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:n
Alphabet
Letter
Printed • forms
lower -case
capital
a
A
6
6
8
B
r
r E ••
E )I(
II\
3 l1 l1
3 It It
.1
K J1
M
rvt
~
0
H 0
II
n
tl
p
'err'
c
I
T
'es' 'teh' ,
)'
"4>
<J)
X
X
ll
u
'I
4
Ill
w
Ill
Ill
Ol)
z
... ••
h
soft sig,
~
lmck-cvnrds
10 Sl
I
g d e yo zh z
~ tf)
3e ..
e
£ £
JK,
J{C-
3
3
lL
u.
u J
~
t.l
X
k 1 m n
n
1-1
Jl
0
0
0
D
p rolled 'r' s
p
t
t
u
u
f h
f kh ts ch sh shch
Jl
.II
1
Jl1
m
ch Irani 'sir' soft 'sss/1'
uy
-
j(
s
II
y
c
n1
j/
y f
j)
X
~ 7: (.!!
lLI
yoo
'yah'
ya
yn
J
J: 11
~ /J).
us
0 bt.
b
I
yuo'
e
.f
f c
r
e yu
t'
J3
k
ts
'uy'
$"
G
1 ee yin dipht1wng i
'shah' 'ssshah'
.J
o
•
'cf' 'hah' 'tseh' 'cheh'
Jun cl sig11
10
French 'j'
I
'h hl
1.
g d ye yo
'kah' 'el' 'em' 'en' 'oh' 'peh'
p c
•
v
Hnlldwritte1l forms fo·wer capital -case fl
a b v
a b
sl!ort i
~
••
ll0111C
'ah' 'beh' 'veh' 'geh' 'deh' 'yeh' 'yoh' 'zheh' 'zeh' 'ee'
Jl e e••
Approx. pro11.
Tra11sliteration
a iO
..,
a
ID f;l{_
ix
Vowels There are ten vowels in the Russian alphabet. Five are the socalled 'hard vowels' and five are the so-called 'soft vowels'. When pronounced on their own, or at the beginning of a word, the first four 'soft' vowels have a y- sound at the beginning. 'Hard' vowels 'Soft' vowels
a
3
H
e
o •• e
y
bl
10
H
Co11smzan ts Most consonants in Russian can be either 'soft' or 'hard'. A consonant is hard when it is followed by a so-called 'hard' vO\'\'el, or if it comes at the end of a word and does not have a soft sign (-b) after it. Here are the hard variants of consonants followed by some so-called 'hard' vowels. Hard variants of consonants
6y
oo
Jla
ry
Ma
HJ
no
pa
Ja co
KO
Jlbl
Tbl
ci»bl
Xbl
A consonant is soft when it is followed by a so-called 'soft' vowel or has a soft sign (-b) after it. When pronouncing a soft consonant, the main part of the tongue is pushed up against the roof of the mouth, giving the sound a 'y'-like quality. Here are the soft variants of consonants followed by some so-called 'soft' vowels.
Soft variants of consonants
610
Be
)lH
rH
3H
KJI
JJH
MH
He
ne
pH
Ce
TH
c1»10
XH
And here are some examples of soft consonants followed by a soft sign (-b). The vowel a has been added before the consonant: aJib. aub, aTb. Without the soft sign these would be hard: aJI, an. aT. Not all consonants have hard and soft variants. There are three inherently hard consonants, which are hard no matter what sort of vowel follows them, and there are two inherently soft consonants. Inherently hard consonants Inherently soft consonants
w
m
Stress has an important effect on the pronuncation of some vowels. In this book the stressed syllable in words of more than one syllable is marked with an acute accent- ouo. eMy, 1 08 0PHTb. ln normal written Russian however - books, newspapers, signs, letters, etc.- stress is not marked, since Russians' k now 1e d ge .of their own language tells them where . ~ at falls.
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
[>
[>
Starting out noexanM! OBJECTIVES
In this unit you'll learn how to:
0 0
greet people
0
ask simple questions
0
make simple statements
pronounce Russian words
And cover the following grammar and language:
0 0 0
3To 'this is', 'that is' gender of nouns pronouns
LEARNING RUSSIAN 1
The first challenge in learning Russian is familiarizing yourself with the script. Although it may look daunting to begin with, you will soon find that you can recognize the words you hear on the recordings quickly and that there are few surprises in Russian spelling. To start with, however, you will need to practise reading as much as possible. Reading exercises are included in this unit. Although this course concentrates on listening and speaking, one of the best ways of learning new words is by writing them down, and then writing them out several times if possible. For this you will need to know Russian handwritten forms, which are a little different from printed letters (see page ix). Learning them now may seem like an extra bur~en to begin with, but your efforts will be repaid when you find you are reading and writing with ease!
@
Now start the recording for Unit 1.
1
The alphabet
AncJlaBHT A
listen now to the Pronunciation Guide If vou h aven 't alreadv J' • Wh
~ ar{d look at the alphabet chart on pagbe txk.
thenbyoukfeel you · vith the alphabet, come ac to e oo and try are fam1-1tar' the activity below. ACTIVITY 1
· uses many words borrowed from English Russ1an . and many · t.wnaI' terms · Try to work out the meantngs of the 'mtema following words. 9
1 6opm 2 Q>6pyM , 3 '3pa
UHKJIOH ,
10 SIHKII 11 x666n 12 noHJJ,OH
,
4 rapa)K ,
5 an3a , ., 6 ManoHe3
13 l.J.uKaro .....
