Vestibular System Part 2: Psychophysics, Applied Aspects and General Interpretations By A . J . Benson • N . Bischof • W . E . Collins • A . R . Fregly • A . Graybiel F . E . Guedry • W . H . Johnson • L.B.W. Jongkees • H . H . Kornhuber • R. Mayne D . L . Meyer • E . Peitersen • W. Precht • K . P . Schaefer
Edited by
H . H . Kornhuber
With 198 Figure
S p r i n g e r - V e r l a g B e r l i n • H e i d e l b e r g • N e w Y o r k 1974
I S B N 3-540-06864-3
Springer-Verlag Berlin •Heidelberg • N e w Y o r k
I S B N 0-387-06864-3
Springer-Verlag N e w Y o r k •Heidelberg • Berlin
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher, (c) by Springer-Verlag, Berlin • Heidelberg 1974. Printed in Germany. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Kornhuber, Hans. Vestibular System. (Handbook of Sensory Physiology, v. 6/1-2). Contents: pt. 1. Basic Mechanisms — pt. 2. Psychophysics, Applied Aspects and General Interpretations. 1. Vestibular Apparatus. I. Bagger-Sjöbäck. II. Title. III. Series. [ D N L M : 1. Vestibular Apparatus. 2. Vestibular Nuclei. WL700 H236 v. 6] QP351.H34 vol. 6/1-2 [QP471] 591.1'82'08s [591.1*82]. 74-14870. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting and printing: Roth sel. Ww., München; Binding: Brühlsche Universit&tsdruckerei, Gießen
Preface The function of the vestibular system is not as obvious as those of vision, hearing, touch or smell. Vestibular dysfunction, however, is clearly apparent where lesions are present. It is probably for this reason that the vestibular sense was not discovered until the nineteenth century and that clinicians have continued to play a major role in basic vestibular research right up to the present. The relationship between basic and clinical research is certainly stronger in the vestibular field than in that of tactile sensation, for instance, as testified by the work of clinicians as M E N I E R E ,
BREUER,
B Ä R Ä N Y , D E K L E I J N and F R E N Z E L .
In
this
respect the situation is similar in vestibular physiology and in endocrinology, and for the same reason. This second part of the vestibular volume of the Handbook of Sensory Physiology will be of interest to neurologists, otologists, neurosurgeons, ophthalmologists and physiotherapists on the one hand, and psychologists, physiologists, engineers and aviation specialists on the other. For a full understanding of Part 2, it is necessary to have assimilated the basic anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of Part 1. Each sensory system has some motor aspects. Nociceptors, for instance, have a special relation to the spinal flexion reflex and to flexion spasticity after spinal cord lesions. Tactile afférents are strongly engaged in the regulation of voluntary finger, hand, lip, and tongue movements. However, there is no other sensory system where the motor aspects are as important as in the vestibular. The cerebellum has evolved out of the vestibular system ; the cerebellar nuclei are analogous (in function and in their connections to the cerebellar cortex) to the vestibular nuclei. The study of the role of vestibular mechanisms in body posture and eye movements has made a substantial contribution to the theory of the motor system. The simpler organization of active eye movements as compared to limb movements has facilitated understanding. This book takes these facts into account. It is hoped that this volume may represent a small step toward an understanding of this part of Nature's secrets and at the same time facilitate clinical knowledge about the vestibular system.
U l m , June 1974
HANS HELMUT KORNHUBER
L i s t of C o n t r i b u t o r s B E N S O N , A . J . , Neurobiology Section, R . A . F . Institute of Aviation Medicne, Farnborough, Hampshire, England B I S C H O F , N . , California Institute of Technolog}', Division of Biology, Pasadeia, Calif. 91109, U S A C O L L I N S , W . E . , Psychology Laboratory, Civil Aeromedicai Institute, P . O . l o x 25082, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125, U S A F R E G L Y , A . R . , Naval Education and Training Support, Code N 213, Building 45, Naval Air Station, Pensacola, Florida 32508, U S A G R A Y B I E L , A . , Naval Aerospace Medical Center, Pensacola, Florida 32512, USA G U E D R Y , F . E . , Naval Aerospace Medical Center, Pensacola, Florida 32512, USA J O H N S O N , W . H . , Dept. of Otolaryngology and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada J O N G K E E S , L . B . W . , Academisch Ziekenhuis bij de Universiteit van Amsterdam, Keel-, neus-en oorheelkundige kliniek, Amsterdam-Oud west, Eerste Helmerstraat 104, Holland K O R N H U B E R , H . H . , Abt. f. Neurologie der Universität, D-7900 U l m , Steinhövelstraße 9, Germany M A Y N E , R., Arizona State University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tempe, Arizona 85281, U S A M E Y E R , D . L . , Universitäts-Nervenklinik D-3400 Göttingen, Germany
v. Siebold-Str. 5,
P E I T E R S E N , E . , University E . N . T . Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark P R E C H T , W . , Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Neurobiologische A b t . D-6000 Frankfurt-Niederrad, Deutschordenstraße 40, Germany S C H A E F E R , K . P . , Universitäts-Nervenklinik, D-3400 Göttingen, v. Siebold-Str. 5, Germany
V e s t i b u l a r System P a r t 2: Psychophysics, A p p l i e d Aspects a n d G e n e r a l Interpretations Contents E . Psychophysics Chapter I Chapter II
Psychophysics of Vestibular Sensation. B y F . E . G U E D R Y . With 3 9 Figures 3 Optic-Vestibular Orientation to the Vertical. B y N . B I SCHOF. With 12 Figures 155
F. Applied Aspects Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Chapter I V Chapter V Chapter V I Chapter V I I Chapter VIII
ChapterIX Chapter X
Chapter X I
Nystagmus and Related Phenomena in Man : A n Outline of Otoneurology. B y H . H . K O R N H U B E R . With 16 Figures Measurement of Otolith Function in Man. B y A . G R A Y B I E L . With 19 Figures Measurement of Vestibulo-Spinal Responses in Man. B y E . P E I T E R S E N . With 3 Figures Modification of the Response to Angular Accelerations by Linear Accelerations. B y A . J . B E N S O N . With 14 Figures Vestibular Ataxia and its Measurement in Man. B y A . R. F R E G L Y . With 11 Figures Arousal and Vestibular Habituation. By W . E . C O L L I N S . With 2 Figures Habituation of Vestibular Responses with and without Visual Stimulation. B y W . E . C O L L I N S . With 8 Figures Motion Sickness. Part 1. Aetiology and Autonomic Effects. B y W . H . J O H N S O N . With 5 Figures Part 2. Some Sensory Aspects. B y L . B . W . J O N G K E E S . With 4 Figures Pathology of Vestibular Sensation. B y L . B . W . J O N G K E E S . With 16 Figures Characteristics of Vestibular Neurons after Acute and Chronic Labyrinthine Destruction. B y W . P R E C H T . With 4 Figures Compensation of Vestibular Lesions. B y K . P. S C H A E F E R and D . L . M E Y E R . With 4 Figures
193 233 267 281 321 361 369 389 405 413
451 463
6. General Interpretations Chapter I Chapter II Author Index Subject Index
A Systems Concept of the Vestibular Organs. By R. M A Y N E . With 21 Figures 493 The Vestibular System and the General Motor System. By H . H . K O R N H U B E R . With 2 0 Figures 581 621 645
P a r t 1 : Basic Mechanisms Contents A. Introduction B y H . H . K O R N H U B E R . With 5 Figures
B. Comparative Morphology and Physiology Chapter I
The Perception of Gravity and of Angular Acceleration i in Invertebrates. B y H . M A R K L . With 27 Figures
Chapter II
Comparative Morphology and Physiology. B y O . E . Lo- W E N S T E i N . With 2 0 Figures
Chapter I
Morphology of the Vestibular Sense Organs. B y J . W E R - -
C. Peripheral Mechanisms S Ä L L and D . B A G G E R - S J Ö B Ä C K . With 6 0 Figures
Chapter II
The Functional Significance of Semicircular Canal Size. . B y G . M E L V I L L J O N E S . With 4 Figures
Chapter III
Histochemistry and Metabolism of the Inner Ear. By y G.F.
DOHLMAN
Chapter I V
Morphological Aspects of the Efferent Vestibular System. B y R . R . G A C E K . With 5 Figures
Chapter V
Physiological Aspects of the Efferent Vestibular System. B y W . P R E C H T . With 5 Figures
Chapter I
Anatomy of the Vestibular Nuclei and their Connections.
D. Central Mechanisms B y A . B R O D A L . With 4 5 Figures Chapter II
The Physiology of the Vestibular Nuclei. B y W . P R E C H T . \ With 15 Figures
Chapter III
Cerebello-Vestibular Interrelations. B y 0 . P O M P E I A N O . >. With 15 Figures
Chapter I V
The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Arc. B y B . C O H E N . W i t h h 20 Figures
Chapter V
Vestibulo-Spinal With 1 0 Figures
Chapter V I
Mechanisms.
B y B . E . G E R N A N D T . c.
Cortical Projections of the Vestibular Nerve. B y J . M . [. F R E D R I C K S O N , H . H . K O R N H U B E R and D . W . F .
Chapter V I I Author Index Subject Index
S C H W A R Z . With 1 0 Figures Vestibular Influences during Sleep. B y O. P O M P E I A N O . >. With 10 Figures
E. Psycliophysics
C h a p t e r II.
Optic-Vestibular Orientation to the Vertical By N . B I S C H O F , Pasadena, Calif. (USA) W i t h 12 F i g u r e s
Contents I. I n t r o d u c t i o n : O n Orientation
155
II. Directional Constancy a n d the Compensation Principle
157
A. O n Vertical Constancy
157
B. The Compensation Principle
157
C. E x t e r n a l a n d Internal C o m p e n s a t i o n
159
D . A l l o w a n c e for C o m p e n s a t o r y E r r o r s
160
E . Postural Direction Cues
163
F . T h e S i g n i f i c a n c e of V e s t i b u l a r D i r e c t i o n C u e s
164
I I I . Visual Direction Cues a n d the Reconstruction Principle
166
A . T h e C o n c e p t of P e r c e p t u a l R e c o n s t r u c t i o n
166
B . Visual Direction Cues
166
C. V i s u a l A u t o - C o m p e n s a t i o n
169
D. Feed-Forward and Feed-Back Compensation
173
I V . Optic-Vestibular Interaction a n d the Correction Principle
177
A . T h e U t i l i z a t i o n of " C o n v e r g e n t D e t e c t i o n "
177
B. Optic-Vestibular Equivalence
177
C. I n c o n g r u i t y of E q u i v a l e n t S i g n a l s
178
1. " C o m p r o m i s e " S o l u t i o n
178
2. " A l t e r n a t i v e " S o l u t i o n
178
3. " S i m u l t a n e i t y " S o l u t i o n
179
D. Error Detection and Error Correction
179
1. E r r o r D e t e c t i o n
179
2. E r r o r C o r r e c t i o n
180
E . D e t e r m i n a n t s of t h e O p t i c - V e s t i b u l a r W e i g h t R a t i o
180
References
185
I. I n t r o d u c t i o n : O n O r i e n t a t i o n B y "orientation" we mean the proper arrangement of an object within a frame of reference. U s i n g t h e t e r m " p r o p e r " t a k e s a c c o u n t of a c o n n o t a t i o n of v a l u e a t t a c h e d to t h e c o n c e p t of o r i e n t a t i o n i n c o m m o n language. I t m a y be u n d e r s t o o d
e i t h e r i n a m e r e l y formal
r e f e r r i n g t o a s p e c t s o f s y m m e t r y , e q u i l i b r i u m , a n d t h e l i k e , o r functionally: a n i m a l " w e l l " or " p o o r l y " o r i e n t e d if i t is a b l e o r u n a b l e t o
find
sense,
we m a y call a n
its w a y home after h a v i n g
b e e n d i s p l a c e d ; o r , g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , i f i t s " a r r a n g e m e n t w i t h i n a f r a m e o f r e f e r e n c e " is s u c h as t o o p t i m i z e t h e a n i m a l ' s (or i t s s p e c i e s ' ) c h a n c e s of s u r v i v a l .
156
N . B I S C H O F : Optic-Vestibular Orientation to the Vertical
In humans, the "arrangement" may be understood to occur in the realm either of body activity or of perceptual organization, the "object" and the "frame of reference" beeing defined physically in the former case, and psychophysical^ in the latter. We therefore distinguish between body orientation and perceptual orientation. We speak of spatial orientation if the frame of reference is a spatial one. Within spatial orientation two general groups can be distinguished, with the frame of reference being the essentially horizontal map of life space, on one hand, and the vertical pull of gravity, on the other. The former group, including, for instance, the problem of homing and route perception, will not be discussed here, although both the eye (as in sun-orientation, cf. B R A E M E R , 1960) and the vestibular organ ( B E R I T O F F , 1962, 1963) seem to play an important part in these performances, too. Instead, we shall restrict discussion to orientation to the vertical where, as we shall see, optic and vestibular sense are substantially involved. Applying the dichotomy of " b o d y " and "perceptual" orientation to this case, we may distinguish between (1) postural equilibrium responses, i.e., motor activity serving to stabilize the intended posture of the body in the field of gravit}' (e.g., vestibular righting responses), and (2) perceptual space transformations, i.e., physiological processes monitoring the constancy of space perception in the presence of factors changing the position of sense organs. Perceptual space transformations will be called "external" if non-nervous processes like muscular mechanics are involved (as in the case of eye-movements), and "internal" if they are confined to pure nervous system activity (for further detail, see below, pp. 159 f.). Postural equilibrium responses and perceptual space transformations are by no means independent of each other ; instead, it is commonly felt that there is one and the same system producing both. In man, to be sure, much more sophistication has been invested in the study of the latter, at least in healthy subjects. The following chapter will therefore deal mostly with problems of perceptual orientation. This report shall be organized with a functional viewpoint. In a field of research where the data available are clustered on two widely different levels of complexity — reports of perceptual phenomena on one hand, and records of neuronal discharges on the other — a functional approach seems to be most promising to bridge the gap. It might, moreover, provide us with heuristic strategies for further research both in neurophysiology and in psychophysics. Three functional principles, i.e. three major types of information processing involved in orientational achievements, shall be distinguished below under the names of "compensation", "reconstruction", and "correction". Each of these principles has been introduced and discussed by a different group of authors: Compensation processes were first postulated by K . B Ü H L E R (1922) and form the core of the famous, though originally not quite consistently defined "reafference principle" of V O N H O L S T and M I Ï Ï E L S T A E D T (1950) ; the importance of reconstruction processes has been stressed by G I B S O N (1950, 1966) and M A C K A Y (1966); correction processes play an outstanding role in the perceptual theory of E . B R U N S -
The Compensation Principle
157
wiK (1934, 1956). A synopsis of these three principles has, connected with partial re-formulation, first been attempted by B I S C H O F (1966b, p. 357-399). They will serve as a frame of classification of the following report.
II. D i r e c t i o n a l C o n s t a n c y a n d the C o m p e n s a t i o n Principle A. O n Vertical Constancy j
When exposed to a laterally tiltable, fronto-parallel luminous line in a dark room, a normal subject is able to estimate the slope of the line with quite satisfactory approximation : the inclination of the perceived contour to the apparent vertical nearly corresponds to the inclination of the physical contour with respect to the field of gravity. The sensory datum referred to by the brain in this estimation apparently consists in the slant of the line's retinal image or, more precisely, in the angle between the retinal projection of the line and a given reference axis fixed to the retina. This retinal image (the so-called proximal stimulus) serves, as it were, as the causal bridge connecting the object of interest, namely the luminous line outside in the dark room (the distal stimulus), and the perceived inclination (the phenomenon). Moreover, unless the subject contacts the distal object via an additional sensory channel (e.g., b}' touching), it is the only causal bridge of this kind. Considering the latter we ought to be surprised that the relation between the retinal image and the distal object is by no means unique. A n y particular inclination of the proximal stimulus contour within the retinal frame of reference may occur in the presence of a given slope of the distal stimulus line, because of the interference of a further independent variable, namely, the head tilt. When, for instance, the head is laterally inclined, the picture of a vertical line will appear on a retinal meridian different from the one upon which it is projected with upright head position. If the brain, in anthropomorphic terms, were to " r e l y " solely upon the information conveyed to it via the optic channel, it would be entirely unable to distinguish this situation from one in which the body remained upright but the line was tilted. The fact is, however, that the central-nervous perceptive mechanism is quite capable of making this distinction. This performance is usually referred to as "vertical constancy". The analysis of vertical constancy, then, has to start from the fundamental biological problem common to all constancy performances (others being, e.g., color, brightness, size and shape constancy): How can a veridical correspondence between the perceptual phenomenon and the distal object be established despite the fact that the only causal bridge intervening between them, i.e., the proximal stimulus, is disturbed unpredictably by the interference of a further variable ?
B. T h e C o m p e n s a t i o n P r i n c i p l e The solution of this general constancy problem was found, after preparatory work by H E L M H O L T Z , H E R I N G , M A C H , and others, by K . B Ü H L E R and L . K A R D O S ( B Ü H L E R , 1922;
KARDOS,
1928,
1929;
B R U N S W I K and K A R D O S , 1929)
and later
158
N . B I S C H O F : Optic-Vestibular Orientation to the Vertical
restated by V O N H O L S T and M I T T E L S T A E D T (1950). The basic idea is this: the organism neutralizes the interference by repeating it with reversed sign. Since a process of this kind may aptly be called "compensatory", B I S C H O F (1966b) has proposed the term compensation principle to characterize this form of biological information processing. The compensation principle is illustrated by the flow diagram Fig. l a . The sensory channel S (generally the eye) is affected by a proximal stimulus, the latter
external processes
internal processes
F i g . 1. a ) C o n t r o l d i a g r a m o f t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n p r i n c i p l e . H e r e a n d i n a l l s u b s e q u e n t b l o c k diagrams arrows represent variables, a n d boxes represent operators. Orientation of arrows denotes
direction of causal influence. 0
i n t e r f e r e n c e f u n c t i o n ,
=
X
compensatory
function, S = m a p p i n g function of sensory channel, b) Interference function i n the perception o f v e r t i c a l l y . D i s t a l s t i m u l u s ( A c ) e q u a l s t h e sum o f i n t e r f e r i n g v a r i a b l e (a) a n d p r o x i m a l s t i m u l u s (AR), if o r i e n t a t i o n of angles is u n i f o r m l y defined (here: clockwise inclinations positive, when viewed from Subject)
depending upon a distal stimulus and an "interfering variable", according to an "interference function"
=
A G —
a..
The proximal stimulus is reported to higher central-nervous centers by means of afferent messages (IR). Making use of this information, now, the organism has to arrive at a psychophysical variable (Is) representing veridically the distal 1
1 B y the expression " a psychophysical v a r i a b l e " we denote a hypothetical central-nervous p r o c e s s t h o u g h t d i r e c t l y t o u n d e r l y a c o n s c i o u s l y e x p e r i e n c e d p h e n o m e n o n (cf. a l s o B I S C H O F , 1966a).
External and Internal Compensation
159
stimulus. This is done by means of a compensatory process consisting of the following two operations: (1) The organism ascertains in a suitable way a representation of the interfering variable, the "compensatory variable" (s). (2) This compensatory variable is fed into the afferent information flow in such a way as to compensate for the influence of the interfering variable ("compensatory function"). In F i g . l a the compensatory function is denoted by ( P , since it can easily be seen that in the ideal case it would have to be exactly the inverse of the interference function. In our case, consequently, the ideal compensatory function would be an addition : -1
h = ln +
s.
In connection with the compensation principle three main questions arise: (1) Where is the compensatory process performed? (2) How should the flow diagram be modified to take account of the compensatory errors recorded under experimental conditions and in every-day life? (3) Where does the organism obtain the information about the interfering variable needed to determine the compensatory variable? These problems will be discussed successively in the following sections, with respect to the special case of vertical constancy.
C. E x t e r n a l a n d I n t e r n a l C o m p e n s a t i o n As far as localization is concerned, two possible types of compensation are conceivable: (1) "external" compensation outside the boundary of neurophysiological processes, and (2) "internal" compensation within the central nervous system. Only the second possibility is taken into account in F i g . 1. The first is more obvious and easier to analyse. It consists in the so-called ocular countertorsion (rolling of the eyeballs around their sagittal axes). In the ideal case the amount of countertorsion should exactly equal the degree of lateral head tilt, thus leading to complete constancy of the retinal stimulus pattern. This, however, is never attained in any vertebrate species. In man, particularly, the countertorsion response can only be called vestigial (FISCHER, 1927, 1930a; W O E L L N E R and G R A Y B I E L , 1959; C O L E N B R A N D E R , 1964;
S C H Ö N E , 1962;
M I L L E R , 1962;
K E L L O C G , 1965;
M I L L E R and G R A Y B I E L ,
B R A N D T and
1963;
F L U U R , 1966,1967; U D O D E
H A E S , 1970; B I S C H O F and S C H E E R E R , 1970). When plotted against head tilt, ocular countertorsion shows a sinusoidal curve with extreme values ocurring at tilts of about 60°. Even at its extremes, the response seldom exceeds values of 6-8°, being, therefore, far too small to account for the compensatory achievements actually observed. Consequently, there remains only the alternative of assuming an " i n t e r n a l " compensation, i.e., a central-nervous processing of the optical afference according to Fig. 1. Formally, such a process could be conceived as a rotatory transformation of a functional coordinate system, the latter being the physiological correlate of phenomenal space. The anatomical localization of these processes is still open to speculation, although recent neurophysiological findings (cf. chapter F R E D R I C K S O N ,
160
N . B I S C H O F : Optic-Vestibular Orientation to the Vertical
K O R N H U B E R and S C H W A R Z , this volume), contradicting the earlier opinion that no vestibular afferences reach the cerebral cortex, may turn out to be a first step towards answering this obscure question.
D . A l l o w a n c e for C o m p e n s a t o r y E r r o r s The argumentation in favor of the compensation principle (see above pp. 158 f.) may sound somewhat artificial, as it starts from the fictitious presupposition of exact veridicality of directional perception. This presupposition is, indeed, only approximately fulfilled in every-day life, and even larger deviations occur under experimental conditions. I f t h e o p t i c a l s t i m u l u s field i s r e d u c e d t o a s i n g l e l u m i n o u s r o d i n a d a r k r o o m , a s u b j e c t ' s a p p a r e n t v e r t i c a l (as i n d i c a t e d b y h i s s e t t i n g o f t h e r o d ) w i l l e x h i b i t s y s t e m a t i c d e v i a t i o n s f r o m t h e p h y s i c a l p l u m b l i n e , e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e b o d y i s i n a t i l t e d p o s i t i o n (cf. F i g . 2 ) . L a r g e a m o u n t s of lateral b o d y tilt are u n d e r c o m p e n s a t e d ( A U B E R T ,
1861), i.e., t h e a p p a r e n t v e r t i c a l
deviates towards b o d y axis, whereas moderate a m o u n t s of tilt are sometimes o v e r c o m p e n s a t e d ( M Ü L L E R , 1916), i.e., t h e a p p a r e n t v e r t i c a l deviates i n t h e opposite d i r e c t i o n ( A a n d E p h e n o m enon, respectively: U D O
D E H A E S , 1970; S C H Ö N E a n d U D O
D E H A E S , 1971; for a review of
e a r l i e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , see B I S C H O F , 1 9 6 6 c , p p . 4 7 4 f . ) . E r r o r s of t h e s a m e o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e occur w i t h f o r w a r d - b a c k w a r d b o d y tilt ( B R E C H E R a n d S C H U B E R T , 1934; S C H Ö N E , 1962, 1964; C O R R E I A et a l . , 1965). C o n s i d e r a b l e d e v i a t i o n s are also o b s e r v e d w h e n t h e s u b j e c t i s p r e s e n t e d w i t h a n optical stimulus pattern c o n t a i n i n g one o r more distinct m a i n axes besides the l u m i n ous r o d , p r o v i d e d t h a t none of the m a i n axes coincides w i t h the p u l l of g r a v i t y . T h i s p h e n o m enon has been called " R i c h t u n g s i n d u k t i o n "
( d i r e c t i o n a l i n d u c t i o n ) b y K L E I N T (1936). I t
o b t a i n s w i t h s u c h s t i m u l u s c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a s a field o f p a r a l l e l s t r i p e s ( H O F M A N N a n d B I E L SCHOWSKY, (BORING, PASSE Y,
1909; G I B S O N
1952; M A N N , 1950;
and R A D N E R ,
1937; B I S C H O F a n d S C H E E R E R ,
1952), or a l u m i n o u s f r a m e ( W I T K I N a n d A S C H ,
Y O U N G ,
1959;
NAYLOR,
1963, 1965; B E R T I N I ,
1970), a g r i d
pattern
1948; W I T K I N ,
1949 b ;
1964; M O R A N T
and
ARONOFF,
1966). U n d e r s u c h c o n d i t i o n s t h e s u b j e c t ' s a p p a r e n t v e r t i c a l , a s s h o w n b y h i s s e t t i n g s of t h e l u m i n o u s r o d , is " a t t r a c t e d " t o a certain degree b y t h e axes of t h e s t i m u l u s p a t t e r n . D i r e c tional
induction
effects
are strongest w i t h
stimulus
patterns that
are closely similar t o
natural environments except for their slanted bearing. Such situations are created when the
subject
1912;
observes
GIBSON
(KOHLER,
a natural
and M O W R E R ,
1951; O H W A K I ,
scene
1938;
through a suitable mirror
A S C H
1961; W I T K I N
and W I T K I N , and
Ascii,
1948a)
1948b;
or
S3^stem
through
WITKIN,
(WERTIIEIMER, prism
1949a),
or
spectacles if the
t u r a l scene is t i l t e d as a w h o l e , e.g., i n a r o t a t a b l e d u m m y r o o m ( " h a u n t e d s w i n g " , 1895;
TON
KLEINT,
1936; A s c i i a n d W I T K I N ,
1948b; M A N N ,
1 9 5 2 ) ; see a l s o H O W A R D
and
na-
WOOD,
TEMPLE-
(1966).
In the flow diagram (Fig. .1), three possible sources for deviations of this kind are conceivable: (i) the afference ?R may be a distorted image of the proximal stimulus configuration AR. (ii) The compensatory variable s may be an inaccurate representation of the interfering variable a. (iii) The compensatory function & may differ from a mathematically exact summation process. 1
In
t h i s c o n n e c t i o n t h e t h r e e v a r i a b l e s Z R , IS, a n d s m e r i t f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . F i r s t , 2
these q u a n t i t i e s are t o b e r e g a r d e d as " h y p o t h e t i c a l c o n s t r u c t s " i n t h e sense of t h e t e r m i n o logical differentiation proposed b y M C C O R Q U O D A L E a n d M E E H L
(1948); i.e., t h e y a r e m e a n t
to be not directly observable, b u t nevertheless physically existing, links of a n innerorganismic c a u s a l c h a i n . S i m u l t a n e o u s l y , h o w e v e r , t h e y a r e " i n t e r v e n i n g v a r i a b l e s " i n t h e s t r i c t e r sense defined b y t h e authors — v i z . , t h e y are conceived as products of a mere m e n t a l abstraction d r a w n o u t of (unknown) physiological entities likely to be i n fact m u c h m o r e c o m p l e x . T h e same holds for the above-mentioned compensatory operation 2 F o r m o r e d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n , see B I S C H O F a n d S C H E E R E R
(1970).
Allowance for Compensatory Errors
161
F i g . 2 . A p p a r e n t vertical as a f u n c t i o n of lateral b o d y tilt for 1 3 Ss (according to U D O D E H A E S 1970).
Abscissa:
Clockwise body
tilt. Ordinate:
I n c l i n a t i o n of a l u m i n o u s r o d , set t o S s
a p p a r e n t v e r t i c a l , m e a s u r e d i n r e t i n a l c o o r d i n a t e s w i t h i n v e r t e d s i g n (for e x p l a n a t i o n , see b e l o w , p. 1 6 2 ) . D o t t e d line i n d i c a t e s ideal v e r i d i c a l i t y of d i r e c t i o n a l p e r c e p t i o n . E - ( M Ü L L E R ) P h e n o m e n o n : m e a s u r e d v a l u e above d o t t e d l i n e (as s h o w n i n s o m e S s w i t h b o d y t i l t o f 3 0 ° ) , A - ( A U B E R T ) p h e n o m e n o n : m e a s u r e d v a l u e below d o t t e d l i n e ( m o s t m a r k e d i n t h e m a j o r i t y o f Ss u n d e r b o d y t i l t of 1 5 0 ° )
With regard to the three alternatives listed above, B I S C H O F and S C H E E R E R (1970) arrive at the following proposition: If deviations from ideal veridicality in directional perception consist merely in rigid orthogonal rotations of phenomenal space without angular distortions occurring, they can be due solely to inaccuracy of the compensatory variable (alternative ii accepted), whereas the input-output characteristics of the optic channel and the compensatory summation process must be linear (i and iii rejected). 11
Hb. Sensory Physiology, Vol. VI/2
162
N . B I S C H O F : Optic-Vestibular Orientation to the Vertical I n t h i s case, a n i n d i r e c t m e a s u r e f o r t h e c o m p e n s a t o r y v a r i a b l e s c o u l d b e d e r i v e d f r o m
the
s e t t i n g o f a l u m i n o u s r o d t o t h e a p p a r e n t v e r t i c a l : I f (i) A R = IR, a n d ( i i i ) Is = IR -+- s, a n d
i f f u r t h e r t h e a p p a r e n t i n c l i n a t i o n Is AR
t h e r o d is zero ( = vertical), then w e s h o u l d arrive a t
= IR = Is-s = -s. T h u s t h e p r o x i m a l s t i m u l u s A R w i t h r e v e r s e d s i g n , a s p l o t t e d i n F i g . 2 ,
c o u l d s e r v e a s a n o p e r a t i o n a l m e a s u r e f o r s.
As to the premise of this proposition, G I B S O N and R A D N E R (1937, p. 464) state that the apparent vertical and horizontal "behave as if they were aspects of a single system for visual orientation"; the authors add, however, that both axes nevertheless "are not rigidly linked together; there is, as it were, a certain amount of 'play" or 'lost motion' between them". This angular distortion phenomenon was observed as an after-effect of prolonged exposure of an optical stimulus pattern containing (or consisting of) one predominating axis. Under these conditions, two factors seem to be involved in direction perception. They generate, respectively, (a) a so-called "normalization effect", which amounts to a rigid transformation of the phenomenal frame of reference as a whole (GIBSON, 1937a, b ; G I B S O N and R A D N E R , 1937), and (b) a "satiation effect", which only occurs in the vicinity of the stimulus axis, thus indeed impairing the orthogonality of space perception ( K Ö H L E R and W A L L A C H , 1944). The latter phenomenon can probably be accounted for in terms of adaptation or inhibition of orientation detectors in the visual channel S of F i g . 1 ( S U T H E R L A N D , 1961: C O L T H E A R T ,
1971: cf. also C A R P E N T E R
and B L A K E M O R E , 1974). Thus, possibility (i), as listed above, cannot be ruled out entirely. However, satiation seems to be a second order effect. B y factoring out the normalization effect be means of a "split-field technique", a magnitude of maximally 1.5° has been found for the satiation phenomenon ( M O R A N T and M I S T O V I C H , 1960; M O R A N T and H A R R I S , 1965).
These studies, to be sure, have only been performed with upright body posture. In a survey of the literature, unfortunately, no investigation dealing with the influence of body tilt on the orthogonality of space perception could be found. This leaves alternative (iii) undecided. Actually, some authors did record the apparent vertical and horizontal alternately in the same subjects as a function of head tilt, body tilt, or centrifuging, both with and without optical direction cues presented (GIBSON and M O W R E R , 1938; A S C H and W I T K I N , 1948a, b;
WITKIN
and A S C H ,
1948a, b ; B I T T E R M A N and W O R C H E L ,
1953, G R A Y B I E L
and C L A R K , 1962). However, these experiments yield no answer to our problem since they are not sufficiently precise for that aim or, as in the studies of the W I T K I N group, because of some peculiarities in the data analysis performed by the investigators. Nevertheless, the authors do not seem to have encountered a conspicuous decay of perceptual space orthogonality. Generally, one may presume that if body tilt and the like did produce startling angular distortions, this would have attracted the attention of some of the numerous investigators of vertical constancy during the past century, especially since under pathological conditions (cerebral lesions) or with inadequate stimulation (e.g., by electric currents) considerable distortions of the space coordinates have been repeatedly observed and reported under the name of metamorphosia or dysmorphosia by GELB
(1926), B E N D E R and J U N G
others.
(1948), H A L P E R N
(1949), D E R W O R T (1953) and
Postural Direction Cues
163
E. P o s t u r a l D i r e c t i o n Cues For the time being we may therefore assume that the errors of directional perception observed under physiological conditions are due virtually alone to the compensatory quantity s not precisely coinciding with the head inclination a. Thus the third problem stated above (see p. 159), namety, where the organism obtains a representation of a, becomes crucial. Clearly, the sources of pertinent information have to be looked for in the realm of stimulus parameters that are correlated with head and/or body tilt. Such parameters are hereafter referred to as "direction cues". The sensory systems thought to be capable of providing direction cues are usually classified into (1) optical and (2) postural groups. The postural group may be subdivided into (a) tactile, (b) kinesthetic, and (c) vestibular cues. (a) The distribution of pressure on the body surface may well be taken into account as a direction cue, as its maximum corresponds to the physical " d o w n " unless, to be sure, the support at the surface of contact is in a slanted position (GIBSON, 1966). The functional effectiveness of this factor at least for the "posture reflexes" has been demonstrated by M A G N U S (1924), its relevance for verticality perception follows from experiments of S C H Ö N E and U D O D E H A E S (1968, 1971). (b) Coping with gravitation necessitates a continuous tonic innervation of the whole skeletal musculature, the pattern of which has to reflect in fine gradations the distribution of forces acting upon the body. Therefore the combined messages of tension and position receptors in muscles, tendons and joints (see B I S C H O F , 1966 c) may well be used as a source of information about the arrangement of trunk, head, and limbs with respect to gravity. The importance of these factors is underlined by the fact that asymmetric body tonus brought about, for example, by means of additional weights is accompanied by changes of the apparent vertical ( K L E I N T , 1937; 1962;
S C H N E I D E R and B A R T L E Y , 1962;
KLIX,
W E R N E R et al., 1951).
(c) Wfiereas the two aforementioned sensory systems are primarily concerned with tasks apart from the perception of body posture in the gravito-inertial field, the vestibular apparatus appears to be constructed directly to serve this purpose. Among the vestibular cues, both ampullar and macular messages can be shown to contribute to human perception of verticality. In the maculae, phasic and tonic responses may be distinguished, according to L O W E N S T E I N and R O B E R T S (1950). There are few pertinent investigations deliberately involving stimulation of all vestibular portions mentioned (e.g., V O N H O L S T and G R I E S E B A C H , 1951; U D O D E H A E S and S C H Ö N E , 1970). In experiments with parallel swings ( J O N G K E E S , 1952; W A L S H , 1960, 1961 ; S C H Ö N E et al., 1967) the semicircular canals remain essentially unexcited. Devices providing steady-state head tilt, as employed by most investigators, additionally rule out phasic receptor activity in the maculae. This restricts stimulation to the tonic (non-adaptive) receptor system in the otolith apparatus, which may be considered the basic issue in postural control of vertical constancy, at least as far as the external compensatory mechanism (eye countertorsion, see above, p. 159) is concerned ( F I S C H E R , 1930a; M I L L E R , 1962; S C H Ö N E , 1962; F L U U R and M E L L S T R Ö M , 1970 a, b).
li*
N . B I S C H O F : Optic-Vestibular Orientation to the Vertical
164
F. T h e Significance of V e s t i b u l a r D i r e c t i o n C u e s The question as to whether vestibular afference has a direct access also to the internal mechanisms of perceptual space transformation is comparatively more intricate. The significance and even preponderance of the vestibular apparatus in this respect has been maintained by investigators like J O N G K E B S (1952), but denied by some earlier authors ( A L E X A N D E R and B A R A N Y , 1 9 0 4 ; B E C K , 1 9 1 2 ; S T I G L E R ,
1912; G A R T E N , 1920); partly, perhaps, since the latter expected (and failed) to encounter particular "postural sensations", reported by their subjects. These authors did not realize that a sense organ might well have the function of solely controlling perceptual coordinate systems rather than contributing new qualities to the perceptual world. There is, of course, great difficulty in assessing the relative importance of each of the three postural systems mentioned above, since they convey information about one and the same stimulus parameter and may mutually substitute for each other. Thus, it is in no way conclusive if, in the case of deficiency of one of them, the performance in question does not substantially decrease — especially if the subjects have been allowed to adapt to the loss. W h e n , e.g., G A R T E N
(1920) a n d A R N D T S
(1924)
could d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e ability of
s u b j e c t s t o j u d g e t h e v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n o f t h e i r b o d i e s r e m a i n s u n i m p a i r e d w i t h tactile
informa-
tion b e i n g c u t o i f b y l o c a l a n a e s t h e s i a , t h i s f i n d i n g n e v e r t h e l e s s c a n n o t d i s p r o v e t h e p o s s i b l e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of t a c t i l e d i r e c t i o n cues i n t h e s a m e p e r f o r m a n c e u n d e r n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n s o r after l a b y r i n t h loss. On
the other hand the same holds true for
b i l a t e r a l l o s s o f labyrinth function,
findings
according to which patients with
w h e n tilted laterally, are still able to set a luminous rod i n
a dark surround i n rather good alignment w i t h the physical vertical, o r even surpass the a c h i e v e m e n t o f s u b j e c t s w i t h o u t l a b y r i n t h m a l f u n c t i o n (cf. F I S C H E R , BORDOGNA,
1963; G I R O T T I ,
1963; M I L L E R
1930 b ; G I R O T T I a n d
a n d G R A Y B I E L , 1966; C L A R K a n d G R A Y B I E L ,
1966a;
G R A Y B I E L e t a l . , 1968). T h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s s h o w t h a t the a c t i v i t y of t h e v e s t i b u l a r a p p a r a t u s may
b e s u b s t i t u t e d b y o t h e r p o s t u r a l f a c t o r s , if necessary. B u t t h e y d o n o t tell u s a n y t h i n g
a b o u t t h e e r r o r o n e i s l i k e l y t o c o m m i t i f , a s a first a p p r o x i m a t i o n , o n e i g n o r e s t h e l a t t e r w h e n w o r k i n g w i t h h e a l t h y s u b j e c t s , a n d i n t e r p r e t s t h e results o b t a i n e d i n t h e a b s e n c e of o p t i c a l cues as a t t r i b u t a b l e m a i n l y t o t h e v e s t i b u l a r a p p a r a t u s .
There seems to be only one consistent method for determining whether in the postural system vestibular cues are of prior importance in the perception of verticality: one has to play the vestibular information off against other conflicting postural direction cues. Experiments with this particular aim show that there is little extra-otolith postural influence on verticality perception with body tilt up to 9 0 ° , whereas in body positions unlikely to occur in normal life, somesthetic factors do play a role which is, however, not very marked (SCHÖNE, 1962 ; S C H Ö N E and U D O D E H A E S , 1968, 1 9 7 1 : C O R R E L A et al., 1965).
Unfortunately, it is still an open question as to how the organism gathers information about the direction of gravitational force from the excitation patterns of utricle and saccule, separately. Within the framework of his "bicomponent theory", M I T T E L S T A E D T (1964, 1966) has called attention to the fact that the formula for rotatory transformation of a Cartesian coordinate system requires information about the sine and the cosine of the angle of rotation, and that the utricle and saccule, respectively, could well be understood to supply this information.
The
165
Significance of Vestibular Direction Cues
Actually, there is evidence that earlier views, according to which only the utricle, but not the saccule, has a static function at all (e.g., M A X W E L L , 1 9 2 3 ; V E R S T E E G H , 1927; M C N A L L Y ,
1 9 2 9 ; T A I T , 1932) are untenable at least for birds
and mammals and also for some fishes ( B E N J A M I N S and H U I Z I N G A , 1927 ; H A S E GAWA, 1950;
1935; P E R L M A N ,
1940; A D R I A N ,
SZENTAGOTHAI, 1952; HUIZINGA,
1942; JONGKEES, 1955; M E Y E R
1950; LOWENSTEIN,
ZUMGOTTESBERGE
and
P L E S T E R , 1965 ; F L U U R and M E L L S T R Ö M , 1970 b). Whether, however, in the percep-
tion of verticality saccular and utricular information is computed in the elegant way proposed by the bicomponent theory, remains to be investigated. (For pertinent theoretical considerations, see S C H Ö N E , 1 9 6 2 ; C O R R E L A et al., 1 9 6 5 ; Y O U N G and M E I R Y , 1 9 6 8 ; S C H Ö N E and U D O D E H A E S , 1970). The main difficulty
with a bicomponent transformation of perceptual-space coordinates is that it could in principle be independent of otolith weight. When, however, the amount of gravito-inertial force is actually changed by means of applying centrifugal forces ( S C H Ö N E , 1 9 6 2 , 1 9 6 4 ; C O R R E L A et al., 1 9 6 5 ; M I L L E R and G R A Y B I E L , 1 9 6 6 ; S C H Ö N E et al., 1967 ; S C H Ö N E and P A R K E R , 1 9 6 7 ; S C H Ö N E and U D O D E H A E S , 1970) marked
changes of the apparent vertical do occur, showing that the aforementioned independence does not exist . 3
F i g . 3. V e s t i b u l a r h e t e r o c o m p e n s a t i o n . C r o s s e d circles: O p e r a t i o n a l s y m b o l s f o r a d d i t i o n . I f a q u a d r a n t isb l a c k , t h e respective i n p u t v a r i a b l e iss u b t r a c t e d r a t h e r t h a n a d d e d . U p p e r b o x : Visual
system with
linear
input-output
characteristics. L o w e r
b o x : Otolith
system
with
nonlinear characteristics according to F i g . 2
3 W e are, of course, n o t referring here t o changes of t h e a p p a r e n t vertical due t o changes i n t h e direction ( r a t h e r t h a n t h e a m o u n t ) o f m e c h a n i c a l f o r c e d u r i n g c e n t r i f u g a t i o n . T h i s e f f e c t is a p h y s i c a l t r i v i a l i t y w h i c h n e v e r n e e d e d t o b e a u t h e n t i c a t e d b y p s y c h o p h y s i c i s t s , a n d which
certainly d i d n o t deserve a n y pretentious labelling ("oculogravic illusion").
