No title

The BIBLICAL

ARCHAEOLOGIS

or-"~ Published by THE AMERICAN SCHOOLS OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH Jerusalem and Bagdad Room 102, 6 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Mass.

Vol. XXX

December, 1967

S:-..- _-:i:l ..i:.:. ....: ? . .:.. .:...i...

No. 4

.

Fig. 1. Tell el-Husn, the site of Beth-shan. In the foreground is the Jalud, running north of the mound. Photo courtesy of James B. Pritchard and the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania.

Contents Tell el-Husn - Biblical Beth-shan,by Henry O. Thompson ....................................110 The Temple Scroll, by Yigael Yadin .................................................... 135 Index to Volumes XXVI-XXX,preparedby RobertG. Anderson,Jr .......................140

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THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

(Vol. XXX,

The Biblical Archaeologist is published quarterly (February, May, September, December) by the American Schools of Oriental Research. Its purpose is to meet the need for a readable, non-technical, yet thoroughly reliable account of archaeological discoveries as they relate to the Bible. Editor: Edward F. Campbell, Jr., with the assistance of Floyd V. Filson in New Testament matters. Editorial correspondence should be sent to the editor at 800 West Belden Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60614. Editorial Board: W. F. Albright, Johns Hopkins University; G. Ernest Wright, Harvard University; Frank M. Cross, Jr., Harvard University; William G. Dever, Jerusalem. $3.00 per year, payable to the American Schools of Oriental Research, Subscriptions: 62138. Associate members of Massachusetts Room 102, 6 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, ASOR receive the journal automatically. Ten or more subscriptions for group use, mailed and billed to the same address, $2.00 per year apiece. Subscriptions run for the calendar year. In England: twenty-four shillings (24s.) per year, payable to B. H. Blackwell, Ltd., Broad Street, Oxford. Back numbers: $1.00 per issue and $4.00 per volume, from the ASOR office. Please make remittance with order. The journal is indexed in Art Index, Index to Religious Periodical Literature, and at the end of every fifth volume of the journal itself. Second-class postage PAID at Cambridge, Massachusetts and additional offices. Copyright by American Schools of Oriental Research, 1967. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, BY TRANSCRIPT PRINTING COMPANY N. H. PETERBOROUGH,

Tell el-Husn -

Biblical Beth-shan

HENRYO. THOMPSON New York Theological

Seminary

The valley of Jezreel is seldom more than a few miles wide as it passes between Mt. Gilboa on the south and the hills of Galilee on the north. It passes sea level about two miles from the Esdraelon valley and then drops to 400 feet below sea level in nine miles. Then the valley falls over a ledge and 300 feet below merges with the Jordan valley. On top of this ledge, thirty-five miles east of Haifa and twenty miles east of Nazareth, fifty miles north of Jerusalem and four miles west of Jordan, and fifteen miles south of the Sea of Galilee, stands Tell el-Husn, the Mound of the Fortress. It guards one of the approaches to the Jezreel (and hence to Esdraelon) in one direction and to the Jordan valley in the other. In the whole length of Palestine, this is the only lowland route from the Mediterranean to the Jordan. What is more, the Jordan has shallow fords here, giving a fairly easy access to the eastern plateau of Transjordan. This combination makes the Esdraelon-Jezreelcorridor extremely important as a trade and general travel route. Another ancient road ran north and south on the edge of the Jordan valley from Jericho to Hazor. "The Fortress" stands at the crossroads of these two routes. This location made it a key to both military and commercial operations in northern Palestine. This is biblical Beth-shan (I Sam. 31:10, 12; II Sam. 21:13) or Beth-shean (Josh. 17:11, 16; Judg. 1:27; I Kings 4:12; I Chr. 7:29). It is the Nysa, or more prominently, the Scythopolis (II Macc. 12:19; Judith 3:9f.) of the Greeks and of the Decapolis of New Testament times. It was the only one of the Ten Cities which was on the western side of the

1967, 4)

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

111

Jordan. It is the Bit-sani of the Tell el-Amarna letters and the Bati-shar of Egyptian inscriptions, and the name lingers on in the present day Beisan. This was one of the cities which the invading Israelites did not conquer, but later put to tribute. Tribally, it belonged to Manasseh. The bodies of Saul and Jonathan were hung on its walls by the Philistines after the king and his son died on Mt. Gilboa a few miles to the west. The city formed part of the district of Baana, one of Solomon's officers who provided food for the king and his household. All this, of course, gives the site a relationship to Israelite history, but its main potential in the eyes of its excavators (and no doubt its inhabitants through the centuries) was its commanding location. The Excavations

George B. Gordon, Director of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, and Clarence S. Fisher, then Curator of the Egyptian Section of the Museum, visited the site in the spring of 1919. The tell was overgrown with brush. It was between 131 feet (on the south) and 213 feet (on the north) high and approximatelyone-half mile in circumference at the base (900 feet long from northeast to southwest). In the wadi to the north runs the Nahr Jalud, a major source of water in antiquity but today a stream of sewage (possibly overflow from the Jezreel fish ponds), three to four feet wide and several feet deep. The Jalud is 610 feet below sea level at this point. The Jalud ravine cuts sharply into the plain, separating the tell from the plain on the north. Another wadi runs east to join the Jalud east of the tell. This other wadi separates the tell from the present day village of Beisan to the south and up on the plain. In the bottom of this wadi is the Scythopolis theater, currently being restored by the Israeli Department of Antiquities. The tell itself, and the spur on which it stands, slopes steeply in every direction but west, from which it is readily accessible. The north and east sides do not have a uniform slope. Originally they formed a terrace about eighty-five feet below the summit. At the time Gordon and Fisher looked it over, the tell was an archaeologist'sdream. It had been the private property of the Turkish Sultan and had no buildings or orchards or other hindrances to excavation. The Museum Expedition proceeded with Fisher as Director for three years, 1921-1923, who was followed by Alan Rowe, 1925-1928, and Gerald M. FitzGerald, 1930, 1931, and 1933.1 1. In addition to interim reports, the following report details of the excavations, building measurements, etc.: A. Rowe, Topography and History of Beth-shan (1930) and Four Canaanite Temples (1940); G. FitzGerald, Four Canaanite Temples: The Pottery (1930), A Sixth Century Monastery (1941), and Beth-shan Excavations, 1921-1923 (1931). Other important bibliography includes F. James, Expedition III (1961), 31-6; G. E. Wright, The Pottery of Palestine from the Earliest Times to the End of the Early Bronze Age (1937); Wright and F. V. Filson, The Westminster Historical Atlas to the Bible (1956); and H. O. Thompson, "The Evidence for the Identification of Mekal, the God of Beth-shan" (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Drew University, 1964).

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In several of the seasons, work was carried on in the cemetery, one of the largest in Palestine. It is on the north bank of the Jalud facing the tell. The graves range from Byzantine times back to the 3rd millennium, with the oldest at the top of the slope. In spite of cave-ins and robbing, the cemetery produced a number of objects. Among them were the remains of pottery coffins (anthropoid sarcophagi) with the head (of the deceased?) and part of the torso modeled in relief on the removable lid. Several, if not all of these, are now known to have been Philistine.2 On the plain above the cemetery, a 6th century A.D. monastery was discovered in 1930, while more recently, a 5th-7th centuries A.D. synagogue has been excavated nearby. Early in the course of excavation, a trial trench was dug on the north of the tell. Starting from the level of the terrace, the excavators dug into the summit, and then down several meters. They hoped to reach bed-rock or virgin soil, but gave up when they realized that the inhabited depth of the tell was much greater than anticipated. While the reports are not completely consistent, one of the most fascinating angles of the excavation was that no evidence for destruction by fire was found for any level of the city's history. Neither were any fortification walls recognized on the tell below the Byzantine level. The very first level was Arabic and was completely removed. A considerable area of the summit was cleared down to Level V. Early in the excavations a great "cutting"was made in the south side. It was here that the series of temples was discovered in Levels V-IX, and here in the last campaign that a deep sounding was made to virgin soil, revealing additional levels to a total of eighteen. At least five of these had two phases. In the virgin soil were several dwelling pits. All told then, there are twenty-four strata of occupation, stretching over 6,000 years of intermittent occupation, from 19th century Arabic back to ca. 4000 B.C. The Pre-Biblical

Period

We may never know the age of the levels of this period. FitzGerald's deep sounding which revealed Levels XI-XVIII came in 1933. He published a preliminary report of the pottery and one of the sounding itself, but the material has never been published in full.3 The problem is more complicated than simple lack of publication however. The earliest levels are complicated by our general lack of knowledge of what was going on in Palestine in the 4th millennium B.C.,4 while Levels XI and XII are mixed and difficult to interpret. 2. Wright, 3. Museum

123-34.

59-68. 53-66; reprinted in The BA Reader, 2 (1964), BA, XXII (1959), 5-32, and Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly, LXVI Journal, XXIV (1935),

4. Wright, The Bible and the Ancient Near East (1961; hereafter Archaeology of the Holy Land (1960; hereafter Kenyon), p. 69.

BANE),

pp. 78-81;

(1934),

K. Kenyon,

113

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

1967, 4)

A number of settlements have been discovered in Palestine which had underground or sunken dwellings. Whether the troglodyte or semi-troglodyte people lived this way for protection or for convenience is unknown. Jericho had pit dwellings as early as 4500 B.C. When first excavated, they were thought to be robberpits for clay. Later, stratifiedlayers of living debris were discovered in the pits, and the interpretation was changed. Perhaps future excavation of the remaining Beth-shan pits will discover the same. The information that we have now is that the pottery of the pits and of Level XVIII was all of the same type, but there were two feet of debris under the walls of XVIII down to virgin soil. One of these walls was built over the top of a pit. The pottery itself has similarities to early Megiddo, Jericho and Syria, with a calendar spread of over 1,000 years (4500-3600 -~?-?:::~":::: :::: ::-:::::r:_:::_:::i:::.i:l~i:ii-;~::

~::::~ i::::-n

~~ -:r-~-9~8~ ~ i`iiij:

~6~Y?::::1:-::::::-::::::~:::::::::?;::: ~U~:::i:::::_:;::::::i-i:i ~1;~ :::'-::::-'::li:::.:-:::: ~-r:~:::-i:u:_:i-:-::ii:-: i~::::::-i:i::::-:::::??g:-~: -:i::::i~::::: :i:sii::j:.:::::::??::::::i;:::-:-":-i:: '''?:~l~:8-i~~-:xX"::-:-::-::I,::::? :,\-::::::i--~;:.:i:::::i~r~::. ::::::::I ::::::::::,

`:':: :::8~R-i::: :::~:::j

::::~1:?::a -ii: ::s-:a:::::: ::n:

Fig. 2. Painted chevron decoration on a pottery sherd from one of the "pits" below Level XVIII at Beth-shan. Photo courtesy of Joseph Saad and the Palestine Archaeological Museum.

B.C.). The painted chevron in the example (Fig. 2) is a case in point.5 It resembles both the earlier vertical Neolithic chevrons of Jericho IX and the Early Chalcolithic chevrons of the Yarmukian culture, ca. 4000 B.C. But the latter are incised, rather than painted. The first storage bins are found in Level XVII and the first copper implements (axes, a knife, and two needles) are found in Level XVI. One interesting find in the latter level was an apsidal house. The earliest appearances of this type of construction (round on one end and square 5. This

sherd is pictured

LXVI (1934),

along

with

P1. II (after page 134).

other

"pit pottery"

in Palestine

Exploration

Fund

Quarterly,

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THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

(Vol. XXX,

or rectangular on the other) are in Palestine: Meser (33rd cent.). Megiddo (ca. 3000), and Beth-shan. It is found at Troy (ca. 3000 B.C.) and continuously in Greece from the Middle Bronze to the Hellenistic period. Sardis had an apsidal building in the 6th century, and, through Persian and Hellenistic artisans, it may be the prototype for the apsidal temples (Chaitya Halls) of India (2nd cent. B.C. to the Middle Ages). The first wheel-made pottery was found in Level XV. Among the pottery types of Level XIII were flat base and stump base pitchers. These are the two principal forms linking Palestine with the Ist Dynasty of Egypt, now dated as beginning ca. 2850 B.C. XIII was distinguished from other levels by long ribbon-like flint knives. Although the "Bronze Age" was well along by this time, flint continued to be used at Beth-shan, as in other parts of Palestine, until the Iron Age. According to the excavator, the period represented by Level XII had started, but, at an early stage within it, Khirbet Kerak (Beth-Yerah IV) pottery (KK ware) suddenly appeared. The latter continued into Level XI and just as suddenly stopped. KK ware arrived in Palestine ca. 2600 B.C. and lasted about 200 )years.It apparently originated in Anatolia and arrived in Syria with some disturbance, suggesting an invasion. No such disturbance accompanied it to Palestine, however, and Beth-shan is a case in point. This suggests trade or commerce. The ware is noted for its burnish (inside and out) and diagonal, shallow fluting, perhaps made with the finger-tips in the moist clay. The fluting sometimes ends in a curlicue, which may represent the sun. With KK ware continuously present, the division between XII and XI is obscure. The date of XI is further complicated by its division into two phases. The second phase has Hyksos ware in scattered places. This should make Level XIA Middle Bronze, but an alternate interpretation is that the Hyksos material is intrusive and really belongs to Level XB.6 Beth-shan was being excavated when scientific archaeologyin Palestine was still in swaddling clothes. Dr. William F. Albright was just giving this "toddler"discipline the helping hand it needed to get up to really walk and grow into the giant it is today. On the other hand, anyone with field experience, who has actually tried to dig stratigraphically,knows that there are times when it is virtually impossible to tell where one phase or level stops and another starts. Sometimes careful control and analysis of the pottery can be as determinative as the colorless soil. If Beth-shan could be excavated again, it would have to be done with great stratigraphiccare as a matter of course. But what has been called Level XI would require as much painstaking care as has ever been practiced in archaeology. 6. Ibid., p. 132; Museum Journal, XXIV (1935),

20f.

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THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

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The Middle Bronze Age

The period called Middle Bronze I, the 21st and 20th centuries B.C., is conspicuous at Beth-shan by the small quantity of material daltable to it. G. Ernest Wright has noted MB I material in a tomb and mixed in with Level XI (presumably XIA). The two burials discovered in the trial trench dug off the terrace are dated ca. 1750 B.C. Rope molding decoration appears in XIA. This type of decoration died out in the Chalcolithic age and then re-appearedca. 2000 B.C. Envelope ledge handles and combing decoration appear here.7 These remains rather naturally suggest the occasional visit of wandering nomads rather than sedentary occupation. Perhaps Abraham himself stopped by on his way to Shechem! The remains of a large tower of Level X still stood ten feet high. Its foundations had been dug down into Level XII. The debris of Level X was more than three feet deep. Each of the two levels, XA and XB (the latter is lower and older), consisted of a number of small rooms, in very ruined condition. A jar burial with the bones of an infant, was found underneath the floor of a house of XA, like the Hyksos burials intrusive in XII and XI. Some tanged, broad-bladeddaggers were found in Level X. There were many scarabs in XA but none in XB. This sharp distinction in the presence of scarabs plus the older pottery might suggest that XB is pre-Hyksos, since scarabs are fairly common in other Hyksos sites. However, Level X as a whole is dated in the 16th century. If Pharaoh Ahmose destroyed Level XB, ca. 1550 B.C., XA may represent the remnants of the Hyksos who lingered for a time. Level XA may have lasted until Tuthmose III's campaign in 1468 B.C., but Wright suggests it lasted until 1400 B.C.8 This carries us into the time of Israel's enslavement in Egypt. Before we turn directly to the Late Bronze age, we might take note of Vronwy Hankey's observationthat "from the Middle Bronze period onward, Beth-shan exported locally-made gypsum vases which imitated Minoant vases in calcite, among them the baggy alabastronwell known toEgyptianl and Mycenaean potters. Beth-shan also invented a new shape in stone, the two-handled pyxis or straight-sided alabastron."9 The Late Bronze and Iron I Ages

As mentioned above, a series of temples was discovered in the "great south cutting" of the tell. The oldest temple was in the earliest clearly Late Bronze level, Level IX. The series of temples were all roughly in the same area in subsequent levels, but there was no evidence of any sacral use of the site prior to Level IX. This implies that the "sacral"designation 7. Wright, BANE, pp. 87, 89; Kenyon, pp. 142, 144, 146. For Middle Bronze I pottery, cf. Museum Journal, XXIV (1935), P1. IX, Nos. 13 and 14. 8. Wright, BANE, p. 93; Kenyon, pp. 138, 142, 165-77. 9. American Journal of Archaeology, LXX (1966), 170.

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THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

(Vol. XXX,

was related to the Egyptian occupation beginning in the 14th (15th?) century. There has been some divergence on the dates of the temples and their related city levels, which extend into the Iron Age. It is to be hoped that pottery typology studies currently being carried out in relation to Shechem will clarify the problems. Variant views are represented by the following chart.t0 City Levels

Albright

Kenyon

Wright

Maisler

IX

14th century

?-1350

- 1400-

1300-

VIII

1350-1300

VII

end 14th, beginningof 13th century 13th century

1300-1150

-1200

-1175/65

VIA

12th century

1150-1100

12th century

1175/65 -1120

1075-1000

1050-920

1100-1000

VIB V

1075-1000 (918)

IV

Levels IV and III are Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman

1000-850 (temples: 1000-Persian Period)

920-733

Level IX: Albright'sdate is based upon the Aegean and wishbone-handled ware of Beth-shanIX along with much local painted potterywhich he compareswith Jericho and Tell Beit Mirsim Level C,. He has seen unpublishedphotographsof the pottery,which Miss Kenyonhas not seen so she follows his dating of Level IX. The temple complex of Level IX is generallycalled the Temple of Mekal. The "room"labeled No. 11 on the plan (Fig. 3) is sometimes called the NorthernTemple, while the Mekal Temple is called the Southern Temple.The formerlabel seems to be left over from initial excavation reportswhich made the suggestionbefore it was completelyexcavated. 10. W. F. Albright, ASSOR, XVII (1937), 76; Kenyon, pp. 218f., 235f., 251, 272; Wright, BANE, Maisler (Mazar), Bulletin of the Israel Exploration pp. 93f., 97; B. ii-v. Society, XVI (1951),

1967, 4)

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

117

While the plan might give the impression that # 10 filled some sacred function, the few artifacts found in it offer no encouragement. Thus we are left with a single temple in Level IX, but this one is of such size and significance as to leave no room for disappointment.

10

P <1STE 7

/\

5

S6

4

LION pANEL

o

5

. SCALL

10 15 2O M" T-RS

Fig. 3. Plan of Level IX at Beth-shan. Number 9 is the massibah, while 10 and 11 are temple buildings. On the walls of the latter, represented here by rectangles, were brick pedestals which probably served as bases for posts holding up the superstructure. Redrawn by Guy van Swearingen from Rowe, Topography and History of Beth-shan, Fig. 1.

A great temenos wall runs along the south side. The plan shows that it is double (one is tempted to say case-mate) for part of its length. For all of its size (fifteen feet thick), it can hardly have been a defensive wall, since it leaves the temple completely open to the east (and the rising sun). Its function must have been to block off the view of the people from the altar (#7) and the imassibah (#9). Of special interest to us, before going inside rthe temple, is the lion and the dog panel (Fig. 4) found within the bay formed by the two towers at the end of the wall. It is a basalt slab, about 36" x 28" x 9", and is currently on display in the South Octagon of the Palestine ArchaeologicalMuseum. The picture hardly does it justice. It is a unique piece of art. There is nothing quite like it in the whole of Ancient Near Eastern art. There are many parallels to details, however. These include the formation of the limbs, tails, heads, ears, and such markings as the mane, the muzzles, ribs, and the star in its radial

118

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

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form on the right shoulder of the lion and in its torsional form on the left shoulder. The star's significance has been debated, but it is commonly seen as representing deity. Lions are pictured with these stars from Egypt to Mesopotamia. Starred lions are among the art forms of the Tut-ankhAmon tomb finds, and among the 14th century materials from Ugarit. In general, the starred lions of Mesopotamia are later, but other aspects of the lion readily compare with 2nd millennium Mesopotamian art forms.