LANGUAGE BUILDING
,
14 Hhlo-HopK 15 AMepnKa 16 CaHKT-neTep6ypr
7 woQ>ep , 8 mlTepbep
0
,
l
Stress and vowels You now know all you need to know to read Russian words of one syllable correctly, and read out longer words in a slow and deliberate style. In this book the stressed syllable in words of more than one syllable is marked with an acute accent (MocKea, xopow6). (In books for Russian native speakers stress is not marked, since Russians' knowledge of their own language tells them where it falls.) Stress has an important effect on the pronunciation of some vowels. The following points are vital to your understanding and speaking of Russian: •
an unstressed o sounds something like 'ah' or 'uh'
•
an unstressed e sounds something like 'i' or 'yi'
•
an unstressed
fl
before the stressed syllable sounds like 'i' or 'yi'
Thus the word oH6, meaning 'it', will sound som~thi~g l~k~ 'uh-~o', and the word eM.' mean in 'to him', sounds something like Yl·moo.
ACTIVITY 2
Read the following words out loud. Remember, words of one syllable have no stress mark, and their vowels are pronounced as normal. Try to learn the meanings of the words as you go.
Words of one syllable: .na yes ue1· no r.ne?
who? where?
B
I
Tbl
you [familiar, singular] he/it we you [plural; also polite si11gttlar]
KTO?
OH Mbl Bbl
Words of t·wo syllables: oua she/it ,
it
OHO , OHH
they ,
BOK33.11
MocKoa TeTH
,
CJIOBO , BlbiK ,
OKHO
main railway station Moscow aunt [no stress marked as word language window
e is always stressed]
Words of three syllables: pa66Ta work , street YJUIU3 , OK; \Veil xopowo Now do activities 3, 4, and 5 on the recording.
3
Hello! 3ApaBCTBYMTe! @
ACTIVITY 6 is on the recording. ACTIVITY 7
A Listen to the recording. Which of the followin g words ani phrases do you hear?
1 lloKa! 2 llpHJITnoro anneniTa! 3 flO)I(MYHCTa! B Which of the phrases above would you use: a when offering somebody something? b on starting a meal? c when saying goodbye to a close friend? DIALOGUE 1
0 no)l(anyifcra, sam 6opm. • Cnacu6o. A cMeTana? 0 BoT, no)l(anyifcTa. cMeTaHa. • Cnacu6o. 0 flO)I(MyHCTa, BclillH ~H . .&. MMMM! Cnacli6o! 0 H xne6, no)J(anyiicTa. IlpM5ITHOro anneTI1Ta! • Cnacu6o!
I VOCABULARY 3AP8BCTBYMTe! AO CBMACJHMA! npMBeTI non I no•anyi4CTa cnacil&o B8W, UWM
a CM8T6H8 BOT
.. .... II
...-THoro annerin'al
hello goodbye hi! [informal] bye! [informal] please; you're welcome thank you your ]· but and [with slight contrast, sour cream . · g or here is [said whilst pomtm indicating in some way] cabbage soup and bread 1 enjoy your meal .
LANGUAGE BUILDING
r
Rather than giving you any new grammar in this section, here is some more reading practice. For both activities, read the words out loud, repeating them several times. You will probably need to check back to the alphabet summary chart on page ix. Also, bear in mind how stress affects the vowels o , e, and R (see page 2) .
ACTIVITY 8
Read the following words out loud carefully. Try to learn the mearungs as you go.
Words of one syllable: our uaw but [strong contrast] HO there here
TaM l.lleCb
Words of two syllables: Kor.ua ? when? very also town, city mum
~
TO IKe ~
ropo.u
Phrases: , H MOry ~
H XO'IY H JIJ06JIW
I can I want I like, I love
Words of four syllables: HlBHHHTe!
csn.uaune
sorry! meeting, rendezvous
ACTIVITY 9
Try to work out the meanings of the following words. 1 6ap 2
aKC 3 4 5 6 7
@
~ caMMHT npHHTep BHCKH yr66n HeiUI6H
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
aHopaK xynMraH napnaMeHT ~
nHuua i16ra
onTM~HcT KYJihTypa
15 16 17 18
3M6apro
cfleMI-~HibM
aBOKa,z:J.O , rHMH3CTiiKa , 19 JIHTep~rypa
20 pesomo~ujl 21 opraHn3auujl
Now do activities 10 and 11 on the recording. 5
Are ou a student? @ ACTIVITY
12 is on the recording.
ACTIVITY 13
What three things do Gleb and Svetlana have in common? DIALOGUE 2
0 CseTnaHa, Bbi - cT)')J:eHTIr - cry.IJ.eHT? c~ ,na, Sl TO)f(e cry.neHT. A CseTa, Bbl - MOCKBMqKa? • LJ:a, MOCKBI-It.tKa. A Bbi? 0 51 To)f(e MOCKBIIt.t. Ho H nro6nK> CaHKT-IleTep6ypr. , • 51 TO)f(e n106n!O CaHKT-IleTep6ypr. Ot.teHh mo6nK>.