Fora
c r i t i c i s m o f p e r t i n e n t e x p e r i m e n t s d e s i g n e d b y t h e G R A Y B I E L a n d W I T K I N g r o u p s , see H O W A R D a n d T E M P L E T O N (1966, p p . 197ff.) a n d B I S C H O F (1966c, p . 481).
166
N . B I S C H O F : Optic-Vestibular Orientation to the Vertical
While leaving this question to further analysis, we are free to characterize the function of the otolith apparatus in vertical constancy by the control diagram Fig. 3. In this diagram the A and E deviations result from the input-output characteristics of a single black-box labeled "otolith system", leaving aside intravestibular differentiations for the time being. The particular type of network presented in F i g . 3, in which the compensatory variable is provided via a sensory channel separate from the one conveying information about the proximal stimulus, will be referred to hereafter as "heterocompensation" (BISCHOF, 1966 b). A possible alternative, called "autocompensat i o n " of the optic message, shall be introduced in the next section.
III. V i s u a l D i r e c t i o n Cues a n d the R e c o n s t r u c t i o n A . T h e C o n c e p t of P e r c e p t u a l R e c o n s t r u c t i o n The idea that the eye itself should be able to mediate perceptual information about the position of the head with respect to gravity not only seems to contradict our statements above, concerning the independence of retinal and distal coordinates (see p. 157) ; it also does not fit into the theoretical framework of classical sensory psychology. For the latter it was a matter of tri vial self-evidence that a distal object could be immediately perceived (rather than inferred by logical reasoning) only in the presence of a proximal stimulus-pattern which to a sufficient degree "looks like" the distal object or, as G I B S O N (1950) characterized this view, which can serve as a "facsimile" of the object. Since, now, neither the subject's own head nor the field of gravity is portrayed on the retina, perceptual information about these features cannot be conveyed via the optic system, according to classical understanding. Modern perceptional psychology (cf. G I B S O N , 1950, 1966; A T T N E A V E , 1954; K Ö H L E R , 1961 ; M E T Z O E R , 1968) has abandoned this unreflected conception and arrived at the following principle: Although it makes sense to conceive of the perceptual phenomena as "images" of distal objects, it is entirely misleading to expect them to portray the proximal stimulus-configurations as well ; a particular percept may be established on the basis of any sensory process whatsoever, provided only that the proximal stimulus concerned is at least correlated to the distal object. In terms of information theory, the principle maintains that the perceptual system takes advantage of the redundancy within its physical surroundings in a manner that could be compared to the way one reconstructs the text of an abbreviated or distorted telegram. Therefore, B I S C H O F (1966b) has proposed the term "reconstruction processes" for this kind of stimulus elaboration.
B. V i s u a l D i r e c t i o n Cues Put in anthropomorphic terms the reconstruction principle states, in essence, that the organismic perceptual system "relies" on certain regularities "expected"' in its physical surroundings ( L O R E N Z . 1959).
167
Visual Direction Cues
Such "redundancy expectations" may be very concrete. It can be expected, for instance, that cigarette smoke rises opposite to the pull of gravity. One can show that such data, accumulated apparently in the course of individual lifeexperience, influence spatial perception without any noticeable intervention of higher cognitive processes (cf. K O H L E R , 1951, 1 9 5 3 ; K L O P P ,
1956).
In addition to these, however, there are redundancy expectations of a far more generalized and abstract nature. F o r these is would be difficult to determine whether they have been acquired in an individual learning process or whether they are part of the phylogenetically preadapted organization of the perceptual system. This question, to be sure, is rather irrelevant in the present connection. With regard to vertical constancy two general redundancy expectations are of particular significance.
F i g . 4. N a t u r a l r e d u n d a n c y : T e x t u r e g r a d i e n t s . E q u i d i s t a n t m a r k s o n a p l a n e s u r f a c e ( P ) p r o j e c t o n t h e r e t i n a i n s u c h a w a y t h a t (a) t h e p a i r w i s e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n p r o x i m a l s t i m u l i d e c r e a s e s m o n o t o n i c a l l y i n a r e t i n a l m e r i d i a n (I) p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o P , b u t (b) d e c r e a s e s s y m metrically i n a meridian (II) orthogonal to the former. If the marks are n o t equidistant b u t d i s t r i b u t e d i n r a n d o m f a s h i o n , as t h e y a r e i n m o s t of t h e n a t u r a l surface t e x t u r e s , t h e a b o v e s t a t e m e n t s w o u l d still h o l d t r u e for t h e local average d e n s i t y of p r o x i m a l t r i b u t i o n ( F i g . 4 c ) . T h u s t h e gradient defining m a x i m a l
(g) o f p r o x i m a l - s t i m u l u s
stimulus
dis-
t e x t u r e (i.e., t h e v e c t o r
change of stimulus density) should coincide w i t h the physical p r o v i d i n g t h a t t h e surface r e g a r d e d is h o r i z o n t a l
vertical,
168
N . B I S C H O F : Optic-Vestibular Orientation to the Vertical
(1) The clarification of the first one has been pioneered by G I B S O N (1950). It consists of two mutually independent assumptions : (a) in a natural environment the texture of large surfaces is generally homogeneous, and (b) an approximately plain surface, filling large portions of the visual field, is likely to be of horizontal extension. From these two premises the following conclusion can be drawn: the mean gradient of retinal texture density, i.e., the direction in which retinal stimulation exhibits maximal average compression of its microstructure, will usually correspond to the projection of the physical vertical upon the frontal head plane (for explanation, see Fig. 4). (2) The second redundancy expectation, the biological utilization of which has been substantiated by many authors (like, e.g., K O F F K A , 1935), assumes that under natural conditions equilibrium-states are encountered with a probability higher than that of any other comparable states. Consequent^, objects of elongated shape should be likely either to stand upright (labile equilibrium), to hang down (stable equilibrium), or to lie horizontally on the ground (indifferent equilibrium), rather than to have any other preferential bearing. It can be shown by means of projective
F i g . 5. N a t u r a l r e d u n d a n c y : P r o m i n e n t
figurai
axes. S i x t e e n c o n t o u r s of e q u a l l e n g t h , a r b i -
trarily distributed on a horizontal surface, viewed f r o m above ( F i g . 5a). A m o n g the contours. 4 s t a n d u p r i g h t ( i n d i c a t e d b y l i t t l e c i r c l e s ) , a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g 12 l i e h o r i z o n t a l l y , o r i e n t e d i n s u c h a w a y a s t o p r o v i d e u n i f o r m a n g u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n . W h e n t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t is v i e w e d f r o m a n a n g l e of 15 d e g r . ( F i g . 5 b ) , t h e a n g u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e r e t i n a l s t i m u l u s c o n t o u r s , t a k e n i n s t e p s o f 10 d e g r . , a p p e a r s a s s h o w n i n F i g . 5 c . N o t e t h a t , a l t h o u g h t h e n u m b e r o f h o r i z o n t a l c o n t o u r s e x c e e d t h a t of v e r t i c a l c o n t o u r s b y a f a c t o r of t h r e e , i n t h e p r o x i m a l s t i m u l u s d i s t r i b u t i o n t h e p e a k r e s u l t i n g f r o m o r i g i n a l l y v e r t i c a l c o n t o u r s is s t i l l d o m i n a n t
geometry that the outlines of such objects, when projected on the retina, form a stimulus pattern containing two prominent figurai axes perpendicular to each other, and that one of these axes again corresponds to the projection of the plrysical vertical upon the fronto-parai lei plane (see F i g . 5). Whenever, therefore, the stimulus pattern impinging upon the retina contains a marked figurai axis (particularly if the prominence of this axis is due to many
Visual Auto-Compensation
169
single contours being parallel to each other), this axis tends to be accepted as a cue for either verticality or horizontality. It should be noted that the directional cue thus provided may be ambiguous. A t least it can easily be rendered so by proper experimental device. If exposed, for instance, to a striped field or a square frame, the optical system is left in absolute doubt as to (a) which of the two prominent axes is vertical, and (b) which end of the vertical axis is the upper. Experiments carried out by B I S C H O F and S C H E E R E R (1970) illustrate how the organism copes with this fourfold ambiguity. The authors investigated three (female) subjects who were tilted by means of a chair rotatable around the sagittal head axis. The subjects looked towards a stimulus pattern consisting of a circular field of twenty-five parallel stripes on a dark ground. Shining on to the surface of the striped field from a pivot at its center, was a narrow light beam, which was to be set continuously to the subject's apparent vertical. The stripedfieldwas automatically rotated with a constant angular velocity of no more than 0.5 degrees per second either clockwise or counterclockwise. In each trial, the field made one full revolution of 360 degrees (taking a time of 12 min), while body-tilt was held constant at one of seven values (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 degrees clockwise). The subject's settings of the luminous beam were automatically recorded on a time scale. The responses of one of the subjects are plotted in F i g . 6; they show that the apparent vertical is indeed entrained by both the direction of the stripes (referred to as the "primary axis" by the authors) and the axis perpendicular to the stripes ("secondary axis"). Each end of both axes, alternately, behaves as the upper one. Incidently, it can be seen that the "attractive power" of the primary axis exceeds that of the secondary axis to a noticeable degree. Applying a FouRiER-analysis to the curves shows that the primary axis is also dominant for body inclinations of a = 150 and 180 degrees, although this is not easily recognizable in the raw material, due to noise. These results are in substantial agreement with earlier findings of G I B S O N (1937a, b) and G I B S O N and R A D N E R (1937), who observed that in the presence of a single tilted line the apparent vertical deviates towards the line if the latter's tilt is moderate, but away from it if its inclination is nearing the horizontal (cf.
also C U X B E R T , 1954; M O R A N T and B E L L E R , 1965).
C. V i s u a l A u t o - C o m p e n s a t i o n When outlining in his 1966 publication what is basically the reconstruction principle, G I B S O N contrasts this idea with the compensation principle in the form proposed by V O N H O L S T and M I T T E L S T A E D T
(1950). According to G I B S O N , the
optical feed-back produced by displacement of the body is substantially different from an optical stimulation caused by changes in the distal environment. Thus the visual afference is not really "disturbed" by the body activity (a), and consequently no compensatory process is required. This consideration is felt to dispense with the concept of " a brain that copies, stores, compares, matches, and decides" (loc.cit., p. 39). This remark, however, is misleading. What really turns out to be dispensable from this point of view is what we have called "heterocompensation" (see p. 166). The need for a compensatory process as such still
170
Fig.
N . BISCHOF: O p t i c - V e s t i b u l a r O r i e n t a t i o n t o t h e V e r t i c a l
6. R a w d a t a of o n e S i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t s o f B I S C H O F a n d S C H E E R E R ( 1 9 7 0 ) . E a c h s i n g l e
d i a g r a m (a-g)
comprises
a b o u t 6 m e a s u r e m e n t s of t h e a p p a r e n t v e r t i c a l i n one p a r t i c u l a r
b o d y p o s i t i o n (a), t h e l a t t e r b e i n g s p e c i f i e d i n t h e u p p e r l e f t c o r n e r s . H a l f o f t h e c u r v e s f r o m c l o c k w i s e (solid lines), h a l f f r o m c o u n t e r - c l o c k w i s e r o t a t i o n of t h e s t r i p e d l i n e s ) . Ordinate:
field
A n g l e ( A G ) b e t w e e n g r a v i t y a n d l i g h t b e a m set c o n t i n e o u s l y to S's
v e r t i c a l . Abscissa:
apparent
A n g l e (/?G) b e t w e e n g r a v i t y a n d p r i m a r y a x i s of b a c k g r o u n d s t r i p e d
F u l l l e n g t h of a b s c i s s a =
360 degrees =
one r e v o l u t i o n of t h e s t r i p e d
field.
are
(dotted field.
Since the latter
rotates w i t h c o n s t a n t v e l o c i t y , the abscissa m a y also be u n d e r s t o o d as a t i m e scale (full l e n g t h =
12 m i n ) . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e a b s c i s s a r e a d s f r o m l e f t t o r i g h t f o r t h e s o l i d c u r v e s , b u t f r o m r i g h t
to left f o r t h e d o t t e d ones. R e c o r d i n g s i n m o s t cases b e g i n a b o u t 1 m i n after t h e s t r i p e d starts to rotate, in order of t h e s t r i p e d
field's
to
e l i m i n a t e onset
t r a n s i e n t s . Diagonals
p r i m a r y axis (solid diagonals)
or secondary
T h e u n d e r l y i n g white curves are simulations c o m p u t e d p.
184)
indicate axis
the
(broken
field
position
diagonals).
f r o m t h e m o d e l F i g . 12 (see
below,
172
N . BISCHOF: O p t i c - V e s t i b u l a r O r i e n t a t i o n t o t h e V e r t i c a l
remains. It may now be, however, of a different type, namely, what could be termed "auto-compensation". T h e essentials of a u t o - c o m p e n s a t i o n
a r e m o s t e a s i l y u n d e r s t o o d i n t h e case of
motion
constancy. L o o k i n g d o w n a t a n a n t - h e a p , e . g . , c a u s e s a g r e a t d e a l o f s t i m u l u s m o v e m e n t o n t h e r e t i n a . Suppose, n o w , t h a t t h e c e n t r a l n e r v o u s s y s t e m w o u l d s i m p l y average t h e messages of all t h eretinal m o t i o n detectors, t h u s c o m p u t i n g the v e c t o r s u m of the velocities of a l l p r o x i m a l s t i m u l u s elements. Since these e l e m e n t a r y vectors a r e v i r t u a l l y i n d e p e n d e n t of each other, t h e outcome
o f t h e c a l c u l a t i o n w o u l d m o r e o r less e q u a l z e r o . I f , h o w e v e r , t h e r e a f f e r e n t s t i m u -
l a t i o n of s m o o t h e y e m o v e m e n t — caused, e.g., b y p u r s u i n g o n e p a r t i c u l a r a n t — were superimposed
o n the retinal
stimulus-processes,
then
the average
taken
would
equal
with
c o n s i d e r a b l e e x a c t n e s s t h e e y e v e l o c i t y ( w i t h r e v e r s e d s i g n , t o b e s u r e ) a n d t h u s b e fit t o f u n c t i o n as a c o m p e n s a t o r y v a r i a b l e f o r m o t i o n c o n s t a n c y . T h i s p r o c e d u r e e v i d e n t l y is f o l l o w e d , e r r o n e o u s l y , i n cases o f s o - c a l l e d " i n d u c e d m o v e m e n t " ( s w i m m i n g u p - s t r e a m w i t h t h e b r i d g e , etc).
Speaking generally, in auto-compensation the compensatory variable is derived directly from the afferent (in our case visual) message contaminated by the interfering variable. It presupposes the existence of a filter mechanism that selects, utilizing redundancy-expectations, the reafferent component (a) out of the retinal message itself (cf. Fig. 7). How the filtering process is performed in the case of vertical constancy remains unknown. Presumably contour detection as described by H T J B E L and W I E S E L (1959) is involved, with subsequent averaging to compute the predominant
(CH Sensory channel
Filter
F i g . 7. F e e d - f o r w a r d a u t o c o m p e n s a t i o n . variable, corresponding to A
G
Compens. mechanism
A v a r i e t y of d i s t a l - s t i m u l u s c o n t o u r s
(left
input
i n F i g . 1) w h e n r e g a r d e d w i t h t i l t e d h e a d ( l o w e r l e f t i n p u t
v a r i a b l e , a) i m p i n g e s o n t h e r e t i n a i n o b l i q u e o r i e n t a t i o n . W h e n t h e r e s u l t i n g a f f e r e n t
mes-
s a g e (/ ) is " f i l t e r e d " i n s u c h a w a y as t o c o m p u t e t h e a n g u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c o n t o u r d i r e c R
tions
(according
to F i g . 5 c ) , t h e r e s u l t i n g m a i n a x i s of retinal
contour
elements
should,
w i t h sufficiently h i g h p r o b a b i l i t y , equal head i n c l i n a t i o n (with reversed sign). Consequently, i t c o u l d b e u s e d a s a c o m p e n s a t o r y v a r i a b l e (s, s y m b o l i z e d b y a c o o r d i n a t e f r a m e ) .
When
r e f e r r e d t o these coordinates, t h e r e t i n a l afference s h o u l d i n d e e d b e t r a n s f o r m e d i n s u c h a w a y as t o render a sufficiently v e r i d i c a l perceptive r e p r e s e n t a t i o n (right o u t p u t , Z ) of distal stimuli s
Feed-Forward and Feed-BackCompensation
173
proximal-stimulus axis, but for a definitive answer one must await further neurophysiological evidence. In this connection, moreover, neurophysiologists should also look for detectors sensitive to G I B S O N texture-gradients (cf. p. 168). Auto-compensation by a filter-mechanism can in some degree be compared to an adaptive process. The crucial difference between it and a genuine local adaptation is, however, that in the latter every site of the sensory field tends independently of the others to approach the zero-level of excitation; whereas in auto-compensation the zero-level of the entire stimulus field shifts uniquely, which has the important consequence that the differences appearing within the proximal stimulus pattern are preserved (cf. also M E T Z G E R , 1968, p. 167ff.). In the special case of verticality perception, adaptation and auto-compensation are exemplified, respectively, by the "satiation" and "normalization" effects mentioned earlier (see p. 162).
D. F e e d - F o r w a r d and Feed-Back Compensation In all cases of auto-compensation two fundamentally different ways of feeding the compensatory variable into the optic afference are available : the compensatory variable may enter after the branching point to the filter (feed-forward compensation, Fig. 7), or before it (feed-back compensation, F i g . 8). In terms of control theory the first model has been called a " m e s h " , the second one a " l o o p " ( M I T T E L S T A E D T , 1960). In feed-forward compensation, provided that the filter can reconstruct the head inclination without error, the compensatory variable has to equal the filter output in order to establish ideal space constancy. In feed-back compensation, on the other hand, veridicality requires that the compensatory variable
F i g . 8. F e e d - b a c k a u t o c o m p e n s a t i o n . D i f f e r i n g f r o m t h e s y s t e m o f F i g . 7 i n t h a t t h e p e r c e p t u a l o u t p u t (Z ) i t s e l f u n d e r g o e s t h e " f i l t e r i n g " p r o c e d u r e , a n d t h a t t h e c o m p e n s a t o r y c o o r d i n a t e s
f r a m e (s) is rotated a s l o n g a s t h e i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e m a i n a x i s o f a p p a r e n t c o n t o u r d i s t r i b u t i o n differs f r o m zero
174
N . B I S C H O F : Optic-Vestibular Orientation to the Vertical
equal the time integral of the filter output. In the latter case, the magnitude of the compensatory variable will change as long as the filter output is different from zero: obviously, this process cannot come to rest with a steady value of s until the filter output has vanished, i.e., until the main axis of the perceptual field has turned apparently vertical. For a broader discussion see B I S C H O F and S C H E E R E R (1970).
Which of the two possibilities is actually realized in the organism can be readily answered in the case of "external" compensation (cf. p. 159). Here, by definition, the compensation takes place outside the boundary of neurophysiological] processes, whereas the compensatory variable comes from the filter that lies within this boundary. Thus, the ocular countertorsion and, incidentally, also all optokinetic reactions including nystagm, are examples for feed-back autocompensation. Much more difficulty arises when we try to answer the same question in the field of "internal" compensation, since here the entire network is hidden within the brain, inaccessible to direct analysis. However, B I S C H O F and S C H E E R E R (1970) could develop a method that allowed them to solve the problem in an indirect way. We can only outline their argumentation here; for a more thorough presentation, see the publication cited. Regarding the oscillations in Fig. 6, which are schematized in F i g . 9, it is easy to see that for each particular curve the abscissa could be partitioned into sections extending, respectively, between two successive extreme values of the oscillation of the apparent vertical. In F i g . 9a, one half of such a section is labeled as B . Each of these sections would then mark a range of stripe inclinations which have in common a particular dominance relation between the four main directions of the striped field. The abscissa of each extreme value denotes the critical inclination of the field at which one of its main directions starts or ceases to predominate over the other three in determining the apparent vertical. What, now, causes the dominance to shift from one main direction to the next ? Evidently, in the course of field rotation each particular main direction is alternately perceived to be more and more, and then less and less, likely to be a valid representative of the physical vertical. This, however, presupposes a standard reference with which the perceptual system may decide about accepting a given optical main direction as a cue for verticality (cf. also D A Y and W A D E , 1969). Presumably, the additional information required for this decision is supplied by the postural senses. However, this information appears in crucially different forms in feed-forward and feed-back compensation, respective^. (1) In feed-forward compensation (Fig. 7) the standard determining the dominance relations within the set of optical main directions would consist essentially of the vestibular compensatory variable (the "vestibular vertical") established according to Fig. 3. Thus, the inclination of a particular optical main direction with respect to the vestibular vertical decides about the acceptance of this direction as an optic cue for verticality. The vestibular vertical, however, depending as it does upon postural stimuli that are kept constant during each trial, should be expected to show limited systematic shifting at most, even when one allows for 4
4 P o s s i b l e o t h e r p o s t u r a l cues ( n o n - v e s t i b u l a r , n o n - o p t i c ) a r e b e i n g n e g l e c t e d h e r e ; this, h o w e v e r , is n o t r e l e v a n t i n t h e l i n e of a r g u m e n t .
Feed-Forward a n dFeed-Back
a
Compensation
175
threshold • ~y/~~
B
/
/ ini
b
thr
•••^
-/
\
B-A
\x / / /
F i g . 9. C o m p a r i s o n o f a l t e r n a t i v e c o m p e n s a t o r y vertical light beam. component
m e c h a n i s m s . Oscillations of a n a p p a r e n t l y
O r d i n a t e : A n g u l a r inclination of light b e a m
w i t h respect
to the D C
of oscillation (the latter representing t h e v e s t i b u l a r standard). A b s c i s s a : T i m e ;
solid lines: settings of light b e a m for different b o d y inclinations. B r o k e n diagonals : P o s i t i o n of o n e p a r t i c u l a r m a i n a x i s o f t h e s t r i p e d field, a ) Feed-forward field
axis h a s deviated f a r enough
compensation.
W h e n the striped
from the vestibular standard a n d reached a threshold
(horizontal d o t t e d line), t h e d o m i n a n c e w i l l be t a k e n over b y t h e n e x t axis. H e n c e t h e l i g h t b e a m w o u l d c e a s e f o l l o w i n g t h e first a x i s a n d t u r n b a c k t o m e e t t h e n e x t o n e . T h e c u r v e s should therefore show extreme values a t this point. Since this process o u g h t t o be i n d e p e n d e n t of b o d y t i l t , t h e m a x i m a s h o u l d a l l o c c u r a t t h e s a m e t i m e ( B ) i n t h e c y c l e , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e a m o u n t ( A ) o f o s c i l l a t i o n , b) Feed-back compensation. field axis depends
upon
I f , however, t h ed o m i n a n c e of t h e s t r i p e d
its deviation from the apparent vertical, i.e., from t h e respective
light-beam curves, the threshold (dotted
l i n e s ) will v a r y w i t h t h e a m p l i t u d e o f o s c i l l a t i o n .
Thus allextreme values should n o w have a position such that their distance to the broken diagonal is constant. T h i s distance o u g h t t o be t h e difference between t h e abscissa v a l u e ( B ) and the ordinate value (A) for every
extremum
moderate changes due to system dynamics (transfer characteristics and the like) of the sensory systems concerned (cf. M Ü L L E R , 1916 ; M I L L E R and G R A Y B I E L , 1963 ; G E I S S L E R , 1 9 6 5 ; M C F A R L A N D and C L A R K S O N , 1 9 6 6 ; C L A R K and G R A Y B I E L , 1 9 6 6 b ;
S C H Ö N E and U D O D E H A E S , 1 9 6 8 ; U D O D E H A E S and S C H Ö N E , 1969). Hence the
ranges of influence of the four main directions in the striped field are distributed according to a standard reference direction that remains virtually fixed during
176
N . B I S C H O F : Optic-Vestibular Orientation to the Vertical
any given trial. To be sure, the reference direction will change from trial to trial, owing to there being different head inclinations, but within each of these it will remain essentially constant. This means, however, that we should find the sections of the abscissa apportioned by one and the same ratio regardless of head inclination, as indicated in Fig. 9a.
A 3020100-
B-A 3020
100-
Ó
30
60
90
120
150
180°
a Fig.
1 0 . E x p e r i m e n t a l s u p p o r t of f e e d - b a c k
of v e r t i c a l i t y ( f r o m B I S C H O F and
and SCHEERER,
autocompensation hypothesis in the perception 1 9 7 0 ) . C o m p a r i s o n of o r d i n a t e ( A : s o l i d lines)
a b s c i s s a ( B : b r o k e n lines) f o r e x t r e m e v a l u e s of
apparent vertical
(cf.
Fig. 9). Mean
v a l u e s of t h r e e s u b j e c t s , w i t h a v e r a g e v a r i a n c e of m e a n s s h o w n b y b a r s . B scale s h i f t e d so as to a c c o m p l i s h m a x i m a l
c o i n c i d e n c e of nation
curves. E v i d e n t l y , B
(abscissa), whereas B - A
is d e p e n d e n t
on head
incli-
is n o t
(2) Hypothesizing feed-back compensation (Fig. 8) yields quite different predictions. In this case the optic messages do not reach the filter mechanism before having undergone the (combined optic-vestibular) compensatory- process that transforms them into the final coordinate system of apparent space. It is thus the apparent inclination of the four optical main directions (rather than their inclination with respect to a postural standard) that determines the partitioning of their spheres of influence. In other words, with feed-back compensation the apparent vertical, as represented by the luminous beam controlled by the subject, serves as the reference required for the validation of the optical main directions. Defined in this fashion, however, the reference is no longer invariant during a trial, and it varies, moreover, in a different way with different head inclinations. With feed-
Optic-Vestibular Equivalence
177
back compensation, consequently, the abscissa sections between extreme values in F i g . 6 would not be apportioned independent of head inclination. Only if we refer the stripe inclination at every moment to the position of the apparent vertical, i.e., if we project the extreme values, as in Fig. 9b, parallel to the diagonal broken lines, rather than perpendicularly, should we obtain an invariant partitioning of the abscissa. B I S C H O F and S C H E E R E R (loc. cit.) could show, that, with this latter transformation carried out, the partitioning of ranges of influence among the four optical main directions in fact becomes invariant relative to head inclination (see Fig. 10). This indicates that the internal auto-compensatory system of visual perception of verticality is of the feed-back type.
I V . O p t i c - V e s t i b u l a r Interaction a n d the C o r r e c t i o n Principle A . T h e U t i l i z a t i o n of " C o n v e r g e n t D e t e c t i o n * The simultaneous occurrence of both (optical) auto- and (vestibular) heterocompensation in human vertical constancy sheds light on another peculiarity of perceptual information processing. Apparently, compensatory achievments are confined within the limits of precision of the mechanisms that provide the compensatory variable s. When, owing to possible shortcomings in information conveyance or computation, the compensatory variable does not exactly correspond to the interfering variable a, then s is unable to balance the effect of a exactly, and the interference is under- or overcompensated. The A and E phenomena described above (see Fig. 2) are examples of this. In order to minimize such errors, the organism often seeks to provide information about an interesting distal item by using, in parallel, a plurality- of sensory channels which are susceptible to different kinds of disturbing effects. Thus, the probability of error can be reduced by "convergent detection", as it were, a possibility that has been repeatedly discussed in psychological literature (cf. especially B R U N S W I K , 1934, 1940, 1956). For reasons that will be explained later (see p. 180), B I S C H O F (1966b) has proposed the term "correction principle" for this method of perceptual information processing.
B. O p t i c - V e s t i b u l a r E q u i v a l e n c e Separate sensory data which provide information about one and the same distal issue, and which are, accordingly, exchangeable with respect to their biological significance to the organism, will be referred to in the following as "equivalent signals". In this respect, a remarkably close relationship exists between optical and vestibular messages: for every particular output of the vestibular organs there exists an equivalent optical signal-parameter ; likewise, every motor or perceptual effect known to be controlled by vestibular inputs can also be elicited by proper optical excitation. More particularly, stimulation of the semi-circular canals is equivalent to visual excitation produced by uniform movement of the entire stimulus field. The perceptual results of the latter are usually referred to as "induced movement" 12
H b . Sensory Physiology, Vol. VI/2
178
N . BISCHOF: O p t i c - V e s t i b u l a r O r i e n t a t i o n t o t h e V e r t i c a l
(DUNCKER,
1929; L I N S C H O T E N ,
1952; cf. also G I B S O N ,
1950, 1954); the corre-
sponding motor reactions are known under the name of "optokinetic responses". The optical counterparts of stimulation of the otolith organs have been discussed in an earlier section (see pp. 166 ff.); their perceptual effect, viz., their influence on the apparent vertical, has been termed "directional induction" by K L E I N T (1936), with obvious reference to D U N C K E R . In labeling the corresponding motor reactions, it might be convenient to speak of "optostatic responses" in analogy to "optokinetics". The impairment of body balance while observing a slightly but uniformly slanted mountain meadow is an optostatic effect, as is the "dorsal light reaction" in fishes (VON H O L S T , 1950). The occurrence of optostatic eye countertorsion in man has been reported by G R E E N B E R G (1960) (cf. however H O W A R D and TEMPLETON,
1964b).
Note that optic and vestibular signals are not equivalent with respect to information concerning straight body movements. Here only the eye is able to convey reliable information (GIBSON, 1954), and not the vestibular apparatus, contrary to repeated speculations (e.g., by M A G N U S , 1924). Whether and how messages of the latter may yet play some role in this connection, will not be discussed here (cf. B I S C H O F , 1966C, p. 4 8 3 f ) .
C. I n c o n g r u i t y of E q u i v a l e n t Signals Like reconstruction processes, the method of convergent detection is also based on the utilization of redundancy — not, to be sure, within the domain of distal objects, but rather on the level of sensory messages referring to these objects : the organism tries to keep on the safe side by seeking information from different "warrantors". But what if those warrantors are at odds with each other; i.e., what if equivalent messages exhibit incongruity Ì I n general there are three possible organismic reactions in such a situation; all three do also appear in the special case of optic-vestibular incongruity.
1. "Compromise" Solution The
most usual organic reaction encountered with optic-vestibular incon-
gruity is the calculation of a weighted average of the competing messages. The weight factors involved in this type of information processing will be discussed below (see pp. 180ff.). Evidently, the results of the experiments of B I S C H O F and S C H E E R E R (1970), as depicted in Fig. 6, can be understood as compromise solutions of this type. V O N H O L S T (1950) and B R A E M E R (1957) obtained comparable results with fishes.
2. "Alternative" Solution A second possibility is that the organism takes account of only one of the competing signals while entirely blocking the others. The dominance may or may not flip-flop between the signals concerned. Here, again, weight factors are likely to play a role. Effects of this kind may be encountered if very suggestive optic direction cues, for instance a (tilted) dummy room, are viewed in upright body position. Some subjects of K L E I N T (1936) reported that under these circumstances the dummy room appeared to them alternately tilted and upright.
Error Detection and Error Correction
179
3. "Simultaneity" Solution Whereas the two previous solutions to the incongruity problem will always provide an unequivocal basis of orientation, there are cases in which the incompatible signals reach conscious perception simultaneously, without mutual suppression. It may be questioned, of course, whether we can speak of a "solution" here, as the resulting perceptual phenomenon is over-determined in a paradoxical way, unfit for being reacted to. If, for example, a subject remains stationary, surrounded by a dummy room that rotates slowly around a horizontal axis, he generally experiences his body at first to be somewhat tilted in the opposite direction; subsequently he feels that his body keeps rotating, yet that its position no longer changes : the experience of motion ("I am rotating with constant angular velocity") and the experience of position ("I never reach the head-down posture") break apart ( K L E I N T , 1 9 3 7 ; cf. also D U N C K E R ,
1940,
1929; OPPENHEIMER,
1935; METZGER,
1954, p. 150). — Even in the absence of visual information, some subjects
experience two possibilities of setting a luminous line to apparent verticality simultaneously under body tilt of about 1 5 0 ° . This would indicate a conflict within the postural cue system (FISCHER, 1 9 3 0 ; U D O D E H A E S and S C H Ö N E , 1 9 6 9 ; G R A Y B I E L and C L A R K , 1 9 6 2 ; M I L L E R and G R A Y B I E L , 1 9 6 6 ; cf. also below, p. 182).
D. Error Detection and Error Correction The practice of obtaining information about the same item through parallel channels is in some measure analogous to that of modern communication technique, which uses, for conveying a message over a single channel, a number of symbols that exceeds the theoretically required minimum. Both methods utilize signal redundancy, and both do so for the sake of the advantage that in case of error the receiver is supplied with at least (1) a warning that an error is present, but perhaps also (2) with cues for its correction.
1. Error Detection The receiving system can tell from certain irregularities in the signals received — in the case in point, from the incongruity of equivalent messages — at least that an error has occurred, although it may have no idea at which particular place. There is indication that the sensory systems react to this kind of " a l a r m " by forwarding only in a restricted form (with a proviso, as it were) the message likely to be erroneous. The corresponding phenomenal quality is often referred to by the subject with terms like "uncertain", "vague", "feeble", " f a i n t " , "unconvincing", " u n r e a l " , and the like (cf. M E T Z G E R , 1954, pp. 109f.). From experiments with the "haunted swing", for example, it is known that under conditions of strong optic-vestibular ambiguity a weakening, even a loss, of phenomenal verticality may result; in the extreme case, the subject may become unable to assign the terms " u p " and " d o w n " to any direction of his phenomenal space ( K L E I N T , 1936, 1940).
A particularly vigorous reaction of the organism to error warnings due to incongruities within the optic-vestibular domain consists, according to many authors, in the phenomenon of vertigo. Indeed, certain distinct features of this response, like anxiety and release of primitive security reflexes (clinging), may 12*
N . B I S C H O F : Optic-Vestibular Orientation to the Vertical
180
well be understood as emergency measures in the face of threatening decomposition of space orientation. For more details, see the chapters F . V I I I ; I X ; G . I . in this volume.
2. Error Correction In certain communication systems the receiver may not only be informed, by inconsistencies in the message, that an error has occurred, but also where it is probably sited and what the original text most likely was. We have reason to believe that the method of convergent ascertainment in the perceptual system also works as an error-correcting routine in this sense. That is why we have proposed the term "correction principle" here. Above (see p. 178) we introduced the notion of "weight factors" that control the relative power available to equivalent sensory messages when they compete with each other in the case of incongruity (cf. K L E I N T , 1936). The evidence obtained up to now allows us to conjecture that those weight factors tend to be computed according to the following rule : The less a signal is likely to convey an erroneous message (i.e., the more and the better cues speak in favor of its reliability) the higher is it weighted in competition with contradicting equivalent signals ( B R U N S W I K , 1 9 5 6 ; K L I X , 1962). Thus we may tentatively summarize the correction principle as follows : The organism reduces the probability of error in the perceptual processes by providing for equivalent messages through different sensory channels and then " r e l y i n g " exclusively or preferably upon those whose validity is supported by the better cues.
E. D e t e r m i n a n t s of the O p t i c - V e s t i b u l a r W e i g h t R a t i o In his classical investigations on the equilibrium responses of fish during conflicting optic and vestibular stimulation, V O N H O L S T (1950) coined the term "statisch-optische Verhältniszahl" (translatable as "vestibular-optic weight ratio") to refer to a specific parameter that expresses the degree to which the vestibular righting-response prevails over a conflicting dorsal light reaction (cf. also B R A E M E R , 1957). V O N H O L S T defined this coefficient as the cotangent of the angle between the dorso-ventral axis of the fish and the plumb line, recorded under conditions of horizontal light incidence. For the results to be interprétable the angle had to be measured when the fish was in a state of pl^siological equilibrium, i.e., after possible postural reflexes had ceased. Because of the latter condition V O N H O L S T ' S définition of the "vestibular-optic weight ratio" is suitable only for experimental situations in which the subject senses his body to be vertical. For perceptual experiments in which, by body fixation, every possible feed-back of the apparent vertical on body posture is blocked and in which, therefore, bod}' inclination and apparent vertical do not necessarily correspond, a different way of defining the weight ratio is advisable. For reasons to be elucidated below (see p. 182), B I S C H O F and S C H E E R E R (1970) suggest taking the average range of oscillation of the apparent vertical, under conditions of steady rotation of the optical pattern around the visual axis, as an index of the weight ratio discussed. In
d i s t i n c t i o n t o V O N H O L S T ' S t e r m , we feel it w o u l d be better to s p e a k of a n
"ojrtic-
vestibular w e i g h t r a t i o " h e r e , s i n c e t h e v a l u e o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t —- t h e m e a n a m p l i t u d e o f o s c i l lation i n F i g . 6 — increases m o n o t o n i c a l l y w i t h optic predominance.
181
D e t e r m i n a n t s of t h e O p t i c - V e s t i b u l a r W e i g h t R a t i o
The factors governing the optic-vestibular weight ratio (however
denned)
have not yet been thoroughly investigated, partly because for years authors have engaged in a fruitless debate as to which of the two sensory channels, the optical or the vestibular, is * 'prior" or "more basic" to the perception of the vertical, instead of taking for granted that both are important and simply asking how they interact (for a critical review of this discussion, see G I B S O N , 1952). 1. As far as the optical determinants of the optic-vestibular weight ratio are concerned, we know this much: with labyrinthine stimulation constant,
the
induction of the apparent vertical by a striped field rises with the size of the latter and
with the number of parallel contours w ithin it; when patterns of higher T
complexity are used, the induction effect is enhanced according to the degree of their similarity to natural scenes (for references, see above, p. 160). These findings harmonize well with the correction principle, since each of the factors mentioned apparently makes it more probable — outside the laboratory situation — that the main direction of the retinal stimulus field coincides with the direction of gravity. 2. Less transparent is the biological advantage of certain intra-organismic factors influencing optic-vestibular competition. Between different fish species, for instance, considerable variation in the vestibular-optic weight ratio has been found by V O N H O L S T (1950) and B R A E M E R (1957). In man, typological differences
are asserted to occur : women and children give comparably more weight to visual stimuli than adult males, according to W I T K I N
et al. (1954). It is difficult to
see what all this should have to do with the "reliability" of optical or vestibular cues. Actual needs, moods, attention and the like can also influence the perceptual response in optic-vestibular conflict situations. V O N H O L S T (1948) could demonstrate that the body inclination of laterally illuminated fishes is markedly enhanced when objects of high motivational valence (e.g., food) are presented. The animal, as it were, becomes " a l l e3^es" and consequently rates the light source as a directional cue comparatively higher than he otherwise would, although the light source is not his object of attention at all and certainly has not become any more "reliable." The effect of light i n t e n s ^ upon the weight of optical directional cues ( C U R R A N and L A N E , 1962) may be mentioned in this connection. Findings like these suggest that the correction principle should not be understood as a general postulate, but rather as a heuristic principle. 3. The vestibular-somesthetic influences upon the optic-vestibular weight ratio are, again, interprétable in "reliabiiit}'" terms. According to observations of V O N H O L S T (1950), shaking the water in an aquarium, simulating surf, is apt to enhance considerably the optical component with some fish species. In this experiment, the laterally illuminated animals inclined their bodies more and more towards the light source, onty gradually returning to the previous position after the water movement had stopped. V O N H O L S T also noted that an increase in hydrostatic pressure tends to augment the weight of the vestibular component. This, too, can be understood teleonomically, since water pressure normally rises with depth and is thus positively correlated with the calmness of the water layer and,
consequently, with the reliability of the vestibular positional messages. The most important problem concerning vestibular control of the optic-
vestibular weight ratio is the dependence of the latter upon body inclination.