1967, 4)

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The lion itself commonly appears in the Ancient Near East in relation to temples, and various kings and gods. It is frequently a mythological figure and appears in numerous inscriptions. The Sumerian god of pestilence and disease, Nergal, is represented as a devouring lion. He was especially worshipped in Cutha, modern Tell Ibrahim, in the vicinity of Babylon and Borsippa. Like Beth-shan, Cutha has a large cemetery. The city's name is one of the names of the underworld, or alternately, Cutha is the place where this world and the underworld meet. Amarna Tablet 357 relates the legend of Nergal's marriage to Ereshkigal, which made him the lord of the underworld. He had insulted her personal representative and she demanded his life. At first he was terrified but with the help of demons supplied by his father Enlil, he smashed the gates of the underworld, seized Ereshkigal and prepared to kill her. She pleaded for her life, and offered marriage and joint rule if he would spare her. He accepted the terms. This may indicate that his status as a sun god (the underworld was the chamber where the sun spent the night) involved fertility first, while the destructive aspects were secondary. He sometimes carries a mace with two lion heads on it, symbolizing this double role. By the Akkadian period, he was a war god, to whom Naram-Sin credited his military victories. A cuneiform inscription on a seal from Ta'anach, ca. 2000 B.C., attests his worship in Palestine by the end of the 3rd millennium. The inscription reads: "Atanahili, son of Habai, servant of Nergal." Amarna Letter 35 is from the king of Cyprus. He ascribes a plague to the hand of Nergal. We might note parenthetically that Naram-Sin extended his empire to Cyprus, which would suggest Nergal's worship there then, while inscriptions testify to Cypriote worship of Nergal in the latter half of the 1st millennium. In 721, when Sargon II deported the Israelites, he imported various people, including men from Cutha. They brought the worship of Nergal with them. A cuneiform tablet from Samaria with the name "Nergal-Tallim" may reflect this. II Kings records that they "did not fear the Lord, so he sent lions among them, which killed some of them" (17:25). It is tempting to see here a bit of irony on the biblical writer's part, in having Yahweh control the very beasts which symbolized Nergal. Nergal was worshipped by Assyrian and Chaldean kings, at Elephantine in the 4th century and in Phoenicia in the 3rd. The dog is less common than the lion as an art motif in the ancient world. But the examples, which again range the length of the Fertile Crescent and include Tut-ankh-Amon and 14th century Ugarit, are strong enough to relate the Beth-shan animal to a 14th century Palestinian context. The dog is both an unclean and a sacred animal. These two aspects,

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of course, can be two sides of the same coin. In Hebrew, "dog" is keleb (Caleb) which is readily recognized as the name of a leader in Joshua's army (Josh. 15:13ff.). Dogs were kept in temple precinct kennels at various places, including Cyprus, which was mentioned above in relation to Nergal. The strongest identity for the dog in the panel would be Gula, the goddess of healing and the defender of homes. A worshipper was assured, according to one inscription, that a great dog guarded his outer gate and the great physician Gula guarded his threshhold. The implications for interpreting the lion and dog panel of Beth-shan are obvious. The dog is, or represents, Gula, who is driving away pestilence and disease in the form of the lion Nergal. A mere general interpretation might simply be a protective force fighting against a destructive force. The two panels then symbolize the warding off of a plague. Inside the temple, not too far, in fact, from the lion panel, the excavators discovered the famous Mekal stele, which gives the temple its name. While the picture (Fig. 5) belies the fact that it is only a foot high, it shows clearly the details that make its significance truly beyond calculation. Mekal has a Mesopotamian origin as seen in the cognate, Mukallim, which in turn is related to Nergal. This, of course, relates to the lion-dog panel. In addition, the mythologies of Mekal and Nergal are so similar they might have been cast in the same mold. Each sits on his throne in his temple in his city (place, house), receiving petitioners who seek life and health from the god of death and fertility. It has been suggested that the Amorites brought the worship of Nergal to Palestine. The Ta'anach seal of ca. 2000 might point in this direction. The Patriarchs,of course, were among the Amorite families moving around the Fertile Crescent. The Hebrew progenitors would have been familiar with this diety. The stele is not the first time Mekal had appeared in the records of the past. The name is found in nine 4th-3rd centuries texts from Cyprus. These indicate a temple at Kition, an identification with the god Resheph, and his role as the chief deity of Amuthus. The inscriptions from Amuthus are in Akkadian, which suggests that Mekal was worshipped on Cyprus from an early time, possibly the time of Naram-Sin's control. Or, Amorites may have carried the Mekal cult there as well as to Palestine. In the Amuthusian inscriptions, Mekal is related to or identified with the Egyptian god, Set. The Beth-shan stele is Egyptian in style. In dress, position, etc., Mekal is pictured as Set, the god of foreign lands, the desert, storm, nature, sea, sun, disease, evil, and, conversely, of oases, fertility, life, and health. The three lines of hieroglyphs on the upper left read, "Mekal, the great god, the lord of Beth-shan." The five lines on the right read, "Made for the

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

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builder Amenemapt, true of word, by his son Paraemheb."Presumably the smaller figure on the right is the son. The same is probably the case with the nearly obliteratedfigures in the lower right hand corner. The inscription there reads, "An offering which the king gives to Mekal, the great god, that he may give to thee life, prosperityand health, keep vision, honor and love, a prosperous mouth, the footstep in its place, until thou reachest a venerated state in peace. For the double of the favored of his god, the builder, Amenemapt, true word (and his son Paraemheb)." The parenthesis is the restored ending of this standard mortuary prayer." The men are 11. Rowe, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, XCIII (1961), J. B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p. 249.

160f.;

Topography

and History,

p. 16;

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Egyptians worshipping a Sumerian god in Canaan, presumably as a Canaanite deity, who has been identified with the Egyptian god, Set. A stele with a somewhat similar mortuary prayer was found in Bethshan Level V. The name of the dedicator was partly broken away but seems to have been Amenemapt. He describes himself as the pharaoh's steward, the overseer of the two granaries. The name itself is a fairly common Egyptian name meaning "Amen is in Luxor." It is equivalent to the Amanappa (a special friend of the king of Byblos) of the Amarna letters and the Amenophis of Manetho (Akhenaton of Amarna was Amenophis IV). It was the name of the ignorant scribe in the 13th century letter to Hori, and also appears in the later Instruction of Amenemapt with its parallels to the Book of Proverbs. The son's name means "Ra is in a Festive Mood." The name's significance is its similarity to a scribe, physician and builder named Pareamahu, who was sent from Boghazkoy to King Kurunta of Tarhuntas, by order of the pharaoh. Albright feels that the early 13th century date of the order makes the pharaoh Ramses II, pharaoh of the Exodus. If it is the same man, this might date our stele (and the temple) to the latter half of the 14th century. Then his occupation as a physician becomes an added note of interest. The significance of the lotus as a symbol of life, plus the inscription, relates to our conception of the character of Mekal. While anyone might pray for health and long life, a physician might especially pray to the god of pestilence and disease, death and fertility, and would particularly be concerned with a temple to such a god. The temple of Mekal has been called Canaanite. There is no exact parallel to it anywhere. It has some resemblance to the courtyard temples of Middle Bronze age Shechem,12 to the temples of Late Bronze Boghazkoy, and possibly to the general plan of the temple and its precincts in Ezekiel 40ff. The courtyard, No. 1 in the plan, had several brick tables in it. The collar bone of a three-year-oldbull and bronze dagger were found nearby, suggesting this was a place of sacrifice. There are three altars in the area, two of them in Room 2, the "Inner Sanctuary."The one with steps was of brick and the other was made of stone. The latter had the skeletal remains of a young bull on it, and a shoulder blade nearby. The third altar, No. 7 on the plan, was made of bricks and had four steps leading up to it. The Egyptians believed in several gods, including Set, who were enthroned at the top of a stair. The Mekal stele was found near the miassebah, #9. While the temple as a whole had a dirt floor, the nas.se~ibah, stood on a brick platform. It was cone-shaped and about twenty inches 12. BA, XXVI (1963),

5f.

1967, 4)

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123

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Fig. 6. Reconstructed shrine house with snake and animal decorative motifs, from Level V at Beth-shan. Photo courtesy of Joseph Saad and the Palestine Archaeological Museum.

high, with a foundation of undressed stone. The massibah was a central feature of Canaanite worship while the Mekal stele served the Egyptians. Beth-shan is almost as famous for its cult objects as for its temples. These include figurines and scarabs of lions, dogs, gazelles (and related animals like antelopes, stags, goats, ibexes), hippopotami, asses, bulls, pigs, elephants, crocodiles, lotuses and star, all of which represent the cult of Nergal/Mekal/Set. The shrine house (Fig. 6) was found in Level V.

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Other cult objects also had snakes on them in raised relief. These add to the suggestion that Mekal was a chthonic or underground deity, of death and disease on the one hand, and of life-giving fertility on the other. Beth-shan may have been a center of snake worship in Palestine. Snakes have contact with the "underworld,"and represent both death and fertility. The name shan has been interpreted as referring to snakes. The death and underworld aspect has led to the suggestion that Beth-shan was a center for necromancy, the cult of the dead. King Saul banned the cult of the dead, but in his last days, turned to a necromancer, the witch of Endor, for help. Perhaps the biblical writer wrote with a pen of irony as he recorded the death of Saul, whose body was then hung on the walls of Beth-shan, Level V, by the Philistines. The prohibitor turned to the prohibited; the dead was hung on the walls of the house of the dead. Level VIII: Amarna Letter 289 (one of six written to Akhenaton by Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem) notes that the men of Gath have a garrison in Beth-shan. The men of Gath may have brought Level IX to a close ca. 1350 B.C. and may have been responsible for Level VIII. This level had no temple and its building remains were very fragmentary. One of a series of houses had a stone-lined kitchen and the street outside had a drain resembling drains in MB I Crete. There were a number of items related to the Mekal cult. Level VII: Albright reports the latest LB painted ware plus Mycenean and wishbone-handled sherds (but no base-ring ware) to justify his 13th century date for this level."3 If Level VIII can be related to the second half of the 14th century, it would not be unreasonable to see Seti I as the founder of Level VII which was then maintained by Ramses II. Three of their stelae were found at Beth-shan, although they were actually excavated in Levels II, V and VI. One of the Seti stelae reports an attack or pending attack on Beth-shan, which Seti squelches in one day. The second refers to a disturbance by some 'Apiru which irritated Seti, so he sent his troops into the hills to restore order. This took two days. The second stele has frequently been related to the Hebrews and sometimes to the conquest under Joshua and their failure to capture Beth-shan. The stele, however, has no reference to an attack on Beth-shan itself. A similar stir was initially created by the stele of Ramses II, when it was thought to refer to Asiatics or 'Apiru building the city of Ramses in the Delta, i.e., the enslaved Hebrews of Exodus 1:11. The passage (lines 9f.) merely says however, that after defeating his enemies, they (and presumably every one else as well) came to the city of Ramses and bowed down. Ramses also appears on a cylinder seal (found in Level V) along with the god 13. AASOR,XVII (1937), 77.

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1967, 4)

125

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Set. The king is shooting arrows into a target with two captives tied up underneath (what one might call a primitive game of William Tell). Some would include Ramses III (ca. 1175-1144 B.C.) in Level VII. A door lintel with his name was found in Level VI while his statue was found in Level V. Level VII indicates that after the relative smallness of city Level VIII, Beth-shan was again a great city. It once more had a temple, but Figure 7 shows clearly the great difference from Level IX. The room on the north end of the temple was four feet above the floor of the courtyard. There was an altar in the courtyard in front of the steps but none was discovered in the room. One is conjectured there, however, by analogy with the similar room in the Level VI temple. This may be a more distinctly Egyptian type of temple since it resembles several Amarna sanctuaries, notably tomb chapels, a river temple, and shrines in private houses.14 These Amarna sanctuaries had mastabahs or benches around the courts while some courts had two columns, and steps led to an elevated shrine. Wright15 has compared the rustic simplicity of Lachish temple III to the splendor of Beth-shan temples. The anteroom and entrance idea are comparable as is the idea of benches around the walls, although Lachish has a three-step type rather than the single 14. T. E. Peet and C. L. Woolley, The City of Akhenaten, I (1923), Pls. 25 and 47. 15. BA, I (1938), 21-30; Jewish Quarterly Review, XXXII (1941-42), 446.

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bench like Beth-shan. The Level VII building has been compared to a shrine at Tirzah."6 De Vaux says the interpretation of this Late Bronze building is uncertain. If it is a temple, the rows of columns compare to the southern temple of Beth-shan V rather than to this temple of VII. To some degree, the temples of Hazor, Atchana, Solomon and Tainat are comparable, but their main enclosure seems to have been a roofed room rather than an open court. However, the general arrangement of "altar-stepsshrine" has been seen as a familiar feature of Canaanite temples, and is similar to Solomon's temple." This Beth-shan temple was built with four to five-feet thick walls, which may suggest alternate use as a fortress. There was no attempt to level the ground prior to construction. The walls were sunk to different levels in the debris. The brick rested directly on debris without any layers of stone or wood beneath. The floor (of which little was left) was hard clay, about eight inches thick. The floor of the inner shrine was a bright blue. The height of the building remains uncertain. The highest remains found were of the eastern wall which was some twelve feet above floor level. Exclusive of the ante-room, the building was 47' x 45' wide, narrower at the south end. In one corner of the courtyard was a stele, perhaps of Ashtaroth. She has a high conical hat or crown with feathers on either side, Egyptian style, and two horns (bull?, ram?) on the front. To her right is a woman on a smaller scale, who holds a long-stemmed lotus up to the nose of the goddess. A basalt model throne found in the upper shrine room has been called Minoan. It has Egyptian emblems on it, however, including a winged version of the so-called Set animal, a dog- or jackal-like animal (or a wild pig?) always pictured with a straight, upright tail which forms a "V" on the end. Ten yards north of the temple was an altar of rough hewn basalt with ashes and charred bones on it, among the rocks, and around it. Among items to the east of the temple was a Hittite haematite seal with an elephant and a donkey on it. To the east of the temple, Level VII had a fort tower, a large house, and a thousand bushel capacity brick-lined underground silo. A bronze figurine of Set or Teshub was found inside the fort. One of the most interesting items was an inscribed potsherd: "The Fiend in the House of the Ruddy Beings." The "Ruddy Beings" in Egyptian mythology are friends of Set.'s The fort tower is of special interest for biblical studies. As the city of Ramses, Level VII probably represents the place which the Israelites failed to capture during the conquest under 16. Kenyon, p. 219; R. de Vaux, Revue Biblique, LXIV (1957), 17. Wright, Biblical Archaeology (1962), p. 139. 18. Rowe, Four Canaanite Temples, p. 54.

574ff.,

Fig. 8.

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Joshua. Judges 1:27 says Manasseh did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shan and its villages. While the strength of Beth-shan might be represented by the fort tower and this strength may have discouraged Israelite conquest, one wonders how it would stop the capture of outlying villages. One theory is that the Israelites found or saw in the god Mekal the characteristicsof Set, the god of the desert and the storm, and felt a kinship here with their Egyptian past. They made themselves at home in Shechem with its temple of Baal-berith,and presumably amalgamatedtheir worship of Yahweh to the god of the covenant. The biblical record suggests they did not immediately inhabit Beth-shan, and hence probably

iiii iiiiti ii:•.

:: -?-:i~i~i •!iiii :iiii•ii::' , NI.:.iniii '::ii•iiii

r~

iii ii 'ij;i...i ,iiii:i;i

Fig. 8. Clay sarcophagus from Beth-shan, bearing on its lid the depiction of a Philistine-style head and headdress. From Rowe, Topography and History, P1. 37.

did not use the Level VII temple as a group. But the later subjection mentioned in Judges 1:28 may reflect control and hence possible use of the temples of Levels VI and V (IV). This would make Beth-shan a major source of that syncretism which later brought the condemnation of the prophets. We note King Saul again in this connection, and the similarity of his daughter's name, Michal, to Mekal. The hieroglyphs of Mekal can be transliterated Michal, although literally it is Michael. Saul named Jonathan after Yahweh, and Ishbaal after Baal. It should not be surprising that his daughters were similarly named after various deities. Beth-shan VII may also be the city referred to by the Egyptian official, Hori, who sarcastically asked a scribe to describe Beth-shan, along with

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other Palestinian places. The letter is dated near the end of the 13th century. Shortly after, ca. 1200, the city may have been brought to an end by Sea Peoples. The picture is complicated by uncertain pottery chronology, uncertainty over the scope of control exercised by the Sea Peoples,19 and the similarity of the temple of Level VI to that of Level VII, suggesting a continued Egyptian control. If one could assume that the city of Level VII ended ca. 1200 (an alternate date is 1150 B.C.), the Sea Peoples may have brought it to an end. Ramses III hired defeated Sea Peoples as mercenaries to man his frontier fortresses. Thus both Sea Peoples and Egyptians could be in evidence in Level VI. One naturally thinks of the Philistines and their presumed control of Beth-shan after Saul's death on Mt. Gilboa. No Philistine pottery has been found at Beth-shan, according to the published materials, but two pieces have been reported among the unpublished materials at the University Museum. The anthropoid sarcophagi in the big cemetery have been identified as Philistine because of the similarity of the headdresses pictured on the head of the deceased molded in relief on the coffin lids to the headdresses of the Sea Peoples in Egyptian reliefs. This is the basic evidence for Philistine control of Beth-shan, which the Bible indicates extended to the time of Saul. On the basis of these Philistine coffins, plus the Philistine pottery and earlier inscription from Tell Deir 'Alla (biblical Succoth), Wright pictures Philistine control extending from the Palestinian coast south of Gaza up to Dor, across through the Esdraelon plain to Beth-shan, and down the Jordan valley to the area east of Shiloh. The destruction of Shiloh ca. 1050 B.C. is generally ascribed to the Philistines. Wright's reconstruction of events shows this to be a vast pincers movement which neatly cut the Israelite territory in half. Beth-shan is the keystone of Philistine control. Level VI: The temple was rebuilt in Level VI with only minor variations from that of VII (Fig. 7). The walls averaged a bit thinner. The east wall was laid on the remainder of the VII temple east wall, while the north wall was laid on a single layer of undressed basalt stone eight inches high. The other walls were laid on debris, like all the walls of the VII temple. The building was 47' x 42' (narrower at the south). The southeast corner (courtyard) was smashed by a Level III reservoir but seems properly restored in a simple right angle. One major difference from the VII temple, was the addition of an outer ante-room or entrance court, 15' x 24'. A second difference is that where the steps up to the shrine of VII were cut into the floor and room of the upper shrine, the steps in VI are built out from the shrine and extend into the courtyard. 19. See now the provocative article by Wright, BA, XXIX (1966), especially the Philistine article mentioned in our note 2 above.

69ff., and the references there,

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The floor of the upper shrine room was again a bright blue. Wright and others have suggested that what the excavator called the brick altar in this room was actually the base or bench of a statue or cult image. There were two large blocks of limestone imbedded in the brick. One of the blocks had a 3-4" hole bored through it, which Wright suggests was for a dowel, to hold the statue in place.20 Among the objects from this level were an alabaster jar with ibex head handles, several seals with antelopes and lions, and a pottery model red-colored hippopotamus on a base. A disc-shaped pottery object (resembling the present day flat, round loaves of Arab bread) has "daily" stamped on it, as do two round balls (one with five stamps, and the other with fourteen). Perhaps these are symbolic cakes for the daily offering. A bronze figurine of a dog and a pottery model leg also come from Level VI. The latter has been interpreted as a votive offering. Level VI had two occupation layers. The temple was not disturbed, but a second phase of houses was built around the outside. Underneath a wall of this later phase, a three-pound cache of silver ingots, earrings, pieces of wire and a gold arm band was found with traces of cloth around the outside. One can picture some housewife hiding the family treasure from prying eyes, perhaps laying up a nest-egg for the eldest son. One view of Level VIB is that it came to an end ca. 1100 while VIA ran from 1100 to 1000 B.C. An alternate view is that VI ended ca. 1100 and Level V started ca. 1100 and lasted until sometime after 1000 B.C. The biblical record is silent about Beth-shan in this period, but the Judge, Gideon, has generally been dated ca. 1100 B.C. On the basis of Philistine control of Succoth about that time, Wright places Gideon earlier in the 12th century since the Israelites clearly controlled Succoth (Judges 8:5f.). Gideon's famous battle with the Midianites took place near Bethshan. The Midianites apparently had fairly solid control of the area. Judges 6 and 7 reports their pillaging all through the land and large numbers of them camped without fear of attack from Beth-shan. One can speculate that it served the purposes of the Philistine garrison to let them ravage the Israelites. This was before the Philistines themselves had gathered strength to push their control down the Jordan. When the Midianites fled past Beth-shan during the retreat from Gideon, all the Philistines had to do was lock the gates and sit it out. We might note too that in these early days, Philistine-Israelite relations were not yet open warfare, although the strains had already begun (cf. Samson, Judges 13-16). Level V: Level V was originally assigned to the time of Ramses II. Later, because of a cartouche of Ramses III found on a door lintel, Level V was 20. BA, I (1938),

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assignedto the latter'speriod of control.Then it was realizedthat the lintel actually came from below Level V, i.e., it belonged to Level VI. Thus that level was assignedto him, and Level V comes later. Just how much later is still under debate,as just noted. Albrightconsidersthe pottery to be typicallyIron I.21

B S

d

2

1

Fig. 9. Proposed restoration of the Temple of Dagon (I Chron. 10:10) Four Canaanite Temples, p. 24, Fig. 5.

at Beth-shan. From Rowe,

A gate assigned to Level V has masonry construction similar to 9th century Samaria, from the Omri-Ahab period.22This could put the end of Beth-shan V clear down to 850 B.C. but says nothing about when it began. The date of Saul's death is usually set at ca. 1000 B.C. I Samuel 31:10 reads: "They (the Philistines) put his armor in the temple of Ashtaroth . .

" while I Chronicles

10: 10 reads: "And they put his armor

in the temple of their gods, and fastened his head in the temple of Dagon." Level V had two temples, or anyway two buildings, connected by a pylon gateway, in the "sacral area" of previous temples. These have been identified as the temple of Ashtaroth (Fig. 10) and the temple of Dagon (Fig. 9). Actually, neither passage explicitly says there were two temples at Beth-shan. Strictly speaking, there is nothing that requires any identification with Beth-shan, but that is being hypercritical.The rest of the Samuel verse says: "They fastened his body to the wall of Beth-shan" (from which it was rescued and cremated by the men of Jabesh-gilead), so the most natural interpretation of the context would relate the Beth-shan temples

of Level V to these biblical passages.The Philistines built them, and

21. AASOR, XVII (1937), 22.

Albright

considers

76.

the gateway

to the 10th century.

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perhaps the complete change in the floor plan indicates the Philistine's complete freedom from Egyptian control. An amulet of the Egyptian goddess Sekhmet may represent continuing Egyptian influence however. This, of course, could also be from David's time, for we know of Egyptian influence in his government. Since it is generally assumed that Beth-shan fell under David's control, Israelites used the temples later in the 10th century. They were there when Beth-shan was an administrative headquarters for Solomon. One of his 12 officers was Baana, who had charge of Ta'anach, Megiddo, and Beth-shan (I Kings 4:12). Chronologically, this is the last reference to Beth-shan in the Bible, but the city appears in the list of cities Pharoah Shishak claims he conquered in 918 B.C.23 We have no real way of knowing whether the list is an exaggeration or written in mere imitation of his predecessors.At one point, however, the temples of Level V were repaired or extensively renovated. It is possible that the need came from damage caused during Shishak's raid, though the damage is sometimes ascribed to David. The axes of the two temples ran east and west, in contrast to the north-south axes of the older temples. This change could represent a change in religion but there is no dther evidence for it. Both had plastered walls of mud brick, floors of beaten earth, and presumably were roofed with wood. The altars or shrines are supposed to have been in the east end of each building. When discovered, neither building had this and it was supposed the shrines were destroyed by subsequent construction on the tell. The southern temple (73-78' x 59') is the so-called temple of Dagon. It was built just above the Level VI temple which had been filled in withdebris and leveled. The walls of the new temple were about the same average thickness but all of them were built on undressed basalt foundations (8-12" high). The new one was twice as big as the older one, and built on a completely different plan, with columns and aisles formed by screen walls between the pillars. Against the center column base on the north side was a pot full of gold and silver ingots and jewelry weighing over six pounds. Against the opposite base on the south was another pot full of silver jewelry and ingots, weighing over five pounds. Whether these were foundation deposits or temple offerings hidden for safe keeping is and will forever remain one of the unsolved mysteries of archaeology. The line of the columns, incidentally, is slightly askew from the axis of the building. This could come from the rebuilding and repair, and suggests workmen with less skill than the original builders. We noted earlier 23. For Shishak's campaign, see Mazar, Vetus Testamentum Supplement IV (1957),

57-66.

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the comparison with the pillar building of Late Bronze Tirzah. The two rows of columns are a fairly frequent feature of Palestinian temples. The temple of Shechem is an example. --" 2"7-:--. _2 --2-:..._

•_

--

.,-

...

_L ... .,.

': :_

,

• ...

. .. -

Fig. 10. Proposed restoration of the I-ouse of Ashtaroth at Beth-shan. From Rowe, Four Canaanite Temples, p. 33, Fig. 9.