! voCABULARY CTy.QeHTKa CTy.QeHT Calrra MOCKBM"'Ka
familiar form of the name Muscovite [female]
MOCKBM"'
Muscovite [male]
,
,
LANGUAGE BUILDING
0
student [female] student [male] CaeTnaHa
I
3To 'this is'. 'that is' The word 3To means 'this is' or 'that is'. (Notice that the word '4TO is spelled with "'· not was you might expect.) 3To? Who is that? 3To lt1aaH. That is Ivan . '-ITo 3To? What is that? • 3To 6op~. It's bortsch. KTO •
0
Simple statements There is no verb 'to be' in the present tense. In writing it is sometimes indicated by a dash. ~-
HVIHa. I am Nina. Tbl- MOCKBVlYKa. You're a Muscovite. 0Ha- spaY. She's a doctor. lt1aaH - onT1!1MVIcT. Ivan's an optimist.
6
0
Questions Simple questions are made by keeping the same w d d . or or er as the statement, but usmg a question intonation. HI-1Ha - spa'4. Nina is a doctor. H~Ha Bpa'4? Is Nina a doctor?
0
Gender of nouns It is easy to tell the gender of a Russian noun from the ending on the form in which it appears in the dictionary. This form is called the nominative singular. Nouns ending in a consonant in the nominative singular are masculine. Here are some examples you know already:
6op~, xne6, RlbiK, BOKJan, r6po,q, CaHKT-neTep6ypr, apa'4, CTYAeHT, MOCKBM'4, cpyT66n, xynHraH
Most nouns ending in the letter -a, its 'soft' equivalent ·R, or -MR are feminine:
MaMa,cMeTaHa,MocKaa,pa66Ta,ynH~,nM~~ cTyAeHTKa, MOCKBM'4Ka, TeTft. BMJg_,_ peeomouMR Nouns ending in the letters -o or -Me are neuter.
0
Pronouns singular I you [familiar) he/masculine nouns she/feminine nouns neuter nouns
" Tbl
OH , OHa OHO
plural we you [plural; also polite singular) they/nouns of any gender
Mbl Bbl
OHM•
ACTIVITY 14
· t
In A and B below, match the questions with the appropna e answer. A 1 f.ne XJie6? 2 r.ne cMeTaHa?
3 f.ne aBOKcl,UO? B 1 f.ne 6opm? 2 r.ue MaMa? fA / ? 3 f.ne fne6 H nBaH.
©
0H6 3JleCh. b OH TaM. , c Bor oHa. a
a
Omi
3~ech .
b BoT OH. no>K[Ulyi1cra! c Ow\ 3)leCb.
. . . . 15, 16' and 17 on the recordmg. Now do achvtties
7
Who is that? KTo 3To?
Below are some short biographies to introduce the main characters in our story The Larin Family'. The first episode follows in 1.5. I
,
,
,
3To EsreHIUI
flaBJIOBHa JlapHHa. OHa - 6a6ywKa.
,
3To
MapnSI
HsaHoBHa )l{aposa. 0Ha- MaTh. 0Ha - :>KypHanHCTKa.
A 3To HsaH
Jla
fpuropbeBHq pMH. OH - ne.uylliKa. OH nro6MT 6opm.
A soT JleHa. 0Ha -
):(Ol.Jb.
3To TeTSJ TflHSI. OHa - spali. 0Ha T6)Ke mo6Hr
6opm.
3To Oner Iifs§.HoBirtt JHipHH. OH _ npenonasareJib.
VOCABULARY grandmother [used colloquially of any old woman] grandfather [used colloquially of any old nta6HT apa"t M3Tb >ttKHHK WOTnilH,QKa TaTapHH
man]
loves doctor mother journalist [female] journalist [male) daughter teacher artist Scottish woman Tartar
ACTIVITY 18
Read the biographies aloud several times, checking back in your book if you have forgotten any letters. Translate the text as you go, using the pictures to help you, and learn the new words. ACTIVITY 19
You're at a business reception and you think you see Aleksei Semyonovich Gagarin, a Russian businessman who has done some work for your company. Check with your Russian host that it is indeed Aleksei Semyonovich, and then go over and say hello. Don't be discouraged if at this stage you're still finding the alphabet hard going. It will take quHe a while before you feel really confident in reading and writing. If you keep practising, however, one day you'll suddenly realize you're reading or writing something in Cyrillic without even thinking about it, and all the hard work will have been worthwhile. In the meantime, keep checking back over the alphabet chart on page ix and revising the early parts of the book. The more reading and writing practice you do, the easier it will be to learn new words and absorb granunar points.
9
1.5 fl8pMHbl - The Larin Family nporjnKa no TaepcK6My 6ynbaapy A stroll along the Tverskoi Boulevard
@
The scene takes place on Moscow's Tverskoi B . 1 . ou1evard where Evgentya Pav ovna Lanna, her daughter M . ' lvanovna Zharova, and her granddaughter Lena anya are takin h afternoon stroll. By c ance, they meet someone M . g au I vanovna knows. anya
I VOCABULARY my [with feminine nouns]
diminutive form of Lena- 'little Lena' ACTIVITY 20
Listen to the story and write in the m1ssing words below.
1 Mapit51 HsaHOBHa.
___? 2 6opHC MuxaHIIOBHtJ, )TO MO~ - - - · Esremt~ naBnOBHa.
3 4 A
s 6
, EsreHH51 llasnosHa. 3To? Mo~ ;uoqh, JleHa.
, JleHOqKa.
ACTIVITY 21
Listen to the story again and answer the questions.
1 What is the name of the man they meet? 2 3 4 5
Who does Mariya introduce him to first? What does the man ask Mariya next? How does Mariya answer? . ? What is the man's prof esston.
Test Now it's time to test your progress in Unit 1.
