcn1\T, Bonn 1946; .\. 1I.\11.\1'1 \ NOIIUr,\Ol.; LI \.\ \1ll~, '.I"",lllpEl"", JlOUpWI' 5, 1952/53, PI" 74-80; DELOR~IF, Gymnasion, pp. 3742, 51-54; \]>. LI' \ n'OlIl))'\ \Ol.;, ')")'''l',,;,o:ra/()da, ~'I'II:r;"lfj"'l"l,
•
I "",llllda; R. E. \\'YCHERLEY, PeripaLOs: The Athenian Philosophical :ccne--II, GaR 9,1962, PI" 2 10; ~. 11.\11.\~1I1·1'1 II-K.\p,ll'zor, '. I )'}'t'lU To[i '~ III(J)' l'!..JOii,lTO":, '.1l.hjl'UI 19b~, pp. 104-105. S. \'.
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-\\ 19'1, Fl'. 21- 219; 19~.3, p. 209; 1934, p. 139; $. ~I \1'I'11l111l \ \tl~, 1l'!(l%T. 1956. PI" 4- 52; 1958, Fr. 9 10; 1959, p. 9; 1961, pp. ::; -.
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, ""iil %TIL 1, 1968, PI'. 101 102; Bell 92, 1968, p. 733.
TI'-DS \ \. 1931, PI'. 217 219; 1937, p. 11-; <\.I. ~I \!I',,_ IIOJ \ \O~, II,! f1 %T. 1958, 1'1'.12 13; 1963, PI'. '"7 9,1-, 20 22, 26 28. G\
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L\RLY HELL\DIC HOl SI
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pp. 10; 1962, PI" 5- ; H. DRERl'P, GrrcChl'ichc Baukunst in geometri'icher ZeIt, Archac.ologla Homerica II 0, Gottingen 1969.
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AA 1933, p. 210; 1934, PI'. 139-140. I::.XCA \'A T10~ .
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\\ L T OF THE ACADL \1\ <1>. LT \1I'()r[()l'\.\o~, IEi.To 16,1960, -",!o". 1'1',33-35;
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54 Terracona am fix s of the beginning of the second half of the 6th c. B.C., found west of the quare Pcnstyle of the ~'\cadem\• . •
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57 Boundary stOne of the Academy found ill situ near the SE corner of the intersection of Aimonos and Tripoleos Sts. Circa 500 B.C. Width 0.29 m.; height 0.84 m. StOreroom, Third Archaeological District of Athens.
58 Fragment of a vase in rhe Agora. Agora P 10507.
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63 Archaist;c relicf of llcrmcs and thc Nymphs, found circa 600 m. wcst of thc Acadcmy.
64 A student's writing tahh.:t with the Inscribed on iL 0.555 Ill. >< 0.23 Ill.
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Th \\ork ofuncoH'ring and displa)ing the monument~ of the Acropolb by demolbhin~ all of the I constructions and rem()\jng the medial" al and later accumulations of earth began in 1834. During r '-sc 1 t: a,ations of 1885 1891, the .\cropolis was cle
Ther arc very few remains of the (,comctri IX riod on the \ero!'o!ls. \t that lime the tcmlle of \tlt 'n.l ( f which Homer peaks must have heln on the site \\ here the !Iccn,le.1ll p.I1,1 e h,ld form'rh stood, ,1ft 'r\\.lrds the ite 0 the Old T mple of Athena. Round ahout the .\C1opolis man) g't,!\CS ,ll1d much pottet\ of th· l~co-
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metric period ha\'e been found, fl/-:. 67. Today it i~ difficult and otten 'ven impossible to follow the early architectural d 'yclopment~ on the, \cropolis, lor on the one hand the great temples constructed in the 6th and 5th centuri 'S 13.C. h,tYe concealed the remains of earlier buildings, fig. 71, and on the other hand the excavations of the last centut\ went down to bedrock and eliminated any traces which may have been present, J fowever, it i~ po~sible to picture the appearance of the temples of the 6th century B.C., aided by the finds from the ' ... c\\ation~, terraCOlla roof tiles, figs. 72-77, and many fragmel1ls of paras and marble architecture, sculpture and inscriptions, fig~. 78-87, which the . \thenian~ had reveremly collected and buried when they decided to rebuild their shrine~ in the 5th cemury B.C. Terracolla anrefixes and simas dated to the end of the 7th century H.C. show that the .\cropolis had importam buildings in the early archaic period. Much of the poras archite~ ture and pediment ~culpture seems to belong 10 a class of monuments called oikcma/a in the inscriptions, Although their foundations haye not been found, it is probable that Building C and Building E were to the west of the Parthenon and thal Building B was on the site where the Pinakotheke of the Propylaia afterwards stood (p. 482).There ,,'ere certainly at least two great temples dedicated to Athena, the patron goddess of the city, the old peril tetal temple of .t\thena (529-520 B.C.), the foundations of which arc preserved to the south of the Etechtheion (p. 143), and the IIekatompedon (570-566 B.C.) probably on the site where the Parthenon was built (p. 258). The Mycenaean wall continued to c;ncircle the Acropolis bur in the course of time it ceased to be important as a fottification wall. In 566 B.C. the upper part of the Mycenaean bastion at the west entrance was demolished and on the occasion of the founding of the Panathenaic festival an altar to Athena Nike was set on the bastion. \\ hen the upper part of the Mycenaean bastion was demolished the Mycenaean fortified gate must haye gone our of u e and in its place the Athenians built a monumental entrance through which the Panathcnaic ptocession passed (p, 482). The Peisistratids used the Acropolis as theit headquarters and place of refuge; at the end of the 6th century B.C., after they had been driven out, the Acropolis ceased to be used as a fott and belonged solely to the gods. Ftom that time on great new buildings were designed within the framework of a single new atchitectural scheme fot the whole Acropolis; the plan ,\'as set in motion after the notable victory of the Athenians at l\farathon in 490 B.C. The building of the first marble Patthenon must haye begun at this great moment in history and at this time magnificent Prapylaia replaced the old I ycenaean entrance. \,'hen the Persian invadets returned in 480 B.C., the walls of the Acropolis were no longer capable of sustaining an attack, fot the Athenians had partly removed them in order to show off the temple to better advantage and, at some places, had totally demolished the wall, as on the south side because of the work on the fOU11dations of the Older Parthenon. It was precisely on this account, as O. Walter observed, that the Delphic oracle recommended the "wooden walls" i. e. boats to the Athenians. onetheless, many of the inhabitants interpreted the oracle differently and fortified the Acropolis with wooden barricades which the invaders easilv felled; they became masters of the Acropolis, plU11der•
ing, destroying, and setting lire to the shrines. After the victory at Salamis and the expulsion of the Persians in 480/479 B.C. the Athenians, \\-ho ~rere busy with the fortification of the city and the harbours in the face of danger from an invasion by the LakedaJmol11an~, showed little intetest in rebuilding their destroyed shrines. Tradition records that they had sworn to leav.e theIr burned shrines in ruins in ordet to keep the memory of the enemy alive. An extensive programme tor the erection of new temples and other buildings began to take shape only after Kallias had signed a peace t~e\ty with the Persians at Susa in 448 B.C. and after a thirty years' peace with the Spartans had been secured. PetJkl~s was the leading spirit in rebuilding the monuments of the Acropolis and working with him wer.e the mo~t ~I nent architects, sculptors and artists, whose inspired compositions were carried out with envJabl p rt ctlon by anonymous craftsmen. Very solid retaining walls were among the first works to be carried out on the _\cropolis; they w're built to hold in the heavy earth fillings which were brought in to 1c\-e1 out Ihe Ul1t'\cn SUr!;ICC and, mor impottant, to enlarge the area of the Acropolis. The fact that age-old shrines anti altars \\-ere cO\'cred oyer in th process
IK ROPOII.l
in th . urfac I vel and that n w approaches 'were constructed shows us that we are in the pre nee of in I n warchit ctural design tor the whole area, based on a carcfull) drawn plan. Th n . t m I built for Ath na, the Parth non, dominates the "\cropolis and is ... isible from all m:er the city. Th Old T mple of Athcna was d moli'hed and in its place the J .rechtheion was built with the ite and dime~ i n cho. n 0 a: not to vie with the P.lfthenon. " ew Propvlaia were erected on the site of the older building, but with th axis align d differenth. The new orientation 'wa designed so that the vL itor passin?; through the Propy laia would imm diat h have a striking impression of the colossal statue of the -\thena Pro macho flanked bv h r two t mple.. fig. 612. The Chalkotheke, the shrine of Artemis Brauronia, other shrines, altar and a ho.'t of d dications and statues adorned the space around the D,\'O great temples. The temple of Athena _'ike 'was built on the :'fycenaean bastion in front of the Prop\laia. The r nneapylon di appeared and a new approach \\<1. constructed, a ramp 12 m. \dde and 80 m. long, beginning on the Panathenaic \\"ay and ending in front of th Prop~·laia. In H 11 nistic and Roman times little \\'as added on the "-\cropolis, fig. 89. But around about the .-\cropolis and along the entire length of the Peripatos, \\ hich in a waY' formed the boundary of the sacred area, the ancient shrines were repaired and tempi s and other buildings \"ere erected, fig. 91. The danger of an inYasion by the Herulian. cau cd the Emperor \Talerian (253-260 A.D.) to take precautions in fortifying not only the lower city (p. 161) but also the Acropolis which for nearly eight hundred years had had no importance as a forr. At that time the \\'alls were repaired and the so-called Beule Gate was built in front of the Propylaia. Right through the Middle Ages the monuments of the cropolis remained \'irtually intact; the temples were com'erted into Christian churches with only minor changes. Destruction and decay et in at the middle of the 17th century and continued until the Greek \\'ar of Independence; directly after the liberation the Acropoli ceased to be a fort by royal decree on the 10th of February 1834, and the work of excayating and reconstructing the monuments began.
BECLE,
Acropole;
BOTTICHER,
Untersuchungen;
C. v. \'\ILHlO\",TZ, Burg und tadt \'on Kekrops bis
Entrance Court of the "-\cropolis of .-\thens, Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 4-1-3-520; \\'. };:OLBE, Die ~euge raltung
Perikles, Aus Kydathen, Berlin 1880, pp. 9~-1 2;
der .-\kropolis nach den Per erkriegen, ]dI 51, 1936,
PEXROSE, Athenian Architecture; :\. BOTTICHER, Die
pp. 1-64; G. W. ELDERKI~,
.-\kropoli
nian Cult,
von Athen,
Berlin 1888;
HARRISO',
tudie in Earh' Athe-
tud. Capps, pp. 106-123; K. DOXI.\Dh,
~fythology;
W. ;\frLLER, A History of the Akropolis of Athens, A]A 8,1893, pp. 473-554;]. H. frDDLE-
Raumordnung im griechischen riidtebau, Heidelberg 193~; T. B n \~OS, Le ~[onuments de I' -\cro,
TO.', Plans and Drawings of Athenian Buildings, ]HS
pole, Paris 1938; D. S. ROBERT,>o:\" Greek and Ro-
Supp!. Paper 3, 1900; O. ] AHN - A. l\frCIIAELl, rx Athenarum a Pausania descripta , Bonn 1901 3 ,. CA v-
man
VADIAS -KAWERAU, Akropolis; M. L. D'OoGE, The Acropolis of Athens, I ew York 1908; G. W. ELDERKL', Problems in Periclean Buildings , Princeton 1912', CASSON, Acropolis ;\fuseum; M. SCHEDI" Die Burg von Athen, Berlin 1922; A. H. S~-1l rH, The Building Inscriptions of the Acropolis of Athens, Journal RIBA 34, 1926/27, pp. 127-137; WALT] R, kropolis; JUDEICH, Topographic; Cn. PI( ARD, L'AcropoJe, Pari; WREDE, ~1auern; B. GRALl ['.. LANGLO IZ, Die antiken Vasen von der Akropolis /u Athen, Berlin J 1925,111933; W. HLGJ,- G. ROf)J-"NWALDJ', Die .\kropoll , Berlin 19352 ; ( .. P. ~>T LVI. '>, The Periclean
sche Tempel, Berlin 19512;
A.rchitecture,
Jew York 1945 2 ; DI:-.."roOR,
Architecture; \\'. HEGE- G. RODEl"W.\LDT. Griechi. \\'. L \\\ RFKCF, The
Acropolis and Persepolis, ]HS 71, 1951, pp. III 119; IIILL, \thens; C J. HERI 'GTO:-', .\th'na Parth no, and \rhena Polias, Manchester 1955; \. \\. I \ \\RE 'eE, Greek .\rchilecture, London 195~; H. T. \'\' \OI·,-GFRY B. D. MERITT, \theni'l\1 Rc,ourcc,> in 449 and 431 B. C, Hesperia 26, 19 "', Pl" 163 1<)-;
G. P.
~
J L\ J
'>,
Rc. toration. of
Lissie.ll BlIildin~'.
Princcton 195R2; '1'1' \r\()~, llo).Hl<)O/lIXII; I. \Ill \1 Ull:", '.I"!,,;,,,"AII, ' I/},jl'(((; 11.131 R\J G. lRt UI , C;ucchi sche Tcmpel lind lIeiligtlll11cr, .\llInchcll 1'l1l\. Pl" 63 72,168 186;~.\11 \L]ZJl~ I~.II \1l\\\Idl."X!!O"!tl
[I\./W ('OUS
10(,7; J\.I1\ 7 , !96R, pp.
)".: "",' .I1ol'a'·;{l", '. Wlj,·",
_66 _67. I'R F III S TO RIC '\ C R() PO LI S \
•
", I -.-no.
ll' Ii o~-
,./.:
\_.
-,
.
.f!!O,aTU!!'}lO~
~, , ).IX!!().7ro},t1', , ":TO TIl"
1002, pp. L3-130; Eo IIE.\Eld .... ll~, JhP,/I'(L Ii;';''';" ',I"(lO:H').£«).:, IdT. 1, 1915,//u(I
Oi
{Jaali.l%oi
nJ.rpol
nv,'
Jlv%I/"wv
%ai
'I
dfh/"ai'%I/
1941, pp. 415-422; O. BRONEER, The Dorian Invasion: \\-hat Happened at Athens, A J A 52, 1948, pp. 111114; id., Plato's Description of Early Athens and the Origin of }'fetageitnia, Hesperia Supp!. 8, 1949, pp. 47-59; id., Athens in the Late Bronze Age, Antiquity 30, 1956, pp. 9-18; lAKOBT.... IIE, 'A%!!o:7oi.l;; n. KA.\.\IrA~, le).T. 18, 1963, Xgo,'. p. 16; l\. II.\xl'!l:\, lei.T. 19, 1964, X(lo,·. pp. 24-32; 20, 1965, X(lOI'. pp. 28-32;21,1966, X(lov. pp.42-43;MYLONAS, Iycenae, pp. 35-43.
cra(lui)oal:,
'EcrtTlJ,t{JIOI' Xg.
Taot;''Ta,
'" J &ijl'at
PELARGIKON C. ROBERT, Der Aufgang zur Akropolis, Philologische Untersuchungen I, Berlin 1880, pp. 173-194; J. W. WHITE, To 17ei.a(lYl%OII bri JIeIJl"i,eovc;, 'Erplili. 1894, pp. 25-62; A. KosTER, Das PeJargikon, Strassburg 1909; R. IIEBERDEY, Das Westtor der Pelasgerburg von Athen, (j Jh 13, 1910, pp. J 4; S. WIDE, II Pomerium e il Pelargicon, Ausonia 7, 1912, pp. 177 197; W. DORPIELD, Die altesten Stadtmauern Athens, Festschrift Judeich, pp. 1 12; A. KEI'\'IO1l0rAAOl;, Trl /hi.rlr!),,%,JV, 1l1.!""T. '.I>, TIl ',1 a"J,I/",,,.;riJ', ,,1 or)o;
,
55 ,
1934/35, pp.85 116; Di)fII'II.I.D, Alt-Athen I, pp. 22 29; W. KOLBE, AA 1939, pp. 227 236; id., Fur, 1939, pp. 393 ·394,427 429; G. WEL'JJ.R, AA 1939, pp. 1-9; (1/
-rorj-;,
(J./'fLJ'(JIlf1'lI
I. TPA l'A()}';, ~ If axi.le",/OlJ Tr;iJ'
7ft
l1fj()'lllJ).rUfl,
::Tfl}.r1l0%!!t.flTlfJ.111%"
'Et/JlIl.
{JrlfTti.lXf'
T(Jij
'A-
',lfJll"w,', 'Erf'lIl. 193941, pp. 59 62;
G. P. ~TEVI·.NS, Hesperia 15, 1946, pp. 72 77; J. Bf,RARD, Le mur Pelasgique de l'AcropoJe et la date de la Descente Dorienne, Stud. Robinson I, pp. 135 159; T I' A 1'AO~, n oi.eoboltl%r" pp. 21-22, 25 26; r."'K01JI..HIE, 'A%(?OnoJ.l<;; L. BESCHI, Annuario, .'. S. 29/30, 1967/68, pp. 389-397. ARCHAIC ACROPOLIS
WIEGAND, Poros-Architektur; DIcKINs, Acropolis Museum; I-IEBERDEY, Porosskulptur; BUSCHOR, Tondacher; W. ZSCI'IIETZSCH~IANN, Peisistratos und die Akropolis, Klio 27, 1934, pp. 209-217; H. SCHRADER, Die archaischen Marmorbildwerke der Akropolis, Frankfurt 1939; E. LANGLOTZ -W.-H. SCHliCHHARDT, Archaische Plastik auf der Akropolis, Frankfurt 1943 2 ; XV. B. DINs~toOR, The Hekatompedon on the Athenian Acropolis, AJA 51, 1947, pp. 109-151; RAl:BITSCHEK, Dedications; H. PAY1'.l£ - G.},!. YOl: 'G, Archaic ;\farble culpture from the Acropolis, London 1950 2 ; W. H. PLO~nIER, The Archaic Acropolis: Some Problems, JHS 80, 1960, pp. 127-159; \'\.-H. SCHl:CHHARDT, Ai\. 1963, Pl'. 797-824; E. Tot;LOL'P.~, Une Gorgone en bronze de I' Acrop01e, BCH 93, 1969, pp. 862-884. ATHENAPRO~[ACHOS
.
\\'. B. DIl'mIOOR, AJA 25, 1921, pp. 118-129; E. PFUHL, Die grof3e eherne Athena des Phidias, A r 57,1932, pp. 151-157; G. P. STEVENS, Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 491-499; A. E. RAUBITSCHEK - G. P. STEVENS, The Pedestal of the Athena Pro machos, Hesperia 15, 1946, pp. 107-114; HILL, Athens, p. 180; H. G. NIE~IEYER, Pro machos, \'Ilaidsassen 1960, pp. 76-86; N. V AL\IlN, Spuren eines "Saulenkultes" auf der Akropolis von Athen, A,\ 1964, pp. 143 145; H. A. TIlO\II'SON, A Colossal }'Ioulding in "\th ns, Xa!!,aTI/1.!1U I' I, 1965, pp. 314-323; \\". B. DIl';S\IOOR, Two Monuments on the ,\thcnian Acropolis XUl.!laTl/l.!rO" 4, J967, pp. 145 155; r. ~o'\l'.\~, 1£).T.23, 1968, X(lo,·. p. 19. F. i\1 \1HI0I'OII os, Zur Typologie def GblIin\thcna im \' . .Ih. yor Chr. PhiL Di.s, Bonn 1968, pro 7 47.
lk/«()/'O//I
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65 The :\cropolis of :\thens from the \\ e~t )Ll't before the GreLk \\ ar of Independence. Painted In 1819 b\ L Dupre.
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90 Yie \' of the Acropolis from the
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·IKROPOJ.I,\: MYCbNAEAN SPRING HOUSE
In the course of excayating on the north slope of the Acropolis, O. Broneer found , &mon oth r important discoHrics, a hitherto unkno\"n spring in the cave of Aglauros, very far down, which h d be n u d for a yery short space of time in the l\f )cenaean period. The excavation of the cave was begun in peil 1937 and at that time a study 'was made of the stairway; there are cuttings in the rock for the suppOrt of wood n steps on ither side of the cleft. In antiquity this tairway was used throughout the centuries as a ret pa ,age and it was associated with a rite in which the Arrephoroi descended from the Acropolis and went to th n ighbouring ,hrine of Aphrodite in the Gardens (p. 228). Th ca,-c i really a natural, nearly Hrtical fissure, 1-2.50 m. wide, 18 m. high, and about 35 m. long. At the top of the fissure there is an entrance from the Acropolis just west of the House of the Arrephoroi and at the bottom there is an exit on to the north slope of the Acropolis, fig. 93. The recent excavations have revealed that the cleft goes much deeper down and that in it was a stairway by which people descended into the depths to draw water from a spring at the bottom, figs. 94-96. The newly discovered section of the stairway is made of large schist slabs resting on a rubble construction held in place by wooden beams. It comes to a stop at the juncture of the upper layer of Acropolis llme. tone with the underlying layer of marl. A well was opened up in this lov:er layer containing an underground yein of water; it is 9 metres deep with a diameter of 2 m. at the • PRI 'G HOUSE:
top and 4 m. near the bottom. The finds of Mycenaean pottery are most .-aluable for determining the date not only of the construction of the lower part of the stairway but also of the time ,,-hen the spring and the lower stairway went out of use. The pottery is dated in the second half of the 13th century B.C. and shows that the spring had a limited period of use of thirty to forty years, that it probably was destroyed by an earthquake and was abandoned after being coyered over with earth. The construction is contemporary with the programme for fortifying the Acropolis; it is one of the most ambitious works of the Mycenaean period in Athens and it is the first work officially undertaken to provide for the city water supply. Tradition evident!) presen-ed the memory of the spring for a long time and Plato was undoubtedly referring to this spring, as Broneer conjectures, in his description of the earliest city in the Critias (lllc). Then too, the worship of the nymph Aglauros within the cave indicates a dim memory of the vanished spring. IT.
KABBA':>IA~, 'ErpI'JI.l.
1897, pp. 26-32; O. BRoNEER, A Mycenaean Fountain on the Athenian Acropolis,
Hesperia 8, 1939, pp. 317-429; L\KDBDII~, '.I%()6:rai.I;, pp. 128-131; 1IYLo:-iAs, Mycenae, pp. 40-43.
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: Th pr cinct of th h alin~ hero Amynos, fi~s. 97~ 98, was found on the south slope of the Arcoin t 92 during excantion directed by W. DiJrpfeld for the German Archaeological Institute. This shrin dat to th 6th centun B.C., is not mentioned by ancient authors. It was securely identified on t i of mam "\ oti....e reliefs and inscriptions of the 4th centun B.C. found in the excavations; the inscripti n r f r to Am\nos.•\.klepios and Dc'don (1. C. IP 1252, 1253,4365,4385,4422,4424,4435); an inscription of th Roman p riod abo refers to Hygieia (1. C. IJ2 4457). The Ltyl1loloJ!.icul1I Magnum (t1f~iOJv) records that Dexion is the name which the tragic poet Sophocles was given by the Athenians when he was made a hero after hi d ath for ha....ing \\-clcomed the god Asklepios, receiving him in his house and establishing an altar in hi honour. ophocl ' association "\, ith the Amyneion, in which he evidently set up the altar to Asklepios, is made dear b\" in.criptions (1. C. IP 1252. 1253). The pr cinct wall of the shrine, built of large limestone blocks in the poly gonal style, is at the corner of one of the densely inhabit d city blocks of this district. The entrance to the precinct gives on the road for wheeled traffic in the dirEction of the.\cropolis; in the beginning it was a simple gate but later, in Roman times when the le....el of the road ,,'as raised, the old gate was adorned with a marble fas:ade with two columns. The most acred spot in the shrine ,,'as the well, 4.10 m. in depth, with water thought to have healing properties. The poros well~curb is presen'ed and also terracotta pipes which apparently supplied the sacred well with water at a later date. The base of a marble offering table was found near the well. Around the offering table are scant remains of retaining walls which held in place the earth filling brought in to produce a le,'el terrace on the slope. It seems that there was no building or small temple and that it was an open-air shrine. Probably the only roofed area \,'as a simple toa with ,,'ooden columns tanding on stone base two of which have sur....iyed. Elsewhere within the hrine were bases on which the \'arious ....oti\"e offering ,,'ere placed. ome of these bases ha,'e now disappeared ,,"hue others ha,-e been mo....ed away from their original locations.
, KORH., Be/irk cines Heilgoltes , \:Y[ 18 189'1 , pp, 231 256; W. D0RPJ-ELD, \\1 19, 1894, p. ')08; E. BOlRc,lf.r, Decret des orgcons d'Amynos, BCH 1 , 1894, pp. 491492; \. KORJf, A~I 2l, 1896, pp. 287 332; E. ell IIDr, Halon, \.\1 38, 19l3, pp. 73-
~7; Jl Dll( II.
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SHRI EOI' .\I'IIROOI1'E I h·:(a·~\(1NE \ \) 'l'1'~II'LE OF AI'IIHO\)I I'E ()UIIAN1A: [n 1892 a large inscribed altar of Hymettian marble. dedicaled in 197/1% H.c. to phrodite Ilegemone, the Demos and the Graces (I. C.IP 2798) \\"a~ di~ mercd ill .fifl/ at the 1'001 of Ihe north ~Iope of Kolonos Agoraios when a trench for the AthensPiLleus railroad line \\ ,l~ opened up, Other finds at the same place in lude various statue bases and the curved 1 'l~e of the Thria~ians fOllnd il/ .rtfl/ (I. G. IP 3864) and inscriptions referring to the shrine of Demos and the GLI e~ (I. (,. IP 8H, 908, 909, 987). In the Jrd centun H.C. this \\"a~ the site of an open-air shrine where Aphrodite Hegemone, the Demos and the G raC'~ \\ ere \\'orshippcd; at a later date the cult of Roma was added, as we learn from an inscription can'ed on on' of the 'eats in the Themre of Dionysos (I. C. IP 5047). There is nothing left of the shrine today, for direcrll after the altar and the bases \\"ere found e\'erything was removed in order to make way for the railroad track. Ho\\"e\T(, the plans drawn up in 1892 ha\'e preserved a record of the lindspots and investigations carried our in 19 6 and 1938 on either side of the railroad track by the Agora excavators have further defined the limits of the shrine, fig. 102. An ancient road leading from the Agora to the acred Gate forms the northern boundar)' of the precinct and the southern boundary is defined by the vertical scarp in the dill" which had been quarried out to a considerable depth in order to create a level area in which to install the shrine. •\bo\·e the scarp there is a rectangular bedding for a building of which some of the conglomerate foundations are presened; '\\'e belieye that it was the temple of Aphrodite Ourania. The temple of carll' Roman times is located at this spot on the basis of Pausanias' description (1, 14, 7). Architectural blocks, found while the railroad trench was being dug out, undoubtedly come from this temple and show that it was built of poros in the Doric order. The cult statue of Aphtodite Ourania, a work of Pheidias according to Pausanias, must haye srood in an earlier temple, a predecessor of the early Roman temple. An extraordinarily interestillg find came from a ,,'ell near the temple, a small marble herm, 0.32 m. high, representing Aphrodite Ourania, fig. 105. This little statue, dated to the mid-3rd centue) B.C., not only supports the identification of the extant remains as the temple of Aphrodite Ourania but also gives us an exact idea of the appearance of the cult statue (Pauanias I, 19, 2).
APIJRODITE HEGEMONE K. 11ITTAh.m:, 'I':'('II'. 1858, p. 1747, o. 3328; H. LOLLI"C" l,i.T. 1891, pp. 25 27, 40 63, 126-129; Tn. Ilo\loLI.E, [nscriptions d' Athi:nes, provenant uu temenos e1u Demos et des Charites, Bell 15, 1891, pp. 344 369; JtJDEIClI, Topographic, p. 363; T. L. SIIEAR, lIesperia 6, 1937, pp. 338339; G. WLLTER, Daticrtc Altare in Athen, AA 1939, pp. 35 36; DbRI'I'ELO, Alt-Athen II, pp. 188 192; J. 'fRAVLOS,
Hesperia Suppl. 8, 19-+9, p. 392; • monl:l, pp. 59 61.
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DI I 1'1 \11'-1 OS \ 1'-1> I, \ \\ ( 011 itT : i\ mon~ Ihe hu lid iIl~S exca vated to the sou th of the Olympieion In 19~2, the mos~ I~~port'lnt \\ 'IS a brge classical temple of which ollly the foundations have been preserved in .fllll, hg.s. 106 JOtI. 1 hiS \\as a pe:1I tend Doric temple amphidiSl} Ie in antis, built in the mid-5th century B.C., ,t date IIldlcttetl b\ th' pottery lrom the fOLUldations, by the excellent workmanship of the architecture and 1)\' th ' usc of 1 arian marble for the simas and the celllral acraleria on the pediments, figs. 109 110. ' The' t 'mI'l ' api cars to have stood until the middle of the 3rd century after Christ when it was demolished and its bloeb re-used as building material f I' the Valerian \,'all (p. 161). Four of the paras architectural members wer' found in and near the temple: a fragment of the eurhynteria, one stylobate block, the lowest drum of a column, and an anta capital. "\ great many tiny poros fragments of various architectural members, found at the sam' ri~1e around the foundations of the temple, show that the entire temple was of a hard compact paras, exc'pt tor the meta pes \\-hlch probably were of marble as were the simas and roof tiles. Since, remarkably enough, no colour at all \\'as presen-ed on any of the architectural elements, the temple may have had no painted d coration. l..:p until the present the excavations have yielded no conclusive evidence as to the identification of the tempi e. But the first letters of Apollo's name are pre~erved on four potsherds, permitting an identification with the temple of _\1'0110 Delphinios mentioned by Pausanias (I, 19, 1) as being near the Olympieion; Artemis Delphinia and Apollo Delphinios were jointly worshipped there. The construction of the first temple of Apollo D lphinios should be dated, according to Pausanias, to the year when Theseus first came to Athens. Any remains of the earlier temple would have been destroyed when the foundations of the classical temple were laid down on the same site, but Mycenaean and Geometric pottery has been found to the east, and also the remains of various \\-alls of the Geometric period, the most important of which must have belonged to the precinct wall of the older temple. To the we t of the temple is an archaic building which may contribute to the identification. The type of construction shows that it must have been an important civic building, probably the La\vcourt at the Delphinion. The ruins of the building were excavated in 1939 when, for the first time, the rocky spur of a little hill at ilie sourh\\-est comer of the 01 rmpieion was cleared. According to ancient tradition, Aigeus established the Delphinion on the site \\-here he was living. During the construction of the archaic building the hill was quarried a\\'aY to a considerable extent, not only to provide room for the building, but also to isolate it from the surrounding area by means of the high steep sides of the cliff. On the other sides it was apparently enclosed br a wall. This was probably the fenced enclosure, the periphrakloll, as Plutarch calls it (Theseus 12) \\'hich enclosed the Delphinion. The Gate of Aigeus, mentioned by Plutarch as being to the cast of the shrine, should perhaps be identified with the Diomeian Gate, X, which is, in {act, in that district (1" 160). The archaic building has polygonal masonry mainly of Acropolis limestone but \\·ith some I..::ara limestone, u ed contemporaneously. There is a large square hall and two small ones on either side, figs. 113-114; the exterior dimensions for the whole building arc 21.50 X 11.20 m. The construction resembles that of the Old Bouleuterion in the Agora (1" 191) and must have been built at about the same time, circa 500 B.C. The partition walls of the two smaller rooms and the seashore-pebble mosaics in the eastern room and in the court in front of the building apparently belong to repairs executed in the 4th or 3rd century B.C. The various small rooms to the cast of the building must be contemporary with it. They may ha\ e been destroyed \\-hen the large Roman peristyle was built (p. 429) and a new precinct ran on top of them. The \\'all, still presern:d to its full length at the time when it was excavated in 1939, was the eastern boundary of the Lawcourt.
Topographic, p. 387; 1\1. ;"11 I"OS, lIesperia 16,1947, pp. 262264; 1. (-JI'I-:'IIUII~ I. TI'\r.\O~, ,lth. 17, 1961{62, X~(JJ" pp. 9 14; AJ 66, 1962, JIJDL\CII,
p. 389, R. Ii. "YeW RIIY, (;RB~ 4,19<>\ 1'1'.166· 168; :'rnu Nit s, Subm\ecll.tc.tn ~tudie'~, p. 22.
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f t he .\cropohs, fig. 116, IS o\Tred \\ ith ni hes lor inscribed \otive plnclues dedicated to Apollo under the Long Rocks or to :pollo I, ,low the TIeights. P.Ka\ "adias found ten such plnclues in front of the cave durin~ the e).cayatlOl\S 01 1897; sundar ones had prey iousl) been found ncar the cave, and rcccntl)' they have bctn found in the \gOLI F,cwatiol\s.• \11 the placTues h;1\ e a crown in relief and an inscription with a dedication to Apollo by the nin' 'trchollS, rigs. 120 122. . CAVE 01'
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\pOllll under t he Long Rocks was al. 0 \\orshippcd as Pythios, as may he inferred from a passage in I:uripides (lOll 283 285); and the conne,ion between the nine archons and Pythian Apollo is understandable since Demosth n's (X\'III, 141) explicitly states that .\pollo Pythios also receives honours as Apollo Patroos in the cit\'. Furrh rmore, Philostratos seems to re~ I' to the cave sanctuary of Apollo as the Pythion in the passage tclli~g where the Panathenatc ship was moored (I /I/ne Sopbis/nn/lll II, 1, 5). \". Dllrpfeld and. \. I"::eramopoullos maintained that the Pytbion mentioned by Thucydides (II, 15) and trabo (I X, 404) should be located in the cave on the north slope of the Acropolis. Keramopoullos, indeed, came to th more definite conclusion that the ca\'e cast of Apollo's shrine, Cave C, was the shrine of Zeus Olympios, and that the rectangular bedding in from of the cave was the escbnra of Zeus Astrapaios. There are severnl instances where a cult in .Athens is known to have had two separate shrines, and the apparent conflict in our sources is resol\-ed if we assume that Thucydides refers to the Ol)'mpion (p. 402) and P)'thion (p. 100) ncar the Ilissos, wbile Strabo refers to sanctuaries of the same name on the north slope of the Acropolis. c\ccording to Strabo, the e.frbarn of Zeus Astrapaios is inside the wall between the Pythion and Olympion. In this case the wall is surel\' the Pelargikon E-E, because both Lucian (Bis ACClIsa/IIS 9) and Kratinos (Edmonds, C.-l.F. I, no. 321) state that the shrine of Pan is inside this wall. Furthermore, it appears that Philostratos is also thinking of the Pelargikon (Vi/ae Sopbis/nmlll II, 1,5). This wall of which not a trace is presen'ed should not be confused with the Outer Pelargikon, fig. 67. In our opinion, it is simply an extension of the fortification on the top of rhe hill, enclosing the terrace with the cans high up on the slope. In Mycenaean times this ,,'all secured the part of the i\cropolis which was particularly liable to be attacked and it "'ould have been the onl\'• section of the Pelargikon which remained standing and visible at lea,t until Late Roman times, continuc ing in use as a retaining wall for the terrace in front of the caves. From the height of the terrace there is an unimpeded view of ;'1r. Parnes; from there the Pythaist~i, according to trabo, ",atched for lightning to trike on Harma, the sign for the start of the procession to Delphi. An extremely important find from the Agora Excavations near the Panathenaic \'i'a) is an inscribed stele reading: ;;~o. iega.; 000 t,,' Ii; ~ogevcra, 1/ 17vOai, i. le},r'Je;, fig. 117. This stele originalh- stood some\\·here near the place where it was found and certainl)' was a boundary stone for the road traversed by the procession on its way to Delphi.
II. KABIlA~lA~, ',,"'plll'- 1897, pp. KEPA.\lorrOl'AAO~,"V;rfj
rd.
I/fJO;T1/)JlIfl
-1F/.T. 12, 1929, pp. 86 92;
1-23, 87-92; A, Tt7r; '.tI;,!!o:rd}.F(o;)
Topographic, pp. 301 ·302; Di)RPI'ELD, Alt-Athen I, pp. II 18, 106 107; ]. II. OUVliR, Hesperia 10, 1941, pp. 252 253; A. W. PARSO 'S, Klcpsydra and the Paved Court of the Pythion, Ilesperia 12, 1943, pp. 233 238; ]UDJ'ICII,
GO~l~IE,
Thucydides 1[, pp. 5458; R. I~. \\ \ClltR LEY, Two .\th nian Shrines, \.1 \ 6,\ 195<), PI'. (,8· 72; '1'1' \ l'\O~, 1/,,/.,·,,/I"I"xlj, PI'. 106 10~; n. BRO'd FR, otes on Three \theni,ln Cult Pl.lce~, 'rq·II,I/. 1<)60, pp. 54 62; I \I"I\lI~II~, 'Ix!,,,.,,,i.,~. pp. 1-9 ~ 1<)<); E. j\IFYI R, RE, S.Y. p\ [hion; •I. 1\(11 'Q11 I, Delrhes 't les .\g 1.1lI rides d' \lhclle'S, I\Cll 8,,19<>4, PI'. 655 b7 S.
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116 The nonhwest slope of the Acropolis. :\. Cave with rock-cut seats - B. Shtine of Apollo IIypoakraios - C. Shrine of Zeus Olympios - D, D" D,. Shrine of Pan - E. Peiargikon - F. Stairway up to the Acropolis - G. Klepsydra - H. Paved Coun - 1. Peripatos -]. Panathenalc \\'ay - K. Panathenaic \'('ay inscription.
117 Boundary stone of the Sacred Way to Delphi, 4th c. D.C. \\ Id. h 0.34 m. Ag0l'3 I 5476.
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\['tHllll I.-ROO': This tlmpk II a' l' cavated in IH<J5 IH()() hy the.: (;rrman Archal'ologkallnslitute', in 190 7 II h 11 lh (;tlek \rd1.leologi,.11 ~oCl tl l·\.te.:l1dcd the, lin.lliol1 10 lhc ,mnh, thc ()v,rlilc size Slatul I 1'0110 \1.1' tound. It r 'plocnts .\pollo .1' eitharode and has heen It!Ll1lilled as the cult stalue of "polio P:tlroos h\ th' sculrtor 1 uphr.lllot tnt ntionnl h) Pausanla, (1,3,4), Ilgs. 123 124. lh comrkt c.l\.ltion of the rUllls of thc temple and the idenllftclliol1 with the temple 01 \pollo P.ltn)() \\ r don in 19)1 19.15 in the ,OlllSC of lhe .\mcrican J\gora cX(alations \\hen the whole area "'as cleared and th mighhouring buildings secure!) identdied, figs. 125 129. \t lhat lime the traces of an earlier apsidal temple \\ lC discol cr d bdo\\ thc floor of the cella . .t\ broni'e casling pit dircctl} to the sOUlh contained fragments of .1 mould for a bWIli'e \rollo, 1.10 m. high, '" hich prohabl) had swod in the carlier lemplt., perhaps on the ,mall row' b.1S found III the middle of the apse. This earlier temple, dOlt d to the mid-6th CelllUr} B.C., was cll'trm ·d \" the Persians 111 480/479 B.c., and tor a long time the arca between the Old Boulcuterion and the ~ to.l of Zem remain d fr,l' of buildlllg', as mal he inf, ned from the presence of poros benche placed at the foot of the hill 01 kolonos \goralOs; prl'sumabh lhel had an unimpeded" iew across the 1\gora. Probabh at th.lt time there \\ as onh an .lltar oj \pollo Patroos. From the 5th ccntur} B.C. onwards, however, the limits of the shrine were appar ntl) h\.l'd b, boundary stones, one of \\ hich has been found with the inscription: iiljo:;
vi. [).