182
N . B I S C H O F : Optic-Vestibular Orientation to the Vertical
Information about this dependence has been provided for head tilts up to 40° by earlier authors ( H O F M A N N ,
WITKIN,
1949)
1910;
VERNON,
1935;
and extended to 180° by B I S C H O F
WITKIN
and A S C H ,
1948;
and S C H E E R E R (1970) and
S C H Ö N E and U D O D E H A E S (1971). According to the correction principle, the visual induction of the apparent vertical should be minimum in upright position, since with slight or no body tilt the precision of the statolith apparatus is maximal. This expectation was confirmed in all investigations cited. Additionally, however, one would predict a maximal visual induction effect in a body position of 150-180°, since in this range the A-deviation, the variance of the apparent vertical, the subjective uncertainty, and also the influence of various other directional cues, are all known to be maximal (cf. Q u i x and E I J S V O G E L , 1929; B R O W N , 1961; C O R R E I A and G U E D R Y , 1964; 1966;
S C H Ö N E , 1964;
S C H Ö N E and U D O D E H A E S , 1968,
G U E D R Y , 1965;
1971;
B E N S O N and B O D I N ,
U D O D E H A E S and S C H Ö N E ,
1969;
U D O D E H A E S , 1970). Actually, the results of S C H Ö N E and U D O D E H A E S (1971) seem to confirm this expectancy. They exposed to their subjects a stimulus pattern consisting of a single line and a striped field, both rigidly connected so that the stripes formed a fixed angle of either plus or minus 15 degrees with the line. The subject, that is, when adjusting the single line to his apparent vertical, had to move the striped field as well, which therefore kept appearing to him inclined by 15 degrees in clockwise, or counterclockwise direction. In both conditions, the settings for the apparent vertical differed, due to directional induction, and the angle between both settings turned out to be greatest with a body tilt of 150 degrees. However, the authors call attention to their method being rather susceptible to the well-known effect (cf. p. 179) that the vestibular vertical can be equivocal with extreme body tilt. If, say, with a = 150° the vestibular vertical has two different possible positions, it is difficult to tell from the data obtained by S C H Ö N E and U D O D E H A E S whether the visual induction of the apparent vertical was due to a flip-flop kind of effect, or to a greater tolerance of any one of both possible states against continuous deflection. This distinction can easier be made using the method of B I S C H O F and S C H E E R E R (1970). Actually, Fig. 6f (cf. p. 171) shows one case (lowest unbroken line) in which a temporary shift between two possible DC-states of the apparent-vertical might have occurred. Normally, however, there were no such shifts, and the optic-vestibular weight ratio, defined as the average range of oscillation, was most marked with body inclinations between 60 and 90 degrees (cf. Fig. 6). Surprisingly enough, the optic-vestibular weight ratio, when plotted against body tilt, rendered a curve that was highly correlated with the counter-torsion characteristic of the subject's e}^e (cf. Fig. 11).
F i g . 1 1 . M e a n r a n g e o f o s c i l l a t i o n o f l u m i n o u s b e a m s e t t i n g (y/ =
filled
d o t s a n d s o l i d lines)
a n d o c u l a r c o u n t e r t o r s i o n (p = e m p t y d o t s a n d b r o k e n l i n e s ) , p l o t t e d a g a i n s t b o d y t i l t (a) f o r three S s . R a w d a t a a n d m e a n v a l u e s ( f r o m B I S C H O F a n d S C H E E R E R , 1970). O r d i n a t e scale r a t i o if/ : p =
1 . 4 8 c a l c u l a t e d s u c h as t o m i n i m i z e square difference of m e a n s o v e r a l l t h r e e Ss.
N o t e t h a t t h e r e is n o t o n l y a s a t i s f a c t o r y p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y b e t w e e n y a n d p b u t t h a t e v e n t h e factor of p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y c a n b e t a k e n t o b e t h e same i n a l l three subjects: t h e S w i t h the highest a m o u n t of e y e c o u n t e r t o r s i o n ( V p H ) also shows t h e widest oscillations of t h e a p p a r e n t v e r t i c a l i n t h e presence of a r o t a t i n g s t r i p e d field. Considering t h e small n u m b e r of S s , the l a t t e r effect, of c o u r s e , s h o u l d n o t be g e n e r a l i z e d a t t h e m o m e n t
F i g . 1 2 . a) M o d e l o f o p t i c - v e s t i b u l a r o r i e n t a t i o n t o t h e v e r t i c a l . F r o m B I S C H O F a n d ( 1 9 7 0 ) . D o u b l e arrows represent
SCHEEREH
t w o - c o m p o n e n t v a r i a b l e s . C r o s s e d s q u a r e is m u l t i p l i c a t i o n
s y m b o l . F o r t h e r e m a i n i n g g r a p h i c s y m b o l s see t h e l e g e n d s o f F i g s . 1 a n d 3 . M : o c u l o m o t o r sj'stem; V i s : visual s y s t e m ; V e s t : vestibular system, split up into three subsystems U , V a n d W , w h i c h c a n be d i s t i n g u i s h e d f u n c t i o n a l l y b u t m u s t n o t necessarily be a n a t o m i c a l l y different. ( A G , ßc):
d i s t a l s t i m u l u s f i e l d , d e s c r i b e d b y t h e i n c l i n a t i o n o f l i g h t b e a m (A) a n d o f p r i m a r y
a x i s of t h e s t r i p e d
field
(ß) w i t h r e s p e c t t o g r a v i t y ( s u b s c r i p t G ) . ( A n , / ? R ) :
p r o x i m a l s t i m u l u s field i n r e t i n a l c o o r d i n a t e s ponentwise sponding
s u b t r a c t i o n o f h e a d i n c l i n a t i o n (a) a n d e y e
v i s u a l afference,
corresponding
( s u b s c r i p t R ) , r e s u l t i n g f r o m ( A c , ßo)
operationally defined
countertorsion
as a l i n e a r m a p p i n g of
a p p a r e n t i n c l i n a t i o n o f l i g h t b e a m a n d s t r i p e d field, i s s u i n g f r o m
(/>).
by
com-
(IR, Ò R ) : c o r r e -
( A R , / ? R ) . (h,
(IR, 6 R ) b y
ò ): s
componentwise
a d d i t i o n o f a c o m p e n s a t o r y v a r i a b l e (s, s). T h e l a t t e r c a n a l s o b e u n d e r s t o o d t o a c t l i k e a s u b j e c t i v e f r a m e o f r e f e r e n c e ( s u b s c r i p t S ) i n t o w h i c h (IR, ÒR) is m a p p e d t o y i e l d a p p a r e n t t o u r i n c l i n a t i o n s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e m o d e l , s r e s u l t s f r o m arithmetic
a v e r a g i n g of
con-
vestibular
a n d o p t i c d i r e c t i o n cues, i.e., f r o m a l i n e a r s u p e r p o s i t i o n of t h e v e s t i b u l a r t i l t s i g n a l a ( e q u i v a l e n t t o s i n F i g . 3 ) a n d a q u a n t i t y q w h i c h i t s e l f is a p r o d u c t o f a v e s t i b u l a r w e i g h t f a c t o r /; a n d a n o p t i c a l i n d u c t i o n c o m p o n e n t h. T h e f a c t o r p is o p e r a t i o n a l l y m e a s u r e d b y t h e r a n g e o f o s c i l l a t i o n y/ a s p l o t t e d i n F i g . 1 1 . I t d e r i v e s f r o m t h e addition outputs r }
and r
2
and r,
average
vestibular
e a c h o f w h i c h r e a c t s s i n u s o i d a l l y t o h e a d t i l t t o o n e s i d e . T h e difference
of
r e s u l t s i n a c o m m a n d (r) f o r e y e c o u n t e r t o r s i o n (/?). T h e a p p a r e n t i n c l i n a t i o n s (fa,
bs)
x
r
of t w o
2
o f t h e c o n t o u r s i n t h e o p t i c field a r e " f i l t e r e d " b y a m e c h a n i s m F p r o d u c i n g a q u a n t i t y x w h i c h
References
185
The authors take this correlation as an indication that the optic-vestibular weight ratio as denned by them might be more than an arbitrary construction, and might refer to an actually existing physiological variable. 5
O n l y i n t h e u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n (a =
0 ° ) is t h e r e a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e
two
c u r v e s i n F i g . 11, t h e c o u n t e r t o r s i o n b e i n g zero i n t h i s case ( a n d c h a n g i n g s i g n for n e g a t i v e a b s c i s s a v a l u e s ) , w h e r e a s t h e m e a n r a n g e of o s c i l l a t i o n does n o t v a n i s h e n t i r e l y ( a n d r e m a i n s positive when the body
is i n c l i n e d c o u n t e r c l o c k w i s e ) . T h i s d i s c r e p a n c y is a c c o u n t e d f o r
by
B I S C H O F a n d S C H E E R E R (loc. cit.) a s b e i n g t h e e f f e c t o f t h e s u b t r a c t i o n o r a d d i t i o n , r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f t w o s e p a r a t e o t o l i t h o u t p u t c o m p o n e n t s , one of w h i c h s i g n a l s c l o c k w i s e , t h e o t h e r c o u n t e r c l o c k w i s e h e a d i n c l i n a t i o n s ( f o r t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n , cf. a l s o M I L L E R ,
1962, 1966, 1970;
TERINS,
1971).
Relying upon these assumptions and on systems-analytic elaborations previously cited, B I S C H O F and S C H E E R E R summarize their theory about opticvestibular interaction in human perception of verticality in the flow diagram of Fig. 12. Because obtained from the investigation of only a limited number of subjects, this model can only claim the status of a preliminary hypothesis, the confirmation or refinement of which must be left to further research.
References ADRIAN,
E . D . : D i s c h a r g e s f r o m v e s t i b u l a r r e c e p t o r s i n t h e c a t . J . P h y s i o l . ( L o n d . ) 101,
389
(1942). A L E X A N D E R , G . , B A R A N Y , R . : P s y c h o p h y s i o l o g i s c h e U n t e r s u c h u n g e n über die B e d e u t u n g des S t a t o l i t h e n a p p a r a t e s für d i e O r i e n t i e r u n g i m R ä u m e a n N o r m a l e n u n d T a u b s t u m m e n , nebst Beiträgen zur O r i e n t i e r u n g mittels taktiler u n d optischer E m p f i n d u n g e n . Z. P s y c h o l . 37, 3 1 2 - 3 6 2 ; 4 1 4 - 4 5 6 ( 1 9 0 4 ) . ARNDTS,
F . : Z u r F r a g e n a c h der L a g e w a h r n e h m u n g d i e n e n d e n S i n n e s f u n k t i o n e n . Pflügers
A r c h . g e s . P h y s i o l . 204, 5 3 9 - 5 4 0 ASCH, S.E., WITKIN, displaced visual ASCH, S.E., WITKIN,
(1924).
H . A . : S t u d i e s i n s p a c e o r i e n t a t i o n . I . P e r c e p t i o n of t h e u p r i g h t w i t h fields.
J . e x p . P s y c h o l . 38, 3 2 5
(1948a).
H . A . : S t u d i e s i n space o r i e n t a t i o n . I I . P e r c e p t i o n of t h e u p r i g h t w i t h
d i s p l a c e d v i s u a l fields a n d w i t h b o d j ^ t i l t e d . J . e x p . P s y c h o l . 38, 4 5 5 ( 1 9 4 8 b ) . ATTNEAVE,
F . : S o m e i n f o r m a t i o n a l a s p e c t s o f v i s u a l p e r c e p t i o n . P s y c h o l . R e v . 61,
183-193
(1954). AUBERT,
H . : E i n e scheinbare bedeutende
D r e h u n g v o n O b j e k t e n b e i N e i g u n g des
n a c h r e c h t s o d e r l i n k s . V i r c h o w s A r c h . 20, 3 8 1 - 3 9 3
Kopfes
(1861).
B E C K , K . : U n t e r s u c h u n g e n über d e n statischen A p p a r a t v o n G e s u n d e n u n d T a u b s t u m m e n . Z.
P s y c h o l . 46, 3 6 2 - 3 7 8
BENDER, M.B., und
H i r n v e r l e t z t e n . A r c h . P s y c h i a t . N e r v e n k r . 181, 1 9 3 - 2 1 2
BENJAMINS, C.E., bei
(1912).
J U N G , R . : A b w e i c h u n g e n der subjektiven optischen V e r t i k a l e n bei Gesunden HUIZINGA,
(1948).
E . : U n t e r s u c h u n g e n über die F u n k t i o n des V e s t i b u l a r a p p a r a t e s
d e r T a u b e . P f l ü g e r s A r c h . g e s . P h y s i o l . 217, 1 0 5 ( 1 9 2 7 ) .
5 Interprétable p e r h a p s as t h e o u t p u t of t h e u t r i c l e s , w h i c h , d u e to t h e i r a n a t o m i c a l site, s h o u l d y i e l d a f f e r e n t m e s s a g e s r o u g h l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s i n e o f h e a d t i l t (cf. V O N
HOLST,
1950). e q u a l s t h e a p p a r e n t i n c l i n a t i o n of t h e s t r i p e d
field's
p r i m a r y axis. The optical induction
q u a n t i t y /t, t h e n , i s a p e r i o d i c f u n c t i o n o f x. b ) T h e m o d e l p r e d i c t s t h a t one single f u n c t i o n h(x) m a y b e c a l c u l a t e d f r o m any g i v e n c u r v e i n F i g . 6 (see p . 1 7 0 — 1 7 1 ) b y : 1. r e a s s i g n i n g t h e o r d i n a t e v a l u e s t o t h e o b l i q u e c o - o r d i n a t e s y s t e m c o n s i s t i n g of t h e d i a g o n a l s a n d t h e abscissa i n F i g . 6 ; 2. n o r m a l i z i n g t h e t r a n s f o r m e d c u r v e t o t h e m e a n o s c i l l a t i o n l e v e l ; 3. d i v i d i n g t h e r e s u l t i n g c u r v e t h r o u g h i t s m e a n r a n g e of o s c i l l a t i o n . F i g . 1 2 b s h o w s t h a t t h i s p r e d i c t i o n is v a l i d . D r a w n are 6 c u r v e s c a l c u l a t e d as d e s c r i b e d a b o v e f r o m t h e m e a n - v a l u e curves for
one
S u b j e c t a t 6 d i f f e r e n t b o d y t i l t s . A s i s a p p a r e n t , o n e s i n g l e e m p i r i c a l c u r v e h(x) r e s u l t s . W h e n h(x) i s i n s e r t e d i n b l o c k II i n F i g . 1 2 a , t h e o r e t i c a l A c - v a l u e s y i e l d i n g a p e r m a n e n t h = be c o m p u t e d ; t h e y are s h o w n i n white i n F i g . 6
0 can
186
N . B I S C H O F : Optic-Vestibular O r i e n t a t i o n to the V e r t i c a l
B E N S O N , A . J . , B O D I N , M . A . : E f f e c t of o r i e n t a t i o n t o t h e g r a v i t a t i o n a l v e r t i c a l o n f o l l o w i n g r o t a t i o n a b o u t a h o r i z o n t a l a x i s . A c t a o t o - l a r y n g . ( S t o c k h . ) 61, 5 1 7
nystagmus (1966).
B E R I T O F F , J . S . : S p a t i a l o r i e n t a t i o n of m a n a n d a n i m a l s . 2 2 . I n t . K o n g r . P h y s i o l . S c i . E x c e r p t a Med.
I n t . C o n g r . S e r . 47, 3 ( 1 9 6 2 ) .
BERITOFF,
J . S . : Les
mechanism
nerveux
de
l'orientation spatiale
chez
l'homme.
Neuro-
p s y c h o l o g i a 1, 2 3 3 ( 1 9 6 3 ) . BERTINI,
M . : S t u d i o s u l l a n a t u r a dell'effeto
P s i c o l o g i a 58, 1 - 3 5 BISCHOF, In: H.
"frame"
nella percezione della verticale.
Riv.
(1964).
N . : Erkenntnistheoretische
Grundlagenprobleme
der
Wahrnehmungspsychologie.
H a n d b u c h d e r P s y c h o l o g i e , B d . 1/1, B e w u ß t s e i n u n d W a h r n e h m u n g . W . M E T Z G E R E R K E , E d s . p p . 2 1 - 7 8 . G ö t t i n g e n : V e r l a g f. P s y c h o l o g i e
and
1966a.
B I S C H O F , N . : P s y c h o p h y s i k der R a u m w a h r n e h m u n g . I b i d . P . 3 0 7 - 4 0 8 , 1966 b . B I S C H O F , N . : S t e l l u n g s - , S p a n n u n g s - u n d L a g e w a h r n e h m u n g . I b i d . P . 4 0 9 ^ 4 9 7 , 1 9 6 6 c. BISCHOF,
N., SCHEERER,
E . : Systemanalyse
der
optisch-vestibulären I n t e r a k t i o n bei
der
W a h r n e h m u n g d e r V e r t i k a l e n . P s y c h o l . F o r s c h . 34, 9 9 - 1 8 1 ( 1 9 7 0 ) . BITTERMANN,
M.E., WORCHEL,
P . : The phenomenological
a n d s i g h t e d s u b j e c t s . A m e r . J . P s y c h o l . 66, 5 8 8
vertical and horizontal in blind
(1953).
B O R I N G , E . G . : V i s u a l p e r c e p t i o n a s i n v a r i a n c e . P s y c h o l . R e v . 59, field.
141. T h e G i b s o n i a n v i s u a l
P s y c h o l . R e v . 59, 2 4 6 ( 1 9 5 2 ) .
B R A E M E R , W . : Verhaltensphysiologische
Untersuchungen a m optischen A p p a r a t bei Fischen.
Z . v e r g i . P h y s i o l . 39, 3 7 4 - 3 9 8 ( 1 9 5 7 ) . B R A E M E R , W . : A c r i t i c a l r e v i e w of the s u n - a z i m u t h h y p o t h e s i s . C o l d S p r . H a r b . S y m p . B i o l . 15, 4 1 3
B R A N D T , U . , F L U U R , E . : Postural perceptions respect to a presented force
field.
a n d c o m p e n s a t o r y d i s p l a c e m e n t s of the eye i n
A c t a o t o - l a r y n g . ( S t o c k h . ) 62, 2 5 2 - 2 6 4 ( 1 9 6 6 ) .
B R A N D T , U . , F L U U R , E . : Postural perceptions of a f o r c e
quant.
(1960).
field
a n d eye
displacements
during the variation
a c t i n g i n t h e m i d f r o n t a l p l a n e . A c t a o t o - l a r y n g . ( S t o c k h . ) 63, 4 9 - 6 4 ( 1 9 6 7 ) .
B R E C H E R , G . A . , S C H U B E R T , G . : Über optische L o k a l i s a t i o n u n d Augenstellung bei Vor-Rückw ä r t s n e i g u n g o d e r e x z e n t r i s c h e r R o t a t i o n d e s K ö r p e r s . Z . S i n n e s p h y s i o l . 65, 1 ( 1 9 3 4 ) . B R O W N , L . : O r i e n t a t i o n t o t h e v e r t i c a l d u r i n g w a t e r i m m e r s i o n . A e r o s p a c e M e d . 32,
209-217
(1961). B R U N S W I K , E . : W a h r n e h m u n g u n d Gegenstandswelt. B R U N S W I K , E . : T h i n g constancy
Leipzig, Wien: Deuticke
as m e a s u r e d b y c o r r e l a t i o n coefficients.
1934.
Psychol. Rev.
47,
68 (1940). B R U N S W I K , E . : P e r c e p t i o n a n d the representative d e s i g n of p s y c h o l o g i c a l e x p e r i m e n t s . l e y : U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s
Berke-
1956.
B R U N S W I K , E . , K A R D O S , L . : D a s Duplizitätsprinzip i n der Theorie der
Farbenwahrnehmung.
Z . P s y c h o l . I l l , 315 (1929). B Ü H L E R , K . : D i e Erscheinungsweisen der F a r b e n . J e n a : CARPENTER, Exp.
R.H.S.,
B L A K E M O R E , C. : Interactions
1922.
between
orientations in h u m a n vision.
B r a i n R e s . 18, 2 8 7 — 3 0 3 ( 1 9 7 3 ) .
C L A R K , B., G R A Y B I E L , A . : Perception
of
the visual horizontal i n n o r m a l
and
labyrinthine
d e f e c t i v e s u b j e c t s d u r i n g p r o l o n g e d r o t a t i o n . A m e r . J . P s y c h o l . 79, 6 0 8 - 6 1 2 ( 1 9 6 6 a ) . C L A R K , B . , G R A Y B I E L , A . : Factors contributing to the delay i n the perception
of the o c u l o -
g r a v i c i l l u s i o n . A m e r . J . P s y c h o l . 79, 3 7 7 - 3 8 8 ( 1 9 6 6 b ) . C O L E N B R A N D E R , A . : E y e a n d otoliths: A centrifuge s t u d y on the ocular response to otolith s t i m u l a t i o n . A e r o m e d . A c t a ( S o e s t e r b e r g ) 9, 4 5 - 9 1 COLTHEART,
M . : Visual feature-analyzers
(1963-1964).
a n d after-effects of
tilt and
curvature.
Psychol.
R e v . 78, 1 1 4 — 1 2 1 ( 1 9 7 1 ) . CORREIA,
M.J., GUEDRY,
F . E . : Influence
of
labyrinth orientation relative to
gravity
on
responses e l i c i t e d b y s t i m u l a t i o n of t h e h o r i z o n t a l s e m i c i r c u l a r c a n a l s . U . S . N a v a l S c h o o l of A v i a t . M e d . N . A . S . A . j o i n t r e p o r t , P e n s a c o l a , F l a . , 1964. C O R R E I A , M . J . , H I X S O N , W . C . , N I V E N , J . : O t o l i t h shear a n d the visual perception direction. Discrepancies
and a proposed resolution. N a m i - 9 5 1 , N a s a Order R-93.
cola, F l a : N a v a l Aerospace M e d . Inst., CULBERT,
37, 8 1 - 9 3
Pensa-
1965.
S . S . : D i r e c t i o n a l after-effects f o l l o w i n g s y s t e m a t i c
J . Psychol. (Provincetown)
of force
(1954).
d i s t o r t i o n of t h e v i s u a l
field.
187
References
C U R R A N , C R . , L A N E , H . L . : O n t h e r e l a t i o n of some factors t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o estimates of v e r t i c a l i t y . J . e x p . P s y c h o l . 64, 2 9 5 ( 1 9 6 2 ) . D A Y , R . H . , W A D E , N . J . : T h ereference for visual n o r m a l i z a t i o n . A m e r . J . P s y c h o l . 82,191-267 (1969). D E R
A.:
WORT,
Uber
vestibulär
induzierte
Dysmorphopsien.
Dtsch.
Z. Nervenheilk.
170,
2 9 5 - 3 2 5 (1953). D U N C K E R , K . : Ü b e r i n d u z i e r t e B e w e g u n g . P s y c h o l . F o r s c h . 12, 1 8 0 ( 1 9 2 9 ) . F I S C H E R , M . H . : Messende U n t e r s u c h u n g e n über die Gegenrollung des Auges u n d die L o k a l i s a t i o n d e r scheinbaren V e r t i k a l e n b e i seitlicher N e i g u n g des K o p f e s , des S t a m m e s u n ddes G e s a m t k ö r p e r s . I . N e i g u n g e n b i s z u 4 0 ° . G r a e f e s A r c h i v 118, 6 3 3 - 6 8 0 ( 1 9 2 7 ) . FISCHER, M . H . :
Messende U n t e r s u c h u n g e n über die Gegenrollung der A u g e n u n d die L o k a l i -
s a t i o n d e r scheinbaren V e r t i k a l e n b e i seitlicher N e i g u n g des Gesamtkörpers bis z u 360°. I I . U n t e r s u c h u n g e n a n N o r m a l e n . G r a e f e s A r c h i v 123, 4 7 6 - 5 0 8 ( 1 9 3 0 a ) . FISCHER,
M . H . :
beider
I I I .Untersuchungen
Vestibularapparate
a n einem
u n d einem
E r t a u b t e n m i t Funktionsuntüchtigkeit
einseitig
Labyrinthlosen.
Graefes
Archiv
123,
509-531 (1930b). FLUUR,
E . , M E L L S T R Ö M , A .: U t r i c u l a r stimulation a n d oculomotor reactions.
Laryngoscope
( S t . L o u i s ) 53, 1 7 0 1 - 1 7 1 2 ( 1 9 7 0 a ) . FLUUR,
E . , M E L L S T R Ö M , A . : Saccular stimulation a n d oculomotor reactions.
Laryngoscope
( S t . L o u i s ) 53, 1 7 1 3 - 1 7 2 1 ( 1 9 7 0 b ) . G A R T E N , S.: Über die G r u n d l a g e n unserer Orientierung i m R a u m . A b h . M a t h . P h y . Klasse, S a c h s . A k a d . 36, 4 3 1 ( 1 9 2 0 ) . G E I S S L E R , H . G . : Z u r A n a l y s e adaptiver Prozesse b e i der Orientierung i m R a u m . Z . P s y c h o l . 171,
(1965).
G E L B , A .: D i e psychologische Ber. GIBSON,
B e d e u t u n g pathologischer Störungen der Rau m Wahrnehmungen.
9 . K o n g r . f. e x p . P s y c h o l . M ü n c h e n . J e n a 2 3 - 8 0 , 1 9 2 6 . J . J . : A d a p t a t i o n , after-effect,
a n d contrast
i n the perception
S i m u l t a n e o u s contrasts a n d t h e areal r e s t r i c t i o n of t h e after-effect.
of t i l t e d lines. I I . J . e x p . P s y c h o l . 20,
5 5 3 - 5 6 9 (1937 a ) . GIBSON,
J . J . : Adaptation w i t h negative
GIBSON, J.J.: GIBSON,
T h e perspective
after-effects.
P s y c h o l . R e v . 44, 2 2 2 - 2 4 4
(1937b).
of t h e visual w o r l d . B o s t o n : H o u g h t o n Mifflin C o m p . 1950.
J . J . : T h e relation between
v i s u a l a n d postural determinants of the
phenomenal
v e r t i c a l . P s y c h o l . R e v . 59, 3 7 0 - 3 7 5 ( 1 9 5 2 ) . GIBSON, J.J.:
T h e v i s u a l perception of objective motion a n d subjective movement.
Psychol.
R e v . 61, 3 0 4 ( 1 9 5 4 ) . G I B S O N , J . J . : T h e senses c o n s i d e r e d as p e r c e p t u a l s y s t e m s . B o s t o n : H o u g h t o n M i f f l i n C o m p . 1966. G I B S O N , J . J . , M O W R E R , O . H . : D e t e r m i n a n t s of t h e perceived v e r t i c a l a n d h o r i z o n t a l . P s y c h o l . R e v . 45, 3 0 0 ( 1 9 3 8 ) . G I B S O N , J . J . , R A D N E R , M . : A d a p t a t i o n , after-effect l i n e s . J . e x p . P s y c h o l . 20, 4 5 2 - 4 6 7 ; GIROTTI,
G . :L a percezione
a n d contrast i n the perception of tilted
5 5 3 - 5 6 9 (1937).
dello spazio i n rapporto
alla neuropatologia.
I . Determinazione
d e l l a v e r t i c a l e v i s i v a e d e l v e r t i c e a c u s t i c o . A r c h . P s i c o l . N e u r o l . P s i c h i a t . 24,
175-336
(1963). G I R O T T I , G . , B O R D O G N A , A . : L a determinazione della verticale e del piano mediano visivi nelle c o m p r e s s i o n i v e s t i b u l a r i . R i v . P s i c o l o g i a 57, 3 0 1 - 3 3 9 ( 1 9 6 3 ) . G R A Y B I E L , A . , C L A R K , B . : P e r c e p t i o n of t h e horizontal or vertical w i t h head upright, o n t h e side,
a n d inverted
under
static
conditions,
a n d during exposure
to centripetal
force.
A e r o s p a c e M e d . 33, 1 4 7 - 1 5 5 ( 1 9 6 2 ) . G R A Y B I E L , A . , M D L L E R , E . F . I I , N E W S O M , B . D . , K E N N E D Y , R . S . : T h e effect of w a t e r
on perception
of t h e oculogravic
A c t a oto-laryng. (Stockh.)
illusion i n normal a n d labyrinthine-defective
immersion
subjects.
65, 5 9 9 - 6 1 0 ( 1 9 6 8 ) .
G R E E N B E R G , G . : V i s u a l i n d u c t i o n of eye torsion, as measured w i t h a n after-image
technique,
in relation to visual perception of t h e vertical. P h . D . D i s s . D u k e U n i v . , 1960. G U E D R Y , F . E . : O r i e n t a t i o n of t h e r o t a t i o n - a x i s relative to g r a v i t y : its influence o n n y s t a g m u s and
t h e sensation of r o t a t i o n . A c t a o t o - l a r y n g . (Stockh.)
HALPERN,
L . : Sensorimotor
( C h i c . ) 62, 3 3 0 - 3 5 4 ( 1 9 4 9 ) .
induction
i n disturbed
60, 3 0 ( 1 9 6 5 ) .
equilibrium. Arch.
Neurol.
Psychiat.
188
N . B I S C H O F : O p t i c - V e s t i b u l a r O r i e n t a t i o n to the V e r t i c a l
HASEGAWA,
T.:
Labyrinthreflexe nach Abschleuderung
der
Otolithenmembranen.
Pflügers
A r c h . g e s . P h y s i o l . 236, 5 8 9 ( 1 9 3 5 ) . H O F M A N N , F . B . : Über d e n Einfluß schräger K o n t u r e n a u f die optische L o k a l i s a t i o n bei seitl i c h e r K o p f n e i g u n g . P f l ü g e r s A r c h . g e s . P h y s i o l . 136,
(1910).
H O F M A N N , F . B . , B I E L S C H O W S K Y , A . : Über die E i n s t e l l u n g der scheinbaren H o r i z o n t a l e n u n d V e r t i k a l e n bei B e t r a c h t u n g eines v o n schrägen K o n t u r e n erfüllten Gesichtsfeldes.
Pflügers
A r c h . g e s . P h y s i o l . 126, 4 5 3 - 4 7 5 ( 1 9 0 9 ) . H O L S T , E . V O N : Q u a n t i t a t i v e U n t e r s u c h u n g e n über UmstimmungsVorgänge i m Zentralnervens y s t e m . I . D e r Einfluß des " A p p e t i t s " a u f das G l e i c h g e w i c h t s v e r h a l t e n b e i P t e r o p h y l l u m . Z . v e r g i . P h y s i o l . 31, 1 3 4 ( 1 9 4 8 ) . H O L S T , E . V O N : D i e A r b e i t s w e i s e d e s S t a t o l i t h e n a p p a r a t e s b e i F i s c h e n . Z . v e r g i . P h y s i o l . 32, 6 0 - 1 2 0 (1950). HOLST,
E . V O N , G R I E S E B A C H , E . : Einfluß des B o g e n g a n g s s y s t e m s a u f d i e " s u b j e k t i v e
Lot-
r e c h t e " b e i m M e n s c h e n . N a t u r w i s s e n s c h a f t e n 38, 6 7 - 6 8 ( 1 9 5 1 ) . H O L S T , E . V O N , M I T T E L S T A E D T , H . : D a s R e a f f e r e n z p r i n z i p . N a t u r w i s s e n s c h a f t e n 37, 4 6 4 ( 1 9 5 0 ) . H O W A R D , L P . , T E M P L E T O N , W . B . : T h e effect of s t e a d y
fixation
o n t h e j u d g e m e n t of r e l a t i v e
d e p t h . J . e x p . P s y c h o l . 16, 1 9 3 - 2 0 3 ( 1 9 6 4 a ) . H O W A R D , L P . , T E M P L E T O N , W . B . : V i s u a l l y - i n d u c e d eye torsion a n d
tilt adaptation. Vision
R e s . 4, 4 3 3 - 4 3 7 ( 1 9 6 4 b ) . H O W A R D , L P . , T E M P L E T O N , W . B . : H u m a n spatial orientation. N e w Y o r k : Wile}' HUBEL,
D . H . , W I E S E L , T . N . : Receptor
fields
of single n e u r o n s
1966.
i n the cat's striate
cortex.
J . P h y s i o l . ( L o n d . ) 148, 5 7 4 ( 1 9 5 9 ) . H U I Z I N G A , E . : T h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l a n d c l i n i c a l i m p o r t a n c e of e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k o n t h e pigeon's l a b y r i n t h . J . L a r y n g . 69, 2 6 0 ( 1 9 5 5 ) . J O N G K E E S , L . B . W . : O n t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e s a c u l e . A c t a o t o - l a r y n g . ( S t o c k h . ) 38, 1 8 - 2 6 ( 1 9 5 0 ) . JONGKEES, L.B.W.:
S o m e r e m a r k s o n t h e f u n c t i o n of t h e v e s t i b u l a r o r g a n . R e p o r t s of
the
I n s t i t u t e o f L a r y n g . O t o l . 2, 1 ( 1 9 5 2 ) . KARDOS,
L . : Dingfarben Wahrnehmung
KARDOS,
L . : Die " K o n s t a n z " phänomenaler D i n g m o m e n t e .
zur
Problemgeschichte
u n d Duplizitätstheorie. Z. P s y c h o l .
der Psychologie
108,
240
(1928).
I n : E . B R U N S W I K E d . Beiträge
(Bühler-Festschrift). J e n a :
1929.
K E L L O G G , R . S . : D y n a m i c c o u n t e r r o l l i n g of t h e eye i n n o r m a l s u b j e c t s a n d i n p e r s o n s w i t h b i l a t e r a l l a b y r i n t h i n e defects. N A S A Sp-77, 1 9 5 - 2 0 2 (1965). KLEINT,
H . : Versuche über die W a h r n e h m u n g .
Z . P s y c h o l . 138,
141, 9 ( 1 9 3 7 ) ; 142, 2 5 9 ( 1 9 3 8 ) ; 143, 2 9 9 ( 1 9 3 8 ) ; 148,
1 ( 1 9 3 6 ) ; 140,
1 4 5 ( 1 9 4 0 ) ; 149, 3 1
109
(1937);
(1940).
K L I X , F . : Elementaranalysen zur P s y c h o p h y s i k der R a u m w a h r n e h m u n g . V E B D t s c h . Verlag d. Wissensch., Berlin,
1962.
K L O P P , H . W . : Ü b e r die E n t w i c k l u n g u n d d e n A b b a u des a u f r e c h t e n B i l d e s . F o r t s c h r . N e u r o l . P s y c h i a t . 24, 2 7 ( 1 9 5 6 ) . K Ö H L E R , W . , W A L L A C H , H . : F i g u r a i after-effects. KOFFKA,
K . : P r i n c i p l e s of G e s t a l t P s y c h o l o g y .
P r o c . A m e r . P h i l . S c i . 88, 2 6 9 - 3 5 7 ( 1 9 4 4 ) . Routledge
and Kegan Paul: London,
K O H L E R , I . : Über A u f b a u u n d W a n d l u n g e n der W a h r n e h m u n g s w e l t . W i s s . 227,
Wien,
1935.
S i t z b e r . Österr. A k a d .
1951.
K Ö H L E R , L : Umgewöhnung i m Wahrnehmungsbereich.
D i e P y r a m i d e 3, 9 2 ( 1 9 5 3 ) .
K O H L E R , I. : Interne u n d externe Organisation in der W a h r n e h m u n g .
P s y c h o l . B e i t r . 6,
426
(1961). LINSCHOTEN,
J .:
Experimentelle
Untersuchung
der
sogenannten
induzierten
Bewegung.
P s y c h o l . F o r s c h . 24, 3 4 - 9 2 ( 1 9 5 2 ) . L O W E N S T E I N , 0.: Labyrinth and equilibrium. I n : Physiol. Mechanisms in A n i m a l Behav. exp. B i o l . S y m p . I V . Cambridge: U n i v . Press L O W E N S T E I N , O., R O B E R T S ,
T.D.M.:
Soc.
1950.
T h e e q u i l i b r i u m f u n c t i o n of t h e o t o l i t h o r g a n s of
T h o r n b a c k R a y ( R a j a c l a v a t a ) . J . P h y s i o l . ( L o n d . ) 110, 3 9 2 L O R E N Z , K . : G e s t a l t W a h r n e h m u n g als Quelle wissenschaftlicher
the
(1950). Erkenntnis. Z. exp.
angew.
P s y c h o l . 6, 1 1 8 ( 1 9 5 9 ) . M A C C O R Q U O D A L E , K . , M E E H L , P . E . : O n a distinction between hypothetical
constructs
and
i n t e r v e n i n g v a r i a b l e s . P s y c h o l . R e v . 55, 9 5 - 1 0 7 ( 1 9 4 8 ) . MCFARLAND, J.H.,
C L A R K S O N , F . : P e r c e p t i o n of o r i e n t a t i o n : A d a p t a t i o n t o l a t e r a l b o d y - t i l t .
A m e r . J . P s y c h o l . 79, 2 6 5 - 2 7 1 ( 1 9 6 6 ) .
189
References
M A C K A Y ,
D . M . : C e r e b r a l o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d t h e c o n s c i o u s c o n t r o l of a c t i o n . I n : B r a i n
conscious Springer
experience.
J.C.
ECCLES,
Ed.
422-445,
Berlin-Heidelberg-New
and
York:
1966.
MCNALLY, W.J.:
F i v e l e c t u r e s o n t h e p h y s i o l o g y o f t h e e a r . A n n . O t o l . 38, 1 1 8 0
M A G N U S , R . : Körperstellung. B e r l i n : Springer MANN,
pp.
C . W .: V i s u a l factors
i n the perception
(1929).
1924. o f v e r t i c a l i t y . J . e x p . P s y c h o l . 44,
460-464
(1952a). M A N N , C . W . : A n a n a l y s i s o f t h e o c u l o g y r a l e f f e c t . J . A v i a t . M e d . 23, 2 4 6 - 2 5 3 ( 1 9 5 2 b ) . M A X W E L L , S.S.: Labyrinth and Equilibrium.Philadelphia-London:
1923.
M E T Z G E R , W . : Z u r anschaulichen Repräsentation v o n Rotationsvorgängen u n d ihre D e u t u n g d u r c h G e s t a l t k r e i s l e h r e u n d G e s t a l t t h e o r i e . Z . S i n n e s p h y s i o l . 68, 2 6 1 M E T Z G E R , W . : Psychologie.
(1940).
D a r m s t a d t : Steinkopff 1954 ; 1968 . 2
3
M E Y E R Z U M G O T T E S B E R G E , A . , P L E S T E R , D . : N a c h w e i s der s t a t i s c h e n F u n k t i o n des
Sacculus
b e i m M e n s c h e n . A r c h . O h r . - , N a s . - , u . K e h l k . - H e i l k . 185, 2 5 4 - 2 5 8 ( 1 9 6 5 ) . MILLER,
E . F . I I . : C o u n t e r - r o l l i n g of t h e h u m a n e y e s p r o d u c e d
b y head tilt w i t h respect
to
g r a v i t y . A c t a o t o - l a r y n g . ( S t o c k h . ) 54, 4 7 9 - 5 0 1 ( 1 9 6 2 ) . M I L L E R , E . F . I L : Ocular counter-rolling. I n : R . J . W O L F S O N ,
E d . The vestibular system
its diseases. P h i l a d e l p h i a : U n i v . of P e n n s y l v a n i a P r e s s , 2 2 9 - 2 4 1 , MILLER,
E.F.IL:
measurements.
E v a l u a t i o n of o t o l i t h o r g a n f u n c t i o n b y
m e a n s of o c u l a r
counter-rolling
I n : J . S T A H L E , E d . V e s t i b u l a r function o n earth a n d i n space.
Pergamon Press, 97-111,
and
1966. Oxford:
1970.
M I L L E R , E . F . I L , G R A Y B I E L , A . : A c o m p a r i s o n of o c u l a r c o u n t e r - r o l l i n g m o v e m e n t s b e t w e e n normal
persons a n d
deaf
subjects w i t h bilateral l a b y r i n t h i n e defects. A n n .
oto-rhino-
l a i y n g . 72, 8 8 5 ( 1 9 6 3 ) . M I L L E R , E . F . I L , G R A Y B I E L , A . : R o l e of t h e o t o l i t h o r g a n s i n t h e p e r c e p t i o n of h o r i z o n t a l i t y . A m e r . J . P s y c h o l . 79, 2 4 - 3 7 ( 1 9 6 6 ) . M I T T E L S T A E D T , H . : T h e a n a l y s i s of b e h a v i o r i n t e r m s of c o n t r o l s y s t e m s . I n : B . S C H A F F N E R , Ed.
G r o u p Processes.
T r a n s a c t i o n s o f t h e 5. C o n f . o f t h e J . M a c y F o u n d . N e w Y o r k
45,
1960. M I T T E L S T A E D T , H . : B a s i c s o l u t i o n s to a p r o b l e m of a n g u l a r o r i e n t a t i o n . I n : R . F . R E I S S , N e u r a l Theory a n d M o d e l i n g , 259-272. Stanford U n i v . Press
Ed.
1964.
M I T T E L S T A E D T , H . : Grundprobleme der Analyse v o n Orientierungsleistungen. J a h r b . d. M a x P l a n c k - G e s . p. 121, MORANT,
1966.