1 Match 1-8 with the English equivalents from a-h. a hi! b OK! C hello d you're welcome e thank you f who is that? g goodbye h enjoy your meal
1 no)KanyifcTa! 2 3.n;pciBcray'HTe! 3 )1.0 CBI1,llaHH51! 4 I
2 Pair up the sentences 1-6 with the correct response from a-£ to make six mini-dialogues.
1[
3.n;paBCTBy~iTe!
2[_
Ilo)Kany'Hcra!
3[_
4[ 5[
6!
KTo 3To? ,[(0 CB~aHH51!
qTO )To? Iloi
) ) ) ) ) )
(
lloKa!
(
,[{o CBI1)lclHIUI!
( ( ( (
,
3TO
IUI·I.
3npaBCTBYHTe! Crrac!f6o! ,
,
3To HBaH.
Ja Jb Jc Jd Je Jf
un·· OH . the correct prono 3 Complete the replies bY a dd mg nli (plural). 0 (masculine), ona (feminine), ORO (neuter), or 1 2 3 4 5 6
r.n.e x.ne6? BoT f.lle oKH6? BoT 3.n.ecb. f.n.e cry.n.eHT? 3,LJ,ecb. f.lle ynHQa? TaM. r.ne MaaH H Eopnc? TaM. r.ne MaMa?
4 Complete each sentence w ith the appropria te word from the box be low. 0 11
I.ITO KTO , TO)l(e
,
OHa , O HI1
mo6n.O ,
anneTHTa , CBM,llaJIJ1ji
1 rne6 CTy,lleHT, 11 CseTnaHa - -- CTy)l.eHTKa. 2
3 4
5 6 7
8 9
fieTp JiiBclHOBJ11.1! :5To? 3To Eoplic. r)l.e 60pi.Q? 3,lleCb. fi p i•HTTHOfO ! R, CaHKT-0eTep6ypr. 3To HI1Ha., - apaq. )To? 3TO I.QH. Cue .ne.nyUJKa H 6a6yll1Ka? BoT _ _ ,[(0
,
,
5 How would you say the following things in Russian? (2 points for each correct answer, 1 point if you make only one error) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Thank the hotel receptionist for giving you your key. Say you're a student. Ask your tour-guide if she's a Muscovite. Say you love beetroot soup! Say 'hello' to some business colleagues. Ask where Ivan Alekseyevich is. Say 'goodbye' to a close Russian friend. Apologize for stepping on someone's toe in a crowded bus.
If you scored less than 35, go through the dialo~es and the Language Building sections again before completing the Summary on p age 14.
Summary 1 @
Now try this final test summarizing the main points . h" . v ch k covered tnt IS umt. 10U can ec your answers on the reco rct·mg. How would you: 1 greet a business colleague? a close friend? 2 say go~dbye to a business colleague? to a close friend? 3 say 'enJOY your meal'? · 4 ask 'who is that?' 5 say 'it's Ivan'? 6 ask where Nina is? 7 say 'she's here'? 8 ask a man you've just met if he's a doctor? 9 say you love St Petersburg?
REVISION Before moving on to Unit 2, play Unit 1 through again and compare what you can say and understand now with what you knew when you started. Go over any vocabulary you still feel unsure of. Don't be discouraged if you find you're still having difficulties with the Russian alphabet. We've included plenty of reading practice in the next few units to help drive it home. In the meantime, keep testing yourself on the alphabet, remembering to write things down as often as you can; practising handwritten forms will also help you remember the alphabet. For further practice look at other Language es Building sections later in this book - you could of the countries on page 91 (Unit 7) and page llS h( rut . 5) the mont s on p o days of the week on page 65 (U n1t 'or . need to refer 113 (Unit 8). At this stage you ·will probably snlld tion to this back tO the alphabet summary chart in the fn.trO ~Ck I · ti e it vnll snc · book a good deal. Don't worry - tn rn . ·t revteW h xt few unt s, Once you have worked through t e ~e. everything you Unit 1 again. This will help to consohdate
try~~ ~~~he ~ue
have learned so far.
14
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
First steps nepBble warM OBJECTIVES
In this unit you'll learn how to:
0 0 0
express likes and dislikes correct mistakes request things
And cover the following grammar and language:
0 0 0 0 0 0
the present tense of Ia, lb, and II verbs the accusative singular of nouns nouns ending in a soft sign the accusative of pronouns imperatives ] the plural of nouns
LEARNING RUSSIAN 2
Russian is a highly inflected language, which means that many words in the sentence alter their endings to express elements of grammatical meaning- for example, to show which word is the subject, which is the object, and so on. For many people, remembering the correct inflectional endings to put on words is one of the most difficult aspects of learning Russian. There are different ways of approaching this task. In this course the different inflectional endings are introduced progressively, with examples and explanations in the Language Building sections. However, many people find it useful to look at all the inflectional endings together, presented in the fonn of a table: the inforn1ation is presented in this way in the Grammar Summary at the end of this book.
@
Now start the recording for Unit 2. 15
football 11rpa10 a ct»yT66n ITY 1 is on the recording. ACTIVITY 2
1 Does Svetlana like football? 2 Does Gleb play football well? 3 Does Gleb's brother play football well? DIALOGUE 1
0 CseTniHa, Bbl n.06uTe 4>yr66n? ,lla, Jl n106n.O 4>yr66n. A BLI urpae-re a yr66n? 0 ,lla, Jl HI pa10 s 4>yr66n xcbic.uLiii neHh. Ho sr nn6xo Hrpa10 . Moii 6paT T6>Ke urpae-r a 4>yr66n. Oi, KaK HHTepecHo! A oH xopom6 HrpaeT? 0 HeT, DJI6xo. MLI DJ16xo HrpaeM, Ho 6YeHh ni06HM HrpaTb.
