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BIBLICAL ARCI-IAEOLOGIST -OP Published By

The American Schools of Oriental Research (Jerusalem and Baghdad) Drawer 93A, Yale Station, New Haven, Conn.

Vol. XXI

May, 1958

No. 2

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1957: Air View of Area A. In the left Hazor, is the newly found foregrouand city gate with the double or casemate wall leading to it. At the upper Solomonic fine right is the of the 8th cent. B. C. (Strata dwelling VI-V): see Fig. 15. In the center is the pillared building of King Ahab's time. For a view of this same area at the end of the 1956 campaign, see Vol. XX. No. 2, Fig. 1.

CONTENTS The Third Season of Excavation at Hazor, 1957, by Yigael Yadin Two New Books (Ancient Library of Qumran, by F. M. Cross, Jr., Digging uip Jericho. by K. Kenyon) .........................................

...................... and

30 4.1

30

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

(Vol. XXI,

'The Biblical Archaeologist is published quarterly (February, May, September, Decemb6r) by the American Schools of Oriental Research. Its purpose is to meet the need: for a readable, non-technical, yet thoroughly reliable account of archaeological discoveries as they are related to the Bible. Editors: G. Ernest Wright and Frank M. Cross, Jr., with the assistance of Floyd V. Filson in New Testament matters. Editorial correspondence should be sent to one of the above at 2330 N. Halsted St., Chicago 14, III. Ed;torial Board: W. F. Albright, Johns Hopkins University; Millar Burrows, Yale University. Subscription Price: $1.00 per year, payable to the American Schools of Oriental Research, Drawer 93A, Yale Station, New Haven, Conn. Ten or more subscriptions for group use, mailed and billed to one address, $0.50 per year for each. Subscriptions run for the calendar year. IN ENGLAND: seven shillings, six pence per year; payable to B. H. Blackwell, Ltd., Broad St., Oxford. BACK NUMBERS: Available at 50c each, or $1.75 per volume. Entered as second-class matter, October 2, 1942, at the Post Office at New Haven, Connecticut, under the act of March 3, 1879. Copyright

by American

Schools

of Oriental

Research,

1958

The Third Season of Excavationat Hazor, 1957 * Yigael Yadin Lecturer Jerusalem,

in Archaeology at the Hebrew University, and Director of the James A. de Rothschild at Hazor * Expedition

The city of Hazor - which the previous two seasons' digs had already proved to be the largest city in the Holy Land in accordance with its biblical description as "the head of all those kingdoms" (Joshua 11:11) was during the third season (August-October, 1957) the scene of a most exciting experience to all those who participated in the excavations. Holding the Bible in one hand and a spade in the other, seemed to be a most successful method for discovering the relics of that biblical city, and determining their dates. Thus, for example, the fact that Solomon rebuilt both Hazor and Megiddo (I Kings 4:15) was not only strikingly confirmed in this year's dig, but also enabled us to outline in advance, on the surface, the plan of Solomon's city gate by simply copying that of the gate discovered in Megiddo some years back by an expedition of Chicago's Oriental Institute. When finally the gate at Hazor was revealed and actually turned out as expected (Fig. 1), our labourers thought we were wizards indeed. But with these remarks we are already anticipating the description of the whole dig, so very rich with interesting finds. Let us therefore proceed step by step from one area to another. * The James A. de Rothschild Expedition at Hazor operates on behalf of the Hebrew University The Anglo-Israel Society (HeadExploration with funds contributed by the P.J.C.A., Jerusalem, The of Israel. ed by Lord Cohen. Sir Maurice Bloch and Dr. A. Lerner) and the Government as well as to the expedition) (Chief architect director was ably assisted by Mr. M. Dunayevsky Photos by A. in the course of this article. by the memhbers of the staff who are mentioned see B.A. Vols ' For reports of the first two campaigns Volk chief nhotoranhpr to the -xpedition. XIX. 1 (1956), and XX. 2 (1957).

1958, 2)

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

31

Five main areas were excavated in the third season: Areas A, B (als:, excavated during the previous seasons) and G, on the eastern edge of the tell proper, and F (also excavated during the second season), and H, in the big lower Canaanite city lying within the rectangular enclosure (150 acres) to the north of the mound. A small trench, Area 210, dug in the center of the lower Canaanite city, confirmed our conclusion that the whole enclosure was inhabited from about 1700 B.C. to the end of the 13th century. AREAF

(excavated under the supervision of J. Perrot) Altar and Underground Tunnels:

Fig2.

