Paul and Isaiah's servants: Paul's theological reading of Isaiah 40-66 in 2 Corinthians 5:14-6:10

anr

mtriliot of sel(-.aggr.-ncliumcnt coupled '4itb the compelling osture of h.i'l living fl)f tbc-otte wbo died and was raised. Quite possibly. Paul did h1we the ouanoed eiTect of both meanings .tl ~. Rei"'~ lbe ~,;,~ •oV Xpw.W tbe subjective genitive is the:- best reacting, i.e. Christ's lo\>e. (Martio. 2 Corimlrlimt. p. 123). I12. Tbe nllaoced debate be(Ween JanowUi and Hofius on ioclusi'fc: and exclus;ive SudiYI!flrt:tiJitg comes ro miod (see n. 1tl). 113. See James O.G. Dunn, 'Paul's Undetsta."lding of the Death of Jesus', in Re«Htcilkttlolf 011d Hope (ed. R.l(_ Banb; E.utt.r: Pattmostcr P~S;, 1974). Duon'$ re~inte is i1.1.ft~oed by hit~ auuranct: of 'Adam Cbristology' oom.ing into play fot Paul io 'the one died for aJJ. therefore all died' (Dunn. T1te 1'hMiogy of Pwlthe tfposrlt. p. 210). Joht'l R. Levison has argued against Dunn's rr3ding of Adllm lbeology in 1bc: Sc\:ond Temple ~riod. tl:louf,b tevison de>« no' uecessarily disagree with Dunn's coodusions (Levison. P(N'trafrs of .fdam ill Etu~•· J•.dairm:, pp. 2~21). 174. See. for e.xample, Leroy Andrew Huit.eoaa. 'Tbe lncaraadoo of the Servant; lbe ''Suffering Servo!" and Miltthean Cbristo1ogy·, HB1' 21 (200S), pp. 2S--S8 (32).

T/w Semmt of Yahweh and 1 Corinthians 5.14·21

95

provided by our sources is too restricted. At aU events, a suffering Messiah did not belong to the widespread popular Messianic hope in the time of Jesus and a crucified Messiah was a real blasphemy'. 175 With that said, to lean too heavily on a trddition·historical reading of Paul and Isaiah 53 would not take into account the new sit uation of Paul's particular OT reading. Paul reminds the reader 'now is the day of salvation·. The event of God's redemption of his people and humanity is an actualized event in the person and work o f Jesus Christ. For Paul, an innovative reading of the redemptive drama of Isaiah 40-55 as fu!Jilled in Christ is a reading that takes into account God's eschatological work in the person and work of Christ. Hengel concludes: 'On the other band, we must ask whether too much weight is not being attached lO the tradition-historical argument. since we reckon with creative innovations in the earliest Christian community, wlllcb was utterly influenced by an enthusiastic and escha tological experi· ence of the S.Ririt. These revolutionary innovations already began. after all. with Jesus'. 1 6 Hengel's sensibilities in these comments are-reflected in the present work as weU. Also, Otto Bet>:'s reading of 2 Cor. 5.16 comes into play. For Betz., this particular verse canoot be understood apart from Isaiah 53. To regard Christ according to the flesh would entail not taking into account Chrisf's suffering as guiltless and on the behalf of others. ' Rather ''he died for all'' (2 Cor. 5.15), for our sake God "made lllm to be sin who knew no sin" [soc Jsa. 53.9b) so that in rum "we might become the righteousness of God" (2 Cor. 5.21)'.\n Bet>: expresses the change in mind that takes place in Jsa. 53.10' of those who now recogni1.e in retrospect the significance of the work of the one wbo suffered and died in innocence. Tills ·new epistemology' is the epistemology of the new age by which God ha< manifested !tis programme of redemption as laid out in Isaiah 40-S5, an innocent sufferer taking the place of those God seeks to redeem. 1111 Th.is knowledge becomes a pparent L75. Martiu Hmgcl, TN A.torttmt'llt (London: SCM Press, !981), p. S7. A more n.'(;tot artkk by HeoJCI ou this aubjc.;t 1$ a bi1 mote ouan<::td ~ Hc:~l aod Bailey 'The EJTecti\'~. History or Isaiah S3 in the Pro-<."'hristiao Period'. Hengel now recognizes the motif of the. vicurioUa11t0Wog deatb o r baiab Sl in Oaoiell l- J2.. the LXX oflsaiab $3, and petbaps in Aramaic Apocryplaon of l..eYi (4QS41). Hengel conclude~: 'Nevertheless. r btlie\'e we. are oot totirely without around (l)f Ibe h)-pothesis tbal aJread)' io the pte·Christiao period. tfl\ditioos about suffering and atoning esc:baloklgk.al messianic ilgures wert a''ailable to Pal<:ltinian Judati:rn (as Vi-ell as io the Dia.sflora: the t'\it.'O cs.nnot be strictly separated). attd that Jesus and the Early Church cw/J ba~;e known and appealed to them' (Hengel. "Tb~ lllfC~;th·e History of Isaiah $3', p. 146). Ekblad'$ study or the-LXX would UJ.t
1990i pp. 114-28. 178. 'T'bougb J.L. Martyn dors DOt USc J1111-iah 53 in bi3 azs.Wl)('nt, the eancuxtion of bi.s thought with the prcocding 5Clltimeut is impornw.t. Manyn ri@htly readllbe ~m o&.p.;a or

96

Par~/

and

l.vaiah':~

Senanu

only after the fact and has significant impetus for those who find lhemseh·cs with this new epistemology. Though this particular theme will be explored

more fully in the next chapter. the impetus given in this new epistemology is that God furthers his redemptive programme by righteous suffeter$ (2 Cor. 6.3·10). As the servants of the Servant in Isaiah 53-66 continue the work of the Servant in righteous suffering compelled by the work of the Servant who died on their behalf - a post facto realization, a new epis temology - so also

does Paul say that his new epistemology presses him on in his activity as a servant of Christ. Within the debates over the exact nature of Christ's work- substitution or representation - one is n."tninded that the starting point. of our particular passage is the work of God through Christ as a work mankind could not have completed left to itself. Martin seeks a mediating position - leaning on the work of Romaniuk - that em~basizes both lbe representative and

substitutive aspcx:ts of Christ's work. 19 Whether or not one finds Martin's posilion tenable, it is of import to recognlze on a grass roots level that Jesus did something fo.r humanity in his death and resurrection that humanity could not do for themselves. Therefore, Christ's death was in their stead. On the ftip side of the same coin, Christ is not merely an intermediary figure standing bctwocn humanity and an offended deity, but is actually taking

man up into himself as humanity•s representative. Thus, all die and are raised in him to serve the one wb.o died on their behalf. An organic connection is noted between tile one who dies for tbe other and the ones for whom the figure dies. It should be added that litis connection is noted in

Isaiah 53 as well. One cannot help but observe the silenoe regarding the actual nature of bow God docs what he does through Christ for man. The questions of 'How could God do...?' are numerous in t11e interpretation of both Isaiah 53 and 2 Cor. 5.14-21. Aletti bas emphasized the paradoxical and silent nature of

Paul's statement in 5.21. This silence emphasizes the mysterious ways of God. This is seen also in the passage of the Servant. The Servftnt's ways a.re a part of the mysterious ways of God's dealing with his people's sin and rebellion. In 5.21 Christ is observed taking something from humanity and for humanity that humanlcind could not do on its own, and in 5. 14-1 5 Christ's death is our death and resurrection. Thus to place the category of

the atonement in distinct categories of substitution versus representation $.16 3dotetbially. Thus 0\l.t kcow1edat bas been tr.a.osfonned lo tbt midst or this new eschatological age. For Manyo "the- new way or knowing is DOt in $0mt: ethereal sense a spirituaJ way of k.nowing. It is not ~ffected to a rnyst.ic.'\1 uaaoe. a.s the· pseudo·aposOe$ claimed, but rather right in the midst oftberough-and·turnble tife. . . On the contrary, it is lift. in tbe midst O( the new~esti on COtnmUility. io Wbicb 1.0 knOW b)' Ilk poYr""e:r Of lbe Ct()$$ iS preci3
1'lu1 S.mllll of Yahw~h aru/1 Corinthians S.U-11

97

mi- lhe multi-faceted and complex realities conooctod to the atonemmt. For on Chn$1. God bas r«
b. Tltt Ntw Eschatological Age ' If anyone is in Chrin, he is a New Creation!' (2 Cor. 5. 17). As it has been

observed. the lsaianic message of redemption rin.gs quite loudly in this verse. Beale is correct to observe181the connections of 'new c,..-rcation' and 'old and ncw' languBge with lsaiah. Again, one wonders whether or not Paul bad a ~pecifie proof-text in ntind (e.g., lsa. 43. 18· 19 or !sa. 65.17) or wheUoer Paul

wa.s working with larger conceptual categories as having been fuJfi Ued in Christ. The language of 'old thing.s passing' and 'new things ollking place' is scanerod throughout Isaiah ~55 and from a literary pertpcctive centres on Isaiah 49. 111 Retreating back to our study of the larger dra.m atic narrative of Isaiah ~55(66), it is recalled that lbe ·oew thing' of God's rodempti,·e plan centres narrau,.ely oo the work of the Servant. The transition from the Servant .. lscad to the Servant as an individual who takes the role of lscael as ti&htto the nations and restorer of Zion (lsa. 49.6) takes place in Isaiah 49 prasurinc 11$ way to Isaiah 53. This figural pauem observed within the Isaiah's poruayal of the Servant is not lost in Paul's literary movemet~t unden;U!Jiding tbe new creation bere in 2 Cor. 5.17. For the new creation

or

or

110. ku·Nocl Aletta has written an iosi&htful article on 2 Cor. $.lt, 'God made Christ

to be-. Sin', A.lt:Ui empbasi:.a the paradoxical and mysterious m~11a of l Cur. j.21. 'PauJ don noc A)' ~tt'lty and how che foot that Qlrist was idcnti_fled with Sin mn.dc llll sinners bcoomc OOd't n.Jhloow:ne&~: the connection between the booomin&Sin of Chri.siMd our bccomin' ntbtooutnC'lll 0( God is neither unfolded or exp lained' (Aio::tti, 'Ood mlldc Olri.st' , p. 13.)

Aletd emphlllloizc• tbe .-mazing tttkment of S.2J, that ~s. ChriJI bcl:amrc :1 ~i nr1er - Aleui tJepj('S tQdina ~(a u 'ain ofTcring' -and we actuaJI)' bc-¢une r£&)\teou.l • tbc gemth<e -rOO &co& av a aub)'I!C\ive itt'rdti\le for AkuL A Cb.rit:t()(:lb:ruric ~of Ihit rtalhy Is a.u-e:~ by mc. prcposition.aJ phruc (\ol IWw a.t the end (If 5.21. Thut;, 'al) d-a~ we arc and biLve. is tluinolnftOOUycolourcd' (Ak:tti. 'God made Oui.st". p. 14.) Ak:tti oondudc$ w1lb • rbeU)rica.J ftou.rith OD trus parado:s uf Paul; 'H~· QD: dtt oac wbo di1po1~ h1mldf ()( everythiDl enridl otbtu and the one who became a curw be a bleuitl,l? Pa\d doct ROI Jive: .a mpome! Why .so. be not toDed<wtu hi1: paradoAC$? MOSt ndy bcalltebe WUtl &o PfHS lbal Ood•s way, caNIOC be meot.ID)' cfirted and thai Ouist's dealh CUDOt be a~ ueepc t.brou,P the rhdorie of na;gc:ratio~L .. Paul's pua0oMS elpO'.UC ud dacn'be God's ot the p. "~ lbe ~ w!D ..., ....,.., (Aktli. ' Gad made mys&moiiWlh and waysofGoduapoasod in 2 Cor. $.llllld l.aiall Slcomblut wilh cmc uolhct u the set'VUtJ or the Ser\~t nnpha.mr &be mcrtduknas natutt or lbftr ~ "\\\Doh~ btllr'WQJ ow- l:tle$A{91:'r (lsa. .S3..J) aod a5 Paul at~nou.ncu the •oew ~ lh:lt recopbu the CJuiat as bavicg died (or olhcrs u br-ushers iO the DeW ac:batoiopc:.llaae (l Cor $.16). Sc'C abo Ernst KisemanD., 'The Savins Signitlcaoo: oro.c Oc:~t~th of Jesu1 in P~&u)', in Pt'rJPfC'f""s"" PQU/ (Pbiladdpbi~: Fortress.. 197t). pp, J2 '9 (39). Usentlltn\ obtltrveti lbe f.alfc. di.JfuDCtion betwoen JesUS" death ·roc our ldVJ.n~a,e' tod 'in our stead'. 181. &:cabo Wil:k. 'J$a.ltb ln 1 and 2 Corinthians'. pp. 1 4~l0 112. Sec Scill. 'You are my ServAnt'.

a.ru.·.

98

Paul and Isaiah 's S#r.antS

centres oo lhc reeoociling work of lhc one lhrougb whom Ood has beea workins. namely, Jesus Cbri.s1. The nations have b«n broupll in because of the new thing or God's work in the Sei'Vllllt Jesus. Ill Therefore. the new creation i.s an esc:hatologicaJ event tbat oentt'H on the new thing activated in the Servant whk:h is ultimately his dealh fo r others. Martin suggests tbatlbe emphasis of2 Cor. 5.17 is not neces&arily oo lhe one who eaten {IJllhropologica!Jy centn:d, e.g., 'oew birth' uxts like John 1114 3.3,5,7) but on lbe age heiog entered (escha lologicaUy centered). 'T o cond udc: tv XpunQ Kcu'-"'t K't'io\(; in this context relates. to the nev.· 11 eschatological situation which bas emerged from Christ's advent'. ' Paul's exclamation o f 'new creation' in S. l7 is another way of saying: 'Behold, now is the acceptable time of God's favor. behold, now is the day of Sological or anlhropoloJical in laJ. Walt's rcaut .rude oo J.saiaD in I UJd 2 Coriat!Uatts ts quuc: tood OD &he ta:hnP liCk ollhiop ('IAiah Ul I aaol2 O>rinlhia!os"). R""'CDioioe is tP""' 10 tbe . , - wbene Paul it: dearly qvocina or aiiud:ina to J.sai.sh. Wilt"s !Udi.na o( Pnl and l:WU .sWTm., ln my cstunaboa. bcalile at doa not lake iotoaccowt tsaia.b's owa btcn.rymo~ot and TOIIIXU tomethina thai erupt have consttaioed PauJ's ru< that Cltrist) It•. Mil ._;.tty - • Mil mtl-/iJ!tw _.., trHriM f• Gt>t/'1 tlory.' G_JL IY.IW'Iffritllf IArD~f:AI dw Spirit, ~J &e.lc. "'''bt ElchacokJtx;ll Contc:pOoo of New Tcsa:mrnt Tbtolop'. i.11 "nt R.ftttJIT MN.Jt Uitll.>rltW ' t..dtatMofy t.t BibW trtu/ 'Thttolofy (Cid. K.,E. Bro•·n aod M.W. Elbott: Lcioc:attr: IVP, l997). pp. 11-$2, See abo Mdl, Nnw Stlt/Jp/WIIJ', Hubbard. N,., Onulort. Richard •lays bat pros ra.mmaticall)' uxd •l!lni creation'., a hcnneftelllkal'rocal ima~' m 1'7rf' AIoro/ Vi,r(,,. of tlw Ntw Tdtilmttltt: A Con t"m J"((f'Ut'Y J~t~nxlw:tlon tq Nrw T,stiNf~<~tt t:JJIIc.f (S•n Fr~&nciSQ.1: HacperCotlin$. 1996); ace alao his &llcwt ofScrlpl""· p, U9: see alao Dcrah•N AodcttQo, From Creo1ion ro New Crt'CIIfon (M inn~11.poU1~ Fortru~ Pre51., 199
t-

Tht Strvant of Yah,.-.h and 2 Corinthians J./4-21

99

116 Is the new creation a new cosmological order or is it the new focus. situation of the individual? Difficulty arises, bowe\-.r, in the categoriC$ "ith which Hubbard works. For surely if oD< downplays the soteriological u pccu of 5.17-21 - e.g. reading~ in S. l 8 as shorthand for the cosmic order per 1< iMtead of the world of humanity - the thrust of the redemptive eon text would be loot."' Hubbanl bas j ustifiably challenged the tradition· historical readin& or 'now creation'. yet it seems as if he has not liven proper weight to the eschatological significanoe of'new creation·. Paul explains the ·new creation' in terms of the old having passed and tho new having come. For Hubbard, based on his reading of Isaiah, thii is soteriological in nature."' With affirmation Hubbard's soteriological concerns are received, thouah not at the expense of emphasizing that for Paul the turn of the ages has taken place. 1.. lbe long awaited time of God's intervention on behalf of man - thlll cschatologicalfsoteriological event - has taken plaoe in Cbrist. 1110 Placing a strong dichotomy between apocalyptie/es<:hatological categories 191 For Paul. these two and the redemption of humanity should be a voided. aspccu are conjoined. Paul's use of the redemptive drama of Isaiah and its vision of a new ordering of affairs in which God acu on behalf of his people in the 6guR of a suffering one is playing a dominant role. This new act of God in ChriS! is the long awaited day of salvation.••• Ridderbos is j udiciously accurate on tbi3 score: 'When be speaks here of "new omation". this is not meant 111Cfely in an individual.._ (a "new crcatur<"). but one is to think of the new world of re-creation that God has made to dav.-o in Christ, and in which everyone who is in Christ is included'."' The overlap of Paul's affirmations and Isaiah's vision are imponant to hold toðer in the readins of the new creation. Col\ioined with the eschatolosical/ soteriological aspect of God·s work in Christ is the initiatory step of God

toward the world or humanity in reconciliation.

See tlpcdWJy his interaction with Furnish. Hubbard. Nt.,.. Crtorlnn, pp, 180-81. Pun:dsh, II Qnlttthiiii'IS. p. 181 . Hubbard. N.,. CmuW., p. 182. S.. O.vid Wmlwn, Palll: Foil...., of Jmu "' F - of Clomt;.,;tr (Onnd Rapd~ F . . - t99SJ. 1'1'· Sl-S4. t90. S.. B.W. i.Qo..-:t,...,dioeaaioaof •,... auillc: Abiqdoo Pmo, l'ouio< to pia>: ....noJov U I ml>cal_,- 1111d
ot-

PP· '~"~ 192. Sec K:t~yJ, Edr«1 t>/ Suiptwre, p. 159. 193. RJdderbo&. Poul. p . 4S.

"'*"'

100

Paul and lsaiah'J Suvant.t

c. TM DMM Initiative in the Act of Recondliation and the Surant/ Chrisr as A.g~nt It is ,_lied that within the larg« nanative of Isaiah 40-SS the action or God on behalf of his people is bid bare as the action of lhe Servant. It is also teeolled in lsa. S2.10 that lhc Lord's announcing of his coming salvation will be for and in the sight of all nations. This coming salvation will take place in the 'laying bare of his holy amt'. Contextually in S2.13-IS, nil the nations do see the 'arm of the Lord' laid bore before them in the pellion and work of the Suffering Scrvnnt. Thus, the actiOn$ of Yahweh are intricately connected to the actions of the Servant. God's action on behalf of his people and the world takes place on the basis of God's gracious and free

iniiJative tOward his people - the comfort of Yahweh in Isaiah 40 is not based on the cry of the people but on God's own determined and gracious initiativt. This divine initiath·e, howe,·er. does not take the form expected triumph and the ~Ice - but takes the form of a sufTering one who embodies the vocation of a people stcepod in tbcir rebellion. It was a po$1 facto e>'Cilt that allowed tho !lti'Vant foUOW
or

194. A diff~h Ktm~ntac JSSue b fou.nd In 5.19. Porter (KR~. p. Ill) 1tatfS: 'Perb~tpc the tnOJl complex isauc in th~ t1uire pa.ua.a,e, hOt.oo't\Vtr, it the &~ammatiC'.tl constniCtion or the mslin clause of v. J9: 1\v tv Xpustt;\ ~e&,.wv a~ it.U"tO.' The l'wo

Ol>tlons IUe to t~alce the con11Uuclioa as a pcripbuutie- op\ion I, 'Ood w:u reconcilina to bimklf the world in Cbrist' or option Z. 'God Willi reoondling the world to bimklf lbrougb

Chrbt - or to take "'' as an indepe11deot copulative - 'God "' in Q\risc, rooonci'1ill$ !he •·ortd t() himJt.lr (Ko:ut.U4ocx.a, p. 133). Poru:r quickly debunks the u.cond \'iew, tboup Barrett it one of tm (~;W dolan to bokl this ~iew and more reoently Riob..-d H. Bd~ 'SWifio< and Qu;,lo&Y U. Paul', .ITS S3 tl01)2): 1'1'• 1-27 (9-11 ), (Ocll lolet.... w;tb Porkr't VwbtJI Asp«l iii dv Gr«k qf Ute Nt:~~>1 T~"""""t .-/11! ~/t'f't:ltU 10 TmH (IN/ Jlood ISrudid 1n BibOcAJ Gruk, 1; New Ycd:: Prtet ~ 1989) but doc:t not ie~ocnee .;lb hU mo« dtu.iltld • Oft Ka-ra.l~ 8eD fin6s the~~ cbua.,. •God .... ID CanJt". &o be mor~ pan:ui\-c lbu lbe pc:riphras:bc: tealfin&.) It b silo ofiaDpon co 004e tbe similarity i:o mruia;a bdwece ~.. Xp~.cn:W&odNXounoi ill 5.18. 19. l'hctmphMU il p&acrd oo *means by whicb Ood •ill r'CIQOIJCQe tbe wodd. 1'ltc prriphnstir: readin,a il bc:tt but which opcioa? is ptmW&¥C oa lbaf .eon. 'Golit POf\ef (~. p. I15) opts f~ the Si!IOOOd fUDI:'tiool u lbe srammabQJ.lUb;o;t oftbe c:bme mel. therdorc., u lbe a.amt or tbe ~ ¥(lice paruaple, actina throu&h ot by Cbrist to ctrea roc:onciliation • Ser Aktti, 'God made Christ". p. 6. Geerbardu• VOJ at the beginrung of tk rwtnbtth cmcury W»dcrttood lhe con•tnaaion 10 ,.19 as periphrastic. For Vos, \he ptri:phrutic c<mtll\iCt emp~ the ctnlrallty or Oocft JC$u.IU&ot IICAJOO$ in CluiMu laCI:ion.s initlato:l and rucl«< by God •kmr (VOl, "1'he PllUlille Cool,:ept of Rewoa1itation'. in Rhk>iftpt(-;, lliJtl'lf')l Wid Biblical !JtJ~P'f'aiiOfl,

p. l62).

TM. Stnvmt of Yah~'
101

actions of Christ ue thus inseparably linked. God's 81"cious aod free initiati.., toward the world of mankind takes form io the action of Christ. lotereslin@ly enough, the acti>;ty of Christ in 5. 18-21 takes a more passive fonn as God aas through bim1 " The narrative identity of Christ as he moves toward his passion becomes more of 11 passi\'e identity than an active one. Vestiges of Barth's motif 'the judge wbo was judged' come to mind.'" What is of import. for our pu:poses, is to note the ovorlap of patterns between the Ser>ant of Isaiah 4()..55 and the Ch..Ut of 2 Cor. 5. 14·21. Both tho Servant und the Christ are the agents through which Yahweh works on behalf of the rcdmlption of his people. Coupled with this, the action of the Servant/C hrist and the action of Yahweh a re inseparably linked in an ontic connection. 197 Any •pagan notion• of 'reconciling an angry God' Is absent from this text. It is not God who is reconciled but mankind. Doth in the lsaianic drama and in 2 Cor. 5.14·21 tho picture of n gracious God advancing rodemptively tow&Td a sinful people is strikin@ly revealed.',. It is necessary, therefore, to pursue the actual character of reconciliation in its relationship to the forgivemss of sins.

d. R«<mciliiJrion and the Forgi•Ot<51 of Sins The OO!Kltpl of reconciliation, oo less than the doetrine of reconciliation, has been a debated topic within the roahn of New T~t Studies/ 199 Lexical studies have been <mployed as well in the search to thcology. unravel Paul'• thought associated with this ttrm. ""~-* t9l. P
K~

p. t3t.

196 Barth, Cltwclt l)osmariu /V.I . pp. 22~28. 197, Soc Jtn$01'1. 1"be D1ble and the Tnoi1)"' 198 $cc 8 \lllmatm, Th.• S~tt)hl/ U tUt to the Ct)rbttltiMI. p. 159 nnd 1'/uolol)i oj'rlt~ N~J~~ Tuuuf'l#ttl, vol. I (l..undon: S0.\1 PreiS, 1952), p. 287; Purla, KaTd~~. 141; Alkli, 'Oord madf Cbrisl', p. 6: Pun1illh, II CllrilfJ/Ww , p. llS.

199. One II reminded or K.iscmann's artide '"Some ibou&htJ on &he 1'bcme "Doctrine of

Ruxlnciliation" •• u1 71le Futurt<J/ow &h:,Wws Pa.1t (ed. J.M. RobtrtilOn; New York: H~r &. Row. 1911) pp. 49-64. Kbemano.. (or ''arious coc.lcDologicaJ and Cbnflolo~ reason,, dmief the validity of placln& tbt dcx:trioe of Jalvtti<m t.~nder the l'\lbric of recoadUatian. For an ~abve critique of K.lsmwm. set OUldl, Bib&al 'f7wo"""'u, pp.. 4$44~: lllo R&lpb A St>Jy of P..J's Tlle.r.gy (l..oodoo· M•"".U. MO<pa &l ScoU. Manl•. 191t~ pp. 71-79 a.Jds (Jii6l;aJ 77>d>v. p. 4li6), .. lioe Wllh Banh, bclp(.lly .,...., 'I • 'OUJ4 arpc ioiu..Dy lUt &be tt:mt m:ooc:Uia:uoo caa also f\IDCttOCI u a btoad., iodluiwe lhooaopcal ca&tpY ud il OOt DO'elf eri)y a rival at. sueb 1.0 &be d«uioe ol~· See O..oo. n. 17>. CAwtA Dopooto. tv/ I·J. Itidck
-a;.,r...

•r-21>•.

