Oxford English for Careers: Technology 1 Student's Book

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Student's Book

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Contents It'smyjob

Customercare

Listening Project/ Webquest/ Problem-solving

Reading

Technological innovations

Branchesof technologY

I Technologyand societY P.4 Technologyand work

2 StudyingtechnologY P.]o Thecourse Branchesof technology Coursedescriptions

3 Design p.16 a chair The designprocess Designing Blake: UsingnonKenneth language specialist Furniture Workingwith Designer design in sPort P-7) 4 Technology Making PedroFernandez: BikeMaker

Exchanging information

recommendations

5 Appropriate technologY P.28 Stirlingengine the Explaining differencebetween Products

The inventor

6 Crime-fighting and security p.34 Usinginformal language 7 Manufacturing

Manufacturing processes

Modern manufacturing processes

Lesscommon formsof transport

Thecarofthe future

8 Transport p.46 JanBronec: Mechanical Engineer

Makingand acknowledging aPologies

Carengines

with Recordingnew Comparisons words adjectivesand adverbs Wordgroups

Wordstress

Thetimetable

PresentSimplev PresentContinuous

Strongandweak formsof auxiliary verbs

Famousdesigners

Questiontypes

Skateboardv snowboard

Describing usedto,usedfor, madeoJmadefrom materials

E x p l a i n i nag diagram Benefitsof appropriate technology

Timeclauses

motion N u m b e r sa n d Describing quantities

Describing function

-proof,-resistant, -tight

PresentPassive

Compoundnouns

Prediction: will,may,might

Recordingnew expressions

Crime-fighting devices

a large Crime-fighting Protecting equipment storefrom shoPlifters

P.40

NasserAziz: Manufacturing Engineer

Satellitelaunch sysrems

Shortreportand linkingwords

CD manufacturingShortsequence F o o da n dd r i n k manufacturing

lntonationfor questlons

corÍectiVe stre5s

Writing bank o p.52 Technology in sport Appropriate technology Crime-fighting andsecurity

Manufacturing Transport High living:skyscrapers

Medicaltechnology Personalentertainment Careersin technology

9 High living:skyscrapers.p.68 Showingvisitors LeonPeters: rounda SteelErector construction site

Thetallest buildingsin the world

How slgrscrapers are built

Thefuture of technology Reading bank key p.66

Foundationtypes

Safetysignsand safety advice

Stressin long words (1)

10 Medical technologyo p.7+ Phillipe Rugeri: Givingclear Mechatronics instructions Engineer 1l Personalentertainmento o.80 BrunoSchleef: Makins VideoGames tuggeitions uesrgner 12 Informationtechnologyo p.8o DianaMayo:lT Support Technician

Devicesforthe blind

Best-selling computergame genres

Devicesforthe elderly

Opinions

Opposites

Linkingwords

Videogames

should/ shouldn't

Newvocabulary

CADCAM

Computer peripherals

PastPassive

Collocations

VolP phone systems

Mobile phones

PastSimplev PresentPerfect

PastSimplev PresentPerfect

Job descriptions

PersonalitycareerCV test Jobinterview

Job requirements

Stressin long words (2)

Future developments

Phrasalverbs

a

Workingona help Supercomputers Describing desk changes

o p.92 13 Telecommunications in ToddMcArthur: Explaining Telesimpleterms communications Technician

Shortdescription Relativeclauses

Satellite communication systems

-edformofverbs and wordswith silentletters

14Careersin technologyo p.98

15Thefuture of technologyo p.lo+ Sayinggoodbye Pairworkactivitieso o.110

Predictions Symbols and characteÍs. p.1l4

Grammarreference. o.ll5

Affixes

Listeningscriptst p.124

Linkingin phrasal verbs Glossary. p.t31

4 U n i t1

Switchon t

Look at pictures A-F. They show ways in which technology affects how we live. Identlfy the different items in each oicture

2 Match the effectsof technologyto picturesA-F. Declde which effectsare posltive,and which are negative. 1 fasttravel

7 roaddeaths

)

8 spaceexploration

rttrav

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3 nuclearmissiles 4 less housework \

nheen

9 overweight people 10 globa1warming 11 easy communication

n^r^raT

6 noise pollution

12 mass entertainment

EXAMPLE

PictureA

8 (PositÍveeffect)

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j (Negative effect)

Technologyand society

o speakingaboutthe way technologyaffectsou r lives o listeningto peopledescribingthe effectsof new technologyon theirwork o comparisonswith adjectivesand adverbs o how to stresstechnicalwords o h o wt o g r o u pa n d r e m e m b e n r e wt e r m s

listening

o Languagespot

Technologyand work

Comparisonswith adjectivesand adverbs

I f) fisten to four people describing the effectsof new technology on their work. Match each person to his / herjob.

. The speakersare comparing howthings are now with how they were before: It'smuchfaster. It'smore realistic. It'ssafer. My salesare muchworse. t We make comparisons with short adjectiveslike/ast by adding -er)faster. With long adjectiveslike realistic,we use more and less ) more / Iessrealistic. Note the irregular form s:Qood) better and bad ) worse. Some adverbsare the same as adjectives,for example early,fast,high,late,Wíth these adverbs,we use -er) earli er,fa st er, high er, Iat er. With adverbs ending in -ly,we use more and less.We can add much to emphasize the comparÍson: With a computerI can work more efficiently and much faster. )) Go to Gtammat reference p.115 I fiU tne gaps to compare computers now and ten years ago.Use the adjectivesÍnbrackets.

I Vera

a shop owner

Computers to day are moreP owerÍul' (powerful)'

I Lnrrstrne

b doctor

They operate -'(fast)

and they have much

(large)memories. Becausethey contain

3 Gupta

c musicÍan

-'

4 Anton

d teacher

more electronics,thecaseshave become

Q Listen again. Decide whether each person makes comments which are posÍtive,negative,or both. Tick (/)the correctcolumn(s). Positive i

Negative

Vera

2 Christine Gupta

o

(big) but the flat-screen monitors are -5 (heavy) and fit into a -' desk.Computers are also 8(low) nowthan is in the past.The programs too e (good).They are are -to

4 Anton

(sophisticated) and you

Q Work in pairs. Listen to the shop owner again and write down what he says.Help each other to make a complete and accurateversion.Then compare withthe Listening script on p.124.

canworkmuch 11

(effciently).

(small) space on your 7(cheap).The price

) o t d i v i d e di n t o l-class(adjn f i r s tb , u s i n e s sa,n d e c o n o m y classes r a n g e ( n )t h e d i s t a n c et h a t a l e f o r ei t n e e d s p l a n ec a nt r a v e b m o r ef u e l r : e i l i n g( n ) t h em a x i m u m h e i g h t h a t a p l a n ec a nf l Y

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Lookat the diagramsof the Airbus A380 and the Boeing747.Then studythe table and completesentences1-8 comparingthe two planes' (long)than the Boeing

A i r b u sA l 8 0

Boeing747

1 The Airbus is _-

length

73m

7O.1m

w r n g s pna

79.8m

weight (empty)

2 7 5 , 0 0 0k g

64.4m '180,800 kg

2 The Boeingis a little -Airbus.

weight ( m a x i m u mt a t e o f f )

5a8,000kg

kg 39r,ooó

4 The Boeingis 5 The Airbus can fly ---

(far)than the Boeing

s p e e d( m a x i m u m )

9 4 5k p h

1 , 1 2k7p h

(high)thanthe

range

1 5 , 1 0k0m

1 4 2 0 0k m

6 The Boeingcan flYAirbus.

cllins

13,100m

13,500m

c a p a c i t (ym a x i m u m ) 8 4 0 ( l - c l a s s )

5 5 0( 1 - c l a s s )

engrnes

4turbofans

4 turbofans

t hr u s t

1 , 2 0 8k N

1 , 0 9 6k N

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zooi

r9 8 ó

(short)than the (heavy)weight

3 The Airbus can carry a than the Boeing.

(fast)than the Airbus.

7 The AÍrbusengines ale -.8 The Airbus was introduced_-

(powerful). (recently).

3 Now write three more sentencesof your own comparingthe two Planes.

T e c h n o l o gayn d s o c i e t y 7

Reading

Vocabulary

Branchesof technology

Recordingnewwords

Readheadlines1-8from recentnews stories.Match the headlinesto the correctbranch oftechnologya-h.

One effectiveway of recording key words used in technology is to group them into word sets.Study the example of how to group words related to biotechnology.

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b r ' . r i nc c l l s

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USA developing a vveaprrn to fire microwaves

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ilIAJOIT IIAOI( AI'|)ICIT

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El Wo rld'staIlest bridgeo pens Work in pairs.Make word sets for each of the branches of technologyínReading. Another way to remember key words in technology Ís to make word cards.Study the example of a word card. Information tech nology -l

Sunlightwill powcrspacecrafl

8 Naruwqs to make shoes a biotechnology b defence c crime d informationtechnology e manufacturing f civil engineering g telecommunications h

irrn
Keyword MLA^or/4

T r an s l a t i o n

P a r to f s p e e c h noun (uncountablo)

P r o nu n c i a t i o n /'memerr/

S a m p l es e n t e n c e

Wordsoften usedwith the keyword

l4e,uor4is used lor proqraMs and data

chip, slot, carJ, randomaccLss

Design your own word cards to help you remember your technical vocabulary.Make word cards for six of the words you listed in l. Use a good English-Engiish dictionary such as Oxford Wordpower,tohelp you.

8 Unitl

Gadget box ;'gt''t'z-'

AB5 (n)AntilockBraking System

A smokedetectoris a safetydeviceto detectsmokeinthe air. Therearetwo typestan opticaldetectorwhichoperateswhen smokedisturbsa beamof light,andan ionizationdetectorwhich operates whenverysmallparticles of smokeinterruptan electriccurrent. Whereis the bestplaceto puta smokedetectorin a house?

v/

Pronunciation

Pairwork

Wordstress

Work in pairs,A and B.Eachof you has information aboutone of the launch systemsin the pictures. Exchangeinformationwith your partnerby asking and answeringquestionsand completethe table.

Q tisten to the technical words and mark the stressed part of each word. EXAMPLE s 1 2 3 4

engineer

9nline

machine machinery mechanÍcs mechanic

5 6 7 8

mechanical technical technician technology

9 10 11 12

electron electronics electrical electrician

Vocabulary Wordgroups Some technical words look similarto each other but are used in different ways, for example, mechanic and mechanics.One way to remember these words and the differences between them is to put them into groups. Mechanicbelongs to a group containing people and jobs.MechanÍcsbelongs to a group of subjects. You can think of your or,rmgroups to help you remember other technicalterms. Put the list of common technical words Íntogroups usingthe table below. mechanic electron technical electricity engin€

mechanics electronic technology electrical €nsin€€Í

mechanÍcaI mechanism electronics technician electrician €n€in€€rin€

Subjects

Peopleand jobs

Things

Adjectives

en9tneenng

engtneer

en9tne

engineering

StudentA

Go to p.110.

StudentB StudentAs launchsystem

StudentB's launchsystem

A r i a n e5

ProtonM

Country

Russia

F i r s tl a u n c h e d

1965

Height

53m

Diameter

7.4m

Engines

PayloadCTO (geostationary orbit) transfer

6,000kg

Mass

456,400kg

Lift-offthrust

1,745kN

Technologyand society 9

Checklist Assessyour progressin this unit. Tick(/)the statementswhich aretrue. I can talk aboutthe positiveand negative effectsoftechnology l c a n m a k ec o m p a r i s o nw s ithadjectives a n da d v e r b s

Proiect:classsurvey Study the lÍstof the ten most important technologÍcal innovations of the past 60 years.Work in groups,and orderthem 1to 10 (1= most important, 10 = Ieast important).Then ask your teacher,and compare with results from a recent survev in the UK. Innovation

Order

ABS brakes

I knowthreewaysfor recordinga nd r e m e m b e r i n ng e w w o r d s I know how to stresscommon terms in technology M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d enoughto understandmost ofeach text i n t h i su n i t

AÍrbags Credit cards

Key words

Digital camera DNAtesting

Adjective realistic

Lasereye surgery Long.lÍfe,Iow-energylight bulbs Microwave oven Mobile phone Smoke detector Find out from other students what they consider the most important technological innovations in their lÍves.Make a list of the ten most important for your class.

Webquest Find out the year ofintroduction for each ofthe innovations in the Project:classsurvey.Compare answers with other students Ínyour class. ExAMPLE

Smokedetector

1969

These search engines and this site may help: www.gooole.com w w w . a s k j e e v e s . c ou.k www.wikipedia.oro

Nouns exploration globalwarming innovation missile pollution powerstation rocket satellitereceiver smokedetector take-off thrust Verbs affect download hack N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .

l 0 U n i t2

Switch on 1 Study the description of the course of AIec Hammond, a technology student from Scotland, and answer the questions. 1 How long does the course last? 2 What jobs can he do after he completes this course? 3 Can he study a foreign language?

Civil engineering,HND Ideal for sttLdenlswho want to follow a citrL'(;t'utCtvil enginex'ring. Duration: T\ro years full-time, starting in September Overview: The construction industry needs well{rained and qualified managers, technologists, and technicians. This course is designed to teach you the sl
Course content Youstudy core unitsin; . CAD . CommunÍcattons . Constructionmanagement . Constructrontechnology . Construction surveyng . Civil engnneerurgmaterials . Drawing and design

. Fluidmechanics . Geotechnics . IT . Maths . Mecharucs and structure

Youcan takeadditional unitsin; . Advanced structuraldesign . Advanced surveying . Highway engineerurg . Quality assurance . a foreign language What can I do next? On successful completion of the course, you may progress to a range of degree-level courses Some students progress to employment as Clvil engnneeringtechnicians /technologrsts

S t u d y i n g t e c h n o l o g 1y l

ln this unit o listeningfor detail O PresentSimplev PresentContinuous o keyterms for d ifferent branchesof technology o strongand weak forms of auxiliaryverbs

In which of the core units will these topics be covered?

Work in pairs.Ask and answer the questions.

1 2 3 4 5

1 What choice do students have if they successfully complete the course?

thepropertiesofconcrete computer applicatÍon software forces on a structure calculus report vwiting

2 Is this course similar to engineering courses in your

country?

3 Wouldvouliketofollowthis

course?

Listening Thecourse

Q tisten to part 2 of the interview. Fill gaps 1-8 in the timetable.

Look at Alec's timetable below. Some of the information is missing. Before you listen, answerthe questions about the timetable. 1 What time do classesstart each day?

Q Here are the interviewer's questions from part 3 of the interview. Predict how AIec answers them. Then listen to part 3 and check your answers.

2 Which room is Maths in?

1 What do you hope to do at the end of your course?

3 Who teaches Calculus?

2 Whatkind of degreewillyoutake?

4 What do students do on Tuesdays and ThursdaysT

3 HowlongwillittakeT

f) tisten to part 1of the interview. Answer the questions.

4 When you start work as a civil engineer, what do you want to build - houses,or big structures like bridges and roads?

1 Which stage of the course ÍsA]ec at7

Write your own timetable in English, including the following information :

2 How many women are taking the course? 3 What agewas hewhenheleft school?

* r * . .

4 Which subject did he enjoy most at school? 5 What iob did he do when he left schoolT

course title lessontimes subjects names of teachers self-studytime andfreeperiods

Civil engineering, Semester 2 . l 5 - 1 2 .l 5 09.00-l L00 Mon

3,r

4,5

H.Lomax

B'Daüs

Ttre llVed

4.30-16.30

3 . 1 5 - 1 4l .5 2

Maths

G2 WeiMing

Civil engineering Materials Labs 4.4 D.Cowan

SELF-STUDY 3

Calculus 4.2 B.Davis

J,Bell

c.IDoyle

T) Cowan

4.5

Íhur

4.5

FREE

J.Bell .T'DY

Fri C4 T) (lowa

D.Cowan

1 2 U n i t2

18%

ofengineering students on unrversrty coursesIn the U5A in 2004were female

. Languagespot PresentSimplev PresentContinuous o Study these examples from the interview. \rt/hyis the Present Continuous used for sentencesl-4 and Present Simple for sentences5-8? 1 You'redoing an HND in Civil Engineeri.ng. 2 What'sthe companyworking on? 3 They'returning an old ffice building into a n Í g hct l u b . . , 4 I'm doing a project on a new bridge... 5 6 7 8

I have classesthreedays aweek... I really enjoy it. I like the maths and physics side of it ... I want to go on to do the degree.

r We use the Present Continuous for things that are happening now and for a limited period around now: I' m studying Civ iI E ng ineering. r We use the Present Simple for things which are always true: Copper conducts electricity. for repeated actions,habits, and events: Wefinish early on Wednesdays. with verbs that describe thinking and feeling: I like calculus. )) Goto GtammarteÍerence p.115 t

Put the verb in the sentencesin the correcttense. Present Simple or Present Continuous. (teach)Maths.

1 Ms Davis -

4 He -

(take)an HND course. (study) at Telford College this year

5 On Tuesdays, he 6 He He bridge.

(carry)ten times the 10 The old bridge traffic Ítwas designed to carry. 2 Answerthese questions about yourself with complete sentences.Use the timetable you wrote in 5 on p.11to help. 1 What are you studying? 2 Where are you studying? 3 Howlongisyourcourse? 4 Is it part-time or full-time? 5 What qualification do you get when you complete the courseT A

What are the main subjects?

7 Which subject do you find most dÍfficult? ó Why do you find ÍtdÍfficult? 9 Which subjectdo you enjoy most? 10 How many classesdo you have each week? 11 When do your classesstart each day? T2 When do they finish? 13 Do you have any self-study time? 74 What do you hope to do when you finish your course?

3 Ask the samequestionsto yourpartner. 4 Usingyour answersto 2,completethe gapsin this description.

'z.It'sa at .When I completethe e.

I'mstudying

(start)at nine o'clock.

2 Classes3 AIec -

(think) it will increase the amount 9 Theyof traffic near their homes.

(study) in the library.

(want)to be a CÍvilEngÍneer. (work)on a project about a new

A lot of local people proposal.

(not / Iike)the

course,Iwill geta Themain subjectsare most difficult is

6.The subjectI find ' .I find it difficult because

.8. The subject I enjoy most is Ihave each day at -'1

! classeseachweek. Classesstart and finish at -'2

When I finish my course,I hopeto

.I

l3 Studyingtechnology

Pronunciation Strongandweakformsof auxiliaryverbs Auxiliary verbshavestrongand weak forms. Q Listento the examples. DoesAIeclikeMaths? Yes,he d.oes. Ishe in hisfirstyear? Yes,he is.

Q Now listen to the questionsand answers.Underline the strongforms. Work in pairs.Ask and answerquestionsl-8 about yourself.Give extrainformationif possible. EXAMPLE

Weusethe strongform when the auxiliary verb Ís stressed,as in the shortanswersin the examples.The weakform is usedwhen the auxiliary is not stressed. Thisis usually in Yes,/Noquestions. Answerthe ouestionsaboutAlec. l Ishe studyingtobe an engineer?Yes,heÍs. 2 Arethereanywomeninhis class?3 Doeshis coursetaketwoyears?-

A Areyou studyingto bean engineer? B Yes,Iam,I,dlÍketo bea civil engÍneer. 1 Do you like your course? 2 Arethereanywomeninyourclass? 3 Haveyou got any lab work on your course? 4 Isthere any projectwork on your course? 5 Doesyour coursetaketwoyearsT 6 Doyouhavetopassallthe modulesT 7 Canyou starta degreeafteryour course? 8 Willyou lookfora job afteryourcourse?

4 Can he start a degree after six months?

5 Has he got acceptancefrom two universitiesT

Pairwork

6 Doeshe haveto passall the modules?-

Work in pairs,A and B.Eachof you has part of a timetablefor a studenttaking a diploma in computing support.Exchangeinformationwith your partnerby asking and answeringquestions.Completethe table.

7 Will it take him four yearsto completethe BEng?

8 Has he got any lab work on his course?

StudentA

Go to p.110.

StudentB 09.00-11.00

11.15-'t3.00 | 14.00-15.30

'r5.30-'r6.30

SELF-STUDY

Mon

Tues

Tutorial

Hardware Clientoperating installation systems & maintenance R]10 Rl02

Wed

Computer operating systems R]05

Structured programming

Thur

lT applications R]07

Fri R]05

Computer architecture 4104 C o m m u n i c a t i o n Free skills

Free Free

1 4 U n i t2

Problem-solving I Pictures A-H represent dÍfferentbranches oí technology.Match each picture to sentencesl-8. 1 Electrical engineering is about generating and supplying power.

6 Mechanical engineering Ísabout designing and making all the parts of machines that move. That could mean rocket science or bike design - and everything in between.

2 Electronic engineerÍngis about designing and making machines that use electric poweÍ'

7 Chemical engineering is about usÍngthe processes which change materials in a chemical or physical way. The sciencebehind these processeshelps to find out the best way to make the right products.

3 CivÍlengineering is about designing,building, and looking after structures.

8 InformatÍontechnology is about using computers for collecting,storing,and sending information.

4 Marine engineering is applying engineering to take advantage ofthe sea. 5 Manufacturing engineering is about making useful things from raw materials.

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2 Work in groups of three or four. Make a list of as many other branches oftechnology as you can. Try to explain them in English.

S t u d y i n g t e c h n o l o gl 5y

Checklist Assessyour progressin this unit. Tick(/) the statementswhich aretrue. I know keytermsfor differentbranches oftechnology

Webquest I

Study the course description and complete the table. Hornbt' Oollcg,c ol-'l'cchnologt' Fortnc1atitlt-t l)cgrcc l 5ó3: Corll;rtrtirrg_ Wcb techrrologv

I u n d e r s t a n tdh e d i f f e r e n c eP:r e s e n St i m o l e v P r e s e nC t ontinuous I u n d e r s t a n tdh e d i f f e r e n c es :t r o n ga n d w e a kf o r m so f a u x i l i a r yv e r b s M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d m o s to f e a c ht e x t e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a n d i n t h i su n i t

What are the entry reqwirements? Ar.rA-level qualification, but n,e u,ill consicler othe r qualifications inclucling i'tnvn'ork cxpcrict-tcc),ou hirvc. Prior knorvlcdgc of cor.r.rpr.rtir.rg crrn bc l.rclpful. Hov long doesthe course last? Three Ycals. What can I do uith this qwalif.cation? htthcr snrdy: You can g() ()n to tlke an Honours clcgrcc in Oonrptrter stuclicsat l univcrsitr'.This nccclsjust onc nrorc \,clr of firlltir-r'rc stuclv. Oartcr: This clegrcc givcs r'ou thc chrncc to rr'ork ir-rcornmcrcc, inclustrl', cutcrtliunre nt, rrnclthc pr.rblicscctor. Tl-rerc irrc jol'r o1'rportuniticsin trlclitionrl lrcrrs of cor-r-r1'ruting irsu'cll as u,e[-r :rncl clcvclopment, r'nakingcligital iurrrgcsfirr rrnir-t'rrtion, colnPuter ganlcs.

C o l l e g eo r U n i v e r s i t y

Course E n t r yq u a l i f i c a t i o n s Length Careerprospects Work in groups.Search one of these sites each for a courseyou find interesting.Note the lnformation in a table similar to that in l. w w w .h e r e f o r d - t e c ha.c .u k w w w . du dl e v c o l a. c .u k w w w .u t s . e d u . a u w w w . t t ue. d u w w w .u n i t e c . a cn.z Shareyour ínformation and try to agree on the best course.Then explain your choice to the other groups.

Key words Adverb overseas Nouns a rchitecture career construction cour5e lab m an u f a c t ur i n g qualification research semester structure subject t e c hni c i an traffic Verb p resent N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .

'16

U n i tl

Switch on Look at productsA-F in pairs.Answer the questionsfor each product 1 What ls it? 2 Who uses it? 3 What do you think makesthe designgood or bad?

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Design17

ln thisunit O keytermsin design andwritingaboutdesignrequirements o speaking questions o howtoaskYes/ NoandInformation theirwork describing aboutdesigners to andreading o listening o usingyoursearchskillsto findoutabouttheworkof famousdesigners

Listening Thedesignprocess Q Listento a designertalking aboutthe designprocess. Completethe missing stagesby choosingfrom the list. a choosinga solution

Match the questionsto eachstagein the design process.Thereis morethan one questionfor some stages. BXAMPIE

b evaluating

Stage O-gestion 6testÍng Isitsafe? a What arethe most suitablematerials?

c investigating d realization

b Doesitwork? c \Á/hatexactlyisrequired?

e thedesignbrief

d Howwelldoesit matchthebrief?

*#*á|F#*

e Howwilltheproductlook? f Isthis the bestdesign? g How many ways arethereto solvethis problem? h How can we make a prototype?

Stage

I

Stage

3

*

danelopinq altemative s olutions i

a

* 5tage

4

f'I

* 5tage

5

I I

* Stage

6

testing I a

# # # # #

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7

*

i Can it be improvedT

o LanguaBespot Questiontypes o Yes/ No andinformationquestions When we want the answerYesor No,we ask questions like these: Doesitwork? Is Ítsafe? r For specificinformation,we ask questionslike these: How wiIItheproductlook? IAIhatmaterialsareavailable? c Yes/ No questionsstartwith an auxiliary verb (can, do,has,is,wÍll,etc.)which is followedbythe subject: Dídyou testÍt? o Informationquestionsstartwith a Wh- question or with how, word (what,where,when,which,who,why, howmuch,how many,howlong,etc.).Note the auxiliary verb and the word orderwhen the questionword is the object: Whatdoeshe design? )) Go to GramrnarreÍerencep.116

1 8 U n i t3

Custome]CaÍe

1 Make the statements into Yes/ No ouestions 1 It'ssafe.

Usingnon-specialist!anguage

2 It works well. 3 You can mould some plastics easily. 4 She made a model. 5 Hehas desÍgnedalot of products. 6 You design sports equipment. 7 The materials are available. 8 He built a prototype. 9 They've drawn a lot of sketches. 10 She thinks nylon is the best choice. 2 Ask information questÍonsto get the answers. 1 Where She works ÍnLondon

2 When

)' t

A computer specialist is trying to advise a nonspecialist about which monitor to buy. Which parts of his explanation might be difficult for a non-specialist to understandT

She movedthere in 2006. 3 What She designs mobile phones.

?

4 Who I work with a team.

?

5 Which material Weuse plastic

?

ííThemonitor is an important part of the human interface with the computer. I advise this TFT XGA l9-inch flat panel.This model has 1024by 768 pixels so you get a high-resolution dÍsplay.''

why

?2

Compare this version.Has the specialist missed out anything importantT

How This model weighs 120grammes.

?

How

?

ííWhen you work on a computer,the monitor is very important.It has to be the right size and give you a clear picture so it's comfortable to work with. The screen size is measured diagonally from one corner to another.You need at least a 19-inchscreen.The picture Íscomposed of tiny picture elements or 'pixels'. The more pixels you have, the sharper the dÍsplay'This model has a high number of pixels so you'll get avery good display.tt

BecauseÍt'seasytomould.

It costs€ 4 00. 9 How

Ithas morethan twentvfunctions.

10 Where

Youcan buy it anywhere.

?

t

Work in pairs.Prepare an explanation for a nonspecialist of one ofthese topics or on a topic in your own field. Thentry your explanationwith a new partner. ,* r t' '

how how how how

a diesel engine works a semiconductorworks GPS works a nuclear power station works

Y o us e et hi n g sa n dy o u s a y ' Wh y ? 'B. u ta d e s i g n e r d r e a m tsh i n g st h a t n e v e rw e r ea n d s a y s ' W h yn o t ? ' GeorgeBernardShawadaptedby DickPowell

It'smy job Studythe requirementsin the designbrief for KennethBlake,a FurnltureDesigner.Then match eachrequlrementto the correctreason. Product:garden chair Requirement

Reason

1 lightwelght

a storeseasilyin wrnter

-7

b spendsmost of the time outside

s- "f r' n" n oo

c supportsheavy adults

3 stackable availablein a range of colours

d keeps manufacturing costslow

5 durable

e

6 comfortable

f competeswith

pecrrtnliff

rÍva]s 7 easyto mass-produce

looks attractive

8 se]lsfor ]essthan € 2 0

h encourages

peopleto use it

' \-'---

i' L, f

'D ( llt ,-n\lll

.

w

n

t{{.

Readabout Kenneth.Comoletesentencesi-6 with words from the text. 1 Plasticis very hard-wearing- it's-. 2 A companywhich competeswith yours is a

3 A4 Kenneth -

helps to make a structurestronger

hÍsdesigns first and then makesfi nished drawings.

You can make hundreds of plastic chairs from one 6 A-

is a model which is readyfor testing.

Kenneth Blake: FurnitureDesÍgner I decided to use piastic becauseit's durable.You can make it in a lot of colours and it's easy to mass-produce plasticitems. I went to the local garden centre to examine the chairs other companies made,the rival products,and to find out their cost - about € 2 0. I bought three different models. I wanted a chair without arms so I cut the arms off one.This made the back too weak so I added vertical supports to make the back stronger. I sketchedmy designs on paper,and from these I producedtechnical drawings with all the dimensions. I made a full-scale model to make sure the chair looked good and was comfortable. Then I transferred my drawings to a 3-D computer modelling program, and sent a copy by fiie transfer to the moulding company. They made a mould and sent me a prototype chair. I added more supports to the back and the chair was ready to

Write questionsto ask Kenneth about his design.The answersshould be ln the text above. EXAMPLE S

Why did you go to thegardencentre? How much do gardenchairscost? Did you make a model? Now practiseyour questionsin pairs.Taketurns to ask and answer.

2O Unit3

Gadget box Thiswall-mounted CD player wasdesigned byJapanese justforfun in1999.Nowit is designer NaotoFukasawa oneof thetopsellingproducts at Muji. Whydoyouthinkthisdesignissosuccessful?

Listening

Problem-solving

Workingwith design t You are going to hear three people talking about their work with design. Before you listen, find out how each of the words in the diagram below relates to design. Use the Glossaryon p.131tohelp.

1 Work in small groups.Look at the desÍgnsfor chaÍrs which are used in a room intended both for lectures and for Índoorsports. List the advantages and disadvantagesof each model. Usefullanguage It'stooheavy. Itlooks comfortable. It'snot strong enough. You can stack it.It's stackable.

OTSIGN

Q A 1 2

Now listen and note the answers to the questions.

B 4 5 6

Martin What does he design? What two things does he have to balance? Whatdoeshestartwith?

C 7 8 9

Hilary What does she do? Whattwo groups does sheworkwith? What doesshehavetoworkout?

Karl What does he design? What two things does he think about when he's designing? 3 Whatdoeshestartwith?

Work in pairs. Write down as much as you can of what Karl says.Help each other to make a complete and accurateverslon.Then compare with the Llstening scripton p.125.

2 In your groups,design a chair for use in classrooms in your school or college.Sketchyour solution and present it to the c]ass.Decide which chaÍris the most suitable.

Design 21

Checklist Assessyour progressin this unit. Tick(/)the statementswhich aretrue. I k n o wk e yt e r m sf o rt h e m a i ns t a g e s i n t h e d e s i g np r o c e s s l c a n a s k Y e s/ N o a n d I n f o r m a t i o n questiona s ccurately

Pairwork

l c a ne x p l a i nu s i n gn o n - s p e c i a l il satn g u a g e

I Work in pairs,A and B. Each of you has information about one designer.Complete the table below for your designerand exchange information with your partner by asking and answeringquestions. StudentA

M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a n dm o s to f e a c ht e x t i n t h i su n i t

Go to p.110. S t u d e n tA s designer

StudentB's designer

Name Dates N a t i o n al i t y F a m o u fso r d e s i g inn g Student B FerdinandPorsche(1875-1951). Austrian car designer who contributed to the design of the first Volkswagen and the Auto Union racing cars. 2 ln your pairs,find out the same information about thesedesigners

Key words Adjectives rivaI vertical Nouns brief c o s t nr 8 s function man ufacturer model mould product prototype supporr Verbs evaIuate investigate m a s s - p r oudc e sketch N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .

These sites may help you: w w w . t i n y u rcl .o m / q a t 7 n www.wikipedia.org

í 22 Unit4

Switch on Look at the picture of a mountain bike and its rider. Match the items of the rider's clothing and the bike components to the materials in the table. brake cables helmet frame

nms saddle shoesoles

s}€{ts tyresand pedals wheelbearings

Rider'sclothing

Material

Reason

shorts

K e v l a ra n d n y l o n a e r o d y n a m i c wear-resista nt

rubber

Bikecomponents Materials

rubber

good grip

braidedsteel

verystrong hard

a l u m i n i u ma l l o y l i g h t s, t r o n g

titanium

l i g h t e ra n d strongerthan steel, highlycorrosionresistant

nylon

light,flexible

goodgrip

polystyreneandstrong, polycarbonate lightweight250grammes

Reason

T e c h n o l o giyn s p o r t 2 3

l n t h i su n i t o k e yt e r m sf o r e n g i n e e r i n m g a t e r i a l su s e di n s p o r t s e q u i p m e nat n dt h e i rp r o p e r t i e s a usedto,usedfor,madeof,madefrom o s p e a k i n ga n dw r i t i n ga b o u tm a t e r i a l s o h o w t o u s ec o r r e c ti n t o n a t i o nf o r o u e s t i o n s

It'smy job I What do you think are the most important factors in choosingmaterÍa]sfor a blke? Read abcrutPedro Fernandez,a Bike Maker,and checkyouÍanSWerS.

Completethe table with the advantagesand disadvantagesof the materialsmentionedby Pedro Material

Advantages

Disadvantages

steel

PedroFernandez:Bike Maker When I choosea material for a bike frame, I have to think about the properties of the material. How elastic Ísit? If you bend or stretch it, wiII it go back to its original shape? If it does,it has high elasticity.How strongis it? There are two kinds of strength.The first is how much force you need to bend it to a point where it can'tgo back to its original shape.The second is the amount offorce you need to break it. Steelis the least expensive choice.There'sa wide range of standardgauge tubes available.It'sstrong and it has goodelasticity but it's heavy. Aluminium is lÍghtand strong but it,sflexible.The more it bends,the quicker Ítbreaks.So aluminium bike framesuse large diameter tubes.That limits the amount of bending. Titanium has a great strength.to.weight ratÍo.It,sgot goodelasticity so when it bends it tends to return to its original shape.It'scorrosÍon.resistantso you don,t need to paint it. But it's expensive - frfteentimes the price of steel! The professÍonalsuse carbon fibre.It'svery light and it's very strong.You can shape it any way vou like. But carbon-fibre frames are hand-made

sothey'revery expensive.

aluminium

titanium

c a r b o nf i b r e

o Languagespot used to,usedÍor,made of, madefrom Studythe ways of describinghow materialsare used: Steelis usedto make the bearÍngs. Titani'umísusedfor making theframe. Thewheelsare made of alumi.ni.um alloy. A bike is madefrom many d{ferent materÍals. We can add a reasonto explain the choiceof material: Steelis used to make the bearingsbecauseit is hard. D Go to Grammar reference p.117 I Correctthe errorsin these sentences. Rubberis used for make the tyres. The frame is made titanium. Kevlaris used to making the rider'sclothing. Becauselt ls very strong,braidedsteeiis used to brakecables. 5 Carbonfibre Ísused make racing bike frames. 6 Steelis made iron and carbon.