(\gora I 5569).•\fter the middle of the 4th century B.C., the temple of Apollo Patroos and the smaller temple of Zeus Phratrios and Athena Phratria were built. They are a unit, architecturalh
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speaking, but the smaller temple came hrst and the larger temple of Apollo was put up when L\ kourgos was in power (338-326 B.C.). Th temple of Zeu Phratrios and \thena Ph rat ria is simp!} a cella with foundations of conglomerate and the uperstructure of poros. In the 2nd centur) B.C., a kl1ld ot porch was added and at the same time a floor of white marble chips, still preserved, was laid do\\. n. \t the back of the cella stands an oblong base which could have accommodated the two cult tames, and in front of the temple is a poros base on \\'hich a little altar found
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toOl of A.ttalos probably stood; the in,cription on the altar reads: III;:;
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The temple of Apollo Patroos ha a deep pronaos and a rectangular cella. The stames of .\1'0110 b\ Lcochares and Kalami (Pau anias I, 3, 4) ma), conjecturall), have stood in the pronaos on either side of the door, for here the foundations of the front wall have been made widcr as if to sen e as statue bases. The cult statue of .-\pollo, the work of Euphranor, stood at the back of the cella. j\ room at the north with a connecting door to the cella was evidently used as the adyton. The foundations of the temple, resting eyer) where on soft b drock, arc a stone packing macle of large pieces of unworked limestone. Then comes a kind of tolchobau.:, a singl la)er of conglomerate blocks supporting the limestone walls \\hich have been worked \\ ith the gr"ltcst of care. Hard poros was used for the euth}nteria and the bases of lhe statues. fragments of thc architecture found in the excavation, includc steps or the pronaos of gre, hlue I II m,ttl,ln marble, a rectangular Ionic base for one of the pilasters, and a gl'ison 01 ,,·hite marble. IT. \. Thomp,on \\ ho h.1' studied and published the temple in detail, has suggested Apollo and the 1\luses as the prob'lbk thcmc oj lhl' pediment sculpture. An inscribed slab from the front of an altar (1. G. 112 4984) \\ ith the inscriplll1l1 .
17111.i,(OI'O:;
dating to the end of the 4th or the beginning of the 3rcl cl'ntury B.C., e\ idl'nth comes fll1tl1 lhl' ,llLlr which would have been set Lip in front of the temple. lfaTQ,f,IOl!,
W. DO""1 fLJ), \\121, IH9G, pr. 107 lOt); 22, I HlJ7, p. 225; II'!(J%T. 1907, PI'. 54 57; JI I>I'.I( 11, Topo graphic, pp. '331, '34'); T. L. ~J11 AR , I Jcsperia" " 19'3') pp. 352 354; ]f. \. TIIOII'SON, Ilcspcri,l 6, 19'37, pp.77 115; 21, IlJ~2, pp. IO<J 110; Id., The Apollo
P,llIOOS or I\lll hranor, 'I',/I/p. 19 ') ')~ I, pp, ,!l 44; \'\In 111'.1\11), Teslil1lol1l.1, I p. O,; \gOl.1 (;ll1dc, pr. 59 ()o; ~. \1l 1\1, The Teehlll
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Pl rHlO : Th P, thion m nlloned b\ ThuC\ did , (II, 15) hould be located on the outh i ot th 01\ mpl ton ~ her from lim to tim the in crJbld ba e \'hlch had been et up in the p\ thion h \ n t undo B cau l th findmg-place ot the e base are parllcularh important In identifying the ite f th P'thl n, ~ ho\\ \\ h r each one \\ found on the plan, I1g. 130. . In 1 --, th 'n Crib d cro 'llillg mouldIng of the altar of P thian .\pollo (I. C. P -61) mentioned b, Thuc\did (' I, -4, 6) wa. found on the W "t bank of the Iii. 'os two hundred pace outhwest of the \napaf eo tr t brid . \X learn from the in cription that Pei.i traw'. th 'on of Hipplas. dedIcated the altar In the precinct ofP\lhian Apollo when he wa archon (522 5 1 1 B.C.;, fig .. 132-134. B. In 1 -2, the followin find were made in rhe .ame area: three large round in_cribed base for choregic monum nt" (I. C. IP 3065, 3066, 306 found in the house of Chr. J(.arditsis, and also a di k, the crowning m m r of another monument, \\"!th cutting. for a tripod, hg.. 135-136. C. In the. arne year an inscribed quare tatue base (I. G. IF T 9) was found a linle farther to the we t in the hou of D. Agapios. D. In 1 -3, the in.cribed round ba e, which we identih ,\'ith 1. G. IF 30-0, wa found nearby on the propert~ of , H
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P. Dimitrio . E. In 1965, a round ba e, imilar to the ones from the harditsi house, wa found in 10 iph ton Rogon _[ , built into the '-alerian '\all in front of Gate XI. F. Two fragments of di ks, fig. 13 , preserying curting for tripods on their upper surface, were also found in the "alerian \\-all. G. In 196-, a small building with four in cribed round base bUIlt into it, fig. 131, wa found on a lot on 10 iph ton Rogon t. which, according to our calculations, i ,'ery neat to the place where the altar had been found. ince the time of the hr t discoyerie of the altar, .-\, and the base for the choreo-ic monument, B, the ite of the Pythion has been thought to be in thi area. Because the choreglc in criptions record one choregu. for two tribes, they mu t be referring to the fe tinl of the Thargelia (.-\ristOtle, A/h. Pol. -6. 3; _-\miphon 6, 11) and. furthermore, Suidas (ll{1hov) state that the yictor in the Thargeha d dicated their tripod in the Pythion. The statue of .-\pollo Pythios mentioned by Pausaruas and the altar ,nre :n th shrine. The le,"cographer Phorios and uidas reporr that the sanctuary wa founded by PeisisrratOs; Hesychios tate liJ'lll'iJup lwat: to excrete in the Pythion) that the construction of the temple in the P~ thion ,,'a begun by PelsisrratO.; appar mly it ,...-as ne,-er finished becau e the Athenians react d again tit. Thi unu ual demon tration of the .-\thenians w pr \"Cut the construction of the temple, a reporred by Hesychios, lend supporr w the yiew that the shrine ,ya- outsld the city walls. In regard to trabo's information (IX, 404) that the altar of Leus .-\strapaios wa, insIde the ,\all between the Pythion and the Ol~ mpion, we belieye that he is refemng to another p\ thion on the north slop of the Acropolis (p. 91).
G. CoLI.', I.e culre d' Apollon p} thien it Athenes, Paris 190:;; F. rCO:-
Places, '1::((1//1. 1960, pp. 54-62; R. L. \\ i t Hl RU) The PHhion at \thens, _\],\ 6-, 1%', Pl" -:; -(); id., GR13, 4-,1963, pp. 166-16-; L. ~ll- I R, Rl,~. \ p,thion; B.
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ARES
Tl' IPU OJ \Rb: In 19.13, 1937 and 1950 the foundations of a building were excavated in the northwest part of th' Agor.l Squ.lre near the Odeion of Agrippa; the building has been identified with the temple of Arcs, figs. 138-139, noted b, Pausanias (1, 8, 4). The remains consist of a great rectangular bedding for the foundations and a fe,,' of the foundation blocks which had been laid on a packing of broken stone in five Courses co'- ring th' ntirt area of the temple, thus forming a massive compact foundation. Fragments of the marble . up r. tructur' w 're found scattered far and wide; they show that it was a large Doric temple, architecturally the twin of the t mplc of H phaistos, fig.. 140-141. Furthermore, a considerable number of reliefs, found nearby, ha,-e been as. igned to the cella frieze, and the central acroterion of the east pediment of the temple has been identified, figs. 142-144. The temple itself dates to 440-436 B.C. but it has Roman foundations. The masons' marks, written in the Greek alphabet on the architectural blocks and dated by the letter forms to the Augustan period, show that this temple had originally stood on another site, ,,-as carefully dismantled with each block numbered to give its position in the temple, and rea sembled in the .\gora on new foundations. The moving of the temple is dated not onl\ b,' the masons' marks and the type of foundation construction, but also by pottery of the late 1st century B.C. from the foundations. To the cast of the temple are foundations for an altar which seems to have been moved at the same time. From this time omnrds, from the end of the 1st century B.C. until the 2nd century after Christ the Agora quare and other open spaces ill the neighbourhood were filled up with various buildings, fig. 34. First the Odeion of Agrippa went up, follo'nd by the temple of Ares. 'ext came the building of the l';orthea t Stoa in the Ioruc style, the Ci,-ic Offices, the outh,,-est Temple, two other temples in the court of the Gymnasium of Ptolemy, the Southeast Temple, the ymphaion, and the Round Fountain House in front of the Stoa of :\ttalos. Among all these buildings the temples ha,-e a particular interest since, as H. A. Thompson has discovered, they ,vere built ,,'ith architectural material taken from famous old temples of Attica which apparently had been abandoned after the de truction by ulla in 86 B.C. Thus, the temple of Ares ,,-ith its altar ,,-as moved from .-1.charnai where there was a pecial cult of Ares; the outheast Temple was built with material taken from the temple of Demeter at Thorikos and the Southwest Temple incorporated material from the temple of Athena at Sounion. Even though much of thi architecture was re-used for a second time in the Late Roman Fortification Wall south of the Stoa of Attalos, it wa possible to determine that 5th century B.C. temples had been mond to the Agora and set up there in Roman times, as pro,-en by the letter forms of the masons' mark identif"ing the blocks. Among this material are columns with beautiful Ionic capitals, figs. 151-153; ,,-here they came from and in which Agora building they were set up is not known. Finally, it should be noted here that the altar of Zeus Agoraios, dated to the 4th century B.C., which probably had originally stood on the Pnyx, ,,-as transferred to the Agora and set up in front of the 1\l(troon around the end of the 1st centur:' B.C. or the beginning of the 1st century after Christ.
T. L. SHEAR, Hesperia 7, 1938, pp. 320-322; W. B. OJ. '5.100R, The Temple of Ares at I\thens, Hesperia 9, 1940, pp. 1-52; H. A. THmlPso , Hesperia 20, ELLS 1951, pp. 56-58; 21, 1952, pp. 93-96; P. BOULTER, An Akroterion from the Temple of Arcs in the Athenian Agora, Hesperia 22,1953, pp. 141147; WYCHERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 54-55; C. GOT rLlEB, The Pediment Sculpture and kroteria from the Hephaisteion and the Temple of Ares in the \gora of thens, AJ'\ GI, 1957, pr. 161 165; ;\1. 110L'
LAND 1\1 .-1.LLI TER, The Temple of _\r s .It _\them. Ill' peria 28,1959, pp. 1-64; L I'!\RRlSO', Th R liLf Sculpture of the Temple of \r s in \th'llS, .\] \ ().3, 1959, pp. 188-189; ead., lIesperia 29, 1960, p. T4: II. A. TIl01IPSO T, Hesperia 29. 1960, pp. 350 .351; id., ltinerant Temple o[ \ttiC.l, .\].\ 66, 1961, p. 206; B. PR.l!.YER, Zum Kulthild und zum ~"ulpturcn ,chmuck des .\restempels .wf der \g-or.l in \th'l1. . d (~(l) Jdl77, 1962,1'1'.211 226; \~ora (,ut l', pp.) ).
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( pit'll from tl- c t mplc; a m. 2'lH7.
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151 lomc capital from the temple of Athena at Sounion, CIrca 450 B.C. Greatest lcngth 0.875 m. \gora ?-lus. A 1595.
152 IOnic capItal of the third quartcr of the 5th c. B.C. Greatest length 1.24 m. Agora A 2972.
153 Jemlc capital similar
to
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ARTI'.MIS .\GROn.. RA
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Tm It \IPll 01 \RI} lI' \l,Ron R \ is identified here with the totally destf()}ed Ionic temple on the Ilis 0 lit 11 'on,id r d tl> be the \!ltmon in \grai. There is incontrovertihle evidence for locating the temple at th~ 11 )rth a t corn 'r of th int r~eetion of the new \rdittou Boulevard and D. Koutoula St., fig. 154. Here A. kias n 1 ")7 found the r mains ot found.HioDS 14.60 7.80 m, consisting of various beddings in the rock and a few "f<) block.. In 1962, during the construction of the Ardittou Boulevard, a wall 1.10 m. thick, built of great oro blocL, \\'a:- found at the foot of the rocky knoll where the temple had stood. This wall, running parallel \\ (th th north rn lin ot' the temple at a distance of 8 m., is a retaining wall which held in the earth fillings brought in to make a t rrace around the temple, figs. 156 157. The earth filling contained a great quamlt\ of roro~ and marbl chips, produced ,vhen the stonemasons were working on the poros foundations and the marbl sup rstrucmr .•\ number of ,ase fragments were found and al 0 a quantit) of mall \0 otive vessels, ju:-t lik tho~e found b~ ~kJa~ in 189~, fig. 158. -\ft r th uncoyering of the foundation. in 1897, \\ . Dorpfeld was the first to identify them With the temple of .-\rt mi .-\grotera, In 1923, C. Robert supported this view, rel)ing mainl) on the interpretation oEthe sculptured frieze. Th district .-\grai or -\gr.1 i. gen ralh located at this part of the l!Jssos. And here the temple of Artemis .\grotera ought ro be, as well as the ,\ a ~ acros the ri"er mentioned by ancient authors in connexion with the temple. Cnquestionably, the site b) the church of St. Photini and above Kallirrhoe, where the river bed is fairly even with a hard limestone surface, presents the most suitable spor for the construction of a cro sing. In this connexion the rrench in the river-bed of the Ilissos should be considered, figs. 154-155. This trench, cut into the rocky river-bed, is about 34 m. long, 4 m. wide, and about 2 m. deep, forming an artificial passage in which the water would have flowed at a greater depth thus requiring less widrh, so that it would han been yery easy to construct a light bridge. Sokrates mentions this cros ing while explaining to Phaidros exactly where the altar of Boreas is and at the same time he gives the distance between the cro sing and rhe pot on the 1lis os bank ""here he and Phaidros are talking (p. 2 9), "two or three stades farther on where we cross over to the anctuary in the region of .\gra. And there is an altar of Boreas there," (Plato, Phaedms 229c). Pausanias (I, 19, 6) seems to haye u ed the ame crossing and immediately after cros ing the riyer he mentions the temple of ~-\rtemis. The ite of the crossing i further confirmed by the existence of a nearby gate, Gate X, in the city wall. okrate comes our of this gate, which we idemif, with the Diomeian Gate, heading in the direction of Kyno arges (Plato, Axiochus 364a). Before cros-ing the riyer, ho'\\-eyer, he sees Kleinias going toward the Kallirrhoe spring near the pot where we locate the cros ing. The temple on the 1lissos i usually identified with the 1Ietroon in .\grai, where the Les er :\1\ ~terie_, the socalled mysteries in Agrai were celebrated. But the site of the temple, situated awa, from the IIi so, on a rise, does not agree at all with the site of the i\Ietroon given bl ancient writers who describe it as being near th ]jis os '\\ here the mysteries were celebrated with purification rites "b\ the mystic bank" of the riy r. For thi, reason we believe that the 1fetroon must have been nearer to the I1issos and that a foundation re,ting on beddings in the rock, found in the mediaeval river-bed in 1962, might give the site of the :-'Ietroon. The b dding. 0.95 m. wide, fixes the northeast corner of an important building; only a single row of eight poros blocks I' preserved, the top surface being only 0.10 m. below the ri, er-bed, fig. 154. ~o'\\" that the t)y r has b'en drain d of water, a systematic excavation carried out,in this area would pt.rhaps turn up nl:\\ ,id nn. to d t'rrnll1 the plan and the function of the building. The plan of the temple of Artemis Agrotera and its general appearance arc kno'\\"n from th man 1I0us dra'\1nr;:of tuart and Re'\oCtt (1751 1753). In 1834, directly after the di coven of the ruin, and .1rchn ctural block, belonging to the temple of _ ike on the Acropolis, a close cannexlon bu'\\ eLn th ['\\'0 templ , '\\ a, not d. Becau e the are indeed strikingly similar to each other, it is generalh thought toda\ that th archltlct },.,11I kr.lt . bUIlt them both, the temple on the Jlisso preceding the tLmpk on the \cropohs bl a f '\\ dLcad s. 1'h l,'I1 ruction of the temple of .. ike is thought tQ have begun in 427 426 B. . judging b\ the stile ot th 'culptur J rieu and the u C of Parian marble, the construction of the tempI ot .\rtemis must h,\\ rrece I d lh huddlIll!: c
•
113
of the Parthenon and it is thou~ht to have been built in 448 H.C. This date agrees with the mid-5th century B.C. date assigned to the pOllen found behind the retaining wall of the temple. The temple suttered serious dama~e for till: first time ill about the middle of the 5th century after Christ when it was turned into a Christian church to which the man) hnstian gran's, discovered there, belong. During the Turkish occupation, probabl) in the earh 17th century, the temple was further injured 'when a new smaller church was constructed on the site; thiS \\ as the "Panaghm qin Pura" the name derivLd from the projecting spur of rock on which the temple stood. 1n 1778, the temple of l\rtemis ;\grotera 'was utlerly destroyed down to the foundations in order to pro\'jde material for a new cit) wall. Onl) a fnv slabs of the sculptured frieze have been preserved; they appear to hal e heLn I'L m(n cd from the temple long before the final destruction. \ s,(;'lion of the sima has sun in'd and I wo column hasLs are stored nov: In the area of the Roman Agora, north of the Tower of the \\ inds, fig. 160.
•
Sn IRI RIVI IT,I,Chapt.ll; \.~hll~,I1~(/"T,IH97, pp. 73 8~; \\ . DORPI J.L1l, \:Vl 22, 18lJ7, pp. 227 228; I. ~BI)Pll 'l'~, 1il .11'JT!!t!IIJI'
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(/,;rl)'\.Il.\ 18, 191(),pp.l 1:;6;LRll!4, 1')2'), pp. I :;; Jt 01 J( 11, Topographic, pp. 41(), 420 421; II \louIt s, Das \lctroon in Agrai und e1l1 I ric, \ \1 60 61, 1935,36, pp, 234-261\; AJ \ SO, 1946, p. 174; DIS; ,100R, \rchitecture, pp. 185 18~; I. 1'1' \J' \<1_. 'F'I'III.
n,
195 1 /'>4 pp. 113 114; G. \lY!.ON .... S, Elcusis and the I ,,kl,,inian \1 I sterles, Princeton 1961, pp. 239 243; \.Rl \11'1 \. :Vl~L1\\IIZ,Z\\el Saulcnbasen, A\176, 1%1, pp. I') 20; Is... KI Iu'S) I, Zum !'ries des Jlissos\ \1 ~(, . 1%1 pp 22 24,, l. \1YJ.or-: S SIII'AR, tClnpt.: Is, ,. K,lllikrate s , J Ie I'lrJa 32, 1963, pp. 388 399; C. Kf.Rf 'Y!, J.ICU~I, \rchellpal Image of \.fothcr and l)au~hler, ell '\ (jrk 1967 , pp. 4H 52; . ()f.\.IVORRI ,I.in k1a~si ,hl' Kora-. tatue \'om l\fetroon am IIjso , \ntike Plastik I.', 1969, pp. 7 13.
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154 General plan of the Iilssos area, south of the OlvmpielOn.
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156 Temple of ArtemiS Agrotcra. 448 B. C. rcstored clevatlon and plan. Plan of th . temple a, Chn,tt.l11 church -\.1 "und.l· uons of the temple B. Rctall1l11g wall C Christian gra\·c D. Ap,c of the earlY hn'tI.1I1 church I ..\p' "i th 17th e. church.
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159 Temple of Artemis Agrotera, seen from the S\\ and, to the right, rhe llLssm bridge in front of the Stadium. Dra\\ n by Stuart and Rey tt, 1751-1753.
160 Ionic column bases of the temple of Artemis Agrotera.
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163 La t (ac;ac!t: ,,(the tcmriL of AltcmJ~ Agrotcra. Rl~t()rcd b} ~tll"" .1I1d Rl\lll
A RTF.MIS JIR1STOIlOUI.F.
121
TEMPLE OF ARTE~IIS i\RISTOHOllLE: 1n ,lune of 1958, a small Icmplc was found during the construction of a hou,e on a propert\ '" s\ ofThesl'ion Slltl:lre at the corner of elens and J leraklcidon Streets, fig. 164. J. Threpsiadcs did the e"cwation and on th ' basis of the inscription (Agora I 6969) referring to Artcmis found in front f the temple, the tcmpl' was securely identified with the temple of Artemis Aristoboule which Themistokles himself founded near his house in the de me of Melite directly after the successful outcome of the Persian Wars, as we learn from Plutarch (7'bcllli.rto/dc.r 22; Dc lIIali..~lIitate llcrorloti 37). The temple lies at the juncture of \WO ancient roads, the wide street leading from the southwest corner of the \gOf:\ to the Peiraic Gate (11) and the street which begins at the west side of the temple of Artemis and leads to the nearby Demian Gate (I), fig. 219. Those condemned to death were led to the Barathron through this gate and Plutarch in gi\'ing the I osition of the temple says (Thcllli.rtoklc.r 22) that it is in Melite "where now the public officials cast out the bodies of those who are put to death and carry out the nooses and garments of those \\'ho meet rhcir death by hanging," thus confirming the identification of the gate as well as that of the temple. There is e\'idence to show that a shrine to Artemis was founded directly after the Persian Wars because rhe miniature kraters, krateriskoi, found on the site, date to the early 5th century B.C. and ~re of a type associated "'ith the Artemis cult. Most of these yessels were found in the court in front of the temple near the foundations for the altar; the altar itself was found close by. In regard to the 5th century B.C. temple, only the foundation of the pronaos and a large block of the southern anta are preseryed. The temple appears to haye bcen abandoned and destroyed during Themistokles' exile; neYCrthelcss the cult continued in the shrine, for the anta block had beddings for small votive stelai. Around 330 B.C., according [Q the inscription, the temple was probably rebuilt from the foundations up. At all events, the rebuilding of the cella walls, the floor, and the threshold of Hymettos marble at the entrance should be dated to this time. The temple certainly stood until the end of classical antiquity. In Plutarch's time a portrait of Themistokles was still to be seen in the temple; at the beginning of the 3rd century after Christ, the front of the pronaos was walled up and the inscription mentioned above was used as a threshold for a new door.
JUDhILH, Topographic, pp. 73, 390, 399; TI'AI'AO~, {fOi.HJ{)O/U:<,;, p. 52; J. TIIRFI'SIADES-E. VANDEIlI'OOI., Themistokles' Sancllla ry of i\ rtemis i\ristohoule,
19, 1964, pp. 26 36; P. \\1 \ DRY. Th'mistocle a !\lclitc, SU!!I
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166 Rcmaim of thc temple of -\nemi, -\n'toblllllc, !!lnCr.ll \ le\\ lrom thl ..,\\
\R1 I :-lh BR.\l RO. 1\
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BR,\lR I •• \ftc r rh unitication of the \ttic dem had b en campIer d in the th centur • B. ., , nOli. I I .:ult. throughom .-\wca w re tabli. h din.\then a an, tt r of political ·pedienc. Fr th t ti 1 n th cult: Houri h d in .\th n .. b cam olhclal. rate cult. and mo·t of the hrine were found . n t th xa th hrin 01 .\nemis Brauronia which mu ha, e owed much at it prommence to P i.l. tr to:> who cam from Brauron. Th . hrin i on rh \cropoli' south of the Prop\ laia. in the quadrilateral area bcrween the Chalkorheke and th pr. en ed portion of th • I} c na an wall. onginall} a parr of the ~ I} cenaean circui wall which eems to ha,,- been I ft "tandinf in that . pot in order ro ,ery a: a retaining wall for the coun of the hrine. \\nen .In .i -I ." . building th ProP\ laia. a larg 'ection of the rock on the north :ide of the .hrine x·a. cut back and th roc - fac rising to a con. iderable heIght wa eyened all Yerticall~', forming the north rn bounda \" 0' H I . 11.1
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the .hrine, tig. 169. Th entranc ro the shrine 1: at the ca.or nd of th enclo. ur where a broad flight of . tairs can isting of, yen t p. was h wn our of the rock.•\11 along In front of the art.ticial . carp there wer ,ouye offerings, a .hown by the many b dding for .telai and other manum nco In 1 39 thl. in.cribed .emicircular ba.e (1. G. F 39') for the starue of .\thena Hygi la" a~ found b side the south ast column of the Prop~ laia. fig. 1-0. It is specialh important for it is th hrst id ntitiabl monument. en by Pausania (1, ?3, 4) after he em red the ,\cro olis and thu it prO\-ides a fi,"ed point in tracing hi, route ro the hrine of .\rtemi Brauronia. Furthermore. directly after the shrine of .\rterrus Brauronia. Pau,.an;a. ,aw the bronze Trojan horse. The inscribed block. "rom the base of this taru (1. G. F 535) haye been found In thi area ju t east of the ~f\'cena n wa11 and th Trojan horse e\-idently srood in the precinct of .\rteml' Brauronia as i. genera11y b lie\'ed. In 1936, G. P. Ste,-en attempted ro r construct the appearance of the buildIngs in the sancruary on the basi, of the existino- remain, figs. 168-169..\pparemly .\rtemi Brauronia ney r had a temple on the .\cropoh,. and the nvo cult starues of the goddess. known from in.criptiom. ,,- re probably, a _t \'en. conj crur d. housed in the nvo projecting ,,-ing of the toa. ~
0
W. DORPFELD, 1\;\1 13, 1888, p. 436; 14, 1889, pp. 11 ~-119; HARRI<,O:-;, ;\fythology, pp. 394-406; C\\'v . DIA~-KAWERA(;, Akropolis, pp.142-150; F. VER~A~I', Das Brauronion und die Chalkothek im Zeitalter dcr Antoninen, \then 1910; J OEICH, Topographic, pp. 244-245; G. P. STEVEN" Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 459470; HILL• •\thens, pp. 179 180; 1. K()~i"lIIE, YA!JTtJlI~ J)'.!'H''l{fJV{u, lEi-T.22, 1967, pp. 156 206; C. . EOlofO. ·~o .., A J A 72, 1968, pp. 164--165.
A. TIIE~A Ill. GIEL\. K. llITr.\h.J[~, 'Eqllll. 1 '9. p. 21-, _1-; R. Bl1H-';. Zur Basi der.\.thetu H \ gi i,l. \ ~ 1 .'i. 1880. p. 3~1-334; P. \\0 TER'. Zur \thcn,l l"h~i'i.l d>s ]Juros, .\;\1 16, It 91, pr. 153 16::;; Jl mil H. TOF t)graphic, pp. _42 _44; G. P. ~ It \ 11>0". 1 k~p 'ri .• 5. 1936, pro 451, 456; R \l U11 ,,'Ill "-. J) 'dic,ltions. rr·
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168 Sro;l of A,I"( 'mis Brauronia. Restored 1)\ C. P. StC\Tns. . '
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.\SKIEPlll(l was' L"Cl\all'C\ . .
in 1876 h) Ihe Cr"el .' Iy UIl< Icr t I1e (I'IreClion . ~, A,eh'le'(,lllgl'("11 , , .S ("Ie () f . 1.' ","ou1~1anoudls. I'yen thou~l~ It \\ ,IS onh a IL'M'S work, the results of the ex(avations were unusually satisfactory, ~or the. rich h,ln L'St oj linds, ~ns(fi.ptions and snolpture pertaining 10 the (ult ot' Askkpios and Ilygieia made It pOSSible to determine the sHe of the shrine and to interpret the remaim, fig. 171. l.n 419 41 ' B.C. Te1ema~hos, a del out pri"ate donor, founded Ihe shrine which, from the start, occupied the tree .space to the cast 01 the \\'all called Pelargikon, clearly separated from the ancIent Pelargikon b) its own I reCinet \\,111. In the 4th eel1\Uf\ B.C., the wooden structures put up by Telemachos were replaced by substantial buildings: the temple of \sklepios and Ilygieia, the altar, the great two-store)ed Doric staa (the abaton or incub.ltion h:l1l) which took in the sacred ofTering pit and t he sacred spring inside the cave. In Roman times
a small slOa \\ as built south of the temple. The function of Ihe buildings just mentioned makes it clear that, from the beginning, the eastern section constituted the real shrine, in contradistinction to the ,,'estern part hounded by the Pelargikon which was onll' a supplementan part of the shrine. Lea\ ing the archaic spring house (which is very much older than the shrin(; of .\skkpio» our of account, the only huilding inside the Pelargikon which it is, in fact, possible to connect with the .\sklcpieion is the Ionic stoa, \\ hich was built just after the founding ot' the shrine and falls in the category of auxiliary buildings. The controversy about the rights to the property which is recorded in the account of the founding of the sanctuary in 419/418 B.C. (I. C. 1(24960) relates especially, in my opinion, to the building of this SlOa inside the Pelargikon, which was under the supervision of the Kerykes of Eleusis. Perhaps after this infringement of their rights, the)' caused the famous decree of Lampon to be enacted (1. C. I12 76) in order to forestall other high-handed acts. Furthermore, marble boundary stones were set up to define the boundaries of the two zones. ince the discoyery of the Asklepieion up until the present, various investigations have been conducted in the area and many informati\T studies ha\'e been 'written on the topography and history of the shrine. But when it comes to the atchitecture, only the two-storey Doric stoa has attracted the attention of cholars, e\'en though a great deal of architectural material from other buildings has been preserved. The publications give the reconstruction of the stoa in its original fotm with sufficient accuracy, except for the western end where there is a sacred pit lined with masonry. F. Robert realized that there had to be a special place devoted to the cult of heroes celebrated in the Asklepieion during the festi\'al of
If/ 111'1'0(/
(1. C. 112 974-975) and proposed the cir-
cular Pit as most suitable for this purpose. Because of the chthonic nature of the cult, he conjectured that the pit had been roofed o,Ter by a baldachin. In searching through the architectural fragments still lying in the }\sklcpieion today, I recently ascertained that there had been, in fact, a baldachin above the bollJros, fig. 176, JUSt as Robert had thought. Much poros arch itecture, which 1 assign to the baldachin, has been presen'ed: column drums, epi tyle blocks, triglyphs and geison blocks. Toda\ tlll\ arc stored west of the larger of the two vaulted cisterns, fig. 179; according to the excavation reports thel were found in the area of the main shrine. One poros column drum is even lying in the place where it was found ncar the pit, beside which it had originally slOod on one of the four round bases of llymettos marble. Leaving the archaic spring house (p. '138) out of accolU1t, the most Important building in the auxilian space to the west is the Ionic stoa. It is dated to tbe last quarter or the 5th centUf\ H.C. and has four Slluar' room", 6 metres 10 the side. The thresholds ror the doors are not preservL'd, but tnlces or the thresholds on Ihe lowes I course of stone blocks shlJw that the doors were not centred on the axis or the rooms but Wl're placed 10 Ih' right. This ofl centre arrangement of the doors means that the room" were dL'signed to Iii e1nen dining couehls each and, consequently, must have been used h) the visitors staying at the shrint'. The ,Incienl n,lme for Ihis type of huildlng, indispensable 1'01' Asklepieia, was J..(/I(/.~o.~ioll. The main entrance to the whole omplex of buildings lies bet\\el'n thl main part 01 the shrine .Ind th' .lu,ili.ln area, facing the road around the Acropolis, the Peripatos. 11 seems that carll In the hislon 01 Ihe shrim' a propylon was erected at this entrance, as may be inferred Iromlhc ins 'nj1lion 01 1)1<,\"lcs S2,-" 1 II.C. (I. (r. \12 \046). ot a trace of this propylon remains; the propylon shown on the plan, fJg. 171, i" a hitl'r one built on tht' sam
\SKU'PII'ION
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it . Th pr s rn d architl'ctural fragments of a proP) lon, figs. 181 182, and the epistyle blocks of the Au~u tan ri d (I. (,. II 3120) bdong, in our opinion, to this second proP) Ion in the Corinthian order. Th klepi ion s lms to han' sutler d seyere damagl' during the lIerulian im,asion in 267 A.D. The shrine \\ r built from the ground up in the 4th century probably in the reign of the Lmpcror Julian. It is certain, in lUll ca ,that th' t\\ o-storc\ Doric stoa was rebuilt \\ ith a slight change in plan at this time, Iig. 177. After thi r building, th shrine remained intact until the 5th centun, as we learn from a speech of the 'eoplatoni t ! larino (Pr()(/II.f or . Iboll' Happmrss). bther then or in the beginning of the 6th century after Christ all the building \\' re demolished and on the foundations a large three-aisled Christian basilica was built to the memory of Aghioi ~-\nargyroi, the doctor saints, fig. 172.
~. KOnlAXOY:'H~,
IIgaY.T:. 1876, pp. 14-35; 1877, pp.
6-12; U. KOHLER, A;\12, 1877, pp. 171-186,229-260; :\1. LAMBERT, BCH 1, 1877, pp. 169-170; F. v. DUH , Votivreliefs an Asklepios und H ygieia, A;\1 2, 1877, pp. 214-222; id., Griechische Reliefs, AZ 35,1877, pp. 139-175; P. GIRARD, Catalogue descriptif des ex-voto a Esculape trouves recemment sur la pente meridionale de l'Acropole, BCH 1, 1877, pp. 156-169; id., Ex-voto a Esculape trouves sur la pente meridionale de l'Acropole, BCH 2,1878, pp. 65-94; id., L'Asclcpieion d'Athenes d'apres de recentes decouvertes, Paris 1881; . BEPEAKH_, '/!g1.tTe;croVt"a ftVI}ftELa TOV ill ' A{}~IIUL:; '/!a"i.l/meiov, 'Erpl}ft. 1908, pp. 255-284; G. ALL£..... - L. D. CASKEY, The East Stoa in the Asclepieum at Athens, AJA 15, 1911, pp. 32-43; . BEP~AKH~, '0 Toii '/1 (}~IIIJ11tV 'A a,,}.l)meio U 7CEg{{JO},o, ",.u TO ' Ei£-va{IILOII, 'E'PfJI1. 1912, pp. 43-59; id., Tov 'A~I)I1LV '/1a"i.lj7m{ov ol"TJllUTu, 'Rrp/Ift. 1913, pp. 52 74; JUDEICH, Topographic, pp. 320 324; A. KEI'\)I0nOrAAo~, To lle}.rlgyt,,')v, Tf) '/1 a"},I/7tULOII,
at ')')ui
ai liPdyovl1at ng'):; Tri Ilgo7tv).rull, , H'/J'/IL. 1934/35, pp. 85-116; ROBERT, Thymcle, pp. 233 240, 325 326; 1. Tp r A01:; II nai.'lLO l.,!LaTUlIII'''/ {jua,}.,,,,/ TOV '. la"J.'j7w {o v
TWV 'A{}I]1'Wl', 'Ecrl}~L.
1939/41, pp. 35-68; R. ilL.\RTI·, Asclcpieion d'Athenes, BCH 68/69,1944/45, pp. 434438; id., Chapiteaux ioniques de l'Asclepieion d'Athenes, BCH 68/69, 1944/45, pp. 340-374; E. J. EDELSTEIN - L. EDELSTEIN, Asclepius. A Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies, Baltimore 1945; ;\1. LEVENSOH - E. LEVEL SOH T, Inscriptions on the South lope of the Acropoli , Hesperia 16, 1947, pp. 63-74; U. HA 11A ,Kunst und Heiltum, Pot dam 1948; R. MARTIN - H. METZG R, Recherches d'architecture et de topographie a l'"-\sclepieion d'"-\thene" BCll 73, 1949, pp. 316-350; O. Wi ALTER, Das Priestertum des Sophokles, nf!(1~, pp. 469-479; R. O. Hl'BB1, Decree from the Precinct of _\skl pios at \thens, Hesperia 28, 1959, pp. 169 201; C. 1'1 RI '\;, I, \sklepio , Archet) pal Image of the Physician's [< ,istencc, ew York 1959;~. II \ \I'll'\, 'E}.To 18, 1963, \(>0J'. PI· 18 22; L. BESCHI, 1I monumcnto di Tel n1.lcho" fondatore dell' Asklepieion atcnie~c, \ nl1L1.1 rio, :'\.~. 29/30, 1967/68, pp. 381 436; id., \nnu,uio, 0..::-. 29/30, [967/68, pp. Sit 51 ~; R. \. Tmlll 'so " T\\ L) Buildings in ~anclll,Hics of Asklcpio~, .111::- 89, 1969. pp. 112 117.