It may be recalled that in this area

of Greece A group of Mycenaeant vessels imported from the mainland cent. B. C. They were found in the burial cave of Area F.

during

the 13th

- excavated for the first time during the previous season - a large Canaanite altar was discovered in the midst of an open courtyard surrounded by buildings in which were found ritual objects (including a basalt statue, alabaster incense burners, an offering table, etc.), which formed most probably part of a large Canaanite temple of Late Bronze II (14th-13th century). Below this stratum, we discovered last season the ruins of a large structure with thick walls, which had a net of underground channels built and covered with stone slabs. This building (Stratum III) belongs to the end of Middle Bronze II (ca. 1400 B.C.). At the end of last year's dig we found, a few meters below this building, a tunnel hewn in the rock,

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

82

(Vol. XXI,

which led to a chamber, the ceiling of which had completely collapsed. The unique altar, the net of channels and the large structure as well as the hewn tunnel, induced us to renew excavations there again this year. An Unexpected "Treasure"

While searching for the remains of the large structure mentioned above we came across a cave hewn in the rock outside the north-east corner of the building, accessible through a small vertical shaft, the opening of which was blocked by two stone slabs, some 1.5 m. long. This cave, used as a

Fig.

3.

Two juglets

from

Cyprus

("bucchero

ware")

found

in the burial

cave

of Area

F.

burial place during Late Bronze II, was littered with an abundance of pottery (some 500 vessels) which complemented the repertoire of pottery of that period found elsewhere in Hazor. Amongst these, the following are worth special mention: a large group of beautiful imported Mycenaean pots (Fig. 2; type IIIB from the end of Late Bronze), more than ten "bilbils" from Cyprus, two ribbed pots (of the Cypriote Bucchero-ware type; Fig. 3), of which only very few specimens have hitherto been found outside Cyprus, and a number of local pots (mainly bowls, lamps and jars). It should be said that the bones of skeletons found in the cave were not in place, but were piled up and thrown towards the back of the cave. This fact, as well as the large amount of pottery, testifies that the grave must have

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

1958, 2)

33

been in use for a long period and seems to have been cleared from time to time as the need arose. Our main efforts in Area F were devoted to the rock-hewn tunnel (Stratum IV) of the Middle Bronze II period. This season's excavations made it clear that the tunnel and its chamber were actually part of a ramified net of underground tunnels. These tunnels ~F~.-?"?4~z""r??C;r-~iri~$, ,, ~ :'th;, .. '' r "

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Fig.

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A rock-cut catacomb of yards below the surface.

I-

the

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-~

Middle

vl

Bronze

Age,

--U~~ILF~.t:~Rrr~L~~r~

found

at

a depth

of

about

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must have been already known to the inhabitants of the "large structure", who used them as reservoirs and outlets for the built canals, and also by the residents of the Late Bronze period who looted whatever was still available in them. In many places we found the ramification entrances blocked off by rubble stone walls and we could not always determine the exact date of such blocks. Except for the chamber discovered already

34

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

(Vcl. XXI,

last season, we did not succeed this year, for technical reasons, in getting to the end of the tunnels. But it can be assumed that they too, during their early stage, led to chambers which must have served as burial places for the aristocracy. This assumption was unexpectedly confirmed when at the end of the season, we cleared the debris covering the large vertical shaft (approximetely 8 x 8 m.) hewn near the first tunnel. At its bottom, on the west, we discovered three enormous caves, rock-hewn, of which the largest was 17 m. long and 3 m. wide and high (Fig. 4). These caves accessible through the deep shaft were certainly meant for burial, but it is doubtful whether their hewers managed to use them for that purpose or for any other. They were found completely empty (except for a few pots and jugs most probably abandoned there by the labourers), and the southernmost cave in that group was abandoned still unfinished. This set of tunnels, shafts and caves, however, has no parallel so far in this country, and it testifies to the high technical skill and engineering ability of the Middle Bronze people at Hazer. Since in Area D, too, excavated during the first season, we found the earliest remains of Middle Bronze II in burial caves hewn in the rocks, on top of which were clear ruins of settlement of the same period (though a bit later), one can assume that before the city was built in the large enclosure, this area, especially its eastern rocky side, served as a necropolis for the inhabitants of the acropolis on the tell. Later, when this area began to be inhabited, the burial places, as yet undiscovered, must have been shifted further away, outside the tell and the enclosure. AREA H