But wber.w in poP'JW VNae. ·'to I'C(:(H'tci)e V to onesc.lr' menn1 "t4 tCinove Y'• ground fot

102

Paul and lsaiDJr's SemJJIIS

Commcntins on 2 Cor. 5.18-20. Dunn euts to the btan of the matter. 'The imacery iJ obvious. h presu~ a state of estrancemeot or boolility bel'l\~n God and humankind'. 1 Furnish also olfe-point summary of reconciliation in 5.18-21. (I) Gnd was reconciling th< world to hinmlf. (2) Christ was th< agent of reconciliation. (3) Recooc:iliation means not charain& tresp..,.rs with their trespasses.202 Contextually, our understandins of nx:onciliation must be intricately tied to Paul's own clarifyins phrase.~~ M>yi(6!J
rcc:oncilladon II aehae\tod' (Marihau. 'Tbe Meaning or "'Recaancilialion" '' p. 130). Poner has upandod MMrtball's wor\la ~. pp. 15-16. 132-44. BrcytcDblda'• (Vu.JOMung. p. 6S) tbeals thll Pa.ul dc\'Ciopt'd his cooccpt of~ from cbc diplocn.tic vocabulary of lbe lltlkaU~~e world aad oot the OT or post·blb&al Judabm., bn been aptly c:hallm:t«< by P, Snahlmachef in 'Cillim Brtyteobadls Sidat \'OD Si1bnc und Vett6bniUlJ', JBT'Jt 6 (1991). of pp. ll9 $4. Simllody. Bvday anplwi= Paul's ooo-HcllaUaie dcftnldoa or God. opcioa for ao OT bocqJOWid 10 t11it partiallal imlo IJid ochtft (Joho M.O. &rdoy. I"" .. rio< M t d l - - ~c F""" Aln·- ro r,_ /JlJ BC£ - Ill CEJ [Edmblqlo: T.tT Clut. 1996). pp. -~ &:daft «Dplwis h that Paul wao 1D diospora )<W Allia all, ... OT boci:...,....S II to ... ptd<md .. ~ hill's CRab"t: UMF of lhu term.. lOt. Ouon, 'T7w1
tloe-'"

Tilt Sawmt of Yahw
103

this ocore Israel and the nations joon in solidarity, and God acts on behalf of Israel and the nations through his Servant to remo•e thos ultimate obstacle. It c::annot be empbasiud enough that this obsiJicle in the canonical Y01CCO of Isaiah is not a physical locale- Babylon- but an internal reality - rebeUious and sinful beans. For as in lsa. 49.6 - God seck$ to brina salvation to the ends of the earth by the work of the Servant - so in 2 Cor. S.l9 - God brings salvation/ reconciliation to the world through the agency of Christ. At the

heart or l$11iah's and Paul's message or reconciliation stands the pertinent and perpetual problem of mankind's sinfulness. The only poS$ibility of it.s removal is through the gracious and free initiative of God on mankind's behalf, e.g. tho forgiveness of sins.205 Qutstion! still remain, however, as to the exact mRnner by which God has acted io Christ. From 5.18-19 it is surmised that God was reconciling the

world unto himself by the agency of Christ - aaain the overlap betwcco God's redemptive action for Israel and the nations by means of the Servant in Isaiah SJ is noted. Also, ~ey to our conaopt of roeoociliation is the problem of sin which bas brought about the fissure between God and man. The oomploxitics surface in our attempt to undentand 2 Cor. 5.21."'" Contextually. Paul is continuing«> deal with the oonccpt of transgressions aod sins (S.19). yet uoaortainty is still present when~ seck$ to undcrslaod Pnul's exact thought in 2 Cor. S.21. Does Paul's referenao to ~luv a sinner. a i•ol110<• mean 'sin offering',207 Cbrist's aetually becomina 10 forensic declaradon209 or some otber c::ompetjng notion"r

'lOS, Seitz iD.!UJblfu.D)' a.oalyze:~ Wright'$ particular account o( blllah io 'Reoondliatioa

and cbc Plain

Sc:n~ W1~$

orSeripturt', unpublLtbed p!\ptr, 2002.

206. The mo•t deht.ilod account of the history of i.ntt-.rprtetulon on 2 Cor. 5.21 t1 fouod in Lyuouoet11od Sabourin. Sjn, /tc(/cmptiQII, and SM.r;jin:, pp. 188 244. It is nrikina 10 no~ how rn1uly or the early Church Fathers read 2 Cor. 5.21 in ll;ht of 1~. '3 - c.a,.. Origcn (p. 194): Cyril or Al.,..ndria (pp. t%-97): Theodore! ofCyruo (J>. 202~ So. Hllloey of Poiliers (p. 204). 11w: most oommon readiog o( 'made 10 be ~n· in the early duarch is 'ai.o-offtrin&. Jj)l, See N.T. Wri&bl, 'Oo 8
l09. Rlclolrr-. POMJ, p. 161. 210. Of coww.. loca&blc IAiah 53 in the bacqrowd or S.ll il aoc • DOVd o~oo... See M"""'- 1 C«INlt»u, p. I SJ: Hom.., ~ f'llmUb 'loou<(fll'l. p.lO): 'James aa4 Ill< Juusalcm Cbuttb', PP• .$2-62: see Heogel. TM Pu-C"Nistlmt PINI. P• 3S. S« abo the comptrbon made bctwten ba. SJ aad 2 Cor. 5.21 ln Lynonnet a.Dd Sabourin, Rftlt-..lflptkltt, Oltd .SOC..yi«. pp. 253-SS. This may be ao instance, u ~u. that proves P.un

!he-..,,

s.n.

t:nowledac or aod

U5e

or • HebrtW Vor/ug(' (soe Sapf\ 'The LXX, IQba. Md lbe MT

Vef'1W'In• of ltai-th 53". pp. 171)..92)

1()4

Pa>J and isaiah's Sen'
Alctti helpfully empbasizcs the paradoxical ruuurc of 2 Cor. 5.21 in his attempt at pointing out the sil= of the actual 'how' and 'why' of 5.21.211 'Paul's paradoxes espoU$e and describe God's m)sterious will and ways' 1 12 ThiJ •• a hetded warning in our ammpt at understanding the totality of Paul's tbouJht in 5.21. Frankly, it is beyond our gr.1$p to llDdcrstand completely what Paul ha.s in mind - 'sin-offering,' etc. Alctti opines tbis is rhetorically pUfJXJSeful. However, in light of the already abundant allusions to Isaiah in thiJ passage (5. 14, 17; 6.2) the theological reader is clued in to Isaiah's redemptive drama. On the theme of paradox. one notes tho same level of paradox iu Isaiah 53 - the totality of the 'how' and 'why' is not answered ns the reader is foroed to stand back at the incredible and $CUodalous nature of God's work in the Servant: ' Who has holioved our message?' (Jsa. 53. 1). To read 2 Cor. 5.21 completely in terms of 'sin·

offering' is to miss the larger allusion to lsaiah's message and 1be unique charocter of God's work in the Servant and in the Christ . Thrall stateS: Whilst Paul does r
or

One may quickly ask; 'Is not this same unique reality as described by Paul in 2 Cor. 5.21 not also present in Isaiah SJr Did not the 'sin offering' oflsaiah 53 also take into account the ·more per$0nal' nature of God's aet of forgi,'tnCSS in the suffering and death of the Servant? Pnul's categories may

have boen more fluid. a.s Isaiah's were. To draw

11

one-to-,onc parallel

between every a.pect of 'sin ofle ring' and the death of Christ would miss the larger conceptual overlap Paul is seeking to affirm. It s hould be noted. however, that thissame fluidity is found in Jsajah's own portrayal of the ci.!1M in l srt. 53. J0. The overlap of categories, and not the direct point·to.point

connection. is what is emphasized - someone 1ook. the place of others lu boUt an exclusive and inclusive manner because of and on nooount of their sin. For a.s in Isaiah 53, where the Servant is seen taking on sin in sinlessn<Ss (lsa. 53.5-10) with tbe result of making many righl«lus (!sa 53.11 ), so 100 dO<$ the ChrUt take on sin in sinlessness resulting in humankind's receiving 214 of God's righteousness (2 Cot. 5.21). TbiJ particulAr I'Nding takes into Itt. Aldti. 'Ood llllldo Christ', p. 13. ! ll. Aktd, •()oct rude Ouisr•~ p. 1). I ll. Thrall, II~. p. 442. l l4. See Wn&)tt, 'On Boooaua.a;'. for 2. diffftftlt ruclina of 'bccomin.1 the niJ'ku~ of Ood' Ood't riahCCOU$DC$1 is 1m ·co~t f.llth(ul:ness'. (For a retldm1 1bat opposes 'riatncousaea o( God' u 'God's oo,·erwn fai tbfu!ntii' 1« Mart A. Scifrid, ' Ri&}IWOI.I$1:~ La:ncuatto 1n the Hebt~ Scdpt\tre5 and Early Judaism'. in Carson. O'Briea and Scifrid {cds), Jll.ttl/iCMfcrl lind Vwltgo~d Nomisnt. pp. 4~24.) In the end, thou.a,h Wri&ht offers hen lnli&hu, hit portrayal docs cot do justice kl the 2t1tilheai1 ,r.et ouc h• $. 21 - He beun:te

The Servant of Yahweh and 1 O>rinthkms $./4-11

105

account both thechiastic nature of2 Cor. 5.21- he became •in (m ,.hatevtr way) and we became righteous- and the allusion to l.aiab S3's suffering s.n·anLm Reading the largor dramatic narrative of Isaiah S3 helps us to Sitt• •

wt bcc:tl(nt rJ&btews{scc: Alrlti, 'God m.:a& Christ', p. U: Poner. ~ pp 1•2--

4}) Wtlh 1hi1 •aid. it would be an oWfSiPt to not take into JOCOUtU tb<e CO¥C411"1W &5pe(tJ O( j1.11tiJkation. 01104 befp(u81 ahps the COru::tpl o( tb~ 6u(.U)mj""' (l(o() Wllb COYCtt.a.ataJ conuq>tl. 'Tbe debate on ••betber '"tbe rigbteownen of ClOd'' wu aub;cctiw or objective aenith-e. ''an r.ttlYltY o( Cod'' or ..a sift bc:MO'Olo"l:d by God'', can too ca1U,y bc<:ocnc aoothtr ' r the dynamic of rdatioothips limply refuktl 10 conform to piece or rithc:r-or cug-es;is. J'oo auch anal)lllf... The otlle:t diipute. as alrrady noted, was whethet the verb d•ko.lOO m~.ns

"nwlct ri1hlcou8"' or ''redt(HI ri&hteous". 8ut onoc again the bAJic ide~a a..»urned by Paul wti or a rclllhOn:ihlp U'l which God aces on behaJf of his human p~r1ncr, firtt 1n calliualsml jnto

and then In iUit&.ining l.srat:l itltl$ coveo..ant •·i•b b.im. So once apia. tbe ac.awcJ i1 not one or the Olber but both. 1'he oovenant God oouou tbt CO\.UOt partotr u ftill ia p1u1nefl.hip, dtSpite lhe latt.tr't oontinued filihtte. But the wveoant partner (OUkf hardly fail to bt lnndormed by a UVla£ rt:l.ations.bip with the tife-givioa Cod' (Dunn.. 71ttoU;u (}/ rN. p W ). Oukb: abo emphaaau:s !he oove:l&Otal aspoc::U or ·n&Jluoupea• 1.0 the OT (Chi~ Blbllml TMtJ~t>u, p. •89~ Cbild> (BiiJHa>l TM"'-8r. p. •90) coodudco: • RJ,h.__ u. tbe 016 Tatamc:ot a DOC. tome onto&oP;allWe ofc:oan1C' h.tn:ooey, but u C"'alt inaq.ura.ud by Goers mtm-auaoe uuo tb: \lto'Orld for the ul:e ol bWIWUty, aDd rc:ocSend IIOClOC'din& to tbt diviDe witr Qt'lcll abo COClQitS with 'Duu on me objcctiwt aod tubjocttw: a:speel$ of ltis)l' ll>IOII _ .......r i.o s.21 .. llx a...•...c..,...., (s.bbto/7M>~ov. p. of9SJ. toot. ~be' I"QO"-f &.mliabw toward Ood ornu.llt)' or Ood LQ lhe l~tioo. of buawri:ry b:u.muku~.. acd Goers n£ht.tOUSl".d:S (both obja:ll"dy aftd $ubjccovd)') " central to the matm, ript of humanity befoR God ill $pitt of mutiod'l 1ia 1'be Cnoa, 0'8rioo and S,_CI{T...,.(PIIoladttopa.i¢ rh~J$ as opposed 10 OT taeritlda.l im;ia.ery is not ptrtu.oww. Mcl.nn afftrma the fow th Suffering Servant Sonc as the ·only tc:.1.t in the wbok oC the

n.e-

or

106

Paul a11d Isaiah's Servants

tread a path through the paradoxes of God's activity in Christ on behalf of humanity, a paradox that leaves mankind in mystery as to the el
Hebrew Sible where sufTerioa and deatb could be interpreted as bavins expiatory liignificanct for others• (McLean, T~ CtO's~d Chris1. p. 49). Mcl..can ( 711e Ctvsed Christ, p. 49) does out lind this helptuJ. howevet, for 'tb.e wocept of atooemcot in dtis passage is so foreign to anythint ebe in the Hebrew Bible'- Mclean quot~ H en~! on this score. yet fails to quoteHengel's approving notion of Paul's unique exegesis in light oftbeescbatological situation in wb.i~b PauJ finds b.im3df, 5tc above nn. l4) and 144. Melcll.o ma)' baYc faJlcn prey to an o~u~phuis in his uaditioo-histori<:aJ resdio&ofPaul. Apio, be-(Titt Cursed Clvi.tt, p. 51) Slates: 'Indeed. there is no WJJt in the Jtwisb tr.:ldition whic:b oonlains ~bing that a righteous man can vicariou5ly u.tooe for the sin of others by becoming accursed and sinful'. Whar of Isaiah 531 McLean fi nd11 it astouodina lb;tl Paul onJ)' quotes frOm ls:liab 53 twice. 'It is remarkable that in all of Paul's k:ttc.rs there does not exist a si.n &k ck-.u an-uaion (let akmc quothm noe; (S) histOrical plausibility; (6) b.istOI')' of interptttJuioo; (7) satis.f~Clio ~ (Hays. 'Who HM: OtJieved 0\lr Mess3&er. pp. 212-20). M beauty is in the C')"e or the beholder, $0 to may an intertextuaJ echo be only in the eye or the bebolder. However, 'A'i tb pososibtc exoeption tO criteria two (tbouafl I too thiok Jsaiab 4()-',S was a ·popuJa.t tcxr for early Christians Hays. ·Who Hus Believed Our Messa~·r. p. 214). these categories are a rguably n)d in N:fe~n<:t 10 I he ln.rscr me.ss.ase of lt
n.. S
107

S. Conc/u.sion Paul's uockrstaDding of the action of God tbrouab the aaeney of Christ on behalf or mankind is in SOtm Srlap of pattems in both the Suffering Servant and the Christ offer the biblical theological reader of the two-fold canon insight into the paradigmatic, providential, and paradoxical nature of God's ""'onciling work. God reconciles his people by the actions of a suffering one which in lsaialt is the Servant and in P.o1ul is the Christ. Paul reads Isaiah as witness to something beyond itself. that is, God's action in Jesus Christ. Tbe text of lsainb is reud as a figural pointer to God's redc•mptive work by means of Jesus Christ. Paul models Christian reading of the OT where the text is both outhoriuuive and understood most properly in light of its true subject

mauer, Je.sus Christ.

Chapter 4 PAUL:

A SERVANT OF THE SERVANr I. Jmroduclion

The previous chapter emphasized the significant role the Servant figure of Isaiah 41}-55 played for Paul in 2 Cor. 5.14-21. Paul understands himself to be io the midst of the eschatologiall now, a period of divine history witnessed to by Isaiah and brought to its fulfilbnent in the person and work of Jesus Christ, the embodiment of true and faithfullsr•el struck down by the Father for the reconciliation of the world, i.e. the Servant. 1 It has been argued that 2 Cor. 6.2 s<:t>'CS as a hermeneutical key for 2 Cor. 5.14-
Paul: A Serl'ant o/IM Sen•an1

109

significance of tbe Servant is a weight too great to be plae
2. Pmtl's Suffering and 2 Corinthians 6.3-10 2 Corinthians 6.3-10 contains a list of hardships the apostie has encountered (a Perisia.senkataltJge).' Within 2 Corinthians 1- 9 two 'hardship lim' occur, one in 4.8-9 aud the other in 6.3-10. The interconneelion of these two lists are of import, for preceding the hardship list of 4.8-9 Paul identifies himself as a oou.tou.; ~~Clv 6U. 'lT)OQuv and in 6.3- 10 Paul identities himself as O.Ou 6.&xovo,• Paul, as servant, carries about in his own bodv the death of Jesus for the purpose of giving life to the Corinthians (2 Cor. 4.1().12).1 The exact nature o f Paul's 'always carrying about the death of Jesus in the body' is a complex mixture of both metaphor and reality' For the effects of Paul's S. Peris-tasis in $bOrt means •cilcumstanQ!i· aud is a aeuual term that can refec both to good and bad circumstances. John T. fi~erald, CMclcl bt an &r~ VesuJ: An £x«minatiort of tk C4tnlopa of Hardships in the. Corinthian Ccrru{l(lf'fknct (SBL Study Series:, 99; Atlanta: Scholars Ptcs.s., 1983), p. 34. Within the Pauline literature, tht

perlstuenkataloge ttl'lpba!iz:es P.1.ul's •suffering. privation. and toil'. fitzgmld, Cracks to Earth~tn Ve$SCI$, 46. Fot a derailed exam.irultion or perisl8$is in it$ Hellenisti< eoorext Me tbe. preceding work, pp. 33-46.

6. See Sch012. PO>J ...tIM Anot..,y of Apost<>llc Awth<>rity. pp. t3243. 7. ~ is typically Paul's lexeme or choice in signiryin.g ' death' . According to Martin, Paul u.ses QDc~ forty-6vc times ebewbcre, aod '..acPfoXI'K is used in 2 Cor. 4.10 and Rom. -4.19 (Manit~. 2 Cl)l'bulrit.lns, p. 81). Fitzietald ci\·~ detailed examinatioo or lliiC'JXiXIlC u U$td in Greet. N9:pc;JOl( refers to dead or dyins tissue, What is cmpb.uizcd is the c:k:geoeraling ~::IT~ of cJcath rrom tbe Joa of 'lilality and power in the livi.u.g to the eulmi.natioD of tbe process in rigor mortis. Thus, P.tul 'is using ooe o( the starkest words at his di.sposal' (Fitt8tf'.)ld, Crock$ lit Wf Eurllten Yt$S41, p. J18). As an ltV~ti Ye ~·ord with a widt ra~ of m.t'3.ning. pin-pointing Paul's partkular use. is dif&ult and F itzgerald gives three. possibilities. (1) huJ is denotin3 Jttus in bis dying. (2) Paul is rtfe:rring to Jttus' pos~ornorttrn state- an interesting aUusion to PauJ as 'pall-bearer' ts explored. (3) Paul is rcterrin.g broadly to Jesw' dying and death. Fi~ra.ld op" for the tbird opt.io~:~ (p. 119). 'In any C&9t. Paul carrie$ tbe ~1.( of Jesus in his own body (4: 10). This suggests what 4: 12 makes explicit, vi-z.., that the ~or Jesus in his body entaib bis own mot1i&ation. Si.oce deatb is at work i:-o him, his owtt body is slowly deteriorating and decomposing' (p. 119). 8. P~W's 'carryio,a about in Ws body tbc
Tbi:s aroma takes the smell of de.ub U> rbr, 1986), pp. 41-53; Fitzgerald. Crad$ ill tm Luthol Yusel, p. 179: SchUtz. Poul on4 tM Anatomy of Ap0$to/~ A'U.litorily, pp. 2.1()..211. On Paul. metaphor. an4 tb.eoiOSY i.rl 2 Corinthians ~ Stt\'e:rd. KJ aftchicl:, 'Ocuh in lfs, Life in You: lneApostolic Medium', SBL 1991 Suninar Pnpm, (AIIAnl>: Scbolan p...,, t99t) pp. 613-31.

Paul tmd Isaiah's Servants

110

suffering are io a very real sc:nse moving him toward death (4.8-9,12, 16), yet. as Schiltz points out. 'the point of contact between Christ's death and Paul's weakness is in Paul's suffering•.• Paul affirms the subordinate role be takes. 'We do not preach ourselves but Christ Jesus tho Lord' (2 Cor. 4.5}. Paul's preaching of Christ entails with it the sufferings of Christ (2 Cor. 5.14-21} as God's means of reconciliation, and within the eschatological tension of Paul's 'already/ not yet' his own sufferings are intricately

connected to God's continuing work of rec:onciliatioo in Christ. 10 ThusPaul's sufferings a re not his demise but tlle means of God's life-giving

renewal ln revealing the sufferings of Christ. What is of import to note is thot Paul's sufferings 6nd their validity in their connection to and

subordination under the sufferings of Christ. 11 T he 1~<X-<:Iause of 4.11 points to the purpose of Paul's s ufferings - the revelation of the tifc of Christ In other words, 'in his [Paul's) weakness God's power shines througb'. 12 Paul's suffering$, as link.ed to the sufferings of Christ. a re a part of God's plan o f reconciliation, as observed in the Perisrasenkataloge of botll 4.8-9 aod 6.3-10. Wood's comment seems apt at this point: 'If in Romans and Galatians we see the apostle proc/aimiJJg the cross with might and main, in 2 Corinthians we see h.irn bearing the cross, and bearing it triumphantly'. 13 With this said. it must be emphasized a gain that Paul's s ufferings do not have validity as suffering for suffering's sake a lone. but s uffering as subordinated to and organically linked with the

sufferings of tbe Servant~ Jesus Christ. 2 Cor. 6.3-10 is placed within the flow of Paul's argument in 2 Cor. S.l l6.10 - Paul tops and tucks his discussion in 5.12 and 6.4 by use of the root word avv.att}lc. Paul is commending himself to the Corinthians by placing himself within God's redemptive program as he presses forward the validity of his own suffering and apostolic ministry in light of God's continuing work in Christ (5.14-21). Furnish states: ' Most especially. however, there is no reason to separate 6:3·10 from 5:20-6:2; the two passages are io fact

organically related' . 14 Thus 6.3-10, literarily, is a climactic section in Paul's

9. Scbtktz.. Paul and Apostc>lic Atdl!orlly. pp. 242-43. See also Hafet'Oann. Stifftrfhg and

the Spirit. p. 7 1. 10. Haferoann, Suflutns: tDtd liw. SpiTil. pp.

or Cbrlstiao

11 -12~

8ockmuehl describe$ P;:aul's

virtut:i, incfuding humility, mcclmcss. k>vt~ joy or peace as a ety, fn f'• p. 244. 13. John E. Wood. "Dealb .11 Wotk to r.ul'. EvQ 54 ( 1981), pp. 151-56 (1 51). Wood overstates the i:uue. for PauJ does proclaim the cross in 2 Corinthian$ (e.g. 2 Cor. 5.14-21). Whb that said. the thrust of Wood'$ stalenle'ot is received. 14. Furniib~ ff CtNinihJan.~, p. 353: see also Bultm~nn. s~ecwl Corimhions. p. 168. Maou:s Obse!\'H lbe fOUowloa UtUCture. in S. ll-6.1(); a. 5.ll~l3 ... treats of hul't~ lSdt'-dc:f(tl$C

affirmation

metamorp~sis af vinues affirmed in a Gf';leco~Romao @

Paul: A

Ser~•ant

of the Servant

111

self-defense," and is theologically{eschatalogically connected to his preceding thoughts, the reconciliation of mankind by the suffering Christ. As has been argued in the preceding chapter, 5.14-21 is a central te•t for Paul in his self-apologetic for it places Paul's ministry of reconciliation under the rubric or God's reconciling activity in Christ. Paul's ministry, therefore, is a ministry of reconciliation firmly placed within God's eschatologlcally redemptive activity in Jesus. Manus states: 'His defense is

formulated in terms of reiterating his fundamentally antithet:ical view of a theologia crucis in which the suJTcring of Christ is central; a fact which gives rise to a view of Christian ministry authenticated by suJTeriog a.nd dying daily with Christ"6 A theo/ogia crucis is an apt phrase for Paul's thought within 2 Cor. 5.14-6.1 0. Paul's re6ection on tbc person and work of Christ in 5.14-21 is a robust aocount of his affirmation of God's breaking into the world of humanity by the person of Jesus Christ. Coupled with this reality is the paradoxica l nature of God's reconciling activity. In the great e.change of 5.2 l. God reconciles the world to bintself by means of the sacrificial giving of the Christ - pre-figured in the Servant of Isaiah 40-55. Though Paul does not use the language of the cross per se in 5.14-2 1, the reality of God's self-giving in death and resurrection (5. 14- IS, 21) meta lyptically refers to the cross. Paul's emphasis on union with Christ in his suffering is for Paul the most persuasive of arguments in an apostolic self-defense. 'To

be united with Christ means that the minister wiU have to suffer as Christ did. Through all his trials he really participates in the suJTerings of Christ' . 17 God's means of reconciling the world was by the suffering of the Christ. God's continued means of proclaiming the concrete fact of reconciliation is by tbe agency oftbe apostle wbo lives a life demonstrat ing the death of Jesus Christ for the other, that is, in his suffering for the benefit of the othe.r. 2 Corinthians 5.14-6. 10 is a literary unit a t the climax of Paul's self· defense in 2 Cor. 2.14-7.1. The purpose of the unit is to continue Paul's selfdefense in light of his suffering and apparent weakness. The foundation of b. 5.14-21 - prese:nt:s Paul as an ambe.s&a.dor ofCluiJSt at 6.1-10 - rebcarses Paul's !lclf~cfenoe. Ukachuku Manus. 'AJ)O$Wlic Sulferina (l Cor. 6..t.JO):Tbc Sign of Christ.iao Exineooe and Identity', AJT I (1987), p. 44; P.E. Hughes. Pt~~~/'3 &rond EpiJtk to tAt Corinthians (NJCNT: London; MaubaJI, Morgan & Scott, 1961). p. 42. Manus mu.rb 'b' as th~ ceotral unjt dea.Ung with PauJ•s position in tbe Hcilsgetchkhte, and in the 'a' unit~ Paul depicu his apostolic career and his oonoept of Christian 5uffering. Ml:lnUS.. 1Aposwlic Suffering.. p. 42. Marfi.IS' ~U'\ICnl!al ~bservat~on is well reoeh'td f~r it de:als witb Paul's O\'ttilrcbina C:Of'\'C\m\ or both lhe likrary unit and '-he t;pistle. his apostolic.: apoloa;etic c.:ouplcd with ba empbs:is ()Q PaW's 390!ItOiic apc>klgctic as rooted in his Olristoiogy of sufTerin.g. 15. Manus c;il~ a litany of 1;0m.mentator$' praisiua remarks of this perioope tn PauJ's writings. Hugbes states: 11lis movind>' beautiful bymn-tib passage: (2 Cor. 6.4·10) ftows from tbe dcel) hean of the ApostU:•s knowledge.and experience. It$ almost lyrical imensiry. il~ structural balanoc. and its ,enuioc lpOntaPCllY h
112

Paul and /saiah~s Senants

the unit is the central characterizntion of God's reconciling activity by means of tbe suffering and self-giving of the divioe agent, Je$us Christ. Paul places himself in the midst of this eschatological now. and subordinates his

own suffering and apoStolic ministry under the larger rubric of the sufferings of Christ- sufferings both completed and continuing iD the ministry of Paul. Within the redemptive drama of Isaiah, the typological fulfillment of the Servant as alluded to in 2 Cor. 5.14-21 aod as invited into by 2 Cor. 6.2 is found in Christ - the only agent a ble to carry the weight of such a redemptive, typological task. Regarding Paul's eschatological placement and identity, Hughes proleptically alludes to the conclusion this book seeks to address with the fo llowing statement: 'In tbe faithful disciJarge of his apostolic office Paul, tlu: sefl'alll of the Servant, had made himself their servant, and they had bct.-n brought into participation of the e$ChatologicaJ messianic kingdom and all its blessing' (emphasis mine). 11 Though Hughes seems to use the phrase 'the servant to the Servant~ as an ad hoc literary device, his statement does pick up the tension within the passage and points to a way forward in our understanding of the redemptive drama of Isaiah 4CHi6 as a figural presentation of both Christ the Servant and Paul. a servant of the Sen·ant. Our atteotion, therefore, turns to Isaiah's portrait of these sen•ants of the Servant in Isaiah 53- 66.