1 2 3 4

2 Explain the choice of materials for each of the items in the table ono.22.

F 24 Unit4

3 Identify the maln material in items of sports equipment 1-10.Tick (/)the material used.More than one answer is possible ln some cases.

1 baseballbat \-

nylon

fibre-glass

aluminium

aluminium

-L-

p l a s t i cl a m i n a t e s

\ 2 football

7

ice skates

leather

nylon

polyurethane

high carbonsteel

fibre-glass

wood

3 vaultingpole

8 crashhelmet

nyron

Kevlar

Kevlar

titanium

fibre-glass

plastic

4skpoles\

bobsleigh aluminium

steel

graphite

pvc

carbon-fibre

aluminium

h a n gg l i d e r graphitecomposites nylon wood

a l u m i n i u ma n d polyester wood and nylon wood and acrylic

T c c h n o l o giyn s p o r t 2 5

T h a n k st o t h e l a r g em u l t i - c o m p o n e n c ot r ea n d a c o v e r madeof a soft,thin,h igh-performance u rethane,golfers a red rivirrgover20 yardsfu rtheron average. Golf ball advertisement

Pronunciation

Vocabulary

Intonation for questions

Describingmaterials

begin with a question Informationor u,h-questions w ord who,what,where,when, how.Your rroicegoes down on the last important word in an information question. I f) t.istento the examples. (, Whereareyou front?

o

1 Studythe words used to describematcr"ials. Fill the gaps.Most of the words have been used ln this unit. Adjective 7 elastic

plasticity

3 strong

Whatdoyou study? Ycs/ No qucstionsex1;r:cL ihc ansnrerYesor l/o fhey Your rroicegoes up on don't contain questions."rrords. the last irnportantword inYes/ No questions. 2 f ) I i s t c n t o t l r ce x a r n p l c s

o

Areyou Ilttlk.ut?

o

corrosion-resistance 5 wear-resista nt 6 brittle 7 ö

h ar dn e s s

tough flexibility

Doyou sltctk L't'tglish? 3 Q L i s t r : n t o t h es h o r ti l i a k - . ' g rarned m a r k t h c intcnatioir. A \ l / h ; rrtn ' r t r ' r i ' rdl so r v c r r s cf o r s k i p o l e s T B A|irlriniun-ror caLt'oufibre,I think,What are footballsmade of? A I ' n -rir o ts i i r c 1 si t l c a t h c r ?

elasticity

Check the meaning of any utrfamÍiiarwords irsing the Glossary on p.i31.Then fili the gaps in sentences1-8 with the correctr,vordfrom the table. 1 Fibre-glassis used forvaulting polcs becauseit's Iight and . It bends very easily. 2 You don't need to uaint titanium because it's 3 Bike bearinpsare ntadt-. from stec]ber:artse Ít's

B Ycs,I'itrr-l.rtaín'Vy'hat,s ttscllto make bobslcÍghs?

A material which rcturns to its original shapewhen you bend it has high --.

\Arc.rk íirpitirs'A sk qttcstiotrsto check your ansrverstt.l Languaqespot3. Use the correctintonation

Rubber is very --without breaking it.

.You can stretch it

Diamonclis an incredlbiy substance.As well as jer,rrcllery, it |s sometirnes useclfor drilling. Glassis very -

.lt breakseasily.

8 Kevlardoesn'twear out easiiv.It's-.

26 Unit4

Gadget box a battery, anda tiny Adidas1trainerscontaina microcomputer, thesurfaceyou'rerunning motorinthesole.The trainersenses lt alsotakes onandadjuststhe amountofsupportprovided. andthe intoaccount theweatheltheweightoftheathlete, batterylastsfor100hours. intensityofthesportingactivity.The thetrainers? Whatelsecouldyoudoto improve

Speaking Skateboardv snowboard Work in pairs,A and B.Eachof you has a diagramof a pieceof sportsequipment.With the helpof your partnerwho has information aboutyour equipment, labelyour diagram,and completethe tablebelow.Give reasonsfor the choiceof materialwherepossible. StudentA

Go to p.110.

StudentB

Skateboard Thebody of a skateboardis calleda deck.Plywoodis the most commondeckmaterialusedbecauseit's light but strong.Thefront ofthe boardis calledthe noseand the backis calledthe tail. Thenoseand tail aretilted up at a twenty degreeangle.Thesehelp the skateboarder performtricks. Fixedto the deckaretwo metal alloy truckswhich connectto the wheels.Sometruck alloys contain titanium for strength.Thetop part of the truck is called the baseplate.It'sscrewedto the deck.Thebottompart is calledthe hanger.It'sfixed to the wheels,which are made of po$urethane.Thehardnessof the wheels varies.Very hard wheels aregoodfor performancebut not for rough surfaces.Betweenthe baseplateand the hangerarebushingswhich providethe spring mechanismfor turning the board.

Listening Exchanginginformation O Listen to this extract from a conversation between two students.Then change roles and repeat the activity inSpeakÍng. f) tisten again to the second part of the conversation and complete the questions. 1 Isit-fibre-glass?

Snowboard PartI Component

2 ReallyT Materials used

?

3 OK. Is it the same 4 What's ?

?

5 Right.Important on snow What -the edge? -

made of.p-tex as well?

it turns and does trÍcks? made of OK. Oh, and these straps- nylon?

6 -

Technologyin sport 27

Checklist Assessyour progressin this unit. Tick (/) the statementswhich are true. I k n o wt h e w o r d sf o r t h e m a i n m a t e r i a l su s e di n s p o r t st e c h n o l o g y

CustomeÍ Ca]e Making Íecommendations

I c a nd e s c r i b ew h a t s o m e t h i n gi s m a d eo f I c a n s p e a ka n d w r i t ea b o u tt h e propertiesof materials M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d enoughto understandmost ofeach text i n t h i su n i t

Key words Adjectives aerodynamic flexible A student of materials science is advising his friend how to choosethe right skateboarddeck.His friend is a new skateboarder,and quite short and light. Studythe expressionshe uses to make recommendations. u I'dgofor awooden deck - wood is more responsive than plastic or a composite.tt .íIfyou,re going to use it mainly on the street,/,d recommenda short board and not too wide so you'll have more control.Your bestbet ís something a little less than twenty centimetres.tt ííTheshape is important. For a new skat er,I,dadvise somethÍngshallow - not too deep.'' Work ln pairs.Make recommendations about the skateboardwheels using this information. Size

Used for

52-55mm

Street,skate parks.Shorter andlighter rÍders.

56-60mm

Many uses.Street,skateparks,ramps. Tallerandheavierriders. .

60+mm

Speciality rides.Long boards,dirt boards, hills.

Hardness

Usedfor

87A

Veryroughsurfaces, longboards,hills. Hard and durable.Street,rough surfaces.

974

Street,skate parks.Smooth surfaces.

1004

Very hard.TopprofessÍonals only.

Nouns alloy bearings composites corrosion laminate performance plywood property pvc ratio wear Verbs stretch vary N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .

2 8 U n i t5

Switchon 1 Work in pairs. Look at the mechanism and answcr the questions. i

What is it?

2 What does it do? 3 Howdoes it work? 4 In whÍchparts of the world is it used? 5 What's it made from?

Reading Theinventor 1 Work in pairs.What do you know abolrt the Ínvcntorof the.clockwork radÍo,?Read the first paragraph of the text and check your answers. 2 Read the rest of the text and match parts a--eto the numbered components on the diagram. a winding hanclle b steelspring c generator d gears e pulley 3 Scan thc tcxt What do thc following nuinbr:rsand quantitÍcsrefelrto? a morcthantwomiilion D

b(,

c3V d 30 ininr"rtcs c 199i f

30mA

4 Conqrletc thc si:ntence,susin6;information from the text. 1 As you turn thc hartdleon thc sirlc of thc radio, 2 Wh,:'nthc spring tinwirLCs, 3 As thc gcncratortur]rs,---Thc springhas cnough lrovrcLtorun thc radiofor 30 míntttesbcforc 5 T i r e ' e l c c t r i c s h o e ' c h a r g e s b a t l c r i e- s- -a.s

2 f) Irtowhsten to the cxplanatlon by an Agricuitural EngÍneer,and check yortransr,vcrs.

ln this unit O , l r ' , ' 1, ; ir . ' i ,

l'i,rr

í |l i

O h c , n rt l , r tj e i i ,i l

', irt

1 r ,l r i L i r

l lrirl. O l . i ; ) t t r , . l t ' :ri ;

.

il '

O l i ! t r l l i l i j r r ' . : lli1, - )l .i

i

l:rl,

rr,ir,t.:

The clockrruorkr a clii'r I ' r c , , r cI lr, i , ' i iIl ;l ;: r t ti n , i r ' I t t o t . I L t1 9 9 1h, e l i c a t , ia l r o r tt l i e p r o b l c r no f b r i n g i n gh ea l t h inform;.riiou tcrpcopl' jn nrral Afiir:a.Radio we:ithc: bestrvay but people lriri nrr electricitl'and cor.rldn't liay So h for expcnsirrcbattr.'rii::1. invcntcd a rarlio tnrhich d o c s n ' l n e c d n r a i n s p o w r r o r b a t t e r i c s .I n s t c a d ,i t consists of a spring, gears' alld a smalI [j(]Ilír]Iat()Íd io act'rt l.i]l),Ítttt r:1iI . l . l A ll So how dol: s his rllo.'k l^rrlilir-;t y o r rt r r r n t h c h a n d l e o n t h c s i d c t r ft l r c t . a di o . y r ntt r ni' tt i l u p a s p r l n g .i t ' s t h c s a u t e k i n d o f s t r : . ' sl 1 r ltt t t lr i : . , ' ri :r lLr ' ' saÍetybelts' It ti-rkes60 trtrrrsto wirrd tr1lthc ;piirr; fully. W h e n t h c s p r i n g s t , t r t ; i ot i i r r r i i t t dI h. r :5 ; ' r i . i , I r i i ' i l There are thlce 1:I0sti:p rrp E;ears fit,: l;:i,t;;t,i-' ttp itI'li is a pr.rllt:y. Ptillcys ru n n'rorc rlrtictIy'Ih,rrr f,r'ar s si) t Lri ;

i r , i l r , i . , ; 1 r , ,y i , i l t i r r t r ri l r r t

I'. i,;.r',.iltr' '\tir tiIIits,li g ( t n c r i l t ( r r i i l r i r s r ; n . ' I i t n 't itl r; l I ; l i t .- , . g c n r : t a t r : s c l c r t r i c i t , . ' ; 1r r l ; l l 1 p ; ro i 3 \ i ; i t ; t l r . - , r i.tl O n t l \

T h r : s i ; r i n 1 ,1 t ; t sc i t o t t l l i r l ) . ) I / 1i i:.r ( ' r r i i r l l t i t . r r li r t [ o r 3 0 n . t j i ' r t l r .bs r ' Í . l t . ' ) , r l hr rl i ' r i :i o r . v i l l r ti t i | ] ) , l r ' l Jt 1 ' | Á ( ) r c t h a n t r n , om i l I i o n 1 . ] ; l i i i ' ' ."l. lI i : l l i ] i ' ]; 1 I {1. l l r t l ' l :l , l ]i o v e r t h e t n , , o r l d J ' t r : v o r J t r r , , l i 'l:r : r ; r I r i r t r ' . r r t ' , 1 ; r r t 'clr::ctricshoc'. l l c l t l t t g r l ;b : r t i . r j ^ t r r ' r i ) i rr \ r . r l 1 '

r3 0 U n i t5

Gadgetbox ProfessorNegroponteof MIT (MassachusettsInstituteof Technology)in the U5A hasdevelopeda clockworkcomputerwhichwill cost lessthan $100.This low-cost laptopis intendedfor childrenin the developingworld.lt uses'opensource' softwareand will connectto Wi-Finetworks.He hopesto produce150milliona year. Why doesthis computeruse'opensource'softwa reand connectto Wi-Finetworks?

o Languagespot Time clauses . To show actions in quick succession,we use when: Action 1 The sprÍngstartsto unwÍnd. Action 2 The gears engage. Whenthe spring startsto unwind,the gears engage.

. To show actions happening at the ,"*e tl*e*,'Actionl Youwalk. Action 2 The electric shoe charges batteries. As you walk, the electricshoe chargesbatteries.

weusebeforeor after: Toput actionsin sequence, Action 1 Theradíoplaysfor 30 mÍnutes. ActÍon2 Youhaveto wind it up again. Theradioplaysfor30 minutesbeforeyou haveto wind itup again. -__-

@b"t

!-ew

2 Choosesuitabletime wordsto fill the gapsin the explanationof a two-strokeengíne. Usethe diagramto help. Thetwo-strokeengine 1youcan use a two-strokeengÍne, you haveto fill the fuel tank with petroland oil in the right ratio,usually 40:1. Combustton stroke the sparkplug fires,the fuel ignites. The explosionpushesthe piston down.-3 it movesdown,it compressesthe fuel in the crankcaseon 4thepiston the othersideofthe piston. nearsthe bottom,it uncoversthe exhaustport.The pressurizedfuel in the crankcaserushesinto the cylinder.Thepressurepushesout the exhaustgas. 5the piston reachesthe bottom,it uncoversthe fuel intakeport. Compresstonstroke 6the piston movesup the cylinder,it compresses thefuel.At the sametime,the fuel valve ?the opensandfreshfuelissuckedin.Just pistonreachesthe top ofthe cylinder,the plugfires agaÍnandthecyclerepeats. Two-strokeenginesarepowerfulfor their sizebut they producea lot of pollution.Theywear badly and sthey havebeenusedfor sometime,they produceoÍlysmoke. SPARK PLUG

Go to Grammar reference p.117

I Link the pairs of actions with a suitable time word. 1 The wind turns the pump blades./ The piston moves up and down. 2 The blade rotates./ Water is pumped from the well. 3 Baylis invented the clockwork radio. / He invented the electric shoe. 4 The Internet existed./ The World Wide Web became popular. 5 The generatorturns. / It produces electricity. 6 She left college'She became an engÍneer. 7 You apply the brakes./ The car slows down. 8 You press the accelerator./ The car speedsup.

COMBUSTION

Appropriate technology3l

Pairwork

Problem-solving The Stirling engine is a simple hot air engine. Look at the diagram and put the sentences in the correct order to explainhowitworks.

I Work in pairs,A and B.Studythis photo of an appropriatetechnologydevice.Discusstogetherwhat itmightbe.

..u...:i:...r1 DISPLACER PISTON

?,

COOLED CHAMBER

()

,

.E'Éff3-t t.i ll

't

(( :i: :1

POWER PISTON

Theair coolsand pressuredropsin the power cylinder. b Thisdisplacesthe air to the hot end. c Theair heatsup rapidly and pushesthe power pistonbackupthecylinder. Thismovementrotatesthe flywheel,drawÍngthe displacerpistonto the coldendofthe cylinder. e Thepowerpistonmovesdownthecylinder.

-

f \Alhenthe displacer moves to the hot end of the cylinder,air is displaced to the cold end. g This rotates the flywheel and moves the displacer pistonbacktothe hot end. Work in pairs.DecÍdewhich factor is the most important to the successful functioning of the engine. Can you explain why? a The amount of heat applied b The size of the flywheel The type of metal which the piston is made of d The temperature difference between the ends of the displacer cylinder e The external airtemperature f The diameter of the displacer cylinder

What modern applicatÍonscanyouthink of forthe Stirling engine?

Each ofyou has a diagram ofthe device.Exchange information with your partner by asking and answering questions. Label all the components. Student A Student B

Go to p.111. Go to p.113.

f) Togetherdecide how the device operates.Then compare your explanation with the recording.

Speaking Studythesestatementsaboutappropriatetechnology. Tick(/)the onesyou agreewith and cross(X)thoseyou with. dÍsagree 1 Appropriatetechnologyis onlyfor poorcountries. 2 Technologystudentsshouldinvent and make appropriatetechnologydevices.3 StudyÍngappropriatetechnologyis a waste of time. 4 Appropriatetechnologyis out-of-datetechnology. Now compareyour answerswith your partner.DÍscuss the statementsyou disagreeabout. Usefullanguage approprÍate Why doyou think that ..,? In my opÍnÍon, technology... Don'tyou think that ' ' . ? My víewis that ' ..

l 2 U r r i t5 @

I plant (n)l.rrgeirrdustrial t r r l ,l.r i n e r y hite (v)let sorrrebodyuse s o n r e t h i nfgo ra s h o r tt i m e ,i n t l t u r r tf o rt r . r v r t t e n t

Pronunciation Nurnbersand quantities I

( ) t < e u d o L t l i . l tr tt l t t t t l . t t : i . , tcr1. l' 1 . , . r - i t i t . i , : ' s . ' l ' l i , r t t I i r ; l . r t a t r l c l r c . i \ r r - l l . rr . , v v .r s . a

3.742

r' 16 KJ lz

i 12V t)('

b 1150lrurr

Í 30rrrÁ

i 10"

c 250Nlu

B OoC '7')",'" h

l.: 10 "

d 60 cl-l

I 40:l

2 ( ) L i s t r : n : , r rrr"lv r i t r - ' J r r ,tr. vhntr r L r r n b ear ,r;r dq r - r r n t i t i e s i r ' t t p t. t .s .

B

u p a n dd o w n , b a c k w a r d as r r d forwards

a

i n a s t r a i g h tl i n e

l.

c d

) Go to Symbols and characters p.U4

Vocabulary Describingrn@tiurr 1

M u t c ] r a c l j e c t i v c i l i , v , r r L i i l l l ' ,d i i ] ! ] í i 1 l i l :l ;' l : t r l!. r l l v r l l [ l E

r\ F. ir..' l,,uv 1 atLticL:r 2 clui:klvi,::' 3 litrear 4 oscillatirrg 5 tecipr';r-rtirrg 6 rof:iry

colunrn of the rtner to draw

A p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g3y3

Checklist Assessyour progressin this unit. Tick(/) the statementswhich aretrue. I know the wordsto describemovement i n a m e c h a n i s ma n dt h e n a m e sf o r s i m p l e mechanisms

CustomeÍCa]e Explainingthe differencebetweenproducts

I c a ne x p l a i nh o w a r n e c h a n i s m works Ic a n u n d e r s t a n d a n d s a yn u m b e r sa n d quantitiesarcurately I can expleirrthe differencebetween products M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d e n o u g f tro u n d e r s t a n dm o s to f e a c ht e x t i r rt h i su n i t

Key words Adjectives rural sound-proofed two-stroke

Work ínpairs,A an
Go to p.111..

Student B You are a customer at a plant hire cclmpany.You want to hire a portable generatorfor two weeks to provide power for your horne.You don't want a noisy machirre and you only want to fill the tank once a day.It rrust be easyto use ancl provide sufficient power for your home.Y<-ru don,t watrt to pay tnclrethan € 4 0 a day. Useful language What'sthe output? What kÍndoffuel does it use? How often do I needto.fiIlit up? Is Íteasy to start? How noísyis ít? How muchwÍIIit cost?

Nouns accelerator compression c r an k s h a f t d o m e s t i ca p p l i a n c e e x h a u s tg a s fuel generare pulley Noun and verb pump Verbs charge(batteries) engage(gears) wear N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .

3 4 U n i t6

Switchon Look at the picture of the police officer. Can you name any of the equipment he carries?

q

i*x

\

I --t

t-r

3 lfirb

Listening Crime-fightingequipment Q Listen to a police officer talking about his equipment. As you listen, complete column A of the table with all the items he mentions. (-) tisten again and complete column B of the table with the function of the Ítems.

A ltem

B Function

torch

providelight,signal

andsecurity35 Crime-fighting

ln this unit o keytermsfor crime-fightingand securityequipment o howto describethe functionof equipment o developingthe skillsof findingand exchanging information a short report writing o

Vocabulary

o LanguagesPot function Describing

.P|ooÍ,.re'istant,.tight

o Studytheseexamples: Handcuffsareusedto restrainsomeone. Theknife.proofvestÍsusedas bodyarmour. Radiosareused.forcontactingpoliceheadquarters. ThebatonisJorkeepingpeopleat a safedistance.

Studytheexamples. aknife-proofvest

o We can describewhat things areusedfor,their function,in theseways: usedto +infinitive usedcs +noun (used)for +-ing

corrosÍon-resistant steel which isn't damaged by corrosion steel

i;:::;:r^aknifecan'tpass watch a shock-proof

anair-tightseal

a watch which isn't damaged bY shock or is protectedfrom shock

a sealwhich air can't pass through

)) Goto Grammar referenceP.118

Explain examples 1-8 inthe same way.

I Matchthe items in the first columnwith their function inthe secondcolumn.

1 a gas-tight seal

ahelPPeoPleknow exactlYwheretheYare \ \b incapacitatesuspects 2 PersonalIdentificatÍon without serious injury Numbers(PINs)

ltasers.1

3 tagging

c helpprotectair travellers

4 anti-virussoftware

d keep people at a safe distance

5 face-recognition device e protect computers f admit onlYthe right 6 helmet people 7 batons

g protectcardsfrom criminal use

8 GlobalPositioning System(GPS)

h monitorconvicted criminals

9 torches

i

headprotection

j

signalling devices

10 luggage X-ray equipment

Workin pairs.Taketurnsto askand answerquestions aboutthe items in l. EXAMPLB

A I lhat'sthefunctionof tagging? B lt,s usedto monitor crimínals.Illhataretasersfor? suspectswithout A They,re used to incapacÍtate seriousinjury.

2 weatherproof paint 3 heat-resistantmaterials 4 asoundproofrecordingstudio 5 rustproofcarbodies 6 afoolproofdevice 7 a water-resistant coat 8 awater-tightcontainer

3 6 U n i t6

You mustn'tsmileon your passport p h o t o g r a p ahs s h o w i n g y o u r t e e tohr o p e n mouth can affectface-recognition devices. Also,yournustn'twear glasseswitlrtinted lerrses.

Pairwork Work Ínpairs, A and B. Eac}rof you has a short text about a critne'figlrtitrgclevice.'thetitles of the texts are: StudentA

Smart gunrecognizesits owrrer

StudentB

Caught- byalamppost

Discuss what you think the texts miglrt be about. Use the picturesoppositeto help you.

2

Read your own text. Then find out from your partner this information about his / her device.Ask these qttestionsand make notes of tlre alrswers. 1 What is the device callecl? 2 Whatdoesitdo? 3 Howdoesitwork? 4 Where is it usecl? 5 How successfulis it? StudentA

Cioto p 111.

Student B

Caught- by a lamp post Cities inthe UK like London,Glasgow, and Birmingham are fitting a new device to lamp posts in areas which have a crime problem. It's called Flashcam and has been developed by an American company, QStar. It consists of a camera with a motion sensor. If it detects a group of people in an area where there is no reason for them to be, it shouts a warning at them such as:Stop! If you are engaging in an iIIegaI your photograph will be taken. PIease leave activÍt1t, the area.If people don't move, it goes off with avery intense flash and a loud shout.Theyhave had a positive effect in some parts of London in reducing crime and anti-social behaviour. 3 Now read your partner'stext anclcheck ttre information. 4 DÍscusswhat you think are the practical problems of these two devices.Would they work in your country? What modifications would vou rnake?

1!*.: onlineGonnections vi;rLhe Intefnet I RFconnectionsr";itt:i.'.s. r.tdioírec1tt.:ttcy sigri.lis

Problem-solving io tlrr prol-,lcrn r;{ What'sthe best ter:hnicels,;hrtiorL , lro p r o t e c t i u ga l a r g es t , ) r cl r o t ns l to i t l i l t t r s( u c o p l tw Work in srnall ilr e,ul.;:'; stealthings frcrrnsho1.r:l)? ulcl . (rivc studythe solutions,therttnakt:yiitrl ,rltui('( reasolLsfor yor.irchoice. CAMERAS

IACS

C C T V( c l o s e dc i r c u i t e l e v i s i o nc)a m e r a sw i t h w i d e a n g l el e n s e s . SignaIre|ayedto a ct:tltr.tI ofÍiceand monitoredby a s e c u r i t yg u a r d . Recordedon videotapeseveryday. Advantages .Visibledeterrent.

Disdvantages .Peopleforgettr-rchrnge

T h i e v e sk n o w t h e y may be recorded . Not veryexpensive . Y o uc a n i n c l u d es o n r e d u m m yc a í n e r a s

tapes . lmagetrr"ry not bevety cleaf

aáui'it.ig.'

uisJvaniages . MLr:,t trercrnoveri;t tills

- Visi[tlccieterrt:rrt . l;'rg.,.rrtirtrx1-rt:nsivc

. |.xtrl1'115iyt, )y\1.eÍrl Lc) instrll . l)trrícslicltr;;l tl ri":Vt:.s lnaY

rerllo.v(: thlrry.r irrtht:storc

-Ad;;;'i.'g.'s

Disdvarrtages . Expensivi:

a n yb r o a d b a n d connection . N o t a p e st o c h a n g e

"l.hievt:sln;lV tt,.lt9...'l :lrrc| tlte:rrt 5trr:;ttlLe c a L r g l r rt n o r ( ' ( : a ; i l y

-.

óii.lu.'.,i"g"'.

. Must be dt:a("tivatÉ:d.lt ti||s.S.r|e.; n]aV l)t{)[j|í.j l'oti;t:L

o l r r kL . r 1 rr,)'n- L l o t l t i n t l ;-. Ihcy [lrc.lk i Ívvrt;rI1lly l t']ll l(-}V(](l tl''islltiil Il-ir'iterrr Aclvurrtages

Uisclv..rriiagc:

ci,.l-err'.:nL

| . : l i I O V (t .l r ' r I I

.:,ir.rr1,'|..;lnC| i r I c X | , ( ] I| : i i V ( , " l r r r l i i : : ; l j i l . . r Íi l.rri;crvI ' : s t . . r r i

3 ConceaIed rÍlicro-cartlc.r;ts with RF connection9'

Advantages . N o e x p e n s i vw e irilrg . Good way to catcir t h i e v e si n a c t i o r r

l . a r g e l e c t r o r t i c ,
5 C o n r - c a l e de l t : r : t t ' c , r! t, i' (c . r .i rL y t , l g s

D i g i t aC l C T Vc a m e r a sw i t h o n l i n ec o n n e c t i o n s . R e c o r d eodn h a r dd i s kw h i c hc a ns t o r us e v e r anl r o n t l r s of recording. Advantages . Can be viewedfronr

4

Disdvantages . Not a visibledeterrent

3 8 U n i t6

Gadget box Rotundusis a sphericalrobot,inventedat the Un iversityof U ppsala in Sweden,which can patrola siteor buildingtoguardit.lt containssensorssuchas cameras,heatand smokedetectors, and microphones. lt can sendfor securityforces, soundan alarm, and follow intrudersoversand,snow mud,or water.However,it cannotclimb stairs. Why is Rotundusbetterthana low-techsolutionlikea securityguardor a guarddog?

Writing

CustomeÍGa]e

Short reportand linkingwords

Usinginformal!anguage

In writing we often use linking words to make it clear to the reader how the ldeas in our writing are connected.We can use but to link an advantage and a disadvantage. EXAMPLE

Use CCTV cameras and recordontovi.deotapes.Thisis not very expensivebut peopleforget to change the tapes. We can use also use howeverand althoughtolink an advantage and a dÍsadvantage,usually at the start of a sentence. EXAMPIE

S

Use CCTV cameras and recordonto vÍdeotapes'These cameras are a visi.bledeterrentto thieves.However.the image may not be very clear. Use CCTV cameras and recordonto video tapes. Although thesecameras are a visible deterrentto thieves,the ímagemay not be clear'

I Studythesethreehomesecuritysystems.Notetheir advantages and disadvantages.

We can use because,since,and as to link a recommendation with a reason. EXAMPIE

S

I adviseyou to tnstall digÍtalCCTV cameras becausethey are effectiveand notvery expensÍve, I recommendyou use Iargeelectroní.c securitytags since they are a visÍbledeterrentto most thieves. our advice is to use large electronicsecurÍtytags as they are a visible deterrentto most thÍeves.

Al

ong ((TV GomeÍoConnoctgd to o smoll monitor,no rocording

Do-it-goursolf instollotion

Nowwrite a short report on securityforthe owner of a large shop.Your report should have two sections: 1 List the advantages and disadvantagesof each solution. 2 Recommend the best solution.Give reasons to support your choice. Exchange your report from I with another student and decÍdeif it can be understood easily'Mark any places where the report is not clear enough.

E DigitalC C TV camera,recordsto yourPC FittedwÍthmotionsensorswhich trigger recordingwhen an intruder enters Professionally installed Cost€ i '000

C r i m e - f i g h t i nagn d s e c u r i t y 3 9

Checklist Assessyourprogressin this unit. Tick(/) the statementswhich aretrue. I k n o wk e yt e r m sf o r c r i m e - fgi h t i n ga n d s e c u r i t ye q u i p m e n t I c a nd e s c r i b et h e f u n c t i o no f s e c u r i t v e qui p m en t 2 Work with a partner.Take turns to play the roles of Salespersonand Customer. Salesperson Use the information in I and selectfrom the phrases below to sell the system that best meets the Customer's needs.The first row has more formal phrases.The secondrow of phrases are more common in informal, spokenEnglish. Choose the language that matches the Customer. Customer Listento the Salespersonand ask questions.Choosethe home security system that best meets your needs.

r;) r L:]

Notsatisfactory

Satisfactory

M o r et h a n satisfactory

i t ' si n a d e q u a t e

i t ' sa d e q u a t e

it'sideal/ perfect

itfallsshort/ it'snotupto thejob

i t d o e st h ej o b / i t f i t st h e b i l l

i t ' ss p o to n / i t t i c k sa l lt h e ooxes

Completehome defencesystem Wireless,so easyinstallation Can be switchedon and offwith a remotedevice,so no code numbershaveto be rememberedand keyedin Will text you a messagewhen your childrenget home FiveCCTV camerasactivatedif an intruderentersyour home.Systema|sonotiÍles the securitycompanywho advisethe policeimmediately Will alsodetectsmokeor floodingand notifythe emergencyservices Cost € 3 ,600 pIusa monthlymaintenance chargeof € 3 0

l c a n w r i t ea s h o r tr e o o r t M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a n dm o s to f e a c ht e x t i n t h i su n i t

Key words Adjectives low-tech u n i qu e Nouns b o d ya r m o u r CP5 grip m o t i o ns e n s o r PIN recognition security sensor shock t a g g in g trigger Verbs escape i ncapacitate N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d i n t e c h n o l o g yt h a t i s n e w t o y o u .

!t'smyjob

Switch on 1 Manufacturing is about changing materials into prclducts.Choose ílorrrthe list and cotrip1etethe t;iblt: tcLs1\-C with the nraterialsreuuiredfor prr;rlt alloy rubber steel titaniurn

copper plastic wood alnrniniunr Materials

Processes

t

Work in pairs and answerthe questions. 1 What stages are involvt:clin nranufacturing bread on a lerge scale? 2 lVhat kind of techriicÍatris respotrsiblt:fclrkeepitrg a plant bakery mnningT 3 What do you think the numbers a-g refer to7 225kg b 3 trritrutes

d 21rninutes

f 10,000

e 110tnirtutcs

É{2/to'o00

c 54rrrirrutr,s Ilrrgireer, 2 ( ) I.istento Nassr'rAziz, r Mnnufartr-rring and cherckyour alrswers.

2 Now choosefrom the list arrdcontpletethe table with itrvoiveclirrniaking theseproclurts. the proces;ses assembly bending bonding colour printing cutting

impact extmsiorr nc,uicii rLr1 itrjecti<.rn-t paintittg plating weldít.g

D Go to pp.56-58 for more manufacturing processes

M a n u f a c t u r i n g4 l

ln this unit n a n u f a c t L t r i npgr o c e s s e s O k e yt e r t n sf o r c o r r t n r om O P r e s e n Pt a s s i v e o w r i t i n ga s h o r ts e q u e n c e o h o w c o m p o u n dn o u n sw o r k o u s i n gy o u rr e a c l i n ag n d s e a r c hs k i l l st o f i n do u t h o w p r| o d u c t sa r et t t a d e conlll1oÍ

2

Where Irecessaly, we slrouldalso arrsv,rer thesequeslions: Wlretedoesit happen? Why doesÍthappen? tlctwdces it happert?

What nappens

t h e d o r , r gihs c u t i n t o l o a v e sp, u t i r r t ot i n s , a r r dI e Í t

We can answerthe Wherequestionby addjng informatiorron the placethe stagehappens: '1'1rc ingredierts are rnixed in a steel mixer.

Staqe

4

What happerrs

t h e l c l a v easr el e f tt o c o o l t, l r e r tr a k r : no u t o f t h e i rt i n s

f) fisten agairLand cornpletethe table to de:scribe w h a t h a p p e n sa t e e c l rs t u g ei r rp l e n tb a k e r yl r r e a c l rnakinp.

sl'q:

f1'e"

What happerrs

question using the We can ansvverthe lz1l/ry infinitive with to (seeUnit 6): The iryredierúsure tnixedin a steelrnixerto n r u k ed o u g h . We cirn answer the Ííowr1uestionlike this: T'ltelr:avesare taken out oJ tlrcir tins (by) usitlg suction. )) Go to Grammar reference p.118

Stage

Readwhat Nassersays in the Listeningscript on p.126. TlrerrcorrrpletetheWhere,Why,and How information irr ttretable with ir Lforrnationprovided in the text. You drrnot lraveall the inforrrrationfcr each stase.