R.B., ARONOFF,
J . C . : Starting position, adaptation, and visual framework
fluencing the perception
as i n -
o f v e r t i c a l i t y . J . e x p . P s y c h o l . 71, 6 8 4 - 6 8 6 ( 1 9 6 6 ) .
M O R A N T , R . B . , B E L L E R , H . K . : A d a p t a t i o n t o p r i s m a t i c a l l y r o t a t e d v i s u a l fields. S c i e n c e
148,
530 (1965). MORANT,
R.B., HARRIS,
J . : T w o different aftereffects of d i s p o s u r e t o v i s u a l t i l t s . A m e r . J .
P s y c h o l . 78, 2 1 8 - 2 2 6 ( 1 9 6 5 ) . MORANT,
R.B., MISTOVICH,
M . : T i l t after-effects b e t w e e n the v e r t i c a l a n d h o r i z o n t a l
P e r c e p t . M o t . S k i l l s 10, 7 5 - 8 1
axes.
(1960).
M Ü L L E R , G . E . : U b e T d a s A u b e r t s c h e P h ä n o m e n . Z . S i n n e s p h y s i o l . 49, 1 0 9 - 2 4 6 ( 1 9 1 6 ) . NAYLOR,
G . F . : Effects
17-28 NAYLOR,
of stress o n t h e p e r c e p t i o n
G.F.K.:
consistency.
15,
Subjective
j u d g e m e n t s of t h e v e r t i c a l : A n e s t i m a t e of t h e i r n a t u r e
field
and
A u s t r a l i a n J . P s y c h o l . 17, 1 8 8 - 1 9 2 ( 1 9 6 5 ) .
O I I W A K I , S. : A n i n v e s t i g a t i o n of tonic
of d i r e c t i o n . A u s t r a l i a n J . P s y c h o l .
(1963).
figurai
a d a p t a t i o n : a s t u d y w i t h i n t h e f r a m e w o r k of
t h e o r y . A m e r . J . P s y c h o l . 74, 3 - 1 6
sensory-
(1961).
O P P E N H E I M E R , E . : Optische Versuche über R u h e u n d Bewegung.
P s y c h o l . F o r s c h . 20,
1-46
(1935). P A S S E Y , G . E . : T h e p e r c e p t i o n of t h e v e r t i c a l . I V . A d j u s t m e n t to the v e r t i c a l w i t h n o r m a l a n d t i l t e d v i s u a l f r a m e s o f r e f e r e n c e s , J . e x p . P s y c h o l . 40, 7 3 8 - 7 4 5 ( 1 9 5 0 ) . P E R L M A N , H . B . : T h e s a c c u l e , o b s e r v a t i o n s f r o m a d i f f e r e n t i a t e d r e i n f o r c e d a r e a of t h e s a c c u l a r w a l l i n m a n . A c t a o t o - l a r y n g o l . ( S t o c k h . ) 32, 6 7 8 ( 1 9 4 0 ) . Q u i x , F . H . , E I J S V O G E L , M . H . : E x p e r i m e n t e ü b e r die F u n k t i o n des O t o l i t h e n a p p a r a t e s M e n s c h e n . Z . H a l s - , N a s . - u . O h r e n h e i l k . 23, 6 8 - 9 6 ( 1 9 2 9 ) .
beim
N. BISCHOF:
190
Uber
H.:
SCHÖNE,
O p t i c - V e s t i b u l a r O r i e n t a t i o n to the V e r t i c a l
den Einfluß der S c h w e r k r a f t auf die A u g e n r o i lung u n d auf die W a h r n e h -
m u n g d e r L a g e i m R a u m . Z . v e r g i . P h y s i o l . 46, 5 7 - 8 7 ( 1 9 6 2 ) . S C H Ö N E , H . : O n t h e R o l e o f g r a v i t y i n h u m a n s p a t i a l o r i e n t a t i o n . A e r o s p a c e M e d . 35,
764
(1964). SCHÖNE, H., PARKER,
D . E . : I n v e r s i o n of t h e effect of i n c r e a s e d g r a v i t y o n t h e
subjective
v e r t i c a l . N a t u r w i s s e n s c h a f t e n 54, 2 8 8 - 2 8 9 ( 1 9 6 7 ) . S C H Ö N E , H . , P A R K E R , D . E . , M O R T A G , H . G . : S u b j e c t i v e v e r t i c a l as a f u n c t i o n of b o d y p o s i t i o n a n d g r a v i t y m a g n i t u d e . N a t u r w i s s e n s c h a f t e n 54, 2 8 8 ( 1 9 6 7 ) . S C H Ö N E , H . , U D O D E H A E S , H . : P e r c e p t i o n of g r a v i t y - v e r t i c a l as a f u n c t i o n of h e a d a n d t r u n k p o s i t i o n . Z . v e r g i . P h y s i o l . 60, 4 4 0 - 4 4 4 ( 1 9 6 8 ) . S C H Ö N E , H . , U D O D E H A E S , H . : Space orientation i n h u m a n s w i t h special reference to i n t e r a c t i o n of v e s t i b u l a r , somaesthetic SCHNEIDER,
the
a n d v i s u a l i n p u t s . B i o k y b e r n e t i k 3, 1 7 2 - 1 9 1 ( 1 9 7 1 ) .
C . W . , B A R T L E Y , S . H . : A s t u d y o f t h e e f f e c t s of m e c h a n i c a l l y i n d u c e d t e n s i o n o f
t h e n e c k m u s c l e s o n t h e p e r c e p t i o n of v e r t i c a l i t y . J . P s y c h o l . ( P r o v i n c e t o w n )
54,
245-248
(1962). S T I G L E R , R . : Versuche über die Beteiligung der Schwereempfindung
a n d e r O r i e n t i e r u n g des
M e n s c h e n i m R ä u m e . Pflügers A r c h . ges. P h y s i o l . 148, 5 7 3 - 5 8 4 (1912). SUTHERLAND,
N.S.:
Figurai
after-effects
and
apparent
size. Q u a r t . J . e x p .
Psychol.
13,
2 2 2 - 2 2 8 (1961). SZENTÂGOTHAI,
J . : D i e R o l l e der einzelnen
Labyrinthreceptoren
A u g e n u n d K o p f i m Räume. Budapest: Akadémiai K i a d o
bei der
Orientation
von
1952.
T A I T , J . : I s a l l h e a r i n g c o c h l e a r . A n n . O t o l . ( S t . L o u i s ) 41, 6 8 1 ( 1 9 3 2 ) . T E R I N S , J . : C o u n t e r - r o l l i n g of t h e eyes i n s o m e u n i l a t e r a l v e s t i b u l a r disorders. I n : J . S T A H L E , Ed. UDO
V e s t i b u l a r function o n earth a n d i n space. O x f o r d : P e r g a m o n Press, 109-113,
D E HAES,
H . : S t a b i l i t y of a p p a r e n t v e r t i c a l a n d o c u l a r c o u t e r t o r s i o n
lateral tilt. Perception
& Psychophysics
1971.
as a f u n c t i o n
of
8, 1 3 7 - 1 4 2 ( 1 9 7 0 ) .
U D O D E H A E S , H . , S C H Ö N E , H . : Interaction between statolith organs a n d semicircular canals o n a p p a r e n t v e r t i c a l a n d n y s t a g m u s . A c t a o t o - l a r y n g . ( S t o c k h . ) 69, 2 5 - 3 1
(1970).
V E R N O N , M . D . : T h e p e r c e p t i o n o f i n c l i n e d l i n e s . B r i t . J . P s y c h o l . 25, 1 8 6 ( 1 9 3 5 ) . V E R S T E E G H , L . : Ergebnisse partieller L a b y r i n t h e x s t i r p a t i o n bei K a n i n c h e n . A c t a oto-laryng. ( S t o c k h . ) 11, 3 9 3 ( 1 9 2 7 ) . WALSH,
E . G . : P e r c e p t i o n of l i n e a r m o t i o n f o l l o w i n g u n i l a t e r a l l a b y r i n t h e c t o m y : v a r i a t i o n
o f t h r e s h o l d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e h e a d . J . P h y s i o l . ( L o n d . ) 153, 3 5 0 ( 1 9 6 0 ) . W A L S H , E . G . : R o l e of t h e v e s t i b u l a r a p p a r a t u s i n t h e p e r c e p t i o n of m o t i o n o n a p a r a l l e l s w i n g . J . P h y s i o l . ( L o n d . ) 155, 5 0 6 ( 1 9 6 1 ) . WERNER,
H . , W A P N E R , S., C H A N D L E R ,
K . A . : Experiments on sensory-tonic
field
theory
of
p e r c e p t i o n . I I . E f f e c t of s u p p o r t e d a n d u n s u p p o r t e d t i l t of t h e b o d y o n t h e v i s u a l p e r c e p t i o n o f v e r t i c a l i t y . J . e x p . P s y c h o l . 42, 3 4 6 ( 1 9 5 1 ) . WERTHEIMER,
M . : E x p e r i m e n t e l l e S t u d i e n über das Sehen v o n Bewegung.
Z. Psychol.
61,
1 6 1 - 2 6 5 (1912). W I T K I N , H . A . : T h e n a t u r e a n d i m p o r t a n c e of i n d i v i d u a l differences i n p e r c e p t i o n . J . P e r s o n a l i t y 18, 1 4 5 ( 1 9 4 9 a ) . WITKIN,
H . A . : S e x d i f f e r e n c e s i n p e r c e p t i o n . T r a n s . N . Y . A c a d . S o c . 12, 2 2 ( 1 9 4 9 b ) .
W I T K I N , H . A . , A S C H , S . E . : S t u d i e s i n s p a c e o r i e n t a t i o n . I I I . P e r c e p t i o n of t h e u p r i g h t i n the a b s e n c e o f a v i s u a l field. J . e x p . P s y c h o l . 38, 6 0 3 ( 1 9 4 8 a ) . WITKIN,
H . A . , A S C H , S . E . : Studies i n space orientation. I V . F u r t h e r experiments on percep-
t i o n o f t h e u p r i g h t w i t h d i s p l a c e d v i s u a l fields. J . e x p . P s y c h o l . 38, 7 6 2 ( 1 9 4 8 b ) . WITKIN,
H.A.,
LEWIS,
H.B.,
HERTZMAN,
M., MACHOVER,
Personality through perception. N e w Y o r k : Haper
K.,
MEISSNER,
P.B.,
W A P N E R ,
S.:
1954.
W O E L L N E R , R . C . , G R A Y B I E L , A . : C o u n t e r r o l l i n g of t h e e y e s a n d i t s d e p e n d e n c e o n t h e m a g n i t u d e of g r a v i t a t i o n a l o r i n e r t i a l f o r c e a c t i n g l a t e r a l l y o n t h e b o d y . J . a p p i . P h y s i o l .
14,
6 3 2 - 6 3 4 (1959). W O O D , R . W . : T h e " h a u n t e d - s w i n g " i l l u s i o n . P s y c h o l . R e v . 2, 2 7 7 - 2 7 8 ( 1 8 9 5 ) . YOUNG,
H . H . : P e r s o n a l i t y t e s t c o r r e l a t e s of o r i e n t a t i o n t o t h e v e r t i c a l : A t e s t of W i t k i n ' s
F i e l d d e p e n d e n c y h y p o t h e s i s . J . a b n o r m , s o c . P s y c h o l . 59, 1 8 8 - 1 9 2 ( 1 9 5 9 ) . YOUNG,
H . H . , MEIRI, J.L.:
(1968).
A r e v i s e d d y n a m i c o t o l i t h m o d e l . A e r o s p a c e M e d . 39,
606-608
Author Index P a g e n u m b e r s i n italics r e f e r t o t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y
A a r o n s , L . , s. L a c h m a n , J . 3 6 5 , 367
Angyal, A . , B l a c k m a n , N . 365, 366 A n s o m , B . J . 573
A b e n d , W . K . , s. F e r n a n d e z , C .
A o k i , M . , s. T o k i t a , T . 355
Thomas,
E . L . 3 9 9 , 402
H . W . , s. G e r n a n d t ,
B.
4 3 4 , 445 W.
R., Kado,
R.
T.,
A d r i a n , E . D . 6 9 , 7 1 , 136, 1 6 5 , 185, 2 8 5 , 315, 4 2 3 , 443, 4 5 2 , 4 5 4 , 460, 4 6 4 , 484, 5 1 7 , 573 A j u r i a g u e r r a , J . d e , s. H é c a e n , H . 2 1 8 , 230 A k e r t , K . , s. S c o l l o - L a v i z z a r i , G.612,
620
Albe-Fessard,
D.,
Donaldson,
C a l d w e l l , G . M . 357
S. J . , Cotzin, M . ,
C. J . , J r . , Ricciuti,
A . , Wendt,
G . R . 262,
A l l t u c k e r , D . S . , s. G u a l t i e r o t t i , T . 4 5 2 , 461, 4 6 4 , 486 Ambler, R . K . , Guedry, F . E . A m b l e r , R . K . , s. G u e d r y , F . E . 1 1 6 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 1 , 144 A m b l e r , R . K . , s. M a n n , C . W .
A n d e r s o n , A . , s. H e n r i k s s o n , N . G.36,145 A n d e r s s o n , S . , G e r n a n d t , B . 7, 136
4 7 7 , 489
S.,
Nilsson,
H . 8 2 , 8 6 , 136, H . , Delage,
160,
Y . 408,
A u b r y , M . , s. C l a u d e , H . 3 6 1 , A u s t i n , G . M . , s. M c C o u c h , G . P . 4 5 9 , 461 A u x t e r , D . M . 357
A r s l a n , M . , M o l i n a r i , J . A . 8,
Azzena,
G . B . 4 6 0 , 460,
470,
4 8 1 , 484
A r x , S . V . , s. P f a l t z , C . R . 3 7 8 ,
Azzena, G . B . , Giretti, M . L . , D e r i u , P . L . 4 7 5 , 484
A s c h , S. E . , W i t k i n , H . A . 160, Babinski, J . , Weill, G . A . 272, H . A.
160, 1 6 2 , 182,190 4 0 9 , 410, 4 1 9 , 4 2 5 , 4 2 6 , 443 Aschan, G . , Bergstedt,
M . 62,
136, 4 1 9 , 443 G.,
278 B a b i y a k , V . P . , s. K u r a s h v i l i , A . Y e . 3 0 3 , 318 Babkin, B . P . 400 Babkin, B . P . ,Bornstein, M .B . 4 0 0 , 402
Bergstedt,
M.,
B a b k i n , B . P . , D i v o r k i n , S. 400,
Aschan, G . M . , Bergstedt, M . ,
Babskii, E . B . , Gurfinkel, V . S.,
G o l d b e r g , L . 3 0 7 , 315 Goldberg,
L . , L a u r e l 1,
402 L.
Aschan,
G.,
R o m e i , E . L . 359 B a c h , L . 3 6 1 , 366
Bergstedt,
M.,
S t a h l e , J . 2 0 0 , 229
Bader,
W., Kornhuber,
2 2 2 , 229,
H . H .
587,615
A s c h a n , G . , F i n e r , B . L . , H a g - B a k e r , A . B . 2 2 7 , 229 G.,
Nylén,
C.
Baker, R . G . ,Mano, N . , ShimaO.,
z u , H . 4 5 8 , 460
S t a h l e , J . , Wersau, R . 2 9 ,
B a k h v a l o v a , T . D . 3 0 0 , 315
136, 4 2 9 , 4 3 0 , 443
Baldenweck,
Aschan,
G . , s. G r a n t , G . 2 0 5 ,
A.,
A s c h o f f , J . C . 2 1 7 , 229
G . 36,
Aschoff, J . C , Cohen, 5 9 7 , 5 9 8 , 615
Baldrighi,
L . 2 6 9 , 2 7 1 , 278
G . , s.
Von
Baum-
garten, R . J . 558, 559, 560,
230 E., Smith,
V . 604, 675 Aubert,
A r s l a n , M . 2 2 2 , 229
Aschan,
A m e s , A . 5 6 6 , 573
110,136
E. A.
b a r t h , K . E . 3 6 5 , 366
85,148
A t w o o d , R . P . , s. B r a i t e n b e r g ,
3 6 5 , 366
L . , s. S p i e g e l ,
3 0 7 , 315
126,136
Ruuth,
160,189
Aschan,
263
Andersson,
A r o n o f f , J . C , s. M o r a n t , R . B .
A s c h a n , G . 3 7 6 , 3 7 9 , 383, 4 0 6 ,
185, 4 3 5 , 443
A t t n e a v e , F . 1 6 6 , 185
410, 4 1 8 , 4 1 9 , 4 3 3 , 443
A s c h , S . E . , s. W i t k i n ,
A l e x a n d e r , G . , Bârâny, R . 164,
Kornhuber,
A t e m a , J . , s. V o n B a u m g a r t e n ,
Aubert,
162,185
A l e s s i , D . 2 1 3 , 229
Hill,
A r n d t s , F . 8 8 , 136, 1 6 4 , 185
Aronson,
J . C , s.
1 6 1 , 185, 2 4 1 , 263
387
Alden, F . D . , Horton, M . 0.,
E.
Y u . V . 353
136, 4 7 5 , 484
J . M . L . 6 0 9 , 615
Alexander,
hova, N . A . ,Grigoryev, Y u .
A r n o u l t , M . 2 2 , 136
R h o d e s , J . M . 2 6 1 , 263
B.,
R . J . 5 5 8 , 5 5 9 , 5 6 0 , 580
Arlaschenko, N . I., Bokhov, B .
G., P o l y a k o v , B . I . , Färber,
A d e s , H . , s. M i c k l e , W . 7, 8 , 1 4 9 Adey,
S . , s. F u k u d a , T . 3 7 6 ,
B., Busygin, V . Y e . , Volok-
70,142
Conrad,
H . H . 6 0 0 , 6 0 2 , 6 1 0 , 618
3 7 7 , 385
A d e s , H . W . , s. E n g s t r ö m , H . Ades,
Aokia,
C ,
2 1 0 , 229, 5 8 7 , 6 0 6 , 615 Aschoff,
A o k i , S . , s. T o k i t a , T . 355
Ackerman, U . , Johnson, W . H . ,
J .
K o r n h u b e r , H . H . 199, 208,
Abels, H . 369,370,383,425,443 5 3 2 , 575
Aschoff,
580 B . 587,
Bârany, J . W . , Ismail, A . H . , M a n n i n g , K . R . 359
Author Index
622
Bârâny,
R . 6 2 , 9 3 , 136,
220,
Batini, C , Moruzzi, G., Pom-
229, 2 6 9 , 2 7 0 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 4 , 2 7 6 ,
p e i a n o , O . 4 7 8 , 4 8 1 , 484
278, 3 0 3 , 315, 353, 357, 3 6 1 ,
Batini, C , Pompeiano, O. 478,
366, 3 6 9 , 383, 4 0 5 , 410, 4 1 5 , 4 1 8 , 4 2 1 , 4 2 7 , 444, 4 5 1 ,
460,
R.,
Wittmaack,
K .
Bârâny,
R . , s. A l e x a n d e r ,
G.
Barber, H . 0., Wright, G . 201, 2 0 6 , 229, 3 6 5 , 366 B a r b e y , E . 353 Barcroft,
Bauermeister,
M . 85, 89, 94,
H . , Edholm,
Von
0.
G.
Baumgarten,
Bender, M .B . ,Weinstein, E . A .
2 1 7 , 229, 5 9 0 , 615
J.,
H u k u h a r a , J . , Rocker,
M.
580
C. N . ,
V . B . , B r o m i l e y , R . B . 607, 615 B a r d , P . , s. T y l e r , D . B . 3 8 9 ,
Von Baumgarten, R . J . , BaldG., Atema,
J . , Shil-
B a r l o w , J . S . 6 , 7, 8 , 9 0 ,
136,
Barnes, G . R . 75, 112,115,136,
D.,
Kongehl,
290,311,312,
Bechinger,
D.,
Kongehl,
Barness, C. D . , P o m p e i a n o ,
0.
B a r n e s s , C . D . , s. P o m p e i a n o , B a r n o t h y , I . M . , s. T o r o k , N .
45, 72, 111, 115, 123, 127,
C . 5 9 4 , 615
137, 2 9 4 , 2 9 5 , 2 9 6 , 2 9 7 , 2 9 9 ,
D.,
Kriebel, J . ,
S c h l a g e r , M . 1 9 6 , 229 460, 4 6 3 , 4 6 4 , 4 6 5 , 4 6 6 , 4 6 8 , B e c k , K . 1 6 4 , 185,
484
B e c k , O . , B l a c h , P . 2 7 6 , 278 615 zinger,
B., Kornhuber,
B a r o n , J . B . , s. S o u l a i r a c , A .
Becker, W . , Fuchs, A . F . 591,
615 Becker,
356 B a r r é , J . A . 4 3 6 , 444 B a r r e r a , S . E . , s. N o r t h i n g t o n , P . 4 7 1 , 4 7 2 , 488 Barrett, G . V . , Thorton, C. L .
W . , Jürgens,
R . 595,
615 B e c k e r , W . , K l e i n , H . M . 199, Kennedy,
B e g b i e , G . H . 357
319
Behr,
B a r t e l s , M . 2 1 1 , 229 B a r t l e y , S . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 2 5 , 58,143 B a r t l e y , S . H . , s. S c h n e i d e r , C . 163,190
K . , Preber,
3 6 5 , 366
112, 1 1 5 , 118, 123,137, 1 8 2 , 186, 2 3 4 , 2 5 6 , 263, 2 8 8 , 2 9 2 , 293, 294, 295, 3 0 9 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 1 , 316, 5 4 6 , 5 5 0 , 573 Benson, A . J . , B r a n d , J . L . 36, 137, 3 6 5 , 366 Benson, A . J . , Diaz, E . , Farrug i a , P . 7 5 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 3 , 137 Benson, A . J . , Goorney, A . B . , R e a s o n , J . T . 3 6 , 137, 3 6 5 , 366 Benson,
A . J . ,Guedry,
F. E.
4 5 , 5 3 , 5 4 , 1 1 3 , 1 2 8 , 137 A . J . , Guedry,
Melvill Jones,
F. E.,
G . 111, 112,
548, 549, 552, 553, 566, 567,
s k i o l d , D . F . 444
Benson, A . J . , Sternfeld 312 Benson, A . J . , Whiteside, T. C.
V o n B e h r m a n , W . 3 0 4 , 315
D . 2 6 2 , 263, 2 9 9 , 3 0 0 , 316,
B e i s c h e r , D . E . , s. G r a y b i e l , A .
5 5 0 , 573
575 4 2 7 , 448 V o n Békésy, G . 24, 25, 33, 34,
359
Benson, A . J . , B o d i n , M . 111,
574 L . , Silfver-
B e i s c h e r , D . E . , s. M e e k , J . C .
B a r u k , H . , s. C l a u d e , H . 3 6 1 ,
G. R.
290,311,312,
1 1 6 , 1 3 7 , 2 8 7 , 2 8 8 , 2 9 0 , 316,
B e e r e n s , A . J . J . 4 2 3 , 444
45, 5 2 , 5 3 , 54,148, 2 8 3 , 2 9 6 ,
A . J . , Barnes,
1 1 1 , 112,137,
Benson,
229 B e c k w i t h , F . D . , s. R . S . 3 4 5 , 352
119,136 B a r r y , W . , s. M e l v i l l J o n e s , G .
B a s s , R . L . 357
H .
K . , K o r n h u b e r , H . H . 600,
B a r o n , J . B . 356
B a s s , R . I . 353,
L . , Grö-
Becker, W . , Hoehne, O., Iwase,
B a r o n , J . 353
Benson, 316
357
W . , Deecke,
300, 3 0 1 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 1 , 3 1 2 , 3 1 3 , 3 1 4 , 316, 3 7 8 , 383, 5 5 0 , 573
W . v o n 451, 456,
5 9 6 , 615
2 2 0 , 232
165,186
Kornhuber, H .H . , Walther,
H . 601
0 . 5 8 5 , 619
Benjamins, C. E . , Huizinga, E . B e n s o n , A . J . 6, 1 4 , 3 9 , 4 2 , 4 4 ,
Becker,
5 8 5 , 615
232
G.,
Becker, W . 588, 592, 594, 596,
316
W.
G.,
K o r n h u b e r , H . H . 56,58,136
471, 472, 479,
2 9 0 , 3 1 2 , 3 1 5 , 315 B a r n e s , G . R . , s. B e n s o n , A . J . 1 1 1 , 112,137,
Bechinger,
Bechterew,
4 9 5 , 4 9 6 , 5 0 0 , 573
616 B e n d e r , M . B . , s. P a s i k , P . 2 1 7 , B e n f a r i , R . C . 1 1 9 , 137
Bechinger,
3 9 0 , 3 9 1 , 3 9 3 , 404
2 1 4 , 229 B e n d e r , M . B . , s. C o h e n , B . 5 8 6 ,
linger, G . L . 558, 559, 560,
Woolsey,
M . B . , J u n g , R . 162,
Von Baumgarten, R . J., Atema,
580
P.,
Bender,
Bender, M . B . , Shanzer, S. 216,
580
B a r d , P . , O r i a s , 0 . 6 1 0 , 615 Snider, R . S., Mountcastle,
B é l i e r , H . K . , s. M o r a n t , R . B .
186
B a r d , P . 6 1 0 , 6 1 2 , 615 Bard,
B e l a n g e r , F . , s. M a y n e , R . 5 1 7 ,
R . J . 555,
righi,
3 9 3 , 402
29,
169,189
Bauermeister, M . , Werner, H . ,
5 6 7 , 579,
1 6 4 , 1 8 5 , 4 3 5 , 443
R.
5 2 1 , 5 2 2 , 5 3 0 , 577
484
W a p n e r , S . 8 5 , 136
2 7 0 , 2 7 1 , 278
F., Mayne,
137, 573
136, 2 4 1 , 263
4 8 3 , 484, 5 9 0 , 615 Bârâny,
Belanger,
44, 6 8 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 106,153, 3 6 2 , 366, 4 1 6 , 4 2 7 , 4 2 9 , 4 3 2 , 444
B e n s o n , A . J . , s. G u e d r y , F . E . 128,144 B e n s o n , A . J . , s. R e a s o n , J . T . 36,150 B e r g m a n n , F . , G u t m a n , J . 364, 366
Author Index
Bergstedt,
M . 1 3 1 , 137,
256,
263, 2 9 1 , 3 0 0 , 3 0 3 , 3 0 4 , 3 0 7 , B e r g s t e d t , M . , s. A s c h a n , G . 6 2 , 229,301,315,419,
Bergstedt,
M . , s. F r e g l y , A . R .
3 4 7 , 351 Beritov,
I . S . 8 , 9 0 , 137,
156,
B e r m a n , A . J . , s. T a u b , E . 1 3 4 , 152 C. A . , Homick,
G. L.
4 0 2 , 402 C . A . , s. G r a y b i e l ,
A.
1 0 3 , 1 0 4 , 1 4 3 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 4 , 264 B e r r y , N . , s. M a n n , C . W . 8 8 , 147 N .
H . ,
s.
M a n n , C . W . 8 4 , 8 6 , 88,147 B e r t i n i , M . 1 6 0 , 186 Best, C. H . , Taylor, N . B . 400, 403 R . G . , s.
Mahoney,
J . L . 3 6 2 , 367, 3 7 4 , 386 Bielschowsky,
A . , s.
Hofmann,
E. B.160,188 B i l l i n g h a m , H . T . 5 5 4 , 5 5 6 , 574 B i l l i n g h a m , J . 2 9 8 , 316, 5 7 3 B i l l i n g h a m , J . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 1 0 3 , 1 0 4 , 143, 2 4 2 , 2 4 4 , 264 B i r r e n , J . E . 9 5 , 137, 353,
357
B i r r e n , J . E . , s. F i s h e r , M . B . 358
Bischof, N . 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 165, 166, 177, 178,186, 414,
444
Bischoff, N . , Scheerer, E . 117,
B r e u e r , 7, 1 7 , 6 8 , 2 3 5 Breuer,
316, 5 4 6 , 5 5 0 , 573 B . B . , s.
Arlaschenko,
Bitter mann,
M . E.,
Worchel,
H . L . , Wang,
S. C.
403 A . 463, 465, 468,
B l a c h , P . , s. B e c k , O . 2 7 6 , 278 B l a c k b u r n , L . H . , s. C o h e n , M . M.
Bornschein,
V. H . ,
Schubert,
G.120,137 Bornstein,
Blackman,
N . , s. A n g y a l ,
A.
3 6 5 , 366
Babkin,
B . P . 4 0 0 , 402
O , s. C a r p e n t e r ,
H . S . 162,186
R.
Walberg,
574, 5 8 9
Pompeiano,
O.,
F . 2 6 8 , 278, 5 6 5 ,
Brodai,
A . , s. P o m p e i a n o ,
O.
B r o d a i , A . , s. W a l b e r g , F . 2 6 8 , Bromiley,
R . B . , s. B a r d , P .
B ö r r y , W . , s. J o n e s , G . M . 4 2 9 , B r o w n , J . H . 4 1 , 4 2 , 4 3 , 4 6 , 5 9 , 138, 3 7 3 , 383, 574
447 B o s , J . H . 4 3 7 , 444
Brown, J . H . , Crampton, G .H .
P h i l i p s z o o n , A . J . 316 Bos, J . H . , Philipszoon, 4 1 0 , 410, 4 3 7 ,
A.J .
444
D . , s.
377, 380,
Brown, J . H . , Marshall, J . E . 3 7 0 , 383
B o u r d o n , B . 7 9 , 8 6 , 8 8 , 137 Bowsher,
6 1 , 6 2 , 1 3 1 , 138, 383
B r o w n , J . H . , Wolfe, J . W . 60,
Walberg,
F.
2 6 8 , 2 7 4 , 280
138 B r o w n , J . H . , s. M a r s h a l l , J . E .
B r a d y , J . F . , s. N e w s o m , B . D .
1 3 1 , 1 4 8 , 3 6 5 , 367, 3 7 6 , 3 7 7 , 3 8 1 , 387
354, 359 Braemer, W . 156,178,180,181,
B r o w n , J . L . 9 1 , 9 2 , 138, 2 3 5 , 2 4 9 , 263
186 B r a k e n b e r g , V . 6 0 4 , 615
B r o w n , K . R . , s. Y o r k , E . 359
Brakenberg, V . ,A t w o o d , R . P .
B r o w n , L . 1 8 2 , 186 B r o w n , M . B . , s. R i t v o , E . R ,
604, 675 Brakenberg,
V.,
Onesto,
N .
Brandt, T h . ,Dichgans, Th.,
Brandt,
Brown, R . H . , Imus, H . , Niven,
J . 118,
B r o w n , R . H . , s. G r a y b i e l , A .
J.
I . , G r a y b i e l , A . 2 3 , 138
7 5 , 8 2 , 1 0 7 , 143, J , .
Dichgans,
508, 542,
575 B r u c h e r , J . M . 6 1 1 , 6 1 2 , 616
E . , Dich-
B r u c k , A . 357 Brun,
J . 141,
4 0 1 , 403 B r a n d t , U . , F l u u r , E . 1 0 2 , 138, 1 5 9 , 4 1 6 , 444
F. E.
A.J .
Dichgans,
T h . , Wist, T h . , s.
R . H . , Guedry,
3 7 9 , 3 8 0 , 383
K o e n i g , E . 1 1 8 , 1 1 9 , 138 Brandt,
3 6 5 , 368 Brown,
6 0 4 , 616
B r a n d t , U . 4 2 6 , 444
5 8 7 , 5 9 9 , 620 Blakmore,
A.,
6 0 7 , 615
116, 117, 118, 1 1 9 , 125,
B l a i r , S . M . , s. W e s t h e i m e r , G .
Brodai,
2 7 4 , 280
M . B . , s.
g a n s , J . 1 1 9 , 1 2 5 , 138
107,140
F . 8 6 , 9 4 , 149, 2 4 1 , 264
2 6 8 , 280
484
Brandt,
B i z z i , E . 5 8 6 , 6 1 2 , 615
B r i n d l e y , B . G . S . 6 0 4 , 616
574
Bornhardt,
119,138
P.162,186
414, 416,
B r o d a i , A . 1 2 6 , 138,
187
399,
J . 2 7 6 , 278,
V a n d e n B r i n k , G . , s. M i l l e r , E .
B o r d o g n a , A . , s. G i r o t t i , G . 1 6 4 ,
Borison,
G.
4 2 5 , 444
3 6 , 1 3 7 , 3 6 5 , 366
185,186
G . A . , Schubert,
160,186
293, 294, 295, 309, 3 1 0 , 3 1 1 ,
137, 1 5 9 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 0 , B r a n d , J . J . 3 6 5 , 366 1 7 4 , 1 7 6 , 1 7 7 , 1 7 8 , 1 8 0 , 1 8 2 , B r a n d , J . L . , s. B e n s o n , 184,
Brecher,
186, 2 3 4 , 2 5 6 , 263, 2 8 8 , 2 9 2 ,
Bos, J . H . , Jongkees, L . B . W . ,
B e t h e , A . 4 6 6 , 484 Bickford,
360
M . E . , M y e r s , G . G . 2 1 3 , 229
B o r i n g , E . G . 1 6 0 , 1 8 6 , 5 6 6 , 574
B e r r y , C . 3 9 3 , 3 9 8 , 4 0 2 , 403
355,
316
N . L 353
Berthelow-Berry,
B r a u n , G . I . , s. H e l l e b r a n d t , F . A.
B o d i n , M . , s. B e n s o n , A . J . 1 1 1 ,
Bokhov,
186, 5 0 1 , 574 B e r k e l e y 571
Berry,
C.H .
112, 1 1 5 , 1 1 8 , 123,137, 1 8 2 ,
443
Berry,
A . , s. S a t t l e r ,
211,232
B o d i n , M . A . 295, 296, 310, 312, B r a y , P . F . , Ziter, F . A . , L a h e y ,
316, 351, 5 6 1 , 5 7 4 136, 2 0 0 ,
Blohmke,
623
E . , Knudson,
E . ,R a a -
s c h o v , F . 3 9 3 , 403 Brunia,
C.
H . M.,
Hoppen-
b r o u w e r s , T . 2 7 1 , 278 B r u n n e r , H . 4 2 8 , 444 B r u n s , O . 4 0 6 , 410,
444
B r u n s w i k , E . 156, 177, 180,186
624
Author Index
B r u n s w i k , E . , K a r d o s , L . 157, 186
Carpenter, R . H . S., B l a k m o r e , C. 162,186
B r y a n o v , I . I . , s. Y u g a n o v , E . M . 5 5 4 , 5 5 6 , 580
Cawthorne, pike,
B u d d e n b r o c k , W . v o n 4 6 5 , 484 B ü h l e r , K . 1 5 6 , 1 5 7 , 186
M . 3 6 1 , 3 6 5 , 366
T., D i x , M . , Hall-
C , Hood,
J . 43, 52,
138, 5 0 6 , 574 Cawthorne,
T . E . , Fitzgerald,
G., H a l l p i k e , C. S. 451, 454,
B u r k e , U . L . , s. M a x w e l l , S . S .
460, 4 7 2 , 4 8 3 , 485
3 7 1 , 3 7 2 , 3 7 3 , 387
4 3 7 , 444
B u s k i r k , W . C . 579
B u x t o n , C . E . , s. S e a s h o r e , R . B u y s , E . 62,138, 4 1 5 , 4 1 8 , 4 2 0 ,
5 0 6 , 575 M . 4 7 8 , 485
B y f o r d , G . H . 2 2 , 23, 35, 117, G . , s. H a l l p i k e , C . S .
C h a m b e r s , W . W . , s.
H . , s. H a l l p i k e , C . S .
r a , T . 1 1 9 , 1 2 5 , 140
1 6 3 , 190, 2 4 1 , 266
C o h e n , B . , s. G o t o , K . 3 6 2 , 367
Chow,
C o h e n , B . , s. U e m u r a , T . 2 0 3 ,
K . L . Riesen,
A. H.,
2 0 5 , 221,232,
C h u s i d , J . G . , Gutiérry-Mahon e y , G . G . d e 4 8 2 , 485 C h u t o r i a n , A . M . , s. S o l o m o n ,
V . , s. C a p o r a l e ,
R.
G . E . 2 1 3 , 232
C a m i s , M . 2 8 3 , 316,
470, 471,
C i t r o n , C , H a l l p i k e , C. S. 437, 444
484, 485 Vernon,
C l a r k , B . 2 3 , 2 5 , 7 2 , 8 2 , 86,138,
C a n e l l a , C . J . , s. M a n n , C . W .
Clark, B . , G r a y b i e l , A . 56, 72,
Candland,
D . K . , s.
139
J . A . 359
86, 90, 94, 9 6 , 1 0 7 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 0 ,
35,147 C a n n o n , W . B . 574
139, 1 6 4 , 1 7 5 , 1 8 6 , 2 4 7 , 2 4 9 ,
C a n n o n , W . B . , H a i m o vi ci, H .
263, 3 2 5 , 351, 353, 3 9 9 , 4 0 1 ,
Cannon,
W. B.,
Rosenblueth,
A . 4 5 9 , 460 C a n t r e l l , R . P . 357 Caporale, R . , Camarda, V . 376, 383 C a p p e l , K . 5 8 , 138, 5 0 8 , 574 Capps,
M . J . , Collins, W . E .
3 7 0 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 3 , 383 C a r l s t r o m , D . 1 6 , 138
Clark, B . ,Graybiel, A . , MacCorq u o d a l e , K . 2 5 , 139
C l a r k , B . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 2 2 , 8 2 , 86,
9 3 , 9 5 , 1 3 1 , 143,
C o l e h o u r , J . K . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 1 3 4 , 1 4 3 , 3 3 8 , 3 4 2 , 352, 5 6 7 , 575 C o l e n b r a n d e r , A . 100,140, 159, 186, 2 4 1 , 263 C o l l e w i j n , H . 5 8 8 , 5 9 9 , 616
Collins, W . E . 36, 44, 46, 66, 67, 115, 118, 124, 132, 134,140,
1 7 9 , 1 8 7 , 2 4 7 , 263, 3 9 2 , 403,
316, 3 6 3 , 3 6 4 , 3 6 5 , 366, 3 7 0 ,
5 6 7 , 575
371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 3 7 6 ,
C l a r k , L . B . 4 6 5 , 485 C l a r k e , M . , s. P r e c h t , W . 4 5 2 ,
R . H . S . 5 8 9 , 616
J . K . , Graybiel, A .
4 0 0 , 403
162,
Clark, W i l b u r , C. 573
Carpenter,
Colehour,
5 S 7 , 616 2 6 , 2 7 , 2 8 , 3 0 , 3 5 , 4 2 , 5 5 , 5 8 , C o l l i n s , V . D . , H o w e , E . C . 353, 5 9 , 6 3 , 1 1 7 , 139, 3 8 0 , 383 355
Carpenter, M . B . , Fabrega, H . , C a r p e n t e r , M . S . 358
Colehour, J . K . 401
Collewijn, H . , V a n der M a r k , F .
C a r p e n t e r , M . B . 616 G l i n s m a n n , W . 4 7 9 , 485
B l a c k b u r n , L . H . 1 0 7 , 140 Colbert, E . G . , Koegler, R . R . ,
Clark, B . ,Stewart, J . D . 23, 25,
C a r m i c h a e l , E . A . , D i x , M . R . , C l a r k , G . , L a s h l e y , K . S . 612,616 H a l l p i k e , C . S . 2 2 2 , 229
Cohen, M . M . , Crosbie, R . J . ,
C o l l a r d , M . , s. T h i é b a u t , F . 356
403, 5 4 2 , 574
4 5 9 , 460
4 7 5 , 489
C o h e n , L . A . 2 0 6 , 229, 5 8 4 , 616
M a r k h a m , C . H . 3 6 5 , 366
C i p r i a n i , A . 3 9 1 , 403
3 7 6 , 383
5 9 7 , 5 9 8 , 615
C h i n n , H . , S m i t h , P . 3 8 9 , 403
C a l d w e l l , G . M . , s. A l d e n , F . D .
Camarda,
S. 116,
C o h e n , B . , s. A s c h o f f , J . C . 5 8 7 ,
C h r i s t i a n , P . 2 5 , 138
C a l l a h a n , F . E . 358
B . , Takemori,
C h a n d l e r , K . A . , s. W e r n e r , H .
Cajal 217 357
Cohen,
Cohen, B . , Takemori, S . , U e m u -
N e w e l l , F . W . 2 1 1 , 229
576
Cohen, B . , Suzuki, J . , Bender,
Sprague,
9 4 , 154,
2 5 , 1 4 5 , 4 2 9 , 446
5 9 0 , 616 Cohen, B . , H i g h s t e i n , S. M . 115,
126,140
J . M . 4 7 8 , 489
138, 3 8 0 , 383
C o h e n , B . 229
M . B . 5 8 6 , 616
4 5 9 , 461
B u y s , E . , D o h l m a n 426
4 7 6 , 489
126,139
C h a m b e r s , W . W . , s. L i u , C . N .
444
3 0 5 , 316
C o h e n , B . , H e n n , V . 2 1 7 , 229,
C e r a n , S . J . , s. G u e d r y , F . E .
Chambers, W . W . , Sprague, J .