The northern temple (50-63' x 36') is the so-called temple of Ashtaroth. The plan shows it was smaller than the other, and thus more on a scale with 'the older temples. The walls were more substantial (5 feet thick). The east wall was laid on debris while others had undressed basalt foundations 24-32" high. The column bases were covered up by a later floor which represents the post-Shishak rebuilding. An Egyptian stele dedicated to Antit by one Hesi-nekht was found here. Antit wears a plumed crown and holds a was-scepter in one hand and the ankh-symbol in 'the other. The dedicator faces her with his hands raised in adoration. The five lines of text say that the king gives an offering to Antit that she might bless the "double" of Hesi-Nekht. Among other objects from Level V, are the seal of Ramses II playing William Tell mentioned earlier, and the statue of Ramses III which was found near the pylon gate which connects the two temples. The shrine houses with their snakes and lions and deities were also mentioned earlier (Fig. 6). A scarab is engraved with a seated god(?) with two horns, perhaps comparable to Mekal's. A bronze seated bearded figurine, presumably a deity, has a conical cap and holds a spear with a bifurcated butt.

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This two-pronged handle is significant because a similar spear butt appears in Philistine tombs in Egypt. Lead figurines of dogs, part of another model hippo, seals and impressions with antelopes, stags, goats, and figures (people?, gods?) are among the items from Level V. The Later Levels

Level IV: Miss Kenyon claims Level V ended ca. 850 but the temples continued in use until the Persian period.24This carries us to or into Level IV. The date of Level IV is about as thoroughly confused an issue as any at Beth-shan, with the possible exception of the problem of Level XI. Level IV has been said to have lasted from David to the Ptolemies. Then again, it may not have started until the Persian period. Or, it may be dated somewhere in the Iron II period, possibly from Shishak to the Assyrians. The excavators report thlat Level IV was not only a shallow stratum, but a lot of destruction hindered the interpretation of the remains. Future excavators will surely have to lay in an extra supply of camel hair brushes and toothpicks to extricate the secrets of this portion of the city's history, for we are dealing here with the whole question of occupation in the Iron II period. Since there was Iron II pottery, there was occupation, but for how long is unknown. If Level IV can be dated in the Iron II and Persian periods, we can at least note the following: a scarab belonging to one Ramenka was found on the summit of the tell. A man with this name was a vassal of Pharaoh Shabako, according to scarabs found at Gezer and 'Ain Shems. Shabako was in Palestine ca. 700, or at least a seal impression of his was found in Megiddo. This, of course, was the time of Hezekiah and Sennacherib's police action which shut Hezekiah in Jerusalem like a bird in a cage. Beth-shan eventually came to be called Scythopolis. If it were the city of the Scyths, one would expect some evidence of their presence there. None is known at the present time. In the past, it has been suggested that the Scythians of Beth-shan were remnants of raiders in Jeremiah's early days, when he predicted that evil would come from the north (1:14). Current theory favors later mercenaries as ?the source of the name.25 Back in Jeremiah'stime, we note that while there is no evidence Pharaoh Necho had contact with Beth-shan, he would have had to control the area in order to control the route to Damascus. Judith 3:9f. relates the interesting tale of Holofernes, a general of Nebuchadnezzar, camped between Geba and Scythopolis for a month, while resting his troops and collecting his 24. Kenyon, p. 272. 25. N. Glueck suggests mercenaries of the Parthians and possibly the Persians, BA, XXV (1962), 63f.; M. Avi-Yonah prefers the mercenaries of Ptolemy Philadelphus, Israel Exploration Journal, XII (1962), 127. Avi-Yonah suggests 254 B.C. as the "founding date."

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baggage. The claim has been made that Persian material has been found at Beth-shan, but so far as I know, only a glass amphora has been published.26

In contrast to the earlier mud-brick levels, Levels III, II and I had buildings of dressed stone, including the temple of Level III. A fine horde of silver tetradrachmas of Ptolemy Philadelphus (285-46 B.C.) was found in this level. John Hyrcanus, the king who destroyed Samaritan Shechem, captured Beth-shan by a bribe. The Romans rebuilt the city in 57 B.C., including the theater and the hippodrome to the south of the tell. In 47 B.C., Scythopolis became self-governing and eventually joined the Decapolis. At the beginning of 'the Christian era, it rivaled Jerusalem in size. Several pieces of fine Italian pottery (terra sigillata ware) have been found at Beth-shan, including two plates by Camurius (A.D. 14-54) of Arezzo, Italy.27A synagogue was built ca. 300 A.D. The Talmud has many references to the Jews of Beth-shan. Rabbi Simeon ben Lachish, ca. 350 A.D., said, "If Paradise is situated in the land of Israel, its entrance is Beth-shan." The first Christian church was built ca. 325. Level III ends ca. 330 A.D. The Byzantines dug reservoirs and foundations deep into the tell, in some cases all the way to Level VII. They built a great wall around the site. Over the site of the earlier church, they built a huge rotunda or basilica with a dome 150' in diameter. The 5th-7th centuries synagogue was noted earlier. A monastery at the top of the cemetery slope has an inscription of ca. 560 A.D. The Byzantines flooded the area in their attempt to stop the Arabs in 636 A.D., who took it anyway. Level I dates then from 636 A.D. Beth-shan began to decline. The crusaders captured it and built a castle on the tell, which was destroyed by Saladin in 1183. In 1400, a mosque was built on the tell. During the Ottoman period, the tell became the property of the Sultan and after World War I came under the British Mandate with the rest of Palestine. Thus we come full cycle from the pit dwellers of the early Chalcolithic period to our own day. The village of Beisan is built on the Jezreel plain to the south of the tell, up on the bank of the wadi overlooking the Roman theater. The latter is currently being restored by the Israeli Department of Antiquities. The tell looms over it like an old earthquake cone, scarred by the archaeological battle against its hidden mysteries, quietly triumphant, and yet, forebodingly awaiting their return. Anyone thinking of re-excavatingBeth-shan, of course, will have to think long and 26. Maisler (Mazar), BA, XV (1952), 22; P. P. Kahane, Antiquity and Survival, II (1957), Fig. 1. 27. Wright, Biblical Archaeology, p. 243.

209,

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hard. It will be a major task, a major campaign like the first one, though with the good fortune of having the first to guide its destructive slicing away. While there are many ancient tells in Israel and Jordan waiting for those who would attack fresh ground, mounds dug in an earlier day are now feeling a fresh attack on the mysteries of the old ground Jerusalem, Shechem, Samaria, Gezer, Megiddo. To this list someone someday will have to add Beth-shan. (The following is an important BA "scoop."In November Dr. Yadin announced the unrolling of the Temple Scroll to the press. He has now written the more detailed preliminary report which follows. The importance of this report has led us to print it now even though we have to use smaller type in order to fit it into this issue.-Editor)

The Temple Scroll YIGAELYADIN The Hebrew University, Jerusalem

I have the great pleasure to announce the unrolling of another of the famous Dead Sea Scrolls, which came into our hands in the midst of the recent Six Day War, one day after the battle of Jerusalemwas over. I cannot at this stage disclose the way this scroll came into our hands, lest I endanger the chances of acquiring further scrolls. The story, when it can be told, will seem like a tale from the Arabian Nights. My knowledge of the recent history of the scroll goes back to the early sixties. It can be said that, prior to June, 1967, it was kept in most unsuitable conditions. There is good reason to believe that this contributedin no small measure to its deterioration,in addition to the damage it suffered in the last 2000 years when it was hidden in one of the Qumran caves. I am happy to say, however, that its prompt unrolling, and the treatmentit has received against further decay, has saved for the scientific world considerableparts of one of the most important ancient scrolls ever to be discovered. Unrolling. Let me start by describingthe state of the scroll when it came into our hands and how it was unrolled. The scroll was tightly rolled, although numerous pieces were peeled off and detached and were in various stages of decomposition.The upper part was a completelymutilatedbrown-blackstump;part of it looked like melted chocolate, a typical condition of scrolls exposed to too much humidity. The lower part, however, looked intact, with many rolled layers. The diameter of the rolled scroll was about two inches. I was fortunate in having the services of Mr. J. Shenhav (known as "Dodo" in Israeli archaeologicalcircles), who was the chief technical restorer at the excavationsof Hazor and Masada.With skill and devotionhe worked for several months until he unrolled the entire scroll. The different phases of his work were photographedin black-and-whiteand color, so as to ensure full documentation in case something should go wrong in the process.The scroll was opened in the usual manner, by exposing it for some time to 75% relative humidity under constant vigilance, thus softening the hard parchment. In many cases, layers of the scroll stuck firmly to one another, so we followed with success in these cases"the method prescribed by Plenderleith (Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, 1.40 ):

. . . The prob-

lem was to relaxthe membranes to a point wherethey couldbe manipulated without

at the same time making the black materialso sticky as to prevent this. It was necessary, therefore, to have some method of arrestingthe softening action of water at the

crucialpoint. The processeventuallyadoptedwas to exposethe scrollfragmentsto

100% R.H. for a few minutes, and then transfer them to a refrigeratorfor a like period. The degree of freezing was sufficient to congeal the surface of the black

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material while leaving the membranes sufficiently limp to be manipulated by sectionlifter without danger to the script." It was fascinating to watch Dodo, like an expert plastic surgeon, discern and dissect the layers. However, even this process did not yield good results in several cases, and since there rwas danger that further work might destroy a whole fragment, we left them as they were. We subjected these undetachable fragments to infra-red, ultra-violet and X-ray photography, sometimes against the light, and thus received sufficient indication of their contents. One other interesting point: since the scroll has been tightly rolled since antiquity, the effect of humidity has meant that in several columns part of the ink peeled off from the surface and stuck, in negative, to the back of the layer above. We simply photographed the backs of the columns involved and then printed them in reverse, thus recovering the lost parts of the text. The more we advanced to the inner parts of the scroll (its end), the better was the condition of the parchment, but even here we had to face some disappointments. The parchment of the various sheets (which is among the thinnest known to me in the Dead Sea Scrolls, less than one-tenth of a millimeter) was differently treated in antiquity. Some sheets even deep inside were more damaged that others near the outside. The scroll as preserved is the longest known - 8.6 meters or over 28 feet as compared with the 7.3 meters of the complete Isaiah scroll, hitherto the longest. Its end is practically intact, since there is a blank sheet at the very end. The beginning is missing, but probably not much was lost. I was able to establish a continuous sequence of the fragments and the main preserved roll; altogether 66 columns are preserved. The Date. The scroll was copied by a skilled scribe of Qumran. His style, which is the common so-called Herodian, indicates that the latest possible date for its composition was the second part of the first century B.C. or the beginning of the first century A.D. Indeed there are good reasons for placing the date of composition perhaps a little earlier. The Contents. In addition to its unusual length, the scroll is unique in its contents, which concerns four groups of subjects: 1) a large collection of Halakhoth (religious rules) on various subjects, among them ritual cleanness, in which the Pentateuch is often quoted with many interesting additions, deletions and variants; 2) enumeration of the sacrifices and offerings according to the festivals; 3) a detailed description of the temple; 4) the statutes of the king and the army. It is hard to decide, for reasons which will be explained below, what to call this unique scroll. Temporarily, since nearly half its length deals with the temple, I have called it the Temple Scroll. One of the strangest aspects of the scroll is that its author believed or wanted his readers to believe, that it was a divine decree given by God to Moses, i.e., a Torah. This is manifested in many ways. The rules are given by God in the first person singular; even in his lengthy quotations of the Pentateuch, the author methodically changes third person singulars to first person singulars. For example, Numbers 30:2ff., "When a man vows a vow to the Lord . . . " is rendered "When a man vows a vow to me." This is the style also of the many additional commandments, unknown from any version. That the scribe of the scroll took its text to be a part of the Holy Scriptures senso stricto is also obvious from the fact that the Tetragrammaton - YHWH is always written in the same script as the scroll itself, as was the practice of the Qumran scribes when copying biblical texts. As is well known, in non-biblical texts Qumran scribes were very careful to write the Tetragrammaton in the paleo-Hebrew script. This is the practice in the pesharim (commentaries) and even in the famous Cave 11 Psalm scroll. Furthermore, the scribes avoided as much as possible the use of the Tetragrammaton in non-biblical texts, either by indicating it by dots or by using the name GOD or the like. Even in these cases, they sometimes wrote GOD in the paleo-Hebrew script. In our scroll, the Tetragrammaton is always written in full and in the same script as the text. The author of the scroll groups together many rules which in the Pentateuch are dispersed. The main interest in this part of the scroll lies precisely in the many additional rules which are not mentioned in the Pentateuch at all. In many cases, these are clearly sectarian and of a polemic nature. In some cases the subject matter is also dealt with in the Mishnah; here the interest is in those cases in which our

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scroll decrees a ruling contradictingthe one decreed by the sages of "normativeJudaism." In most cases of this kind, our scroll is more extreme in matters pertaining to rules of cleanness and uncleanness. An interesting example deals with a pregnant woman with a dead embryo. Our scroll decrees, "If a woman is pregnant (lit., "full") and her young died in her womb, all the days that it remains inside her she is unclean like a tomb." This rule is clearly polemic, as we see if we compare it to the Mishnah, tractate Hullin (Animals Killed for Food) 4:3, "If the young of a woman died in its mother's womb, . . . the mother remains clean until the child comes forth." Many passages deal with rules of cleanness concerning a dead man's house; here again the rules are much more strict than parallel mattersin the Mishnah. The scroll has a special chapter on the rules of burial and cemeteries. "Thou shalt not follow the customs of the Gentiles who bury their dead everywhere, even in their houses; thou shalt allot special places in thy land in which thou shalt bury the dead; these places thou shalt fix between four cities." Here the author concerns himself with the "economy"of cemeteries, lest the land be defiled. There are many more such rules, but enough has been said to indicate the nature of the scroll on this subject. The Festivals and the Qumran Calendar. There is ample proof paleographically and

on the grounds of spelling peculiaritiesand the like that the scribe of the scroll was a member of the Qunnan community; indeed there seems to be evidence to show that the author himself must have been a member of the Essene sect, or at least of the same apocalypticcircles which adhered to the special Qumran calendar, the Book of Jubilees, etc. A considerablepart of the scroll is given to prescribingdetailed rules concerning the celebrationof the various festivals (such as Succoth, Passover,and Day of Atonement) and their sacrifices,meal-offeringsand other ritual practices.In addition to the normal "Festival of the Weeks" (Shavuoth - Pentecost) in which the bread of the first fruits was offered, the scroll decrees the celebrationof two similar festivals, that of the New Wine and that of the New Oil, each to be celebrated fifty days after the preceding. New Oil is known to have been practicedby the Qumran community (see the hitherto unpublished text mentioned by Milik in Supplements to Vetus Testamentum IV, 1957, 25), and it fell on the 22nd day of the 6th month. It can now be proved on the basis of our scroll that this festival could fall on that day (after counting fifty plus fifty plus fifty days) only if one followed the Qumran calendar and festival reckoning. The Essene year consisted of twelve months each of thirty days, with one extra day at the end of every three months, or 364 days. Further, the first day of the first month always fell on a Wednesday. Now, one of the basic rifts between the Jewish sects concerns the date of celebrating the two festivals "the raising of the Omer" and the Festival of Weeks. To clarify this, let me quote Professor Talmon (Scripta HierosolymitanaIV, 1958, 174): "[The dates of] these two holidays are not fixed in the Pentateuch by month and day. The second, the festival of Weeks, is dependent on the first, since it is to be celebratedfifty days after it (Lev. xxiii, 15-16); and the first, 'the raising of the Omer,' depends on Passover and on the interpretationof the words 'on the morrowafter the Sabbath'(ib. 11). . . . The Sect began the counting of the Omer on the 26.I1(see D. Barthdlemeyin Revue Biblique, 59, 1952, 200-201). This means that, like the Sadducees, Boethusians and Samaritans,they interpreted the expression 'on the morrow after the Sabbath' as referring to the first day of the week and not to the day following after the first of the Passover (Mish. Menahoth, x,3). But contrary to the Sadducees and Samaritans,they startedcounting on the first Sunday after the festival of Unleavened Bread and not on the first Sunday falling in the middle of the festival." Thus according to our scroll and the previously known data, the festivals of the sect fell on the following days: Raising of the Omer (beginning of the counting), Sunday, 26.I1;Festival of Weeks (New Bread) - Pentecost,Sunday, 15.III; New Wine, Sunday, 3.V; New Oil, Sunday, 22.VI. The new evidence derived from the scroll concerning the three "first fruit" festivals, each to be celebrated after counting fifty days, will throw interesting new light on the structureand principles of the festivals practiced in the ancient Near East. The Temple. From many aspects, and definitely from the amount of space given to its description,the most importantsubject of the scroll is the temple. As a matter

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of fact, this is not really a description of the temple, but rather the commandment to build it and instructions how to set about doing it, following the manner and style of Exodus 35ff. which deals with the tabernacle. Our scroll differs from all hitherto known ancient sources concerning the First, Second and Herod's Temples (I Kings, Chronicles, Ezekiel, the Letter of Aristeas, Josephus and the Mishnah). It appears that our author endeavored to supply the missing Torah concerning the temple which is alluded to in I Chronicles 28: 11ff., "Then David gave to Solomon his son the pattern of the porch (of the temple) and of the houses thereof, and of the treasures thereof . . . 'All this [said David] have I been made to understand in writing from the hand of the Lord.' " This missing Torah must have tantalized the ancients, and it is quite likely that efforts were made to supply it. Indeed (as I am reminded by Prof. S. Lieberman), there is a very curious reference to such a scroll in the Palestinian Talmud (Sanhedrin 29a) which was ascribed to Ahitophel, who was divinely inspired when he delivered it. The scroll's temple is not, strictly speaking, the eschatological, "ready-made," God-built temple which is the subject among other things of the Qumran persharim ("that is the house which He will make thee in the end of the days" [cf. articles by Flusser and Yadin in Israel Exploration Journal IX, 1959, 95ff.]). In fact, a badly preserved part of our scroll, which needs much further study, seems to refer to the scroll's temple as the one to be built until the day "that I shall create myself my temple." It is the author's prescription for the man-made temple as ordained by God and commanded in God's words: "Thou shalt make a second court . .. ," etc. At the same time, it can be assumed that the sect believed that the future God-built temple would take the same plan. Since the plan of the temple, particularly its courts and ancillary buildings, does not tally in many details with that of Herod's temple as known to us, it is quite obvious that those who adhered to it could not regard Herod's temple as the one built truly according to God's injunctions. However, this aspect and the relation to the "New Jerusalem" literature of Qumran which is basically different in style, requires much further study. It is in this section of the scroll particularly (although not solely) that the terminology used by our author betrays the period of its writing. Where the author could not find in the Bible the required term to describe the technicalities, he had to resort to terminology current in his own times. In many cases he used words which are only to be found in the Mishnah and/or the Qumran literature. He uses the word ris 'stadium' to denote distances. In one case he mentions a distance of thirty ris, the very distance mentioned in the Mishnah (e.g., Bcaba Kama VII,7). Terms found only in the Mishnah or Qumran include roved 'tread of a stair,' kiyyur 'entablature (architectural term),' hil 'the area separating the holy from the unholy,' attaroth 'wall crenellations,' mesibbah 'spiral staircase,' and many more. The author inadvertently used late words elsewhere in the scroll; the word to denote the pregnant woman mentioned above is "a full woman," a designation to be found only in Talmudic literature. Thus the linguistic Sitz imn Leben of the scroll is quite fixed, the latter part of the Second Temple period (first cent. B.C., plus-or-minus). The main interest of the temple section lies of course in the detailed prescriptions and measurements of the courts, the sacrificial technical machinery, and the procedure to be followed in the temple during the various festivals. We have a grandiose description of the celebration of the feast of Tabernacles (Succoth) with details, including exact measurements, of the booths to be erected for the chiefs of the tribes of Israel in the temple's courts, on the roofs of the side chambers. This differs from previously known sources. The basic concept of the temple's courts is that there should be three courts, each an exact square, one inside another: an outer, a middle, and an inner court. Following my lecture on the scroll to the members of the ASOR in Jerusalem, Mrs. William Power (the Powers are residents of the School) drew my attention to the design on the scroll wrappings from Qumran cave I, which represents three rectangles, one inside the other. Mrs. Crowfoot in her discussion of this design (Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, I, 25) suggests "that the rectangles represent the ground plan of some religious building . . . but our figure does not really agree with this [the Tabernacle - Y.Y.1 or with the description of the Temple, or Ezekiel's Temple." The possibility that this pattern represents the three courts mentioned in our scroll should be further studied, although it can be

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said right away that there is a basic differencebetween the two, since our scroll speaks of square courts. The "round" measurementsof these courts are 250, 500, and 1600 cubits for each side of the inner, middle and outer courts respectively. An interesting feature is that both the middle and the outer courts had twelve gates named after the twelve tribes of Israel. To this one should comparethe twelve gates of the tribes of Israel of Jerusalem, not of the temple courts, in Ezekiel and Revelation. The exact measurements of the courts, the gates, and the distances between them, are of much interest, as is also the allocation of the various chambersto the tribes of Israel and the priests and Levites. These show ingenuity in using all the data known to the author concerning the tabernacle, the First Temple, and Ezekiel's temple, forming out of them, with many additions, a plan reflecting the temple's mishmaroth 'Priestly courses' according to the Qumranic calendar as attested also in the "War of the Sons of Light with the Sons of Darkness." Considerablespace in the section on the temple pertains to the rules of cleanness and uncleanness to be observedin the city itself. These apply, for instance, to sexual intercourse,to lepers and the maimed, and to the nature of the vessels with which offerings should be brought to the temple. One prescriptiondeals with the building of public toilets about 1500 yards northwest of the temple. The exact location suits particularlythe topographyof Jerusalem;west would not be chosen because of prevailing westerly winds, while due south and north would be precludedfor topographic reasons, and east would mean placing these conveniences on the holy Mount of Olives with its extensions, where they would be on higher ground than the temple and be visible. The scroll prescribes,after instructing on the exact architecturaldetails, that the toilets should be so built as not to be visible. The Statutes of the Kings. Although it begins with a direct quotation from Deuteronomy 17:14ff. (Deuteronomy is heavily quoted in our scroll), the fourth and last section proceedsimmediatelyto the two main subjects of interest to the author, the king's bodyguardand the mobilization plans to be taken by the king when the "land of Israel" is faced with the threat of a war of extermination.On the first subject God prescribes,accordingto our author, that the king's bodyguardcomprise 12,000 soldiers, 1000 per tribe. These soldiers must be without blemish, "men of truth, God-fearing, hating unjust gain." While some of the expressionsand principles are borrowedfrom Exodus 17, our interest is in the additions which reflect the political situation of the period. The main purpose of this guard is to protect the king and his wives "day and night," lest they fall "into the hands of the Gentiles." This fear of danger from the Gentiles is paramountin this section. In another place, the scroll prescribesdeath for anyone who betrays the people of Israel and passes informationto the enemy. However, the most interesting part refers to the mobilizationphases. When the king is aware of a danger from an enemy who wants "to take everything which belongs to Israel"he should mobilize a tenth of the nation's force. If the enemy force be large, one-fifth of the king's force is to be called up. Should the enemy come "with his king and chariotryand great multitude,"a third of the force should be mobilized;two-thirds should remain in the land to protect its frontiersand cities lest "an enemy band penetrate into the country." If, however, "the battle be strong" the king must mobilize half the total fighting strength and "the other half will remain in the cities" to defend them. Having read these rules immediatelyafter the 'Six Day War, I could not help commenting about the parallel to actual phases of mobilizationpreceding the conflict. This is a strictly personal and subjective reaction; the real importanceof this section is that it reflects the true political and historicalproblemsfacing ancient Israel at the time the scroll was written. These rules are basically different from those in the "War of the Sons of Light with the Sons of Darkness,"by the way, which deals exclusively with the offensive eschatologicalwar. Here the subject is defensive war against an attacking enemy. In the descriptionhere given of the contents of this unique scroll I have touched only on very little of the contents of its sixty-six columns. Because of the many damaged columns (particularlyin the first half), much more time will be required before final publication becomes possible. I do hope to be able to publish in the not too distant future a detailed preliminarypublication, which will enable all scholars to react, criticize, and contributeto the study of this importantdocument, provisionally named the Temple Scroll.