3. The Servams of tlte Servam in Isaiah 53-66 A movemenl takes place within tho dr.tmatjc narrative of Isaiah 40--66 as the focus on the Servant (singular) of Isaiah ~55 shifts to a focus on the servants (plural) of Isaiah 54-66. 19 As Beuken has observed, 'the connection 18. Hughes., PmJ's ~coM EpiJilt 10 lhe CoriluhiaM, p. 220. 19. With ctUlds. this pcoject affit.ms ·me recent move (ef. .Be.ukec. Reodtorff. Suck) to interpret 56--06 as part o( a Jarp literary collection rather than to assume its function aa an independent corpus that i~ only peripherally ooo.oeeted to the Jareet book of Jsaiab' (Oillds. tsaUJJe, p. 441). Childs has empba.si:z.cd tbe rok of interte:rtua.tity as an illuminating fo rce in one's ttadio' of lsa.iab ~which shoWl the ~dose dep:o.ckoq' of $6.66 on 4()..5S (bGU:Ilr. p. 442). Childs (p. 442) continues: '1 wouJd arg~ that tbt citation$ and AllU$iOos, fas froco attempC.S to oorrect Second kaiah's penpect.ivt. str"Ye w can atka.tion to Second Lsaiah as an authoritati\'e warrant and offer support for his continuing U$to of the same material'. ISAiah ~continues tbt prophetic- j.Qti()Uoct'r:oen\ of God't 'new thins' (6$.17) which ~ io close continuity wiib lsaiab 40-55. Seitz bas arguocl that the servant followers of the Servant actually oompo&ed Sl.t3-S3.12 aM dris S«:tiol'l $c:t'/Q as lbe «:ottr or tsaiab ~ . 1bU$.. cb
Paul: A $errant of the &rwznt

113

is not fonuitoUJ. In the last ten invohing the Servant.. M 11 P
a. Isaiah 56.1.8 Much W..:ussion has been given to this pericope. Cer1llio interpretations have centred on a particular historical reconstruction behind the text as the hermeneutical filter (e.g. Whybroy, Blenkinsopp). Issues of aenre, however, need be kept in the forefront as one deals with this text. For .., Muilcnberg reminds u..~, ·we are deaJjng with poetry in an eschntological context'.23 Thus it is important to differentiate between 1itera.ryjcanonical function and diachronic function which presupposes certain dntes and provincial P.A. Smith. RhftQfk Md Rtda.ctJon ill Tr(ro-IJ.atolt.: 111~ Sttwcrw4' ofGr~1MJ1Ir W1d A11tholslup of/;taiiJit ~. (VTSup. 62; Ltldeo; BriJJ. J99.S), It should alw be liUUed Wt for sakt or famitiariry. the collocation Isaiah 40-55 will be retained as alitt:riU)' indklator wtule •t tlmcs luiah S.t--66 wtO be uJCd to detcribc lbc. a.rriv&l on lbe scrnc of tht $oti'YlnU tbtme. lt), W. Beu.tca, 'lbe MaiD lbc::mC' or Third Isaiah: -rbe ServubofVabwda... •• JSOT41 (1990~ pp. 61-81.

21. 'Now bcrc. oa the otbc:r side of the sc:n'ant's deub., tbt- IC1VJ.Ctt tak:c up where &be ......,, kft o11: sat:. "lal&b .o.u-. P- •76. Zl. llcutco, "111< M"" '""""'' 'I>JJ - p i e ofU.. baiaoic L
446--n.

114

Paul and /1aiah's S"Wtn/S

settings."' The literary function of l.sa. 56.1-6 is, aooorcling to Bcuk
righteousness'.!B Childs observes an intenextual relaJion between 56.1-2 and 46.12-13. ' Listen to me, you stubborn of heart. you who ure far from

deliverance: l bring near by deliverance, it is not far orr. and my salwtioo will not tarry; I will put salvation in Zion, for Israel is my glory·_>• Isaiah 40-SS promises salvation on the basis of God's ~ciou.s covenant faithfu lneu. but. this promise is misunderstood if it is not oonjoined v.i th obedience or oovenant faithfulness. As Oswalt Stale$: 'the point is followed out throuahout the section: human obedience sbould he the natural result of di.;ne faithfulness·.» Also, 56.1 creates an atmosphere of oontinued e>ehstoloaical hope. Readcn an: not made aware of a 'diff 1

Thooe wbo ate obedient are Qod•s servants. With Jeppesen, however, we are quicldy "'minded lh:lt 'the .. bbath is a little surprising [<'tllticjcovenantal responsibility) . ..but the bill surprise is that amons the possible servants are ..foreigners who huvc joined themselves to tho Lord" (v.l)'n The more opaque theme of !he inclusion of the Gentiles i.n the people of God in Isaiah 40-SS now becomes an apparent roolity in the setting of the 'new things'. The intertextunl11llusion to lsa. 2.2· 2-4. QiJda, lsaloJe, p. 4S3. 25. lkuk... '1"bo Mala Tbcmo'. p. 68-$; Childs. lldidlo, p. 455. 26. 8c11kCll, '1"bo MoiD Tbcmo', p. 68. 2'7. P"'ff b ClOOaccled wh.b eo= in 56.1. This huaot takeft ptacetieoe lJ.S. Oswalt points o~ t!aat P"' wu llo.ted with God's c::oveoaat failb(uloc:A in •ss. but -we- are oo ~ t&lhq abou1 riP~ as u ~of God's fllhl dc:allq &A f1"PP'd 10 IOO\'CO&Ct or CWD about a dcda.n.boD o( • f'i&btcousoooditioo ielbe people o( God. Ralha U. ~ co do riP~ mat.c:s i1 wry pQio that •-e art ODCt ~. u i.o ~I 39. spealr::iq ol God'' ~doa o( tutaio kiads of be:hariot rrom his pooole~ (John N. <::>P.-alt.. 'JUab..,_,.. to lu.iah: Cluptt'tl $6.66", in C.C. BN)'Iu and C.A. £vans {edt];. Writiw ....! ~-~ IM Svo/1 of lldidlo. vol I jYTSup, 10. lcidm: llrill. I m). pp. 177-92 187]). 1$. Sdu. '!Jaiah - - . p. 485. 29. Cllllcls. lsalolo. p. 456, 30. Olwah, 'Rjlbtcousne.u iA Isaiah', p. 188. Jt . Sci it. •Julab - · . p. 435. 32. JcppC~~CO, 'From '"You My Servant.. ', pp. 126-27.

Poul: A &n·ant of the &rvant

115

4 n:sonala loudly as one observes foreignen bein& brou&ht to God's holy mountaia. The tutual picture is oneoffulfillmet~t in God's new redemptive activity and a fillin& out of the vague conoept of 'the many' ta lsa. S3.ll12. » In 56.6 the purp
b. The Servants In Isaiah J6.9-63.6 At first glance. tbc servants seem absent from this purtioular se<:lion or Isaiah. The term "T:Il1 is missing from the material a nd dnes not reappear until 63.17.30 Bcukcn, however, notes two particular terms that arc in close associatioa with the semantic- field of the Servant, )),t (seed) and f''1ll (righteous[ncssD." The first tenn n is loca~ in Jsa. 53.10 as the semantic indicator of the offspring promised to the Servant. who in tum become the servants.• The second term p-IS is conllCcted with 'the seed' in 45.25 and 48.18 and abo with the Servant (especially lsa. 53). 'For aocordinJ to

Dl [Ocutoro-lsaiah). God guarantees that the Servant will excel in

Belllap<en LXV-LXVI'. p. 205. 34. Sciu: abita~ "Tbc prophet b&$ ooc drifted olf into abllttiiClioo llOd kt1tiOJe:otali.t)'. c-hanae for cbaQ.F't sake. 'The opening appeal is sober and dlr~'l: M•iotllio justice and do what il riJht. The C:-IMtiJJit, pp. 5()..66, !6. The W>ily of lh~ ~oo ("""' patticularty S6~S1.21) bu boeo bi&bli$btod by lbe (oUowiq:: Sat&. '1-.b «1-66', p. 489: Smith. RMtMk and RNI«rkift ill Trito-Jitilim, pp. 68.. 71; 0 . Polan. /aiM Woy1 tJfJtdtl« To"'tlrd $41W2tlott.• A R.Nt(}lrJoo/ AulpU of /Sdlolc J6--.59 (Nrw Yor1c 1'<1<1 t..&. 1986): 8cojamm D. Sommer. A hopltn RIGtb Sn;, 1 - «k!6 (ScaDfolll: SIUIOC'd Uai..,;IJ Pmr. t919~ pp. 111- 92. Aloo. U.. iotmatual ·tsaw _._ Childs, hDioA, ""~ ~ma~~ou...., or~~u Mut E. Biddlo, 'lady Zioc"• Alief £to: lsalaii47:1S BelllWitCrp011S'. iD N"" ~"""""of IJ4Jdt (od. R. Mclupq aod M. S -: /SOTSup, 214; Shdli
••,.,,

p.""'

...

C>bsm>ed.., n...e·:

sau.

116

Paul and J$4UJJr's &rvanu

"'nghttOIWleSS" and will uansfer it to those who bdooa to him. $0 that " rightoausncss" wiD also become the essena: of llwir life (53.11 f.: 54.17)'." Thus for Beutcn the a~ of the term 'servants' '" 56.9-63.6 is functional. a n aposit)p<Jis. For in lsa. 56.9-63.6 a conft.ict takes place betw>een the risJ>teous aad the godless. In the tint main section, 56.9-59.21. 'the theme of the contntst between the righteous and the godless' play a cenlr•l role.«~ In the second main section. 60. Hi3.6, the rishtcous arc shown their pank:.ular place in God"s programme ... ' Beuken has pcrsua~ sivcly argued that it is in the fonn of these 'righteous ones' that the servants, the offspring of the Servant, are found."

I. 11w First Main Section: 56.9-59.]1. The struggle between the riahteous and the wicked coupled with their distinct fates is por1rayed in this passage (56.9- 12; 57. 1-2; 57.3-13; 57. 14-19; 57.20-21).''Only the rightoaus will <'Djoy 'peace' (lsa. 57.2; 2 1), while for the wicked 'there is oo pc=' (57.21). Also. the watchmen of I sa. 56.10 are declared blind. It is recalled that in 40.1-11 and 52.7-12 the watchmen bad a rok in declaring to the poople the return of Yahweh to Zion. but now the watduncn are blind and lacking knowledge. Moreover. Isa. 56. 11 echoes the siwatioo of the Servant in 53.6. In 53.6 the sheep co their own way, whereas in 56.11, the thcpherds (the leaders) are tumin& to their own way." The picture ponraycd in 56.9- 12 is that of a people in disamty pcn'teous in antithesis. Isaiah 57. 1-2, 13b reveals the state and fate of the righteous. with 57.3-13a ponraying the wicked in IMir state of covenantal adultery. This particular antithetical circurnstaJlCe has resulted in the suffering of the rightcou5. Seitz observes: "This sort of affliction, firs1 visiled on the servant 6 (50.4·9; 52. 13 53.12), has not come upon the servants•! This was pointed to in 50.10, where the obedient responders to the Servant are encouraged to put their trust in Ood. The pea"" resulting from the vicarious s uO'ering o f the Servant is received in Isaiah 57 by the righteot•< scrvanu . It is those who have responded and arc responding in trust and obedience to Yahweh who r=ive the benefits afforded them by tbe Servant, e.g. pence. Tbe servants of J9. lkukal. 'Tho Mam n..m.·. p. 68. 40 ku't.tn. "J'be Maiulbeme'. p. ~. 41 &eukto. "1"be Mam T'bcme'. p. fiJ. 42. a..tm, ' boioll LXV-LXVI'. p. 206; 'Th< M,.;,llxme', p. 69. ·. p. 489. 4) Sat&. 'ttolah 44 Bcut cn. 1lle Maut Theme'. pp. ~». Sc:ia. 'Isaiah 40-'6', p. 490, QUd..s ot.nu lbe tCIOCia.ncc o( .56 l l 'Mtb Sl.6 but wntDS api"" bnn*"'t \be A,ure o( the s-ufn1na ~l an t.o the lUI ~ fortp\)llad (OWcls, llfliuA. p. 46S). 4S. W.A, M. Beukm. ' 4<1. ~:9--S7:13 - An Example of the baaaDic l.ep::y o( Tntoltaiah', in ~ Hauoa (ed.). TTlltlitiM 4l1'ld Re-lnkrprtwriolt Wt JrwiJA illtd &rly CNistim! Lltmllwl'. Fe•ttcbrtn for J.C.A. Lebnun, cd. J. van Heaton (Lcklen. Brill. 1986), pp. ~Sl:

Sdtt, 'lial"b 40-66', p. 490. -46, Seltz.. 'Iaaith 4().66'. p. 490,

Paul: A Ser.,ant of t!w. Snwznt

117

the Servant sutTer in righteousness as did the S
to death, m ipominy and without concern. 1bis is consistent with the fate of the """"'nt as confessed by the servants (53.3). The servant was to make many ri8hteous (v. I I ); the fate that was bis is shared by tho"' who follow in his way'." The offspring of the Servant inherit the Servant's faithful su1Tering.48 Chapters 58 and 59 expose the. people's sin (58.1·5) •nd call for their repentnnce (58.6- 14). Salvation is presented as near in lsainb 4o-55. but, in Isaiah 59 the picture is quite different. The feet of the people rush into sin (59.7): therefore justice and righteousness are far from them (59.9).'9 The righteous. the servaots. mourn in penitence as God himself is pietured as the one working salvation for lite repentant (59.1 1·17). lsaiob 59.18-20 brings oomfon to the penitent ones, as they a.re reminded that the Redeemer ('>or•) will eomc to Zion. to those who repent of their sins."' Childs stateo:

In

wm. the chapttt (OC1J>C$ on a theological suntJDI.tY of the fuUutent

bratl's apcmasy as it probes the deva.uatin.s dimc:ntions o( sin and evil. The faithful within the nation, who arc fully enmeshed in IMKI's o(

sdf-ddllUCtive fate, thrOI\• thetmdvn compktdy on God's m
dh·inc retpon5¢, rctroject.cd into the past, cs:tablish.a once and for all that Ood alone can shatter the power of sin 11nd bring jujtioe aod salvation to suiTerin_a Zion. There is. no other fort'C to mterccde."

47, Se1tl, 'IJ.'lialt 40.66'. pp. 490-91. -1.8. Riddle IJ''C$ an tnteresting readin& to thit section. I-tt ldcnlifiet the .econd~person. feminin4l Jina,ubrt or ha $7 6·13 with Lady Zion,tiW; ptrllOtUAc4 city. Diddle p!.llfl lf ~~the ~pu.ut.l overlap of Isaiah 57 and 47. For in lslliah -t7 Lady B.abylon, 'btau»e of btt hau&htintK and cruelty M\ISI fall in order~ m:ah room for the re6torabon ol ~ y Ziun to Lhe lhrooe a.od 1.0 pc:nnit the rc:tum of bet cMdrea· {Biddle. 'lAdy Zioa'. p. 117). However. l.bt Lady lion praaned in Isaiah S1 is Lady ztoo•s a.Jtc:r q o, ·&M old, Mnf11J. uAfaithful barlor """" " ' - Yahweh vuitcd ~t (Biddle, 'Lady llon', p. Ill~ Babyloo'• folt ct;d DOl &Utoau.tACaiJy tngcr lJoa"t rc:stor&tioo. '8&by1oa bu (&Jkn, but to. 100. IIIUil \he 00 caMOt 'Old lenlal<m' (Biddle. 'Lady Zioo', p. I J9~ Biddle (p. U9) cDk: .... """" 6r>r ollhe cia,. .... dwllfd"""" ...ply ... thttc: m•t be a New Jcnualcn.. As &bylon. fell so mUJtlht 1wtoc lioa. Jcrv:s&lrm wiD aot be rmorcd. but ttpl.aced: a new heaven. a nt'l' earth. a new JcnaJI&Imt • 49. l\etc • 1 aJJlft to the fWt pttSOO pluta) in 59.9. Oi:ldl prexnu tlus sbrtl as a 'complcuty chffm::~:~t ~ve· f.tom the
r-.. . . .-

amona1hc pn1pte (S..tz.. ' l.Uol> $0. ChildS, IMJ~ah. p. 419. 51. Chlldt, IJ4WI. p. 490.

.oo.u·. p. 501).

Paul and Isaiah's Servanu

118

A commissioning ooene is found in 59.21 as lhe fo<:us of lhe commission now centres on lhe offspring of faithful Israel. lhe servants (cf. 44.3).' 2 A distinct line of demarcation is drawn between the 'seed of lhe harlot' (57.3) and the 'seed of your seed' (59.21)'3 'In these generations the promise is realized that lhe Servant "shall sec offspring (seed).. and "prolong his days" (53.10)'.$4 The presence of the faithful penit<>nt. the servants, in the lllidst of the unfaithful generation is the demonstration of God's faithfulness to his oovenant." Having been reminde
confession of sin and guilt within obedient Israel, i.e., the righteous servants. Wilhin these chapters the effects of lhe promise given in 59.21 takes shape.,.

The promise of the coming of the redeemer given in 59.20 is actualized in 60.1 -3, 16. Clements reminds u.< that 'the message [of Isaiah 60] is pure poetry, replete with metaphorical imagery about the ooming of light to dispel darkness and reveal the divine g;lory'." The picture portraye
Isaiah 60 is one of intense imagery bordering at times on apocalyptic.51 Westermann portrays 60.17-22 as ' apocalyptic' whereas the rest of the chapter 'ne,•er transcends the oonfmes of this world and of history'.59 Sei12

warns against drawing the distinctioos Westennan_n has

drc~.wn

between

apocalyptic and real history.

We must oot let the dramatic aod eo_ thus:ias.tic ~tic force of the material be translated too quickly into social and mundane realitie$. .. h [the: material wittle:u of Isaiah] is not cor:ttrot., in the manner of its own expression, to set forth a program. whose point· by-point completion can be monitored. 1t is God's statcmeot f1om the prophet about divine

52. Tbt lf.SS.Ociation of tbe ooven,.ot witb !.be stl'\'ilntS in 56.5·6 sboukl mu bt: mtsscd (Itt Ol.ilds, 1Jal41t, p. 490; Sciu.. 'haisb 40-6<)·. p. 502). Stitt maintains that it s:houki not be swprising to fulda long speech in 61.1-4 where tbc: prophetic · t• steps up lltld speaks. This

spee<:h flows from the scene io S9.2l. 53.

Bcukc:n, 'The Main Theme', p. 70.

54. Beuken, "Tbe Maio Tbeme·. p. 10. SS. Seitz. 'Isaiah 40-66', pp. 502-J; Cbikll.. J.soiah, p. 490, 56. Childs, lstJtah.. p. 494. On the rtdactioo~ QUCition lft, S'mitb,. RAcuwk tut.d TrMitiiNt.

pp. 26-38, who concludes that tb(re is b:usulll<.ic:nt grounds for removing any subs:tantial portions or tbe material or 60-62 and ascribing them to late:r rtdacton (p. 38): Rorulld ClemeoJ.S, 'Arise, Sbil)e; For Your Li.aht Has Come'. ib Broyles Mtd Evaos (eds), WriJ.Utg untl Readillg tM Scroll of haioA, vol. 1, pp. 441- 54; O.H. Stctk. 'Ocr Gruodtcxt in Jcsaja60 und $tin Aufbau•. in Studim nt TriUt)t.t4}a , (BZAW, 203; Berlin: Walter de Gruyttr, 1991), pp. 49-7~.

S1. Clements. 'Arise·, Shioe', p. 444. 58. Westermann. ls.Uab 40-66, pp. 36J...64.: Seitz, 'Isaiah 40-66', p. 510. 59. Westermann. bai.ab 4().66, p. 363.

Paul: A &rvanr of the Sm·anr

119

final lntentioDI for Urad. Zioo, and the oatiom. h• acoomplislunau ..;u be owin, ll
Servant will come true'.61 ln~nextuully,

t.a. 60.1· 3 echoes the vocation of the Servant which is now

transferred to Zion, possibly forming an lnciuJio of som with lsa. 2.2· 5.03 It is recalled that the Servant is to be a 'light to the nation$' (lsa. 49.6) and the Scrvont is acknowledged by the nations and kings (lsa. S2. 1S).64 Zion is now fuiC.IIing thi• role. Zioo, however, bas been defined in S9.:W..21 as composed of those who are the "'pentant of Israel, tho faithful/ righteous ones. !leukon states: 'If one reali;ees here that Zion takes over the function of the Servant, then one should obviously examine whether perhaps its inhabitants show the features of the offspring orthe Servaot' 6 ' I sa. 60.21 ponrays the people of Zion u righteous. This tmn p"'l characterizes the ,.rvants of Isaiah SJ.. 66. Isaiah S7. 1 and 60.21 are the sole instances of the term 'righteous· as applied to a spccifie group in lsaiah S6-66 - the oppressed, suffercrs in the community wbo have chosen to 'walk along the suaiJltt road' ... The ignominious aroup of suffcn who have responded obediently to tbe call of 67 the Servant (SO. IOtl) are promised to become a 'mighty nauon' on 60.22 This theme continues in Isaiah 61. Isaiah 61 is placed onntextually in the midst of God's eschatological activity of restoring Zion, spoc:iJi<:aJiy, a Zion composed of tbc righteous servants (S7. 1: S9. 17; 60.21) who have ""PPnded fai thfully in ~tanee

60. Seil.t, 'hu.Utb 40-66', p. SlO: ~t)so -see C1ement.s oo lhe ·uofulOJk-d nutuJe' of Isaiah 60. a.....,\1, 'Arise, Sblo>e', p, 406 61. Stuken, "l'hc Malo Theme'. p. 10; Chi.lds, /sak.Jr, p. 495: Steck4 'Der Orund1C).t', pp. 49--?9; Sclll,. 'ba.iah .(1..66'. p. 508. 62. Bc-ubn, 'The MilD 'Jkme'. p. 70. 6l. Beul.en, 'The Maio 'l'l>tme', p. '10; SOu. ' l..uah <10-66', p. SOl; Ckments, 'Arix, ShiDC', p. 4~ ; Otild&. 1.-, p. 496. The oYCrhp bd...., talah 60 aod 4G-SS ~ ....-k. 0... ..... tho pe people ol God. CUlds iosigblfully .Utes: 'I WOIIId """" lloal Third 1Miah sltOQI!y ooc6nm tbe pnlCDllQ or Secood laiH. and \bans b u bclipauoo of a. COCIIIi. . .t4frcllf. Y ct lltnc it a cblfCf't'QCt. Third ha.iU ao loqtt ldmu!ia the ddivenooe ot the: ailrr:$ from Bab,lcm u ........_ with tho ..,.... ol God's ~ lodood. lbbJloo bas bas tho...,. ....,.., 11bas " ' - " ooly aa ' - ollhe .-.., into tho promlte. RalMf, wbat now ties ahead tw ~ radblty acbatoiosizod 1be D¢W Jerusalc:m 11 llOt a RbuiJl dty, but the eotrance oftbeds\'i.ne bftldom or Qod., tbc crtlll-1011 of a QeW bcaYCO and earth' (Chi:ld.\. lJoiolt. p. 500). 64. s.;,., 'loalah <10-66', p. S08. 65. Beu.k.cn, "'r'be Main 1"bcm<'. pp. 70-71. 66. Bcubn. "The Maio Tbemt', p. 71. 61. Chil4~ r...toJr, p. 499.

••lion."""

-.......s.,

120

Paul and l30iah 's Sen•ancs

(59.20).•• Beuk.cn's point. followed by Childs and Seitz, deserves a broad hearing. 'In the speaker of c-h apter 61 the ofTsprin,g of the "sull'ering servant" of chapter 53 is embodied. who can be ao individual as well as a collective entity',., The particularity of the historical personage behind the text - i.e. Trito-lsajah - is not present within the text. What is found, however. is a coalescing of the features auributed to both the Servant and Herald of Isaiah 40-55."' This figure brings a message of comfort (cf. lsa. 40.1 ·31) to those who ate faint (cf. lsa. 42.2·3), proclaiming (cf. !sa. 40.9; 52:7) the eschatological now of God's redemptive activity. Seitz posits: "The intertextuatity is not just a technique to be traced out, but has important implications for the prophet's own sclf·1.mderstaoding' .' 1 Th.is panicu1ar portion of Isaiah hightights the overlap yet distinction between the servants and the Servant. The activity of the Servant and the message of the Servant are carried out by the faitltful seed (61.9) who are the servants. In !sa. 44.2b·3 the Spirit is promised to Jacob. my servant and his offspring. This promise is reiterated in 59.2 1. Thus, ;the voice which then announces in 61.1 tha1 the spirit is upon him is thereby identifying with "the heritage of the servants of Yahweh" (!sa. 54.17)'. n The mission of this figure is closely linked with the mission of the Servant (lsa. 53. 10·12) as he s~ks to brinA fulfillment to the promise of a people who are wholly righteous (!sa. 61.3). 'The work of the servant is being accomplished in the next generation. and in generations to come•.'• The offspring of lhe Servant, embodied in the faithful servants, are intricately linked to the continuation of the work and mission of the Servant, for it is in the servants that the Servant continues to live." This is especially highlighted in the fact that the figtorc (a member of the servant followers of the Servant) presented in Isaiah 61 proclaims tbe year of the Lord's favour (!sa. 61.2). This is an allusion to lsa. 49.8 where the Servant himsclf proclaims a similar message: 'now is the day of salvation•. The servant foHowers of tbe Se-rvant proclaim the same eschatological message which is now linked with the person and mission of the Servant.76 The actualization of the work of the Servant is carried out faithfully by the servants as they continue the work of the Servant as beralds. 1'hey are 68. For various formulations of a fonn-criticaJ readlng or Isaiah 61 .soe the o''ei'View ci''tn by Cbiids. /snii:JA, pp. 502- SOJ. 69. Chikis, /saioh, p. 503; Bcukc:n, "The Main Thtme'. p. 71; Sei ~ ·r~h 40.66'. p. 5 t3; Smith, RNtum and &diJt:.t.Um. pp. 24-1.5. 70. Beukm, 'The Main Theme', p. 71; W.A.M. Beuktn, 'Servant and Herald of Good Tidin8$; l~ ab 61 as lUI lottrpretation of I~ 40.55'. in '11te .Boolt of /.utiolt (B£n., Sl; Lcllvell: l..wvtt1 Univmily Press, 19'39). pp. 411-40. 71. Sciu, 'lsai>b 40-66', p. 5t4. n. O.ilds. Js.u.Jo. p. S04. i3. Beuken. lbe Main Tbeme', p. '12. 14. Sciu. 'Isaiah 40-66', p. 5t5. 75. Beuken. 1be Mairl Theme'. p. 72. 76. Beuken, 'Set"Vant and Hera.Jd', p. 4'2S. This pnrti«Jia.r O'Y-:rillr. of messages - the procla.mWoo of the year or tbe Lc>cd'$ ravour - b ¬her exAmple of tbe way in which

L'aul: A Servant of the Servant

121

his offsprin~ the product of his faithful response to God's call of suffering for others. The overlap between the mission of the Servant and the servants is brought to the foreground in this parti<-ular text. This relationship is one of organic unity v;i th the servants takiog a subordinate role to the Servant. Their message is the message of the Servant. Bcul;cn maintains that the theme of tho 'righteous offspring of the Servant' continues to play an integral role in Isaiah 62." The use of the firstperson singular in 62.1-7 has hecn met with differing opinions. Delitzseh, rept<:Sentative of older commentaries on the passage, identifies the firstperson siogularspeech with God. However, in 61.2-3thespeech is addressed to others on behalf of God. Con.,xtually, it is best 10 understand Isaiah 62 as a continuation of the prophetic oracle begun in Isaiah 61.79 Whereas in lsa. 6 1.11 , the Sovereign Lord will make righteousness and praise spring up before the nations, in Isaiah 62 this reality is presented in an esehatologically realized sense. Tbe t<:Storation of Zion is heralded in Isaiah 62 with language reminiscent of the Servant (62.2; cf. 52.15) - the eyes of the nations will be turned toward restored Zion observing its righ"'<>usness. 'The righteousness the servant was to establish (53.11) is manifested in the servants and the restored Zion'. 80 Tbus, the restored Zion is composed of the righteous ones, a term linked with the servants (!sa. 56.1-6; 57.1: 59.21; 60.21). Childs is correct to maintain, therefore, that though Isaiah 62 focuses on the restordt.ion of Zion, this is linked with tile 'Holy People' and the 'Redeemed of the Lord' (lsa. 62.12) 11 The anticipated t<:Storation of the servants - both nationals and foreigners - in 56.1 -6 is presented as a realiz.ed event in 62.10-12.112

attt:f)tion to lhr· Jatg.tt mo\'C(J)el)t within the book of Isaiah as a whole (esp. 40-(;6) tna)' alleviate the tem3oll.S P«$CD1 in the tcldinp offered by Beak, Webb and the otben mentioned i» prc:vioU$ chapun. n. Olllds, ooaunenting on Je!~n' me o( lsa. 61 in Luke 4. lil.atQ; 'Rathtr. aca.sc cao be made that Jesus him~l f ushers in the.aoceptabk ytar of the Lord, aOO thus the citation of lsaiab 6 1 eot:Ompa$11C$ tbe entire mi$$ion ol !.he $tl"\'ln~ i~Ki uding his life. death. a.nd off'J)rin$' (Childs, lsalah, p. 508). ~ also, Craig A. Evam:, 'The Funetiotl (t( ls:aiah iD tbt New Tesla.ment,' in Broyles and Evans (ods.), WriJing and hadi1lg 1M ScroU oflsaiJ:Jir, val. 2. PI'• 68?-91. 78. Beuken, "Tbt- Main Theme', p. 74. 79. Oilld$. ls
8l. Subsequendy, U\lsa. 63.18 tbe servants are described a.s those wbo have poS~tSSotd tbr holy plaoe yet are a-utTering. Childs, I.JOiaA, pp. Sll-13. 82. 'Now ''the dispersed of bratl'' art asserobled in the hou.1e of YHWH. lOtetbet with .. the foreigners··. Altogether they are "the SCf'\'ants of YHWH'' (SS.6-8): Seuken. lbe Mam Thte'lt', p. 74. ~ inttrtcxwal echoes in 62.10..12 to 40-SS bavc. tun deacribcd by Childs IU a 'virtua1 c:ateu;a,' iiod by Seitz as " •virtual collllf;e'. U.: a~U fOf prepolOltion ;and building up a higbway, proclaiming or salvation to the ends. or the tattb, the ~d aocom~ying the returning Ya.bwc:b aU rellcc.t major themes whb.in balllb 40--S (Child$. lsai.uh. P• SJO; Stitz.. '!..;all 40-66', p. SIS).