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"u PIl'IO. ': This is a mall spring house wc t of the Ionic stoa of th Asklepieion;
rn h If of it, dra\\ ba in, 3.10 m. in depth, whcre the pring watcr collected, is preservcd. In 1963, h n th . kl pi ion ar a w s put in order, the drawba in was ckaned out to the bottom where a mall well di cover d. Thi w II, 1.25 m. deep, has masonn' walls with a small opening at the south to let in watcr from th und rground ,pring which is right there. Th wall of th dra\\'basin ar carefullr built in pol) gonal masont\' of Kara limestonc. The walls of the pring hou abo\' ground le\'c! arc 0.50 m. thick and arc of Acropolis limcstonc. At the northcast corncr part of onc course of th e walls i pre erved and here it is pas ible to see 'where the overhanging Acropoli cliff was cut back to a can iderable height in order to make room for the corner of the spring house. ince the we, tern part of the dra\vbasin was demolished when the mediaeval \'aulted cistern was built, thc original width of the. pring house is not known. If the mouth of the well was in the exact middle of the drawba. in, the width would ha\'e been 3 metres in. ide, 4 metres overall. On the south ide of the spring hou e there certainly must ha\'e been a mall toa, a kind of entrance hall which wa demoli hed in the 4th centun' B.C. when the temple directly to the south was built. A poro Doric column capital, found in a nearby well. probabl! corne from the spring house porch. The well went out of use and was covered \\ith earth in the 4th centur! B.C., /.t. at the time when the pring house porch was de troyed. The pring house is dated to the end of the 6th century B.C. The boundary stone with the inscription h6go~ ,giVE;. t1 . 1 -, hould be dated in the la t quarter of the 5th century B.C.; it was set up to define the boundarie of the spring hou e when the .:\sklepieion was founded. The spring house and its urroundings were acred to the nymphs, as shown by an abundance of \'otive reliefs with nymphs found in thi area, figs. 192-193. Pan \\':1 ala worshipped there from the 5th century B.C. ofi\\'ard, and probably also Hermes, .-\phrodite and Isis, judging from the fact that near the spring house there is a large altar or altar-table of Hymettian marble, bearing the names of these gods who were jointly worshipped and to whom the altar was dedicated (/. G. IF 4994). ourh and southwest of the spring house are the remains of two temples; perhaps they belonged to the god named in the inscription. ellS. t
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U.
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A. I 2, 1877, p. 183; A. ~lIL( HH()f ER, 0.} mphenreliefaus Athen, AM 5,1880, pp. 206 223; ]UDLlCIJ, Topographic, p. 320; WREDE, Mauern, p. 8; I. '1'1'\1'A02:, 'etprlf'. 1939-1941, p. GO; R. MARliN II.
Recherches d'architecture ct dc ropographi it I' Asclcpieion d' \thcnc', UCI I ~3, 1949, pp ~2 ,"0: \.11'\;\111', (f).T. 18,1%\ '!.I"'" p. ~l; 11),1964, X(jO)-. p. 27; L. BIV HI, \nnll.uio, " ~. 29 0, 19(jMET'ZGER,
68, pr. 512 514.
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A rilE I: The pre-I ersian temples of the Acropolis arc known hoth through written records
,tilt! thro\l~h th abundant ,rcmain~ of architecture ~nd sculpture; the foundations of only one of these temples h,lv' b 'cn prl'sen cd: the loundatlOns of the Old Temple of Athena which lies between the Parthenon and the hechth 'ion. In 1885 \". Dorpfcld discovered that these foundations belong to a large peripteral Doric temple aml hidisty1c in antis. For many decades subsequently it was thought that the foundations had two building periods distinguished from each other by material and by workmanship: the inner foundations of Acropolis limc,ton' II' re supposed to have belonged to an earlier temple and the outer foundations of Kara limestone II' 'I" "uppos d to have been added for a colonnade in Peisistratid times. Tod,l)" the pre\'ailing \'iew is that put forth by W.B. Dinsmoor in 1947: the foundations belong to a single temple buIll' in 529 520 B.C. to replace a "hypothetical but necessary" Geometric temple mentioned by Homer (Iliad II, 5-1-6-551; 0r!y.rsf)' VII, 80-81). Th.is Geometric temple was on the site of the Mycenaean palace and I think one must assume that the Geometric temple was replaced by a larger temple at the end of the 7th or beginning of the 6th century B.C. which in turn was succeeded by the Peisistratid temple, the Old Temple of Athena. ~ot the slightest trace of an early archaic temple has been preserved, but it is probable that terracotta ante-
fixes and simas deri\'e from it, figs. 194-195. They have exactly the same patterns as the roof tiles of the archaic Telesterion at Eleusis, and it is natural to suppose that after the final unification of Eleusis with Athens Solon first had the idea of building magnificent temples on the Acropolis contemporary with the first monumental Telesterion at EI usis. ~[uch
of the architecture of the Peisistratid temple has been preserved, enough to give us a clear idea of its appearance. The temple was of poros except for the stylobate which was of Kara limestone and the raking cornices, metopes, simas and roof tiles which were of island marble. Some of the pediment sculpture, also of island marble, has been preserved. The east pediment represented the battle between the gods and the giants, the we t pediment had an animal combat. _·\fter the Persians had destroyed the temple in 480/479 B.C. the Athenians used about half of the entablature of the temple for the construction of the Themistoklean north wall of the Acropolis. By the time the work started on the Erechtheion in 421 B.C., the Peisistratid temple could no longer have been standing. However, it seems that the exigencies of the situation necessitated keeping the western portion of the cella which Dinsmoor identified as the Opisthodomos recorded in J. G. F 91/92; it was used as a state treasury and remained in use until the mid-4th century B.C.
W. DORPFUD, Del' alte Athena-Tempel auf del' Akropolis zu Athen, AM 10, 1885, pp. 275-277; 11, 1886, pp. 337-351; 12,1887, pp. 25-61, 190-211; 15, 1890, pp. 420-439; ]. G. FRAZER, The Pre-Persian Temple on the Acropolis, J HS 13, 1892/93, pp. 153-187; W. DORPI'ELD, Del' alte Athena-Tempel auf del' Akropolis, A.\1 22,1897, pp. 159-178; ,WIEGAND, Poros\rchitcktur; DICKINS , Acropolis Museum', HEBERDEY, Porosskulptur; \Y/. DORPIELD, Das Hekatompedon in Athen, Jdl 34, 1919, pp. 1-40; E. ScmllDT, r~in Akrotcr dcs "pcisistfatischen" Athenatcmpcls, JdI 35, 1920, PjJ. 97 113; JUDEI 'II, Topographic, pp. 261 270; W. B. DI S~IOOR, The Burning of thc Opisthodomos at Athens, AJA 3(>,1932, pp. 143-172, 307-326; \Y/. KOLI1F., DcI' Oplsthodomos auf del' Akropolis, FuF 9, 1933, pp. 497--498; W. DORI'FELO,
Del' Brand des alten Athena-Tempels und seines Opisthodoms, AJ A 38, 1934, pp. 249-257; A. HESS, Del' Opisthodom als Tresor und die Akropolisropographie, Klio 28, 1935, pp. 21-84; \V.-I-1. CHVCHHAR DT, A;-"160/6I, 1935 '36, pp. 98-11 I ; H. SCHRADER, Dic archaischen ;\[armorbildwerke del' Akropolis, Frankfurt 1939, pp. 345-387; \'('. B. DINS~IOOR, The Hekatompedon on rhe ,\thenian .\cropolis, .\.1,\ 51, 1947, pp. 109 140; II. RIDL\ 'N, Dcrpeisistrari,hsche Athenatempcl auf del' .\kropoli> zu .\then. :\1dI 3, J 950, pp. 739; C. NYL.I'WFR, Dic 'ogcnannren Mykenischen S'iuJcnbasen auf dcr .\krupolis in ,\th n, Opus.cula .\theniensia 4,1962. pro 31 77; .\'. L !lN, Spuren eines "Siiulenkultcs"
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Th IPLE 01' \UII" ' . • IId: The r construction of the temple of ,\thenaike b} L. Ross, Chr. Hansen, and E 1. chaubert in 1835 -1836 sUfl"crcd [rom basi errors and omissions, the most serious defect heing that no car wa. taken to consolidate the foundations which in the course of time settled so that the entire monument \\ in immin 'nt danger of collapse. Thus it became impetative to dbmantle the temple and the bastion and to r build on n 'W solid foundations. This work began in 1935 under the direction of . Balanos; by 1939 the ba tion and most of the temple had been rebuilt and in the following year A. Orlandos completed the recon•
structJon. The new \'idence brought to light b\ this second reconstruction meant an important advance in our knowledge. The architecture of the temple was studied in full detail and furthermore the dismantling of the classical sheathing of the bastion revealed for the first time that the core was a massive Mycenaean bastion built in the Cyclopean manner which, together with the gate and the Pelasgic wall, had been built to fortify the approach to the Acropolis, fig. 200. On top of this old bastion, 1.40 m. below the level of the paved floor of the classical temple, the follo\\'ing monuments were found: the poros altar Eand base C, which G.\X'eiter had discovered in a preliminan. exca\'ation in 1923; the poros naisko D and a most important fragment of a second poros altar, B, \\'ith the inscription: Ti;' A {}e [vata;.}· ri; .Ytxe; {Jopo;. IIarQox( ;.>i; i:toteGev. This inscription dated to 566 B.C. shows that a cult of Athena Nike had been established on the Mycenaean bastion by the mid-6th century B.C. Before Pausanias describes entering the Acropolis (I, 22, 4) he reports that the temple of Wingless Victory, as he calls the temple of Athena Tike, is to the right of the Propylaia. Other cults are known to have existed on the bastion: the shrine of the Graces (Pausanias I, 22, 8 and IX, 35, 7; Scho!' Aristophanes, Clouds 773) and the shrine of Artemis Epipyrgidia (Pausanias II, 30, 2). The epithet Epipyrgidia is now fully elucidated by the discovery of the bastion. The niche disco\'ered by Balanos in the west side of the ba tion housed yet another cult of great antiqcity. \~ben the Mycenaean bastion was sheathed with a poros wall in classical times, a similar niche was made in the poros wall at the same spot, attesting the peculiar importance of the cult. The cults mentioned above were not on the original surface of the Mycenaean bastion but were installed after the upper part of the bastion had been demolished. When did this alteration of the Mycenaean ba tion occur? The original height of the fycenaean bastion must have been five to six metres above the floor on \\'hich the foundations of naiskos D stood. Thus it was a high massive bastion at the entrance to the .\cropoli , guarding the approach and at the same time serving as a look-out. The earliest certain date for the cult on the bastion was, as we saw above, 566 B.C. However, the terracotta figurines which were found in the cavity of base A provide a much earlier terminus ante quem for the destruction of the upper part of the bastion. Unfortunately I have not been able to see these figurines, but N. Balanos, G. Oikonomos, and G. \\'elter, \vho reported the figurines after their discovery, describe them as archaic. As may be seen in fig. 201 they are primiti\-e cylindrical femal figures, closely similar to the hundreds of figurines found in the Telesterion of Eleu is and dated in the -th century• B.C. ~
It is not known to which divinity the figurines were offered. In 566 B.C., ho\vever, on the occasion of the founding of the Greater Panathenaia, the first poros altar B to Athena Nike 'was established on the bastion for the patron goddess of the contests celebrated during the Panathenaic festiva!' The edges of the ~[yccna an bastion formed thc bounds for the archaic shrine of Athena Nike; on the north, west and south side~ of the bastion a parapet wa built. A small part of the north side of the parapet is still pre, en ed tod.n and it \\ as known before Balanos began his work. The poros naiskos D and the altar E in front of it "'cre apparenth I uilt in the interval between the battles of Marathon in 490 B.C. and Salamis in 480 B.C. and wcre contcmpor.U\ \\ ith the Old Propylon probably built circa 485 B.C. [t should be noteel that three other similar paros naiskoi ot the ~lassieal period are known in Athens, fig. 202. They arc simply small rectangular celJas for the cult statu s. The Ol~ Propylon and the poros naiskos of Athena ike seem to have undergone repairs dirccth aft r th,destruction of the monuments of the city by the Persians in 480/479 B.C. The decision to erect a nc\\ nwbk temple and altar was made i 448 B C b . r f . . . I · tion . n . ., as may e 1J11erreel rom the ll1scrJpuon 1. C. 12 ~4; actua comltLlC
dId not begin until 427 B.C. In the interval Mnesikles had built the splendid new Prop\ 1.1ia (437 432 13.C ) .wel
149
tor,l long PCI iod (If tUllC th ' ~ \ I Clll.ll'an I).lSl Ion with the archaic poros naiskos and th<.: altar on it had continued to be \ i,ibk I'rom af,1I", .1S SllO\\ n !Jl fig. 200. rh con,ttUClIl)J1 of the p010S \\ all \\ hieh slllath<.:d the 111) c naean bastion appears to have been undertaken ,horth beforl,th marble temple of 'lthem\ ike was built. The architect was Kallikrates who adapted his plan l)t thl t 'lllpk of 'lrtcmis 'le;rolll'l (p. 112) bl eliminating the door wall and making the temple of Athena. ike ,hort r, fig. _OS. The amphipro,nle temple in the Ionic order ,,'as built <.:ntirely of white marble. The temple Iud rich ,culptural decoration, the fn 7e, the pediments and the acroteria; of these only the frie7e reliefs ha,e bcen pr,er\ cd. \\ mal suppo'e that the temple had been completed b} 425/424 B.C., the year in which the ,t,HUe ot 'lth 'na "Ik \\ ," dedicated (I. C. 112 403). A few years later, circa 410 B.C., the wall urrounding the da,sical tcmple, th tamous 1'ike parapet \\'as set in place. The temple ,cems to hal e sun'j\ cd in e,cellent condition until 1687, although possibly an undergrounti vaulted chamb r had been built in the cella for use as a powder magazine. On the eve of Morosini's raid in 1687 the \I"hole tlmple \\'as pulled dO'wn and the stone used to build a strong outwork in front of the Propylaia. \\nen this \I a, taken apart in 1835 virtually all of the temple was found, excepting a few frieze slabs which are in the British :.\luseum, and the first reconstruction was done.
f_. RCh'>- E. (HACBERT- CHR. H,\~'>E. , Der Tempel der ike ~pteros, Berlin 1839; BElLi, Acropole, pp. 22"'271; BClH!>;, PropyHien, pp. 29-32; \. ORLAISDO'>, Zum Tempel der }uhena 'ike, A~f 40,1915, pp. 2744; CIW)'o;, 'lcropolis Museum, pp. 11 19,139-174; 'V.. B. DI"'>\tOOR, The Inscriptions of \thena ike, \J -\ 27,1923, pp. 318-321; G. \\ElIIR, Vom :t>;ikepyrgo<;, \'\148,1923, pp. 190-201; W. B. DIK'>\!OOR, The ~culpturcd Parapet of \thena Ike, -\J I\. 30, 1926, pp. \-31; R. C\RPP,1FR, The clllpture of the "-ike Temple Parapet, Cambridge, \lass. 1929; \\. 'V; RI DE, :-'fne~ikles und der ikcp\!g()~, \ \\ ';7,1932, pp. 74 91; 1-1. ~( III J IF, Der "-ikcp\!.gos und \1 n<,:slkles, Jdf 48, 1933,pp.177 184; .\II/\\\.. . lI)..,·lll'iu fLV(1fJT~h,'at~ T()V moi; Til; '. I'?I/J'(l~ .'lXI,_ (1935 1939), 'E'",I" 1937, pp. 776-807; G. WLLrLR, Vom ikcp}rgos, AA 1939, pp. 1-22; CH. PI ARD, L'anast} lose du
temple de la \'icroire .\ptere, RA 15, 1940, pp. 256258; r. Olh.ll ll\IO~,'Il i:rl Tl/~ '."1%go:r6}.Ew~ lClTgda nj; '.1&I/I"'~ \{%I/~, '1:"'1'/1" 1939-1941, pp. 97-110; A. ORL \!'. DOS, '\ou I dies obsen'ations sur la construction du temple d'\thcna ~ike, BCH 7172, 194"'/4 , pp. 1 ·38; RAt un ,( HE .. , Dedications, p. 359, :\"0. 329; DINS\100R, .\rchitccture, pp. 18S 187; C. BLl \If!., Der Fries des Tempels der \thenaike in d r attischen kumt dcs S.Jh.\ .Chr., JdI 6') 66, 19505\, pp. 135 \65; '\. hIPc.\P\, 1'}.(ll'x(;':r/~ ' 0 ' I!'XClio~ Yruk xu,' rd I'Ji/HI Tlj ... :('H/(}'Jutl
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Jlrlf.!I'}fJ'(O,·o,::, '}'9,,/4.
1961, pp. 61 1\4; 1. \IYlo\, .... I11 \R, kallikrate., I Ie'peria 12,196\ pp. r"' 188; I .. HI snit, .\nnu rio, "< ...... 29'30,196'768, rp. 51\ 516; P., nL BOl'LTER, The akroleri,l of the ike Temrk. lIe'p ria 38, 1969, pp. 133 140.
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. G .. ' L .-\t th ~-oot of :he ~ill of the =",-mphs to the north. de p rurs worn by ~ 'agon whed, Indicate t .! - t ad m red th ~lt\ at thIS po:m through a gate which mal be idenriti d as the Demian GJ.te (p. 121). ot th' cm ,,'all and a '"
III. 5a:red Gafe, This ,ate is siruated at the lo,,'est point of the city on the Eridanos, at a scant -0 m, distanc i~o:r:
he Dipylon wte. During the celebration of the Eleusinian :'-lysteries, the procession made its "'a\ from .-\rhens to Eleusis on the acred \\"ay, leaying the town through the Sacred Gate. IY. Di?Jloll Gate. The main gate of the city of .-\thens is yariously referred to as th Thriasian Gate, the her'lm iko, w e, and the Dipdon. Thi last name is mentioned for the ti.rst time in an inscription of r r- B.C. (1. G. 112 6-3). It i in the herameiko where three important roads enter the cin : th road from the.\cad 'n1\'. he road irom the Piraeus, and the road from Eleusis which connected _-\thens not onl\- \rith the ,,-hol Thriasi.l11 plain but al 0 with the Peloponne os and the rest of Greece. Recent res arch has shown that the original plan 0' the gate a built in 4-9 B.C. was presen'ed in eyery detail when th' gare was r built at the end of the 4th century B.C. \,.-ith thicker ,,'all of conglomerate stone. The wall \\-ith the twO gates closing oil the Diprlon court at the northwest side seems to haye been built to trengthen the fortiti.cations just before th Rom'l11 attack b\', ulla in 86 B.C. Y. Eriai Gate. This gate should be placed at the spot where the cit) wall crosses the end of PI'CSCJ1t·d.l\ Leokoriou t. Recent excayations have shown that Leokoriou St. follows the line of a yery ancient road which. '):e believe, started at the Altar of the Twelye Gods and ran to,,'ards Kolonos Hippios. VI. Acharnian Cote. The gate is on the northern side of the circuit at the intersection of present-day Sopho· kleous and Aiolou Sts. where remains of a gate were found in the middle of the 18th century. The "\chamian gate is mentioned in il1scriptions and by Hesychios ('A;(ael"I)' Outside this gate was an extremel) large cemeler) on either side of the road which led to Acharnai; in recent years a long stretch of this road has been found. VII. Northeast Gate, There was another gate, we have reason 10 believe, at no. 4 Dragatsaniou St., n 'ar th· place where a part of the ciry wall was fowld in 1954 in the cou rse of pUll ing up a ne,,' building. The w.lll. built entirely of conglomerate stone, is preserved to a height of 4.50 m. \,\'e deduce that Ihne h.ld bc:n .1 g.Il.' il~ th' section of the wall, now completely destroyed, from the interruplion III the hne ot the moat" hld\ r.\Il1ll trnnt of the wall,, it has been observed that the line of the moat is inl"rrupled onh in front of g.llcs..\s occurs in front of the Dipylon and the Sacred Gate, A poros bedding block with the typical cUllings for a wooden door jamb must have come from this gate, for it was found very near to Ihe site proposed lor the gall'. Tud.1\ this informative block is stored in the area of the Roman Agora. VIII. Diochares Cote. Strabo (IX, 397) puIS Ihis gale ncar the L, keion and the gate is also nam d in an inscrip-
1
ATI[I'
~
n (I. (,. III 241)5) round bt sJdl: the church of "Haghia Dynami~" which is in the city block bounded by :'vf<:tro_ pol os. \'outis, .\pOIlOllOS ,tnd Pcnrelb Streets. \,\'hen this whole city block was dug out in the course of bUilding orations, , etion, of th cin \\ all, of the proleichisllla, and of the moat were found. The gate ~hould be in the un ca\ at d.u ,l at the southwest corner of the block at the juncturc of Apollonos and Pcntclis Sts., as indicated b, th break in the line of the moat. Jmt as in the case of the ortheast Gate (VII) the course of the moat has n int rrupt d to aUo\\' thc road to pass through the gate. IX. l"ppa"~s Ga/~ (the Ca\ .lIn Gate). In the course of excavations in 1958, we ascertained that there was a ~ate iu t w st of the prop' Ion on the north side of the Ol~ mpieion; the stout walls of the gate had been con, truct d of column drums from the Peisistratid temple of Olympian Zeu , fig. 222. The road runnJng through this gate connected the CIt} with the \ anous shrines along the Ilissos river and with the settlements in thc area • of th present-da ~ suburb of Pankrati as far as :Mt. H} mettos. \\ e identify this gate as the Hippades Gate which an in~cription (I. C IF 2776, B I, 140-143) a sociates with the district of Agryle or Ankyle. The imcription (1. C. 112 2T6, A II, 5--59) informs us that Agryle or Ankyle lay in the direction of ~1t. !.f\ metto:. Harpokratlon ('.lgbI/TT();) placcs Agn Ie more preci ely in the area of Ardettos and the tadium. Th gate it elf probably took ib name from the equestrian contests held in the nearby gy mnasium, the L~ keion (p. 345). X. D'Ollltlat: Cale. This gate is mcntloned in connexion '\vith the K~ nosarges gymnasium in the deme of Diomeia (Diogenes Laertlu VI, 13; Plutarch, Thw/lSiokles 1). \\ hen okrates was going to Kynosarges (p. 34(J) it eem that he ,,'ent out of the city through this gate. In this region near the Ilissos river, the Themistoklean \\-all ha completely disappeared; but the much later wall in thi area, built in the reign of Valerian, has a gate \\'hich almost certainl~' was the successor to an earher ,gate at the ~ame point. XI. The Ilol1lalJ Gate is mentioned only once in anci nt times, in the p eudo-Platonic dialogue AXlOchJls (364d-36-a) "at the Itonian gate - for he li,-ed near the gate by the .-\mazon tele." Pausarua (1,2, 1) report~ that "'hen one comes to town from Phaleron one sees the tele of the ,\mazon .\ntiope just a one enter he cit~-. Plutarch (Theseus 2 ) places this stele not far from the southwe t corner of the Olympieion precinct wall near the hrine of Olympian Ge. In 1965 the city wall was found in thi area when the telephone compan~ opened up a trench along the length of 10 iph ron Rogon St. In front of the house at no. Iosiph ron ROl1on t. the city wall turns a corner and top; thi may ha,-e been the south -ide of a gate, the north ide of which has been completely de troyed. The gate probably went out of u e about the middle of the 3rd century after Christ and it pas age wa blocked up. \,'e further identify thi gate with the one on the road leading to the bath ofI thmoniko , mentioned in the in cription I. G. 12 94, line 13-. XII. Halade Gale ( eaward Gate). The arne inscription of 418 B.C. (I. G. 12 94) refer- to another l1ate throu~h which the initiates pas ed on their way to the ,ea on the third day of the Greater ),h terie ..-\Ithough thie. tremely important gate has not yet been found, its po.ition ma~ be pinpointed on pre ent-da~ Phalirou ~t. approximatel~ at the inteLection with pirou Donta t., because here the ancient road from Phaleron met thl: ci \ -all. In the Turkish period and until recent y ar Phalirou t. was the main high\\-ay to Phaleron; the ancient road ha been found at about 2 metre below the present-da ~
XIV. D'P.Jlo11 ab(;u IIIe Gales. The in cription o~ 307 306 B.C. (I. (r. IF 463) recording the rlp,lir of the \\",11I, refers 0 thi gate. In 193 ,eXC4l\;arors of the .\merican choolof la sical ~tudic Jc-arcd a 'ate locat d in the
\TIIICNS
161
s.lddle het\\ ('('II tlll' hills 01 the Pnl'\ and Ihe .i\louseion, ncar the church of St. Dimitrii)s Loumhardiaris, and id 'ntitied it as the Dip\ Ion abm e the Cates. "\. Y. II/"idf." (",II'. The la,t in the series o[ gates around the city wall lies at the other end of the d,aluchlSma in th' ,"Hldle b,tween the Pnl),. and the] lill of thc ymphs where an ancient road for whe<:led traffic may still b' s' 'n tod'I~. \\ should identify this gate with the Iclitides Gate mentioned by ancitnt authors, for the dellle of .\ldite c'\tended to the north from this gate CMarcellinus, Vila Thllcydidis 17 and 55; Anon., V,la J'I.'1I<Jdidis 10; Pausanias 1, 23, 9). lntil 86 13.C. the city of .\thens continued to be enhanced by magnificent new public buildings and temples; th' city maintained the splendour of the classical and IIellenistic periods, secure within the circuit of a strong cill' wall constantly kept in a state of repair. In 86 B. c., however, Sulla seized the city after a hard attack; in ord 'r to reduce the power of Athens he systematically destroyed the fortifications of the Asty and of the Piraeus. The Long \'I'alls and the circuit \\'all of the Piraeus were never rebuilt and the Piraeus, once a flourishing busy port town, d,\'indled away, while for three and a half centuries Athens remained unfortified, fig. 220. The lack of fortifications for so many centuries did not hinder the development of the city. Directly after the sack of Sulla the cit\, began to build once more, mainly thanks to the contributions from Roman emperors, eastern kings and many individual Philathenians who spent astronomical sums for the beautification of rhe cit\' and for the construction of works of benefit to all, such as aqueducts, drainage systems, streets and bridges which made an important contribution to the urban devclopment of the city in this period. Pau anias has recorded the splendid picture which the city presented in the 2nd century after Christ and his detailed accounts haye made it possible to understand and to identify most of the monuments of Athens. The reorganization of the city continued until the middle of the 3rd century after Christ. At that time the imminent danger from raids by Goths and Herulians forced the Emperor Valerian (253-260 A.D.) to take thought for the defences of Athens and other Greek cities. Recent exca,'ations have brought portions of the new \'alerian circuit to light; as a result we now know not only that the Valerian circuit was built on the foundations of the old Themistoklean \,'all but also that the Circuit was enlarged to enclose the new city built by Hadrian in the eastern part of Athens, fig. 221. The defences of the Acropolis were also reinforced and it is our opinion that the so-called Beule Gate was built at this time in order to make the Acropolis more difficult of access (p.483). In spite of all these precautions the walls were not able to stand up under the violent onslaught of the Herulians who took Athens in 267 A.D., set fire to the city and laid it waste. After this disaster the city was so crippled that the Athenians were not able to rebuild it as they once would ha\ e done. It is a striking fact that the gradual repair of damages was accomplished very much later. Since they were not in a position to rebuild nor even to man the old city wall, they abandoned it and in the last quarter of the 3rd century after Christ the Athenians built a city wall north of the Acropolis, radically contracting their line of defence, fig. 221. This ne\\' \\'all, which is called the Late Roman Fortification Wall, was constructed of material taken from the buildings wreck d by the I ferulians and it included the Roman Agora and the Library of IIadrian whither the whole administratiw and commercial activity of the city was transferred. The archaeologists of the Agora Excavations haye cl ar d the entire west side of the Late Roman Fortification \X/all, the best presetTcd of the three sides. They found architectural material built into the wall much of which could be idenlitied as deriying from buildings of th Agora. Iwen though the city was much reducecl in size, in time Athens began to resume the old \\,1\ ,,{ lif' .md in the 4th century after Christ again enjoyed relalive prosperity due chicfh to the great fame of the schools and other educational and cultural institutions. The Brzantine emperors contributed greath to the gro\\ th of th city; they were especially favourable to Athens, giving material support and tolerattng 1',lg'IIllSI11..\t th nel of th 4th and beginning of the 5th century so much building was going on outSl,1e of the I.ate Roman Fortification Wall that it is clear, in our judgment, that the city had expanded and was once more nclo, eI within th larger outer ring of the circuit wall.
\T1ill\.~
1
St-e.in th numb r of n \\" builchngs and the eill spread out to the full extent of her former boundaries, one mi ht form the impr ssion that \thens had recaptured her old glury and puwer. The rehuilding of the city from th ,h of th Jferulian destruction is et:rtainh admlrabk. But the cit} no longer bore any relation to the f rm r gr atn . s of .\th ns in cIa ,iell and HelleOlsttc or eyen in Roman times. Ju tinian's stern order to close th philo.ophicaJ schoob in ~ 29 -\.D. 5 t the cal on the end of paganism and the ancient splendour of Athens. Th cit\ became an imignii1eant town III the gr at B\ zantlne empire. It was important merely as a fan; Justinian's chi f concern was to str ngth n the ",'ails ,vhieh guaranteed the continued existence of the cit\. Thus until the cin wa. captur d by the Franks in 1204 A.D. Athens continued to be protected by the ancient ourer circuit wall a r built by J u, timan.
GEOLOG\ :\.. 0 CLI\[:\1L
R. LEPSIl' , Griechische ;\farmorstudien, Ber1Jn 1890; id., Geologie ,-on .-\ttika, Berlin 1 93;~. \Il I II I II~, TO %i.i,lla Tii: 'EiJ,d.oo;, '.Hhil·at 190 ; ]CDEICH, Topographie, pp. -B-51; .-\. PHILlPP50);, DOl I--::.Iima GriechenJand , Bonn 194 ; ~. X \P,\.\,\\In .\KH~, 5:>·flfJoi.lf ci: Tijl' ill'WOll' TOP l'coi'n'oi!; Til:" lrrt%li:, '.1thil·w 1951.
-
Ho,\' the Greeks Built Cities, London 19622 ; • \. PRO' COPIOL, Athens, London 1964; .\. KRIEsI , Greek Town Building, .-\then 1965; J. P.-\PA'>TA\'ROC, RE • uppl. X, s. Y . •-\thenai; .-\. GIl'LL-\);O, C rbanistica delle cina greche, ;\filano 1966; B .• L-\RZOCCO, Tuna su .-\tene classica, Firel17e 1966. ARCH:\IC ClTY \\ .-\LL
GE:-:ER:\L \\ ORK
Topography; E. CCRTll", .-\tla yon .\then, Berlin 1 - ; \\AClb\WTH, Athen; .-\. ;\fILCHHOFER In B.-\c\IEISTER, Denkmii.ler, s. Y. Athen; H. G. LOLLI);G, Topographie yon Athen, H.\\\' III, 1889, pp. 290-352; CCRTlCS, tadt eschichte; .-\. ;\fILCHHOFER, Athen und Thukydides II 15, Philologus J5, 1 96, pp. 1-0-1-9; \\". DORPFELD, Das alte .-\then yor Theseus, Rh;\f 51, 1896, pp. 12 7 -137; H . . . RRI ox, ;\fythology; FRAZER, Pausanias II; E..-\. G -\RD);ER, .-\ncient .-\thens, Lon· don 1902; J. E. H.-\RRISO);, Primitiye Athens as De· scribed by Thucydides, Cambridge 1906; \\'. . FERGl.:~O, " Hellenistic Athens, London 1911; C. H. WELLER, :\thens and its ~ronuments, J. ew York 1913; GR.-\!. 'DOR, Auguste; id., Herede .-\tticus; id., TibereT rajan; ] l:DLICH, Topographie; DEL B);ER, Feste; A. W. Go I fE, The Population of Athens in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B. c., Oxford 1933; GRAIXDOR, Hadrien; DORPFELD, Alt- \then; C. KAHR~TFm, Die tadt Athen in der Kai~er7eit, .\ldI 3, 1950, pp. 5167; Dr.' IOOR, Architecture; •. VAL\lI~, 1 orntlden :\then, tockholm 1953; HILL, Athens; R. MARTI , L'urbani5mc dans la Grecc antitlue, Paris 1956; 'I I' rv,_, Ilfji.I'Y)r,/U%ry; Il .II~{) IOJ.OIl \ .• (1'I.JlJl JI II '1>1/1 ,1•• h.IlII1IIi'.1 1961; R. L. \Xl),( HERLJ Y, LE..-\KE,
T
.-\then I, pp. 336-3r; l·. Y. \ \ IB,IOUTZ, .-\u Kydathen, Berlin 1 0, pp. 9--10-; .-\. Y. GERK A);, Griechische tii.dteanlag;en, Berlin-Leipzig 1924, pp. 23-2'; \". DORPFELD, Die ii.Jtesten tacitmauern -\the:l, Fe t,;chrift ] udeich, pp. 1-P; ] l· DEICH, Topographie, pp. 120-124; DORPFELD..-\ItAthen I, pp. 22-29; O. \\'ALTER, Zur Frage der \'orthemiswkleischen tadtbefestigung ~thens, .-\nz\\ ien 86, 1949,pp. 51 -J2'; TI'\L\()~,IToi.co'OIIl%II'P .33 34, 40-41.
\\'.-\'CH~\llTH,
THE\ll TOKLCA:--" ClT\ \\ :\LL
Jl'DEICH, Topographie, pp. 124-144; \,'REDE, .\fauern; DORPFELD, .-\It·.-\then I, pp. 25-26, 29-31; R. I. CR.-\'l'TO);, The Forrii1cation. of .-\th 11. at .. he 0 ning of the Peloponne ian \\ ar, .-\1-\ 42, 19.3" pp 532-536; 1. (-)1'1'.'1'1 Ull~, IT'!U%T. 1953, pp. 61 'I, L \l]I.\I\.lIl~, JI,!IL%T. 1955, pp. 3 '-43; \] \ 61. 195-. p. 281; Tl'\l \()~,JI/)i,H)'}/)II/%II, pp.4' 56; Ll')/'] '1"1 Ull~ l,iT. 16, 1960. X'J01'. pp. 22 T; BCIl S·t 1960, 634-635; 1. (-)I'ITI UII~, I i.T 1," 1%3, \~ I, 41; G. GRl B1 "<, \.\ 1964, pr, 390 419; D. Om), ,\.\ 196\ pro 360 368; (I). ~J'\ll'''IHll\\Il~, I i,T. 20, 1965, '\'J',l' pp. 84- S', () \ \12 \ '\ I'll. I ir. _2. 1967, X[1/)]" pp. '6 "78.
rr r
163
\'I'III\N~
I. 0;-'" ; \\ \ I I S
It
1\'l'pgr,ll'hiL',pl" h~ 1(,O,-L8 -129;J. DIY, C\PL' ('"Ii.!' Ph.t1t'1l1lll.md thL' Ph.t1L'ric \\ all, \J.\ 36, 1<)32, PI'. I II; R. I , , l R \ , m" ThL' Fortifications of \thL'1l> .n the Opening 01 the PeloponnL'sian \\ ar, \.1 \ -12, 1l).>t', Pl'. '=;25 536; I. (-)I'E'I'I UII~, lI~uY.T. I'll< Il,
1<):-0, 1'. 100; 1'1' \ I \,,~, II "i.• "')"1"'''/, pp. -18 50; E. \1 \~ rPl)h1~~ r \~ . . r;'xI'Xi.O.iUlfh"iCl, ~"'l'/l.li.IJr!(')/I(l) s. v. 1/"x(H'; E. hl,nll',lI'.\UI·,
rfll.
<)
I.h. 21, 1966, pp.
- lh.. III [Ll ,-ISTIC [·ORTII'[CATIO"S
11.
\. TH\1\IP';\1!'-:
~toas
R. L. SCR·\NTON,
and
Cit\ \\ alls on the Pmx, 1lesperia 12, 1943, pp. 301 383; l. (-)1'1"1'1 un~, Il'}uxr. 1950, pp. 6-1-7-1; L. llOLL-\ND, The Katastegasma oC the \'1'alls of 1\thens, \J \ 5-1-, 1950, pp. 337356;
.\.lc\
60, 1956, p. 267;
~. l\.()1"L\\()),.111~,~Yf()I' T/uilHl TOU Tf'!XOI'':' rc';'JI' ',Ilh/J'{;w,
·.It?,/,'uix
of \thens, Phoenix 13, 1959, 1'1'. 161 200; r. G. :\1-\IIR, Griechische :\lauerballinschriften I, IIeidelberg 1959; '1'1'.\ 1.\()~, 1I0i.f()()oJlI%I/, pp. 7580; BCll -1-,1960, pp. 635-63 7 ; l. (-)I'E'rJ.ulI~, IdT. 16, 1960, X~o," pp. 22-2 7 ; id., Ifi.r. 18, 1963, .\~Ol" pp. 39-40;
CITY \,\'AI.1. GA'] LS
G. v. ALTEN, Die Thoranlagen bei der 11agia Triada zu Athen, ,\13, 1878, pp. 28-48; Jt I)~.ICll, Topographic, pp. 135-144; H. I\. TlI(nIPSO' R. L. SCR \N rON, SLOas and Cit)' Walls on the Pnyx, Hesperia 12, 1943, pp. 307, 312-324, 346, 352-356; I. (-)"1"11 UII~, II '}fl Y.T. 1953, pp. 63-65; I. \111.\1 UII~, ,. I 1'(Hl%(1(/'Cli, ,.) II [!a%T. 19"" I'OTl(I)~ TIJ"; 'I .' %!!o;ro,.f'w;:;, .).:>, pp. 38 43; l. (-)1'1"1'1 UII~, Idr. 16, 1960, .\'}o". pp. 25-27; 'I' I' \)'.\(l~, II oho()OI"%I/, pp. 50-56; BCll 84, 1960, pp. 634-635; I. (·)I'E'I·LUII~-l. TI'AY.\O~, IdT. 17,196 1 (,:?.\"~o".
p. 13; L. II. JEFFERY, BSJ\ 57,1962, pp. 116· 133; I. 01'1'.'11 UlI~, Idr. 18, 1963, XI] 0 1'. pp. 33-3-1-; G. GRUBEN, ,\:\ 196+, pp. 385-419; B. 1.\1l1ll \1'11, IdT. 21,1966, .\"1]0". pp. 55-5 , 65-68;~. ~hl.\.\PXTI, ..
, . . "'11' :T
11'(l(T%o.q Ul
,." . %(U
:i {I)"a;:;
.
TO:TOj'fjUq'IY.U
G. GRl'B1iS, _\.-\ 196-1-, pp. 387 390, 418-419; . ~T\l'P()IIUr.\.\O~, lri.r.20, 1965, X'}o,'. pp. 67 93; H.
,~"tJ;"il"1T1l Tli~ cr'~IlJ!.li~, 'ErflJJI. 1968, pp. 36-39; U.
'~I·ElmIEXOY, IEi.r. 21, 1966, .\~o'" pp. ~8 79; ll. .\.\1':=:.\ 'UI'II, Ifi.r. 22, 1967, .\' ~Ol'. pp. 56-58, 66-73,76-77,79-82,106 108; 23, 1968, X~rll" pp. 53, 55 56,67,99; 24,1969, X'}o,'. pp. 28 31,53-55,70.
CdIlL\ .. BCll 93,1969, pp. 152-158.