What nappens

Stage

o Languagespot

t

Wirere why llow

PresentPassive r To describea nrirnufacturirrg process,vveshould answer these tr,voirntrrot tatrt clttr'-'stior Lsalrttuac:tclr stageÍnt}reprocess: Whathappens? When does íthappen? '. We can answertire Whcltquestionursirrg the PresentPassive: T,heingredierftsare núxed' . We can or,r*.. il,. I,Vherr questiorrby nurnbering by usirrgsequerrcevvords the stages(1,2,-1,etc ),r-rr or titne clarrs,'s ffirst,therr,rrc.rt,uJter tl tat,J tno.Ily), (seeUnit 5): tThe ingredientsare mixed. First,the ingredÍeti'sare mixed. After the loavesare sliced,they are wrapped.

5tage

6

Where why How

slage Where VVhy lJow Novvconrl.rirLetl reirLfortrLatiotr. for each stage into otre setrtetrce. E XAIVIPLE

7 First,the Írtqrt:clierfts clrentixed i'na steel yn.Íxer to rrrukedctttglt.

r42 UnitT

Writing Short sequence I Studythe injection moulding machine. It is for manufacturing plastic products like CD cases.Then put the stages in the injection moulding processin the correct sequence.The first and last stagesare done for you.

á \/

I

v

HOPPER

MOTOR

1 Thehopperis filledwith plastic.

TheplasticÍscarriedthroughthe barrelby the rotating screw. Thehot plasticis injectedquicklyinto the mould. c The plastic is melted by the heaters. d The plastic travels through the barrel. e The plastic is fed into the barrel. f

There is enough melted plastic in the barrel.

g The mould is cool. h The plastic is left to set before the pressureis removed. i

The screw is pushed forward by the ram.

11 The finished moulding is removed. 2 Combine the pairs of sentencesusing suitable time

words(seeUnit 5). 1 d+c 2 f+i

3 g+11

7

'-,

-r, -4

'4 4

M a n u f a c t u r i n g4 3

Theworld'slargestmanufacturers of: h e a r i n ga i d s= S i e m e n s microprocessors= Intel lifts/elevators=Otis m e m o r y c h i p= s Samsung videogames= ElectronicArts motorbikes= Honda

Pairwork I Work in pairs,A and B. Study this diagram of the stages in the manufacture of CDs.With the help of the diagram,discuss how CDs are made. 2 Eachof you has a set of short texts describing some of the stages.Try to match each ofyour texts to one ofthe stagesin the diagram. Be careful - some of the stages arenot shown in the diagram.

LASER BEAM RECORDING

I Discussyour information with your partner and agree on the correctorder for all ofthe texts. StudentA Student B

Go to p.111.

From the Father,multÍplepositive image metal Mothers are made by electroforming.Each Mother in turn produces a negative image Son which is also known as a stamper. The glassmaster disc is placedin a chemicalbath. The resist coating is not affectedbut where the laser has removed the resist,the chemical etchestiny pits into the surface ofthe glass. Each disc is finished by applying a thin coating of aluminium to form a reflectivelayer.The disc is then coveredwith a protectivecoating of clear plastic,inspected,and labelled.

METAL

-

METAL MASTER

(rarurn)FATHER(-)-

Work in groups of three.Make a list of at least nine food and drink products which, Iike bread,are manufactured on a large scale. Chooseone from your list and try to explain to the othersin your group how it is made using your own knowledge of the process. Now combine information as a group to try to make a betterexplanation. Using any useful ínformation your partners have provided,repeat the explanation. The next person should now choose a topic. Continue until everyone has made three explanations. Usefullanguage I think ... happens next. You've forgottenabout ... W h a ta b o u t. . . ?

FAMILY PROCESS

uornrn (+) ffil

-l

soN

Speaking

FORMING

'TAMPER

ffi

L_l {

\

lTtlÍTÉ":

CLEAR gggg1p41B

-J

I

MoULDING

/

-

-------fFINISHED E F I N I s H I N G / DISC

44 tlnii7

Reading processes Modernmanufacturing Work in grclupsrlf thrcc Each oÍyortshtllllr1icllrl r,.ncoÍ the texts about nrodernmanrrfirctrrlingprc,r't'sses Tr'11 the othersirryour grorilrhow yorlr l)roccssv'rorks, any advantagcsit has and what ii is riserlfoi Cornpletcthe table for ca,'li tcxt Process

Advarrtagc:s

[ > : a r i t pllrcf u s c

B Waterjet abrasivecutting Waterjet abrasivecutting u s e sa h i g h p r e s s u r ej e t o f water combineciwith an abrasivesrrhstanceto crit throrrghmaterials.The advantagesofthis form of crittingare that the jet can be TT-adjustedand the kind of abrasivechangeilso that a j i n o s ta n y k i n d o f n l a t i " r l acl a n b e c r r tI n a d d i t i o n t, h c milteriaican be cut vuithorrtchanging its propertiesin artyway.With heat,there is always some riamageto the arcasncarcstthe cut. \^/Ai'Ii R

-(Iil,,,,,,,

Thi:;fornr of cutting lrasmauy appli<:;rtiorrs It c:anbe uscd to cr.itmetals,composites,ancleven thrck concrete.At the otl'rt:r cnd of thc scalc,finc watcr icts, without ,rdrledabrasives,are rrscrlin surgcry.

A Electroforming l i i : c t t o f o i t t t i nigs a w a y o f nraking vcr y acr:urirtc nretal parts It is similar to e l e c t r o p l a t i nign t h a t a m e t a l c o a t r n gi s r i c p o s i t c d o l r a s p e ( i a lf o r n ri n a n cir'crl'oiytrc sr;lrLtt:triThe

c,rf'Prd i ; i l , . I R ( , r1 . i i d l f f ( . I c n c c i : ; t h a t t h cr . i _ ri3r 1 i$ EIlcr|]1]YÍI ^,'Al'l|R1| ] is t}'i.,k.lrso [h.it ilrc trlttrr 'firis can be removed to leave a soiiri part proce;s allows manufacturers to'grow' cor ni)on(rntsin rnlt a Is such as nickel. i

ci )rIrP!rn(t,Ls l"irth Electroforming is idtal f;'r v( r)/firrL-' precise dimeustons It make s it prrssrblc to piodrrr:e extrenrely accurate copies of rnasters For rhis reason, electroforming is used in the manufactur e of ilDs.

C l{yrlrofoImÍng I{ydr,rfoiiniugis a rlay of shaping rlatcrials such as r- cE Er q aiuminirrmor rrltr,rlight FÉ Fq stcel T'hcmctal is prished i n t o s h a p er r s i n gí l r i i d i . l . ' I3 : , l l r l l t Alll) FINAL prr:rssure. For e'>:anrple, to jrOIiM C, r4I,iNlit{l prodrrcecotttponentsfor car bodies,steeltrrbesarc placed i n s i d ca m o r r l da n r th i g h p . Í c s S u aI eP P ] i c rjlr i t h c i l l b e . ' n l i l i cpi tr t s h es t h e m e t a l lnto the t:xactshapc reqrrired.Hydroforminga componentirrthis ,a,ayrneansthat several di ff,:rent operationssuch as stamiringand v"'eldjngare no 1ll: l liT t)tT,s lll Al.ll(

-ffi- c

l^n.J6Í

ran'ri'a.]

Hydroforminl;is used where thcre is dernanrlfor lorver vreight with high strength lt is uscd in the manufacturcof top-of the-rangesportscarsand motorbikes,such as Harley Davidsons.ltis also used in the aerospaceinriustryto producepanels for aircraft.

A A . r n L r f a c t r r r4i5n g

Checklist A s s e s sy o u rp r o g r e s isn t h i s u n i t . Tick(.r')the statementswhich aretrue. I knor,vkcytcrms for common m a nu Í a c t r tnrgi p r o c e s s easl ] dt r e a t l 1 1 e n t s l c a n d c s c r i b ca m a n u f a c t u r i npgr o c e s s

Vocabulary

l c a nw r i t ea s h o r ts c q u e n c e

Co m p o u n dn o u ns i.r1ill.tt..llrlt...:l i r:tll ]l i Ir Coinpounds nouns aI. oÍt..i, i t'-; 1ogc.Il.rcr Study Thcy consistof two norrnsvrrorkin.l thesc r:xrrrnplcs. car borli.cs- bodiesof cars pltrstichaths= baths made rtfplustic i njt:ct io n ruto i tIrl it q = m o uI rlin g L;y'i nj c r t ic,tt gas avcn = oV€ f | v,,hichttsesgns gas C'Qt1ist. r = c.inistc r ÍOr gas E x p l l i r t c o n t l r r - r r r rnr od t t n s 1 - B j L rt l rr ' s t'r a \^,r'y' 1 c r i n 1 l r r tl (t ,n ( I s 2 l ' . I t . l . i l ír t' t t : : i r i i i 3 1 , v r1 ' ;, . ; 4 1 r l : . i rr,' r i n ' 5 s t e .i i u i r . r 6 t t ' t u n1 , u r n p 7 st .t r) 1lr:l B ( l o r k \ \ , . ) r kr . l . i

L

\ '

[1.:','

?.

, , 1l , 1..'.

i r

,

(

,. .. :' -

r

l

.),-

4 p l r : 1 rl r' ; t i . r s 5 1 ; ' tr-i l r : s

Key words Nouns barreI blade b o n di r g extruslon n o l l p er i n g r e di cr ri s plant plaiing proccss r3m sLrction welding

I i l ' . . 1 s .r r i f i " r - ' il : ' t i h . t ' . ; i - ) r " '|1 ( r { , l l r l ' ' 1 ' ' t 'r ' l ) r o ,( , j s . ' s . i t r i , i :, 1i t h c r n r n t if a L : t , i t ., .I i i r , r ; 1 5 i ' r l ( ( ) l . r p l c t i.h c t . i h l c ( i i 1 r i o a n c x : r ' ' iI ' l , r : l , i i , i r i i ht i i i : ," , , l r l " ' l i , : ; , - r r.r:: . r 1 ,h 7 )

1 r ;i,i- ,-tt>

M y ' r c a d i n ga r r dl i s t o r i n ga r eg o n c l e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a r rm d o s to f e a c ht e x t i n t h i su n i t

SAW

Webquest

Itr'rn

I k n o ws o n r co f t h e w a y si n w h i c h c o r n p o u n dn o l i n sw o r k

Verbs cool spray isused N o t eh , , ' rar n y L h i n ga h r r r rht r ' r ' E. ar /r g l i s h i n t c t h n o l o i ; yt h a t i s n e w t o y o u .

4 6 U n i t8

Switch on t I

'?

ldentify the different forms of transport in pictures A-F. Work Ínsmall groups.List othertypes of 1and,sea,and air transport.

Dl=- ,-t

Transport 47

Inthis unit o keytermsfor differentforms of transport a howto makepredictionsusingwill,may,might o how to use correctivestress o r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n gf o r d e t a i l o u s i n g y o u rs e a r c hs k i l l s t o f i n do u t m o r ea b o u tc a r so f the future

Reading Thecarof the future CAMERATO

DRIVER CONDITION DETECTION SENSOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM BETWEENVXHICLES

MONITOR

AREATO REAR

FRONT STRUCTURE TO PROTECT PEDESTRIANS

SENSOR TO DETECT OBSTACLES BEHIND VEHICLE

DEVICE TO RELEASE INSIDE DOOR LOCKS

SENSOR TO DETECT OBSTACLES IN FRONT

Lookat the diagram and answer the questions. 1 How is this car different from a typical car of today?

ASVs

2 What do youthinkASVmeans? 3 What are the aims of the designers of this car? 4 What further improvements could you make to this car? Readthe text and check your answers to questions 1-3 in t. Readthe last paragraph ofthe text again and note the advantagesand disadvantagesof the forms of power ín the table. Advantages i electric

2 hybrid ( p e t r oal n d electric) 3 LPC

4 hydrogen f u e lc e l l

Disadvantages

Road trafíc is increasing worldwide. This increase brings problems:road accidents,congestion,and pollution. However, engineers are working on Advanced safety vehicles (ASVs)which will be much safer for drivers, other road users such as cyclists, and for pedestrians.They are also working on new engines which use cleaner fuels. ASVs will be equipped with electronic sensorsto prevent accidents and to make it safer for people when accidents do happen. One sensor will stop the driver falling asleep. Others will warn drivers when they are too closeto other vehicles. The car of the future might be electric. Electric motors are very efficient and produce no pollution, but they need heavy batteries and their range is limited with currenttechnology. Hybrid cars have both a petrol engine and an electric motor. They save about t5%of fuel. They need batteries but they don't have to be charged overnight as the motor acts as a generator when the car brakes. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)is already used as a fuel. Cars can be converted easily but LPG only cuts down pollution a little. Hydrogen fuel cells may be the long-term answer. They provide clean power but each cell is very expensÍve.

Gadget box Thewotld'sfir;t hyrlrogen-powcred motorbikccan reach 8 0 k p h i n l 2 s e c o n d sl t. p r o d u c ens o p o l l u t i o na r r di s a l m o s t si|cni.|-loweve r;thehytlrogenfrleIce||costs Í15,000 and 'rroisc-free' rlotorbrike fans dorr'tlikethc ideaof a bil<e! you ntakethis rnotorbikenroreattractivcto bikcrs? llow r:otrlrl

It'smyjob

I l*

) J

bc thc bestchoicc.it doesn't prodrrccrnur:hpolhrticn.(lt'spossilrle) A 1..,t.,.i.] ,.,..f\t.ryullrl((lt

4 Solar-powt:rerivchiclcs-.-bethe answerto - --our transportproblerns.The ceilsare vely ineff,cient. (lt'svery r.rnlikely.) bt-'comemuch safel rnriththe addition of rnany sensors.(I'mcertain.) ir By 2015more peoplein Europe- -- ------travelto work by train than by car.(It'spossible.)

l. 1

In4 . 'l,.:rl. i l l . : t r j ; ; r l J l t - r 1, ':1l ri ir rt Jc e l í n ; t j s l . | . l " ] l - í ) ) ' l r ; } l 1 , ; 1 1. ^ a l l , \ 1 ' a il l ' i

i : ; ,c l i C . l . .

1

\ A ] ] r l ii , . : l i i r . í . i . il i l ; 1 l r , ii-.|l ] t c c . l r : . . l n . . ] 1 ^ r i t l . l ?

2

I . { ' ; i ^ , l ] , . |n..; i ! ^ ' ( . ' :I i l ] 1 ^ r . . \l ,i í. ,. l i r l r i i j . . l ' ]

3

\ i l . t l i r f i 1 1 . ; -; r1 , , i 1 r . lr l r t r l :t t i . ,r . ; ; : , r i , a r t 'i .l 'r l l , :. i

4

\ ^ / h a t k i r t ' . ]r l Í Í r ' r r l r l l r l . : s . t ' h i : ; 1 1 1 6 1 ] 11111. ';'41]

!

l , \ i l 1 y L n i t - l h th i , l i : ; r i . , , ' 1 J ro' p n . l ' l u i l i t r , 1 ' or r s r '

Eng;lirh?

Pr+r|ictírn; l,uíÍl, r{,ű\,?lr iqht S t r t r i r .trl t c c c i : x , l l , 1 . ; !r ; ; ", , , . ' t i ' : , : f i . i A C v a n c ^ , 1 ; ; , 1 f t [ 1 , , yl,ryi , l " : : i , 1 5 i ' . . . ) r . 1 . ,r1, :f 1 n i r: ic'c t r c, T ll e,c :tt o f th e fiti ll r., il l íl 1|"'l.b I [ t t r ] r o q r n l t t r l : : ! l s t ) 1 t i ) i. :! c t ' i i r ' i . r , i i tft6 r r . , ' ' 1 i r i ; , . - y i j | r i r ] i r 1 | ' ' l 1 ; i 1 . ' ' | i l l : , ' . . ! r . ' r r ' l ^ r ] i l l . .l /l -Vl íJ . i i ,

r t s c t a l i 1íl . ' r I h i : 1 g sl y l ' i 6 ] 1; l 1 . . c l L : l i 1 -l ^ t t l. l , . ; r l i . ' ' l 1 l i m t t i h t i ' t t i r ' 1 ' . r ';: v ' l ' i i i l : :1 ' ;:' r f i i i i ; 1 1 (' i ' l i ' : . :i ; i t l i r ' 1 1 i Í f e r : . n c : ' } l . . i l ^ ' , r li .i ;1r1: ' l ' : t ; . lirli; 1 9 h i 1 : lr n ' t l t : r ; . .| i : l 1 l i i s l l) N o t e t h l . s : : 5 1 . , . r i tí i l l - l l - . :r;l . .e : l i t r s p r ; i l 1 . 1; ] ]r -rrl | . j . : ]. - . w o t l ' t - \ 1 , ' i in! o t nligl,lín,t = il.ti,]l,iLll,li' DIOT R.itv+rJt

) Goto Grammar reference p.119 I

B Bccar:schydrogen-firclledcarsare silent,they - -- be more dangerous than cars rvith p r : t r ocl u g l n c s .( l t ' sp o s s i b l c . ) ql own pl cd ictions aborrtth e topics belov"r 1.1;r,lo for 116'r ti'ir yr-'ars into the frrturc.Therlcolnparcyour ,oith lrour partner.Try to reach agreernent. 1:rc-'lictions thr' mrmber of cars in Vour countrv p1i6's61,)i1 tl.rr:

o Languagespot

W h e t 1 \ n . ' ,l .r l : i

7 As worid oil sr-rpplicsdry up, petrol ---- - - -- get nrore atrdmore expetlsive.(I,mcerta'Írr')

, ,Í^ l l !i ll ,l q t i 1 1 1 ; . ' 1 . l r i , t l l . C o r . i t . . l r t t li l ' c : ( : ] i , .|]1.c. : -ii1 : ] j l l Í 't'i j.11 r'' ,-'r':',t the Lrur-'g.r t iv f kC i S ,,rrill lt Clll. l. r 1; ;5115il l lri ;r,: 1 \,Vc___.._ __ p j. ;l:: rc;Jcr':giilcrlil-,ilta fi,flri'e. T h e r c l r - c h i t t l : i a , i l c r; i e l l v l j : l( I , n r r . ct:r i r . r . ) 2 l{yrl16g1'11 tirr:lci.ll:; gt't rirr,:rpcr ls t e C l t n o l o l , , , i r i t i r l . ) \;1 (. l ' t : rr r i l a i n . )

t h e s i z ec f n A s s , ' n r ' ]t 'i rt c r ; l f t the tlosL populai way to ttavi-:ltrl'ut'oLk lhc rrscofclcr:triccars

Transport 49

Pronunciation Corrective stress When we correctwhat someone says,we often stress the point of disagreement.

Problem-solving I Work in pairs.Can you identify the less common forms of transport in pictures A-E? Decide who might use them and for what purpose.

f) Listen to this example. A Electricmotors aren'tvery eficient. B No,electricmotors are very efficient. 2 Correctstatements 1-8.Use the words in brackets where provided. 1 Hybrid cars have a diesel engine and an electric motor. (petrol) 2 Hydrogenfuelcellsarecheap. 3 Most car drivers are happy to use public transport. 4 LPG cuts down pollution a lot. (little) 5 ASVs are more dangerous for pedestrians.(safer) 6 Solar-poweris the answer to our transport problems. 7 Air travel is good for the environment. 8 Trains and cars are examples of public transport. (buses) I Work in pairs.Take turns to correcteach other using the statements above. { f) tisten and check your answers. I Work in pairs. Make statements of your own about the topics below. Disagree with your partner's views and give reasons to support your case.Use the dialogues in { as a model. a

the best car made in Europe

a

the safest way to travel

a

travelling by air

Ü studyÍngEnglish a

travel by train in the past and now

a

the best motorbike

a

the answer to traffic problems

a

the most interesting job intechnology

In your pairs,decide what special features these forms oftransport require to operate effectively.

5 0 U n i t8

328.761 mph / 529.33kph

JCB breaksthe land-speedrecordfor a diesel enginevehicle(August2006)

ff

Gitffii{aex

CustomeÍCaÍe

Vocabulary

Making and acknowledgingapologies

Recordingnew expressions In Unit l you studied useful ways of recording new vocabulary by grouping words according to subjects.It is a]souseful to group expressÍonsby function - what they are used for. t

Study the expressionsfor apologizing in the table of functions.

I/ Weapologizefor ... I/ Weregret... If your company supplies faulty goods or if there is a delay in providing a service or meeting an order,you may have to apologize to the customer. We can apologize face-to-face,by phone, or by email using phrases like these: I'm sorry that your order is late.We'vebeenvery busy but I'lIseeto it at once. Sorry about the delay with your order. We can acknowledge the apology using phrases like these: That's alright. / OK. It'snot a problem. Don,tworry about Ít. No problem, Sometimes we want to acknowledge the apology and make sure that action is taken. In this casewe add but.... EXAMPLE

It,snot a problem but I,d like them to arrÍvetomorrow at the latest. Work in pairs. Take turns making and acknowledging apologies for the problems below. The customer starts by explaining the problem. o The car batteries you received are for an old model you wanted the ones for the new model. ' You are still waiting for an important delivery of solar panels, due this morning. One ofthe office telephones you receivedyesterday is faulty.

O p e n i n ga l e t t e ro r e m a i l C l o s i n ga l e t t e ro r e m a i l Referring to previouscontact

Now complete the table wÍththe expressionsbelow used for writÍng emails. a Hi... b Wewill... c I'm writing to you because ... d Regards... e D e a r. . . f

I wrote to you on (date)...

g W e ' r eg o i n g t o . . . h We spoke(lastweek)... i

Bestwishes ...

gehng'rn\ouc\'rs 1 \\ereason\m k I can assureyou that ...

...

Write a short email to a customer apologizing for sending five air-conditioning unÍtsinstead of the sÍxhe / she ordered.In your email, you should refer to the telephone conversation you had yesterday and provlde a reason for the error and tell him / her you will send the remaining unit by express delivery.

T r a n s p o r t5 l

Checklist Assessyour progressin this unit. Tick(/) the statementswhich aretrue. I know keytermsfor d ifferentforms of transport

Webquest Searchthe sites for detaÍIsof cars which do not have conventionalpetrol or diesel engines.Copy the detalls into this table for each model.

I c a n m a k ep r e d i c t i o nuss i n g w i l lm , ay, and might I know how to usecorrectivestress M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a n dm o s to f e a c ht e x t i n t h i su n i t

Key words Adjectives au t o m a t i c efficient liquefied pneumatic Nouns congestion delay fuel cell hybrid production p u b l i ct r a n s p o r t th rottle Verbs converT detect g i v eu p monitor N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u . www.bmw.com w w w . d a i h a t s cu o. m www.ford.com www.om.com w w w . a u t o m o b i l ehso. n d a . c o m w w w .m e r c e d e s - b e n z . c o m www.smart.com www.suzuki.com www.toyota.com www.votvo.com

52 Reading bank

Reading bank Technolo1y in sport

F|le

Ed||

v]ow

h$n

Forhd

T@|6

AciloÉ

tle|p

How can clothing help athletes to nprfnrm

hefier)

Scan the text quickly to find out which items of sportswear are: a designed for swimmers b designedforrunners c designedbyAdidas d designedtoreducedrag. Now read the text again to find the answersto these questions. 1 How does the Precoolvest improve performance? 2 Whydidthedesignersof Fastskin work with an expert in sharks?

ar ealw aystr yingto developnew S po r tscompanies thatw ill allowathletesto per for mmor e s po rtsw ear i nclude: Recentdevelopments effic iently. P R E C O O LV E S T N i k e h a v ed e v e l o p e da v e s tw h i c h h o l d si c e p a c k si n i t s l i n i n g .l t i s d e s i g n e d f o r a t h l e t e sw h o c o m p e t ei n m a r a t h o n sa n d o t h e rl o n gd i s t a n c er a c e s . W e a r i n gi t f o r o n e h o u r b e f o r et h e r a c ew i l l r e d u c et h e b o d yt e m p e r a t u r e b y 1 9 % , a n dt h e r e f o r er e d u c e st h e r i s ko f h e a ti n j u r y . FA5T5K!N

3 What are Power socks designed to prevent and why is this i mnnrteniT

4 Inadditiontoreducingdrag, how does Swift suit help athletes? 5 How are Straplessgogglesheld on the swimmer's face?

S p e e d oh a v ed e s i g n e da s w i m s u i tw h i c ht h e y c l a i m i s t h e w o r l d ' sf a s t e s t . T h ed e s i g n e r sh a v ew o r k e dw i t h a n e x p e r to n s h ar k s- f a m o u s l yf a s t s w i m m e r so f t h e f i s hw o r l d . T h em a t e r i a l c o p i e s f e a t u r eo sf s h a r k s k i na n d i s d e s i g n e dt o r e d u c ed r a g . T h em a k e r ss a yi t c a n i n c r e a s ep e r f o r m a n c eb y uoto 4%o. POWER SOCKS s o c k sf o r r u n n e r sw h i c h a r ed e s i g n e dt o A d i d a sp r o d u c ek n e e - l e n g t h t h e m u s c l e si n r e d u c el e gf a t i g u e . T h e s o c k ss a v ee n e r g yb y c o m p r e s s i n g the legs.Thip s r e v e n t tsh e m u s c l e sv i b r a t i n ge a c ht i m e t h e r u n n e r ' sf o o t h i t st h e g r o un d .T h ev i b r a t i o ni s a w a s t eo f e n e r g y . S W I F TS U I T A d i d a sh a v ed e s i g n e da n a e r o d y n a m i c h e a d - t o - a n k lseu i tf o r s p r i n t e r sc,y c l i s t s , lt keepsathletes rowers,and ice-skaters. c o o la n d r e d u c e sd r a g . T h ed e s i g n e r c l a i m si t g i v e sa t e n - c e n t i m e t r e 'l00-metre a d v a n t a g ei n a sprint. S T R A P L E S SG O G G T E S F o rs w i m m e r s N , i k eh a v ed e v e l o p e df e a t h e r w e i g hct a r b o ng o g g l e s w i t h o u ts t r a p sE. a c hl e n si s s t u c kt o t h e e y es o c k e tw i t h m e d i c a lg l u e . H a v i n gn o s t r a p st,h e g o g g l e sp r o du c e l e s sd r a gt h a n o r d i n ar y g o g g l e s .

R e a d i n gb a n k 5 3

Appropriate technology Studythis mechanical device. Chooseits correctfunction.

RUBBER SHOCK ABSORBER

(rNsrorwHrnr)

a farming b exploding mines

5-anrtnnporn

c travelllng on the Moon d filming in dangerous places e carrying things

WHEELMOTOR

List some of the components of this devicein the table. Now read the descrÍptionof how the deviceworks to find the answerto these questions. 1 What is the device called? 2 What does it do? 3 Why is it suitable for the developing world? Why do the wheels have steel teeth? How often does a wheel have to be changed?

125cc prrnor ENcTNE

Item, -

Quantity

5-metremetal or bamboo ooles

Why does the machine not miss any mine in its path?

Three-wheeledIife-saver T h e d e v i c ei s c a l l e da D e r v i s h .l t i s a m i n e - d e t o n a tni g v e h i c l ef o r c l e ar in g a n t i - p e r s o n n em l i n e sf r o m f a r m l a n d i n d e v e l o p i n gw o r l d c o u n t r i e s l.t h a s a v e r y s i m p l e d e s i g na n d u s e s i n e x p e n s i v ep a r t s .T h e U n i t e d N a t i o n se s t i m a t e st h a t 2 4 , 0 0 0 p e o p l ed i e e a c h y e a r b e c au s e o f mlnes. T h e D e r v i s hh a s t h r e e w h e e l s .E a c h wheel has steel teeth to create more

p r e s s u r eW . h e n t h e t e e t h p a s so v e r a m i n e ,i t e x p l o d e s . T h ew h e e l s c a n 'l,500 e x p l o d ea r o u n d minesbefore t h e y h a v et o b e c h a n g e d . A m o t o r b i k ee n g i n e p o w e r st h e D e r v i s h T. h e d e v i c er o t a t e s A . s each w h e e l p a s s e sa c e r t a i np o i n t i n t h e r o t a t i o n ,i t s l o w s d o w n . T h i s m a k e s t h e m a c h i n ea d v a n c ei n t i g h t c i r c l e s , a b o u t 3 0 m m a o a r t .F o rt h i s r e a s o n no mine in itspath is missed.

54 Readingbank

Crime-fightingand security Readone ofthesetexts,A, B,or C, as your teacherdirects.Find out the answersto thesequestions. 1 What is this deviceor system calied? 2 Whousesit? 3 How doesit work? Shareyour answerswith othersin yourgroup. Readtheothertwotextsand seeif you canfind any extra information.

TheAdvanced tasergunisanelectric stungunwhichallowspoliceto dealwithviolentpeoplewithoutcausing injuryor death.lt hasa laser sightto makesurethesuspect isproperly targeted. lt usesa compressed aircartridge to firetwodartsat thesuspect. Thedartspullbehindthem fineelectric cable.Theycanpenetrate thethickest clothing, upto 5 centimetres, at a rangeof 6.4metres. Whenthedartshitsomeone, thegundelivers a 50,000voltshockfor fiveseconds. Theshockcausestemporary paralysis. Taserwaves, electrical signals, causethesuspectS muscles to contract. Theguns containa microchip whichrecords thedateandtimeof eachfiring.

Theirisisthecoloured ringroundthecentralpartof youreye.Eachoneisdifferent, whichmakesit perfect forsecurity systems suchaslris-scanning. First,youririsisscanned andtheinformation converted to a digitalfilewhichisstoredin a database. This process takesaboutthreeminutes. Whenyougo to a highsecurity area,yousimplylookat a camerawhich scansyouriris.Theresultiscompared withyour database entry.lt takesjustovera secondto complete thecheck. Thesystem is usedat airportsto speedpassengers throughpassport controlandto controlentryto restricted areas.Somebanksuseit at ATM machines instead of PlNs. Apartfromthespeed,theadvantage isthatusersdon't needto remember a password or key.Thesystemcan handleuserswearingglasses, contactlenses, andalso people changes to theeyeas age.Sofar,it'sfoolproof.

Reading bank 55

O f f p n d p rl r , r r ki n n . n n ( i S t SO I a S m a l l

t r a c k i nugn i tw o r no n t h eb e l to r ankle.lt usesthetechnology of ( G G l o b apl o s i t r o n i ns ygs t e m P S ) t o record thewearer's movements. This rs fed data to a serverwhichmatches movements with places.Some ofÍenders arerestricted to an area a r o u n tdh e i rh o m e .l f t h e ym o v e thatarea,thisis reported outside by e - l , r rl ol t h po o l i r eS o m eo f f e n d e r s areforbidden to entercertainareas. lftheygo there,thisis reported a u t o m a t i c atlol yt h ep o l r c eT h e system alsocontainsdetailsof c r i m e sl f.a n o f f e n d eirs n e a rt h e scene o f a c r i m ea t t h er r g h t i m e a, r e p o ritss e n td i r e c t ltyo t h ep o l r c e . I

21hr )'

t) LL

l5b

IR

rn

5 6 R e a d i n gb a n k

Manufacturing Studythe common manufacturing processeson pp.56-58.

WASTING

metal

metal

metal,wood

From the list beloW identify the processand method involved in each of these operations. i

Making a small circular hole in a metal sheet.

2 Joiningtwosimilarmetals using heat. Applying a permanent layer of chromium to a steel car body part. Gluing wings to the body of an aÍrcraft. MakingaluminÍum components by pouring hot metal into a shaped container. MakÍng plastic bottles by blowing aÍrinto a hot plastic tube.

turning (Iathe) andmilling (millingmachine)

drilling

FORMING metal

metal

metal

r-r IT

ForcÍngaluminium through a die to make window frames.

É i_____nJ

Shaping steel by hammering an ingot of hot metal. Spraying a component with tiny particles ofresin and colour to make a protectiveand attractive covering.

filing

I

shearÍng

l0 Cutting a metal sheet Íntotwo using a sharp blade.

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R e a d i n gb a n k 5 7

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l5 8 R e a d i n gb a n k

CLEANING AND COATING metal

metal

f,r and ultrasoniccleaning chemicalcleanÍng metal, wood, plastic

painting

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plating

metal

powdercoating

Reading bank 59

Transport A hybrid resultsfrom combining two differentthings. What two things are combined to make a hybridcar?Lookat the diagram and checkyour answer. Readthe text and find the answers to thesequestions. 1 When is the petrol engine used alone? 2 When is the electric motor used alone? 3 When are both motors used? 4 What advantage does this car have over an electric car? 5 HowisthebatterychargedT

A H y b r i d - e l e c t rvi ce h i c l e( H E V )h a s b o t h a p e t r o le n g i n e a n d a n e l e c t r r cm o t o r ,T h e p e t r o le n g i n e i s t h e m a i n p o w e r s o u r c e .l t i s s m a | | earn d I i g h t etrh a nt h e e n g i n e so Íc o n v e n t i o n acIa r s .T h e e | e c t r i c m o t o r p r o v i d e se x t r a p o w e r w h e n n e e d e d . I n s o m e H E V s , i t i s c o n n e c t e dt o t h e w h e e l sb y t h e s a m et r a n s m i s s i o nI n. a d d i t i o nt o a f u e |t a n k ,t h e H E V c a r r i e sa p a c ko Ía d v a n c e db a t t e r i e sT. h e r ei s a | s o a p r o c e s s owr h i c hd e c i d e sw h e n t o u s et h e m o t o ra n d e n g i n e . W h e n t h e c a r i s r u n n i n ga t a c o n s t a n ts p e e d ,c r u i s i n gt, h e p e t r o l e n g i n ep r o v i d e sa l l t h e p o w e r r e q u i r e dF. o ro v e r t a k i n gh, i l lc l i m b i n g , a n d a c c e l e r a t i nfgr o m s t o p ,t h e e l e c t r i cm o t o r p r o v i d e se x t r ap o w e r . I ns o m e c a r s ,t h e m o t o r a l s o p r o v i d e sp o w e r f o r l o w - s p e e dc r u i s i n g l n g i n e sa r e l e a s te f f i c i e n itn t h e s ec o n d i t i o n s . as petroe H E V s u s e r e g e n e r a t i v eb r a k i n g .W h e n t h e d r i v e r b r a k e s ,t h e r e s i s t a n c eo f t h e m o t o r h e l p s t o s l o w d o w n t h e c a r . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e e n e r g yf r o m t h e w h e e l s t u r n s t h e m o t o r w h i c h t h e n f u n c t i o n sa s a g e n e r a t o r p, r o d u c i n ge l e c t r i c i t yt o r e c h a r g et h e b a t t e r i e sW . h e n t h e b a t t e r i e sa r e l o w , t h e p e t r o le n g i n ea l s o d r i v e s the generator. H E V s h a v e a u t o m a t i cs t a r t/ s h u t o Í fT. h e p e t r o |e n g i n es h u t so Í f w h e n t h e c a r c o m e s t o a s t o p W h e n t h e d r i v e r p r e s s e st h e a c c e l e r a t o tl h e m o t o r i n s t a n t l sy t a r t st h e e n g i n ea g a i n .N o e n e r g yi s w a s t e df r o m i d l i n gw h e n t h e c a r i s s t o p p e d . H E V sa r e m o r ee f f i c i e n at n d p o l l u t el e s st h a n c a r sw i t h o n l y p e t r o l enginesT . h e y d o n o t r e q u i r es p e c i a fl u e l l i k e h y d r o g e nc a r s a n d , u n l i k ee l e c t r i c a r s ,t h e yd o n o t n e e dt o b e p l u g g e di n o v e r n i g htto r e c h a r g et h e b a t t e r i e s .H o w e v e r ,t h e y a r e h e a v y b e c a u s eo f t h e w e i g h to Ít h e b a t t e r i e s .