(excavated under the supervision of Miss C. Epstein) Our prize-find in the Lower Canaanite city was no doubt the temple, discovered by chance at the most northern tip of the enclosure (Fig. 5). This temple is unique in the country and most interesting for the following reasons: its plan, its building system and the finds therein. The plan is rather simple, consiting of three chambers built in succession from south to north: a porch, a main hall and a holy of holies. The building's length is 25 m. and its width 17. A large opening leads from the porch - which is somewhat narrower than the rest of the building - to the main hall; and a similar opening on the same axis in the center of the building leads from there to the holy of holies. In the porch, on either side of the opening leading to the main hall, we found two round pillar bases made of basalt. The technique of building in this temple is unique in the country. The walls of the porch and holy of holies are lined at the lower part with beautifully dressed basalt slabs (orthostats) up to 1.70 m. long and an

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

1958, 2)

35

average of 60 cms. high with a varying width cf 20-40 cms. The narrow top edge of each orthcstat had well-drilled round holes of 4 cms. diameter (mostly two holes at both ends of the slab). The row of orthostats was lying on a ledge of rubble stones (2 m. wide), forming the lowest part of the building's wall. In this building system, typical of Hittite Anatolia and northern Syria, the round drilled holes served as a base for horizontal wooden beams meant to strengthen the brick or mud built above the stone foundation. The Holy of Holies and Cult Furnitureof the Temple

This year we proceeded to clear, in addition to the outline of the ?z_??;~~: fi~i ?r.~? -h ?~ff3 ?~Li: ~i"Q1; r

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A Canaanite It was temple, destroyed during the latter part of the 13th cent. at Hazor (Area H): for a plan of the found at the northern tip of t he huge enclosure site see Vol. XIX, No. 1, Fig. 2. View looks south, from the niche in the holy of holies (below) through the entrances and porch. to the main room, anteroom,

porch and the hall, the holy of holies only, which had a wealth of ritual vessels, especially near the square niche at the narrow northern wall of the building. Since the building was destroyed by fire, as is testified by the charred beams found on the floor, it must have collapsed quickly and thus buried most of the implements. Amongst these, the most complete set of ritual implements and furniture as yet found in this country (Fig. 6), the following are noteworthy: 1. An incense altar made of basalt, about 50 cms, square and 1.40 m. high. On one side and on top there is a relief of a disc in a square frame

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

36

(Vol. XXI,

with a four-rayed star in the center, i.e. the emblem of the sun-god in the Canaanite pantheon. Below this are chiselled two elongated depressions giving the front of the altar an impression of a column's relief. At the back the surface is similarly dressed except that the dented square frame has no relief. The other two sides of the altar have a long upright depression in each, completing in style the above description. 2. Near the altar we found a large basalt basin, some 80 cms. in diameter. 3. South of the altar and the basin, in the center of the holy of holies we found in situ and at some distance from each other, two large "' :~?b~='' ?L;d~i~_~Tli

;~r

~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~e~~ I: r 'I~?L~~P-X i, ,? 'Jyy?:?~ rr.' it?:-: . ....UM~T~~II? r ~.?J?)r?~F1 ?? ?;~*;3~2~ Tr ??,t;r ri;i ?:.~? ?-. r ~-?z~~; ~`:' ?? ?.:' ILCiF '~ii~jp~?:2. ~ru?.~ ,... II; t7 _I_ r7?r:z S?Rs ?4;2 i "'.\~3'? ?\ r ;.,r*r? ?-; ?. l.??Ii, -,ci 7?L'l'l c?r~5? ? : .1L :i-~L.:?1J?. Sj~t~ .:i -,Y.i;~?~ ;, ?L `^:~j?1.~.. .. ~?i~~? ; rr ?1; It': ~;s:??:. ; :: .y-:~p-~;su-L,'.L~ca~,~ eU:~5~ u~-~LiL. -,-If??? ~~; 's 71'111; ~i~~~" Ii~t:t,?~-s "I ???I:-~'c":,.-, i, ?? -" ''-'" i;r. I:? ~ 191~S~i ;7~~:'~-~3;r6ccf_`~~ry? R~-~? -:~? ? ;~:.T$ -? ZL ~' ? ~tS9 .?~~ Lii

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6.

A closer view were found.

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in the holy

of holies

f,

of the temple,

as they

earthenware pots, and near them a large number of dipping juglets. These pots served no doubt as oil, wine or other liquid containers used in connection with the temple's rituals. 4. Between the containers and the altar we found two basalt slabs, both of which had rectangular depressions at the comers. These slabs must have served as a sort of offering tables for the liquids mentioned above (Fig. 6). 5. Near the southern container a carinated basalt bowl was found, 50 cms. in diameter and 40 cms. high, its upper part decorated with a relief of a fine running spiral design (Fig. 7).