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Indices to Volumes XXVI-XXX prepared by ROBERT G. ANDERSON, JR. (Note: because of its last-minute arrival, Dr. Yadin's article in this issue was not included in the general index)

TABLEOF CONTENTS

I. Ancient Jewish Coins and their Historical Importance, by Baruch Kanael ............XXVI. 2. 38-62 Archaeological News from Jordan, by Edward F. Campbell, Jr. and Bruce XVIII. 1. 17-32 T . D ahlberg An Archaeological........................................................................................................X Study of Gibeah (Tell-el-Fdl), by Lawrence A. Sinclair ........XXVII. 2. 52-64 The Biblical Scrolls From Qumran and the Text of the Old Testament, by XXVIII. 3. 87-100 Patrick W . Skehan ...................................................................................... From the Stone Age to Abraham, by Joseph Burials in Ancient Palestine: XXVI. 3. 74 -9 1 A. Callaw ay 4. 110-121 the Samaria Papyri, by Frank M. Cross ..................................XXVI. The Discovery of........................................................................................................... 4. 106-114 Dolmen Studies in Palestine, by James L. Swauger .................................XXIX. Wolf 3. 66-96 Carl Umhau the and Caesarea ........ ...XXVII. Eusebius of Onomasticon, by XXX. 2. 47-62 Excavations at Gezer, by William G. Dever ............................................... 34-52 2. XXVII. Excavations in Jerusalem, by Kathleen M. Kenyon .......................................... The Excavation of Shechem and the Biblical Tradition, by Edward F. Campbell, .......... XXVI. 1. 2-34 ............ Jr. and James F. Ross ..................................................... 3. 70-87 Ezion-Geber, by Nelson Glueck .......................................................................XXVIII. 1. 10-17 The First Excavation at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh, by James B. Pritchard .......................XXVIII. 70-86 3. Ernest G. Fresh Evidence for the Philistine Story, by Wright ...........................XXIX. XXX. 2. 34-47 Gezer in the Land and in History, by H. Darrell Lance .................................. XXX. 2. 62-70 Gezer in the Tell el-Amarna Letters, by James F. Ross ................................. The Household Lamps of Palestine in Old Testament Times, by Robert 1. 2-31 Houston Smith ...................................... Intertestamental Times, by Robert The Household Lamps of Palestine in ................XXVII. XXVII. 4. 10 1-124 H ouston Smith ............................................................................................ The Household Lamps of Palestine in New Testament Times, by Robert .......XXIX . 1. 2-27 H ouston Smith ............................................. Imperial Church Building in the Holy Land in the Fourth Century, by 3. 90-107 ............XXX. Gregory T. Armstrong ............... .................................... ............ XXVIII. 4. 102-125 The Kingdom of Ugarit, by A. F. Rainey ........................... 3. 91-106 Paul Davies E. The Macedonian Scene of Paul's Journeys, by .............................XXVI. XXIX. 2. 38-68 A New Look at Ancient Sardis, by David Gordon Mitten .................................... XXVIII. 2. 34-65 Organs of Statecraft in the Israelite Monarchy, by Abraham Malamat .......... 4. 121-134 Palestine: Known But Mostly Unknown, by Paul W. Lapp XXIX. 3. 86-102 Philistia Under Assyrian Rule, by Hayim Tadmor .......................XXVI. ...................................... 2. 63-72 Clark Willis Kenneth of Ancient The Posture the Scribe, by ...............................XXVI. XXIX. 4. 114-125 Science and Archaeology, by Henry O. Thompson .................................. 4. 134-139 The Second Season at Ancient Ashdod, by David Noel Freedman ...................... XXVI. XXX. 1. 2-27 Taanach by the Waters of Megiddo, by Paul W. Lapp ........................................ 1. 2-10 Tell el-Fi1, by Paul W . Lapp ......................................................XXVIII. 4. 110-135 Tell el-Husn - Biblical Beth-shan, by Henry O. Thompson ...............................XXX. 4. 135 ....XXX. The Temple Scroll, by Yigael Yadin ................. .................. from a The Tomb of Moses is Still Undiscovered!, report by Ivar Lissner ......XXVI. 3. 106-108 XXX. 3. 74-90 The Tomb of Jesus, by Robert Houston Smith The Treaty Between Israel and the Gibeonites,................................................ by F. Charles Fensham ........XXVII. 3. 96-100 Wilson's Arch and the Masonic Hall, Summer 1966, by William F. Stinespring ... XXX. 1. 27-31 XXIX. 1. 27-36 Wilson's Arch Revisited, by William F. Stinespring ........................................ II. INDEXOF AUTHORS Armstrong, Gregory T. Imperial Church Building in the Holy Land in the Fourth Century ................XXX. 3. 90-107 Callaway, Joseph A. Burials in Ancient Palestine: From the Stone Age to Abraham ...... ...........XXVI. 3. 74-91 Campbell, Edward F., Jr. and Ross, James F. XXVI. 1. 2-34 The Excavation of Shechem and the Biblical Tradition .................................. Campbell, Edward F., Jr. and Dahlberg, Bruce T. 1. 17-32 from ews Jordan Archaeological N XXVI. 2. 63-72 of the Ancient Scribe ........................... Clark, Kenneth Willis, The Posture .....................................................................XXVIII. 4. 110-121 Cross, Frank M., The Discovery of the Samaria Papyri ..............................XXVI. Dahlberg, Bruce T. and Campbell, Edward F., Jr. 1. 17-32 Archaeological News from Jordan ................... ...........XXVIII. Davies, Paul E., The Macedonian Scene of Paul's Journeys ................................ XXVI. 3. 91-106 ... XXX. 2. 47-62 Dever, W illiam G., Excavations at Gezer ...................................................... and the Gibeonites .............. XXVII. 3. 96-100 Fensham, F. Charles, The Treaty Between Israel Freedman, David Noel, The Second Season at Ancient Ashdod ........................XXVI. 4. 134-139 3. 70-87 Glueck, Nelson, Ezion-Geber .............................................................XXVIII. XXVI. 2. 38-62 Kanael, Baruch, Ancient Jewish Coins and Their Historical Importance .............. 2. 34-52 Kenyon, Kathleen M., Excavations in Jerusalem 2. 34-47 ....... ....................... Lance, H. Darrell, Gezer in the Land and in History ..............................XXVII. 4. 121-134 Lapp, Paul W., Palestine: Known But Mostly Unknown ........XXX. ....................................XXVI. ... Taanach by the W aters of Megiddo ...................................... XXX. 1. 2-27 ................... T ell el-F l ..................................... XVIII. 1. 2 -10 ........................................................................X

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Lissner, Dr. Ivar, The Tomb of Moses is Still Undiscovered! ........................... XXVI. 3. 106-108 Malamat, Abraham, Organs of Statecraft in the Israelite Monarchy ................XXVIII. 2. 34-65 2. 38-68 Mitten, David Gordon, A New Look at Ancient Sardis .............. ......................XXIX. 1. 10-17 Pritchard, James B., The First Excavation at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh ........................XXVIII. A. The of 102-125 4. Rainey, F., Kingdom Ugarit ...........................................................XXVIII. Ross, James F., Gezer in the Tell el-Amarna Letters .................................. ........XXX. 2. 62-70 F. and Ross, James Campbell, Edward F., Jr. The Excavation of Shechem and the Biblical Tradition .....XXVI. 1. 2-34 ......................... Sinclair, Lawrence, An Archaeological Study of Gibeah (Tell el-Fil) ................ XXVII. 2. 52-64 Skehan, Patrick W. The Biblical Scrolls from Qumran and the Text of the Old Testament ........XXVIII. 3. 87-100 Smith, Robert Houston The Household Lamps of Palestine in Old Testament Times ............................XXVII. 1. 2-31 The Household Lamps of Palestine in Intertestamental Times ....................XXVII. 4. 101-124 The Household Lamps of Palestine in New Testament Times ..............................XXIX. 1. 2-27 The Tomb of Jesus .................. 3. 74-90 ........................................XXX. ............. Revisited Stinespring, William F., Wilson's Arch ...................XXIX. 1. 27-36 ........................ Wilson's Arch and the Masonic Hall, Summer 1966 1. 27-31 .............. .........................XXX. 4. 106-114 Swauger, James L., Dolmen Studies in Palestine ...........................XXIX. 3. 86-102 Tadmor, Hayim, Philistia Under Assyrian Rule ...............................................XXIX. 4. 114-125 Thompson, Henry O., Science and Archaeology .......... ......... Tell el-Husn - Biblical Beth-shan ............................................ ..............XXIX. 4. 110-135 Carl ....................XXX. Eusebius of Caesarea and the Onomasticon .........................XXVII. 3. 66-96 Wolf, Umhau, 3. 70-86 Wright, G. Ernest, Fresh Evidence for the Philistine Story ................... XXIX. .......... 4. 135 Yadin, Yigael, The Temple Scroll . ........ ........................XXX. ......

III.

GENERAL INDEX

Abban XXVII.3.98 Abdi-Heba XXVI.1.10; XXX.2.67 Abiathar XXVIII.2.42 Abijah XXVII.2.58; XXVIII.2.46,54 Abimelech XXVI.1.11ff.; XXVIII.2.38,40 Abimilki XXVIII.4.105f.,109 Abner XXVII.1.22; XXVIII.2.35,51,53,63 Abradatas, tomb of XXIX.2.58 Abraham XXVI.1.3; XXVI.2.39; XXVI.3.74f.; XXVII.3.80; XXVIII.1.26; XXX.3.95; XXX.4.115 Absalom XXVIII.2.42,56,58 Abu Ghosh XXX.3.106 Abu Matar XXVI.3.79ff. Acacius of Caesarea XXVII.3.68 accacia XXVIII.3.77 Acco XXVII.3.94 Achaeus XXIX.2.60 Achan XXVIII.1.27 Achish, king of Gath XXIX.3.80ff. Acropolis Ai XXVIII.1.28; XXVIII.4.128 Gezer XXX.2.52 Sardis XXIX.2.42 Adbe'el XXIX.3.89 el-'Adeimeh XXIX.4.110 administrative documents, Ugarit XXVIII.4.104f.,122 Adonijah XXVIII.2.54,59 Adoram XXVIII.2.43ff. Aelia Capitolina XXVII.2.49ff. Aetheria XXVII.3.82 afterlife XXVI.3.75ff.; XXVII.4.115,121 Agga XXVIII.2.47f.,57,61 Agrippa I XXVI.2.50f.,55 Agrippa II XXVI.2.53 Ahab XXVIII.2.42,46;XXVIII.3.84 Aharoni, Y. XXVII.2.55; XXX.3.105 Ahatmilku XXVIII.4.111 Ahaz XXVIII.3.86; XXIX.3.88 Ahaziah XXX.1.2 Ahijah XXVIII.2.53 Ahimetu XXIX.3.94 Ahimilki XXIX.3.95,98,100 Ahimiti XXVI.1.32 Ahithophel XXVIII.2.42ff. Ahmose XXX.4.115 Ai XXVIII.1.26ff. Aiath XXVIII.1.27,30 Aija XXVIII.1.27,30 Aijalon XXVIII.2.57; XXX.2.42,69 Aila XXVIII.3.71,87

'Ain Ayalah XXX.3.107 'Ain Shems XXVII.1.6; XXX.4.133 Aitken,M.J. XXIX.4.117 Akhenaten XXVIII.4.108; XXX.2.62,68; XXX.4.124 Akkadian cuneiform tablets XXX.1.4,8 alabaster vase XXVIII.4.108 alabastron XXX.4.115 Alalakh XXVII.3.97f.; XXIX.3.72 Alashia XXVIII.4.111 Albright, W. F. XXX.2.52 Alexander Jannaeus XXVI.2.44ff.; XXIX.4.126 Alexander the Great XXVI.4.117ff.; XXVI.1.26; XXVI.1.42; XXIX.2.59 Alexandra, Queen XXVI.2.45 Alkios XXX.2.47 Alon, D. XXIX.3.85 alphabet, Lydian XXIX.2.50f. altar dolmens as XXIX.4.109 Late Bronze XXVI.1.5 Hellenistic XXVII.4.120f. Alyattes XXIX.2.41,46,51 Amada XXX.2.37 Amalthea XXVI.2.44 Amanappa XXX.4.122 Amarna Letters XXVI.1.10; XXVII.3.97; XXVIII.1.19; XXVIII.4.105 glosses XXVIII.4.107; XXX.1.4 in Gezer XXX.2.62ff.; XXX.4.111,119,124f. Amaziah XXVII.2.59; XXVIII.2.42; XXVIII.3.84 Amenemapt XXX.4.121f. Amenhotep III XXVIII.4.108 Amenophis II XXVIII.4.127; XXX.2.63 Amenophis III XXX.2.62,64f. Amenophis (name) XXX.4.122 Amman XXVII.3.94 Amiran, R. XXVI.1.30; XXIX.3.79 Amka XXIX.1.18 Ammishtamru I XXVIII.4.107ff. Ammishtamru II XXVIII.4.111,116,123 Ammon XXIX.3.92 'Ammurapi XXVIII.4.112 Amnon XXVIII.2.56 Amon XXX.2.36,42 Amorite correspondence XXVI.1.7f.; XXX.2.56; XXX.4.120 Amos XXVI.4.124 amphitheater XXVIII.1.25 amphora XXIX.2.60 amulet XXVI.3.82ff.; XXX.1.23

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Amurru XXVIII.4.106,111 Amuthus XXX.4.120 Anaia XXVIII.3.79 Anakim XXIX.4.109 Anastasis XXX.3.79,83,93,99 Anat myth XXVIII.4.120 Anatolia XXVIII.4.113; XXX.4.114 anatomy of scribe XXVI.2.66ff. anchor, symbol on coin XXVI.2.44,49f. Andromachus XXVI.4.118 animals as cult objects XXX.4.123ff. anointing XXVIII.2.40,58,65 antelopes XXX.4.123,129 Antigonus Mattathiah XXVI.2.46f. Antioch XXVII.2.63 Antiochus III XXVII.2.63; XXIX.2.59f.,68 Antiochus IV XXVII.4.111; XXX. 1.29 Antiochus VII Sidetes XXVI.2.43 Antipater XXVI.2.46 Antonia Sabina XXIX.2.63 Antoninus (itinerary) XXVII.3.77 Antoninus Pius XXIX.2.41,59 Antonius Felix XXVI.2.55 apertures in walls at Ezion-Gezer XXVIII.3.72ff. Aphek XXVII.3.90; XXIX.3.99 Aphlaston, on coin XXVI.2.49 'Apiru (Habiru) XXVIII.4.111; XXX.2.66ff.; XXX.4.124 Apollo XXIX.2.61 Apollonia XXVII.3.78 "Apostrophe to Zion" XXVIII.3.100 Aqabah XXVIII.3.71 Aquila XXVII.3.76,87; XXVIII.3.93 Arab geographers XXVII.3.92 Arabah XXVIII.3.76 Arabia XXVIII.3.76 Arad XXVIII.4.125; XXX.3.106 Aradus XXVI.4.117 Aramaic XXVI.4.110ff. texts XXVII.1.3 Sefire treaty XXVII.3.100; XXVIII.2.64 Arameans XXVI.1.22 'Araq el-Emir XXVI.4.124ff.; XXVII.3.95; XXX. 1.29 'Araq en-Na'saneh XXVI.4.113 Araunah XXVII.2.41 Archaeometric techniques with pottery XXVII.4.103 Arhalbu XXVIII.4.110 Ari XXVIII.4.123 el-'Arish XXIX.3.88 Aristobulus XXVI.2.46 Arian controversy XXVII.3.67ff. Arius XXVII.3.67ff. ark XXIX.3.78 Armenian patriarchate XXVIII.1.25 Arpad XXIX.3.91 Arsa XXIX.3.97f. Arses XXVI.4.113 Artaxerxes II XXVI.4.115 Artemis XXIX.2.59 Arumah XXVI. 1.12 Arvad XXIX.3.87 aryballoi XXIX.2.44 Asa XXVII.2.58 Ashdod XXVI.1.27ff.;XXVI.4.134; XXX.2.37,41; XXIX.3.74,84,87,89,93ff.; XXX.3.106 Ashkelon XXVI.4.134; XXIX. 3.74,84,87,89,9 3,95ff.; XXX.2.37,41,66 Ashtaroth XXX.4.126,130,132 Ashurbanipal XXIX.3.87,97,100f. Askar XXVI.1.27 Assur, excavations of XXIX.3.92 Assyria XXVI.1.22ff.; XXVI.4.138; XXVI.2.59 in Philistia XXIX.3.86ff. relation to Gezer XXX.2.43ff. Astarte XXVIII.4.123,124 " of Taanach" XXX.1.27 plaque XXX.2.58

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Asuhili XXIX.3.97 Atchana XXX.4.126 Aten XXVIII.4.108 Athaliah XXVIII.2.36 Athena XXVI.2.40,56f. Atkinson, J.C. XXIX.4.119 atrium XXX.3.92 Attalus III XXIX.2.61 Attic Greek XXVI.4.115 "Augustan" lamp XXIX.1.16,20 Augustus XXVIII.3.71; XXIX.2.65 aule XXVII.4.108f. Aurelios family XXIX.2.65 Avaris XXVIII.1.30 Awqaf XXIX.1.33 Azariah (Uzziah) XXVIII.3.85 Azekah XXIX.3.84,94; XXX.2.48 Azemilkos XXVI.4.118 Azor XXVI.3.74,79ff.; XXIX.3.96 Azotus XXVI.4.139 Mesoguius XXVI.4.139 Paralius XXVI.4.139; XXIX.3.10lf. Azriyau of Yaudi XXIX.3.87 Azuri XXVI. 1.32; XXIX.3.93f. Baal XXVII.1.14; XXVIII.1.20; XXVIII.4.110,115,120f. Baal-Berith, house of XXVI.I.11 Bab edh-Dhra' XXVIII.4.125 baboon XXX.1.26 baby on seal XXX.1.26 burial XXX.4.115 Babylonian Chronicle XXIX.3.99 Babylonian Talmud XXVII.4.110 Bacchides XXX.2.46 Ball, T. XXVIII.1.10 Ba'lu-shipti XXX.2.68ff. Ba'lu-UR.SAG XXX.2.64,66 Bannister, B. XXIX.4.122 baptistry XXIX.2.65 Bar-Adon, P. XXX.3.105 Barak XXX.1.9 Bar Kochba revolt XXVI.2.38 Baruch, book of XXVJII.3.89 basilica XXX.3.92,94ff. basin XXX.1.14,19 Bass, G.F. XXIX.4.117 Bathsheba XXVIII.2.59; XXX.2.41 battering ram XXX.2.44 Bayrakli XXIX.2.49 bazaar area XXIX.2.65 beads XXVI.1.6 Beersheba XXVII.3.84,94 Beisan XXX.4.111,134 bellows XXVIII.3.86 Ben-Hadad XXVIII.2.42 Benjamin XXVII.2.52; XXVIII.2.40 Benoit, P. XXVIII.1.17 Ben Sira, book of XXVIII.3.90 Bethany XXVI.4.124; XXX.3.101 Beth-Dagon XXIX.3.96 Bethel XXVI.4.124; XXVII.2.59,62; XXVII.3.84; XXVIII.1.6,26ff.; XXX.1.2.; XXX.2.46; XXX.3.101 Bethlehem XXVI.4.124; XXVII.3.77,87; XXX.2.67 Beth-millo XXVI.1.14f. Bethnimra XXVIII.3.90 Beth-shan XXVII.1.27; XXVII.3.94; XXIX.1.14ff.,21f.,26; XXIX.3.72,77,84; XXX.4.110ff. Beth-Ninurta XXX.2.67 Beth-shemesh XXVII.2.55; XXVIII.3.82; XXIX.3.74ff.,83f.; XXX.2.41 Beth-Zur XXVI.2.41,43; XXVII.3.84 Biblical archaeology, role of XXVI.1.2f. Bin Tepe XXIX.2.41 Biqeah XXIX.3.87 Biran, A. XXIX.3.76; XXX.3.103,105 Birashshena XXVI. 1.8 Biridiya XXX.2.66

1967, 4)