U, FORT[F[ED ATJII,NS I' . l. <:>I'E'I·I.\~II~ - I. TI',\)'.\()~, IdT. 17, 1961/62, ..You •
pp. 12 13. VALI,R[A :'\. 1\1'11 \1'1~~1I~,
WALL
1.h. II, 1927/28, IIU'}(!~T. pp. 51,
S6 58; II. A. TIIO\IPSO!\: R. I .. ~\IIt\NTON, Stoas and Cit~ Walls on the Pnyx, Ilcspcria 12, 1943, p. 372; l. (-)I'E'I'I UIl~, 1I~(l%T. 1950, pp. 64 72; '['1'A)'.\ll~, lIol''',)''!''%I/, pp.122 124; I,(-)I'E'I'I\~II~ J.TI'\)'.\()~, lfiT. 17, 1961 62, x~(Jl" pp. 12 [3. I.ATI·. RO\IA, L. K"l"I\:\()r~Ill,;J
I OR'lllllA I'fl'.
J
10
WALl.
(1"I'I),fl'(1I~ ·,Iui'.
~HTfl.'!!f1(J.::'
1860,pp.8 13;1861,pp.lR 21;id.,lIuuxT.IH90,pp. 9 10; G. GUIDI, II muro Valeriano a. S. Dcmctrio Katiphori e la questionc del Diogencion, Annuariu
•
4/5, 1921/22, pp. 13 54; 'I'. I.. '>111 ~Il, I/esperia 4, 1915,pp.329 134;7, 1918,pp. 329,111 333;9,1940, p. 297; .\. \\. P'\IISOl':S, Ilesperia 12, 1943, pp. 248 2-19; II. \. Tllo IPSOI', Athenian Twilight.\, D. 267 600, JRS 49, 1959, pp. 64 65; id., I/esperia 28, 1959, pp. 95 96; 29, 1960, Pl" 350 359; Tl'\l \(J~, II "i./"')"IIIX ,/, Pl'. 125 129; I~. \X. BOD~.\Il, C~riacu of 1\ncona and 1\thens, Bruxellcs 1960.
\ \1
=: \ ~PlI, Ifh. 2-1,1969, .\'}o". pp. 41-4 7 ,64-6 ; Y.
GRA\'ES
P. Pl.R\\J',;()GLl ,Bd! 1862,pp.145 150;E.Cl'RTll·s- J. _\.J-.:.\l PI RT, \tlas \ on .\then, Berlin 1878, pp,2 29; c\. B Ric 1'1'0< I II E. PI. II ICE, Ein attischer F ricdhof, :\:\1 18,1893, pp. 73 191 ; BOLTE, R E, s. \. lill''''''/(/ .''''liIIUTa; JlIDI.. ICII, Topographic; S. K \ROl'ZOl', l'n cimeti're de j'cpoque classique iJ .\thencs, BCI1 7 1 72, 194~ 48, pp. 385 391; R. S. YOl'G, Sepultllrae intra urhem, Ilcsperia 20,1951, Pl'. 67 13-1; I'. ~(l:>'T\~, '.1 "11(7X11q 1/ tl:Tc) Tell' ~ If!!()P l'fH))' Tli~ JIi,T!!O;T()},fW': ni)!' '.IlI'/I'C;)!" -1-'9 'dl.
1953/54 1', pp. 89 97; X}.fH1l11 Xfi) I' TfH/ WI' :1 ({!..Ifl
~.
'\ \1'1l'll\1.111~, '1"Il<1XIl«'i
TIl" ,. i.UT nUl'
~. "I'TU; 'II «TV'; • •'Ff(7,/I.
1958, pp, I IS2; 'I'1'\1\(l~. lI"i.f(H)"!"Xlj; 1.. 11. Jnn:IlY, The Inscrihed C;r.1\ est o ill'S of \reh.lit- .\!lie.l, B,':\ 57, 1962, Pl'. IIC> 11.'; I. (-)1'1"11 \ \II~, I..;.T. 18,1963, .\'~(II'. pp.'.' 3 7 ; S" Rl .IlS. Suhm\ <:,n;\ ';\n ,tudi ; I. .\NI>I\OI'I !>.OS, Totl'nkult, .\rchal'ologi.l Hom ri , III \\', Giiuinl-(cn 1%8; .l't: .llso \gora pp.4 ,IIi 0 Arc,1 p. 290, Kerameikos r. 301.
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233 Macedonian fortifications budl in 294 H.C. by Demetrios PoJiorkeles on J\louseionllill. On the ummit, the monument of Philopappos.
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, I ' '. 'C"IICll ("ldier than the classicailleriod have not been found at Athens. But from the } . B. THS: BDul/lf/«/ a~ t Il \ .1ft.. " . . , (' '.. I tile st'He or Ixiv'lIe indi iduals built hath hOllses for the Inhabitants and there were 5th century 1l . . . 011\\.1t (', ' • • : . t I )11S"S '\'hese /}fll""ei,, w re round buildings in which the bath tubs were arranged radially aso at1Sll1pU\.le H ._.. • .. I I b aroun d t I1 \\'.1, II '['I11' I,.'ltll Illbs• were eilher of terracona or hewn out of marble or other varlelles of SLOne, or ' . I 1t'r 1'1'()()fc()'lting A bath tub fund in the A170ra is wider at one end than the other, shawD f nl.\SOlHY \\ lr ) il \\. t '. . () ing that ir' h'ld b "n designed for a ci rcu Jar bu ilding (Ginouves, Ba/aIlCIII,ke, p, 197, 1'1. V I, 16 17, JJ, 151; T . t
•
1.. Shear, Jr., 11 'Sjxria 38, 1969, pp. 395-398). B caus' til, \\"'re round the ba/aneia were also callcd Ib%i. Usually two bath houses were installed together, on> tor men' and the orher for \\'omen, with various auxiliary rooms round about and furnaces to heat the barh wat r. 1Ian)' baths of this type have survived in Greece, as for example in Eleusis and in the Piraeus, where the so-called Serangeion, hewn entirely out of the rock, provides one of the best examples of this type of bath (Ginom'es, Ba/alletllike, pis. L VII-L VIII). There is evidence from the literary sources that round baths, Iboloi, were known in Athens from the 5th centur) B.C. onward (Arhenaeus XI, 501 d if; I ratinos 50 in Edmonds, C.A.F. I, 1'.38; Alkiphron, i::.pislles III, 40 I. 23). One inscription (/. C. P 385) mentions a public bath, and two inscriptions mention baths located just outside the city gates, probably for the usc of weary travellers arriving in Athens, fig. 219. One of these is the barh of Diochares (I. C. IP 2495) outside the Diochares Gate (VIII); the other is the bath of Isthmonikos (I. C, F 94) on the south side of the city ncar Gate XI. A third bath outside a city gate is mentioned br Isaios (Harpokration, s. v. 'Avlhpo"ecro<;) as being near to the statue of Anthemokritos and the Thriasian Gare, namely rhe Diprlon Gate (IV) as Plutarch explains (Perik/es 30). The Kerameikos excavators have identified this bath as the round building outside the Dipylon Gate on the west side of the road leading to the Academy; it has an inside diameter of 8.20 m. and dates to the 5th century B.C., fig. 236 (AA 1936, Pl'. 208-212; ibid. 1937, PI" 184-195; ibid. 1938, p. 610 and p. 614; ibid. 1940, pp. 318-333). A fourth, like the Dipylon bath, 'with an inside diameter of 5.80 m., was excavated in 1965, outside the Peiraic Gate (II) on a lot at no, 43 Poulopoulou St., fig. 237 (LleJ:r. 21, 1966, Xeov,,,ci, 1'.74, fig, 16,1'1. 81 b). The Roman type of bath with hypocausts appeared in Athens in the 1st century after Christ and flourished in the 2nd century, when the Emperor Hadrian provided the city with an abundant supply of water. These buildings were mostly small, but richly embellished with multi-coloured marble paving, mosaics, and sculpntre, 1Iost of the baths were destroyed by the Herulians in 267 A.D.; however, in the 4th century they were repaired and new ones were built, remaining in use at least until the end of the 6th century after Christ. The total number of Roman baths found in Athens up until the present is twenty-four. The sites are indicated by the letters on the plan, fig. 221. Few of these appear to have been independent units; u ualh' they were attached to large complexes such as gymnasia, schools, or other institutions. Today, none of these baths are visible with the exception of Bath C and Bath I and the remains of Baths T, U, V, \\1, X found in the Agora Exca\'ations. All the others have either been destroyed or concealed as a result of various modern engineering projects. A Bath of Augustan times and, to the south of it, another bath built around 400 A.D . .JeJ:r. 17, 1961 62, PI'. 88-89 and 101. B l\;ymphaion, ilea%,. 1878, p. 11. Probably it belongs to a bath remains of which were found opposite to the • ymphaion, at the Kouremenos house. C The ruins of this bath have been preserved in the basement of an apartment house, figs. 247-249. It is dated in the 2nd century after Christ and appears to have been in use until the 6th century, .~cJ.r. 19,1964, ,\'(>0"1"", pp.47-49. D The column standing in the middle of Misaraliotou 51. belongs to a big hall, south of which \\'.IS a barh. It is dated to the second half of the 2nd century after Christ. lIga>a, 1950, PI'. 81-99; 8eif. 84, 1960, Pl'. 642-644. E Part of the frigidarium ofa bath, dated ci rca the end of the 4th cenlU 1'1'~ after Ch rist I·I A'r • ?3 ', [1 • 6', ~. _ ) 196" P, ~ \OOII}{U. 1_. F Remains of a bath of the Roman period wbich had been built on an oldcr building belonging t~ the K\l10sarges Gymnasium. AM 21, 1896, pp. 463 464. '
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181
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.Rem.llns ot lhe I1\ P0C;\\lst 01 a balh unco\'cred in 1961 under the roadhed of Kydathinaion St. ~ 1 . rh~' h\ po ..lllSt ot a Ron~an hath was found under Lysikratous St. and probably belongs to the large huildmg II~ tront ot the church ot t. ikaterini; columns of either the peristyle or the stoa of this building are 'till standtng. '1'11'/11. 1911, pp. 259 261; leh. 18, 1963, XQol'L%fi, p. 37. I ltllh of the Ilndrianic period, preserved in very good condition. It was apparently in u'e until the 7th c _ntl~~ aftcr_ Christ, figs. 238 244. lIgCl"T. 1888, pp. 16-19 and 1949, pp. 29-35; ChroniqllCS d'Orienl 1891, pp. 4:,>_, :,>_8, 6 .); Be JI 84, 1960, p. 637.
J
Remains of a h) pocaust from a bath of the Iladrianic period, BCl149, 1925, p. 440. Unfortunately its '''act position is not clear. K \ large I ath which wa destroyed when the Zappeion exhibition hall was built. It is thought to be the one d 'sctlbed b) Lucian (IIlppias, or The BaJh4-8). '£«('1711. 1862, p. 150; ll(!aJ
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R Ruins of a bath. The mosaic floor has been removed and set up in the court of the Byzantine J\fuseum. " ;\ small batb of the end of the 4th century after Christ. .JcJ.T. 20, 1965, X(!OV'''o., pp. 49-51. T Bath attached to the Gymnasium of the Giants, 400 A.D. Hesperia 4, 1935, p. 361 and 19, 1950, p. 136. C Bath of the 2nd century after Chri. t, in usc until the 5th century, fig. 251. • \' Bath built in earh' Hellenistic times and used until the 5th century after Christ. Hesperia 27, 1958, p. 146 and •
3 ,1969,pp. 394-415. \'\. Thi bath is preserved in fairly good condition, fig. 250. It is dated to the end of the 2nd or the beginning of the 3rd century after Christ and was rebuilt at the end of the 4th century. Hesperia 20, 1951, pp. 279-282. • X ;\ small bath built after the Herulian invasion which was in use until the 5th century after Christ. Hesperia 20,1951, p. 283.
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\\,i1ls hal l' h~lll loulld bClleath the I klknistic \l,t, I th A ' . " " ,olm)y ~ gora ~xcavators ,\lui II. \ I hOl11l',oll has Idelltlhed thcfll as public buildings dated to Ill<: early 61h century H.C. Am(mg these ,tIUllull", the l'a, hest lIoulculcl'lon and thc Prytanikon Corm an architcctural unit connccted (In the cast side h, .1 st lIll" \\ ,III \\ hich holds hack thc earth fillings oC I he terrace built OUt on the steep slope of the hill; at Irst the Clluncilma, hal c com encd in the open air on this terrace, fig. 252. HOl
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The IllSt rooled Boulcutl'l'ion (the Old Bouleuterion) was built in the beginning of the 5th century 13.e. directlr ,lttl'l the rdorms of J-...letslhenes, in order to take care of the newly created Council of the Fiv~ Hundred. it is a big rcclangular building with Acrop lis limestone foundations built in the polygonal style. Vcr; little of the intcrior arrangements arc preserved, but enough to restore the plan, fig, 253. Thc gOI ernmcnt archi\'es were stored in the Boulelllerion, as ancient authors testify; from the end of the 5th CClltUr) B.e. when the administrative needs had increased, the whole building was used as the archive and a ncw l3ouleuterion was built to the west of the old one. Only a few paras blocks and the beddings for the foundation walls arc preserved. evertheless, the way in which the hillside has been deeply cut back in order to creatc a construction site conveys the impression of the importance of the building, fig. 254. The ,cats of thc New Bouleuterion were probabl) of wood at first; later on, probably around the end of the 4th or beginning or the 3rd century B.e. when a stoa was built to the south, a regular theatre with stone seats was installed. The radius of the orchestra was 2.64 m,; the theatre comprised twelve rows of seats with an average width of 0.62 m. and could accommodate more than five hundred people. At the beginning or the 3rd century B.e., a little Ionic propylon was built on the side facing the Agora Square a an entrance for the whole complex of administrative buildings; the foundations and a very few fragments of the marble superstructure are preserved. In 267 A.D. the Herulians destroyed the ew Bouleuterion and the propylon. In the 5th century after Chri t , a new building was put up on the site of the Bouleuterion; the scant remains furnish no evidence as to it function.
]UOt,.tCH, Topographie, pp. 64, 346 347; T. L. SIII'.AR, Hesperia 4, 1935, PI'. 349 350; II. A. THOMPSON, IIesperia 6, 1937, pp. 115 135, 140 172; ell. PtCARD, I.e complcxe Mctrt)on-l3oulcutcrion Pr)tanikon, ~I l' Agora d' Athcnes, RA 12, 1938, Pl" 97 101; J 1. A.
THOMPSON, Hesperia, upp!. 4, 1940, PI· 8 15, figs. 13,32,62,63; l\1c[)() 'ILl), :'>l<:l'ting Places, PP' 131141,170 179; \")'('11\'1\1.1'), 'j\:stimonia, pp. 128-137; Agora Guide, pp, 47 50.
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HALKOTHEKE: Tn 1888 1889, during' the large scale excavations of Ihe Acropolis, thc foundations of a building wcr disco\"red h,tween the rock,cul steps west of Ihe Parthenon and thc shrine of Artcmis Brauronia. '\ . OC:>rrf'ld immediat 'I\, id 'ntilied Ihis building as Ihe Chall otheke. o lit'nlr\" r+c:r'nc's to th' Chalkothekc h:l\e been preserved; (he imcription I. G. 11 2 120 shows, howevcr, that it was an important building. This inscripl ion records the de ision madc in 353{2 B.C. to make an in\"'llton of th' ohj 'CIS stored in the Chalkotheke and to ins ribc thc inventory on a stone stcle to bc SCt up in front ofth Chalkothcke. Some of the objects listed ar shields, breastplates, greaves, cauldrons, bronze plaqucs, bronz' braziers, bronze mixing howls for wine, bronze incense burners, kadiskoi etc. Another inscription p rtaining to th halkolheke is an opisthographic stele J. C. 112 1438 to which E. Schweigert has added a n 'w fragment found on the north side of the Acropolis (llcsjJcria 7, 1938, PI'. 281 289) . •-\ f w poros blocks of the foundations and beddings in the rock floor arc all that remain of the building, fig. 259. In 1938 G. P. Ste\TnS did a little excavating and ascertained that the Chalkotheke had been a large oblong hall, 43 m. X 14 m., to which a Doric colonnade had later been added. According to Stevens, the first pha<e of the building should be dated to about the mid-5th century B.C. and the colonnade is early 4th century H.C.
\X'. DORPFELD, Chalkothek und Ergane-Tempel, AM
5,1936, p. 474; iel., [lcspcria Suppl. 3, "1940, pp. 7-19; J. TR{.ITEl x, L'amcnagemem imcrieur ele la Chalko-
14, 1889, PI'. 304-313; CAVVADIAS-KAWERALJ, 1\kropolis, p. 124; E. PETERSEN, Jdl 23, 1908, pp. 3233;
theque el'Athenes, htueles el'Archcologie Classiquc I, 1955/56, pp. "133 146.
W. DORPFELD, AM 36, 1911, pp. 67-69; J LJDEICH, Topographie, pp. 245-246; G. P. STEVENS, Hesperia
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19
ELEUSINION
The unification of the Attic townships under the power of Athens does t h . no appear to ave been fully co~pleted untd t~e nd. of th~ 7th century H.C. It is certain, at least, that Eleusis was not finally amalga_ m~,t~d wIth .:\th ns tUltd.the time 01 Solon. From then on the cult of Demeter and Kore was established as an othclal cult ot th' Athel11an state; the celebration of the Eleusinian Mysteries a sumed a Panhellenic character. In the most conspicuou. part of the city, in the Old Agora, the government founded the Eleusinion, dedicated to th> t,,'o godde.~es. The oldest .B~uleuterion, founded by Theseus when he effected the synoikismos, probably had stood on the sIte of the EleuslnlOl1. Perhaps for thls reason Solon made a law that the Council should meet in th EI u.inion on the day after the celebration of the Mysteries (Andocides, Dc Myslcriis 111; 1. C. IF 794 . ' 4 1111 30, 1072). In th official inscriptions the shrine is named the Eleusinion in the City or "beneath the polis" that is to say, the Acropolis. The Eleusinion was, in fact, below the Acropolis, on the east side of the Panathenaic Way. The many indications of the site given in ancient authors are confirmed by the finds of votive offerings and inscriptions to Demeter and Kore. The east side of the Eleusinion is the only part which has not yet been cleared; probably it did not extend far in that direction, fig. 260. On the west it is bounded by a precinct wall running along the Panathenaic Way; to the north and south the boundaries were two ancient roads, both taking their start from the Panathenaic Way and heading east, presumably joining the Street of the Tripods not far away, fig. 540. A.n as yet unidentified shrine has been found in the triangular area between the north side of the Eleusinion and the more northerly of the t,,'o roads from the Panathenaic \Vay to the Street of the Tripods. The Thesmophorion ,,-as probably to the south of the Eleusinion in the area where the round structure, four small poros altars, and a deposit of kernoi were found. From the beginning the Eleusinion was established in the southern half of the area and was enclosed by a quadrilateral precinct wall about 40 X 20 m., fig. 260. The first temple must have been in this precinct; it vanished without a trace when quarrying operations levelled off that part of the slope. The votive offerings found in this area, terracotta figurines and small votive vessels, certainly belong to the early shrine. The precinct wall, 0.90 m. thick, constructed of Acropolis limestone in the polygonal style, is dated to the mid-6th century B.C. In the course of time the shrine was enlarged to the north and enclosed by a new precinct "wall. A large temple was built in the middle of the new precinct. The foundations, which are all that remain, were constructed with exceptional care of limestone from the Kara quarry. At first glance one would think that they date to the last quarter of the 6th century B.C. The pottery from the fillings around the foundations, ho,,-e,-er, runs do,,-n to 490 B.C. Before the temple was finished, the plan was slightly revised to enlarge it to the east and somh. The addirional foundations were 2.40 m. wide and of Acropolis limestone, figs. 263-264. The overall dimensions ELEU I
ION:
of the temple were 11.00 X 17.70 m. The plan of the temple, like the early archaic Telesterion in Eleusis, was simple; it had a rectangular cella ,,;th the entrance probably to the south, and a small room (adyton) to the north for the safekeeping of the hallowed objects (hicra) of Eleusis which the ephebes escorted to the Eleusinion in Athens during the festinl of the Greater Mysteries (1. G. 112 1078). Because of the steep slope of the hill from south to north, the builders brought in quantities of earth to make a level terrace and on the west and north sides of the terrace they erected extremely strong retaining ,,'ails. 6 111. high. The temple of the Eleusinion, elevated on this lofty terrace, stood out against the horizon and could Ie seen from afar by those coming in from Eleusis on the Sacred \xray. _ The oblong base 2 / 15 m., east of the temple, was probably for the "Allic stelai" containing the list~ ot ~C)l\ liscated property sold at public auction after the owners, lcibiades and others, had been cOlwictcd l~t mUt1lat~ ing the J krrns and parodying the Eleusinian Mysteries in 415 B. . (Pollux X, 97). Man\' fragm'nls ot the st'LII have been found in the area of the Hleusinion (llc.rpcr;{/ 22, 1953, pp. 225-299). _ In the second half of the 4th centll ry 13.C. the old entrance to the shrine was replaced by a prop 'lon, !Ig. _~5, mentioned in an inscription at J~Jcusis (I. C. 1[2 1672, line J 66). round the middle of the 2nd c 'ntur\, alter
I'.I.I'.USINJON
Chri,t th ',hrin was 'tendcd to th s uth, in order to gain space and pr', 'n cd in tts foundations, fig. 266.
199 to
build a little stoa, probably Doric,
P.lu,.ll1i.lS (I, 14, 1 4) dir 'ctly after describing the Enneakrounos says that there arc two temples higher up .lb,H L' the fnuntain house, the tcmple of Demetcr and Kore and the temple of TriplOlemos. He next reported the ",hrin' at .\thcns, called the Eleusinion." In 1959, IT. A. Thompson identified the Southeasr Temple, Jig. - 4,.b the t'mpl of Dem ter and Kore; it was built in the 1st century after Christ with material taken from the t'l11plc of Dcmeter and Kore in Thorikos (p. 104). Fragments of a large cult statue of Demeter or Korl', hting to about the end of the 5th century B.C., found inside the Southeast Temple, also probably came from th temple at Thorikos .•\s for the temple of Triptolemos, the site has not yet been ascertained; but I assume that it wa. outside the shrine as at Eleusis. In ?6- \.D. the Eleusinion '-\'as destroyed by the Herulians and a little later its west side along the Panathenaic \'i'a\' was hidden under the Late Roman Fortification Wall (p. 161). At the same time gates were constructed for th roads north and south of the Eleusinion. Around the middle of the 17th century the church of the H\"papanti was built on the southern gate. The first exca\'ations were done in 1840, when the Late Roman Fortification \'iTall was noted and many important inscriptions were found built into it near the church of the H ypapanti. In 191~ the ?reek Archaeol~gical Socien' in\'estigated the area further. Detailed exploration of the area and the IdentIfication of the Eleuslillon were done by the Agora excayators who began digging there in 1938-1939 after the.church of the Hypapanri and the houses had been taken down. This work continued in 1959 with the extenSIOn of the exca\'atlons to the east and the systematic inyestigation of the whole Eleusinion area.
Jl5DEICH,
Topographie, pp. 287-289; Cll. PICARD, RA 11, 1938, pp. 99-105; 12, 1938, pp. 93-94, 244245; T. L. SHEAR, Hesperia 8, 1939, pp. 207212; 9, 1940, p. 268; O. BRONEER, The Thesmophonon In Athens, Hesperia 11,1942, pp. 250 274; McDo'~LD, ~leeting Places, pp, 143145; L. II. JEFFERY, fhe Boustrophedon Sacral Inscriptions from the Agora,
. 17 1948 pp 86 t 11· E. \' '-';DFRPOOL, The J-!espena, ," . Route of Pausanias in the \thenian \gora,. Hesp r~a \\ K PRlTCml r, fhe Attic 136' 13418, 1949, pp. ,., ,. . . . 22 1953 pp 225 299; \X YCHERLEY, Stelal, J Iespena, " . . . P 748S' II. .\. TllO\IP.O.·, He.pena TestimonIa, P . , 29, 1960, pp. 334 -343; \gora Guide, pp. 92-95.
ELEUSINION
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ENNEAKROUNOS - KALLlRRllOE
204
The spring of Kallirrhoe is southeast of the Olympieion in the Ilissos riverbed opposite the Church of t. Photini where there was a considerable Aow of water at the foot of the stee slope until 1962. In 1893, A. Skias excavat d at this spot and discovered lwo large cisterns, A and B, in th~ river-bed, fig. 154, and a system of rock-cut tlUlnels to collect the water which was conveyed to Piraeus by the so-called "tou Younou" aqueduct. The name Kallirrhoe lived on all through the Middle Ages and even now the Athenians still call that part of th Ilissos Kallirrhoe. The fountain house built by the tyrants, the Enneakrounos, should be on the west bank of th Ilissos very near the spring. Perhaps one should scarch for the Enneakrounos not far away from the present-day Anapafseos St. bridge, at the place where a stone parapet block was found in 1962 when a trench wa: dug for a large drain. The parapet block certainly comes from the draw basin of a fountain house, for it is smoothly polished and heavily worn from the friction of water pots rubbing along the sides. The many passages in ancient authors and lexicographers mentioning Kallirrhoe and the Enneakrounos have been carefully collected by R. E. Wycherley (Testimonia, pp. 137-142). In most of the passages Kallirrhoe is located south of the Acropolis; among the age-old sanctuaries mentioned by Thucydides (p. 289); out toward H ymettos; near the temple of Zeus; at the Ilissos; and, finally, in the region of the Itonian Gate and Kynosarges, fig. 379. The waters of the spring have to do with marriage rites (p. 361); it was called Kallirrhoe before the Enneakrounos was built by the tyrants. In the vase painting of that period a splendid fountain house does, indeed, appear labelled with its old name "Kallirrhoe" or "Kallirrhoe fountain house," fig. 267 (Beazley, ABV, p. 261, no. 41). Although the ancient authors generally agree in placing Kallirrhoe-Enneakrounos south of the Acropolis near the Ilissos, nevertheless tbe topographical details in Pausanias' description of the Enneakrounos sho\\' that he was referring to another fountain house built by Peisistratos to the north of the Acropolis in the southeast corner of the Agora. W. Dorpfeld first tried to identify the Enneakrounos with remains of hydraulic installations which he had found in his excavations south of the Areopagus in 1892 and he made a wholly imaginary restoration. Nonetheless his view was accepted and for many years it formed the basis for studies of the topography of Athens until the opening years of the American excavations of the Agora. In 1933 a monumental fountain house of the mid4th century B.C. was found in the southwest corner of the Agora, fig. 269. This was believed, at first, to be the Enneakrounos until 1952 when the Southeast Fountain House was excavated near the Church of the Holl' Apostles. This fountain house of the second half of the 6th century B.C. may he securely identified with the Enneakrounos of Pausanias, since the site near the Odeion of Agrippa and the Eleusinion agrees with Pausanias' description, I, 14, 1. EAKROU OS-KALLIRRHOE:
•
LEAKE, Topograpby, pp. 170-178; W. DORl'FELO, Die Ausgrabungen an der Enneakrunos, AM 17, 1892, pp. 439-445; 19, 1894, pp. 143-151; A. ~1(lAI:, I h(}i Tij; tv Tli %oirn
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1894, pr. 1 10; FRAZER, Pausanias II, pp. 1'I2-J 18, V, pp. 483-487; Frt. GRA BER, Dic Enncakrunos, AM 30,1905, pp. 1 64; JUDE/CIf, Topographic, pp. 193 201; DORPFEW, Alt-Alhcn I, pp. 88 98, 117 118,
II, pp. 257-258, 272-273; H. A THmll'SOl', Hesp na 18, 1949, pp. 213-214; E. VA TDERPOOL, The Route of Pausanias in the Athenian 1\gora, Hcsperia 18. 1949, pp. 133-134; H. A. THmIPsoN, H spcrLl 22. 1953, pp. 29-35; 25, 1956, pp. 49-53; \'·"CHERtEY, Tcstimonia, pp. 137-142; D. LEVI, Enl1cakrollllOS. Annuario, . S. 23/24, 196162, pp. 14-9 1'"'1; On.o. "~ 18 II I K· NO~II DES, rhc I wo Agoras, pp. 15 ,~ __.. _l. R. 10,. \X!YCIlERLEY, j\ rchaia Agora. Pho nix 20, 19(,b, pp. 287-2fl8; 1\1. LINC;, \\'aterworb in til' .\thclli.ln
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o t' IF. 'T OF THE Epo Y lOllS I hmm·:s: In 1931 an oblong monument in Ihe Agora excavations, about 14 m te s ast of the [etrooll and appro"imal 'Iy parallel to it, was excavated and later identilied as. the );p . onymous H ro '5, fig. 275. Enough is pn'sl'r\ 'd of the oblong base and of the blocks of the projecting ornice found nearby to permit a reconstruction of the monument. Tripods sl()od on either end of the ba~e; between them were the bronze "ram's of rh r 'n Icgendan heroes of, \Ltica, tbe Eponymous j feroe~ who were the patrons of the ten lribe~ into which rhe popul<1lion of \Lt iut had beln grouped in 508 13.C. by J leisthenes. Whitewashed wooden tablets \\' r' aftixed ro the sides of the pedestal; on them were written noti es of intere~t to the citizens, ~uch as official announcements and proposed legislation to be put to the vote. The base was surrounded by a fence consisting of stone posts and horizontal wooden beams. The preser\'ed remains of the monument arc all of poros except for the projecting cornice which was of white marble. Judging from the excellent finish of the stone and the usc of doublc-T clamps, it would be possible to date rhe monument around the end of the 5th century B.C. Under the monument, however, is an earlier base which cannot be older than the mid-4th clntur) B.C., because conglomerate was used in it; this means that the monument of the Eponymous j leroes was constructed arounclthe middle of the 4th century B.C. On the other hand, it cannot be later than the period of Lykourgos since Aristotle wrote in 329-322 B.C. (/l/b. Pol. 53,4) that the Eponymous Heroes stood in front of the Bouleuterion.
In any case the construction must have been completed by 307-306 B.C., the year when the new tribes Antigonis and Demetrias were added and the pedestal was lengthened toward the north to accommodate the two new statues. Around the end of the 3rd century B.C. the addition of the tribes of Ptolemais and Attalis caused a further alteration; and finally around 125 A.D. when the tribe of IIadrianis was created in honour of the Emperor Hadrian, the pedestal was completely remodelled with a prolongation toward the sourh. The evidence of the remains and rhe results of painstaking excavations by T. Leslie Shear, Jr. in 1967 give us th full history of the monument from the time it was built until its destruction by the Herulian in 267 A.D. One problem remains: where was the pre-Lykourgan monument of the Eponymous Heroes? The Eponymous Heroes are mentioned in ancient literature from the late 5th century B.C. on; most of the ancient authors limit themselve to descriptions of the tablets affixed to the pedestal. The few notices abour the sire of the monument appear, at first sight, to be confused. Aristotle, as we have seen, locates the Eponymous Heroes in relation to the Bouleuterion, Pausanias (I, 5) places the monument between the Tholos and the temple of Ares, while the scholiast to Aristophanes (Peace 1183) notes "a place in Athens beside the Pr) rancion where statues which they call Eponymous stood." In regard to this last testimonium scholar now bclie\'e that "Pr)taneion" was written by mistake for "Prytanikon" which is ncar the Eponymous Heroes. The Aristophanes scholion, however, may be interpreted in another way which might bring us nearer to the trurh. That is to say, we believe that the earlier monument should be sought for in the area of th Old Agora where the Pn taneion (pp.1 2) was located. Other testimonia indirectly bear further witness to the connexion between the Pr}taneion and the Eponymous J-Jeroes. Tn dealing with the headquarters of the Thesmothetai, Aristotle writes that rbe archon had his headquarters in the Prytaneion, whereas Su idas (s. v. uQX(11) notes that he had his headquarters beside the Eponymous I-Icroes.
JI'IJUr,lI, Tr)pographie, p. 14~; 'J'. I" ~/IJ,.AI\, Ilesperia 2,1933, p. l()(,; R. ~tILLWLJ I., I Jcsperia 2, 1911, pp. 137 139; L. VANJJL!IPOOL, 'J'hl I{Olltl of Pallsanias in the Athenian Agora, IlcspLria IK, !949, pp. 129
112; II. /\. T/lo\ll'so ,II 'sp 'rLt 21, Il) _, pp.)' (10, 9192; \VYC/lLI\IJ-.\, Testimoni.l, pp. H <)0; .\gM,l (;lIidl', pp. <1 'i'i; II. \. L'I\()\II"O , llcsperi.l r, I %K, pp. ()'l ()K.
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.l'heh,l"l \\OI!-Olllhe:l,ehileelu,eoflhehrechtheioni"hth{j(,J. l>y("P.Sl('Ven ,1,.J).(a~key, II. . I li,hed ill 1927; in 1949 ,k'lndoleon pul>h,htd the main <[ud, {jf the cult .ltr,lllgl'1l1lIlt, In the I rlchthl iOIl. III n minute analy,i of Ihe lorm of the huilding with it' many opening and \\ ilh ,liLli' ,llld ,hrille, of n chthonic J1:lIure' illside Ihe huilding, Kondoleon rightly charactuizl.d the building 11(1<11111110
tl'llll'k tekstl'l'ioll. The 11;ll\\l' I're'l'nth used, 1':1' chtheion, occurs only twic' in the ancient sources (Pausania, 1,26,5; P'eud()· Plularch, f)r(fIIl Ort/lonl/ll I ilflf 843 1\). The whole hllilding seems to have been called the l',rcchthtion, tVCIl Ihough it cont'lined ,hrines and ahars of other gods. In the official decrees (I. C. 12 372) the building is rtftrrtd
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to .1' ",; I"';'~ ,i h ."'"f"J." iI' '[I TlJ "!fl."'"'' ",'ui.!,,, (the temple on the Acropolis within which is the ancient tatllt)." In :lllothl'l' Cl'L' it is ,ingled out as the Icmple of the Polias (Pausanias I, 27, 1; Strabo IX, 396). The joint cuI ol \thena and I rcchtheus appears to h:1\ e become established on the Acropolis at a very l.arly period and the~ Wl'l'l' '\('n wOl',hipped in the same temple as may be inferred from two passages in IIomer(lliadYII, 80-81 and Or/).riO' lJ, 546 551) and also from later Greek texts. The earliest tunpk of \thena and Frcchtheus had a . cries of successors, including the large poros Old Temple
of \thelln, which appear always to have occupied the same site. After the Persians had destroyed the Old Tcmple of \thcna in 480/479 B.C., the I~rechtheion, the last of the successors, was not erected on the same site, but a Jittk to thc north of it. This shift was not simply the result of the new Periklean plan for the Acropolis bur was seemingly dictated b\' the necessit) of enclosing in the temple the oldest shrines and tokens bound up with the legmds of the origin of the city. The architect faced asingularly difficult problem in designing a building to house rre-exi,ting cults and establi-hcd holy places. The results were most satisfactory, since in compo ing the building ,\'ith a free hand the architcct not only succeeded in \X'orking out an appropriate solution, but also in pn;scnting an admirable architectural composition. It is a unified work, executed on the basis of a ingle profoundl~ thought-out plan; therein lies its value. This Ionic temple with its rich architectural and sculprural decoration was started in 42l H.C. and finished, after a short interruption, in 406 13.C. The foundations are of Piraeus poros, the whole temple is white Pentelic marble of the finest quality, except for the dark Eleusinian limestone for the background of the frieze to which the white marble figure of the frieze \X'ere attached, fig. 290. In respect to the interior arrangements of the l,rcchtheion, the only certain fact is that there had originaUy been a cross-l\'all dividing the cella into a small chamber on the cast and a larger one on the we. t. The floor leyel of the western chamber is 3.10 m. lower than the floor InTI of the eastern room. There is no definite e,-idence for the western cross-wall and the two interior rooms restored in fig. 280, and it is just there that it has proy n most difficult to reconr the original scheme of the building. It is usually thought that the eastern hall was sacred to .\thena Polias and that the altars ofPoseidon-Erechtheus, BOUles, and llephaistos were in the two interior rooms in the western part of the building. Howeyer, tbe opposite view has also been rut forth, namely that the altars were in the eastern chamber and that the xoanon of "\thena Polias must have been somewhere in the western part of the building. Two considerations lead m to t~ink that the latter view is the more likely. In studying the route of Pausanias, it is logical to suppose that h ftrst visited Ihe eastern chamber of the I~rechtheion with the altars, Then again, I belieyc that the monumCJ1tal north porch would more naturally be the entrance to the temple of Athena Polias. Furthcrmore, the latter yj w harmonizes with the description of Pausanias, who explicitly says that the temple of \thena adjoiM the t mplc of Pandrosos. This testimony is reinforced by the anecdote related by Philochoros (Diolllsins of Ibli anussus, Oil DWltlrclJIIs3) .since Ihe cog I \V h'IC b enlerec I t I1e temp Ieo, f \ thena P 0 I"Jas anrl \.\Tnt tram 1hl re to th ' P,lndros '1011 .
~:Jlilrl onh·,~1a\e done this if the two temples were neighbours, fig, 281.
I hus the douhle huilrlin<> ".,IS p ' I C1aractertzec I . I the I'.rechthelon, .LtHl,I,t . eI' • h' aUS:lnlas correct)' ot two parts: I. fhe eastern hamber a I I ' I f ' . , ,cornel Wlt1 reseoes and contalJ1lng the altars ,1J1e1 the three tlUOIl'S ofth· pri .t.; two of the thrones Inve he' f I I A' ., . " e n ounc on t 1e cropolts, ncar the ''''ecltth 'lOll, with the ill,criptions "(thron ) of the. ' rrtCst of Boute's" and "(Ih ,) f l ' f JI I ' " • , . ' rone 0 11e prtest 0 ep 1:nstos. II. [he WL">terl1 chamh 'r contained the Pro tomlalon wllh the salt se"l 'In I tl ' . , f' A 1 I .. . " , ' e 1e xO.lnon 0 f\t 1ena am Ihe gra\ e of I'[echtheus both of which w r within
214
ER RellTII EION
adyla since they were mystery cults. Four stone door-leaves 2.706 X 0.82 m. belonging to two doors are listed in the in cription I. G. 12 372; they should be assigned in my judgment to the doors of the two a4Jta. A third section, III in fig. 281, is the Pandroscion, organically linked to the Erechtheion and an inseparable part of it. In the course of tim the Erechtheion, particularly the western part, underwent various alterations and additi ons, the most important of which was the western cross-wall, which apparent! y was built because it became necessar to prodde additional support for the roof. One repair was done in 377/376 B.C. and another, more drastic on:' in 27 B.C. In the 7th century after Christ, the Erechtheion was converted into a Christian church, fig. 279. The Erechthcion . uffered its greatest misfortune during the Turkish occupation when parts of the building collapsed and architectural members were removed. Consolidation and reconstruction were mostly done between 1902 and 1918.