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

1958, 2)

:37

6. In the south-east corner we found an offering table with several rectangular depressions and one small round indention at each of the four corners. 7. Left of the entrance to the holy of holies, inside it, there was a small basalt statue of a man sitting on a chair and holding a goblet in his right hand. The head, broken off, was found close by. The shape of the chair and its workmanship are identical with the simliar statue found (headless) in Area F during the second season (Fig. 8). 8. Four bronze figurines: the first that of a male deity with out-

~0'1

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Fig.

7.

The basalt

i

'5`

bowl with carved

decoration:

behind

?

it a pottery

p~~A;-JL~P~a~ r-;

vessel

t

for offerings.

stretched arms and a conical helmet. This figurine must have been stuck in a wooden or other base, as is visible from its pointed bottom. The second is that of a bull, made of wrought bronze; here again the four legs must have been stuck in a base of some sort. Thirdly, two figurines of female deities, the face features of which were barely indicated by shallow incisions in the thin metal foil from which they were made. 9. A sizeable group of cylinder seals and faience beads scattered on the western part of the floor of the holy of holies. One of the seals, made of hematite, bears a complicated engraving superbly executed, in its

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

38

(Vcl. XXI,

center a deity sitting on a chair under a winged sun-god disc, and in front a king offering presents with a line of present-bearers behind him. This cylinder seal is one of the finest examples known of the Syro-Mitannian type. 10. A large amount of pottery, including ritual vessels, scattered on the floor and on the stone bench which ran along the walls of the holy of holies.

"~? `?r, ?~ r "~i?its "' ?:): ?51~:?.II\ I ~~ r?i ~

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,1 ii* ;'?-? ,i-

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Fig.

8.

?::

The statue of the deity (?) of the temple with head, which had been broken off, shrine where restored. For a similar statue found in 1956 within the Canaanite important deceased ancestors were revered (Area C), see Vol. XX, No. 2. Fig. 12.

11. A large scarab seal, naming Pharaoh Amenophis III, identical in measurements and workmanship with the scarabs found in the third phase of a temple at Lachish (13th cent.) and with a scarab of the same period found in a temple in Beisan. The finds of this temple belong mostly, as is indicated by the pottery, to the last Canaanite settlement at the end of the Late Bronze period,

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

1938, 2)

39

although it is possible that it was founded in the 14th century, according to the date of the scarab. Since we did not yet conclude the excavation of the main hall and the porch, it is difficult to say whether the temple shows signs of several building phases, a conclusion we hope to reach next year. Alalakh and the Temple of Solomon

This temple sheds important light on a number of problems and it is interesting to note that in the character of its ritual vessels and particularly the use of the crthostats, it is almost identical with a temple (less well preserved) discovered by Sir Leonard Woolley at Tell Atchana (Alalakh) ?5~~ Si~-';tr. ~?-- ,--;reat=?J rSTL~L.:;i~?\. ;L~ ;? I;k? *ij. i .. r`I''r i; ,,

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i'i '''

I i:

?(r'ti '-?.~I" 'Y

3/-? .,i

?J~1~.??.;

r

Fig.

.?r ''~.

Cicr;

9.

citadel The Israelite (Area B) with service rooms and the left below can be seen the Solomonic casemate wall.

stole-houses

around

it.

At

in Syria, one which belongs to practically the same period, i.e. the 13th century. We have here clear proof of a direct cr indirect affinity between the Canaanite culture of Hazor and that of northern Syria and Anatolia. Even the temple's plan is interesting, since we have here a sort of prototype of Solomon's temple. Until now, the only example known of a temple in Asia resembling that of Solomon was the temple of Tell Tainat in Syria (8th century). The two pillars in its porch complete the resemblance. The Tell - The Israelite Cities

The finds in the lower Canaanite city, interesting as they may be, can-

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

40

(Vol. XXI,

not match those on the mound proper, so intimately related to the biblical data. Here we discovered the cities of the times of the kings of Israel: Solomon, Ahab, Jeroboam and Pekah: the destruction of the last and the building of the first are recorded in the Bible. In our description this time, let us begin with Area B: AREA B

(Excavated under the supervision of Mrs. R. Amiran) In this area, which is situated on the western side of the tell, several citadels were discovered in the two previous seasons, the latest of which belongs to the Hellenistic period, while the earliest dates back to the Israelite. During 1955 and 1956 we cleared the late citadels: the Hellenistic, Persian and Assyrian (Strata I, II, III), and also the remnants of . .,..P?

2..,

ApJ

Fig.

10.