6 0 R e a d i n gb a n k

Highliving:

skyscrapers You needto be ableto travel quickly up and down skyscrapers. Lookat the diagram oppositeof a Iiftsystemand answerthese questions. 1 What is the counterweightfor? 2 What arethe guide rails for? 3 What arethe safetyfeatures? Now readthe text to checkand to addto your answers. Readthe text againand answer the questions. 1 What doesthe microprocessor do? 2 Whyistravelinlifts oneofthe safestjourneysyou canmake?

The clevelopment of tall br,rildtngsand liftsgo togethcr The first ,e|evators, Iifts.or in Arneric.tn EngIish, CoÍlsistedof a p|;ltforrn suspendecl from a rope which passed over a pulley at the top of the building. lf tl-rcrope brokc.,the platform fell to the grouncl ln | 852 Elisha Otrs invented the first safety lift. lf the rope broke, a brake was applied automatically which lockecl the platfornt in placc between guide rails.Today thc Otrs corrpany ts the largest supplier of lifts in the worlcl. Most liftstoday are roped lifts.The car rlrns Lretweenvertical guide railswhich keep it steady and act ;rsa safety ckvice. Stccl ropes, or cables, .rttached to the roof of ttre car pass over a pulley, called the drive sheave. which is turnecl by an electric motor. The other end of the cable is att.tchcd to .t counterweight. Tlris matchcs the W€ ] ight of .] car with .ttt a v e r . r g cl o a d o f p , r s s e n g e r s . The counterweight savcs cncrgy. lts wcigirt helps to r.rise.thc car |n thc same wc.ly,the W€ ] |ght of thc:c.lr whcn it clcsce:trc]s l-rclpsto r.iisc the colrr]terwL'tqht.For thc nrost pilrt, tl't(-' nrotof only h.rs to overcor-ncfriction Liftsare controlleclby a mrcroprocessorrn the machtno roonr T h i s l o g s a l l p a s s e n q e rc a l l - a s n d m o n r t o r st h e n u m b c r o f passengers trervellingfrom floor to floot the posttion of any c;rr in the system, and its speed. lt ccin clirectpcrs5eneersto the c.ir which will get thcm to their clcstination fastestarrclwill prcvcnt any car which is overloadecl frorn nrovirrg Lifts have many safcty deviccs which ntal<eit virtu.rliyrmpossrble f o r a n a c c i c J e n t o h z r p p e n .T h c c a b l e s c o n s i s to f u p t o c r g l - r t steel ropes wor.rndtogether. Each one is strong enor-rghtc-r s u p p o r t t h e c a r .l f t h e c a r s t i . l r t tso r u r - tro o q u r c k l y ,c l ' g o v e r n o r ' or safety brake locl<sthe car to the gLriderails. Doors on each floor cnsure th.lt no one c.ln f.rlldown an open lift shaft. Doors on the ccl[er']surethat no passenqer c.rn be ir-r.iurccl by contact with thc shzrft.The car cannot move ut-ttilboth sets of cioors are closecl. Finally,at the bottont of the sh;rftthere are largc.shocl< absorbers, or buffers' to cushion the iÍnp.lctof ;lny fJ||.All thesc things comtrinecl m
R e a d i n gb a n k 6 t

,GOVENOR'OR

DRIVE SHEAVE

SAFETYBRAKE

CONTROLLER

MACHINE ROOM

HOIST ROPES

IIFT CAR GUIDE RAILS

DOOR OPERATOR LIFT CAR CAR DOOR SAFETY GEAR

LIFTWELL TRAVELLING CABLES COUNTERWEIGHT GUIDE RAILS

IÁNDING

INDICAToR

LANDING

PUSH BUTTON

COUNTERWEIGHT

I.ANDING ENTRANCE

6 2 R e a d i n gb a n k

Medical technolo1y Answer the questions. 1 The afftxtele-means'distant'. What do you think these terms mean? atelemedicine b telecare c telesurgery 2 What sort of technology would be needed for each ofthe services describedby these terms? 3 Whomightbenefitfromthese services? Read the text and check your answers.

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Reading bank 63

Personal entertainment What advice would you give to someonemaking a digital video moviefor the first time? Compareyour advice with the tips givenin the text. Studythese explanations for some of the tips given.Match each explanationto the correcttip.

E||o

Edit

vlow

bs6d

e Unsteadyorjerkyshotscan look amateur Ifthe unexpectedhappenson the day of filming - problems with the technology,weather, or the actors- you still have time get it right. Wind or streetnoise can ruin yourfilm. You won't lose time, or worse, make serious technical mistakes and ruin good shots. You can get all the necessary actors and locations organized in goodtime

ActioEs

Ho|p

D i g i t a vl i d e oc a m e r a sa l o n gw i t h s o f t w a r es u c ha s A p p l e ' si M o v i ea l l o w a n y o n et o m a k eh o m em o v i e s . Y ocua na d dv i d e oa n d a u d i oe f f e c t sa n d p u b l i s hy o u rf il m s o n w e b s i t e sa n d b l o g s . Y ocuan p r o d u c ev i d e o p o d c a s t fso r o t h e r st o s h a r eH . o w e v e rh,a v i n gt h e r i g h te q u i p m e n t d o e s n ' tg u ar an t e eq u al i t yT. h e s et i p s m l g h t h e l p :

W

b When you start filming you won't have to worry about where to shoot next. -

d lt's quality,not quantitythat counts._

Tm|s

Tipsfor makinga digitalvideomovie

a Professionalsmake limited use of these kÍndsof shots. -

c Theyhavetocatchyour attention and make their messageclear in a very short tlme. _

Fqímat

?

Prepareyour storyboard well in a d v an c e .

2

A l l o wp l e n t y otf i m e f o r f i l m i n g .

3

t r n aet a s h o o t i n gs c h e d u l el i s t i n g e a c hl o c a t i o a n n dt h e t i m e f o r filming.

4

F i n dq u i e tl o c a t i o nasn dc h e c k t h e m b e f o r ey o u s t a r tf i l m i n g .

5

u s e t v a d v e r t s f o r g o o di d e a s .

6

Keepyourfilm short.

q'

wf,,

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'l

M a k es u r e y o ua r e f a m i l i a r w i tahl l y o u rc a m e r ac o n t r o l s . U s ea t r i p o dt o e n s u r ey o u rc a m e r a is steady. D o n ' to v e r u s ez o o ms h o t s .

6 4 R e a d i n gb a n k

Careersin technolo1y What questions would you ask someone with the job title of Technical Installation E ngineer? Read the answers to the questions the interviewer asked Ron Martinez, a Technical Installation Engineer.Correctyour answers to I ifnecessary.

,?*

&,

N

Now match these questions to the answers and put them in a logical order. a What'stheworstthingabout the job?b What does yourwork involve? c How long have you worked there? d What advice would you give students entering your profession?e Why did you choosethis job? What's the best thing about the job?-

P l a n nn q t h ej o b ,e s p e c i a i il n y o l c i ebr u i l c l i n ql st '.s m p o r l a r r l t o W O r ko u t t h eb e s tr r l u t eÍs t l Ir l l cp i 1 l c sd'r l r : tas n' dc a b l c s i r l v o l v eads t h s c a r ra í 1 c ctl| r ic:o s lo l t h cw o r k consrclerably.

What's the biggest challenge of yourjob? What's the salary like? -

I w o r kf o ra c o r n p a nw y h i c i ri r r s t a5 c f n l r a lfr c a t r r raqn da r r r r l : p l a rnr nq , c o n c J i t i o n isnVq\ l e f n W s . e r l oe v r : r y 1r h Il \l.JlInU' l.\| ' 'J'J| (l í' |'' tl' \\]UlI t]q

W h e ryl o us w l t c ho n a n di t a l lw o r k sp er Í e c t 1 y -

F i v ey e a sr

R e a d i n gb a n k 6 5

ThefutuÍeoÍ technology Forrobotsto function less like machinesand more like humans, they need to be coveredin artifrcial or synthetic skin. WhÍchfeatures of human skin doesrobot skin need to copy? Choosefrom a-d. a sensitiveto touch b sensitÍveto heat c stretchable d allofthese

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Robotsare very good at doing the same task in the same placeover a n d o v e r a g a i n , I n f a c t o r l e sa n d n u c l e a rp o w e r s t a t i o n s m o r e t h a n a millionrobotsbehavein this way every day. For robotsto workwith people,for example caringfor the old, they need to be much more like humans. TheV need to be able to move like h u m a n sa n d a d a p tt o n e w p l a c e s .T h e y a l s o n e e d t o b e m o r e s e n s i t i v e to touch and temperature.In humans it is skin whichprovidesimportant informationon Dressureand heat.

Now read the text and check your answer. Readthe text again to find the answersto these questions. 1 What sort of tasks are robots good for? 2 Typically,whichindustries make use of robots? What do robots need in order to work with people? 4 How does E-skin stretch? 5 Why is stretchability important? How could walkÍngrobots use information from E-skin in their feet? How could E-skin help robots not to damage themselves? What two features of E-skin would be important in bathing ababy?

Englneersat the Universityof Tokyohave developedan artificialskin for robots which is sensitive to pressureand temperaturethanks to a large numberof sensors. In addition,because it uses a mesh or net structure i t c a n b e s t r e t c h e d b y u p t o 2 5 o / oa n d s t i l l r e t a i n i t s s e n s i t i v i t y .T h i s means it can be used to cover moving parts liReJoints, This E-skinopens the way for much more sensitiverobots.For example, walkingrobots could use feedbackfrom their feet to adjust to different surfaces. Robots in future may be able to grasp differenttools and use t h e m a s h u m a n s d o . D o m e s t i cr o b o t sc o u l d p i c k u p a n d b a t h e a b a b y withouthurtingit. They wouldalso be less likelyto damage themselves. A l o t r e m a i n s t o b e d o n e . E - s k i n w i l l p r o v i d em u c h m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a n t h e r o b o tr e q u l r e sa t a n y o n e t i m e . l l u m a n b r a i n sc a n s e l e c t o n l y the importantinformation.Beforerobotscan act like humans,they need to have brainslike humans.

R e a d i n gb a n kk e y

Reading bank key Technologyin sport 2

Fastskin,Straplessgoggles b Precoolvest,Powersocks,Swiftsuit Powersocks.Swiftsuit d Fastskin,Swiftsuit,Straplessgoggles

andsecurity Crime-fighting 1 A

1 Advancedtaser gun

z Police 1

3 1 It reducesbody temperature and therefore the risk ofheat injury.

B

2 Becausesharks are famously fast swimmers of the fish world.

z

3 Leg muscle vibration. The vibration is wasted energy.

1 Iris-scanning

Appropriateterhnology I b

2

Airports, banks

3 The iris is scanned digitally and stored in a database.

4 Itkeepsthemcool. 5 They are stuck to the eye socketswÍth medical glue.

It uses compressedair to fÍredarts attached to electric cables.These deliver an electric shock which causes temporary paralysis.

c

This provides a check or match when the person later requestsentryto a high-security area.

1 Offender tracking 2 Police 3 Atracking unit recordsan offender,smovements vÍa GPS.A server matches these movements to places and reports automatically to the police if the offender enters forbidden areas.

Item

Quantity

S-metremetal or bamboo poles

3

750x 20 mm toothed wheels

3

2 joining:welding

125cc petrol engÍne

1

3 coating:plating

3 mm armour plate

2 pieces

4 joining: using adhesives

wheel motors

3

5 castÍng:die casting

Manufacturing 1 material removal:drilling

3

6 mouldÍng:blow mouldÍng

1 Dervish

7 forming: extrusion

2 It clears antÍ.personnelmines.

8 forming: forging

3 It'smade from easily available materials and is cheap to make and use.

9 coatÍng:powder coating

4 To create more pressure 5 After it has exploded 1,500mines. 6 It coversin a serÍesof tight circles so no mines are missed.

10 forming: shearing

R e a d i n gb a n kk e y 6 7

Transport

Personalentertainment

I PetrolengÍne and electricmotor

I a9

b3

c5 d6

e8 f2

2 1 Running at a constant speed,'cruising' 2 Low-speedcruÍsing 3 Overtaking,hill climbing, and acceleratingfrom stop 4 It is not necessaryto charge the batteries. 5 The electric motor serves as a generatorwhen braking The petrol engine also drÍvesthe generatorwhen the batteriesare low.

Highliving:skyscrapers lt2 i It savesenergy by balancing the weight of the lift. 2 They keep the car steady and act as a safety feature.

94

h7

i1

Careersin technology 3 a7 b4

c8

d5 e3 f6

Possible logical order b4 c8 e3 92 f6

g2

h1

a7 h1 d5

ThefutuÍeof technology I d 3 1 The same task in the same place over and over again Factoriesand nuclear power stations

3 Brakeson the guide rails operatedby a'governor', double-doors,multi-strand steel ropes,shock absorbers or buffers at the base ofthe lift shaft

3 They need to be able to move like humans, adapt to new

3

4 It has a mesh or net structure.

1 It logs all passenger calls,monitors the number of passengerstravelling from floor to floor,and the position of any car in the system and its speed.It can direct passengersto the car which will get them to their destination fastest,and will prevent any car which is overloadedfrom moving. 2 The large number of safety devices make it virtually impossÍblefor an accident to happen.

Medicaltechnology 1 a Administeringmedicalhelpfrom adistance b Looking after people from a distance c Operating on people from a distance 2 the Internet,satellite phones,video links, digital cameras people living, working, or travelling remote from medicalhelp

places,and be sensitive to touch and temperature. 5 E-skin has to cover moving parts like joints. 6 They could adjust to different surfaces. 7 The robot could detect anv obstacle as soon as it touched it. 8 SensitÍvityto pressure and temperature

6 8 U n i t9

Switch on I

Name some famous skyscrapers.Which cities are they in?

2 Look at the diagram. It shows some of the components of a skyscraper.Match a-f below with 1-6 in the diagram. a concretebase b cladding c floorsbelowground d steel columns e horizontall-shapedgirders f

steelpiles

H i g h l i v i n gs: k y s c r a p e r s6 9

ln this unit o keytermsfordifferentpartsof a skyscraper O how to describesafetysignsand givesafetyadvice o how to stresslongwords o usingyour searchskillsto find out aboutthe world's t a l l e s tb u i l d i n g s

It'smyjob

f -

Ducts are installed beneath each floor ro carry cables and pipes.

I -

Theverticalsteelcolumnsthatformthebase of the building's main frame are frxed to the foundations.

h -

The processis repeatedfloorbyflooruntilthe skyscraperis completed.

2 Read the text and check vour answers. Q Listen to Leon Peters,a Steel Erector,and answer the questions. 1 How bÍgis Leon,sgang? 2 How long is a contract? 3 What kind of buildÍngshas he worked on? 4 What word does he use to describe components which are cut and drilled off-site? 5 Howlongis atypicalshiftT Q tisten again and find the reasons why 1 contractsvaryinlength 2 bonuses are paid 3 youneedgoodgroundpeople 4 youdon't come downfortea-breaks 5 moving girders is dangerous.

Reading How skyscraperrare built Put these stagesin the construction of a skyscraperin the correct order.Then work in small groups and compare answers. a -

Metal deckin g calledJloor formers arelaid between the beams to form a shallow pan.

b -

Outer walls, caIIedcladdinq,are lifted into posÍtionby crane.

c -

Girders are bolted to the columns to form the floors of the building.

d e -

í

Thefoundations are laid. Liquidconcreteispouredontotheformers.

Skyscraperconstruction Skyscrapersstartwith a very largehole in the ground which will containthe foundations,severalfloors,and possiblyevena metro or subwaystation.Thetype of foundationsdependonthe natureofthe ground. Usuallythey aremadeby drilling narrow,deepholes and filling them with reÍnforcedconcreteto form piles. Another methodis to drive steelpiles,as much as twenty metresin length,into the ground.A thick raft of concreteis laid on top ofthe piles. Verticalsteelcolumnsareboltedto the foundations. Eachcolumn restson a platform of steelto spreadthe Ioad.Steelgirdersarefixed horizontallyfrom column to columnby SteelErectorsto form a strong framework.Metal deckingis laid acrossthe girdersand frlledwith lightweight liquid concretewhich is pumpedup from the ground.When it sets,it forms the floors. Ductsareinstalledbelow the floorsto carry all services: electricity,water,drains.All exposedmetalworkis fireproofed.If a fire happens,it is important that the structurecan withstand high temperatureswithout buckling. Thesameprocessis repeatedasthe buildingrises.In someconstructionmethods,entirefloorsarebuilt at groundlevel and hoistedinto positionby cranes. The outsideof the building is coveredin cladding.This consistsof prefabricatedpanelsof materialssuch as stainlesssteel,aluminium,and glass.

7 O U n i t9

was Theworld'sfirstskyscraper t h e H o m eI n s u r a n cbeu i l d i n g , C h i c a g ob, u i l ti n 1 8 8 5l .t w a s o n l y t e ns t o r e y sh i g h .

o Languagespot Safetysignsand safetyadvice Safety signs are found on construction sites

2 Work in pairs.Take turns to explain the signs in I to a trainee. EXAMPLE

Sign5

You mustn'tgo Thismeans'Noadmi.ttance'. Ínthere.

More general safety advice is given in handbooks on safety and on safetytraining programmes: Don't wearflammable clothingwheretheremay be openJlames. Beforeoperatíngan unfamilÍarmachine,check the guards.

Safety signs give direct commands to the reader: No smoking. Do not smokehere. You must not smokehere. Wear a safety helmet Safety helmets must be worn. Go to Grammar reference p.119

1 Match the safety signs to their meanings.

@ @ @ @ @ @

a

Eye protection must be worn

ln the event offire do not use this tift.

We use always andneverto strengthen safety advice: ChecktheguardsbeforeusÍngan unfamiliar machi'ne. Always checkthe guards beforeusing an unfamiliar machine. Don't usean unfamiliar machinewithout checking theguards. Neverusean unfamilÍarmachinewithoutchecking theguards. )) Go to Grammar reference p.119 3 Rewrite the examples of safety advice usíngalways ot never. EXAMPLE

Don't usedefectivetools. Never use defectivetools. 1 Make sure a machine has stopped before removing the guards. 2 Do not use mobile phones in busy working areas. 3 Wear eye protection when using grinders.

Ear protectorsmust be worn in this area.

4 Do not smoke near flammable substances.

Protectivefootwear must be worn in this area.

7 Make sure the mains supply is disconnectedbefore working on electrical equipment.

5 Wear a hard hat when work is going on overhead. 6 Do not operatechain saws without ear protection.

8 Store chemicals in a Iockableroom or container. High-visibility clothing must be worn in this area.

No admittance.

H i g hl i v i n g s: k y s c r a p e r s7 l

Custome]CaÍe

2 the site manager is going to take the group round the construction site.Read what he says about the regulations the students must observe and note in the table.Add reasons using the text and your own safety knowledge. íí I,m responsible for your health and safety for this visit. Have you all signed in? Construction sites are dangerous places.You must wear a hard hat and yellow vest all the time you're on site.Can you adjust the internal band of your hard hat now, please?Make sure it fits. Look up, look down. Check it doesn't fall off.tt (í You,vebeen told to wear boots.If anyone is wearing

t Work in pairs. Study the picture of a group of civil engineering students who are visiting a construction site.Discuss what regulations they might be breaking and why they could be in danger.

traÍnersor soft shoes,they can't go on the tour. There may be nails or spills anywhere. Please don't carry any loose papers with you. It'squite windy today, and I don't want papers blowing round the site.You can take pictures but no flash photography on any of the floor levels.It can distract.tt ííLook out for the guys with the forklifts. Their eyes are on the load,they're not looking out for pedestrians.Don,t pick anythÍngup - it might cut or burn. Always keep with the group and make sure you sign out at the end ofthe tour! tt Regulation

Reason

Weara hard hat andyellow vest.

Constructionsitesare dangerous. Youmust protectyour head and be visibleat all times.

7 2 U n i t9

$som

Projectedcost ofthe Empirestate buildingin NewYork

m $41 Actualcost Pronunciation

Pairwork

Stressin longwords(1)

Work in pairs,A and B.

I Q nsten to the wordsfrom this and earlierunits. Write the numberof svllablesin eachword. g precaution a aluminium 4

Each ofyou has two texts about foundation types. Match your texts to the diagrams below. Use the information to explain to your partner how these types of foundations operate.

b component

h prefabricated -

c construction

i reinforced

Student A

d defective

j skyscraper

Student B

e installed

k temperatures -

Piles onbedrock

I visibility

Reinforced concrete or steel piles which rest on bedrock. Suitable when bedrock is near the surface.

f

powered

Put the words below in columns 1-3 of the table according to their stress pattern. All the words are used inthis book. appropriate automatic designated developing emergencies 1 oOoo

exploration generator helicopter horizontal kilometre 2 ooOo

operator polystyrene regulation supermarket unfamiliar 3 Oooo

3 f) Now listen and checkyour answers.

Goto p.112.

Splayedbase piers Reinforced concrete piles with expanded or splayed ends.These spread the weight of the building over a larger area.Used when bedrock is not near the surface but where there is a layer of firm soil near the surface.

H i g hl i v i n g s: k y s c r a p e r s7 3

Checklist Assessyour progressin this unit. Tick(/) the statementswhich aretrue. I k n o wk e y t e r m su s e di n s k y s c r a p e r construction I c a nd e s c r i b es a f e t ys i g n sa n d g i v e safetyadvice

Webquest

I know how to stresslong words

Complete the table by finding out information about the tallest building in your country,as well as the ten tallest buildings in the world. Country Building Height n a m ea n d place Yours

Floors

Year completed

M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a n dm o s to f e a c ht e x t i n t h i su n i t

Keywords Adjectives flammable prefabricated Adverb off-site Nouns oonus cladding decking former girder g r in d e r g u ar d lifeline pile safetyharness srorey Verb buckle N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .

10 These sites may help: w w w . t i n y ur l .c o m / n u z db w w w .s K y s c r a p e r p ga e . c o m

7 4 U n i t1 0

Switchon 1 Look at the diagram of an artificial heart system, and answer the questions. heart for? 1 What kind of patient Ísthe artÍficÍai

ARTIFICIAL HEART MECHANISM

2 What does the artificial heart contain? 3 Why are there two batteries? 4 How is the internal batterycharged? 5 What is the controller for? ,/

,/ ./

.,/

l

WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER SYSTEM

/ i

l EXTERNAL BATTERY PACK INTERNAL

INTERNAL CONTROLLER UNIT

2 Now read the text and check your answers.

AbioCor artificial he art The AbioCor is an artificial heart made of titanium and plastic.It is for patients with very serious heart problems who are waiting for a heart transplant. It contains a hydraulic pump and a valve which lets the hydraulic fluid move from one side of the heart to the other.When the fluid moves to the right, blood is pumped to the lungs. When the fluid moves to the left,blood is pumped to the rest of the body. The system has two batteries:one internal, inside the patient's body, and one external.The internal battery lasts up to forty minutes. This is long enough for the patient to have a shower or to change the external battery.The externai battery lasts four to five hours. The external battery provides power using a wireless energy transfer system.A coi] on the patient's skin induces power in a coil insÍdethe body.ThÍsoperatesthe controller and chargesthe internal battery' The controller contains a microprocessorwhich decidesthe best heart rate for the patient at any time.

RECHARGEABLE BATTERY

M e d i c a l t e c h n o l o g y7 5

Inthis unit o k e yt e r m si n m e d i c atl e c h n o l o g y o d e f i n i n gr e l a t i v ec l a u s e s o l o c a t i n gi n f o r m a t i o ni n a d i a g r a ma n d t e x t o l i s t e n i n gf o r d e t a i l o h o wt o l i n kw o r d sw h e n s p e a k i n g o w r i t i n ga s h o r td e s c r i p t i o n

It'smy job

I Make definitions of each person or device in column A of the table by matching them with the informati.onin columnB. EXAMPLE

ln

I A hearí'ngaid is a devicewhich helpsdeaf people.

h e a r i n ga i d

appliee s ngineering p r i n c i p l etso m e d i c a l problems

X-ray technician

h e l p sp e o p l ew i t h d a m a g e dk i d n e y s

Beforeyou Iisten,discuss with your partner possibie answers to the questions. 1 What is E AT 7 (A =Assistive) 2 Name three ways in which severelydisabled people can operate equipment. 3 What are the three branches of engineering which make up mechatronics? 4 What doesapage-turner do? 5 Howdoes apneumaticswitchwork? Q trlowlisten to Phillipe Rugeri,a Mechatronics Engíneer,and check your answers'

o Languagespot Relativeclauses Study these examples: A pacemaker is a devicefor people. Thepeople have heartproblems. We can join these sentencesiike this: A pacemaker Ísa devicefor people who have heart problems. The part in bold is a relative clause.Itadds important information - defining or telling us exactly who the people are.In the relative clause you replace Thepeople with who. Whois used for a person or people. Now study these examples: A page turner is a device. The deviceturns the pages oJ booksor magazines. We can join these sentenceslike this: A page-turner is a devicewhich turns the pages of books ormagazines. WhÍchis used for things. )) Go to Grammar reference p.120

3 X - r a yc a m e r a

p e o p l ec an u s et o c a l l f o rh e l pi n a n emergency

4 lab t e c h n i c in a

t a k e s3 - Di m a g e so f t h e b r a i na n d o t h e r o r g an s

5 kidney machine

p e r s o nw h o

h e l p sp e o p l ew h o c a n n o tw a l k

6 personal alarm

d e v i c ew h i c h

h e l p sp e o p l ew i t h h e a r tp r o b l e m s

7 bioengineer

w o r k si n a s c i e n t i f i c laboratory

8 CATscanner

h e l p sd e a fp e o p l e

9 pacemaker

s p e c i a l i z ei ns t a k i n g andprocessing X-rays

10 wheelchair

t a k e sp i c t u r e so f b o n e sa n d o r g a n si n the body

7 6 U n i t1 0

Gadgetbox

t ,'.." .\.!ü. i

.rY

RP6(RemotePresence) is the U K'sfirst robotdoctor.lt a llows doctorsanywherein the worldto communicatedirectlywith patientsin their hospitalbeds.Therobotis controlledbythe doctorusinga joystick.lt is fittedwith a cameraso that the doctorcan examinethe patient. What arethe advantagesand disadvantages ofthe robotdoctorT

Problem-solving

2 Look at the pictures of the Uitracane.Who do you think will use it? How do you think it works?

Put devices a-e in order ofhow useful they are to a blind person (1= most useful, 5 = least useful).Then work in small groups,and compare your answers.Try to agreeon the best order. a a scanner which reads books and documents out loud b a voice-operatedcomputer c a global positioning device which tells you where you are with an accuracy of + 3 metres d a fridge which reports when food is past its sell-by date e software which allows your computer to read onscreen information out loud Usefullanguage

3 pitttfre gaps in the description of the Ultracane with information a-g. Add who when the information describespeople.Add whichfor things.

DÍsagreement I don't really agreewÍthyou. I don't think you're quite right.

a inventedthecane

Agreement That sounds like a good idea. I think so too.

b calculatesthe position and size ofthe object c areneartheblindperson d havetriedthe cane

Persuasion Isn'tX more useful than Y?

e helps blind people to avoÍdobstaclesin their path f

cannot see well

g are for objectsinfront and overhead 1often use a cane to feel their way when walking. The 2.It uses echo-location,like a bat,to detect obiects

Blind peopleor people Ultracane is a new type of cane

around the blind person.Some people call it the Batcane.Thecane transmits ultrasound signals.These are 3.Sensorson the cane receivethe reflectedsignals which are reflectedby objects passedto a microprocessor

4

There are four buttons on the handle ofthe cane - the two

s are on the top, and the two

which are for objectson the left and right are on the back.These buttons vibrate when an object is detected.The larger the object,the larger the vibration. People

6say that with a little practicethey can use these vibrations to make a mental

map of their surroundings as they walk. Becausethe cane uses vÍbrations,not noise,they can also use their ears for 7are now planning additional information about their surroundings.The engineers new uses of echo-locationto helo the blind.

M e d i c a l t e c h n o l o g7y7

Vocabulary

Study the extract from instructions for using a medical inhaier. Discuss with your partner if these instructions are easv to understand and follow.

Opposites When a word and its opposÍteare often used together, try to rememberthem as a pair.Completethe missing words (theyare all used in this book) 1 backwards

a

2

b anticlockwise

3 Á input

c external d

5 open

e

6

f step-downgear

7

wind

ltll

a t

Customercare Givingclearinstructions

H o w t o u s ey o u r r- n h a l e r ^ way the r-rght Usingan inholermoy seemslrnpie,but mony potlentsdo not use theirinholerin the rightwoy. lf you useyourinholerthe wrongwoy,/essmedicine goes to your lungs.For the flrsttwo weeks,reod theselnstructlo ns out loudos voufollowthem, Getting ready I Takeoffthecapandshakethe inhaler 2 Breatheout allthe way. 3

Hold your inhalerin the correctway (seepicture)]

Breathein slowly 4

5

As you start breathingin slowly through your mouth.pressthe ,nhalerdown once,(lfyou use a space[Dressdown on the inha|erÍ]rst.Then within íve seconds Startto breathe in s|ow|y.) Take as long a breath as you can,slowly.

Hold your breath 6 Holdyourbreathandcountslowlyto ten Study the description of how to charge the batteries for an electric wheelchair. Use it to make a set of clear instructions for a wheelchair user.Give titles to the steps of your instructions.

One way of communicating with customers is by instruction manuals or leaflets for your company's products.These need to be written in clear,simple language which cannot be misunderstood.This is particularly important in medical technology,where there is a high degreeof risk to the user or damageto the product if it is used wrongly.

The botteriesmustbe chorgedwhen the c o p o c i t yh o s f o l l e nt o l 0 % . T h i si s indicotedby two red llghtsfloshingot the top of the ioystick.When the chorgeris connected, o c h o r g i n gi n d i c o t o r will show on thecontroloonel.When the green indicotorlights,thisshowsthotthe botteriesore fullychorged.Botteries shouldbe chorgedin o well-ventiloted o r e o u s i n go n l yt h ec h o r g e rs u p p l i e d .

3 Exchange your set of instructÍonsfrom 2 with another student and decide if it can be followed easily.Mark any placeswhere the instructionsare not clearenough

7 8 U n i t1 0

lf somebodya few years ago saw the medicaItechnology w e m a k en o w , t h e y 'cda l l u sm i r a c l e w o r k e r s . D rJ . W . S t e a d n r a n lnstituteof Electricaland ElectronicsEngineers

Pronunciation

keyboard

a l l o w st h e o p e r a t o tro k e yi n p a t i e ndt e t a i l sa n do t h e r information

prnter

p r i n t st h e i m a g e

Linkingwords When a word beginswith a vowel sound,the final consonantsound of the word beforelinks to it. (-) Listento thls example. a door opener Mark where the words línkin compound nouns 1-10. Then read them out loud

An ultrasoundmachine is used to t.It consistsof a transducer

6 a domesticappliance

probe,computer,LCD,monitor,keyboard,and 2.The probe

2 a wlndow opener

7 a gear box

contarns

3 a personalalarm

R

4 a remote control

9 a digital radio

1

c J

r rrrriein

nncnPr

^ li^L+ -,^,i+-L d rlBrrL JvvlLLlr

noinc e dipsel p '^ 'b-' ''

10 an MP3 player

3 (-) Listenand checkyour pronunclatlon

Maincomponents

F un c t i o n

t r a n s d u c eprr o b e

g e n e r a t e tsr, an s m i t sa, n d r e c e i v ehs i g h - f r euqe n c ys o u n d WAVES

p r o d u c es o u n dw a v e sw h e n c u r r e nits a p p l i e da c r o s tsh e m

Computer

. ö r-r'n'i't .\ /

h a r dd i s ks t o r a g e

8

Imagescan be printed or copiedto DVDs.

1 Studythe information about an ultrasound machine which makes images of internal parts of the body.Use it to complete t h e s h o r td e s c r i p t i o n be1ow.

nrnrecqino

6.It also containsa hard disk ?.This information

is keyedin by the

Shortdescription

C P U ( c e n t r Ia

The computerincludesa CPU which s .T hi s i s d i s p l a y e do n which

Writing

p i e z o e l e c t rci cr y s t al s

which

p r o c e s s etsh e d a t af r o mt h e t r a n s d u c et ro p r o d u c ae n i m a g e

device

s t o r e tsh e i m a g ea l o n gw i t h p a t i e ndt e t a i l sa n do t h e r information

L C Dm o n i t o r

d i s p l a ytsh e i m a g e

Find out about CAT scanners(CTscanners),and write y o u r o w n d e s c r i p t i o nr n t h e s a m e w a y . ?

O

M e d i c a l t e c h n o l o g y7 9

Checklist AssessyourpÍogress in this unit. Tick(/) the statementswhicharetrue. I knowkeytermsin medicaltechnology Icanmakedefinitions withrelative clauses Icanlocateinformation in a diagram andtext

Pairwork Work in pairs,A and B.Discussways in which technologycouldprovidea safeenvironmentfor an elderlypersonliving alone and makea list. Eachofyou has a list ofdevicesproducedby a company specializingin telecarefor the elderly.Make notesin the table and then describeto your partnerwhat you think thesedevicesarefor,and how they work. StudentA

Icanwritea shortdescription My readingandlistening aregood mostofeachtext enoughto understand inthisunit

Keywords

Goto p.112.