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

Birket el-Hamra XXVIII.1.24 Bit-sani XXX.4.111 Bitumen XXVIII. 1.14f.; XXVIII.4.127 Bliss, F.J. XXX.2.48 Bnei-Brak XXVI.3.79; XXIX.3.96 boar XXIX.2.52,55f. Bogazk6y XXVI.1.5; XXVIII.3.73; XXX.4.122 Temples I and II XXVI.4.129 Bonfrbre XXVII.3.80 Book of the Figure of the World XXVII.3.81 Bordeaux Pilgrim XXVII.3.77; XXX.3.97 border between Israel and Judah XXVII.2.59 bricks XXVIII.3.80f. bride price XXVIII.4.115 Brittania XXVI.2.53 Bronze molds for lamps XXVII.4.116f.; XXVIII. 1.16f. figurine of a god XXVIII.1.20; XXVIII.4.127 articles XXIX.2.66 Broshi, M. XXX.3.104 Brothwell, D.R. XXIX.4.115 Bucheum XXVII. 1.10f. bull XXX.4.122 bullae XXVI.4.11lff. burials cave XXIX.3.74; XXX.1.17; XXX.2.52 in Beth-shan XXX.4.115 Late Bronze XXVI.4.125 rites, early Hebrews XXVII. 1.1f. Burquna XXX.2.66 Butler, H.C. XXIX.2.41,58 Byblos XXIX.3.87 Byzantine mosiacs XXVII.2.51 Cabul XXVIII.2.61 Caduceus of Hermes, on coins XXVI.2.50 Caesarea XXVI.2.51,53; XXVII.3.68ff.,94; XXX.3.101 Calah XXIX.3.88f.,92,94f.; XXX.2.43 Calebites XXVIII.3.76 calendar, Gezer XXX.2.49,60 Caley, E. XXIX.4.125 Calvary XXVIII.1.22; XXX.3.76,78,83,94; XXVI.1.34; XXVII.2.49 Campbell, E.F. XXVIII.1.18 Cana XXX.3.101 Canaanites XXVII.1.4 cuneiform tablet XXX.1.21 deity and worship XXX.4.121 Canaan XXVIII.4.105ff. candlestick, on coins XXVI.2.47f. canon XXVIII.3.89 Caracalla XXIX.2.63,65 carbon-14 XXIX.4.114 Carchemish XXVIII.3.84; XXVIII.4.110f. battle of XXIX.3.102 Carthage lamps XXVII.4.119 casemate XXVIII. 1.4f. rooms XXVIII.3.81f. construction XXVII.2.55ff. Cathedral of Bishop Panlinus in Tyre XXX.3.91 causeway vaults, Jerusalem XXIX.1.29,31 cave XXVI.4.110ff.; XXVI.3.74ff. burial XXX.2.52 of Machpelah XXVI.2.39; XXVI.3.74; XXVIII. 1.30 cemeteries XXVI.3.74ff.; XXVI.4.123 Tell es Sa'idiyeh XXVIII.1.11,14ff. royal, Sardis XXIX.2.42,55,67; XXX.4.119 censer XXVII.1.16; XXX.1.19,25 ceramic objects XXVI.4.137; XXVII. 1.3ff. Ceremony of the Holy Fire XXX.3.80 Chagar Bazar XXVIII.4.103 Chalcis XXVI.2.46 Chaldeans XXVII.2.59 language XXVIII.2.55 chalice XXVI.2.57; XXX.3.100 Chanhu-daro XXVIII.3.74 chapel of the Angel XXX.3.80 of Apparition XXX.3.79

143

of Helena XXX.3.78 charcoal XXVIII.3.78 Chemosh XXVII.3.87 chief priests, Ugarit XXVIII.4.122f. Chosroes II XXIX.2.67 Christology, 4th and 5th c. XXVII.3.88 Chronicon of Eusebius XXVI.4.118; XXVII.3.66 Church of the Apostles of St. Sion XXX.3.99 of the Dormition XXX.3.106 of the Holy Sepulchre XXVI.1.34; XXVII.2.49ff.; XXIX.1.31; XXX.3.75ff.,91ff.,99 of Nativity XXX.3.76,91ff.,99 at the Oak and Spring, Mamre XXX.3.91,95 Octagon, Antioch XXX.3.99 of St. Anne XXX.3.106 in Shechem XXVIII.1.20 circumcision XXVI. 1.8 cistae XXIX. 1.21 cisterns, Gibeah XXVIII. 1.9f. cistern XXX.1.16 citadel of Herod the Great XXVII.2.47ff. in Sardis XXIX.2.56f. city of refuge, Hebron XXVIII.1.31 City of the Brook of Egypt XXIX.3.88,91 city plan XXVIII.1.11f. city wall Shechem XXVI. 1.7 Gibeon XXVI.1.29 Claudius XXVI.2.53 Claudius Antonius Lepidus XXIX.2.62 Clement of Alexandria XXVII.3.81 clerical organization, Ugarit XXVIII.4.122f. cloth XXVI.4.114 clothes XXIX.3.93 Cnidus (lamps) XXVII.4.111,113 Coele-Syria XXVII.2.62 coins of Alexander Janneus XXVI.4.139 Attic standard XXVI.4.117 Gibeah XXVII.2.62, XXVIII.1.7,10 Lydians XXIX.2.50 Jerusalem XXVII.2.36 Masada XXIX.4.127 from Neapolis at Shechem XXVIII.1.20 as offering XXVII.4.121 Palestinian XXIX. 1.13 Phoenician standard XXVI.4.117 Sardis XXIX.2.56,61,67 Cole, D. XXIX.2.63 colonnades, in Sardis XXIX.2.63 communal tombs XXVI.3.82ff. community, concepts of XXVI.3.78ff. Condor, C. R. XXIX.4.112; XXX.2.36 Constantine XXVII.3.81; XXX.3.81,90ff.,97; XXVII.3.67,69,73; XXIX.1.31 Constantius XXX.3.98 conquest (Israelite) XXVI.4.136 cooking area XXVIII.1.12 copper smelting XXVIII.3.71,73,75ff.; XXX.4.113 Corbo, V. XXIX.4.126 cornucopiae XXVI.2.44,50; XXVII.4.117f.,122; XXIX. 1.3 coroplast XXIX.1.17f. corv6e XXVIII.2.35,44f.; XXVIII.2.48; XXX.2.66 cosmology XXVII.1.4 Council of Antioch, 331 XXVII.3.69 of the Jews XXVI.2.43ff. of Nicea XXVII.3.66ff. of Tyre XXVII.3.67,69 counter-part funds XXVI.1.33 courtyard of Assyrian court official XXIX.3.93 Beth-shan XXX.4.126 Late Bronze XXVI.1.5f. Shechem XXVIII. 1.19,20

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covenant XXVII.3.97ff.; XXVIII.2.35ff.,56,59,63ff. cow (metal figure) XXX.1.26 Credo Church XXX.3.94 cremation XXVI.3.82ff.; XXIX.2.42,61 criminals, Ugarit XXVIII.4.116 Croesus of Sardis XXIX.2.44,51,56 cross of Jesus XXX.3.78 Crusaders XXVII.3.71 cult area, Taanach XXX.1.17ff.,22f. cult personnel, Ugarit XXVIII.4.124 cult vessel, Hellenistic XXVII.4.120 cuneiform Akkadian tablets XXX.1.4,8; XXX.2.44 Canaanite XXVI.4.125; XXX.1.21f. from Ta'anach XXX.4.119 Ugaritic XXVIII.4.103; XXX.1.21f. Curtius XXVI.4.118 Cush XXX.2.67 Cutha XXX.4.119 Cybele XXIX.2.54 cylinder seal XXVIII.4.128; XXX.4.124 cymbalists, Ugarit XXVIII.4.124 Cyriac of Ancona XXIX.2.41,67 Cyril of Jerusalem XXX.3.94 Cyrus the Great XXIX.2,38,55; XXIX.2.58 Dagon XXVII.2.56; XXVIII.4.120; XXX.4.130f. Dahlberg, B. T. XXVIII.1.17 Dajani, A. XXVIII.1.10 Damascus XXVII.3.78; XXIX.3.91 Damascus Document XXVIII.3.90 Damascus gate XXVII.2.51,52 Damiyeh XXIX.4.108,112 Dan XXX.2.57 Danuna XXVIII.4.106 Darius III XXVI.4.113 "daughter" of Pharaoh, meaning XXX.2.42 David XXVII.2.36ff.; XXVII.2.55; XXVII.1.21 coronation XXVIII.2.39; XXVIII.2.35ff.; XXIX.1.30 relations with Philistines XXIX.3.81ff.; XXX.2.40f.; XXX.4.131 tomb of XXVII.3.80; XXVII.3.99; XXVIII. 1.31 Davidide House XXVIII.2.35,39 Davies, J.G. XXX.3.94 Day of Atonement XXIX.1.9 Dead Sea XXVII.3.87 Dead Sea Scrolls XXVII.3.92; XXX.3.104f. Debir XXIX.3.76 Deborah, Song of XXX.1.2,8f.,15 dedication of building XXVII.1.13 deer XXIX.2.48 deinoi XXIX.2.48 Deir Alla tablets XXIX.3.73f. Delian League XXIX.2.58 Delphi XXIX.2.57 Delphic Oracle XXIX.2.44 "Delphiniform" lamps XXVII.4.105f. Dennis, G. XXIX.2.41 Department of Antiquities of Jordan XXVII.3.72; XXVII.3.93; XXVIII.1.10; XXVIII.4.126; XXIX.1.33 design on lamps XXVII.4.122ff. Detweiler, A.H. XXIX.2.42 Deuteronomist XXVII.1.20f. de Vaux, R. XXVI.1.33; XXVII.2.34; XXVIII.1.22; XXVIII.3.78; XXX.1.23; XXX.3.104f.; XXX.4.126 devotees XXVIII.4.124 dew XXVIII.4.121 Dhahr Murzbaneh XXVI.4.125 Dhiban XXVIII.4.125 Dibon XXVII.3.78 Dictionary of Christian Biography, Smith XXVII.3.68 Diocaesarea XXVII.3.78 Dionysos the Lydian XXIX.2.38 marble statue XXIX.2.66 Diospolis XXVII.3.94

(Vol. XXX

"divine kingship" XVIII.4.118 Dix, G. XXX.3.100 documents on stone XXIX.2.50f. dog cult in Sardis XXIX.2.57 use in worship XXX.4.117ff. dolmens XXIX.4.108 dolphins XXIX.2.66 Dome of the Rock XXX.3.81 "Domestic Area" XXX.1.12ff. Domitian XXVI.2.56 donkey XXX.4.126 Dor XXIX.3.71,84 Dothan, M. XXVI.4.134; XXVI.1.30 Dothan, T. XXVI.3.75; XXIX.3.70f. dowry, Solomon and Egypt XXX.2.60,70 "drainpipe structure," Taanach XXX.1.13 Dumas, F. XXIX.4.117 Dur Sharru-kin (Khorsabad) XXVI.4.138 eagle on coins XXVI.2.50 on mosaic XXIX.2.66 on relief XXIX.2.52 earthquake, Sardis XXIX.2.38,61,66,68 East Ghor Canal System XXVIII.1.10 eating XXVII.3.98 Ecclesiasticus XXVIII.3.90 'e'dd (assembly) XXVIII.2.38,40 Edict of Milan XXVII.3.67 Edom XXVIII.2.53; XXVIII.3.77,86 Edomites XXVIII.3.84ff.; XXIX.3.92,94 Eglon XXIX.3.84 Egypt in Palestine XXVII.2.56; XXVIII.2.56 relations with Gezer XXX.2.36ff. relations with Philistia XXIX.3.70f.,84ff.,92 relations with Ugarit XXVIII.4.103ff.,107f. Egyptian dynasty twelfth XXVI. 1.5 eighteenth XXVI.4.135 Ein Gedi XXVIII.4.125 El XXVIII.4.118ff. Ekron XXVI.4.134; XXVII.3.84; XXIX.3.74,76,79,83,87,89,92ff.; XXX.2.37,41 Elath XXVIII.3.71,85f. El-berith, house of XXVI.1.13,16f. elders XXVIII.2.35,37,4 1ff. Eleazer the Priest XXVI.2.61 electrum XXVIII. 1.16 Eleona Church XXX.3.94 Elephantine XXX.4.119 elephants XXX.4.123,126 Eleutheropolis XXVII.3.78,94 Elisha XXVII.1.23f. El Ha-'Ayin

XXVIII.2.34

Elqavish, Dr. XXX.3.107 Eloth XXVIII.3.85 Eltekeh XXIX.3.84,96f. Elulaeus, king of Sidon XXIX.3.96 Emim XXIX.4.109 Emmaus XXVII.3.90; XXX.3.101 Engeddi XXVIII.3.88 Enkomi XXVI.4.139 Enlil XXX.4.119 Enoch, Book of XXVIII.3.90 Ephesus lamps imported from XXVIII.4.112f.,124 stele XXIX.2.59 Ephraim XXX.2.44 Ephron, the Hittite XXVI.2.39 Erech XXVIII.2.48 Ereshkigal XXX.4.119 Esarhaddon XXVI.1.24; XXIX.3.87,95,97ff.,100 treaty of XXVII.3.100 Esdraelon plain XXIX.3.84 Essenes XXIX.4.128 Etheria XXX.3.100 Ethrog, on coin XXVI.2.49 et-Tell (see Ai) XXVIII.1.26ff. etymology XXVII.3.73

1967, 4)

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

eunuch priests XXVIII.4.124 Eusebius of Nicomedia XXVII.3.68; XXX.1.4 Eusebius Pamphili of Caesarea XXVII.3.67ff.; XXX.3.90,97f. Eutropia XXX.3.91,97 Evans, G. XXVIII.2.48 Evil-Merodach XXVIII.2.64 Exodus XXVI.4.136 Expedition (journal) XXVIII.4.126 eye, as a lamp XXIX.1.10 Eynan village, Neolithic burials XXVI.3.76f. Ezekiel XXVI.2.41 Ezion-Geber XXVIII.3.70ff. Ezra XXIX.1.10 Falkenstein, A. XXVIII.2.48 Faustina the Elder XXIX.2.41,59 Feast of Tabernacles XXVI.2.49,58 fertility cult XXVI.4.137 festivals, Jewish XXIX.1.9 feudal obligations XXVIII.4.114ff. figurine XXVIII.1.10 animal XXVI.4.137 Astarte mold XXVI.4.125 Egyptian in Gezer XXX.2.56,58 fertility XXX.1.21 as lamps XXVII.4.116f. molds XXX.1.19,24f.,27 Shechem XXVIII.1.20 Fisher, C.S. XXX.4.111 FitzGerald, G.M. XXX.4.111 floral designs on lamps XXVII.4.112 foreign policy, Solomon XXVIII.2.45,51ff. forgery, Ugarit XXVIII.4.116 fortification areas, Taanach XXX.1.1 Off. fortress (Gibeah) XXVII.2.54ff.; XXVII.3.80; XXVIII.3.71 walls XXIX.2.66; XXX.1.8 temple XXVI.4.129 Shechem XXVI.1.8f.; XXVIII.1.20 Freedman, D.N. XXVI.1.30 Freer codex XXVIII.3.92 frog XXX.1.26 funeral practices XXIX.1.11 furniture of scriptorium, Qumran XXVI.2.63ff. in Jerusalem XXVI.2.63f. Furshpan, A. XXX.2.54 Gaal XXVI.1.12f.,16 Gamteti XXX.2.69 gate of the chain XXIX.1.28f. of Megiddo, Hazor, and Gezer XXX.2.39f.,49,60 Shechem XXVI.1.7ff. Ezion-Geber XXVIII.3.82 Gath XXVI.4.134; XXVI.1.27ff.; XXIX.3.74,78ff.,85,87,95; XXX.2.37,40,48,66; XXX.4.124 Gath-rimmon XXIX.3.83 Gaza XXVI.2.40,44; XXVI.4.134; XXIX.3.74,84,87f.,91ff.,97,102; XXX.2.37,41,63 Gazara XXX.2.46f. gazelle's head XXVIII.4.127 "Gazru" XXX.2.43 Geba XXVIII.2.52 Gejvall, N.G. XXIX.4.125 Gemara XXIX.1.10 Genii, on lamps XXVII.4.113f. Gennath gate XXVII.2.50 geographers, Arab XXVII.3.92 geography of the Holy Land XXVII.3.73ff. Geta XXIX.2.63 Gezer XXVII.1.27; XXVII.2.55; XXVIII.2.61 tombs at XXVI.3.82ff.; XXVIII.3.75,82 Gezer Calendar XXVIII.4.121; XXVIII.4.125; XXIX.3.77,84; XXX.2.34ff.; XXX.4.133,135 Ghassul XXVI.3.79f. Gibbethon (Gibbeton) XXIX.3.84,94 Gibeah XXVII.2.52ff.; XXVIII.1.2ff.;

145

XXVIII.2.40; XXVIII.3.82 Gibeon XXVI.1.27ff.; XXVII.2.56; XXVII.3.96ff.; XXVIII.1.6,8f,; XXX.3.105 Gideon XXVI.1.11; XXIX.3.73; XXX.4.129 Gihon, spring XXVII.2.36,47; XXVIII.1.24 Gilgal XXVII.3.90 Gilgamesh XXVIII.2.47f.,50,57,61f. Ginti-carmel XXX.2.64 Gitipadalla XXX.2.64,66 Gittaim XXIX.3.80; XXX.2.37 Givat Sha'ul XXX.3.106 glacis XXVIII.3.82f.; XXX.2.56f. glass lamp XXVII.4.120 manufacture XXIX.2.67 Glock, A. XXX.1.6 Glock, L. XXX.1.25 Glueck, N. XXVII.3.93; XXIX.4.112; XXX.2.52ff.; XXX.3.103 glyptic art XXVI.4.115 goddess, statue in Sardis XXIX.2.52,54 Gold, V.R. XXVIII.1.31 gold lamp XXVII.4.121 Golgotha XXX.3.76 "Good Gods" XXVIII.4.119f. "good things" XXVIII.2.64 Gophna, R. XXIX.3.85 Gordion XXIX.2.44 Gordon, G.B. XXX.4.111 Gordon's tomb XXX.3.84 Graesser, C. XXX.1.6 graffito, on Marisa tomb wall XXVII.4.120 "granary" XXVIII.3.74,81 grapes XXIX.1.13 graves XXVIII.4.126 Great Flood XXVI.4.130 Greece, trade with XXVIII.3.87 Greek art and myths on Lydian and Sardian reliefs XXIX.2.53ff. Minor Prophets manuscript XXVIII.3.92 Sinaiticus manuscript XXVIII.3.90 Sirach XXVIII. 3.93 Greenberg, R. XXX.2.54 "guardians" XXVIII.2.55 Gula XXX.4.120 Gyges XXIX.2.44,47 gymnasium at Sardis XXIX.2.61ff. Habakkuk XXVII.3.80 Haceldama XXX.3.86 Hadad, Edomite prince XXVIII.2.56,63 Hadrian XXVI.2.59; XXVII.2.51; XXVIII.1.20; XXIX. 1.31; XXX.3.95f. Hagiographa XXVIII.3.97 Halaby, A.G. XXVIII.1.10 Halafian culture XXVIII.4.103 Hamor XXVI.1.7f. sons of XXVI.1.3,12 Hanan XXVI.4.111 Hananiah XXVI.4.111 ff. Hanfmann, G.M.A. XXIX.2.42 Hannukah XXIX. 1.9 Hanun, king of Gaza XXIX.3.88f.,91ff. Harabu XXX.2.66 Haram esh-Sherif XXVII.2.41 Haran, tomb of XXVII.3.80 Harappa XXVIII.3.74 Harding, G.L. XXIX.4.112 Hasmoneans XXVI.4.139; XXVII.4.118 Hatarika XXIX.3.91 Hathor, Egyptian goddess XXX.2.58 Hatti XXVIII.4.108ff.; XXIX.3.98 Hattusilis, III XXVIII.4.111 Hazael XXVI.1.22; XXVIII.2.58 Hazor XXVII.2.55; XXVIII.2.61; XXVIII.3.75,82; XXIX.4.119,128; XXX.2.57,60; XXX.4.126 Hearth XXVI.1.18f.; XXVI.3.81; XXVII.4.121 Hebrew proper names into Greek XXVII.3.73 Hebron XXVI.4.124; XXVII.3.94;

146

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

XXVIII.1.30ff.; XXVIII.2.35f.; XXX.2.45,66 Hederah XXVI.3.78ff. Helena XXVII.2.50; XXVII.3.73,81; XXX.3.78,91,97 Heliopolis XXVII.4.121 Helios, pagan sun-god XXIX.1.25 Hellenistic occupation in Gibeah XXVIII.1.7ff. in Shechem XXVI.1.25f. Hellenistic age in Palestine XXVII.4.101 lamps in Palestine XXVII.1.25 towers at Samaria XXVI.4.119 towers at Sardis XXIX.2.59ff. Hennessey, J.B. XXX.3.104 Heqab, statue of XXX.2.56 Heraclids, dynasty of Sardis XXIX.2.44 Heraclius XXIX.2.67 Herakles XXIX.2.60f. Herma XXVII.4.121 Hermes Kandaules, cult of XXIX.2.57 Herod XXVI.2.46ff.; XXVII.2.47f. Herod Agrippa I XXVI.2.51ff.; XXVII.2.49ff. Herod Antipas XXVI.2.51 Herod Archelaus XXVI.2.50 Herod the Great XXIX.1.2,4f.,27,30; XXIX.4.126 Herod Philip XXVI.2.51 "Herodian" period XXIX.1.2 lamp XXIX.1.3ff.,14f.,23,27 Herodium XXIX.4.126 Herodotus XXIX.2.41,54; XXIX.3.101 Heron of Alexandria XXVII.4.110 Herodium XXVI.4.126 Heshbron XXVII.3.78,94; XXX.3.107 Hexapla XXVII.3.73,75f.; XXVIII.3.92f. Hezekiah, a priest XXVI.2.41 Hezekiah of Judah XXVI.4.138; XXVI.1.23; XXVII.2.36ff.,59; XXVIII.2.54; XXIX.3.94,96; XXX.4.133 Hezekiah's tunnel XXVIII.1.24 Higgs, E. XXIX.4.115 high priest, under Persian rule XXVI.2.40 Hillers, D. XXX.1.6,16,21 Hipponax of Ephesus XXIX.2.46 hippopotami XXX.4.123,129 Hiram of Tyre XXVIII.1.17; XXVIII.2.60f. Hittites XXVII.3.99f.; XXVIII.4.105 seal XXX.4.126 Hodayot XXVIII.3.90 Hogarth, D.G. XXIX.2.51 Holladay, J.S. XXX.2.54 Holofernes XXX.4.133 Holy Land, idea of XXX.3.97f. Holy Sepulchre XXVIII.1.22 Horam, king of Gezer XXX.2.37 Hori XXX.4.127 Horites XXVI.1.8; XXX.2.36f. Horns of Plenty, see cornucopiae horses XXIX.3.93 house apsidal XXX.4.113f. patrician XXX. 1.4 Shechem XXVI.1.18f. Tell es-Sa'idiyeh XXVIII. 1.11 f. Huesman, J.E. XXVIII.1.10 Hurrians XXVI.1.8 deities XXVII. 1.14 Hyde XXIX.2.42 Hykos XXVI.5.ff.; XXVI.4.135; XXVIII.1.30; XXX.2.56 glacis defense XXX.1.10ff. invasion XXVIII.4.103 ware in Beth-shan XXX.4.114f. Hyrcanus, Eliezer ben XXIX.1.27 ihex XXIX.2.56; XXX.1.26 Ibrahim, M.M.XXVIII.1.10 Idibi'ilu, Arab tribe XXIX.3.89 Ibiranu XXVIII.4.112 iconoclasts XXVII.3.68