I VOCABULARY I MrpBTb B ~yr66n
to play football every, each day badly brother how interesting!
KUf.QbiM .qeHb (m) nn6xo &paT KaK MHTepeCHO!
I LANGUAGE 0
BUILDING
The present tense
I
11 differing in d There are two main types of verbs in Russian: type I an type , 1 their endings in the present tense. Infinitives end in ·Tb {apart fr~m a eeowtten · f ' ·r end1ng ar forms in •TM and ·'lit). Verbs with an -a- before the 1n '"' 've eptions there are exc type I, and verbs with an ·M· are often type II. However, h verb ;tself· and it is better to learn which type a verb is when you learn t e f ding on the type o e'll "JYpe I is further divided into type Ia and lb, d epen you meet an . wei When stem. Wrth type Ia verbs, the stem ends '" .a vo . ~he vocabulary note the first person singular form (hsted '" as this will give you the present tense stem.
-
Type Ia verbs (stem ending in a vowel) pa66TaTb - to work (stem: pa6c>Ta-) fl pa66~atO Tbl pa6oTaewb OH, oHa, oH6 pa66Ta~J: Mbl pa66TaeM
I work (or I am working, etc.) you work [familiar singular] he, she, it works we work
Bbl pa66TaeTe oHl-1 pa66TatOT
you work [polite singular, plural] they work
Other type Ia verbs: 1upaTb 'to play' (f! ~rpa10), "U1TaTb 'to read' (fl Y~TatO), OTAbiXaTb 'to relax' (fl OT.QbrxatO), ,qenaTb 'to do', 'to make' (s:~ .Qena 10), noHMMaTb 'to understand' (fl noH~MatO), H3y"faTb 'to learn' (fl ~ 3 yya 10 ) cnywaTb 'to listen' (R cnywa10), 3HaTb 'to know'. '
With type lb verbs, the stem ends in a consonant. Type lb verbs (stem ending in a consonant) >K.QaTb- to wait (stem: >K.Q-) I wait fl~ •• Tbl >KAe•Ub you wait •• OH >KAgi he waits •• Mbl~ we wait •• Bbr >K.QeTe you wait , OH~ >KAY! they wait
eX3Tb- to go (stem: e,q-) , fl eAY, Tbl eAeWb , OH e,qeT , Mbr e,qeM , Bbl eAeTe , , OH~ eAYI
If the verb is stressed on the ending, it has
(by transport) I go you go he goes we go you go they go
-e- instead of -e-.
Other type lb verbs: H.QTH 'to go (on foot)' (R ~.Qy), >KMTb 'to live' (fl >K~By).
Type II verbs roaopl-1Tb - to speak, talk (stem: roaop-) fl roaop!9 I speak Tbl roaopl-iwb you speak OH roaop!fl: he speaks Mbl roaopl-iM we speak Bbl roaopl-1Te you speak OHl-1 roaopffi: they speak
nta6HTb - to love (stem: nta6n-, n.06-) f! nta6n!9 I love Tbl n.06HWb you love OH n.06~ he loves Mbl n.06HM we love Bbrn.06MTe you love oHl-1 n.06ffi: they love
Some verbs, such as nta6HTb above, have a slightly different stem from the second person singular onwards; for such verbs, the first and the second person singular forms are listed in the vocabulary glossary. Other type 11 verbs: cMOTpeTb 'to look, watch' (s:~ cMorptb, Tbr cM6Tp~ wb},
BHAeTb 'to see' (fl ali!>t
@
Now do activities 3 and 4 on the recording. 17
2.2 @
I don't like coffee ~ He n106nl0 K6ctle
-
ACTIVITY 5 is on the recording. ACTIVITY 6
Correct the statements which are false. 1 2 3 4
Kolya's mother doesn't like coffee. She sometimes drinks tea. She orders milk and a bun. She sends the bun back.
T/F T/F T/F T/F
DIALOGUE 2
0 MaMa. Tbi x6tielllh K6e? HeT, He xoqy. K6llil, Tbi 3Haelllb. qTo SI He mo6mo K6e. 0 A, MO)KeT 6biTb, qaii? • HeT. Sl soo6me He IlbiO qai1. 0 MaMa, a liTO Tbi x6qemh? R xoqy MonoK6 n 6ynol.n
... BoT, flO)KanyacTa, MOTIOKO H 6ynoqKa. npHSITHOfO arrnenira! Cnacl16o, K6neHbKa, HO 6ynotiJ
I VOCABULARY I K6q>e, (m}
Tbl XO'teWb 'fTO
He Mi»KeT 6b1Tb 'faM
(m)
aoo6~e He R nbtO, Tbl nbeWb
MonoK6 6yno'fKa
MnM ••
-
ee , AOporOM
AJIR Te6fl KjwaM Ha 3AOp6Bbel
18
coffee you want that [conjunction] not maybe tea not at all 1drink, you drink milk bun or . of otfa] it, her [accusatiVe dear, my dear for you . 1 eat! enjoy lt.