122

Paul and Isaiah's Servants

Isaiah 63.l-6 is a most interesting text and our discussion will remain focused lest we be taken too far afield."' Beuken observes the ab$eooe of the 'righteous offspring' in this passage.84 On a synchronic level, the message heralded forth in 63.1-6 is linked with the preceding passage in the following ways: (!)sentinels are dispatched in 62. 1-6 (the message of63.1-6 may be the cry of these sentinels); (2) the themes of vindication and the day of the lord are also present in 61.1 and 62.1 -2. Childs emphasizes the bracketing affect of 63.1-6 with 59.15b-20. For in !sa. 59.20, the coming of God to Zion as Redeemer has been spoken of. Isaiah 60-62 expands on this theme emphasizing the •future glo7 of Jerusalem and the good tidin~ of its afflicted, faithful inhabitants'. 'The function of Isaiah 63 is to demonstrate that God's coming to the faithful inhabitants of Zion is preceded by a most powerful demonstration of divingjudgn::aent against the 'evil and injustice of those in rebellion against God's rule'."' The literary context displays the necessary actions of God in the redemption of his faithful elect. Debate has ensued over the apparent ' universalism' of Isaiah 60-62 and the ·nationalism' presented in 63.1-6. 87 With this said. many interprel<:rs (e.g. Snaith, Holmgren. Westermann) have not been persuaded of tbe universal character of Isaiah 60-62. Westermann takes a mediating position on lhe role of the nations., Lhat is, the nations are to come freely from afar, and yet, according to Westermann the universalism of Isaiah ~55 is dampened by Isaiah 56-66 ... On lhe other band, Snaith. commenting on Isaiah 60-62. states: 'Tbe note of triumph at the expense of and over the Gentiles is dearest of aH' .89 For the sake of clarity and brevity, Beuken's insightful argument pertaining to this passage and its • na tionalism~ 'iVill be rehearsed - an argument that, in the opinion of this author, gives the best overall outlook on this passage contextually."' Within Isaiah 58- 59 the prophet has portrayed the deep divisions in the people of God. Yet in 59.20, the experience of God as redeemer will come to those in Jacob who turn away from their sins. and in Isaiah 56 this offer has already been extended to the foreigners. Childs. following Beuken, writes: In contrast, Edom as Jacob's kin and yel archenemy now symbolizes the sharp and enduring division within the household or Israel. The peoples in revolt are not being ethn.icaJJy defined. Now foreigners belong to

8'3. Sec StWtb, J(lwuJr~ (lrld Rrdol:liQII. pp. Jg...44; Childs.. /soialr. pp. 515-16: Scitz. 'bai.alt 4()..66', pp. 518-lO; Westerm:um. lsaWh J()--66. pp. 380..S.. 34. &cuken. '1be Main Theme·. p. 74. 85. Otilds. lsaiM . p. Sl9 .

u.

Childs. I>..W., p. Sl9.

87. Smith. RNmric011d kdaf:tion, pp. 38-39. $8. Westermann. /sailih 4~. pp, 286. 238: Smith. Rlwtoric and R~doction. pp. 38-39. 89. Smith. RNtoricand RMacrion. p. 39. On the connection QfEdom with nations see th~

intenenual empl:lasis St.ill Jives to

l~ah

34 -

wbe~

f.dom'$ dc:fc0\1 is an indication of the

coming vindication o f Yah\\~h (Seiu., 'Isaiah -4()-66', p. Sl9). 90. W
Paul: A Suvant of r~ Strwmt

123

lbooc: joined 10 Yah~~eb (56.3). Coowrsdy, ~ilhin lhooe who an: God's ad\ersarics. Edom. IN l>rotit
e. The SerWlliiS in l•aiah 63.7-6d.21 I. l14iah 63.7-64.12. Form criticaJJy, Ibis section of the r,opbetlc: titerature

bears tht marb of a communal la.mtnt or com:taint.9 Contutually, this ti1e111ry uni1 Oows from the preoeding sce1ion~ Fai1hful Israel, having confess«~ il..m on the midst or an unrigh1eous people (59.1 fT.), is assuml of the eomonc salvation of lhrir redeemer (60-{,2). Ye~ before this activity can take place, God's terrible judgment must fall (63.1-6). In 63.7-64:12 the

voice

or the faithful remnant, defined as the •servants' and 'tribes of your

heri1age· (63. 17-18), raise lheir voice in lamoni 10 !heir God as lhey rehearse ··God's past mcn:ies, confess their sins. call for divine intervention, and plea ror aid in need'." Beukco states:

9 1. Cb.llds. /tr~MJt, p. SIS. See also Chitp1er 2. o.. 41 1bo~. 91. Bcuk:C'D. "Tbc: Main Thcne'. p. 75. 9), Seitz WUD~apinlt a too simplis:tic dc::sipatioD o( 'lament' io t.bit ncb \cU. Paaltu of rocilal (o.,_ P-. .., 66: 7S: 10$-107) also JUedlble tlolJ lUI (SdiZ. 'liaillo <10-66'. P~ SlS). LlmerJ! or compW:Dt do not do justic::e to lhe owraD fomtoaibcal 'fod' of tbc. tut. OWch. oNIIWo<doo. p . .., IIeut .... · p. 524: Smilll. ,..,.,Jll! SU.2J: s..... ''-'> "1k Maan lbc:nae". p. 75. RC'dllctiooal quest~ pcrtairJ..ina tO that tat bawe bcca J*aty, Sauth and W~·~~ noec W ~as lbt aM'Wt:f to me c:omanaa.al lamcal&n 6J.7-6Ul 1 - - · p. lOO~ S..u. .. obe (Smnh. !IN~t>nC-' - ocher hl.lld. allimu tJw c:anomcal plat:aoen_t of the liunry u"it u tlo<Moa from l.bt pru:eclio& ehaP'Cfl 14 lbc •ubMql.lltDt Ybloo in 65 and 66 o( ~ orw bcawns and D¢W e&rtb.. 1M: rnponsc to tbc Iammi i1 DOt foutld i_~:~ 60-63 but in 6$ (Seitl. 'IJaiah 40-66'. P• SlS). Tbe most oomplea. lljlM!f perta.a.na 10 this wst a.re tb
pp.- w.........._

lll. ll)-26. ~ . Smllh 11bow• v~ariou.s oonn~lions bctw~o lill. 63.1 64.14 aad 60.1 ~3.6. S1nilh, Rlullor$4: twJ R.tcWcdcM, pp. 4+46. 95. Ctllld~ fSi,iaJI, P• $22.

124

Paul and Isaiah 's Sen•ams ln this prayer there is no question of that salvation to ooo1et but of the pre.sent misery of oppression, sin and obscuring of God. as il is said: ·Returu for the sake of thy servant$, the tribe$ or thy heritage. Since a

little while they have lodged thy holy people, our ad\'ersaries h:.wc trampled the '"'uctuary' (63.17·18).06

Jt is in this passage thac the tenn 'servants• emerges a~in as a forceful coocept that will remain visible until the end of the book."' The exodus tradition is recalled in 63.8·14 coupled with tbe p resence of the covenant forlllula in 63.8 (cf. Deut. 26.12; 29. 13). The s tipulation of the covenant is that God~s son 'will not act falsely' with the reciprocated assurance of God's continued acting as 1hcir saviour. God'$ rreseoe¢. is described as the saving aet of love for his people in days of old 9 However, the people have not acted in faithfulness but have rebelled resulting in their status as the enemies or God (63.10). Seitz observes the t ypological-figural representation taking pla ce in this section.99 The language resembles that of Isaiah I and the exodus tradition. Thus, ·we move from wilderness rebellion. to rebellion of rormer Isaiah days, to present rebellion' . 100 It is within this context of a r:ebellious people that the servants raise their voice to Yahweh as father -a description of God rarely observed in the OT.' 0 ' The hardness of heart, like that of Pharaoh, is predicated to the people of God, and tbe cry of the servants is for Yahweh to return for the sake of the servants who are living in a time when the sanctuary is desecrated. 102 The mission of the Servant (!sa. 49.6) is intenextuaUy present. It is the Servant's task to 'raise up the tribes of Jacob', and here the servants are described as that tribe. Yet tension is present. Those faithfully follow ing the Servant, the servants, recognize the present reality of suffering and the unfulfillod nature

of the promises to the Servant. Beuken sull\IDarizes; 'We determine that Tl ffrito-lsaiah] cannot tally the present misery either with the mis.
91. 'The theme o( lhe sen·aot.s is a centra1 theme oflsa.. 59.?-63.6 as has been ~hown, but tbe actual term '$tMoU' b:LS ooc beeo used. 98. ibefe is a difficult textual que:s:tioo at 63.9. Thtfe is a Kethib/Qel:e _ptUent with the lite,, 'The ~ ~ding i:s d. )3. t2·2) p•ulleb Ibis pasS3ge. God wu .,;evod by ill< golclen ealf incidc:ot yet be extends bis presence to them in spite or their faitbles.·between. S
m.

Paul: A Servant of the Servant

125

Servant and YHWH's promise to him or with the status of the servants. ln the last main section this ditemma will receive a solution'. 103 It is \ltithin Isaiah 65 and 66 that the theme of the servants of the Servant comes to its climax coupled with the ultima te eschatological presentation of the new heavens and the oew earth as the completion of God's promise to the Servant aod the servants.

2. The Servants in Jsaiah65-66. Much a ttention has been giYcn to these two chapters. Reocnt trends in lsaianic scholarship have emphasized the unity of 65-66 alongside its particular canonical placement as a conclusion to 1bc book as a whole.104 Regarding the servants. Isaiah 65 is a key chapter in tbe development of the servants 1herne in Isaiah 54-66. 105 'J1te-term 'servants' occurs in Isaiah 65 silt times (65.8. 9, 13[3xj, 15) alongside the various thematic terminology related to the servanL<, e.g. blessing or bless (65.8, 16, 23), soed (65.9, 23), my people (65.10, 18, 19, 22). Within the proximate contextual placement of Isaiah 65-66, these chapters s tand as the answer to the lament of the sen•ants in 63.7-64.12. AS the conclusion to the movement of the servants theme in Isaiah 5~, the righteous seed, that is the servants of the Servant, arc rewarded and vindicated in spite of the current circumstances of sufferiog. 106 Isaiah 65.20-23 identi.6es the servants as an oppressed group suffering io the current age. In this chapter (e.g. 65.1-7, 8- 16, 17-25) God is making a distinctioo betweeo the righteous servants and the wicked.' 01 Within the narrative nature of this text, God is addressing the wicked, the oppressors of the servants, and his address to the wicked is the an.~wer to the cry of the servants in the preceding chapters. The wicked are described as those who 103. &ulctn, "lbe Main l'hem~:·. p. 16. ·'tbe prayer of the servants continues m J.saiah 64 u they continue to confess thbr sics and admit their depcndts)oe on the potter, the Lord their fa tbc:r. 104. Marvin S"Uoo--oet~t:)', 'Prophetic Exesesis in lsaiah 65-66', lo BJoy.les and Evans {cds:), Writing tmJ .R'Ddir!z the ScroO of lsoidt. p. 45$-14; Beuken, ' tsaiah LXV.LXVI'; R.F. Mdllj!in and Mam.o />..Sweeney. Ntw Vlslo"' •J l,.;m, (Shellitld: Sbellitld Academic 1996); L.J. Leibrdch, '1'be Compilation oftbc Bonk of lsai.ab', JQR 46 {1955-56), pp. 276-82 and JQR 47 ( L9S6-S1), pp. t26-Z1.: R.A. Smith, Rhetoric and Reda
p,..,,

Stv&n Zit Trilojuaja; Cbikb, IJ4itlh, pp. 532-34; &Jtt, ' isaiah 40-66•• pp. 538-42. Childs sbows siam of hesiu..tion wilb 8cu.ken'$ red~lic>nal reading. For Childs. tbe l;tenu·y ell'cct, e.J. lbe canooical force of cbe book·'s 6nat -Shaping, is more. important than decipbe:ring the recbetionaJ layers (OJ.ild$, l.$1liJJJt, p. 5)3). Aaain, thjs project fits ,.•itb.W Child$'$ \i.sioo of t:mphasizing the 6uJ form, lbe fonn Ponal most ddinite.ly would ba~~ read and re-read. lOS. Beuke:n, 'The Main Theme', p. 76. 106. Beuken, 'lb e Maio Theme', pp. 76--77; Seitz. 'Isaiah 40·66', p. 539. 107. Stitt. 'Isaiah
summ,.riu t.be3t various appt()Jichcs. &cb oooctudc, b'ef, that an empha!SiJ oo. the final form is most literarily and lhtologically aig;njficant (Childs, /~tdah, p. 534: Sciu:, 'Isaiah 4~ 66', pp.

S)S-42~

Paul and Isaiah's Sen•ants

126

have not responded to the call in lsa. 55.6 (65.1-2, 'seek the Lord while be may be found'.) Ironically, the wicked are involved in a form of worship that bas resulted in their castigation of the servants. The wicked define themselves as ·sacred' whereas the servants are placed in a lower re.ligious class (65.5). Seitz notes that the description given by God of the worship of the wicked and of the servants (66.2,5) portrays the servants. in distillctioo from the wicked, as those who 'tremble' at the word of God. 108 The wicked arc involved ln false worship whereas the servant.~ are faithfully following their God. 109 Those who have truly sought the Lord (!sa. 55.6) are tbe servants, and their salvation is being cschatologicaUy n:alized in this passage. The blessing ann.ounced to tbe servants begins in 65.8. Though tbey are like a cluster of grapes whose juice appears to be almost gone, the divine vintner intervenes and spares the grapes for their blessing (65.8). The following ·verse promises offsprin~ (»,r) and these offspring are his chosen ones ("i"n:l), his servants (,~). 11 Again, the intenextual reference to tsa. 55.6 is observed as the servants an: described as those who have sought after tbe Lord. responding o bediently to his call, whereas the wicked are continuing to seek their own way as they forsake the Lord (65.11 ) 1 11 The servants are assured that they wiU inherit the holy mountain, a reference to Yahweh's promise given in lsa. 56.7.' 12 What comes to the forefront in this 'blessing' passaffi is God's new creative activity centred on the·establishing of his servants. 3 They are set in opposHion to the wicked who receive. the covenant curses while the covenant blessings fall on the faithful, the S<'n•ants. The actuality of this vindication is found in 65.13-15 as the blessing.s of the servants areset io opposition to the apostates of lsrael. These contrasts are as follo\\o-s: to eat and to be hunger. to drink and to be thirsty, to rejoice and to be put to shame, to sing and to cry, to leave one's name as a curse and to be called a different name by Yahweh. 114 Beuken shows how these word pairs find their souroe in the 'literary genre of blessing and cursing'. 115 Beuken also stresses that these themes are found within Isaiah 56-66 itself (S6.91T; 58.1, 10; 61.17; 62.8f., 65.2tf; 66.5, 10)116 The new name bestowed on tbe servants is not given an explicit reference-. Bleokinsopp argues that the phrase JCK ,.,':>Ia in 65.16 may refer to the 108.

Sci~

'Isaiah 40-66'. p, 54'2.

109. The c,u.ct nature of this worship is nol described (Scitz. 'Isaiah 40-66', p. S43). 110. Ou the seroanss as the c;boS4:n OtiC$ d . ba. 41. 1: 45.4 ( Seuken. "Th.t Main Theme', p. iS).

'lsa.l>b 4().66'. p.

lll.

Sei~t.

112.

Beuken, 'The Main Thtmc', p. 78.

$4~.

ll ~- lkuk..,, 'The Moin Tbe=', PI>· n-18. 114. Beuken. '"The Main Theme', p. 78. 115. Bcuken. "The Main Tbttne'. p. 79. Cf. Oeul. 2&.1 ~.26. 4$; 2 Sam. 24. 13: E~k . 4,17: Amo\18.11. Set Wso 1 t(p 18.2: Jsa, l.l9. ~. 13 . 3.21. J7 .27o Jer. ~. l l. 6.J S. 42. J4; E:z.ck. 19.1 J; Mic. 7.16: 1'><. 34. 11. 69.2l; ~am . 4.4; S. IO; Nelt.9.20. 116. Btuken. ~Main Theme'. p. 79.

Paul: A Sm•anr of rhe Sm•anr

127

people as the 'Amen people', that is the people who have said yes to God. 111 Beuken affirms this general direction as well.118 With this said, however, the cg,ct referent of the name is not revealed in the ttxt. The llterary-emphasis is on cbe 'eschatological reversal' laking place in God's program of t'Odemption.119 The- servants have suffered in the present age on account of their faithful response to the call of obedience given by the Servant (!sa. 50.10). Now in the eschatological day of vindication, the roles are t'OVetS. p. 19. Childs reads the ~ge a'l'lhey will swear by lbe God or Amen' or ' the God o( Trulh'. Cbikls. 1-soialr, p. 537. 8otb Bknldmopp Md Mot)-er m;ike metltion of 2 Cor. 1.20 in their discu.'lsion or this text, all the promises of God are ' )•es' in Jesus Cbri$' (Stenkill&opp. 'Tbt Servants of tbe Lotd', p. 396; Motyer, The Proph«y of

'""""· p. 5'29). 119. Bknkinsopp. 'The Se~·anl.$ of tiM: Lord', p. 396.

120.

Scit:l~ 'Jsaiab 4()-66•, p. 544. 121. Sdtz. 'lsaiah 40-66', p. 544. 122. P.O. Hanson, 1'lte Dat~t'lf oj Apocolyptlc (Philadelphia: Westminster/ John Knox. 1975). pp. IJ4..86. See Cb.iids' oommcnllS in OtiWs. Isaiah, pp. 537-38. 123. Childs. l.soiolt, p. 538. 124. Seitt.. 'J~h 40·66'. p. 544. On tb~ term 'g.a.tden' in Isaiah 4G-66 a-s an escbatoJogjca) theme referring to a return to &teo . .see William P. Brown. £ thtn qf the Co.vmQ.S (
I2S

Paul and Isaiah's Sen·wrts

of 1936, 'The Theological Problem of the Old Testament Doctrine of Creatioo 1, emphasized. the subordinate role creation played to Israel's hopein salvation history.' 26 Harner, on the other haod, has atgued that creation does not play a subordinate role to redernptioo pu se, instead, for the prophets creation itself is an indicator of God's oew redemptive, creative

activity in Israel's history. 12' In other wordst the original creation account

has been eschatologically re-read by tbe prophets as an indicator of the hoP< of God's coming redemption in history, aud no other :/irophetic text makes

use of creation language more than Isaiah 40-66.1

This new creative

activity of God is, contextually, aimed at the restoration of the faithful

servants who have experienced oppression jo cbeir current ci_rcumstances yet arc to be vindicated by God in the new eschatological e.ra, the new heavens and the new earth.

The descriplioo of God's vindication of the ser\'ants, the new creative

activity of God, is portrayed in 6S.J8-2S. 129 1n this new eschatological day, a great reversal of fortunes wiU take place. Those who have experienced oppression and suffering will ' be glad and rejoice forever' (65.18). Their weeping and sorrow will be heard .no more (65.19). The theme of the servantS comes to the fore again ill 65.23. The iotertextual presence of 61.9 •s apparent as those who are the oppressed wiU be recognized as 'the offspring wbieb Yahweh has blessed'. Beuken states: 'Thus 65.23 corwletes the ideot.i6cation of the oppressed with the servantS of YHWH" The new creative activity of God is the completion of th.e promise made to the Servant regarding his offspring (53.10). With language reminiscent of the new-covenant imagery of Jerentiah (65.24), the fission between the divine and humanltind has been removed. ' In the ruptured existence after disobedience, God must call to b.uroanldnd, who is hiding. And, mortals must now call on God. in a different dispensation o f communication, fraught with sin and anguish and avoidance and rebellion. But in the age described in 6).17-25, all that is confused and wreaked in divine-human 126. Gerhard von Rad, "l'be Thcolog:icll Problem of the Old Testameot Doctrine of Creation·. in TN Prol*m of tM Htxatl':lldt and Odttr f4UlyJ (P.dinbur$b: Oliver &. Boyd, 1966), J)p. 131-4) , for lbe pl~ent ofvoo EWfurgwneat in ligbt or lbe critique of o!bc:n (e.g. Anderson, Westermann), $CC Otilch, BibUt'A/ 1Mology, pp. 109-10. Stuhlmueller>$ e.Ai.tn$1Ve work. on c.:rtatiOl\ in Isaiah 40.-.66 foUo•'J voo Rad on lhis .store (Carol Stubtmuelkf, Cuotl~ &dbyriott ill Deuttt~ltaialt (Rome: B_iblical Ios.tituu Press., 1970]. p. S). For Stl.lbhn~Uer. tbe destripllvedeftnirioo of crutioo io lsahh 40-66 is 1&$ folloW$:'An exccptionaJiy wo.ndrous rcdt:mptive act of Yahwth. bringing to ls(Ul 11 new n.atioo.aJ eJ.i$teooe and a oeW ~~1 of unprcocdeotcd $COpe, with ..ae&bvc'' rc:pc:rcu.ssions upon all the eJc:mc.nts or brad's W ste:ooe, C:\'en upon the cosmos' (Stuhlmoeller, Cr~nw Rtd<mp1kJo, p. 9)127. P. 8 . Hamet, 'Crc:ahoo faith in Oc:uk:ro.baiab', J'T 17 (1967), pp. 298--306. 128. Otilda, BiblkA/ Tkology, p. 114; B·rown. TM £tlw.nS to God's faithful people' (Childs, Isaiah, p. 538). 1:10. Beuken. 'Tht Main Thome'. p. 80.

Paul: A Svvam of the ServDllt

129

e~change is gone' . 131 The people promised to the Servant as his offspring are presented as transformed and renewed in Isaiah 65. They have remained

faithful in the current age of suffering and their vindication is promised (6 1.9) and fulfilled (65. 17-25). The theme of the servants is found in Isaiah 66 as well. Though scholars

have given much attention to the redactjonat layers of Isaiah 66, the attem~t presented in this project is to hear the book of Isaiah in its final form' ' Childs has argued that tho litcl".uy effect of Isaiah 66 is to bring to conclusion the whole of the book of Isaiah. ' " Also, there are 'language links' between chapter 65 and 66 that should in timate a close reading between the two: 'heaven and earth; verbs for slaughtering, sacrifice. and offering; the oontrality of joy and rejoicing for the servants; caJlinA and speaking (not responded to); Zion's new birthing; and fire judgment'. ' Our

attention. howe,.er, will remain fi.'\ed on the servants. Again, the description before the reader is lhat of the opposition between the servants and Uoe apostates who worship in idolatry. God's affections are given to those who are humble and contrite in spirit, the ones who tremble at his word (66.2, 5)."' Zion brings forth her children and receives comfort from the Lord (lsa. 66.7· 13; cf. lsa. 40. 1·5). The contrast between the fate of lhe servants and of the wicked is again rehearsed in 66. 14. Beuken states: 'Thus the theology of Zion in the second half of 6 1 [book of Isaiah) reaches its clbnax here. YHWH. who lets Jerusalem produce new offspring in a

miracuJous way, also enables it to suckle the offspring. The citY. is the habitat of consolation for the progeny promised to the Servant' .n6 The book of Isaiah ends with an encapsulating description of all that has been promised in Isaiah 4(H)6. Isaiah 66. 17-24 rehearses the gathering of the nations for the seeing of God's glory (lsa. 4 I .5), the survivor.~ are sent to the nations as a witness, fo reigners are cbosen as priests for the Lord (56.60),

and the fate of those who rebel against God is finalized. 137 Commenting on lsa. 66.17-24, Childs concludes: "Tbe radi<:al formulation of 65.17-18 is repeated~

but nc>w in such a way as to p_ rovide ao interpretation of the earlie_r

131 . Seil~. 'lsa.i~h 40-66', p. S4S. The inlertt"-Uaal refertnoe to ba. 11.6·9 i• ob$e:tved in 6S.25. Tbe day promistd in Isaiah 11 is escbatolog.ica.IJy realjzed in this passage,. Ste Gene M. Tucter, 'Tbe P'eaQ:able Kingdom and the Coveoanc wilh the Wikl Animals', in God WJw Creme.t (eel. W.P. Brown and D. McBride Jr.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 2000). pp. 21~19; 1\ic:.hard Baucktla.m, 'Jes.us aod tbe Wik1 Animals•, il'l Jt'sus o/NilZOTt.lh l.ord ond Clvitt (ed. J.D. Gtec:n aod M. Turner; Grand RApids: Eetdmans. 1994), pp. 3-21.

132. Ou redacdon.allayerlng. toe Smith, /VI4toriC (liU/ P.ed4ctWit, p. J53ff; &ukeo, 'Tbe Main Theme', p. 82. 1)). Childs, /$a1alr, p. S39; Seiu, 'haiah 4().66', p. 54$. 134. ~itz.. "Isaiah 40-66', p. 545. Ill. Blenl her Jike a

river'. 137.

156.