STUART-REvETT, II, Chapt. II; W. DORPFELD, Der ursprungliche Plan des Erechtheions, AM 29, 1904, pp. 101-107; G. P. STEVENS, The East Wall of the Erechtheum, AJA 10,1906, pp. 47-71; G. W. ELDERKIN, Problems in Periclean Buildings, Princeton 1912; C. H. WELLER, The Original Plan of the Erechtheum, AJA 25,1921, pp. 130-141; L. B. HOLLAND, Erechtheum Papers, AJA 28, 1924, pp. I 23, 142 169, 402-434; STEVENS PATON, The Erechtheum; WALTER, Akropolis, pp. 75-92; J. DELL, Das Erechtheion in Athen, Brunn 1934; G. P. STEVENS, llesperia 5, 1936, pp. 486-491 ; 1,. B. IloLLAND P. 11. DA VIS, The Coffering of the Ercchthciol1, AJ A 43, 19)9, pp. 303 304; G. W. ELDERKIN, 'fhe Cults of the l~reehthciol1,
Hesperia 10, 1941, pp. 113-124; \'\'. DORPFELD - H. SCHLEIF, Ereehtheion, Berlin 1942; G. P. STEYE:\S, A.rehiteetu ral Studies Concerning theAeropolis ofAthens, Hesperia 15, 1946, pp. 93-106; ~. KO';TO.\Eil:\, TO 'E(}€X {Jew" ,;'c; ot'xo')op I JII U X{)o "I }.aT(}EIa" ',1 () 'l,'(l( 1949; E. BIELEFELD, Zum Problem der kontinui r nden Darstellungsweise, AA 1956, pp. 29-34; L. B. HOLLAND -' HOLUND i\IC\LLlSTER, In the Crypt under the orth Portico of the Erechtheutl1, I-I 5p 'ri.1 T, 1958, p.161; L. i\lYLON\s Sm:.\R, Kallikratcs, Ibpcria 32, 1963, pp. 408 424; M. TmlllHOPllLl' BHl·SIo.\RI. Kopffragl1lent eincr I~rcchlhcion-korc, .\;-'17K, 1%3, , , , , pp. 173 175; \. 1\01'1,0)',\11, m;/I.,},f)'/Ill u:w TIJ ~""I)(;C!o Toii 'Hl!l'xOdol', IfAT. _2,1967, pro 133- 148.
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\1l10tl/J; Ihl' al raj of shrines nestlinl-i in the caves I h f _ . . . , anc at t I' not of the cliff ot th' north slope 01 the \cropolts IS the sanCILl:H\ of Aphlodite in the C' I s ,arc ens mentioned by Pausanias (1,27, J) in dlscrihing the rit,s of Ihe \rrephoroi. - URI 'F 01, FIUlS ,\ 'D .\1'1I1\()\)111:
This shrin' li·s .It the foot 01 the steep clill's below the I~rechlheion and near to the Pc i '" I' patos InSCrIption figs. _l)J 2l)~. The Peripaws \\ ,IS a road, 1100 m. long accordlllg to m), calculations which circ\'d h A .' _' . .' . . " ' e t I' cropolts, tolllnnng th ' Ime 01 the chtls at the hIghest possible 11'\'1'1 of the slope providing the sole me f ' ' a n s 0 access to th sanctuan s 'lho,"e th ' road. Th' sit, with the ,"oti\'e niches, which has been knO\nl fot a long time, has been identified b)' O. BronecI' as th' shrin' of .\phrodite in the Gardens. During the excavations of 1931 he observed directl), below the niches twO d'dicatory inscriptions to Fros and"\phrodite carved in the jiving rock, figs. 295-297. At the same time linds associated with the cult of .\phrodite, voti\'e reliefs, terracotta figurines and phalloi, were found in th~ ar a of this sh rine. The Arrephoroi carried certain concealed sacred objects from one place to another in great secrecy and passages in and nt authors allow one to infer that these objccts had something to do with growth and fertility. The type of votive offerings found in the excavations fit with this tradition. B fore the disco\'err of this shrine it \vas generally thought that the Arrephoroi descended from the Acropolis by means of an underground passage in the ca ve of i\gJauros and went to the shrine of Aphrodite in the Gardens near the Ilissos. The disco\'ery of an Aphrodite shrine so ncar to the exit from the secret passage, however, permits the conjecture that there was a second shrine of Aphrodite in the Gardens on the north slope of the Acropolis and that consequently the rites of the Arrephoroi mcntioned by Pausanias have to do with this shrine. Furthermore, in Athens it ,'as not unusual to have t\vo separate shrines for the same deity and there are several kno\\'n cases of double shrines, one at the Ilissos and one on the north slope of the Acropolis.
O. BRO:-;EER, Eros and .\phrodite on the 0:onh Slope of the :\cropolis in Athens, Hesperia 1, 1932, pp. 31-55; id., Hesperia 2, 1933, pp. 329-349; 4, 1935,
II (. ,I 1,1\, 2 I Relttf \\lth LrrJ[t:s, 1I1( I "I Ihl 11< c. . . , pI" J.I 292 height 0.46 m. l'.311onal \llIs. 14SI.
pp. 123-132; G. \\'. ELDER 10::1:-;, Hesperia 10, 19-1-1, pp. 119-122; HILL, ,\thens, pp. 101-103; ~.rl.\n \~n),PI.lll-K.\I'()1'Z()l', 'Err'111. 1956, pp. 165-1 O.
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l'h' Ptnkll\l tor" hom the gl mnasium ",as named ",a prohabl) Ptnlcm\ \'1 Phil'lIlld"r (I,' 1 1-1:; n. ',) .\s I!. \. Thompson Ius conj,cLU red. In 196-1 IlL identified the large rectanl.;u lar complex ,'tluildin~s ",YUpl in~ the ,0ut11l'rn parr ot the \gor,l as the Gymna. ium of Proleml, fig, 303 304. Thi part "f the \~'lr.l" .IS ·,e.l\ :)tcd b,tween 193-l- I95-1 ",ilh ~upplementar) exca,'alions carried out in 1959 1967. The: di, ',)\ ,'n of the ~'Hlth a;:l Fount:lin House CI·.nneakrouno.). SOUlh LOa I, the. quare enclo ure (The<e:ion), .11 d the 5,Hlthwest Fountain Ilouse re\ealed how the whole southern side of the Agora Square had been closed "11" irh buil ilng;: . • In th' second qU,lft r of th' _nd c mury B.C., the i\liddlc LOa was built, in keeping with a general reorgani'.nion of th' whole \gora in I I 'Ilenistic time.. The first impre sian is that the i\liddle LOa di\'ided the :\gora 5 U:lf' in two: bur this SLO, is design d ,,'ith columns on all four sides so that, rather than breaking up the unin' of th' ,\gor.\ Squar . it interconnecrs the two areas. The exact function of the '.\liddle LOa is nor known, bur ir;: \S ro hay' olfcred the crowds in the _-\gora an admirable place for helrer in times of heat or bad weather. This ,lOa. whi h is in th Doric order, had foundations of conglomerate; the architecture was of poros except for rh white marble me LOpes and the rerracotta roof tiles, figs, 305-30 ' ::\luch of the architecture with its coloured decoration has sun·i\'ed. Th g~'mnasium was installed in the area of the _-\gora between the i\liddle LOa and South Stoa I, and in order to close it air on rhe east the East Building was erected, The odd plan of the East Building, with its many .!nitions, was design d to sen'e the needs of a gymnasium, The most interestIng room is the one to the east, an oblong hall which originally had I\\'CI\'e marble plinths set in the floor to support "'0 aden rable or desks to rhe ,rud ntS; four of the plinths are pI' sen'ed. It ,,'auld be possible to surmise that this same room housed the library of the g,'mn sium known from ephebic inscriptions (1. C, IF 1029, lines ?5-26; I. C, IF 10,B, line 50), .-\ few y aI's afrer the gymnasium ,,'as in. tailed the plan ,,'as complered by the construction of South lOa II, built with material from the quare Peristde which was demolished during the erection of the lOa of .-\rralos, fig. 6--, The Gymnasium of Ptolemy ,,'as se,'erely damaged in 6 B,C. during the siege of the city by SulJa, and iron nd marble workers serrIed into the ruins of the East Building , and ourh Stoa II where the\' . remained until the Hadrianic period, The construction of the Libran' of Panrainos circa 100 A.D. and, a little later, the com'ersion of the Odeion of ,-\grippa inro a lecrure hall show that the Gymnasium of Ptolemy ,\'as still functioning in the inter...-al and that in the course of time it had de"eloped into an eminent edu{:ational centre. It should be nOted that in spite of the presence of ,,"orkshops, the original gymnasium area still retained its importance, for 1\'"0 buildings ,,'ere erected on the axi of the court. Their foundations are preser\'ed and they are probably temples the one to the east dating to the end of the 1st century aft r Christ, the western one to the end of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd century. The '\\'hole group of buildings ,,"as destroyed in 26- .-\.D. during the Herulian innsion. '.\[uch later, around 400 .-\,D., a great architecrural complex, the Gymnasium of the Giants, was erected on the ruins of the old gnnnasium and the Odeion of .-\grippa, a sign that tradirion had preser\'Cd the memor~' of the culntral instirution formerly on the site, fig, 3 . Find from the section of the Late Roman Fortification \\i"all where it m'erlal" the sourh end of the Stoa of .-\ttalos are especially. \'aluable for the identification of the GI'mnasium PtoletTI"; together wirh archit ctural . of . elements from it ...-arious buildings they were re-u ed ro build the Lare Roman Fortification \'"all. These hnds include ephebic inscriptions (I. C. IF 1006; I. C. IF 1009 and .\gora 15952; I. C. IF 1029). inscrib'd ortho· , tates (I, C. IF 2 6) and part of a large base which, according to H. ,\. Thompson. stood on th ast sid, of the '.\[iddle toa and was probably related to the Gymnasium, Interestingly enough. H,-\. Thomp:on would place the tatuary group of J lamer, the Iliad, and the Odyssey on this base; rhe fact that rhe two colossal statu s of the Iliad and the Odl'ssey, found in 1869, and the inscribed base reterring to the I1i.ld. found in t lJ... all turn d up nearby would . uPPOrt this hI' pothesis, figs. 308-310. Other pertinent tind;: trom the s.un' "tion of th Late Roman Fortification \\'all arc the in, cribcd base of a statue of the son of Ptolemy (I. (" III .445) and a head from a Slaluc of Juha; Pausania saw a statue of Juba in the G\'mnasium. l ; ' \1' bll \1 PI
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ccorrung to Pausanias (I. 17.2) and Plutarch (The.rw.r 36,2) the The cion was Ilear the Gy . d • . .. . , . . ' mnaSlUm an II. A. Thompson has Id ntthed tt as the sLluare enclosure within which the bones of the hero we d . d f •. - . re eposite a ter Klmon had brought them hack trom Skyros Jl1 475 13.c. Around the middle of the 4th century B.C. the 0 • hrin was made into a building. The old peri bolos wall with the frescoes of Poly<>notos wh'lch P p~n , n, ausanlas d . rib d, b cam the outer walls of a building the roof of which was supported on a peristyle. As in the case of it: ~ ighb~urs, th~s building t~o was des~royed by S:llIa and here too small factories and craftsmen occupied th rutns unttl the time of IIadnal1 whcn It was reblllit. VariOUS contests were held during the Theseia, the f'sth-al cd brated in honour of Thcscus. A triangular ba~e, found at the northwest corner of the Middle Stoa has r Ii fs of Theseus, Aigeus and :Medea and certainly must be a base for a tripod won in the Theseia, fig. 311. ' .Many topographers, working on the basis of the inscriptions and sculpture from the Late Roman Fortification \'(all where it falls in line with the Stoa of Atlalos, ha,-e attempted to fix the site of the Gymnasium in this area. At the arne time, howe,-er, others have maintained that the Gymnasium and, consequently, the Theseion should be sought for east of the Tower of the \X1inds where, in fact, many inscriptions and also sculpture connected with the Ptolemaion and the Theseion came to light during the excavations of the Greek Archaeological Society, in 1861-1863 near the church of St. Dimitrios tou Katiphori, particularly during the demolition of the Late Roman Fortification Wall in that area. Among those finds the following inscriptions relate to the Gymnasium: 1. G. 112 1041, line 23; 1. G. 112 1043, line 50. The inscriptions 1. G. 112 956 lines 15-16, 957 lines 10-11, 958 lines 13-14 and the sculpture group of Theseus and the Minotaur (National {,Iuseum no, 1664-1664a) relate to the Theseion. Consequently, the question as to the site of the Gymnasium of Ptolemy and the Theseion will not be settled finally until the area around the church of St. Dimjtrios tou Katiphori has also been extensively excavated.
]UDEICH, Topographie, pp. 353-354; DORPFELD, AltAthen I, pp. 74-75, 130-131, II, pp. 139,288; H. A. THO~lPSON, Hesperia 19,1950, pp. 322-323; \V'YCHERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 142-144; H. A. THOl\IPSO " Hesperia 35, 1966, pp. 40-48.
pp. 50-51; 24, 1955, p. 54; 37, 196 , pp, 61-64; O. A.\K:::A:\JPH, .JEJ.r. 23, 1968, Xgol'. p. 42, EAST 13 UILDING
H. A. Tno11Pso " Hesperia 22, 1953, pp. 36-3-; T, 1968, pp. 37-41. SOUTH STOA LI
THESEION ]UDEICH, Topographie, pp. 351-353; DORPFELD, AltAthen I, pp. 72-74, 114, II, pp. 271-272, 288; WYCHERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 113-119; M. LANG, Historia 8, 1959, p. 86; TI'A YAOE, IfOAW()Ofll'XI), pp. 29, 90; CH. PICARD, Le "sanctuaire" de 'fhesce au centre de I' Agora d' Athenes, RA. 1960, 1, pp. 33-75; H. A. THOMPSON, Odeion of Agrippa or Sanctuary of Theseus?, RA 1961, I, pp. I 3; id., J Iespe~ia 35, 1966, pp. 40 4R. \1IDDU,
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H"AK, Hesperia 5, 1916, pp. 4 6; 11. A. THOMPSON, Hesperia 21, 1952, pp. 86 90; 2\ 1954,
H. A. THo1IPsoN, Hesperia 22, 1953, pp. 1954, pp. 48-50; 29, 1960,pp. 359363.
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HADRI. : Hadrian's illlerest in the city of Athens was 110t limited to the c()n t . f , , . ' , . . ,., " '. s ructIon 0 temples and \ anous oth r bUlldll1gs, hc .l1so sponsored publIc \\ orks such as alilleducts drains st.t d b 'd ' , " . . ' " ' rec S an tI ~es ~\'hlch conrnbut'd Slgl1lhCil1~th to the dc\'clopment of tl~e cIty at this time. The aqueduct takes first place in ~mport'Ulc among th' publIc \\'or,ks; ~)egun und~r Hadnan (125 A,~.), completed by Antoninus (140 A.D,), It was u. d throughout the centuncs tlghl up unul the present, proof of ils vilal importance to Athens and of its 'xc It 'nt can. truction. • QUEDVCT OF
Th apacious res ryoir in which thc \\'aler collected is 26.10 Y 9.10 m. and 2 m. deep; it is on the southeast slo 'of Lykabettos 136 m. aboye sea leyel. The side facing the lown was embellished with an Ionic propylon; only a part of the st ps and two Ionic column bases survive today, fig. 313. Th' propylon was apparently standing until the mid-15th century after Christ, when Cyriacus of Ancona copied the Latin inscriptions on the architrave blocks. The inscriptions record the names of the emperors who contribi.lted to the building expenses (c. 1. L. III, 549). Pictures of the propylon from the mid-17th century on show only the left side of the monument which stood until 1778 when it was deslroyed and the architraye was used as a lintel in one of the gates of the cit\' wall built at the time. Today the architrave block IS in the Tational Gardens. The \\'ater channel, which brought the water from the Parnes area to the reservoir, measures 0.70 X 1.60 m. and at many places along the line it is 45 m. below gro'U1d level. It was built underground by means of manholes which \vere sunk at regular intef\'als of 35-37 m. In places '.vhere the rock was hard, the channel was simply can'ed out of the rock; in places where the rock was friable and crumbly, the channel was lined with stone and brick walls, The man-holes also had masonry walls and after the aqueduct \\'as completed they were used for inspecting and cleaning out the aqueduct.
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IIf, Chapt. IV; I.I·,IIIC,[·I', L'aqucduc d'Hadrkn, Bulletin dc l'l,cole I'ran<;aisc d'i\lhcnes 11, IH71, pp. 21H 242; I'" /,11.1.1.11, UnlclSlIChlll1 gen liber die anlikcn Wasscrleilllllgen '\ thens, i\ 1\1 2, 1877, pro 120 122; ,\. K'If'H,AAAl., Ii ',llIll"'" ,. I SIl'AIU' RLVlIl,
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IIADIUAN, LIBRARY 01'
Ot I!.\DRl.\ :]n 1821 W'. I,eake ident ilied the great rectangular huilding as the 1 '1 f I [ d . . _ ~. ..I Jcary 0 a nan s' 'n 1)\ P.1llSani.ls (]. 18, 9); in 1885 n.ea\ al tons 01 the (,reek Archaeological Society e5tablished the plan of the building. fi~. 316. LUIR.\RY
Th'Libran of Iia Irian is tbtcd to 132 l\.D. and is located 16 m. north of the Ro A () f . ., man gora. ne 0 the most Important thowut:hlart's 01 .\thens ran between the two buildings' starting at til D' I (IV) d d' , ,.' • " , e tpy on an en Ing at th' (,'1l' 0: DlOcha,rcs (\ the road connects the eastern and western parts of the city, figs. 217 and 220. Both th • 1 tbran of 1 [ad nan and the Roman I\gora front west with their mOllumental g t . f . d . . ' . a eways aClllg towar th '\~OL1; thts OrIentation seems to underll11e a relationship with the Agora.
!JI).
The out '1' \\ ails of the Library still stand to their full height at some points. The walls on the north, LaSt and south, ,id .s arc built of large poros blocks in isodomic masonry. The west wall and the columns of its fac;ade aI" ot whIt Pcntehc marble, except for the bases and monolithic shafts of the columns flanking the propv10n which were of r-"::arvstian marble. ' • . \ccording to Pausanias, the peristyle had one hundred columns of Phrygian stone; now only parts of the white marble stYlobate steps are left. The inside faces of the walls, both of the peristyle and of the rooms to the east , \\'ere richh' yeneered with multi-coloured marbles. Pausanias calls the eastern rooms oikclIlala, comprising the library itself in the centre, with reading rooms and lecture halls on either side. The partition walls, invisible behind the marble Yeneer, were constructed of various types of stone and brick. The sturdy• ma~onr\' of the foundations, consisting of small stones set in mortar, is typical of the Hadrianic buildings of Athens. The building was apparently severely damaged during the Herulian invasion in 267 A.D. Probably the peristde was destroyed then, although it is not impossible that the prccious columns of Phrygian stone had been removed before then. \,'hen the Late Roman Fortification \X'all was built, the \\'hole rcctangle of the Library of Hadrian was incorporated within the ne\\' line of defence; from then on the ci\'ic, commercial and administrative activities of the city were carried on in the area of the Library of Hadrian and the Roman Agora. .\t the beginning of the 5th century after Christ, a quatrefoil building was erected in the peristde court; it no\\' lie in ruins, figs. 3?1-323. It may ha\'e been used as a hall for orations and lectures ..\t the same time the whole library mu I' have been repaired and the peristYle was rebuilt \\·ith new columns on tall bases \\,hich ha\'e been preseryed. Both the building \\,ith the four apses and the repair of the Libran' ma\' perhaps be attributed to Herculius , the Prefect of Illnicum in 408-412 .\.D.; an inscription can'ed on the \\'allto the leEr of the entrance . of the Library (I. G. IF 4224) informs us that a statue of Herculius stood in the propYlon of the Library. The quatrefoil building was de uO\'ed and a three-aisled carl~' Christian basilica built on its ruin in the -th century after Christ was in its turn destroyed. Around the turn of the II-12th centun' a Byzantine church dedicated to the i\Iegali PanaO"hia was built and it surviyed until the start of the excantions. b •
STlART-REVETT, I, Chapt. V; LEA KE, Topograph), pp. 258 261;~. KonIA:\o),L\t1~, IIfj(J%T. 1884, p. 22; 1885, pp. 13 24; r. ~JKOAAi";II~, 'II I'; bw.TfJI' ";'%0(11 %UJVOJV (j.J'.!Vi'/'ov
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1888, pp. 57 66; l. . StSSON, The ~toa of lladrian at Athens, BSR II, 1929, pp. 50 72; Jt'I)UCH, Topographic, pp. 375 378; 11. i\. TH()~IPSOI', Hesperia I, 19,2, p. 187; GI{AINI)()lt, Hadrien, pp. 230 245; B. (;iiTZI'" Antikc 13ibliothe-
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ken, Jdl 52, 1937, pp. 2r 238; .\.\ 1943, pp. 29~ 300; CII. CALL~IER, .\nrike Bibliothekcn. Op.\rch..'. " 1944, pp. 172-174; I. TJ'\r.\(l~, ·.IJ'(I(T"uq,u fI'T!, , {}''IX!J TOP. .~ I'O!!HlI'Oll, . /1 !J
.\. \<'itA 'rz, DO Papers 19, 1965. p. 196; c,ld .. I-! 'rcll' lills in ,\thcns: Pagan or Christian? \ktt'll d's Yn. . I' [nternallonalen .....ongresst's t"lIr C'I I t·'1 ,·tliehc \ rchio. logie, Trier 1965; e'ld., 1IOl1ors 10 ,I I ihr,lri'lll. llesp " ria 35. 1966. Pl'..r~ 180.
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322 The Qua[n:loIl Ihlllcilng f,om Ihe ~I',. 'I'he ~1"11c1l1lg ,"1111'"1' bellll1g church in IhL 7th C.
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II Illlli Ir-;, The ,11Th 01 Iladl iall, fig, :'I2S, was ere:cll:d by Ihe !\Ihenians ill honour of the e:mperor til lll.11k the hOlllld,l1I h,t\\""1l the old ,ill of Athells :llld Ihe JllW cit} built by Jladrian. The arch, in exrelllilt Cllllditioll, LlIlil's 1\\ 0 ill, criptions. The illS riptioll (:lcini{ west in the direction of the old city reads "This Is \lhIIlS, the .\I1Cil'l11 dtl of Theseus;" tbe: inscriptioll on the l'ast side of the arch rlads "This is the city III Il.ldli.111 alld Ilot of "hl's,us" (I, C, II~ SI8S; Scho/. Aristl'idl's, Prlllrtl!JClloiCIIJ III, p. 201, 32, cd. ])indorf). I he .1Ich is ,Il Ihe llllrth\lTSI cornl'l' o( thl' ()I} mpil'ion prl'CillCl and I have ascertained that it lies on the line of .IIlI"llln1l'II anl'lclll m,ld which led frOI11 the oldl'r pan of thl' city to the propylon of the Olympieion; the arch is j'oslllllllnl in I ·Jauon to this road and has no connexion whatsoever with the 'fhe:mistoklean ~'all which 1(IIIS Illueh Luthl'l to t hl' east. It Sl'l'l11S that thl' arch had bl'en completed by 131/132 A.D. and that the emperor had passcd thlough it OJl his \l'a) to thl' (Il'dication ceremonies for the magnificent temple finally completed ill that \ ,'ar. \ little bter Ihe PanhdleJll's Sl't up t,,'o similar arches in 1~leusis in honour of Demeter and Kore and of the I mj'eror \ntoninus Pius. Thesl' archl's we:re faith(ul copies o( the Arch of Hadrian in Athens and even had ",.trtll th' same diml'l1sions. They stood at the cast and west sides of the Roman court flanking the propylaia of the Jo.Icusinian sanctuan, (orl11iJl<> l110numental entrances that marked the terminations of two roads one '"' , hl'gillnl11g at Ihl' harbour o( Lkusis, the other coming in from Megara, Many inscribed statue bases found at I·.lt.:usis COl11l' (rOI11 the statues o( the imperial (amily o( Antoninus and were set up in the second storey of the :lrch on both sides o( a l11arhle scrl'l'n which closed the three openings bet'ween the columns. In Athens only the cl'l1tral :lperture was scrcenl'd and onl) two statucs may ha\-c been set up, on the west side Theseus gazing at the old citl, and on the cast side J Jadrian looking to'ward the new city which he himself had founded . \1(( 11 III
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The imcription I. (;. [23-4 of 485/484 H.C. shows that the IJckatomp d ' . . e on IS not Identical with and, cons ljuently, should not be confused with the Old Temple of Athena The insc' t' d rip Ion recor s two . . " . . bUlldmgs, the "templt', I. f. t he Old Temple of A thena, and the r lekatompedon "',,'. . .\ , • _.... • .. . " . ..%U"C()II1ttuo~ veOJ~" was the othClal name ot the Parthenon even though none of Its dimenSions equalled one hundred Att' f· 'rh . . Ic eet. eretore the name llekatolllp 'don must have been handed down, as IS generally agreed from a pred f . ' ecessor 0 the Parth non on th Parthenon Site, the large poros temple (570-566 B.C.). Much of its archl'tectu re an d ' palOted poros p dim nt sculpture have been presen'Cd. This poros temple is con.idered to be the ancestor of the Parthenon and is called Ur-Parthenon 1) yerman G archa 'ologists and "grandfather" of the Parthenon by W. B. Dinsmoor. Just as in the case of the Old Temple of Ath na (p. 143), howe\'er, we should search for a still older temple, of the 7th century B.C. or early 6th centur~' B.c. at the latest, which ',,\'as exactly one hundred feet long and thus came to be called Hekatompedon "the hundred-footer." This early archaic temple, the great-grandfather of the Parthenon, would have had ~ simple plan and light construction, with sun-dried brick walls on a low stone socle. Naturally none of this would have sun'h'ed except for the terracotta roof tiles. I consider it absolutely necessary to posit this earl\" temple on the Parthenon site as well as an early temple on the Old Temple of Athena site, so that there would have been an unbroken succession of two series of temples for the ancient cult which began in Mycenaean • tImes. The great-grandfather of the Parthenon mu t have been destroyed when a poras temple was built on the same site; this new temple was dedicated to Athena in 566 B.C. on the occasion of the first celebration of the Greater Panathenaia. Several blocks of this temple are built into the north wall of the Acropolis; most of the remains ",,'ere found south and east of the Parthenon in the great fillings needed for the terrace of the Older Parthenon which was under construction in 488 B.C. The temple was entirely of poras except for some of the metopes which were of island marble and the simas, figs. 330-332, and antefixes of Hymettian marble. The reconstruction of the plan of thi poras temple, considered to be the Hekatompedon, is beset with difficulties. The restoration, however, should not be bound to the measurement of one hundred feet, as we have seen, but should be done simply on the basis of the existing architectural elements and in particular of the simas. The study of the simas by W.-H. Schuchhardt may perhaps lead to the correct solution. All the grear polychrome poras sculptures should be assigned to the pediments of this temple: Herakles wrestling with Triton, the triple-bodied creature or Bluebeard, fig. 333, the snakes, the lions tearing a bull to pieces, the lioness and HEK TOMPEDO
:
the steer, fig. 334, and fragments of another lion.
WIEGAND, Poros-Architektur; DICKINS, AcralOlis Museum; HEDERDEY, Porosskulptur; E. BUSl.IIOR, Ocr Oreileibige, AM 47, 1922, pp. 53 60; id., Burglowen, AM 47,1922, pp. 92 105; id., Die Wendung des Blaubarts, AM 47, 1922, pro 106 109; J 1. Sell/tADER, Die Gorgonenakrotere und die iiltesten Tempel der Athena auf der athcnischen Akropolis, JJI 41, 1928, pp. 54-89; W.-II. ~C"IJClfl/AIU)l', Die :-'ima des
Alten Athenatempcls der Akro[ alis, Ai\1 6061. 1935/36, pp. I 98; O. BRO. cElt, The I It';\ f of 1Ierakles in the Pediment of the Old Temple of \th 'ns, IIcsperia 8, 19 9, pp. 92 100; \'\'. B. D\ 'S'"IOOIt, Til . JJckatompeJon on th' Athenian :\cropolis, .\.1.\.1. 1947, pp. 109 1. I; \\'. II. SClfll('llll \ItIH,\\ 196.'. pp. 816 821; S. H,·. 10 , Hlue lk.lrd, Studi in onorc di I.uisa Hanti, Rom" 196 .
[1[1.
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3 1).18.
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333 fhe Inpk-bodied crenrllre. I ,engil1 3.22 m.; heIght 0.76 m. 570 560 11.e. ACl'()poli~ \llIs. 35.
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1I11'1I\ITOS
261
I'm '[I 11'11 ,11 1[11'11 \hTl)', -ol11monh c.1lled the "The:eion," cro'wn the hill of Kolono ,\goraio over[",)J..ing th' \gor.1. rh' t '11ll'lc (449 444 B. .) ,\ as . !ted in relation ro rhe :\gora bela\!" and rho e whQ were ',',1' )n"il Ie fnr rh' huilding" l)n the w sr "ide of the \gom were always \'ery careful ro lea\'e an open pace ~l) d1.lt th' pe')i'lt in the \gom ::;'luare could "ee the temple abo\'e, figs. 336-338. The re ult of the American " .1\ ,Hi ){1~ of 1936 1939 insIde rhe temple and around it showed that there had been neirher an earlier shrine )1 th' "ir' Ill)r .111\ nrh r "rructure on rhe hill, aparr from a considerable number of ubmycenaean and Proro,TeOt 'rric gr.l\· '~. Th' r asnn f r rhis, in our \-ie\\', i. rhar rhe line of rhe archaic cill'. wall of Arhens, which ~ro,) i 1 mil rh P 'r,ian \,'ars, crossed o\'er rhi. hill, fig. 5, n e He I .1i,r ion 1> a peripreral remple, amphidisryle in anti., wirh an interior colonnade; it i builr of white 1.lrhl'. ,'c pr for rhe eurhvnteria and the lowest srep which arc of poro.. The foundation were of another v.Hid' or' o'os. a sofr gre\' srone. The use of Parian or, more generally, island marble for rhe cornices, ceiling C'1llcr fr,lm s. ,imas. merope reliefs, frieze, and some of rhe pediment sculprure reinforce rhe e\'idence for . rin rhe r' 1 Ie as arh'. 'lS rhe mid- 'rh c nrun'. B.C Th scul rural decorarion of rhe remple is of especial interest. The ea r front which faced on rhe _-\gora ,\'as ore richh' d corar d rhan rhe orher sides, The ren ea rem merope depicred rhe labour of Herakles; rhe easr diment. as H. ,-\. Thompson has r sro ed rhe composition, represent rhe aporheo i of Herakles afrer hi h roic deeds on earth. fig. 3·r. The d eds of The.eus were displayed on eighr meropes, four on rhe easr end of rhe north side and four on rh easr end of rhe sourh side; The eu is also rhe hero of rhe legendary bartle sho\\'n in relief on rhe pronaos frieze. The bartle of rhe Lapirhs and Centaurs was rhe subjecr of rhe api, rhodomos frieze and probabh- also of rhe west pediment. Th identificarion of rhe remple is based chiefly on the descriprion of Pausanias (I, 1-+, 6) and the "ay he relare rh rem Ie ro a her buildings which have been discovered in rhe _-\gora, The remple was dedicared 10 Hephaisas and .-\rhena; rhe bronze cult sratues, as we 1 am from ancient aurhors, "'ere rhe work of .-\lkamene and mal' be dared bero'een 4?1 and 415 B.C, fig, 34 , The remple was urrounded b~' a ,,-all \\'hich \\'as exrended 10 rhe north and east in rhe early 3rd cenrury B.C when rhe building 10 the north of rhe remple was can. rrucred ..-\r tirsr, the main entrance to rhe precincr seems ro have been at rhe easr nd of rhe sourh side of rhe precinct wall; around rhe middle of rhe Isr cenrnr~' airer Chrisr rhe entrance was shifred and rhe monumental . rairwa~' ascendmg directly to rhe remple from the .-\gora ,'as consrrucred. ~
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One 0' rhe mo r important results of rhe excavarions \\'a. rhe discO\'ery thar rhere had been a garden around rhe remple, Thi is rhe firsr time rhar rhe arrangement of an ancient garden ha. become known by m ans of th 'quare pirs dug OUt of the rock, many of which srill held remains of rhe Bower pots in which rhe shrub had been rransplanted, fig. 3-0. Dorothy Thomp.on, who discovered rhe garden and worked our irs plan, date: rhe nrsr planting of rhe garden ro rhe 3rd cemun' B.C and ir seems rhar rhe garden was kepr up wirh continual replantings until rhe 1sr cemun' afrer Christ. The large building can [(ucred in Helleni, ric rimes north of rhe remple of H phaisros cia. ely reo mbles rhe .-\r enal of Philo and e\'idently was a public building wirh a similar funcrion, The sire of the Eurysakeion must al a be on the hill bur farrher down on the. ourhwest side, accordmg to evidence borh from lirerary sources and from inscriprion. found in rhar area in 1936 C- \gora I 3244, 3625). The ummir of rhe hill remained ar all rime free of building., affording an exc lIent \ i W 0\ 'r th .-\gora quare where \'ariou fesriyals and garherings were held, amongsr which rh Panathtnai,l \\';1$ pre-eminent. From rhe hill rhe Arhenian, could warch rhe magnii1c nt procl.sion of rh P.lnath naia ~'hich tra"eLed rhe \gora on ItS way to rhe \cropoli. Ir wa: probably a. he follmnd th pro' ::i,n In rhis. particular part of its course, and had it. whole lengrh before hi. 'yes, that Pll'idia: \\',l in:pir d to de Ign the Parthenon frieze. It should be noted htre rhar rhe . ummir of :\gor.lio$ Kalonos i: :omh of the temple bur that a great parr of the crest of the hill was cur down in I 62 to h:-y 1 ntl ,m ar ,1 for alar plaza.
62
IIHPIJAISTOS
Th t mpl of Hephaistos was ont:' ofth' few buildings of the lower city nott . n', " d' . . ") . 0 su er InJury tiring the lIerulia raid In _67 .\.D. It se'ms that not long a!lcrwards the roof and the colum f I '11 n . . ns 0 t le ce a were removed a \\. r th· columns ot th' Parthenon cella, to bc llsed 111 the construction of tl . I '1 ,. ' s .. ' . . ' 0 ler )UI e Ings perhaps far from Ath ns. Th' building sutlu-'d ht:ancr damages when It was convert d 10 a Christ' I hI' . .. " . . . Ian c lure ,pro nhly In the 7th . I c ntur\" Mt'r Christ as .\. T'ranlz thinks. t that lime the 11llrance was shifted t I . . '. •- • 0 t lC west ene, the apse was built at th· east nd, and the whole cella and pronaos 'were roofed with a harrel va It T 193~ • • U • n ll, 1\. Orlandos r 'construct ' j th' columns ot the pronaos.
STU.-\RT-REVETT, III, Chapt. I; P. PERVANO(;LU, Das Hephaesteion in Athen, Phi lologus 27, 1868, PI'.
660-6 2; B. SAUER, Das sogenannte Thescion und sein plastischer Schmuck, Leipzig 1899; G. P. STl\'ENS,
The Ceiling of the Opisthodomus of the The-
seum, .\JA 15, 1911, pp. 18-23; J DErCn, Topographie, pp. 365-368; T. L.
REA R, Hesperia 6, 1937,
pp. 342-345; D. BURR TRO~IPSO " The Garden of Hephai ras, Hesperia 6, 1937, pp. 396 425; II. :\. TRO~IPSO ,The
Ietal Works of Athens and the
Hephaisteion, A JA 42, 1938, p. 123; CIl. Pl CA RD, RA 11, 1938, pp. 99-105; 13, 1939, pp. 142-143;
T. L.
REA R, Hesperia 9, 1940, p. 305; W. B. D1NS-
G. P. STEVENS, Lintel with the Painted Lioness, Hesperia 23, 1954, pp. 169-184; S. I)AP.ISPYRIDI-
\.\1 69 70, 1954/55, pp. 67-94; 11. 1"0(.11, Swdien zum Theseustempel in Athen, Berlin 1955; C. GOTrLlEIJ, The Pediment ,culprure and Akroteria from the IIephaisteion and Temple of Arcs in the .\gora at .\thens, AJA 61, 1957, pp. 161-165; H ..\. THmrpSo:o<, The Sculptural .\dornmenr of the IIephaisteion, :\J.\ 66, 1962, pp. 339-3-J.7; C. II. :--[OR(;\:O:, The Sculptures of the ITephaisteion, Ilcsperia 31, 196'J, pp. 210 219,221 235, Hesperia 32,1963, pro 91-10<'; A. FR·I TZ, DOPapers 19, 1965, pp. 202 205; {(,I Rl'SU, Alkamenes
und das Hephaisteion,
\~) ·~·tI'TII'{!(lq'o %i.uualy.oii F'.};'Ol"
21.
,lOOR, Observations on the Hephai teion, Hesperia
l\.<J>
Suppl. 5, 1941; O. BRONEER,
the Hephaisteion, Hesperia 14, 1945, pp. 246-258;
1966, Pl" 122 133; \\'. B. Dll>:S~lOOR, The Internal Colonnade of the Ilcphaisteion, Tlcsperia r, 1968,
\X'. B. DINSMOOR,
pp. 159 177.
otes on the Interior of
otes on the Interior of the
Hephaisteion, Hesperia 14, 1945, pp. 364--366; B.
\)1
\k.\
If).T.
II. I ~ U R Y S1\ K Ie ION
HILL, The I l1lerior Colonnade of the llephaisteion, Hesperia Supp!. 8, 1949, pp. 190 208; TI. II. 'fllml P-
T. L. SnEll R, I I speria 6, 1937, pp. 3-18 3-J.9; ll. D.
Some Remarks upon the Interior of the Ilephaisteion,
Ilesperia 7,1938, p. 9-J., 1\0.15; \\.~. FERGliSO , [Iespcria 7, 1938, PI . 1 ~-J.; \\ '1'1111\1", . ') Teslimonia, pp. 90 93; B. I). ,\IIRt 11,11 'si '1'1.\ .'-.
Hesperia 19, 1950, PI'. 143 164; id., Grilles of the
1963,
(J
"
The Pedimental Sculpture of the Ilephaisteion,
Hesperia 18, 1949, pp. 230 268;
1.
P. S'I'EVE S,
Hephaisleion, Hesperia 19, 1950, pro 165 173; W. H. PI.0.1MIR, Three Allie Temples, BSA 45,1950, pp.67 78; I!.