(Vol. XXX

Ikausu, king of Ekron XXIX.3.98,100 Imbomon Church XXX.3.94f.,100 incense shovel XXIX.2.66; XXX.3.76 stand XXX.1.4,17,19,23,25 India XXX.4.114 infant burial XXX.4.115 international trade in Hellenistic times XXVII.4.103 Ionians in Sardis XXIX.2.57 Ionic columns in Sardis XXIX.2.62f. Irbid XXIX.4.108 iron, in lamps XXVII.1.27; XXVII.2.56 Ishbaal XXX.4.127 Ishmael XXVI.1.25 Israel Mining Corporation XXVIII.3.78 ivory XXVIII.1.16 Jabesh-Gilead XXVI.4.123ff. Jacob XXVI. 1.3 Jacob's WVellXXVI.1.27; XXX.3.101 Jaddua XXVI.4.121 Jaffa XXIX.3.96 Jalame XXX.3.107 jar handles XXX.2.45,49 javelin XXX.1.19 Jebel er-Rumeideh XXVIII.1.3 f. Jebusites XXVIII.1.22 Jehoash XXVIII.2.37,42,58 Jehohanan, high priest XXVI.2.43 Jehoiada, high priest XXVIII.2.37,64 Jehoiachin XXVIII.2.64 Jehoiakim XXVII.2.59 Jehoram XXVIII.2.46; XXVIII.3.84 Jehoshaphat XXVII.2.58; XXVIII.2.46; XXVIII.3.84 Jehu XXVIII.2.43,46,55,58 Jellinek, A. XXX.3.107 Jeremiah XXVII.1.20 Jericho XXVI.4.124; XXVII.3.94; XXVIII.3.74; XXX.1.4; XXX.2.45,57; XXX.4.113 Neolithic tombs at XXVI.3.76 Jeroboam I XXVI.1.3,17,22; XXVII.2.58; XXVIII.2.37,52,60 Jeroboam II XXVI.1.20 Jerome XXVII.3.68f.,73ff.,80,84,91; XXX.3.101 Jerusalem XXVI.4.124; XXVII.2.34ff.; XXVII. 1.19f. excavation of XXVI.1.33f. plan of XXVII.3.73,77f.,94; XXVIII.1.22ff.; XXIX.1.28ff.; XXX.3.74ff.; XXX.3.106f.; XXX.4.135 Jeshurun XXVI.2.51 Jesse, tomb of XXVII.3.80 Jesus of Nazareth XXVI.4.122; XXIX.1.5,7,9 Jesus, son of Sanballat XXVI.4.111 jewelry XXVI.4.114; XXX.1.4 Jewish coins XXVI.2.38ff. Jewish culture in Sardis XXIX.2.64f. Jewish revolts against Rome XXVI.2.57ff. el-Jib (see Gibeon) XXVIII.1.14 Joab XXVII.2.36 Joash XXVI.1.15; XXVII.2.59 John Hyrcanus I XXVI.1.25f.; XXVI.2.43; XXX.2.47; XXX.4.134 John Hyrcanus II XXVI.2.43ff. John of Gischala XXVI.2.57 John the Baptist XXIX.1.10 John, author of Revelation XXIX.2.61 Joktheel XXVIII. 3.85 Jonathan XXVII.2.56f.; XXX.4.127 Jonathan ben Uzziel XXVIII.3.93f. Joppa XXX.2.63,69 Jordan Valley XXVIII.1.10 Joseph XXVIII.1.30 tomb of XXVIII.3.80 Joseph of Arimathea XXX.3.85,87 Josephus XXVII.3.87; XXVIII.3.94; XXIX.1.27; XXIX.2.65; XXX.2.46 compared to Eusebius XXVII.3.67

1967, 4)

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

Joshua XXX.1.2; XXX.4.120,124 at Shechem XXVI.1.10 tomb of XXVIII.3.80; XXVII.3.99 Josiah XXVII.2.59; XXIX.3.102; XXX.1.2; XXX.2.46; XXVI.4.139; XXVI.1.23 Jotham XXVI.1.11; XXVIII.3.86 Jubilees, book of XXVIII.3.90 Judah XXVIII.2.36; XXIX.3.92,94; XXX.2.45 potters of XXVII. 1.19 Judas the MLaccabeeXXVIII.3.89 Judea tribes as listed by Eusebius XXVII.3.73 under Persians XXVI.2.39ff. Judea capta coins XXVI.2.56f. Judith, book of XXVIII.3.89 Julia Domna XXIX.2.63 Julian the Apostate XXX.3.101f. Julius Caesar XXVI.2.46; XXIX.2.65 Justin Miartyr XXVIII.3.92 Justinian XXVII.2.52; XXIX.1.31; XXX.3.91 Kallias, peace of XXIX.2.58 Kando (antiquities dealer) XXVI.4.110 Kar-Ashshur-ahu-iddina XXIX.3.98 Karnak XXX.2.36 Karniyarik Tepe XXIX.2.46,50 Kassites XXX.2.42 Katholikon XXX.3.78 Kefr Yuba XXIX.4.108 Keilah XXX.2.66f. Kenites XXVII.3.99; XXVIII.3.76 Kenyon, K. XXX.1.6,25; XXX.3.81,83; XXX.3.107 Kerak XXVII.3.94 kernoi XXVI.4.137 el-Khalil (see Hebron) XXVIII.1.30 Khan ez-Zeit, Jerusalem street XXX.3.74 Khirbet el-Medeiyineh XXVIII.3.84 Khirbet el-Muqenna' XXIX.3.76,79 Khirbet Fasayil XXVI.4.113 Khirbet Haiyan XXVIII.1.28 Khirbet Kerak ware XXVIII.4.103; XXX.1.7; XXX.4.114 Khirbet Miird XXVIII.3.88 Khirbet Tannur XXVIII.3.71 Khorazim XXIX.4.108, 112 Kibbutz Sedot Yam XXVII.3.71 Kiddimu XXX.2.37 kiln XXVII.4.111 Kimmerians XXIX.2.44f. kings likened to lamps XXVII.1.20f. Ugaritic, list of XXVIII.4.112ff. power XXVIII.4.112ff. "king's highway" XXVII.3.78 Kiriath-arba (see Hebron) XXVIII.1.30 Kirion XXX.4.120 Kish XXVII.2.56 Kitchener XXX.2.36 Knossos XXVIII.3.73 Kochani, IM. XXX.3.106 kore XXVII.1.17; XXIX.2.52 kotylai XXIX.2.44 Kramer, S.N. XXVIII.2.48 krepis XXIX.2.46f.,50 Kret, epic of king XXVIII.4.105,109,115,118 Kurunta, king of Tarhuntas XXX.4.122 Lab'ayu XXVI. 1.5f.,10f.; XXVIII.1.19; XXX.2.64ff. Lachish XXIX.3.74,84f.; XXX.2.37,45,57,66 solar shrine XXVII.1.26 temple XXX.4.125 Lagarce, J. XXVIII.1.10 lamps XXVII.1.3ff. biblical references to XXVII.1.20ff. Greek terms for XXVII.4.103 household, Palestine XXIX.1.2ff.; XXX.1.19; XXX.2.56 lampstand XXVII.1.9,22f. of the lighting XXVIII.3.92; XXIX.1.7 Jerusalem temple XXVII.4.121

147

Marisa, painted on wall XXVII.4.107f. Sardis XXIX.2.63 lantern XXIX.1.7 lapis lazuli XXVIII.4.111 Lapp, P. XXX.3.103 Last Supper XXX.3.94 later prophets XXVIII.3.89 Leakey, L.S.B. XXIX.4.116 legal documents XXVI.4.119 treaties XXVII.3.96ff. Ugarit XXVIII.4.115ff. legends XXVIII.4.104 Letter of Jeremiah XXVIII.3.89,91 levers XXIX.4.108 Levi XXVI.1.4 Leviathan XXVIII.4.120 libation pourers, Ugarit XXVIII.4.124; XXX.1.20 Libnah XXIX.3.84,96; XXX.2.48 library at Caesarea XXVII.3.77 Ugarit XXVIII.4.104 of Bishop Alexandria in Jerusalem XXVIII.3.77 Licinius XXVII.3.69 life, lamp as symbol of XXVII.4.109 motif, in religion XXVII.4.114f. limestone XXVI.1.27f. linen, of Jesus' tomb XXX.3.89 lions XXVI.1.22f. cub XXIX.2.44,48,52 frieze XXVI.1.34 use in worship XXX.4.117ff. liturgical calendar XXX.3.100 lituus, on coins XXVI.2.54 Livias (Julius) XXVII.3.94 loomweights XXX.1.25 Lord, portrayed on coins XXVI.2.41 lotus XXX.4.122f.,126 love XXVIII.4.121 Lucian of Antioch XXVIII.3.94 Lucius Verus XXIX.2.62 luxuries XXIX.2.51 Lydia XXVI.2.39 Lydians, in Sardis XXIX.2.41ff.,58 Macarius, bishop of Jerusalem XXX.3.81 Maccabees XXVI.2.42ff. Books of, I-II XXVIII.3.89 period in Gezer XXX.2.61f. tombs of XXVII.3.80 Maccabean Castle (Gezer) XXX.2.60f. Macedonians XXVI.4.119 Madaba XXVII.3.78 map XXVII.3.8 1ff. magnetism of the earth XXIX.4.117 maiden, Egyptian XXVIII.4.108 and lamps (Matt. 25:1-12) XXIX.1.5 main street, Sardis XXIX.2.63 Mameluke XXVIII.1.25 Mamlouk, H. XXVIII.1.10 Mamre XXX.3.91,95ff.; XXVII.3.77; XXVIII.1.30 Manahath XXX.2.68 Manasseh XXVI.1.11,21; XXX.4.127 manger XXVII.2.64; XXX.1.15 Manhatu XXX.2.68 Manisa XXIX.2.67 manufacture of lamps XXVII.4.111ff. Marduk XXVII. 1.3 Mareshah (Marissa) XXX.2.48 Mari XXVIII.4.103 texts XXVII.3.97 treaty-making procedure XXVII.3.97f. Marisa XXVII.4.107ff. tombs XXVII.4.120f.; XXIX.1.11,23 Marks, J. XXX.3.103 marriage alliances XXVIII.2.45 treaty XXX.2.41f. Martianay (edition of Eusebius) XXVII.3.81

148

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

Mary's tomb XXVII.3.80 Mary Magdalene XXX.3.87 Masada XXVIII.3.88; XXVIII.4.125; XXIX.4.125ff. masonry XXX.2.61 masons Sardis XXIX.2.47 Jerusalem XXX.3.76 Masonic Hall, Jerusalem XXIX.1.29,31f.,35; XXX. 1.27ff. Masoretic text XXVII.3.76; XXVIII.2.43; XXVIII.3.97,99f. massacre XXVI.4.118 massebah XXVI.9.11,14; XXVII.2.42; XXVIII.1.19; XXX.1.23; XXX.4.122f. mass graves XXVI.4.138 Materna, G.A. XXVIII.1.10 Maximus, Bishop of Jerusalem XXX.3.99 Maya, Egyptian official XXX.2.69 Mazday (Mazaeus) XXVI.4.116 McClellan, T.L. XXVIII. 1.10 medallion XXIX.2.60 Megiddo XXVI.4.125; XXVII.2.55; XXVII. 1.17; XXVIII.1.14,17; XXVIII.2.61f.; XXVIII.3.75,82,84; XXIX.3.77,84; XXIX.4.128; XXX.1.2ff.,26,39; XXX.2.36,46,49,5 7,60; XXX.4.113f., 131,133,135 Megilloth XXVIII. 3.89 Melamed XXVII.3.85ff. Melchizedeck XXVII.3.87 Meles of Sardis XXIX.2.44 Mellink, M. XXIX.2.45 Memphis XXIX.3.99f. Menahem XXVI.1.20 Mendenhall, G. XXVII.3.97; XXIX.4.121 Menorah XXVII.1.23f.; XXIX.2.63 mercenaries XXVI.2.40; XXVII.2.56; XXIX.3.72 Mermnads XXIX.2.44 Merneptah XXX.2.37,58,63,70 Merodach-Baladan XXIX.3.91 Meron XXIX.4.108,112 Mesad Hashaviahu XXIX.3.102 Meser XXX.4.114 Mesopotamian political institutions XXVIII.2.47 messiah XXVIII.2.65 Meunites XXIX.3.89 mezuzas XXVIII.3.88f. Michal XXX.4.127 Michmash, battle of XXVII.2.56f. Midianites XXX.4.129 Migdal-Shechem XXVI. 1.16 lords of XXVI.1.13 Milkilu XXX.2.64ff. Miletus XXIX.2.52 millo XXVIII.2.60 Milqart XXVI.4.116ff. Minaean script XXVIII.3.86 Minat Isdud XXVI.4.135 mining XXVIII.3.75ff. "ministers", Israelite monarchy XXVIII.2.43 Minoan XXX.4.126 Mishnah XXIX.1.5,8ff.,23,27 Mithrines XXIX.2.59 Mitinti XXIX.3.89,95f.,98,100 Mitanni XXX.2.67 Mitchell, R.A. XXVI.1.30 Mizpah XXVIII.2.40; XXVIII.3.82 Moab XXIX.3.92,94 Mohenjo-daro XXVIII.3.74 monastery XXX.4.112 monoliths, Jerusalem XXVIII.1.23 mortgage inscription XXIX.2.59 mosaic, Byzantine XXVIII.1.25 in Sardis XXIX.2.63,66 Moslems in Caesarea XXVII.3.71 Mot (Death-god) XXVIII.4.115,121 Mt. Carmel, region of XXVI.3.75f.

(Vol. XXX

Mount Ebal XXVI.l.17,27 Mount Gerizim XXVI.1.26; XXVIII.1.20 Mount of Olives XXVII.3.77; XXX.3.91 Mount Ophel XXVI.1.33 Mount Tabor XXX.3.101 Mount Zalmon XXVI. 1.13 Mount Zion XXVII.2.34 Mrashrash XXVIII.3.71 Mugharet Abu Shinjeh (Wadi Daliyeh) XXVI.4.113 Mugharet et-Tabun XXX.3.106 Muhtadi, S. XXVIII.1.10 Mukish XXVIII.4.108,110f. Mursilis II XXVIII.4.110 Mut-Ba'lu XXX.2.67 Mycerinus XXVII.4.114 myrrh XXX.3.89 Myson, Attic painter XXIX.2.56 mystery religions XXVII.4.115 myths Ugaritic XXVIII.4.104f.,107 Greek XXIX.2.53; XXX.4.119ff. Naama of Ammon XXVIII.2.51,59 Nabateans XXVI.2.45 deity XXVIII.3.86 Nablus Road XXVII.2.52 Nahal Gerar XXIX.3.82 Naharaim XXX.2.67 Nahr Jalud XXX.4.111 Nannas Bakivalis XXIX.2.59 Naphtha XXVII.1.9; XXVII.4.110 Naram-sin XXX.4.119 Nathan XXX.2.41 nationalism, Jewish XXVII.2.51f. Natufian man, burials in Palestine XXVI.3.76 Naveh, J. XXX.3.105 Nazareth XXX.3.101 Neapolis XXVIII.1.20 Nebi Yunis XXVI.4.135 Nebuchadnezzar XXVI.4.139; XXVIII.1.6; XXIX.3.102 necromancy XXX.4.124 Nefertiti XXVIII.4.108 Negeb XXVI.4.122; XXVII.3.93; XXVIII.3.76,85 Nehemiah XXVI.4.111ff.; XXVII.2.45; XXVIII. 1.23 Nehemiah, a slave XXVI.4.111ff. Ner XXVII.1.22 Nergal XXX.4.119f. Nero XXVI.2.53 Nicene Creed XXVII.3.67 Nikas6 XXVI.4.121 Nike, goddess of victory, on coins XXVI.2.51ff.,56 Nimrud XXIX.3.88f.; XXX.2.43 Ninib XXVII.1.3 NIN.UR.MAH, princess of Sab/puma XXX.2.69f. Niqmaddu I XXVIII.4.107 Niqmaddu II XXVIII.4.108f. Niqmepa XXVIII.4.110f.,123 Nubia XXIX.3.94,97f.,100 Nukhash XXVIII.4.108,110 Nysa XXX.4.110 oak XXVI.1.11,13f.; XXVIII.1.77 Diviner's XXVI.1.13f. of Abraham XXX.3.95 of Moreh XXVI.1.3 oath taking XXVII.3.98 offerings, pagan XXVII.4.121 oil, olive XXVII.1.7; XXVII.4.110; XXIX.2.62 oiling room XXIX.2.62 Old Testament manuscripts XXVIII.3.87ff. olive press XXX.1.19 Omri XXVI.1.22 Oniad family XXVI.4.121 Onias' temple in Heliopolis XXVII.4.121 Onomasticon, nature and authorship XXVII.3.73ff.

1967, 4)

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

Ophel XXVIII. 1.22ff. caves XXVI.3.84 Ophrah XXVI. 1.11 opus sectile floor XXIX.2.66 Origen XXVII.3.76,81; XXVIII.3.92ff. Origen's library XXVII.3.72 orthography of biblical names XXVII.3.96; XXVIII. 3.99 Osnappar XXVI.1.24 Osorkon IV XXIX.3.92f. Ossuaries XXVI.3.79ff.; XXX.3.88 ostraca XXVIII.3.87 Ostracine XXVII.3.78 oven XXX.1.14 oxen XXX.2.64 owl, symbol on coin XXVI.2.40f. Padi, king of Ekron XXVII.2.59 palace archives in Nimrud, relief XXX.2.43 in Sardis XXIX.2.59,62 Ugarit XXVIII.4.104 palaeography XXVI.4.119 Palishtu XXIX.3.71 Pamphilius, the martyr XXVII.3.68f. Paneas, battle at XXVII.2.63 Pan (god) XXIX.2.60 papponymy XXVI.4.121 papyri XXVI.4.110ff.; XXIX.3.93 Elephantine XXVI.4.120 Samaria XXVI.4.128 Paraemheb XXX.4.121f. Parthians XXVI.2.46 Pasargadae, tomb of Cyrus XXIX.2.58 Passover XXIX. 1.9 Pater Noster Church XXX.3.94f. patrician's house XXX.1.4,10 Paula (pilgrim) XXVII.3.82 Paulinus, bishop of Tyre XXVII.3.73 Pegasus XXIX.2.48 Pella XXVII.3.94; XXX.2.67; XXX.3.107 Pelusium XXIX.3.92 Perdiccas XXVI.4.119 Perrot, J. XXX.3.106 Persians Sardis under the XXIX.2.55ff. Taanach XXX.1.8 Persius Flaccus XXIX.1.8 pestle XXX. 1.19 Petra XXVII.3.78,94 Peya of Gezer XXX.2.68f. Pharae, shrine XXVII.4.121 Pharisees XXVI.2.45 Philadelphus XXX.4.134 Philip II XXVI.4.116 Philistine Pentapolis XXVI.4.134 Philistine Plain XXIX.3.74 Philistines XXVI.1.30ff. under Assyrians XXIX.3.86ff. in Beth-shan XXX.4.112,128ff. in Gezer XXX.2.37ff.,58f. in Gibeah XXVII.2.50ff. Philo XXVII.3.76 Philo of Byzantium XXVII.4.110 Philotas, governor of Tyre XXVI.4.118 Phoenician masonry XXVII.2.41 influence XXVII. 1.4,18f. relations with Assyria XXIX.3.87f.; XXX.4.119 Photius schism XXVII.3.68 phylacteries XXVIII.3.88 pig ankle bones (astragali) XXVI.4.132; XXX. 1.21,23 pig sanctuary XXX.1.23; XXX.4.123 Pilgrim of Bordeaux XXVII.3.82 pilgrims XXVII.3.81ff. pins, bone XXVI.4.125 Pitane, cemeteries of XXIX.2.58 pitch, as fuel XXVII.4.110 plague XXX.4.120

149

Pliny the Elder XXIX.2.59 plow tip XXVII.2.55 "pocket watch" lamp XXVII.4.105 Poemenia XXX.3.100 Polybius XXIX.2.60 pomegranate, on coin XXVI.2.44,48f.; XXIX. 1.13 Pompeii XXIX. 1.18 Pompey XXVI.2.46 Pontius Pilate XXVI.2.53ff.; XXVII.3.71 pool of Siloam XXVIII.1.24 potsherds XXVIII.3.71 potters, work described XXVII.1.5; XXIX.1.4f. pottery XXVI.4.139; XXVII.2.58ff., XXVIII.3.71,75 fourth c. B.C., early Roman XXVI.4.114 seventh c. B.C. XXVI.4.114 late chalcolithic XXVI.3.79ff. kilns XXVI.4.137 Greek XXVII.4.102 at Shechem, Greek XXVI.1.25 Minoan and Mycenean XXIX.4.115 of Sardis XXIX.2.42 pottery analysis, archaeometric techniques XXVII.4.103 pottery making Taanach XXX.l.16,18f.,25f. Gezer XXX.2.51f.,56,61 Beth-shan XXX.4.113ff. prayer, mortuary XXX.4.121f. priests, Ugarit XXVIII.4.123f. Priestly Code XXVIII.2.38 "Prince of the City of Laban" XXIX.3.92 Prism, Oriental Institute XXIX.3.96 Procopius of Gaza XXVII.2.52; XXVII.3.81,84 Prophets XXVII.3.85; XXVIII.4.123 proton magnometer XXVIII.1.23 Psamtik I of Egypt (Psammetichus) XXVI. 1.32; XXIX.3.101f. Ptolemy Lagos XXVI.2.41 Ptolemy II XXVII.2.62 Ptolemy IV XXVII.2.63 Ptolemy V XXVII.2.63 puppy XXIX.2.57 Purim festival XXVIII.3.89 Public Building (Ta'anach) XXX.1.16,21ff. Public works program of Justinian XXX.3.98 Pyddoke, E. XXIX.4.115 pyxis XXX.4.115 Qadesh XXVIII.4.106 qdhal (congregation) XXVIII.2.37f. Qasr el-'Abd XXVI.1.34 Qausanal (Qosanal) XXVIII.3.86 Qeisariyeh XXVII.3.70 Qiriath-sefer XXVIII.3.82 quarry XXVII.2.46 Que XXIX.3.95 queen, Ugarit XXVIII.4.120 Qumran XXVI.2.63 lamps XXVII.4.123f.; XXIX.1.3f.,12f. manuscripts XXVI.4.119,127f.; XXVIII.3.87ff.; XXIX.4.127f. Raamses XXVIII.1.30 Rabbi Akiba XXVI.2.59 rabbis XXIX.1.8,18 rabbinic school XXVII.3.71 Rainey, A.F. XXIX.4.114 ram XXVIII.3.86 Ramah XXVI.4.124 Ramat Rachel XXVI.1.25 Ramenka XXX.4.133 Rameses II XXX.4.122,124,132 Rameses III XXIX.3.70,72,74; XXX.4.125f.,128,132 Ramoth-Gilead XXVI.1.34 Ramoth-Mizpeh XXVI.1.34 Raphiah XXIX.3.91f. Ras Shamra XXVI.4.136; XXVII.1.12,14; XXVIII.1.14; XXVIII.9.102 Rast, W. XXX.1.6