H . 356
Cairns,
V . , Fenu, G., Gab-
4 3 , 4 5 , 4 6 , 5 0 , 5 8 , 5 9 , 144,
k o , N . I . 353
Coats, A . C , S m i t h , S. Y . 304,
C o e r m a n n , R . R . 359
r i e l l i , L . 3 6 4 , 366
B u s y g i n , V . Y e . , s. A r l a s c h e n -
Byford,
Cenacchi,
72, 85,139
C o b b , S . , s. S c h a l t e n b r a n d , G .
C a w t h o r n e , T . , H a l l p i k e , C . S.
B u s e r , P . , I m b e r t , M . 6 0 0 , 616 Van
Clegg, W . C , Dunfield, N . M . C l y n e s , M . 5 7 1 , 574
B ü r g i , S . 353
B u r t t , N . E . 8 5 , 138
Claude, H . ,B a r u k , H . , A u b r y ,
461
383,
Collins, W . E . , Crampton, G .H . , P o s n e r , J . B . 3 6 2 , 366 Collins, W . E . , Guedry, F . E .
C l a r k s o n , F . , s. M c F a r l a n d , J . H.
378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 384, 4 2 5 , 444, 574
175,188
5 3 , 5 4 , 5 9 , 6 0 , 6 2 , 1 3 5 , 140, 3 6 3 , 366, 3 8 1 , 384, 4 2 3 , 444
Author Index
625
Collins, W . E . , Guedry, F . E . ,
C o r r e i a , M . J . , s. N i v e n , J . I . 7 5 ,
P o s n e r , J . B . 3 6 3 , 366, 3 7 5 ,
7 7 , 1 0 6 , 1 1 1 , 150, 3 0 8 , 3 1 0 ,
384
3 1 1 , 319, 391,404,
Collins, W . E . , Mertens, R . A . 3 7 8 , 3 8 0 , 384
C y o n , E . 4 6 3 , 4 6 5 , 485
578, 579 Corvera,
J . , Hallpike,
Schuster,
366 W . E . , Posner,
J . B.
C.
S.,
E . H . J . 1 7 , 140
C o t z i n , M . , s. A l e x a n d e r , S . J .
C o l l i n s , W . E . , S c h r o e d e r , D . J . , C o w e y , A . , s. L a t t o , R . 6 1 2 , 618 Gilson, R . D . ,Guedry, F . E .
C r a m e r , D . B . , s. F r e g l y , A . R .
C o l l i n s , W . E . , S c h r o e d e r , D . J . , C r a m e r , D . B . , s. G r a y b Ì 3 l , A . H i l l , R . J . 1 3 0 , 140
2 5 9 , 2 6 1 , 2 6 2 , 264, 3 3 3 , 352
C o l l i n s , W . E . , S c h r o e d e r , D . J . , C r a m e r , R . L . 3 3 , 1 4 0 , 5 1 7 , 574 M e r t e n s , R . A . 3 7 6 , 3 8 1 , 384
C r a m e r , R . L . , s. D o w d ,
Collins, W . E . , Schroeder, D . J . , N . , Mertens,
R. A.,
P. J .
C r a m e r , R . L . , s. G u e d r } ' , F . E . C r a m e r , R . L . , s. M a t h o g , R . H .
3 7 0 , 3 7 3 , 384
C o l l i n s , W . E . , s. C a p p s , M . J . C r a m p t o n , G . H . 2 8 6 , 2 8 7 , 3 0 0 , 3 7 0 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 3 , 383
1 3 5 , 1 4 4 , 1 4 5 , 3 6 3 , 3 6 5 , 367,
J . C.
675 Conraux, 223,
C , s. G r e i n e r , G . F . 230
C o n r a u x , C , s. T h i é b a u t , F . 356 C o r l e t t , B . M . A . , s. M o n e y , K . E . 2 8 5 , 2 8 8 , 3 0 8 , 319
C r a m p t o n , G . H . , s. C o l l i n s , W .
C o r r e i a , M . J . 8 5 , 140,
574
Correia, M . J . , Guedry,
E . 3 6 2 , 366 C r i c k m a r , S . D . , s. R o s s , H . E . 91,151 C r o s b i e , R . J . , s. C o h e n , M . M . 1 0 7 , 140
7 5 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 5 , 140, 1 8 2 ,
Crosby,
N i v e n , J . I. 98, 9 9 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 1 , M . J . ,Money,
K . E.
1 1 2 , 140, 3 1 2 , 316, 5 5 1 , 574 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 2 0 , 146 319
D. R.,
Goetzin-
g e r , C . P . 358 C u m m i n g s , M . , s. G u e d r y , F . E . 60, 6 3 , 64,145
C o r r e i a , M . J . , s. M c L e o d , M . E .
C u r e t o n , T . K . 358
H b . Sensory Physiology, Vol. VI/2
1 0 3 , 1 0 4 , 143, 2 4 2 , 2 4 4 , 264 D e L a g e 7, 4 0 8 D e l a g e , Y . , s. A u b e r t , H . 4 0 8 , Demanez,
J . P . , s. L e d o u x , A .
222,231 E . A . 4 5 1 , 4 5 6 , 4 6 2 , 4 7 5 , 489 D.
610, 611,
6 1 2 , 616 D e r i u , P . L . , s. A z z e n a , G . B . 4 7 5 , 484 A . J . 75,
111, 1 1 3 , 1 3 7 D i a z , E . , s. R e a s o n , J . T . 1 2 0 ,
141 C u n n i n g h a m , D . R . 358
C o r r e i a , M . J . , s. H i x s o n , W . C .
D e i t l e i n , L . F . , s. G r a y b i e l , A .
D i a z , E . , s. B e n s o n ,
Cullen, J . F . ,Harper, C. R . 104,
Cunningham,
H . 6 0 0 , 601,618 D e H a a n , P . 357
D e r w o r t , A . 162,187
C u l b e r t , S . S . 1 6 9 , 186
1 0 3 , 140, 1 6 4 , 1 6 5 , 186 Correia,
40
T.,
W . 6 1 2 , 617
Correia, M . J . , Hixson, W . C ,
304,
E . C , Humphrey,
C r o s b y , E . C , s. H e n d e r s o n , J .
574
D e e c k e , L . , s. K o r n h u b e r , H .
Denny-Brown,
L a u e r , E . W . 7, 8 , 141
186, 2 9 0 , 2 9 2 , 3 0 9 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 1 , 316, 3 6 5 , 367, 3 9 2 , 403, 5 4 6 ,
h u b e r , H . H . 6 0 0 , 616
D è m e t r i a d e s , T . D . , s. S p i e g e l ,
R . J . , s. G r a y , R . F .
2 9 9 , 317
F. E.
D e c h e r , H . 2 2 3 , 229
410, 4 1 8 , 4 1 9 , 4 3 3 , 443
C r i t c h l e y , M . 8 , 141
Crosbie,
Dearnaley, E . J . , Reason, J . T.,
D e e c k e , L . , s. B e c k e r , W . 6 0 1
119,140
383
B . , s. A s c h o f f ,
F . R . , s. G r a y b i e l , A .
Deecke, L . , Scheid, P . , K o r n -
J . 3 6 2 , 367, 3 7 3 , 384
1 9 9 , 2 0 8 , 2 1 0 , 229, 5 8 7 , 6 0 6 ,
D a y , R , H . , s. W a d e , N . J . 7 2 ,
D a v i e s , J . D . 3 7 8 , 384
C o l l i n s , W . E . , s. S c h r o e d e r , D . C r a m p t o n , G . H . , s. B r o w n , J . J . 130,151 H.61,62,131,755, 377,380, Conrad,
D a y , R . , Wade, N . 72,141,174,
3 4 2 , 352
575
Crampton, G. H . , Young, F . A .
C o l t h e a r t , M . 162,186
J . 3 7 8 , 384
153
Crampton, G . H . , Schwam, W .
3 7 0 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 2 , 3 7 3 , 387
D a v e y , P . R . 358
Deane,
140, 575
3 7 4 , 3 7 7 , 3 7 8 , 3 7 9 , 3 8 1 , 386 C o l l i n s , W . E . , s. M e r t e n s , R . A .
H . J . , s. M a n n , C .
W . 8 4 , 8 6 , 88,147
384, 4 0 0 , 403, 4 8 2 , 485, 5 0 8 ,
C o l l i n s , W . E . , s. G u e d r y , F . E . C r a m p t o n , G . H . , G a l l , K . 6 0 , 60,61,62, 65,118,131,132,
Dauterive,
316, 3 6 4 , 367, 3 7 0 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 3 , 5 5 0 , 5 5 2 , 5 6 5 , 574,
130,142
D a n d y , W . E . 353, 4 3 9 , 444
187
577
C o l l i n s , W . E . , s. G i l s o n , R . D .
616 D a l R i , H . , Schaefer, K . P . 479,
D a y , M . A . C . 359
6 1 , 6 3 , 64,145
Collins, W . E . , Updegraff, B . P .
P . 354
D a v i e s , J . D . , s. D e a r n a l e y , E .
3 7 7 , 384
K r a n z , G . 5 4 7 , 574
D a l l e n b a c h , K . M . , s. W o r c h e l ,
4SI, 485
3 2 2 , 351
130,140
D a i n , C . A . 358
Dallos, P . J . ,Jones, R . W . 589,
2 6 2 , 263
3 6 2 , 366
Rice,
187
506,561,
C o r s o , J . I . 3 6 , 140
Collins, W . E . , Poe, R . H . 365, Collins,
Curran, C. R . , L a n e , H . L .181,
125,132,150 D i c h g a n s , J . 118 D i c h g a n s , J . , B r a n d t , T h . 116, 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9 , 125,141, 4 0 1 , 403 Dichgans, J . , Held, R . , Young, L . , B r a n d t , T h . 119,125,141
626
Author Index
D i c h g a n s , J . , J u n g , R . 117,141
D o u g l a s , W . K . 358
Dichgans, J . , Körner, F . , Voigt,
D o u g l a s , W . K . , s. M i n n e r s , H .
K.
117,141
A.
E i j s v o g e l , M . H . , s. Q u i x , F . H .
358
D i c h g a n s , J . , K o r n h u b e r , H . H . D o u g l a s s , C . G . , s. G r e e n , R . E . 208,
J . , s.
Brandt, T h .
D o w , R . S . 485
4 5 9 , 460 Draper,
Giorgio, A . M . , Manni,
Von
D i r i n g s h o f e n , H . 1 1 9 , 153
Von
Diringshofen, H . , Kessel,
Wrigley,
R . 126,142
H . , A d e s , H . W . 7 0 , 142
4 5 4 , 460, 4 6 4 , 4 6 9 , 485, 5 8 6 ,
Engström, H . , Wersäll, J . 69,
5 9 0 , 616
141
D u e n s i n g , F . , Schaefer, K . P . ,
E r i k s o n , J . H . , s. L a c h m a n , J .
T r e v i s a n , C . 4 8 4 , 486
3 6 5 , 367 E r i k s s o n , A . W . , s. V l i e t , A . G .
130,141
D i v o r k i n , S . , s. B a b k i n , B . P .
M . v a n 211,232
D u m o n t , S . 2 8 7 , 317
E r i k s s o n , L . , s. F l u u r , E . 2 0 0 ,
D u n c k e r , K . 1 7 8 , 1 7 9 , 187
4 0 0 , 402 D i x , M . R . , H a l l p i k e , C . S. 2 0 6 ,
230
D u n f i e l d , N . M . , s. C l e g g , W . C . 72, 85,139
230, 4 3 7 , 444 M . R., Hood,
J . D . 375,
D i x , M . R . , s. C a r m i c h a e l , E . A .
E s c h e r , F . 4 7 2 , 486 E v i a t a r , A . , s. R i t v o , E . R . 3 6 5 ,
D u n l a p , K . 3 7 1 , 3 7 3 , 384 D u s e k , E . R . 357,
3 7 6 , 3 7 7 , 384
Dzendolet,
368
358
E . 359,
E w a l d 430
555, 556,
E w a l d , J . R . 2 9 1 , 317, 4 5 1 , 4 5 2 , 460, 4 6 3 , 4 6 4 , 4 6 5 , 4 6 6 , 4 6 7 ,
575
222,229 M . , s. C a w t h o r n e ,
T. 43,
5 2 , 1 3 8 , 5 0 6 , 574
4 6 8 , 4 7 1 , 4 7 2 , 4 8 2 , 486 Eberhart, H . D., Inman, V . T.
D o c k e r a y , F . C , I s a a c s , S . 353 D o c k s t a d e r , S . L . 3 0 , 141 D o d g e , R . 2 5 , 5 8 , 1 4 1 , 3 6 1 , 367, 3 7 4 , 3 8 2 , 384, 4 1 8 , 4 3 4 , 444 D o d g e , R . , s. T r a v i s , R . C . 4 4 , 77, 78,152 460,
5 1 3 , 5 1 4 , 5 6 1 , 5 7 3 , 575
E c c l e s , J . C , I t o , M . , Szentâgothai, J . 604, 676 Eckel,
E y c k , M . 4 5 1 , 462
W . 2 8 5 , 317,
F a r b e r , Y u . V . , s. A r l a s c h e n k o ,
E c t o r s , L . , s. K e n n a r d , M . A .
Farmer, T. W . , Mustian, V . M .
N . 1. 353
6 1 1 , 6 1 2 , 617
353
E d h o l m , O . G . , s. B a r c r o f t , H . 3 9 3 , 402
D o l l e y , W . L . 4 6 5 , 485 D o l o w i t z , D . A . 4 2 0 , 4 2 5 , 445
J.
Dolowitz, D . A . , Forssman, B . ,
L . B . W . 4 2 5 , 4 3 0 , 445 Van
Fearing,
E g m o n d , A . A . J . , Groen, J . ,Hulk,
J . , Jongkees,
20, 2 5 , 2 8 , 29, 30, 33, 34, 4 4 ,
B . 3 7 4 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 0 , 385
6 0 , 1 2 1 , 153, 2 8 5 , 317, 4 1 5 ,
D o l o w i t z , D . A . , s. H e n r i k s s o n ,
420, 423, 425, 428, 430, 432,
N . G . 2 2 6 , 230, 2 6 9 , 279
445, 4 5 5 , 462, 4 7 2 , 4 8 3 ,
Domagk, G . F . , Zippel, H . P .
486,
5 0 2 , 5 0 6 , 5 0 7 , 579
4 8 2 , 485 J . M . L . , s. A l b e Hernàndez-
P é o n , R . 6 7 , 145 D o t y , R . L . 2 8 , 3 0 , 141, 5 8 2
Van
F . S . 355,
361,
367,
3 7 3 , 384, 4 2 1 , 445 Fearing, F . S., Mowrer, O. H . 3 6 1 , 3 6 7 , 3 7 3 , 384
E g m o n d , A . A . J . , Groen, J . J . , J o n g k e e s , L . B . W . 19,
D o l o w i t z , D . A . , s. F o r s s m a n ,
F a r r u g i a , P . , s. B e n s o n , A . J . 7 5 , 1 1 1 , 113,137
Van
F e s s a r d , D . 6 0 9 , 615
H . , s. C a r p e n t e r , M .
452, 454,
E d w a r d s , A . S . 355
H e n r i k s s o n , N . G . 2 6 9 , 278
Fabrega,
B . 4 7 9 , 485
460, 4 6 4 , 486
D o h l m a n , s. B u y s , E . 4 2 6
M . , s.
Van
359
D o b i e , T . B . 4 2 , 141
D o h l m a n , G . 220,230, 451,
H . , Lindeman, H .
6 9 , 141, 2 8 7 , 317, 4 5 2 , 4 5 3 ,
Duffy, F . H . , Lombrose, C. T.
Donaldson,
E m e l ' i a n o v , M . D . , s. G a l l e , R .
Engström,
D i t t l e r , R . 4 1 7 , 444
Donoso,
W.,
D u e n s i n g , F . , Schaefer, K . P .
1 1 7 , 1 5 3 , 3 8 0 , 384, 4 1 6 , 444, 579
Dix,
E i s n e r , W . 4 2 , 141 S.,
E n g e n , T . , R o s s , B . M . 4 0 , 141
G . , O s y p k a , P . 25,153 P . 8, 2 2 , 3 5 ,
C.
E l f t m a n , H . 359
D r e y f u s s , R . 4 6 9 , 485
V a n Dishoeck, H . A . E . , Spoor, A . , Nijhoff,
J . , s. K l i j n , J . A . J . 4 2 7 , 447
H o v o r k a , J . 4 9 6 , 575
E.
4 7 5 , 485
141,
E k v a l l , L . , s. G r a n t , G . 2 0 5 , 2 3 0
Drake, C. G., Stavraky, G. W .
6 0 7 , 620
Dix,
Ek,
384
D i G i o r g i o , A . M . 4 7 6 , 485
L . B. W.,
J . 23, 30, 58,
4 2 3 , 4 2 5 , 4 3 2 , 445
D o w d , P . J . , Cramer, R . L . 377,
146 D i c h g a n s , J . , s. S c h m i d t , C . L .
J . , Jongkees, Klijn,
D o w d , P . J . 3 6 4 , 3 6 5 , 367
118, 119, 125,138 D i c h g a n s , J . , s. K ö r n e r , F . 1 1 7 ,
Di
Ek,
353
211,229
Dichgans,
182,189 E i n s t e i n 103, 104
Fearing,
F . , s.
H a lstead,
W.
3 7 3 , 386 F e i l c h e n f e l d , H . 9 3 , 142 F e l d m a n n , H . 445 F e n d e r , D . H . , s. S t . - C y r , G . J . 5 8 9 , 620 F e n u , G . , s. C e n a c c h i , V . 3 6 4 ,
366 Egmond, A . A . J . , Jongkees, L . B . W . , Groen, J . J . Feoktistov, Y u g a t o v 556 4 2 8 , 445
E g y e d , J . , s. S p i e g e l , E . A . 8 , 152
F e r n a n d e z , C . 2 0 5 , 230 Fernandez, C , Fredrickson, J . M . 115, 126,142
Author Index
627
F e r n a n d e z , C , G o l d b e r g , J . M . F l u u r , E . 17, 102,142, 4 5 1 , 4 5 2 , 1 9 , 3 9 , 142,
507, 509, 510,
C., Lindsay, J . R . Schmidt,
R.
C , s.
Fredrickson,
Fernandez,
C . , s. G o l d b e r g , J .
6 0 , 6 2 , 143,
452,
461,
5 0 9 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 2 , 5 1 5 , 5 2 4 , 575 Fernandez,
C , s.
Henriksson,
C . s. R e d i n g , G . R .
F i g g e , U . , s. F r e d r i c k s o n , J . 8 ,
366 359 Fischer,
M . H . 9 3 , 142,
159,
163, 1 6 4 , 179,187, 4 1 7 , 4 1 8 , 4 2 5 , 4 3 5 , 445, 4 6 4 , 4 6 5 ,
471,
4 7 2 , 4 8 0 , 486 Fischer, M . H . , Veits, C. 418, 4 3 5 , 445 Fischer, M . H . , W o d a k , E . 269, 2 7 0 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 2 , 2 7 4 , 2 7 6 , 278, 4 2 9 , 4 3 3 , 445 Fischer, 270,
M . H . , s. W o d a k , E .
Fisher,
M . B . , Birren,
L e g g e t t , A . L . 355,
J . E.,
211,232 Forssman, Forssman,
146 Fitzgerald, G . , H a l l p i k e , C . S. 2 2 2 , 230 Fitzgerald,
Dolowitz,
D.
A . 374,
3 7 8 , 3 8 0 , 385 B . , s. D o l o w i t z ,
D.
Forssman,
B . , s.
Henriksson,
F o w l e r , E . P . , J r . , s. G l o r i g , A .
G . , s.
Cawthorne,
E . 4 5 1 , 4 5 4 , 460,
472,
4 8 3 , 485
W.
576 F . A . 2 7 6 , 279, 360 A . 356 221,230
Fredrickson,
I. E . , Hamburger,
C.
321,352 F r e g l y , A . R . , s. M c C l u r e , J . A . 3 9 9 , 404 F r e g l y , A . R . , s. M i l l e r , E . F . 8 6 , 9 3 , 9 4 , 9 5 , 9 6 , 149, 2 4 1 , 264, 3 2 5 , 352 F r e n c h , R . S . , s. N e w s o m ,
B.D.
354 F r e n z e l , H . 198, 200, 204, 221, 230, 4 3 8 , 4 3 9 , 445, 4 5 4 ,
460,
4 8 2 , 4 8 3 , 486
Scheid,
F r i e d b e r g , J . , s. M o n e y ,
K . E. 448
F r i e s , E . C , s. H e l l e b r a n d t , F . 360
F r i s i n a , R . 358 F u c h s , A . F . 5 8 9 , 616
J . , Figge,
P., Kornhuber,
U . , H .
8,142
Fuchs, A . F., Kornhuber, H . H . 5 8 6 , 5 9 8 , 5 9 9 , 616 Fuchs,
Kornhuber,
S c h w a r z 159
Fredrickson, J . M . , Schwarz, D .
A . F . , Luschei,
E . S.
5 8 6 , 5 9 0 , 617 F u c h s , A . F . , s. B e c k e r , W . 5 9 1 , 596, 675 F u c h s , A . F . , s. R o b i n s o n , D . A . 5 9 2 , 6 1 2 , 619
K o r n h u b e r , H . H . 230, 2 8 7 ,
F u j i m o t o , T . , s. T o k i t a , T . 3 5 5
317, 5 8 4 , 6 0 9 , 616
F u jita,
dez, C . 115, 126,142 F r e e d m a n , S . J . 1 3 4 , 142 A . R . , Bergstedt, M . ,
G r a y b i e l , A . 3 4 7 , 351 Fregly, A . R . , Graybiel, A . 250,
A . , H y d é n , H . 4 8 2 , 486
F r e g l y , A . R . , s. I g a r a s h i , M .
A.
Fredrickson, J . M . , Fernandez,
H.
352,
3 9 9 , 4 0 0 , 404, 4 0 7 , 411,
F r a n z e n , R . , s. M c F a r l a n d , R .
C.
3 3 3 , 3 3 8 , 3 4 2 , 3 5 0 , 351, 5 6 7 , 575
F r e u d 570,614
F r a n s e e n , E . B . , s. H e l l e b r a n d t ,
Fregly, 142,
358 Floberg,
F r a n k s , W . R . , s. J o h n s o n ,
F r e d r i c k s o n , J . M . , s. F e r n a n -
Fleishman, E . A . 72, 85,
263, 3 2 1 , 3 2 2 , 3 2 3 , 3 2 4 , 3 2 8 ,
Y.,
Rosenberg,
J . ,
S e g u n d o , J . P . 4 5 2 , 460 F u k u d a , T . 2 7 0 , 2 7 3 , 278,
354,
5 8 4 , 617 Fukuda, T.,Hinoki, M . , Tokita, T . 3 7 3 , 3 7 8 , 385 F u k u d a , T . , T o k i t a , T . 353,354, 357
330, 333, 336, 345, 3 4 6 , 3 5 0 , F u k u d a , T . , T o k i t a , T . , A o k i a ,
F l o c k , A . , Wersau, J . 5 1 9 , 575
351
Flourens, J . P . M . 291, 307, 317, 4 0 5 , 410, 445, 4 6 3 , 4 6 5 ,
Fregly,
40*
B . , Henriksson, N .
7 2 , 1 4 2 , 2 8 7 , 317
F i t t s , P . M . , s. J o n e s , R . E . 8 5 ,
486
B . 376, 378, 380,
Fredrickson, J . M.,Schwarz,D.,
358
F i s k e , D . 353
T.
134,143, 234, 2 3 5 , 2 6 1 , 2 6 2 ,
Fredrickson,
280
A . R., Smith, M . J . ,
W o o d , C. D . , Cramer, D . B .
263, 264, 3 2 1 , 3 2 2 , 3 2 3 , 3 2 4 ,
H . 3 9 0 , 3 9 1 , 3 9 2 , 403, 5 5 8 ,
F i s c h e r , J . J . 353
A . R., Smith, M . J . ,
G r a y b i e l , A . 3 2 2 , 3 3 8 , 351
F o r s i u s , H . , s. V l i e t , A . G . M .
353
F i n n e y , L . M . , s. W h i t e , W . J .
324,351
3 2 2 , 351
N . G . 2 2 6 , 230, 2 6 9 , 279
142 F i n e r , B . L . , s. A s c h a n , G . 3 6 5 ,
A.,
F r e g l y , A . R . , s. G r a y b i e l , A .
A . 2 6 9 , 278
F e r r e r i , G . 4 1 4 , 445
A . R., Oberman,
F o r d , F . R . , W a l s h , F . B . 353
Forssman,
261,265
R . S.
Graybiel, A., Mitchell, R . E .
Fregly, E . , s. B r a n d t , U . 1 0 2 ,
138, 1 5 9 , 4 1 6 , 444
G. ,
3 7 0 , 3 7 3 , 387 Fernandez
385
385, 4 2 6 , 445
N . G . 3 7 0 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 3 , 386 F e r n a n d e z , C , s. P r o c t o r , L . R .
Fregly,
Fregly,
F o e r s t e r , 0 . 6 0 9 , 616
J . M . 221,230 M.
263
Fluur,
370,385 Fernandez,
A . 69,
Fluur, E . ,Mendel, L . 374, 378,
4 0 8 , 4 1 0 , 445 C ,
E . , Mellström,
102,142, 1 6 3 , 165,187, 2 3 5 ,
A b e n d , W . K . 5 3 2 , 575
Fernandez,
Fluur,
Fregly, A . R., Kennedy, 344,351
F l u u r , E . , E r i k s s o n , L . 2 0 0 , 230
5 1 2 , 5 1 5 , 5 2 7 , 5 5 2 , 575 Fernandez, C , Goldberg, J .M . , Fernandez,
4 5 4 , 460, 486
S., W a t a n a b e , A.
R., Graybiel, A . ,
Smith, M . J . 322, 333, 338, 351
T., Hishida,
K . , Tashiro, K . , Miyata, H . , M a z u o k a , T J . 3 7 6 , 3 7 7 , 385 F u r u k a w a , R . , s. H o n j o , S . 357
628
Author Index
Gabrielli,
L . , s.
Cenacchi,
V.
3 6 4 , 366
Stockwell, R . , s.
Rupert,
A.
4 5 2 , 461
Collins, W . E . , Guedry, F . E . Gilson, R . D . ,Stockwell, C. W . ,
G a l l , K . , s. C r a m p t o n , G . H . 6 0 , 140, 575
Guedry,
F . E . 5 6 , 6 2 , 142
G i l s o n , R . D . , s. C o l l i n s , W . E .
Galle, R . R . , Emel'ianov, M .D . 126,142 Galle, R . R . , YemePyanov, M . D.359 J . 2 7 7 , 280, 5 8 4 , 619
W.
Garner, W . R . , H a k e , H . W . 56, 57,142 164,187
G a s t a u t , H . 2 1 5 , 230 W.
317,
4 2 6 , 445, 4 5 2 , 4 5 4 , 460, 5 8 6 ,
2 6 8 , 279, 4 5 2 , 4 5 4 , 460, 4 6 4 ,
7,136
A . 164,
Carpenter,
Glorig, A . , Fowler,
H.
E . P.,J r .
G o b l e , G . J . , s. N e w s o m , B . D .
Goetzinger,
C . P . , s.
Scanlon,
Goldberg, J . M . , Fernandez, C. 4 5 2 , 461, 5 0 9 ,
510,512,515, 524,575 C . 19, 39,142, 5 0 7 , 5 0 9 , 5 1 0 ,
G i b s o n , J . J . 1 5 6 , 1 6 2 , 1 6 6 , 168,
512, 515, 527, 532, 552, 575
Gibson, J . J . , Mowrer,
G o l d b e r g , L . 2 7 6 , 279, 355, 359 O. H .
1 0 9 , 1 1 9 , 142, 1 6 0 , 1 6 2 , 187 G i b s o n , J . J . , R a d n e r , M . 160, 162, 169,187 Gierke,
H . E . v o n , s.
Harris,
C . S . 358 G i e r k e , H . E . v o n , s. N i x o n , C . W . 359 G i l b r e t h , D . A . 575 Gildenberg, P . L . , Hassler, R . 4 7 5 , 486 G i l l i n g h a m , K . K . 3 6 5 , 367 G i l l i n g h a m , K . , s. M c C a b e , B . F . 4 2 6 , 448
G o l d b e r g , L . , s. A s c h a n , G . M . 307,315 G o l d b e r g , M . E . , s. W u r t z , R . H . 2 1 7 , 232, 6 0 4 , 620 Goltz,
D.
Graybiel,
A . , Clark,
B . , Zar353,
3 9 2 , 403, 5 6 7 , 5 7 5 Graybiel, A . ,Fregly, A . R . 234, 263, 3 2 1 , 3 2 2 , 3 2 3 , 3 5 0 , 351 Graybiel,
A . , Guedry,
F. E.,
Johnson, W . H . , Kennedy, R . 3 7 8 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 1 , 385 Graybiel, A . , H u p p , D . I. 22, 2 3 , 1 4 3 , 3 8 0 , 385 Graybiel, A . , Johnson,
W. H .
143, 2 6 2 , 263, 3 0 9 , 317, 3 2 5 , 351, 5 5 0 Graybiel,
A . , Kellogg,
R.
S.
Ì 0 3 , 143, 2 5 4 , 263, 5 5 5 , 5 7 5 Graybiel, A . , Kennedy, K n o b lock,
E. C ,
R . S., Guedry,
F. E . , Mertz, W . , McLeod, M.
E . , Colehour,
J . K.,
Miller, F . F . , Fregly, A . R .
E . 359
1 3 4 , 143, 3 3 8 , 352, 5 6 7 , 5 7 5
F . 463, 464, 465, 466,
Graybiel, A . , Kerr, W . , Hupp,
Goldfien,
G i e r k e 527
B.,Mac-
r i e l l o , J . J . 1 3 1 , 143,
353
G h e n t , L . , s. S o m m e s , J . 8 , 151 173, 178, 1 8 1 , 1 * 7
A . , Clark,
Cor quodale, K . , H u p p , 22,143
G o l d b e r g , J . M . , s. F e r n a n d e z ,
85,142
1 6 2 , 1 7 9 , 187,
2 4 7 , 263, 3 2 5 , 351 Graybiel,
W . , s.
6 0 , 6 2 , 143,
Gescheider, G . A . , W r i g h t , J .
8 2 , 1 0 7 , 143, 5 0 8 , 5 4 2 , 5 7 5 9 3 , 9 5 , 143,
G i r o t t i , G . 164,187
S . L . 359
G e r n a n d t , B . , s. A n d e r s s o n , S .
401,403,
Graybiel, A . , Clark, B . 82, 86,
617 354, 359 G e r n a n d t , B . , I g a r a s h i , E . M . , G o e t z i n g e r , C . P . 358 A d e s , H . W . 4 3 4 , 445 G o e t z i n g e r , C . P . , s. C u n n i n g Gernandt, B . E . , Thulin, C. A . h a m , D . R.358 486
165, 234,
Graybiel, A . , B r o w n , R . H . 75,
4 7 5 , 484
M . B . 4 7 9 , 485
G e r n a n d t , B . E . 7 2 , 142, 2 6 8 ,
G r a y b i e l , A . 7 5 , 143, 3 5 0 , 351, 3 9 0 , 3 9 2 ,
Glinsmann,
G e l d a r d , F . A . 7, 142
G r a y , R . F . , Crosbie, R . J . 299,
4 2 6 , 4 2 9 , 445, 5 7 3
187
G e l b , A . 162,187
L . 2 0 5 , 230
G i r e t t i , M . L . , s. A z z e n a , G . B .
Girotti, G., Bordogna,
G e i s s l e r , H . G . 1 7 5 , 187
G r a h e , K . 4 3 4 , 445
G i r e t t i , M . L . 4 7 6 , 4 7 8 , 486
488
360
G o t o , T . , s. T o k i t a , T . 355 Grahe 79
2 4 4 , 2 5 6 , 263, 3 2 4 , 3 2 5 , 3 3 0 ,
65,152
G i r e t t i , M . L . , s. M a n n i , E . 4 7 5 ,
G a z e n k o , O . 2 5 4 , 263
K . , Co-
317
J . 130,151 G i l s o n , R . D . , s. S t o c k w e l l , C .
G a r n e r , W . R . 5 7 , 142
Goto, K . , Tokumasu,
G r a n t , W . T . 355
4 5 , 5 3 , 5 6 , 108,145 G i l s o n , R . D . , s. S c h r o e d e r , D .
G a r c i n , R . , s. R a d e m a k e r , G . G .
279, 2 8 4 , 2 8 5 , 2 8 6 , 2 8 7 ,
Yuganov,
E . M . 5 5 4 , 5 5 6 , 580
Grant, G . , Aschan, G., Ekvall,
130,140 G i l s o n , R . D . , s. G u e d r y , F . E .
G e a r , R . J . , s. G r i e v e , D.
G o r s h i k o v , A . L . , s.
h e n , B . 3 6 2 , 367
130,142
G a l e b s k y , A . 6 , 142
G a r t e n , S. 8 8 , 90,142,
F. E.,
C . W . 1 3 1 , 142
G i l s o n , R . D . , S c h r o e d e r , D . J . , G o t o , K . 357
G a e f f k e , H . 5 9 2 , 5 9 3 , 617 Galambos,
Gilson, R . D . , Guedry,
A . , s. Y o r k ,
D . , B a r t l e y , S . 2 5 , 5 8 , 143
4 7 9 , 486 G o n s h o r , A . 1 3 4 , 6 0 4 , 617 Gonshor,
A . , Melvill Jones, G .
G. m ,
scher, D . E . , Riopelle, A .J . 575
131,143 Gonshor,
Graybiel, A . , Meek, J . C , B e i -
A . , s. M e l v i l l
Jones,
148
G o o d s o n , J . E . , s. M i l l e r , J . W . 119, 120,149 G o o r n y , A . B . , s. B e n s o n , A . J . 3 6 , 1 3 7 , 3 6 5 , 366
Graybiel, A . , Miller, E . F . 75, 143, 2 3 4 , 2 5 7 , 2 6 2 , 263, Graybiel,
A . , Miller,
264
E. F.,
Billingham, J . , Waite,
R.,
Berry, C. A . , Deitlein, L . F . 1 0 3 , 1 0 4 , 143, 2 4 2 , 2 4 4 , 264
Author
Graybiel,
A.,
Newsom,
Miller,
9 1 , 9 6 , 143, 247, 256, Graybiel,
1 6 4 , 187, 2 3 7 ,
A.,
Niven,
Graybiel, F., E.
J .
K .
J . L.
2 4 7 , 2 5 2 , 264 H .
A. R.,
Miller,
F . II.', M c L e o d ,
M . E.
2 3 5 , 264, 3 2 4 , 3 3 3 , 352 Graybiel,
A . , Smith,
Guedry, E.
F.
C.
R.,
F . E . , J r . , Miller, II., Fregly,
A . R.,
C r a m e r , D . B . 2 6 1 , 2 6 2 , 264, 333,
G r a y b i e l , A . , s. L a n s b e r g ,
M.P.
2 5 6 , 264, 3 0 0 , 3 0 2 , 318, 5 5 0 , 577 399,
352
Graybiel, A . , Stockwell, C. W . , Guedry, F . E . ,J r . 234, 262,
A . , s.
McMitchael,
G r a y b i e l , A . , s. M e e k , J . C . 4 2 7 , 448 G r a y b i e l , A . , s. M i l l e r , E . F . 8 6 , 93, 94, 95, 96, 100,103,149, 159, 1 6 4 , 165, 1 7 5 , 179,189, 234, 235, 239, 240, 241, 242, 251, 252, 257, 259, 262,
264,
G r a y b i e l , A . , s. M i n n e r s , H . A .
403
G r a y b i e l , A . , s. N i v e n , J . I . 2 6 2 ,
Miller,
A., Wood,
C.
E . F. II.,
Cramer,
D.,
D . B . 2 5 7 , 264 G r a y b i e l , A . , s. B r o w n ,
R. H .
23,138 G r a y b i e l , A . , s. C l a r k , B . 2 5 , 5 6 , 72, 86, 9 0 , 94, 96, 107, 108, 110,139, 1 6 4 , 175,186, 2 4 7 , 2 4 9 , 263, 3 2 5 , 351, 353, 3 9 9 , 401,403,
5 4 2 , 574
G r a y b i e l , A . , s. C o l e h o u r , J . K . 400,
Graybiel,
A . , s. F r e g l y ,
A. R.
2 5 0 , 263, 3 2 1 , 3 2 2 , 3 2 3 , 3 2 4 , 328, 330, 333, 336, 338, 3 4 5 , 346, 347,350,351 G r a y b i e l , A . , s. G u e d r y ,
3 7 3 , 3 7 7 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 1 , 3 8 2 , 386, 576
Graybiel,
G r a y b i e l , A . , s. W h i t e s i d e ,
T.D.
G r a y b i e l , A . , s. W o e l l n e r , R . C .
A . , s. H a r r i s ,
C. S.
3 9 9 , 403, 5 0 0 , 5 7 6
353
R . S.
G r a y b i e l , A . , s. K e n n e d y , R . S .
425,
4 2 8 , 4 3 0 , 4 3 2 , 445, 4 5 5 ,
462,
4 7 2 , 4 8 3 , 486, 5 0 2 , 5 0 6 , 5 0 7 , 579 G r o e n , J . J . , s. J o n g k e e s , L . B . W . 71, 73, 77, 78, 79, 80, 87,
G r e e n b e r g , G . 1 7 8 , 187 G r e e n e , D . , s. S m i t h , K . U . 360 Greiner,
G . F . , Conraux,
C ,
P i c a r t , P . 2 2 3 , 230 Griesbach,
E . , s. H o l s t , E . v o n
C . R . 3 6 1 , 367,
371,
677
Becker,
W.
Gualtierotti,
T . , A l l tucker,
D.
G u e d r y , F . E . 9, 2 3 , 4 8 , 5 6 , 6 0 , 61,
66, 74, 75, 77, 87, 92,
1 0 6 , 1 1 1 , 112, 113, 114, 115, 116,119, 120, 123, 124,125, 126, 127, 130, 1 3 1 , 132, 1 3 3 , 1 3 4 , 1 4 4 , 1 8 2 , 1 8 7 , 2 3 4 , 264, 290, 294, 295, 309, 310, 3 7 7 , 3 2 5 , 352, 3 6 5 , 3 6 7 , 3 7 3 , 3 7 5 , 376, 377, 378, 379, 380,
381,
3 8 2 , 385, 386, 3 9 2 , 403,
446,
Guedry,
F . E . , Ambler,
R. K .
1 1 6 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 1 , 144 Guedry,
F . E . , Benson, A . J .
Guedry,
F . E . , Ceran, S. J . 43,
575 Guedry,
F . E . , Collins, W . E .
60, 6 1 , 6 2 , 6 5 , 135,144, 3 8 1 , 386
Grigoryev,
Y u . G . , s.
Arla-
s c h e n k o , N . T. 353
Guedry, 377 Guedry,
J . , s. P r e c h t ,
F . E . , Collins, W . E . ,
G r a y b i e l , A . 1 3 1 , 1 3 2 , 145.
359 W . 458,
461 Groen,
B . , s.
4 5 , 4 6 , 5 0 , 5 8 , 5 9 , 144, 5 0 6 ,
G r i e v e , D . W . , G e a r , R , J . 360
Grippo,
Grözinger,
128,144
163,188 Griffith,
447,
576
541, 546, 576
378,381,356 F . E . , Collins, W . E . ,
S h e f f e y , P . L . 118,145, 3 6 3 , 365, 367, 374, 378, 379, 3 8 1 , 386
J . J . 6, 6 0 , 6 2 , 6 5 , 6 7 ,
4 0 8 , 410, 4 1 6 , 4 1 9 , 4 2 4 , 4 2 5 , 4 2 6 , 4 2 9 , 4 3 0 , 445,
318
3 4 5 , 352, 354
R . E . , Douglass, C. C.
1 2 0 , 1 4 3 , 1 4 4 , 2 9 4 , 2 9 6 , 317,
G r a y b i e l , A . , s. J o h n s o n , W . H . G r a y b i e l , A . , s. K e l l o g g ,
Green,
G r o e b b e l s , F . 4 6 5 , 486
3 6 5 , 367
304,
A. J .
G r i m e s , R . H . , s. W h i t e , W . J . F. E.
1 3 1 , 1 3 2 , 1 4 4 , 1 4 5 , 3 4 4 , 352, 567,
G r a y b i e l , A . , s. R o m a n ,
375,376, 378, 381,355,581,
403
153,
2 8 5 , 317, 4 1 5 , 4 2 0 , 4 2 3 ,
S . 4 5 2 , 461, 4 6 4 , 486
1 5 9 , 190, 2 3 9 , 266, 5 2 5 , 580
Graybiel,
30, 3 3 , 3 4 , 4 4 , 6 0 , 121,
601
358
M . 3 5 , 154, 2 5 6 , 266
Graybiel, A . , W o o d , C. D . 402,
Egmond,
516,
298,320
575
J . J . , s. V a n
578
Deane, F . R . , Fregly, A . R . ,
W. H .
Groen,
146, 4 1 7 , 4 1 8 , 4 1 9 , 4 3 6 ,
1 1 0 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 3 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 3 , 151
L . 3 4 2 , 352
446, 5 0 2 , 5 0 8 , 5 0 9 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 1 ,
265, 3 2 5 , 3 3 0 , 352, 5 2 5 , 5 2 6 ,
G r a y b i e l , A . , s. R e a s o n , J . T .