Cbilds./SditJh, p. 542; Seitt, 'Isaiah 40-66'. pp. 547-50; see abo Seitr., Fipr
130

Paul and Isaiah's Sen·anrs

promises as a pari of the one eschatological goal: the creation of a new heaven and new eanh'. 138 This new hea\'ens and new eanh is composed of those faithful followers of the Servant who have remained loyal to the will and ways of God, whether they he foreign or national. In the midst of the present tension of suffering and eschatological longing, !sa. 66.12 reminds the reader that ' the hand of the Lord is with his servants'. 139 How then are the scn•ants of the Servant characterized in their narrative ide-ntity? d. The Senants' Narrati.,·e Identity The qu.,.tion of the narrative identity of the servants is raised a t this point as the question of the narrative identity of the Servant was rehearsed in the last chapter- that is.., how are the servant.Ci' actions and identity ponrayed witb.in the narrative. What becomes progressively noticeable io the movement from the Servant to the servanL< is t he linkage of the ideotity of the servants with the ServanL As has hcen observed, the servants a re the promised offspring of the Servaot (53. 10) who have responded in obedience: and faithfulness to the call of the Servant (50.1 0). Also the overlap hetween the. servants and the heralds of the good news becomes more apparent in Isaiah 61 . Therefore, the servants' oaiT'ative identity is as follows: they are heralds of the message of the Servant, sufferers in righteousness, waiting in the eschatological tension. Isaiah 52.7 climaxes with the heralds of the good news announcing the coming reign of God. Contextually, this ftows into thefourlh Servant Song. Seitz has argued that the message of Isaiah 53 - presented io the first-person plural of 53.1 - is delivered by the servant foUowers of the Servant. The connection between the heralded message of good news and the activity of the Servant is textually demonstrated in the movemeot of 52.7 to 52.1353. 12, e .g. the good news is linked with the Servant's work. Also, the heralds of the message become more readily apparent in Isaiah 61 , where the Servant aod the heralds converge in the continuing role of the servants. Thus. the identity of the servants is rc\·caled as those who continue the work of the Servant by announcing the good new of his activity on behalf of God's people.'"' Again, Seitz states: 'They [the servants] saw the deeper sigoi6canoe in his (the Servaot's] death than the others saw in his death and the fulfillment of God's earlier promises, . . This radical and bracing proclamation the servaots judge to be the cootinuation of the work of the servao~ whose death did oot bring defeat but the possibility of a oew hcgioniag" 41 The inner logic of the movemeot oflsaiah 4()...55 to Isaiah 5666 suggests that the Servant's mission and work is continued by the servant 138. Q.iJds. lsaltUt, p. 542.. 139. Jeppcsc:o. 'From You My Sef\'·<~.ol', pp. J28-29. 140. See Childs. !Jaic.h, pp. 404-405: Robert W. t:isher. 'The tlcralds of Good News 10 Sccood hai.ah'. in Rlteuwit;at Critlci.rm: £,t$tJY$ In Horsnr of Jomu Mutlenburt (c:d. J.J. J~tc:m. and M. Kessler. Pitt!bUtj: Tbe Pi~kwi.c:k P'rc$$., 1974), pp. 11 7-31. 141. Seitz, ' Isaiah 40-66', p. 424.

Paul: A Servant of rhe S.rranr

131

followers, not by replacing lb. Servant, but by foUoiOios in f•ithfulness lb. c;all of th<: Servant (lsa. 50.100) and by reeognozing retrospectively lb. significance of tb< death of lb. Servant for both IS111tl and tb< nation.s (Lsa. 52.1}.53.12). ·IM servanu· obedient following of the Servant leacb to their own sufferin& in righteousness (Lsa. 57. 1). They face opposition in thecunent age and are oficn set in opposition to the wicked. Beuken states: 'Now the victims of that Jinful generation have a tikeness to the Servant. They undcrt!O hi• destiny: they as well as he are "righteous" (53.11; 57.1) and yet

they experience suffering·', 141 Suffering becomes integral to the narrative identity of tbe servants. Their continuing of the message of the Servant is conjoined with th<:ir suffering in the present age. They. like the Servant, continue in righteousness though it leads to suffering, yet. they place their hope in the future vindicatioo of God. Tbis leads to the final observation of the servant's narrative identity. The servanu a."' caught between the two ages. They live in an eschatological tension between current suffering (!sa. 63.~.12) aod the future hope of viodication and "'"oration (65.17). The servanu act and tive in the midst of suffering with the hope ofthecomingday.ln Ia. 63.~.12 these righteous ones are P"'5ented as sufferers, yet God ckdaru their comma "'storation and joy in Isaiah 65. The servants will eat while the wicked biiJliU; tb.y will drinlt while the apostates thirst. The servanu n>CO~ that though they suffer. 'the band of the Lord is with them· (!sa. 66.14).

In tooclusiont the servants a:n: revealed as lhe eooti.ouina cff«t of the activity of the Servant. They are distioct from the Servant. AJ Seil2 states: "The servants are to the servant as Joshua and Caleb Vt'ere to Moses". 143 Blenkinsopp similarly observes: 'If moreover, the title• (Servant. scrvan!J) are the illlmc, it is because the disciples embody the fonn ond exemplify the consequence• of the prophetic founder's ministry'.'., Thus. the servants· work and mission are intricately connected to that of the Servant. but in a

subordinate role, a role that fiods its distinctiveness in its continuation of the work of the Servant. Their roles overlap - as Is seen In Isaiah 61 - but the

one continues the work of the other and does not share in the same statusthe Servant is raised and exalted in !sa. 52.13. The servao!J are the offspring of the Servant (S3.10). the promised seed resulting from the Servant's death,

who suffer io righteousness as did the Se:rvant io lbcir continuing embodiment of the Servant's faithfulness. ln the midst of this continuina faithful .... they await the coming day of vindication in Ond'o eschatological tin»table. 1...

14l. l43. 144, (4$,

Btutea~

"'Tbe Ma.ift 'l'btme', p. 69.

Stiu, 'babb 4()..66', p. 424. Bknk.insopp, 'The Scrvanu of Yahwt"b', p. 4l l. Sec alia Sciu., 1Y~rtd 0111, pp.. 11S,IS(i.

Prnd and Isaiah's Servan11 4. Ptllll as a Serwmt of the Sen/lll/ The pnccdinJ dCS<:riptive ...:OWl! of the servanu of Isaiah 54-66 sho"'" the mov<mtnt taking place within the latter SlruetU~ or Isaiah 4<>--66 from the Servant to the servants. The vocation of Israel pa.!Sed onto the shoulders o f an individual (I.a. 49.1·6) who embodies Israel's role both to herself and to

the nation.s. This vocation involved tbe Scrvanl's innocent and righleous

suffC St.le into a sim1lar vocation of SIIITering while waiting. As Lambrecht states: ' l'aul thus soes his suffering in oonnoction with the death of ChrisL To be united .,;th O.rist means that the nunister w1U have to suffer as O.rin did. Through all bJs trials he really participat--66 in its final canonical shape is a figural representation of the mo,'ttrlent taking place in OUJ partJcular passage of srudy. Thus. our identification of Paul in the redcntptlvc dnuna of Isaiah 4<>--66 is that of the servant or the Servant. As in the previous chapter, our attention t.Nill \urn to the various conceptual overla p between the servants and Paul in 2 Cor. 5. 14-6.10. Those ar
Paul in the eschatological tension.

a. Pa11/ as Oiakooos Before proceeding to the conoepruaJ overlap between the narrative m o\•emenu of Isaiah and our passage of study, brief anention wiU be given to Paul's use of the krm El<006uixol•>< in 2 Cor. 6.4. It should be noted that Paul uses the nominative as opposed to the aocusativc in this verse. Thus. Pa ul is DOl oeeking to prove be is a scrvant or God but is demonstratin& that as a servant of God he is oommendin& himself in a way 147 thai a servant or God should. Tbis leads into Paul's list of hardships with the implication that this is bow a sem~nt or God commends bimwlf.

146.

Lambtccbt,

~t:Oftd Corimltimu,

p. 114.

141. Soe Fumjsh, II Corilllllias. p. 343: Martin. 1 CtNitultimu, p. 1'71: &rrcu, A CM~Mtntory M Uw S«ottiJ Epi.J1~ UJ 1M CtwiitthiM.t, p, ISS.

Paul: A SerWIJtt

oft~

SerWIIII

133

1bc: actual knn 6uixovot reeei\'es little aucntion from commentators. t4 A

dclailed diocussion of lhe lenn has been gi\eo by John J. CoUins. 1. . Typically. 6uUco.ooc: iJ defined as 'one who wailS on Ulbl..'.''" Collins. on lbe olhcr hand. cballcogcs lhiJ definition as lhe 'basi<: mv<>; in 6.4 (a passive de5a'iplion) with the snbsequen< discussion focusing on Paul's exercising of his office (an active description). 1 .s.. Wi1hin lhe lilcrary unit of 2 Cor. 2. 14-7. 1, Paul uses 6,,;......,, as an indicawr of his role in 2 Cor. 3.6; 5.18; 6.4, particularly related 10 bls role in the ntw covc:nao1. 155 Hafemann, folJowing Collins, presses the functional aspdin& oi OW:oma m l C4molhl&o> s. 1$', iD R. BitriD~ lOd J. UJlabtctbt. Stadil1 "' 1 C4lt'Uit~ (l..aa:\m: l..cuYft Ufti'ttt11ty ~

p 411 '"""l· 149, JohD J. Cothns.. Dli!M-mtiu.·

Rl-inli!Tpnliltg tJtlo A·~adou Sowct3 (OAf'ord; Chford Uni\'tl'ahy Prrss. 1990). ISO, ExttlliaJI Oic1ioruuy ofrM Net111 Tesurmt'll, vol. I (eel. H.. 8ab: 11\d 0 . Sthnetder: Gra.!Mt Rapktt: P.crdman,, 1990), p. 301. ISI, Colhnt. OlaltOflw, p. 194. Beninger mocs tbe ar&ummu Jurrouncbnt lhia term_His article ia a rnot1 htiJiful tummaty aQd analy$is of the ls:rue:s Oeirin&f-1, ' Paul'• Undttstanding or Oiakonl•'· lhlfcm~ano fol10\\'s Collins on this 5CO«' as wen, Haft:mllnn, .PmJ. Mw~.s. p. Ill I Sl. CoUi.._ Oiol<0111i>, p. 194.

I Sl. CoU•ns, DiMoND, p. 195; Antbooy C. lbisclton, Tht

J-

Fi,,, EplJtk w the Corillt~

fNlOTC; Onnd Rap;ds: llerdmans.lOOO), p. 300. IS4, Bari.np. 'Paul'• Undeota.nd..Tag of DW:oma', p. 426 ISS. See Hafemun. l'llML M(uu. pp. U()-19; ElJeu Jijhl Cb~ 1Jw C•~ M (l.ftda> Bnll. 199S~ 1'1>· 0104 /'/OJ: A Slvlyo{ JWW>I a.-laTw .,ldmJity lS.).._., Lue. 'CoW2WI.t Key to P~ul's Cofttict•.

.11.,..,_,

ll6. Hal'....,.,l'oJ. M-.p. 112. IS7. Hal'..,...., I'IIMI. M-. pp. 112- ll. Hal'- , ; - clotu'led diJcussioa iD
134

Paul and Isaiah's &r.YintJ

CO\..,.,..nt", Paul emphasizes that he bas beon cal~ to perfonn those: activities that are in accord with the new COYC!Wlt ministry of the Spirit as already t.~tperiencod by the Corinthians as a mull of Paul's apostolic ministry of suffering and proclama tion of the gospel'.'" Paul's designation of himself as 614xWO<; in 2 Corinthians 3, 5 and 6 centm on Paul's particular role UJ>roc:laimer and sufferer subordinate to Christ's own person and work. 1 Regarding the term 614xovor and its semanti<: connection with the Servant/Servan ts of Isaiah 40-66, great care must be taken lest the argument be pushed too far. Of particular interest is the use of 6ta
Secondly, the semantic distinc-tion between 6t.(I)COIJ{Q and 6ov.M:Gw is noc s1rong. In fact. the use of 6o1M<w in Mk 10.44 reveals the s.:muntic

U8. Harc::mann, Pawl. Aloxs, p. t 14. Soc Christiantcn's emphuts on 'new· as 'eethatoloaieal renewal tither than tempocaJ ~placement'. Chri~tlaneen, 1'ht C.O\ltl'iWfl, p. 159. Th.i• rcadiu1 or the 'ne'lli' l&np.~ait m 2 Connlhlans 2.14-7. 1 oobcrc:$ whb tbe re.d.inc of tbb pro,oct. PaW Wldc:n&ands the: CSICbatolop::al era poi_nt.od •o ia the: OT. aspecialty by IIIU&h. as M~ne •ni"td. 1$9. Sot. 77lt ~ Dktiontvy of lM Nn Totamt:rtl I, p. l03 t60. w.u.. ~· .Yrw ex...... p. 171. t6t. Hooka • .sm-. p. R c-u.,. oc Pili!. :z. Hook«'""" 'W• .,.,. alt<&dy DOted l.ba1 ~ LXX \IUSbtcs ~ in lbe Serva.n1 Socp u ate. De"Cf u ~ wUch u tbt lin•'. Hoot .,, .sn-t. p. llO, Hool:« io miol&l:eo .., thls - . """"' Is lht word ......,. o f - ill LXX boloh <9.J. 162. Hooker. &rwaota. p. 74ft.; Watts., /»aat'J N~ £:x~ p, 271. 163. a . W&ttl, /atfaA I A'"nil F..xtldla. p. 271. On lhc: 0.niel71hctl:t aod l$aiah $J, WIll$ coadudc:t that tbcte rwo an oo1 in opposition to each other, Wan• idcnubtu)n or tbe SenatH or l111.l-.b theme don not discount other themes as well. WatU, /l4kl/t'J N~w Exodw, p. lSS. 164. W11U.. l.ull.olt's Nrw £xodw.r. p. 272. 165. W~~oi U.. f.uiiM'I Nt w Exod1Lt, pp. 2 72-73

Paul· A S<>Twmt of IM S•rvant

135

overblp.'" Baxd on tbe pm;eding observation. Watts natu: '6Woooc and ~ are dosdy related and might in some cases by reprded as 17 s:ynonyms'. ' Tbe overlap is veri:6cd as one looks at lhe P..tubne letten e.g. Paurs we of~ in 2 Cor. 4.5 surrounded by a context that uses 161 6 6ui
'T'he particular argument of this project will not leao heavily on Paul's terminology 'servants of God' in 2 Cor. 6.4, as if this k•ical indicator sealed the argument. More emphasis is beins placed on tbc oon«optua~' figural overlap between the servants and Pall!. Paul's own narrative identity overlaps quite drumatically wilh !he servants of the Servant. Also, Paul's use of ncw-<:teatioo language in 2 Cor. 5.17 (deeply connected to the restoration of the servants in Isaiah 56-66), his emphasis on receiving !he 'righteousnC$$ of Gnd' in 2 Cor. 5.21 (the servants arc described as 'righteous ones'. they arc tbe ones who have received ri,§bteousncss on !he basis of the Servant's work in Jsaiab 53(cf. l sa. 57.1D:' and apin, Paul's narntlve identity as herald and sufferer contributes to the probability of !he servants of tbe Servant as background for Paul's lhou&)lt. lsaiab's message of tbe Servant and !he subsequent servants of !he Servant are presented as cschatologically n:alized in Paul's descriptive aa:ount of Gnd's current activities io Christ and himself in !his Scriptural aa:ouot or 2 Corinthians.

b. Paul as Herald As has been empha.!izcd, Paul is laying claim to his apostolic aulhority in 2 Corinthians oo the t>a.is of a self-commendation approved by the Lord 171 This undercurrent of thought and purpose continues in 2 Cor. 5. 14-21 and is especially present in 6.1·10. In 5.14-21 God's purposes or reconciling the world unto himself by means of his divine agent, Jesw Chris t. is positioned as the climax or lhe eschatological now (6.2), and Paul's particular role in 2 Cor. 5.14-6.2 is that of proclaimer/emissary of the message or reconciliation. Paul docs not use the language of herald pu " · But the actions of the herald are praeot in Paul's particular eschatological activity. This activity is relayed to the reader as Paul describes himself as 'minister or recoociliatioo'

M_.,• A•

Silva, llibli

1116. 0. _.lie -.lap ..._ M-

136

Pmd and Isaiah'• Servanu

ond ·arobossad9r' of Cbris1. 111 Also, Paul's paru<:ular acti•ity of anooun· cing the new mation (5. 17) sud~ esduuolosicaJ now (6.2) is rn-.latory of Paul's identity ns 'herald'. Within the con teAt or Paul's proclamation of Ood's recon.ciliDJ activity in Chnst, tile 6\0lCOV(av -rii; ...~..uxy;,; is understood ns the result or God's initiatin& rocoociling activity (5.18). Paul had been reconciled (as well as the Connthian•) and • ubsequenUy be taka$$ador for Christ carrrjns the word of reconciliation as he 11nnounocs: 'Be reconciled to God'. 74 Following t>oth Porter and Wright, it is argued that P•ul's imperatival address: ' Be reconciled 10 God', is not an address to the Connthians M-' se. t>ut is the general address ~··en t>y the amt>assador of Christ in the role of 75 'minister of reconciliation'. Thus, Paul's apostolic ministry as 'minister of oflheGr«k NewT....,...,, 172 U o.or ......... \hallhe UDiiOC!Bibk Sociril)". .diidnltific:t: a.o aDwioa to lsa.. 52..7 m 2 Cor. 5.10 (UBS, . , G1td. Nrw Tni4Mtlllt• .ttl o.in.. p. 897). 113. Tbt pni:tiQJ c::ocuttucUoo of~ !tt; dm.U&'Tfk il boc read u :u objoctjw ,m.iliw, ~ a.. 'the mimMty wbicb pr'Odaims/oQ'trt rccoaabrioD; the maatisU)' wbd briqs about I"':()Mdi:ltioa'. For otbcr opcioas and a dde:rase or the ob;occi¥t pitive ~ce ~mn,er. 'Paut't Undcl'ltal'ldinC of OiaJconia', p. 422. Bi~r a.lso arJUC&lhat Paul coocoves <>( tbt Conathb.nJ aDd himstlf as baYing tfto l'tiC:II')OCI1o:l. but, the role or 6uUt~ dk ~ is tai~:r¥Cd ror Paul {&moger, 'Paut'& Undemanding of Dlatoo.iot.', p. 42.S). 174. P..aul ~peW or hini3Cif -.san ambiLAadof or Qui•' u1 S.20. WnaJU eoromcn ~ "The whole point or the an1busadorial syste:m, in lhe ancient aa wt ll u u1 the mod«o world, is tha l the110vorci&Q hlmso.lf(or befklt) speaks through the agent' (WriJ(Ju, 'On Secomint: the: Rt&hteouanese or Ood', p. 206); see Bornkamtn, Pau4 p. 114; c. Wolff, 'True A.postoli¢ Knowl«<&e of ChriJ.t'. in Po•ll Md Je.nu: Colkctt d &!ray• (JSNTSup. 37: Shcff~eld : Sbellidd 1\c.detnio Preti, 1989), pp. 81-98 (94). Paul is emphasi:lin(C 1~1 OOd'J IC\10ft(!lling acli\'11)' it now •nnouncod by God d1.t( lhe Lord's favour lO tbt opprn;ICid. This &DDOOI..OCCIDea t as actualiztd by the at~oi.atins of lhc Spuit or Ood ln olbcl words. the- Splri t of God is matina iu -appeal by mea.as of tbt servAD.l l. It it poniblt:, apia. tJw Pal.lJ il matinc me of HeUenisaic ~ for lbc sake ol mU:iq to:IC'Uibk- Old Ta••-.m Scripcurema QQlikeonttzL Tbeatdviry oltbeambaw6or., tpOk:MptnOQ for God cnra1.apa watb tk PfC*Ctation of tbe .avanu: Ul their a&lftb\'C IICk:Dbly. Oa au:lhoru:ua& tp«dd. sec N'.W Wol~. ~ 1>~: ntiltJ.,.w.J kJ«tit~tu ""' 11ttt CUitt U.U G«< S,.... (C...bridc<: CUP. t995). csp<eWly elL 3. 11S. Porca &fpc& kre that Paul is dtfi oint the Conntlt!ant and bu:wc:lt u am~. lbe usc o( the pt~.;raJ 10 these . . . indicate& ao tfl(ll»a~ accavtty Wltb wbcb bot.b Pa\lt and the Coriruhl• ot we involved. 'l"bu acuvity u speabnz on brutr or God u they aaoou.D~X": ' Be recooc:iJcd 1.0 God' (Porkr. IUu~ pp. IJ9.40). Porttt WdJI to Jive too much wo.cht bcrc to lhc. plural. P:lul use AD 'apostolic we' quite eonsisttruly in t.bi.t lumry Wlit u is noc«< CIS'pl)i)iaUy in $. li ~IS~ 6.4C. Therefore, Wri&ht is more on uook i:n hil "'ICQmCI)ttbat 'The .econd half()( the \'(ftC abould not. J think, be ta.ken IU an add"* to the C0nnlb1an:t spec:iAcolly, but:u a 11hortand pithy statem.mt or Paul't wbole vocadon: 'On behalf or Orin.

Paul: A Senant of the Serwuu

137

reconciliation' and ·ambassador of Christ' is defined contextually by Paul's activity of announcing the good news: 'Be reconciled to God'. It should b< stressed, however, that Pa ul's activity as herald/servant of reconciliation docs not merely in,,olve the objective describing of events but is intimately connected with the reality toward which the herald/servant points. 176 Also, the role of Christ and the role of servant/ herald are roles that need be kept distinct. Though intricately linked, the role of the servantjherald is that of pOinting towa rd.. a nnouncing, and suffering under the Servant not that of complete identification with the Servant. llieringer belpfuUy states: fo r Paul, the61.(1J(ov{(l consists of the task of prese1~ting to the people the salvation event which happened once and for all in Otris:.t. The 6i.OxoiJO( appeals to tb< people to cake up the part God assigned to t.hcm in oomplcting the prooess of re<:onciliatioo. What 6\.0.KovLu means is reali:u:d in the proclamation of which the proc-laimers become a pan. in as much as their apostolic sufkri.ng: is a part.icipatiou in C hriM's suffeting. 111

Paul's activity in this section of 2 Corinthians is that of herald of lhe reconciliation proffered by God lbrough Christ and announcer of the eschatological now of God's aclivity. lleker states: ' Like Second Isaiah, Paul interprets Israel's uaditions in the light of new di\i nc eschatologicat acts in history. As the apostle of Jesu.s Christ, Paul is the herald of the goopel of God, whicb announccs the impending fullillment of Second Isaiah's eschatOlogical promise of Jiberatioo' . 178 As the servants of the Servant observed in retrospect the significance of the suffering Servant and announeed the message of bis activity (!sa. 52.7; 5.3. 1; 61.14), so too docs Paul act as a servanl of Chris! who announe<S the· significance of God's work in Chris! as the initiator of God's eschatological now, God's new creation. 179 Here one observes the figu.rat overlap of the we mate this appeal~ " & recoociled to God! .. (Wright. 'Ou Becolllinalbe .Ri.ibteoU$1)e$$ or God'. p. 205). lnteruaiugly, Schlatter o bserves Paul's ' *· or the ·we' in 1M Thesaalonian epist~ aDCJ in 2 CorintbiaM 3$ l.J3uJ'$ undettt.andi.OS Q( tbe CC:Dlt"atilyoftbe mess:age O'Ytr the personality carrying the message. lbe divine mem.ge. for Paul, lose$ none o( its power wb~ carried out by snothet (Scbla.ttet, 7'ht 71teol(}f,)· of 1M Apo~lla, p. 193). If this is the. case, Po1ul's emphasizi111 of tbe c:cntralit)' of tbe: divine word. OV\::r the particu.W canyioa tbe word O'ltetlaps sip.ificantJy with the message: or baiah 40-66, a m.es.sage that centres on the continuing cJJ'cctiYt>DCSS o( fbe word of God (ace Cltapttt 3),

p:r$0D•

116. B.ier.ingtt, 'Paul's Uodtrsw.dio.g of Oiako.,Ut.', p. 4l8. 177.

Bierin~r.

'Paul's Undtntandiog of Diakoola', p. 428.

178. Bebr. Ptzul t~ Apostle, pp. IJ$-16. I would simply t"!t.end Bet.ec't $!2-ttmetU to include Isaiah 40-66. 179. Regarding Romans and Paul's identity as herald see, J. Ross Wagner, He,akb of the Good Ne.,.·s and "Tht Hc:r:\lds of Isaiah and lbt Mi"ion of Paul', p. 222.. Many o r Wagm:r's conclus.iont; $Uppor1 tbc: teno-r oft.hb boo\ tbough Wagner does oot. appea' to the ~antS of lbt Sctv~tn t theme. Craig Evan$ cito.':S Hahn's SU~Iion tJ'al Paul's c:onc.ept or apos-tle is

drawn irom lsa. 61.1. Evans eombincs Haho'$ thougbt.s with hi.s o-.11

~t'l*

Pau1's

138

Paul and /safaJr's Servants

iden~ty of tbe ~rvants of the Servant in t he literary movement of Isaiah 4(}66. and Paul's ~lf·deseribed identity in 2 Cor. 5.14-6.10. 1. . The figuration provided by the ~rvants continues in Paul's understanding of him~lf as a suffering one.

c. Paul a.< Sufferer Lambrecht correctly states that Paul's 'ambassadorship means more than just proclamation in words; the whole apostolic existence with an its trials is involved (cf., for example, 6.3- 10)'. 181 Paul's activity as herald is conjoined with Paul's identity as sufferer. It is not necessary to expOund fully tbe definition of each type of suffering Paul Usts in bis catena of 6.4-6. In other words. lack of direct semantic parallel in Isaiah 40-66 is not detrimental to lbe project. At this point. a th.ematic overlap i-s observed between the servants' narrative identity as sufferers and Paul's narrative identity, coupled with the proximity o f the lsaianic quotation as indicator of Paul's overarching lsaianic thought. Thematically we can observe that (I) in 6.4-5 Paul defines himself as one who suffers, (2) in 6.6-7 Paul speaks of his inward moral character (this will be called Paul's righteousness), and (3) in 6.8-10 the eschatological dialectic is present. It s hould a lso be noted that Paul is listing his own a11tobiographical details at this pOint in his self-defeosc. 182 He begins the list of suffering with an overarcbing category (lu uttOJlOvU nol.J.i\) and then proceeds to list eight types of suffering he has endured: tv 9HI{!EoiV.
quotatioo or laa. !i2.7ln Rom. IO. I!i conduding that Paul's sclf-identi6carion was tbat of a laltu day ptopbet whote prinl &l')' vocation V.""a.$ that of betllldina the &ood DeW$ (Cr.Ug A .

Evans. 'The Funccioo or Isaiah in the New Testament"). 180. This ls seen eiJeWbeN io Paul as well (e.a.• Rom. 10.13--11). 18 1. Lumbrccbt. 2 Corinthian.r. p. 100. 182. It bas been argued that Paul's list rcscmbiC!I tbe Stoic:; orhis tin:ut. Sot. Fit:1.gerakl. Cracks fll mr &vtkn Yts.tt l., pp. 184-201: Thral), II Corintlrian.s, p. 4S4; Barro\t, A Commnuary Ofl 1M Second Episfk to the CorimltitmS, p. 185. This obscrvation should not delay us for Ions. for at we have obscf\'l:ld Pau1 ofteo makes U:\C of iwgcs from ou.uide the Scripture$ to mate 3CCtl>Sible his lhc:ological poiQl, a borro wod capital of soru. Lambrecbt belpfuUy el;uiflCS: '£viden1ly the aeorc.ofthe tribuladon list existed and was ava.i.lablc to him. Paul may have borrowtd rhetorical oor:omooplaoes, yet be builds them Uno IUs pemnal compO:Si,ioos and iocorporult:$ them into hi'> new faith. Moreover. the ti&lS are, as it Vt'C"f1;. his periioBid. autobiographical d()I...'Ume:nts' (Lambrecht. 1 CorftrtJtlans. p. 114). Therefore. Paul is not soetdng to ickntify bi.mself with tl:'le Stoic' but is theoloaitJaa in the best sec.se of this •em . tbat is. Paul i.s ~kin e co ma.k.-e tbc reve.Jatloo of Cod aooeasable to h~ audictl(le in their particuJar placement both in time and cultural background. Lambrcd u a1so points out t he distinctions bctvottn PauJ and t.ht Stoics (Latnbn~cb t, 1 CfNinthi(uu, p, 113: soc ;sl,so A.E. Hai'lo'e)', RMeK'(J/1'hrollgh Sll/fering (Edinburgh; T&T Clark. 19-89j, pp. 1$-16). 183. Martin. 2 Ci}tfll_rJtlall$, p. 16f; Karl Thoodor K.Jeinkoecbt. /kr k id4ntkGer«Arfm~u. pp. 2SS..56.