LANGUAGE BUILDING
0
The accusative singular of nouns The grammar of a Russian sentence requires that nouns (and adjectives, etc.) should be in a particular form or case. There are six cases in Russian. You have already met the nominative, which is the case used when a noun is the subject of a verb and also in dictionary entries. The accusative is the case used for the direct object of verbs. For masculine nouns (except for those referring to people and animals- see Unit 3) and for all neuter nouns, the accusative singular is the same as the nominative singular.
7f '-13Y4iuo pyccK..M R3btK. I am studying Russian . np'-1Hecl-1re, no>t
7f xo4y 6yno~~. I want a bun. Bbt Bl-1.Q'-1Te yn .. ~? Can you see the street?
0
Nouns ending in a soft sign (-h) Nouns ending in a soft sign may be either masculine or feminine . The nominative and the accusative forms are identical (except for masculine nouns referring to people or animals- see Unit 3). Here are some examples:
m: py6nb ('rouble'), rocTb ('guest'), AeHb ('day'), KpeMnb ('Kremlin'} f: nn6~aAb ('square'), ABepb ('door'), ~epKOBb ('church'}
0
The accusative of pronouns Pronouns have a different form when used in the accusative. nom. I R you (sing.) Tbl he OH , she OHa • it OHO
accusative , MeHR Te6R • ero
.. ee
we you (pl., formal) they
nom. Mbl Bbl • OHM
accusative Hac sac MX
,
ero
OH ni06'-1T MeHfi. He loves me. OHL-1 JHatOr Te6R? Do they know you?
ACTIVITY 7
Put the words into the accusative. 1 CMeniHa 4
ynHua
2 flOH,llOH , 5 MOJJOKO
3 l.(epKOBb 6 .neHh
@ Now do activities 8 and 9 on the recording. 19
2.3 Could I have ... ? AaMTe, no>KanyV.cTa, @
•••
ACTIVITY 10 is on the recording. ACTIVITY 11
1 2 3 4
What newspaper is Valerii Borisovich given first of all? What is wrong with the copy of Pravdn? What does the postcard turn out to be? What three items does Valerii Borisovich buy in the end?
DIALOGUE 3 0 )l'UiTe. no>KarryiicTa, «llpaa.uy» H cnM.t.tKM. BoT no)J(anyiicTa. 0 3To He «llpaB)la», a «He3aaH.cHMaSI fa3eTa». • 0, n3BHHHTe, no)KarryiicTa. BoT «fipaaJJ.a». 0 Ho 3To cTapa51, co BTOpHuKa. • A '-ITo? Cer6.nH.s~ He BT6pHHK? 0 HeT. cer6.UH.sl He BT6pHnK, a cpe.na. Ax, .na! IlpasiinbHO! Yl3Bl1Hl1Te, no)J(aJiyikTa. BoT H6saH
«Dpas.na». Eme qTo-Hn6y.nh? 0 ~aH:Te, fiO)Kfui)'liCTa. eme JTY OTKpbiTKY. , 3TO He OTKpbiTKa, a KaneH.riapuK. 0 Hy xoporn6, .SI B03bMY KaneH.napnK, «0p{iB.UY» u cm!ttKlJ.
0 O)l(MyHCTa.
-
I VOCABULARY I AilMTe «npaaAa» «He3aBMCMM3Jt ra3eTa» , CnM'4KM , cTapaJt c,co , BTOpHMK cer6AHJt cpeAil , npaaMnbHO HOB 3ft •• ell.\e '4Tc>HM6YAb &LL\e '4Tc>HMYAb? , OTKpb1TK3 Kan&HAapMK , B03bMY 20
could I have ... ? [literally: give] Pravda Nezavisimaya Gazeta
matches old from Tuesday today Wednesday that's right new still, else, further . anything, something anything else? postea rd !bl little calendar h verb s3flf~ will take [from t e
LANGUAGE BUILDING
0
Imperatives 1 You've already met the following examples of the formal or plural imperative (for situations where you would use Bbl): cnywaHTe 'listen', HJBHHMTe 'excuse me, sorry', J.QpascTBYHTe 'hello', npHHecr.fre 'bring'. Here are some more examples: .QaHTe, no>tKHTe, no>t
For the informal singular imperative (for situations where you would use Tbl), the final -Te is dropped: HJBHHH! AaH! CMOTpH! CKa>KHI
0
The plural of nouns in the nominative and accusative With the exception of nouns referring to animals and people (see Unit 4), the accusative plural is the same as the nominative plural.
Masculine nouns ending in consonant add -bl -b replace with -H
,
,
BOKJanhl cTyAeHTbl py6nH, r6CTM
Feminine nouns ending in -a replace with -bl -b replace with -H -HJI replace with -HH
,
,
BHJg ynH4hl , nno~a~ ABepM pesonK>uHH
.
Neuter nouns ending in -o replace with -a -He replace With -HJI
enos~, OKH~
CBHAclHHJI
Following Spelling Rule 1 (see Grammar Summary page 221 for details) the letter bl must be replaced by H after K. r. x. >K . .,., w. or~. This affects many plurals, such as: cnH.,.K!1 ('matches'). oTKpbiTKH ('postcards'), JtJbiKH ('languages'), spa._.H ('doctors').