Graybiel, A . , Whiteside,
O.,
A . J . H . 19, 5 9 ,
A . A . J . 19, 20, 2 5 , 28, 29,
Graybiel, A . ,Thompson, A . B . , Colehour, J . K . , Ricks, E .
J . J . , Lowenstein,
Vendrick,
512, 518, 575
404
Graybiel,
265, 354, 4 7 2 , 4 8 3 , 488
264
Groen,
6 2 , 144, 2 8 3 , 317, 4 1 5 , 4 2 3 ,
A . E . 578
A . , Schuknecht,
Fregly,
I.,
299,
445
A . , Patterson,
8 5 , 143,
629
G r a y b i e l , A . , s. M c C l u r e , J . A .
317, 4 1 6 , 4 3 4 , 81,
F.,
264
MacCorquodale, Graybiel,
E.
B . , Kennedy, R .
Index
446
Groen, J . J . ,Jongkees, L . B . W . 25, 28, 2 9 , 3 1 , 3 4 , 4 4 , 4 5 , 46, 144, 3 6 2 , 367, 3 7 8 , 385, 4 2 1 , 446, 5 0 6 , 5 7 5
Guedry,
F . E . , Cramer,
R. L.,
K o e l l a , W . P . 6 1 , 6 3 , 64,145 Guedry,
F.
E . , Graybiel,
A.
131, 132,144, 3 7 3 , 377, 3 7 8 , 3 8 2 , 386, 5 6 7 , 5 7 6 Guedry, F . E . , Graybiel, A . , Collins, W . E . 377, 378, 381, 386
630
Author Index
Guedry, F . E . , Harris, C. S. 74, 7 7 , 8 7 , 1 0 5 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 7 , 145, 3 0 8 , 317, 5 4 1 , 576 Guedry,
F . E . , Holmes,
J . T.
72, 85,150
F . E . , J r . , Kennedy,
b i e l , A . 3 4 4 , 352
J . 130, 757 Guedry,
2 5 6 , 265,
Hamburger, C. A . , Hydén, H . 4 8 2 , 486
F . E . , s.
Stockwell,
C . W . 65, 108,109,110,152,
Guedry, F . E . , Lauver, L .S.44,
Halstead, W . , Yacorzynski, G . , F e a r i n g , F . 3 7 3 , 386
G u e d r y , F . E . , s. S c h r o e d e r , D .
R . S., Harris, C. S., Gray-
H a l p e r n , L . 1 6 2 , 187 H a l s t e a d , W . 3 7 3 , 3 8 2 , 386
2 2 , 1 1 7 , 148 G u e d r y , F . E . , s. P a s s e y , G . E .
130,145 Guedry,
G u e d r y , F . E . , s. M a n n , C . W .
Hamburger,
311,320
Hamersma,
5 8 , 5 9 , 60,145,363,367,381,
G ü n t h e r , W . 1 9 5 , 230
4 3 4 , 446
386
G ü t t i c h , A . 2 7 0 , 2 7 4 , 279, 4 3 7 ,
Guedry, F . E . , Montague, E .K .
446, 486
386, 5 2 7 , 5 5 4 , 576 Guedry, F . E . , Owens, G . G . , Cummings, M . , Norman, J . F . E . , Owens, G . G . ,
N o r m a n , J . W . 44, 49, 58, F . E . , Richmond, G.
H a r l a n , W . L . , s. M a h o n e y , J .
G u r f i n k e l , V . S . , s. B a b s k i i , E . B . 359 Gutierry-Mahonejr,
Guedry, F . E . , Stockwell, C. W . , G u t m a n , Gilson, R . D . 45,53,56,108,
104,141
G . G . de,
J . , s. B e r g m a n n , F .
3 6 4 , 366
G. 44, 47, 4 8 , 5 1 , 5 2 , 5 6 , 1 0 8 , 145 G u e d r y , F . E . , s. A m b l e r , R . K . 126,136 G u e d r y , F . E . , s. B e n s o n , A . J . 45,
53, 54, 111, 112, 113,
116, 128,137, 2 9 0 , 2 9 2 , 3 0 9 , 310,311,376,548, 549, 552, 5 5 3 , 5 6 6 , 5 6 7 , 574 G u e d r y , F . E . , s. B r o w n , R . H . 3 7 9 , 3 8 0 , 383 G u e d r y , F . E . , s. C o l l i n s , W . E . 53, 54, 59, 60, 62, 130, 135, 140, 3 6 3 , 366, 3 7 5 , 3 8 1 , 384, 4 2 3 , 444 G u e d r y , F . E . , s. C o r r e i a , M . J . 7 5 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 5 , 140, 1 8 2 , 1 8 6 , 3 6 5 , 367, 3 9 2 , 403, 5 4 6 , 574 G u e d r y , F . E . , s. G i l s o n , R . D . 5 6 , 6 2 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 1 , 142 G u e d r y , F . E . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 1 3 4 , 1 4 3 , 2 3 4 , 2 6 1 , 2 6 2 , 264, 333, 3 3 8 , 352, 3 7 8 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 1 , 385, 5 6 7 , 575 3 6 5 , 367 M.
P . 2 5 6 , 264,
318, 5 5 0 , 577
300, 302,
F. E,
C. S., Sommer,
H . S.
H a r r i s , C . S . , s. G u e d r y , F . E .
H a b e r , R . N . 1 3 4 , 145 H a g b a r t h , K . E . , s. A s c h a n , G . 3 6 5 , 366 Haimovici,
H . , s. C a n n o n , W .
B . 4 5 9 , 460 Hakas,
P . , Kornhuber,
H .H .
2 2 2 , 230 H a k e , H . W . , s. G a r n e r , W . R .
74,
77, 87, 105, 106, 107,
145, 3 0 8 , 317, 3 4 4 , 352, 5 4 1 , 576 H a r r i s , C . S . , s. N i x o n , C . W . 359 H a r r i s , J . , s. M o r a n t , R . B . 1 6 2 , 189 Harrison,
56, 57,142
O , s. H a m p s o n , J .
5 9 8 , 6*77
H a l l g r e n , B . 353 H a l l p i k e , C . S . 2 9 1 , 317
H a s e g a w a , T . 1 6 5 , 188
H a l l p i k e , C . S . , C a i r n s , H . 576
H a s s l e r , R . 2 1 7 , 230
H a l l p i k e , C. S., H o o d , J . Ü. 35,
H a s s l e r , R . , s. G i l d e n b e r g , P . L .
4 3 , 5 2 , 6 3 , 64,145, 4 2 5 , 4 2 9 , H a l l p i k e , C. S., H o o d , J . ,B y ford,
4 7 5 , 486 H a u t y , G . T . , s. P e a r s o n , R . G .
446 G . 2 5 , 145,
4 2 9 , 446
H a l l p i k e , C . S . , s. C a r m i c h a e l , E . A . 2 2 2 , 229 H a l l p i k e , C , s. C a w t h o r n e , T .
72, 85,150 H a v i l l , C . D . , s. S a d o f f , M . 2 5 , 37, 757 Hawkins,
W . R . , s. M i n n e r s ,
H . A.358
4 3 , 5 2 , 138, 4 3 7 , 444, 4 5 1 ,
H a y g o o d , R o b e r t O , s.
4 5 4 , 460, 4 7 2 , 4 8 3 , 485, 5 0 6 ,
holm, Ernest 573
574 Hallpike,
C . S . , s. C i t r o n , C .
4 3 7 , 444 C . S . , s. C o r v e r a , J .
17,140 H a l l p i k e , C . S . , s. D i x , M . R .
G u e d r y , F . E . , J r . , s. L a n s b e r g ,
C. S., Guedry,
358
Hallpike,
G u e d r y , F . E . , s. H a r r i s , C . S .
358 Harris, Harris,
Guedry, F . E . , Stockwell, C. W . , N o r m a n , J . W . , Owens, G .
Harris, C. S., v o n Gierke, H . E .
G r a y b i e l , A . 3 6 5 , 367
G u t t i c h , A . 3 6 1 , 367
145
L . 3 6 2 , 367, 3 7 4 , 386 H a r p e r , C . R , , s. C u l l e n , J . F .
s. C h u s i d , J . G . 4 8 2 , 485
27, 28,145
O,
G u i l l e m e n , V . , s. T o r o k , N . 2 2 0 , H a n c o c k , J . A . 353 232 H a r d e n Jones, F . R . 559,560, G u l i c k , W . I . , s. V e r n o n , J . A . 576
G u r n e e , H . 7 7 , 7 8 , 145
145 Guedry,
J . , Harrison,
W o o l s e y , C . 5 9 8 , 617
359
W . 6 0 , 6 3 , 64,145 Guedry,
H . 2 2 2 , 230, 4 2 5 ,
H a m m e r , L . R . 1 0 3 , 145 Hampson,
1 2 0 , 1 2 3 , 1 2 4 , 1 4 5 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 0 , G u i g n a r d , J . C . 360
C . A . , s. F l o b e r g ,
I . E . 4 8 2 , 486
2 0 6 , 230, 4 3 7 , 444 H a l l p i k e , C . S . , s. F i t z g e r a l d , G . 2 2 2 , 230
Lind-
H e a d , H . 353, 358 H e a t h , S . R . 358 H e b b , D . O . 3 6 , 145 Hécaen, H . , Ajuriaguerra, J . de 2 1 8 , 230 H e i n , A . , s. H e l d , R . 1 3 4 , 145 H e l d , R , 1 3 4 , 1 3 5 , 145 H e l d , R , , H e i n , A . 134,775
Author Index
H e l d , R . , s. D i c h g a n s ,
J . 119,
631
H i l l , R , J . , s. C o l l i n s , W . E . 1 3 0 , H o o d , J . D . , s. H a l l p i k e , C . S . 140
125,141 Hellebrandt, F . A . ,B r a u n , G . I .
2 5 , 3 5 , 4 3 , 5 2 , 6 3 , 6 4 , 145,
H i l l , R . M . , s. H o r n , G . 1 3 0 , 1 4 6 H i l t z , F . F . 5 6 6 , 576
360 Hellebrandt,
F . A . , Franseen,
E . B . 2 7 6 , 279,
360
Hinchcliffe,
H o p p e n b r o u w e r s , T . , s. B r u n i a ,
R . 3 8 0 , 386,
434,
446
Hellebrandt, F . A . , Riddle, K .
4 2 9 , 446 C . H . M . 2 7 1 , 278 Horcholle-Bossavit,
H i n o k i , M . 354
Tyc-Du-
m o n t 586
S., L a r s e n , E . M . , Fries, E .
Hinoki,
M . , K i t a h a r a , M . 360
H o r n , G . , H i l l , R . M . 1 3 0 , 146
C . 360
Hinoki, M . , Kurosawa, R . 437,
H o r t o n , M . O . , s. A l d e n , F . D .
H e l m h o l t z 157 Hemingway,
446
A . 3 8 9 , 3 9 9 , 403
H e n d e r s o n , J . W . 3 7 1 , 386
3 7 8 , 385
Henderson, J . W . , Crosby, E .C. 6 1 2 , 617 H e n m o n , V . A . C . 353 5 9 0 , 616 420,446
D.
354
Howard, I. P . , Templeton, W . B . 7, 1 7 , 7 2 , 8 2 , 8 6 , 9 4 , 9 5 , 117, 1 1 9 , 120,146, 1 6 0 , 1 6 5 ,
H i t z i g 369
178,188 H o w e , E . C , s. C o l l i n s , V . D .
Hixson, W . C , Niven, J . I. 66, 1 2 8 , 146, 5 0 2 , 5 0 7 , 576
H e n r i k s s o n , N . G . 2 2 0 , 2 2 6 , 230 Henriksson,
N . G.,
A . , Forssman,
Dolowitz, B . 226,
230, 2 6 9 , 279
Hixson,
W . C , Niven,
B . , D o l o w i t z , D . A . 2 6 9 , 279 Henriksson, N . G . , Johansson,
J . I.,
Correia, M . J . 10, 12, 13, 15, 120,146
H u d s p a t h , W . J . 4 8 2 , 487
H i x s o n , W . C , s. N i v e n , J . I . 75, 77, 106, 111,
5 0 6 , 5 6 1 , 578,
150,
391,404,
579
F e r n a n d e z , C . 3 7 0 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 3 , H o e h n e , O . , s. B e c k e r , W . 6 0 0 , 386 615
D . A . 2 6 9 , 278 B . 3 7 4 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 0 , 385 36,150
Hernândez-Péon, M.
R.,
Donoso,
67,145
Hershey,
180, 1 8 1 , 185,188, 4 6 4 , 4 6 6 , Holst,
E . v o n , Griesbach,
H e r t z b e r g , O . E . 358
163,188 156, 158, 169,188, 4 1 6 , 4 2 6 , 446, 5 8 4 , 617
H e r t z m a n , M . , s. W i t k i n , H . A . 181,190
H o m i c k , G . L . , s. B e r r y , C . A . 4 0 2 , 402
Heschl 438
Honjo,
H e s s , W . R . 6 1 2 , 617
H o o d , J . D . 4 1 9 , 446
H i c k s , S . A . 358 H i g h s t e i n , S . M . , s. C o h e n ,
S., F u r u k a w a , R .
357
Hood, J . D . , Pfaltz, C. R . 362, B.
115,126,139 H i l d i n g , A . C . 2 5 , 146 H i l l , C . J . , J r . , s. A l e x a n d e r , S . J . 2 6 2 , 263
E.
Holst, E . v o n , Mittelstaedt, H .
D a n i e l , E d . 5 6 2 , 576
J . , s. V o n B a u m -
g a r t e n , R . J . 580 H u l k , J . , H e n k e s , H . E . 446 2 9 , 146, 4 0 6 , 410, 4 2 0 , 4 3 0 , H u l k , J . , s. V a n E g m o n d ,
A.
H u l k , J . , s. J o n g k e e s , L . B . W .
J . Q . 3 7 6 , 386
4 7 3 , 486, 5 8 1 , 5 8 2 , 6 1 2 , 617
H e r i n g 157
E.165,186 Hukuhara,
A . J . 4 2 5 , 4 3 0 , 445
V o n H o l s t , E . 6 8 , 9 8 , 153, 1 7 8 ,
H e n r i k s s o n , N . G . , s. N i l s s o n ,
H u i z i n g a , E . , s. B e n j a m i n s , C .
4 3 2 , 446
H o l m e s , J . T . , s. G u e d r y , F . E . Holsopple,
H u i z i n g a , E . 1 6 5 , 1 8 8 , 4 6 5 , 487
H u l k , J . , Jongkees, L . B . W .
Hofmann, F . B . , Bielschowsky,
130,145
H e n r i k s s o n , N . G . , s. F o r s s m a n ,
A.
H o f m a n , F . B . 1 8 2 , 188 A.160,188
H e n r i k s s o n , N . G . , s. D o l o w i t z ,
T. N .
H u d d l e s t o n , O . L . 3 7 1 , 373,386
3 0 8 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 1 , 319,
A n d e r s o n , A . 3 6 , 145
D . H . , Wiesel,
172,188
164, 165,186
H . 2 7 6 , 279, 360
A. , Tibbling, L . , Nilsson, A . ,
360
9 8 , 9 9 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 3 , 140,
66,
Henriksson, N . G . , Lundgren,
H u b b a r d , A . W . , Stetson, R . H . Hubel,
G . , Olsson, L . G . , Östlund, Henriksson, N . G . , K o h u t , R . ,
353, 355 H o w l a n d , H o w a r d , C. 573
H i x s o n , W . C , s. C o r r e i a , M . J .
Henriksson, N . G . , Forssman,
C. S.
H i s h i d a , K . , s. F u k u d a , T . 3 7 6 ,
H i x s o n , W . C . 3 9 , 146 P . E . 2 7 2 , 2 7 6 , 279,
J . , s. D r a p e r ,
4 9 6 , 575
3 7 7 , 385
H e n n , V . , s. C o h e n , B . 2 1 7 , 229,
H o u s e , W . F . 3 3 3 , 352 Hovorka,
H i n s d a l e , C . 356 H i r s c h , C . 2 7 2 , 2 7 3 , 279,
H e n k e s , H . E . , s. H u l k , J . 446
Hennebert,
357
H i n o k i , M . , s. F u k u d a , T . 3 7 3 ,
367, 3 7 3 , 386 H o o d , J . , s. C a w t h o r n e ,
7,
8,141
H u n t e r , J . , s. T a y l o r , N . B . J . 401,404 H u p p , D . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 2 2 . 2 3 , 2 5 , 5 8 , 143, 3 8 0 , 385 H u s b a n d , R . W . 356 Hyden,
Holger,
E d . 566, 567,
576 Hydén,
H . , s. F l o b e r g ,
I. E .
4 8 2 , 486 H y d é n , H . , s. H a m b u r g e r , C . A . 4 8 2 , 486
T. 43,
5 2 , 1 3 8 , 5 0 6 , 574 H o o d , J . D . , s. D i x , M . R . 3 7 5 , 3 7 6 , 3 7 7 , 384
430, 4 3 1 , 4 4 7 H u m p h r e y , T . , s. C r o s b y , E . C .
I b i d 577 I g a r a s h i , E . M . , s. G e r n a n d t , B . 4 3 4 , 445
632
Author Index
I g a r a s h i , M . 1 7 , 146, 2 8 3 , 317, 5 0 7 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 6 , 576 Igarashi,
M . , Fregly,
A . R.,
T o k i t a , T . 3 2 1 , 352 Imamura, H.
H . , s.
mond,
3 9 0 , 3 9 1 , 3 9 2 , 403, 5 5 8 , 576
28, 29, 3 0 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 4 4 , 60,
M . , s. B u s e r , P . 6 0 0 ,
I m u s , H . , s. B r o w n , R . H . 2 3 , 138 I n m a n , V . T . , s. E b e r h a r t , H . D . 359 I r e l a n d , P . E . , s. N i t o , Y . 319 I r w i n , J . A . 4 0 5 , 410, 4 2 7 , 446 I s a a c s , S . , s. D o c k e r a } ' , F . C . 353 I s c h , F . , s. T h i é b a u t , F . 356 I s m a i l , A . H . , s. B â r â n y , J . W .
143, 2 6 2 , 263, 3 0 9 , 317, 3 2 5 , 351, 3 7 8 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 1 , 385, 5 5 0 J o h n s o n , W . H . , s. M o n e y , K . E . 2 8 5 , 2 8 8 , 3 0 8 , 319 J o h n s o n , W . H . , s. N i t o , Y . 319 J o h n s o n , W . H . , s. S u n a h a r a , F . A . 3 9 3 , 4 0 4 , 4 0 8 , 411, 449 J o h n s o n , W . H . , s. T a y l o r , N . B . J . 4 0 1 , 404
m o t o , M . 5 8 6 , 617 I t o , M . , Y o s h i d a , M . 5 8 7 , 617 Ito, M . , Yoshida, M . , Obata, K . 5 8 7 , 6 0 5 , 617 I t o , M . , s. E c c l e s , J . C . 6 0 4 , 616 I w a s e , K . , s. B e c k e r , W . 6 0 0 , 615
C. W .
James,
405,
410,
446 Janeke,
J . B . 294, 308, 310,
3 1 5 , 317 Janeke, J . B . ,Oosterveld, W . J . 3 0 2 , 317 Jansen,
J . , s. N y b y ,
O. 602,
619 Jatho,
K . 2 2 3 , 230,
Johansson,
G . , s.
4 3 9 , 446
Henriksson,
N . G . 2 7 6 , 279, 360 Johner, C. H . ,Perlman, H . B . 353, 3 6 5 , 367 Johnson, D . D . , Torok, N .375, 386 J o h n s o n , W . H . 3 9 2 , 4 0 0 , 403, 568 Johnson,
W . , Jongkees, L . B .
W . 427 Johnson, W . H . , Mayne, J . W . 403, 6 0 7 , 617 Johnson,
W . H . , Meek, J . C.,
G r a y b i e l , A . 3 9 9 , 403, 5 0 0 , 576
J . J . 25, 28, 29, 31, 34, 44, 4 5 , 4 6 , 144,
3 6 2 , 367, 3 7 8 ,
385, 421,446,
5 0 6 , 5 1 6 , 575,
576 J o n g k e e s , L . B . W . , s. H u l k , J . 2 9 , 146, 4 0 6 , 410, 4 2 0 , 4 3 0 , J o n g k e e s , L . B . W . , s. J o h n s o n ,
J o r d a n , P . 2 7 3 , 2 7 4 , 279,
615
G . M . , Börry, W . , K o -
w a l s k y , W . 4 2 9 , 447
J o n e s , G . M . , s. M i c h a e l , J . 5 8 9 ,
Jones,
R.
J u n g , R . 2 2 0 , 230, 4 8 2 , 487 Jung,
R., Kornhuber,
H . H .
2 1 2 , 2 1 6 , 231, 4 8 2 , 4 8 3 , 4 8 4 , 487, 5 8 7 , 5 8 9 , 617 J u n g , R . , s. B e n d e r , M . B . 1 6 2 , 186 J u n g , R . , s. D i c h g a n s , J . 1 1 7 , 141
E . , Milton,
J . L.,
F i t t s , P . M . 8 5 , 146 Jones,
354
J ü r g e n s , R . , s. B e c k e r , W . 5 9 5 ,
6 0 0 , 6 1 0 , 617 J o n e s , G . M . 4 1 5 , 447
R . W . , s. D a l l o s , P . J .
5 8 9 , 616 D e J o n g , J . M . B . V . 2 0 6 , 230, 4 3 6 , 4 3 7 , 447
J a n e k e , M . 5 5 1 , 576
J o n g k e e s , L . B . W . , s. G r o e n ,
J o s e p h , J . 360
J o n e s , I . H . 353
W . 9 0 , 146,
423, 425,
Jones, E . G . , P o w e l l , T . P . S.
619
J a m e s , s. N a g e l 7
3 0 , 5 8 , 141,
Jones, E . G . 611
617 2 9 8 , 317
23,
4 3 2 , 445
J o n s s o n , R . , S t e e n , B . 360
Jones, G . M . , Spells, K . E . 585,
J a c k s o n , M . M . , Sears,
J o n g k e e s , L . B . W . , s. E k , J .
W . 427
J o h n s t o n , J . B . 5 8 2 , 617
Jones,
445,
4 5 5 , 462, 4 7 2 , 4 8 3 , 486, 5 0 2 ,
4 3 2 , 446
J . R . 3 9 3 , 3 9 7 , 404
Ito, M . , N i s i m a r u , N . , Y a m a -
1 2 1 , 1 5 3 , 2 8 5 , 317, 4 1 5 , 4 2 0 ,
5 0 6 , 5 0 7 , 579
U . 3 9 9 , 402 J o h n s o n , W . H , s. G r a y b i e l , A .
J o h n s o n , W . H . , s. T a y l o r , W .
359 I t o , M . 6 0 4 , 617
A . A . J . 19, 2 0 , 25,
423, 425, 428, 430, 432,
J . 3 9 0 , 403 J o h n s o n , W . H . , s. A c k e r m a n ,
616
J o n g k e e s , L . B . W . , s. V a n E g -
Kelk, G. F., Franks, W . R. Johnson, W . H . , Taylor, N . B .
Takebayshi,
354
Imbert,
Johnson, W . H . , Stubbs, R . A . ,
K a d o , R . T . , s. A d e y , 2ßl,
W. R.
263
K a h n , A . , s. T o r o k , N . 2 7 1 , 280 Kamath,
R . , s. P f a l t z , C . R .
4 5 1 , 461
D e J o n g , R . N . 353
Kamei, T., Kornhuber, H . H .
J o n g k e e s , L . B . W . 1 7 , 146, 1 6 3 , 1 6 4 , 1 6 5 , 1 8 8 , 2 2 6 , 230,
K a r b o w s k i , K . 4 0 8 , 410,
291, 299, 304, 305, 306,
318,
2 0 0 , 2 0 1 , 2 0 4 , 231 447
K a r d o s , L . 157,188 Brunswik,
E.
157,186 Jongkees, L . B . W . , Groen, J . J . 7 1 , 7 3 , 7 7 , 7 8 , 7 9 , 8 0 , 8 7 , K a s y i a n , I . I . , s. Y u g a n o v , M . 5 5 4 , 5 5 6 , 580 146, 4 1 7 , 4 1 8 , 4 1 9 , 4 3 6 , 447
E.
353, 4 1 3 , 4 1 4 , 4 3 4 , 4 3 6 , 447
Jongkees, L . B . W . , H u l k , J .
Kardos,
L . , s.
K a t e , J . H . 5 0 8 , 576
K a t o , N . , s. S a i t o , I . 3 1 0 , 320
4 3 0 , 4 3 1 , 447 K e i d e l , P l a t t ig 5 9 6 , 6 0 3 , 606 J o n g k e e s , L . B . W . , K l i j n , J . A . K e l k , G . F . , s. J o h n s o n , W . H . J . 447 3 9 0 , 3 9 1 , 3 9 2 , 403, 5 5 8 , 576 Jongkees,
L. B. W.,
Philips-
zoon, A . J . 234, 258, 3 0 8 , 318, 3 6 4 , 367,
264,
447
J o n g k e e s , L . B . W . , s. B o s , J . H . 316
Keller, E . L . , Robinson, D . A . 5 8 6 , 617 K e l l o g g , R , S , 1 0 3 , 146,
159,
188, 5 2 5 , 5 2 6 , 5 2 8 , 5 3 0 , 5 3 1 , 5 5 4 , 576
Author Index
Kellogg,
R.
S., Graybiel,
A.
K l e y n , A . d e 4 3 7 , 4 6 8 , 487, 5 8 6 ,
3 0 4 , 318
K l e y n , A . de, M a g n u s , R . 284,
1 0 3 , 143, 2 5 4 , 263, 5 5 5 , 575 K e l l o g g , R . S . , s. M i l l e r , E . F .
K l e y n , A . de, Versteegh, C. 211,
2 6 2 , 265 K e l l y , C . F . , s. W i n g e t ,
C. M .
3 7 3 , 388 6 0 2 , 617
231, 4 3 9 , 447, 4 6 4 , 4 7 1 , 4 8 2 ,
Kleyn,
6 1 2 , 617
4 2 3 , 4 2 5 , 4 3 2 , 445
R . S., Graybiel, A . ,
McDonough,
R . C.,
Beck-
w i t h , F . D . 3 4 5 , 352 3 4 4 , 351 Kennedy,
9 1 , 9 6 , 1 3 4 , 143,
1 6 4 , 187,
2 3 7 , 2 4 7 , 2 5 6 , 264, 3 3 8 ,
352,
3 7 8 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 1 , 385, 5 6 7 , 575 Kennedy,
R . S . , s. G u e d r y , F .
E . 3 4 4 , 352
G.195,
K n a p p , H . 5 6 1 , 576 E . C , s. G r a y b i e l ,
25,153
K n o b l o c k , E . C . , s. M i n n e r s , H .
K o r n h u b e r , H . H . , s. B a d e r , W .
6 0 6 , 615 2 2 2 , 229, 5 8 7 , 615
A . 358 K n u d s o n , E . , s. B r u n , E . 3 9 3 ,
5, 1 3 5 , 1 4 6 K i m u r a , K . , s. O w a d a , K . 320 K i n g 291
M . , s. T a k e b a y s h i ,
H .
6 1 , 6 3 , 64,145 K o e n i g , E . , s. B r a n d t , T h . 1 1 8 , 119,138 J . 117,
Kislyakov, V . A . , Orlov, I. V . 318 K i t a h a r a , M . , S a t o , T . 357 K i t a h a r a , M . , U n o , R . 110,146,
Körner,
F . , s. S c h i l l e r , P . H .
4 1 4 , 447 K i t a h a r a , M . , s. H i n o k i , M . 360 K l e i n , H . M . , s. B e c k e r , W . 1 9 9 , 229 K l e i n k n e c h t , F . 8 5 , 146 K l e i n t , H . 160, 163, 178, 179,
Dich-
Kornhuber,
H . H . , s.
Fred-
r i c k s o n , J . 8 , 142, 1 5 9 , 230, 2 8 7 , 317
5 8 4 , 6 0 9 , 616
K o r n h u b e r , H . H . , s. F u c h s , A . F . 5 8 6 , 5 9 8 , 5 9 9 , 616 K o r n h u b e r , H . H . , s. H a k a s , P . 2 2 2 , 230 K o r n h u b e r , H . H . , s. J u n g , R . 2 1 2 , 2 1 6 , 231, 4 8 2 , 4 8 3 , 4 8 4 ,
I . 1 6 0 , 1 6 6 , 1 6 7 , 188
3 7 0 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 3 , 386 4 7 5 , 4 7 6 , 4 8 0 , 4 8 2 , 487
H . H . 5 6 , 57,153 5 6 , 5 8 , 136, 5 9 4 , 615
H . , Linclahl,
L.
119,146 K o w a l s k y , N . , s. M e l v i l l
Kongehl, G., Kornhuber, G . , s. B e c h i n g e r ,
487 Kottenhoff,
I . A . , s. Y u g a n o v , E .
M . 5 5 4 , 5 5 6 , 580
Kongehl,
g e h l , G . 5 6 , 5 7 , 153 K o r n h u b e r , H . H . , s. L a n g e , G . 2 0 4 , 231, 4 5 4 , 4 6 7 , 4 8 3 , 4 8 4 ,
G . 466, 467, 469, 473,
Kolosov,
K o r n h u b e r , H . H . , s. K a m e i , T . K o r n h u b e r , H . H . , s. V o n K o n -
K o h u t , R . , s. H e n r i k s s o n , N . G .
Von
H . H . , s.
g a n s , J . 2 0 8 , 2 1 1 , 229
2 0 0 , 2 0 1 , 2 0 4 , 231
K o f f k a , K . 1 6 8 , 188
Kolb,
H . H . , s. D e e c k e ,
487, 5 8 7 , 5 8 9 , 617
Kohler, 360
Becker,
L . 6 0 0 , 616
1
6 0 4 , 619
354
180,188
K o e l l a , W . P . , s. G u e d r y , F . E .
141
K i r s t e i n , R . 2 2 0 , 231
K i t a h a r a , M . 2 7 7 , 279,
K o e l l a , W . 292, 295, 296, 309,
K ö r n e r , F . , s. D i c h g a n s , J . 1 1 7 ,
K i o r b o e , F . 2 9 1 , 318
H . H . , s.
W . 6 0 0 , 6 0 1 , 615
Kornhuber,
146
K i n s b o u r n e , M . 1 3 0 , 146
Kornhuber, Kornhuber,
3 6 5 , 366
Körner, F . , Dichgans,
K i n g , B . G . 3 7 1 , 386
K o r n h u b e r , H . H . , s. B e c h i n g e r , D . 5 6 , 5 8 , 136, 5 9 4 , 615
403 K o c h , G . , s. S e a s h o r e , H . G . 354
3 1 0 , 318
Kimble, G . A . ,Perlmuter, L . C .
H . H . , s. A s c h o f f ,
J . C . 1 9 9 , 2 0 8 , 2 1 . 0 , 229, 5 8 7 ,
188
K h i l o v , K . L . 2 9 2 , 318
231
Kornhuber,
1 3 4 , 143, 3 3 8 , 352, 5 6 7 ,
A.
Köhler, W . , W a l l a c h , H . 162,
K e s s e l , G . , s. V o n D i r i n g s h o f e n ,
H . H . , Krejcova,
Kornhuber, H . H . , Waldecker,
K n a p p , E . 2 0 2 , 231
K e r r , W . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 2 5 , 5 8 , K e s e r , H . 2 2 3 , 2 2 5 , 231
Kornhuber, H . H . , Deecke, L .
S c h m i d t 591
K o e g l e r , R . R . , s. C o l b e r t , E . G .
143
K o r n h u b e r , H . H . , Aschoff, J .
6 0 0 , 6 0 1 , 618
575
R . , s. G r a y b i e l , A .
606, 607, 608, 6 1 1 , 6 1 3 , 6 1 4 , 618
Kornhuber,
K l i x , F . 163, 180,188
Knoblock,
K e n n e d y , R . S . , s. F r e g l y , A . R .
598, 599, 602, 603, 604, 6 0 5 ,
C . 6 0 0 , 6 0 2 , 6 1 0 , 618
B . W . 447
K l o p p , H . W . 1 6 7 , 188
Kennedy,
487, 5 6 6 , 5 7 3 , 576, 5 8 3 , 5 8 4 , 585, 587, 588, 589, 590, 596,
K l i j n , J . A . J . , E k , J . 4 2 7 , 447
146
R . S . , Graybiel, A .
354
Kishi,
R.
K l i n k e , R . , S c h m i d t , C . L . 119,
K e n n e d y , R . S . 6 7 , 110,146
H.
A . , s. M a g n u s ,
K l i j n , J . A . J . , s. J o n g k e e s , L .
K e n n a r d , M . A . , Ectors, L . 611,
209,210,211,212,213,214,
410, 447 De
5 8 , 141,
K e n n a r d , M . A . 6 1 2 , 617
146,
216, 218, 219, 220, 225, 226,
K l i j n , J . A . J . , s. E k , J . 2 3 , 3 0 ,
K e m p i n s k y , W . H . 8 , 146
H . H . 126,
231, 2 7 7 , 279, 3 0 7 , 318, 4 0 7 ,
4 6 4 , 4 6 5 , 4 7 1 , 4 7 2 , 488
K e m p , J . M . , P o w e l l , T . P . S.
Kornhuber,
197, 198, 203, 2 0 5 , 206, 2 0 7 ,
318
103,149, 2 3 9 , 2 4 0 , 2 5 2 , 2 5 7 ,
K o p a n e v , V . I . , s. Y u g a n o v , E . M . 5 5 4 , 5 5 6 , 580
618
K e l l o g g , R . S . , s. G r a y b i e l , A .
Kennedy,
633
Jones,
G . 4 5 , 5 2 , 5 3 , 5 4 , 148, 2 8 3 , 2 9 6 , 319
D.
K o w a l s k y , W . , s. J o n e s , G . M . 4 2 9 , 447
634
Author Index
K r a g h , J . 2 6 9 , 2 7 1 , 279
L a u r e n s , H . , M i l e s , A . 4 7 2 , 487
K r a n z , G . , s. C o l l i n s , W . E . 5 4 7 , L a u v e r , L . S . , s. G u e d r y , F . E . 574
4 4 , 5 8 , 5 9 , 6 0 , 1 4 5 , 3 6 3 , 367,
Kreidl,
A . 9 5 , 147,
358, 4 0 5 ,
410, 447, 4 7 0 , 487
3 8 1 , 386
591
G . J . M . 6 1 2 , 618
J . , s.
Bechinger,
D.
1 9 6 , 229
M . 5 5 4 , 5 5 6 , 580
3 6 5 , 368
2 8 4 , 2 8 5 , 2 8 7 , 318, 4 5 2 , 461 Ledoux,
K r i j g e r , R . 4 0 6 , 4 0 8 , 410, 4 2 5 , 448 Kurashvili,
A . Ye., Babiyak,
V . P . 3 0 3 , 318
A . , Demanez,
J . P.
F . S . 4 6 3 , 487, 5 6 0 , 577
354 T . , s.
Takebayshi,
H . 354
3 9 1 , 3 9 9 , 4 0 0 , 4 0 1 , 404
K u r o d a , W . , s. T o k i t a , T . 355
L e o n a r d , J . A . 358
Kurosawa,
L e t k o , W . , Stone,
R . , s. H i n o k i , M .
Kuypers,
R . W . 554,
1 1 3 , 152, 5 4 4 , 5 4 5 , 5 4 6 , 579
K u y p e r s , H . G . J . M . , s. P a n - L e v i n , P . M . 354, 4 8 2 , 487 dya,
D . N . 600, 610, 612,
L e w i s , H . B . , s. W i t k i n , H . A .
619
Van
W.
D . , s.
Lachman, J . ,Aarons, L . , Eriks o n , J . H . 3 6 5 , 367 L a h e y , M . E . , s. B r a y , P . F . 2 1 3 , 229 L a n e , H . L . , s. C u r r a n , C . R . 181, i ^ r G., Kornhuber,
H . H .
2 0 4 , 231, 4 5 4 , 461, 4 8 3 , 4 8 4 , 487 L a n g e l a a n , J . V V . 4 2 6 , 448 L a n g o v a , J . 356 Lansberg,
M . P . 77, 78, 106,
120, 126,147 Lansberg, M . P., Guedry, F . E . , Jr.,
G r a y b i e l , A . 2 5 6 , 264,
3 0 0 , 3 0 2 , 318, 5 5 0 , 577 L a r s e n , E . M . , s. H e l l e b r a n d t , F . A . 360 L a s h l e y . K . S . , s. C l a r k , G . 6 1 2 , 616 L a t t o , R . , C o w e y , A . 6 1 2 , 618 L a u e r , E . W . , s." C r o s b y
E . C.
L a u r e l 1, L . , s. A s c h a n , 3 0 7 , 315
G.M .
586, 675 O., Thornhill, R .
A . 4 9 6 , 577 L o w e n s t e i n , O . , s. G r o e n , J . J . 19,
5 9 , 6 2 , 144,
2 8 3 , 317,
4 1 5 , 4 2 3 , 446, 5 0 2 , 5 0 8 , 5 0 9 ,
Lidvall,
Ludvigh,
H . F . 3 6 2 , 3 6 3 , 367,
374, 3 7 8 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 1 , 3 5 6 , 406, 4 1 0 , 411, 448
E . , s. M i l l e r ,
J . W.
130,149 L ü d t k e , H . 4 6 5 , 488
L i l l y , J . C . 6 0 9 , 618
L u m p k i n , R . C. 371, 356
L i n d a h l , L . , s. K o t t e n h o f f , H .
Lundgren,
119,146 L i n d e m a n , H . H . 6 9 , 147, 2 9 0 , 318 Lindeman, Lindholm,
H .
H . , s.
Ernest,
Haygood,
L i n d s a y , J . R . , s. F e r n a n d e z , C . D . B . , Schreiner, L .
H . , M a g o u n , H . W . 4 7 8 , 487 L i n s c h o t e n , J . 1 7 8 , 188 C. N . , Chambers,
W. W.
4 5 9 , 461 L i u , C . Y . , s. M c C o u c h , G . P . 4 5 9 , 461 L l i n â s , R , , P r e c h t , W . 6 0 7 , 618 J . W . 599,
6 0 8 , 618
L o e b , J . 4 6 6 , 487
4 0 8 , 4 0 9 , 411, 4 2 6 , 448 M a c C o r q u o d a l e , K . 2 5 , 147 K . , Meehl, P .
E . 1 6 0 , 755 MacCorquodale,
K . , s.
Clark,
MacCorquodale,
K . , s.
Gray-
b i e l , A . 2 2 , 143,
L i u , C . N . , s. M c C o u c h , G . P .
461
Maanen, J . C. D . v a n405, 406,
B . 2 5 , 73.9
4 5 9 , 461
Llinâs, R . , Wolfe,
L u s c h e i , E . S . , s. F u c h s , A . F . 586, 590, 6 7 7
MacCorquodale,
4 0 8 , 410, 445
Liu,
Henriksson,
Eng-
Robert, C. 573
Lindsley,
A . , s.
N . G . 36,145
L l i n â s , R . , s. P r e c h t , W . 4 5 2 ,
7, 8 , 1 4 1
O., Sand, A . 283,
L u c i a n i , K . 4 7 7 , 488
s t r ö m , H . 7 0 , 142
L a n g e , B . 4 7 7 , 4 7 8 , 487 Lange,
5 3 1 , 5 4 5 , 5 5 9 , 577
L i c k l i d e r , J . C . R . 3 6 , 147
Oosterveld, W . J . 298, 302, 3 0 4 , 3 0 6 , 319
520, 522, 524, 525, 526, 530,
5 1 0 , 5 1 1 , 5 1 2 , 5 1 8 , 575
181,190
der Laarse,
M . 1 8 , 6 9 , 71,147, 1 6 3 , 7 5 5 ,
Lowenstein,
L e t k o , W . , s. S t o n e , R . W . 1 1 2 ,
r e n c e , D . G . 6 1 2 , 618
5 7 3 , 577
2 8 4 , 319, 4 5 2 , 461, 4 6 4 , 487,
577
H . G. J . M . , Law-
7 5 5 , 2 8 2 , 2 8 4 , 2 8 5 , 2 8 7 , 318,
Lowenstein,
L e i r i , E . 4 1 3 , 448
4 3 7 , 446
L o w e n s t e i n , 0 . 1 5 , 60,147, 1 6 5 ,
2 8 3 , 2 9 0 , 319, 5 1 7 , 5 1 8 , 5 1 9 ,
355, 358 L e h m a n , P . , s. M c E a c h e r n , D .
Kuriyama,
L o r e n z , K . 1 6 6 , .755
Lowenstein, O., Roberts, T . D .
