a visual encyclopedia
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI Senior editor Julie Ferris Senior designer Stefan Podhorodecki Project editors Francesca Baines, Hazel Beynon Designers Katie Knutton, Hoa Luc, Smiljka Surla, Nihal Yesil US editor Margaret Parrish Editors Steven Carton, Jenny Finch, Niki Foreman, Fran Jones, Andrea Mills Additional design Jim Green, Spencer Holbrook, Phil Letsu, Johnny Pau, Marilou Prokopiou, Jacqui Swan Managing editor Linda Esposito Managing art editor Diane Thistlethwaite Commissioned photography Dave King Creative retouching Steve Willis Picture research Nic Dean Publishing manager Andrew Macintyre Category publisher Laura Buller DK pIcture researcher Lucy Claxton, Rose Horridge Production editor Andy Hilliard Production controller Pip Tinsley Jacket design Jacqui Swan, Akiko Kato Jacket editor Mariza O’Keeffe Design development manager Sophia M Tampakopoulos Turner Development team Natasha Rees, Yumiko Tahata First published in the United States in 2008 by DK Publishing 375 Hudson Street New York, New York 10014 06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 AD365 – 04/08 Copyright © 2008 Dorling Kindersley Limited All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fundraising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets 375 Hudson Street New York, New York 10014
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GALAXIES A galaxy is a vast group of stars held together by gravity—it is estimated that there are 100–125 billion in the universe. They are not scattered randomly but exist in clusters, vast distances apart. All the galaxies together take up just two millionths of space. 1
SIZE
Galaxies are huge. The largest are more than a million light-years across (one light-year is the distance that light travels in a year). The smallest, called dwarf galaxies, are a few thousand light-years wide. Andromeda measures 250,000 light-years from side to side.
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SHAPE
A single galaxy is made of billions or trillions of stars arranged in one of four basic shapes: spiral, barred spiral, elliptical, or irregular. Spirals and barred spirals are disk-shaped with arms of stars. In a spiral, such as Andromeda, the arms wind out from a central bulge, while in a barred spiral, they flow from the ends of a central bar of stars. Elliptical galaxies are ball-shaped. Irregular galaxies have no clear shape.
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ORBITING STARS
Galaxies do not behave like a solid object. Each star follows its own orbit around the center of the galaxy. Stars in a spiral galaxy typically take a few hundred million years to make an orbit. Those farther away take longer than those closest to the core.
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SPIRAL ARMS
Stars exist throughout a spiral galaxy’s disk. The arms stand out because they are full of very bright young stars.
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CORE
The core of a spiral galaxy typically consists of old red and yellow stars, with a supermassive black hole in its center. Andromeda’s black hole is as massive as 30 million Suns.
DUST LANES
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Dense clouds and lanes of dust within the galaxy’s disk hide stars from view. ANDROMEDA
GALAXY
Andromeda is one of the closest galaxies to our own, the Milky Way. It is a spiral galaxy 2.9 million light-years away from us—the most distant object that can be seen by the naked eye from Earth.
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DWARF GALAXY
M110 is one of the dwarf elliptical galaxies that orbit Andromeda. It is held in its orbit by Andromeda’s gravity.
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FIRST CIVILIZATIONS More than 5,000 years ago, farming peoples in the river valleys of Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), Egypt, and India, created the world’s first civilizations. In Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, people known as Sumerians built the first cities. Each city was ruled by a king, who governed on behalf of the local god. This scene shows the king of the city of Ur receiving goods from his people. 230
King Sumerians believed that kingship was handed down from the gods. This king wears no crown, but his importance is shown by his kilt and the fact that he is larger than everyone else.
Nobles These men may have been priests, relatives of the king, or wealthy landowners. They are shown sitting on chairs with delicately carved legs, evidence of luxury at the palace.
Servants Two men move between the king and his guests, bringing food and drink. Their low status is shown by their smaller size. They would have lived in the palace or in mud-brick homes.
Musicians This man is shown playing a lyre, which has a wooden sound box decorated with the head of a bull. Other instruments from the time included harps, lutes, reed pipes, and drums.
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Singer The only woman in the scene is singing with the lyre player to entertain the guests. Music and dancing played a key role in religious rituals, such as giving thanks for a good harvest.
Fishermen Rivers offered a plentiful supply of fish for all early civilizations. From the Indus in India, the Nile in Egypt, and the Euphrates and Tigris in Sumer, fish were caught with nets or spears.
Workers This man carries a bundle on his back, the heavy load strapped to his head. It was thanks to the toil of workers like this that massive temples for the gods could be built.
Farmers Although the area was hot and dry, silt from the rivers kept the soil fertile. Farmers also dug canals to divert water to their crops, which included barley, turnips, onions, and dates.
Animals Sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were vital to the first civilizations. They provided meat, milk, leather, and wool. Oxen were used to pull plows and donkeys for transportation.
Clothing Made from either wool or flax, both men and women wore tufted kilts, designed to resemble sheepskins. Wealthy men and women also owned elaborate gold jewelry.
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STA T NDARD OF UR
This mosaic of blue lapis lazuli, red sandstone, and white shell, was made in the city of Ur in about 2,500 BCE. It decorates one side of a small wooden box found in a royal grave. The purpose of the box is not known. This side shows a peaceful banquet, while the other side depicts scenes of war.
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Vatican City y isn’t actually a city. It is a country, y although it is only the size of 50 football pitches and its official population is just 821 people. Nigeria is the most densely populated country in Africa with more than 100 million people, but Sudan is the largest country geographically with a total area of 2,505,800 sq km (967,490 square miles).
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292
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estination with more than 75 million tourists each year.
People and places Between 1800 and 2000, the population of the world grew from 1 billion to 6 billion. In 27 CE Rome became the first city to have 1 million inhabitants. In 2008, for the first time in history, more than halff the people of the world d lived in cities and towns rather than rural communities.
50
There are states in the USA. The most recent to join was Hawaii, on 20 August 1959. Tokyo is the largest city in the world. If you include all its suburbs, its population is 35 million.
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meatt than anyone else. Two million people converge on the holy city of Mecca, in Saudi Arabia, each year during the week of the Muslim pilgrimage called the hajj.
The oldest known map was drawn around 2,500 BCE on a clay tablet in Babylonia, in modern-day Iraq, showing the area around the River Euphrates. Iceland’s Althing is the oldest parliament in the world. Its first meeting was held in 930 CE. In 1978, Argentinian Emilio Marcos Palma became the first person to be born in Antarctica.
About 4,000 people, mainly scientists, live in Antarctica in the summer. This number drops to 1,000 in the winter.
About 1 billion people do nott have enough to eat. Absolute monarchies are states that are ruled directly by a hereditary leader. Saudi Arabia, Brunei, and Oman are the only absolute monarchies that survive today.
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