Paul: A Servant of the Servant

139

Again, detailed attention need not be given to this list. ' .. Theologically. however. Paul identifies himself as a sufferer and links his suffering with both the eschatological now (6.2) and a commendation appropriate for a servant of God (6.4). 185 Paul's theological thought as it pertains to suffering and the gospel is rich and variegated. Rea:nlly, Jervis has helpfully identified three categories by which students of Paul have identified his Leide11$theologie - ( 1) eschatological frnmewo rk (i.e., Christians suffer as an essential aspect of the apocalyptic agenda); (2) union with Christ (i.e., Christ suffered and believers suffer on the basis of union with Christ); (3) suffering of others in the history of lsrnel as illustrative of the CUrtent suffering. ' Paul makes sense of suffering by using images and understandings of other sufferers for God' . 186 Jervis•s contribution is her understanding of Paul's initiaJ preaching of the gospel as entailing the message that recipients of the gospel will suffer. 187 It will suffice to say that P.dul's particular thought in 2 Cor. 6.3-10, as is contextually understo~ falls under all three categories. Paul emphasizes the eschatological now and immediately speaks of his present suffering. Union with Christ is implicit throughout 2 Cor. 5.14-21 (one died for all therefore all died), and the use o f the tradition of others' sufferings, particularly the servants of the Servant, is argued for in this book. Hafemann helpfully states: Moreo..·er. Paul's self. understanding and interpretation of his weak.ness as an apostle are once again deri..,·ed from the biblical tradition of the

suffering of the righteous as confinned and given its decisive formu. lation by the death of Jesus. For the 'strikingly compact reference to the context of deutero~ lsaiah; which already exists in Paul's summary of his ambassadorship and its message in S.2Q..6.1. is then made expUcit by the quotation of 6.2 from the suffering servant tradjtion of Tsaiah 49.8a.1"' 184. for detailed inter~tioo * cspcciaJJy ThruU. f/ Corimhians. pp. 4SS..~9; Martin, Z C.rinJh.,.., pp. 17tHS: Funilih, II CwinlhitmJ, pp. 342-<14. lS:l-SS; Manus, ' A!)O
185. Har'le)'. oommeoting on l Corinthians. ~tt$: "For the fin1 time. in bi$tat~t lcum, and pouibty for the first time in the entire phi)osophicaJ aod religious literatu~ of the West, v.--e find the e.Apmeoc.e of iovoluol.;uy <~nd ionooeot $Uffering in'•ested with Lhe p<>sjtive 1/a.lue and meaning i:o itsdr (Harv1.'}', Rh/lt'tt1a/ Tlrrough SlljJerb~~o p. 31). 186. lt sbouJd bo outed tbat OlD three of the$e. ~ttaorie:s do oot have tO be opernti\-e concurreotly (L Ann Jervis, 'Acoepting Aftliction: Paul's Prtacbiog oo Suffering.· io Cltara~~r and Scriptw~: Jf<wa/ F()rrnatlJJn, C()m)tUilt/ly, and 81/)/ka//nurptvtliJtitm fod. W.P. Brown; Grand Rapids; Eerdmans. 2003}. pp. 293-91). Jervis gives the proponeo1.S o( eac:b QltegO!;f in footnot¢5. 187. Jervis, 'Aettpti.n& Affliction', p.m. Jervis makes a convincing a.ppeal regarding Paul'; jn.itial prtachirtg on $urrering. which is beyond che scope of our cun e.u conc:em. 188. Hafemann. Sll/frrint ilJtd t.M Ministry Qf tlte Spiril. p. 73. lbfemann qUOl~ Klein:knccbt, Dtr /eidende. Geuchl{w-n'gte, p. 280. Kleinknecht has argtM:d that Paul ick:ntiliC$ his owtl sWTerin.a in li&ht of tbe rigbt.eous sufferers in the 01' aod in tbt intet--ltStaa'leotaJ littratu.re, pp. 263-82.

140

Paul and Isaiah's Servams

Contextually, Paul places his suff<'ring in lhe midst of the lsaianic drama, as his reference in 2 Cor. 6.2 indicates, and, as Kleinknecht has argued, in light of the righteous sufferet'S in tbe tradition-history of Israel. Though the arg:umeut presented in this project does not rely on a tradit.ion-history approach, the volume of Paul's allusion to the suffering ones of isaiah, the servants of the Servan4 gains more rcsonanc:e with the contextual understanding of both 2 Cor. 5.14-6:10 and Isaiah 40-66. Paul's suffering is the result of bls obedient res.ponse to the <:all and is intricately linked with the sufferings of Chris!. At the same time, Pa ul's sufferings are subordinated ondet Christ's sufferings and find tlteir signiticanoe in that light. Again, this is the narrative identification of the servants of the Sef\'ant in Isaiah as well. Isaiah 57.2 reminds us that the servants of the Sen•ant inherited the Servant's fate. As the Servant suflCrcd (lsa. 50.4-9: 52.13-53.12) so also do the servant$ suffer. The servants, like Paul, arc sufferers who have responded in obodience and whose vocation is intricately linked with that of the Servant. Suffering for Paul was pan and parcel of his activity as servant of God; it defined his being as sen•ant. In Paul's thought this finds watraot in both the Scriptures of Israel, particularly Isaiah's redemptive drama. and io the recent activity of the suffering Christ as fulfillment of those Scriptures. Again, tbe figural overlap between the servants' identity and Paul's is observed.

d. Paul as Righteo1ts It. is recalled from our pnwious description of the servants to the Servant in Isaiah that a mo>-.,ment from righteousness as gift in Isaiah *-55 to righteousness as covenant obedience is present. SimiJarly, Paul present$ righteousness as gift in 2 Cor. 5.21 and demonstrates his own fai thful activity in 6.6-?a. Paul~ though not Paul alone, has been gi,..en righteousness as a gift yet his activity is commensurate with the gift Also, Paul's suffering is not the product of divine judgment but is commingled with his righteous status, a status of bot!> gift and personal activity. Paul's sufferings, therefore, are the sufferings of one who is righteous, one who bas embraced righteousness as gift and is acting personally in a righteous way, that is. a eoveoantally faithful way.'" PaW make3 use. of Ev as indiC"4tor of the marwer by wbich be ads as servant of God. Paul's manner ;., one of puri?; (most likely referring to purity of motivation), knowledge, and patience. 90 Centrally located in this list of vin·ues is tv tM~n ely~. Both Plummer and Barren, in their respective wa~s, have argued against uuderstandiug this phrase as 'in the. Holy Spirit' ' 1 Both doubt the presence of the 'Holy Spirit' in a list of human virtues. 1be majority of C()m.mentators. however. disagree with both JS9. On P'Aul aod obedieaoe :see Hafetn;lnn. PurJ. Moses. 190. TnraU, II Corlnrhians, p. 459; Martin, 2 Codnt/tiQIU, p. 115. 10

191. Plummer, II C(Winlllfan.i, pp. 196---97; '&rrtu. A CQmmtnt
Paul: .4 Serrlllll of the S errunt

141

Plumt~~er and

Barreu on tb< basis of Paul's oonjoining the Holy Spirit with human •inu.. ebewt.n, ooupled with the absence or any description o f the 192 locideolll!ly. l""'po8\4Ji4, XP'P'On!"• q,lro are all humao Sptnt as 'holy'. fouod in Paul's list of the fruits of the Sptnt io Oal. S.:ll-23. Paul's roija..:e on the ltoly Spirit is an authentic indicator or his legitim""y as apo$tlc. Also. l'aul's listing of tb< Holy Spirit in the midst of hiS vinuous activity

c1ues the r~ader in 10 the source of Paul's vinuous, righreous activity. Paul's sufferina is suffering in the present age, the csc.hatoJogically reali7.ed age. and i.s the suffering of a righteous one. Pout's righteousness is observed as both I>!U8ively received (5.21) and •ctively demonstrated (6.67a) by means of the fueling agent of the Spirit. l'aul's flli tbful response to the divine initiative of reconciliation mediated through the Christ has re.11u1ted io Paul's QWO suffering in righteousness. Similarly. the servants oftlte Sel"\•ant are identified narratively as those wbo are the direct recipients of the righteousness procurod by the Servant (!sa. 53.10) resulting io their righteoUJ suffering in the present age (lsa. 57.1) Again, the fi,guraJ pattern is observed.

e. Paulin tM E.JcltatologicJJJ Tension Buhmallll entitled this entire section (6.3·10): 'the apostle io tb< power of the coc:ba tolosical c""nt' ."' Paul's retrospective noading or Isaiah as a realized ctebatological event (2 Cor. 6.2) places Paul's partieular acli•ity and s uffering in the midst of the eschatological tension of Cod's p,resenl

inauauratin& activity of Christ and the awaited day of vindication. "' Paul's list or paradoxes in 6.8·10 pr=ts the Mlithesis of apparent circumstances and inward realities.'" The thought climaxes with Paul's statement, 'as having nothing, and yet possessing everything' (2 Cor. 6.10). ,.. Puul's possession of Chris~. rather. Paul'• being po$:1<3$cd by Christ , mcam that Paul ·poss..sc:s nothing io this world'. t 97 Paullives in tbe 191. Cf. ~pcCLalb' GaL 5.12-26; ThralL II C!WhUIUt»U, p. "60; Ma.rtin,J CorlltthWu. pp.

t76-77; Lambtocb• Sri>u!Oans, p. ttl); Furciah, 11 C<Jrloos, l'fNI, pp 19S. ~ ~ PNOIIDx q{ 1M Cr6a, p. 66. 196. IOtuktDoctll obtes-ua thismJemet~l Paurs IICkoufic.boD of1una.df-. • ~tcov•

1o!Ttm (X.Jnobwd.t. Drlr ~ Gb«n o( thlt boot tb.t Paul lakes cuJruraJ tymboll Of xrruoti~ incticaton and bonoW¥ them as he tn~kttl hb tbeoklJkal ft\CSI.l~ aoccwbJc, a tboologica) message: rooted in both Ood'• eurn:n1activity u1Olrist and the Scnptur~ of' bl'ileL

19?.

Martla, 2 Corirt lhJI»u, p. 185.

142

Paul and Isaiah's Servants

eschatological tension of the present age, an eschatological tension marked by his possession of everythinf, yet his present possession of nothing. Though Paul dies, he lives (6.9). ,. Paul, like tho stn'llnts (Isaiah 65-{;6), is in the midst of the eschatologi<:al time of renewal initiate
5. Conclusion Paul's eschatological role of herald and servant of God's good news is 6guraUy presented in lbe narrative movement of Isaiah 53-{;6 most notably in the theme of the servants of the Servant. Paul has responded in obedience to tbe call of the Servant with failltfulness leading to his own suJTering and yearning for eschatological vindication. His role as herald finds its significance in the one toward whom his heralding points. The servants pointed to the Sen'llnt (Jsl\iah 53) and Paul witnesses beyond himself to the Christ. Isaiah's message is an eschatological message pointing beyond itself to God·s current activities in both Christ aod Paul. Paul's vindication of his suffering is warranted by the canonical shape of tsaiab's eschatological message. Those who follow God in obedience suffer as did tbe Servant and as did Jesus. So also do the servants suffer io solidarity with lhe Servant, and Paul suffers in solidarity with Jesus. This is God's paradoxical means of advancing his good news and Isaiah pre-figures God's new redemptive action.

198. Martin states: 'lo summary, Paul was oonsu(ltly aware of dt;tth .. .but Ood•s pc>~r for tnumph O~'('f death was <~Jso knowo to tbc apostk Whether in practical terms. as be faced the 'dm.ting o rdeath.' or in theological ttmu the t$C'·bal01o⁣il travail of tbc mun of fai tb. P-Aul ""'all COIJS-tantly botb dyin& and Jjll\og' (Martin. 1 Corintllituts, pp. 181 ...82), 199. See Manus., 'ApostolicSull't'Ting'. p. 50.

Chapter 5 nn! TIII!OLOGtCAL IMPLICATIONS OF PAUL'S OLD TeSTAMENT READING

I. Jnrroduction Having exam.ined closely Paul's panicular reading of Isaiah 40-U and iu implk:ations for Paul's own self-awareness and ~ significance of Ood's eschatolosical aethity in Christ, our attention comes full circle to ~ pre5Sin& question of hermeneutics or theological readins. the iS>11e pointed to a t the c:onelusion of the fim ebapter. 1 In the previouJ chap~at. attention bas betn ajven to the ways in wbicb Isaiah 40-U's own titmry structUrt and key figuru informed and constrained Paul's undemanding or Christ and his own apostolic ministry. The Servant of Isaiah 40-SS prefigured and wnn..sed to one. who in retrospect. is most fully fulfilled in the person and

work of Jesus. In other words, there is an onlological union between th~

Servant of Isaiah and the Christ of the New Testament. Also, the figures of

lhe servant

or the Servant in Isaiah's

literary movement presen1 Paul's

apostolic ministry in figural fashion. They witn..., to the ones who recognize the significance of the Servant's work on their behalf resulting in righteous suffering while waiting in the eschatological tension. Isaiah 4(}.66 is the c urrent escha tological situation in which Paul fo und himself. This overlapping of patterns and language of figuration calls for

clarifkat.ioo as we move into rcOcct.ion on the significance of Paul's reading for theolosical hermeneutics. What does Paul's reading of the OT oonvcy to modem readers of Scripture within the community of faith, that is, to the

community who rccogn!zes Paul's apostolic suuu.s and the canonk:aJ function of his writing$?' Parti<;ularly tied to this f~
I. For a dupnauc accoli:At of modern hemcncutia atld a thco4otical rudiat or Salpturc ICC Joha Webster. 'Hm:oeneutic:s in Moc:lua TheolocY'. in Word t»td CltwcJt F..t~JSYs "' Clltiltia" Dt>,'""lic$ (Sdinbul'Jh; T&:T Clark. 2001). pp. 47..86 .:. Admiltedly. the appronch taken in t.bis work has been ft6rrowty defined by one: patt:lcyl!lr J*UUIO. Thi• i• oot to deny that Paul t~ds ScrlptY~ in dllTctetU way• .and for different pul'p06CI. Wbllt i1 intC"ndcd is to tel a p:trticylar theoloakat fl"'mcworlc for Paul'!! tCildin:s ., C).anpli&cd In tbb parti<:ul~ar passage.

Paul and /saioh$s Servams

144

resemblance' in the hislory of iotetpretatioo.1 Does Paul's theological reading of tbe OT bear a familial resemblance to later Christian reading, namely, Christian reading that is defined by the .ren.rus litera/Lr or the plain sense of Scripture.' Is it helpful to appropriate a category from later Christian exegesis in our description or Paul's OT reading or does such an approach fall prey to anachronism? Without doubt, this ten:n ' plain sense• raises a host of questions, aJI of which will not be answered here. It should be stated on the front end that an appeal to plain sense is not a neutral appeal oftbe bmrafacra kind.5 In other words, what i:s plain to the Christian community wiU not necessarily be plain in the sense of a general henneneutics accepted by those outside of the Christian community.6 In this sense, an appeal to plain sense will nc..-ed to be clearly defined, at least on the level of conceptual fnuneworl:., as it relates to the family resemblance between it and Paul's OT reading.' What is being intimated in this final chapter~ which calls for runher exploratio~ is the 3. Frci. ?itt &/ipse of BibJWal Ntmatiw:; Olilds, 1M Struggle tt> UN.krsMNIIsoinlt as Cl!ristitPt Scriptvre. 4. Katbym Greene-McOcigb.4 Ad Liueram: How Augwtlnt, C,aJ'rbt, tWi Barth R£ad thl 'Plain Se'JUt>' of Gerwsi.t 1·3 (New York; Peter Lang. 1998). S. lo b,i$ conumhtnsive work on patristic exe8£$is.. Kannetlgie$Str states: ' f or the C'hri.5tian interpreter, ll fim principle o( the literal meaning o( the Bible, undcr'$COn:d again and again in patristieexq.Hi$ is tburhe blblkal "kuet .. as J/1tlkrttDOd by pQlrlJtlc lttrerprmtrt had iU O'IWt 3tarvs, origiltitoting from 4 di'rint .1owru in a 3Upe'n~Otlll'a1 ~uy: therefor~ it adndut d M ~tral readiltg de\'(>ld ()j dw: nppropriak kind of rcligiclus fail)t' (Cbatlc..'$ K.anneogiesser, Htmdbook of Patristic E.xquis, vol. l (!be Bible in Aneic:ot Christianity, I; 2 vol~; !.<Wen: 801~ 1004), p. t6S. 6. On geoual hermen~tics and Barth's reaction 10 Scbkte-rmac.ber's fathering of lhis mo~'CUIC'ot io biblbl stucties: see R.icha.rd Burnet~ Karl Bartlt 3 'Tht!'ological ExeguU (WVNT U/ 145; TObin,sen: Mohr Si~bect, 200J). Jonathan EdwatdJ. the-~~ ~n tbeologia.a) philosopher, b.ad a similar view on typology a.s a O:uistian discipline (Jonathan Ed~ Typologir:al Wrltbtgl {'Tlle Worb of Jol)atban FAwatd•. \'01. II: ed. W. E. Aodttson. M. 1. l.oW;lDI;C, Jr.; New Uaven: Yak Uoh'«Sily Pres$. J993), p. JO). 7. By way of roueh u:Uogy. David Yeaao aslcs a similar qu.e stion about tbt rel.ationship between Scripture and lata' theological formulations, particulady the Ouis.tological fon:nulatioos a:t Nioea. Yeaao creatt:s tbe ca~esortes of 'judgment$• - the reaJitiei ptntntcd lo Scripture with Scriptural language - and 'c:oacepCual tmns' - the approprfatioo of jud.JOJtOt$ jn 1.\na:~ dilTerenJ (tOtXI the judament lbeauelvcs. (sUI.-b u Jt,omoo11.1iot1). Yca.go. "The New TestiUllCilt and Nicme Dogma', p. 158. Similarly, see T~P. Tottanct, •The Logic aod Analottic of Bibfu.:al and 'IlLeolOogical Stltemeots i.o the Grtek Fathtn(. in Di•Vtt M~: Srwdlaof PaJrinll: &"""""'"-' (Edinbutl)l: T&T Oaric, 1995), pp. 3'1<1-91. llotb of tbt$ authOr$, in their different ways. asaert tll8.l the early fathers (aspeci:llly Gr~k: fatherS) We(C M t dooina tb.OOJoaY it'l tl)e ab$1tact bul WC(t $1!dt.i(IJ 10 000Jorm lbdr lhCOlopoCa) thinking with the mind and preseatation or Scripture. The apostolic foundation of earl)'

theological foanulatioos

Wa$

paramouot in dcful.ios biblical ottbodoxy. We will St.et to

elucidate this analogy in rdatioo to Paul's aegesis later tn this chapter. For now, see the appea.J made: by the early fathers 10 Paul's ue,$C$i3 as de.rooostratec.t in Heori de .lubac, MeditnVJI Ex~gesis: 1'/te Four Sell.ft's of Scri'pllJ.Tl'. \'OL 2 (Edinburgh; T&T Clark. 2000), pp. 4-9.

The Theological Implications of Paul's Old T~t~nt Reading 145 poternial frwtfulnt$$ of the history of interpretAtion for hermeneutical qU<Stions of the day, hence the tenn 'family resemblance'. One recalls the earlier claim made in the first ehapter that Pllul's OT l't'adinJ is sui gtiU!rU. Again. this is not to say that Paul was rcmond [rom

his pa,rticulnr place in time. Paul was no modem or J>O:'tmodcm and we should not cA"pc:ct him to be such. It is to Stl). hO\\oevtr, that the context and subject m.a uer of Paul's OT reading (and the rest of the NT authors as well) was defined by a theological criterion unique to Pnul's contemporaries. A 'history of roligions' approach may shed light on Paul's exegetical methods but does not necessarily clarify the substance of Paul's unique reading, Mmcly, hi• theological starting point8 It is susgestcd here that if one is to gain further purchase on the theological substance and character of Paul's OT reading, a turn to the history of interpretation, with all Its vari"'ated forms and nuances, may be found helpful in this locus of inquiry. Our auention turns firstly to a theological definition of t.he plJlio sense of Scriprurc.

2. A T/teQiogical Definition of Plai11 !knse Paul's ueg<sis of the OTis a reality that must be deoc:rihed on its own terms and in tiS own theol"2i
avoidina the ntiiC()nc.q>tions associated with the 'literaJ sense•. Preconceived notion.s of what exactly defines 'plain sense· wiU need to be set Mide as we press on to ddim: this reality in theological tem1s. Our n.Ucntioo turns firstly to n historical quC$tion related to the use of pcuhm in early JC'4•ish exegesis.

a. Peahat is a term used to delineate the ·ptainf mearting of the text and is often used as a contraS1 to llh., or the 'hidden'

Jn Jewish exegesis, the tenn

f'1:ti)

10 meaning. M odem sensibilities a re again betrayed upon closer cumination of pWta1 in the early rabbinic material, even 110til the Talmudic penod. For what;. constituted as 'pbtin' by earl)' Jewish exegetes iJ not o
&. Tlus b wby 1hc prc:Xnt work bas ;avoided the Wdttlon-lnttoncal a~ U> Paurs read1 na o( ltab.h. 1.111 otM wotds, it was not a.t1 overt eoberm l)( lluJ wort to true the ways In wta,i~ PauJ's COfttmtpora.ntS or aear oontm'lporarirs in the Second Temple pmod read bl\l:ah~

9. Apn. Urevard Oti.lds'• recent work. 1'M: StTt.~gg/4! to

Ultd~rwand

Scripfllr,, 11 CACfUJ)I;uy in thts ~gard.

10, 01md ln.tlc.me--Brcwcr. Techniques and Amtmptiotu, p. 14.

ltai
146

Paul and Isaiah's Semznts

mwili!g. but oneo merely aD opinion sanctified by loag tradition or teachina authority'. " One of the moot importaJ>t works, for this panicular project. is 1M investiptory study of 'plain sense' in early Jewish exeaem by Ralph 12 LoeW<>. The simple diiTtteotiation betw""n the plain sense as the literal sense in distinction from derash or the homiletical sense 'has been dealt a major blow' by Loewe's study. 13 Peshat is initially defined by Loewe.., the 'stnli&htforward, or simple exegesis which corresponds to the totality of the meaning (s) intended by the writer'." Having defined ~shut thus, Loewe then describes the ways in which the term pe.slrot is deployed in the Talmudic period concluding that such an abstract or ideal definition of plain sense does not live up Lo the test. Loewe states that the fundamental meaning of min is ' to strip (a garment}, properly to jlatun it by doing so'." Therefore. when the term nd~ is u50d passively it can be· semantically stretched into mcaninas such as 'flat. !traight, simple, uncompounded, innooent, unlearned'." Loewe concludes his lexical discussion by statiag that the definition of n~ 1$ 'explain' (a definition found at least till the end of the amoraic period) is a virtual solocism of Hebrew aDd Jewish Aramajc usage.11 t.oe..·e then Jives his l'<"ised definition of peslult. The essential notion related to this term is

II. Scembc:rau. bt/ToJuctiott UJ W To/nniJ lllfll ltlidn~M. P• 235, lostooe--8mr.u (T«Miqwl altll A#Uiftldolu, p. 169) makes a lintil.:a.r IWtcmtat \liitb rcprd to Ktibal neJCtis (pte- 70 C.E.). los«>oe·Brcwer (:laim.s tbt scnbll eups did not X"Cic • x<:ood rneanint in Scriptu.«~ but ah•-ays sought 10 find cbt plain w primary sense o( the tuL H~ coocluda.. however, by111yiug: 'What the Sc::ribell ~gardnt Ill tb~ primary xns~ may be "'"Y ditfcrcnt from wbat a modem exe,ere would ;W:(ept as tbt original intention or the audwrs of Scripture'. lnttonc--Brcwer's (Tf!dvtiques tmd A$$1imptiOfll, pp. J6S..71) conclusions about ~ribtd oxesedClll liUumptions are as foiJows: (I) Scripture is totally 3Clf-oorubtent: (2) Evt:ry detllil In Scripcurc i! aignifica.ltt; (3) Scriptutt is UJldertlood ll Sc:ripi'Ute doc.J not hu~ n secondary meaning; (5) There 11 only one valid tu t fonn of Scripture. This amounts to a nomolo&ical appr~cb to Scripture, th•t it, reading Scripwtt witb a.U Ibe '·JtrinJ(nty aod ~ aHa.cbcd to the ruding o(a kplcklcurocnl. Tu.hniqwt.S

DNJ AmunptloNt. pp. 15, 171. Oftbcie twecoDCJU5:iotU. oDJy the fim two ue found ia alm0$l

aU rabbinic lltmat\&re. 1'bil disscmfnation led to the JlCICC5&ity ot cbrly clktinpishin,g bo""<'CI pu/wr and M4fll by lata ~. Tfflut"Piain" M....... o(Scripc.,.ia Urlyko>Uio EJ<.....·.m

/« llw

l~t~tihlk of hwi.IA StJIII'in

p_.

Lotttlort. ""01. I

(ed. J.G, Went; Jenau.kca: Mapes Prus

pp. 1.00 15. 13. ~ Clukk. "The Stasus tAra-ali$ ol Senpcu.rr. Ae A.tlcxat •od Modav Problem'. •• Sriln\f" rw Ah~~- ~: Fnu~ltrlft jg, W.JtAv Zinuftt'rli ""' 10 O.bou""' ( 0 0 . - V..o...boo:t and Rupr"'h" t977). pp. 80-93 (10~ 14. Lccwc. "1'be .. PWD- M~ o! Scripture', pp. l4l-4'2. IS. Locwt. "Tb.c "'Ptaia'' Mtuina o( Scripture', p.. US. On ' plaic MOM' in rabbinic U!.eratu.re at 'COil!cll' Ke David Wcin Kafivni. P~31wt 01Jd Dmull..· PUIU. Wfd Applied t!l64~

Mt""llrg In Rob""' Ext~t~<s (New Yor1c Oxford 1'-. 1991). 16. Loewe, "Tbe " Plain" Meaning of Scriplure', p. 1SS. 11. Loewe.. 'The " Plain" M~an.ina or Scri.pcure:. pp. tSs-56.

Tile TIJeologlcal lmplialtioru of Paul's Old Testamrnt Reading 147 ·authority'. 11 'If Ibis is corr
or early Jewish exegetAoS. Childs eontinues. in cursory fashion. to explore the various ways the setuu.r literalir has been employed in the church, e.g., Origen, Auaustine, Hugh of St. Victor, Aquinas, Nicholas or Lyra. Luther. Calvin nod Jowett. Benjamin Jowett represents a turning point io the use and appe!ll 10 the sensus /lrera/is.23 Fully planted in the modem period,

II. Loewe, 'The ''PWn,. Mea-ain& ofScriptoTe'. p. ISS. t9. Locw<. "The "Pt.in" McaJ>iD& ofSaipttuo', p. IS&. lO. Loc:owt:, 1"he ..P'taie.. Mt:Miq of Sc:riptute'. p. lS9 "PlaiD" McaJ>iD& of Script.,.·, p tit. lt. U. ........_ '1bc " l'lliD" McaJ>iDc ofS
........_'Tho

.....