StudentB Device

I knowhowto linkwordswhenspeaking

a)Whatit'sfor

b)Howit works

Pressu re-sensitive floortiles Movementdetector P i l l o wa l e r ts m o k ea l a r m

Temperatu reextremes sensor Personal radioalarmtrigger Boguscallerbutton I Choosefrom your combinedliststhe six most ÍmportantdevÍces to ensurea safeenvironmentfor an elderlypersonliving alone.

Adjectives artificial hydraulic rechargeable Nouns accuracy coil image joystick scanner sell-bydate ultrasound valve webpage Verbs calculate reflect vibrate NotehereanythingabouthowEnglishis used intechnology thatis newto you.

8 0 U n i t1 1

Switch on Do a class survey.Find out how your class listen to muslc, apart from live performances.Then complete the table with the percentageof students. Device

Pelcentageof students

R a di o TV CDs Online P o r t a b l eh a r dd i s kd e v i c e s O t h e rp o r t a b l ed e v i c e s

í'e. L

*

ta*-

ry$ilFqrffi{t

S-

.l

I

1

"\ln

-_ .*.li

.--' > - - =.8

-

P e r s o n ael n t e r t a i n m e n t8 l

ln this unit o keytermsfor personalentertainmentdevicesand v i d e og a m e s o how to giveadviceusingshould/ shouldn't o l i s t e n i n gf o r o p i n i o n s o u s i n gy o u rr e a d i n gs k i l l st o f i n d i n f o r m a t i o na b o u t v i d e og a m e s

Listening Opinions f) A radio interviewer is discussing developments in online music with Max Eggers,who works in the music industry, and Sam Fassbinder,a student.Listen and note how Max and Sam listen to music. Max

Complete the sentenceswithshould or shouldn't and the words in brackets. tracks from illegal 1 (Youi download) sites.It damages the music industry. oriTunes.They're 2 (You/ use)-Napster Iegaland they offer a wide range of music. If you want quality pictures,(you / buy)a digital camera with fewer than 3.3megapixels. I think (you / share)It'siliegal.

tracks with friends.

I don't think (you / buy) out-of-date.Buy a DVD piayer. Sam

6 (You/ give)7 (You/ update)software.

a VCR.They're

your password to anyone. your virus protection

It'seasy to damage a flat screen.(You/ touch) it. _ Q tisten again and answer the questions. 1 Which music servicesdoesMax use?

2 Sam has a job Ínterviewtomorrow with a large engineering company.Give her advice using should or shouldn't andnotes 1-10.

2 According to Sam,what's special about this way of listeningT

1 Be late.

3 How many people regularly download music from illegal sites in Britain?

3 Practiseanswering questions with a friend.

4 What doesMaxthink ofthis? 5 How is it damaging the music industry? 6 What does Max think the music industry should do? 7 What does Sam think of this?

o Languagespot shouldI shouldn't Study these examples: What shouldthe music industrydo? They should go after anyone who downloads illegally. I don,t seewhy we shouldn,t share tracks wÍthour friends. We use should and shouldn't to give advice and to express opinions' often we use 1thínkbefore advice to show it's our personal opinion: I think you shouldn'tplay violent video games. )) Go to Grammat reference p.120

2 Dress smartly. 4 Be honest.Exaggerateyour skills. 5 Prepare some questions of your own. 6 Read up as much as you can about the company. 7 Look atthefloorwhenyou speak. 8 Look at aIIthe intervÍewers. 9 Leanbackandlookbored. 10 Sit straight and Iook confident.

8 2 U n i t1 1

Ccl (n)Computer-generated imaging demo (n)a demonstration game

Webquest

It'smyjob 1 Read about Bruno Schleeí a Video Games Designer. Make a ]ist of the jobs he mentÍons,and note the klnd of work they do. EXAMPLX

JOB

WORK

LevelDesigner

scriptsevents

2 Read about Bruno again and answer the questions. 1 Why is it diff cult to get a job in the video games industry? 2 What qualifications does Bruno have? 3 Howdidhegetademo?

Find out more about working in the video games industry. Make notes about the following information. education / qualifications , experience salary Compare answers with other students in your class. These sites may help: , www.gamesindustry.bizljobs.php , www.gamejobs.com

4 Name two predictlons he makes about video games. 5 What other applications does video games technology have?

Bruno Schleef:VÍdeoGames DesÍgner It's difficult to get into this industry because you have to show success,and you can,t do that wÍthout having experience. I took a degreein Computer science,worked for a while, and then did a Master's in Computer games technology. We got into a competition called'Dare to be digital'as a team offive students. Our team won the prize for 'Greatest marketing potential'. That got us noticed and gave us a demo. So that's how I got started. Another way in is to be a Games Tester.It's the hard way.

You play gamesfor eighthours a day, tryingto makethemfail.But quÍtea lot of people have become Level Designer from that position. You can script events inthe game. I work as part of a development

team.A few yearsagoyou only neededa coupleof Programmers and an Artist.Nowwe've got teams of sixty or more. In additionto Games Designers like me who { areresponsiblefor ' creatingideasfor

games,thereareConceptArtists.They'renormally trainedIllustratorswho draw 2-Dcharacters.Thereare 3-DArtists who do all the 3-Dmodelling.Thereare also 3-D.A,nimators who makethe charactersmove.Of course,you haveyour Producer-to oversee,make sure deadlinesarekept,andthe work goesto budget,that kind of thing.You'vegotyour Programmersto wrÍtethe code.If you want realistÍcslow-motionaction,you need CGIexperts. Theway it's going is morefllm techniquesare coming into games.More peoplearegettingbroadbandso online playabilityis important.Massivelymultiplayer online gaming,MMOG. That'salso provingreally popularand is sureto grow.They'rerole-playinggames you play online with otherpeople.As otherhardware, mobile phones,all that stuff,becomesmore advanced, what you play your gameson will becomeless specific, notjust consoles. YoucanplayonlÍneat home,then plan your next moveson your mobile phone on your waytowork. It all soundsgoodfun,but there'sa serioussideto games,toc.Companiesmakemilitary simulationsand medical sÍmulations,forexample,dealingwith a neck Ínjuryrespondingto a disaster.

P e r s o n ael n t e r t a i n m e n t8 3

Vocabulary

Work in paÍrs.Using the title, decide which genre each ofthe games belongs to. Explain the reason for your answers.

Newvocabulary Entertainment technology is creating a new use for old words. Match the words with their definÍtions.

1 burn

a copying tracks to CDs from online music sites

2 ríp

b recordingyourCDsandencoding them into MP3 or other digital files

3 tag

c broadcastingfiIes,maÍnlyaudio,on the Internet for others to download

4 podcast

d adding extra information about artists,albums, and songs to tracks on your MP3 collection

Do you know any other newvocabulary connected wÍth entertainment technology? If so,work in pairs and explain the words to your partner.

Problem-solving Studythe pie chartshowingthe best-sellingcomputer gamegenresin the USA,and answerthe questions. 1 What genreof computergamessellsmost? 2 What genresellsleast? 3 V/hat do you think is astrategygame? ACTION 5.9o/o

ADVENTURE

SHOOTBR

75.6%"

1 Jade Empire 2 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Grand Theft Auto: SanA,ndreas 4 The Sims 5 Stronghold 6 Doom 3 7 Pro Evolution Soccer 8 Legend ofZelda

role-pIay

8 4 U n i t1 1

The US Societyof HandTherapistswarn that excessiveuseof handheldelectronicdevices c a n l e a dt o h a n da n dw r i s tp r o b l e m sS.o m e of these have been calledTexter'sthumb, Blackberrycramp,and iPodfinger.

CustomeÍCare

3 Reply to the customer enquiry and make suggestions using the notes below.

Making sugtestions

JEll_Xl Flle

Edll

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1 Sam has a problem downloading a music file, so she contacts Customer support.Read her email. Bb

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s"oo, lProblemwith downloadingMP3file

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P e r s o n ael n t e r t a i n m e n t8 5

Checklist Assessyourprogressin this unit. Tick (/) the statementswhich are true. I k n o wk e y t e r m si n p e r s o n a l entertai n ment technology I can giveadvicein a numberof ways

Pairwork Work in pairs,A and B.Each of you has details of a video game.Find out from each other information to complete the table.

I c a n l i s t e nf o r o o i n i o n s M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d enoughto understandmost ofeach text i n t h i su n i t

N a m eo f t h e g a m e C o m p a n y/ Developmentteam Typeof game Console Cood features Student A

Go to p.112.

Student B GranTurismo4 This is a driving simulator game. You can buy, modify, and race cars.lt was developedby Polyphony Digital for Sony. This version is for the PlayStation 2 console. The best features are the graphics which are very realistÍc,and the driving is very accurate'

Key words Adjectives online portable Nouns animator broadband clip code gamesconsore h a r dd i s k hardware program setting simulation track trend update N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .

8 6 U n i t1 2

Switch on Look at the pictures.What uses for information technology can you think of in these places or situations? Match the examples of computer use in column A with the areas of application in column B. More than one answer is sometimes possible. A 1 using barcodesto identify items and prices 2 calculatingtheexact distance to a target 3 producing scale models of new designs 4 identifying an employee by his or her voice 5 checkingcreditcardsusedfor payments

B hospital

.d

b airport

-i

supermarket d design

.,!Fr,fu,.

e security T

Iibrary

I military h oil refinery i the home

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6 issuing seat numbers 7 analysing blood tests 8 storing employee records 9 keepingarecordofall borrowings 10 calculating the stress on a componenT 11 controlling the temperature of awashing machine 12 monitoring the safety of each stage in the process 13 warnÍngwhen aircraft are too close 14 monitoringthe life signs of a patient 15 comparing fingerprints 16 co-ordinating Ínformation from all parts of a war-zone Now Iist the uses for computers in an area oftechnology you are familiar with.

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l n f o r m a t i o tne c h n o l o g y8 7

l n t h i su n i t o k e yt e r m sf o r c o m p u t e ru s ei n t h e c ar i n d u s t r y o PastPassive o h o wt o p r o n o u n c tehe - e df o r mo f v e r b sa n d w o r d sw i t h s i l e n tl e t t e r s o u s i n gy o u rs e a r c hs k i l l st o f i n d o u t a b o u tt h e w o r l d ' sm o s t powerfuI computers

Reading

3 tist the things computerscan do in the design and productionof a car.

CADCAM

EXAMP LE S

Look at the pictures below.What uses for computers Ín car productioncan you see? What do you think terms 1-4 mean? Read the text and checkyour answers. 1 CAD

2 CAM

3 CIM

4 CNC

allow 2-Dand 3-Ddesignsto be made calculatedimensionsfrom a desian

8 8 U n i t1 2

b y a c o l l e a g u e . W ebUe e n T h en a m e w a s f i r s st u g g e s t e d i nt h e m e e t i n g f o h r o u r sa n d , w h i l eh e w a s d r i n k i n ga a n exam ple cup of Peet'sJavacoffee,he picked'.lava'as of yet a nothername that wou ld neverwork.The initial reactionwas mixed. Arthur van Hoff form er Sen ior Eng i nee1 Sun M icrosystem s

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4 Complete column B of the table. A How was it done in the past?

i

B How is it done now?

1d e s i g n sp r o d u c e do n paper 2 d i m e n s i o ncsa l c u l a t e d bymeasuring 3 m o d e l sm a d eb v h a n d 4 realcarscrash-tested 5 w e l d i n gd o n eb y h a n d e 6 c a r si n s p e c t e d by people 7 s u p p l i e so r d e r e d by staff 8 p a i n t i n gd o n eb y workers

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Listening Describingchanges Q Laura Santini works for a company which makes cans and containers for the food and drink industry. She explains to a journalist some of the changes which have taken place in this industry. Listen and note the sÍxchanges she describes. Work in pairs and compare your answers.

It'smyjob Discuss these questions with a partner.Then read the text to check your answers. 1 What kind of work does an IT Support Technician do? 2 Whatis ahelpdesk? Read the text again and answer the questions. 1 How did DÍanafind her first job? 2 What makes working on a help desk diffÍcult?

o Languagespot Past Passive Study the statements about How was it done in the pastl in the table in Reading 4.We can make each statement into a sentencelike this: Designs wereproduced on paper. We use the Past Passiveto descrlbe actions Ínthe past where the action is more important than the agent performing the action,or where the agent is not known.

3 What words does Diana use to describe how callers to the help desk feel? 4 What are the good points about working on a help desk? 5 Whyis it not a goodÍdeatoworkon ahelp deskfor long? 6 What are the attractions of Diana's new job? 7 What informatÍonsourcesdoes Diana use in her work? 8 How will Microsoft certificatÍonhelp Diana? Find an expression in the text which means:

)) Go to Grammar reference p.121

a people-handlingskills

1 Make each statement from column A of the table in Readíng4 into a sentenceusing the Past Passive.

b problem-solving

2 Link each pair of statements,past and present,into one sentence.

d dealing with telephone calls.

EXAMPTE

7 Desí'gnswereproduced on paper but now they are produced by CAD programs.

c workingdirectlywithpeople

I n f o r m a t i otne c h n o l o g y8 9

Diana Mayo: IT Support TechnÍcian

CustomeÍCa]e Workingon a help desk

I'm an IT Support Technician.I work for a large chain which sells building materials to the public and to tradespeople.AImost every business these days,large or small, needs support technicians. When I Ieft college,I got a job through an agency working for a companywhich provided online support to local businesses and individuals. I was on their help desk.That meant taking calls and providing advice on all sorts of problems.It'sa job where you need not just technical skills but also good'soft skills'.That means people-handling skills. You need to be able to understand how the caller feels as well as trying to solve their IT problems.You have to keep calm when you're under pressure.People may be pretty frustrated by the tÍmethey phone you, and they expect you to fix their problem right away.It'sa demanding job because you have to cope sometimes with angry people,get all the information you need to help them with their problem, work out how to solve it technÍcally,and then explain in a clear,simple way what they can do to put i-h^i'n^o_ c' o ' _r _i oo h _ 'f- '

A help desk is a good place to start.You learn to think quickly and how to handle people but I wouldn't advise doing Ítfor long' It,snot the best paid job. In my present job I get to work with people face-to-face.The work is more interesting.It'snot all trouble-shooting.I also get to install software,maintain servers,and advise on the best choice of new hardware.The money is better too.I find the best wav to find information on problems is to use the Internet.Most of the manufacturers have sites which provide information. There are also news groups for sharing Ínformation. I'm planning to get Microsoft certification.My company is prepared to pay for the courses and the exams. It'sgood for them as it means I can do more and it's good for myfuture.

\

Some computing support technicians work on help desks Iike Diana. They take telephone calls from people with IT problems.They have to: recordthe facts about the problem accurately diagnosethe problem provide the right advice. I Study this extract from a problem report form. Find out the meaning of any unfamiiiar terms. Item Location Make Model Problem Advicegiven Cleared byphoneYes/No Requires visit Yes/ No 2 f) Now listen to the recording and complete as much ofthe form as you can. 3 Work with a partner.With the help of the completed form take turns at playing the role ofhelp desk technician and the person needing help. { Compare your performance with the Listening script on p.128.What differences do you notice between your versionand the Listeninpscriot?

90 Unit12

peripherals(n)secondary equipmentconnectedto a computer

Computersin the future may h a v eo n l y1 , 0 0 0v a c u u mt u b e s a n dw e i g hn o m o r et h a n l . 5 tons. PopuIa r Mechani cs,March 1949

Vocabulary

Pronunciation

-edÍorm of verbsandwordswith silentIetters

Collocations I Collocations are words which are often used together. The verbs in column A are used in computing. Match them with an appropriate noun from column B. EXAMPLE

t f) tisten to words 1-15used in this book.Put them in the correctcolumns of the table.

download +pictures A click on calculate download display create scroll up / down surf selectfrom

The -edform of verbs is pronounced in three ways: /t/ /d/ /rd/

B amenu an icon a paSe pictures theWeb costs a new document information

1 constructed

6 finished

11 planned

2 controlled

7 integrated

12 produced

3 customized

8 invented

13 reflected

4 damaged

9 mixed

1,4 searched

5 disabled lÍ'/

10 operated /dt

15 worked tdt

Use the phrases from I to fill the gaps in the sentences. 1 FIat screens around the airport display on all arrivals and departures. Click on the presentation.

for PowerPoint to prepare a

3 You can download n

from your camera.

Spreadsheetsare used to calculate-.

5 Scroll down the information you need.

until vou find the

I normally spending at least one hour a day surfing She createdupdates.

to keep track of software

You can selectfrom the applÍcationyou need.

to choosewhich

2

Q Nowlisten and checkyour answers.

3

Can you work out a rule to help you decide how to pronounce other -edforms?

4 Words 1-7used in this book contain silent letters.Cross out the silent letters. ExAMPLE s

couM

design

I listening

4 pneumatic

2 might

5 should

3 modellÍng

6 vehicle

7 would

5 Q Nowlisten and checkyour answers.

I n f o r m a t i otne c h n o l o g y9 l

Checklist Assessyour progressin this unit. Tick(/)the statementswhich aretrue. I know keytermsfor computeruse in t h e c a ri n d u s t r y I can usethe PastPassive I know how to pronounceth e -edform of verbsand wordswith silentletters

Speaking Computerperipherals Work in pairs,A and B.Each of you has pictures of four computer peripherals. Find out which peripherals your partner has by asking questÍons.Don,t ask directly for the names of the peripherals.

Keywords

EXAMPLE

A B A B

What shape Ísit? It'ssquare. Does Íthave a back and front? Yes,ítdoes.

StudentA

Go to p.111.

Student B

Go to p.112.

Adjectives customized s i m ul a t e d t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n(a3l - D ) t w o - d i m e n s i o n a( 2 l -D)

When you have identÍfiedthe peripherals,together decide whether they are input or output devices.

Webquest Find out about the five fastest supercomputersin the world and complete the table.Compare your answers with others in your class.

Order

Typeor name

2nd

3rd

This site may help: www.top500.org

5peed

M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d enoughto understandmost ofeach text i n t h i su n i t

Maker

Location

Nouns a s s e m b l yl i n e CADCAM

cr M cNc

defect m a c h i n et o o l machining peripheral software supplies Verb inspect N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .

9 2 U n i t1 3

Switch on Work in small groups.List as many ways as you can to send and receivemessages. EXAMPLE

7 by phone

2 writing

Identify the devices used in telecommunications in pictures A-F.

3 Work in pairs.Choose one device each and explain to your partner what it does. EXAMPLE

A I' IIchoosethe space satellite. B OK.Whatdoesitdo? A Itfollows an orbit in space.Some satelliteshelp communicationand othersprovideinformation...

-

T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o 9n 3s

I nt h i s u n i t o k e y t e r m si n t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s o PastSimolev PresentPerfect o l i s t e n i n ga n d r e a d i n gf o r d e t a i l o m a k i n gs i m p l ee x p l a n a t i o n s o hearingthe difference: PastSimplev PresentPerfect

It'smyiob f) ListentoTodd McArthur, a Telecommunications Technician.Note the following things. I the number of years he has worked for his company 2 as many items of telecommunicationsequipment as you can 3 as many country names as you can 4 the meaning of VolP Q tisten again and answer the questions. 1 Where did he first learn about telecommunications? Name a changehe has experiencedin telecommunications. Why is his job now much more about braÍnthan muscle? 4 W h a t d o e sh e l i k e m o s t a b o u th i s j o b ? What doeshe not like?

o LanguaBespot PastSimptev PresentPerfect Study these examples fro m lt's my job. Why is the Past Simple used for sentences1-3 and the Present Perfectfor sentences4-6? 7 I was in the army for four years. 2 Ijoined when I left school. 3 I travelledquite a lot. 4 I,vebeen with the companyfor eÍghtyears. 5 I've been to Norway,Kenya,and Belize. 6 I'veseenquiteafew changesin phone systems. We use the Past Simplefor things that happened at a particular time in the past or during a period that endedínthe past: I travelled a lot when I was in the army. We use the Present Perfectto talk about past experiencesbut not when they happened: I've been to the USA.

We use the Present Perfectfor actions which happenedduring a periodfrom the past to the present: He's worked as a technicianfor eightyears.(He'sstill a technician.) We often start a topic using the PresentPerfectand then switch to the Past Simple: A Have you ever been to Norway? B Yes,I went there in 2001. )) Go to Grammar reference p.121 I

Completethe text about developmentsin radio and television.Put the verbs in bracketsin the correctform: Past Simple or Present Perfect. In just over a hundred years,radio -1 (develop)into a major form of entertainment and 'z(invent)a communication. Marconi wirelesstelegraphsystem in 1896.This (be)the birth of radio.Voice transmission (start)in 1909 following the invention of the valve. (make)Ítpossible to Semiconductors-' develop much smaller,portable radios.The introduction in recent years of digital radios u(allow)us to enjoy much better sound quality. (be)many changes in television There -' (start)daily TV too.ln the UK, the BBC -' broadcastsin 1936.Colourbroadcasts-' (begin)in the late 1960s.Sincethe 1970ssatellite 'o(allow) viewers a wider broadcasting choice of programmes.The recent introduction of digital TV " (mean)better picture and now sound quality. Manufacturers (develop) which entertainment systems " include television,radio,DVD recorder/ player,and computer.The Internet 13(make) it possible to enjoy radio and television from around the world on our PCs.

9 4 U n i t1 3

j Gadgetbox Jaoan'sDoCoMonetworkallowsusersof 36 mobilesto usetheir phones as electronicwallets.Thephoneactsas a creditcard.Whenthe phoneis passedovera speciaI reader, it can payfor th i ngs a nd a llow moneyto be some withdrawnfrom a cashmachine.As well as passwordprotection, phonesusingthe systemhavea fingerprintscanner. W h y d o y o ut h i n ka f i n g e r p r i nstc a n n e irs u s e f u l w i t ht h i ss y s t e m T

2 Choose the correct alternative. Interviewer

How long haveyou been / wereyoul a Telecommunications Technician?

Todd

About ten ye ars.Ihave traÍned/ traÍned2 in Signals when I was in the army.

Interviewer

How long haveyou been / wereyou3 in the army?

Todd

I have served/ servedafor four years.Then Ihavejoined / joÍned5thiscompany about eight years ago.

Interviewer

Have you seen/ Did you see6many changes during this time?

Todd

Yes,we ve replaced / we replacedl copper Iines with fibre-optic cables andwe've introduced/ we introducedsVolP phone svstems.

Pronunciation PastSimplev PresentPerfect

Speaking Mobile phones Work in pairs,A and B. Each of you has information about a mobile phone. Find out the information you need to complete this table by asking each other. Student A

Go to p.113.

Student B

Make

HP

Model

i P a qh w 6 5 1 0M o b i l e Messenger

Keyboardtype

fullQwerty

Screen

3 inch,64K

Software

W i n d o w sM o b i l e2 0 0 3

Otherfeatures

C P Ss a t e l l i t e navigation

f) Stuay tnese pairs of sentences.You are going to hear one of each pair. TÍck(/) the one you hear.

BIuetooth voicecontrol,SMS ( t e x t ) a n dM M S (picture)messaging

1 a They've spent time in the army. b Theyspenttime inthe army. 2 a I'vetextedhimaninvitation. b I texted him an invitation.

instantmessaging

Email

3 a He faxed me a reply. b He's faxed me a reply. 4 a Todd'sphoned the office. b Toddphonedtheoffice. 5 a She emailed me twice. b She'semailed metwice.

=

oo G) Ül

I

T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n9s5

Firsttelegraphmessage,l844: WhathathCodwrought? ('WhathasGoddone?') SamuelMorse Firsttelephonemessage,1876: MrWatson,come here,I wantyou.Alexander GrahamBell Firstemailmessage,197l: testsignal,notpreserved.

Reading VolP phonesystems I Work in pairs and answerthe questions.Then readthe text and checkyour answers. 1 What doesVoIPstandfor? 2 What is apacket? 3 What is awirelesshotspot?

HowVoIPphonesystemswork VoIP(VoiceoverInternetProtocol)phonesystemswork by sendingdatavia the Internetin tiny packets.This is calledpacketswitching.It works like this: 1 Yourvoice signal,which is analogue,is converted into digital data.Ifyou havea standardphone,you need an extrapieceof hardwareto do this calledan ATA (Analoguetelephoneadaptor).Ifyou havean IP phone,it producesa digital signal soyou don't need an adaptor.You can alsouse your PC and a microphoneas a telephone. 2 Thesendingcomputerusessoftwaretocompress the digital data,much like MP3 files. 3 The data is dividedinto packets,eachone 30 millisecondslong. 4 The packetsare sentto a routerwhich decidesthe bestpath throughthe Internetfor eachpacket.Ttrey will travel by many different paths.They will anive at differenttimes and somemay evenbe lost. ( 5 Thereceivingcomputerusesspecialsoftwareto storethe packetsand put them in the right order. Becausethe packetsareso smaU,you won't hearthe differenceif somearelost. 6 The data is convertedbackto voice and played throughyour standardphone,IPphone,orPC headphones. If you have a wirelessVoIPhandset,you can make and receivecalls anywherenear awireless hotspot.Some mobile phonesaredual-mode.You can use a mobile phonenetwork or wirelessVoIP,dependingwhere you aÍe.

Put the stepsin the correctorderto make a flowchart showinghowthis typeof VoIPphonesystemworks. a Thepacketsaresenttoarouter. b The digital datais compressedby the sending computer. c Thedatais convertedbackto voice. d Thereceivingcomputerputs the packetsback togetheragain. e Thevoice signal is convertedto digital. f Thedigital data is diüded into very small packets. g Theroutersendseachpacketthroughthe Internet bythe bestavaiiablepath. e 7 3_ 5 7_ 2_

4_

6

9 6 U n i t1 3

(adj)describing geosynchronous s a t e l l i t ews h i c ho r b i ta t t h e s a m e speedas the earth but may not be abovethe equator.Some have fi gure-of-eight orbits.

Customercare

Webquest

Explainingin simpleterms

Satellitecommunciationssystems I Studythe diagrams which explain geostationary orbit.Then answer questions 1-4.

SPOT BEAM

\

\

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V, \

EO-UATOR SATELLITE

GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT

sarrrurn 1 I tike Todd McArthur, you may have to explain to clients in simple terms a process,or what a device is for and how it works. Work in paÍrs,A and B. Find out more about your device or process,then explain it in simple terms to your partner. Student A

the difference between analog and digital signals

Student B

the difference between DVDs and CDs

Usefullanguage BasÍcally... I n g e n e r a l. . . Toput it símply... I n v e r ys i m p l e t e r m s . . . T h em a i n t h i n g i s . . . These sites may help: w w w .h o w s t u f f w o r k sc.o m www.wikipedia.org f) Now listen to a native speaker explaining the dÍfferences.Compare your explanation with his. What differences can you find in the language used and the points made?

sarEnrrr 3

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f

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77.4"

How long does a satellite in geostationary orbit take to rotate round the earth? How many satellitesin geostationary orbit are required to provide global coverage? Why is it an advantageto launch geostationary satellitesfrom countries near the Equator? What are communications satellites used for?

T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n9s7

Checklist Assessyour progressin this unit. Tick(/) the statementswhich aretrue. I k n o wk e y t e r m si n t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s I understandthe difference: PastSimplev PresentPerfect 2 Study the information about Milstar

U S m i l i t a r cv o m m u n i c a t i o n s N u m b e ro f s a t e l l i t e s

Find out similar information about one of these satellite communication systems and complete the formbelow. SESAstra Eutelsat Worldspace

N u m b e ro f s a t e l l i t e s

These sites may help: w w w . w i k i p e d i ao.r g www.eutelsat.com www.ses-astra.com www.worldspace.com

I c a n m a k es i m p l ee x p l a n a t i o nosf t e c h n i c atle r m sa n d d e v i c e s I c a n h e a r t h ed i f f e r e n c e : PastSimolev PresentPerfect M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d enoughto understandmost ofeach text i n t h i su n i t

Key words Adjectives compatible complex Adverb inorbit Nouns adaptor a ntenna computerfile dish network router satellite screen semiconductor wirelesshotspot Verbs compress(data) reprace N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .

9 8 U n i t1 4

Switch on Choosetwo jobs from the list of jobs in technology that you would like to do.Then choosetwo whlch you wouid not like to do. Áern
F n o' bi 'n- c c' .r' - ' "'

AgriculturalEngineer B1omedicalEngÍneer fhpmirel

Fnoincpr

Clvil Engineer Flentrierl Flprirnnie

Fnoinecr Fnoinepr

EnvironmentalEngineer IT Engineer Marine Engineer Materials Engineer Mechanical Engineer Nuclear Englneer Do+vnlorrm

Enoinppr

Public Health Engineer Sound Technician \nP.l2

| | - Í Í P . Í s Ie c n n 1 c l a n

TelecommunicationsTechnician Trencnnrt

l"

F _n " oo _i n" c_ e- _r

2 Work in small groups,and e x p l a i ny o u rc h o i c e s

I

b -Tlil

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l n t h i su n i t o d i s c u s s i n ag n d r e a d i n ga b o u t j o b si n t e c h n o l o g y o h o w t o d e s c r i b jeo b r e q u i r e m e n t s o i n t e r v i e ws k i l l s o writinga CV

tql

Reading Job descriptions

Tele c orrrnu ni c ati on s Te ch ni cian

Work in groups of three.Choose one job description (A-C) each.Make notes about the job. Then describethe job to others in your group using only your notes.

Vrur uork crrrrlrlinvolvc: . M r r k i r r gt,c s t i r r gr.r r r tcl h c c k i r r qc o l ) ) p ( ) l )l tet s . Asscrrrlrlirrgccluiprncnt . Instrrllirrg, scttiuq llp, tcstilrq,rrntlrepuilinrl ct1ui1'rnrerrt ' L:rvingrttttlr'orrtrectirtr{ c'ubles . Irrstlrllirr g r:rclioct1r.ri1'rr rrcrrt ltrrclnrou rrtirrrl .u)tcl)r)as ()r on nrilsts orr builtiirr{rs

Your notes should cover: 1 the job title and some of the areas covered I

what you think are the most important IequÍIements

Vrrr coultl uork irrcloorsirr a frrctory
3 the locatÍonof the work A

good and bad points about thejob.

I ( t ' t l ti r c r r r ne t s

tÁ-l ílivji

. cleglcc or cliplorrrrt in lT . phvsicrrlfrtrrcss

i ' ' j ( ] i l . . tI . ] ! i

. g o o d c o r r r n r u r r i c l r t i os n kills . qo()rltcllrlr\\'()rkcr

You could work in any of these fields at any point from the design to the completion of the structure.

.

buildrngs, sports stadiums, shopprng centres railways.roads.bridges hydro-electric schemes, dams, pipelines the movement of Water from one aÍeato another the construction and development of docks and harbours waste disposal and sewage treatment plants

You might work both in ofil.cesand on sjte. Site work can be in difficult areas far from any tovvnor city. Essential; Desirable

- degree or diploma rn civil engrneering - ability to think creatively - look at things rr a practical way - enjoy problem-solving _ annrl

tA^m\Á'^rl.ér

tr

Y o r r o r l r l \ n / ( ) r l ( i l l . ' ( o r . ,l ,i rt r. rr 1r l1i o . , n r . r k i r g l r r r l l rt yr 1 r r , r l s o u n r lrr , ro r r l i r r 1r1n. ,, r, i n llyo r t l r cr , n l r ,l r, r i n n r c r l r rlrL r srty S o L r r rcl n l l i n c t ' ro. ,p c t , r t t ' ( ( ) l t( p' xl c r I r i . l n r( t, ( l Ll r) n r { , r 1 1 ( r | ( . l l | ( ) ( l t l ( ( ' | ] ] t l . ' i ( . ( l i . ] | o ( ] |t]s(' '.\l (r )l r| ll il l)t(l itir.,ít1 t ' r , l L l ( l r (oo l l t { i l 1 Y o i u r v o r k c o L r l r rl o v c r a l l t y p o s o l . , o l l r r ll o r r

I

\lk

rr{N

C O M M I . R- C I A LM U S I C R L C O R D IN ( ; S T H I A T R t ,R A D I O ,I I L M ,A N D T V WEBSITES V I D I O A N D C O M P t , ]I I R C A M I S ML]LTIMEDIA

R e qu i r e m e n t s I s , , i ' r r t :i , t r l c r l r l c r r r r l itl r; n r ,i rr , l r . r ! J r r t r p r r , r t i r l i s r1 r ln i : L , r tr ' l l c ' nht e , r r i n g l . rt ' . r l r r l t : r r sr tr rr r r L r s.ilrr r lL r r c l r l o l o y ; y l ) r ' s i r , r b l r ' : ,l ir tl yr t o w o r k l o r t r l h o L r r s , rr c l o p c r a t i v e . r nfrrl i c n d i yl L t r t L r r i c t l ( ) o ((l) r! l , m i z . r l i o n ..r,lk i l l s jobs isferce.Yollhav. to be ConlpetÍtion Jor sotlndengineetinq willingta worklonq hoursfor littlepay at ftrst.

I O O U n i t1 4

f 50,000-f70,000 € 7 4,oo0_€ 1 04,000 $9i,000-$13r,000

Typicalannualsalaryrange in 2005forOffshore PetroleumEngineers(with experience) in the UK

o Languagespot

OffshorePetroleumEngineer

Job requirements

d i p l o m ao r d e g r e ei n p e t r o l e u me n g i n e e r i n g

,' We can describe essential requirements like this:

w i l l i n gt o t r a v e l

You must have a degree or diploma in IT. You must be physically fit. ^ Note the meaning of the negative form: You mustn' t be colour -blind. (It'sa requir eme nt not to be colour-blind.) r We can describe desirable requirements like this: You should have good organizational skills. You should be able to cope with long hours.

w i l l i n gt o s p e n dl o n gp e r i o d si n d i f f i c u l t environments good communicator a b l et o s u o e r v i s o ethers List the essential and desirable reouirements for this job.