L e g g e n h a g e r , K . 4 0 0 , 403 L e g g e t t , A . L . , s. F i s h e r , M . B .
K u r i h a r a , M . , s. T a k e b a y s h i , H .
d e N ó , R . 2 1 7 , 231,
2 8 4 , 3 0 9 , 318, 4 2 8 , 448, 4 5 1 ,
448, 4 6 6 , 4 7 2 , 487, 5 5 2 , 5 5 3 ,
2 2 2 , 231 Le3,
D e L o n g , M . R . 6 0 8 , 618
461, 4 6 9 , 487, 5 9 0 , 6 7 5
L e d o u x , A . 6 0 , 6 2 , 69,147, 2 8 3 ,
K r i e g e r , H . P . , s. P o l l a c k , M .
130,141
L o r e n te
L e b e d e n , V . L , s. Y u g a n o v , E .
Kriebel,
L o m b r o s e , C . T . , s. D u f f y , F . H . L o n g , G . M . 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 , 147
L a w r e n c e , D . G . , s. K u y p e r s , H .
K r e j c o v a , s. K o r n h u b e r , H . H .
L ö w e n b e r g , D . 4 7 7 , 487
2 9 9 , 317,
4 1 6 , 4 3 4 , 445 M a c h , E . 7, 1 7 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 3 0 , 3 1 , 68, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 9 5 , 1 0 4 , 1 4 7 , 1 5 7 , 319, 4 1 4 , 4 1 6 , 4 2 9 , 4 3 5 , 448 M a c h o v e r , K . , s. W i t k i n , H . A . 181,190 MacKay,
D . M . 1 5 6 , 75.9, 1 9 7
Maekawa, K . , Simpson, J . E . 590, 604, 675
Author Index
M a g n u s , R . 6 8 , 147,
163, 178,
189, 4 3 7 , 4 5 1 , 4 5 6 , 461, 4 6 4 , 468, 469, 4 7 0 , 4 7 1 , 4 7 2 , 4 7 3 , 474, 475, 477, 478, 481, 4 8 2 , 488, 618
Marchiafava, P . L . , Pompeiano,
M c C l u r e , C . L . 4 9 6 , 578 M c C l u r e , J . A . 3 9 9 , 404
O.130,148 V a n d e r M a r k , F . , s. C o l l e w i j n ,
McClure, J . A . , Fregly, A . R . , Molina,
H . 5 8 7 , 616 M a r k a r y a n , S . S . 2 9 2 , 3 0 2 , 319
Magnus, R . , D e K l e y n , A . 464,
E . , Graybiel,
A.
3 9 9 , 404
W.,
M c C o l l o m , I . N . , s. S e a s h o r e , R .
van Leeu-
M a r k h a m , C . H . , s. C o l b e r t , E .
McCouch, G . P.,Austin, G . M . ,
R . , s. K l e y n , A . d e
M a r k h a m , C . H . , s. P r e c h t , W .
4 6 5 , 4 7 1 , 4 7 2 , 488 Magnus, R . , Storm
C. H . , Precht,
H . 356 L i u , C. N . , L i u , C. Y . 459,
G . 3 6 5 , 366
2 8 4 , 318
452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 4 5 7 ,
M a g o u n , H . W . , s. L i n d s l e y , D . B . 4 7 8 , 487
4 5 8 , 4 5 9 , 461, 4 6 5 , 4 7 5 , 4 7 9 ,
R . G . 362,
367,
3 7 4 , 386
M a r k h a m , C . H . , s. R i t v o , E . R .
1 3 1 , 1 4 8 , 3 6 5 , 367, 3 7 6 , 3 7 7 ,
Malcolm, R . , Melvill Jones, G .
U . 360 R . S . 3 4 5 , 352 D . , Morton,
G.,
L e h m a n , P . 391, 399, 400,
Marshall, J . E . , Brown, J . H .
M a k o t o 516
M c D e r m i d , C . D . , s. S m i t h , K .
McEachern,
3 6 5 , 368 M a r r , D . 6 0 4 , 619
M a i t l a n d , T . G . 4 0 0 , 403
461
M c D o n o u g h , R . C , s. K e n n e d y ,
488
Mahoney, J .L . ,H a r l a n , W . L . , Bickford,
Markham,
S h i m a z u , H . 4 5 9 , 461
w e n , W . 5 8 4 , 618 Magnus,
635
4 0 1 , 404 McFarland, J . H . , Clarkson, F .
3 0 6 , 319, 5 0 8 , 5 0 9 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 2 ,
175,188 3 8 1 , 387 M a r s h a l l , J . E . , s. B r o w n , J . H . M c F a r l a n d , J . H . , W a p n e r , S . , W e r n e r , H . 8 9 , 148 3 7 0 , 383
5 1 5 , 5 1 6 , 5 5 2 , 577
M a r t i n e z , A . , s. R i e s c o -
4 2 , 5 6 , 6 0 , 6 2 , 6 4 , 147, 2 9 6 ,
M a l e c k i , J . 4 2 7 , 448 M a n n , C. W . 24, 72, 84, 89, 90, 93,
9 4 , 9 6 , 1 1 0 , 147,
160,
189, 354 Mann, C. W . , Berthelow-Berry, N . H . , Dauterive, H . J . 84, 86, 88,147 147 84, 88,147
t e s b e r g e , A . 4 7 2 , 4 8 3 , 488
M a n n , C. W . , Passey, G . E . 72, G. E.,
Reston,
C. 371, 372, 373,
M a y n e , J . W . , s. J o h n s t o n , W .
M a n n , C. W . , R a y ,J .T . 25, 26, 27, 7 2 , 85,147 Manni, E . , Giretti, M . L . 475, 488 M a n n i , E . , s. D i G i o r g i o , A . M . 4 7 5 , 485
5 6 0 , 5 6 6 , 5 6 8 , 577, 5 8 5 , 619 R . , Belanger,
W.
G . 3 9 0 , 404
F . 517,
5 2 1 , 5 2 2 , 5 3 0 , 577 M a y n e , R . , M e a d , R . 5 6 6 , 577 M a y n e , R . , s. B e l a n g e r ,
F . 29,
137, 573 Mazuoka,
M a n n i n g , G . 3 9 1 , 404
U . , s.
Fukuda,
T.
3 7 6 , 3 7 7 , 385 McCabe,
B . F . 3 0 8 , 319,
376,
387, 448
M a n n i n g , K . R . , s. B â r â n y , J . W . 359
McCabe, B . F . , Gillingham, K . 4 2 6 , 448
M a n o , N . , s. B a k e r , R . G . 4 5 8 , 460 M a r a n t , R . B . , s. W a p n e r ,
528, 529, 530, 533, 554, 5 5 5 , Mayne,
M a n n , L . 354
Manning, G . W . , Stewart,
M a y n e , R . 5 , 6, 2 0 , 2 2 , 3 8 , 148, 2 8 1 , 319, 4 9 5 , 5 0 1 , 5 0 2 , 5 0 7 ,
A m b l e r , R . K . 8 5 , 148
23,153
291,
H . 403, 6 0 7 , 617
85, 88,147 C. W . , Passey,
S . S . 1 6 5 , 189,
319
387
R a y , J . T . 2 2 , 1 1 7 , 148
Mann,
577
M a x w e l l , S. S., B u r k e , U . L . , F. E.,
McCabe, B . F . , R y u , J . H .475, 4 7 9 , 4 8 3 , 488
S.
McCabe,
M c l n t y r e , A . K . 5 8 6 , 619 M c L e o d , M . E . , Correia, M .J .
25, 37,151 Mathog, R . H . , Cramer, R . L .
Maxwell,
M a n n , C. W . , Dauterive, H .J .
M c G i l l , T . E . , s. V e r n o n , J . A . 359
368
M a u r e r , W . , s. M e y e r z u m G o t -
M a n n , C. W . , Canella, C. J .35,
C. W . , G u e d r y ,
356
M a s o n , A . , s. R i t v o , E . R . 3 6 5 , M a t h e s o n , F . A . , s. S a d o f f , M .
M a n n , C . W . , B e r r y , N . 88,147
Mann,
McFarland, R . A . , Franzen, R .
M a c C l u r e , J . S . 2 2 1 , 232
B . F . , R y u , I. H . ,
S e k i t a n i , T . 4 5 3 , 4 5 9 , 461
3 0 4 , 319 M c L e o d , M . E . , Meek, J . C.324, 352 M c L e o d , M . E , , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 1 3 4 , 1 4 3 , 2 3 5 , 264, 3 2 4 , 3 3 3 , 3 3 8 , 352, 5 6 7 , 575 McMitchael, A . E . , Graybiel, A . 578 M c N a l l y , W . H . , Stuart, G . 389, 404 McNally,
W . J . 6 8 , 148,
165,
189 McNally, W . J . , Stuart, E . A . 7, 1 7 , 6 8 , 1 1 5 , 1 4 8 M c N a l l y , W . J . ,T a i t , J . 277, 279, 4 6 6 , 488, 5 8 4 , 619 M c N a l l y , W . J . , s. T a i t , J . 5 4 3 , 579 M c N a l l y , W . S . , s.
McNaugh-
t o n , I . P . S . 5 5 9 , 578 M c N a u g h t o n , I . P . S., M c N a l l y , W . S . 5 5 9 , 578 M e a d , R . , s. M a y n e , R . 5 6 6 , 577 Meda,
E . 1 2 0 , 148,
3 8 1 , 387,
3 9 2 , 404 Meehl,
P . E . , s.
MacCorquo-
d a l e , K . 160,188 Meek, J . C , Graybiel, A . , B e i scher, D . E . ,Riopelle, A .J . 4 2 7 , 448
636
Author Index
M e e k , J . C , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 575
M e y e r , D . L . , s. S c h a e f e r , K . P .
M e e k , J . C , s. J o h n s o n , W . H .
469, 473, 474, 476, 478, 480, 4 8 1 , 4 8 2 , 488
3 9 9 , 403, 5 0 0 , 576 M e e k , J . C . , s. M c L e o d , M . E .
Meyer
Meiry, J . L . 25, 27, 28, 30, 68, 7 1 , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 7 9 , 9 8 , 148, 2 0 6 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 5 , 231, 2 8 3 , 319 M e i r y , J . , s. Y o u n g , L . 7 1 , 7 4 ,
Meyer
A.,
W . 4 7 2 , 4 8 3 , 488
zum
Gottesberge,
M i l t o n , J . L . , s. J o n e s , R . E . 8 5 ,
Michael, J . , Jones, G . M . 589,
Minners, H . A . , Douglas, W . K . ,
146 Knoblock, E . C , Graybiel,
619 M i c k l e , W . , A d e s , H . 7, 8 , 149
5 3 0 , 5 3 9 , 5 4 6 , 580
M i e h l k e , A . 2 0 6 , 231
M e l l s t r ö m , A . , s. F l u u r , E . 6 9 ,
M i l b l e d , G . , s. N a y r a c , P . 356
102,142, 1 6 3 , 165,187, 2 3 5 ,
M i l e s , W . R . 2 7 6 , 279,
M i l l e r , E . F . I I . 159, 163, 185,
356
189, 2 3 4 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 0 , 264,
1 2 7 , 1 4 8 , 2 8 5 , 319, 5 0 2 , 5 2 7 ,
3 2 4 , 3 3 3 , 352, 5 2 5 , 5 2 6 , 5 3 1 ,
5 4 7 , 5 5 3 , 5 6 5 , 5 7 3 , 578
578
Melvill
Jones,
G., Barry,
W.,
K o w a l s k y , N .45, 52, 53, 54,
Van Miller,
E . F . , Fregly, A . R., den Brink,
G., Gray241,264
E . F . , Fregly, A . R.,
G r a y b i e l , A . 93, 94, 95, 96,
131,148 Melvill Jones, G . ,M i l s u m , J . H . 3 8 , 6 0 , 148,
285,
319,
5 0 2 , 5 1 0 , 578
E . C , G r a y b i e l , A . 358 M i s h k i n , M . , s. T e u b e r ,
H . L.
8,152 M i s o v i c h , M . , s. M o r a n t , R . B . 162,189 M i t c h e l l , R , E . , s. F r e g l y , A . R .
b i e l , A . 8 6 , 94,149,
148, 2 8 3 , 2 9 6 , 319 Melvill Jones, G . , Gonshor, A .
19,
Miller,
Douglas, W . K . , Knoblock, M i n s k y , M . 578
487
263 M e l v i l l J o n e s , G . 6, 2 0 , 6 9 , 7 1 ,
A . , H a w k i n s , W . R , 358 Minners, H . A . , W h i t e , S. C ,
M i l e s , A . , s. L a u r e n s , H . 4 7 2 ,
181,190
G . 1 9 , 3 8 , 6 0 , 1 4 8 , 2 8 5 , 319, 5 0 2 , 5 1 0 , 578
A.,
P l e s t e r , D . 1 6 5 , 189
154, 1 6 5 , 190, 5 0 2 , 5 2 4 , 5 2 5 , M e i s s n e r , P . B . , s. W i t k i n , H . A .
2 9 0 , 319 M i l s u m , J . H . , s. M e l v i l l J o n e s ,
z u m Gottesberge,
Maurer,
3 2 4 , 352
Milsum, J . H . , Melvill Jones, G .
149, 2 4 1 , 264, 3 2 5 , 352 Miller, E . F . , G r a y b i e l , A . 86, 9 3 , 9 4 , 1 0 0 , 149,
159, 164,
324,351 M i t t e l s t a e d t , H . 1 6 4 , 1 7 3 , 189, 4 6 5 , 488 Mittelstaedt,
H . , s. H o l s t , E .
v o n 1 5 6 , 1 5 8 , 1 6 9 , 188, 4 1 6 , 4 2 6 , 446, 5 8 4 , 617 Mittermaier, R . 428, 433, 434, 448, 4 5 1 , 461, 4 6 4 , 4 8 3 , 488 M i y a t a , H . , s. F u k u d a , T . 3 7 6 ,
Melvill Jones, G . , Spells, K . E .
1 6 5 , 1 7 5 , 1 7 9 , 189, 2 3 4 , 2 3 5 ,
5, 3 8 , 148, 5 0 2 , 5 0 8 , 578
239, 240, 2 4 1 , 2 4 2 , 2 5 1 , 2 5 7 ,
M e l v i l l J o n e s , G . , s. B e n s o n , A .
2 5 9 , 2 6 2 , 264, 265, 3 2 4 , 3 3 0 ,
M i z u t a n i , T . , s. T o k i t a , T . 355
3 3 3 , 3 3 8 , 352, 5 2 5 , 5 2 6 , 578
M o f f e t , R . , s. S p i e g e l , E . A . 8 ,
J.
I l l , 1 1 2 , 1 1 6 , 137, 2 8 8 ,
2 9 0 , 316, 5 4 8 , 5 4 9 , 5 5 2 , 5 5 3 , 5 6 6 , 5 6 7 , 574 Melvill
Jones,
G . , s.
Gonshor,
A . 131,143
Graybiel, A . ,
152
K e l l o g g , R . S . 103,149, 2 3 9 ,
Molina,
Miller,
E.
F.,
Kellogg,
R . S., O'Donnell,
R . 4 2 , 5 6 , 6 0 , 6 2 , 6 4 , 147,
R . D . 2 5 2 , 2 5 7 , 2 6 2 , 265
2 9 6 , 3 0 6 , 319, 5 0 8 , 5 0 9 , 5 1 0 ,
Miller, E . F . I L , Pulec, J . L . ,
5 1 2 , 5 1 5 , 5 1 6 , 5 5 2 , 577 M e l v i l l J o n e s , G . , s. M i l s u m , J . H . 2 9 0 , 319 579 Mendel,
L . , s. F l u u r ,
Wilcox, J . G., Graybiel, A . 2 3 5 , 265
E . 374,
3 7 8 , 385
9 1 , 9 6 , 1 0 3 , 1 0 4 , 1 3 4 , 143,
2 6 2 , 263, 264, 5 6 7 , 575
149
M e r t z , W . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 1 3 4 ,
M i l o j e v i c , B . 2 0 0 , 231
M e t z g e r , W . 1 6 6 , 1 7 3 , 1 7 9 , 189
Money, K . E . , Scott, J . W . 308, Money,
K .
E . , SokolofL M . ,
W e a v e r , R . S . 319
M i l l e r , J . W . , L u d v i g h , E . 130, M i l l e r , N . E . 5 7 2 , 578
F . A . 6 0 8 , 6 1 1 , 619
Money, K . E . , Johnson, W . H . ,
319, 5 4 3 , 5 4 4 , 5 6 1 , 578
119, 120,149
3 7 6 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 1 , 384, 5 4 7 , 574
Mettler,
K . E . , Friedberg, J .
3 9 9 , 4 0 0 , 404, 4 0 7 , 411, 448 Corlett, B . M . A . 285, 288,
Miller, J . W . , Goodson, J . E .
M e s h m a n , V . F . 1 3 0 , 149
5 6 8 , 5 6 9 , 5 7 3 , 578
3 0 8 , 319
Mertens, R . A . , Collins, W . E .
143, 3 3 8 , 352, 5 6 7 , 575
K . E . 3 1 0 , 319, 3 8 9 ,
3 9 1 , 3 9 9 , 4 0 1 , 404, 5 5 0 , 5 5 1 ,
244, 247, 256, 257, 259, 261, M i l l e r , G . A . 5 7 , 5 8 , 149
M e r t e n s , R . A . , s. C o l l i n s , W . E .
136, 4 7 5 , 484 Money,
164,187, 2 3 4 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 7 , 2 4 2 ,
M e n z i o , P . 4 7 6 , 488 3 7 0 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 2 , 3 7 3 , 387
M o l i n a r i , J . A . , s. A r s l a n , M . 8 ,
Money,
M i l l e r , E . F . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 7 5 ,
M e l v i l l J o n e s , G . , s. S u g i e , N .
E . , s. M c C l u r e , J . A .
3 9 9 , 404
240,265 Miller, E . F . I L , Graybiel, A . ,
M e l v i l l J o n e s , G . , s. M a l m c o l m ,
3 7 7 , 385
M o n e y , K . E . , W o o d , J . D . 126, 149 M o n e y , K . E . , s. C o r r e i a , M . J . 1 1 2 , 140, 3 1 2 , 316, 5 5 1 , 574
M i l o j e v i c , B . , V o o t s , R . J . 3 0 4 , M o n e y , K . E . , s. N i t o , Y . 319 319 Milojevic,
M o n n i e r , M . , s. M o n t a n d o n , P . B., Watson,
2 7 3 , 279, 354
J . L.
130,149 M o n r a d - K r o h n , G . H . 354
Author Iudex
Montague, F.
E . K . , s.
Guediy,
E . 120, 123, 124,
145,
3 7 8 , 3 8 0 , 386, 5 2 7 , 5 5 4 , 576 Montandon,
A . , Russbach,
A.
P . , Monnier,
M .
W . 4 0 5 , 411, 4 2 0 ,
317, 4 1 6 , 4 3 4 , 445
N a k a y a m a , S . , s. T o k i t a , T . 355 Nashnei,
L . M . 2 5 1 , 265,
360
360 Morant, R . B . , Aronoff, J . C.
M . 3 5 , 1 5 4 , 2 5 6 , 266
P . , Milbled, G., Par-
Morant,
R . B . , Bélier, H . K .
G i e r k e , H . E . 359 N o b l e , R . L . 3 8 9 , 3 9 0 , 3 9 1 , 404
N e l s o n , J . G . 8 8 , 90,149
Noble, R . L . , Taylor, N . B . J .
N e l s o n , J . R . 3 3 3 , 352
M o r a n t , R . B . , H a r r i s , J . 162,
N e w e l l , F . W . , s. C h o w , K . L .
R.
B . , Misovich, M .
Morrison, A . R . , Pompeiano, O.
256,
M o r s h , J . E . 357
1 6 4 , 187, 2 3 7 , 2 4 7 ,
H . G . , s. S c h ö n e , H .
4 0 7 , 411, 4 2 6 ,
9 9 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 5 , 1 0 6 , 151, 1 6 3 ,
Nieuwenhys,
165,190
N i j hoff,
G . , s. M c E a c h e r n ,
391, 399, 400, 401,
D.
M o r u z z i , G . , s. B a t i n i , C . 4 7 8 ,
579
25, 35,151 36,150
M o s s , F . S . 357 M o u n t c a s t l e , V . B . , s. B a r d , P . 6 0 7 , 615
N i l s s o n , A . , s. A n d e r s s o n , S . 3 6 , 110,136
V . , s. W a l z i , E .
8,153
Moushegian,
3 8 0 , 384, 4 1 6 , 444,
Nilsson, A . , Henriksson, N . G .
484
N i l s s o n , A . , s. H e n r i k s s o n , N . G . 36,145
G . , s. R u p e r t ,
A.
Nisimaru,
N . , s. I t o , M . 5 8 6 ,
677
4 5 2 , 461 Mowrer, O. H . 27, 118,149,361, 3 6 2 , 367, 3 7 1 , 3 7 3 , 3 7 5 , 3 7 6 , 387, 4 5 2 , 461, 4 6 4 , 488 M o w r e r , O . H . , s. F e a r i n g , F . S .
Nito,
Y.,
Johnson,
W.
H.,
Money, K . E . , Ireland, P . E .
1 7 5 , 1 8 9 , 2 4 1 , 265 Mulder,
W . 3 0 , 149,
J . I., Hixson,
W.
C ,
C o r r e i a , M . J . 7 5 , 77, 106, 4 1 5 , 448
M u s k e n s , L . J . J . 2 1 7 , 231, 4 1 3 , 448
111,756,308,310,311,325, 3 9 1 , 404, 5 0 6 , 5 6 1 , 578, Niven, J . I., Whiteside,
M u s t i a n , V . M . , s. F a r m e r , T . W.
Niven,
353
M y e r s , G . G . , s. B r a y , P . F . 2 1 3 , 229
O b a t a , K . , s. I t o , M . 5 8 7 , 6 0 5 , 617 Oberman,
A . , s. F r e g l y , A . R .
3 2 4 , 351 O ' D o n n e l l , R . D . , s. M i l l e r , E . F . I I . 2 5 2 , 2 5 7 , 2 6 2 , 265 ö s t l u n d , H . , s. H e n r i k s s o n , N . G . 2 7 6 , 279, 360 O h m , J . 2 1 0 , 231 O h w a k i , S . 1 6 0 , 189 O k u b u , K . , s. O w a d a ,
579
T . C.
D . , G r a y b i e l , A . 2 6 2 , 265
K . 320
O l s s o n , L . G . , s. H e n r i k s s o n , N . G . 2 7 6 , 279, 360 O m a n , C . M . , s. Y o u n g , L . 4 2 , 5 6 , 6 4 , 154,
319 N i v e n , J . I . , G r a y b i e l , A . 354,
3 6 1 , 3 6 7 , 3 7 3 , 384 4 7 2 , 4 8 3 , 488 M o w r e r , O . H . , s. G i b s o n , J . J . N i v e n , J . L , H i x s o n , W . C . 6 6 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 9 , 142, 1 6 0 , 1 6 2 , 187 150 M ü l l e r , G . E . 8 6 , 149, 1 6 0 , 1 6 1 ,
136, 4 2 9 , 4 3 0 , 443
R . 5 8 2 , 619
P . , s. V a n D i s h o e c k ,
N i j h o f f , P . , s. R o g g e v e e n , L . J .
404
O . , J a n s e n , J . 6 0 2 , 619
N y l e n , C . O . 2 0 4 , 231
N y m a n , H . 2 7 0 , 2 7 7 , 279
448
H . A . E . 8, 2 2 , 3 5 , 117,153,
M o r t o n , D . J . 360
Nyby,
N y l é n , C . O . , s. A s c h a n , G . 2 9 ,
264
Nieuwenhuysen, J . H . 405, 406,
M o r s h , J . R . 357
Mountcastle,
4 7 1 , 4 7 2 , 488 359
N e w s o m , B . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 9 1 , 9 6 , 143,
130,149
451,
Northington, P . , Barrera, S. E .
359
Newsom, B . D., Brady, J .F., 354
M o r i m o t o , M . 319
Morton,
N o r t h i n g t o n , P . 4 8 2 , 488
S h a f e r , W . A . , F r e n c h , R . S . N y b e r g , J . W . , s. W h i t e , W . J .
162,189
Mortag,
44, 47, 48, 4 9 , 5 1 , 5 2 , 56, 58, 60, 6 3 , 6 4 , 108,145
Newsom, B . D., Brady, J .F . , G o b l e , G . J . 354,
189 Morant,
3 9 3 , 404 N o r m a n , J . W . , s. G u e d r y , F . E .
211,229
169,189
N i x o n , C. W . , H a r r i s , C. S., v o n
N e a l , M . 6,149
N e w e l l , A . 578
160,189
10, 12, 13, 15, 6 6 , 120, 1 2 8 , N i v e n , J . I . , s. W h i t e s i d e , T . D .
N a y lor, G . F . 160,189 Nayrac,
N i v e n , J . I . , s. H i x s o n , W . C . 146, 5 0 2 , 5 0 7 , 576
q u e t , P h . J . 356
448 M o o r e , J . W . , s. P e z z o l i , J . A .
7,
N i v e n , J . I . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 2 9 9 ,
N a g e l , W . A . 8 9 , 149
N a y l o r , G . F . K . 189
130,149 Montandon,
Nagel, James 7
N a u t a 612
2 5 , 1 4 9 , 2 2 3 , 231 Montandon,
637
2 9 6 , 3 0 6 , 320,
5 0 9 , 5 1 5 , 5 1 6 , 580 O m w a k e , K . T . 357 O n e s t o , N . , s. B r a i t e n b e r g , V . 604, 676 O o s t e r v e l d , W . J . 3 0 7 , 319 Oosterveld,
W.
J . , V a n der
Laarse, W . D . 298, 302, 304, 3 0 6 , 319 O o s t e r v e l d , W . J . , s. J a n e k e , J . B.302,317
N i v e n , J . I . , s. B r o w n , R . H . 2 3 , O p p e n h e i m e r , E . 1 7 9 , 189 138 N i v e n , J . L , s. C o r r e i a , M . J . 9 8 ,
M y g i n d , S . H . 6 8 , 1 4 9 , 2 6 9 , 279
9 9 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 3 , 140, 1 6 4 ,
M y k l e b u s t , H . R . 359
165,186
O r i a s , O . , s. B a r d , P . 6 1 0 , 615 O r l o v , I . V . , s. K i s l y a k o v , V . A . 318 O r m a , E . J . 356
Author Index
638
O r n i t z , E . M . 6 , 1 2 6 , 150, 3 6 5 ,
Pendleton,
O r n i t z , E . M . , s. R i t v o , E . R . 3 6 5 , 368 P.,
Zilstorff,
Terkildsen,
P e n f i e l d , W . 7 , 8 , 1 5 0 , 4 3 8 , 448
K . 375, 376,
Osypka,
353, 3 6 5 , 367
P . , s.
V o n Dirings-
Outerbridge,
J . S. 19, 29, 59,
P e r l m u t e r , L . O , s. K i m b l e , G .
O w a d a , K . , O k u b u , K . 320 Owada, K . , Shiizu, S., K i m u r a , K . 320 151 O w e n s , G . G . , s. G u e d r y , F . E . 44, 47, 48, 49, 5 1 , 5 2 , 56, 58, 60, 6 3 , 64, 108,145
P o r t m a n , M . 579 P o s n e r , J . B . , s. C o l l i n s , W . E .
4 6 7 , 4 7 3 , 4 8 0 , 489 Peterson,
3 6 2 , 3 6 3 , 366, 3 7 5 ,
B . W . 4 5 2 , 461
P e z z o l i , J . A . , M o o r e , J . W . 360
P o w e l l , T . J . 5 5 4 , 579
P f a l t z , C . R . , A r x , S. V . 378,
P o w e l l , T . P . S . , s. J o n e s , E . G . 6 0 0 , 6 1 0 , 617
387 Pfaltz, C. R . , K a m a t h , R . 451,
P o w e l l , T . P . S . , s. K e m p , J . M . 6 0 2 , 617
461
P a i n e , R . S . , s. P e n d l e t o n , M . E . 3 6 2 , 368 Pandya, D . N . , Kuypers, H .G . J . M . 6 0 0 , 6 1 0 , 6 1 2 , 619 P a r k e r , D . E . , s. S c h ö n e , H . 9 9 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 3 , 151, 1 6 3 , 1 6 5 , 190 P a r k e r , D . M . 120,150 P a r q u e t , P h . J . , s. N a y r a c , P . 356 R . D . 40, 41, 42, 43,
50, 56, 63,150 Pasik, P . , Pasik, T . 216, 218, 232, 6 1 2 , 619 Pasik, P . ,Pasik, T . , Bender, M . B . 2 1 7 , 232 P a s i k , P . , s. P a s i k , T . 2 1 6 , 232 P a s i k , T . , P a s i k , P . 2 1 6 , 232 P a s i k , T . , s. P a s i k , P . 2 1 6 , 2 1 7 ,
367, 3 7 3 , 386
L . 3 7 8 , 387, 4 0 6 , 411,
448
Pfeiffer, H e n r y , M a r c h 573
P r e b e r , L . , s. B e h r , K . 444
P h i l i p s z o o n , A . J . 4 1 0 , 411, 4 1 4 ,
Precht,
P h i l i p s z o o n , A . J . , s. B o s , J . H . P h i l i p s z o o n , A . J . , s. J o n g k e e s , L . B . W . 2 3 4 , 2 5 8 , 264, 3 0 8 , 318, 3 6 4 , 367, 447
Precht, W . , Richter, A . , Gripp o , A . 4 5 8 , 461 Precht,
P i c a r t , P . , s. G r e i n e r , G . F . 2 2 3 ,
W . , Shimazu, H . 459,
461 Precht, W . ,Shimazu, H . , M a r k -
230
ham,
P i c h l e r , H . J . 4 2 4 , 448 F . H . , s. W i l s o n ,
468,
P r e c h t , W . , Llinâs, R . , C l a r k e 4 5 2 , 461
316, 4 1 0 , 410, 4 3 7 , 444
Pike,
W . , Grippo, J . , Rich-
t e r , A . 4 5 8 , 461
448
T. G.
C. H . 452, 453, 454,
455, 456, 457, 458, 459, Precht,
P i l z , G . F . 3 7 1 , 387 P l a t t i g , s. K e i d e l 5 9 6 , 6 0 3 , 6 0 6 P l e s t e r , D . , s. M e y e r z u m G o t t e s b e r g e , A . 1 6 5 , 189
W . , s. L l i n â s , R . 6 0 7 ,
618 P r e c h t , W . , s. M a r k h a m , C . H . 4 5 9 , 461 P r e c h t , W . , s. S h i m a z u , H . 6 0 , 151, 2 9 0 , 320, 4 5 2 , 4 5 3 ,
P a s s e y , G . E . 8 8 , 150, 1 6 0 , 189
Poe,
Passey,
3 6 5 , 366 P r e s c o t t , J . W . 6 , 1 2 6 , 150 P o l l a c k , M . , K r i e g e r , H . P . 3 6 5 , P r i b r a m , K . H . 6 1 1 , 619 368 P r i c e , R . H . 3 6 , 150 Pollak 7 P r o c t o r , D . F . 4 0 0 , 404
G . E . , Guedry,
F. E.
72", 8 5 , 1 5 0 Passey,
G . E . , s. M a n n , C . W .
72, 8 5 , 88,147,148 Patterson, J o h n , D . 573 P a t t e r s o n , J . L . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 8 1 , 8 5 , 143, Pearson,
2 4 7 , 2 5 2 , 264
R . G., Hauty, G. T.
72, 85,150
R , H . , s. C o l l i n s , W . E .
P o l l a k , J . 4 0 5 , 411, 448
P e i t e r s e n , E . 2 7 3 , 2 7 4 , 2 7 5 , 279, Peitersen,
E . , s.
Zilstorff-Pe-
d e r s e n , K . 2 7 3 , 274,280,355
2 3 5 , 265 P u r k i n j e , J . E . 1 1 9 , 150, 2 6 7 ,
5 8 5 , 619
Pompeiano,
C.
P u l e c , J . L . , s. M i l l e r , E . F . I I .
E . , Zilstorff-Peders e n , K . 2 7 2 , 2 7 4 , 2 7 5 , 2 7 6 , P o m p e i a n o , O . , s. B a r n e s s , C . D . 5 8 5 , 615 280, 355
Peitersen,
L . R . , Fernandez,
3 7 0 , 3 7 3 , 387 Pruyser, P . W . 573
N . I . 353 P o m p e i a n o , O . 2 6 8 , 280
Pompeiano, O., Brodai, A .268, 280
354,355
454,
4 5 7 , 4 5 9 , 462, 4 6 4 , 4 8 9
Proctor,
P o l y a k o v , B . I . , s. A r l a s c h e n k o ,
Pompeiano, O., Barness, C D .
P e i p e r , A . 1 2 3 , 150
461,
4 6 5 , 4 7 5 , 4 7 9 , 488
490
P l o o g , D . 6 1 2 , 619
2 1 8 , 232, 6 1 2 , 619
384
P o u l t o n , E . C . 4 0 , 150
P f a l t z , C . R . , s. H o o d , J . F . 3 6 2 , P r e b e r ,
P a d d e n , D . A . 9 0 , 150
E.M.
P o r t m a n , G . 5 6 1 , 579 R . 466,
P e t o , A . 6 , 1 2 6 , 150
O w e n , E . P . , s. R o s s , H . E . 9 1 ,
Parsons,
G . , s. T h a u e r ,
P o p o v , N . I . , s. Y u g a n o v , 5 5 4 , 5 5 6 , 580
P e r r i n , F . A . C . 359 Peters,
R.130,149 P o p o v , A . P . 3 0 0 , 320
A . 5, 135,146
150
P o m p e i a n o , O . , s. M a r c h i a f a v a , P o m p e i a n o , O . , s. M o r r i s o n , A .
P e r l m a n , H . B . , s. J o h n e r , O H .
h o f e n , H . 25,153
O . , s. B r o d a i , A .
P . L . 130,148
P e r l m a n , H . B . 1 6 5 , 189
3 7 7 , 387
Pompeiano,
2 6 8 , 278, 5 6 5 , 574
P e n m a n , K . A . 356
Osterhammel, K.,
M . E . , Paine, R . S.
3 6 2 , 368
368
O . , s. B a t i n i ,
4 7 8 , 4 8 1 , 484
C.
280, 291,320,
4 0 8 , 411, 449
Q u i x , F . H . 17, 6 8 , 80,150, 4 0 5 , 4 0 6 , 411, 4 3 5 , 4 3 6 , 449 Quix, F . H . , Eijsvogel, M . H . 182,189
Author Index
R a a s c h o v , F . , s. B r u n , E . 3 9 3 , R a d e m a k e r , G . G . J . 354, 5 8 4 , G . G . J . , Garcin,
Ritvo,
R â d m a r k , K . 2 7 7 , 280 M . , s. G i b s o n ,
J . J .
1 6 0 , 1 6 2 , 169,187 R a i k o v i t s , K . , s. S z e n t â g o t h a i , J . 4 7 5 , 489 R a s h b a s s , C . 5 9 0 , 619 F . , Riggs,
L . A . 199,
R a u c h , S . 5 0 7 , 579 R a w l i n s o n , H . E . 4 0 0 , 404 R a y , J . T . , s. M a n n , C . W . 2 2 , 2 5 , 2 6 , 2 7 , 7 2 , 8 5 , 1 1 7 , 147, R e a s o n , J . T . 3 6 , 1 2 0 , 150 Reason, J . T . , Benson, A . J . 36, J . T . , D i a z , E . 120,
125,132,150 R e a s o n , J . T . , G r a y b i e l , A . 110, 1 2 0 , 1 2 3 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 3 , 151 R e a s o n , J . T . , s. B e n s o n , A . J . 3 6 , 1 3 7 , 3 6 5 , 366 R e a s o n , J . T . , s. D e a r n a l e y , E . J . 3 7 8 , 384 Reding,
G . R . , Fernandez, C.
2 6 1 , 265 Reston,
O , s. M a x w e l l , S . S .
3 7 1 , 3 7 2 , 3 7 3 , 387 R e y n o l d s , B . 357 R h o d e s , J . M . , s. A d e y , W . R . 261,263 R i c a l d o n i , M . A . «357 R i c c i u t i , E . A . , s. A l e x a n d e r , S . J . 2 6 2 , 263 R i c e , N . , s. C o l l i n s , W . E . 5 4 7 , 574
H., Brown, M . B., Mason, A . 3 6 5 , 368
2 7 , 28,145 R i c h t e r , A . , s. P r e c h t , W . 4 5 8 , 461 E . L . , s. G r a y b i e l , A .
R i d d l e , K . S . , s. H e l l e b r a n d t , F . A . 360 Riesco-MacClure, J . S., M a r t i n e z , A . 2 2 1 , 232 R i e s e n , A . H . 2 1 1 , 232 R i e s e n , A . H . , s. C h o w , K . L . 211,229
488 R u u t h , E . , s. A n d e r s s o n , S . 3 6 , 110,136 I . H . , s. M c C a b e , B . F .
Roberts,
T . D . M . 1 8 , 9 5 , 151
4 5 3 , 4 5 9 , 461, 4 7 5 , 4 7 9 , 4 8 3 ,
Roberts,
T . D . M . , s.
488
stein^.
Lowen-
18,69,71,247,163,
519, 520, 522, 524, 525, 526, 5 3 0 , 5 3 1 , 5 4 5 , 5 5 9 , 577
Sadoff,
M . , Matheson,
F. A.,
H a v i l l , C . D . 2 5 , 3 7 , 151 Saito, L , W a d a , H . , Y a g u r a , S.,
Robinson, D . A . 586, 587, 588,
K a t o , N . 3 1 0 , 320
5 8 9 , 5 9 0 , 5 9 1 , 5 9 2 , 6 0 4 , 6 1 2 , S a l a , O . 2 8 5 , 320, 3 7 3 , 387 619
S a n d , A . , s. L o w e n s t e i n , O . 2 8 3 ,
5 9 2 , 6 1 2 , 619
2 8 4 , 319, 4 5 2 , 461, 4 6 4 ,
487,
5 8 6 , 618
R o b i n s o n , D . A . , s. K e l l e r , E . L . S a n d s t r ö m , J . 2 0 5 , 2 0 7 , 232 S a s a k i , K . 4 5 8 , 461
R o b i n s o n , D . A . , s. R o n , S . 5 9 1 , 5 9 9 , 619 A . A . 5 8 9 , 620 Rocker,
Roggeveen,
S a t o , T . , s. K i t a h a r a , M . 357 Sattler, C. H . , B l o h m k e , A . 211,
M . , s. V o n B a u m g a r -
t e n , R . J . 580
232 Scanlon, S. L . , Goetzinger, O P .
L . J . , N i j hoff, P .
25, 35,151
359 S c h a e f e r , K . P . 4 5 8 , 461
R o h r e r , F . 58,151
Schaefer, K . P . , Meyer, D . L .
Roman, A . J . , Warren, B .H . , G r a y b i e l , A . 2 9 8 , 320 R o m b e r g , M . H . 2 7 6 , 280,
469, 473, 474, 476, 478, 480, 4 8 1 , 4 8 2 , 488
354
R o m e i , E . L . , s. B a b s k i i , E . B .
Schaefer,
K . P . , Weimer,
H .
4 8 2 , 488 S c h a e f e r , K . P . , s. D a l R i , H .
359 R o n , S., R o b i n s o n , D . A . 599,
479,
481,485
S c h a e f e r , K . P . , s. D u e n s i n g , F .
619 Ron,
S a t o , G . , s. S p i e g e l , E . A . 4 5 1 , 4 5 8 , 462
R o b i n s o n , D . A . , s. S k a v e n s k i ,
S.,
Robinson,
Skavenski,
D.
A.,
A . A . 5 9 1 , 619
R o s e n b e r g , J . , s. F u j i t a , Y . 4 5 2 ,
485,
5 8 6 , 5 9 0 , 616 G . , Cobb,
S.
4 7 6 , 489 S c h e e r e r , E . , s. B i s c h o f f , N . 1 1 7 ,
B . 4 5 9 , 460 R o s s , B . M . , s. E n g e n , T . 4 0 ,
137, 1 5 9 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 0 , 174, 176, 177, 1 7 8 , 180, 184,
141
185,186
Ross, H . E . , C r i c k m a r , S. D . , Sills, N . V . , O w e n , E . P . 91,
S c h e i d , P . , s. D e e c k e , L . 6 0 0 , 616 S c h e i d , P . , s. F r e d r i c k s o n , J . 8 ,
151
142
R o s s , J . A . 4 5 2 , 461 R o s s u m , A . v a n 4 0 8 , 411, 4 2 9 , A . , Moushegian,
Schierbeek,
P . 4 0 6 , 411, 4 3 0 ,
449
4 3 2 , 449 Rupert,
6 9 , 141, 2 8 7 , 317, 4 5 2 , 4 5 3 , 4 5 4 , 460, 4 6 4 , 4 6 9 , 4 8 4 , Schaltenbrand,
460
R o s s , D . A . 2 8 3 , 2 8 4 , 320
3 4 2 , 352
Russell, P . E . 573
Ryu,
R o s e n b l u e t h , A . , s. C a n n o n , W .