An Israelite (Stratum V,

stone eighth

cosmetic cent.).

palette,

in

which

cosmetics

were

ground

and

mixed

the Israelite citadel. The Israelite building had such thick walls and sturdy construction that it continued to exist a long time without the accumulation of layers (resulting from floor raising). The only way to solve the problem of its history was to excavate a wide area on three sides (north, east and south) of it with a view to uncovering the adjoining buildings destroyed and rebuilt more frequently. (Fig. 9). The results of these digs were most important, although less spectacular than those of the other areas. It is possible for us to relate the history of the citadel from its period of construction (Ahab; Stratum VIII; 9th cent.),

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

1958, 2)

41

up to its destruction in 732 B.C. (Stratum V) by the Assyrian king, Tiglathpileser III. In the areas adjoining the citadel, several public buildings were found, such as service rooms, storehouses, towers, used mainly in connection with the citadel, as well as living quarters for the officers and their families. Among the finds from this area one should mention a large number of cosmetic palettes (Fig. 10), an "incense-ladle" made cf black stone, a terra cotta woman's head, as well as two short inscriptions. One of the last mentioned (Stratum V) was incised on the exterior of a deep bowl and its only clearly readable word is Qdsh (Fig. 11), which can be interpreted in various ways: qodesh - "holy;" or Qedesh, the name of the neighbouring

IWO

-

''Se

Fig.

11.

city.

Above at the right is the old Hebrew An inscribed bow (Stratum V, eighth cent.). To h (heth). Below are three letters, letter m. right to left, y, h and another the left, right to left, are the letters qdsh, the Hebrew word for "holy" (qodesh), or town Qedosh. perhaps for the neighboring

To understand the complicated problems of walls in this area, we had at first to overcome many difficulties, and only at the end of the season did we reach a solution. We found out that the builders of the citadel in Stratum VIII (Ahab) had used the casemate wall of Strata IX-X (Solomon-see Area A below), remnants of which were discovered both north and south of the citadel, and did not build a new wall of their own. On the western part of the tell, they built their citadel on top of the casemate wall without any further addition, because the slope was so steep at this point.

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

42

(Vol. XXI,

The western wall of the citadel, therefore, served simultaneously also as the city wall in this place. But owing to the serious Assyrian menace during the second half of the 8th century, the inhabitants of Stratum V did not find these precautions sufficient, but built their own wall on top of the structure and surrounding the whole citadel. Thus the clearing of the casemate-wall in Area B completes our information on the Solomonic fortifications also on the western side of the tell. AREAG

(Excavated under the supervision of Mrs. T. Dothan) Area G, first excavated this season, is on the eastern slope. The main ::

''

??r?

d"

r;-l

, r. .r 1

?44

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??

,.

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ar: ?i /i

r;::vr

v???-??. ?i. .'r

ii`

P:,;IC~,~Jc, Li " ;fci: ?..

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lli r

. .c.. 2.

C

,ir, ;tZ.; (?. .? ?. z '?~L: .t C ?.;o

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?I .~?

?

., ~f~4~-~

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t ~u~

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-? .,i h?..

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~ dtr:? I- ..II .?..'., A-_

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(

;( r.?~4; .?" '. ~L?r*Jr? i--- ..

.r*

,~? ??-'''ri?- 7! r;YpC?jl;LC~?')~l~);~. ?3~A ';: ?1, ? ic; i-i : ,.... :c?

C ~ar;-~-jswj~~ ;Til?

t~

..?

?~l~pe~

''C ;;~~? r~??

r ??

~I ??:r1)11 3: :4?;'?(%'?~..? :1

.:?

;II

~P~a~."%~gi~

,,

.?~C~: Rl''(~ji:'s~

:? ~~??:?i~c;i;? ~~~~I~ "1;.??

?d C4~L~P1111~5~1~~a(

Fig.

12.

i, .c:

,

I_,

of Area G, looking An air-view southwest, (glacis; Middle Bronze Age stone revetment

r

pC,_~P~y~B~6~

Israelite showing bottom left).

fortifications

and

the

discovery in this area, was the Israelite fortifications (Fig. 12). It emerged that the whole terrace was surrounded by a double wall (sometimes reminiscent of a casement wall) with two large towers flanking the eastern and western side of the northern wall respectively. In one phase a brick tower was built on top of the western tower base, and its north-west and north-east corners were rounded off. Eastward, and close to the above tower, there was a small gate within the wall, built of large ashlar stones. It is noteworthy that during the last phase of the fortification's existence

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

1938, 2)

43

(general Stratum V) the inhabitants of Hazor blocked this gate hurriedly. The blocking itself is made of bricks, but its exterior to the north, facing the enemy, was covered with a thin layer of rubble stones, clearly to camouflage the previous existence of the gate. On the eastern part of the northern wall we found a well-preserved basalt sewage outlet (Fig 13). In the center of the terrace a huge rectangular silo was discovered, built to the depth of about 5 m. with walls lined with rubble stones. This silo was not wholly cleared by us but the part excavated was covered with a thick layer of fine ashes, indicating the heavy fire which must have burned the grain therein. The silo might also explain the location of the

it

F"~y

I:

r_?+i

::

.e

i~ .i

~ ?r?