150

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

Rechabites XXVIII.3.76 red slip XXVII.1.18 Rehoboam XXVI. 1.3,17; XXVII.2.58; XXVIII.1.31; XXVIII.2.34ff.; XXIX.3.86; XXX.2.42 reliefs of Karnak and Nimrud XXX.2.42f. religion, Ugarit XXVIII.4.118ff. religious observances, Palestine XXIX. 1.7f. Rephaim XXIX.4.109 representative body, Israel, Judah XXVII.2.37f. Resheph, figurine XXVIII.1.20; XXX.4.120 residential district XXVIII.1.11ff. Re'u XXIX.3.91 revolt against Rehoboam XXVIII.2.53f. R•vue Biblique XXVIII.1.17f.,22 Richmond, E.T. XXX.3.92 rings XXVI.4.115 ritual texts, Ugarit XXVIII.4.119,122 Rizpah XXVII.3.100 Robert, L. XXIX.2.60,62 Robinson's Arch XXIX.1.27ff. Roman influences in Palestine XXIX.1.2ff. Roman "liberation" of Judea XXVI.2.46ff. Roman Procurators of Judea XXVI.2.53ff. Roman road system XXVII.3.77f.,94 in Sardis XXIX.2.61ff. Ross, J.F. XXVIII.1.18; XXX.2.37,59 Rowe, A. XXX.2.52; XXX.4.111 royal administration, Ugarit XXVIII.4.112ff. stamps XXX.2.45f.,49 Rubuti XXX.2.42 Rukibti XXIX.3.89,96 Sa'ad, Y. XXVI.4.110 St. Peter's basilica, Rome XXX.3.94,99 Sabbath and lamps XXIX.1.7f. sacral meal XXVII.3.98 sacrifice XXX.4.122 Safadi XXVI.3.79ff. Sahidic Coptic text XXVIII.3.92 salt XXVII.1.6 Saladin XXX.3.74 Samaria XXVI.1.21ff.; XXVII.2.60; XXVIII.2.42,46; XXVIII.3.74; XXIX.4.119; XXX.3.105; XXVI.4.111; XXIX.3.91; XXX.4.130,135 Hellenistic towers XXVI.4.119 governors of XXVI.4.120 Samaritan XXVI.4.118ff. schism XXVI.4.121f. Torah XXVIII.3.99 Samos XXIX.2.52 Samson XXIX.3.74 Sanballet, governor of Samaria XXVI.4.111ff. sanctuary, Shechem XXVIII.1.19 Sanders, J.A. XXVIII.3.90 San el-Hajar XXVIII.1.30f. Sanhedrin XXVI.2.44 Santa Pudenziana church, Rome XXX.3.93 sarcophagus, near Sardis XXIX.2.63 Philistine, in Beth-shan XXX.4.128 Sardis XXVIII.1.26; XXIX.2.38ff.; XXX.4.111 Sargon II of Assyria XXVI.1.32; XXVI.4.138; XXVII.2.59; XXIX.3.86,90ff.; XXX.4.119 Sart Mustafa XXIX.2.68 Saruhan kingdom XXIX.2.67 satrapy, fifth XXVI.2.40 satyr XXIX. 1.16f. Sauer, A. von R. XXX.1.6 Saul XXVI.2.39; XXVII.2.55f.; XXVII.3.99f.; XXVIII.1.2ff.; XXVIII.2.58,65; XXX.4.124,127f. scarab XXX.2.45f.; XXX.4.115,132 Schaeffer, C.F.A. XXIX.3.72 Schoonover, K. XXVIII.1.26 scorpion XXX.1.26 scribe, Qumran XXVI.2.63ff. Byzantine XXVI.2.70 scriptorium XXVI.2.63ff. scrolls (see Massada, Qumran) Scythopolis XXX.4.110f.,133

(Vol. XXX

Sea of Galilee XXVII.3.87 "Sea Peoples" XXIX.3.70ff.; XXX.4.128 seals XXVI.4.112 cylinder XXVI.4.135, XXVI.1.4 impression XXVI. 1.25 signet ring XXVIII.3.86 Sebaste XXVII.3.78,94 secret passage, Jerusalem XXIX.1.29ff. seer, Ugarit XXVIII.4.123 Sefire XXVIII.2.64 Seger, J.D. XXX.2.54 Sejanus XXVI.2.54 Sekhmet XXX.4.131 Sela XXVIII.3.84 Sellin, E. XXX.1.4,10,13,19,21,23,27 Seneca XXIX.1.8 Sennacherib XXVII.2.59; XXIX.3.87,98 Senuseretankh, royal Egyptian vizier XXVIII.4.103 Sepphoris XXVII.3.94 Septimius Severus XXIX.2.63 Septuagint XXVII.3.74; XXVIII.2.43; XXVIII. 3.90ff. proto-Lucian XXVIII.3.95ff. Serek XXVIII.3.90 seren XXIX.3.79f. "servant", meaning in Near East XXVII.3.97 Sesostris III XXVI.1.5 Set, Egyptian god XXX.4.120ff. Seti XXX.4.124 Seton-Williams, V.M. XXIX.4.110 Seulah XXVI.4.113 Shabako XXX.4.133 Shallum XXVI.1.20 Shalmaneser III, relief of XXVII.1.22f. Shalmaneser V XXIX.3.91 Shamash XXVII.1.3; XXIX.3.100 Shamir XXIX.4.108,112 Shamshi, Arabian queen XXIX.3.90 Shapash XXVII.1.3 Shapiro, A.M. XXIX.2.65 Sharrikushukh, king of Charchemish XXVIII.4.110 Sharuhen XXVIII. 1.17 Sharru-lu-dari XXIX.3.97 Sharyelli, queen XXVIII.4.120 sheep astragali XXX.1.23,25 Shechem XXVI.1.2ff.; XXVI.4.119ff.; XXVII.1.6; XXVIII.1.18ff.,26; XXVIII.2.35,38f.,40; XXIX.3.73; XXIX.4.119; XXX.2.57,66; XXX.3.105; XXX.4.115,122,132ff. temple XXX.1.19 shekel, silver quarter XXVI.4.140 shells XXVII.1.4 Sheol, concept of XXVI.3.75ff.; XXVIII.4.118 Shephelah XXX.2.48,67 Shilkanni, king of Egypt XXIX.3.92f. Shiloh XXVI.4.127; XXVII.1.22; XXIX.3.78; XXX.1.2; XXX.4.128 Shishak of Egypt XXVI.4.132; XXVIII.1.18,31; XXVIII.2.60; XXVIII.3.82; XXX.1.4,41f.; XXX.2.61; XXX.4.131 Shistawi, A. XXVIII.1.10 shops XXIX.2.65 shrine XXVII.2.41ff. at Pharae XXVII.4.121 Shunama (Shunem) XXX.2.66 Shunat Nimrin XXVII.3.90 Shuwardata XXX.2.66,68 Siamun XXX.2.41,60,70 Sicarii XXVI.2.57ff. sickle XXX.1.19 Sidon XXVI.4.117; XXVII.3.78; XXIX.3.87,98 aristocrats' tombs of, in Marisa XXVII.4.107ff. Sidqa of Ashkelon XXVI.4.138; XXIX.3.96ff. siege of Samaria XXVIII.2.42 seige weapon XXX.2.44 sigloi XXIX.2.56

1967, 4)

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

signet ring XXVIII.3.86 Sil-Bel, king of Gaza XXIX.3.98,100 Sile XXIX.3.92 Silla XXVI.1.15 Siloam tunnel XVII.2.36,59 pool of XXVII.2.47 silos, Gibeah XXVIII.1.7ff. Silvia (pilgrim) XXVII.3.82 Simeon XXVI. 1.4 Simeon ben Lachish XXX.4.134 Simirra XXIX.3.91 Simon bar Gioras XXVI.2.57ff. Simon bar Kochba (Kosiba) XXVI.2.59ff. Simon, Maccabean high priest XXVI.2.43; XXX.2.47 Simons, J. XXIX.1.31,33 simpulum on coins XXVI.2.54 Sinai XXVIII.3.76 sites number in Palestine XXVI.4.122 criteria for selecting XXVI.4.127 Siyannu XXVIII.4.110,123 skeletons XXVI.4.110ff.; XXVI.3.77ff.; XXVIII.4.127; XXX.1.4 Skhul cave XXVI.3.75f. skulls, Neolithic XXVI.3.77ff. slums, Shechem XXVI.1.19 smelter XXVIII.3.73 Smith, R.H. XXVIII.1.10 Smithsonian Institution XXVIII.3.71 Smyrna XXIX.2.49 Sochoh XXIX.3.84 Socoh XXX.2.45 Sodom and Gomorrah XXVI.4.127; XXIX.4.119 snake worship XXX.4.124,132 Solomon XXVII.2.36,41ff.; XXVII.2.55,58; XXVIII.1.17; XXVIII.2.35,44f.,51ff.; XXVIII.3.75,84,86; XXIX.3.84; XXX.4.126,131 mines XXVIII.3.73 relations to Gezer XXX.2.39ff.,60f. Songs of Ascents XXVIII.3.100 Song of Balaam XXVI.2.44 Song of Deborah XXX.1.2,8f.,15 Song of Moses XXVIII.3.97 Sozomen XXX.3.95 sphinx XXX.1.4 Spiegelthal, H. von XXIX.2.41,49f. staff of Hermes XXVI.2.48 stairway Tell es-Sa'idiyeh XXVIII. 1.11 f. Shechem XXVIII. 1.20 standing stones (see mass~bah), XXVIII.1.23 star, Jewish symbol of monarchy XXVI.2.44 stelae XXX.1.19,23,25; XXX.2.37,49; XXX.4.126 of basalt XXIX.3.95 Ephesus XXIX.2.59 victory XXIX.3.99 Stinespring, W.F. XXVIII.4.125 stone age burials XXVI.3.75ff. Strato's Tower in Caesarea XXVII.3.71 Strugnell, J. XXVIII.3.88 Succoth XXVIII.1.17; XXIX.3.73f.; XXX.4.128f. Sumerian myths XXVIII.2.47ff.; XXX.4.119ff. government XXVIII.2.48ff.,62 sun symbolic value XXIX.1.13,20f.,23 disc, winged XXX.2.45 god XXX.4.119 sun burst design XXVII.4.114 "Sun", great king of Hittite empire XXVIII.4.107,112 Suppiluliumas XXVIII.4.108f. Susita XXVII.3.94 Sutu XXX.2.68 Swauger, J.L. XXVI.4.134 Sybaris XXIX.4.114,118

151

Sychar XXVI.1.27 symbols, Jewish on coins XXVI.2.38ff. Symmachus XXVII.3.76 synagogue Sardis XXIX.2.51, 63ff. Beth-shan XXX.4.112 Syncellus XXVI.4.118 Synod of Antioch XXVII.3.69 synoikismos XXIX.2.60 Syria XXX.2.46; XXX.4.113f. relations with Assyria XXIX.3.87f. Syro-Ephraimitic War XXVIII.3.86 Ta'amireh XXVI.4.110ff. Ta'anach XXVI.4.130ff.; XXVIII.4.125; XXIX.3.84; XXX.1.2ff.; XXX.4.119f.,131 expedition XXVI.4.125 Tabal XXIX.3.95 table, before divine presence XXVIII.3.92 Tabor XXVII.3.94 Tabua, Queen of the Arabs XXIX.3.98 Tabula Peutinger XXVII.3.78 Tagu, prince of Ginti-carmel XXX.2.64,66f. Tainat XXX.4.126 Talmud XXVII.1.11; XXVIII.2.58; XXIX.1.8,10 tambourine XXX.1.24 Tanis XXVIII.1.30 taxes, under Solomon XXVIII.2.35 Taylor Prism XXIX.3.96 Tefnakt of Sais XXIX.3.91 Tekoa XXVI.4.124 Tell Abu Hawam XXVII.1.12 Tell Abu Hureirah XXIX.3.82 Tell Abu Kharaz XXVI.4.123 Tell Arad XXIX.3.79 Tell Balatah XXVI.1.4,8,10 Tell Beit Mirsim XXVII.2.41; XXVII.2.55; XXVIII.3.82; XXX.2.36,57 Tell Bleibil XXVII.3.90 Tell Bornat XXIX.3.85 Tell Bouraq XXIX.3.98 Tell Dan XXX.3.106 Tell Deir 'Alla XXVII.3.94; XXVIII.4.128; XXX.4.128; XXIX.3.73f. Tell ej-Jerisheh XXIX.3.83 Tell el 'Ajjul XXVII.1.12; XXVIII.1.17; XXX.2.57 Tell el 'Areini XXIX.3.78f. Tell el-Far'ah XXVIII.1.17; XXIX.3.74; XXX.1.19,23 Tell el Ful XXVI.4.128; XXVII.2.52ff.: XXVIII. 1.2ff. Tell el-Hesi XXVI.4.121; XXIX.3.76,84f.; XXX.2.48 Tell el-Husn XXX.4.110ff. Tell el-Judeideh XXX.2.48 Tell el-Kheleifeh XXVIII.3.70ff. Tell el-Matabi XXIX.4.110,112 Tell el-Meqbereh XXVI.4.123 Tell el-Milh XXIX.3.82 Tell en-Najileh XXIX.3.79 Tell en-Nasbeh XXVII.1.6,24,28; XXVIII.3.82 Tell er-Rameh XXVII.3.94 Tell er-Ras XXVIII.1.20 Tell er-Rumeith XXVI.1.34 Tell es-Safi XXVII.1.29; XXIX.3.74,79,84f.; XXX.2.48 Tell es-Sa'idiyeh XXVIII.1.10ff.; XXVIII.4.126; XXIX.3.84; XXX.3.107 Tell esh-Shelaf XXIX.3.76,84 Tell ez-Zakariyeh XXIX.3.94 Tell Far'ah XXX.2.57; XXX.3.105 Tell Gezer XXIX.3.76; XXX.3.106 Tell Halaf XXVIII.3.73,84 Tell Ibrahim XXX.4.119 Tell Melat XXIX.3.76,84 Tell Milh XXX.3.106 Tell Mor XXVI.4.135; XXX.2.41; XXX.2.62 Tell Mustah XXVII.3.90 Tell Najila XXVI.1.27ff. Tell Nimrin XXVII.3.90

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

152

Tell-Qasile XXVII.2.55,57; XXIX.3.77 Tell Quneitirah XXIX.3.85 Tell Ras Abu Hamid XXX.2.37 Tell Sandahannah XXVII.1.29; XXVII.4.107,117f.; XXX.2.48 Tell Shari'ah XXIX.3.82,85 Tell Shiqmoneh XXX.3.107 Tell Sippor XXIX.3.76,84 Tell Tainat XXVIII.3.73 Tell Umm el-Quttein XXIX.4.108,112 Tell Zakariyeh XXX.2.48 temple of Amon at Karnak, relief XXX.2.42 of Artemis at Sardis XXIX.2.41,52,54,57,59f. of Astaroth, Beth-shan XXX.4.130ff. of Dagon, Ashdod XXVI.4.139 of Dagon, Beth-shan XXX.4.130ff. of Hadrian XXVIII.1.20f. of Jerusalem XXVII.2.41 reconstruction of XXVII.2.61f. plan of XXVII.3.73 lampstand XXVII.4.121 of Mekal, Beth-shan XXX.4.116ff. of Ramses III XXIX.3.70 at Shechem XXVI.1.7f. at Thebes, mortuary XXX.2.36 "temple servitors" XXVIII.4.124 Teshub XXX.4.126 Testament of Levi XXVIII.3.90 Testament of Nephthali XXVIII.3.90 textus

receptus

XXVIII.3.97

Thackeray, H.St.J. XXVIII.3.93 Thebes XXVI.1.13; XXX.2.64 Theodosius I XXX.3.100f. "Theodotion" XXVII.3.77; XXVIII.3.93ff. Thutmose III XXX.2.36,42,58,63 Thutmose IV XXX.2.58,63f. Tiberias XXX.3.101 Tiberius XXVI.2.53; XXIX.2.61 Tiglath-Pileser III XXVI.1.20; XXIX.3.86ff.; XXX.2.43f. timber XXIX.3.88 Timna XXVIII.3.78; XXIX.3.97 Tirhaka, king of Nubia XXIX.3.98ff. Tirzah XXVIII.1.19; XXX.4.126,132 Titus XXVIII.2.49,51,64; XXVII.3.71; XXVIII.1.8 Tobiad family XXVI.4.121 Tobit XXVIII.3.90 tomb of Cyrus XXIX.2.58 of Jesus XXX.3.74ff. of Joseph of Arimathea XXX.3.83,85 of the Lintel XXIX.2.60f. of Nicodemus XXX.3.83 tombs "bench" XXIX.3.74 in Beth-shan and related XXX.4.115ff. dolmens as XXIX.4.108 early Roman XXVI.4.124 family, at Marisa XXVII.4.107ff.,120; XXIX. 1.11,23 Gibeon XXVI.1.27f. lamps in XXVII.1.12 of Megiddo XXX.1.23 Middle Bronze I XXVI.4.125 Middle Bronze II XXVI.4.124 Sardis XXIX.2.41 seventh c. B.C. XXVI.4.124 Shechem XXVIII.1.20; XXVIII.4.127 Tell es-Sa'idiyeh XXVIII.1.14ff. tombstone in Sardis XXIX.2.59 topography, biblical, problems of XXVII.3.89ff. Torah XXVII.3.85; XXVIII.3.88f. torch XXVII.1.11; XXVII.4.109; XXIX.1.6 towers Jerusalem XXVII.2.3,6ff. Gibeah XXVII.2.54f.; XXVIII.1.3f. of David XXVIII.1.23 town planning XXVII.2.43ff.,51

(Vol. XXX

Transjordan XXVI.3.93 Treasury of the Sophnians at Delphi XXIX.2.57 treaties, Israel and Gibeonites XXVII.3.96ff. tree-ring dating XXIX.4.114 tribute XXIX.3.93 triclinia XXIX.1.12 Troglodyte crematorium, Gezer XXVI.3.82ff. Troy XXVIII.3.73; XXX.4.114 Tryphon XXVI.2.43 Tseferis, V. XXX.3.106 Tsikal XXIX.3.71 Tudhalias XXVIII.4.111 Turkey, Dept. of Antiquities XXVI.4.126 turtle XXX.1.26 Tushingham, A.D. XXVII.2.34 Tushratta XXVIII.4.108 Tut-ankh-Amon, tomb XXX.4.118 Tuthmosis III XXX.1.4,8; XXX.4.115 Tyche (Fortuna) on coins XXVI.2.53 Tyre XXVI.4.116ff.; XXIX.3.87,89 Tyrian silver XXVI.2.55 Tyropoeon valley XXVIII.1.24 Ugarit XXVIII.4.102ff.; XXIX.3.72; XXX.4.118 treaty making procedure XXVII.3.97 Ugaritic language XXVIII.4.107 Ugaritic texts XXVII.1.3 Umm Qeis XXVII.3.94 Unwin, O.M. XXX.1.29

Ura XXVIII.4.111

urban planning, Sardis XXIX.2.46 urbanization, Gezer XXX.2.56 Uriah XXVIII.2.59 Uzziah XXVI.4.138; XXVIII.3.85 Valerius Gratus XXVI.2.53f. Vallarsi XXVII.3.81 vases, Lydian XXIX.2.48 Persian XXIX.2.60 vassals, treaties XXVII.3.97 state, Ugarit XXVIII.4.112; XXIX.3.72 Vaticanus XXVII.3.80f. Vespasian XXVI.2.56; XXVII.3.70 viaduct system XXVIII.4.125 Via Maris XXVI.4.135 Vincent, L.-H. XXVI.4.135 Virgin's Fountain XXVIII.2.36 Vitruvius XXIX.2.59 vizier XXVIII.4.123 votive altars XXVI.4.137 lamps XXVII.4.105 Vulgate XXVIII.2.43 el-Wad cave XXVI.3.76f. Wadi Amrani XXVIII.3.78 Wadi Arabah XXVIII.3.72ff. Wadi Daliyeh XXVI.4.113ff. Wadi Dhobai XXIX.4.110 Wadi el-Merah XXVIII.3.78 Wadi Khabra XXVIII.3.88,92 Wadi Kufrinje XXVIII.1.12 Wadi Mene'iyeh XXVIII.3.78 Wadi Murabba'at XXVIII.3.88 Wadi Shari'ah XXIX.3.82,85 Wadi Themed XXVIII.3.84 Waechter, J.d'A. XXIX.4.110 Wailing Wall XXX.1.29 walls Ai XXVIII.1.28f. casemate XXVIII.3.82 Gezer XXX.2.49,55,60f. Jerusalem XXVIII.2.36ff.; XXVIII.1.22ff.: XXVIII. 1.28f. Warren, C. XXX.1.29 watch tower XXVII.2.58 water supply Gezer XXX.2.36 Jerusalem XXVII.2.36 Tell es-Sa'idiyeh XXVIII.1.12 weapons, iron XXVI.4.132 wedding party, lamps XXIX.1.5

1967, 4)

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

weights Hebrew XXVI.4.125 loom XXVI.4.132 Weinberg, G. XXX.3.107 wells in Sardis XXIX.2.58,60 of Jacob XXX.3.101 Wenamon, tale of XXIX.3.71 wicks, for lamps XXVII.1.5f. widow's mite XXVI.2.55 Wilson's arch XXVIII.4.125; XXIX.1.27ff.; XXX. 1.27ff. wine presses XXX.2.36 wine receipts XXVIII.3.87; XXVIII.4.119f.,122 wine vat XXX.2.58f. wisdom literature XXVIII.2.51,58; XXVIII.3.89 Wisdom of Ben-Sira XXIX.4.127 Wisdom of Solomon XXVIII.3.89 woman, housekeeper XXVII.1.7 depicted on lamp XXIX.1.21 rights XXVIII.4.115f.,124 worship, Sardis synagogue XXIX.2.66 and cult life in Beth-shan XXX.4.116ff. wreath, on coins XXVI.2.49 on lamps XXVII.4.112 Wright, G.E. XXVIII.4.125f.; XXX.2.41,47,52f. Wright, R. XXX.2.54 writing table, Qumran XXVI.2.63ff. Xenophon XXIX.2.58 Yabneh-Maritima XXIX.3.102 Yadin, Y. XXIX.4.125ff.; XXX.2.39,57,60f.; XXX.3.105f. Yahweh cult XXVII.1.8 Yahwist XXVI.1.3