ACTIVITY 12
Match the situations 1-4 with the expressions from a-d. 1 2 3 4
@
Asking directions. Ordering a drink. Buying a paper. Knock on door.
a
b c d
)],anTe, no>Kfulyi1cTa, «npas.uy». CI
Now do activities 13 and 14 on the recording. 21
2.4 Signs BbiBeCKM ACTIVITY 15
Here are some common words you will see around you on signs, shops and other buildings. They are all in capital letters -you may need check back to the alphabet summary chart page ix to remind yourself of the See if you can out the meanings. Complete the actlvtty and then check the vocabulary list which follows.
fo~~s.
4
BXO)l
-· -·
.
-- ·-·
--··· ... ..
-·
....
ABT01iYC ....-- - - ...__.. ..._...... -
7
6
!
.
-·-
MOPO)l(EHOE·-·-·1 ...............I
.
-
"
TYAJIETbl
10
KMHO
- · ~•
12
KBAC ....
.-.•
14
OHBO
__,
16
TAKC~
•
_......................... ...... .........
13
METPO
15
--------------------------------' '
i'._____________________________________________ KACCA l!'
,_.,
_
18 AITTEKA
..-~
_.-: I
r··---- TE~~ --------
17
-·
o
I
I
TPOflflEVlSYC
BOK3AJI
PECTOPAH
I • I
.................................. .........
8
Kl10CK •~-- · - · -·- · -·-·- · ---·- · -·- ·-·-·-
.............
•
KHV1fV1
9 11
\
~-------------
3
5
~----·-------------------
2
1
wor~n
!.------·-·-··--
I
VOCABULARY
3BT66yc anTeKa BXOA Kacca KBac KMHO• • KHMra Mop6>KeHoe • nMBO • no"'Ta
bus chemist's entrance ticket-office, box-office, cash-desk kvass [a Russian drink made from black bread} cinema, movies book • 1ce-cream beer post office
ACTIVITY 16
Now here are some names o f streets, museums, cafes, and so on. Identify the places w ith the help of the vocabulary list below. 1
2
K.AE
MY3Eiii KEPAMVIKVI
«KOnAKAEAHA» 3
5
4
TBEPCKOl/1 6YnbBAP r ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- - ·- ·- - ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·,•
: HOBA51 ! : TIJIOIIJ;A.IJ:h i •
~ · - · - · - · - · -·-
·-
,[(Ol\1-MY3EM
A. ll.I.JEXOBA
J
YHl!IBEPCl!ITET PECTOPAH I
6
•
-·-- -·-·--- -
7
9
,L(OM-MY3Ei1 K. C. CTAHHCnABCKOfO
8
- .. .... . nllOLUA.Qb
.... ..... ............
.................. .
PEBOiliOU~~ . ... ..... .. . ...
10
KPEMJIL
«Y liAiiYlUKH»
~--------~------------------------------------
11
MY3EH PEBOJIIOQMH
12
I·----------------·---------------------------~:
!
I
KPACHA51
n11omNJ.h
!
i
L-----------·---------------------------------·
I VOCABuLARY I KepaMMKa y (+gen.) AOM KpacHaR
•
ceram1cs at someone's house, at, by house red 23
2.5 napMHbl @?)
n&tta noK)fnileT MOpb>KeH08 Lena buys an ice-cream Evgeniya Pavlovna, Mariya lvanovna, and little Lena are continuing their afternoon stroll along the Tverskoi Boulevard. [ VOCABULARY
\
KOHe'fHO K8K0e 3CKMMO
nnoM6Mp K)fnMTb II (KYnn.O. Kjn~Wb) • HaaepHoe HY M Hy!
npOcTO 3TO 'fYAO!
of course what sort of ... ? choc-ice 'plombieres' {ice-cream with
-
candied fruit] to buy {here we should buy]
probably well, l never! simply it's wonderful!
ACTIVITY 17
Who's speaking: Mariya Ivanovna, Lena, or the ice-cream man?
1 2
3 4 5 6
x6qewh Mopo)l(eHoe? 5I. Jno6nK> Mop6)1(eHoe! .5J. xoqy 3CKHMO. )l.aiiTe, fiO)I(MyilcTa, '3CKHMO. Eme qT6-HH6y.[(b? Bbt He nJ66HTe, a SI rrro6nK>.
Tbi
ACTIVITY 18
Listen to the story and decide whether the following hich statements are true or false . Correct the statements w are false.
1 Lena doesn't feel like an ice-cream. choc-ice. 2 Mariya Ivanovna asks the ice-cream man for a ~ bl'• ice-creajl' g h 3 The ice-cream man gives Lena t e wron mistake. ·""a wo. · PaV1Ov~< 4 They buy an ice-cream for Evgen1ya 5 Mariya lvanovna doesn't like ice-cream.
2A
ACTIVITY 19
Now listen to the story again and note all the imperative forms you hear in the dialogue: there are four in total. Write them out below, giving their • meanings. 1 2
•
meanmg: •
11lCt111111g: •
3
I11Cl?11111g:
4
• mcmzzng:
STORY TRANSCRIPT Mariya Ivanovna Lena Mariya lvanovna Lena Mariya Ivanovna Ice-cream man Lena Ice-cream man Lena Ice-cream man Lena Mariya Ivanovna Lena Mariya lvanovna Lena
Jle110~1Ka, CMOTpH! BlUtHlllb MOp6>KeHOC'? Tt.t XO•Ielllh MOpo>KeHoe'! Ypa! Mop6>Ket1oc! Kmre~mo. xo~ry! 5l mo6m6 MopoiiKM, KaK6e Tbl X04Clllb MOpo>KetiOC'? MMMM, Mo>KeT 6hiTb '3CKHMo? HeT ... .ua. 'JCKIIMO. 5l xo•ry "lCKUMo. .LJ.aiiTe, no>Kanyficra, JCKHMo. BoT. no>KanyikTa. Ho :h o He JCKJiMo. a nnoM6I1p. 0. npaannhHo! 113BHmi. no>Kanyficra. Bo1 'JcKmro. Cnac1i6o .