': =?~~

f?

~?s~;

?u":~ ;c;-tl

": ??~;.: ~"--t::?r i.?,,:? :'~-~ce~

:i ~~C~?7';?~

`-~~d

~Z~B~i~.

?z:

.t~'JpT~

hi L~~~?r?~

r ~-~-^?1 ?:

zl:

: i~

.`?'u

't ~'?~~-~:'"?~?~r~ia~~_;;Ic~T?~

:C.5

i

?~

?e

I~

iZ~(v

" ;

tr :i

::e ?i :?i Z"?~l(ePr-:

:" i".??; ?Ji: :: I'~W~4L~~B~B9d~b?C~

:

Fi,.

13•

:k

A fine basalt

dL -.~

*di~. ~i'iai~j~~ d-ain-outlet

in the Israelite

city

wall.

small gate found near it and facing the vast fields north of the tell. This gate was perhaps meant to facilitate the bringing in of the wheat from the field. Just before the siege it could no longer serve that purpose and instead became a point of weakness for the defence, and was therefore hastily blocked. The excavations here spread out west of the terrace along the slope between it and the upper area of the tell. Here, once the large stone debris had been cleared as well as some late structures of the Persian period, a large city wall was revealed running from north to south across the slope,

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

44

(Vol. XXI,

part of which was also discovered on the west side of the Tell. The wall here was preserved to a height of 6 m. In order to establish its date and its connection with the terrace wall, we deepened the dig on the tell west of the wall. This not only supplied us with the exact date of the wall, i.e. Stratum VIII (Ahab), but also revealed a residence close by, which continued to exist in various ways from Stratum VII until the city's fall in Stratum V. The residence consisted of two stories and the ashlar staircase leading to the second story was well preserved in situ. To conclude the description of excavations in this area, one of the most ~Cr?~E15: ';n : -r? /~' L*. ?; ?~?~t~L'"i?~"_

~*-ii -P- -.:L ~L~j~Lt~ ~4-??: ..Tlj(~JP='L

ii .pi; rs~`' '"? ,? ...

1 ~-~~c.k

;"~r+e=."-?~i~ ~s~ ~-~C~ :

~I,~:,~ ,..... ~?~~~L'~1C~ cc ?r.~r-*c~s~?.,ru

:'1'~'

r

-r,

j? ~LI?i*r ?~a~ir Ii ~ ir

~.~a Fig.

r?;

st cl

\'a I a-

r~-

.-i ?

L

c

c: ;I t-it. .?

i~i`~t ?ql9"rs~:?;~i LI-CP~Y-

:I?~ 're~ ~idYI

14.

+e;

.r-..i ~a:r???

:sl*9. -3

..?~gi~ ??~C: Ir?-rrrrr~

"

?-~?~.??

i'

r-

e~ ?U Si. ?-,

a

~~

'L;+Y ~~?- r'- ",Y-YI ?iF v. ~?~5;?-~Y .?kuj: :)i~9r~L~

_~8ip~ ~? n- ,,c~~ ;~ '' `' r. ?~?~n*?r~-?~.~?c 'Cir;~ ?-?'? L~'-` _~Z^LCN:'~ ---?; -~ c .?, ;.r .. rrrtJv ,., Lr( :r .I v

-'~b~?;~? -?2?-47 -:\r?'~~ i?,r ?i?~ru Y~F~T~ ~? --

~p

3

-~1?ol,? a;nri

:~

The large

I

?I;?'

liTg~

Middle

Bronze

Age stone

revetment

and moat

in Area

G.

interesting finds concerning the Canaanite fortifications should here be mentioned. On clearing the north and east slopes of the eastern terrace, we discovered under the Israelite wall, an enormous glacis (sloping revetment) made of stone, which surrounded the terrace. At its bottom was a deep, narrow moat, of which the western wall was the wall of the glacis, while the eastern wall, too, was stone-made (Fig. 14). Pottery found in the moat and trial trenches near the glacis within the terrace, proved that this glacis was built during Middle Bronze II. After the moat was filled with earth, the upper part was still used during the Israelite period, when the Israelite walls mentioned above were built on top of it. It is interesting to note the surprising resemblance between this wall-glacis and the famous