K(JUI,
Der "Carlen des IlcrhaislOs",
tud. Robinson I, pp. 356 3')9; M. BII·.III.II, Pcrsoni /lcation of Clouds, Stud. Rohinson I, pp. 55() ,)SH;
1\11'1\1'1''1',
1.
14,
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1)19 I) . S 1 \l 1 '<)j.(; R. I. 'I'IIIVI.()S, I kspcl'I'l , lIPI) . <>, ' . , ,. 'I '.1}1\' IllDS, I kspl'l i.t _(1, I() ", pp. ,q ,\~; '1'1' \ rIO",
1/").'fII\"/IIlOI, p. H'I; \gor.l (;lIidl', p. -I '.
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·\IE,vl·A"OS . ., ~ . was in the deme of Me lite; this is the only information about the )ocation of th shrine given by ancient authors. The scholiast to Arislophanes ("'rogs 501) adds the information . \. 11,)t'lbl,' · t h at I t ,,"as ;,\ \ r• .... . .sllrl'llc . . . ) foundcd during .. I he great IJlague, and that the stattle of I lerakles was the work of th ancient sculptor Ageladas. Som of thos who work on the topography of Athens have tried to identify the shrine with the temple of · t . oth rs ha\'e \\',Inted to place the shrine in the Pnyx area; but in 1911 A. Frickenhaus had identified the . H p h aIS os, :hrine with;1 big triangular enclosure which had been found on the southwest slope of the Areopagus in 1894 and which W. DCirpfc1d had claimed for the Dionysion in Limnai, fig. 351. Frick nhaus investigated the excavated remains, paying particular attention to the big square base, 3.10 m. to a id , and he ho\nd in his study that it had supported four columns for. a simple epistyle or possibly a roof, a type of heroon singularly appropriate for the hero Herakles Alexikakos. In support of his view he cited many \-o~iYe reliefs and vase paintings depicting Herakles standing near or sitting on the steps of a similar structure with columns, fig. 352. A mid-4th century B.C. relief of Pentelic marble in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts is eYen more explicit, for it carries an inscription stating that the heroon belongs to Herakles Alexikakos. 1\0\\' that the consensus is that the Dionysion in Limnai must be sought for in the neighbourhood of the Ilissos (p. 332), Frickenhaus' theory is more credible. Furthermore, an inscription of the mid-4th century B.C. found in the Agora Excavations (Agora I 1749, Hesperia 5, 1936, pp. 393 fr.) furnishes a new piece of e\'idence which, in spite of R. E. Wycherley's reservations, perhaps clinches the identification. Lines 105-109 of the inscription define the site of two industrial establishments in Melite, fig. 351, 1 and 2. To the east and north the workshops were adjacent to houses, on the west there was another workshop, and to the sourh a road which led from the shrine of Herakles Alexikakos to the Agora. The triangular enclosure discovered by Dorpfeld, with roads on all three sides, is indeed a conspicuous shrine, as the scholiast to Aristophanes characterized the shrine of Herakles Alexikakos. It is right on the main road to the Agora. The less important road south of the workshops branched into this main road and, in facr, led from the shrine of Herakles Alexikakos to the Agora. \\ith the passage of time the shrine of Herakles seems to have fallen into a decline and in early Roman times the whole area was covered under a filling of earth 2.50 m. deep. Around the middle of the 2nd century after Christ the Iobacchoi, a private religious corporation, built their clubhouse, the Baccheion, on the new higher level. An inscription dated a few years before 178 A.D. (I. G.I12 1368), found in among the ruins of the Baccheion, refers to it as the Hestiatorion (dining-room) and Stibas, figs. 351 and 353. The original meaning of this laner term is "mattress" or "couch;" used here as the name of a building it refers to the mattresses or couches on which the Iobacchoi reclined during their banquets in the Baccheion. An inscription reading [hljeeov [TO he]eaY"u'o[r;) (Agora I 298, Hesperia 3, 1934, pp. 64-65) found in 1932 built into the wall of a house of recent times at the southwest corner of the Ao-ora is u ually. associated \\-ith the shrine of Herakles Alexikakos. ow that an inscription reading hoeo, ieeo ' IIeaxJ.to" fig. 355, has been found north of the Agora, we may conjecture that there was another hrine of Herakles to \\·hich both of the inscriptions cited above probably belong. This other shrine of I-Ierakles is located at no. 5 Haghiou Philippou St., fig. 219, no. 242 CAeh. 20, 1965, X[JOVlY,,(L, pp. 52-55). In 1964, in the course of putting up a ne\\' house, the boundary stone, fig. 355, was found at this spot and also walls of a crumbling reddish stone belonging to the foundations of a precinct wall or to a building of the 5th century fl.C. Even though the boundary ~tone \\-;1~ not found in situ) I assume that a shrine of IJerakles was in the area, because two votivc relicf~ repre~ 'nring Hcrakles have been found not far off. One of them (National M.us. 43) reprcsent~ 1 rcrakle~ carrying oft" th . Lrymanthian boar and was found in 1839 ncar the J Iephaisteion; the other ( ational i\Lus. l45-+) repre~ents Herakles reclining, fig. 354, and was found near Monastiraki
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W. DOI\PJI-.I.D, Die Ausgmhungen arn Westahhangc der Akropolis, AM 20, IH9'i, pp. 161206; 1\.. hUCKJ.NIIAlJS, Das Ilcrakleion von lelite, 1\.1\1 16, 1911, pp. 113 J 44; W. Diil\l'l'ELI>, I\. M 46, 1921, pp.
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IIERi\KLI'.S PANKRATES
27
1n November 1952, a variety or antiquities was discovered during the . . . .!fista11' t' l'lr 'e drain in the Ilissos river-bed and the construction of the new highway, Basllcos Konauon 0 a ,g , . . . "lbl)\C the drain The finds were: a head probably of Sarapls, another head of a bearded stant\nou, running , ' . ·t \'lllport'lnt of all '1 \'otive relief of I Jcrakles. The finds were handed over to I. Miliadis, at that nlall an d nlOS .' time'th' Director of the J\cropolis, who succeeded in excavating the area in 1953-1954 and in locating the site of a shrine in spitc of all the difficulties which he encountered owing to the great depth of the filling, cramped · 'Ind tIle t'act that construction was continuing at the same time. The quantity of votive offerings ,,·or k-tng spac . ., ~ . ' . sho"-, that it ,,-as an important shrine in whJCh Herakles, Pankrates and Palalmon were worshIpped. 1 'ow that the IJis~os has been covered over and the natural contours of the land have been altered, it is possible to define the site of the shrine, in a general way, as below the intersection of Basileos Konstantinou and Basileos G orgiou B' Sts. The shrine lay outside the ,,-aIls of the ancient city, about one kilometer to the east of it, on the e;st bank of the Ilissos, wirhin the bend in the river as it swerves west. Since the modern drainage channel took a shortcut across the bend in the river there remained a tiny island between the channel and the curving bank of the Ilissos and here the excavation was done. Because of these limitations, it was not possible to det rmine the boundaries of the shrine, 'which must have extended to the east where one might expect to find its various buildings, altars and certainly at least one temple, judging from the fact that a piece of pediment sculpture representing Herakles was found in the excavations, figs. 360-361. The finds date the shrine to around the end of the 4th century B.C.; it appears to have originated at a much earlier date. It \\'as destroyed in the 3rd century after Christ probably by the Herulians in 267 A.D. Some of the voti,-e reliefs were found lying on bedrock covered by the destruction filling to a height of 0.30 m. and 4--5 m. below the present day surface. 1\1ost of the finds, about one hundred in all, were found built into later walls above the destruction filling. The walls and the graves found between them date to Late Roman times. .'\ great number of lamps date the latest occupation le,-els and the time of abandonment. This happened, apparently, when the Ilissos overflowed its banks in a series of floods and buried everything in a thick layer of and, 2-3m. deep. The study of the extremely important finds which l\Ir. Miliadis is preparing and the publication of the rich collecrion of votive reliefs will reveal to us the nature of the cult practiced in the shrine on the bank of the llissos. Of the three divinities represented and named on votive reliefs, Pankrates has the outstanding place. He was a chthonic god and therefore only his head is shown issuing from the earth. Most of the votive ofFerings from the shrine were dedicated to him, apparently because of his therapeutic powers. The triad Herakles, Pankrates, Palaimon is reminiscent of AsklepioS', Amynos and Dexion in the Am~-neion on the south slope of the Areopagus (p.76). Both are healing shrines, and the Amyneion inscriptions attest two uses of the name Amynos, sometimes employed as an epithet of Asklepios and sometimes as the name of a separate individual connected with Asklepios. Exactly the same situation obtains in the Pankrateion, as ~filiadis has rightly named the shrine on the Ilissos. One inscription gives the name Pankrates as an epithet of Herakle , whereas in all the other inscriptions Pankrates has a separate identity. Pankrates must have been the leading fiaure in the shrine discovered by the Ilissos, L b . for his name has survived until the present day: a suburb of Athens east of the Ilissos still baoes by. the name of Pankrati. ""\1'< PA HR\ 'E OJ' I ~ER., ~ . --' I
KRATES:
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234--243; id., IIAd.T(I)'- 11,1959, p. 232; SE lIb, Ig'-9, pp. 63 64; '1'1'.\ L\Oo;, 1I0Af'O()OlllX'/, PI . 91 9_.
279
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Ilt1Rtll t)(.ln~ 01 \1'-.I)RO th,llS: The \,'aterclock oC Andronikos oC 1--._yrrhos or, as it is called, the Tower nfthe \\ inds, i" prescn- d in admirable condition. It was built in the beginning of the second half of the 1st century H. '. :In
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Agora. It is a Hellenistic stoa in exactly the ame sn-le as the Stoa of Eumenes and the Stoa of Attalos. If more information abour rhis stoa "-ere available, perhaps it \vould be possible to identify it wirh the Stoa of Rhomaios recorded in I. G. IF 958, line 29. The architectural elements recovered from this stoa, rhe cornices, drums and base from double Ionic columns, all derive from rhe upper storey of the stoa. The Doric columns with their entablature from the lower storey appear to ha,'e been transported else\\-here for use in another building, probably for the replacement of the inrerior colonnades in the cella of the Parthenon which had been destroyed in a fire (p. 444).
TL;ART-REVETT, I, Chapt. III; J\. Ol',u:\.lo~, ldT. 5, 1919, /I(l~r1~T. pp. 14-16; P. GRAINDOR, Le plus a.ncien exemple de rachat du plan octagonal, Byzanlion 3, 1926, pp. 29-31; ]UDEICI1, Topographie, pp. 374375; F. WIRTH, AM 56, 1931, pp. 47-49; J r. S. ROBINSON, The Tower of the Winds and the Roman ,\larket-Place, A] A 47, 1943, pp. 291299; III LL, Athens ) pp. 206-207', J . V . . OBLE-
~). J. de SOLLA PRtCE, The Water Clock in the ~ower of the Winds, AJ A 72, 1968, pp. 345355;
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1861, pp. 18-2l; 1 63, p. 7;.\. 1'()),~()II()l'.\(}~,'h·,/IIII. 1862, pp. 105 120,205209,223 232; -\. ~1·;\llrI-:.\(}).., 'h',/Ilii. 1862, pp. 232 241; G. GUIDI, II muro \'alcriano a S. Demetrio Katiphori e Ia l]uestione del Diogcneion,\nnuario 4/5, 1921/22, pp. 33 54; P. GR \1 'DOR, (~tud's sur I'ephebie arrique so us l'Fmpirc, .\[usB 26, 19_2, pp. 220 228; Jt DFIClI, Topographic, p . .r9; .\. 11,\11.\1'1 \:-;:-;()II(}r\(}~ II \ \ \I\l~, /loi.,'I""" .'. [94"" 4 " pp. 22 24; DE!.OR\I!., G\ mIlasion, Pl'. [43- [46; E. LA I rlNZI, I ritroltli dci Cmnwti nl'! \Iu:'n , 'azionaledi \tene, ROl1l,l I <)6~.
283
1I0l\Ol.OGION 01· ANDRONII OS
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1'1' \t h 'u, hL'l'''le Theseu,' t1ml', Itg. 379. l'p Ulllil ;\ fe\\ 1(';11', ,1.'0 I\\U,t scholars Ih01lglu Ihal ill l'arliesl limes Ihe town was mainly rl,tllCted 1/1 the \ewp"lis il,dl ;Iud 1,'.\ small area arlHtt1d il,e,,!endillg to Ihe south :IS rar as pre,ent day I)ionysiou Areopagitou :'1.. h'C\U,l' the ';\tlie,t ,igns ollik had heen round within those limils. In th· la,t decade, hO\le (;r, dell' dig,'ill" rOf 100tl1(Lllions of II ''''huildings in properties in the whole area as far as the Ilissos has given us the 0PP'ifl\tl1itl ot' ;Iseeruining the plesence or iml ortanl prehistoric remains throughout: wells, house walls, graves, figs. 389 .WO. and. mmt signifi antll', prehistoric pOllery lying on bedrock almost everywhere. Recent large• scd' '''C\\ .Ilions around Ihe Oil mpieion hal e no! onl) brought to light extremely old and important public buddings ;Ind temples. hut also finds of prehiSlori pOller), thus establishing the fact that in earliest times the ~
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TJ~e excavation at the south side of the OIYlllpicion began in (939 with the c"ploratol'\ illl -,tigation [H ,I. Musos. At that ~im(' the ruins of an archaic building were found at Ihe southwc,t corner of th~' O! YIl1 I i ion preclnct.at the foot of the rocky spur; at a lower level further SOltlh, ahout eight SUbll1H'l'lloi 'an ;lt~d Protogeometnc graves were fOil I · II . . ' . ' II ( as we as quantlt\(:s of 7th and 6th century H.C. POllt'l'). This :If 'a to th .outh
290
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'd' 1960 1967. Excel,t for the rocky ridge to the west, throughout the excavated area the ' I was comp 1ett' I,. c c.lrC 111 " ' , , . . d t' -. ,nncicnt 'lcClll1llllations of sand and gravel whIch J11 the course of time had hardened to ternun consist' 0 I en . . , . . • . ·llrftce of which Late Uelladlc sherds were found. fhls means that by Mycenaean I a compact I .1 ycr. on I lC S • . . . 't' II'er tl1e Ilissos tim's, I not a r , .. . 11'ld . flowed J11 the same river-bed as today. _ . ' , Id b 'l(!I'ngs of which onl)' the lowest part of the foundations have survived, were uncovered ~[an\" Important 0 UI •. , . . " . .' tl'on' I'n tl1e area south of the OI)'mpielOn.ln the 3rd century after ChrJst, the bUIldl11gs and urU1g our excal a , . , . " d \" n th precinct wall of the Ol~ mpicion were sys~ematlca~ly demo!Jsh~d so that the stones could be used as building material for the new cit)' wall constructcd In the reign of Valerian (p. 161). _. ' h b 'ld'nO's 11a\"c bcen de:t1O,-cd and helpful finds, particularly inscriptions, are totally lacking it is ~ mc t e UI l b ' difficult, often impossible to kno\\- what the buildings are and to identify them. Pausanias at the beginning of his tour of the llissos arca, in speaking of the Olympieion refers to shrines which certainly must have been n arb,-. Thc temple of Kronos and Rhea must, in any case, have been in the vicinity (p. 335). The shrine of Olym~ian Ge which is associated with the stele of the Amazon Antiope should be located at the southwest corner of the precinct. Pausanias mentions other large buildings sponsored by Hadrian in connexion with his description of the temple of Olympian Zeus (p. 402). In regard to these, it may be said that most of them arc far away from the place he is discussing at the moment. His description, as it continues, is not entirely clear. Although he has seen the monuments he describes with his own eyes, he does not give them in order. He simply attempts to convey a picture of the \I'hole district where there was a concentration of so many important shrines. On the plan, fig. 379, the topography of this part of the city is shown as it was in Pausaruas' time. All the monuments he describes are indicated as well as those known through other authors and through excavations. C. \V'.-\.CHS~f TH, Eridanos und Hissos, RhM 40, 1885, pp. 469-473; L. KonIA:\oLH[~,llQw
iv T!7 %oiTl1 TOU 'D.taov avaa%arp!);, 'E'F'II.l. 1894, pp. 133-142; id., EVltpoi.ai cl; TlIII a{}'lvai'%~v To~oYQarpiav, 'EaTia 1894, pp. 289-293; E. :\1AAss, Zu den Ilissosreliefs, AM 20, 1895, pp. 352-356; C. S~fITH, BSA 2, 1895/96, pp. 22-25; A. LKIA1:, 'Avaa%wpaL 7/;aQu TOV ' D.taov, Ilga%T. 1897, pp. 73-85; r. 0."IKOAAl.lHE, 'Avaa%arpl) 'O},vlmteiov, llQa%T. 1898, pp. 62-64; FRAZER, Pausanias II, pp. 178-184, 189-207,' G, RODE WALDT, Pan am llissos , AM 37, 1912, pp. 141-150; r. LnTlIPIOl', lJa},wu XQwnavt%ry Baat}.t%ry , lhaov, 'Err»I/-l. 1919, pp. 1-31; X. KAPOYZOl:, 'A 7/;0 TO '1II2u%Jct,wv TOV I( vlJOau'.!l/o v;, Jeh. 8, 1923, pp. 85-102; CHR. KARUSO , Ein attisches Weihrelief, AM 54, 1929, pp. 1-5; JUDElCI'[, Topographie, pp. 414-424; L KnNl:TANTJNOr, '0 K",vfjo; TOU ' lhaaov, Jeh. 14,1931/32, pp. 41-56; E. XATZII~AKIIE, 'Avua%(1(p~ il,' II fhlvw;; %UTrl TI}11 fJaad,tXI}I' TOU ' Ti.Wl0U, Tlfjf1%T. 1945-1948, pp. 69-80; M. MIT50S, Inscriptions from Athens, Hesperia 16, 1947, pp. 262 264; 1. TI'A l'AlJ~ 'A]I(wxurl'lxuL t''.!PIIl'W 7Trlfjll TO '{J).lJI41lleiov, Tlfj OY.T , 1949, pp. 25 43; O. BltONEEII, 'Avuyi.vtpa E% Tij;
Plato's Description of Early Athens and the Origin of ;\fetageitnia, Hesperia Suppl. 8, 1949, pp. 47-59; E. LA. GLOTZ, Aphrodite in den Garten, SBHeidelberg 1953/54, 2. Abhandlung; BCH 84, 1960, pp. 631-635; 1. 0PE'!'LUHE - 1. TPA Y.\O~, 'Al'aa%arpaLI'OTlw; TaV , Q).vlt;rteio l', Lleh. 17, 1961/62, XQOI'. pp. 9-14; R. E. WYCHERLEY, Pausaruas at Athens, GRB 4, 1963, pp. 157-175; id., The eene of Plato's Phaidros, Phoenix 17, 1963, pp. 88-98; cD. LTc\ l'P0I101'.L\O~, pp. 68-70; 1. TPA 1'AO~, To rl'llJ'UaWII TOV J(vI'oaugyov;, : Il'uJ.e%Ta 3, 1970, pp. 6-14. GRAVES SOUTH OF THE ACROPOLIS
Jch. 20, 1965,
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1902, pp. 123-130; 1. ;\1 [1.\1A.l Il~, '.'haar.aq-ai lJOTiw;'/I %l2o:roAew;;, llemer. 1955, pp. 43-45; r. ~O:\TA~, '/llJaar.urpll ol%o:rt'oov 'AYl/e},o:rovAo v, Lle},T, 17, 1961/62, pp. 85-86, 90-92; 1. 0PE'!'IA.lII~ - 1. Tl'.\r.\o~, ',[I'aa%arpaLI'OTiw;; TOU , 0). v/l;rlclo V, le},T. 17, 196162, .\1201'. p, 13; L 0I'E'I·L\.lIl~, ,Ieh. 18, 1963, XgOI'. 1, -tl; (I>. LTArI'Ollor.\'\()~, 1t'?T, 19, 1964, Xgo,'. Pl". 57 60; N. II "ATUN, .ldT. 20, 1965, Xgol'. pp. 303_; c11. LTA)'I'()II()r.\.\(l~, ldT. 20, 1965, .\gOI'. pp. cO. 86-87; Il. I.\I III I.\KII , It'h. 21, 1966. XCo,'. p. ~l; A. AN.lI'IWIMI'NOr, It'lT. 21, 1966, XCOI'. pp. 8.' 88; 0, A.IE::::" , .'11'11, IpAT. 23, 1968. .\'.!"". pp. " ,~. 'Erplili.
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379 Plan of the Ilissos Area. HOIh excavated sites and conjectural sltes of shrines and othcr monuments arc indicated. VIII XII: Gates in the Thel11islOkkan \\/al1, demo1lshed in 86 B.C. 150. Shrine of P'"eidon llclik.,n,os 151. A rtem,s Agrntcra 152.•\leltoon in Agrai 154. RelIef of Pan 155. Kallirrhoe 156. IIISS." crossing 15H.Oly m r 1ei.,n 159. K ">IH" and Hhe" 160. Apollo Delphlnios 161. I.awcourt at the Delphll1l011 162. Pal1hllknl!Jl1 163. Arch of 11"d""n 164. Iiollses 165. Roman ]hths I IHI. I.aw(ollrt ,It thc' P.III"dl!JIl
182. lH4. 185. IH6. IH7. IHH. 189. 190. I'll. 192. 193. 1")4. 1'>5. 196.
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1'1'1\ \~'F11,(l,: The e'-GI\'atiom in the region or the Kerameikos hegan in 1863 and were continued by the l; r 'ek \ rchaco log lea I Sockt)' a, int e 1"\ a bunt iI 1913 when the C; erman i\ rchaeological Ins titu te assumed charge 01 the e,-cI\·.lIions. In \907 \. 13,Uckner hegan his work in the Kerameikos; later the excavations were directecl in k. r...iibler and, since 1956, by D. Ohly who was succeeded by F. Willemsen. In the last twelve years the ,cOP' 01 thL' e"ca \at ions has b Tn e"tended, supplementary exca vations have been done in various sections, and ,he architect C. Cruben has drawn up new plans ror the entire area, fig. 391. The nC:1\'aled area consist, or a small \'alley, through which the Ilddanos river flows, 44 metres above sea kn'l .11 the 10'" 'st point in the ancie11l city. Remains of prehistoric seulemel1ts, such as have been discovered .tround the \cropolis, ha\T not been discovered here wirh the exception of a Middle I Ielladic grave on the ,outh hank of the Erie\.ll1os and a lew sherds from the very end of the Mycenaean period. \t thl end 01 the 12th century 13.C. the inhabitants of the nearby settlements began to bury their dead on the h.mb of ,he Ilridanos. i\lore than one hundred ubmycenaean graves have been discovered underneath the Pompeion on the low north bank of the river, and a few isolated graves on the south bank. The Protogeometric necropolis extended west of the Su bmycenaean cemetery on the south bank of the Eridanos and small rectangular mounds marked the sites of the grans. :\round the mid-10th century B.C. the dead were buried in shallow rectangular pItS in regular rows and abo\'e the graves a libation vessel was placed at one end and a stone grave marker at the other. During the 8th century 13.C. the vases placed on graves attained to an enormous size; the monumental amphoras and haters of the so-called Dipylon style belong to this period, figs. 396-397. The earl) archaic necropolis of the 7th and early 6th century B.C. lies on the south bank of the Eridanos west of the shrine of the Tritopatres. Conical mounds of earth 6-10 metres in diameter were heaped up above the gray es; the earth was held in place by stone socles at the base of the mounds. In time, another rype of grave monument came to predominate: hox-shaped structures of sun-dried brick with slightly inclined walls and a Rat roof with a sLOne cornice. Throughout the 6th century B.C. gra\e monuments were placed on the graves, poros or marble stelai with incised, painted, or relief decoration, or statues in the round. In this period, probably at tbe time when the fim city wall was buil t, the Athenians buried their dead outside the walls of the city. The decree forbidding burials within the limits of the city wall is known to us from a passage in Cicero (Ad{allli/iares IV, 12, 3); the decree probably dates to the time of Solon and apparently the regulations were rigidly enforced around the end of the 6th centurl', B.C. [n the second lluarter of the 5th century B. C. the gra\'e monuments became \'ery simple. The stele of the
/iroxCllos Pythagoras from Selymbria, dated a little before the mid-5th century B.C., is the only monument preserved from this period. From 430 to 338 B.C. the gray e monuments again became laborate and varied, many of them are preserved ill sitll: naiskoi, ~culpture, inscribed stelai terminating in anthemia, marble memorial altars, lekythoi, loutrophoroi, lions etc. The family gnl\'e lots arc a typical feature of this period; many fine examples remain on the Sacred \\'ay and on the street leading to the Piraeus called the Street of the Tombs. .\fter the battle of Chaironeia in 338 B.C., many of the tombs were demolished and the stone re-used, iu t as after the Persian Wars, to consolidate the walls and to huild new fortifications. From that time on elaborate grave monumeJ1(S were no longer built. During the rule of Demetrios of Phaleron (317 307 B.C.) a law \\'as passed forbidding the construction of e,"pensive grave monuments and small rolU1d inscribed columns were henceforth used as grave markers. In 200 H.C. and in 86 13.C. the cemetery was badh' tbmaged b\ the im',lsions of Philip V of Macedon and Sulla. As regards the roads of the Kerameikos we may ohserve that three extremely important roads (an out (rom th' Altar of the Twelve eods in a northwesterly direction to points far outside the city, fig. 417. The middl' one was the road to t he Academy, leaving the city via the Dipylon Gate. The easternmost road left tb cit\· through the Eriai (jate and led to I Jippios f(olonos and Ph\'Ie; the westelnmost of the tlH 'e roads left tb' cit\" • at the Sacred Gate and led to Eleusis. This last is the famous Sacred \'\ay, with houndary stones marking th route, fig. 414, and with inscribed herms sel up at intervals of one Roman mile giying the di,tance from th
300
413 '\It!l()tll'h!lll' hadl\, d:ll11a IJ ed milestoncs werc not found ill .filll, the findin~ places show ..." , ". tl )wn , fl"s. . lhat th' .\It;lr of the '['wei\'<' c;mb \Ias the starling- pOint. , " . , ...,.. . . . I ' ' , It) th' \cllkm ' which lies in the deme of h,cnlmels was :dled Keramelkos. fhucydides , J n annl'nt tlmn t \1 IO.1t I ' . ," .InlI'1(;\1 'S I I ' t "I' lilt '1'1)1' the cill 'Ind the oth cUltllry city wall (p. I 'iH). When the rhemlstok!can lly wall was lat I \1, S ( ' , • ,'k) \1'1' Ilil ided inlo Ihe Inn('l' Keramcikos and the Outer Kerameikos. After the archaic 'I I L'. I1\11 t. t \' '" 'I.llnl I ( , , • cit I \1.111 \I',IS ;\h(1h,h('(). the h(1ulHI;\IiL's of the Inner Ker:lm 'ikos were apparently no longer well-defined, and . , I ,tl "11 1()\I'''r 1"11'( ()I Ih' \"ora also cam to be call 'd Kerameikos. A Kerameikos boundary stone IIltlllletlL'nOl III " ,.,' 1\,\, h"n found lII.filll not LII aW:I\ frol1llhe northwest entrance to th' Agora, fig. 416. I'h' Ulltn !--.enlmeikos, \\hich is identified 'with Ihe road leading 10 the A ademy from the Dipylon, seems to hal" had Ill;\rhle markers along its full length wilh the inscription "boundary ston of the Kerameikos," fig. 415. Three of these halc heen found il1JIIII on Ihe wcst side of the road; th· hase of yet a fourth define the edge of the cast sid, of the road. Tn 1955 an identical houndary stone was found on present-day Alc:xandreias t. at a disLlllce ofahollt200 metres fromlhe entrance to the A adem)' and it is likely that the boundary stone origin;tlil stood at the ent ranc' (() the Acadcm)' marking th ' end of I he road. According to Cicero (De hniblls V, 1, 1) th~ distance from the Dipylon Cate 10 the enlrance of the Academy was six racca-Roman stacles (1068 m.); according to Livy (XXXI, 24) it was one thousand Rom:ln paces, i.e. 1478 m<;lres, This last figure is in closer accord with the fa tS; on the basis of I.i,,)'s infnrm:ltion we have fix 'd I he site of the entrance to the Academy . . 41 ~
on the to! ographicailian in fig. 4J7. Distinguished Athenian statesmcn and Athenians and allies fallen in war were given state burial all along either side of the Outer Kerameikos road in the loveliesl sublll'b of Athens (Thucydides 11, 34, 5). The tate burial 'r 1" or "po I ),aneI ' "or ' 'memorta . I" or "() u t er j,-era ' groUll d , tell/OJ/Oil ,)fllla, was a IsO ca II e( I I. 1 le "tom) f]on me!'k" 'os h D or "Outcr Dromos". Just outside the DipyJon wh re the road has becn excavated it has a width of thirty-nine metres. The width of the re. t of the road and the route it follows has been determined, for stretches of the road and LOmbs on either side have been found in ;.,cavations done both long since and recently. Thus we know that the church of 51. eorge stands on the line of th' road; in 1930, during the excavations of P. ristophron, a road surface wa found cast of the church, \\'e t of the church of l. eorge exca ations have rev aled another road lined with many graves on both sides, fig . 418-420; it has no conn xion with the tate Burial-place, as A Papayiannopoulos-Palaios correctly ob·erved. ffhi road, 4.80 m. wide, run parallel with the Kerameikos road at a slight distance from it; it \\'a. for wheeled traffic and branched 00' from the acred \\'a)' at the point, according to my conjecture where the acred \X'ay intersects present-day Piraeus, l. The [Jaros wall of a gravc enclosure, exca\'atec! by J-'::. Vi ern isel, fig. 391 P, has wheel rut which doubtless derive from ,vheeled traffic rollin" over the \\'all after the t'"'"ra\ c ~ enclosure had been destroyed. To return to the road to the Academy via th Dipylon, 1his Dromos was originally one of the most ancient and importal1l thoroughfares of the ity, connecting th' Acropolis \ ith the suburb of Akademas or llckadelllos (p.42). hom the 6th century B.C. onward, distinguished citizens were buri 'd along the road and the custom of holding contests here in honO'ur of the dead was established carlyon (II 's)'chios, ';:T' I~'I;(!I")'I~!I (ii'(:"')' The earliest certain reference to the funeral games is in Ari totl (/IIIJ. Pol. 58); in Hell 'nistic timcs tlll'1 ;\re recl11'lkd in ephebic inscriptions which refer to th' arrangements for Ihe contests. The torch ra c \\as one of the (untests; the runners started at the altar of Prometheus at th ' entrancc 10 th ' adelll. It is not known 'xactly when the Athenian government offi iall)' established th' state burial ground, the f)t!HO rum lell/fl, Tn any case, the construction of the Drolllos, 39 metrcs wide, and thc whole schellle or the ;11";\ must have hetn planned much later OJl, enainly after tht Themistokle:ln wall had h 'l'n huilt and prohahh just I '
~Ire. '.he ~iddlc of t~e 4t.h ctl1tury B:C. sin, e the Kerameil os be~undary ston~s wcre s't in pbc .It th.lt time. While 'he work of WJdel1lllg and straightening th ' J)romos was III progress, It prohahh he ,1111' necess.HI to move certain monuments out of the way; I erhaps I he lett 'rs X aJld IjJ OJl the cornn step or the monunll'nt I~H
301
K I'.J( 1\ 1\1 I.r '-..(J"
tho l ho t II Jll Inll ue me\fU 10 idelltlh the po ition of the hlock ~o that the m'JIlument c',uld be re:nnhkd el e ,hue ('/"1'111, )955, p. 10 C), lig. ·h). In folio in~ the m.ld 10 Ihl' \eadem) Pallsanias (1,20,2) saw many of the tomb~ of the state burial gmund (hr nil .dtCf Ihe hlllle ,,! \rtunls halliste and \lIsle. Votive reliefs and inscriptions found in the excavation 01
1
l)(, .lIld )922 ,i\( the
lie of the shrine with sufficient ~ecision, figs, 423 424. It is probahl) on the west
ide 01 the road sorne 2')0 metres I rom the Dip} Ion Cate.l After seeing the shrine and a temple of Dionysos I I Itherlu, .lpparenth nearb\, Pausanias speaks first of the grave of Thras} boulos and then of the tombs (Jf Periklc , (h.,hria and Phormio, then the tombs of those fallen in wars, and still nearer am()n~ other, the gff,v'es of the '1\ rant-slayers and of J'leisthenes.
to
the Academl'• he saw,
ome 01 the grave reliefs, which evidentl) were excellent works of art, must have been either destrored or • <emo\ ed earh on, probahly by Sulla in 86 B.C. But the stelai with the names of those fallen in war and inCrlp
1011
on other grave monuments were still standing and recorded by Pausanias (I, 29, 3-16). A century
Iatc r most of the grave monuments were apparently destroyed and the stones used in the Valerian city wall or tor other structures. Pall .1llias speaks of the part of the tate hurial ground between the shrine of Artemis Kalliste and the entrance to the .\cadem}. It should he noted here that there were also graves along the rest of the road, east ofrhe shrine of \rtemis I'allisle as far as the Dipylon, which were not recorded b} Pausanias, such as the Tomb of the Lakedaimonians found on the west side of the road ncar the DipyJon (Xenophon, Hellenica II, 4, 33) and the partly uncovered grave monument ncar present-day Piraeus .cction of the Dell/o.rlon I'ell/a had begun
to
t., fig. 391. Excavations show that rhis whole
disappear under accumulations of earth at the end of the 4th century
13. C. so that in Pausanlas' time none of the monuments were visible, since they were covered over by' earth filllllgs more than three metres deep.
KI.RA\II,IKOS CI
\ll~TLRY
lnschriften, Ostraka, Fluchtafeln (1941); IV. K. KCBLER, -eufunde aus c1er
ekropole des 11. und 10. Jahr-
C. Ct'IHI{'\, Der attische Friedhof vor clem DipyJon, AZ 29, lR72, pp. 12 35; A. CON%I" Die attischen
hunderts (1943); V. 1<. KUBLER, Die NekropoJe des
CJrabrelicfs, Berlin 1893 1922; BRi CKNER, friedhof;
10. his 8. Jahrhunderts (1954); VI. K. KUBLER, Die
J' DULII, Topographic, pp. 400 404; ] 1. DIEPOLDER,
ekropole des spa ten 8. bis fruhen 6. Jahrhunderts
Die attischen CrahreJiefs c1es 5. lind 4. Jahrhunderts
(1959).
v. ChL, Berlin 19'1; G. KARO, An Attic Cemetery,
LRIDAI OS
Philadelphia 1943; K. KCBLER, Der attische Grabhau,
1\. ZILLLI\, .L\12, 1877, pp. 117-119; \\'. DORPFELD,
\1e11 2, 1949, PI'. 7 22; K. !'RIIS JOIJANSEN, The
Der Eridanos, A~113, 1888, pp. 211-220; id., AM 14,
\lli Crave Reliefs, Kopenhagen 1951; I'. E( K\I'EIN,
1889, pp. 414 415; A. BRUCKNER, rtfJUY.f. 1910, pp.
Die atti\chen G rabmalcrgcsetze, J dI 73, 1958, PI" If! 29; C. M. A. RH.IITF.R, The Archaic Gravestones
107 109; J UDI,ICH, Topographie, p, 48,
of Attica, I,ondon 1961; 1 J. MOLLER-KARPE, Die \letallbcigahen der friihei\enzcitlichen KerameikosC,rilber, Jell 77, 1962, pp. 'i9 129; F. WII.LE~ISEN
B. ~(IJL(iIUl VII·:RNEI\I·.L
U. KNIGGE,
I\ridanos ckropl)!', AM 81, 1966, pp. I 135; II. M()BIUS, I~igenar!ige atlische Grabreliefs, AM 81, 1966, pp. 1)6 160. I. W.I'I\AIKEH K.I-':iiBLlm, Die . ekropolen des 12. his 10. Jahrhunderts (1939); II. II. RIJ·.IANN, Die Skulpturcll vom 'i. Jahr hunder! his in riimisehc :I,eit (1940); III. W. 1'1'.'"''
!\er'lfmi{o.r:
FOR TIFICA TrON S
G. v. ALTEN, Die Thoranlagen bei der Hagia Triada, AM 3, 1878, PI'. 28 48; ~.
1(01'\1 \\Or~II~, IIfJu>
1879/80, pp. 7 14; F. "'o,leK, Die '\lauern .-\th ns, AM 32,1907, pp. 123 160,473 500; jl'DE1CH, Topographic, pp. 135 139; G. GR1'1ll", \ \ 1964, 419; D. OIlLY, ,\i\ 1965, PI'. 360 37 6. '1'111': TI·.I.,\IA OF \ 1'111, K. IlITT\ldl~, ·Hq'l/l. 185\ p. 86'1, .
rr. 3
5
:\
1.87; I. (')I'E'I'L\':'II~, I,AT. 16, 1960, X!!(),·. pp. 26 27; G. GRU· BEN, AA 1964, pp. 411 41. ; 1%9, pp. 33 36. '0.
"-1',RAl\IEI"-OS
302 DF;\IOSIO
'rEM I'LE OF DIONYSOS
SEi\IA
~. Konl.\ ·o\' Ill;, IIUIl>:(l~IO~. lIuu>::\I)lll))'.\O~, 'E:rll'(!a<£Ma, :rfUO"TW", •Ef{'II/I. 1955, pp. 180202; ,,' . AJA 60, 1956, p. 267; \\!YCIIERLJ:.Y, Ie,tlJllonJa, p. 223; D. OHLY, IfAT. 17, 1961/62, XQo,'. pp. 18-19; D. \Y. BRADEEN, Athenian Ca uatty List, llesperia 33 1964, pp. 16-62; D. OHLY, AA 1965, pp. 302327; O. A.\E:=:AN:'PII, _'d.T. 22, 1967, X(!OI'. pp. 8692; 23,1968, Xgol'. pp. 75, 84,94; .11AII ACIAN nJ101'AO~ nA.\AlO~, floU/lW" 8, 1965/6, pp. 5-26, 60 88.
1\()\,MANorulll;,'/I0,/l'uw,' I, 1873, p. 403; DI'.lJIlNER, Feslc, pp. I 8 142; GilA INI)OR, Ilcrode Auicus, pp. 31,70; IIAIIAI'IANNullorAol;, 'J~'nlY(J(j(f(ll, p. 97. 1:,
ROAD TO TllG.