)) Go to Grammar reÍerence p.L22 I Write sentencesto describethe requirements for jobs 1-3. (// = essential,/ = desirable,I = requÍrementnot tobe) SatelliteTechnician d i p l o m ai n e n g i n e e r i n g

STAGETECHNICIAN Westgotetheotreis seekingfo oppointo TroineeStoge Technicion to ioino bockstogeteombosed in London.

physically fit

Condidotesshouldpreferoblyhoveo cerlificoteor diplomoin on oreosuchos: - Electricolengineering - Electronics - Audio-visuolcommunicotion

afraidof heights

Olhertechnicoloreoswill be considered.

c o l o ur - b l i n d

Proclicol skillsin corpentry ond construction wouldbe on odvontoge.Condidotesmustbe preporedto work irregulorhoursond to trovel.Theotreexperienceon odvontogebutnolessentiol. lnformotion ond opplicotion pockscon be q A- downloodedfromwww.westgotetheotre.co.uk or senoo LV ono coverinqlefierlo: Kosio.Johns Weslgofetheotre I MoxwellCourt LondonWC2A 5DD

good team player g o o dc o m m un i c a t i o ns k i l s

EngineeringConstructionTechnician certificateor diplomain engineering g o o d m a t h e m a t i c aaln d c o m p u t i n gs k i l l s w i l l i n gt o t r a v e l a b l et o e x p l a i nc o m p l e xr e q u i r e m e n ti sn clear terms

Find out what the job requirements are for a career you are interested in. This site mayhelp: u www,connexions.gov.uk/jobs4u

C a r e e r si n t e c h n o l o g yl 0 l

Checkyour CV carefully! D o n ' t j u s tu s es p e l l c h e cwk h e ny o u c h e q u ey o u rC V becausesum wordsmite existbutt havea different meanrnS.

Writing CV I Study the CV.It is based on the European Curriculum Vitae format

PERSONAI

INFORMATION

Aisha Q. Chetty 7 Linden Crescent, Edinburgh, EH5 7DR United Kingdom (+44) 151 125 4567 aishaqchetty@hotmail British 30.o5.1984

Name Address

Phone Email Nationauty Date of bÍrth

com

WORK EXPERIENCE Dates Employer Position held Main activities and responsibilities EDUCATIONAND

September 2OO5 bo present Western IT, I I Randolph Road, Edinburgh, EHl6 2NY, IIK computing support oíflcer Providing support in the fleld to a wide range of comDarues

TNAINING

Dabes Organization Qualiflcation Main subjects / skills covered

September 2ooo to Au€ u st 2oo5 Simpson College, Glasgow tIK Higher National Diploma Computing (Technical support), Operating systems, Hardware Ínstallation and maÍntenance, Network building and maintenance

PERSONAL SKILLS AND COMPETENCES Mother üongue Other languages Social skills

Organizational

skills

Technical skills and nnmnéfAnné<

ADDITIONAI

English - excellent communicator Good spoken French, some Hindi My work involves communicating with a wide range of clients with computing problems who often need help urgently. I work weII under pressure. At college I organized a class visit bo France Telecom. Familiar with most current operating systems, Novell, and Windows networks

INFORMATION

Clean driving licence Personal interests include rock climbing and cycling

2 Make notes in order to write vour own CV.You can invent work exDeriencefor this task.

The number1 rule i n preparing for a job interviewis to researchyourtarget company beforethe interview.The number2 rule in preparing for a job interviewis to researchth e competitionof your target company beforethe interview. CarofFilfipino,RecruitmentConsultant

Pairwork 1 Studythe personalitytest designed to help you choose a suitable career.

4 When applyÍngfor a job, people often prepare a short personal statement to summarize their best qualities. Which of these expressionsdescribeyou? Check the meaning of any unfamiliar terms in a dictionary. creative

a good team player

I \Vhat do you like doing?

dependable

Iike a challenge

2 \\rhat are you goodat doing?

energetic

motivated

3 How do you seeyourself?

experienced

skilled

hard-working

well-organized

Choose adjcctivcsfrom this list: practical artistic helpful

ambitious scientific orderly

\\Ihat do you value most practical things science creative arts helping people success

Preparea shortpersonalstatementaboutyourself.Be positive,but don'texaggerate your qualitiestoo muchl Readyourstatementto yourpartnerand seeifyou can improveit together. EXAMPLE

I'm a skilledtechnician who likesa challenge.I'm a dependable,energetÍcworker who is happy to work independentlyor as part of a team.

Pronunciation Stressin longwords (2)

Work in pairs,A and B.Ask each other the questions in t. Decide which of these adiectivesbest describevour panner. realÍstic

someone who would like to do practicalwork

social

someone who would like to work withpeople

investigative

someone who would like to do research

enterprising

someone who would like to start their own business

artistic

someone who is creative

conventional

someone who likes things as they are

Decide which of the jobs describedin this book or listed on p.98 would suit your partner best.

Q Listen to these words from Units 10-14.Write the number of syllables in each word. a computer e microprocessor i supercomputer j telecommunicatÍons b co.operative f petroleum prototype k ultrasound c download h simulator I vibrate d hydraulic Put these words from Units 10-14in columns 1-3 of the table according to their stresspattern. animator anticlockwise capacity dependable development I oooo

energetic enterprising entertainment envÍronment Índicator 2 ooOo

informatÍon motivated peripheral simulation ventilated 3 Oooo

C a r e e r si n t e c h n o l o g y1 0 3

Cherklist Assessyour progressin this unit. Tick(/)the statementswhich aretrue. I know keytermsforjobs in technology I c a nd e s c r i b jeo b r e q u i r e m e n t s I can write a CV

Speaking Job interview

M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a n dm o s to f e a c ht e x t i n t h i su n i t

Work in pairs,A and B. Student A

Go to p.113.

Student B

You are the applicant for the Stage TechnicÍanjob (p'100).

List the questions you think the interviewer will ask. Prepareanswers to them. EXAMPLES

" Which subjectsdid you enjoy most in your course? Think ofreasons whyyou enjoyed particular subjects. Explain why your qualifrcations will be important for thejob. What work experiencedo you have? DescrÍbeany part-time work, voluntary work, or work placement you have done. . Why doyouwantthÍsjob? Think of reasons why this job is Ímportantto you' Why do you think you would be good at thisjob? Think about your qualifications,work experience,and interests. Consider what kind of person you are.List your good points. What do you do Ínyourfree time? List any sports or other interests. Think of three questions to askthe interviewer about the job. EXAMPLE S

Who would I work with? What training is therefor thejob? 2 Q tistento anextractfrom aninterviewforthe Stage Technicianjob. Then change roles so that Student A is the applicant and Student B is the interviewer. Repeat your interview

Key words Adjectives colour-blind off-shore Nouns carpentry competences CV experience interview lighting m a i n t e n an c e projectmanagement recordingstudio requirement soundsystem t r ai ni n g Verb supervise N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d in technologythat is new to you.

1 0 4 U n i t1 5

Switch on Workin smallgroups.Discussthe predictÍons about technology. Decidewhich onesaremostlikelyto happenandwhentheywill happen. 1 Medical robotswill carryout operations,controlled by surgeonswho may be hundredsof kilometres away. Tiny robots will be injected into our bodies to deliver medicine andto perform surgeryfromthe inside. You will be able to interact with characters in a TV programme and follow a storyline of your choice. Planes will be controlled by computers which think like humans and are therefore afraid to crash. Cars will be made of composites,plastic,and fibreglass,and will be assembled in six hours. Cars will automatically drive at safe speeds and safe distances from each other. You will be able to download your brain to a computer before you die. 8 Microchips will be stuck to your skin to form dÍfferentcircuits, including computers. You,IIbe able to watch a DVD using your arm as a screen. 9 Business will be carried out in 3-D virtual space,not in offices. lO Active make-up will change to any shade you want. 11 Jobs like teaching chÍldren or nursing will continue to be done by people,but most other jobs will be done by robots and computers. 12 We'll be able to'grow'plastics and fabrics from molecules.

TI

ó4>"4:-Feb

T h ef u t u r eo f t e c h n o l o g y1 0 5

ln this unit p r e d i c t i o nasb o u tt e c h n o l o g y o l i s t e n i n gt o a n d d i s c u s s i n g o o h r a s avl e r b s o h o wt o l i n kp h r a s avl e r b sw h e n s p e a k i n g o r e v i s i o nq u i z

o LanBuagespot

Listening

Phrasalverbs

Predictions

Studythesesentences: HÍsfatherset up the company in 1965. The company closeddown in 2002. Try to work out the answer. The words in bold are phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs consist of a verb + an adverb such as down,off,on,out, up.Some of these words can also be used as prepositÍons. Many phrasal verbs have two meanings: (a doctor speakÍng) Look up,then look down (a teacherspeaking) Look up any new words in a dictionary. )) Go to Grammar reference p.123 I f) Work in groups,A and B. Listen to this radio debate between two'futurologists',Lianne Bradley and Stefan Werner.They are discussing technology in the future. Group A Listento Lianne'scomments. Group B Listen to Stefan'scomments. As you listen, tick (/) the table to indicate which areas of technology the speaker mentions. Lianne (GroupA)

Stefan (GroupB)

Prediction about

1 transport 2 h e al t h

3tr 4 teIecommunicatíons 5 military 6 crime 7 domestic 8 d e v e l o p i n cgo u n t r i e s f) tn the same groups,listen again and note down the predictions made by your speaker. Now work with someone from the other group.Explain to each other your speaker'spredictions.Decide together which predictions you accept.

Study the phrasal verbs used in this book. Put each one in the correctsentence.

carryout close down cut down find out

shut off switch off switch on work out

Slve up plug in print off ser up

operations instead

1 In future, robots will of humans. Will we -

cars and use public transport?

3 We'll be able to use the Web to -

the

answers to almost every question. 4 It'simportant that we -

pollution in cities

5 If you don't have a dictionary,you can often the meaning of a new word from the words around it. When you the petrol engine,the electric motor starts runnÍng. It,smy job to the concertbegins. OId industries will will take their place. The first step is to -

all the equÍpmentbefore but new industrles and -

anrrinmant

i0 Click'Print' and selectthe number of copies to 11 To avoid electrical damage, aiways -the machine when it's not in use.

the

l 0 6 U n i t1 5

Gadget box Mitsubishi havedeveloped a robot,called Wakamaru,which canidentify 10,000 words.lt will up to tenpeopleandtalk to them.lt canrecognize youof allthethingsyouhaveto wakeyouupinthemorning andremind can leaveit to lookafteryour house. dothatday.lfyougo on holiday,you Itwillreportanyproblems bymobilephone. foryou? Whathousehold taskswouldyoumostlikea robotto perform

Pronunciation

Pairwork

Linkingin phrasa!verbs

Work in pairs,A and B. Each of you has information about a future development in technology. Take notes from your text so that you can explain the main points to your partner without looking at the text. Listen carefullyto your partner so you can summarize their text.

Phrasal verbs are sometimes difficult to understand because of lÍnking. f) Listen to these examples.

setjtltp. Cutthem!ff.

Student A

Q Listen and mark the lÍnking in examples 1-10. l Linethemup. 6 Shutitdown. 2 Give it up.

7 Start it up.

3 Work it out.

8 Print them out.

4 Switch it off.

9 Plug it in.

5 Find it out.

Go to p.113.

Student B

10 Turn it on.

Work in pairs and say sentences1-8.Time each other and see who can say them fastest without making a mistake. 1 Don't switch it on. switch it off. a

Start it up when he's plugged it in. Take it out to see if it turns on, then turn it over.

4 Find it out before they find it out and we'll get ahead. 5 Print them out so you can line them up and see the difference. 6 Shut it down now, not later - if you do it later, it's too late to start it up. 7 Turn Ítup by turning.Up,and turn it down by turning'Down' - it's simplel

4

8 If we work it out today, we won't have to find it out before we set it up tomorrow. 'tongue-twisters'of your own Write some phrasal verb and practÍsesaying them with a partner.

INKJETTECHNOLOGY A n e w u s eh a sb e e nf o u n df o r a n o l d t e c h n o l o g yI n . kjet p r i n t e r as r eb e i n gd e v e l o p e w d h i c hc a n p l a c et i n y a m o u n t so f i n k p r e c i s e l iyn t h e r i g h tp l a c e .U s i n gm e t a l i n k sc o n t a i n i n vge r ys m a l lp a r t i c l e os f c o p p e ro r s i l v e r , t h i st e c h n o l o gcya n b e u s e dt o m a k ep r i n t e dc i r c u i t sl.t c a na l s ob e u s e dt o p r i n te l e c t r o n icco m p o n e n t s i n c l u d i n gs e m i c o n d u c t oarns de v e nb a t t e r i e sE.l e c t r o n i c p a p e ri n f u t u r ec o u l db e s e l f - p o w e r e d . T h et e c h n o l o ghy a sm u c hw i d e ra p p l i c a t i o n Isn. f u t u r e i t m a yb e u s e dt o p r i n ts u p p o r st t r u c t u r ews h i c hc o n t a i n h u m a nc e l l s T . h e s ew i l l b e u s e dt o h e l pt h e b o d yg r o w n e ws k i n ,b o n e ,o r e v e no r g a n sl.t w i l l b e p o s s i b l et o p r i n tp i l l s ,i n s e c t r a p s a, n d e v e nw a l l p a p ew r hich c o n t a i nist so w nl i g h t i n g .

Thefutureof technology107

Thetelephone isa wonderful invention. Icanforeseetheday whentherewill beonein everycity. Unknown,circa 1890

Vocabulary

CustomeÍCale

Affixes

Sayinggoodbye

Sometechnicalwordsin Englishbeginor endwith common afflxes.Knowing the meaning of the affix can help youwork out the meaning of the whole word. Studythe examplesfromthis book.

How many of theseinformal ways of saying goodbyedo you know? Do they haveequivalentsin your language?

Affix

Meaning

Example

bio

life

biotechnology

outof

external

between

Internet

intra

inside,within

intranet

-less

without

wireless

mrcro

verysmall

mtcrowave

small

minidisk

poly

many

polyester

pre

before, earlier

prefabricated

super

above, much grearer

supermarket

tele

far,distant

telecommunications

2 Using the table,work out the wordswhich havethe following meanings. 1 medicine at a distance 2 averysmallelectronicchip 3 a plastic containingmany moleculesof carbon 4 an instrumentfor measuringvery small thicknesses 5 concretewhich has been stressedearlier 6 a computermuch morepowerfulthan ordinary computers 7 averysmallprocessor 8 a fan which removesair and blows it out 9 a phonewithout a cord 10 measuringaccordingto biologicaldata

l O 8 U n i t1 5

Accuracyis impossible,but blurredvisionis b e t t e rt h a n n o n ea t a l l . fan Pearson,British TelecomFuturologist

Ouiz Wirt in g.oupsof three.Onestudentis the quizmasterand asksthe questionsfor part A. Theothertwo studentswork individuallyandwrite their answers.Changerolesfor partsB and C.Thenfind out who has rememberedthe mostl A (Units 1-5)

B (Units6-10)

1 Give a negative and a positive effect of technology onsocÍety. 2 What's the comparative form offast and efficiently? 3 Name one of the ways that the Airbus 380 is larger thantheBoeing7{T. 4 WhatdoesÁBSstandfor? 5 Whichpartoftheword engineerisstressed? 6 Name one course civil engineering students take. 7 Correct this sentence:/'m liking calculus. 8 Complete this sentence EledrÍcalengineertng

1 Name an item of policeequipment. 2 Whatitem of equipmentdo policeuseto restrain

is about... 9 Which branch of technologydoesthis picturerepresent?

10 WhatisÁutocad? 11 Name oneof the stages in the designprocess. 12 Which word means'thefirstexampleof a new type of desÍgn,? 13 Nameafamousdesigner. 14 Indesign,whatisthe brÍefl 15 Make a questionto getthis answer:Becauseit'seasy tomould. 16 Nametwo materialsusedfor bikeframes. 17 What propertydescribesthe capacityof a material to stretch? 18 Strongis an adjectÍve. What is the noun? 19 Namesomethingin the world of sportmadeof Iycra. 20 \ /hatis alaminate? 21 Whichverbgoeswithspring? 22 Whichverbdescribestwo gearsmakingcontact? 23 Nameoneof the strokesof atwo-strokeengine. 24 Writedownthis numberinwords:10" 25 Víhatis the adjectivewhich describesa movement from sideto sidelike a pendulum?

someone?

3 What doesP/Nstandfor? 4 What do you call a sealwhich air can'tpass

through?

5 What cana smartgun do? 6 What aremostdrinkscansmadeof? 7 FÍllthegap:Ioavesaretakenout oftheirtins

-suction.

8 Whatprocessis usedtomakeCD covers? 9 What material is usedto make soft drinks cans? 10 FÍllin the gap A clockworkradio is a radio

-clockwork.

11 What doesÁ5V standfor? T2 What do we call a carwith a petrolengine and an

electricmotor?

13 Name a disadvantage of electric cars. i4 What word do we use to describe'very heavy traffic that slows down movement on the roads'? 15 If you tell a customer that youvery much regret something,what are you doing? 16 What do we call the outer walls of a skyscraper? 17 Fill in the gap: AIIexposed metalwork is in case offire. 18 If somethíngisJlammable what can it do7 19 What does this sign mean? 20 Whichpartofthe wordautomaticis normally stressed? 21 Why does an artificial heart have two batteries? 22 What kind of switch works by air pressure? 23 Complete thÍssentence A pacemaker is a device' ' ' 24 What kind of signals does the Ultracane transmit? 25 What is the opposite offorwards?

T h ef u t u r eo f t e c h n o l o g yl 0 9

Checklist Assessyour progressin this unit. Tick(/) the statementswhich aretrue. l c a n d i s c u s sp r e d i c t i o nasb o u tt e c h n o l o g y I k n o wh o w t o u s ec o m m o np h r a s avl e r b s I k n o wh o w t o l i n kp h r a s avl e r b sw h e n s p e ak in g M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a n dm o s to f e a c ht e x t i n t h i su n i t C (Units 11-15) 1 What does GCI stand for? 2 What is demo short for? 3 What verb do we use to describe copying tracks to CDs from online sites? 4 Fillthe Bap:You-touch aflat screen.It's easy to damage them. 5 What do we call a person who piays games to find faultsT 6 What does CIM stand for? 7 What verb do we use to describe how a computer can make something,likea car crash,seem real? 8 Fill the Bap:In the past designsproduced on paper. 9 Howisthe -ed ending pronouncedinfinished: ltl, ldl, or l:.dl? 10 Cross out the silent letter in the wordpn eumatic. 11 Name two devices used in telecommunÍcations. 12 Put the verb in brackets in the correct form:I (be) with this companyfor 5years.I líkeit here. 13 Fill the Bap:VzIPphones send data over the Internet Íntiny packets.This is called . 14 What does I CD stand for? 15 When did email start (+5years)? 16 What do we call an engineer who is concernedwith buildings and other structures? 17 Name one thing that a Sound Engineer does. 18 Fill in the Eap:Anyone who works with electrical wiring be colour-blÍnd. 19 What do we call a document which lists all vour work experience and qualifications? 20 What do we call a peÍsonor organÍzationwhich gives you work? 21 F1IIthe gap|When we say what will happen Ínthe Juture,wemake a 22 What is the correctphrasal verb? HÍsfatherset down / on / up the company in 1994. 23 FiIIthe Bap:Driversshould-up theÍrcars and usepublí'ctransport instead. 24 What do we call a computer network within a company or organization? 25 What doesmicromean?

Key words Adverb a u t o m a t i c lal y Adjectives blurred Smart stressed unmanneo virtual voice-operated Nouns c h ip intranet p r e di c t i o n processor virus Verbs i nteract reporr stick N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .

1 l O P a i r w o r ka c t i v i t i e s

Pairworkactivities Unit t p.8

Unit 7 p.21

StudentA

StudentA StudentAs l a u n c hs y s t e m

StudentB's l a u n c hs y s t e m

A r i an e 5

P r o t o nM

Country

E u r o p e a Sn p a c e Agency

F i r s tl a u n c h e d

1996

Height

5',tm

D i am e t e r

5.4m

James Dyson (I947-) UK engineer,inventor,and multimÍllionairewho has deve1opeda lange of very popular 'bagless'domesticvacuum cleanersand other products.

En g in e s PayloadCTO ( g e o s t a t i o nray t r a n s f eo r rbit)

6 , 8 0 0k g

Mass

kg 230,000

Lift-offth rust

6 , 3 6 0k N

Skateboard P a r t / C o m p o n e n t M a t e r i a l su s e d

Reason

Unit 2 p.13 StudentA 09.00-11.00

'11.15-'13.00

r5.30-16.10

Snowboard

Clientoperating systems

Snowboards are made from wood and laminated fibreglass.Wood is used for the core.The combinatíonof wood and fibre-glassgives the board strength with little weight. It also makes the board flexible. The base ofthe board is coveredwith p-tex,a kind of tough plastic which helps the board slide but resists wear. It has a curved steel edge which helps the board to grip the snow. BindÍngs,made of nylon, are fixed to the top ofthe snowboard.

DY 5ELF.STU

Mon Tues R]10

Hardware i n s t al l a t i o n & maintenance R]10

Rl 0 5

Networks Rl 0 5

Free

R]07 Program p l an n i n g 4104

In u r

R]02 Free

Computer o p e r a tni g

Fri

14.00-15.30

Free A't04

C o m m u n i c a t i o nFree sk i l s T105

Free

P a i r w o r ka c t i v i t i e s

Unit12 p.91 StudentA

trB

t

ModelA

M o d e lB

ourpur

4 . 5k W

8kw

voltage

120or 240 AC

12Oor 24OAC di e s e l

Unit5 p.31

runningtime 8 hours b e f o r er e f u e l l i n g

24hours

n o i s el e v e l

e n c l o s e dm o t o r ( 8 8d B )

f u l l ys o u n d p r o o f e d( 6 0d B )

starti ng

e l e c t r i cs t a r t e r

e l e c t r i cs t a r t e r

c o s tp e rd a y

StudentA

d e l i v e r yc h a r g e

DIRTY WATER INLET

€]0

Unit6 p.36 StudentA

GLASS COVER

Smart gun recognizesits owner

SUPPORT

FRESH WATER TROUGH

Unit5 p.33 StudentA You are a technician at a plant hire company.You have two possiblegeneratorsfor the customerto hire (ModelA and Model B).Help the customerto make the rlght choice.Checkwhat domestÍcappliancesthe customerhas.Remind the customerthat he / she may not need to run the generatorall night.A typical home uses 2.4kW for iighting. With al1major appliances on at the same time,this risesto 6.6kW.

The Newlersey Institute of Technology has developed a new system for hand guns called dynamic grip recognitÍon.Sensorsare fitted into the handle ofthe gun and trained to recognize only the owner's grip. Hand grips,like fingerprints and iris patterns,are unique.The sensorsreadthe pressureofthe grip in the first second the trigger is pressed.if it doesn't match the owner's grip,the gun will refuse to fire. The inventors say it will prevent incidents where police have been shot with their own guns or where children have been killed playing with a parent's gun. Early results from trials with New Jersey police show the system works.

Unit7 p.43 StudentA

Useful language What electricappliancesdo you have at home? Do you needto run thegeneratorall night?

A Next,the glassmaster Ísplacedinto an electrolytic solution containing a silver rod. Current is applied and a thin layer of silver forms over the glass face.The processis calledelectroforming.It producesa rigid metal negativeto the master which is called the Fathel

ll2 Pairworkactivities

B The digital signal to be recordedis sent to a laser.The laser is aimed at a spinning glass disc coated with a photoresist chemical. As the laser turns on and off,the resist is burnt offor remains, matching the exact pattern ofthe sÍgnal.

c The stampers are placed in a moulding press.Melted plastic is Ínjectedinto the moulds and allowed to cool. This produces a clear plastic disc,a substrate,with the pits ofthe original recording accuratelycopied on one side.

Unit 11p.85 StudentA Jade Empire This is a role-playÍnggame.You play the part of a student at a martial arts school.Your village is attacked.You get to explore imaginary worlds and fight with enemies.It was developedby BioWare for Microsoft.It'splayed on an Xbox. The real-time combat features are particularly good. N a m eo f t h e g a m e

Unit9 p.72

Company / D e v e l o p m e ntte a m

StudentA

Typeof game

Friction pile

Console

Reinforced concretepiles which are used in soft soil which becomes stiffer with depth.The piles stay in place because ofthe squeezing force ofthe soil round them.

Cood features

Floating raft

StudentB

A raft of reinforced concrete.For situations when the ground is soft or there are tunnels or mines under the ground which could cause collapse.

Unit l2 p.91

UnitrO p.79 StudentA Device Bedoccupancysen5oÍ Carbonmonoxidedetector (wireless) Floordetector Cas shut-offvalve M e d i c a t i o nd i s o e n s e r

Property exitsensor

a)What it'sfor

b) How it works

P a i r w o r ka c t i v i t i e sl l 3

Unit5 p.31

Unit 14 p.103

StudentB

StudentA You are the interviewerforthe job of StageTechnÍcian (p.100). Write a list of questions to ask the applicant.

REFLECTOR

EXAMPLES

l What work experÍencehaveyou had? ,. Why do you want thísjob? ,+Why do you thÍnkyou would be good at thisjob? . What areyour strengths? " DescrÍbea difficult sÍtuationyou handled well. Give the candidate a chance to ask you questions about the job.

BLACK BOTTOM ACCUMUI.ATOR

Unitl? p.94

Unit15 p.106 StudentA

StudentA

Make

Motorola

Model

RAZR

Keyboard type

fullQwerty

Screen

32Ox74O pixel,65K t h i nf i l m t r a n s i s t o r , l i q u i dc r y s t a l d i s p l a y

Software

MicrosoftPocket E x p l o r eO l utlook, Word,Windows Media

Other features

1 . 3m e g a p i x ecl a m e r a Bluetooth M P 3 , A A C , W M Aa n d WAV audiofile playbaca k n dv i d e o capture

Email

c o m p a t i b l ew i t h a varietyof services

I nt h e p a s t ,Í | i c k e r i nsgc r e e n m s a d ee | e c t r o n ibco o k sa n d n e w s p a p e rusn c o m f o r t a btl oe r e a df o r l o n gp e r i o d sT. h e A m e r i c a nc o m p a n yE, I n k ,h a ss o l v e dt h i s p r o b l e mb y producine g l e c t r o n iicn k .T h es y s t e mw o r k sb y f o r m i n g t h o u s a n dos f b l a c ka n dw h i t ec a p s u l e si n t ol e t t e r sw h i c h a r ea l m o s ta s g o o da s p r i n t e dc h a r a c t e rTs .h e ya p p e a ro n s c r e e nw s h i c ha r ea s t h i n a s p a p e ra n d c a n b e b e n t w i t h o u tc a u s i n gd a m a g e . s h i c hu s et h i s D i f f e r e ncto m p a n i ehs a v er e l e a s e dp r o d u c t w n e wt e c h n o l o g yS.e i k oh a v ep r o d u c e d a w a t c hw h i c hy o u c a n b e n dr o u n dy o u rw r i s t .S o n yh a v er e l e a s e d their R e a d ed r e v i c el.t i s n o t h i c k e tr h a na p a p e r b a cak n dw e i g h s j u s t2 5 0 g r a m m e sl t. h a sa s i x - i n c hs c r e e na n d c a ns t o r e b o o k sa n dc o m i cb o o k sd o w n l o a d e fdr o mt h e l n t e r n e tl.t a c c e p t sb o t hm e m o r ys t i c k sa n d S D f l a s hm e m o r yc a r d s . S o n yc l a i m st h eb a t t e r i ews i l l a l l o wu p t o 7 , 5 0 0p a g et u r n s . O n t h e d o w n s i d ei ,t h a s n o b a c k l i g hat n dw i t h c o m i cb o o k s t h e b a t t e r i ecsa n b e e x h a u s t e idn t w e n t vh o u r s .

ll4

Symbolsand characters

Symbolsandcharacters Mathematicalsymbols EXAMPLE

MEANING

8.5689

eight pointfivesix eight nine

+

Rl+ R2

R one p/usR two

+

+3m

Y minusYone plusor minus3 metres

R=Rr*Rz

R equals/ is equal to R one plus R two

# or:

v + v r + v 2 V doesn'tequal/ is not equal toY one plusV two l=28mA

I is approximotelyequa I to twenty eight m i ||iam ps

X

f x120

F times/ multipliedby onehundredandtwenty

no sign between two quantities

E=lR

E equalsI times/ multipliedby R

R

Iover / divided byR Theratio ofltoR

onequantity overanother

36 + 5 =7.2 thirtysix dividedbyfiveequalssevenpointtwo * %

l

>-

l*V

IisproportionaltoY

1 1: 1

(a ratio of) eleven to one

25%

twenty-fiveper cent

300c

thirtydegrees celsius

V5

thesquarerootof / rootoffive

R2

Rsquared

X'

Xcubed

104

lo-o

tento thepowerfour tento thepowerminuseight

> 1 0d B

greaterthan ten decibels

< 2 5m A

less tha n twenty-five m i Iliam ps

>5W

greaterthan or equal tofive watts

<10w

lessthan or equal toten watts

url characters SYMBOL

MEANING

EXAMPLES

forwardslash

wwurtinyrrl,esml_gat7n

b a c ks l a s h

w w w dottinyu r Idotcomforwardslashq a t 7 n

dot

http;/wwwoeree{q---brc

colon

h t t o c o l o nd o u b l e f o r w a r sdl a s hw w w d o t m e r c e d e s hyphenbenzdot com

hyphen unoerscore

C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c el l 5

Grammar reference i Comparisonswith adiectives and adverbs

We can use lesswith adjectivesand adverbs of two or more syllables to mean the opposite of more. Computerswere lesspowerful in the past. They worked less efficiently.

Comparative adjectives

We can addmuch before comparative adjectivesand adverbsto suggesta strongercomparison.

Adjective Comparative one-syllable adjectives

add -er

fast

faster

one-syllable

add -r

safe

safer

Thesesalesfiguresare muchworse than I expected. That reportwas written much more recently than this one.

e rl i eriirrec

ending in -e two-syllable adjectives ending in -y

change -y easy to -ier

2 PresentSimplev Present Continuous

easter

PresentSimple

adjectiveswith more + realÍstic morerealistic two or more adjective syllables good bad

better worse

Íor

farther /further

irregular adjectives

I /You/We/They

enjoymaths.

He / She / It

enjoys maths.

= subject+ verb Negative

Computersarefaster today. This report Ísmore realistíc. When we compare two things or situations directly, we use the comparative+ than. Theprograms today are more sophistícatedthan in thepast. N or Theprograms today are @ thepast.

Adverb

Comparative

add -er

fast

faster

add -r

late

Iater

change -y early to -ier

I /You /We / They

don't want to be an engineer.

He / She / It

doesn't want to be an engineer.

= subject+do /does+ not+infinitive Short answers

Questions in

ComparativeadveÍbs adverbswith same form as adjectives

Positive

DoI/you/we/they

like the Yes,I / you / we / proposal? theydo.

Does he / she / it

like the Yes,he / she / it proposal? does. N o ,I / y o u / w e / they don't. No, he / she /it doesn't.

earlier

=Do / Does + subject + infinitive Note that in short answers we use the fullforms do / doesin positiveresponses,and the short forms don't / doesn'tin negativeresponses.

adverbs ending more+ adverb in-Iy

slowly

moreslowly

irregular adverbs

good bad

weII worse

Íor

farther /further

We use the Present Simple to talk about things that are always true repeatedactions verbs that describethinklng and feeiing. Water boils at 100oC. She doesn,tgo to collegeon FrÍdays' Do you think the amount of traffic will increase?

l l 6 C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c e

With the PIesent ContÍnuous,we often use a time expression such as now,currently,at the moment, this year.

PresentContinuous Positive I

am studying

to be an engineer.

You/We /They

are studying

to be an engineer.

He/She/It

is studying

to be an engineer.

= subject + am / are / Ís+ -ing form Negative 'm not starting

I

the course until September.

You/We/They

aren't

starting

the course until September.

He/She/It

isn't

starting

the course until SePtember.

= subject + am / are / Ís+ not+ -ingform Short answers

O_uestions Am I

working on this project?

Are you/we/they workingon this project? Is

he / she / it

working on this project?

With the Present Simple,we can use expressionsthat refer to a specific point in time, such as on Tuesday,at nine o'clock or adverbsand expressionsoffrequency such as usually,always,onWednesdays,threedays a week.

3 Questiontypes There are two main types of questions.Those which require aYes/ No answer,and information or l4lhquestions,whích ask for specific information.

YesI No questions These begin with an auxiliary verb, such as do,am / is I are,have/ has,can,could,will,must,etc. Short answers

Positive finishedthe prototype?

Yes,I am.

Have

you

Yes,you/we/ theyare.

Does

the prototype

Will

the designs

Yes,he / she / it is. No,I'mnot. No,you / we / they aren't. No, he / she / it isn't.

= A m / a r e / í s +s u b j e c t + . i n g f o r m Note: In short answers we use the full forms am / is / 'm not I are in positive responses,and the short forms aren't / isn't in negatlve responses. We use the Present Continuous to talk about things that are happening now things that are happening for a límited period of time around now. She'sworking at the Telford office today. I'mstudying to be a surveyor. Remember that we can use most verbs in both the Present Simple and the Present Continuous, except the verbs of thinking and feeling such as know,want,Jeel, think.Iike.

work?

be ready in time?

Yes,I have. Yes,Ítdoes. Yes,they will.

= auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (+object) Negative Haven't

you

finishedthe prototype?

No.Ihaven't.

Doesn't the prototype

work?

No, it doesn't.

Won't

be ready Íntime?

No,theywon't.

the designs

= auxiliary verb + not + subject + main verb (+object)

lnformationquestions These begin with question words, such as what, who, and how.We can use how in when,where,why,which, other combinations, such as how much,how many,how long,howfar, how safe, etc. The que stion w or ds what, whi ch, h ow mu ch, and h ow many canbefollowed by a noun.

Grammarreferencell7

What

do

you

thinkofthis solution?

Howmany machines has thecompany bought? =questionword (+object)+auxiliary +subject+maÍn verb In the two sentencesabove,the questionword is the objectof the main verb.Notethat what who,whÍch, howmuch,howmany canalsobethe subjectof a question.Inthis case,the wordorderis the sameasin a positÍve sentence.

madeof simplylists the materialsthat a product consistsof.However,in practice,theseexpressionsare oftenusedto havethe samemeanÍng' Somebottlesare madeof / madefrom plastÍc. SteelismadeoJ/ madefromironandcarbon

5 Time clauses

Whích

solution

worksbest?

We use when, as, before,afrer to show clearly the order in which different events happened. The part of the sentencethat begins with the time expression is called the'time clause'.

Howmany

machines

areinhere?

when

prototype? desÍgnedthe

We use whento refer to actions that happen at almost the same time. One action is an immediate consequence of another. Note that when the time clause comes first, it must be followed by a comma. Whenyou turn the handle,the wheel startsto move.