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

1958, 2)

45

wall of the same period in Jericho, discovered exactly 50 years age.1 AREA A

(Excavated under the supervision of Dr. Y. Aharoni) During the 1957 season work in Area A was concentrated in three spots: An elaborate residence south of the pillared building of Ahab's period was built in Stratum VI and continued to exist, after being ruined by an earthquake and rebuilt, in Stratum V (Fig 15). Signs of the earthquake here were clearly evident: large parts of the plaster-ceiling were scattered ~P~Ei~atf:

~-???. . - ? ;

~ ;Cr,?'~: ?'T~ -L6c~ :;k/Ti"

.r

r ~~u~ s--

I

r

cii h+ ?~y,

C'

:;i ?- 1 -C? ~;*?,

~i-V? ~Lc~Fi

-,

i'?

-

w.-

.. ~ ?:'? ~C4 ..i; hC" ' ?.i ~ sQ

??

~ "~ ...r

?*.~~

?.

~

v "t~~,-' 'Y 5

(Sjl;t~~4~2904L t~lC~ ,, ?' ?ti.I~k C.? .. r, '' LI a ,

*;

~iTl~fi ~

P

"'

r

--

,: C~er ~?5

: ~

,,1

.r ?r.:~l~?_;j?,ia

~j.

Fig.

15.

A well preserved Fig. 1)

',c

-" -t -?c, .,? -.L

u *

Z'

"

c; ~Li Y-,

?'

., ~-~d?~;;? r?t,;-~

?~,t i. ,?i a ,, ~SLlj;l 2r;0gl~c-'\

?iIs~: ..~ .ra ?7 L?'~i~b ~`i

,~;Q?;

?: rc: ~r?~e::T?~~z~~'g .T.~-'kL?~ ~r

-1

~c?E

m

??~?

4

?e I?-~c~~

:rh

?-'

??

'G

-?~-7--1-;?

?-r. i "

c

r ?s '''1) c r: s

?r.

,e ,,

~$C~ ?s P`t. rr? ?r

c r~?1

j~aP_.I~E~p~(?.~Li L~~I '-"? ( L*f~.-.. ''~?J"~ ?? . ?'-?:r r'l ?' ?'- '?"

Isaelite

dwelling

of the eighth

cent.,

in Area

A (Strata

VI-V:

sCe

all over the rooms and remains of the pillars were found tilted. There was no evidence of man-made destruction or fire. The building's plan is most interesting and one of the finest examples of a well-to-do residence of the Israelite period ever discovered in the northern part of the country. The general plan is a 15 x 15 m. square, consisting of a large court at the southeast corner while its west and north sides are flanked by rows of rooms. Part of the court was covered, as is evident from the well-dressed stone pillars found in place. Here we also found household pottery, as well i.

Note also Wall A of December issue of this

fortification of the 17-16th century Editor. Vol. XX, No. 4 journal,

Shechem,

described

in

the

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

46

(Vol. XXI,

as other items, amongst them a cosmetic jar with engraved decorations.2 Most of the work in Area A was centered around the two northern halls of the pillared store-house of Stratum VIII (Ahab's time). We had noticed during the previous season rectangular depressions in the floors of those halls, and had assumed, therefore, that the paving, built on ruins of earlier strata, had sunk in those places which corresponded to the space between the walls of the previous stratum. And, indeed, when the floors were now removed, structures of Stratum IX appeared beneath them of a lay-out similar to the sunken rectangles. In this stratum, two building phases were uncovered, the upper one most probably being the result of the restoration of the structures after their destruction (by Ben-hadad of Damascus?). Between the structures of Stratum IX and the casement wall, we uncovered the pavement of a street, also belonging to that stratum (see Fig. 1). This confirmed our assumption that the wall continued to exist even through Stratum IX. The interesting finds of this stratum include a terra-cotta statuette of a stylised head of a horse with a sun-disc-andcross-impressionon its forehead (Fig. 16). Below Stratum IX structures of Stratum X were found (two phases, again) belonging to Solomon's time. Between the structures and the casemate wall the pavement of a street was once more discovered. The interest in deepening the dig here is due to the fact that the next stratum, XI, seems to belong to Late Bronze II (13th century), as is evident from the pottery. The full significance of this fact in connection with the fall of Canaanite Hazor in Joshua's time, and its relation to the story known about it from the Book of Judges (Deborah's time), will only be known next season, when we reach that stratum also in Area B. But even now one can say that there is a clear gap between the Canaanite era with its Late Bronze II pottery, and the restoration of the town by Solomon. Iron I pottery was scarcely found, and the little of it discovered indicates a temporary settlement only. The outstanding find in Area A, and in fact in the whole Israelite city, was no doubt the gate of Stratum X, belonging to the Solomonic casemate city wall (see Fig. 1). This gate, discovered in the northern part of the dig consists of six chambers, three on either side, with square towers on the external walls. Its plan and measurements (some 20 m. long) are completely identical with the Solomonic gate found in Megiddo, Stratum IV B. This fact not only confirms quite clearly the Biblical narrative (I Kings, 9:15; i.e. that Megiddo and Hazor were both rebuilt by Solomon), but even indicates that both gates were built by the same royal architect. 2.