153

Yamani XXVI.1.32; XXIX.3.94 Yamm, god of sea XXVIII.4.115,120 Yanhamu XXX.2.65 Yapahu XXX.2.68ff. Yaqaru XXVIII.4.112 Ya'qub-Har XXVI. 1.8 Yarim-lim XXVII.3.98 Yarikh XXVII. 1.3 Yassin, K.N. XXVIII.1.10 Yaubi'idi, king of Hamath XXIX.3.91 Yehonfir XXVI.4.112f. Yehud XXVI.2.40ff. Yehudah Aristobulus I XXVI.2.44 Yerahmeelites XXVIII.3.76 "young men" XXVIII.2.35,41,44f.,49,51ff. Zadok XXVIII.2.42 Zamzumin XXIX.4.109 Zaphon XXVIII. 1.10 Zarethan XXVIII.1.10,17; XXIX.3.84 Zealot XXIX.4.126ff. Zebul XXVI.1.13 Zedekiah XXVIII.2.65 Zela XXVII.2.56 Zenjirli (Sendschirli) XXVIII.3.73; XXIX.3.99 Zenon papyri XXVII.3.71 Zephaniah XXVII. 1.20 Zeus, temple in Sardis XXIX.2.59 Zeus XXIX.1.19,22 Zeuxis XXIX.2.60 Ziegler, J. XXVIII.3.93 Ziklag XXIX.3.80 Ziph XXX.2.45 Zoan XXVIII.1.30 Zorah XXX.2.69

IV. INDEXOF ILLUSTRATIONS ART AND SCULPTURE Assyrian adorant seal, Shechem ..... XXVI. 1.1 Lions of Chaeroneia and Amphipolis XXVI.3.102 ................................... Synagogue mosaic, Caesarea .........XVII.3.72 Relief, Amen temple, Karnak .... XXVIII.2.33 Gilgamesh relief, Khorsabad ....XXVIII.2.50 Scene from alabaster vase, U garit .................................. XXVIII.4.101 Ivory plaque of goddess, U garit XXVIII.4.109 ................................... Marble lion, Sardis ........................ XXIX.2.52 Miniature temple to Cybele, . XXIX.2.53 Sardis .................................... Panels on miniature temple, Sardis XXIX.2.54 Bronze relief of boar, Sardis ....... XXIX.2.55 Relief, temple at Medinet Habu XXIX.3.71 Relief, Ekron siege, Dur-sharrukin XXIX.3.90 Relief, Gibbethon siege, Khorsabad XXIX.3.93 Relief, Gazru siege, Nimrud ..........XXX.2.43 CHURCHES AND CHURCH ART Church of the Terrace, Philippi ... XXVI.3.99 Plan of Terrace Church, Philippi XXVI.3.100 Crypt of Terrace Church, Philippi .................................... XXVI.3.101 Mosaic of St. Demetrius, Thessalonica ............................XXVI.3.104 Eusebius portrait, Catacombs of St. Castillo ............................... XXVII.3.65 Woodcut, Church of Holy XXX.3.75 Sepulchre ................................ Church of Holy Sepulchre ........... XXX.3.77 Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem .............................. XXX.3.91 Apse mosaic, Santa Pudenziana, Rome ..................................... XXX.3.92 Constantinian basilica, Mamre ..... XXX.3.99 COINS Athenian tetradrachm and Yehud coins ....................................... XXVI.2.37 XXVI.2.42 Maccabean coins ......................... Coins of Antigonus Mattathiah ... XXVI.2.47

Coins of Herod I ..........................XXVI.2.49 Coins of later Herods ................... XXVI.2.50 Coins of Agrippa I and II ........... XXVI.2.52 Roman and Tyrian coins, 1st cent., A.D ................ .................... XXVI.2.54 Judea capta coins ..........................XXVI.2.56 First revolt coins ..........................XXVI.2.58 Coins of the Bar Kochba revolt ... XXVI.2.60 Tyrian didrachmon, Daliyeh cave XXVI.4.117 CULT OBJECTS Zoomorphic libation spouts, Ashdod ....................................... XXVI.1.33 Taanach objects in cultic room XXVI.4.125 Ceremonial complex, Jerusalem ... XXVII.2.42 Bronze figurine, Shechem ........... XXVIII. 1.1 Cultic basin, Taanach ................ XXX. 1.20 Figurine mold, Taanach ............ XXX.1.22 "Pebble-filled pot," Taanach ......... XXX.1.26 Astarte figurine, Gezer ............... XXX.2.59 Dog and lion panel, Beth-shan ... XXX.4.118 Shrine house, Beth-shan ............ XXX.4.123 GENERAL VIEWS OF SITES AND TELLS Shechem ...................... ........... XXVI.1.6 Tell Abu Kharaz and Tell XXVI.4.123 el-Meqbereh Tell er-Rumeith.......................... XXVI.4.128 ....................... Plan, Tell Ta'annek .................. XXVI.4.131 Tell ed-Damiyeh ................. XXVI.4. 133 Site of ancient Jerusalem .......... XXVII.2.33 Eastern slope of Mt. Ophel XXVII.2.37, 39 Aerial view of Tell el-Ful ..........XXVII.2.53 Aerial view, plains of Moab ....... XXVII.3.91 Tell el-Ful ................................... XXVIII. 1.3 Tell er-Ras .............. XXVIII. 1.21 ...... Tell el-Kheleifeh .................... XXVIII.3.72 Tell es-Sa'idiyeh ...................... XXVIII.4.125 Sardis acropolis .......................... XXIX.2.37 Karniyarik tepe, Sardis ............ XXIX.2.46 Tunnel into Karniyarik tepe .......XXIX.2.47 Tell Shari'ah ..... ....................... XXIX.3.69 Tell el-Husn, Beth-shan ............. XXIX.3.78 XXX.4.109

154

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

Study group at Tell Shari'ah ........XXIX.3.83 Tell Sofar, aerial view ..............XXIX.4.115 Tell Ta'annek, air view ...................XXX.1.3 Mound of Gezer ............................XXX.2.35 HOUSES Iron II house plan, Shechem ........XXVI. 1.18 Stratum IXB complex, Shechem .... XXVI. 1.21 Cobbled tent-floor, Shechem ....... XXVI. 1.24 Platforms for housing, Jerusalem XXVII.2.44 Iron II house, Jerusalem ..............XXVII.2.45 Street of houses, Tell es-Sa'idiyeh XXVIII.1.11 Burned roof-beam, Gezer ..............XXX.2.57 INSCRIPTIONS, PAPYRI, WRITING Cave of the Samaria papyri ........XXVI.4.109 Samaria papyri, Wadi Daliyeh ....XXVI.4.112 Papyrus 1 from Wadi Daliyeh ....XXVI.4.114 Papyri 2 and 4, Wadi Daliyeh ....XXVI.4.120 Pilate Inscription, Caesarea ........XXVII.3.70 Pages, Codex Vaticanus ........XXVII.3.75, 79 Page, Eusebius' Onomasticon ......XXVII.3.86 Graffito, Tell Sandahannah ........XXVII.4.120 Tablet B of "Gilgamesh and Agga" .................................XXVIII.2.48 Greek Numbers fragment, XXVIII.3.91 Qumran ........................ Samuel fragments, Qumran ......XXVIII.3.96 Samaritan MS of Exodus, Qumran .................................. XXVIII.3.98 Seal impression, Ugarit ....XXVIII.4.103, 114 Ceremonial Adze blades, Ugarit XXVIII.4.106 Seal of Niqmaddu, Ugarit ........XXVIII.4.112 Alphabet tablet, Ugarit ............ XXVIII.4.119 Cylinder seal impression, Sa'idiyeh ...............................XXVIII.4.127 Philistine (?) tablet, Deir 'Alla ....XXIX.3.73 Sargon II stele, Ashdod ............. XXIX.3.95 Seal, Ashkelon .............................. XXIX.3.99 Canaanite cuneiform tablet, Taanach XXX.1.1 Gezer calendar ................................ XXX.2.33 XXX.2.38 Merneptah stele, Thebes ............... ........XXX.2.45 Royal stamped handles, Gezer Gezer boundary inscription ........... XXX.2.48 Mekal stele, Beth-shan ................ XXX.4.121 MAPS AND SKETCHES Plan, Mt. Carmel cave ............... XXVI.3.76 Plan, public buildings, Philippi ... XXVI.3.94 Plan, Gibeah fortresses I & II ....XXVII.2.55 Plan, Gibeah Hellenistic houses ....XXVII.2.61 XXVII.3.83 Madaba mosaic map .............. Plan of excavations, Ai ..............XXVIII.1.25 Plan, city gates, Hazor, Megiddo, XXX.2.40 Gezer Research ....................XXVIII.2.61; map, Kheleifeh ............XXVIII.3.76 Solomonic Plan, building, Kheleifeh ...............................XXVIII.3.83 XXIX. 1.35 Plan, Herod's temple ............... Sector map, Sardis ..........................XXIX.2.39 Plan, Synagogue sector, Sardis ......XXIX.2.40 Plan, synagogue of Sardis ............XXIX.2.64 Map, Philistine penetration ..........XXIX.3.75 Map, Philistine coastal territory ... XXIX.3.81 Map, dolmen fields in Palestine XXIX.4.113 Plan, SW quadrant, Taanach ......... XXX.1.5 Plan, EB defenses, Taanach ............XXX.1.11 Plan, EB phases, Taanach ..............XXX. 1.13 Plan, "Drainpipe structure," Taanach ....... ........................... XXX.1.14 Plan, LB I building, Taanach ........XXX.1.15 Plan, Cultic structure, Taanach ....XXX. 1.18 Plan, vaulting near Wilson's arch XXX.1.28 Pilaster capital, Masonic Hall ........XXX.1.30 Plan, excavations at Gezer ............XXX.2.50 West section, Gezer ........................XXX.2.65 Plan, Church of Holy Sepulchre ....XXX.3.78 Contour map, Jerusalem ............. XXX.3.82 Sketch, Jesus' tomb ....................... XXX.3.86 Plan, Holy Sepulchre Church, A.D. 335 ..... ........................ XXX.3.93 XXX.3.95 Plan, Eleona basilica ............ Plan, Mamre basilica ......................XXX.3.96

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Proposed reconstruction, Mamre XXX.3.101 basilica .............................. Plan, level IX, Beth-shan .............. XXX.4.117 POTTERY & ARTIFACTS ........ XXVI. 1.4, 26 Shechem jar handles .. Philistine sherds, Ashdod ..............XXVI. 1.31 Iron plow tip, Gibeah .. ........ XXVII.2.57 Bronze wine service, Sa'idiyeh ....XXVIII.1.16 EB II jar, Ai ..............................XXVIII.1.27 Jars with stamp impressions, Kheleifeh ................................. XXVIII.3.87 Fragments, alabaster vases, XXVIII.4.122 Ugarit ............................. Cypriote vase, Sa'idiyeh ............XXVIII.4.126 Detail, Lydian deinos, Sardis ....... XXIX.2.49 Fragment, Lydian deinos, Sardis ....XXIX.2.50 Chevron decoration on sherd, XXX.4.113 Beth-shan OT times ..........XXVII.1.1-30 Pottery lamps,................................ Pottery lamps, intertestamental times ................. .............. XXVII.4.102-23 Pottery lamps, NT times ............XXIX. 1.1-26 Scythian style plaque, Sardis ........XXIX.2.45 Bronze arrowhead, Gezer ................XXX.2.67 PUBLIC WORKS & BUILDINGS Roman road, Kavalla ... XXVI.3.93 .......... ....... XXVI.3.96 Philippi bema Roman lavatory,................ Philippi ........... XXVI.3.97 Forum columns, Philippi ..............XXVI.3.98 Herodian ruins, Jerusalem ....XXVII.2.48, 49 Storehouse, Kheleifeh ............. XXVIII.3.80 XXVIII.3.8 5 Brickyard, Kheleifeh Palace vestibule, Ugarit............... ............XXVIII.4.117 Robinson's arch, Jerusalem ............XXIX.1.29 Drawing, Wilson's arch, Jerusalem XXIX.1.30 Pilaster capital, Masonic Hall ........XXX.1.31 W ilson's arch ................................XXIX. 1.32 East side, Wilson's arch ............XXIX.1.34 ....XXIX.3.86 Philistine round house, Ashdod LB I streets, Taanach 1.17 ....................XXX. Public building, 12th c., Taanach XXX.1.22 TEMPLES & TEMPLE ART Shechem fortress-temple ............... XXVI. 1.9 Standing-stone, LB temple, XXVI. 1.12 Shechem .......................... XXVIII. 1.19 Sanctuary, Shechem Reconstruction Mekal.................. temple, Beth-shan .......... ...................XXX.4.125 Reconstruction Dagan temple, Beth-shan .................................. XXX.4.130 Reconstruction Ashtaroth temple, XXX.4.132 Beth-shan ................................ TOMBS & BURIALS Shechem jar burial ........................XXVI. 1.15 MB II tomb, Gibeon ............. XXVI.3.73 Skull, neolithic Jericho....................XXVI.1.28 Neolithic burial, Jericho ..............XXVI.3.77 Ossuary, Hederah .......................... XXVI.3.79 Cist-tomb, Ghassul ........................ XXVI.3.81 Communal cave-tomb, Gezer ........XXVI.3.83 Jericho tomb A13 ..........................XXVI.3.85 Megiddo tomb 903 ..............XXVI.3.86 Plan, dagger-tomb burial, Jericho XXVI.3.88 Dagger-tomb remains, Jericho ......XXVI.3.89 Amorite shaft-tomb, Megiddo ....... XXVI.3.90 Tomb 2, Sandahannah ..............XXVII.4.107 Bronze tripod, Sa'idiyeh "Queen's XVIJI. 1.13 tomb" .....................................X tomb" ..........XXVIT. 1.15 Sa'idiyeh "Queen's Cremation burial, Sardis .............. XXIX.2.43 Hinnom valley tomb, Jerusalem ....XXX.3.85 Talpioth tomb .............................. XXX.3.88 Tomb articles, Jerusalem ................ XXX.3.89 Beth-shan Philistine-style sarcophagus ............................ XXX.4.127 WALLS & GATES Gibeon Iron II wall ................... XXVI.1.29 Jerusalem wall, eastern crest ......XXVII.2.38 Original city wall, Jerusalem ......XXVII.2.40 Nehemiah wall, Jerusalem .......... XXVII.2.46

1967, 4)

THE BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST

Tower, Saul's fortress, Gibeah ....XXVIII. 1.5 Fortress wall, Gibeah XXVIII. 1.9 ................ Ai EB II wall Wall apertures, ........................XXVIII.1.29 Kheleifeh ..........XXVIII.3.74 Storehouse wall, Kheleifeh ........XXVIII.3.69 Glacis, Kheleifeh .......................XXVIII.3.81 ........XXVIII.4.128 Acropolis walls, Sa'idiyeh Taanach walls and glacis ............. XXX.1.9 "Inner wall," Gezer ........................XXX.2.53 Outer face of "Inner wall," Gezer XXX.2.55 Solomonic case-mate wall, Gezer XXX.2.69 MISCELLANEOUS Furniture, Qumran scriptorium ....XXVI.2.64 Section drawing, Qumran furniture ............................XXVI.2.65, 66 Models, Qumran scribes ............XXVI.2.67ff.

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Byzantine scribal posture ............. XXVI.2.71 Gibeah manger, Roman period ... XXVII.2.64 Timnah copper mine shaft ........XXVIII.3.77 Test crucible for smelting ..........XXVIII.3.79 Chart of Philistine kings ............XXIX.3.101 Dolmens, Damiyeh ....XXIX.4.105, 107, 111 Dolmen, el-Matabi ...................... XXIX.4.109 Arizona tree-ring series ................ XXIX.4.116 Cesium magnetometer ............ XXIX.4.118 Magnetometer in use ................. XXIX.4.120 Carbon-14 equipment, British XXIX.4.122 museum ................................ Barley imprint in brick, Baghdad XXIX.4.123 Thermoluminescence apparatus ....XXIX.4.124 Philistine wine-vat, Gezer ..............XXX.2.63

V. INDEXOF SCHOLARSAND WRITERS (theories and writings discussed at length) Abel, F. M. XXVIII.1.10 Albright, WV.F. XXVII.1.23; XXVII.2.53f.,56; XXVIII.1.2ff.,10; XXVIII.3.99; XXIX.3.73; XXIX.4.110,112; XXX.1.9,22; XXX.4.124,130; XXX.4.114 Alt, A. XXVII.2.56; XXVIII.2.40,54 Apuleius XXIX.1.9 Avigad, N. XXVIII.3.86 Avi-Yonah, M. XXVII.3.82f.,93; XXX.3.98 Bagatti, B. XXX.3.93 Barns, J.W.B. XXVI.4.114 Barthelamy, D. XXVIII.3.92ff. Ben Gurion, D. XXVIII.2.34,51ff. Bliss, F. XXVII.1.30; XXVII.2.36; XXVII.4.119 Braslavi, J. XXVIII.2.44,56,63 Bright, J. XXVI.1.2f. Broome, E.C. XXIX.4.109,112 Bull, R.J. XXVIII.l.18,20,26 Callaway, J. XXVIII.1.18,26ff. Charles-Picard, G.C. XXVII.1.6 Clement of Rome XXVIII.3.93 Condor, C.R. XXVII.2.53; XXVII.3.95f. Cross, F.M.,Jr. XXVII.3.94f.; XXIX.3.73; XXX.2.46 Crowfoot, J.W. XXVII.2.36 Davies, J.G. XXX.3.94 Deferrari, R.J. XXVII.3.66 de Vaux, R. XXVI.4.110ff.; XXVI.2.69,72; XXIX.3.73 Dickie, A.C. XXVII.2.36 Driver, G.R. XXVII.1.21 Duncan, G.S. XXVII.1.30 Elizur, Y. XXVIII.2.56,59 Eusebius XXVI.4.119; XXX.3.81 Fergusson, J. XXX.3.81 Fahn, A. XXVIII.3.77 Foakes-Jackson, F.J. XXVII.3.66 Frank, F. XXVIII.3.70ff. Gevaryahu, H. XXVIII.2.37,54,57,63 Glueck, N. XXVI.1.34; XXVI.4.122; XXVIII. 1.10; XXVII.3.93 Goodenough, E.R. XXX.1.23 Gross, H. XXVII.2.52 Guerin, E. XXVII.2.53 Hacham, A. XXVIII.2.58f. Hammond, P.C. XXVIII.I.30ff. Hankey, V. XXX.4.115 Herodotus XXVII. 1.6; XXVII.4.114 Holowaty, M.O. XXVIII.3.78 Jacobsen, T. XXVIII.2.47f. Jerome XXVI.4.119; XXVII.3.73,84 Josephus XXVI.1.26; XXVI.4.118; XXVII.2.34,48f.; XXVII.2.64; XXVII.3.71,76; XXVIII. 1.25; XXVIII.3.94 Kahle, P. XXVIII.3.90f.,95 Katz, P. XXVIII.3.90

Kelso, J.L. XXIX.4.110 Kenyon, F.G. XXVI.4.125; XXVI.1.20; XXVI.1.33f.; XXVIII.1.22ff.; XXX.4.133 Kindler, A. XXVI.2.43 Klostermann, E. XXVII.3.81,84 Krautheimer, R. XXX.3.92f. Kubitschek, XV. XXVII.3.84f. Lagarde, P.A. XXVII.3.81,84 Lake, K. XXVII.3.66 Lapp, P.W. XXVI.4.110ff.; XXVI.1.34 Macalister, R.A.S. XXVII.1.27,30; XXVII.2.36,41; XXVII.4.117,119; XXX.2.35,39,44ff. Mader, E. XXVIII.1.31; XXX.3.95 Malamat, A. XXVII.3.99f. Marquet, Y. XXVIII.1.28 Marquet-Krause, J. XXVIII.1.26ff. Mazar, B. XXVI.1.20; XXVII.2.56; XXVIII.4.106; XXIX.3.80 McCown, C.C. XXIX.4.110 Mehlman, I. XXVIII.2.57f. Melamat, A. XXX.2.41f.; XXVI.1.24 Melamed, R.H. XXVII.3.81,85ff.,88 Mendenhall, G. XXVII.3.97 Metzger, B.M. XXVI.2.63 Mez, A. XXVIII.3.94 Moran, W.L. XXVIII.2.64 Naor, Menahem XXVIII.2.53f.,63 Noth, M. XXVI.1.2; XXVII.3.78,85,97; XXVIII.2.37 Nougayrol, J. XXVIII.4.105 O'Callaghan, R.T. XXVII.3.82 Orlinsky, H.M. XXVIII.3.91 Pausanias XXVII.4.121 Pedley, K. XXVI.2.70 Peters, J.P. XXVII.4.120 Philo of Alexandria XXIX.1.13 Plutarch XXIX. 1.9 Poseidonius XXVII.4.110 Pritchard, J. XXVI.1.27; XXVII.2.60; XXVIII.4.126 Reland, A. XXVII.3.81,84,95f. Robert, Louis XXIX.2.60,62 Robinson, E. XXVII.2.52 Rothenberg, B. XXVIII.3.73,75,77,80 Saarislo, A. XXVII.3.92 Schaeffer, C.F.A. XXVII. 1.14; XXVIII.4.102 Schneider, A.M. XXX.3.92 Seyrig, H. XXVI.4.116 Shazar, Z. XXVIII.2.34,52ff.,58,65 Silberg, M. XXVIII.2.34ff.,58 Simons, J. XXIX.1.31,33 Skehan, P. XXIX.4.127 Speiser, E.A. XXVIII.2.47 Starcky, Fr. J. XXVIII.3.100 Stekelis, M. XXIX.4.110,112

156

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Sukenik, E.L. XXVI.2.41; XXVI.3.78f.; XXVII.2.50 Thiersch, H. XXVII.4.120 Thompson, C. XXVIII.3.76 Thomsen, P. XXVII.3.81,84f. Uffenheimner, B. XXVIII.2.54,63 Vincent, L.-H. XXVII.2.36; XXIX.1.31f.; XXX.1.29; XXX.3.95 Virolleaud, C. XXVIII.4.107,112,118 Warren, C. XXVII.2.36; XXVII.2.52f.;

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XXIX. 1.29ff. Weinfeld, M. XXVIII.2.57 Wilson, C. XXIX.1.29,31ff. Wright, G.E. XXVI.4.119; XXVI.1.26; XXVIII.1.18,22; XXIX.4.109; XXX.4.115,128f.; XXX.2.41,47,52f. Yadin, Y. XXVI.1.21; XXVII.2.55; XXVIII.3.82,84; XXX.2.39,57,60f. Yeivin, S. XXVIII.2.59 Zakkai, D. XXVIII.2.55,59,64