ACADI~MY
AA 1930, pp. 92 94; AJA 34,1930, p. 390; K. KIJll'O)· NIf2TIll;, II()("'T. '.Ib.:w\. 5, 1930, pp. 423 424; id., ](oQI]r; u,'or\or;, ' If},T. J 5, 1933-1935, pp. 1 15; JI. A 1'1~TO
1'01l01'AA01:,
1962, pp. 10-11.
f1QU>
SACRED WAY
F. LENOR1>JA 1', Monographie de la Voie acrce E:leusinienne de ses monuments et de ses souvenirs, Paris 1864; D.. (I>IAI()~, AM 19, 1894, pp. 163-171; FRAZER, Pausanias 11, pp. 48 503; K. KUBLER, AA 1932, pp. 355-360; K. I1'11, 'Ava}.f%TU 2, 1969, pp. 323-329.
IKRIA
:\1\ 1937, pp. 195-196; D. OIlLY, AA 1965, p. 309. DIPYLO ] FOUl TAl
HOUSE
G. v. ALTE , AM 3, 1878, pp. 37-39; G. GRUBEN, AA 1964, p. 407; 1969, p. 39.
ALTAR OF ZEUS l-lERKElO 1:. KOY.\IA:-iOr:.m:,
fl(!a%T.
AH 4,1879, p, 288; pp. 84-85.
1874, p. 12;
. KOHLER,
JJAfIArrANNOllorAn~, 'Emy(!arpai,
SHRI
E OF ARTE lIS KALLISTE L. KOnlA:-IOnlll;, 'A {}y]vatOv 1,1873 p. 395; A. 01 KON()-
MOl:, fJQUXT. 1896, p. 21; A. WILli ELM, 'h'rp']/l. 1905, pp. 215252; A. PJIlLADELPHEUS, Lc sanctllairc d'Artemis Kallistc et I'ancienne rue de l'Academic, BCI r 51, 1927, pp. 155 163; P. ROUSSEL, Remart!lIcs sur Ie bas-relief de Kallistc, BCll 51, 1927, pro 164-169; HAllA! IA~NOIJOJ'A()l;, 'EntY(JWPfll, pp. 87 97; J. II. OLIVER, Hesperia 10, 1941, p. 242, No. 42; /\. C;. WOODHEAD, Hesperia 28, 19S9, p. 278, No.7.
STREET OF THE
TO~lB
BRUCK ER, Friedhof; A. BRUCKNER, KE'!U/lfI%OV ul'au%a'l'ul, '1:-'1"1/1. 1910, pp. 95-144; D. OHLY, A 0\. 1965, pp. 331-353. SllRI
E OF THE TRITOPATR-S
A.BRUCK ER,lleu%T.1910,pp.l02-III;G.LIPPOLD, TQtTO:IrlTQEL" A 136, 1911, pp. 105 109; A BRt.' !o.ER, AA 1912, pp. 29-30; WREDE, Iauem, p. 39; D. OIlLY, AA 1965, pp, 327 328; S. BENTON, Stlldi in onore di Luisa Banti, Roma 1965, p. 49. SIIRl
1<. i\ll'AnNA~,
EOFllEKATE
1890, pp. 22 24; .\. \"Il11J'l ~l, 'Er!Jl/p. 1905, pp, 240-241; BROCK EH, Fricdhof. pp. 43-47, 53 55. IIQU%T.
ROA I) TO I'OLO lOS III PPIOS J. 'I'IIiIEPSII\DES I~. \' \ 'DERPOOl, Ilc~1 eri.\ ~H, 1<),9, pp. 295 297; '1'1' \ l' \()~, lIoAf(x)o/l"oj, p.. _. Il,
1968, X(lr/l'. pp. ,4
,n.
303
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391 The excavated pan of the Kerameikos cemetery outside the Sacrcd Gate (111) and the Dipylon Gate (1\').
166. Dipylon Fountain I-louse 167. Pompeion 168, I:ndanos 169. Round bath 170. Round gra ve monument 171. nidentified shrine 172. Shrine of the TritOpatres 173. Shrine of I Ie kate 174. StretC of the Tombs 175. Sacred \'
177. Wheeled traffic road to the Acadcmy A. Tom b of thc pro.....moi B. Family gravc lot of Philoxenos C. Gravc relief of Demetria and Pamphde D. ,\Iemorial of Dc"ilcos 1:. ARathon and Sosikr.ltcs, family grave 101 F. (~r;l\'c mOnUITIcnl of DUllt\'sios c.;. Family gr.lve lot of Ll'simaehides II. Memorial alrar of Ilipparele
I. Grave relief of Hcgcso I. ;>,Ionument of Bion K. Grave relief of Eukolinc L. Loutrophoros of Olympichos M. Stele of Amidosis '\.. Leknho of Aristom;lche O. F;lmih' gr.1\" lot P. Gra\'c enclosul'l' Q. F,tmil\' gmvc lot R. State burial monument S, Tomb of the I_akedaimnnians
'''''.RA 11,11;"()~
392 DIp) Ion Fountain House, beginning of the 4th c. B.C.
••
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.
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• • 3'13 LrJdan()~ ra~sage beside the Sacred Calc.
•
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~l) t I) .'... reClnet ot. t h c T nroparr s.
305 Br'Ulld,tn:
!'.ttJllc.;
of tht "hrIne.: of thl I I I 1np.llH.. ")
III
tht-
ptLlItllt \\
,til,
'lluth
,1\..1...
kl',RI\i\II'IKOS
3% Dipyl'Jn amphora of tht; midHih c. B,C. lleight 1.62
Ill.
atiollal i\lus. HO..J.
307
397 Kraltr 'n tht J)'py!ol1 ,,>k, "flu tht Illiddle of tht 81h
to
H.C IllIgll1 1.2.'\ III
.1\ 1<'11.11 :\ It". ')\)0.
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"",llul ""I'llIl rllllllll IlI'lI, l l l l ' ';Oll 11.(
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on thll'l .... H.k ...
rLllllol1lll.!bt"ll(.k
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tht
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"h.. k.
Ill1l.lllhnt thl
4(JI)
(,rave stde (}f the second lJuarrl' of t hc 6th ( H.C. Width at tor 0.495 m, !\.ct.llllc,kos .\Ius. P 1132.
407
of I uphc1<". 4'~ oJ '(, 0,19 tn, "'Hillel ~(Hllh of till' :-',1<1 ,{ I1ll'Ji",,, \Iu". I' -l)~. (;',1\ < \I<,1e
n ( \\, \\ l\
",
'
i,,(,R \""( ("-OS
408
tteet of the Tombs from the cast.
I
409 South sIde of the Strel[ of the l om"~
"0111 I he
cast.
113
kl'l{ \~II\II\.()S
314
,1;
lIR\\IIIIO'>
411 ~tck f',r (UH.t''I)h"f Dc Jlu.,>\\h"dlld
111"1')4
H.C. \\,,!th 1...16111 1 "1
II
I.,. ")1 1
1--.."
lI11lll..,,,
\Iu, I' t I ,\1
31 )
412-413 Herms from the acred \'\'ay gi\ ing thc distances from the cin. \lld-2nd c. aftcr Christ. \\ Idth 0,?6 m, [, G, II' 51 1,51 2, Epigraphical "Ius, 9560, 1001-.
I I R \1\11
317
II,,()~
,
I
415 Boundary 'tonc of thc !\.cramc,ko" mId-4th c. 13.C. wcs, of thL "'\XI Dlpy!on "mcr. \'(;,d,h 0.33 m. /. G. 11 2 2617.
I J 6 "'-namelk,,, hound.ln "
0,34 m.
gO!.1
\\
1 ~.,~O.
,11
II 4th c B.t
elltt.lIlCl.' to
th
I'ound \~Or.l. \\ ldth ,
KERAMEIKOS 318
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418 Road
to
•
the Academv for \\ heeled traffic, sccnon uncO\'crec! \\'est of the Church of r. G:orge from the
L.
417 Ceneral topogtaphical plan of Ihe N\V seCllon of the Cit), Including the Inner and OutC( Kerameikos .tnd the Academy.
83. 85. 86. 87, 88. 174.
Church of ~r. Tryphon I.atly Ilclladic house (,eolTIetrlc house '>quare peristyle of Ihe i\c'ldenw Academy gymna"uITI Road to P,raeus
175. ~,lcred \\ay 176. The Ofl)J(Jsi(J11 Irm,l. m.ld
tll
the :\cadenn lined \\ Ith
~I.l{C burials
177, 178, 179. 180.
Road to Ihe \eadelTI\ for \\ heded turtlC :,hrtne of "-.tll"te and \riste (htllch of:'r. (,eorge • Bound.lI\ stone of the \c,l
1-..1 R \\IIIKO.
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-..,·11 . "lth the •gra n_.. •
(5
round on Lither Ide.
•
420 (,ra\e~ found (,n the
L ~lde of the road for wheeled traffic, tig. 419.
I I R \\11 I"()~
.+21
121
era
mn,g mLmber of a monument \\ Ith the names of those \\ ho fell in the battles of Corinth and Coroneia in 394 13.C J G. Il- 5222. \\ Idth 2.25 m. "'ananal \Ius. -54.
422 HdH.f !loC
from a
J!I t\t
JTIOIHIIl 1III t
r
tl
r
(hO"l \\
ho ILII
111
the b.lttk ... 011-'(Olillth ,l.nd
I. ell' 5221. \\ ,dth 0.67 111.; hu!!h! 0.60 111.1'-,,",,1.11 \11I' - 44.
((\f()(111 1.
In ,l'4
" '--
,
-123 \'oti\'c relief from thc shnnc of Artemis J-.:alltsle and AnstL, 0.38
0.26 m. ::>torerooms of the \.:Hwnal \Ius,
323
KLEI'SYDR/\
'('hc hislon ol'thc l'-kp'\dra" \ f f I " , , , '" .' '~pllng at t le Oot 0 I lC clIll at thc nOrlhwcst angle (if Ihe Acrop()IIs I '<'Ill' r '.tlh. In ",co!tthlc Ilmcs ' I'hc I ..at·C .J-ct one. A gc In 'Ila b'ttants tlId " not tlIscover thc outlet f • •• the ' pring "t, If. luI :lroulld about .Intl c~pccialh. to th e nOlt 'I1 tlCY I fauntI an ample underground velll " of water Jnto whIch , I. thn s.lllk :lbout tw 'nfl-two wclls, 35m. in depth, In the s 'contl half . of,the thirteenth CCntur\,. 13 " C large -.scale fo,t'lf" . , , I lCallons were b UI'\ t on t h e A cropo I'IS an d to r-ll'l"\IW \:
°
th' w 'st ot It;. at thIS tlllle: as \\'C think, people first explored and cleared the Klepsydra cave in the depths of ",hi h th' sptlng ~~lsh:s torth. In this natural state the spring was called Empedo, as ancient scholiasts and lc:-.ico
KLEPSYDRA
324 The French archaeologist tmilc Burnou( onducted the first archaeological investigation in 1874, followed in 1897 br P. Kan'adias who discon:red the paved court and was the first to interpret clearly the topographical passages in ancient authors referring to the Klepsydra and to the caves above it. During the years 1936-1940 A. \,\'. Parsons of the .\l11erican 'chool of Classical Studies carried out extensive excavations in and around the spring house,
K 11 I 1'1' \h:Il~,
cOl11pletcl~ unco\ cring
'DfllJl.
it and obtaining the exact plan.
1853, p. 1066, No. 20 10; E.
BL'R;-';OLT, La ville et [' Acropole d'Athenes, Paris 1877, pp. 39 -46, 165-174; T. L. Sm:.IR, Hesperia 7, 1938, pp. 332-335; 8, 1939, pp. 221-225; 9, 1940,
425 Boundary slOJ1(: of the shrint: of tht: W idth 0.365 m. Agora I 4773.
p. 296; 10,1941, p. 7; A. W. PARSO ·s, Klepsydraand the Paved Court of the Pythion, Ilesperia 12, 1943 , pp. 191-267.
1)
. mp h s, ftrst half of the 5th
Co
P.C,·. '
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427 Klcpsydra and [hc Paved Coun (470-460 B.C.). A and B: drainage channels for [hc Pa\'cd Coun.
--" 428 We~t half (,f the Paved Court.
'0
327
42'1 I."" half "I t hl I'a Hd COlli t.
hLEPSYDRA
328
11B 10
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\ 112 70
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430 Sectior) and plan of the Klepsydra Spring !{ollse as built in 470460 BoC.
-
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431 Section and plan of the Klcpsydn, Spring J IOllse as altered in the.: .md·3rd
l".
.,fter Christ.
330
432 1 he ()verfh,w outlet at the
W ("orner of the drawbasin, fig-. 431,2.
I I I 1':-') Illt \
•
lH
KODROS, NELEUS AND BASILE
332 HRI
m.EUS AND BASILE: Kodros was slain somewhere south of the Acropolis and was buried C"II '1s' "'" l"arJl from the literary and epigraphical sources. Much later, the shrine ofKodros e I h at t h spot were 1 Ie ," '" . , . . • . , I.us and Basile was esrablishl'd there, beside hiS grave, fig. 435. In descnblllg the monuments of the Ihsso s (f 19 'i) notes that the 111ace where the Pcloponnesians slew Kodros, the king of the Athenians . . . ar a P ,\U~anlas • ,) . d t \11 J'11SCrJ'ptl'OJl (1 G' 112 4258) records that his body was entombed at the foot of the Acropolis was pOJnte o u . . · . . . Th ulform.ltion that Kodros was killed outside the city near the gate (l.ykourgos, J_eokra/es 86) or outside the walls (13 kk r, . lmrdo/a G'rarra I, 192,32) has misled some scholars into searching for the grave and the shrine EOI'
KODROS,
of Kodros outside the Themistoklcan Wfall. Th inscription of 418/417 B.C. (1. C. 12 94) found in 1884 al the northeast corner of the intersection of Makriyi'Ulni and Chatzichristou Sts. indicates that the shrine lay within the circuit of the Themistoklean city wall. The t stimonia mentioning the city wall, cited above, must have derived from a very old tradition and consequently refer to the pre-Themisroklean wall which was much closer to the Acropolis (p. 158). The inscription is im'aluable for it gives information not only about the site of the shrine but also about its appearance. Recently, on account of deep digging for the foundations of new buildings, the whole area has been excavated and studied so that now it is possible to be more precise about the site of the shrine. The most important find was a boundar)' stone of the mid-5th century B.C. with the inscription hoeo, n) II/ceo, fig. 436, found in January 1962 ill sitll at the corner of Syngrou Boulevard and Chatzichristou St. This boundary stone together with the ancient road running past the boundary stone on the line of Chatzichristou St. defines one side of the sanctuary which extended to the north, fig. 435. South of the ancient road, considerable remains of walls bave been found; they date at least as early as the 5th century B.C. and because of their careful construction tbey derive, in our opinion, from a civic building, probably the palaestra of Taureas, mentioned by Plato (Cbarlllides 153a) as being opposite to the shrine of Basile. The shrine of Kodros, eleus and Basile must have occupied a large area because in addition to the sbrine there was a precinct with two hundred or more olive trees. The boundaries of the precinct on the east and west are defined by ditches for channelling off rainwater which are listed in the inscription (1. C. 12 94). According to the inscription, the eastern ditch passes by the official house and by the gate which leads to the baths of Istilmonikos, i.e. the Itonian Gate (XI) according to our identification. The other ditch passes by the Dionysian and the gate whence the Mystai drive out to the sea. W' e identify this latter gate with the extremely importanr gate on the road to Phaleron (XII) which should be located at the crossing of Phalirou and Donta Sts. \'\'e consider the Dionysian recorded in the inscription to be the Dionysian in Limnai mentioned by Thucydides (II, 15, 4) an.d we locate the site at the place where the bedrock lies at a great depth and the filling consists of mud, indicating the presence of a marsh. •
L. KeJl'.\IA"o),L'dl1:, 'J:'(Pllfl.. 1884, pp. 161 166; J. R, WHlmLER, An Attic Decree, the Sanctuary of Kodros, AJ A 3, 1887, pp. 38 49; CUR'I'I us, Das eleion oder Heiligthum der Basile in Athen, Abbandlungen J, pp. 459 464; JUDF.!CII, Topographic, pp. 387-388;
O. I3RONEER, JA 52, 1948, pp, 113 114; (;, T. \\. I1om::ER, JJIS RO, 1960, pp. 115 lIe1; 'I'1'\)'\,1~, l/oAI'O()O!lI'o/, p. 28; R. I~. W' YClIERl LY, ekioll, B~ \ 55, 1960, pp. 60 66; id" GRBS o.l, 1963, 1'. P3; e), L'I'An'()1I01',\,yOl.;, II'AT.20, 1<)6 , .\!,IOI'. pp. 6H "0.
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r'~Cl.ln~ul.1r I'~)ros hlo oks belonging 10 Ih' lUlhl nteria ,lIld 10 thc toichohate of the cdla halT hu:n r()ul~d. hg. -I"t). I he s 'tong I1I1es, cutOllgs, and other traccs on these hloc!,s, howe\el, furnish suf(lcicnl c\"ldcllce for the rl'stlH 'd 1'1.111, fig. -1-10.
This I' 'ril'ter.d t '1111'1', •1m l'hidist\ Ie ill antis, \\as raised on a podium; the small marble fragmenb of its architectm', found III the tirst eXC1Y,llions, sho\\' that il \\as Doric. The rc elll exc;l\,uions rlHalcd Ihat the tcmple \\·.lS
'nclos'd h\ a rcctangular I'cribolos \\ ,dl, 39
"I m., of which only threc sidcs are presen ed; the fourth
sid' on th ' south has \ anishcd compkteh, The entrance to the temeno. should be at the north side of the precinct: pwluhh It is hidden underneath the mediae\ al \\'orkshops C. The rectangula r prlcinct wall enclosed the t 'ml'le, th altar B, the rectangular t'oundal ion of which measuring 2,20 X 1,70 m. h:ls heen found, and the I.lrge starue hase D, The function of the square room E has not }l't been ascerlained. The temple is identified as the temple of h.ronos and Rhea reported by Pausanias(l, 18,7) and it i" highly probable rhat the bronze statue of Zeus mentioned by Pausanias stood on the base D round beside the temple, Pausanias says that rhe temple and the statue were inside the Olympieion precincl; in this cas be may have made a mistake inad\'Crtentl), because another testimonium (Bekker, /JllerdoltJ GraertJ I, p. 273, 20) yields th information that the Kronion precinct is located beside the Olympieion or, more precisely, between the Olympieion aJld the ~[etroon in "",grai, This last piece or information is important, for it help. us in the search for tbe 1\[elroon yerr
near the I1issos ri\·er. The temple as well as rhe other structures in the temenos arc dated around the middle of rhe 2nd century after Christ. The circular pit excayated at the southwcst corner of the altar belongs to an earlier period in the history of the shrine; it contained potter) of
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ubnwcenaean and ProlOgeometric date. The poras corniee blocks
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the 5th century B.C., 'wbich had been found in the first excaYatioJlS, probably derive from the earlier temple of Krenos and Rhea. The precinct was destro 'ed during the construction of the Valerian \\'all; much breI', probably in the 6th century afrer Chri. t, a Chri tian church was built on the ruins of the temple; irs foundation ofrering- and a significant number of Christian graves ha\ e been found.
Athcnl, p. 227; II. ~1(1"l;, I/U""T. IH91, pp. 130 133; JUDJ'ILII, Topographic, p. 385; I. (-)1'1';-
WAUISMI'TII,
II~ l.'I'I'\l'.\()~, ldr, 1"'. 1l)(,1 62. Su",'·pl·\) 14; R. E. Wn III'IUI'.\, GRII~ 4, I\)h\ 1'1" 16h 167.
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YNO ARGI·.S
'fl1C sitc is locatcd southeast of Athens, on the south bank ofthc Ilissos, in front of . · . G·\t ( -) n"flr the kallirrhoc sprinas and thc district of Agrai, fig. 379. In 1896-1897 the British t h D lon1 tan . ,.ol.,..... h School of"\rchaeology, with C. mith directing, conducted extensive cxcavations in that area to the cast of thc church of St. Panteleimon. lany graves of an important cemetery of tbe early archaic period were cleared, and also thc ruins of a building of the classical period, probably a palaestra, over which a bath had been built in Roman times (p. 180, F). In the same area remains were found of a large Roman building which has been identili d with th o-ymnasium built by the Eml eror Hadrian noted by Pausanias (1, 18, 9). Perhaps the fact that "'. an in.cription (I. G. 112 1102) containing a letter of the emperor concerning a gymnasium was found on the site would strengthen the argument for the identification. Furthermore, an inscription (1. G. 112 1665) which explicitly refer to Kynosarge and sets forth the method of constructing tripod bases for the gymnasium has 1-
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been found near the church of St. Panteleimon. Definite proof that Krnosarges ,,:as in this area is furnished by two inscriptions containing significant topographical information referring, in my opinion, to the Dromos of Kynosarges. One inscription has been published by A. E. Raubitschek (Dedications, no. 318) and the other (1. G.I12 2119, line 128) refers to the "Dramas towards Agrai." A drOll/OS was, in fact, an indispensable element of a gymnasium. The ancient authors attest a drOll/OS both for the Academy and the Lykeion gymnasia. Consequently the Kynosarges gymnasium must also have had a race-track, dromos, where the young men exercised and it should be in the only level place in the area along the Ilissos south bank by the spting of Kallirrhoe, beginning probably at a point near the church of t. Panteleimon and ending in the district of Agrai. The precinct of Herakles, in honour of whom the gymnasium was founded, should also be near the Ilissos bank br the spring of Kallirrhoe. A decree of 420 B.C., fig. 442, found near the Lysikrates Monument, forbids the tanners to soften hides in the river above the precinct of Herakles and specifies that two stelai with the text of the decree should be set up, one on each side of the Ilissos. The region near the spring of I-'::allirrhoe is most suitable for tanners for there was an unfailing supply of water there. It is worth pointing out that during the Turkish occupation and for some years after the liberation the tanners were installed along this section of the Ilissos.
A. :EKIAI;, 'Em:La 1894, pp. 289-291; W. DORPFELD, AM 20, 1895, p. 507; 21, 1896, pp. 463-464; C. t.llTH, BSA 2, 1895/96, pp. 22-25, 50; 3, 1896/97, pp. 232233; P. RODEcK, The Ionic Capital of the Gymnasium of Kynosarges, BSA 3,1896/97, pp. 89-105; J. G. C. ANDERSON, BSA 3, 1896/97, pp. 112-120; J. P. DROCJI', DipyJon Vases from the Kynosarges Site, BSA 12, 1905/6, pp. flO 92; W. Di)RI'J'ELD, DreifuB-Basis aus Athen, AM 31, 1906, pp. 145 150; D. M. ROUINSON, AJP 28, 1907, p. 425, No.3; 'I'll. SAUCILJC, Ein Hadriansbricf unci das I Jadriansgymnasium in Athen,
AM 37, 1912, pp. 183-189; ::--.. K.\Porzo~, ',I:TO ro 'lIuU.X},t'fOI' rov I\[fl'oad!!},ot'~, Idr. 8, 19_3, pp. l5 10_;
J
Topographic, I p. 422 424; 11.\11 \1'1 \ '\\0II()l'.\()~, 'E:rfj'uWrU(, pp. 3 75; D. :\1. ROBll':SOl", .\ ew Ilerakles Relief, IIcsperi:\ 17 , 1948, I p. 1.3'" 140; S. KAROtlZOLl, CV"\, .\thcne, 2, pr. " 4; DELol\~IE, G)'mnasion, pp. 4. 49, _859; 1'1' \ 1'.\1l~, lIuAI'Ur)ultlxf/, I p. 54, 92; R. I~. \\\'ClIEH LEY, ~aR 9, I 962 1 I)P . 13 I ~,. 5· I '1'1' \)' .\l)~l. '1"(J I" t'I"'(t(T(()f' TOt'- /\"('1'0mI!!)'()!", '.·I"'/},f·xr
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342
In 1890, an excavation north of the Tower of the Winds brought to light the paved floor of a building the rca I function of which was first determined in 1940 by A. Orlandos. It is a public latrine for the crowds which gathered in the large and much-freguented Roman Agora near which it is situated, fig. 362. The building is rectangular in plan, measuring 16.20 X 11.74 m., and is divided into two areas, an oblong lobby and an almost guare hall with a bench around all four sides. A great many of the marble slabs of the bench with round holes have been preserved, figs. 443 and 444. The building was roofed except for an area 3.70 X 2.90 m. above the centre of the great hall. By means of this opening the latrines were both lighted and ventilated. They worked in a very simple fashion, with the sanitary and practical system ofcontinuous I y running water. Below the latrines on all four sides of the hall was a deep canal built on an incline so that the waste products were immediately flushed away by the water and carried to the LATRI ES:
main cloaca of the city. This latrine is dated in the 1st century after Christ and similar ones of smaller dimensions have been found in the principal Agora of the city. One is located at the eastern entrance of the Agora behind the Stoa of Attalos and the other is at the southwest entrance near the Tholos. Public latrines earlier than the Roman period have not been found at Athens. As early as the 5th century B.C., however, private houses had toilets located near the main entrance into the house from the street. In many instances among the excavated houses of the Agora area pits have been found, sometimes in the courtyard, mostly under the surface of the road near to the main entrance of a house; these rectangular pits, lined with masonry, were used as cesspools. From the 4th century B.c. onwards the system of cesspools was abolished and waste products and rainwater were drained offby means of branch drains leading into the main system of drain channels under the streets.
A. 0 l' AANl>C)l;, • 0 7UJOOfjtrT/~OC; TOV
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Hesperia 28, 1959, pp. 101 102; 'l'l'ArA()~,
p. 102; Agora Guide, IF. 8., 11_; M. LANG, Waterworks in the :\thenian .\got;l. PH, No. I I, 1968. . /loAwr)o/U"J],
I 1\ I It I N I ' S
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C, \IN ISll'~l: In the 6t h cenl urI' n.c. Ihe AI hen ian slate founded the three famous gymnasia out ide Iht~ C.ltl: t1~' \ ·".dem, (I~' 42), ]~)nmarge, (1'.340), and the I.ykeion where the ephebes received their military I.Luntng', dId th.elr ,nhl 'ttl' practIce, 'lnd pursued Iheir studies. Accordingly, large tracts of land were required tllr Ih~' gl mn"'l\lm Imt"ll~ltl()n~, a, ,,~cll as the Dromos and other race-tracks for the various kinds of military, .1Ihl 'Ill' ,Iml CoII,lIn e,er ISCS. ]'or IhlS rea,on the gymnasia were I laced in unoccupied areas ncar the loveliest ~uburb, 111 th' 1 'Inks of "\Ihenian ri, ers, the waters of which supplied spring houses and baths and were indisr 'n~.lbl for th· upkeep of the gardens and groves providing refreshing shade where the youths both exercised .1l1d r 'b,cd. I
'ldl\lN
\\ ' m,n infer from ancient litcran sources that the Lykeion must have been cast of the city' ncar the city wall , -' the Diochart's Gate (\'III), the springs of the 'ridanos, and the fountain of Panops. That is to say, it extended irol11 S\ntagma Square into the ~ational Gardens, where there is a foundation of a temple or other building probably b longing to the shrine of 1\1'0110 Lykeios, fig. 379. This may be the spot where an inscription (1. C. 112 1945) dedicated ro. \1'0110 in 45/46 •\.D. was found; it was said to have been found in the Garden of Amalia , as the ~ational Gardens formerly were called. The Dromos of the Lykeion must ha"e been two stades long since it was used for cavalry displays and it must h:1\'e been near the city wall (Xenophon, 1le//enica II, 4, 27 and ll,pparrbims III, 6). West of the Dromos under the church of St. Nikodemos (I" 18 J, L), where an abundant flow of water gushes to the surface, is a Roman bath ,,'hich, in our opinion, belonged to the Lykeion and had been preceded by an older bath of the classical period on the same site. An inscription of the 1st century B.C., fig. 449, found near the church of St. ikodemos, where it may be seen today, comes from the gy mnasium of the Lykeion. Finally, in 1965 conglomerate foundations of a large building of the second half of the 4th century B.C. were found east of the Dromos on the property at no. 4 Xenophonws Street; this building apparently belongs to the palae tra of the Lykeion built by Lykourgos (P,eudo-Plurarch, Derelll Oral01'll1ll I 'doe 841 D; Pausanias I, 29, 16; J. C. 112 457). _\ristotle, the founder of the Peripatetic chool, taught at the Lykeion; his successor Theophrastos settled near the Lykeion on pri,'ate property which had gardens, a '\,'alk, various structures, and a shrine of rhe I\Iuses. This last "'as marked our bl'• boundan'• stones, marble stelai carrying the inscription hugo; .lfot'awv /\Ij~ov. One of these, figs. 447-448, has been found on the north side of Syntagma Square and has been studied by E. Vanderpool, who came to the conclusion that TheophrastQs' Garden lay in the region of yntagma Square. Since the sites of Theophrastos' Garden and the gymnasium of the Lykeion hal'e been independently established, the identifications confirm each other.
K. III'J'I \KJI1-, '!:"{II/i. 1839, PI'. 226 227, 0.262 264; 1853, p. 937, '0.1590; id., ')"""1/11'11/1" ~I,!; .1 "XflO". 'H'{lI/'. 1854, PI'. 1141 1144; id., '/:"/11/1. 1858, p. 1889, , 0 . 3660; A. :VlIClIALLIS, AZ 19, 1861, p. 177, :\0. 7; R. KLKt'L{, Marmorkopf aus Athen, A 1\1 1, 1876, pp. 177 183; JUDEI( II, Topographic, p. 415;
\'(/. PEt K, \ 167, 1942, p. 33, 1'\0, 34; E. \". ,·m.RPOOL, Thc ,\tUSCUI11 and Garden of the P'ripatetic" '/:''1 1/1.195354 B,pp. 126 128;~. \ 11'1T1l:\\ m:. 'J-:
I.YKI\ION
346
I Y"-I ION
347
+l-- -448 Boundan stone of rhe Garden of rhe \Imes, 3rd c. B.C., in S\magma
quare, from and back \jews. \\ idrh
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449 Inscribed b.lse from the l.\kllOI1 g,1l111.1Slum 0.60 church of ~t. '\.lk"dllTIOS.
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LYSI"-HATES MONUMENT
348
THE LYSIKRATES i\lo 'I'~I' Tis Ihe only choregic monument preserved virtually complete and it is also one of the most striking; monum nts oi its kind, fig. 450. The monument, on the west side of the Street of the Tripods, , has an inscription canTd on the cast side facing the street, fig-. 710. This inscription C. 112 3042), preserved on th architr,l\ '- indicates that it was built by the choregos Lysikrates in 335/334 B. C. The frieze sculpture in low r lief runs all rhe \\'a) around the building and depicts the adventure of Dionysos with the pirates whom he turn d into dolphins. This is the sole example of an Athenian monument in the Corinthian order with a sculptur d frieze. The Corinthian capitals are among the most beautiful and earliest examples of the type; in .\thens Corinthian columns cUd not appear again until one hundred and sixty years later when they were u cd in the temple of Olympian Zeus and they were not in common use Ul1til Roman times. The buildino- materials for this monument are conglomerate for the foundations, poros for the podium, I !\', mettian marble for the cro"\vning moulding of the podium, and white Pentelic marble for the steps and everything abO\'e, except for the panels of Hymettian marble between the columns. The high square podium, 2.93 m. to a side, re ts on three steps or, more precisely, a stepped socle; because of the steep east-west slope the three steps appear only at the front of the building and 0.60 m. on either side. There must have been a retaining \\'all starting exactly at the point where the steps come to an abrupt stop, curtaining ofF the view of the rising ground le\'e! and the conglomerate foundations of the bUIlding. Although the choregic inscription was alway's visible, the true function of the building was not undersrood and from the .i\fiddle Ages on it \\'as referred to as the "candlestick of Demosthenes" or "lantern of Diogene ," names which lingered on among the people up until the present time. The monument owes its excellent state of preservation to the fact that in 1669 it was incorporated into the Capucin monastery. The monks made an entrance by removing one of the panels at the northwest and used it as a reading-room and library'. During the Greek \\1ar of Independence the monaster\"• \\'as set on fire and destrO\'ed. In 1845 French archaeologists undertook to free the monument from the debris and to consolidate it; at the same time a search for the missing architectural members was made in the vicinity. In 1876-1877 the architects Fr. Boulano-er and E. Loviot began restoration.. The main work was done by the French bo-overnment in 1892 when the :uildinob was restored in the form we see today.
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J, Chapt. IV; E. POTTlER, fouilles au monument de Lysicrate, BCII 2, 1878, pp. 412 418; H. F. DE Cou, The Frieze of the Chora~ic Monument of Lysicrates at Athens, AJ A 8, 1893, pp. 42-55; J. DELL, Das Lysikratcsclenkmal in Alhen Allgemeine Bauzeitung 67, 1902, Ileft I; I .. U(;E~ BAUER, Die Krepis des Lysikratcsdenkrnals, AA 1920, STUART-REVETT,
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l\lETROON IN TilE AGORA
352
The letroon was excavated in 1907-1908 by the Greek Archaeological Society. The complete excavation of the letroon, the identification, and the exploration of the earlier buildings beneath were done by th .\gora excayators in 1931-1937. The most imporrant of the earlier buildings was the little temple . , fomld bdow the large northernmost room of the 1'[etroon which, according to H. A. Thompson, presumably hous d the cult of the J\lother of the Gods and may be dated to the beginning of the 5th century 13.C. After the Persian d'struction of 480/479 13.C. t1us temple was never rebuilt; it seems that the cult of the Mother of th Gods was transferred to the neighbouring Old 13ouleuterion which doubtless sheltered the famous statue METROO ' I
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of the goddess. After the! ew 13ouleuterion was built at the end of the 5th century 13.C. the Old 13ouleuterion served only a - a repository for the state archives; because of the fame of the statue, the entire archive building came to be called the Metroon. This tradition carried over to the Hellenistic Metroon built especially to house the archives, figs. 455-456. One of the four chambers in the Hellenistic 1etroon, the second from the south, was used as a temple in which the old cult statue was again set up and to the east was an altar of which only the foundations ha\'e been preserved. According to Pausanias (1, 3, 5) and Arrian (Perip/olls 9) the cult statue was by Pheidias; today, however, it is thought to have been a work of Agorakritos as Pliny reported (Nat. Hist. XXXVI, 17). The J\Ietroon was built in the third quarter of the 2nd century B.c. Various kinds of stone were used in the construction: the foundations are of conglomerate, the walls of poros. Pentelic and H ymettian marble were used only for the Ionic colonnade in front and for the front wall.. The many literary testimonia for the history and the identiEcation of the building are supplemented by inscriptions and other Ends from the excavations. In 267 A.D. the J\Ietroon was destroyed by the Herulians. In the 4th century after Christ a basilica was built in the ruins of the northernmost chamber. The central aisle is thought to have been open to the sky and around the beginning of the 5th century a mosaic floor was laid in the adjoining room at a depth of 1.60 m. below the original floor level. The precise purpose of these late structures is not kno'l.vn; it is probable that the cult statue of Apollo Patroos was set up in the basilica where it was found. In general, it seems to have been an important building, for many bases on which statues had been set up were found nearby.
Topographie, pp. 342-345; T. L. SHEAR, Hesperia 4, 1935, pp. 350352; ll. A. THOMPSON , Hesperia 6, 1937, pp.115-140, 172 217; CII. PICARD,
jUDEICH,
La complcxc !\[Ctrc'>on-13olllcllterion-PrYI:lnikol1, .\ J'Agora d'Athcnes, RA 12. 193H. p'r. 97 101; \X!YCHERLEY, Testimonia, pp. I. 160.
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'. 'I ,. I h S f h " (\1 on I Icrones CUSlomari y SCI up lhclr tripods a ong t C treet 0 t e ['rip'''''' (I" -(1(1), ,n thl' rup or thl' Thlalre or Dionysos (p. 562), or around lhc shrinc of Dionysos. Thc .\1(Jfium'1\t ,II 0.iki.l~, jUq uutsidl' the \I" 'stern el1lrance of thc shrinc of Dionysos 1"Jeuthereus, is the outstanding '!Hlt'CgIC 1l1111111ll1cnt ,11l10ng rhose neal thc ,hrine; it had lhe architcclllral scheme of a good-sized temple, li~~, 45t) 460. , '\.11,.11'
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C. l(OHLI.R, Die choregische Inschrift des Nikias, A.\I 10, 1885, pp. 231 236; \\. DORPI FL\), Das choregische .\Ionument des l Ikias, A.\[ 10, 1885, pp. 219 230; id., Zum chorcgischcn :'IionulTIe11le des ,'ikias, .\.\1 14,1889, pp. 63 ()6; (ll.IlII'~.\\o,II~, '/-:'1 11/1. 1909, pp. 221-238; W. B, Dl'S\lOOR, The Choragic
:llonuOlenr of "iciOls, :\J:\ 14, 1910, pro 459 484; B. PERRI " The Choragic :llonuOlcm of 'icias, :\.1.\ 15,1911, rp. 16H 169; \\.. DORPIHO, \\1.'6,1911, pp. 60 67 ;
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Thc c"iSICl1CC ora sh" fN ' \\'llillrS it1 19~~ Il'50 ,I I " line 0 ymphe ftrst became known during the excavations conducted I)\ I. • ... "" ~ ~ \\ 1( n t 1C ne 'b I d . , ' . ' \\ ou evar Dlonysiou Areopa it d . 'rh. '1 1'111' It's In 'Inc! b, the Sl CI' j' I I g ou was un er constrUCLJon. e ,1 ., . • Ion 0 11C )ouleyar I d'· I . f . . I I ( II ect y In ront of the Odelon of JIerodes Atticus lia 464 ~nll (It t 1C Ireran sources pI' sen'e a reference t l '. .' . ' ,,.,. . J I ". 0 t )IS shune, Since, however, a great number of loutrophoroi . h.l\ ' 1)Cell ! ounu r 1er , It IS po sibil' at I . r . . ',', ' . . : ' east me Irectly, to aSSOCJate the shrine with the customs having to do wllh llurrtal,e ntes descnbed b)' anCIent authot's and I ' h ' . ' eXlcograp ers. It has not rro\'cn possible to ascertain th precise fo f th I ' f f . . I'm 0 e )rtne, or un ortunately the later ~truclUres \\'hJCh COl red the whole area ill Late Reman times largel bl't d' J . . ' , yo I crate It. t appears, however, to have becn an 011\."11'111 :
open a.lr shrm. ot consIderable extent which contained a small ellipsoid structure about 12.50/10.50 m. This 'llipsold bUilding, dated to the sccond quarter of the 5th century B .., C app aren tl y stoo d on t h ' 0 f an 0 Id er , , e sIte altar; th' hllmg excayated around it contained little earth J't consl'sted rna' I f h d f h d '.. . ' tn y 0 t ou an s 0 pots er s: .