Paul and Isaiah's &rvantl

148

lowell elaimed lhat 111< Bible was to b< read l1S any other book as tbe in1erpre1er seeks to reco\·er the original meaning.:.. This oriainaJ meanins is to b< id
crilieism on defining the- sensus Uteralis. First. identifyina. the literal sense with t~ hit toricol sense mo~·es the que.~tion beyond n textual question to a historical rc:•lity found behind the rexL Thus, the tut itself loses iL• significance as it bcteou', SIT<>5. Sec abo Oa•1<1 C. S
,r

I\P1'ro~. ~tr

Is a strbtte!U de.ftnder of We his1ori<:ak'ntital projoo1 and tbio_ks Oilld$

muc.haraetcrites both modern appcoacbes; to biblicaJ ~~ehob.rshlp and ~)Amln Jowett. Paul R. Noble, 'The ScmuJ Literalis: Jowrtl, Cb.iJds., and Barr', JTS 44 (1993). pp. 1-2.t OWds rt~pondt 1.0 &rt with plll%1ement. cla:iming !bat Barr't definition ~I 1\"loricaJ IIWC'Qach is 10 n~·ly dcfU'teld i:t borderl oo &be abrurd. BrevArd Child•. "Criucal A.dlocciom oo James IbN's Vnd......Wng or the Ut
7.

lS. O>i141. 'The Sauus Ula'alU', p. 89. 26 0.141. "Tho SeoM U<mlis'. pp. 83-89 Childs rden 10 ..... ,,..,... 11ot ~of BfbbNI /llwr4lM.. Frti's Wo'Oft U"aaO!$ the; hdwrictJ drMiop.nent ol this ~~ ol tqw.n-. the btetaJ ~ .-ilh a hlstoric:al sense. 27 One~ R•ymoDd Brown'sdditritioD ort.hr iknl JmX u pa.ocd ta thumodtnl. hJSturiru• corutNCt "J'b.r bt¢~:1 JQ$C: GIQOS 1ilbal the btbttcat autOOu i_n Vadtd and conveyed to lhar aud.anKo by what they wrote' (hiMINJu.ttltNt to dttt Ntw Ttsiiii'/1Cit (Ntw Yo,t: Oovbltd:&y, 1996], p. J~. See also, Raymond Blo...,ll, -rbc t.iwnf Sense ofScripc.1uc', io 1111 Jtrom~8iblk;J/ COfNTIIOitary (cd. R. Brown. J. f'itzmcyt'f aod J. M~otrpby; l'lc:w Jc:rscy: Prc,ulco-Hall, 1968), pp. 606-10. Richard Lol'lgt"na:tcr (Biblit"41 l.tf'gult, xni.i--.uxili) foll&w1: 8rown'll dtfi_n ilion of the titt"ral sel'!.~ as the ,Wt!l$141 q,IJiltaJU. 18. Childs. ·n.. Sensu• Littn!i>', p. 90.

TM Theologicallmplicotimu of Paul's Old Tmanwtt Rtlldmg 149 inlerprc:tivc task a speculative ooe.29 In Other words. the t.exl lS disso1ved intO a~thora of 'speculati>'e theories or hJSIOri.l cannot be scporaled from its reality, nor can itS rtality be divorocd from t.he teJ;t',,. This would presuppose the text as both inspu& Jt follows., therefore, Utat. lastly, the Holy Spirit mw;l play a e
Ch>Jda, 'The Scomu Utenlis'. p. 90. Cbold&. 'The Scasus Utenlis'. pp. l!CHit. J t O.lcb. 'The Sauus Lll
1'9 lO

u...w·. n

ISO

Pa11f and Isaiah's Smvmts

succccdina aeneration of the church." Again. the littral SCMO is 001 desttO)'ed by its figmal t point for future generations socking to bear the tc:.J.l in their time. Childs's work on the senJuJ litualis broke ,.... ground in raising the awareness Of lbe historical and epistemological mOV<mall in the defining Of this tenn in the prKritical and critical era. The collapsina of the sen.ntS litera/is into the sensus historicu.r bas in effect eclipsed the biblical matc:rial of it.> neural capacity to speak to succeeding generations. Childs's work will serve as"'' important backdrop to the following theologicol definition of the plain sense as it will be employed in this project. It follows, therefore, to explore the rclatioll8hip between the figural and liternl sense of Scripture.

c. The Literal Sense and Figural Sense A key area of inquiry in seeking to define the plain sense of Scripture from a theological perspective is to take into account the relationship between the literal sense (baldly defined as the S<:mantic-grammatical sense of the text or the namttive coherence of the text) and the figural sense of Scripture."' Put in other t
have boeo concretely defined by Gnd's action in Jesus Christ (2 Cor. 5.18· 19). The overarching divine economy of God, which includes the OT. culminateS ood is defined by Jesus Christ." Therefore, to read the OT as an escbatolop indkator of God's actions in Christ is not a variant reading 39 CIWcls, 'Th< Stos\11 Ut..., tl>< Ctiois of the Oldy.,,.,._,, oa the wl)' Church'• .. l'>o &<~vr. IX aooo~ w. 1ss.66 (363~ -41 . Tbe ccrm 'alia impositioc' is ~ted fr(lnl Noble~• (nrc~ Apfi'OII(/l. p JU) critiq .. orCbllda'• CbrifiOlcti<>l in«q>re~aaoo of the OT m his l1ibiJert l ensoo, 1'be Bible aod the Triruty'. 42. 0Aw.t.on, Oviltitm Figur<JJ &aditlg, p. 174. 43. 041wson, OuUtian Figuro.J R~adiltg, p. 164.

The Th.ologicallmplicarwns of Paul's Old Ttsramenr &ading lSI or the imposing lUnd but. within the Christian worldview, is the ooly proper I'Qdiog taking into account the ultimate subject matter or Scripture. What then is tbe relatioosbip betwc:co the figural and literal sense or the IOXt? Hans F rei's utip.. of Biblical Narrati•·· addresses this fundamental distinguishing featuse betwc:cn pre-
figural readings were not conceived of as an imposition on the text but were 44 viewed US U 1natural extension· of the text. The literal Stnlt of the tex.t was not, therefore. in competition with the figural sense or theolosical sense. ll
°

and New Testaments share a common subjec.:t matter, Jesus CbrisL5 1 For

U , Frd, EdlpM, p. 2. Soe Cbules Campbell Pmdiltt "-"" (Gfud Rapod~ - . . . . , J....: TM>JotlcalltrodJttlof~l -w Ut"'ll 1997). dl. •: David Let. t..h's •f HlMI l'>rl (JSNTS.p. Ill; SbdBcid: Shcfficl4 Aadcmio,..,., 1 999~ ch. ) . 8ocl> of lheot n tllon uace lbe ~~ of f'n:fs thouebt from a raUric G&tf1111ft'C approiCh to a c:uh'uBI·~ appcOIIdl with rcb.tioo to tl:e Mlt.ftll litna/'11 •s Soc K..U. V a -. "The sprit of Uademudloa:: Spocial R..m- ud Gmen1 Hcnncneutk:t', iD DiltdlliUrt HD1ftt'lltt!Mlit:l: llllei'J!Niat.it~~~ jlf C~ Ptupn#'~ (ed.. k. Ecnlmaus. 1997). pp. lli-Ol Luoc!io: Clfaod 46 Fm. Ed~pN, p. ' · .n, l"m, l!dJp., p. 7. .s. a:m, EdlJUt, p. ' · 49. Fm, &lip.K, p. 7. .so. f'rt~, £4'/lp.w, p. 7. Sl. Frcl, & UpK, p. 10.

s...,..r

Ra'*"'

Paul and Isaiah'$ Savants

152

Cal•in. tile inaemalaestimony of the Spirit and the 1<11ual "'ords of the ICJ
hand, figural readinl is a grasp of a •common pattern of occurrences and meaning together'! 11tis pattern holds true under the 'unitary temporal

sequence which allows all the single-narrations within it to become part of single narro.tion'.... This understanding of single StOries ll$ po.ttems within a

larger story was for Cahin not an imposition onto Lhe text but a nec.essary implication of the nanative itself. 57 Dawson helpfully charters one through tbe difficulties of understanding the orpnie relationship between tbe literai!ICDSC and the figural sense in bis readina of Fn:i. He states: 'In olher words. to say that literal meaning extends into figural meaning is to n:jcct lhe idea that what is figural must be nonli~enal.• or that in figural. the tittnll can no longer be prescnL lnsaead. when a IWr.IU''< is read figurally. the reader stn:sseo a certain feature of tbe te.tl l,har differs from, but does not contradict,. the rtaturc or the narrative that would be •tressed in aliaeral reading'." Calvin Jtr•$Ststhattbe figures or S<:ripture do not have a meaning in their own right but arc caught into Sl. F~£. Eel/pi<~~, p. 22. Joh.u Ca1..,in, flutftutel ol Cltt(rtldlt !Wfalon (ttant. F.L. lb.ttks, LCC 20; Phita.c,Mphia: Tbe Wesunins.ter Press. 1960), Book I, 7. 4, ). SJ. Fl'\'ll, P.cltpt;t, pp. 27. Burnett ('John CaMn and tl~e S4.'noo Ur,.,ai.JI, p. 12) stall$ that thoua,b Calvin Wilf oort(Je:med \l."'itb Ol-e litc:ral scru;e. of t.hc twtl, be wv.~ by no mCQnl a 'Utoratltt'. 5-4. f.~re,, &llpJt. p. }4, Frt&, EdipM, p. 14; Cahi.n, l~tuu.tu, II, ll. 4. &lips<. p. :14. 56. S7. Frr of lob SixtitiA ltrl/td.q (eel R.A. Mulb ODd J.L. l"hcm- Gtoad Rapodo: Eadmans, 1996). pp. I-ll MWk:t"a hiptiptin;c of" the 0'\o--c:rl:ap bmften CaMn"s ~ cs.q;t:lis .md lhe fow·(o kl mo6cl of tbe mcdi.ac:q,J c:xqet.c:S it tdli~ atld lm..pli'Ul. (Cirurr.. l'fpvl ~. PS8 OoW10n. CA-"'/oft Ftp
F"''·

"''"'"''"loft

o-•.......,

The Thtological lmplicOJions of Ptml's Old Ttstamtnt &otlmg I53 another reality where they prefigure what is 10 come." But tillS does not mean that this figural extension diminishes or calls into question the 'truth and reality' or lbe pn or evenu d~ in their own time.60 Rather, 'figural <xt<Mion or titemlity means that a real po or event has an additional (aod. hence. a new) meaning that does not detract from (but tS rather the fuller meaning of) iu truth aod reality previously opco 10 literal depiction'." A Christian reading of the OT is, therefore, a reading thattak"" seriously the literal sc:osc: or lbe text in its uniqu temporal seuing coupled with the reality of this unique tempor111 setting being caught into another realm of divinely ordered sequence in whkh figure and fulfiUm
correspond to one another and io.forrn one another. The 6_gura1 extension of the literal sense is a.n organic relationship between text or figure and the

reality toward which it points and signifies. A plain sense reading of Scripture would take into account both of these aspcciS a.s mutualh· coinciding with one another in what Frei terms, ·., family resemblance'." What then is a proper figural reading of the text? To this quc:stion our anention now turns.. I. Typolov ant! Allegory. Typology, in the lsnguaae ofFrei, is another way of sayina figUI11tive ~adiog- the equivalent or typolo&Y in Latin 0. figuraand has oflcn been SCi over against alkgorical readiop of Scripture, namely,

.59. Fm. EcllpN.. p. JJ; Catvm. lvtitwr~s, 11, I I . I ,2. Tbs rtlatlOMI\I.p betwc:ea lhe literal a.IM!the ti&ural tei'IJt i• ob$erwd i.l2 Niebola.t or tyra•• allo'Mn& for two htt:ral Jtn$C$ or 11. t.Npkx loCIUUI littr4/il. Ghousb states thi.t 'such a "lilen.J'' liCnJe C'OCOillpiiiiC'f bolb tbe S'I,IJ(aoc, inunediate Q)eaJ.iiul I)( tb.t $Crlptl.:ln) W()Td1a.t WCIJ U Ibe l'iiUr.ltJve Or (:hriltO)Ogical meuina• (KIUI.tlk Cbosb. T1r.t Wycli/!ift Htruy: Atulrority D1td tAr fnt~rprtwllun vf Tuu {Ca.mbrid,&e Studies ia Medie\•al Litetarure 45; Camtlfdito: CUP, 2002), p. 13). This lines up quito well with the c:mpha.si1 Of thiJ, linal ehllpter, Lbat ia, the plain 5Cn!lle O( Scripcure C:IUail$ both tbc l.itcral a.nd ftsu_~:al pOteot.W ofSccipturt: in its Chti.st~o&ic.l rramcworlc. Obosb (p. 14) dotcriba tbe reotwtd inktClt in the blt.ral stnte of Scripture irl. GIU.RS web u Aquioas. NW:bolu Lyra, acd Fiu:ralph u a reddlnition of the lite-ral amte. 'Tile older dis:tioctioft berween 1bt ''lite~" and tbe ''spiritual'" is RC&St as • diAincdon berwctn rwo a..qxct~ of the "hl
or

60. Oa-, Clorii.U.. F;,w.I!Wdiot, p. 151. 61 0 . - . a.u.... F.,.-.1 k~ p. lSI . o....,. (a..tnbo F'opr.J ~~. p. ISS) coaWuMJ &o 11a1c that Cluistbn fi&:u.nJ ~is witbo\1t qucmoa a~ bact from

a. -

or

..., .....,

altlooqb. ~~>< ~ t~oo r.~••~mm• .,...a,.r..s t~oo tUo~Jpo;,t rcadiog forwan! r..,.. · - t<> ll&J6IlmouL bookwvd coa OGiy be pined by a 62 Fm. &J.p.,pp. 27, lJ. T - y Wanl,citioaSmalloy, sta,_ dlat Hop ofSt V'oaor WldcnW>dia& of !be hlOdly Wtrd, H'..O...J (d. 1141) bod a S""'*-"'· Spndt A
....,_.ted

ror

Paul and ISilitJlt's $errants

IS4

in an attempt to protect the historicity of tile documen11."' Where it is assumed that alJctory dcsuoy
and

fact~ci ty

or the modernist son. was not a primary concern for ancient

exegetes 'ond they made no self-co nscious connection between history and typology of the kind proposed'.66 This is observed especially in the debates between the Antiochcnes and the Alexandrians . It is a very facile distinction 10 describe the two approaches as litA:ral versus allqorical oxeaesis. Young, relying on Froehlich. shows that in an Antiochrne such as Oiodorc historia is not in o~ition to the()rill (insight) or elevated truth but is its very foundation. Hlstorill is not an appeal to bistory as in moclemist parlanoe but is an appeal toward aneodanoe to the wording tnd the story of the text itself." The story itself provides the framework for ele>ated thought about the passage or fiiui8l reading. The allegory of the AlexandriaM that was objected to by the Antiocbeoes was not an opposition to allegory or figural

63. Fl'lnce~ Youog. 'T)'poiogy" in CroJiint 1/te &un&.ukL' EuiJys it BtblktJI (h HOllow Df Mlt:lffM.f D. Goulrkr (8iblntS 8; Ldden: 01\11. t994), p. 31. See O.W.H. Lltmpc and K.. J. WooUcorobe. Emlys on Typolofy (St\Jdie8. tn Biblkl&l nteology 22: Loudon: SCM Pr1 lntt,pmot"'" of 1/te Old Tti/Uitl~nt in tM Nttlf>' (uans. D.H. Madvic; Orand RtJ)idA: Ec:rdmRD8, 1982), Jean Danl!lou, 7'1tc lArd of HUtory: ~JI«tiOIU on t.M htnN M,.anhtt of Hi.Jtnry (traru.. N. Abercrombie. London: Longmans. 1958). R.P.C. H•D$0o, All'3cwywul e~r · A Stwlyq{IM SowrYs ~IIUJ Si.«nf/klllf« P/Ong~:, Jntwprewtion ofStrip/'"• (Louitvi11c.: WesttninJtc:r/Jobn llflilt!'"fUI Il.l'l

"""'· 2002).

FrtDCet Y0\10.. •Typolot.Y"; Bib/icQI ExtgesU twJ tM Fo,Mtk»t of CIII'Vt.oilt CM/twe (Poal>ocly. Hcn4ricbon, 1002); B=ml Oulds, 'A!I~ry and l'ypolocY wilhio Bibtical 64.

hi1C'rpft:CabOD' uapublilbtd paper ~ted at the U~ty o( 54 A.Ddrewa.. 2000: A.olfrew l..ocpbct S..u. FpN Chu. 6$. Loutb. 'Rtnam \0 Alk-J<wY". p. 11&. 66. YOW>ti- "!',..,..,, p. 34. 61. YOI.IAI. Bibli«
AlleJOry: Orlacn and Of't.J'Ot)' of N)'SM on che Unity and Dl'<ershy or Scripture.' IJST 4 (200'2). pp. 45-66.

Tlte 77teologka/ lmp/icmiiJns of Paul$ Old Testament Readi11g 155 reading pu ~... As Young and others have dtmonstnaled they"''"" both involved in figural readings."' 'Wbat they ,;$led was the type of allegory that des1royed textual coherence'." This t<xtual coherence or sequence. okolo~rMia, pmerves the integrity and conteat of the text. skopos. and WO$ not opposed to fiaural readings but actually facilitated those readings of Soripture.n Typology. as a suboet of allegory, is tied closely to mlmtsis or correspondence." Thi$ is observed in the biblical literature's use of the Uke the 'impress' left in Jesus hands from the naUs (Jn. 20.2S]., term so too is a corresponding relationship observed between type and anti type. • Also, It I~ important to note that in the biblical usage the antitype (fulfillment) actually precedes the type
mo.;.

69. Y0\1.1'11 pwluft the diffcrenct be-tween the Aleundrianul'ld Anllc:>e:Moe~ on tbe betis of tbdr ditrtrlnt educational blcl:,grouncls: pbibophial tehoots w-mat thclorialiCbools.. Frances Voun&, 1bt Rhelorieal Schools and T'brir 1Dftuenoe 0t1. Palriltic Wpa' lCI "1Jw .l lak.., of 0 •1/lwxlox1 (od. R. Wilbams: C...bndF CUP, 1917 ~ pp. II~. Sec the diJcuuioo of tlle "1hll1ld •spiriwaJ ita.'Se• of SaiptUR• in patriltic c~ iD Qwtc:s Klllotft~. H - of 1'4lrisdc £xYOfl'-')>$# and Oritm ,..l.odlow, 'Theolol)' and AllJY. Gl'tJ()ry't ~ aumtiotu are focused oo lhe O\'tt•an .sm of the 1.a1 tMDJ'O') and bdic'¥a lbllk'qlk:OOC or the lut iud(. ill. . .,li.&. l'C\Qk lbe tnl' t Utt.totion l..udlow. 'Thcoloc:Y and Allqocy'. p. s.. Yoooa sw.es: "'lbe Antioc:btftct ' 'eft CIOOCf:f'Md ,.,_t.Ja ..ut we UliPt c..n tk ..twn.b'~ kiP;- o( the wbok kll .. ill OIIC:OI!CSc. iu cocuau., us COIItdt ... and U. che "IIIOnl" "' "clopw;c" .....Ucs wllich could be '"""'nod 111 che wbolo- mbenn& in u.. u lt wtrt. . As ~ haVe teca.. tbey ..,~ DOt I\U1ie to oepticiJ pracDOtl& ••tucb appeu dlt.tincdy atksoncal10 Uf; but they •'ttt al'ft't~t tO arbitrary uepsb wtucta toot a'lli'i.y the: rrom 1hc ''plaiD .M:GK'• o( .Krip(uR • F~.noe:s Voufta. 'W.,tal Method and Scriptural Proof. ID Stflllf XJX (1989). PP 291- »s (30)). ""J, See Etitb Auerbach,. Mimi:Sfs: TM Rqr~liltlc>lt of holuy liT W~lt"-11'1 Lil~'"'"''t. cPrira1on: PriO«ton Uolvt~l)' Press, 2003). 74, Youna. 'Typolo&r'. pp. 34-35. a ·. Rom. 5. 14; Hcb. 9.2.4: I Pet. J.l0-21. 1,, YOUI'Ij. 'TypoloCY'· p. 38.

156

Paul and Isaiah's ServantS

definition is rclegalt>d to the realm of correspondence and dclines typology thus. Typology finds a deeper significance within the LeXI, whether persons or events, as mirroring or mimicking someching else in a corresponding rela6onship. ln the biblical material, this corresponding relationship takes

plaoe not only in linea-r de.vetopmeot but in an eschatological sphere of reality inaugurated by Christ. It is this correspondence or prcfigur•6on that distinguishes typology as a subset of the larger category of allegory.'~ Thus, a difference in degree and not kind is noted." Both allegory and typology, when done weU, are appeals to the letter of the text as pointing to a spiritual reality beyond it and arc not means of d.i\'orcing the letter from the spirit-.78 The relationship between the literal sense of Scripture and its 6gura.l capacity in God's eS<:hatological economy is observed in Paul's reading of Isaiah 40--Q6 in 2 Cor. 5.14-<>.10. l'aul's reading of the lsaianic drau>a cannot be defined as baldly Literal in the sense that faithful reading of the text is a reading that gives precedence to sensus ltittoricus. Rather, Paul

understands Isaiah as that continuing word of the Lord that presents t.bc gospel in miniature fonn with its various personae at work in the eschatological now. The Servant in Isaiah's own discrete voice has a unique identity that is not transferable· to one like Pault and Paul rocognizcs the ontological union bet.,·een the Servant of Isaiah 40-SS and Jesus Christ in 2 Cor. 5. 14-2 L. Likewise, Paul places his own eS<;hatolngically realized identity in the camp of the servants of the ServanL They, in figural fashion, provide. a divinely ordered pattern for the ways in which God would further the work of the Servant. The literal sense of Isaiah 40·66 with an attendance to

its own literary mo,·emenc and key figures is organicaUy extended into Paul's eschatologically realized situation. Having observed the organic relationship between the figur.U sense and the literal sense of Scripture coupled with a positive appraisal of allegorical reading, or typology, that takes s-oriously the coherence of the text itself, our

attention turns towards defining ·plain sense!.

16. William Horbut)'. 'Old Tc:sta.ment Interpretation lo the Writ:i.Qgs of the Church Fathers' i_l) Mtkra: TtJ(t, TrfJI'.slatl()n , R~ atlil lnt~rp~VIIItkm of W ll~hrew Bible irJ Ancil!nt Judaism and Early Cl!ristionity (ed. M. J. Mulder; Philadclpbia: FortrC~s Prc:u. 1988}. pp. 766-67; KaMeogies9tr. HaruJb()olt., vol. 1. pp. 238,251. 11. See KannengiCS5Cr. HGI'tdbook., vol. 1, pp. 238, 2S1-S2. a.s wen as Bauckbam's disc:ussioo or escb:atological prophecy and escbJ.tologieaJ t)·pology in Jwde tmd •Itt RrlotiY(!s ofJesus, pp. 2 JJ..J8; see aJso Ftsbbane'$(Biblical lnlffpt~UHiolt in AndeJ'tll~rMI, pp. 350--79) diSCUS$lOo of the various forms or typolog)' pres.rnt ln the iru.n-btbliotl negcsis of the OT itself. 18. H.(nri de l.ub~ ('Spiritua• M~g·. pp. 1o-11) is unoomfortabk with both a.Degory and typolOg)' as krms. AJ)cgor)· brings with it the fal$t: ~l)'mological ~ggage that $ep41r.ue:s it frow lhe ldtet of tbe test and typology is loo limiting a category that does not deal with spiritual e.'Q)lan:uions. De t ubac preft-r$ th.e simple ten'Xl •spiritual uudetsb.odina· or '$Jlhitual meaning' as geuing to \he heart or the Christian conoems associated with both aUegory and typology.

The Theological Implications of Paul's Old Twamrnt Readitlg I57 d. Towards a T~ologi~al De/inhion of th• Ploin Seru• Our auc:ntion now turns tO"'llrds a positi•-e d
in aJWiem Jewish exegesis.79 For example, and as has been observed in the preceding chapters, Isaiah's message for J'aul is nol strictly a message about

geogrnphicnlcxile and retllfl). The subject maucr of the text, in a theological framework, is taking place on a difTere.nt plain of iOCJUiry than questions about ostensive referent. Again, it should be emphasir.cd tha t this does oot negatolhe his torical reaiity of the material itSena and the Alexandrians on thiS ...,,._ When the Alexandrians tended to destroy the narrative coherence or internal logic o(thc text, the Anticxbcnes took seriously the text's ako/olllhtla, tbc way the word• go, and tbc teAt's historia. the narrative cobcrcncx, as tbe Cramtwork ror higher theological reading, t~oTia. One can observe this even in Paul's most direct apphcation of allegorical readings in Gal. 4.2 1-31. Though Paul is obviously going beyond what the text meant to its original hearers and authors, Puul is using the actua1 story of the text itselr os presented in its 79. A.aain, &ce Loewe, 7he Plain Meaning of Scri,pcurc': 1nd NciJ MacDooa~ ' lllot:ulionary Sl&OOE'. 80. Alain, IIOC· Neil MacDaa.a.ld, 'JUocutionary SlAI'IOe', OD tbll score Webtttr interacts t.borou.sMy wttb Oatth'• rcadinc of CahU's n:cgesis ot Scrlpcure {John Webller. 'Readina tbc 8ibw. 1M Example of B:.rth and Bocbodler'. in Word ,.d CJuu dt, pp. 1 7-IIOJ9l]}. Tbt wues em~ O¥al&p quue stgadbntly wltb that of Paul's rtad&QJ (ea. tbe family .-cttmblancCI ~ lattt u~s). Wtbstn Slal¢ 'God,.~ mia.bt Qy, ll oot oaty tu.tu.aJ oon\mt but a!:lo pnawy qca~ ol the at's ~tioa bdore us. 11n1 ts wby a "PW'd1 bai:toric:al -.Ddc:rstudiiiJ, of tl)e miod of Scri~ ""'U\d be (()If ClWi.o Dot 1&DdtncandiDJ al aJl 'Jhr auad of Scnpam. c:anooc be mady l.be object ol uposiboa bu.1 hal tO be ha wt,oc:a u ....~• b rcadill& of Holy Scus • tiet4 ofdmtw a ta.nlaJ ob,a:t' (p. 9)). 8ar1h, 00 Calvin, SUtCS:: 'E&ql:su ltas 10 be a OOOftDAOOII Ill Wl*b ooe :tpeah 1nd lht otbtr Mtms L.isUnia.a••.is tbt wk of tbc: c•CJde' (&rlh.. 11w- 71vo1Dv

n..

""''"ty; ;, ""''""* '""-.,,of

of Jolvo CA/W., p 389) II. Gcora,e Huns&~~.Pr. DisrvpfJ~ Grt~«: Sltldit1 PI 1M 17t.rolov qf Kwl &N11f (0~ bJ*b. EtrdrnaM,. 2000), p. '214, 1).. 6. ~ textuaJ mtdi:u.ion ofOod'a revclatW>n is atl.bt heart ofO.hio'• COOCel'l:J for tbe .Jel'UWS liiPo.lis Trut.b is aot to be found in vatn tpeculat~O$ bu' ift tbc tc.a:t itl(.l(. Wllere the: text remains ~tmbiguout our doctrinal positions should remain ln • penultimate position. Burnett. •John Calvin and the Stfllkl Llltralil. p. IZ.