Father R. de Vaux See Revue Iliblique,

has found comparable homes, fine Israelite Vol. LXII (1955), pp. 575 ff. - Editor.

though

earlier,

at Tirzah:

1958, 2)

THE BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

47

Thus comes to an end the controversyaboutthe date of the Megiddogate, which in the opinionof some scholarswas later than Solomon. Two objectsfound in the area of the gate should be mentioned: (1.) A "cherub"incised upon a sherd found in a building later than the gate (8th centuryB.C.). (2.) A fragmentof what must have been a beautiful sculpture,which was found below the gate (13th centuryB.C.).

?

._

?. .

?i~?

?

Fig.

16.

,•

The stylized head of a horse. Note (Stratum IX, early ninth cent.).

,•.

the

"disc

and cross"

impression

on its

lorehead

The Solomonic city gate, the fortifications from the times of the patriarchs and the Kings of Israel, the Middle Bronze hewn catacombs and tunnels, and last, but not least, the "Hittite-style" orthostat-temple, are all finds of extreme importance for the understanding of the history and culture of the northern part of Israel. But important as they may be there are still unsolved problems, the solution to which is buried within the ruins of this vast mound. It is hoped that the next, and fourth, season will solve some of them.

48

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

TWO NEW BOOKS FrankMoore Cross, Jr., The Ancient Libraryof Qumran and Modern Biblical Studies. Garden City, New York, Doubleday & Co., 1958 Pp. xv-196. $4.50

It is a pleasure to be able to call the reader's attention to this volume by my co-editor, Professor Cross of Harvard Divinity School. He is generally regarded as America's leading authority on the Dead Sea Scrolls, and one can readily see from his new book why that is the case. It is the most important volume on the Scrolls to appear since the publication of Millar Burrows' The Dead Sea Scrolls (Viking Press, 1955). As distinct from the latter, however, it is able to draw on the vast resources of largely unpublished material in the Palestine Archaeologcal Museum in Jerusalem, Jordan, and, together with fresh research and archaeological data, to present the most complete and well-rounded picture of the origins, practices, theology and influence of the Qumran community thus far to appear. The book contains five chapters, originally given as the Haskell Lectures in the Oberlin Graduate School of Theology (March, 1957). The text is as readable and the material as fascinatingly presented as Edmund Wilson's first popular treatment of the subject in The New Yorker (May 14, 1955). Between one-third and one-half of the boock,however, is taken up by footnotes which give often detailed study of individual points, explanations of particular points of view, and a complete bibliography of important scholarly treatments of the subjects under discussion. The five chapters discuss the story of the discoveries with a catalogue of the Qumran library, the Essenes as the people of the Scrolls, known both from ancient sources and from the excavations, a fresh and very persuasive analysis of the origins of the sect in the Maccabean troubles of the 2nd cent. B.C., the importance of the manuscripts for Old Testament Studies, and, finally, an analysis of the evidence concerning the direct and indirect relation of the Essenes to the early Christian community. I do not think I am being overly enthusiastic in predicting that this book will be the watershed in Dead Sea Scroll studies, dividing the previous work from that which is to come. Kathleen Kenyon, Digging up Jericho. London, Ernest Benn Ltd.;New York. FrederickA. Praeger, 1957. Pp. 272. London, 30s; New York, $5.50.

Here we have the first connected account of the phenomenally important results of Professor Kenyon's work at Jericho since 1952. It is a well-written story which adds a great deal of information,hitherto unknown, to the history of ancient Palestine, particularly with reference to the first village life, the first urban age, the nomadic invasions at the end of the third millennium B. C., and the Middle Bronze Age. G. E. W.