Who

=questionword (+subject)+main verb

4 usedto,usedfor, made of, made Írom We use usedtoandusedfortodescribehow materials areused.We use madeof andmadefrom to talk about the materialsthat a productconsistsof.

usedto

We can change the two parts of the sentence around, butwhen must always come before the first action in the sequenceofevents. The wh eeI starts to m ove whe n y ou turn the handle. \Alhenthe time clause comes later in the sentence,we do not use a comma to separatethe two clauses.

Rubberis usedto makethe pedals.

as

=subject+is / are usedto+infrnitive

We use as to talk about two actions that happen at the same time. The position of the time clause can change, in the same way asfor when. As the wheeI turns, it g enerates electricity. The wheelgenerateselectricityas it turns.

u'edÍor Leatheris usedfor making footballs. =is / are usedfor +-ing form We can use usedto andusedfor ina similar way. Nylon is usedto make/ usedfor makÍnga lot of dffirent products. Note:Don'tconfusetheseexpressions withbe usedto + -ingform,which means'beaccustomed to'.

madeol Somebottlesare made of plastic. =subject+is/aremadeof+noun

madelrom Steelis made fromiron and carbon. =subject+is / are madeÍrom+noun while Madefrom emphasizesthe resultof a process,

Note that in the second as sentence,we need to use a subject the wheel,becauseby changing the order ofthe clauses, it is no longer clear what it refers to.

belore andalter Beforeandafreralsoindicatethe sequenceof events, but thereis not necessarilysucha closetime relationshipas with when andas.Beforeandafter simply indicatethat one actionhappenedat an unspecifiedtime beforeanother. Again,the positionof the time clausecan change. you mustreadthe Beforeyou operatethemachine, manual Youmustreadthemanualbeforeyou operatethe machine.

l l 8 C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c e

Trevor BaylÍsdeveloped his clockwork radÍoafter he visÍtedAfrica. After he visitedAfrica,TrevorBaylis developedhÍs clockwork radÍo'

7 PresentPassive One way to describe processesis to use the Present Simple.

Before and after canbefollowed by the -ing form instead of subject + verb.

Theplastic travels through the barrel. The mould is now cool.

Before operatÍngthe machine,you must read the manual. After visitÍngAfrica,Trevor Baylis developedhis clockwork radio.

However,it is more common to use the Passive.This is because,when talking about a process,it is often not important or relevant to mention who performs an action.

6 Describingfunction We use used to,(used)for,usedas to describethe function of an object in positive and negative sentences,and in questions.

usedto + infinitive Atorch Ísusedto provide light. Tasersaren't used to protect computers. Is a baton usedto monitor criminals?

(used)for+-ingÍolm This expression has the same meanin g as be usedto + Ínfinitive. Handcuffs are (used)for restrainingsomeone. The baton Ísn,t(used)for monitoring criminals. Is a PIN (used)for protecting cards? Note that although we can leave out used inbe usedfor, we cannot leave out used in the expression be used to. Note: Don't confuse these expressionswith be usedto + -íngform, which means.be accustomedto,.

usedas + noun This expression also describesthe purpose of an object, to show that it is similar to the function of another object. The belt is used as a weapon. The handcuffs aren't used as a weapon. Is the torch used as a signal? We cannot use this expression if the two objectshave exactly the same function. wor@.

Some verbs,such as verbs which do not take an object, e.g.travel,orverbsof thinking and feeling,e.g.be, cannot usually be used in the Passive. wor Theplastic ist+aaelW through the barrel.

PresentPassive Positive Thedough

iscut

into loaves.

Theloaves

areleft

to cool.

= subject + am / is / are + past participle Negative The plastic

isn't melted

The screws

aren't pushed back bythe ram.

by the hydraulic fluid.

= subject + am / is / are not + past participle Short answers

Questions Is

thehopper filled withplastic? Yes,itis. No, it isn't.

Are the loaves

sent totheshops? Yes,theyare. No, thev aren't.

=Am / Is / Are + subject + past participle Howis the plastic melted? = O_uestionword + am / is / are + subject + past nerfirinlp

Although in general contexts the Passive can have 1/ you / we asthe subject,when talking about processes the subjectis generally the pronoun it or they,or a singular or plural noun. Note:The Passivecan be followed with by ífwe need to clarify who or what has causedthe action.

C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c e1 1 9

8 Prediction:wÍII,mdf, mÍght wÍll

We can use the short form mightn,tínspoken English, but there is no short formfor may not. Trffic congestionmÍghtn,tbe an easyproblem to solve.

We use wi//to talk about future developmentsthat we are certain about.

loor Trafficcongestiontreya+tbean easyproblem to solve.

Positive

May is not used when We aÍeaskÍngpeople for their opinions, in order to avoid confusion with may ín reouesls.

One sensor will

stop

the driverfalling asleep.

=subject+ will + infinitive

9 Safety signsand safety advice

Negative Traffic congestion

will not be

an easy problem to solve.

= subject + wiII not (won'tl + infinitive Questions Howwill

thecarofthefuture

bepowered?

Will

thecarofthefuture

beverydifferent?

= (questionword + ) will + subject + infinitive

mayandmÍght We use may and mÍghtwhen we are less certain about future developments,i.e.when we think that something is possÍblerather than definÍte.May is more formal than might,butthere is little difference in the Ievelof possibilitythey contain. Positive

No +.Íngor noun ThÍsis a direct command to the public, and is found on signs in a range ofgeneral and industrial contexts. No smoking No admittance

!mperative ThÍstype of command is not as strict as no + -Íng,and can be found in more Ínformalsigns,or in safety handbooks. Positive Wear

a safety helmet.

= infinitive Negative

A hybrid car may / might be the best choÍce' = subject + may / mighf + infinitive Negative AnoÍse-freebike maynot/mightnot

bepopular with bikers.

= subject + may / might + not + infinitive Questions Might

There are severalways of giving instructions and advice Ínsafety signs and notices.

hydrogen fuel cells

get cheaper?

Do not smoke here. =Do not + infrnitive The short form of Do notis Don,t'ThÍsis used commonly in spoken English and in more informal advice or commands. Don't keepyour mobilephone switchedon. We can use always andneverto make a command stronger.In a positive command, aiways comes just before the verb.

=Might + subject + infinitive

Always check thefilters.

Howmight

In a negative sentence,never replacesdo not / don't.

thecarofthefuture bepowered?

= question word + might + subject + infinitive

Never operatethe chainsaw without ear protection.

1 2 O C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c e

must Must expressesa strong obligation,and authority,and is used in both the Active and Passive.Remember that must does not change in the he /sh e / Ítforms, Active form You

must

wear a safety helmet.

There are two types of relative clause: defining and non-defining.

Defining relativeclause This tells us information about an object or person that identifies them. ThÍsis a scannerwhich readsbooks.(=there are several types of scanner,and this is one that reads books)

= subject + must (not) +infinitive

There,sthe lab technicÍanwho works Ínthe laboratory with me. (=there are severallab technlcians, and he / she is the one that works with me)

Passive form

Non-defining relativeclause

Unauthorizedpersons mustnot

usethismachine.

Eye protection

must

beworn.

Fireextinguishers

mustnot

beusedinthisarea.

= subject + must (not)+be +pastparticiple We can also use always and never with must. In both the Active and Passive,always andneverfollow must. You must always wear a hard hat when work Ísgoing on overhead. Personnel must never leave this equipment swítchedon. High visibility clothÍngmust always be worn tn thís area. Chemicals must never be stored near openJlames.

10Relativeclauses We use a relative clause as a means of joining two pieces of informationtogetherwithin one sentence. The Ultracane is a device. This devicehelps blind people. Relative clause:The Ultracane is a devicewhichhelps blind people. A cardiacpatÍentis a person. Theperson is being treatedfor a heartproblem. Relative clause:Á cardiacpatient is a person who Ís beÍngtreatedfor a heartproblem, In relative clauses,we use the relative pronouns who when the subject is a person,or which when the subject is an object. Note that the subject of who andwhich can be singular or plural. Ultracanesare deviceswhichhelp blind people. Cardiacpatients are people who are being treatedfor heart problems.

This tells us supplementary information about an object or person.The relative pronoun who or which rs always precededby a comma. This is a scanner,whichreads books.(=there is only one type of scanner,and it happens to read books) There'sthe lab technician,whoworks in the laboratory with me. (=there is only one lab technician, and he / she works with me)

11 should / shouldn't We use should andshould not (shouldn't)togive advice and to offer an opinion. Positive

You

should

keepyour passwordsafe.

= subiect + should + infinitive Negative People

shouldn't

downloadillegally.

= subject + should + not (shouldn'tl + infinitive Questions I Should update my virus protection software every monthT

Short answers Yes,I/you /he / she /it/ they should. No,I / you / he / she / it / theyshouldn't.

= Should + subject + Ínfinitive tÁIhatshouldI do? \AIhoshould I complain to? = questionword+should+ subject + infinitÍve

C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c el 2 l

We do not use the auxiliary do / doestoformthe negativeand questions. wor They den*+he+rlddownload illegally ... Nor De{+'he+rld... ?

13PastSimplev PresentPerfect PastSlmple Positive

When we use should to give an opinion, we use I think / I don't think + subject+ shou/d.

I /You /He / She / It / We / They

I thÍnkyou should buy the camera with 4 megapixels. I don,t think chíIdrenshould play violent video games.

= subject + Past Simple

In the second sentenceabove,it is also possibleto say I think + subject + shouldn't:

I/ You / He / She / It / We / They

We use the Past Passiveto talk about systems and plocesSesÍnthe past.As with the Present Passive (Unit 7),we use the Past Passivewhen the action is more important than the agent,or where the agent is not known. Positive Welding

was done

Short answers

Did you work mainlyindoors?

Y e s I, / h e / s h e / i t / w e / they did. No,l/he/she/it/we/ they didn't.

=Did + subject + infinitive We use the Past Simple to talk about an action that happened at a particular point in the past.

onrrinmani\

Negative were not (weren't)inspected

in Signals.

I operated dÍfferenttypesof equÍpment.(=it is clear that this person no longer operatesdifferent types of

byhand.

= subject + was / were + past participle

Cars

didn't work

= subject+ did not (didn'tl + inflnitive

Questions

12PastPassive

her an invitation.

Negative

I think children shouldn,t play vÍolentvideogames. but this form is not as common as the first sentence.

texted

by robots.

= subject + was / were not (wasn't / weren't)+ past nr rti rinl e

With the Past Simple we can use expressions such as in + year,month, season,before,andafter.

PresentPerfect Positive

Questions

Short answers

Were designs produced on computer?

Yes,theywere. No,theyweren't.

= Was / Were + subject + past partÍciple How were desÍgnsproduced7

I

have seen

many changes in telecommunications.

= subject+ have / has + past participle Negative She

hasn't emailed

me today.

= question word + was / were + subject+ past participle We can use by after a Passiveform to say who or what causedthe action in a process.

= subject+ have / has not (haven't / hasn't) + past partÍcÍpIe

SupplÍeswereorderedby rtaff' not by computer.

Questions Have you spent time inthe army?

Yes,I/you/we/they have. Yes,he / she / it has. No,I/you/we/they haven't. No, he / she / it hasn't.

1 2 2 C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c e

=Have / Has + subject + past participle We use the Present Perfectto talk about actions or experiencesthat happened during a period of time from the past to the present.It is not important when they occurred. I've operated different typesof equipment.(=at some point in this person'slife, they have operateddifferent types of equipment, and possibly still do)

Here,mustn't = it is a requirement of the job that candidates do not have less than three years' experience.Do not confuse this with don't have to + inf,nitive,which means that something lsn't necessarv. Short answers

Questions Must candidates be British nationals?

No,I/you/we/they don't have to.

We can begin talking about a topic in the Present Perfect,then use the Past Simple to add details about when something happened. I've worked in Si.gnalssince 2003.Beforethat,I was a Mechanic.

for / since We can use both the Past Simple and the Present Perfectwith/or, and the Present Perfectwith s inceto answer the question How /ong7

Yes,I/ you / he I she / it / theymust.

No, he / she / it doesn't have to. =Must + subject+ infinitive Note that in negative short answers,we say don't have to rather than mustn't,becausewe want to say that somethÍngisn't necessary.

should

for + períodof time, to say how long a period of time Iasted:foreight months,for two hours sÍnce+ point in time to say when a period of time started:since 2 o' clock,since 1.993, sinceyesterday

Positive

Present Perfect: I've been herefor a few months. Past Simple: Iwas inthe armyforfouryears. Present Perfect I've worked here sinceI was eiahteen.

= subject +should+ infinitive

You

should

have experience of working with this system.

Negative Applicants should not (shouldn't)

14|ob ÍequiÍement' In addition to the functions of giving instructÍons (Unit 9) and advice (Unit 11),we can use must and shouldto describeessentíaI characteristicsthat are necessaryfor a job or role.

must

= subject + should not (shouldn'tJ+ infinitive Questions Should applÍcants have a knowledge of public health issues?

Positive Candidates must

have a hearing disability.

speak French and German.

Short answers Yes,I/you / he / she / it / they should. No,I / you / we / they don't have to. No, he / she / it doesn't have to.

= subject + musf + infinitive

=Must + subject+ infinitive

Negative

Note that the negatÍveshort answer is the same as for must.Must is generally stronger than should, and means that a requirement is essential rather than merelv desirable.

Applicants

mustn't

have less than three years' experrence.

= subject + must not (mustn'tl + infinitive

Grammarreference123

15Phrasalverbs Phrasalverbsconsistof a verb +adverbor preposition, suchas in,out,up,down,off on,which combineto form a singlemeaning.Phrasalverbsareusedvery frequentlyin both spokenand written English. Themeaning of thetwowordstogether is not always clear,for example putoff =to postponeor to delay. Somephrasalverbshavemorethan one meaning: carryout =to performan action carryout =totakeawayortotakeoutside Oneverb can be combinedwith differentadverbsor prepositionsto make differentphrasalverbs,e.g.set ofiset out,setup. When phrasalverbshavean object,thepositionof the objectchanges,ifit is a pronoun. Tryto workout theanswer. oR Trytoworktheanswetout. svt Tt1ttoworkítout, nor Tryto+rerftetÉ#. Otherverbsinthis groupinclude: carryout,closedown,cutdown,fiIlin,findout,giveup, look up,plug in,print out,put on,set up, shutoff, switch on / off,takeofitum dourn/ off,workout Howeversomephrasalverbsmust putthe object immediatelyafterthe phrasalverb,e.g. Lookf or the ínformatÍon, Lookforít, NoT l€efriÜbr' 11s1 W

1 2 4 L i s t e n i n gs c r i p t s

Listeningscripts Unit t Listening- Technology and work I

I can get patients'lab results - blood and biochemistry - through the Health Service intranet.No delays,no need to wait for paper copies.It'smuch faster. 2 My students can use the Internetto practisetheir German. They exchange emails with German students - half the time in English,half in German.It'smore realistic.And I can use the Web to get upto-date material in German. I have a satellite receiverat home so I can watch German TV and record programmes for use in class. 3 People pay with plastic.Now it's more cards than cash.it's safer becausethere's less money in the shop but I have to pay the card companies each time. And l don't get my money if someone uses a stolen card. 4 It'snot good.My sales are much worse. Insteadof buying CDs,people download individual tracks from the Internet.

- Wordstress Pronunciation 1 2 3 4 5 6

machine machinery mechanics mechanic mechanical technical

7 technician 8 technology 9 electron 10 electronics 11 electrical 12 electrician

Unit 2 -The course- paÍtI Listening I=Interviewer.A=Alec I You're doing an HND inCivil engineering.How long does that last? A It'sa two-year course. I And what stage are you at now? A I'm in the second semesterof the first year. I Howmany students are inthe group? A There are eight, all men.

I Why did you decideto do this course? A I left school at seventeenand started off as an Architectural Technician and . .. I What didthatinvolve'beÍngan Architectural Technician? A Doing all the technÍcaldrawings for the architects,things like that. We used a programcalledAutocad. I Andwhattookyouintothatline of business? A We11, I was interestedin architecture. My best subjectat school,the one I enjoyedmost,was Graphic communÍcation.I decidedto try to get a careerusÍngthat. So,I went into an architect'soffice and was there for four years before I decidedto start my HND.

a lot ofpublic opposition. I DoweneedanewbridgeT A Yes,the researchI've done shows the present bridge is carrying ten times the amount of trafflc it was designed for. I What's Fluid mechanics on Fridav morning? A Er,it's how fluids behave,water pressureon pipes,and that sort of thing. It'sone ofthe hardest subjects. I Doyoufindyou have a lot ofworkto do outside the courseT A Yes,it's not particularly hard but it's constant. I Andhowisitassessed? A It'smodular,continuous assessment. You have to pass all the modules.

The course- part 2

Thecourse- part3

I Tellme aboutyourtimetable. A I have classesthree days aweekMonday, Wednesday,and Friday,and Self-studyon the other days. I Which subjectappeals to you most? A Erm,the Theory of structures.I really enjoy it. That'stwice on a Monday Monday morning first thing and on Monday afternoon. I What do you like about it? A I like the maths and physics side of it, how the structureactually works. I Is any of the work inthe labi A We've got Materials this semester. We're in the lab every week - testing concreteand that sort ofthing. On Fridays,there'sProjectwork from 11.i5 for most of the day.I'vebeen at a structural engineering company learning how a civil engineering

I What do you hope to do at the end of your course? A Well, I want to go on to do the degree. I What kind of degreewillyou take? A I d like to do Structural engineering,a BEng.I've got acceptancefrom two unÍversities.I can start once I,ve finished one year of my HND. I Howlongwillittake? A lt's four years for a BEng. I When you start work as a CivÍl Engineer,what do you want to build houses or big structureslike bridges and roads? A I'm more interested inthe bie structureslÍkebridges. I You may have to go overseasfor that. A That'sone reason why I chosethis career.That you can travel.There'sa lot ofopportunitíesto go overseas.

nÍ^ip.+ ic Íl]n

I What'sthecompanyworkingon? A They're turning an old officebuilding into a nightclub, restaurant,and fivestar hotel.It'sinteresting to get on site and to speak to the engineers. I What,s Complex communÍcationson Wednesday? A Before and after lunch? It'sabout Ianguage.You have to pick something to do wÍthengineering and write a report about it. Then present it to the other students. I Whathaveyouchosen? A I'm doing a projecton a new brÍdgeover the Forth,right here in Scotland.There's

- Strontand Pronunciation weakformsof auxiliaryverbs 1

Does Alec like Maths? Is he in his first year?

Yes,he does. Yes,he is.

3 1 Is he studyingto be an engineer? Yes,he is. 2 Arethere anywomen in his class? No,there aren't. 3 Doeshis coursetaketwovears? Yes,it does. 4 Can he start a degreeafter six months? No,he can't.

Listening scripts125

5 Hashe got acceptancefromtwo universities? Yes,he has. 6 Doeshe have to pass all the modules? Yes,he does. 7 Will it take him four years to complete the BEng? Yes,it wil/. 8 Has he got any lab work on his course? Yes,he has.

Unit3 -The designprocess Llstening I startwith a design brief- a description ofthe problem I'm going to solve.ln this case,it's to design a backpack for crosscountry skiers.Then I investigate,and do someresearchabout cross-countryskiers, the things they need to carry and the weight they find comfortable.I also think aboutthe best choice of material waterproo{hard-wearing,easy to work with. Next, ] sketch dÍfferentshapesfor the backpack and choosewhat I think is the best solution.I transfer my sketchto a computerto make a proper drawing with a1lthe dimensions in place.Then,I ask a companyto realize it and make up some prototypesto test how well it works. Finally,I compare the product with the brief.I evaluate it by asking questions like: Does it meet all the requirements?Can I make it any better,or improve it somehow?

- Working Listening withdesign A KarI I design practical products for use in the home, especiallythe kitchen.When I'm designing,I think about the function of the object and how people will use it. Then I sketch my ideas on papeÍ,starting with the shape.I make lots of these rough drawings until I get the shape that I want. B Martin I'm an industrial designer.Idesign massproduced products.I always have to balance what people need and what it's possible to make. I start with a sketch and when I'm happy with the result,I plan the basic layout on a computer.Then I print out technical drawings to make templates.i use the templates to cut out a

model in foam plastic.This gives me an idea ofthe shape and look ofthe object. C Hilary I'm a product developer. I have to work with the desÍgnerson the one hand and the manufacturers on the other. And I have to keep both ofthem happyto get good designs which can be produced at prices people can afford.I get the drawings and models from the designers, talk to the manufacturers about the production,and work out the costings.

Unit 4 - lntonationfor Pronunciation questions I

Whereareyoufrom? Whatdoyou studyT 2 Are you ItalianT Do you speak EnglishT 3 A What materials do we use for ski poles? B Aluminium or carbon-fibre,lthink. What are footballs made of? A I'm not sure.Is it leather? B Yes,l'm certain.What's used to make bobsleighs?

Listening- Exchanging information A B A B A B A B A B A B A B

OK, so tell me about the skateboard. Right.The bodypart is the deck. What's it made of? Plywood.This means it's light and strong. OK. What's the differencebetween the front and back? The front Íscal]edthe nose.And the back is the tail. Nose and tail. Right. There'san angle oftwenty degrees. WhatforT It helps the skateboarderperform tricks. Cool.So,what about under the board? Thesethings are the trucks. What aretheymade of? Metal? Yes- sometimes it's titaniumfor strength.The top is called the baseplate.

The bottom is the hanger. A Got it. And the wheels - thev're plastic, right? B Right.They're made of polyurethane. The hardness varies.Very hard wheels are good for performance.Is that it? A What about these?Are they springs, like a car suspension? B Oh yes,they're called bushings. They help you to turn the board . .. B ... I think I know a bit about the snowboard.ls it made of fibre-glassT A Yeah, partly. But wood is used for the core. B Really? How come? A It gives the board strength but keeps it light. And it makes it flexible. B OK. Is itthe same on both sidesT A The base,the bottom, is coveredwith a kind oftough plastic. B What's it ca11ed7 A P-tex.Ithelps the board slide but it's wear-resistant. B RÍght.Importanton snow. What about the edge?Is it made ofp-tex as wellT A No, that's steel.It helps the board grip the snow. B When it turns and does tricks? A Yeah,lsupposeso. B OK.Oh,andthese straps- are they made of nylonT A Yeah.They're called bindings. That'sit.

Unit 5 Switch on This is a wind pump. It'sused for pumping water from under the ground.As you can see,it's a very simpIe mechanÍsm.The wind turns the blades.This rotary movement is convertedinto an up-anddown movement by the crankshaft - just like the crankshaft in a car engine.The piston of the pump is connectedto the crankshaft.As the blades rotate.water is pumped from the well. It'sused in the developing world, for example in AfrÍcaand in parts of India. This particular wind pump is in Kenya. It can be used to provide drinking water or rnraiar

fnr

nrnn<

This is an example of appropriate technology.It'slow cost.Itdoesn't use

126 Listening scripts

expensive fuel. it's made from inexpensive materials and it can be repaÍredeasily.It,s the righttechnologyforthe situation.

Pairwork This is a solar water distiller.It'sactually quite easy to make. It's for producing clean, drinkable water from dirty water. It uses the heat ofthe sun. The stili is filled with dirty water via the inlet at the base. The black bottom absorbsheat fromthe sun and warms the water. The reflector increasesthe amount of heat reaching the water. The heat helps to kill anything harmful in the water. The hot water evaporatesand condenseson the inside of the glass cover.This condensedwater is clean and safe to drink. The cover is tilted to the south so the condensedwateÍluns down and collects in the fresh water trough. With a glass cover of about a square metre,the still can produce almost four litres of clean water every five hours. You have to clean out the stili regularly to remove any sediment, but you can also use the cleaning water to irrigate piants.

Pronunciation- Numbers and quantities I

a b c d e f g h i j k I

three point one fourtwo elevenhundred andfiftymillimetres twohundred andfiftymegabytes sixtygigabytes sixteenkiiohertz thirtymÍiliamps zero degreesCelsius seventy-threeper cent twelve volts DC tentothepowersix tento the power minus twelve aratiooffortytoone

2 a minus two hundred and seventy-three point one five degreesCelsius b ninety-five point eight megahertz c one hundred andtenvolts AC d twotothepowertwenty e one million, forty-eight thousand, f,ve hundred and seventy-six f aratioofonetoeight g sixteen millimetres h zero point zero one i thirteenpointfivepercent j two hundred and fifty-six gigabytes

Unit6

responsibilityto get the plant going again.

- Crime-fi ghting Listening equipment

The entire processis computer-controlled. These are the main stages.First,225 kilogrammes of flour, water, yeast, fat, and other ingredients are mixed in a steel mixer for three minutes to make dough. Then the dough is cut into loaves, put into tins and ]eft for 54 mÍnutes in a prover for the yeast to work. After that, the loaves are baked in giant gas ovens for precisely 21 minutes. Next, they're left to cool for 110 minutes, and then taken out of theÍrtins using suction.Then they're sprayedwith a chemical to keep them fresh longer.Next, the loaves are sliced in a high-speed slicer with giant saw blades. Finally, they're wrapped by the wrapping machine and sent to the supermarkets.

As a police offrcer,technology helps me work safely and more effrciently. Every police ofícer who,s out on duty carries, or wears,plenty of equÍpment_both ]owtech and high-tech.For example,we all carry a torch. It's lightweight and metal, so not easily broken. It's very useful. A lot of incidents happen in dark places,and you can use it to signal to traffrcif there'sa traff,c accident at night. We all have handcuffs - still the simplest way to restrain someone. You can cuff theÍrhands together,or cuff themto something solid like a gate or even to another person. The type we have are called'quickcuffs'becauseyou can use them very easily. In the UK, not all police officersare licensed to carry firearms - guns and so on - but all of us have batons.They're made from polycarbonate so they're strong but not heavy to carry. They extend to keep people at a safe distance. We also have CS gas canisters.lf someone gets violent,CS will incapacÍtatethem for a short time. And we wear knife-proof vests, a kind of body armour made of Kevlar. Some police forces are experimenting with stun guns,tasers,for use against suspectsarmed with a dangerous weapon,Iike a knife. They give a powerful electricshock. We all carry radios so we can contact each other and polÍceheadquarters at any time. We can get help quickly or information about a suspect. And of course, we all have a notebook. The function ofthat is obvious!

Unit7 It'smyjob I work in a iarge plant bakery. We make bread for supermarkets.Most of the bread people eat in the UK comes from plants Iike this. My job is to keep the plant running, to maintain all the machinery. If anything goes wrong, it's my

The processnever stops.Our bakery produces10,000loaves per hour-that's 240,000per day!

Unit8 !t'smyjob I work for a Po]ish company whÍch convertsdiesel engines to run on natural gas.They're used in forklifts and tractors, but mostly in buses.Diesel-enginebuses can produce a lot ofpollution. The air quality in city centres is often quíte poor. Natural gas-fuelied engÍnesare much cleanerthan diesel.The work that we do is helpÍngto improve the air quality in our cities. In the past few years, we've started to build gas-poweredgenerators.They produce up to 100 kilowatts. They run on bio-gas from sewage treatment plants. They produce all the power the plant needs,and more.When there'sa power cut, people find it a bit strange that the sewage plant has all its lights on. I travel quite a lot in my job.l help to install new generators all over the country and to provÍdesupport for bus companies who use our engines.We're planning to export to other EU countries so I might have more opportunity to travel outside Poland and maybe use my English.

s c r i p t s1 2 7 Listening

Pronunciation stress Corrective I

A Electricmotors aren't very efficient. B No,electricmotors are very efficient. 2 I A Hybrid cars have a diesel engine and an electricmotor. B No,hybrid carshave a petrol engine and an electric motor. 2 A Hydrogenfuelcells are cheap. B No,hydrogen fuel cells aren't cheap. 3 A Most car drivers are happy to use public transport. B No, most car drivers aren't happy to use nr rhlin

ivancnnrt

A

A LPG cuts down pollution a lot. B No, LPG cuts down pollution a lÍttle. 5 A ASVs are more dangerous for naipctrienc

B No,ASVs aresafer for pedestrians. 6 A Solar-poweris the answerto our transport problems. B No, solar-powerisn't the answer to our transport problems. 7 A Air travel is good for the environment. B No,airtravel isn'tgoodforthe envrÍonment. 8 A Trains and cars are examples of public transport. B No, trains and busesare examples of nrrhlin

tran
Unit9 It'smyjob I'm self-employedbut I work with three other guys as a gang - that's like a team. We get contracts from construction companies,maybe a few weeks,maÉe a year.It depends onthe size ofthe building. You have to be preparedto travel wherever the work is but the monev is

good.There are bonuses too,for finishing ahead ofschedule.

Unit 1O

What we do is we build the steel frames of all sorts of buildings.l've worked on supermarkets,warehouses,and multi storey bulldings, including one that was

It'smyjob

?O cfnrcrrc

hioh

Everything is pre-fabricated.The steel is cut to the right size and drilled before it comes to the site.We have to bolt or weld the piecestogether.It sounds easy but try lining up a one-tonne girder swinging from a crane on a winter's day when you're a hundred metres up! We like to work fast,and to do that you need ground people who make sure everything reaches you in the right order,and a crane operatorwho can deliver on the spot right where you need it. On atypical day,l could be working a twelve-hour shift. If you're high up, you don't come down for tea-breaks. Everything you need is up there - canteen, toilets. Is it dangerous?Well, yes,but there are a lot of safety precautions.We have to wear a safety harness with a lÍfeline.There are safety cables slung round whichever floor you're working on, and you clip on to one as soon as you start.There'sa safety net underneath the floor untii the deck is down. For me, the most dangeroustime is moving the girdersinto the right position. You could be crushed. I d like to set up my own construction company eventually,and employ others to do thÍskind of work.

Pronunciation- Stressin long words (1) I

a b c d e f

aluminium component construction defective installed powered

o

h i j k I

precaution prefabricated reinforced skyscraper temperatures visibility

3

1 appÍopIiate

developing automatic exploration designated geneÍatoÍ

e' "m e' r' _ ocnripq b__'"-

-

kilometre horizontal regulation polystyrene unfamiliar helicopter supermarket operator

My special area is electronic assistive technology, or EAT for short. I work for a company which makes equipment to help severelydisabled people.I mean people who can't walk, people who have very limited movement - perhaps they can move only their head. We make equÍpmentwhich helps these peopie to live as independently as possible.By moving their chin, by blowing down a tube, or simply by speaking,they can send an email, adjust the temperature in the room, or operatea TV In this kind of work, you need a knowledge of mechatronics.That'swhere mechanics,electronics,and software engineering meet. Take a page-turner,for example. It'sa device which turns the pages of a book or magazine.The input can be a pneumatic switch - that's a switch worked by air pressure.You operateit by sucking or blowing down a tube.These signals are Ínterpretedby a microprocessorwhich controls the mechanism which turns the pages.That mechanism uses electrical and All three branches of mechanica] devÍces. engineering combine to make it work. It'san exciting job. Each development in technology means new possibÍlitiesfor disabled people.

Pronunciation- Linkingwords t a door opener 3 1 a curtain opener 2 a window opener 3 apersonalalarm 4 a remote control 5 a light switch 6 a domestic appliance 7 agearbox 8 adieselengÍne 9 a digital radío 10 anMP3 plaver

128 Listening scripts

Unitlt

Unit 12

Listening- Opinions

- Describing Listening changes

I=Interviewer,M=Max, S=Sam I Max,howdoyoulistento music? M Live.of course.but I also listen to music online. I go to Napster and searchfor music I like. I Can you listen first and decide Ífyou want to pay for a trackT M Yes,if you don't like it you can skip it. If you do like it, you can download it to your hard drive or burn it to a CD. I Sam,howdoyou listento music? S CDs,albums, MP3 player,minidisks sometimes,and online. You can have music now anytime and anywhere you want it. I What's so special aboutthis wayof listeningT You can make your own music library on your hard drive or MP3 player. You can have a playlist oftracks you listen to when you get up, or a playlist for when you travel to work, or when you want to relax in the evening.Some MP3 players will decide what you like listening to and arrange the tracks for you. You can exchangetracks with friends - it's illegal but everybody does it. I read that more than seven miIIÍon people here in BrÍtainregularly download their music from illegal sites. M That'sjust theft on a huge scale.It's damaging music - musÍcfor the future' It cheatsthe musicians and the recording companÍes.People who download illegally are buying fewer albums and far fewer singles.It's hurting the music industry. I Is itjustteenagerswho're doingthis? M No, it's all sorts of people. I What shou]dthe musÍcindustrydo? M Set up their own sites for selling music online. Go after anyone who downloads illegally. I Whatdoyouthink,Sam? S CDs are over-priced.I don't seewhy we shouldn't share tracks with friends.

L=Laura,J=Journalist L Well, we're much more effrcientnow.ln the past,cans were made from three pieces of metal: sides,top, and bottom. Now, it's just two. The sides and bottom are made from one piece.lt'sa much faster processand less metal is used.We used to get 50 cans from every kilo of aluminlum, now we get 75- and half the aluminium is from recycledcans. I OK. What about other changes?Is there anything the averagecustomer would notice? L Well, we've introduced pull tabs on all our range,so can openersaÍealmost a thing ofthe past.in the past,paper labels were applied at the canning plants. Now we can print dÍrectlyonto the can whatevel our customeÍswant. J What about yourworkforce? Any changesthere? L our workforce Íssmaller.About half the number who were emploved ten years a8o.

Customercare-Working on a help desk J=John, A=Alex J Hello.Help desk,John speaking.How can I help? A Hi, it's Alex from Accounts.We've got a problem with our prÍnter. J Whatmakeisit? A lt's a Hewlett Packard. J OK,it'sanHP.What model is it7 A lt's a Laserjet2400. J Thanks.What exactly is the problem? A I had a papeI jam. I've clearedÍtbut it won't print and the orange light is on. J Mm-hm. Is there paper in the printerT A Yes,I,verefÍlledit. J All right. Inthe bottomleft of your screenyou'll seethe'Start'button. Click .Settings] on it. Choose then,PIÍnters,' OK? A Yes. J You should see your printer listed. Double click on it. What does it sav under'Status'? A Er,'Printing paused'. J Ah, click on'Printer'and choose'Purge

print document'.That should clear it. It may take a few seconds.Then try to nYin+

^^^iá

Pr rr rL a6arr r.

A ... OK,ah,that'sclearedit.Thanksa1ot. Bye J Noproblem.Bye.