,:ryballol, lckythol, ~yltkes,.1~utrophoroJ., plates, lamps, plaques, terracotta figurines, masks etc, attesting marly tour hundred \'ears In the ltte of the shnne from the mid-7th century to the 3rd century B.C. The loutrophoro~ which are in the majority among the finds would in themselves lead to the supposition that this is a shrine ot the Nymph, for similar pottery has regularly been found in the Attic caves of the 'ymphs and Pan, such as the Parnes ca,'e, the Vari cave, the Daphni cave and the cave at Eleusis. In this particular case, howe\'er, the identification of the newly discovered shrine is attested by graffiti on pots, such as N_'vWp']; iE]c1 and. 0: .Yl~.u'7'E[ and clinched by the inscription ho'}or; iE(!ii j'l'vllf('Jr; on a marble stele built into a later wall, fig. 465. There were many shrines of the nymphs in Athens; the shrine discovered by Miliadis was specially sacred to The 1\:ymphe, that is to say, the bride who today is still called Il)'lilphe on the marriage-day. Loutrophoroi baye also been found in the shrine of Artemis Brauronia on the Acropolis and at the Amyneion. These loutrophoroi and those found in caves had, in my opinion, the character of dedications and were offered mainly b~' unwed girls, just as loutrophoroi were placed on the graves of both men and women, with no distinction made as to sex, signifying that the deCEasEd was unmarried. This is clearly recorded by the lexicographers (Bekker, Allecdo/a Graeca I, p. 276; Harpokration, Photios, Suidas s.v. i.OVT(!Oq;O'}O' and J.ovTQorpoQfil'; Hesychios s.\'. i.OVT'.}OqO'}O ai'i") and i.OVTQOf(O'}O'; Pollux VIII, 66; Demosthenes XLIV, 18, 30). The same lexicographers also discuss rhe main use of the loutrophoroi. On the wedding day the bride wa hed herself \\ith water from the pring of Kallirrhoe (p. 204), A boy or girl from among the near relatives of the pair brought the water with the loutrophoros. After the ceremony the bride offered the loutrophoros together with other Ya es at the special shrine of the Nymphe, the shrine found south of the Odeion of Herodes Atticus. The earliest lourrophoroi found in Miliadis' exca,'ation dated to about the mid-7th century B.C. and appar~tly we have here a very ancient shrine, since the custom of the bridal bath \vas very old as we learn from ThucydJdes (II, 15, 3-6).
I. .\IIIAIAtolIl:, IJgW
265; 1957, pp. 23-26; M. ERVIN, The Sanctuary of Aglauros on the South ~Iope of the Acropolis and its Destruction in the First Mithridatic War, ',lgX,io,'
22, 1958, pp. 129 166; G. D H'''-. BCH 2, 1958, PI. 366 367; BCH 82, 1958, pp. 65"1 660; 4, 1960, pp. 622 624; ~EG 17, 1960, P -l, . '0. 10; OIlWNOM IDES, The Two. \goras, pp. 16 \"1 22 27, 4 . 1/01'TO"
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ymphe "torcroom, I lIst \rchaeologteal Dlstrtct of Athens.
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ell ,oUI h of Ihe Odl'll)tl <1t 11 'l<1d " Attleus. On thc right, two Vi tories frol1l the "ll1le l1lollld: arms and \\ ings \\ erl' SCp,ILltch attachcd. Ilclght I.en 111. Acropolts ,\1",. 6476 f\, (,<176. I.l'tt: SLUUl' of ,I fl'Ill.1k, ll\ til' ,«'I,' room of the Ilrst Archaeological District of Athem.
In .1 \\
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365
hudl nrt.l I') H.C III I hI' 1llJ .lIld h.l\ heell eeureh IdulIJfled a~ the ()dei<J1l Itl whidl Pau~alllas (/, H, G) rdund 'n hi a({{,Ul t () th monuments of the \gClra: "the theatfe which thq call Iht OddoJ)." III l cn7 and 1~40 'uppkrrentary m \ sli '.lIions \\ cre c.lfrJcd out 1)\ J I. \.'j h<Jmpson v.ho publishul a monl)(1raph {m the hUllding. j he elllltllUdu rt>\\ s of btnchcs ,lnd the orchestra leave no mom for douht that thc huildmg j a theatre. B T.IU e the Sl;l 'e \\ ,IS \(J J1.IrlO\\ and h cause the building was roofed, it mu~t have he en an {)(!t:i'J!l, a concert hall. Philo traLOs (I Ilae lop/mil/TIIIII II, 5, 4) calls the building thc Agrippei'J!l, "the theatre m the Kerameik,) called th \grippclOn," after the donor .\1. \'ipsallius .\grJppa, th<: mmist<:r and s{J!l-in-Iaw (,f Augu tus. Onh tpc loundations for the v. ails, th<: floors, and the orchestra, "" ith secllom of the lower parr of the tage and om oi the benches, have betn preserved 111 slIfI; these, taken together with the architectural material from the building- found in the excavation, permit us to \isualize thL original form 'I( the building. The iollo \ ing buIlding materials were used: sof t poros lor the foundation walls; hard Piraeu~ lime~tl)ne for the \\ alls aho\(; ground; blue-gre) I h mettos marble for the stylobate, for stairways and benches in the auditorium, and for the socle of the stage front; th(; white marble of PeJ1telikon for all the architectural members. The scaena floor \\'as pa\ ed \dth slabs of white and blue-grey marble, the orchestra floor with varicoloured marbles. Greenish marble from Kal) sto~ was used for the stage front, The main structure of the concert ball was enclosed on three sides, (;a~t, south, and west, b\, two-store.. swas. The ground floor, with wall 0.78 m. thick pre ef\ed at tbe southeast corner, was closed on all sides, resembling the cry ptoporticu of the ba ilIcas at COrinth ( , . \\ (Inberg, Cormlh I, \, 1960, pp, 78-85, pI. VHI); in comra t, the upper store} was mo t IJkel~ surround(d b\ a colonnade. The floor of the upper storey wa on the arne level a the terrace of the .\liddle toa. The main entrance for notables and performers, embellished ",ith a propylon, was at tbe north, while the sp(ClatorS came in from the south ide, from the ,\llddle toa terrace. The square concert hall, 25 m. to a ide, comprised the orchestra \\ ith a radIUS of 10.17 m. and nineteen row of b(nches, which could comfortably tat about one th{Jusand ~pectator , fig. 472. Pausanias described the statues ~et up in front {Jt the Odc:ion and a tatue of DlOnysos worth seeing; honly after his visit the building was sel"erely damag(;d, prrJbably becau (; the roof collapsed. The building, howel" cr, was quickly repaired circa 150.\. D. in the reign of \numinu Piu ; by mean of certain alterations it was restored to working order, not, however, as an odeion but as a meeting place and lecture hall for the philosopher of the period. A cross-wall divided the \ ast hall of the fir t peri()d into two large mdependel1t area, fig. 491. The one on the nonh, with the orchestra and part of the fl,\\ of scat aec(Jmmodating an audience of around Ii\ e hundred people, was used as a tbeatre. In order to make it (aSler ior the inCfJming cro\\ d~ to tnter the theatre, the nonh wall of the scatna and the prop: Ion on the north ~ide were taktn dov.n, thur place being taken b\ a magnificent open stoa which had, instead of column~, SlX UI]OS al figures of Triton and (,lants. \s H. A. Thomp. on has shown, the Tritons from the wai t up arc copie of the Poseidon of the Parthenon we t pedimc:nt; the ('lam arc modelled on the type of the I flphaistos 'If the Parthc:non east pediment. "'tatues of seated figure. probabh portraits ()f phil{I',opher~, two of which ha\ e been f(Jund marh", e\ idcntl" completed the adornm<:nt 01 th • fac;ade. 1111 l lilt HI
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In 267 .\.D. the Herulians et fire to the Odeion and utterly wrecked it. I,verv h re abO\ ~ and around th Odei')J1 the destruction filling Ct'I1SJ t (Jf a thick la} er of ash, containmg dc:bn ()! charred ood, la ' iron nail, and many pJeces of terracrJtla and marble tile, all fwm the w()( of the huilding \1 0, m n\ of th r at number 'Jf architectural fragment and piens of culpturc f')uml in the arta hear th~ mar ot nrc \f(,und 4{j() \,1). the statue {)f thl; Tril<Jn and the. Giant were I u cd Ul the la :Ide 01 a 'r t cumpl of buildmg "the (,y mna ium "I thl (,jam ," built aho"e the ruin 01 the Oduc)J1 and much 0 lh or quuc fig. 37.
366
., 51-52; id., AJA 47, 1943, p. 383; J I. A. 'fIlO\1p,rJN The Odeion in the Athenian Agora, Hesperia 19 , 1950, pp. 31 141; WYCIlERLEY, Testimonia, pp. 161 162; Agora Guide, pp. 70-74.
Topogmphie, p. 350; 1\1. REI IIOLD, MarCliS .\gripp.I, . 'ew York 1933, pp. J06-110; T. L. :HFAR. Ihp'ria 4, 1935, p. 362; 5,1936, pp. 6-14; 6,193"" p. 352; \)l)RPI'ELD, .\It-.\then II, pp. 254-257, _~O_ -2; \\. B. \)1, s~rO(ll~, Hesperia 9, 1940, pp . ]l'DEICII,
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THE ODEIO OF HERODl'S ~\TT1n:S \I'as the third odcion to he built in Athens. The first one was the Odeion of P rikl s and although it stood to the end of antiquity, it had limited space and in time became obsolete. Bv 150 A.D. the second odcion, the Odeion of l\grippa, had ceased to serve its original purpose. Consequcntly the lack of a large, up-to-date concert hall had bccome noticeable at the time whcn 1 !erodes Atticus, the wealthy b n t:lctor of .\thens, undertook to have yet a third odeion built. Th date of construction of the last odcion is known within a narrow margin, for both Philostratos (Vitae Jophi.rfarlllll II, 1, 5. 8) and Pausanias (VII, 20, 6) ,,-rite that I-Ierodes built the Odeion in memory of his wife R gilla ,\"ho died circa 160 l\.D. Thus construction must have begun after that date and have been complcted no; later than 174>\.D. \,'hen Pausanias mentions the building for the first time. The Odeion had the scheme of a semicircular theatre with a radius of 38 metres and it could comfortably scat around fi,"e thousand spectators, fig. 492. The fa<;:ade, 28 metres high, was so massive, having a thickness of 2.40 m., that it \I"as not built of solid masonry but had inner and outer faces of poros blocks with rubble and mortar filling the space between. The walls were veneered with great marble slabs and the stage wall had rich architectural embellishment. The semicircular orchestra ",ith a radius of 9.50 m. was paved with marble slabs, and the theatre seats \\"ere of ,\,hite marble. On either side of the stage grand stairwa,"s led to the uppermost diazoma of the theatre , fia. 500. The entrances to the stairways and the long narrow vestibule behind the stage b had mosaic floors, figs. 497-499. A roof is an essential feature of an odeion and it was the roof of cedar wood which made this building so especiallr magnificent. Pausanias, Philostratos, and Suidas (' I1gW01];) all make special mention of the roof. E"en though the difficulties of roofing such an immense span baffle us, it is nevertheless certain that there was a roof, because in the course of exca"ations a \'ery thick layer of ash was found covering the whole orchestra and the seats \\"hich were badh' calcified, doubtless as a result of the conflagration of the ,\"ooden roof. K. Pittakis, who superdsed the exca\"ations, wrote that fragments of carbonized wood and a quantitr of roof tiles had been found in the ash larer. The burning of the Odeion should be attributed to the Herulians ,\'ho destrO\"ed most , of the monuments of the cin' , in 267 A.D. The Greek Archaeological Society began clearing the Odeion in 1848 and finished in 1858. \Tarious foundations were found in front of the Odeion during 1. Miliadis' excaYations in 1955-1959. These foundation are contemporary with the Odeion, but at this point the original plan seems to have been modit1ed and the foundations abandoned at an early stage. Tow that much of the Odeion has been reconstructed it is used again for concerts and also for ancient plars and other performances.
K. IlJTTAKIIl:,
lIE']! fhflr'lov 'lJ(jfIJr)01l TaU 'ATTl~OV,
1858, pp. 1707-1714; R. SCllrLLIlACIJ, Uber das Odeion des Ilerodes Attikos, lena 1858; S. [VANOPF, 11 teatro d' Atene detlo di Erode Attico, Annali dell'!nstituto 30, 1858, pp. 213 221; W. 'fUCKERMANN, Das Odeum des IIerode, Atticus unci der
'!>'ffJ1'J/l
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Regilla in Athen, Bonn 1868;
'1-''/1)1.
1912, pp. 163 173; GHAI 'DOH, 1ICrod' .\ttiCll~, PI, 92 93, 218-225; ]110101('11, Topogr:1( hie. I p, .'2tl 328; /loU/w)lo 3, 1947/48, pp. (l(' ( { / ' ; \ , ()I' \ ,'\ \(\~. JJ(jfDtT. IJ(jUXT.
19.2, pp. 651 6 3; 19.3, p. -'09; I. \111 1959, pp. 5 7.
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Om 10 III PLRH.II': The Ilr,t roofed building in Athens for concerts and musical contests was the Odeion of PCrI].,.l " \\ hich ancient authors pia e east of and near to the Theatre of Dionysos. Investigations carried out ,\I th,lt 'pot fift) \ '
W. OORPIELD, Die verschiedenen Odeien in Alhen , A~1 17, 1892, pp. 252-260; II. KAl;TI'HlTllE, flu wa:. 1914-1929; id., '}l'f'II'. 1914, pp. 141, 143 166·, 1915 , pp.145 155; id., h}.T. 5, 1919, llQQuQ1 pp. 1-14; id., '/i'f'II'· 1922, pp. 25 38; JUDEICII, Topographic, pp. 306-308; A. (JP.\A~~Ol;, lIuQ>er. 1931, pp. 25 36; 1932, pp. 27 -28; J. T. ALLEN, On the Odeum of Pericles
and the Periclean Reconstruction of th Th at r, UniYCrsity of California, I 'o. 7, 1941, pp. 1'"'3- 1--; O. BRONI,LR, The Tent of Ser es and th Gr k Theater, University of California, I '0. 12, 19«, pp.305 311; id., .\J.\ 56 1952, p. 1-2; J.. 1SON, JH 78, 1958, pp. 3 6.
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For the whole lon~ period of time from the prehistoric era down to the beginning of the 5th century B.C nothin~ is known ahout th l\thenian private house, for unfortunately the remains which have come to li~ht ar J1( ~ onh minimal hut abo in a poor state of preservation due to the various destructions they went through. Th gr .l\ st damage \", as inflicted hy the Persians in 480/479 B.C. and nearly as much hy the I Icrulians in _6~ .\.1). For th· perIod between these twO invasions it is possible to reconstruct the form of private houses, . in J. gr 'at deal of e\ idence has sun i\"ed: walls, Aoors, wells, cisterns, streets, water channels, and drains, which also contribute details to our knowledge of the entire town-plan of Athens. \\" no\\' know, in fact, not onk the boundaries of the cit}', defined by the line of the wall built immediately after the Persian \\ ars (p. 151'), hut also the amount of space taken up by public property, shrines and pri\'ate hou es which extended a. far as the cit) wall in Hellenistic times. The street of Athens 'were usually narrow and crooked; in general, the section of the city containing the private houses was poor and the houses mean, presenting a striking contrast to the magnificence of the temples and other public buildings. The dens it,· of the houses \\'as not the same in all quarters. The most thickly settled district was Koile, south • of the Pmx, which howe\'er ceased to be inhabited when the dioleichislllo was built at the end of the 4th century • B.C (p. 159). In addition to the houses of Koile and tho,e to the south of the Areopagus, excavated b) German archaeologist, numerous remain. of houses have been found in a great many parts of the city. But the most important excavations, in \\,hich a whole residential quarter of the ancient city ha been revealed, are those carried out by the American chool of Clas ical tudies to the north and ,,'est of the Areopagus. The plan of the classical and Hellenistic house ,,'as -imple. The different rooms were di posed around a rectangular court, usually without a peristyle; the number and arrangement of the rooms varies according to the size and shape of the property, fig. 505. Only the lower part of the walls was of stone; the upper part \\'a of sun-dried brick and the walls had a stucco coating. The floors were of clay except for that of the alldrOIl (mens' dining-room) which was pand ,,-ith sea-shore pebbles or ,,'ith mosaics, figs. 512-515. :\lany of the house apparently had a second storey; the roof was a1'.,'a) s of "'ood ,,'ith terracotta tiling.•\ characreri tic feature of Athenian hou es ,,'as a roofed-oyer section of the court, generally open to the south, fig. 505. We identify this area with the pastas mentioned by ancient authors. This roofed part of the courtyard played a great role in rhe daily life of the family, as shown by the fact that it continued to be u ed throughout antiquity and even up until our o,,'n times, fig. 511. HOll, E':
•
After the destruction of the city by ulla and throughout Roman time" printe houses were rebuilt on a larger scale, with a more sumptuous appearance and finer construction and, in general, ,,'ith amenities superior to those of the houses of classical and Hellenistic times, fig. 520.
C 'RTll'S, Stadtgeschichte, pp. XCIV-XCVI (Testimonia); D. ;\'f. ROBINSO , Olynthus XII, Baltimore 1946, pr. 399 471 (Testimonia); id., RE ,uppl. VB, s. v. Haus; Tp\r\n~, Ifo},u){\o/UY.I/; R. E. \X!YCIlERLEY, Houses in Ancient Athens, Journal RIB 1961, pp. 1 2; id., How the (Ireeks Built Cities, London 1962 2 ; B. C. RIOI;R, Ancient G'.~ek Houses, Chicago J 964 2 ; J. W. (IRAIlAM, Origins and Interrelations or the Greek House and the Roman I louse:, Phoenix 20, 1966, pp. 3 31.
PRI~1
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l\bitazioni prcistoriche sulle P ndici n1l'riclionali dell' \cropoli, \nnuario lJ 1+, 1930 J I, PI . 411 49R; D. l3I'RR, \ (~eot11'tric lIous' ;lnd ,I PWII) \ttic Voti,c Deposit, lkspcria _, 19.'.'. PI . "+_ :(,0: O. lho EFR, llcsperi,1 _, 19.:n, pp. 3- _ 3. (,: 4. 1<).'.-, pp. 109 113; I'. (l\T\~, I"J.T. 17, 1lJ<,1 (1_, pp.~.') ~(,: 11.1\\\\II'\~, I,J,T.IR,Il)(Il, \UPI·.I'. J(,:(II.~l'\11'\1 110)'\ \O~, I,,?T. 19, I (j(d, \"PI·. p .•l'l. LEVI,
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1955, pp. 45-52; 1957, p. 24; r. ~O\T\1., 1Fh. 16, 1960, X'!ov. p. 15; cD. LTA.TPOnOL\.\O~, JEi.T. 19, 1964, X,!OI'. p. 49; O..\.'\EAX.lPH, 1Ei.T. 23, 1968, -'-''10''. pp. 63-65; 24, 1969, X,!Ol'. pp. 31-3'.
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E. (l'RTIC, - J. A. K:\CPERT, Ada ,'on Athen, Berlin I - , pp. 1'-19; \". DORPFELD, .\ntDenk. II, 18991901, p. 2; H. A. THO\fPSO:\, - R. L. CR.\NTON, Hesperia 12, 1943, p. 333; Tp.\1',\o~, 1I0;.UJr)Olw~,j, pp. 69, O.
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ffi.T. 21,1966, X'!ov. pp. 72-73; O.
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TH~
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E. K 1.TIJPXH};, ';jOT" I'WO)' 9, 1880, pp. 321 323; L. Ko nl" 'IJT~H_, J1,!fl'IT. 1881/2, pp. 79; r. GrE'IfMm:, 1FI.T. 16, 1960, X,!,,~, pp. 29- 32; O. A\I'~"\.ll'lf, A,i.T. 22, 1967, X'!ov. pp. 39-43,98-100,108-112; 24, 1969, X'!ov. pp. 50-53.
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or
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[I'!wn. 1874/5, pp. 18-19;
T. J ~H~ \R, He peria 8, 19.'9, pp. 215 216; II. \. THo\IP,O"l, Hesperia 17, JlJ-l8, pp. 159 163; R. ~. YOUNG, .\n Tndu~trial Di,triet of \nci nt .\th os, Hesperia 20, 1951, pp. I' 5 28'; H. \. THO\fP,O " Hesperia 26, 1957, pp. 99 101: T, 195" pp. 146-148; 28,1959, pp. 98-105; '5,1966, pp. 5153; T, 1968, p. 69; T. L. HE\R, JR, H ,p ria 3 , 1969, pp. 3 3-394. IN!
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IPI~\() : I ca\aJions haH hnnl.lfrild oul ill the I( 1111 Il' ill IHH~ JHH(, hy 10', Penrose, in 1922 by (,. \Xelter; nd In Ih r a round Ih Il'lllple lrolll IHH() all110Q conlilluousl) ulltil JlJ07 hy Ihe (,rtek Arch:lto!ogic:tl
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nd lor Ihl 1.1 I dll.ldl hI lI1l' IHlSl'lll \\1 illL Th I mr lt ot (>11 Ill] i.ln Zl\l is 01 ill II III last \ll'st alll! is silllall'd Oil a low lidgt 1()() rnetrts lOllS! with agrultc I "jdth ot 70 m Ir • l t IHhll' dia '("will frol11 the nOllhl'asl l'Ofl1l' I 01 Illl tCrTJt'/lOS wall Ic, the (Julhwl I l(lrn r, R I nl l.l\.lIion haH Il\l,dltl that south of thl' outhwl'l ('(Hlllr th· ridj!e l<.:rrnillalc III arc, 'k\ pur \\ llh ( II' id . '1'0 (Ill 1.1 t lhl rid'l lopes gnt" dowlI to th" Jlissos; 10 Iht Wl~l there wa I,rigillall) I
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.1 \.lIn I 'I\lllilthl rid/-:l' alld the \uop'lhs. fll;, 217, Pr hI I lrtr rOlllrl hoi hecn foulld l\ rI\\ilue around ahout th ()I),l1lpicioll prl 'in 'I as well as helcJw Ihl t Ill] Ie ,1t.lI poinl \lherl' hu)roll \\.IS reachl'd, prtnidillg l\ld lICl' fc,r a 'cJl1Slderabl pr<.:his[oric selllcmull 1Il Ihl rjd~ .10 ihh thl Joc.d point fOI Ihe denIoI'll nt oj a lUI lar" pia 'I. of Winship in the distri·t IJuth "fthl \('fopoli. \t lhl.' soull1\\"( t CClllllr Clf Ihl hill Ihe I) IphilliClll was eSla"lish(;(1 011 t"<.: site J\igell ' hOll e; and In gemral thl.' diqrict was all lSI' ci:d'" good placl lor ;1 sllllc-mllll, for il was ntar 0 lhe J 'allirrh(Jl'
or
prin' (p, 2(4). \ccording to Thu Idilks (II, 1S) tIll hrim 01 ()"lllpiall 1,l:US was age old; Pausallias (1,18,8) allributl: th<.: huilding 01 lhl' flrsl lcmple 10 Dlld .dlOII. I.\cal atioll IIlSidl the Plisistralid lemple has, in fatl, hrought th remains of an carlin ll'mplc to lighl; lhl \Iidlh has hltn 111 aSlirul al 'O.'i(J 11. and th<.: length is 'slimat<.:d at ,'ppm'imatel) twi c the width. Thl' foulldatiolls, ?'iO 111, wiele, are built of \uo]1olis limestone and apptar tl, hU\"l: beln deslgnl·d for th eolO!lnadl: of a largl I'nil'tcral tllllple, Thc ltmplt built bv PeisistralOs \\ as all110st t I it I a lon' alld had not (m] , the same: dil11tllsi(ms hut also the ame p],n as its Iltllcnistic Roman successor. BOlh \\lrl douhle puiplual, hut the archaic t<.ll1ple \la pows in lhe J oric order. The foundatiolls for thl' co\onlladl, 4.70 1I1. widl. I"(rl: 0 \uopolis alld J .Ira limcstolle in cour <.:u pohgonal masonr) \I Ith supcrhh fme jOlllting. 'J he deplh of th<.: foundalJons cILplnd Oil the contour of thl: hill, lhlre btlng Inll Olle fOUlldalJoll cour c nClClul on 111l' la t sidl: wh<.'rtas lher<.· arc twell e IOUJlc!.1 tion courst:s hdo\\' the <':ulhynt ria al th' outh\\ est corllU. '1 he IUlhynluia and he It:ps \'ue of a hard com paC! poros held together with doubk T 'lamp. The poro l'O\UI11I1S of the cluter colonnadl.' had <.OlltllHlllU !I,undalion \I hen;as <.:ach of thl: columns 01 lhe inlier colollnadl had ils 0\\ 11 ounda 1111, a pier of Jar 'I.' 10rCl block. Ian) column drums ha\"e btlll lound r u ((I a building Illall rial cithn in th' jCHlllCl.llion of Ihl Ilclkni tic tc pic or in othl:r structurcs Iltar the ()I\ Illpilioll proplloll (I'. 1(,0). 'rhe 10 \ I dlallll tl of Ih cc,Iumn \ a 2.42 m. and the IKight is tst imattd at 10 Ill. Th· hJling thrr,wn intlJ he Plisistratid t1l11Plc: \\'hilc: it was IIJH!cr tOllstrmlJolI 'olltaillul hud datcd to urea 530 H.C. and it s<.: 'ms Ihal \Xllt'r \;IS Ilghl ill dalillg Ihl lllllpi 10 nrca Sl5 B,C .Illd .iltrlbulllI' It to d ( \ounger PtlsiSlratos, ill agrU'mUll wilh tlte Il'slinlOIl) 01 \ri 1011t (fJ o/ \',11,4). \'ilruliu (\'11,1:;) h.1 rcccJrdul fIJI us the lIames of th ·Iour allhilt:lls \dlO \n,,1 ((Ioul Ihl plans and sllpl'lTjsed Ihl worl : \11 i t,t , (;tllat chro , \ntimachldts, alld POlinos. \'(ith the rail IJf th<. lyranl1)' work ()Jl thl' IUllpl' was diseolltillLlcd; Ihl' altlllll(lllll, 1l1,lill" eolulllll dllllll, ",a I cd as buildillg IlJlltcrial ill thc 'l'hll11istokkan it'llil \I·,tli. III IHHC, a 'olllld,lIioll buill of lCllllmn dlUI11 [rrHll he I'eisi lratid tt:rnl'lc- was fOlllld IHar Ih' pr111 \llIh ,I l.llldlld lnt ra 1:11 pal ing III I 11111 fa I Ic, till" I'l·i I ' " .11111 Illllpil II hidl bad t ClI III I I 11111 I.\( tl11 .111 Il1dl\ II I II a 110 Jatt r wa I )"ri(. \Xh n Illlcl<'1o 1 di( e11!,( c"11 Irlil 11('11 (alII< ,,, a h.dl :lIld JlCI fill II\( I \11111 \1.1 d'''lt "II till I>uddlll' tnl n I
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During dut period writers all agree that the temple was half-finished (Vitru ius VII, 15, 17; DI!,ai.\rcho~, 1 ife 1/1 Greece chapt. 12; Strabo IX, 396). \X e do not know exactly how much of the building had b lfi completed, but the eastern part of the temple had evidently progressed as far as the cornice, for the epistyle blocks, ,till in place on the columns of lhe southeast corner, arc all of the period of Antiochus. Sulla had columns of the 01\ mpi ion brought to Rome in 86 B.C. (Pliny, Aal. 11lsl. XXXVI, 6, 45). In the reign of Augustus th 're \\"a~ a plan to continue construction, apparently never put into effect (Suetonius, De vila Caesarum, II, 60). The compl tion of the t mple i due to the Emperor Hadrian who ordered the neces~ar} work to be put in hand dUrIng hi~ fiLt \'i it to .-\thens in 124/125 A.D. In 131/132 A.D. the work was finished and the emperor himself porformcd the d dication ceremony for the largest temple e\'er built for Zeus, and he also dedicated the cmyseJ phantine statue of the god in the cella. In addition to the temple and the cult statue, the paved court around the temple and the great precinct wall were constructed. The precinct was fu]] of statues of Hadrian, dedicated b\ the various Greek cities, fig. 524. The ollly entrance to the precinct was through the propylon, located near Gate IX of the Themistoklean city ,,'all, fig. 219. This gate had long since gone out of use but the roads still
com'erged at this point. The destruction of the Olympieion began carlyon when the precinct wall was demolished in order to supply stone for the new city wall (1" 161), built in the reign of the Emperor Valerian (253-260 A.D.), while the temple itself sun,i\'ed t\\'o or three centuries longer. An early Christian basilica was built near the propylon probably in the 5th or 6th century. Architectural members, mainly ceiling coffers, of the temple of Olympian Zeus have been found built into its \\'alls. Around the mid-15th century only twenty-one columns were standing; today there are only sixteen, one of which has collapsed.
~TU.\RT-REVETT, III, Chapt. II; A. l'on;OIJOl'.\O~, '0 :tf'!{floi.o~ TOV
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'O}.V/l:r{OII, 'HIT"'l.
1862,
pp. 26 35; L. BEVIER, The (1) mpieion at Athens, PASA 1, 1882/83, pp. 183-212; L. K01'\1 \ro;01'~Il~, fl'!'1%T. 1886, Pl'· 13-17; 1888, Pl'. 1523; F. C. PEK'ROSL, JII ~ 8, 1887, pp. 272 273; Pl,N ROo,L, Athenian II I\ \IIB \.:>1 \~, 11, U'• TIl;' Architecture PI' 74 87·, . , ,. f
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D.\s 01\ mpieion in Athen, .\1\1 47, 1922, pp. 61 71; 4H, 1923, pp. 182 189; Jl DI leB, Topographic, pp. 3'2-3 5; G R \ I I)OR, Hadrien, Pl'. 21 H 225; I. Tp.\ r.\l)':, '.II'(la><wfowi l'UII'I'1ll :wud Til '()}.I'/I:TlclOl" IJ!!
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P. I.L l)JON: In Scptrmlwr 1962 importanl remains were discovered w'st of the ()Iympieion on a property at no. 8 ~Iakri St., 1.90 m. helow the level of ,he sidewalk. Great damage had heen caus·d hy the deep rectangular pits dug for the foundations of the piers of a new huilding. Wilh I' 'rmission from the Creek Ar haco!(Jgical .en·ict, \lC' conductn! a small c' cavalion whi'h produ ed eviden e 10 show that the ruins were part of an unusual stoa whic'h \lC' idc'nlit'y wilh lhe I .awcourL at the Palladion, figs. 532 533. Tht: fOUlld:lliolls of Ill(' sloa, I 1.30 111. Ihick, ar' huilt of large limeslone hl(Jcks roughly worked; only the uppn surfa(('s which supportullhe st) loh:tle and the loi hohate wen: arefully smoothed. The poros stylohate, 0.65 nl. wide, is not aligm'd \\ith Ill(' outer edge of the foundation, bu is set in, Ihe foundation thus forming .1 broad \\ ide ste:p in (ront. The upper surface of th . slylohate shows signs of heavy wear from people walking on 11 and is otht:rwise in had ondilioll; the original surfa·t: is pt:rfe tly prt:S(.:rvt:d only wht:rt: tht: columns once qo ,d. There, lines and cireks in is('(1 with a sharp instrument ddine an interaxial spacing of 1.918 m. and a column diamt:tcr ,,( 0.53 m. There are: cuttings, 0.125/0.00 m. and 0.065 m. dt:t:p, on the stylobatt: ncar the ulumns and simil:1r ont:s of about Ihe same dimt:nsions !)(:side the interior columns of the stoa. The interi r col"nnad' is of parti ular illtt:rt:st. I'.ach column stands on a large separate poros base, placed dir 'ctl) on earlier fillings. 'I'h' top of e:ach base has he:en cut down to form a disk, 0.53 m. in diameter and 23m. high; thes' disks giv ·the pr(lise: position of Iheintcrior columns. The lower part of the bases, invisible below floor levt:l, wert: roughly worh.:d. 'I'hc floor was made of small sea-shore pebbles St:t in a hard stucco. The interior olonnade has four c"lumns wilh an inleraxial spacing of 3.465 m., not rt:lated to the spacing of the outer
olonnade. The interaxial spacing bet welll tht: two central columns of the interior colonnade is
dOllbk, 6.90 m., and there s 'ems nevn to have been a fifth column hut rather a small room in the middle of the SLOa. Only ils foundations of ruhble and clay h
'othing- at, II
ha~
bel:n found of the architl:Clural ml:mbers of the sLOa. Judging from tht: small diameter of the
columns and from the traces on the stylobate, we suppose Ihat it was in the Doric order with unAuted column, prohably of poros. The wholt: elllablaiure was also apparently of poros, although it is not out of the question that some of it was ·xt:cut d in marbl ' because a greal quantity of stont: chips, both poros and white Pentelic marhle, wer' found in the filling, 0.30 m. high, put in to raise the (]oor level of the stoa. The toichobatc, of whi h a sm, II seclion is pres 'rved at the west end of the stoa, is of Kara limestone; probably the orthostates wert: prepart:d in the same quarry.
othing t:rlain an be said about the construction of the upper part of the
walls but they may hav' been ~un-dried bri k, for tht: floor of tht: stoa was overt:d with are Idi. h filling composed of disintegrated brj ks. Tht: walls wert: coated with hard white stucco, as shown by remains of stucco on the toichohate. To complete the dl:scription
0
the stoa we must report that thert: was a small room at the west. From what
remains (If it we on lude lhat it had Iwo olumn~ in antis in front; there should bt: a counterpart at the east end of the stoa. fn 1966, a wall 2 m. thick was found OJ a 101 at no. 10 Makri Sf.. on the same side of the street, built of the ame type of limestone as that found in the foundations of the SLOa. This wall not only makes it likd\ that there was a rnom al th· cast end of the stoa; it also permits th ' hypothesis that there were SLOas on all four sides (If a s(luare or rectangular ourt bl:longing to a large publi building, fig. 435. The pOller) which \\ as (ound sh(lwS that il must have been buill. around tht: 'nd of the 4th or Ih' b 'ginning of th . 3rd entun H.C. and that it was in liSe throughout tI e J It:llenisti and R"lllan I eriods unlil il was destroyed around th· middk of the 3rd cenlury after Christ. In rt:gard 10 lhl: fun ·tion of lht: stoa and o( the whole I uilding, we helie\ e tlut it was used as a lawcourt and thaI thl: room on Ihc wesl was the propylon. It is true thai the typical dicasts' ballots wc:rt: not found hne as in Iht: Agora, but the I' 'culiar plan of the stool with the small inncr room and parti 'ularly the r' ·tangular cUllings by Ihe colulllns for a railing agree with the descriptions of lawcolJrls presc:rv<.:d in Ih· wrilings "ran'ienl authors who stress lhe railing (drJ'p!J,,!..I0J). a kind offence. We identify the bllilding wilh Ihe I.awu HI I I al the Palladion wh 'IC caM'S of iJl\olunt;\I\ mutdl'l'
\\('1'(;
tried
413
P I\LL \DION
(Pau~anla<,
I, 28, 8; Poilu. \']I[, 118). It is not ~trange to find a public building in thi~ region since the other famous la\\court, thl Ddrhinion, is not far away. The earlier topographers sought for the site of the Palladion
at thi<' "pot, fig. 379. \\ e hope that thl prohllm \\ III soon be <'ettled, became all thl pr()plrtic~ in the neighbourhood arc about to be rcbuilt, 0 that there i.. hope of finding the tunples of \thtna and of Zeus at the Palladian which arc known from \\ ritten ~()urces and, e\ en more lmportant, to dttnmlllc the plan of the whole building which would h.1\ e heen mo t ultahlc tor gatherings of philosophers and for a philo<,ophical ~chool, atte ted [or the Palladion (P]utarch, De I_>.tho 14; Cal. 1ft rml. col. .' ,\:1\. XX\). In \ ie\\ of the lmportance of the remains, the Greek \rcha 010 'Ical en'icc has kept a section of the loa open to \ Je\\ in the basement of the apartment house rccted
0\
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p\'-.: \\ h n P.m,.llli.I' (l, 28, -1-) \\.1' OJl hi, \\<1) down from the .\cropuli, and heading toward thc luwcr citJ, Lilr cth b ·In\\ the PIOPI \aia he 'pc.lI.. , of the kkp,)dra ,pring and the caves of Apollo and Pan near ir. The I 'l"\lkl (I. _,__,) ,l11d the ,hrine at .\10110 (p. 91) have both b en dcfinitdj identified; pascage in Luripide (l n 93L') .In I \ri,wph<1n ,(1 ).f/J/ra/a 911) impl) that the cave of Pan mu t be cia e to both. In IS()6 IS()~ I .h.1\ '\ .ldia, dug out the arth filling about 2 m. deep in front of the caves and fuund a formerl) 11nkno\\ n Cl\ ,D D J , whieh he identified as the ca\~e of Pall, fig. 116. III regard to the area D z "here the ruin .lnd th HOl)r nf thc littl chapel of t.,\thana ios till remain, Kavvadias merely reports that D z originallj wa .1 p.ut of th' ave D j and that the roof of the cave fell in at a very ady date. Thus I1l .lddnion to the previou,l) kno\\~n ca\~es A, B, and C, the cave D, D j , and D z became known. The . . h.lllo\\ CI\C \ may ne\ er have been us d for a cult. The steps cur into its floor erved, according to our inr rpr tation, as b nches forming a kind of exedra, a vantage point from which a select number of Acropolis dignitarie or other \\'orthies could ha\~e followed the course of the Panathenaic procession. Cave B, with nich s all 0 \ r th ,\'aUs, has been saf Ij identified "'ith the shrine of Apollo Hypoakraios, and cave C has been quated with the shrine of Olympian Zeus. The cav D, D j discovered bj Kavvadias in the Acropolis cliffs does, in fact, seem to have been wholly sacred to Pan. The main part of the shrine, ho\"e\'er, was the area D z, figs. 116 and 536; the formation of the cliff face here shows that D z had ne\'er really been a cave the roof of which had collapsed, as Ka\~vadias conjecrured. It is simply a rougWy rectangular area facing north, with its floor on the ~ame level with the neighbouring cave and with the area just to the north ",here the stairwa) !Lading up to the Acrcpolis ha its tart. Rock cuttings for votive otferings are to b