Paul and baiDh's Snl·ants

ISS

namtive coherence as a wilD<$$ to somtlbing beyond nself. This is a key example or the breakdown b e t - a Strid differentiation or alle&orr and typology. ln shor1. a plain-sense reading, as demonstrated by PauL is a faithful rcadiOI of the text itself as witness in God's divine crves the dislaJ'tce between Scripture as authority/canon and the c:C>Ciesial community as recipient o f its mes..~e.113 WiUt this said. it follows to emphasize that, thirdly, In plain sensc reading the sir. of the text (signum) is not dichotomizod from it.!l subject matter 8 (res). The text in Paul's world. and subsequent Christian trtldition. is the vi••a l'OX Dti and it continues to speak by divine agency to the present eschotoloaical situation." As Kathryn Gretn<>M<'()rcight suggests, the literal sense, in this li&ht, can be conceived of as an 'eschatological sense'." The text of Scripture is taken seriously as the vehicle or communiWkdaina what Scripture j$ bur oot maki.na it 110' (John Wc:bttcr. 'The Dogm~~otk­ l...ocatioo of tbe Caooo\ in Word and Churc-h, pp. 9-46l39)). lt follows to Cf'llJ)lwil,e that au ane:ndiJ.cc to tbe wilne&~ of tbe tot u c::I»OD is a c:onft~IDom~l tu.:nc;e;, almllar to P.:naJ''· that lbe: Seripturet arc the Yi~ vox !Hi and as such art authoritative. WetKttr mtts: ' As Word. God is not ableat or mute but pre:lileDl aocl c;o.mmu:nicative, not a. it "'a'e waitinJ to be '"made ltrue or' by our cogniti\'tl or tcttrpreth~ aetl\'itkt., but aoc:ocnplishtna iD U$ the howtod,.ofhimJClf ( W.,..t...tCh...O.p. 64). 1lsboutd be...,J)hooiocd !hat-" of Sc:nipnn; 11 a ra4iq: lhlt takes place in tk spberr of 1.bt di'oint CICOOOIIIy, that is. t.ht dlvtdi. &itr u .. ~· n. c!utillttbard Jllllpl, ... 0. r...;...~ooo ._,. f{W.tt. t1w n...~<>gyf{JUrtBonlortrotu. J w.u-. Edmbouib; nor Ct.rlt. lOO I~ P• ", o 23. IS. S.. Waana . ..,.. Heralds or lsalsh', p. 209. Will< C'hul"' w 1•"'1><"'· p ~ IUla> ' HOU& und Juaja pt~bert tr (PoauJ) aJs S~bcr von Won.:n.. die ln M::incm Slnne urunittdblr Oon,_ Hatldelo in Chri.stus bdn:rreu: ~6. Otceae·Mcenrialn. Ad Uueram. pp. 14""1S. 87, This is iDdecd lh<' CII5C: in the early church u lbeir only Scripturt wn.s what i.s tO<J.-y rofcncd 10 u tbe OT. See Von Campenhauseo. The Formt~tion «~/tiM CltriJtllftl Bib/~; aud Urnhard, 'Oti&co 110d &be Crisi.s of 1.be Old TC;lUtment in the &tly Church'.

o"""""'

tile,..,_"'

c..r.

Tht Thtological Implications of /'au/'s Old Ttstamtnt Reading I 59

is i~~~tpenble from his act of m:onaliation: n This is especially oboerv
•sen•

3. Condwion

The pr*n' work has argued tbat tbe final fonn or ISlliah's witness in chaptessage and 'lignifican<>: of God's a<'lion in Christ and Paul's undcntandins of b.is own placement in that realized eschatological event, namely, Jesus fills the unique identity of the Servant and PauJ's eschatolosical role is that of ""rvant of tbc Servant. In this final chapter, it has been argued th11t Paul's eschatological and Christolosical reading of the OT boars a fnmily resemblance to Christian plain·seose reading. a reading that does not divorce the literal sense f'rom its figuraJ capacity.91 Our study also atte~as to the su; gentris character of Paul's reading of Scripture, and as •ueh, is a reality with which

Af-. F'18"""

SS. To......., DtrlM 119. Dowsoo. CloristiGn

p. 9. See ako W
~. p. Is 90. Rcfcreooc: DOCds to be made apia 10 the pressure of t.hr I'W'CMeltl.maJt g,noo 1tlclf m rudiDJ tM Ood of IlK \lt.'bok Sc:ripr:urtS as Triftiry. Aaaia, ACe ft.owc's pcrtualive a.tgWDC'UI on Ws 1IOOft 10 bas "Tnmtanu He:rme:Ge"Qtx:~'. 91. nus •tuoncal JiNatioc> bdPJ u:pbift lk t'itoe ol an appal w. a rWt ot faith lft urty dowdt mdu!f bdo.. l.br mbolizaDon ot the)'()' ....... See Poul M. . _ '11tc /ltpl'l f'driand 11>< ~.,..,.,..~ ore.tlyCbristiao Foilll', "• &du" vt (1991). Ill>· 199-

:13

92 h it pr-ea~ely •t tbd potnt that tbt c:atqOrie, oiYtrcd by O.vtd Ynso ('N"nrtt: Oosma '). COitet:ptf u.d judJUJeol$. belp us in movi"t beyond tht~ 1m~ of !UsrorieaS.. ._'1iti¢aJ rt:UOft.inl 1Uld lbcological judgments" (t tbcre ll CIUCiQt)' WUhin tbe h11tory or lnlcrpreuuioo thJl is " bttpfl.ll judpnent (li PauJ•• oon~cuaJ llC:II\ ity or thcolojically rt~dinw tb~ OT! 'f"'W: dluet~~doo bu adopted the jud.gmml o('plain aen¥CJ'. lhoufh tbislcrm i• bc:ina u»e
Paul and Isaiah's Sm·ams

160

the modem reader must squarely race. To state that Paul is a ttempting a midrashic cxegC$iS or a pesher-style exegesis is to fall prey to tautology, for aU Jewish reading attempted to make relevant the sacred text. Such a comparison is fonuat and docs not take into account the substantial differences between Paul and bis contemporaries. This substantial differentiation is theological and this reality needs to be addressed if one is to deal faithfully with Paul's reading of the OT.9' lt should be stated again, that Paul's reading of the OTis not coterminous with the biblical theological enterprise. In other words, the OT's witnessing capacity is not swallowed up in the ways in which Paul reads tbe OT. It has been argued that Paul is a faithful reader of Scripture attending the plain sense of the text and its figural capacity. But the current ecclcsial situation is, in at least one sense, removed from Paul, namely, Paul was not operating with a twcrtestament canon. Paul's scriptural reading was a reading of tbe Scriptures of Israel without a received NT canon. Fundamentally, therefore., the task of biblical theology is one step removed from Paul's reading of the OT because of the form of Christian Scripture as it has oow been received, that is, a two-testament canon. In biblical theology the OT informs our reading of the NT, and the NT informs our reading of the OT. Tbis dialectical relationship is a foundational aspect of biblical theology. Paul's understanding and use of the Old Testament stiD lies at the heart of biblical theology, and is a topic that needs to be cont.iouaUy explored. It is too simple to say that Paul has tbe linal word on the way in which Christians s hould read the Old Testament. •• What can be observed theologically is Paul's pioneering role in a vocation later to be perfected via the rule of faith and tbe formation of a two-testament <:anon. Paul lays the foundation of a task: t.bat is continually being perfected as Christians, under the guidance of the Spirit, seek to bear the Word of God in Jesus Christ as revealed - and as being. revealed - in the two-testament canon referred to as Chris tian Scripture.

93. Oo takina tbe sub;ect matttr of P3u)'$ wri tin~ M a priority ov« a psydtologbmg approac;b to Paul bim.self or an overly historicist approach to Paul's historical setting, see

Ricbard Burnett's, Karl &rth'3 Tlt.eologfcoJ EugeJis. ~ disti.oction bctweco tbe discrete votce of the O ld Testament a$

wicne:n to Chriu for Cbri$tian reading oftht Old T~wnt"r'lt as tbt· NewTutament receives ll$- en MYO receptvm - is the lioc of demarcation betv.'CCD the different approachC$ to this subject offered by ChildsjSeitz t,~Dd tbt: likC3 ofWe.tSOn{t{OboetfStuhhn.aeber. Set Cbrlstopb.tr Scill.. 'Christologi.c:al loterprct.aOOn of Texu and Trinitarian Oaims To Truth: An Engagement 94.

~ tbt- can

u;·itb Fra.ocl$ Watson'$

T~xt

(JIId Tru/Jr' SJT (1998). pp. 209-26. WatiO«l rtplict in tum. On

HQOOef'J tmpb3$i.s oo tbt Old TCJIJltnetU in n<mJ r«eptum $Ce. HUbner,

'Ne~~o·

Testament

lnterpretatioo of the Old Tes-tament' . lOOse familiar with Childs•s conceptual devdopment

pertaining to biblical thool.ogy will recall his move: away frocn oqu.ati:o~ blbtical t~I
WMd WitJwot End, pp. 102-1!» (t07- t08).

TM TMologica/ lmplicatibru of Paul's Old Test~nt Reading 161 One can obscne the difliculties of attending to a subject such as this because of the interrelatedness of each of the questions. This project, therefore. is a lim step appro:u:b to a theologic:ll ucdm~anding of Paul's road in& of the OT and il$ signifi<:anee for later Christian reading of the OT and bibh
answered nor was thjs the intention. The emphas.i.s rests on the theological integrit)' or PauJ's OT reading and its SJJi get~rts charJccer. It is in this realm of theological discour>e that Paul's OT reading may prove most fruitful for

Christian preaching, theology and reading of a two-testament canon.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Achttmeicr. Paul, 'Omne Verbum Sonar: The New TcsUimeor lllld the Oral Environment or Late Western Antiqutity', JBL 109/1 (1990). pp. 3-27. Ackroyd, Peter R.. Exile and Rmoraton (London: SCM Press. 1968). - 'Isaiah 36-39: Structure and Function', in This Pia~ Is Too Smoll For Us: 7"M lsraelit< Prop/1<1.1 in Recent Sclwlarshlp (cd. Roben P. Oorler, Klaus, D.ut
Bib/iograph_r

163

Banh. Karl. Cluvch DogJn~JJia. 1.1. (trans. G. Bromiley; Edinburgh: T&:T ClArk. 197S). -Citurch l»grnoti<s, l.l (tr.u!S. G.T. Thomp!On and H. Kniaht; Edinbwgh: TclT ClArk, 19S6). -Citurch Dogmatic3. IV. I (trans. T.F. Torrance; Edinburah: T&:T Clark. 1961). -Epi.Jtlt to tht Philippians: 40th Anniversary Edition with Introductory &says by Bruce L. McCormack tmd Francis 8. Watson (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. 2002). - Tht Epl.rtle to tM Romans (trans. E.C. Hoskyns: Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1933). - The Tht:Oiogy of John CaMn (trans. G. Bromiley; Gtnnd Rapids: t:lerdlllJlll.il. 1995). Barth. Markus, Was Christ's Death a Sacrift~? (Scottish Jownal of Theology Occasional Papers, 9; Edinburah: Oliver and Boyd, 1961). Bartholomew. C .. C Stephen E'·ans, M. Healy and M. Rae (ods), &hind the Text: 1/IJtory and Biblical f"'erpretation (Scripture and Hermeneutic> Selia, 4; Grand Rapids: Zondervan Press. 2003). Bartlett, David L, 'Creation Waits with Eager LonJins, in God ll?ro Crtot<S: &says in Honor of W. Sibky To,._ (ed. W.P. Brown 31ld S.D. McBride. Jr.: Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 2000). Barton. John. 'Ethics in Isaiah or Jerusalem', in Thi.J Piau 1J TtHJ SmoU For Us: Thelsroelite Prophe.ts in Recent Sdlo/arship («<. Robert P. Gordon: Winooa Lak.e: Eisenbrauns, 199S). Busler. J.M. (ed.), Paulirte Theology, vol. I (MinneapoU.: Fortress Press, 1994). Bauckham, Richard. Bible and Mission: Christian Witness in a Po.stmodern World (Grand Rapids: Baker Press. 2003). -God Crucljietl: Monotheism and ChrLttology in the New Testament (Carlisle: Paternoster Press, 1998). - 'James and the Jerusalem Church', in The Book of Am in Its Palestinian Setting (ogmmia: Prokgom#no., vol. l (traus. John Vriend; Orand Rapids: Baker Book House. 2003). Be-.lle, O .K .. 'The Eschatological Cooooption or New Tcsl4ment Theology·. in 'The Rtaikr Must Undewtmd': Eschatology In Bib/• and TMo/01!;)' (ed. K.E. Brower an
164

Paul and Isaiah '< Sm!tmr<

Beale, G.K. {cd.) The Rrght Doar= frqm the Wrong Ttxu: WO)'I on the Use of the Old Tmament in the New {Grand RapiCis: Baker. 1994). Beauchamp. Paul. 'Lecture <1 Rtln of rhe New TtJtamenr Church: and its Bockgrowrd in Early Judaism (London: SPCK. 1985). Bekcr, J. C., Paul the Apostle: The Triumph of God In Lift and Thought (Philadelphia: Fortre$.~ Press, 1980). Bell, Richard, 'Sacrifice and Cbristology in Paul', JTS 53 (2002), pp. 1- 27. Belleville, Linda L.. 'Gospel and Kerygma in 2 Corimhians'. in Gospel in

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190

/'auf and IS4ioh's &rvants

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INDEX OF REFEI\ENCES

Old T
24.14 70 !6.10 85

Exodus 24.18 80 29.16 80 29..20 80 32- 34 25. 39. 40 U't/tictu

8.19 80 8.24 80 JHult rOIIOIIIf

26.12 124

29. 13 124 J2.S 4 I S,,.l

6.J.-4 84, 8S 84.85 6.17 84. u

u

4.22 45

668 6.1 78. 88

40100 4(1-48 72 40-55 47. SO. 51. 52, 53, 54. 61. 62. 63. 64. 68. 69. 70. 72. 79, 81 , 86. 87, 89, 90, 92, 94. 95. 97. 100, 101. 107, 108. Ill. Ill. 114, 117. 119. 120. 130. 134. 140. 143 40-66 2. 30, 37. 40. 46. 48. SO. 52. 53. 54. 57, 60, 61. 62. 64. 67. 68. 74, 90, 109. 112, 128. 129. 132. 134. 138, 140. 143, 156. 159 40. 1 68 40.1-S 129 40.1-11 68. 69, 116 40. 1-31 120 40.2 68 40.8 69 40.9 120 40.12- 26 69

40.27 69 40.28-31 69

415129 I

Kl>ors

14.18 70 fsG/oh I 124 1- 39 68

1.27 114 2.1- 5 92 ~. l-4 l l4 2.2-S 119

41.8- 10 11

42-48 7J 41.25 71 42.1 69. 70, 71 42.1-4 69. 70. 11. 42.2- 3 71. 120 ~ 2. 3

71

42.4 11

42.8 88 42.9 70

n. 73, 11.89

192

Paul and lsoialu Senams

42.18-19 73,ll6 42.18-2.1 102 43.14-IS 91 43. 18 67 43.18-19 66. 91. !17 43:19 66. 91. !17 43.24 102 44.2- 3 120 44.3 118 44.22 4~ 44.24 72 45. 1 7: 45.2 4 45.25 liS 4H772 46.9 67 46.12- 13 114 48.6 67 48.8 73 48.11 88 48.11 liS 48.20 49, 49 58. 15. !17 49.1-6 69. 72, 73. 74, 80, 89, 132 49.3 47, 12, 73, 134 49.3-6 86 49.4 86 49.5 - 12. 15 49.S-6 73 49.6 72. 73. 77. 86. 92. !17. 103. 119, 124 49.7 58. 74, 75 49,7- 12 74 49.8 47, 49, 57, 58, 59. 60, 75, 108, l20, 139 49.12 72 49.1l 63 50.4-6 15 50..H 69. 75. 78. 89. 116. 140 50.7-915 50.10 15. 17, 113. 116. 119. 127. 130. 131. 142 ,.,4 76. 77 Sl.S-6 114 SL6 76 52.1-6 49 52.11-10 45 52.7 n, 81, 120. 130. t37

52.1- 10 49

52.7-12 116 52.8 n 52.10 77, 100, Ill 52.1149 52.11- 12 48. 49 52.13 78, 88. 131 52.13- 15 78, 80, 92, 100 52.13- 53. 12 43, 45, 51 , 69. 70, 74, 76. 80, 89, Ill, 116, 130, 131, 140 52.1 4-15 78 52.15 - 79, 81, 86, 119, 121 53 52, 82, 83, 84, 85. 94, 95, 96, 97. 103. 104, lOS, 113, 115. 120. 130, 132, 134, 135, 142 53-66 53, 96, 112. 119. 142 53.181 , 83, 95. 104, 130,137 53.1-9 80 53.2- J 81 53.3 111 53.4 81 , 82 53.4-6 85 53.5 45, 82, 94. 102 53.5- 10 104 53.6 45, 81 , 82. 9 1, 102. 116 53.8 82, 85, 94 53.9 45, 95 53.10 53, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 94, 102. 113, li S, 118, 128. 130. 131 . 141 53. 10-12 86. 120, 53.11 82, 94, 104. 116, 117. 121, 131 53.1H2 liS 53.12 82, 102 54113 54-66 112, 113. 125. 132 54.11-10 86 54.10 Ill 54.17 75, 116. 120 55 116 55.6 126 56122 56-66 53, 54. I 19, 122. 125. 126. 130. 135 56.1-6 113, 114, 11 5. 121. 135 56.1-63.6 123 56.1 114 56.1-2 114

Index of References S6.3 114, 123 56.6 114, 11 5, 129 56.7 126 56.9 126 56.9- 12 116 56.9-59.21 116 56.9-63.6 115 56.10 116 56.11 116 57 116 s1.1 53, 116, 119, m. 131, 135, 141 57.1- 2 11 6, 117 57.1-13 116 51.2 117, 140 57.3 118 57.3- 13 116, 117 57.13 116 57.1-20 122 59.17 119 59.18-20 117 59.20 118, 120, 122 59.20-2 1 119 59.21 118, 120. 121 60 11 8, 119 60-62 118, 122, 123 60.1 -3 118.• 119 60.1-63.6 116. 118, 119 60.16 118 60.17-111 18 60.21 119. 121 60.22 119 61 119, 120, 121, 130. 131 61.1 120. 122

61.1-4 137 61.2 120 6 1.2.-3 121 61.3 120 6 1.9 120, 129 61.1 1 121 61.17 . 126 62 121 62.1- 2 122 62.1-6 122 62.1- 7 121 62.2 121 62.8 126 62.1Q-12 121 62.12 121, 123 63 122. 123 63.1-6 122, 123 63.6-64.12 13) 63.7-64. 12 123, 125 63.8 124 63.8-14 124 63.10 124 63.17 115 63.17-63.18 123, 124 63.17-64.12 123 65 129, 131 65-66 92. 125, 142 65.1-2 126 65.1- 7 125 65.5 126 65.8 125, 126 65.8-16 125 65.9 125 65.10 125 65.11 126 65.13 125 65.13-15 126 65.15 125 65.16 125, 126 65.17 91 , 97, 131 65.17-18 129 65.17-25 125, 127, 118, 129 65.18 125, 128 65.18-25 128 65.19 m. 128 65.20-·23 125 65.21 126

193

Paul and /Mialu Servants

194

RomOIU

65.22 - 125 65.23 125. 128 65.24 128 66129 66.2 126. 129 66.5 126, 129 66.7-13 129 66.10 126 66.12 130 66.14 129, 131 66.1 7- 24 129 66.24 123

4.25 S2 5.1 241 8.32 52 9- 11 7

I Ctl
1 C()flmldans

1-9 109

Job

13.6 4

Psalms 2215 24 75 113.1 70 Je.r-emiah

30.10 70

o.wd 7 134 2 Mucc:aben 1.5 45 5.20 45 7.33 45

8.29 45

N<.. r ...Mtuk 10.44 134 10.45 134

John 3.3 98 3.S 98 3.7 98

20.25 ISS Atts

IS 14

•

l.ll-34 1.1937 1.20 )7 2.9 36 2.1G-13 3S 2.14-17 3S 2.14-7. 1 37, 38, so. 133 2.14-7.2 108, Ill 2. 14-7.4 36. 37, S6 2.1734 3 2S. 38. 39. 40. 59, 133, 134 3.1 36 3.6 - 7, 20, 38. 133 3.12 2S 4.2 36 4.S 110, 13S 4.7- 5.2 1 4 1 4.8-9 109, 110 4.10-12 109 4.11 110 4.12 110 4 , 1) 36 4,14 39 4.16 110 s 134 S.l- 10 41 5.4-21 ss

5.1 1- 13 ss. 56

S.l l- 21 42, 43. SS S.ll- 6.10 40. 55. 110. Ill 5.11-6.13 56 S.ll- 7.1 40. Sl 5.12 36. 56. 110 5.13 43. 93 5.14 42, 44, 56, 93. 104

lmkx of &ferent:ts 5.14-IS 94, 96, Ill 5.14-2144,45,47,54. ss. 56, 58. 60, 89, 90. 92, 93, 94. 96. 101, 106, 108, 110, Ill . 112, 135, 139, 156 5.1~2 SS, 56. 135 S.l"-6. 10 2. 16. 17, JO, 59, 108, 110. 132. 138. 140, 156, 159 5.14-6.13 38. 48 S.l"-6.18 37 5.14-7.1 46. S.IS9S 5.16 34, 95. 132 5.17 44, 46, 54. 91, 92. 97. 98. 104, 135. 136 5.17 2146.91.99 5.17- 7.1 46 S.l8 37, 4). 99, Ill, 136 S.ll-19 100, 103. ISO 5.11-20 81 , 102 S.ll-21 46. 56. 91. 101. 102 S.ll-6.2 SS S.l9 94. 102, 103 5.20 4S. 58 5.20-6.1 139 5~.2 110 5.21 40, 45. 47, 90. 94, 95. 96, 103. 104, lOS. Ill , 135. 140, 141 . 142 6 134 6.1 57, S8 6.1- 2 6.1-10 135 6.1- 13 54 6.2 - 4, 12, 36, 40, 47, 49, 57, 58, 59, 60. 90. 98,104, 108,112, 135, 136, 139, 140. 141 6.3-10 so. ss. 60. 96. 109. 110. 138, 139, 141 6.4 36.56. 110, 132. 133. 135. 139. 6.4-S 138

so

ss

6.4-6 138

6.4-10 34

6.6-7 138. 140, 141 6.1-10 138. 141 6.9 142 6.10 141 6.11-12 34 6.11-13 S6 6.12-13 36 6.14 48, so 6.14-7.1 40, 46. 48. 5S 6.16-18 36 6.17 48 746

7. 11 36 8.2 36 8.8 36 8. 1536 8.22 S6 9.9 36

9.13 36 IO.S 34 10.12 36 10.18 35. 36 11.1 34 11.1- 3 36 II.~ JS

12 43 12.11 36 13.3 36 13.S 36 13.7 36

Galatians I 2S 3.28-29 7 4.21- 31 157 5.22-23 141 PIU/ippitzN

1.19 4 253 2.10-11 4

19S

INDEX OF A UTHORS

Aletll, J. 96, 104 Aquinas. T . 147 Auaustinc 147

Dinttr, P.B-. 51 Dulun. B. 69 Dunn, J.D.G. 102

llarn:1~ C.K.

Fishbane, M. 19

55, 140, 141 Barth. K. 89. 101 Barlh<s. R. 19 Bauckham. R.I. 14, 52, 53. 78. 88 O.alt. G..K. •2. 45. 46. 47, 48. 49. SO. 51. 54. 60. 90. 91. 92. 97, 108 O.kcr. J .C. 137

o.... 0 95

Bcukcn. W.A.M. 5). 72. 76, 81. 112, II ), 114, 115. 116, 119. 120. 122. 124. 126. 121. 128. 129, 131 Dieringer, R. 43, 137 Blenkinsopp. J. 113, 126, 131 llo
m.

Ford. D. 34. 36 Frti. H.W. 39, 143, lSI. IS2. IS3 Froelich. K . 154 Furnish. V.P. JI,J2, S7, 102. 110


K.ll. 158

Hafem3nn, SJ. 34, 3S, 37, 39, 40, 133, 139, Hanson, P.O. 127 Hamer, P.B 128 Hay,D.M. 36 Hays, R.B. 3. 10. 18· 21, S2

Hen,el. M. 94. 95 Calvin, !. 147, lSI, 152 Ouri<S, R.H. 41 Cblids. B.S. 9. 25, ~29. 30. 53. 61. 64. 11. 12. 75. 76, n. 79. so.81. 83, 84. as. Ill. 114. 111. 120. 121, 122. 129, 143. 147, 148, 149, ISO Ocmeau. ILE. 84. liS Coltios. J.J. 133 CUII1114nn. 0. 41

Hofius, 0 . 42, 44, 4S, 46, 90, 91 , 92

Hc>lmvcn, F.C. 122 Hooker, M.D. 82. I 34 Hubbard, M.V. 98,99 Hubocr, H 24-S HupberiJC<, G.P. 10 Hu&)l or St. V'tctor 147 Hughes, P.E. 112

Janowm. BJ. 84 Doub<. D. 10 Dovies. W.O. 41 Duwson, J.D. 7, 8, 21, ISO, 152 Dclitmh, F. 121

J<mniu>. J 41 JcrviJ, L.A. 139

Jeppensen, K. 114 Iowen, B.E. 147. 148

198

Paulllnd lsaU>hs Sm'OIIrs

Ju6cher, A. 33

Romaniuk, K. 96

Kilc1mM, E. )4 Kim, S. 42. 4). 44 Kkinkn
Scbweiu.r, A. 24,41 Scbuu, J. H. 110 sau, C.R. 53, 64. 15. 80. 81 , ss, 87, IIJ, 114, 116. 117, 118. 120, 124, 126, 127, 130, Ill Soaith. N.H. 122 Spieokermann, H. 79 Stanley, C.D. l, 13-16 Staoley, D.M. 51 Stemberge<, 0 . 145 Stuhlmacher, C. 134

Lambrecht, J. 51, 59, 132, 13& L.esslua. T . 149 Lim, T .H. 14 Lincoln, A. 41 Longenc.:ker. B.W. 60 t.oe.... R. 146, 147 Luther, M. 60. 147, lSI ManU$. U. Ill Mlli'C>On I Manh&U, I.H. 43 Marti.,, R.P. S7, 96. 98 MuileObefJ. ). 113

Nichol.. or Lyra 147 Noble, P.R. 28. 29

Origcn 7. 147 Oswalt, J .N. 114 Pate, C.M. 41. 42 Paton.Willinms, D. 71, 72, 7S Plummer, A. 140, 141 Poner, S.E. 3, 4, 136

Riillilnen. H. 23 Re-."
Thrall, M

.e. 51

Torrance, T.F. IS8 Torrey, C.C. 63, 64 Voa CampcohaUkt>, lt. I Voa Hart10
Wacner, J.R. 6, 16, Sl, S2 Watson. F. 22-24 Watts, R.ll. 134, IJS Webb, W.J. 42, 48, 49, SO. Sl, 54. 108 Westermann. C. 59, 71. 75. 86. 87, 118, 122 Wbybroy, R.N. 82, Il l Wilco•, P. 71, 72, 7S Wilk, F. 16, 17, 18 Wwdiich, H. 55 Wood, J .E. 110 Wright, N.T. 37, 136 Youn&, F. 34, 36, 154, ISS