Eme ~ono-Hu6yJJ.b? MaMa, MOiKCT 6biTb, KJ'TUITb JJ.nR 6a6ywKu? Oua. uaaepHoe. TO>Ke XOYCT • Mopo>KeHoe. HeT. JleHo"'Ka. 6a6ywKa He m66HT Mopo>KeHoe. A Tbl. MaMa, He xoqelllb MOpo>KeHoe? Her, cnacli6o, JleH04Ka. R T6>Ke He Jl106m6 Mop6>KeHoe. Hy H Hy! Bhi He m66HTe, a R mo6m6. Mopo>KeHoe - ·)To upocro 4YJJ.O!
25
Test Now it's time to test your progress in Unit 2.
1 Match the following phrases with their English equivalents.
~ 3Hal0 ee
1
2 3 4 5
oH urpaeT npnHeciiTe, no:>~
a he is playing b I am waiting nllso c where is the church? d I know her e I'd like a beer, please f do you like Moscow? g is that you, Auntie? ·
h milk and a bun
8 "- :>K.D.Y
2 Pair up 1-6 with the correct response a-£ to make up six mini-dialogues.
1 2 3 4 5 6
qTo shi .nenaeTe? , 3To He K6cpe, a qaJ%. Tbi ml.nnlllb Teno? 5I He Mory. 3.upascTsy.HTe, HBaH fpnr6pbesuq! ,UaiiTe, ITO)I(clJIYHCTa, OTKpbiTKy.
a Ax, H3Bl1HHTe, no)J(arryiicTal b A S1 TO)J(e He Mory! c BoT, no)l(anyiicTa. d 0, BXO.zu1Te, BXO.UHTe! e
Mbi oT.UbixaeM.
f H eT, S1 ee He BH)l()'.
3 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.
1 51 _ _ _ __ 2 Mbi - - - - - 3 OHa - - - - - 4 OHM - - - - - -
5 Bbi _ _ _ __ 6 Tbi _ _ _ __
26
()I(.LJ.aTh, Ib) (pa66TaTh, Ia) (rosopliTb. II) (ni06IITh, II) (noHnMaTh. Ia) (exaTh, Ib)
4 Give the gender of the words, then make them plural.
ml fIn mlf/n mlfln
1 Cl)'J.(CHT
2 ymu~a J OKHll 4 1 oc 1 b 5 ~tOCKBJilJKa
m I fI n
ml fIn
5 Complete each sentence with an appropriate noun or pronoun in the accusative taken fron1 the box below. , 513bl K
, MCJUJ ,
ero
,
ITHBO MocKBY Te6}}
IIX
,
pecTopaH «D pas.uy» ,
1 rne Oner? 5I He BlDKy. 2 5I soo6me He rrhiO . 3 0Ha KclJK.llbiM .neHb l.JHTaeT . 4 Tbl ee mo6lllllb, a OHa He nro6nT. 5 5I 3HcliO «Y 6a6ylllKH». 6 5I rosopro, a Bhi He cnymaeTe ____ ! 7 Mbi uJyt.nieM pyccKnM: . 8 MaMa nro6HT CaHKT-IleTep6ypr, a nan a nro6nT - - - 9 r.ne rne6 11 CseTnciHa? Bhl BH):(HTe ?
6 How would you do the following in Russia n? (2 points if correct, 1 point if only one error) 1 Tell son1eone you love football. 2 Ask where the telephone is. 3 Say sorry, you don't understand. 4 Ask the hotel receptionist if he understands you. 5 Order some ice-cream in a restaurant. 6 Ask for a post-card in a kiosk. 7 Say 'come in!' 8 Say you don't like beer.
TOTAL SCORE .___
If you scored less than 45, go through the dialogues and the Language Building sections again before completing the Summary on page 28. 27
Summary 2 @
Now try this final test summarizing the main points covere in this unit. You can check your answers on the recording. d How would you: 1 say you understand? 2 say you don't understand? 3 say you don't know? 4 say you love Moscow? 5 ask a business colleague if he likes beer? 6 say it's not tea, it's coffee? 7 say it's not Ivan, it's Oleg? 8 ask the waiter to bring some milk? 9 ask for a postcard at a kiosk? REVISION
Before moving on, play Unit 2 through again and see how much you have already learnt. Go over any points of grammar you still feel unsure of, and check that you know the new vocabularly introduced in the unit.
If you have not already done so, have look at the tables in the Grammar Summary at the end of the book. See how the cases you have learned- the non1inative and the accusative- fit into the information given in the tables. If you find it useful, you may like to write out these tables a few times- it may help the different forms stick in your mind. Don't worry, however, if you're finding all these different forms bewildering at the moment. As you continue through the course you'll see that, although the system is complex, the patterns are generallY regular and there are very few exceptions. . · · real· Practise the new grammar from this unit by tmag~Jerent life situations. For example, how would youkiorder t.1 , ,rV0 uld k? .nOV! • 05 things in a restaurant or buy things from a · . . g real you say whether you like or don't like them? Im~ for situations such as these will help the different en I.I1 verbs and nouns stay at the front of your mind .