R i c h m o n d , G . , s. G u e d r y , F . E .
Ricks,
A . , M a r k h a m , C.
5 8 6 , 617
150 Reason,
Eviatar,
Robinson, D . A . , Fuchs, A . F .
148
Montandon,
R u t t i n , E . 4 3 5 , 449, 4 7 2 , 4 8 3 ,
E . R . , Ornitz, E . M . ,
188, 2 8 3 , 2 9 0 , 319, 5 1 7 , 5 1 8 ,
232 R a t n e r , S . C . 3 8 2 , 387
A . , s.
A . 2 5 , 1 4 9 , 2 2 3 , 231 R ü s s e l , I . S . R . 4 8 1 , 4 8 2 , 488
R i o p e l l e , A . J . , s. M e e k , J . C . 4 2 7 , 448
R . 2 7 7 , 280, 5 8 4 , 619
R u s h m e r , R . F . 3 9 7 , 404 Russbach,
R i o p e l l e , A . J . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 575
619 Rademaker,
Ratliff,
R i g g s , L . A . , s. R a t l i f f , F . 1 9 9 , 232
403
Radner,
639
G.,
G a l a m b o s , R . 4 5 2 , 461 R u p p e r t , J . 3 6 1 , 368, 3 6 9 , 387
S c h i e r b e e k , P . , s. D e V r i e s , H l . 25,141 S c h i l d e r , P . 6,151
Author
640
S c h i l l e r , P . H . 2 1 7 , 232,
612,
Schiller, P . PI., Körner, F . 604, 619 D.
S c h m a l t z , G . 2 2 2 , 232,419,
434,
160,186
A.
2 3 5 , 264,
C. L . , Wist,
E . R.,
D i c h g a n s , J . 6 0 7 , 620 S c h m i d t , C . L . , s. K l i n k e ,
R.
3 2 4 , 3 3 3 , 352
J . 1 7 , 140
S c h m i d t , R , S . 2 8 5 , 320, 6 0 7 , Schmitt, F . 0., Worden, F . G . 602, 606, 607, 611, 613 Schneider, C. W . , B a r t l e y , S. H .
S h i r a k i , T . , s. T o k i t a , T . 355 Shubert, E . 85,151
W . J . , s. C r a m p t o n ,
S i l f v e r s k i o l d , D . F . , s. B e h r , K .
S c h w a r t z , R . P . , V a e t h , W . 360 M.
7 2 , 142,
1 5 9 , 230, 2 8 7 ,
S c h o c k , G . J . D . 2 4 8 , 265 L . 6 9 , 151,
4 5 2 , 461,
4 6 4 , 4 6 6 , 4 7 2 , 489 Schöne, H . 68, 86, 91, 92, 93, 98, 99, 100, 103, 109,
151, 1 5 9 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 3 , 1 6 4 , 1 6 5 , 1 8 2 , 1 9 0 , 2 3 5 , 2 4 1 , 265, 4 3 5 , 449, 4 6 5 , 489 Schöne, H . , M o r t a g , H . G . 105, 106,151 Schöne, H . , P a r k e r , D . E . 99, 1 0 0 , 1 0 3 , 151, 1 6 5 , 190 Schöne, H . , Parker, D . E . , M o r t a g , H . G . 9 9 , 1 0 0 , 151, 1 6 3 , 165,190 Schöne, H . , U d o de Hacs, H . 7 2 , 8 5 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 9 , 1 2 5 , 151, 160, 163, 164, 165, 175, 182, 190 S c h ö n e , H . , s. U d o d e H a e s , H . 9 2 , 1 0 9 , 153, 1 6 3 , 1 7 5 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 2 , 1 9 0 , 2 9 4 , 320 Schreiner,
L . H . , s. L i n d s l e y ,
D . B . 4 7 8 , 487 Schroeder,
D . J . 3 6 5 , 368, 3 7 8 ,
3 7 9 , 387 Schroeder, D . J . , Gilson, R . D . , Guedry, F . E . , Collins, W . E . 130,151 S c h r o e d e r , D . J . , s. C o l l i n s , W . 1 3 0 , 140, 3 7 6 , 3 8 1 , 384,
5 4 7 , 574
444 S i l l s , N . V . , s. R o s s , H . E . 9 1 , 151 S i m p s o n , J . E . , s. M a e k a w a , K .
S c h w i c k h a r t , s. T i t o v 5 5 7
5 9 0 , 6 0 4 , 618
S c o l l e y , C . M . 2 4 9 , 265
Sinecori 119
Scollo-Lavizzari, G . , Akert, K .
S i n g l e t o n , G . T . 1 1 5 , 1 2 6 , 151,
6 1 2 , 620
163,190
453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 4 5 8 ,
S c h w a b , R . S . 4 0 1 , 404
317, 5 8 4 , 6 0 9 , 616
619
4 5 9 , 461 S h i m a z u , H . , s. P r e c h t , W . 4 5 2 ,
Schwam,
S c h w a r z , D . , s. F r e d r i c k s o n , J .
3 7 0 , 385
H . , s. B a k e r , R . G .
4 5 9 , 461, 4 6 5 , 4 7 5 , 4 7 9 , 488
G . H . 3 6 2 , 367, 3 7 3 , 384
119,146 S c h m i d t , R . , s. F e r n a n d e z , C .
Shimazu,
S h i m a z u , H . , s. M a r k h a m , O H .
S c h u s t e r , E . H . J . , s. C o r v e r a ,
591 Schmidt,
W . 60,
4 5 8 , 460
S c h u k n e c h t , H . F . , s. G r a y b i e l ,
S c h m i d t , s. K o r n h u b e r , H . H .
H . , Precht,
151, 2 9 0 , 320, 4 5 2 , 4 5 3 , 4 5 4 , 4 5 7 , 4 5 9 , 462, 4 6 4 , 489
S c h u k n e c h t , H . F . 2 9 1 , 320
449, 5 0 2 , 5 0 6 , 579 S c h m i d t 79
E.
H . 1 2 0 , 137 S c h u b e r t , G . , s. B r e c h e r , G . A .
1 9 6 , 229
580 Shimazu,
S c h u b e r t , G . , s. B o r n s c h e i n , V .
S c h l a g e r , M . , s. B e c h i n g e r ,
S h i l l i n g e r , G . L . , s. V o n B a u m garten, R . J . 558, 559, 560,
S c h u b e r t , G . 1 2 0 , 1 5 1 , 4 0 8 , 411, 449
S c h i l p p , P . A . 1 0 4 , 151
94,
D . J . , s. G i l s o n , R .
D.130,142
619
Schoen,
Schroeder,
Index
S c o t t , J . W . , s. M o n e y ,
4 2 5 , 449 K . E.
3 0 8 , 319, 5 4 3 , 5 4 4 , 5 6 1 , 578 S e a r s , C . W . , s. J a c k s o n , M . M .
Sirkis, M u r r a y , D . 573 S j ö b e r g , A . A . 2 6 2 , 265, 4 0 5 , 411, 449, 5 5 5 , 579, 6 0 7 , 620 Skavenski, A . A . ,Robinson, D .
2 9 8 , 317 Seashore,
H . G . 356, 357,
Seashore,
H . G . , K o c h , G . 354
359
A . 5 8 9 , 620 Skavenski,
A . A . , s. R o n , S .
5 9 1 , 619
S e a s h o r e , R . H . 356
S e a s h o r e , R . H . , B u x t o n , C . E . , S k o g l u n d , J . E . 356 S l a t e r - H a m m e l , A . T . 357 M c C o i l o m , I . N . 356 S e g u n d o , J . P . , s. F u j i t a , 4 5 2 , 460
Y .
S e k i t a n i , T . , s. M c C a b e , B . F . 4 5 3 , 4 5 9 , 461 S e l l e r s , E . A . , s. T a y l o r , W . J . R . 3 9 3 , 3 9 7 , 404 J . , Winestein,
S.,
G h e n t , L . , T e u b e r , H . L . 8, 151
Smith,
C . R . , s. G r a y b i e l , A .
261,262, 267,333,
352
S m i t h , G . , s. A n d e r s s o n , S . 3 6 , S m i t h , K . U . , Greene,
D . 360
Smith, K . U . , M c D e r m i d , C.D . , S h i d e m a n , F . E . 360 S m i t h , K . U . , S m i t h , W . M . 6,
S h a f e r , W . A . , s. N e w s o m , B . D . 354
134,152 S m i t h , M . J . , s. F r e g l y , A . R .
S h a m e s , I . H . 13,151 Shanzer,
3 7 0 , 3 7 3 , 388 S m i t h , C . R . 3 3 0 , 352
110,136
S e l y e , H . 5 7 1 , 579 Semmes,
S m i t h , A . H . , s. W i n g e t , C . M .
S . , s. B e n d e r ,
3 2 2 , 3 3 3 , 3 3 8 , 351 M . B.
2 1 6 , 2 1 7 , 229, 5 9 0 , 615 S h a r p l e s s , S . K . 1 3 5 , 151 S h e f f e y , P . L . , s. G u e d r y , F . E . 1 1 8 , 1 4 5 , 3 6 3 , 3 6 5 , 367, 3 7 4 , 378, 379, 381,356 S h e r r i n g t o n , C . S . 579 S h i d e m a n , F . E . , s. S m i t h , K . U . 360 S h i i z u , S . , s. O w a d a , K . 320
S m i t h , P . , s. C h i n n , H . 3 8 9 , 403 Smith,
S . Y . , s. C o a t s ,
A . C.
3 0 4 , 3 0 5 , 316 S m i t h , W . M . , s. S m i t h , K . U . 6, 1 3 4 , 1 5 2 S m y t h i e s , J . R . 1 2 6 , 152 S n i d e r , R . S . , s. B a r d , P . 6 0 7 , 615 S o k o l o f f , M . , s. M o n e y , 319
K . E.
641
Author Index
Sokolovski,
A . 3 6 5 , 368,
429,
S t e i n , S . v o n 2 7 7 , 280,
Suzuki,
357
S t e i n e r , F . A . , s. W e b e r , G . 5 8 6 ,
449 S o l o d o v n i k , F . A . , s. Y u g a n o v , E . M . 5 5 4 , 5 5 6 , 580 M . 2 1 3 , 232
4 1 5 , 449, 5 0 2 , 5 0 4 , 5 1 3 , 579 Stenger,
S o m m e r , H . S . , s. H a r r i s , C . S . 358
H . H . 2 0 4 , 2 0 6 , 232,
4 3 7 , 449, 4 5 1 , 4 5 8 , 462, 4 8 2 , S t e r n f e l d , s. B e n s o n , A . J . 3 1 2
Spamer, C. 463, 464, 465, 477,
S t e t s o n , R . H . , s. H u b b a r d , A . W.
S t e v e n s , S . S . 3 9 , 4 3 , 152
S p e l l s , K . E . 2 8 9 , 320
S t e w a r t , J . D . , s. C l a r k , B . 2 3 , Jones,
5 8 5 , 617
58, 5 9 , 6 3 , 1 1 7 , 1 3 9 , 380,383 S t e w a r t , W . G . , s. M a n n i n g , G .
S p i e g e l , E . A . 3 9 2 , 404,411,
W . 3 9 0 , 403
489
S p i e g e l , E . A . , A r o n s o n , L . 4 7 7 , S t i g l e r , R . 8 8 , 9 1 , 9 3 , 152, 1 6 4 , 489
190
Spiegel, E . A . , Dèmètriades, T . D . 4 5 1 , 4 5 6 , 462,
Stockwell, C. W . , Gilson, R . D . ,
4 7 5 , 489
Spiegel, E . A . , E g y e d , J . ,Sze-
G u e d r y , F . E . 6 5 , 152 Stockwell, C. W . . Guedry, F . E .
k e l y , E . 8 , 152 Spiegel,
1 0 8 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 , 152, 2 5 6 , 265
E . A . , Sato,
G . 451,
Stockwell, C. W . , Turnipseed,
4 5 8 , 462
G. T., Guedry,
Spiegel, E . A . , Szekely, E . G . , M o f f e t , R . 8 , 152
S t o c k w e l l , C . W . , s. G i l s o n , R . D . 5 6 , 6 2 , 131,142 S t o c k w e l l , C . W . , s. G r a y b i e l ,
489 S p o e n d l i n , H . H . 17, 69,
152,
2 9 0 , 320, 5 1 5 , 5 1 7 , 5 1 8 , 579
A . 2 3 4 , 2 6 2 , 264 S t o c k w e l l , C . W . , s. G u e d r y , F .
S p o o r , A . , s. V a n D i s h o e c k , H . A.
E . 8, 2 2 , 3 5 , 1 1 7 ,
3 8 0 , 384, 4 1 6 , 444,
579 W.
W . 4 7 8 , 489 Sprague,
J . M . , s.
E . 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53,
153,
Sprague, J . M . ,Chambers,
Chambers,
W . W . 4 7 8 , 485
56, 108,145 Stone, R . W . , L e t k o , W . 112, 1 1 3 , 152, 5 4 4 , 5 4 5 , 5 4 6 , 579 S t o n e , R . W . , s. L e t k o , W . 5 5 4 , 577 Storm
S t a h l e , J . 2 9 1 , 2 9 4 , 2 9 6 , 320 S t a h l e , J . , s. A s c h a n , G . 2 9 , 1 3 6 , 2 0 0 , 229, 4 2 9 , 4 3 0 , 443 Stark, L . , Vossius, G . , Y o u n g ,
W.,
68,115,148
D. H .
576 620
B . , s. J o n s s o n ,
R.
360
S u g i e , N . , M e l v i l l J o n e s , G . 579
S t e e r , R . W . 112,152, 5 0 7 , 5 1 0 , S u n a h a r a , F . A . , J o h n s o n , 5 4 8 , 5 5 0 , 5 5 2 , 579
H.,
41
S u t h e r l a n d , N . S . 162,190 H b . Sensory Physiology, Vol. VI/2
W.
Taylor, N . B . G . 393,
404, 4 0 8 , 411, 449
Steer, R . W . , J r . 288, 310, 311,
Imamura, H . , Kurihara, M . , K i s h i , M . 354 T a k e m o r i , S . , s. C o h e n , B . 1 1 6 , 119, 1 2 5 , 126,140 T a k e u c h i , T . , s. T o k i t a , T . 355 T a l p i s , L . 2 7 0 , 280 T a s h i r o , K . , s. F u k u d a , T . 3 7 6 , 3 7 7 , 385 T a u b , E . 1 3 4 , 1 3 5 , 152 T a u b , E . , B e r m a n , A . J . 134, 152 Taylor, N . B . J . ,Hunter, J . , J o h n s o n , W . H . 4 0 1 , 404 T a y l o r , N . B . , s. B e s t , C . H . 4 0 0 , 403 T a y l o r , N . B . J . , s. J o h n s o n , W . H . 3 9 0 , 403 3 9 3 , 404 F . A . 3 9 3 , 404, 4 0 8 , 411, 449 H . , Sellers, E . A . 393, 397, T e m p l e t o n , W . B . , s. H o w a r d , 117, 1 1 9 , 120,146, 1 6 0 , 1 6 5 , 178,188 T e r B r a a k , J . W . G . 2 8 4 , 320 T e r i n s , J . 1 8 5 , 190
S u g a n u m a , Y . , s. T o k i t a , T . 355
404
279, 4 6 6 , 488, 5 8 4 , 619 Takebayshi, H . , Kuriyama, T.,
T e n K a t e , J . H . 5 9 , 152
S t u t e v i l l e , P . , s. W e l c h , K . 6 1 2 ,
Steele, J . E . 120, 123,152, 4 0 1 ,
579 T a i t , J . , s. M c N a l l y , W . J . 2 7 7 ,
I . P . 7, 1 7 , 7 2 , 8 2 , 8 6 , 9 4 , 9 5 ,
S t u b b s , R . A . , s. J o h n s o n , W . H . 3 9 0 , 3 9 1 , 3 9 2 , 403, 5 5 8 ,
5 8 9 , 620
Tait, J . , M c N a l l y , W . J . 543,
404
S t u a r t , G . , s. M c N a l l y , W . H .
G . 4 5 9 , 460
T a i t , J . 1 6 5 , 190, 211, 280
Taylor, W . J . R . , Johnson, W .
3 8 9 , 404
S t a v r a k y , G . W . , s. D r a k e , C .
4 7 5 , 489
T a y l o r , N . B . G . , s. S u n a h a r a ,
S t u a r t , E . A . , s. M c N a l l y , W . J .
5 9 4 , 620
320
s.
S t r u p p l e r , A . , s. W i g a n d , M . E .
7,17,
S t a r k , L . , s. Y o u n g , L . R . 5 8 7 ,
St.-Cyr, G . J . , Fender,
v a n Leeuwen,
M a g n u s , R . 5 8 4 , 618
L . R . 5 8 9 , 620
Szentâgothai, J . , R a i k o v i t s , K .
T a y l o r , N . B . J . , s. N o b l e , R . L .
2 7 6 , 280
S t a r k , G . 2 2 3 , 2 2 5 , 232
S teen,
F . E . 311,
320
Spiegel, E . A . , Teschler, L .477,
152 S z e n t â g o t h a i , J . 6 9 , 152, 1 6 5 ,
6 0 4 , 616
25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 35, 42, 55,
G . 5, 3 8 , 148, 5 0 2 , 5 0 8 , 578,
S z e k e l y , E . , s. S p i e g e l , E . A . 8 ,
S z e n t â g o t h a i , J . , s. E c c l e s , J . C .
360
Speers 503 S p e l l s , K . E . , s. M e l v i l l
S w e t s , J . A . 3 6 , 152
190, 232, 2 9 1 , 320
4 8 3 , 4 8 4 , 489
S o u l a i r a c , A . , B a r o n , J . B . 356 489
G . 374,
S u z u k i , J . , s. C o h e n , B . 5 8 6 , 616
620 S t e i n h a u s e n , W . 6 9 , 7 0 , 71,152,
Solomon, G . E . , Chutorian, A .
J . , Totsuka,
387
T e r k i l d s e n , K . , s. O s t e r h a m m e l , P . 3 7 5 , 3 7 6 , 3 7 7 , 387 Teschler,
L . , s. S p i e g e l , E . A .
4 7 7 , 489 T e u b e r , H . L . 7, 8 , 5 2 , 9 4 , 1 3 0 , 152, 4 7 0 , 489
642
Author Index
T e u b e r , H . L . , M i s h k i n , M . 8,
Travis, R . C., Dodge, R , 44, 77,
152
V e n d r i c k , A . J . H . , s. G r o e n , J . J . 1 9 , 5 9 , 6 2 , 144, 2 8 3 ,
78,152
T e u b e r , H . L . , s. S e m m e s , J . 8 ,
Trevisan,
151
C , s. D u e n s i n g ,
Trincker,
4 7 3 , 4 8 0 , 489
Vernon, J . A . , McGill, T . E . ,
D . 15, 68, 69,
K.359 V e r n o n , M . D . 1 8 2 , 190
4 5 4 , 462
M . , C o n c r a u x , C . 356 2 7 6 , 280
Gulick, W . L , Candland, D .
152,
4 2 4 , 4 2 7 , 4 2 9 , 4 3 2 , 449, 4 5 2 ,
Thiébaut, F . , Isch, F . , Collard, Thomas, D . P . , Whitney, R . J .
5 1 0 , 5 1 1 , 5 1 2 , 5 1 8 , 575
F.
4 8 4 , 486
Thauer, R . , Peters, G . 466, 467,
Tschermak,
A . 4 0 8 , 411, 4 1 6 ,
V e r s t e e g h , O , s. K l e y n , A . d e 211,231,
4 3 3 , 449
T h o m a s , E . L . , s. A c k e r m a n , U . 3 9 9 , 402 T h o m p s o n , A . B . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 3 4 2 , 352
T s u i k i , Y . 4 2 9 , 449
V e r s t e e g h , L . 165,190
Tullio 426
Vilstrup, G . , Vilstrup,T . 69,70,
Turnipseed,
T h o r n h i l l , R . A . , s. L o w e n s t e i n ,
G . T . , s.
153 Stock-
w e l l , C . W . 3 1 1 , 320
V i l s t r u p , T . 5 1 4 , 5 1 5 , 579 V i l s t r u p , T . , s. V i l s t r u p , G . 6 9 , 70,153
T y c - D u m o n t , s. H o r c h o l l e -
0 . 4 9 6 , 577
Bossavit 586
T h o r n v a l , A . 2 7 0 , 280
V a n d e r V i s , K . 4 3 2 , 449
T y l e r , D . B . , B a r d , P . 3 8 9 , 3 9 0 , V i s s e r , S . L . 2 0 0 , 2 0 1 , 232
T h o r p e , W . H . 3 8 2 , 387 T h o r t o n , C . L . , s. B a r r e t t , G . V .
3 9 1 , 3 9 3 , 404
Vliet, A . G . M . v a n , Waardenburg,
119,136 T h u l i n , C . A . , s. G e r n a n d t , B . E . 2 6 8 , 279, 4 5 2 , 4 5 4 , 460, 4 6 4 , 486 T i b b l i n g , L . 6 , 152 G . 36,145 T i m m , C . 2 8 4 , 320 T o k i t a , T . 355,
V o g e l s a n g , C . J . 3 8 0 , 387 H . , Schöne, H .
9 2 , 1 0 9 , 153,
V o g t , C , V o g t , O . 6 0 9 , 620
1 6 3 , 1 7 5 , 1 7 9 , V o g t , O . , s. V o g t , C . 6 0 9 , 620 Vogts 609
356, 4 3 4 , 4 3 5 ,
E., Shiraki, T., Kuroda, W . , T.,
Nakayama,
S., F u j i m o t o , T . , A o k i , M . , T.,
Mizutani,
T.,
S u g a n u m a , Y . 355 353,
354, 357, 3 7 3 , 3 7 6 , 3 7 7 , 3 7 8 , 385 T o k i t a , T . , s. I g a r a s h i , M . 3 2 1 , 352 T o k u m a s u , K . , s. G o t o , K . 3 6 2 , 367 365,
368,
3 7 4 , 3 7 5 , 387 Guillemen,
V.,
B a r n o t h y , L M . 2 2 0 , 232 Torok,
N . , K a h n , A . 2 7 1 , 280
Torok,
N . , s. J o h n s o n ,
D. D.
3 7 5 , 386 T o t s u k a , G . , s. S u z u k i , J . 3 7 4 , 387 T o y n e , M . J . , s. W i l s o n , M . E . 5 9 6 , 620 T r a v i s , R . C . 356
141
1 6 0 , 1 6 3 , 1 6 4 , 1 6 5 , 1 7 5 , 1 8 2 , V o l d r i c h , L . 5 6 2 , 579 Volokhova, N . A . , s. 190 Uemura,
T., Cohen,
2 0 5 , 2 2 1 , 232, 4 7 5 , 489
V o l y n k i n , Y u . , K . , s. V a s i l ' y e v , P . V . 2 5 4 , 266
U e m u r a , T . , s. C o h e n , B . 1 1 9 ,
V o o g d , J . 4 3 4 , 449
125,140 U f f e n o r d e , K . 4 8 4 , 490
Voots,
R . J . , s. M i l o j e v i c , B .
3 0 4 , 319 V o s s i u s , G . , s. S t a r k , L . 5 8 9 , 620
291,320 U n g a r , G . 4 8 2 , 490
D e Vries, H l . 25, 33, 69, 70, 71, 7 2 , 7 5 , 141,
U n o , R . , s. K i t a h a r a , M . 1 1 0 , 146, 4 1 4 , 447 Unterberger,
Arla-
s c h e n k o , N . I . 353
B . 203,
U l r i c h , H . 6 8 , 6 9 , 7 0 , 7 5 , 153,
T o k i t a , T . , s. F u k u d a , T .
N . 2 2 1 , 232,
V o i g t , K . , s. D i c h g a n s , J . 1 1 7 ,
7 2 , 8 5 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 9 , 1 2 5 , 151,
T o k i t a , T . , A o k i , S., Y o n e k u r a ,
N.,
de Haes,
U d o d e H a e s , H . , s. S c h ö n e , H .
449
Torok,
V o g e l , K . 4 8 4 , 490
1 8 2 , 190, 2 9 4 , 320
T i t o v , S c h w i c k h a r t 557
Goto,
P . J . , Forsius, H . ,
E r i k s s o n , A . W . 2 1 1 , 232
356
U d o de H a e s , H . 159, 160, 161, Udo
T i b b l i n g , L . , s. H e n r i k s s o n , N .
Torok,
U c h y t i l , B . 2 7 6 , 280, 182,190
Takeuchi,
2 7 7 , 279, 3 0 7 , 318,
4 0 7 , 410, 447
T s c h i a s s n y , K . 3 7 7 , 387
T u m a r k i n , L A . 25,153
T h o m p s o n , Truet, B . 573
317,
4 1 5 , 4 2 3 , 446, 5 0 2 , 5 0 8 , 5 0 9 ,
T r e n d e l e n b u r g , W . 4 7 9 , 489
S . 2 2 6 , 232, 2 7 2 ,
De
4 3 2 , 4 3 3 , 449
Vries, H l . , Schierbeek, P . 25,141
2 7 3 , 280, 355, 490 U p d e g r a f f , B . P . , s. C o l l i n s , W . E . 3 7 0 , 3 7 3 , 384
Waardenburg, A. a
P . J . , s.
Vliet,
M . 2 1 1 , 232
W a d a , H . , s. S a i t o , I . 3 1 0 , 320 V a e t h , W . , s. S c h w a r t z , R . P . 360 V a g l i n i , F . 354 V a l l e n s t e i n , E . S . 580
W a d e , N . J . 7 2 , 153 W a d e , N . J . , D a y , R . H . 72,153 W a d e , N . , s. D a y , R , 7 2 , 141, 174,187
V a n d e r w o l f , C . H . 6 1 2 , 620
Wagman,
Vasil'yev, P . V . , Volynkin, Y u . ,
W a i t e , R . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 1 0 3 ,
K . 2 5 4 , 266 V a z u k a , F . A . 354 V e i t s , C . 2 2 2 , 232, 4 1 5 , 4 2 7 , 449
I . H . 232,
6 0 9 , 620
1 0 4 , 143, 2 4 2 , 2 4 4 , 264 Walberg, F . ,Bowsher, D . , B r o d a i , A . 2 6 8 , 2 7 4 , 280
V e i t s , C , s. F i s c h e r , M . H . 4 1 8 , W a l b e r g , F . , s. B r o d a i , A . 2 6 8 , 4 3 5 , 445
278, 5 C 5 , 574
643
Author Index
Waldecker,
G . , s.
Kornhuber,
W a l l a c h , H . , s. K ö h l e r , W . 1 6 2 , W a l s h , E . G . 8, 7 1 , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 7 , 7 8 , 7 9 , 8 0 , 8 2 , 8 7 , 153, 1 6 3 , W a l s h , F . B . , s. F o r d , F . R . 353 C . , s. B e c h i n g e r ,
D.
W a l z l , E . , M o u n t c a s t l e , V . 7, 8, W a n g , S . C . , s. B o r i s o n , H . L .
153
S., Werner,
r a n t , R . B . 2 3 , 153
6 0 7 , 620
W e r s ä l l , J . , s. E n g s t r ö m , H . 6 9 , 141
Wapner,
S . , s.
Bauermeister,
575
W a p n e r , S . , s. M c F a r l a n d , J . H .
136, 4 2 9 , 4 3 0 , 443
154, 1 6 3 , 190, 2 4 1 , 266 S . , s. W i t k i n ,
H . A.
1 8 1 , 1 9 0 , 356
Watanabe,
5 8 7 , 5 9 9 , 620
3 7 6 , 3 7 7 , 385 W a t s o n , J . L . , s. M i l o j e v i c , B . 2 7 3 , 279, Weaver,
354
R . S . 1 2 0 , 153,
392,
404 W e a v e r , R . S . , s. M o n e y , K . E . 319 Weber, G . , Steiner, F . A . 586, 620 4 8 2 , 488
359
278
358 White, P . D . ,Grimes, R . H . , F i n n e y , L . M . 359
V o n W e i z ä c k e r , V . 4 1 6 , 449 Welch, K . , Stuteville, P . 612, 620 W e n d t , G . R . 7, 6 6 , 153, 3 6 2 , 368, 3 7 4 , 3 7 5 , 3 7 6 , 3 8 2 , 3 8 9 , 3 9 0 , 391,404,
388,
4 2 6 , 449,
450 W e n d t , G . R . , s. A l e x a n d e r , S . J . 2 6 2 , 263 Werner, H . ,Wapner, S., C h a n d l e r , K . A . 9 4 , 1 5 4 , 1 6 3 , 190, 2 4 1 , 266 41'
J . I . 2 6 2 , 265 A . , N i v e n , J . I . 35,154, 2 5 6 , 266 W h i t e s i d e , W . H . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 575 W h i t n e y , R . J . , s. T h o m a s , D . P . 2 7 6 , 280 172,188 2 7 6 , 280
W o d a k , E . , Fischer, M . H . 270, Wodak,
E . , s. F i s c h e r , M . H .
278, 4 2 9 , 4 3 3 , 445 Woellner,
R . C , Graybiel, A .
1 5 9 , 190, 2 3 9 , 266, 5 2 5 , 580 W o j a t s c h e k , W . 4 0 5 , 411,
450
368 W o l f e , J . W . , s. B r o w n , J . H . 60,138 W o l f e , J . W . , s. L l i n â s , R . 5 9 9 , 6 0 8 , 618 W o o d , C . D . 4 0 2 , 404 322,351 Wood,
D . J . 4 3 7 , 4 3 8 , 450 M .J .
5 9 6 , 620 Wilson, T . G . , Pike, F . H .468,
C . D . , s. G r a y b i e l , A .
2 5 7 , 264, 4 0 2 , 403 W o o d , J . D . , s. M o n e y , K . E . 126,149 W o o d , R . W . 1 6 0 , 190 W o o l s e y , C . N . , s. B a r d , P . 6 0 7 ,
490 W i n e s t e i n , S . , s. S e m m e s , J . 8 , 151
615 Woolsey,
C. M . , Smith, A . H .
3 7 0 , 388 Winget,
E . 2 6 8 , 2 7 2 , 2 7 5 , 280,
4 1 8 , 450
W o o d , C . D . , s. F r e g l y , A . R .
W i l c o x , J . G . , s. M i l l e r , E . F . I I .
M . E . , Toyne,
2 7 0 , 2 7 1 , 278
Wolfe, J . W . 115,126,154,364,
W h i t n e y , E . 359
Williams,
W i t t m a a c k , K . , s. B â r â n y , R .
269, 270, 271, 272, 274, 276,
Whiteside, T . D . M . , Graybiel,
Winget,
S.
280
W h i t e s i d e , T . C . D . , s. N i v e n ,
Wilson,
H . A . , s. W a p n e r ,
D e W i t , G . 353, 3 9 0 , 403, 4 0 6 ,
Wodak,
2 3 5 , 265
B . 2 1 4 , 229
Witkin,
4 0 8 , 411, 4 3 0 , 450
White, W . J . , Nyberg, J . W.,
W i g g e r s , C . J . 5 7 0 , 580
W e i n s t e i n , E . A . , s. B e n d e r , M .
n e r , S. 181,190 W i t k i n , H . A . , W a p n e r , S . 356
356
Wigand, M . E . , Struppler, A .
W e i l l , G . A . , s. B a b i n s k i , J . 2 7 2 ,
M . , M a c h o ver,
Meissner, P . B . , W a p -
160,162,185
W i e s e l , T . N . , s. H u b e l , D . H .
W e h n e r , H . , s. S c h a e f e r , K . P .
H . A . , Lewis, H . B . ,
W i t k i n , H . A . , s. A s c h , S . E .
W h i t e , H . E . 1 1 , 154
5 5 0 , 573
T . , s. F u k u d a , T .
Witkin, K.,
W a r r e n , B . H . , s. R o m a n , A . J . W h i t e s i d e , T . C . D . , s. B e n s o n , A . J.262,263,299,300,316, 2 9 8 , 320 W a t a n a b e , I . 354
W i t k i n , H . A . , A s c h , S. E . 160,
Hertzman,
W h i t e , S . C , s. M i n n e r s , H . A .
89,148 W a p n e r , S . , s. W e r n e r , H . 9 4 ,
154,
162,182,190
W h i t e , P . D . , s. W h i t e , W . J .
M . 85,136
H . A . 109, 110,
160, 1 6 2 , 1 6 5 , 182,190, 2 4 1 , 266
H . , M a - W e s t h e i m e r , G . 5 9 0 , 620 Westheimer, G . , Blair, S. M .
W a p n e r , S . , W i t k i n , H . A . 356
W i s t , E . R . , s. S c h m i d t , C . L . Witkin,
W e r t h e i m e r , M . 1 6 0 , 190
3 9 9 , 403
Wapner,
W e r n e r , H . , s. W a p n e r , S . 2 3 ,
W e r s ä l l , R . , s. A s c h a n , G . 2 9 ,
153
E . , s. B r a n d t , T h . 1 1 9 ,
125,138
W e r s ä l l , J . , s. F l o c k , A . 5 1 9 ,
5 9 4 , 615
Wapner,
W i r t h , G . 354
Wernicke 585,614
190, 4 3 6 , 449
W i n s t o n , J . 4 8 2 , 490
W e r n e r , H . , s. M c F a r l a n d , J . H . W i s t , 89,148
188
Walther,
W e r n e r , H . , s. B a u e r m e i s t e r , M . 85,136
H . H . 1 9 5 , 231
C. M . , Smith, A . H . ,
K e l l y , C . F . 3 7 3 , 388 W i n k l e r , C . 4 6 8 , 490
C ,
s. H a m p s o n , J .
5 9 8 , 617 Worchel, P . , Dallenbach, K . M . 354 W o r c h e l , P . , s. B i t t e r m a n n , M . E . 162,186
644
Author Index
Worden,
F . G . , s. S c h m i t t , F .
O. 602, 606, 607, 611, 613 W r e n n , L . G . 573 Wright,
York, E . , Brown, K . R., Goldfien,
A . 359
Y o s h i d a , M . , s. I t o , M . 5 8 7 , 6 0 5 ,
G . , s. B a r b e r ,
H . O.
2 0 1 , 2 0 6 , 229, 3 6 5 , 366 W r i g h t , J . H . , s. G e s c h e i d e r , G . A . 85,142 W r i g l e y , W . , s. D r a p e r , C . S .
Y o u n g , F . A . , s. C r a m p t o n , G . 119,140
Wulfften Palthe, P . M .v a n 406, 411, 4 2 5 , 450
G . , s.
Halstead,
W . 3 7 3 , 386
L . , M e i r y , J . 71, 74,
154, 5 3 0 , 580 L . R., Meiry, J . L . , T . L i . 502, 524, 525,
5 3 0 , 5 3 9 , 5 4 6 , 580 Y o u n g , L . , O m a n , C. M .42, 56,
Y a g u r a , S . , s. S a i t o , I . 3 1 0 , 320
6 4 , 154, 2 9 6 , 3 0 6 , 320, 5 0 9 ,
Yamamoto,
5 1 5 , 5 1 6 , 580
M . , s. I t o , M . 5 8 6 ,
Young,
617 Y a o , T . L i , s. Y o u n g , L . R . 5 0 2 , 5 2 4 , 5 2 5 , 5 3 0 , 5 3 9 , 5 4 6 , 580 Yemel'yanov,
M . D . , s. G a l l e ,
R . R.359 Y o n e k u r a , E . , s. T o k i t a , T . 355
N . L ,
Solodovnik,
F . A . 5 5 4 , 5 5 6 , 580 Y u g a t o v , s. F e o k t i s t o v 5 5 6
320, 5 3 0 , 580
Yao, Yacorzynski,
I. A . , K o -
Popov,
Young,
2 1 7 , 232, 6 0 4 , 620
L , Kolosov,
Y o u n g , H . H . , M e i r i , J . L . 165,
Young,
Wurtz, R . H . , Goldberg, M .E .
L., Kasyian, I. L , Bryanov, I.
panev, V . L , Lebeden, V . L ,
Y o u n g , L . R . 109,154, 2 8 2 , 2 8 5 ,
W ü s t , H . 223,232
3 9 3 , 4 0 2 , 404
Y o u n g , H . H . 160,190 190
4 9 6 , 576
Y u g a n o v , Y e . M . 2 9 8 , 3 0 6 , 320, Yuganov, E . M . , Gorshikov, A .
617 H.
Y o u n g e r m a n n , W . M . 2 0 2 , 232
L . R . , Stark, L . 587,
5 9 4 , 620 Y o u n g , L . , s. D i c h g a n s , J . 1 1 9 , 125,141 Y o u n g , L . R . , s. S t a r k , L . 5 8 9 , 620
Z a r r i e l l o , J . J . , s. G r a y b i e l , A . 1 3 1 , 1 4 3 , 353, 3 9 2 , 403, 5 6 7 , 575 Zustorf!,
K . , s.
Osterhammel,
P . 3 7 5 , 3 7 6 , 3 7 7 , 387 Zilstorff-Pedersen,
K . , Peiter-
s e n , E . , 2 7 3 , 2 7 4 , 280, Zilstorff-Pedersen,
K . , s.
355 Pei-
tersen, E . 272, 274,275,276, 280, 355 Z i p p e l , H . P . , s. D o m a g k , G . F . 4 8 2 , 485 Z i t e r , F . A . , s. B r a y , P . F . 2 1 3 , 229
Subject Index abducens motoneurons
458
—, nystagmus rhythms —
paralysis
accelerators, horizontal, experiments
586
8
a c c e l e r a t o r y s t i m u l i , n o m e n c l a t u r e of
ability to indicate vertical
91
- , r e s o l u t i o n of
ablation experiments a n d compensation a b n o r m a l eye m o t i o n s —
fatigable
r e s p o n s e s of
475
239
oculomotor syndrom
abnormally
patients,
vestibular
252,
254
—
of v i s i o n d u r i n g r o t a t i o n
116 270,
530
nystagmus
and
a c c e l e r a t e d free f a l l
400
a c c u r a c y of m e a n j u d g m e n t s A c h i l l e s t e n d o n reflex
555
angular,
84
angular
accelera-
acoustic
tion
333,
— , centrifugal
417
— , centripetal
79,
299, 302, 498, — , Coriolis-
— 82,
107,
282,
286,
287,
542
neuroma
499
— , g r a v i t a t i o n a l , see g r a v i t a t i o n a l
trauma
accelera-
107 105,
543, 548, 557,
8
a c u t e a l c o h o l a t a x i a a n d i n t a c t n e s s of adaptation
173,
106
— , homolateral 105
561
425 425
—
to angular acceleration
5 8 ff
—
i n the caloric response
306
— , l i n e a r , see l i n e a r a c c e l e r a t i o n
—
of c a n a l n e u r o n s
—, multiplanar
—
of c a n a l signals
—
to constant rotation
—
for constant velocity
—
of c o n t r o l of b o d y m o v e m e n t s
—
effects
392,
—, rotatory
415
— , spurious
432
— , sustained
393
7, 9, 1 0 7 , 2 9 8 ,
— , tangential
282, 283,
— , time varying linear — , transient
304
286 308,
312
— , measurement
of
— , p e r c e p t i o n of
499,
514
554
— , o t o l i t h response to
533
— , r o t a t i n g l i n e a r v e c t o r of — , s i n u s o i d a l i n p u t of step stimulus receptors
—
registrography
—
vectors, angular , linear
—
model
548
523 563
20, 24, 523
282
—
of n y s t a g m u s
—
to sea-sickness
277,
359
515
134, 508, 406,
510
408 506,
508
296, 297,
315
to tilt
72, 90
—
time constant
—
of t u r n i n g sensation
—
i n vestibular organs
134 369, 423, 424,
coupling, semicircular canal
adiadochokinesis 548
510
515
A D H d u r i n g m o t i o n sickness
12, 15
12, 286, 289, 290, 546,
512
339
flow/cupula
—
adaptive
552
64
— , Steinhausen model 546,
dependent o t o l i t h signals —
510,
294, 508, 509,
42, 45, 50
—, endolymph
540
vesti-
350
369
— , heterolateral
, discrimination from tilt
— , illusory
614
a c u i t y , v i s u a l , see v i s u a l a c u i t y
255
linear, changing
324,
336
bular apparatus
—, horizontal
229,
335
a c t i o n s , s h i f t i n g focus of
tion — , high-magnitude linear
410
211
196, 222, 228,
activity, vestibular cortical
120, 283, 298, 315,
401,
276
achromatopsia, nystagmus i n
see
turning
134
acetylcholine a n d m o t i o n sickness
a c a p n i a a n d m o t i o n sickness
—,
of
563
530
496, 498, 520,
sensation
271
520, 522,
503, 520,
accommodation
520
563
— , differentiating — , linear
88
A b w e i c h r e a k t i o n , caloric stimulation
—, —
359
— , integrating
of p o s i t i o n sense
10
13
23, 496, 498, 503, 515,
— , conventional
361
a b s e n c e of g r a v i t y
accelerometer — , angular
207
—
acceleration,
with
106
adjustment 4 6 4
605
401
567 29