- .edÍormof Pronunciation verbsandwordswith silent letters I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

constructed controlled customized damaged disabled flnished integrated invented

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

mixed operated planned produced reflected searched worked

2

/t/ flnished mixed produced searched worked /dt controlled customized damaged disabled planned /i/ constructed integrated invented operated reflected 5 1 lÍstening 2 might 3 modeliing

4 pneumatic 5 should 6 vehicle

7 would

Unit 13 It'smyjob I'm a TelecommunicationsTechnician.I work for a company which provides phone systems for business use, especÍallybanks.I,vebeen wÍththe company for eight years.Beforethat, I was in the army for four years.I joined when I Ieft school.l was in Signals.Theytrained me to set up and maÍntainmobÍle communications equÍpment- satellite dishes,antennas,VHF radios,that sort of thing. I enjoyedmy time in the army mostly becauseI travelled quite a lot. I've been to Norway, Kenya, and Belize. I've seen quite a few changes in phone systems.We've replaced copper cables

Listening scripts129

with fibre-opticnetworks.The most impoftant one now is the change to VolP That'sVolce over Internet Protocol. Basically,it's a system that allows voice signalsto be sent via the Internet.You can make long distance calls cheaply. In general,telecommunications equipmenthas become more complex, more powerful in the data it can handle and lighter.My job used to be 70%brain and30%muscle.Now it's 90%brain and 10%muscle! Most of my work is lndoors though. It's not just installing and testing equipment - I have to explain to clients how to use the new systems.Being able to explain quite compllcatedtechnology in simple terms is an important part of my work. That'sone of the things I enjoy most. Sometimes I have to work outdoorsto bring a line into a building or fix a dish on the roof.It'sgreat in summer but it's not much fun if it's pouring with rain!

Pronunciation- Past Simplev PresentPerfect 1 2 3 4 5

They've spent time in the army. I'vetexted him an invitation. He's faxed me a reply. Toddphonedtheoffice. She emailed me twice.

CustomerGare- Explainingin simpleterms The CD and the DVD are both types of media for storing information. Erm,they look exactly the same.They'rethe same size and shape but they have different storagespace.The DVD can store a lot more than the CD.Erm, so you would tend to use CDs for storing text and sound whereas if you want video,which takes a lot more space,you would tend to use DVD.The way that the information is stored on CDs and DVDs,written to them and read from them, is different so you need different drives for reading and writing to them. Both of them are optical devices.They use laser light. A DVD drive can read and write to CDs but a CD drive can't read or write to a DVD.

Unit 14

Unit t5

- Stressin long Pronunciation (2) words

g - Predictions Listenin

I=Interviewer,L=Lianne,S=Stefan I This week onThe monitor,we have Lianne Bradley and Stefan Werner with prototype computer I us. They're both futurologists.They h simulator co-operative advise companies on the most lÍkely i supercomputer download future trends.Our topic is the future of hrrdrerrlie i telF.ommunications technology.Lianne,what's your view microprocessor k ultrasound about the way things will go? netrnleum I vihrate L On the plus side,good things will 2 happen in health. Computers willf,nd enviÍonment animatol out what's wrong with us by asking indicator anticlockwise questions and carrying out tests.Robots ^^-^^i+., ,-{^-natiOn LdPdLr Ly will operateon us with better precision motivated dependable than humans. However,as always with peripheral development technology,we'll find new military simulation energetic uses.We'll get better at killing each ventilated enterprising other from a distance with unmanned enteftainment aircraft and smart weapons programmed to recognizetheir targets. In telecommunications,we'll make our Speaking- f ob interview phone calls through the Internet. I=Interviewer, A=Applicant Everybodywill be able to be a reporter. I What experiencedo youhave inthis If you see anything important, you'll be kind of work? able to transmit it to the rest of the A I,m a skÍ]ledcarpenter and l,ve done a In computing, the keyboard will world. lot of work making displays for Everything will be voicedisappear. exhibitions and conferences.It'squite In our homes,we might also operated. work. to stage similar have voice-operateddomestic I Doyou have anyexperienceworking appliances.We'11tell the oven how we with lighting or sound systems? like our pizza and it will remember the A I was a roadie with a rock band for six next time we ask it to bake one.I'm not months. The band didn't last very long optimistic about the developing world. - they weren't very good - but I got a lot Poorer countries will fall further behind of experÍencewith sound systems. unless they can invest heavily in I We're looking for someone who's education. preparedto travel for at least four I Mm-hm. Stefan,where doyouthink months each year.Would that be a there'11be big changes? nrnhlpm fnrrrnrt) S The greatestchanges will take place in A No,l'm single at the moment, and I like iT.I'll name just a few. Computers will travelling. be faster and more powerful, and I Why do you think you're the right be everwvhere including in the they'll nprcnn fnr ihc inhT we wear. Wearable computers clothes A I've got relevant experience.I lÍke will give us directions,act as phones, vaÍietyin my work. I,m good at and searchthe Internet for information nrnhl pm -
1 a b c d e f

130 Listening scripts

tÍansport,I think we'll seethe development of cheaper fuel cells so that cars and motorbikes can run on hydrogen.I don't agree with Lianne about the developing world though. Developing countries wÍll go straight to the new technologies without working through the old. We've seen this already with mobile phones ÍnAfrica. Instead of developing lots of expensive land lines first, African countrÍeshave gone straight to mobile phones.New technologieswill help to produce better crops and will require little expensive energy. I Thanks, and speaking of energy, how do you both suppose energy requirements will be met in the future?

- Linkingin Pronunciation phrasalverbs 1

Setit up. Cut them off. 2 1LÍnethemup. 2 Give it up. 3 Work it out. 4 Switch it off. 5 Find it out.

6 7 8 9 10

Shut it down. Startitup. Printthemout. Plug it in. Turn it on.

Clossaryl3l

Glossary Vowels function

al

hybrid

accuracy

cool

ilo

download

chip

evaluate

coil

network

buckle

exDenence

alloy

convert

bearings

security

hardware

g r in d e r

bonding

delay

former

oonuS

Consonants pulley barrel

fuel

hopper model

tagging

virus thrust

dish

leather

bonding

code

support

laminate

8np

supervise

antenna

rJ

charge

dish

yeasr

d3

joystick

corrosion

wear

accelerator/ek'selarertc(r)/ n the foot pedalof a car that controlsthe sDeed accuracy/'lckjarosi/n precision, exactness, or correctness adaptor/a diepta(r)/n a devicewhich a l l o w se l e c t r i c ael q u i p m e n t o b e u s e di n c o n d i t i o n os t h e r t h a nt h o s e it was designedfor aerodynamic/,ecradar'niemrk/odj d e s i g n e dt o r e d u c ew i n d r e s i s t a n c e affect /e fekt/yto influence s o m e t h i n go r c a u s ea c h a n g ei n something alloy l'teltl n a metalthat consistsof two or moredifferentmetalsmixed together a n i m a t o r/ ' a n r m e l t e ( rn) /a n a r t i s t w h o m a k e sd r a w i n g so r m o d e l s appearto moveas if they were alive antenna lzen'tenal n an aerialfor s e n d i n go r r e c e i v i n g signals architecture/'o:krtektJs(r)l n the s c i e n c eo f d e s i g n i n gb u i l d i n g s artificial I ,a:tr'frllladj madeas a copy

o f s o m e t h i n gn a t u r a lm ; an-made a s s e m b l y l i n e/ e ' s e m b l li u r n / na n a r r a n g e m e notf m a c h i n e sa n d workersto createa oroduct automatic/,o:tc'mtetrk/adj ableto work by itself automaticalfyI,c:Ia'ncltklil adv w o r k i n gb y i t s e l fw i t h o u th u m a n intervention b a r r e l/ ' b r r e l /n a h o l l o wu, s u a l l y c y l i n d r i cla,m a c h i n ep a r t bearings l'beartlezl n machineparts that aredesignedto reducefriction betweenmovingparts blade /blerd/n the cuttingpart of a m a c h i n eo r t o o l 'vr3nl b fu r r e dv i s i o n/ , b l s : d n inability t o s e et h i n g sc l e a r l y bodyarmour /'o;ma(r)/n protective covering b o n d i n g/ 'b o n d r l / n s t i c k i n gt h in g s t o g e t h e ru s i n ga d h e s i v e b o n u s/ ' b o o n e sn/ a n a d d i t i o n a l amountof moneyaddedto wages as a reward

brieÍ lbril.l n instructionsand informationgivento somebody beforethey do a pieceof work broadband/'bro:clbiend/ n a system t h a t a l l o w sl a r g ea m o u n t so f e l e c t r o n idc a t at o b e s e n ta t h i g h soeed buckle / b,rkl/yto be forcedout of shapeby heat 'vi:/ CV /,si: n (curriculum v i t a e )a written recordof your educationa nd t h e j o b s y o uh a v ed o n et h a t y o u sendwhen you a re a pplyingfor a job CADCAM /'ktedkien/n Computera i d e dd e s i g na n d C o m p u t e r - a i d e d manufacturing calculate /'krclkjolert/ vto use n u m b e r st o f i n d o u t a t o t a ln u m b e r , amountd , i s t a n c ee, t c . career/ko'ria(r)ln a jobor profession for which you aretrained c a r p e n t r y/ k o : p s n t r i / nm a k i n g t h i n g sf r o mw o o d ; t h ew o r ko f a carpenter 'b'detrvlv charge(batteries)/ tJo:d3

132 Clossary

t o c a u s eb a t t e r i e tso t a k ei n a n d storeelectricity c h i p t 1 .11; ' n, ' 'a s m a l le l e c t r o n i c c o m p o n e n ct o n t a i n i n ga n i n t e g r a t e cdi r c u i ta; m i c r o c h i p 'clur'n CIM r si:ilr Comouterintegratedmanufacturing c l a d d i n g k l i e r l r r ln t h e m a t e r i aul s e d f o r t h e e x t e r n a l i n i n go f t h e b u i l di n g c l i p k l r p n a s h o r tp i e c eo f a l o n g e r recordino g f s o u n do r f i l m 'si:i C N C , , s i :c r r n Computer n u m e r i c aI c o n t r o l code kr,rrl n a set of programme in s t r u c t i o n s r w i r ef o r m e di n t oa c o i l , ' k r r ln c o n t i n u o u s e r i e so f c i r c l e st o c a r r y a n e l e c t r i cIac ur r e n t cofou r-bfind i' k r lo b lrrrrrrli adj unable to seethe differencebetween c e r t a i nc o l o u r s 1rblradj ableto compatibfe k;rrn'pie work together t n the competences"knu.rl.lrt:rnsr a b i l i t i e so r s k i l l sn e e d e df o r a p a r t i c u l a r t a sokr j o b complex r'k rrrnplck si a dj complicated; n o ts i m p l e c o m p o s i t e s ' ' k o n r l ' r o s rnt sf i' b r e ; a t e r i al s m a d e r e in f o r c e dp l a s t i c sm u o o f d i f f e r e nm t aterials compresskrrn prcs yto make c o m p u t e rd a t at a k eu p a s l i t t l e s p a c ea s p o s s i b l e .l nthe c o m p r e s s i o nk o n r ' p r c n proceso s f f o r c i n ga s u b s t a n c ei n t o l e s ss p a c ea, n d t h e r e f o r ei n c r e a s i n g i t s i n t e r n aD l ressure r l 'n a c o m p u t e r f i l e' k o n r ' 1 - l . i ul:i tr o collectionof informationstored u n d e ra D a r t i c u l anra m ei n a comouter congestion' krn cl3cst.lnn the state of beingtoo full oftraffic c o n s t r u c t i o n' ' k c ns t r r k . nl ' n b u i l d i n g ; t h e w o r ko f t h e b u i l d i n gi n d u s t r y c o n v e r t' k o r tr : l : t iv t o c h a n g e something from one form or system to another c o o l k L r : lv t o t r a n s f e rh e a t f r o m s o m e t hi n g

o f p r o d u c i n gs o l i da n d h o l l o w corrosion k;:rr:rii3n n destructionor sectionsby forcing materiaIth rough d a m a g ec a u s e db y c h e m i c aal c t i o n i ' k n s t r r l z / a die costings n a c a l c u l a t i o onf " llrr:nrobl' ffammable adj that canbe t h e c o s to f d e s i g na n d m a n u f a c t u r e set on fire ofa product r j t h a t c a nb e n do r f l e x i b f e/ ' l ' l c k s r b la, d coursei lir:si n a programmeof study b e b e n t e a s i l y i n a p a r t i c u l asru b j e c t 'kncrlk.lcr:li f o r m e r ' . h : r n o r(' ) n ' s o m e t h i n g t h a its crankshaft n themain p r o v i d e u s e d t o s h a p e , t h act a n b e s h a f to f a n e n g i n e , w h i c ihs d r i v e n removed after use b y t h e c r a n k so r c a m r o d sa n d f u e l ' l ' ! u : ln p e t r ool r o t h e rm a t e r i a l transformsrotatingmovementinto that is usedto producepowerby u p a n d d o w n m o v e m e n t , our p a n d burning d o w n m o v e m e nt o r o t a t i n g f u e lc e l l i I ' i u :sl c l .n a b a t t e r yw h i c h movemenT p r o d u c e es l e c t r i c i tby y c o m b i n i n ga c u s t o m i z e d ' k r s t o r n l r r z rald j b u i l to r fuel with oxygen c h a n g e da c c o r d i n tgo w h a t a l e p u r p o s eo r f u n c t i o nr ' l , u . 1 k . ln' nt h p ar t i c ul ar c u s t o m e w r an t s 'rlckrr.1, u s e t h a t s o m e t h i n gh a s decking n s h e e t so f m a t e r i a l ( l c n n z , k n r r s . - l onl a n g a m e s , c o n s o l e u s e dt o m a k ea o l a t f o r m e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e d e s i g n e df o r defect n a f a u l to r " ' c l i : l L ' k t , p l a y i n g v i d e o g a m e s im oerfection ' generate tl3cnrr|crtvto produce d e l a y r l r l c r n a p r o b l e mt h a t m a k e s electricity s o m e t h i n gs l o wo r l a t e yto g i r d e rI c y : r : crl 'o)(i ' na b e a m ,u s u a l l y detect /clrtckti noticeor discover s t e e l , t h abt r i d g e sa n o p e ns p a c e something g i v e u p ( l r \ \ p v t o s t o ph a v i n g o r d i s h t l r l n a d i r e c t i o n aaln t e n n aw i t h d o i n gs o m e t h i n g a concavesurface 'u'r:nrrr.1/ g l o b a l w a r m i n g/ , i ; l o o b l na /cl;r nrcsttk domesticappliance r i s e i n t h e t e m o e r a t u r e o f t h e r l . r l l r o n ns a m a c h i n e o r g a d g e t f o r e a r t h ' sa t m o s p h e r e u s ei n t h e h o m e y G P S 1 , r h i :1 ' r i :c s r ' nC l o b a lp o s i t i o n i n g lnloiicl/ to transfer download /'cllrr system; a systemthat usessatellite datato your computerfrom the signa ls to showyou your exact Internet o o s i t i o n efficient/r'li.lnt/ odj working welIor g r i n d e r. c ) r a r n i l r ( r n ' )a/ m a c h i n et h a t q u i c k l y , w i t h o uwta s t e y u s e s a n a b r a s i v e t o r e m o v em a t e r i a l l'nen e n g a g e( g e a r s ) , ' t n ' c l c r r lw from a hard surface gears engage,theyfit togethera nd g r i p / q r r p /n a b i l i t y t oh o l do n t oa start to work s u r f a c e ; t hw e a y i n w h i c hy o u h o l d escaper'ls'kcrl'r.' vto get awayfrom y o u rh a n d s o m e t h i n g i n s o m e t hi n g guard rclcr:cli n a safetydevicethat e v a l u a t e/ r ' r ' ile. i u c r lv/t o j u d g e t h e c o v e r s p a r t o f a m a c h i n ei n o r d e r t o v a l u eo f s o m e t h i n g prevent injury Lr(l z.-t:st c;lcs/n wastegas exhaustgas h a c k ' ' h i ek , v i f y o u h a c ki n t oa d i s c h a r g efdr o ma n e n g i n e computersystem,youaccessit e x p e r i e n c e/ r ks ' 1 - l r o r i o n sk/n o w l e d g e w i t h o u tp e r m i s s i o nf o, r e x a m p l ei n g a i n e db y d o i n gs o m e t h i n g '',cksplc o r d e rt o s t e a ls o m e t h i n g rcr.lni n travel exploration h a r dd i s k i , h o : c l c l t s k /r ,ar m a s s t h a t i s d o n ei n o r d e rt o f i n d o u t storage devicefor d igitaIdata p l a c e s , t o f i n d a b o u tn e w resources h a r d w a r e , " h u : c l i v cr o ) ,(n t h e s u c ha s o i l ,e t c . e l e c t r o n i a c n d e l e c t r i c aol a r t so f a e x t r u s i o nc k s t r u : 1 nn t h e o p e r a t i o n c o mo u T e r

C l o s s a r y1 3 3

h o p p e r l t r r p . r1l 1n a f u n n e l t h r o u g h w h i c hp l a s t i cb e a d sp a s st o t h e b a r r e il n a n i n j e c t i o n - m o u l d i n g machine h y b r i d l r r r b l r r la d j ( u s e da b o u tc a r s ) usingtwo d ifferentforms of power h y d r a u l i cl r r r rt l r n l r l ' a d j o p e r a t e d b y e f w a t e ro r a n o t h e r thepressuro f l ui d i m a g e I t t t t t l nt a p i c t u r e in orbit rrr .r:Irrt adv movinground t h e e a r t hi n s o a c e i n c a p a c i t a t e r n l . . r1 ' ) l u s t l cvttl o m a k e s o m e b o d yu n a b l et o d o a n y t h i n g i n g r e d i e n t sr r r ' r 1 r ' i : t l i rnntths e t h i n g st h a t a r ep u t t o g e t h e tr o m a k es o m e t h i n g i n n o v a t i o n , r r r cr r . l nn a n e wi d e a , m e t h o do, r i n v e n t i o nt ;h e i n t r o d u c t i oonf n e wt h i n g s i n s p e c t r l s p c l \ (y t o e x a m i n e somethingfor faults rukt vto havean effect interact rrtt..rI o n s o m e t h i n go r s o m e b o d ye l s eb y b e i n go r w o r k i n gt o g e t h e r 'rrttrr interview i r t :n a f o r m a l m e e t i n ga t w h i c hs o m e b o d yi s a s k e dq u e s t i o n tso s e ei f t h e ya r e s u i t a b l ef o r a p a r t i c u l ajro b i n t r a n e t l n t r ' . n c tn a c o m p u t e r networkthat is privateto a company ororganization i n v e s t i g a t el ) ' \ c s t t ( l c t tv t o s t u d y a nd try differentth ings in orderto f i n dt h e s o l u t i o ny o u w a n t j o y s t i c k r l ; . - r 1 5 1n1a1n u p r i g h th a n d l e t h a t i s m o v e dt o c o n t r otl h e o p e r a t i o no f s o m e t h i n g l a b l r u bn a l a b o r a t o r a y ;s p e c i a l b u i l d i n go r r o o mf o r s t u d y i n g s c i e n c es u b j e c t s l a m i n a t e ' l r u r t . u r tnc ar ts t r o n g m a t e r i am l a d eb yj o i n i n gm a n y t h i n s h e e t so f m a t e r i aI o n t o p o f e a c h other lifeline lrrrllrrrna safetydevice u s e dt o a t t a c ha w o r k e r t oa s e c u r e point l i g h t i n g l r t r t r rnl t h e s y s t e m , a r r an g e m e n to, r e qu i p m e n tt h a t l i g h t sa r o o m , o r t h q e u a l i t y otfh e l i g h tp r o d u c e d

I a d j c h a n g e di n t o l i q u e f i e d l t ku a liquid low_tech l..,ii adjusingsimple technology m a c h i n e t o o ln t . r .rl: nl L t : ln a p o w e r d r i v e nt o o l f o rc u t t i n go r s h a p i n g metals,wood,etc. m a c h i n i n gn r : .r l i : n l r nl c u t t i n g o r s h ap i n gm e t al s o r w o o d b y machinery l t sr e g u l a r maintenance n)cilrt.rlt.rn c h e c k sa n d r e p a i r sd o n et o k e e p s o m e t h i n gi n g o o dc o n d i t i o n m a n u f a c t u r e r t t l t t t i , ,l i u l ' t . l r l . r '() n a f i r m t h a t m a k e sg o o d s m a n u f a c t u r i n g r t u t r t . il trir : l ' t , l . r r nr l 1 , m a k i n go r p r o d u c i n g o o d sb y machinero y r o t h e ri n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s su,s u a l l yi n l a r g eq u a n t i t i e s m a s s - p r o d u c el ) l r c \p l ' a( l i l l : \v t o m a n u f a c t u rseo m e t h i n gi n l a r g e o u an t i t i e s 'rntsltrl n anexplosiveflying missile w e a p o nw , i t h i t so w n e n g i n et,h a t c a n b e a i m e da t a d i s t a n to b j e c t ' ' m o d e l n rn t l l n a t h r e e - di m e n s i o n Ia imageor prototypeusedas part of t h e d e s i g np r o c e s s 'lll)n1ti( r ' ) y t o w a t c ha n d monitor i n g c h e c ks o m e t h o v e ra p e r i o do f time m o t i o ns e n s o r I t t J)(.tl t s c t t s l (t ' ) n a devicewhich detectsmovement m o u l d ' t n . r o k ln a s h a p e dc o n t a i n e r i n t ow h i c hy o u p u t s o f tm a t e r i aol r l i q u i d , w h i cbhe c o m esso l i di n t h e s h a o eo f t h e c o n t a i n ew r h e ni t i s cooled n e t w o r k n c t r i : i : ln' a n u m b e r o f comoutera s n d o t h e rd e v i c e st h a t a re connectedtogetherso that e q u i p m e n at n d i n f o r m a t i o cna n b e shared off-shore nl' .lr:(r\ adj in the sea,at a d istancefrom the shore off-site ,nl srrrtadv awayfromthe workplace o n fi n e n r t l t n a d j u s i n g t h el n t e r n e t o r e x i s t i n go n t h e I n t e r n e t o v e r s e a s J ( ) \a s l : l a d v t o a n o t h e r country;a broad p e r f o r m a n c ep l l . r : n r l n sn h o w w e l l

s o m e t h i n gw o r k s a ; n o c c a s i o nw h e n p e o p l ec o m et o l i s t e nt o s o m e b o d y m a k i n gm u s i c p e r i p h e r a lp . rt . t l . . r t n. ral n i n p u to r o u t p u td e v i c el i n k e dt o a c o m p u t e r p i l e p r r r ln a p i l l a r w h i c ihs s u n ki n t o t h e g r o u n dt o s u p p o r tv e r t i c a l l o a di n g P I N p r r r n P e r s o n aild e n t i f i c a t i o n n u m b e ra; n u m b e rg i v e nt o y o u , f o r e x a m p l eb y a b a n k , s o t h a t y ocua n t a k em o n e yf r o ma c a s hm a c h i n eo r p a y f o rg o o d su s i n ga c a r d p l a n t p l t r : n tn h e a v ym a c h i n e r y , e s p e c i a l luys e di n a n i n d u s t r i a l process 'lrlcrtrr.i plating n c o v e r i n ga m a t e r i a l with a th in layerof metaI 'plrrrri iirl n a material plywood consisting o f a n u m b e ro f t h i n l a y e r s o f w o o d g l u e dt o g e t h e rs o t h a tt h e n a t u r adl i r e c t i o no f t h e w o o d i n e a c hl a y e ri s a t 9 0 ' t o t h e d i r e c t i o n i n t h e n e x tl a y e r pneumatic n.irr:nrrutrliadj operated b ya i r p r e s s u r e p o l l u t i o n p r l L r :n. l n s u b s t a n c eos r a c t i o n st h a t c h a n g et h e e n v i r o n m e nitn a b a dw a y p o r t a b f e 1 r : : t r b la d j t h a t c a n b e e a s i l yc a r r i e do r m o v e d p o w e r s t a t i o n' l ) i r ( ) r, s t c l .r lt 'n a l a r g e b u i l d i n gi n w h i c he l e c t r i c i ti sy generated p r e d i c t i o n p r r r l r k .nl n a s t a t e m e n t t h a t s a y sw h a ty o u t h i nk w i l l h ap p e n p r e f a b r i c a t e dp r i : l u : b l l l i c r t r tal d 7 a l r e a d ym a d e ,i n o r d e rt o b e p u t t o g e t h e rl a t e ri n a n o t h e rp l a c e p r e s e n t p r . rz c n t v t o t a l ka b o u ta subjecto an audience p r o c e s s 'p l i ( ) s c sn a s e r i e s o f a c t i o n s o e r f o r m e di n o r d e r t om a k e something p r o c e s s o r p l ' J ( ) s c s ri (' ) n t h e p a r to f a c o mp u t e rt h a t c o n t r o l sa l l t h e o t h e r partsofthe system p r o d u c t, ' p r o c rl l i t ' n a t h i n g t h a ti s man ufactured production l)l'. (l \k.ln n the process o f m a k i n gg o o d so r m a t e r i a l s

134 Clossary

program /'proric;rrcnri n a set of i n s t r u c t i o nisn c o d et h a t c o n t r otl h e o o e r a t i o nas n df u n c t i o n so f a comouter projectmanagement/'pnrcl;ckt nricnrcl3n.tcnt/ n the processof p l a n n i n go,r g a n i z i n ga ,n d controlIi ng tasks,costs,staff,a nd resourcesso that a projectis c o m p l e t e di n a s u c c e s s f u l w a y p r o p e r t yi ' p r o p o t i : in a q u a l i t yo r a t t r i b u t eo f a m a t e r i a l prototype/'pro
r e q u i r e m e n/t r r 'k w a r o n r n tn/ s o m e t h i n gt h a t i s n e e d e d research/ ri :s:r:t.l'/ n investigation a i m e da t f i n d i n go u t n e w information rival l'r'arvlln a company,product,etc. n ithanother thatisincompetitiow r o c k e t/ ' r o k r t /n a m i s s i l ep r o j e c t e d th roughthe a i r by a jet of gas r o u t e r/ r u : t or() /n a d e v i c et h a t d i r e c t s datafrom one computersystemto a n o t h e ri n t h e s h o r t e s tp o s sbi l e time ruraf/ roolclI adj inthe countryside, a w a yf r o m b i gt o w n so r c i t i e s s a f e t yh a r n e s s/ ' s c r l i i, l t c r : n ons /a safetydeviceworn to preventyou f r o mf a l l i n gf r o ma h e i g h t s a t e l l i t e/ ' s i c t o l u rnt /a d e v i c et h a t t r a v e l sa r o u n dt h e e a r t h ,r e c e i v i n g signala s n dt r a n s m i t t i ntgh e mb a c k to earth s a t e l l i t er e c e i v e /r ' s i c t o l rat r r , s:i v o r( ) / n a T V o r r a di o c ap ab l eo f r e c e i v i n g s i g n a l sb r o a d c a svti a s a t e l l i t e s a w / s o :n/ a n y m a c h i n eo r t o o lw i t h a t h i n , t o o t h e db l a d ef o r c u t t i n gh a r d m a t e r i al s s c a n n e r/ ' s k i c n or() /n a d e v i c et h a t c o p i e si m a g e si n a f o r mt h a t c a n b e p r o c e s s eodn a c o m p u t e r s c r e e n/ s k r i : r tn/ t h e v i e w i n gs u r f a c e of a television o r c o m o u t e rm o n i t o r security/sr kjooloti/n the activities i n v o l v e di n p r o t e c t i n sgo m e t h i n go r somebody s e l l - b yd a t e / ' s c l b a r , c l c r nt /t h e d a t e a f t e rw h i c ha o r o d u c tm u s t n o t b e offeredfor sale s e m e s t e r/ s l ' n r c s t c () f/n o n e o f t h e t w o o e r i o d st h a t t h e s c h o o o lr c o l l e g e y e airs d i v i d e di n t o r )/n semiconductor/,senrikcn'cl,,rkta( a n e l e c t r o n idc e v i c es u c ha s a t r a n s i s t ow r h i c hf o r m st h e b a s i so f a || integratedcircuits s e n s o r/ ' s e n s or() /n a d e v i c eu s e dt o detectthe presenceof a particular qualityor effectsuchas heat,light, s o un d ,e t c . 'setrrl/ s e t t i n gi n t h e p o s i t i o na t w h i c h a controlis set

s h o c kr ' l n k /n s u d d e nv i o l e n t movemeno t r c o n t a c tw i t h s o m e t hi n g simulated/ srnr.iolcrtrcl/ adj doneona c o m p u t e li n a w a y t h a t c r e a t e sr e a l l i f ec o n d i t i o n s s i m u l a t i o n1 , s r n r .ljcor . l ' nn,a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c hr e a l - l i f ceo n d i t i o n as r e c r e a t e do n a c o m D u t e irn o r d e r t o s t u d yo r e x p e r i e n cseo m e t h i n g s k e t c hi s k c t . l v' /t o d r a wq u i c k l ya n d s i m p l yw i t h o u td e t a i l s i adj capableof smart /strro:t i n t e l l i g e nat c t i o n e; q u i p p e dw i t h a proce550r s m o k e d e t e c t o/r' s r n r i i k( l r , t c k t :fl)(, n a safetydevicewh ich provides w a r n i n go f s m o k e software/'snliwco(r)/n the programs t h a t c o n t r otl h e o p e r a t i o no f a c o mp u r e r 'srirrd s o u n d s y s t e mi ,srstonr/n

e q u i p m e n ft o r p l a y i n gr e c o r d e d or l i v em u s i ca n df o r m a k i n gi t l o u d e r sound-proofed /'st rinclpruvl'tlI a dj m a d es o t h a t s o u n dc a n n o tg e t o u t s p r a yr s p r c r y/ t o f o r c eo u t l i q u i di n v e r ys m a l ld r o p su n d e rp r e s s u r e s t i c k i s t r k /v t o a t t a c hs o m e t h i n g f i r m l yt o s o m e t h i n ge l s eu s i n g a dh e s i v e storey /'sto:ri/n a levelor floor of a b u i l di n g stressed /stlcscl/adj subjectedto a f o r c eo e ru n i t a r e at h a t t e n d st o c h a n g et h e d i m e n s i o nosf t h e m a t e r i aI vto makesomething stretchi strct.l'/ b e c o m ew i d e ro r l o n g e rf,o r e x a m p l e b y p u l l i n gi t r)/n somethi ng structure/'str,tkt.l'o( w h i c hi s m a d eu p o f m a n yp a r t s , e s p e c i a l al yb u i l d i n g subject/ s,rbcl5ektinanareaof study suction /'s,rk.l'n/ n the processof r e m o v i n ga i r i n o r d e r t oc r e a t ea o a r t i avl a c u u m s u p e r v i s er ' s r - l : p o v i uvzt lo b e i n c h a r g eo f s o m e t h i n ga n d m a k es u r e t h a te v e r y t h i n g i s d o n ec o r r e c t l y s u p p l i e s/ s o ' 1 " r l anr zt h/ e p a r t sa n d m a t e r i a l tsh a t a m a n u f a c t u r e r

C l o s s a r y1 3 5

vertical l'vstkll adi standingupright' at 90o vibrate /vat'brert/vto movefromside t o s i d ev e r yq u i c k l Ya n dw i t h s m a l l movements virtual I' vs:tloaVadithat existson ly in a comPuter,not in reallife v i r u s / ' v a t r o sn/ i n s t r u c t i o nhsi d d e ni n a computerProgramthat are a r ea t a l l t i m e s designedto causefaultsor destroy take-off/'terknlTn the beginningof a data f l i g h t , w h e na P l a n eo r s P a c e c r a f t voice-operated/.vots, oparei'Ál adj risesfrom the ground . f/ n a h i g h l y - s k i l l e d t h a t c a n b e m a d et o w o r ku s i n go n l Y t e c h n i c i a n/ t c k ' n r n spokeninstructions l orker s c i e n t i f ioc r i n du s t r i aw t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n /a,lO r i :d a l ' m c t r J c n l / wear /wee(r)I n damagingeffectsof o r d i n a r yu s eo v e ra l o n gP e r i o d adj showinglength, breadth,a nd w e a r / w e a ( r )v/t o d a m a g es o m e t h i n g h e i g h tg, i v i n ga s o l i da P P e a r a n c e by usingit overa long Period throttle / 0rotl/n a valvethat controls / anindividual w e b p a g e / ' w e bp c r d S n t h e f l o w o f f u e lt o a n e n g i n e pageof informationon the Internet thrust /0r,tst/n the forward moving w e l d i n g/ ' w e l c l r rnl /t h ej o i n i n go f l i k e p o w e ro f a n e n g i n e materialb s Yh e a t track /triek/n anYof the Piecesof wirelesshotspot /,watalcs hotspot/n m u s i co n a r e c o r d i n g etc', a place,in a hotelor restaurant, traffic /'trtellk/n the movementof that fittedwith a sPecialdevice v e h i c l e sa l o n gr o a d s sf e n a b l e sY o ut o c o n n e c ta c o m P u t e r t r a i n i n g/ ' t r e l u r nn/ t h e p r o c e s o j o b to the Internetwithout usingwires l e a r n i n gt h e s k i l l sn e e d e dt o d o a trend /trer,d/n the generaldirectionin w h i c hs o m e t h i n gi s c h a n g i n go r

n e e d st o m a k et h i n g s suppoÉ/sc.pc:t/n a par|orstructure t h a t h o l d ss o m e t h i n gf i r m l Yi n position;helpthat a company offers to customersusingits Products tagging /'ttcglrl/n a systemwherean electronicdeviceis attachedto a Dersonin orderto know wheretheY

develoPing t r i g g e r/ ' t r r g o ( r )n/a s m a l lm e t a ll e v e r that you Presswith Yourfingerto f i r ea g u n two-dimensional/,tu:dat'mcnl'onl/ adjshowingonlYlengthand height on a flat or breadth;rePresented pieceof PaPer two-stroke/'tu: strook/adj an engine which requirestwo Pistonstrokes percrankshaftrevolution ultrasound/',rltrcsaond/n highfrequencysound unique ljí. rikl adjlhe on|yone of its type;not likeanYother u n m a n n e d/ , , 1 u ' t nni ed /a d i h a v i n gn o peopleon board update /nP'dcrt/vto get the most recentversionof something valve , vrclv,n a devicewhich controls theflowof a fluid vary /'veeri/vto be differentfrom one situation,model,etc.to the next

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